FLORI DA. FLORI DA. FLORI DA.   FLORIDA: FLORIDA: FLORIDA: ITS SCENERY, CLIMATE, AND HISTORY. BY SIDNEY LANIER. A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1875 EDITION WITH INTRODUCTION AND INDEX ITS SCENERY, CLIMATE, AND HISTORY. BY SIDNEY LANIER. A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1875 EDITION WITH INTRODUCTION AND INDEX ITS SCENERY, CLIMATE, AND HISTORY. BY SIDNEY LANIER. A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1875 EDITION WITH INTRODUCTION AND INDEX BY BY BY JERRELL H. SHOFNER. BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES JERRELL H. SHOFNER. BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES JERRELL H. SHOFNER. BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES University of Florida Press. Gainesville, 1973. University of Florida Press. Gainesville, 1973. University of Florida Press. Gainesville, 1973.  Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lanier, Sidney, 1842-1881. Florida: its scenery, climate, and history. (Bicentennial Floridians facsimile series) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Florida. I. Title II. Series. F316.L28 1875a 917.59 72-14330 ISBN 0-8130-0369-5 ICENTENNIAL FLORIDTANA FACSIMILE SERIES published under the sponsorship of the HICENTicNNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA SAMUEL PROCTOR, General Editor FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1875 EDrrION WITH PREFATORY MATERIAL, INTRODUCTION AND INDEX ADDED. NEW MATERIAL COPYRIGHT © 1973 BY THE STATE OF FLORIDA BOARD OFTRUSTEES OF THE INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT TRUST FUND. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lanier, Sidney, 1842-1881. Florida: its scenery, climate, and history. (Bicentennial Floridiana facsimile series) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Florida. I. Title II. Series. F316.L28 1875a 917.59 72-14330 ISBN 0-8130-0369-5 ItICENTENNIA, FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE NERIES published under the sponsorship of the BICENTENNIAL, COMMISSION OF FLORIDA SAMUEL PROCTOR, General Editor FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1875 EDITION WITH PREFATORY MATERIAL, INTRODUCTION AND INDEX ADDED. NEw MATERIAL COPYRIGHT © 1973 BY THE STATE OF FLORIDA BOARDOF TRUSTEES OF THE INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT TRUST FUND. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lanier, Sidney, 1842-1881. Florida: its scenery, climate, and history. (Bicentennial Floridiana facsimile series) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Florida. I. Title II. Series. F316.L28 1875a 917.59 72-14330 ISBN 0-8130-0369-5 IICENENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIM]LE SERIES published under the sponsorship of the iBICENTENNLXL COMMISSION OP FLORIDA SAMUEL PROCTOR, General Editor FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1875 EDITION WITH PREFATORY MATERIAL, INTRODUCTION AND INDEX ADDED. NEW MATERIAL COPYRIOHT © 1973 BY THE STATE OF FLORIDA BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT TRUST FUND. PRINTED IN FLORIDA. PRINTED IN FLORIDA. PRINTED IN FLORIDA.  BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA Governor Reubin O'D. Askew, Honorary Chairman Lieutenant Governor Tom Adams, Chairman Pat Dodson, Vice Chairman N. E. (Bill) Miller, Executive Director George I. Baumgartner, North Miami Beach Floyd T. Christian, Tallahassee Johnnie Ruth Clarke, St. Petersburg A. H. Craig, St. Augustine Henry Dartigalongue, Jacksonville Robert C. Hartnett, Coral Gables Warren S. Henderson, Sarasota Beth Johnson, Cocoa Beach Joe Lang Kershaw, Miami Ney C. Landrum, Tallahassee Mrs. E. D. Pearce, Miami Charles E. Perry, Miami Verle A. Pope, St. Augustine W. E. Potter, Orlando Samuel Proctor, Gainesville Ted Randell, Fort Myers BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA Governor Reubin O'D. Askew, Honorary Chairman Lieutenant Governor Tom Adams, Chairman Pat Dodson, Vice Chairmpn N. E. (Bill) Miller, Executive Director George I. Baumgartner, North Miami Beach Floyd T. Christian, Tallahassee Johnnie Ruth Clarke, St. Petersburg A. H. Craig, St. Augustine Henry Dartigalongue, Jacksonville Robert C. Hartnett, Coral Gables Warren S. Henderson, Sarasota Beth Johnson, Cocoa Beach Joe Lang Kershaw, Miami Ney C. Landrum, Tallahassee Mrs. E. D. Pearce, Miami Charles E. Perry, Miami Verle A. Pope, St. Augustine W. E. Potter, Orlando Samuel Proctor, Gainesville Ted Randell, Fort Myers BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA Governor Reubin O'D. Askew, Honorary Chairman Lieutenant Governor Tom Adams, Chairman Pat Dodson, Vice Chairm n N. E. (Bill) Miller, Executive Director George I. Baumgartner, North Miami Beach Floyd T. Christian, Tallahassee Johnnie Ruth Clarke, St. Petersburg A. H. Craig, St. Augustine Henry Dartigalongue, Jacksonville Robert C. Hartnett, Coral Gables Warren S. Henderson, Sarasota Beth Johnson, Cocoa Beach Joe Lang Kershaw, Miami Ney C. Landrum, Tallahassee Mrs. E. D. Pearce, Miami Charles E. Perry, Miami Verle A. Pope, St. Augustine W. E. Potter, Orlando Samuel Proctor, Gainesville Ted Randell, Fort Myers  BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA. Blair Reeves, Gainesville Bob Saunders, Gainesville George E. Saunders, Winter Park Don Shoemaker, Miami Harold W. Stayman, Tampa Richard Stone, Tallahassee Alan Trask, Fort Meade W. Robert Williams, Tallahassee BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA. Blair Reeves, Gainesville Bob Saunders, Gainesville George E. Saunders, Winter Park Don Shoemaker, Miami Harold W. Stayman, Tampa Richard Stone, Tallahassee Alan Trask, Fort Meade W. Robert Williams, Tallahassee BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA. Blair Reeves, Gainesville Bob Saunders, Gainesville George E. Saunders, Winter Park Don Shoemaker, Miami Harold W. Stayman, Tampa Richard Stone, Tallahassee Alan Trask, Fort Meade W. Robert Williams, Tallahassee  GENERAL EDITOR'S PREFACE. THE nation was on the eve of celebrating its centennial when Sidney Lanier wrote his Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History in 1875. It was still a relatively new country with many wilderness areas, including Florida. The Civil War and Reconstruction periods were ending, and the nation hoped that the era of sectional strife and hatred had ended forever. In his "Centennial Hymn," John Greenleaf Whittier wrote, "let the new cycle shame the old." America was ready to make its great leap forward, and while there were many major unsolved problems, Americans looked forward to a new era of peace and prosperity for all. The United States is again preparing to observe a birth- day, this time its two hundredth anniversary. To plan Florida's participation in this major event in our history, the legislature established the Bicentennial Commission of Florida, effective July 4, 1970. Florida has committed itself to commemorate more than just a single year in our history. In the words of Governor Reubin Askew, "it celebrates our whole national experience." Florida's history begins with Ponce de Leon's discovery in 1513, and the establishment of St. Augustine, the first continuous white settlement in what is now the United States, in 1565. The distance from those beginnings is not 200, but more than 400 years. Eighteenth-century Florida was a sparsely settled wil- derness area at the time of the American Revolution. It had vii GENERAL EDITOR'S PREFACE. THE nation was on the eve of celebrating its centennial when Sidney Lanier wrote his Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History in 1875. It was still a relatively new country with many wilderness areas, including Florida. The Civil War and Reconstruction periods were ending, and the nation hoped that the era of sectional strife and hatred had ended forever. In his "Centennial Hymn," John Greenleaf Whittier wrote, "let the new cycle shame the old." America was ready to make its great leap forward, and while there were many major unsolved problems, Americans looked forward to a new era of peace and prosperity for all. The United States is again preparing to observe a birth- day, this time its two hundredth anniversary. To plan Florida's participation in this major event in our history, the legislature established the Bicentennial Commission of Florida, effective July 4, 1970. Florida has committed itself to commemorate more than just a single year in our history. In the words of Governor Reubin Askew, "it celebrates our whole national experience." Florida's history begins with Ponce de Leon's discovery in 1513, and the establishment of St. Augustine, the first continuous white settlement in what is now the United States, in 1565. The distance from those beginnings is not 200, but more than 400 years. Eighteenth-century Florida was a sparsely settled wil- derness area at the time of the American Revolution. It had vii GENERAL EDITOR'S PREFACE. THE nation was on the eve of celebrating its centennial when Sidney Lanier wrote his Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History in 1875. It was still a relatively new country with many wilderness areas, including Florida. The Civil War and Reconstruction periods were ending, and the nation hoped that the era of sectional strife and hatred had ended forever. In his "Centennial Hymn," John Greenleaf Whittier wrote, "let the new cycle shame the old." America was ready to make its great leap forward, and while there were many major unsolved problems, Americans looked forward to a new era of peace and prosperity for all. The United States is again preparing to observe a birth- day, this time its two hundredth anniversary. To plan Florida's participation in this major event in our history, the legislature established the Bicentennial Commission of Florida, effective July 4, 1970. Florida has committed itself to commemorate more than just a single year in our history. In the words of Governor Reubin Askew, "it celebrates our whole national experience." Florida's history begins with Ponce de Leon's discovery in 1513, and the establishment of St. Augustine, the first continuous white settlement in what is now the United States, in 1565. The distance from those beginnings is not 200, but more than 400 years. Eighteenth-century Florida was a sparsely settled wil- derness area at the time of the American Revolution. It had vii  viii PREFACE. passed from Spanish control in 1763 at the close of the French and Indian War. As part of the British-American empire, it was opened up for settlement. Because it had been so recently populated by people who had emigrated from the other colonies and from England, it was not beset by the problems which generated the forces leading to the Revolution. East and West Florida remained loyal to Britain in 1776. To plan Florida's role and involvement in the national celebration, a twenty-seven-member state commission was appointed. Five members of the Senate were appointed by the President of the Senate, and five members of the House of Representatives were named by the Speaker of the House. The Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of Commerce, Secre- tary of State, Director of the Division of Archives, History, and Records Management, Commissioner of Education, Director of the Division of Recreation and Parks, and a member from the State Board of Regents, to be appointed by its chairman, were asked to serve. In addition, ten persons were appointed by the Governor. Governor Askew is honorary chairman of the Commission. An executive director was appointed, offices were set up in Tallahassee, and appropriate committees were designated. The Committee of Publications and Research decided that the Floridians Facsimile & Reprint Series, which had reprinted many rare volumes on Florida history at the time of the Florida Quadricentennial, should be renewed. The new series, the Bicentennial Floridians Facsimile Series, will publish twenty-five volumes which will make a substantial contribution to the scholarship of Florida history. The titles were selected to represent the whole spectrum of Florida's rich and exciting history. Scholars with a special interest and knowledge of Florida history were invited to viii PREFACE. passed from Spanish control in 1763 at the close of the French and Indian War. As part of the British-American empire, it was opened up for settlement. Because it had been so recently populated by people who had emigrated from the other colonies and from England, it was not beset by the problems which generated the forces leading to the Revolution. East and West Florida remained loyal to Britain in 1776. To plan Florida's role and involvement in the national celebration, a twenty-seven-member state commission was appointed. Five members of the Senate were appointed by the President of the Senate, and five members of the House of Representatives were named by the Speaker of the House. The Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of Commerce, Secre- tary of State, Director of the Division of Archives, History, and Records Management, Commissioner of Education, Director of the Division of Recreation and Parks, and a member from the State Board of Regents, tobe appointed by its chairman, were asked to serve. In addition, ten persons were appointed by the Governor. Governor Askew is honorary chairman of the Commission. An executive director was appointed, offices were set up in Tallahassee, and appropriate committees were designated. The Committee of Publications and Research decided that the Floridians Facsimile & Reprint Series, which had reprinted many rare volumes on Florida history at the time of the Florida Quadricentennial, should be renewed. The new series, the Bicentennial Floridiana Facsimile Series, will publish twenty-five volumes which will make a substantial contribution to the scholarship of Florida history. The titles were selected to represent the whole spectrum of Florida's rich and exciting history. Scholars with a special interest and knowledge of Florida history were invited to viii PREFACE. passed from Spanish control in 1763 at the close of the French and Indian War. As part of the British-American empire, it was opened up for settlement. Because it had been so recently populated by people who had emigrated from the other colonies and from England, it was not beset by the problems which generated the forces leading to the Revolution. East and West Florida remained loyal to Britain in 1776. To plan Florida's role and involvement in the national celebration, a twenty-seven-member state commission was appointed. Five members of the Senate were appointed by the President of the Senate, and five members of the House of Representatives were named by the Speaker of the House. The Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of Commerce, Secre- tary of State, Director of the Division of Archives, History, and Records Management, Commissioner of Education, Director of the Division of Recreation and Parks, and a member from the State Board of Regents, to be appointed by its chairman, were asked to serve. In addition, ten persons were appointed by the Governor. Governor Askew is honorary chairman of the Commission. An executive director was appointed, offices were set up in Tallahassee, and appropriate committees were designated. The Committee of Publications and Research decided that the Floridians Facsimile & Reprint Series, which had reprinted many rare volumes on Florida history at the time of the Florida Quadricentennial, should be renewed. The new series, the Bicentennial Floridiana Facsimile Series, will publish twenty-five volumes which will make a substantial contribution to the scholarship of Florida history. The titles were selected to represent the whole spectrum of Florida's rich and exciting history. Scholars with a special interest and knowledge of Florida history were invited to  PREFACE. ix edit each volume, write an introduction, and compile an index. The Florida Bicentennial Commission will publish in addition to the facsimile volumes, a series of monographs, pamphlets, and books on Florida. These will be designed for the scholar, for use in the classroom, and for the general public. Florida is the oldest state in the United States, and it is the fastest growing major state. All Floridians and all citizens are interested in knowing and sharing in its rich heritage. In addition to its publications program, the Bicentennial Commission of Florida has established a Bicentennial Trail of significant historic sites over the state, it will sponsor traveling exhibits to "take the Bicentennial to the people," and it is encouraging and helping communities, counties, and organizations to develop programs and to work to achieve goals that will make a lasting contribution to the welfare and betterment of the people of Florida and the United States. Our nation was forged from an extraordinary diversity of people, cultures, and traditions. Sidney Lanier, the author of this first volume in the Bicentennial Floridians Facsimile Series, was typical of nineteenth-century southerners who made major contributions to the cultural development of our country. A native of Macon, Georgia, he was a descend- ant of immigrants who left France because of the Huguenot persecutions and settled in colonial Virginia. One of his ancestors participated in Bacon's Rebellion. After graduating from Oglethorpe University, Lanier entered the Confederate Army. After the war, although his health was impaired, he taught school and practiced law. With the publication of his first novel, Tiger Lilies, he received recognition as one of the promising writers of the South. Although he died at an early age, he has been hailed PREFACE. ix edit each volume, write an introduction, and compile an index. The Florida Bicentennial Commission will publish in addition to the facsimile volumes, a series of monographs, pamphlets, and books on Florida. These will be designed for the scholar, for use in the classroom, and for the general public. Florida is the oldest state in the United States, and it is the fastest growing major state. All Floridians and all citizens are interested in knowing and sharing in its rich heritage. In addition to its publications program, the Bicentennial Commission of Florida has established a Bicentennial Trail of significant historic sites over the state, it will sponsor traveling exhibits to "take the Bicentennial to the people," and it is encouraging and helping communities, counties, and organizations to develop programs and to work to achieve goals that will make a lasting contribution to the welfare and betterment of the people of Florida and the United States. Our nation was forged from an extraordinary diversity of people, cultures, and traditions. Sidney Lanier, the author of this first volume in the Bicentennial Floridiana Facsimile Series, was typical of nineteenth-century southerners who made major contributions to the cultural development of our country. A native of Macon, Georgia, he was a descend- ant of immigrants who left France because of the Huguenot persecutions and settled in colonial Virginia. One of his ancestors participated in Bacon's Rebellion. After graduating from Oglethorpe University, Lanier entered the Confederate Army. After the war, although his health was impaired, he taught school and practiced law. With the publication of his first novel, Tiger Lilies, he received recognition as one of the promising writers of the South. Although he died at an early age, he has been hailed PREFACE. ix edit each volume, write an introduction, and compile an index. The Florida Bicentennial Commission will publish in addition to the facsimile volumes, a series of monographs, pamphlets, and books on Florida. These will be designed for the scholar, for use in the classroom, and for the general public. Florida is the oldest state in the United States, and it is the fastest growing major state. All Floridians and all citizens are interested in knowing and sharing in its rich heritage. In addition to its publications program, the Bicentennial Commission of Florida has established a Bicentennial Trail of significant historic sites over the state, it will sponsor traveling exhibits to "take the Bicentennial to the people," and it is encouraging and helping communities, counties, and organizations to develop programs and to work to achieve goals that will make a lasting contribution to the welfare and betterment of the people of Florida and the United States. Our nation was forged from an extraordinary diversity of people, cultures, and traditions. Sidney Lanier, the author of this first volume in the Bicentennial Floridians Facsimile Series, was typical of nineteenth-century southerners who made major contributions to the cultural development of our country. A native of Macon, Georgia, he was a descend- ant of immigrants who left France because of the Huguenot persecutions and settled in colonial Virginia. One of his ancestors participated in Bacon's Rebellion. After graduating from Oglethorpe University, Lanier entered the Confederate Army. After the war, although his health was impaired, he taught school and practiced law. With the publication of his first novel, Tiger Lilies, he received recognition as one of the promising writers of the South. Although he died at an early age, he has been hailed  x PREFACE. x PREFACE. x PREFACE. as an important poet and musician. His passion for his music is revealed in his nature poems, particularly in "The Marshes of Glynn" and "Sunrise." Lanier has been recognized as a representative poet of the South. Now, as Professor Shofner points out in his in- troduction, he is beginning to be accepted as a national poet, whose writings lack the marks of sectionalism. He visited Florida in April 1875 when he accepted a commission from the Atlantic Coastline Railway to prepare a Florida guide- book. Florida was then beginning to gain popularity as a winter resort, and the book was intended to give information that would attract visitors. The completed book was entitled Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History. Though it was not a major work and it was quickly done, Professor Shofner points out that Lanier put into it much poetry and much of himself. Jerrell H. Shofner, a Texan by birth, received his degrees from the Florida State University. He has taught at Georgia Southern College, Texas Women's University, the University of Florida, and Florida State University, and is now chairman of the Department of History, Florida Technological University. His research interests are Florida and southern history. His work has appeared in many of the major scholarly and professional journals. In 1966 he received the Arthur W. Thompson Memorial Prize in Florida History for publishing the best article that year in the Florida Historical Quarterly. In 1968 Professor Shofner again received this prize. His book Nor Is It Over Yet: Florida in the Era of Reconstruction, 1863-1877 has been accepted for publication by the University of Florida Press. as an important poet and musician. His passion for his music is revealed in his nature poems, particularly in "The Marshes of Glynn" and "Sunrise." Lanier has been recognized as a representative poet of the South. Now, as Professor Shofner points out in his in- troduction, he is beginning to be accepted as a national poet, whose writings lack the marks of sectionalism. He visited Florida in April 1875 when he accepted a commission from the Atlantic Coastline Railway to prepare a Florida guide- book. Florida was then beginning to gain popularity as a winter resort, and the book was intended to give information that would attract visitors. The completed book was entitled Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History. Though it was not a major work and it was quickly done, Professor Shofner points out that Lanier put into it much poetry and much of himself. Jerrell H. Shofner, a Texan by birth, received his degrees from the Florida State University. He has taught at Georgia Southern College, Texas Women's University, the University of Florida, and Florida State University, and is now chairman of the Department of History, Florida Technological University. His research interests are Florida and southern history. His work has appeared in many of the major scholarly and professional journals. In 1966 he received the Arthur W. Thompson Memorial Prize in Florida History for publishing the best article that year in the Florida Historical Quarterly. In 1968 Professor Shofner again received this prize. His book Nor Is It Over Yet: Florida in the Era of Reconstruction, 1863-1877 has been accepted for publication by the University of Florida Press. as an important poet and musician. His passion for his music is revealed in his nature poems, particularly in "The Marshes of Glynn" and "Sunrise." Lanier has been recognized as a representative poet of the South. Now, as Professor Shofner points out in his in- troduction, he is beginning to be accepted as a national poet, whose writings lack the marks of sectionalism. He visited Florida in April 1875 when he accepted a commission from the Atlantic Coastline Railway to prepare a Florida guide- book. Florida was then beginning to gain popularity as a winter resort, and the book was intended to give information that would attract visitors. The completed book was entitled Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History. Though it was not a major work and it was quickly done, Professor Shofner points out that Lanier put into it much poetry and much of himself. Jerrell H. Shofner, a Texan by birth, received his degrees from the Florida State University. He has taught at Georgia Southern College, Texas Women's University, the University of Florida, and Florida State University, and is now chairman of the Department of History, Florida Technological University. His research interests are Florida and southern history. His work has appeared in many of the major scholarly and professional journals. In 1966 he received the Arthur W. Thompson Memorial Prize in Florida History for publishing the best article that year in the Florida Historical Quarterly. In 1968 Professor Shofner again received this prize. His book Nor Is It Over Yet: Florida in the Era of Reconstruction, 1863-1877 has been accepted for publication by the University of Florida Press. University of Florida SAMUEL PROCTOR General Editor of the BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES University of Florida SAMUEL PROCTOR General Editor of the BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES University of Florida SAMUEL PROCTOR General Editor of the BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES  INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION . INTRODUCTION. FROM the accounts of travelers who braved the primi- tive transportation of sparsely settled antebellum Florida to the well-financed and expertly managed efforts of the state development commission of recent years, the southernmost state of the United States has received more than its share of advertising. Land speculators, town builders, and railroad promoters eagerly joined with advocates of tourism who emphasized the beneficial effects of Florida's climate on "invalids." Hotelkeepers and businessmen in the resort towns gradually broadened their appeals to include all residents of the colder climates who had the means to travel, regardless of their physical condition. In time, tourism became a year-round enterprise with clients from all geographic areas and from all classes of people. By that time automobiles and airlines were replacing the railroads as major means of traveling. But throughout the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth, the interests of railroad managers and hotel owners-often the same persons-were almost identical. That mutual interest in attracting visi- tors, together with a considerable demand among the reading public for information about Florida, brought forth a profusion of guidebooks, travel accounts, and promotional pamphlets about the peninsular state. Varying immensely in quality and reliability, most of these accounts soon found the obscurity they deserved. Of xi FROM the accounts of travelers who braved the primi- tive transportation of sparsely settled antebellum Florida to the well-financed and expertly managed efforts of the state developmegt commission of recent years, the southernmost state of the United States has received more than its share of advertising. Land speculators, town builders, and railroad promoters eagerly joined with advocates of tourism who emphasized the beneficial effects of Florida's climate on "invalids." Hotelkeepers and businessmen in the resort towns gradually broadened their appeals to include all residents of the colder climates who had the means to travel, regardless of their physical condition. In time, tourism became a year-round enterprise with clients from all geographic areas and from all classes of people. By that time automobiles and airlines were replacing the railroads as major means of traveling. But throughout the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth, the interests of railroad managers and hotel owners-often the same persons-were almost identical. That mutual interest in attracting visi- tors, together with a considerable demand among the reading public for information about Florida, brought forth a profusion of guidebooks, travel accounts, and promotional pamphlets about the peninsular state. Varying immensely in quality and reliability, most of these accounts soon found the obscurity they deserved. Of xi FROM the accounts of travelers who braved the primi- tive transportation of sparsely settled antebellum Florida to the well-financed and expertly managed efforts of the state developmept commission of recent years, the southernmost state of the United States has received more than its share of advertising. Land speculators, town builders, and railroad promoters eagerly joined with advocates of tourism who emphasized the beneficial effects of Florida's climate on "invalids." Hotelkeepers and businessmen in the resort towns gradually broadened their appeals to include all residents of the colder climates who had the means to travel, regardless of their physical condition. In time, tourism became a year-round enterprise with clients from all geographic areas and from all classes of people. By that time automobiles and airlines were replacing the railroads as major means of traveling. But throughout the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth, the interests of railroad managers and hotel owners-often the same persons-were almost identical. That mutual interest in attracting visi- tors, together with a considerable demand among the reading public for information about Florida, brought forth a profusion of guidebooks, travel accounts, and promotional pamphlets about the peninsular state. Varying immensely in quality and reliability, most of these accounts soon found the obscurity they deserved. Of  xii INTRODUCTIO. .ii INTRODUCTIO. .ii INTRODUCTION. the few surviving, Sidney Lanier's Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History is generally acknowledged to be among the best. A native southerner and Confederate veteran with gracious manners who wrote poetry about the southern landscape and delivered testimonials to Robert E. Lee at a time when the Lost Cause was being mythologized, Lanier is a familiar figure to most southerners. Although many literary critics have felt that his reputation rested as much on his being a southerner as on the quality of his poetry, such a verdict seems exceptionally harsh. At his death in 1881, the thirty-nine-year-old Lanier had not fully developed his revolutionary verse forms and consequently never wrote the masterpiece of which many critics believed him capable. Hampered in the pursuit of his literary career by financial adversities and debilitating disease, he was obliged to spend precious time earning a living and treating the tuberculosis which ultimately claimed his life. Although widely acclaimed as a gifted musician, Lanier never committed himself to a musical career. Rather, he took a position as first flutist with the Peabody Symphony Orchestra in Baltimore, primarily to secure the necessities of life which enabled him to have time to write. Although his music required time, it was not a hindrance to the poet: not only did he love it, but he considered music and poetry to be so closely related that he developed a theory to integrate them. When his earnings as a musician proved inadequate, Lanier spent more of his time writing prose articles for Lippincott's, Scribner's Monthly, and other periodicals. Hard-pressed for funds and anxious to travel south to visit his family, from whom he had been separated for many months, Lanier was elated in January 1875 when the Great Atlantic Coastline Railroad Company asked him to write a travel guide to Florida. He was to be paid $125 per month and expenses for a three-month tour of the state. Admitting the few surviving, Sidney Lanier's Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History is generally acknowledged to be among the best. A native southerner and Confederate veteran with gracious manners who wrote poetry about the southern landscape and delivered testimonials to Robert E. Lee at a time when the Lost Cause was being mythologized, Lanier is a familiar figure to most southerners. Although many literary critics have felt that his reputation rested as much on his being a southerner as on the quality of his poetry, such a verdict seems exceptionally harsh. At his death in 1881, the thirty-nine-year-old Lanier had not fully developed his revolutionary verse forms and consequently never wrote the masterpiece of which many critics believed him capable. Hampered in the pursuit of his literary career by financial adversities and debilitating disease, he was obliged to spend precious time earning a living and treating the tuberculosis which ultimately claimed his life. Although widely acclaimed as a gifted musician, Lanier never committed himself to a musical career. Rather, he took a position as first flutist with the Peabody Symphony Orchestra in Baltimore, primarily to secure the necessities of life which enabled him to have time to write. Although his music required time, it was not a hindrance to the poet: not only did he love it, but he considered music and poetry to be so closely related that he developed a theory to integrate them. When his earnings as a musician proved inadequate, Lanier spent more of his time writing prose articles for Lippincott's, Scribner's Monthly, and other periodicals. Hard-pressed for funds and anxious to travel south to visit his family, from whom he had been separated for many months, Lanier was elated in January 1875 when the Great Atlantic Coastline Railroad Company asked him to write a travel guide to Florida. He was to be paid $125 per month and expenses for a three-month tour of the state. Admitting the few surviving, Sidney Lanier's Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History is generally acknowledged to be among the best. A native southerner and Confederate veteran with gracious manners who wrote poetry about the southern landscape and delivered testimonials to Robert E. Lee at a time when the Lost Cause was being mythologized, Lanier is a familiar figure to most southerners. Although many literary critics have felt that his reputation rested as much on his being a southerner as on the quality of his poetry, such a verdict seems exceptionally harsh. At his death in 1881, the thirty-nine-year-old Lanier had not fully developed his revolutionary verse forms and consequently never wrote the masterpiece of which many critics believed him capable. Hampered in the pursuit of his literary career by financial adversities and debilitating disease, he was obliged to spend precious time earning a living and treating the tuberculosis which ultimately claimed his life. Although widely acclaimed as a gifted musician, Lanier never committed himself to a musical career. Rather, he took a position as first flutist with the Peabody Symphony Orchestra in Baltimore, primarily to secure the necessities of life which enabled him to have time to write. Although his music required time, it was not a hindrance to the poet: not only did he love it, but he considered music and poetry to be so closely related that he developed a theory to integrate them. When his earnings as a musician proved inadequate, Lanier spent more of his time writing prose articles for Lippincott's, Scribner's Monthly, and other periodicals. Hard-pressed for funds and anxious to travel south to visit his family, from whom he had been separated for many months, Lanier was elated in January 1875 when the Great Atlantic Coastline Railroad Company asked him to write a travel guide to Florida. He was to be paid $125 per month and expenses for a three-month tour of the state. Admitting  INTRODUCTION. xiii embarrassment at having to undertake what he considered hackwork in order to earn money, he wrote his wife that the endeavor would be financially beneficial, even though it would be held in low esteem as a literary work, and would give them a chance to be together.' Reluctantly under- taken by the author because of economic necessity and subsequently described by him as a "spiritualized guidebook," Florida: Its Climate, Scenery, and History has enduring value for at least two reasons.' If he was obliged to engage in what he considered a mundane project, Lanier determined that it should be a worthwhile book. As a nature poet with considerable literary ability, he found Florida an ideal subject. It is fortunate that a poet with such an imaginative mind and love of nature was willing to write a Florida guidebook in 1875 when the state's greatest attraction was an undeveloped, natural landscape in a salubrious climate, modified only slightly by a partially developed transportation system and a few small towns with hotel accommodations of varying quality. The result was a book containing a wealth of factual information accurately presented by a perceptive observer and careful writer. Perhaps the timing of the book was just as important. Florida was written in 1875 by a southerner, revered by other southerners because of his identification with their cherished myths about the Civil War and Reconstruction, at a time when the state was still involved in that traumatic period. That he found Florida thriving and heartily recommended it to potential visitors is instructive. Some readers will find his long digressions and obscure metaphors distracting and his unabashed sentimentalism objection- able, but since their presence helps the book to provide as much insight into the author as it does information about Florida, perhaps these faults may be regarded as a gratuity rather than a demerit. INTRODUCTION. xiii embarrassment at having to undertake what he considered hackwork in order to earn money, he wrote his wife that the endeavor would be financially beneficial, even though it would be held in low esteem as a literary work, and would give them a chance to be together.' Reluctantly under- taken by the author because of economic necessity and subsequently described by him as a "spiritualized guidebook," Florida: Its Climate, Scenery, and History has enduring value for at least two reasons.' If he was obliged to engage in what he considered a mundane project, Lanier determined that it should be a worthwhile book. As a nature poet with considerable literary ability, he found Florida an ideal subject. It is fortunate that a poet with such an imaginative mind and love of nature was willing to write a Florida guidebook in 1875 when the state's greatest attraction was an undeveloped, natural landscape in a salubrious climate, modified only slightly by a partially developed transportation system and a few small towns with hotel accommodations of varying quality. The result was a book containing a wealth of factual information accurately presented by a perceptive observer and careful writer. Perhaps the timing of the book was just as important. Florida was written in 1875 by a southerner, revered by other southerners because of his identification with their cherished myths about the Civil War and Reconstruction, at a time when the state was still involved in that traumatic period. That he found Florida thriving and heartily recommended it to potential visitors is instructive. Some readers will find his long digressions and obscure metaphors distracting and his unabashed sentimentalism objection- able, but since their presence helps the book to provide as much insight into the author as it does information about Florida, perhaps these faults may be regarded as a gratuity rather than a demerit. INTRODUCTION. xiii embarrassment at having to undertake what he considered hackwork in order to earn money, he wrote his wife that the endeavor would be financially beneficial, even though it would be held in low esteem as a literary work, and would give them a chance to be together.' Reluctantly under- taken by the author because of economic necessity and subsequently described by him as a "spiritualized guidebook," Florida: Its Climate, Scenery, and History has enduring value for at least two reasons.' If he was obliged to engage in what he considered a mundane project, Lanier determined that it should be a worthwhile book. As a nature poet with considerable literary ability, he found Florida an ideal subject. It is fortunate that a poet with such an imaginative mind and love of nature was willing to write a Florida guidebook in 1875 when the state's greatest attraction was an undeveloped, natural landscape in a salubrious climate, modified only slightly by a partially developed transportation system and a few small towns with hotel accommodations of varying quality. The result was a book containing a wealth of factual information accurately presented by a perceptive observer and careful writer. Perhaps the timing of the book was just as important. Florida was written in 1875 by a southerner, revered by other southerners because of his identification with their cherished myths about the Civil War and Reconstruction, at a time when the state was still involved in that traumatic period. That he found Florida thriving and heartily recommended it to potential visitors is instructive. Some readers will find his long digressions and obscure metaphors distracting and his unabashed sentimentalism objection- able, but since their presence helps the book to provide as much insight into the author as it does information about Florida, perhaps these faults may be regarded as a gratuity rather than a demerit.  xiv INTRODUCTION. xiv INTRODUCTION. xiv INTRODUCTION. Born in Macon, Georgia, in 1842, Sidney Lanier grew up in a typical southern professional family. His father was a moderately successful lawyer and responsible family man who derived satisfaction from tracing his ancestry back to Europe through the French Huguenots who had settled at Charleston, South Carolina. Like most southern towns of the time, antebellum Macon had no permanent school system. When there was a school open, the Lanier children usually attended; otherwise they received private instruc- tion. Lanier's education was modest, derived perhaps as much from the strict Presbyterian household maintained by his mother as from his schools and tutors. From early childhood young Lanier showed a natural musical talent. Without a single formal lesson, he learned to play the organ, violin, guitar, banjo, and especially the flute. He was acknowledged by all who heard him, includ- ing accomplished musicians, to be a master of the flute. A superbly talented musician who loved music, he decided against a musical career, partially, at least, because he agreed with his father that it was an unacceptable profession for a man.' In 1856 Sidney enrolled at Oglethorpe University, a Presbyterian institution at Midway, about two miles from Milledgeville, then the capital of Georgia. Attended primarily by sons of staunch Presbyterian families, Oglethorpe maintained an atmosphere of conservative piety which made a permanent impression on the fourteen-year- old youth. Thriving on the classical course offerings, he read deeply of Shakespeare, Keats, and Tennyson. His extensive reading of Thomas Carlyle so intrigued the energetic youngster that German romanticism influenced his entire literary career.' A serious student, generally acknowledged by his classmates as unusual, Lanier was still quite popular. He mixed well, enjoyed practical jokes, and Born in Macon, Georgia, in 1842, Sidney Lanier grew up in a typical southern professional family. His father was a moderately successful lawyer and responsible family man who derived satisfaction from tracing his ancestry back to Europe through the French Huguenots who had settled at Charleston, South Carolina. Like most southern towns of the time, antebellum Macon had no permanent school system. When there was a school open, the Lanier children usually attended; otherwise they received private instruc- tion. Lanier's education was modest, derived perhaps as much from the strict Presbyterian household maintained by his mother as from his schools and tutors. From early childhood young Lanier showed a natural musical talent. Without a single formal lesson, he learned to play the organ, violin, guitar, banjo, and especially the flute. He was acknowledged by all who heard him, includ- ing accomplished musicians, to be a master of the flute. A superbly talented musician who loved music, he decided against a musical career, partially, at least, because he agreed with his father that it was an unacceptable profession for a man3 In 1856 Sidney enrolled at Oglethorpe University, a Presbyterian institution at Midway, about two miles from Milledgeville, then the capital of Georgia. Attended primarily by sons of staunch Presbyterian families, Oglethorpe maintained an atmosphere of conservative piety which made a permanent impression on the fourteen-year- old youth. Thriving on the classical course offerings, he read deeply of Shakespeare, Keats, and Tennyson. His extensive reading of Thomas Carlyle so intrigued the energetic youngster that German romanticism influenced his entire literary career,' A serious student, generally acknowledged by his classmates as unusual, Lanier was still quite popular. He mixed well, enjoyed practical jokes, and Born in Macon, Georgia, in 1842, Sidney Lanier grew up in a typical southern professional family. His father was a moderately successful lawyer and responsible family man who derived satisfaction from tracing his ancestry back to Europe through the French Huguenots who had settled at Charleston, South Carolina. Like most southern towns of the time, antebellum Macon had no permanent school system. When there was a school open, the Lanier children usually attended; otherwise they received private instruc- tion. Lanier's education was modest, derived perhaps as much from the strict Presbyterian household maintained by his mother as from his schools and tutors. From early childhood young Lanier showed a natural musical talent. Without a single formal lesson, he learned to play the organ, violin, guitar, banjo, and especially the flute. He was acknowledged by all who heard him, includ- ing accomplished musicians, to be a master of the flute. A superbly talented musician who loved music, he decided against a musical career, partially, at least, because he agreed with his father that it was an unacceptable profession for a man? In 1856 Sidney enrolled at Oglethorpe University, a Presbyterian institution at Midway, about two miles from Milledgeville, then the capital of Georgia. Attended primarily by sons of staunch Presbyterian families, Oglethorpe maintained an atmosphere of conservative piety which made a permanent impression on the fourteen-year- old youth. Thriving on the classical course offerings, he read deeply of Shakespeare, Keats, and Tennyson. His extensive reading of Thomas Carlyle so intrigued the energetic youngster that German romanticism influenced his entire literary career.' A serious student, generally acknowledged by his classmates as unusual, Lanier was still quite popular. He mixed well, enjoyed practical jokes, and  INTRODUCTION. xv earned a reputation for his remarkable ability with the flute which he often played in company with J. O. Varnedoe on the guitar.' After two years at Oglethorpe, Lanier dropped out and worked for a year as a post office clerk at Macon before returning to college in 1859. In his senior year, after his own classmates had graduated, he met Professor James Woodrow, a thirty-one-year-old Englishman who had studied with Louis Agassiz at Harvard before taking the doctor of philosophy degree at Heidelberg. Woodrow, who was developing his own ideas of evolution during his tenure at Oglethorpe, made a profound impression on his young friend. It is to this association that Lanier's enthusiasm for science and his subsequent determination to formulate a science of poetry are generally attributed.' At graduation Lanier delivered a valedictory address on "The Philosophy of History," then accepted a position as tutor at his alma mater, one secured for him by Woodrow. Having developed a keen sense of scholarship and a reverence for science during his years at Oglethorpe, the young Georgian had decided to follow his mentor and study at Heidelberg. But his plans were interrupted by the Civil War. A typical southern youth in that emotional secession winter of 1860-61, Lanier attempted years later to explain the feeling that propelled him into the ranks of the Con- federate Army as a private soldier. "Who could have resisted the fair anticipations which the new war-idea brought?" he asked. "It arrayed the sanctity of a righteous cause in the brilliant trappings of military display." Like all his neighbors, he was convinced that he could "whip" at least five Yankees, that any southern boy could do it, and that the whole South could whip five Norths. "Of course we laugh at it now,-laugh in the hope that our neighbors will attribute the redness of our cheeks to that and not to our INTRODUCTION. xv earned a reputation for his remarkable ability with the flute which he often played in company with J. O. Varnedoe on the guitar.' After two years at Oglethorpe, Lanier dropped out and worked for a year as a post office clerk at Macon before returning to college in 1859. In his senior year, after his own classmates had graduated, he met Professor James Woodrow, a thirty-one-year-old Englishman who had studied with Louis Agassiz at Harvard before taking the doctor of philosophy degree at Heidelberg. Woodrow, who was developing his own ideas of evolution during his tenure at Oglethorpe, made a profound impression on his young friend. It is to this association that Lanier's enthusiasm for science and his subsequent determination to formulate a science of poetry are generally attributed' At graduation Lanier delivered a valedictory address on "The Philosophy of History," then accepted a position as tutor at his alma mater, one secured for him by Woodrow. Having developed a keen sense of scholarship and a reverence for science during his years at Oglethorpe, the young Georgian had decided to follow his mentor and study at Heidelberg. But his plans were interrupted by the Civil War. A typical southern youth in that emotional secession winter of 1860-61, Lanier attempted years later to explain the feeling that propelled him into the ranks of the Con- federate Army as a private soldier. "Who could have resisted the fair anticipations which the new war-idea brought?" he asked. "It arrayed the sanctity of a righteous cause in the brilliant trappings of military display."' Like all his neighbors, he was convinced that he could "whip" at least five Yankees, that any southern boy could do it, and that the whole South could whip five Norths. "Of course we laugh at it now,-laugh in the hope that our neighbors will attribute the redness of our cheeks to that and not to our INTRODUCTION. xv earned a reputation for his remarkable ability with the flute which he often played in company with J. 0. Varnedoe on the guitar.' After two years at Oglethorpe, Lanier dropped out and worked for a year as a post office clerk at Macon before returning to college in 1859. In his senior year, after his own classmates had graduated, he met Professor James Woodrow, a thirty-one-year-old Englishman who had studied with Louis Agassiz at Harvard before taking the doctor of philosophy degree at Heidelberg. Woodrow, who was developing his own ideas of evolution during his tenure at Oglethorpe, made a profound impression on his young friend. It is to this association that Lanier's enthusiasm for science and his subsequent determination to formulate a science of poetry are generally attributed.' At graduation Lanier delivered a valedictory address on "The Philosophy of History," then accepted a position as tutor at his alma mater, one secured for him by Woodrow. Having developed a keen sense of scholarship and a reverence for science during his years at Oglethorpe, the young Georgian had decided to follow his mentor and study at Heidelberg. But his plans were interrupted by the Civil War. A typical southern youth in that emotional secession winter of 1860-61, Lanier attempted years later to explain the feeling that propelled him into the ranks of the Con- federate Army as a private soldier. "Who could have resisted the fair anticipations which the new war-idea brought?" he asked. "It arrayed the sanctity of a righteous cause in the brilliant trappings of military display."' Like all his neighbors, he was convinced that he could "whip" at least five Yankees, that any southern boy could do it, and that the whole South could whip five Norths. "Of course we laugh at it now,-laugh in the hope that our neighbors will attribute the redness of our cheeks to that and not to our  xvi INTRODUCTION. shame.... What fools we were!"' As early as 1867, Lanier realized that saving the Union had been worth the strug- gle.? There was not time for such sober reflections in June 1861 as Lanier hurried from Oglethorpe to join the Macon Volunteers who were already in Virginia. The following year he was joined by his brother Clifford and was reputed to have declined several promotions in order that they might remain together during the war. Stationed with a signal unit in Virginia, the brothers saw a considerable amount of action, although Sidney seems to have had time to continue his reading and to court Virginia Hankins to whom he wrote some of his early poetry. In late 1864 the brothers were assigned to duty on different blockade-runners and Sidney was captured on November 2. After several months in a damp prison at Point Lookout, Maryland, he was exchanged in February 1865, but he had already contracted the lung disease which troubled him for years and which finally took his life. Because of postwar economic adversity and his delicate physical condition, Lanier gave up his plans to attend Heidelberg. For several months after the war he was too weak to worry about employment, but gradually he gained enough strength to join his brother Clifford as a clerk in the family-owned Exchange Hotel at Montgomery, Alabama. During the remaining sixteen years of his life, he was to be plagued on the one hand by frequent tuberculosis attacks which consumed his time and energy, and on the other by an endemic shortage of funds. After publishing several poems in Round Table, a New York literary weekly, and Scott's Magazine, published in Atlanta, he left Montgomery for New York where he ultimately found a publisher for Tiger Lilies, an autobiographical novel about the Civil War, which xvi INTRODUCTION. shame.... What fools we were!"' As early as 1867, Lanier realized that saving the Union had been worth the strug- gle., There was not time for such sober reflections in June 1861 as Lanier hurried from Oglethorpe to join the Macon Volunteers who were already in Virginia. The following year he was joined by his brother Clifford and was reputed to have declined several promotions in order that they might remain together during the war. Stationed with a signal unit in Virginia, the brothers saw a considerable amount of action, although Sidney seems to have had time to continue his reading and to court Virginia Hankins to whom he wrote some of his early poetry. In late 1864 the brothers were assigned to duty on different blockade-runners and Sidney was captured on November 2. After several months in a damp prison at Point Lookout, Maryland, he was exchanged in February 1865, but he had already contracted tie lung disease which troubled him for years and which finally took his life. Because of postwar economic adversity and his delicate physical condition, Lanier gave up his plans to attend Heidelberg. For several months after the war he was too weak to worry about employment, but gradually he gained enough strength to join his brother Clifford as a clerk in the family-owned Exchange Hotel at Montgomery, Alabama. During the remaining sixteen years of his life, he was to be plagued on the one hand by frequent tuberculosis attacks which consumed his time and energy, and on the other by an endemic shortage of funds. After publishing several poems in Round Table, a New York literary weekly, and Scott's Magazine, published in Atlanta, he left Montgomery for New York where he ultimately found a publisher for Tiger Lilies, an autobiographical novel about the Civil War, which xvi INTRODUCTION. shame.. .. What fools we were!"8 As early as 1867, Lanier realized that saving the Union had been worth the strug- gle.' There was not time for such sober reflections in June 1861 as Lanier hurried from Oglethorpe to join the Macon Volunteers who were already in Virginia. The following year he was joined by his brother Clifford and was reputed to have declined several promotions in order that they might remain together during the war. Stationed with a signal unit in Virginia, the brothers saw a considerable amount of action, although Sidney seems to have had time to continue his reading and to court Virginia Hankins to whom he wrote some of his early poetry. In late 1864 the brothers were assigned to duty on different blockade-runners and Sidney was captured on November 2. After several months in a damp prison at Point Lookout, Maryland, he was exchanged in February 1865, but he had already contracted the lung disease which troubled him for years and which finally took his life. Because of postwar economic adversity and his delicate physical condition, Lanier gave up his plans to attend Heidelberg. For several months after the war he was too weak to worry about employment, but gradually he gained enough strength to join his brother Clifford as a clerk in the family-owned Exchange Hotel at Montgomery, Alabama. During the remaining sixteen years of his life, he was to be plagued on the one hand by frequent tuberculosis attacks which consumed his time and energy, and on the other by an endemic shortage of funds. After publishing several poems in Round Table, a New York literary weekly, and Scott's Magazine, published in Atlanta, he left Montgomery for New York where he ultimately found a publisher for Tiger Lilies, an autobiographical novel about the Civil War, which  INTRODUCTION. xvii was not well received by literary critics of that day or by later scholars. After he had married Mary Day of Macon, he realized that he could not earn a living from his writing and looked about for a means of livelihood. For a while he taught school at Prattville, Alabama, but, partially at the urging of his father, decided to enter the profession of law. After reading in the offices of his father and uncle for a brief period, he was admitted to the bar and became a junior partner of their firm. Although he became quite adept at preparing abstracts and performing other legal tasks, he continued to write poetry and often pondered the possibili- ties of turning to literature as a career. In 1869 and 1870, Lanier delivered several public addresses, the texts of which have since been published. Despite the absence of sectional exhortations in all of them, these speeches contributed substantially to the poet's popular identification with the southern cause. In a commencement address at Furlow Masonic Female College at Americus, Georgia, he sounded a theme which clearly distinguished him from his contemporaries who looked only backward to an antebellum period which was gone forever. Yet his love for his region was unmistakable. Arguing that southerners must compete on a national rather than a sectional basis, he denounced the prevailing tendency among them to regard their artists as southern artists. He insisted that intrinsic defects should not be glossed over because of southern sympathies, for that habit was based on hatred and art could never thrive on such an emotion. But if he was ahead of his peers on the sectional issue, his attitude toward the rights of women was traditional. In his address to the graduates of the Female College, he chided the women's emancipation movement. Women should not INTRODUCTION. xvii was not well received by literary critics of that day or by later scholars. After he had married Mary Day of Macon, he realized that he could not earn a living from his writing and looked about for a means of livelihood. For a while he taught school at Prattville, Alabama, but, partially at the urging of his father, decided to enter the profession of law. After reading in the offices of his father and uncle for a brief period, he was admitted to the bar and became a junior partner of their firm. Although he became quite adept at preparing abstracts and performing other legal tasks, he continued to write poetry and often pondered the possibili- ties of turning to literature as a career. In 1869 and 1870, Lanier delivered several public addresses, the texts of which have since been published. Despite the absence of sectional exhortations in all of them, these speeches contributed substantially to the poet's popular identification with the southern cause. In a commencement address at Furlow Masonic Female College at Americus, Georgia, he sounded a theme which clearly distinguished him from his contemporaries who looked only backward to an antebellum period which was gone forever. Yet his love for his region was unmistakable. Arguing that southerners must compete on a national rather than a sectional basis, he denounced the prevailing tendency among them to regard their artists as southern artists. He insisted that intrinsic defects should not be glossed over because of southern sympathies, for that habit was based on hatred and art could never thrive on such an emotion. But if he was ahead of his peers on the sectional issue, his attitude toward the rights of women was traditional. In his address to the graduates of the Female College, he chided the women's emancipation movement. Women should not INTRODUCTION. xvii was not well received by literary critics of that day or by later scholars. After he had married Mary Day of Macon, he realized that he could not earn a living from his writing and looked about for a means of livelihood. For a while he taught school at Prattville, Alabama, but, partially at the urging of his father, decided to enter the profession of law. After reading in the offices of his father and uncle for a brief period, he was admitted to the bar and became a junior partner of their firm. Although he became quite adept at preparing abstracts and performing other legal tasks, he continued to write poetry and often pondered the possibili- ties of turning to literature as a career. In 1869 and 1870, Lanier delivered several public addresses, the texts of which have since been published. Despite the absence of sectional exhortations in all of them, these speeches contributed substantially to the poet's popular identification with the southern cause. In a commencement address at Furlow Masonic Female College at Americus, Georgia, he sounded a theme which clearly distinguished him from his contemporaries who looked only backward to an antebellum period which was gone forever. Yet his love for his region was unmistakable. Arguing that southerners must compete on a national rather than a sectional basis, he denounced the prevailing tendency among them to regard their artists as southern artists. He insisted that intrinsic defects should not be glossed over because of southern sympathies, for that habit was based on hatred and art could never thrive on such an emotion. But if he was ahead of his peers on the sectional issue, his attitude toward the rights of women was traditional. In his address to the graduates of the Female College, he chided the women's emancipation movement. Women should not  xviii INTRODUCTION. vote, he implored, for then they would not be different from men. He thought it much better that they stay at home and use their special endowments to control the voters instead of going to the polls and trying to control the votes. Even more important to his reputation as a southerner was the Confederate Memorial Address delivered at Macon in 1870. In a speech paying respect to fallen Confederate soldiers, he called for the "antique virtues" of tranquillity and patience during the rigors of Reconstruction. Yet he made no mention of the issues settled by the recent war. He was remarkably willing to let the past alone and to look to a brighter future. The speech has become known primarily for his censure of "trade," by which he meant commerce and industry. In his plea for tranquillity, he inveighed against the noise and confusion of trade which seemed to be invading the South. In this respect he was anticipating the fugitive agrarians of the 1930s who, as will be shown, had little regard for either the views or the literary accomplish- ments of Sidney Lanierl A few months later Lanier delivered a eulogy to Robert E. Lee. His unmistakable reverence for the general, whom he had seen only once, combined with his own courtly demeanor, further contributed to the poet's popular identification with the South and, implicitly, with its Lost Cause. Yet the general's qualities that Lanier emphasized were those which had, after the war, enabled Lee to assume a quiet, nonpolitical role-a classic example of Lanier's "tranquillity." If we remember that Robert E. Lee has become a hero to all Americans in the twentieth century, regardless of sectional affiliation, it is easier to understand why Lanier has been revered as the poet of the South by advocates of the Lost Cause at the same time that he has been praised or condemned as a nationalist for his speeches and writings during the turbulent Reconstruction era. xviii INTRODUCTION. vote, he implored, for then they would not be different from men. He thought it much better that they stay at home and use their special endowments to control the voters instead of going to the polls and trying to control the votes. Even more important to his reputation as a southerner was the Confederate Memorial Address delivered at Macon in 1870. In a speech paying respect to fallen Confederate soldiers, he called for the "antique virtues" of tranquillity and patience during the rigors of Reconstruction. Yet he made no mention of the issues settled by the recent war. He was remarkably willing to let the past alone and to look to a brighter future. The speech has become known primarily for his censure of "trade," by which he meant commerce and industry. In his plea for tranquillity, he inveighed against the noise and confusion of trade which seemed to be invading the South. In this respect he was anticipating the fugitive agrarians of the 1930s who, as will be shown, had little regard for either the views or the literary accomplish- ments of Sidney Lanier. A few months later Lanier delivered a eulogy to Robert E. Lee. His unmistakable reverence for the general, whom he had seen only once, combined with his own courtly demeanor, further contributed to the poet's popular identification with the South and, implicitly, with its Lost Cause. Yet the general's qualities that Lanier emphasized were those which had, after the war, enabled Lee to assume a quiet, nonpolitical role-a classic example of Lanier's "tranquillity." If we remember that Robert E. Lee has become a hero to all Americans in the twentieth century, regardless of sectional affiliation, it is easier to understand why Lanier has been revered as the poet of the South by advocates of the Lost Cause at the same time that he has been praised or condemned as a nationalist for his speeches and writings during the turbulent Reconstruction era. xviii INTRODUCTION. vote, he implored, for then they would not be different from men. He thought it much better that they stay at home and use their special endowments to control the voters instead of going to the polls and trying to control the votes. Even more important to his reputation as a southerner was the Confederate Memorial Address delivered at Macon in 1870. In a speech paying respect to fallen Confederate soldiers, he called for the "antique virtues" of tranquillity and patience during the rigors of Reconstruction. Yet he made no mention of the issues settled by the recent war. He was remarkably willing to let the past alone and to look to a brighter future. The speech has become known primarily for his censure of "trade," by which he meant commerce and industry. In his plea for tranquillity, he inveighed against the noise and confusion of trade which seemed to be invading the South. In this respect he was anticipating the fugitive agrarians of the 1930s who, as will be shown, had little regard for either the views or the literary accomplish- ments of Sidney Lanier." A few months later Lanier delivered a eulogy to Robert E. Lee. His unmistakable reverence for the general, whom he had seen only once, combined with his own courtly demeanor, further contributed to the poet's popular identification with the South and, implicitly, with its Lost Cause. Yet the general's qualities that Lanier emphasized were those which had, after the war, enabled Lee to assume a quiet, nonpolitical role-a classic example of Lanier's "tranquillity." If we remember that Robert E. Lee has become a hero to all Americans in the twentieth century, regardless of sectional affiliation, it is easier to understand why Lanier has been revered as the poet of the South by advocates of the Lost Cause at the same time that he has been praised or condemned as a nationalist for his speeches and writings during the turbulent Reconstruction era.  INTRODUCTION. xix INTRODUCTION. xix INTRODUCTION. xix The legal profession partially solved Lanier's economic problem, but it did nothing for his health. He lived in Macon during the winters without difficulty, but the humid summers drove him to the mountains in search of drier and cooler air. At the end of one recuperative period in the Tennessee mountains, a doctor pronounced him cured, but a few months in Macon destroyed the prognosis. In 1872 he spent several months in San Antonio, Texas, hoping that the climate would be more suitable, but he was disappointed to find it little better than Macon. The Texas trip was nevertheless a significant one for Lanier. Lamenting the plight of "a poor devil whose movements depend on the weather," he was almost despondent about his future." After four years of marriage, he had not found a place where he could survive and at the same time earn a living. Financial stringency had necessitated leaving Mary behind each time he left Macon to improve his health. At about the time he was reaching the decision that a law practice in Macon was unsuitable to him, the San Antonio trip revived his enthusiasm for music and literature. He became interested in the historic old borderland city with its melding of two cultures, and wrote a historical account of it which was published by Southern Magazine." His success with the project probably helped prepare the way for his guide to Florida two years later. Of more immediate importance, however, was the enthusiastic reception his flute-playing received from the Maennerchor, a German musical group of San Antonio. Encouraged by the plaudits of these musicians, whose opinions he respected, aware that orches- tras were beginning to thrive in the United States, and deeply dissatisfied with his life as a lawyer, Lanier decided to break away from Macon and devote himself entirely to music and poetry." Again leaving his family in Georgia, Lanier set out for The legal profession partially solved Lanier's economic problem, but it did nothing for his health. He lived in Macon during the winters without difficulty, but the humid summers drove him to the mountains in search of drier and cooler air. At the end of one recuperative period in the Tennessee mountains, a doctor pronounced him cured, but a few months in Macon destroyed the prognosis. In 1872 he spent several months in San Antonio, Texas, hoping that the climate would be more suitable, but he was disappointed to find it little better than Macon. The Texas trip was nevertheless a significant one for Lanier. Lamenting the plight of "a poor devil whose movements depend on the weather," he was almost despondent about his future." After four years of marriage, he had not found a place where he could survive and at the same time earn a living. Financial stringency had necessitated leaving Mary behind each time he left Macon to improve his health. At about the time he was reaching the decision that a law practice in Macon was unsuitable to him, the San Antonio trip revived his enthusiasm for music and literature. He became interested in the historic old borderland city with its melding of two cultures, and wrote a historical account of it which was published by Southern Magazine." His success with the project probably helped prepare the way for his guide to Florida two years later. Of more immediate importance, however, was the enthusiastic reception his flute-playing received from the Maennerchor, a German musical group of San Antonio. Encouraged by the plaudits of these musicians, whose opinions he respected, aware that orches- tras were beginning to thrive in the United States, and deeply dissatisfied with his life as a lawyer, Lanier decided to break away from Macon and devote himself entirely to music and poetry." Again leaving his family in Georgia, Lanier set out for The legal profession partially solved Lanier's economic problem, but it did nothing for his health. He lived in Macon during the winters without difficulty, but the humid summers drove him to the mountains in search of drier and cooler air. At the end of one recuperative period in the Tennessee mountains, a doctor pronounced him cured, but a few months in Macon destroyed the prognosis. In 1872 he spent several months in San Antonio, Texas, hoping that the climate would be more suitable, but he was disappointed to find it little better than Macon. The Texas trip was nevertheless a significant one for Lanier. Lamenting the plight of "a poor devil whose movements depend on the weather," he was almost despondent about his future." After four years of marriage, he had not found a place where he could survive and at the same time earn a living. Financial stringency had necessitated leaving Mary behind each time he left Macon to improve his health. At about the time he was reaching the decision that a law practice in Macon was unsuitable to him, the San Antonio trip revived his enthusiasm for music and literature. He became interested in the historic old borderland city with its melding of two cultures, and wrote a historical account of it which was published by Southern Magazine.' His success with the project probably helped prepare the way for his guide to Florida two years later. Of more immediate importance, however, was the enthusiastic reception his flute-playing received from the Maennerchor, a German musical group of San Antonio. Encouraged by the plaudits of these musicians, whose opinions he respected, aware that orches- tras were beginning to thrive in the United States, and deeply dissatisfied with his life as a lawyer, Lanier decided to break away from Macon and devote himself entirely to music and poetry." Again leaving his family in Georgia, Lanier set out for  xx INTRODUCTION. New York, hoping to secure a position with one of the orchestras being organized in the northern cities. He took with him "Swamp Robins" and "Fieldlarks and Blackbirds," two pieces he had written for the flute. On the way he stopped in Baltimore where he played for Asger Hamerik who was then forming the Peabody Symphony Orchestra. Hamerik's enthusiastic offer to become first flutist at a salary of sixty dollars a month was quickly accepted. Explaining to his wife that the new position would not permit him to bring his family to Baltimore, Lanier pointed out that the four-month orchestral season would at least permit him to seriously pursue his writing. Best of all, the relatively low humidity of Baltimore seemed more agreeable to him than any of the other locations where he had been able to earn a living. He hoped his family could join him there in time. The flute, which he had played without instruction since childhood, which had sustained him during.the dreary days at Point Lookout prison, and which had been a source of immense personal enjoyment since, became in 1873 the means by which the poet earned at least a meager livelihood. If the economic reward was minimal, the artistic satisfac- tion was not. Lanier continued to compose music for the flute. He won the confidence of Hamerik and other profes- sional musicians as a gifted flutist. Audiences were spell- bound by his playing. Just before his health failed in 1876, forcing a long recuperative period, he had been invited to join Theodore Thomas' orchestra in New York. But music had still a deeper significance for Lanier. To him it was the unifying feature of all his artistic perceptions. A modern man who believed in the progress that science could bring, but who vigorously dissented from the prevalent correlative belief that science was destructive of xx INTRODUCTION. New York, hoping to secure a position with one of the orchestras being organized in the northern cities. He took with him "Swamp Robins" and "Fieldlarks and Blackbirds," two pieces he had written for the flute. On the way he stopped in Baltimore where he played for Asger Hamerik who was then forming the Peabody Symphony Orchestra. Hamerik's enthusiastic offer to become first flutist at a salary of sixty dollars a month was quickly accepted. Explaining to his wife that the new position would not permit him to bring his family to Baltimore, Lanier pointed out that the four-month orchestral season would at least permit him to seriously pursue his writing. Best of all, the relatively low humidity of Baltimore seemed more agreeable to him than any of the other locations where he had been able to earn a living. He hoped his family could join him there in time. The flute, which he had played without instruction since childhood, which had sustained him during.the dreary days at Point Lookout prison, and which had been a source of immense personal enjoyment since, became in 1873 the means by which the poet earned at least a meager livelihood. If the economic reward was minimal, the artistic satisfac- tion was not. Lanier continued to compose music for the flute. He won the confidence of Hamerik and other profes- sional musicians as a gifted flutist. Audiences were spell- bound by his playing. Just before his health failed in 1876, forcing a long recuperative period, he had been invited to join Theodore Thomas' orchestra in New York. But music had still a deeper significance for Lanier. To him it was the unifying feature of all his artistic perceptions. A modern man who believed in the progress that science could bring, but who vigorously dissented from the prevalent correlative belief that science was destructive of xx INTRODUCTION. New York, hoping to secure a position with one of the orchestras being organized in the northern cities. He took with him "Swamp Robins" and "Fieldlarks and Blackbirds," two pieces he had written for the flute. On the way he stopped in Baltimore where he played for Asger Hamerik who was then forming the Peabody Symphony Orchestra. Hamerik's enthusiastic offer to become first flutist at a salary of sixty dollars a month was quickly accepted. Explaining to his wife that the new position would not permit him to bring his family to Baltimore, Lanier pointed out that the four-month orchestral season would at least permit him to seriously pursue his writing. Best of all, the relatively low humidity of Baltimore seemed more agreeable to him than any of the other locations where he had been able to earn a living. He hoped his family could join him there in time. The flute, which he had played without instruction since childhood, which had sustained him during. the dreary days at Point Lookout prison, and which had been a source of immense personal enjoyment since, became in 1873 the means by which the poet earned at least a meager livelihood. If the economic reward was minimal, the artistic satisfac- tion was not. Lanier continued to compose music for the flute. He won the confidence of Hamerik and other profes- sional musicians as a gifted flutist. Audiences were spell- bound by his playing. Just before his health failed in 1876, forcing a long recuperative period, he had been invited to join Theodore Thomas' orchestra in New York. But music had still a deeper significance for Lanier. To him it was the unifying feature of all his artistic perceptions. A modern man who believed in the progress that science could bring, but who vigorously dissented from the prevalent correlative belief that science was destructive of  INTRODUCTION. xxi the arts, he thought that whatever either dimension had to say could be expressed as well or better in music." As he continued to write and play music while reading extensively in Anglo-Saxon literature and Shakespeare, he wrote poetry in traditional verse form. But he was also beginning to develop his own theory that all poetic verse could be expressed in musical terms. Rhythmic principles governed poetry as well as music. Poetry was song. "The Symphony," written in 1875 and best known for its theme which denounced trade, has been applauded by modern literary critics for "extraordinary descriptions of the sounds of individual instruments: the flute, the violin, 'the melting clarionet,' 'the bold straightforward horn.' "" They also believe that "Marshes of Glynn," one of his most famous poems because of its traditional merits, was constructed in the way of a symphony and should be so read. Critics have generally found fault with Lanier for trying to make poetry a branch of music. But, as has been pointed out elsewhere, since none of his critics have been musicologists, it is possible that he has been misunderstood and that the musical aspects of his verse have not been fully appreciated." It has been widely acknowledged, at least, that he was the first person to attempt to apply musical technology to poetry. Even Allan Tate, who had little regard for Lanier, credited him with being the first poet to write music into poetry and to defend the technique in a reasoned theoretical treatise." Edmund C. Stedman, a prominent nineteenth-century literary figure who once hurt Lanier deeply with his criticism of a poem, explained in an essay on the southerner that "I am involuntarily using the diction of music to express the purpose of his verse, and this fact alone has a bearing upon what he did, and what he did not do, as an American poet."" Stedman thought that INTRODUCTION. xxi the arts, he thought that whatever either dimension had to say could be expressed as well or better in music." As he continued to write and play music while reading extensively in Anglo-Saxon literature and Shakespeare, he wrote poetry in traditional verse form. But he was also beginning to develop his own theory that all poetic verse could be expressed in musical terms. Rhythmic principles governed poetry as well as music. Poetry was song. "The Symphony," written in 1875 and best known for its theme which denounced trade, has been applauded by modern literary critics for "extraordinary descriptions of the sounds of individual instruments: the flute, the violin, 'the melting clarionet,' 'the bold straightforward horn.' "" They also believe that "Marshes of Glynn," one of his most famous poems because of its traditional merits, was constructed in the way of a symphony and should be so read. Critics have generally found fault with Lanier for trying to make poetry a branch of music. But, as has been pointed out elsewhere, since none of his critics have been musicologists, it is possible that he has been misunderstood and that the musical aspects of his verse have not been fully appreciated." It has been widely acknowledged, at least, that he was the first person to attempt to apply musical technology to poetry. Even Allan Tate, who had little regard for Lanier, credited him with being the first poet to write music into poetry and to defend the technique in a reasoned theoretical treatise." Edmund C. Stedman, a prominent nineteenth-century literary figure who once hurt Lanier deeply with his criticism of a poem, explained in an essay on the southerner that "I am involuntarily using the diction of music to express the purpose of his verse, and this fact alone has a bearing upon what he did, and what he did not do, as an American poet."" Stedman thought that INTRODUCTION. xxi the arts, he thought that whatever either dimension had to say could be expressed as well or better in music." As he continued to write and play music while reading extensively in Anglo-Saxon literature and Shakespeare, he wrote poetry in traditional verse form. But he was also beginning to develop his own theory that all poetic verse could be expressed in musical terms. Rhythmic principles governed poetry as well as music. Poetry was song. "The Symphony," written in 1875 and best known for its theme which denounced trade, has been applauded by modern literary critics for "extraordinary descriptions of the sounds of individual instruments: the flute, the violin, 'the melting clarionet,' 'the bold straightforward horn.' "" They also believe that "Marshes of Glynn," one of his most famous poems because of its traditional merits, was constructed in the way of a symphony and should be so read. Critics have generally found fault with Lanier for trying to make poetry a branch of music. But, as has been pointed out elsewhere, since none of his critics have been musicologists, it is possible that he has been misunderstood and that the musical aspects of his verse have not been fully appreciated." It has been widely acknowledged, at least, that he was the first person to attempt to apply musical technology to poetry. Even Allan Tate, who had little regard for Lanier, credited him with being the first poet to write music into poetry and to defend the technique in a reasoned theoretical treatise." Edmund C. Stedman, a prominent nineteenth-century literary figure who once hurt Lanier deeply with his criticism of a poem, explained in an essay on the southerner that "I am involuntarily using the diction of music to express the purpose of his verse, and this fact alone has a bearing upon what he did, and what he did not do, as an American poet."" Stedman thought that  xxii INTRODUCTION. Lanier, or any poet, should have sung his songs spon- taneously without analyzing the processes which he used, but admitted that Lanier was, after all, a musician as well as a poet." Disappointed at the failure of the literary world to accept his theory, Lanier prepared a treatise explaining it. But he lamented that his Science of English Verse, published less than a year before his death, was an "inexpressibly irksome" task undertaken only because "the poetic art was suffering from the shameful circumstance that criticism was without a scientific basis for even the most elementary of its judgments.'0 In applying scientific methods to develop- ment of a physics of poetry, Lanier was trying to do for that art what Henry Adams, at about the same time, was trying to do for history. Both failed, but only Adams lived long enough to realize it. Lanier lived in an age when science was influencing almost every aspect of human thought and action, and he had been introduced to evolutionary ideas early in life. As a result, he became an avid believer in evolution and progress through science, but he always held firmly to the conviction that art was above science. Because he was strongly influenced by the German romantic movement, which appealed for a unity in the arts, and because he believed that music was the harmonizer of all thoughts and observations, Lanier might have been expect- ed to rely on science, that handmaiden of all progress; as a vehicle for applying his new theories. And he has received considerable praise along with the criticism of his efforts. But it was as a traditional poet that Sidney Lanier earned his place in the history of American art and in the hearts of southerners. Most of his poems followed a traditional style, and some of those which did not have been favorably accepted on traditional terms. Only in later years did he begin implementing the new verse forms in defense of which xxii INTRODUCTION. Lanier, or any poet, should have sung his songs spon- taneously without analyzing the processes which he used, but admitted that Lanier was, after all, a musician as well as a poet. ' Disappointed at the failure of the literary world to accept his theory, Lanier prepared a treatise explaining it. But he lamented that his Science of English Verse, published less than a year before his death, was an "inexpressibly irksome" task undertaken only because "the poetic art was suffering from the shameful circumstance that criticism was without a scientific basis for even the most elementary of its judgments."" In applying scientific methods to develop- ment of a physics of poetry, Lanier was trying to do for that art what Henry Adams, at about the same time, was trying to do for history. Both failed, but only Adams lived long enough to realize it. Lanier lived in an age when science was influencing almost every aspect of human thought and action, and he had been introduced to evolutionary ideas early in life. As a result, he became an avid believer in evolution and progress through science, but he always held firmly to the conviction that art was above science. Because he was strongly influenced by the German romantic movement, which appealed for a unity in the arts, and because he believed that music was the harmonizer of all thoughts and observations, Lanier might have been expect- ed to rely on science, that handmaiden of all progress; as a vehicle for applying his new theories. And he has received considerable praise along with the criticism of his efforts. But it was as a traditional poet that Sidney Lanier earned his place in the history of American art and in the hearts of southerners. Most of his poems followed a traditional style, and some of those which did not have been favorably accepted on traditional terms. Only in later years did he begin implementing the new verse forms in defense of which xxii INTRODUCTION. Lanier, or any poet, should have sung his songs spon- taneously without analyzing the processes which he used, but admitted that Lanier was, after all, a musician as well as a poet." Disappointed at the failure of the literary world to accept his theory, Lanier prepared a treatise explaining it. But he lamented that his Science of English Verse, published less than a year before his death, was an "inexpressibly irksome" task undertaken only because "the poetic art was suffering from the shameful circumstance that criticism was without a scientific basis for even the most elementary of its judgments."" In applying scientific methods to develop- ment of a physics of poetry, Lanier was trying to do for that art what Henry Adams, at about the same time, was trying to do for history. Both failed, but only Adams lived long enough to realize it. Lanier lived in an age when science was influencing almost every aspect of human thought and action, and he had been introduced to evolutionary ideas early in life. As a result, he became an avid believer in evolution and progress through science, but he always held firmly to the conviction that art was above science. Because he was strongly influenced by the German romantic movement, which appealed for a unity in the arts, and because he believed that music was the harmonizer of all thoughts and observations, Lanier might have been expect- ed to rely on science, that handmaiden of all progress; as a vehicle for applying his new theories. And he has received considerable praise along with the criticism of his efforts. But it was as a traditional poet that Sidney Lanier earned his place in the history of American art and in the hearts of southerners. Most of his poems followed a traditional style, and some of those which did not have been favorably accepted on traditional terms. Only in later years did he begin implementing the new verse forms in defense of which  INTRODUCTION. xxiii he wrote The Science of English Verse. Many critics have found fault with Lanier for ambiguity, lack of clarity, and use of obscure metaphor. These shortcomings may be partially explained by some of the contradictions in Lanier himself. A scholar widely read in English literature, reared in an Old South environment for whose values he retained a deep love and admiration, Lanier wrote in a language which seemed antiquated and trite to the realists who were gain- ing ascendancy at the time he wrote. His unabashed sen- timentalism and emotional outpourings were becoming equally outmoded. At the same time, he had a remarkably modern outlook derived from his extensive study of science and the new scientific ideas which pervaded late-nine- teenth-century America. Unlike most accomplished artists, Lanier "threw himself into the obstinate tangle of social and industrial conditions confronting his time" and wrote poetry about the problems which concerned him' In the works of a man who wrote on such diverse subjects as sunrises, marshlands, flowing rivers, and his love for his wife on the one hand, and the problems of trade and industry, the one-crop economy of the South, nationalism, the Ku Klux Klan, and civil rights on the other, it is little wonder that critics found contradictions and ambiguities. Although about half of the small volume of Lanier's poetry was written before he moved to Baltimore, it was only with the publication of "Corn" in Lippincott's Magazine of February 1875 that he began to gain recognition. Inspired by a visit to Sunnyside, Georgia, in 1874, "Corn" followed a topic of deep concern to the poet. Describing the Georgia hills and the dilapidated farms he saw, he lamented the ruinous crop lien system and the Georgia farmers' insistence on growing cotton. He subsequently expanded this theme in an article entitled "The New South" in Scribner's Monthly. Unlike Henry Grady's New South of industrial INTRODUCTION. xxiii he wrote The Science of English Verse. Many critics have found fault with Lanier for ambiguity, lack of clarity, and use of obscure metaphor. These shortcomings may be partially explained by some of the contradictions in Lanier himself. A scholar widely read in English literature, reared in an Old South environment for whose values he retained a deep love and admiration, Lanier wrote in a language which seemed antiquated and trite to the realists who were gain- ing ascendancy at the time he wrote. His unabashed sen- timentalism and emotional outpourings were becoming equally outmoded. At the same time, he had a remarkably modern outlook derived from his extensive study of science and the new scientific ideas which pervaded late-nine- teenth-century America. Unlike most accomplished artists, Lanier "threw himself into the obstinate tangle of social and industrial conditions confronting his time" and wrote poetry about the problems which concerned him." In the works of a man who wrote on such diverse subjects as sunrises, marshlands, fdewing rivers, and his love for his wife on the one hand, and the problems of trade and industry, the one-crop economy of the South, nationalism, the Ku Klux Klan, and civil rights on the other, it is little wonder that critics found contradictions and ambiguities. Although about half of the small volume of Lanier's poetry was written before he moved to Baltimore, it was only with the publication of "Corn" in Lippincott's Magazine of February 1875 that he began to gain recognition. Inspired by a visit to Sunnyside, Georgia, in 1874, "Corn" followed a topic of deep concern to the poet. Describing the Georgia hills and the dilapidated farms he saw, he lamented the ruinous crop lien system and the Georgia farmers' insistence on growing cotton. He subsequently expanded this theme in an article entitled "The New South" in Scribner's Monthly. Unlike Henry Grady's New South of industrial INTRODUCTION. xxiii he wrote The Science of English Verse. Many critics have found fault with Lanier for ambiguity, lack of clarity, and use of obscure metaphor. These shortcomings may be partially explained by some of the contradictions in Lanier himself. A scholar widely read in English literature, reared in an Old South environment for whose values he retained a deep love and admiration, Lanier wrote in a language which seemed antiquated and trite to the realists who were gain- ing ascendancy at the time he wrote. His unabashed sen- timentalism and emotional outpourings were becoming equally outmoded. At the same time, he had a remarkably modern outlook derived from his extensive study of science and the new scientific ideas which pervaded late-nine- teenth-century America. Unlike most accomplished artists, Lanier "threw himself into the obstinate tangle of social and industrial conditions confronting his time" and wrote poetry about the problems which concerned him." In the works of a man who wrote on such diverse subjects as sunrises, marshlands, flowing rivers, and his love for his wife on the one hand, and the problems of trade and industry, the one-crop economy of the South, nationalism, the Ku Klux Klan, and civil rights on the other, it is little wonder that critics found contradictions and ambiguities. Although about half of the small volume of Lanier's poetry was written before he moved to Baltimore, it was only with the publication of "Corn" in Lippincott's Magazine of February 1875 that he began to gain recognition. Inspired by a visit to Sunnyside, Georgia, in 1874, "Corn" followed a topic of deep concern to the poet. Describing the Georgia hills and the dilapidated farms he saw, he lamented the ruinous crop lien system and the Georgia farmers' insistence on growing cotton. He subsequently expanded this theme in an article entitled "The New South" in Scribner's Monthly. Unlike Henry Grady's New South of industrial  xxiv INTRODUCTION. progress and a division of labor between blacks and whites to the ostensible advantage of the latter, Lanier envisioned a genuine transition from the old cotton plantation to a system of small farms with diversified crops, worked by the owners." While "Corn" was being applauded by critics, especially the influential Gibson Peacock of the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, who subsequently became a close friend and advisor of Lanier's, the poet was busy on other matters. "The Symphony" appeared in Lippincott's Magazine in June 1875. Using his beloved orchestra as a vehicle, Lanier personified the instruments, and they discussed the social problems implicit in the growth of commercialism and industry which he referred to as "trade." In addition to Peacock's continued plaudits, the poet also received praise from Bayard Taylor, who became one of his most influential allies. Charlotte Cushman, the actress, impressed by the poem, also became one of Lanier's closest friends and supporters. When "The Symphony" was published, Lanier was completing his brief tour of the southernmost state in preparation of Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History. He traveled in Florida in May and June 1875, then spent nearly three months preparing the manuscript, under continuing pressure from the publishers who wanted the book available for Florida tourists during the 1875-76 winter season. Two of the chapters, "The Oklawaha River" and "St. Augustine," were published verbatim in Lippincott's Magazine. They were the first of Lanier's prose to appear in the northern press. While the Florida book was in progress, Lanier's friendship with Bayard Taylor grew. Not only did Taylor offer welcome critical advice to his southern friend, but he xxiv INTRODUCTION. progress and a division of labor between blacks and whites to the ostensible advantage of the latter, Lanier envisioned a genuine transition from the old cotton plantation to a system of small farms with diversified crops, worked by the owners.? While "Corn" was being applauded by critics, especially the influential Gibson Peacock of the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, who subsequently became a close friend and advisor of Lanier's, the poet was busy on other matters. "The Symphony" appeared in Lippincott's Magazine in June 1875. Using his beloved orchestra as a vehicle, Lanier personified the instruments, and they discussed the social problems implicit in the growth of commercialism and industry which he referred to as "trade." In addition to Peacock's continued plaudits, the poet also received praise from Bayard Taylor, who became one of his most influential allies. Charlotte Cushman, the actress, impressed by the poem, also became one of Lanier's closest friends and supporters. When "The Symphony" was published, Lanier was completing his brief tour of the southernmost state in preparation of Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History. He traveled in Florida in May and June 1875, then spent nearly three months preparing the manuscript, under continuing pressure from the publishers who wanted the book available for Florida tourists during the 1875-76 winter season. Two of the chapters, "The Oklawaha River" and "St. Augustine," were published verbatim in Lippincott's Magazine. They were the first of Lanier's prose to appear in the northern press." While the Florida book was in progress, Lanier's friendship with Bayard Taylor grew. Not only did Taylor offer welcome critical advice to his southern friend, but he xxiv INTRODUCTION. progress and a division of labor between blacks and whites to the ostensible advantage of the latter, Lanier envisioned a genuine transition from the old cotton plantation to a system of small farms with diversified crops, worked by the owners.' While "Corn" was being applauded by critics, especially the influential Gibson Peacock of the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, who subsequently became a close friend and advisor of Lanier's, the poet was busy on other matters. "The Symphony" appeared in Lippincott's Magazine in June 1875. Using his beloved orchestra as a vehicle, Lanier personified the instruments, and they discussed the social problems implicit in the growth of commercialism and industry which he referred to as "trade." In addition to Peacock's continued plaudits, the poet also received praise from Bayard Taylor, who became one of his most influential allies. Charlotte Cushman, the actress, impressed by the poem, also became one of Lanier's closest friends and supporters. When "The Symphony" was published, Lanier was completing his brief tour of the southernmost state in preparation of Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History. He traveled in Florida in May and June 1875, then spent nearly three months preparing the manuscript, under continuing pressure from the publishers who wanted the book available for Florida tourists during the 1875-76 winter season. Two of the chapters, "The Oklawaha River" and "St. Augustine," were published verbatim in Lippincott's Magazine. They were the first of Lanier's prose to appear in the northern press." While the Florida book was in progress, Lanier's friendship with Bayard Taylor grew. Not only did Taylor offer welcome critical advice to his southern friend, but he  INTRODUCTION. xxv was also able to provide an excellent opportunity for him. Just as the United States is now preparing for its two hundredth anniversary, Americans were planning a centen- nial celebration in 1876 in Philadelphia. The chairman of the centennial commission asked Bayard Taylor to recom- mend someone to write a cantata to be sung at the opening ceremony of the centennial; he suggested that a southerner be named and specifically recommended Lanier.? The commission followed his advice, and in early January 1876 Lanier eagerly accepted the proferred opportunity. A southerner who loved his region, the poet had fought for the Confederacy until its end. But when it was ended, he refused to look back as many of his neighbors continued to do. Despite the animosities engendered by Reconstruction, he had always looked ahead with a conciliatory attitude to the day when the nation was again an entity. The centen- nial cantata provided an ideal opportunity for expressing his nationalistic view. So, while Ellen Call Long, as the Florida member of the centennial commission, was trying unsuc- cessfully to enlist the aid of her antebellum neighbors in celebrating the nation's birthday, Lanier was emphasizing his national views, apparently without violence to the warm feelings he retained for the region of his birth and the subject and inspiration of most of his writing. The cantata also provided an opportunity for the new theories of verse which Lanier was developing. Aware of the poet's innovative ideas, Taylor cautioned that he should "dare not be imaginative or particularly original."' But, despite Taylor's warnings that he would be "sharply set upon" if he was too original, the cantata, "The Meditations of Columbia," was written primarily in sounds and second- arily in ideas?t When it was published in the news- papers before the centennial celebration opened, Lanier was INTRODUCTION. xxv was also able to provide an excellent opportunity for him. Just as the United States is now preparing for its two hundredth anniversary, Americans were planning a centen- nial celebration in 1876 in Philadelphia. The chairman of the centennial commission asked Bayard Taylor to recom- mend someone to write a cantata to be sung at the opening ceremony of the centennial; he suggested that a southerner be named and specifically recommended Lanier" The commission followed his advice, and in early January 1876 Lanier eagerly accepted the proferred opportunity. A southerner who loved his region, the poet had fought for the Confederacy until its end. But when it was ended, he refused to look back as many of his neighbors continued to do. Despite the animosities engendered by Reconstruction, he had always looked ahead with a conciliatory attitude to the day when the nation was again an entity. The centen- nial cantata provided an ideal opportunity for expressing his nationalistic view. So, while Ellen Call Long, as the Florida member of the centennial commission, was trying unsuc- cessfully to enlist the aid of her antebellum neighbors in celebrating the nation's birthday, Lanier was emphasizing his national views, apparently without violence to the warm feelings he retained for the region of his birth and the subject and inspiration of most of his writing. The cantata also provided an opportunity for the new theories of verse which Lanier was developing. Aware of the poet's innovative ideas, Taylor cautioned that he should "dare not be imaginative or particularly original."' But, despite Taylor's warnings that he would be "sharply set upon" if he was too original, the cantata, "The Meditations of Columbia," was written primarily in sounds and second- arily in ideas.? When it was published in the news- papers before the centennial celebration opened, Lanier was INTRODUCTION. xxv was also able to provide an excellent opportunity for him. Just as the United States is now preparing for its two hundredth anniversary, Americans were planning a centen- nial celebration in 1876 in Philadelphia. The chairman of the centennial commission asked Bayard Taylor to recom- mend someone to write a cantata to be sung at the opening ceremony of the centennial; he suggested that a southerner be named and specifically recommended Lanier.' The commission followed his advice, and in early January 1876 Lanier eagerly accepted the proferred opportunity. A southerner who loved his region, the poet had fought for the Confederacy until its end. But when it was ended, he refused to look back as many of his neighbors continued to do. Despite the animosities engendered by Reconstruction, he had always looked ahead with a conciliatory attitude to the day when the nation was again an entity. The centen- nial cantata provided an ideal opportunity for expressing his nationalistic view. So, while Ellen Call Long, as the Florida member of the centennial commission, was trying unsuc- cessfully to enlist the aid of her antebellum neighbors in celebrating the nation's birthday, Lanier was emphasizing his national views, apparently without violence to the warm feelings he retained for the region of his birth and the subject and inspiration of most of his writing. The cantata also provided an opportunity for the new theories of verse which Lanier was developing. Aware of the poet's innovative ideas, Taylor cautioned that he should "dare not be imaginative or particularly original."2' But, despite Taylor's warnings that he would be "sharply set upon" if he was too original, the cantata, "The Meditations of Columbia," was written primarily in sounds and second- arily in ideas? When it was published in the news- papers before the centennial celebration opened, Lanier was  xxvi INTRODUCTION. roundly denounced by nearly every reviewer; but when it was played by Theodore Thomas' 150-piece orchestra and sung by a chorus of 800 voices, it was well received?7 Shortly after the cantata was completed, Lanier wrote his much longer centennial ode, "Psalm of the West," for the centennial edition of Lippincott's Magazine. The poem, described by a sympathetic biographer as "a musical rhapsody rather than a self-contained work of art," was a story of America's achievement of independence and freedom. At a time when Reconstruction divided the country and acrimonious debate in Congress threatened the fate of the centennial bill, an accomplished literary figure of the section which had borne the banner of the Lost Cause called for reconciliation in his centennial cantata and delivered an eloquent testimonial of his devotion to the nation in his "Psalm of the West." By mid-1876 Lanier had accomplished much since he had come to Baltimore two years earlier. He had gained a wide and generally favorable reputation as a man of letters. Important literary figures considered him their friend. Still a member of the Peabody Orchestra, he was much in demand as a flutist, both in Baltimore and New York. Theodore Thomas, impressed by the musical qualities of the centennial cantata and already aware of Lanier's abil- ity with the flute, invited Lanier to join his orchestra. A small volume of Lanier's poems, including "Corn," 'The Symphony," and "Psalm of the West" (the only one published during his life), was being readied for publication. The Florida travel book was doing well in its second printing, and his "Sketches of India," a travel account based entirely on Lanier's imagination and a few visits to the Philadelphia library, was appearing in Lippincott's Magazine in four parts. When Charlotte Cushman died about that time, he was commissioned to write her xxvi INTRODUCTION. roundly denounced by nearly every reviewer; but when it was played by Theodore Thomas' 150-piece orchestra and sung by a chorus of 800 voices, it was well received." Shortly after the cantata was completed, Lanier wrote his much longer centennial ode, "Psalm of the West," for the centennial edition of Lippincott's Magazine, The poem, described by a sympathetic biographer as "a musical rhapsody rather than a self-contained work of art," was a story of America's achievement of independence and freedom. At a time when Reconstruction divided the country and acrimonious debate in Congress threatened the fate of the centennial bill, an accomplished literary figure of the section which had borne the banner of the Lost Cause called for reconciliation in his centennial cantata and delivered an eloquent testimonial of his devotion to the nation in his "Psalm of the West." By mid-1876 Lanier had accomplished much since he had come to Baltimore two years earlier. He had gained a wide and generally favorable reputation as a man of letters. Important literary figures considered him their friend. Still a member of the Peabody Orchestra, he was much in demand as a flutist, both in Baltimore and New York. Theodore Thomas, impressed by the musical qualities of the centennial cantata and already aware of Lanier's abil- ity with the flute, invited Lanier to join his orchestra. A small volume of Lanier's poems, including "Corn," "The Symphony," and "Psalm of the West" (the only one published during his life), was being readied for publication. The Florida travel book was doing well in its second printing, and his "Sketches of India," a travel account based entirely on Lanier's imagination and a few visits to the Philadelphia library, was appearing in Lippincott's Magazine in four parts. When Charlotte Cushman died about that time, he was commissioned to write her xxvi INTRODUCTION. roundly denounced by nearly every reviewer; but when it was played by Theodore Thomas' 150-piece orchestra and sung by a chorus of 800 voices, it was well received?2 Shortly after the cantata was completed, Lanier wrote his much longer centennial ode, "Psalm of the West," for the centennial edition of Lippincott's Magazine. The poem, described by a sympathetic biographer as "a musical rhapsody rather than a self-contained work of art," was a story of America's achievement of independence and freedom. At a time when Reconstruction divided the country and acrimonious debate in Congress threatened the fate of the centennial bill, an accomplished literary figure of the section which had borne the banner of the Lost Cause called for reconciliation in his centennial cantata and delivered an eloquent testimonial of his devotion to the nation in his "Psalm of the West." By mid-1876 Lanier had accomplished much since he had come to Baltimore two years earlier. He had gained a wide and generally favorable reputation as a man of letters. Important literary figures considered him their friend. Still a member of the Peabody Orchestra, he was much in demand as a flutist, both in Baltimore and New York. Theodore Thomas, impressed by the musical qualities of the centennial cantata and already aware of Lanier's abil- ity with the flute, invited Lanier to join his orchestra. A small volume of Lanier's poems, including "Corn," "The Symphony," and "Psalm of the West" (the only one published during his life), was being readied for publication. The Florida travel book was doing well in its second printing, and his "Sketches of India," a travel account based entirely on Lanier's imagination and a few visits to the Philadelphia library, was appearing in Lippincott's Magazine in four parts. When Charlotte Cushman died about that time, he was commissioned to write her  INTRODUCTION. xxvii biography. On the basis of this prospect, he had secured a house at Chadd's Ford, Pennsylvania, and for the first time had brought his family from Georgia to live with him. It was an unfortunate time for illness. He had fought off a brief illness in early 1876, but had seemed generally exhilarated by the heavy schedule of that year. Then he suddenly suffered an attack which sent him to bed. After several weeks at Gibson Peacock's house in Philadelphia, under continuous treatment by several physicians, he was told that his recovery depended on a long recuperative period in Florida. Abandoning all his other plans, Lanier and his wife left for Florida where they spent the winter before going to Brunswick and Macon in the spring. Somewhat improved in health, he returned with his family to Chadd's Ford in June 1877 and reiained there that summer. Despite the severity of his illness, Lanier produced a considerable amount of poetry in the year following his physical breakdown; Already familiar territory to the perceptive poet, Florida now became the setting for "Tampa Robins," "From the Flats," and "A Florida Sunday." During the year he also wrote "Waving of the Corn," "Under the Cedarcroft Chestnut," "The Mocking Bird," "The Stirrup Cup," "To Beethoven," "The Bee," "The Dove," "An Evening Song," and the famous "Song of the Chattahoochee." "The Marshes of Glynn," completed a little later in Baltimore, was begun in Florida.? Returning to Baltimore in the fall, Lanier settled down with his family in a four-room flat. He continued to play with the Peabody Orchestra, and he tried unsuccessfully to secure some other dependable means of earning a living. With access to the excellent Peabody Library, he renewed his studies of Old and Middle English literature and, in early 1878, began a series of well-received lectures on the subject. There followed a popular course of lectures on Shakespeare INTRODUCTION. xxvii biography. On the basis of this prospect, he had secured a house at Chadd's Ford, Pennsylvania, and for the first time had brought his family from Georgia to live with him. It was an unfortunate time for illness. He had fought off a brief illness in early 1876, but had seemed generally exhilarated by the heavy schedule of that year. Then he suddenly suffered an attack which sent him to bed. After several weeks at Gibson Peacock's house in Philadelphia, under continuous treatment by several physicians, he was told that his recovery depended on a long recuperative period in Florida. Abandoning all his other plans, Lanier and his wife left for Florida where they spent the winter before going to Brunswick and Macon in the spring. Somewhat improved in health, he returned with his family to Chadd's Ford in June 1877 and remnained there that summer. Despite the severity of his illness, Lanier produced a considerable amount of poetry in the year following his physical breakdown, Already familiar territory to the perceptive poet, Florida now became the setting for "Tampa Robins," "From the Flats," and "A Florida Sunday." During the year he also wrote "Waving of the Corn," "Under the Cedarcroft Chestnut," "The Mocking Bird," "The Stirrup Cup," "To Beethoven," "The Bee," "The Dove," "An Evening Song," and the famous "Song of the Chattahoodhee." "The Marshes of Glynn," completed a little later in Baltimore, was begun in Florida.25 Returning to Baltimore in the fall, Lanier settled down with his family in a four-roor flat. He continued to play with the Peabody Orchestra, and he tried unsuccessfully to secure some other dependable means of earning a living. With access to the excellent Peabody Library, he renewed his studies of Old and Middle English literature and, in early 1878, began a series of well-received lectures on the subject. There followed a popular course of lectures on Shakespeare INTRODUCTION. xxvii biography. On the basis of this prospect, he had secured a house at Chadd's Ford, Pennsylvania, and for the first time had brought his family from Georgia to live with him. It was an unfortunate time for illness. He had fought off a brief illness in early 1876, but had seemed generally exhilarated by the heavy schedule of that year. Then he suddenly suffered an attack which sent him to bed. After several weeks at Gibson Peacock's house in Philadelphia, under continuous treatment by several physicians, he was told that his recovery depended on a long recuperative period in Florida. Abandoning all his other plans, Lanier and his wife left for Florida where they spent the winter before going to Brunswick and Macon in the spring. Somewhat improved in health, he returned with his family to Chadd's Ford in June 1877 and renained there that summer. Despite the severity of his illness, Lanier produced a considerable amount of poetry in the year following his physical breakdown, Already familiar territory to the perceptive poet, Florida now became the setting for "Tampa Robins," "From the Flats," and "A Florida Sunday." During the year he also wrote "Waving of the Corn," "Under the Cedarcroft Chestnut," "The Mocking Bird," "The Stirrup Cup," "To Beethoven," "The Bee," "The Dove," "An Evening Song," and the famous "Song of the Chattahoochee." "The Marshes of Glynn," completed a little later in Baltimore, was begun in Florida.'? Returning to Baltimore in the fall, Lanier settled down with his family in a four-roofs flat. He continued to play with the Peabody Orchestra, and he tried unsuccessfully to secure some other dependable means of earning a living. With access to the excellent Peabody Library, he renewed his studies of Old and Middle English literature and, in early 1878, began a series of well-received lectures on the subject. There followed a popular course of lectures on Shakespeare  xxviii INTRODUCTION. at the Peabody Institute; these were subsequently published as Shakespeare and His Forerunners. In addition to his public lectures and some teaching at various schools, Lanier found another modest source of income: beginning in 1878 he edited a series for boys of selections from Froissart, Malory, Percy, and The Mabinogion. One of these, The Boy's King Arthur, published in 1880, became the poet's most successful booke When The Johns Hopkins University was forming in 1876, Lanier inquired of President Daniel Coit Gilman, with whom he was well acquainted, whether there was a position which he might fill. President Gilman, pleased with the centennial publications, recommended Lanier to the trus- tees for an appointment, but nothing came of it for a time. As the poet's influence grew in Baltimore, a result of his public lectures and those at the Peabody Institute, the trustees relented, and Lanier was made a lecturer in English literature in February 1879. It was a fortunate appointment for the teacher and for the university. Lanier threw himself zealously into his duties, happy to join the excellent faculty assembled by Daniel Coit Gilman at this first American graduate school. He spent immense amounts of time on preparation of his lectures. He sought to equip his students with a knowledge of English literature, its vocabulary and usage, and modern literary forms, and to instill in them an enthusiasm for literature which would remain after they left the classroom. His lectures were well attended. Students sought him out after class, and he made himself available for discussions.?0 In addition to his studies and teaching in English literature, Lanier found time to continue his writing. One of his best-known poems, "The Marshes of Glynn," an eloquent description of the landscape near Brunswick, Georgia, appeared in 1878; another, "Sunrise," was published in 1882, shortly after his death. Meanwhile, he xxviii INTRODUCTION. at the Peabody Institute; these were subsequently published as Shakespeare and His Forerunners. In addition to his public lectures and some teaching at various schools, Lanier found another modest source of income: beginning in 1878 he edited a series for boys of selections from Froissart, Malory, Percy, and The Mabinogion. One of these, The Boy's King Arthur, published in 1880, became the poet's most successful book.? When The Johns Hopkins University was forming in 1876, Lanier inquired of President Daniel Coit Gilman, with whom he was well acquainted, whether there was a position which he might fill. President Gilman, pleased with the centennial publications, recommended Lanier to the trus- tees for an appointment, but nothing came of it for a time. As the poet's influence grew in Baltimore, a result of his public lectures and those at the Peabody Institute, the trustees relented, and Lanier was made a lecturer in English literature in February 1879. It was a fortunate appointment for the teacher and for the university. Lanier threw himself zealously into his duties, happy to join the excellent faculty assembled by Daniel Coit Gilman at this first American graduate school. He spent immense amounts of time on preparation of his lectures. He sought to equip his students with a knowledge of English literature, its vocabulary and usage, and modern literary forms, and to instill in them an enthusiasm for literature which would remain after they left the classroom. His lectures were well attended. Students sought him out after class, and he made himself available for discussions?° In addition to his studies and teaching in English literature, Lanier found time to continue his writing. One of his best-known poens, "The Marshes of Glynn," an eloquent description of the landscape near Brunswick, Georgia, appeared in 1878; another, "Sunrise," was published in 1882, shortly after his death. Meanwhile, he xxviii INTRODUCTION. at the Peabody Institute; these were subsequently published as Shakespeare and His Forerunners. In addition to his public lectures and some teaching at various schools, Lanier found another modest source of income: beginning in 1878 he edited a series for boys of selections from Froissart, Malory, Percy, and The Mabinogion. One of these, The Boy's King Arthur, published in 1880, became the poet's most successful book.' When The Johns Hopkins University was forming in 1876, Lanier inquired of President Daniel Coit Gilman, with whom he was well acquainted, whether there was a position which he might fill. President Gilman, pleased with the centennial publications, recommended Lanier to the trus- tees for an appointment, but nothing came of it for a time. As the poet's influence grew in Baltimore, a result of his public lectures and those at the Peabody Institute, the trustees relented, and Lanier was made a lecturer in English literature in February 1879. It was a fortunate appointment for the teacher and for the university. Lanier threw himself zealously into his duties, happy to join the excellent faculty assembled by Daniel Coit Gilman at this first American graduate school. He spent immense amounts of time on preparation of his lectures. He sought to equip his students with a knowledge of English literature, its vocabulary and usage, and modern literary forms, and to instill in them an enthusiasm for literature which would remain after they left the classroom. His lectures were well attended. Students sought him out after class, and he made himself available for discussions? In addition to his studies and teaching in English literature, Lanier found time to continue his writing. One of his best-known poems, "The Marshes of Glynn," an eloquent description of the landscape near Brunswick, Georgia, appeared in 1878; another, "Sunrise," was published in 1882, shortly after his death. Meanwhile, he  INTRODUCTION. xxix wrote The Science of English Verse, completing it in 1879 for publication in 1880. For seven years, since abandoning his native Macon and the practice of law, Lanier had fought off the tuberculosis which was consuming him. In voluminous letters to friends and family, he repeatedly mentioned that he had little time before the disease defeated him. Yet he maintained an almost buoyant spirit during most of this time. In 1880 he succumbed to what was to be the final attack. Although he became progressively weaker during the following school year, he managed to deliver twelve of the twenty lectures he had planned. He wrote "Sunrise" while beset by a 104" fever." Even when he left the Johns Hopkins campus at the end of the 1881 school year, on what was to be a one-way trip to the North Carolina mountains, it was not entirely on account of his health. He and his wife set out for Asheville where he planned to write a railroad guide book of the region for which he had just received a contract. But his health broke, and he died at nearby Lynn on September 7, 1881. Lanier's writings were receiving considerable attention when he died, and he has had a wide appeal during most of the time since then. His wife published a collection of his poetry in 1884, and it remained in print for three-quarters of a century. In 1942, a centennial celebration of his birthday was held at The Johns Hopkins University, and the Sidney Lanier room was opened at that time. In 1945, he was named, along with Thomas Paine, to the Hall of Fame." In the same year, a ten-volume centennial edition of his works was published by Charles R. Anderson under the auspices of The Johns Hopkins University.' High schools, counties, and parks throughout Georgia and the South have been named in his honor. Brunswick, in Glynn County, Georgia, where he loved to visit, has probably outdone all other places in commemorating Lanier. There are a bridge, a INTRODUCTION. xxix wrote The Science of English Verse, completing it in 1879 for publication in 1880. For seven years, since abandoning his native Macon and the practice of law, Lanier had fought off the tuberculosis which was consuming him. In voluminous letters to friends and family, he repeatedly mentioned that he had little time before the disease defeated him. Yet he maintained an almost buoyant spirit during most of this time. In 1880 he succumbed to what was to be the final attack. Although he became progressively weaker during the following school year, he managed to deliver twelve of the twenty lectures he had planned. He wrote "Sunrise" while beset by a 104* fever." Even when he left the Johns Hopkins campus at the end of the 1881 school year, on what was to be a one-way trip to the North Carolina mountains, it was not entirely on account of his health. He and his wife set out for Asheville where he planned to write a railroad guide book of the region for which he had just received a contract. But his health broke, and he died at nearby Lynn on September 7, 1881. Lanier's writings were receiving considerable attention when he died, and he has had a wide appeal during most of the time since then. His wife published a collection of his poetry in 1884, and it remained in print for three-quarters of a century. In 1942, a centennial celebration of his birthday was held at The Johns Hopkins University, and the Sidney Lanier room was opened at that time. In 1945, he was named, along with Thomas Paine, to the Hall of Fame. In the same year, a ten-volume centennial edition of his works was published by Charles R. Anderson under the auspices of The Johns Hopkins University.' High schools, counties, and parks throughout Georgia and the South have been named in his honor. Brunswick, in Glynn County, Georgia, where he loved to visit, has probably outdone all other places in commemorating Lanier. There are a bridge, a INTRODUCTION. xxix wrote The Science of English Verse, completing it in 1879 for publication in 1880. For seven years, since abandoning his native Macon and the practice of law, Lanier had fought off the tuberculosis which was consuming him. In voluminous letters to friends and family, he repeatedly mentioned that he had little time before the disease defeated him. Yet he maintained an almost buoyant spirit during most of this time. In 1880 he succumbed to what was to be the final attack. Although he became progressively weaker during the following school year, he managed to deliver twelve of the twenty lectures he had planned. He wrote "Sunrise" while beset by a 104* fever." Even when he left the Johns Hopkins campus at the end of the 1881 school year, on what was to be a one-way trip to the North Carolina mountains, it was not entirely on account of his health. He and his wife set out for Asheville where he planned to write a railroad guide book of the region for which he had just received a contract. But his health broke, and he died at nearby Lynn on September 7, 1881. Lanier's writings were receiving considerable attention when he died, and he has had a wide appeal during most of the time since then. His wife published a collection of his poetry in 1884, and it remained in print for three-quarters of a century. In 1942, a centennial celebration of his birthday was held at The Johns Hopkins University, and the Sidney Lanier room was opened at that time. In 1945, he was named, along with Thomas Paine, to the Hall of Fame." In the same year, a ten-volume centennial edition of his works was published by Charles R. Anderson under the auspices of The Johns Hopkins University." High schools, counties, and parks throughout Georgia and the South have been named in his honor. Brunswick, in Glynn County, Georgia, where he loved to visit, has probably outdone all other places in commemorating Lanier. There are a bridge, a  xxx INTRODUCTION. plaza, a marsh, and a tree named in his honor. The house in which he stayed has been preserved and named for him. It is located on Lanier Street. Even the local telephone directory claims quite incorrectly that "Georgia's great poet from Brunswick, Sidney Lanier" wrote "The Marshes of Glynn" there." On February 3, 1972, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp bearing his name and portrait. Historians of American literature have generally accepted him as a poet of considerable ability and accomplishment. Even his most serious critics have usually qualified their analyses by pointing out that he died too early to give his innovations a fair chance. He has been hailed as one of America's great nature poets. "Corn," "Song of the Chat- tahoochee," "Marshes of Glynn," and "Sunrise" are often cited as the best examples of his nature poems." It is true, as Gamaliel Bradford wrote, that "He was a Southerner, always a Southerner. He loved the South and the South loved and loves him."" And he is usually acknowledged as the South's greatest poet after Poe. But an earlier writer pointed out that "Lanier was a poet first 'and a Southerner second."37 Norman Foerster went even farther in 1919, declaring that soon after the Civil War, Lanier "rose to a national point of view while most poets remained sec- tional."" The most severe criticism of Lanier's poetry came from the fugitive agrarians who in 1930 published I'll Take My Stand, a manifesto intended "to support a Southern way of life against what may be called the American or prevailing way." They all agreed that the best terms in which to represent the distinction were contained in the phrase "Agrarian versus Industrial."3 That some of the poets and novelists who contributed to I'll Take My Stand, once referred to as the "beginning of a new civil war," should xxx INTRODUCTION. plaza, a marsh, and a tree named in his honor. The house in which he stayed has been preserved and named for him. It is located on Lanier Street. Even the local telephone directory claims quite incorrectly that "Georgia's great poet from Brunswick, Sidney Lanier" wrote "The Marshes of Glynn" there.3' On February 3, 1972, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp bearing his name and portrait. Historians of American literature have generally accepted him as a poet of considerable ability and accomplishment. Even his most serious critics have usually qualified their analyses by pointing out that he died too early to give his innovations a fair chance. He has been hailed as one of America's great nature poets. "Corn," "Song of the Chat- tahoochee," "Marshes of Glynn," and "Sunrise" are often cited as the best examples of his nature poems." It is true, as Gamaliel Bradford wrote, that "He was a Southerner, always a Southerner. He loved the South and the South loved and loves him."" And he is usually acknowledged as the South's greatest poet after Poe. But an earlier writer pointed out that "Lanier was a poet first and a Southerner second."" Norman Foerster went even farther in 1919, declaring that soon after the Civil War, Lanier "rose to a national point of view while most poets remained sec- tional."" The most severe criticism of Lanier's poetry came from the fugitive agrarians who in 1930 published I'll Take My Stand, a manifesto intended "to support a Southern way of life against what may be called the American or prevailing way." They all agreed that the best terms in which to represent the distinction were contained in the phrase "Agrarian versus Industrial."" That some of the poets and novelists who contributed to I'll Take My Stand, once referred to as the "beginning of a new civil war," should xxx INTRODUCTION. plaza, a marsh, and a tree named in his honor. The house in which he stayed has been preserved and named for him. It is located on Lanier Street. Even the local telephone directory claims quite incorrectly that "Georgia's great poet from Brunswick, Sidney Lanier" wrote "The Marshes of Glynn" there." On February 3, 1972, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp bearing his name and portrait. Historians of American literature have generally accepted him as a poet of considerable ability and accomplishment. Even his most serious critics have usually qualified their analyses by pointing out that he died too early to give his innovations a fair chance. He has been hailed as one of America's great nature poets. "Corn," "Song of the Chat- tahoochee," "Marshes of Glynn," and "Sunrise" are often cited as the best examples of his nature poems." It is true, as Gamaliel Bradford wrote, that "He was a Southerner, always a Southerner. He loved the South and the South loved and loves him."" And he is usually acknowledged as the South's greatest poet after Poe. But an earlier writer pointed out that "Lanier was a poet first'and a Southerner second."" Norman Foerster went even farther in 1919, declaring that soon after the Civil War, Lanier "rose to a national point of view while most poets remained sec- tional."" The most severe criticism of Lanier's poetry came from the fugitive agrarians who in 1930 published I'll Take My Stand, a manifesto intended "to support a Southern way of life against what may be called the American or prevailing way." They all agreed that the best terms in which to represent the distinction were contained in the phrase "Agrarian versus Industrial."" That some of the poets and novelists who contributed to I'll Take My Stand, once referred to as the "beginning of a new civil war," should  INTRODUCTION. xxxi denounce Lanier as vehemently as they did is an especially appropriate subject for an introduction to the book he wrote about Florida during the period of Reconstruction."" Aubrey Starke's Sidney Lanier, the most comprehen- sive of the three major biographical studies of the poet, appeared in 1933, three years after I'll Take My Stand." Starke wrote that one of the major justifications for his biography was Lanier's national rather than sectional viewpoint, an aspect of his writing not adequately emphasized by Edwin Mims in his 1905 biography.'" In separate reviews, Robert Penn Warren and Allan Tate assaulted the Starke book. Warren declared that the biography said nothing new about Lanier. Not only was it superficial in its criticism, as was Lanier's poetry in concept and execution, but its emphasis on his "identification with the national (i.e., Northern) ideal and programme" had been adequately covered by Edwin Mims." In a review entitled "A Southern Romantic," Tate generally agreed with Warren. Lanier's poetry was faulty-"Clover" was a model of what poetry should not be-and everyone tried too hard to build up his reputation." But Tate was even more caustic on the subject of Lanier's nationalism. Lanier, he said, was "not a nationalist but a Northern sectionalist" such as Henry Grady had been. For example, he had defended the "New South" which encouraged industrial capitalism.' Tate was referring to Lanier's 1880 article on the New South which hailed the transformation of southern agriculture from large cotton plantations to smaller, individually operated units. It is important to remember, as Willard Thorp reminds us, that "Lanier's South was not that of Grady and it is important to know wherein they differed."'" The difference helps distinguish between Lanier and his critics of the 1930s. Not only had Grady advocated industrialism as the economic salvation of INTRODUCTION. xxxi denounce Lanier as vehemently as they did is an especially appropriate subject for an introduction to the book he wrote about Florida during the period of Reconstruction." Aubrey Starke's Sidney Lanier, the most comprehen- sive of the three major biographical studies of the poet, appeared in 1933, three years after I'll Take My Stand." Starke wrote that one of the major justifications for his biography was Lanier's national rather than sectional viewpoint, an aspect of his writing not adequately emphasized by Edwin Mims in his 1905 biography." In separate reviews, Robert Penn Warren and Allan Tate assaulted the Starke book. Warren declared that the biography said nothing new about Lanier. Not only was it superficial in its criticism, as was Lanier's poetry in concept and execution, but its emphasis on his "identification with the national (i.e., Northern) ideal and programme" had been adequately covered by Edwin Mims." In a review entitled "A Southern Romantic," Tate generally agreed with Warren. Lanier's poetry was faulty-"Clover" was a model of what poetry should not be-and everyone tried too hard to build up his reputation.' But Tate was even more caustic on the subject of Lanier's nationalism. Lanier, he said, was "not a nationalist but a Northern sectionalist" such as Henry Grady had been. For example, he had defended the "New South" which encouraged industrial capitalism." Tate was referring to Lanier's 1880 article on the New South which hailed the transformation of southern agriculture from large cotton plantations to smaller, individually operated units. It is important to remember, as Willard Thorp reminds us, that "Lanier's South was not that of Grady and it is important to know wherein they differed." The difference helps distinguish between Lanier and his critics of the 1930s. Not only had Grady advocated industrialism as the economic salvation of INTRODUCTION. xxxi denounce Lanier as vehemently as they did is an especially appropriate subject for an introduction to the book he wrote about Florida during the period of Reconstruction." Aubrey Starke's Sidney Lanier, the most comprehen- sive of the three major biographical studies of the poet, appeared in 1933, three years after I'll Take My Stand." Starke wrote that one of the major justifications for his biography was Lanier's national rather than sectional viewpoint, an aspect of his writing not adequately emphasized by Edwin Mims in his 1905 biography." In separate reviews, Robert Penn Warren and Allan Tate assaulted the Starke book. Warren declared that the biography said nothing new about Lanier. Not only was it superficial in its criticism, as was Lanier's poetry in concept and execution, but its emphasis on his "identification with the national (i.e., Northern) ideal and programme" had been adequately covered by Edwin Mims." In a review entitled "A Southern Romantic," Tate generally agreed with Warren. Lanier's poetry was faulty-"Clover" was a model of what poetry should not be-and everyone tried too hard to build up his reputation." But Tate was even more caustic on the subject of Lanier's nationalism. Lanier, he said, was "not a nationalist but a Northern sectionalist" such as Henry Grady had been. For example, he had defended the "New South" which encouraged industrial capitalism' Tate was referring to Lanier's 1880 article on the New South which hailed the transformation of southern agriculture from large cotton plantations to smaller, individually operated units. It is important to remember, as Willard Thorp reminds us, that "Lanier's South was not that of Grady and it is important to know wherein they differed."" The difference helps distinguish between Lanier and his critics of the 1930s. Not only had Grady advocated industrialism as the economic salvation of  xxxii INTRODUCTION. the South, but he favored a division of labor in which southern whites would fill the industrial jobs while blacks continued as an agricultural labor force. Lanier, in his New South, did not envision industry and agriculture divided along racial lines, but rather a section of small farmers producing for themselves on their own lands. As Hamlin Garland wrote, "to a nature like Lanier's, race or class or sectional hatred was a torment."" Elsewhere in his review, Tate commented that Lanier's reputation had grown in the period from 1881 until the "Great War," but was declining in the 1930s "because he has little to say to the present day in substance or tech- nique.""' I am not qualified to commer t on the technical question, but the substance of Lanier's writings is a different matter. In the 1930s there was a revival of interest in a cross-Florida ship canal which ultimately flagged because of indifferent national support. Forty years later when con- struction of a cross-Florida barge canal was destroying the beautiful Oklawaha River, the project was halted by a group of determined ecologists who thought the beauties of the river worth preserving. Included in their arguments was Lanier's eloquent description of his 1875 trip up the river which comprises the first chapter of Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History." Whether the poet had anything to say apparently depended on who was listening. Stung by what he believed an excessive indictment of Lanier and his own book, Starke responded in an American Review article entitled "The Agrarians Deny a Leader." "Since Sidney Lanier himself championed agrarianism and might be considered a precursor of the agrarians," Starke wrote, "his belittlement by Tate and Warren is strange and ungrateful, but instructive."" Citing Henry Steele Com- mager and Vernon Louis Parrington, Starke denied Tate's contention that Lanier had flattered northern industrial xxxii INTRODUCTION. the South, but he favored a division of labor in which southern whites would fill the industrial jobs while blacks continued as an agricultural labor force. Lanier, in his New South, did not envision industry and agriculture divided along racial lines, but rather a section of small farmers producing for themselves on their own lands. As Hamlin Garland wrote, "to a nature like Lanier's, race or class or sectional hatred was a torment."" Elsewhere in his review, Tate commented that Lanier's reputation had grown in the period from 1881 until the "Great War," but was declining in the 1930s "because he has little to say to the present day in substance or tech- nique."" I am not qualified to commer t on the technical question, but the substance of Lanier's writings is a different matter. In the 1930s there was a revival of interest in a cross-Florida ship canal which ultimately flagged because of indifferent national support. Forty years later when con- struction of a cross-Florida barge canal was destroying the beautiful Oklawaha River, the project was halted by a group of determined ecologists who thought the beauties of the river worth preserving. Included in their arguments was Lanier's eloquent description of his 1875 trip up the river which comprises the first chapter of Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History." Whether the poet had anything to say apparently depended on who was listening. Stung by what he believed an excessive indictment of Lanier and his own book, Starke responded in an American Review article entitled "The Agrarians Deny a Leader." "Since Sidney Lanier himself championed agrarianism and might be considered a precursor of the agrarians," Starke wrote, "his belittlement by Tate and Warren is strange and ungrateful, but instructive."" Citing Henry Steele Com- mager and Vernon Louis Parrington, Starke denied Tate's contention that Lanier had flattered northern industrial xxxii INTRODUCTION. the South, but he favored a division of labor in which southern whites would fill the industrial jobs while blacks continued as an agricultural labor force. Lanier, in his New South, did not envision industry and agriculture divided along racial lines, but rather a section of small farmers producing for themselves on their own lands. As Hamlin Garland wrote, "to a nature like Lanier's, race or class or sectional hatred was a torment."" Elsewhere in his review, Tate commented that Lanier's reputation had grown in the period from 1881 until the "Great War," but was declining in the 1930s "because he has little to say to the present day in substance or tech- nique."8 I am not qualified to commer t on the technical question, but the substance of Lanier's writings is a different matter. In the 1930s there was a revival of interest in a cross-Florida ship canal which ultimately flagged because of indifferent national support. Forty years later when con- struction of a cross-Florida barge canal was destroying the beautiful Oklawaha River, the project was halted by a group of determined ecologists who thought the beauties of the river worth preserving. Included in their arguments was Lanier's eloquent description of his 1875 trip up the river which comprises the first chapter of Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History." Whether the poet had anything to say apparently depended on who was listening. Stung by what he believed an excessive indictment of Lanier and his own book, Starke responded in an American Review article entitled "The Agrarians Deny a Leader." "Since Sidney Lanier himself championed agrarianism and might be considered a precursor of the agrarians," Starke wrote, "his belittlement by Tate and Warren is strange and ungrateful, but instructive."0 Citing Henry Steele Com- mager and Vernon Louis Parrington, Starke denied Tate's contention that Lanier had flattered northern industrial  INTRODUCTION. xxxiii capitalism. On the contrary, "The Symphony" was a "savage indictment of industrialism."" He called Tate and his allies poor social critics since they could not recognize a social interpretation "so nearly their own."" John Crowe Ransom came to the aid of his fellow agrarians, accusing Starke of taking their arguments out of the realm of literary criticism and making something different of them. It can be argued that the agrarians themselves and not Starke introduced the substantive argument, but Ransom makes clear the reasons for his own dislike of Lanier. After denouncing him as a poet, Ransom found the former Confederate soldier deficient as a soldier, a southerner, and a man because he forgave his Civil War enemies and then deserted the South during Reconstruc- tion.? Other have found Lanier praiseworthy on the same grounds. If Ransom spoke for all of his agrarian colleagues, as he certainly did for Tate and Warren, it might be asked who was better qualified to evaluate North-South relations during the 1860s and 1870s: those men who were born and reared in a period when the Lost Cause was being mythologized, or a man who fought for the Confederacy, spent time in a Union prison, and lived in the South during Reconstruction. Perhaps some of the acrimony derived from the heat of the moment. When Stark Young wrote the preface to a collection of Lanier's poems in 1947, after the remarkable economic transformations of the South in the intervening years, none of the bitterness appeared. He merely wrote that "Lanier's appeal refused to fade.... [his] poetry speaks for itself. Thousands have read it and taken it to their hearts."" Modern readers of Lanier's Florida will undoubtedly agree with some of the criticism from the fugitive agrarians. His language and sentimental effusions often seem an- INTRODUCTION. xxxiii capitalism. On the contrary, "The Symphony" was a "savage indictment of industrialism."" He called Tate and his allies poor social critics since they could not recognize a social interpretation "so nearly their own."" John Crowe Ransom came to the aid of his fellow agrarians, accusing Starke of taking their arguments out of the realm of literary criticism and making something different of them. It can be argued that the agrarians themselves and not Starke introduced the substantive argument, but Ransom makes clear the reasons for his own dislike of Lanier. After denouncing him as a poet, Ransom found the former Confederate soldier deficient as a soldier, a southerner, and a man because he forgave his Civil War enemies and then deserted the South during Reconstruc- tion." Others have found Lanier praiseworthy on the same grounds. If Ransom spoke for all of his agrarian colleagues, as he certainly did for Tate and Warren, it might be asked who was better qualified to evaluate North-South relations during the 1860s and 1870s: those men who were born and reared in a period when the Lost Cause was being mythologized, or a man who fought for the Confederacy, spent time in a Union prison, and lived in the South during Reconstruction. Perhaps some of the acrimony derived from the heat of the moment. When Stark Young wrote the preface to a collection of Lanier's poems in 1947, after the remarkable economic transformations of the South in the intervening years, none of the bitterness appeared. He merely wrote that "Lanier's appeal refused to fade.... [his] poetry speaks for itself. Thousands have read it and taken it to their hearts."0 Modern readers of Lanier's Florida will undoubtedly agree with some of the criticism from the fugitive agrarians, His language and sentimental effusions often seem an- INTRODUCTION. xxxiii capitalism. On the contrary, "The Symphony" was a "savage indictment of industrialism."" He called Tate and his allies poor social critics since they could not recognize a social interpretation "so nearly their own."" John Crowe Ransom came to the aid of his fellow agrarians, accusing Starke of taking their arguments out of the realm of literary criticism and making something different of them. It can be argued that the agrarians themselves and not Starke introduced the substantive argument, but Ransom makes clear the reasons for his own dislike of Lanier. After denouncing him as a poet, Ransom found the former Confederate soldier deficient as a soldier, a southerner, and a man because he forgave his Civil War enemies and then deserted the South during Reconstruc- tion." Others have found Lanier praiseworthy on the same grounds. If Ransom spoke for all of his agrarian colleagues, as he certainly did for Tate and Warren, it might be asked who was better qualified to evaluate North-South relations during the 1860s and 1870s: those men who were born and reared in a period when the Lost Cause was being mythologized, or a man who fought for the Confederacy, spent time in a Union prison, and lived in the South during Reconstruction. Perhaps some of the acrimony derived from the heat of the moment When Stark Young wrote the preface to a collection of Lanier's poems in 1947, after the remarkable economic transformations of the South in the intervening years, none of the bitterness appeared. He merely wrote that "Lanier's appeal refused to fade.... [his] poetry speaks for itself. Thousands have read it and taken it to their hearts.", Modern readers of Lanier's Florida will undoubtedly agree with some of the criticism from the fugitive agrarians. His language and sentimental effusions often seem an-  xxxiv INTRODUCTION. tiquated and out of place. His frequent digressions into topics unrelated to his subject lend credit to Tate's charge of "confused" thinking. It is doubtful whether long quota- tions from Chaucer belong in a guidebook on Florida, and few will derive much information from the Latin song quoted in the original language in his chapter on Jackson- ville. But it should be remembered, on Lanier's behalf, that his employer had asked him to write a guidebook which was also a literary work." Such digressions are a fair price for having a poet-author of such a book. Only a poet who saw nature as Lanier did could have produced the word pictures which so effectively capture the Florida landscape of 1875. Whether it was a matter for praise or condemnation, Ransom was probably correct about Lanier's views on the Civil War and Reconstruction. His allegations are at least implicitly supported by the absence of any direct reference by Lanier to Reconstruction in an 1875 book recommending Florida to northern visitors. The overall impression left by the book is one of a stable political situation and compara- tive prosperity derived from growth of population and tourism in East Florida and lumbering in West Florida, offset by a depressed economy in the cotton-producing counties in the north-central portion of the state. The only other clue to Lanier's feelings on the subject appears in a description of the St. Augustine streets. His cryptic reference to "the Confederate monument on St. George Street, near Bridge, where one may muse with profit in a Centennial year" is intriguing but inconclusive. The book is remarkably accurate in its descriptions, considering the limitations imposed on the author. At a time when published materials on Florida were scarce and sometimes more fanciful than factual, the author had to rely heavily on personal observations derived from a rapid visit to widely separated points over a period of about two xxxiv INTRODUCTION. tiquated and out of place. His frequent digressions into topics unrelated to his subject lend credit to Tate's charge of "confused" thinking. It is doubtful whether long quota- tions from Chaucer belong in a guidebook on Florida, and few will derive much information from the Latin song quoted in the original language in his chapter on Jackson- ville. But it should be remembered, on Lanier's behalf, that his employer had asked him to write a guidebook which was also a literary work." Such digressions are a fair price for having a poet-author of such a book. Only a poet who saw nature as Lanier did could have produced the word pictures which so effectively capture the Florida landscape of 1875. Whether it was a matter for praise or condemnation, Ransom was probably correct about Lanier's views on the Civil War and Reconstruction. His allegations are at least implicitly supported by the absence of any direct reference by Lanier to Reconstruction in an 1875 book recommending Florida to northern visitors. The overall impression left by the book is one of a stable political situation and compara- tive prosperity derived from growth of population and tourism in East Florida and lumbering in West Florida, offset by a depressed economy in the cotton-producing counties in the north-central portion of the state. The only other clue to Lanier's feelings on the subject appears in a description of the St. Augustine streets. His cryptic reference to "the Confederate monument on St. George Street, near Bridge, where one may muse with profit in a Centennial year" is intriguing but inconclusive. The book is remarkably accurate in its descriptions, considering the limitations imposed on the author. At a time when published materials on Florida were scarce and sometimes more fanciful than factual, the author had to rely heavily on personal observations derived from a rapid visit to widely separated points over a period of about two xxxiv INTRODUCTION. tiquated and out of place. His frequent digressions into topics unrelated to his subject lend credit to Tate's charge of "confused" thinking. It is doubtful whether long quota- tions from Chaucer belong in a guidebook on Florida, and few will derive much information from the Latin song quoted in the original language in his chapter on Jackson- ville. But it should be remembered, on Lanier's behalf, that his employer had asked him to write a guidebook which was also a literary workP' Such digressions are a fair price for having a poet-author of such a book. Only a poet who saw nature as Lanier did could have produced the word pictures which so effectively capture the Florida landscape of 1875. Whether it was a matter for praise or condemnation, Ransom was probably correct about Lanier's views on the Civil War and Reconstruction. His allegations are at least implicitly supported by the absence of any direct reference by Lanier to Reconstruction in an 1875 book recommending Florida to northern visitors. The overall impression left by the book is one of a stable political situation and compara- tive prosperity derived from growth of population and tourism in East Florida and lumbering in West Florida, offset by a depressed economy in the cotton-producing counties in the north-central portion of the state. The only other clue to Lanier's feelings on the subject appears in a description of the St. Augustine streets. His cryptic reference to "the Confederate monument on St. George Street, near Bridge, where one may muse with profit in a Centennial year" is intriguing but inconclusive. The book is remarkably accurate in its descriptions, considering the limitations imposed on the author. At a time when published materials on Florida were scarce and sometimes more fanciful than factual, the author had to rely heavily on personal observations derived from a rapid visit to widely separated points over a period of about two  INTRODUCTION. xxxv months. Traveling throughout Florida in May and June, he hurried northward and spent three more hectic months in Baltimore, New York, and Philadelphia, preparing it for publication. Time and source limitations necessitated some literary license. His chapter on Jacksonville in January, for example, was written from his observations in May, with such supplements as he could pick up from residents and a local circulating library. His description of St. Augustine in April also resulted from a visit in May. For literary effect, the book begins with a beautiful description of his trip up the Oklawaha River, though he obviously did not begin his trip at that point. Like most visitors to Florida in the 1870s, he entered the state at Jacksonville, the transportation hub of the state where steamers plying the St. Johns met the railroad running west across the state through Tallahassee to the Apalachicola River. From Jacksonville he went upriver to Palatka, where he embarked on the Oklawaha steamer to Silver Springs. He returned to Jacksonville, then went to St. Augustine. Back again in Jacksonville he traveled by rail across the peninsula to Cedar Key. From there he visited Key West and returned to Jacksonville. He then boarded a train which took him to Tallahassee. Information about most of the other places described in the book came from the accounts of others who willingly assisted the courteous and engaging poet. He canceled a trip to Enterprise, reasoning that there was nothing there to see, yet a good description of the town and the Lake Monroe area appears in the book. He apparently never visited Tampa until 1876 when he went there for his health. His extensive accounts of the weather and climate of the locations he described, of crucial importance in a guidebook for tourists and health-seekers, came from knowledgeable residents and whatever records were available. Tempera- ture records had been kept for years in most of the places INTRODUCTION. xxxv months. Traveling throughout Florida in May and June, he hurried northward and spent three more hectic months in Baltimore, New York, and Philadelphia, preparing it for publication. Time and source limitations necessitated some literary license. His chapter on Jacksonville in January, for example, was written from his observations in May, with such supplements as he could pick up from residents and a local circulating library. His description of St. Augustine in April also resulted from a visit in May. For literary effect, the book begins with a beautiful description of his trip up the Oklawaha River, though he obviously did not begin his trip at that point. Like most visitors to Florida in the 1870s, he entered the state at Jacksonville, the transportation hub of the state where steamers plying the St. Johns met the railroad running west across the state through Tallahassee to the Apalachicola River. From Jacksonville he went upriver to Palatka, where he embarked on the Oklawaha steamer to Silver Springs. He returned to Jacksonville, then went to St. Augustine. Back again in Jacksonville he traveled by rail across the peninsula to Cedar Key. From there he visited Key West and returned to Jacksonville. He then boarded a train which took him to Tallahassee. Information about most of the other places described in the book came from the accounts of others who willingly assisted the courteous and engaging poet. He canceled a trip to Enterprise, reasoning that there was nothing there to see, yet a good description of the town and the Lake Monroe area appears in the book. He apparently never visited Tampa until 1876 when he went there for his health. His extensive accounts of the weather and climate of the locations he described, of crucial importance in a guidebook for tourists and health-seekers, came from knowledgeable residents and whatever records were available. Tempera- ture records had been kept for years in most of the places INTRODUCTION. xxxv months. Traveling throughout Florida in May and June, he hurried northward and spent three more hectic months in Baltimore, New York, and Philadelphia, preparing it for publication. Time and source limitations necessitated some literary license. His chapter on Jacksonville in January, for example, was written from his observations in May, with such supplements as he could pick up from residents and a local circulating library. His description of St. Augustine in April also resulted from a visit in May. For literary effect, the book begins with a beautiful description of his trip up the Oklawaha River, though he obviously did not begin his trip at that point. Like most visitors to Florida in the 1870s, he entered the state at Jacksonville, the transportation hub of the state where steamers plying the St. Johns met the railroad running west across the state through Tallahassee to the Apalachicola River. From Jacksonville he went upriver to Palatka, where he embarked on the Oklawaha steamer to Silver Springs. He returned to Jacksonville, then went to St. Augustine. Back again in Jacksonville he traveled by rail across the peninsula to Cedar Key. From there he visited Key West and returned to Jacksonville. He then boarded a train which took him to Tallahassee. Information about most of the other places described in the book came from the accounts of others who willingly assisted the courteous and engaging poet. He canceled a trip to Enterprise, reasoning that there was nothing there to see, yet a good description of the town and the Lake Monroe area appears in the book. He apparently never visited Tampa until 1876 when he went there for his health. His extensive accounts of the weather and climate of the locations he described, of crucial importance in a guidebook for tourists and health-seekers, came from knowledgeable residents and whatever records were available. Tempera- ture records had been kept for years in most of the places  xxxvi INTRODUCTION. Lanier discussed. Though holdings on Florida were neces- sarily small, the libraries of several prominent Floridians were made available to him. For example, Lanier spent some time at the home of Colonel John T. Sprague who lived at St. Augustine after having served in Florida during the Second Seminole War and again during Reconstruction. He also visited with former Governor David S. Walker of Tallahassee, whose private library became the nucleus for a circulating library bearing his name. Material for the chapter on climate came from Matthew F. Maury's Physical Geography of the Sea, a copy of which Governor Walker gave Lanier during his visit. The poet also made extensive use of George R. Fairbanks' early works on Florida. The opening chapter on the Oklawaha River is probably the best example of Lanier's perceptive observations of beauty in nature and his ability to translate them into word pictures. Of course, the numerous woodcuts reproduced in the chapter add considerably to the effectiveness of his descriptions. The reader is not only treated to a peaceful journey up the wilderness river to Silver Springs, but is also given an idea of the way people lived, worked, and traded with each other along the stream. His discussion of the Negro boatman's singing includes technical detail which is probably out of place and basic assumptions about Negro aptitudes which some will find debatable, but its inclusion adds to the drama of the boat trip. Those who find Lanier's imaginary account of the alligator's home too fanciful may derive compensation from the humorous discussion of the water turkey. The chapter appeared as an article in Lippincott's Magazine in late 1875, followed by the chapter on St. Augustine in the next issue. It was not only favorably received by readers, but it brought to Lanier a sizable volume of requests for articles from editors of other journals. As mentioned, a conservation group in Florida xxxvi INTRODUCTION. Lanier discussed. Though holdings on Florida were neces- sarily small, the libraries of several prominent Floridians were made available to him. .For example, Lanier spent some time at the home of Colonel John T. Sprague who lived at St. Augustine after having served in Florida during the Second Seminole War and again during Reconstruction. He also visited with former Governor David S. Walker of Tallahassee, whose private library became the nucleus for a circulating library bearing his name. Material for the chapter on climate came from Matthew F. Maury's Physical Geography of the Sea, a copy of which Governor Walker gave Lanier during his visit. The poet also made extensive use of George R. Fairbanks' early works on Florida. The opening chapter on the Oklawaha River is probably the best example of Lanier's perceptive observations of beauty in nature and his ability to translate them into word pictures. Of course, the numerous woodcuts reproduced in the chapter add considerably to the effectiveness of his descriptions. The reader is not only treated to a peaceful journey up the wilderness river to Silver Springs, but is also given an idea of the way people lived, worked, and traded with each other along the stream. His discussion of the Negro boatman's singing includes technical detail which is probably out of place and basic assumptions about Negro aptitudes which some will find debatable, but its inclusion adds to the drama of the boat trip. Those who find Lanier's imaginary account of the alligator's home too fanciful may derive compensation from the humorous discussion of the water turkey. The chapter appeared as an article in Lippincott's Magazine in late 1875, followed by the chapter on St. Augustine in the next issue. It was not only favorably received by readers, but it brought to Lanier a sizable volume of requests for articles from editors of other journals. As mentioned, a conservation group in Florida xxxvi INTRODUCTION. Lanier discussed. Though holdings on Florida were neces- sarily small, the libraries of several prominent Floridians were made available to him. .For example, Lanier spent some time at the home of Colonel John T. Sprague who lived at St. Augustine after having served in Florida during the Second Seminole War and again during Reconstruction. He also visited with former Governor David S. Walker of Tallahassee, whose private library became the nucleus for a circulating library bearing his name. Material for the chapter on climate came from Matthew F. Maury's Physical Geography of the Sea, a copy of which Governor Walker gave Lanier during his visit. The poet also made extensive use of George R. Fairbanks' early works on Florida. The opening chapter on the Oklawaha River is probably the best example of Lanier's perceptive observations of beauty in nature and his ability to translate them into word pictures. Of course, the numerous woodcuts reproduced in the chapter add considerably to the effectiveness of his descriptions. The reader is not only treated to a peaceful journey up the wilderness river to Silver Springs, but is also given an idea of the way people lived, worked, and traded with each other along the stream. His discussion of the Negro boatman's singing includes technical detail which is probably out of place and basic assumptions about Negro aptitudes which some will find debatable, but its inclusion adds to the drama of the boat trip. Those who find Lanier's imaginary account of the alligator's home too fanciful may derive compensation from the humorous discussion of the water turkey. The chapter appeared as an article in Lippincott's Magazine in late 1875, followed by the chapter on St. Augustine in the next issue. It was not only favorably received by readers, but it brought to Lanier a sizable volume of requests for articles from editors of other journals. As mentioned, a conservation group in Florida  INTRODUCTION. xxxvii reprinted the chapter as part of its petition to stop con- struction of the cross-Florida barge canal. The chapter "St. Augustine in April" portrays the old city as the quiet, sleepy place it was after the winter tourist season had ended. Somewhat isolated because of in- adequate transportation by land or sea, St. Augustine had a long history which Lanier understandably emphasized. But he was less successful here than in other descriptive chapters in combining historical background with descrip- tion. In discussing the founding of the city, he unfortu- nately included a lengthy digression about Pedro Mendndez and the Fort Caroline French; this might better have been reserved for the historical chapter. His long discussion of the sea wall as a kind of lover's lane is out of place. Nevertheless, his description of the city and the list of activities available to the potential visitor create interest. During his visit Lanier witnessed the arrival of seventy- odd western Indians who were being incarcerated at Fort Marion. His treatment of their plight is restrained, but he wrote privately that "They are confined,-by some ass who is in authority-in the lovely old Fort, as unfit for them as they are for it. It is in my heart to hope sincerely that they may all get out."' He was impressed by the Indians' penchant for drawing pictures depicting their life on the plains, but, in his antipathy toward trade and commerce, he criticized them for their alacrity in learning to sell the art to sightseers. His attitude did not prevent his buying one of the pictures and including it in his St. Augustine chapter. It thus became the first drawing by the Indians at Fort Marion to appear in print." In this way he contributed to the very practice he criticized. Publication of Florida in 1875 attracted attention to the Indians imprisoned at St. Augus- tine and created a demand for their art. Soon they were the city's most popular tourist attraction, performing their INTRODUCTION xxxvii reprinted the chapter as part of its petition to stop con- struction of the cross-Florida barge canal. The chapter "St. Augustine in April" portrays the old city as the quiet, sleepy place it was after the winter tourist season had ended. Somewhat isolated because of in- adequate transportation by land or sea, St. Augustine had a long history which Lanier understandably emphasized. But he was less successful here than in other descriptive chapters in combining historical background with descrip- tion. In discussing the founding of the city, he unfortu- nately included a lengthy digression about Pedro Menendez and the Fort Caroline French; this might better have been reserved for the historical chapter. His long discussion of the sea wall as a kind of lover's lane is out of place. Nevertheless, his description of the city and the list of activities available to the potential visitor create interest. During his visit Lanier witnessed the arrival of seventy- odd western Indians who were being incarcerated at Fort Marion. His treatment of their plight is restrained, but he wrote privately that "They are confined,-by some ass who is in authority-in the lovely old Fort, as unfit for them as they are for it. It is in my heart to hope sincerely that they may all get out."56 He was impressed by the Indians' penchant for drawing pictures depicting their life on the plains, but, in his antipathy toward trade and commerce, he criticized them for their alacrity in learning to sell the art to sightseers. His attitude did not prevent his buying one of the pictures and including it in his St. Augustine chapter. It thus became the first drawing by the Indians at Fort Marion to appear in print" In this way he contributed to the very practice he criticized. Publication of Florida in 1875 attracted attention to the Indians imprisoned at St. Augus- tine and created a demand for their art. Soon they were the city's most popular tourist attraction, performing their INTRODUCTION. xxxvii reprinted the chapter as part of its petition to stop con- struction of the cross-Florida barge canal. The chapter "St. Augustine in April" portrays the old city as the quiet, sleepy place it was after the winter tourist season had ended. Somewhat isolated because of in- adequate transportation by land or sea, St. Augustine had a long history which Lanier understandably emphasized. But he was less successful here than in other descriptive chapters in combining historical background with descrip- tion. In discussing the founding of the city, he unfortu- nately included a lengthy digression about Pedro Mendndez and the Fort Caroline French; this might better have been reserved for the historical chapter. His long discussion of the sea wall as a kind of lover's lane is out of place. Nevertheless, his description of the city and the list of activities available to the potential visitor create interest. During his visit Lanier witnessed the arrival of seventy- odd western Indians who were being incarcerated at Fort Marion. His treatment of their plight is restrained, but he wrote privately that "They are confined,-by some ass who is in authority-in the lovely old Fort, as unfit for them as they are for it. It is in my heart to hope sincerely that they may all get out."6 He was impressed by the Indians' penchant for drawing pictures depicting their life on the plains, but, in his antipathy toward trade and commerce, he criticized them for their alacrity in learning to sell the art to sightseers. His attitude did not prevent his buying one of the pictures and including it in his St. Augustine chapter. It thus became the first drawing by the Indians at Fort Marion to appear in print5 In this way he contributed to the very practice he criticized. Publication of Florida in 1875 attracted attention to the Indians imprisoned at St. Augus- tine and created a demand for their art. Soon they were the city's most popular tourist attraction, performing their  xxxviii INTRODUCTION. tribal dances, filling sketchbooks, and receiving modest compensation.? In emphasizing the differences between St. Augustine (the sixteenth century) and Jacksonville (the nineteenth), Lanier describes Jacksonville as the gateway to Florida and the center of a modest population boom in East Florida. Brief descriptions of the city's hotels and its railroad connections illustrate Jacksonville's dominant position in tourism and transportation. Despite an extraneous discussion of the superior merits of the pine trees of the lowlands over those of the hills, the discussion of Jacksonville leaves the impression of a growing city with a mild climate, abundant citrus groves, and adequate hotel accommodations for tourists who might wish to use it as a headquarters for visits to other parts of the state. The historical chapter was probably a meritorious addi- tion to Lanier's guidebook. Although it necessarily includes only a brief overview of Florida's long history from Ponce de Ledon to the end of the Second Seminole War and emphasizes its bloodier aspects, his history is about as accurate as could have been expected of a work based on the secondary sources then available. It provides a brief account of a long and complex period for quick digestion by readers who knew little of the state's background. It will probably be of little use as history to readers of this edition. By contrast, the chapters already mentioned, as well as those on "The Gulf Coast," "Tallahassee Country," "The Lake City and Gainesville Country," "West Florida," "Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades," and "The Key West Country," provide valuable historical information and interesting reading about these places in the 1870s. Written to interest potential tourists in visiting the state and assisting those who did to enjoy themselves more fully, each chapter combines contemporary commentary with his- xxxviii INTRODUCTION. tribal dances, filling sketchbooks, and receiving modest compensation." In emphasizing the differences between St. Augustine (the sixteenth century) and Jacksonville (the nineteenth), Lanier describes Jacksonville as the gateway to Florida and the center of a modest population boom in East Florida. Brief descriptions of the city's hotels and its railroad connections illustrate Jacksonville's dominant position in tourism and transportation. Despite an extraneous discussion of the superior merits of the pine trees of the lowlands over those of the hills, the discussion of Jacksonville leaves the impression of a growing city with a mild climate, abundant citrus groves, and adequate hotel accommodations for tourists who might wish to use it as a headquarters for visits to other parts of the state. The historical chapter was probably a meritorious addi- tion to Lanier's guidebook. Although it necessarily includes only a brief overview of Florida's long history from Ponce de Le6n to the end of the Second Seminole War and emphasizes its bloodier aspects, his history is about as accurate as could have been expected of a work based on the secondary sources then available. It provides a brief account of a long and complex period for quick digestion by readers who knew little of the state's background. It will probably be of little use as history to readers of this edition. By contrast, the chapters already mentioned, as well as those on "The Gulf Coast," "Tallahassee Country," "The Lake City and Gainesville Country," "West Florida," "Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades," and "The Key West Country," provide valuable historical information and interesting reading about these places in the 1870s. Written to interest potential tourists in visiting the state and assisting those who did to enjoy themselves more fully, each chapter combines contemporary commentary with his- xxxviii INTRODUCTION. tribal dances, filling sketchbooks, and receiving modest compensation.8 In emphasizing the differences between St. Augustine (the sixteenth century) and Jacksonville (the nineteenth), Lanier describes Jacksonville as the gateway to Florida and the center of a modest population boom in East Florida. Brief descriptions of the city's hotels and its railroad connections illustrate Jacksonville's dominant position in tourism and transportation. Despite an extraneous discussion of the superior merits of the pine trees of the lowlands over those of the hills, the discussion of Jacksonville leaves the impression of a growing city with a mild climate, abundant citrus groves, and adequate hotel accommodations for tourists who might wish to use it as a headquarters for visits to other parts of the state. The historical chapter was probably a meritorious addi- tion to Lanier's guidebook. Although it necessarily includes only a brief overview of Florida's long history from Ponce de Ledn to the end of the Second Seminole War and emphasizes its bloodier aspects, his history is about as accurate as could have been expected of a work based on the secondary sources then available. It provides a brief account of a long and complex period for quick digestion by readers who knew little of the state's background. It will probably be of little use as history to readers of this edition. By contrast, the chapters already mentioned, as well as those on "The Gulf Coast," "Tallahassee Country," "The Lake City and Gainesville Country," "West Florida," "Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades," and "The Key West Country," provide valuable historical information and interesting reading about these places in the 1870s. Written to interest potential tourists in visiting the state and assisting those who did to enjoy themselves more fully, each chapter combines contemporary commentary with his-  INTRODUCTION. xxxix INTRODUCTION. xxxix INTRODUCTION. xxxix torical background to produce information which is as useful to the reader of today who wants to know about nineteenth-century Florida as it was to its intended audience. A chapter on consumptives adds little about Florida, but a great deal about the author who was able to discuss various cures for the debilitating disease in a cheerful, sometimes almost humorous tone. Because of the nature of the work and the interests of its subscriber, there is also included a chapter on other towns along the route of the Great Atlantic Coastline Railroad, and Lanier tried to add literary merit to it by discussing notable authors who resided in or near each. Appended is an itinerary showing some thirty-four routes by which the northern traveler might reach Florida, and a brief account of the state's internal transportation system. Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History was first published in the fall of 1875 by J. B. Lippincott. A second edition appeared in 1876 with numerous appendixes by authorities on the production of various crops in Florida, information about the availability of public lands, and a gazeteer of place names. It was reissued in 1877 and again in 1881. In 1878 two chapters were included in Edward Strahan et al., Some Highways and Byways of American Travel, also published by Lippincott. There are no surviv- ing records of volumes sold. JERRELL H. SHoFNER Florida Technological University torical background to produce information which is as useful to the reader of today who wants to know about nineteenth-century Florida as it was to its intended audience. A chapter on consumptives adds little about Florida, but a great deal about the author who was able to discuss various cures for the debilitating disease in a cheerful, sometimes almost humorous tone. Because of the nature of the work and the interests of its subscriber, there is also included a chapter on other towns along the route of the Great Atlantic Coastline Railroad, and Lanier tried to add literary merit to it by discussing notable authors who resided in or near each. Appended is an itinerary showing some thirty-four routes by which the northern traveler might reach Florida, and a brief account of the state's internal transportation system. Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History was first published in the fall of 1875 by J. B. Lippincott. A second edition appeared in 1876 with numerous appendixes by authorities on the production of various crops in Florida, information about the availability of public lands, and a gazeteer of place names. It was reissued in 1877 and again in 1881. In 1878 two chapters were included in Edward Strahan et al., Some Highways and Byways of American Travel, also published by Lippincott. There are no surviv- ing records of volumes sold. torical background to produce information which is as useful to the reader of today who wants to know about nineteenth-century Florida as it was to its intended audience. A chapter on consumptives adds little about Florida, but a great deal about the author who was able to discuss various cures for the debilitating disease in a cheerful, sometimes almost humorous tone. Because of the nature of the work and the interests of its subscriber, there is also included a chapter on other towns along the route of the Great Atlantic Coastline Railroad, and Lanier tried to add literary merit to it by discussing notable authors who resided in or near each. Appended is an itinerary showing some thirty-four routes by which the northern traveler might reach Florida, and a brief account of the state's internal transportation system. Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History was first published in the fall of 1875 by J. B. Lippincott. A second edition appeared in 1876 with numerous appendixes by authorities on the production of various crops in Florida, information about the availability of public lands, and a gazeteer of place names. It was reissued in 1877 and again in 1881. In 1878 two chapters were included in Edward Strahan et al., Some Highways and Byways of American Travel, also published by Lippincott. There are no surviv- ing records of volumes sold. JERRELL H. SHOFNER JERRELL H. SHOFNER Florida Technological University Florida Technological University  xi INTRODUCTION. NOTES. 1. Charles R. Anderson, ed., The CentennialEdition of the Works of Sidney Lanier (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1945), 9:182-83. 2. Ibid., p. 260. 3. Sister Teresa Ann Doyle, "The Indomitable Courage of Sidney Lanier," Catholic World 156 (March 1942): 394; Milton H. Northrup, "Sidney Lanier, Recollections and Letters," Lippincott's Magazine 75 (March 1905): 302-15. 4. Aubrey H. Starke Sidney Lanier (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1933), p. 29. 5. Ibid., pp. 20-23. 6. Ibid., p. 33. 7. Ibid., p. 42, quoting from Tiger Lilies. 8. Ibid., pp. 43-44. 9. Doyle, "Sidney Lanier," p. 294. 10. Aubrey H. Starke, "The Agrarians Deny a Leader," American Review 2 (March 1934): 535. 11. Lincoln Lorenz, The Life of Sidney Lanier (New York: Coward-McCann, 1935), p. 90. 12. Sidney Lanier, Retrospects and Prospects: Desc rptive and Historical Essays (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1899), p. 11. 13. Edwin Mims, Sidney Lanier (Boston and New York: Hough- ton, Mifflin and Company, 1905), p. 123. 14. Starke, Lanier, p. 98. 15. Walter Blair et al., The Literature of the United States (Chicago: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1966), 2: 217. 16. Ibid. 17. B. Brooke, "Memorial Day Tribute of a Famous Author," Hobbies 63 (May 1958): 108-9; Allan Tate, "A Southern Romantic," New Republic 76 (August 30,1933): 67-70. 18. Edmund C. Stedman, Genius and Other Essays (New York: Moffat, Yard & Co., 1911), p. 251. 19. Ibid., p. 252. 20. Ibid.; Anderson, Centennial Edition, 10: 193-94. 21. Lanier, Retrospects and Prospects, prefatory note. 22. Willard Thorp, "A Memorial to Lanier," Virginia Quarterly 23 (January 1947): 125. 23. Starke, Lanier, p. 224. 24. Northrup, "Sidney Lanier," pp. 314-15. 25. Quoted in Starke, Lanier, p. 236. 26. Ibid., pp. 237-38. 27. Mims, Lanier, p. 173. 28. Jacksonville Florida Times-Union and Journal, April 23, 1971. x INTRODUCTION. NOTES. 1. Charles B. Anderson, ed., The CentennialEdition of the Works of Sidney Lanier (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1945), 9:182-83. 2. Ibid., p. 260. 3. Sister Teresa Ann Doyle, "The Indomitable Courage of Sidney Lanier," Catholic World 156 (March 1942): 394; Milton H. Northrup, "Sidney Lanier, Recollections and Letters," Lippincott's Magazine 75 (March 1905): 302-15. 4. Aubrey H. Starke; Sidney Lanier (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1933), p. 29. 5. Ibid., pp. 20-23. 6. Ibid., p. 33. 7. Ibid., p. 42, quoting from Tiger Lilies. 8. Ibid., pp. 43-44. 9. Doyle, "Sidney Lanier," p. 294. 10. Aubrey H. Starke, "The Agrarians Deny a Leader," American Review 2 (March 1934): 535. 11. Lincoln Lorenz, The Life of Sidney Lanier (New York: Coward-McCann, 1935), p. 90. 12. Sidney Lanier, Retrospects and Prospects: Descriptive and Historical Essays (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1899), p. 118. 13. Edwin Mims, Sidney Lanier (Boston and New York: Hough- ton, Miffin and Company, 1905), p. 123. 14. Starke, Lanier, p. 98. 15. Walter Blair et al., The Literature of the United States (Chicago: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1966), 2: 217. 16. Ibid. 17. B. Brooke, "Memorial Day Tribute of a Famous Author," Hobbies 63 (May 1958): 108-9; Allan Tate, "A Southern Romantic," New Republic 76 (August 30, 1933): 67-70. 18. Edmund C. Stedman, Genius and Other Essays (New York: Moffat, Yard & Co., 1911), p. 251. 19. Ibid., p. 252. 20. Ibid.; Anderson, Centennial Edition, 10: 193-94. 21. Lanier, Retrospects and Prospects, prefatory note. 22. Willard Thorp, "A Memorial to Lanier," Virginia Quarterly 23 (January 1947): 125. 23. Starke, Lanier, p. 224. 24. Northrup, "Sidney Lanier," pp. 314-15. 25. Quoted in Starke, Lanier, p. 236. 26. Ibid., pp. 237-38. 27. Mims, Lanier, p. 173. 28. Jacksonville Florida Times-Union and Journal, April 23, 1971. xl INTRODUCTION. NOTES. 1. Charles R. Anderson, ed., The Centennial Edition of the Works of Sidney Lanier (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1945), 9:182-83. 2. Ibid., p. 260. 3. Sister Teresa Ann Doyle, "The Indomitable Courage of Sidney Lanier," Catholic World 156 (March 1942): 394; Milton H. Northrup, "Sidney Lanier, Recollections and Letters," Lippincott's Magazine 75 (March 1905): 302-15. 4. Aubrey H. Starke Sidney Lanier (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1933), p. 29. 5. Ibid., pp. 20-23. 6. Ibid., p. 33. 7. Ibid., p. 42, quoting from Tiger Lilies. 8. Ibid., pp. 43-44. 9. Doyle, "Sidney Lanier," p. 294. 10. Aubrey H. Starke, "The Agrarians Deny a Leader," American Review 2 (March 1934): 535. 11. Lincoln Lorenz, The Life of Sidney Lanier (New York: Coward-McCann, 1935), p. 90. 12. Sidney Lanier, Retrospects and Prospects: Descriptive and Historical Essays (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1899), p. 118. 13. Edwin Mims, Sidney Lanier (Boston and New York: Hough- ton, Mifflin and Company, 1905), p. 123. 14. Starke, Lanier, p. 98. 15. Walter Blair et al., The Literature of the United States (Chicago: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1966), 2: 217. 16. Ibid. 17. B. Brooke, "Memorial Day Tribute of a Famous Author," Hobbies 63 (May 1958): 108-9; Allan Tate, "A Southern Romantic," New Republic 76 (August 30, 1933): 67-70. 18. Edmund C. Stedman, Genius and Other Essays (New York: Moffat, Yard & Co., 1911), p. 251. 19. Ibid., p. 252. 20. Ibid.; Anderson, Centennial Edition, 10: 193-94. 21. Lanier, Retrospects and Prospects, prefatory note. 22. Willard Thorp, "A Memorial to Lanier," Virginia Quarterly 23 (January 1947): 125. 23. Starke, Lanier, p. 224. 24. Northrup, "Sidney Lanier," pp. 314-15. 25. Quoted in Starke, Lanier, p. 236. 26. Ibid., pp. 237-38. 27. Mims, Lanier, p. 173. 28. Jacksonville Florida Times-Union and Journal, April 23, 1971.  INTRODUCTION. xli 29. Arthur Hobson Quinn et al, The Literature of the American People (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1951), p. 635. 30. Mims, Lanier, pp. 258-60. 31. Anderson, Centennial Edition, 1:lxiv. 32. Musician 47 (March 1942): 35; Publishers Weekly 148 (November 10, 1945): 2127. 33. Thorp, "Memorial," p. 124. 34. Jacksonville Florida Times-Union and Journal, April 23, 1971. 35. Paul H. Oehsen, "Sidney Lanier: Nature Poet," Nature Magazine 35 (November 1942): 468, 500; Norman Foerster, "Lanier as a Poet of Nature," Nation 108 (January 21, 1919): 981-83. 36. Gamaliel Bradford, "Portrait of Sidney Lanier," North American Review 211 (June 20, 1919): 815. 37. George Herbert Clarke; "Some Early Letters and Reminis- cences of Sidney Lanier," Independent 61 (November 8, 1906):1092. 38. Foerster, "Poet of Nature," pp. 981-83. 39. Twelve Southerners, I'll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1930), p. iv; F. Garvin Davenport, Jr., The Myth of Southern History: Historical Consciousness in Twentieth-Century Southern Literature (Nash- ville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1970), p. 48. 40. Starke, "Agrarians Deny a Leader," p. 534. 41. Starke, Lanier; Mims, Lanier; Lorenz, Life of Lanier. 42. Starke, Lanier, p. ix. 43. Italies added. Robert Penn Warren, "Blind Poet: Sidney Lanier," American Review 2 (November 1933): 28. 44. Allan Tate, "A Southern Romantic," New Republic 76 (August 30, 1933): 67. 45. Ibid., p. 70. 46. Thorp, "Memorial," p. 125. 47. Hamlin Garland, "Roadside Meetings of a Literary Nomad," Bookman 70 (December 1929): 404. 48. Tate, "Southern Romantic," p. 67. 49. Gainesville Sun, January 23, 1972, p. 8E. 50. Starke, "Agrarians Deny a Leader," p. 535. 51. A. H. Starke, "Letters," New Republic 76 (November 1933): 337-38. 52. Starke, "Agrarians Deny a Leader," p. 552. 53. John Crowe Ransom, "Hearts and Heads," American Review 2 (March 1934): 554-59. 54. Selected Poems of Sidney Lanier, with a preface by Stark Young (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947), pp. v, xiii. 55. Lorenz, Life of Sidney Lanier, p. 142. INTRODUCTION. xli 29. Arthur Hobson Quinn et al., The Literature of the American People (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1951), p. 635. 30. Mims, Lanier, pp. 258-60. 31. Anderson, Centennial Edition, 1:lxiv. 32. Musician 47 (March 1942): 35; Publishers Weekly 148 (November 10, 1945): 2127. 33. Thorp, "Memorial," p. 124. 34. Jacksonville Florida Times-Union and Journal, April 23, 1971. 35. Paul H. Oehsen, "Sidney Lanier: Nature Poet," Nature Magazine 35 (November 1942): 468, 500; Norman Foerster, "Lanier as a Poet of Nature," Nation 108 (January 21, 1919): 981-83. 36. Gamaliel Bradford, "Portrait of Sidney Lanier," North American Review 211 (June 20,1919): 815. 37. George Herbert Clarke; "Some Early Letters and Reminis- cences of Sidney Lanier," Independent 61 (November 8, 1906): 1092. 38. Foerster, "Poet of Nature," pp. 981-83. 39. Twelve Southerners, I'll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1930), p. iv; F. Garvin Davenport, Jr., The Myth of Southern History: Historical Consciousness in Twentieth-Century Southern Literature (Nash- ville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1970), p. 48. 40. Starke, "Agrarians Deny a Leader," p. 534. 41. Starke, Lanier; Mims, Lanier; Lorenz, Life of Lanier. 42. Starke, Lanier, p. ix. 43. Italics added. Robert Penn Warren, "Blind Poet: Sidney Lanier," American Review 2 (November 1933): 28. 44. Allan Tate, "A Southern Romantic," New Republic 76 (August 30, 1933): 67. 45. Ibid., p. 70. 46. Thorp, "Memorial," p. 125. 47. Hamlin Garland, "Roadside Meetings of a Literary Nomad," Bookman 70 (December 1929): 404. 48. Tate, "Southern Romantic," p. 67. 49. Gainesville Sun, January 23, 1972, p. 8E. 50. Starke, "Agrarians Deny a Leader," p. 535. 51. A. H. Starke, "Letters," New Republic 76 (November 1933): 337-38. 52. Starke, "Agrarians Deny a Leader," p. 552. 53. John Crowe Ransom, "Hearts and Heads," American Review 2 (March 1934): 554-59. 54. Selected Poems of Sidney Lanier with a preface by Stark Young (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947), pp. v, xii. 55. Lorenz, Life of Sidney Lanier, p. 142. INTRODUCTION. xli 29. Arthur Hobson Quinn et al., The Literature of the American People (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1951), p. 635. 30. Mims, Lanier, pp. 258-60. 31. Anderson, Centennial Edition, l:lxiv. 32. Musician 47 (March 1942): 35; Publishers Weekly 148 (November 10, 1945): 2127. 33. Thorp, "Memorial," p. 124. 34. Jacksonville Florida Times-Union and Journal, April 23, 1971. 35. Paul H. Oehsen, "Sidney Lanier: Nature Poet," Nature Magazine 35 (November 1942): 468,500; Norman Foerster, "Lanier as a Poet of Nature," Nation 108 (January 21, 1919): 981-83. 36. Gamaliel Bradford, "Portrait of Sidney Lanier," North American Review 211 (June 20, 1919): 815. 37. George Herbert Clarke; "Some Early Letters and Reminis- cences of Sidney Lanier," Independent 61 (November 8, 1906): 1092. 38. Foerster, "Poet of Nature," pp. 981-83. 39. Twelve Southerners, I'll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1930), p. iv; F. Garvin Davenport, Jr., The Myth of Southern History: Historical Consciousness in Twentieth-Century Southern Literature (Nash- ville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1970), p. 48. 40. Starke, "Agrarians Deny a Leader," p. 534. 41. Starke, Lanier; Mims, Lanier; Lorenz, Life of Lanier. 42. Starke, Lanier, p. ix. 43. Italics added. Robert Penn Warren, "Blind Poet: Sidney Lanier," American Review 2 (November 1933): 28. 44. Allan Tate, "A Southern Romantic," New Republic 76 (August 30, 1933): 67. 45. Ibid., p. 70. 46. Thorp, "Memorial," p. 125. 47. Hamlin Garland, "Roadside Meetings of a Literary Nomad," Bookman 70 (December 1929): 404. 48. Tate, "Southern Romantic," p. 67. 49. Gainesville Sun, January 23, 1972, p. 8E. 50. Starke, "Agrarians Deny a Leader," p. 535. 51. A. H. Starke, "Letters," New Republic 76 (November 1933): 337-38. 52. Starke, "Agrarians Deny a Leader," p. 552. 53. John Crowe Ransom, "Hearts and Heads," American Review 2 (March 1934): 554-59. 54. Selected Poems of Sidney Lanier. with a preface by Stark Young (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947), pp. v, xiii. 55. Lorenz, Life of Sidney Lanier, p. 142.  xlii INTRODUCTION. 56. Anderson, Centennial Edition, 9: 198. 57. Karen Daniels Petersen, Plains Indian Artfr-om Fort Marion (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971), p. 3. 58. Ibid., pp. 15,65. 59. Starke, Lanier, p. 228. xlii INTRODUCTION. 56. Anderson, Centennial Edition, 9: 198. 57. Karen Daniels Petersen, Plains Indian Art from Fort Marion (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 19711, p. 3. 58. Ibid., pp. 15, 65. 59. Starke, Lonier, p. 228. xlii INTRODUCTION. 56. Anderson, Centennial Edition, 9: 198. 57. Karen Daniels Petersen, Plaino Indian Arfrom Fort Marion (Noeman: University of Oklahoma Pe, 1971), p. 3. 58. Ibid., pp. 15, 65. 59. Starke, Lanier, p. 229.     -. - I.-  FLORIDA: FLORIDA: FLORIDA: ITS SCENERY, CLIMATE, AND HISTORY. ITS SCENERY, CLIMATE, AND HISTORY. ITS SCENERY, CLIMATE, AND HISTORY. WITH WITH WITH AN ACCOUNT OF CHARLESTON, SAVANNAH, AUGUSTA, AND AIKEN, AND A CHAPTER FOR CONSUMPTIVES; AN ACCOUNT OF CHARLESTON, SAVANNAH, AUGUSTA, AND AIKEN, AND A CHAPTER FOR CONSUMPTIVES; AN ACCOUNT OF CHARLESTON, SAVANNAH, AUGUSTA, AND AIKEN, AND A CHAPTER FOR CONSUMPTIVES; BEING BEING BEING A COMPLETE HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE. BY SIDNEY LANIER. IVITN NUMEROUS ILLUSTRA TIONS. A COMPLETE HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE. BY SIDNEY LANIER. IVITH NUMEROUS ILL USTRATIONS. A COMPLETE HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE. BY SIDNEY LANIER. WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRA TIONS. PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.  Entered, according to Act of Congreso, in the year nty5, by J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., In the Office of the Librarion of Congrenn at Washington. Entered. according to Act of Congress, in the year nt75, by J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., In the Office of the Librarioo of Congress at Washington. Entered, oocording to Act of Congess, in the year x875, by J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., In the Office of the Librarian of Congrens ot Wabington.  CONTENTS. CO NT E N TS. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Introductory .. 9 CHAPTER II. The Ocklawaha River........ 18 CHAPTER III. St. Augustine in April ...... - 39 CHAPTER IV. Jacksonville in January 67 CHAPTER V. The Gulf Coast .........94 CHAPTER VI. The Tallahassee Country or Piedmont Florida . . . 3 CHAPTER VII. The St. Johns and Indian Rivers ......122 CHAPTER VIII. The Lake City and Gainesville Country . ....140 CHAPTER IX. West Florida ..........48 CHAPTER X. Lake Okeechobee and The Everglades 151 CHAPTER XI. The Key West Country...... . . 154 CHAPTER I. Introductory......... .9 CHAPTER II. The Ocklawaha River....... . 18 CHAPTER III. St. Augustine in April - - - - - - - 39 CHAPTER IV. Jacksonville in January ........67 CHAPTER V. The Gulf Coast .........94 CHAPTER VI. The Tallahassee Country or Piedmont Florida . . .03 CHAPTER VII. The St. Johns and Indian Rivers..... . 122 CHAPTER VIII. The Lake City and Gainesville Country . . 140 CHAPTER IX. West Florida........ . . 148 CHAPTER X. Lake Okeechobee and The Everglades . . 151 CHAPTER XI. The Key West Country . . r54 CHAPTER I. Introductory . . CHAPTER II. The Ocklawaha River CHAPTER III. St. Augustine in April . CHAPTER IV. JacksonvilIe in January . . CHAPTER V. The Gulf Coast CHAPTER VI. The Tallahassee Country or Piedmont Florida CHAPTER VII. The St. Johns and Indian Rivers . CHAPTER VIII. The Lake City and Gainesville Country . . CHAPTER IX. West Florida. . . . . . . CHAPTER X. Lake Okeechobee and The Everglades CHAPTER XI. The Key West Country. . . . . *IS - - -39 .. . 67 . . 94 .. . 1o3 .. . 122 .. . 140 .. . 148 . . . 15- . . 154  8 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XII. The Climate.. ... .158 CHAPTER XIII. Historical.. . .. . .t77 CHAPTER XIV. Foe Consaumptires ... . . .ala CHAPTER XV. Other Winteor-Resorts on the Route so Florida . . .as 8 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XII. The Cliimate ..P5 CHAPTER XIII. Historical.. . .. . .t77 CHAPTER XIV. Foe Cansumptives . .. . . .ala CHAPTER XV. Other Winter-Resorts ass the Roote so Florida . . . . 218 8 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XII. The Climte ... .. . . Pt8 CHAPTER XIII. Histoeical.. . .. . .177 CHAPTER XIV. For Caosptires ... . . .210 CHAPTER XV. Other Winter-esoorts on thr Roate so Florida . . . . as8  FLORIDA. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. IF just before crystallization the particles of a sub- stance should become a little uncertain as to the precise forms in which to arrange themselves, they would accu- rately represent a certain moment of lull which occurs in the formation of popular judgments a little while after the shock of the beginning, and which lasts until some authentic risum of the facts spreads itself about and organizes a definite average opinion. Such a moment-what one might call the moment of molecular indecisions-would seem to have now arrived in the course of formation of an intelligent opinion upon that singular Florida which by its very peninsular curve whimsically terminates the United States in an inter- rogation-point. Among the fifteen to twenty thousand persons who visited the State during this last winter of '74-5 there are probably fifteen to twenty thousand more or less vague-and therefore more or less differing-im- pressions of it. How, indeed, could it be otherwise? Florida is the name as well of a climate as of a country; and-all com- A* 9 FLORIDA. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. IF just before crystallization the particles of a sub- stance should become a little uncertain as to the precise forms in which to arrange themselves, they would accu- rately represent a certain moment of lull which occurs in the formation of popular judgments a little while after the shock of the beginning, and which lasts until some authentic resuam of the facts spreads itself about and organizes a definite average opinion. Such a moment-what one might call the moment of molecular indecisions-would seem to have now arrived in the course of formation of an intelligent opinion upon that singular Florida which by its very peninsular curve whimsically terminates the United States in an inter- rogation-point. Among the fifteen to twenty thousand persons who visited the State during this last winter of '74-5 there are probably fifteen to twenty thousand more or less vague-and therefore more or less differing-im- pressions of it. How, indeed, could it be otherwise? Florida is the name as well of a climate as of a country; and-all com- a 9 FLORIDA. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. IF just before crystallization the particles of a sub- stance should become a little uncertain as to the precise forms in which to arrange themselves, they would accu- rately represent a certain moment of lull which occurs in the formation of popular judgments a little while after the shock of the beginning, and which lasts until some authentic r'sum of the facts spreads itself about and organizes a definite average opinion. Such a moment-what one might call the moment of molecular indecisions-would seem to have now arrived in the course of formation of an intelligent opinion upon that singular Florida which by its very peninsular curve whimsically terminates the United States in an inter- rogation-point. Among the fifteen to twenty thousand persons who visited the State during this last winter of '74-5 there are probably fifteen to twenty thousand more or less vague-and therefore more or less differing-im- pressions of it. How, indeed, could it be otherwise? Florida is the name as well of a climate as of a country; and-all com- A* 9  1o FLORIDA. monplace weather-discussions to the contrary notwith- standing-no subject of investigation requires more posi- tive study, more patient examination of observed facts, more rigorous elimination of what the astronomers call the personal equation, than a climate. It is not in a month, in a year, in ten years, that a climate reveals itself. To know it, one must collate accu- rate readings, for long periods, of the thermometer, of the rain-gauge, of the instruments that record the air's moist- ure, of the weathercock, of the clouds; one must con- sider its relations to the lands, to the waters, to the tracks of general storms, to the breeding-places of local storms, to a hundred circumstances of environment, soil, tree- growth, and the like; and, finally, one must religiously disbelieve every word of what ordinary healthy people tell one about it. The ignorance of intelligent men and women about the atmospheric conditions amid which they live is as amazing to one who first comes bump against it as it is droll to one who has grown familiar with its solid enormity. But a little time ago a former resident of San Francisco, in reply to my question about its climate, declared it was noble, it was glorious, it was fit for the gods; and another, answering the same inter- rogatory, informed me it was perfectly beastly. Which is, in truth, as it should be. What business have healthy people with climates? Thomas Carlyle long ago re- marked that in our political economies, as in our physi- cal ones, we only become conscious of things when they commence to go wrong. Indeed, this truth was not wholly outside of the experience of Carlyle himself: for he-whom, with all his faults, one cannot call otherwise than the magnificent old earnest man-once related to an American visitor how in the course of a long and bitter religious struggle of his early manhood, which an FLORIDA. monplace weather-discussions to the contrary notwith- standing-no subject of investigation requires more posi- tive study, more patient examination of observed facts, more rigorous elimination of what the astronomers call the personal equation, than a climate. It is not in a month, in a year, in ten years, that a climate reveals itself. To know it, one must collate accu- rate readings, for long periods, of the thermometer, of the rain-gauge, of the instruments that record the air's moist- ure, of the weathercock, of the clouds; one must con- sider its relations to the lands, to the waters, to the tracks of general storms, to the breeding-places of local storms, to a hundred circumstances of environment, soil, tree- growth, and the like; and, finally, one must religiously disbelieve every word of what ordinary healthy people tell one about it. The ignorance of intelligent men and women about the atmospheric conditions amid which they live is as amazing to one who first comes bump against it as it is droll to one who has grown familiar with its solid enormity. But a little time ago a former resident of San Francisco, in reply to my question about its climate, declared it was noble, it was glorious, it was fit for the gods; and another, answering the same inter- rogatory, informed me it was perfectly beastly. Which is, in truth, as it should be. What business have healthy people with climates? Thomas Carlyle long ago re- marked that in our political economies, as in our physi- cal ones, we only become conscious of things when they commence to go wrong. Indeed, this truth was not wholly outside of the experience of Carlyle himself: for he-whom, with all his faults, one cannot call otherwise than the magnificent old earnest man-once related to an American visitor how in the course of a long and bitter religious struggle of his early manhood, which no FLORIDA. monplace weather-discussions to the contrary notwith- standing-no subject of investigation requires more posi- tive study, more patient examination of observed facts, more rigorous elimination of what the astronomers call the personal equation, than a climate. It is not in a month, in a year, in ten years, that a climate reveals itself. To know it, one must collate accu- rate readings, for long periods, of the thermometer, of the rain-gauge, of the instruments that record the air's moist- ure, of the weathercock, of the clouds; one must con- sider its relations to the lands, to the waters, to the tracks of general storms, to the breeding-places of local storms, to a hundred circumstances of environment, soil, tree- growth, and the like; and, finally, one must religiously disbelieve every word of what ordinary healthy people tell one about it. The ignorance of intelligent men and women about the atmospheric conditions amid which they live is as amazing to one who first comes bump against it as it is droll to one who has grown familiar with its solid enormity. But a little time ago a former resident of San Francisco, in reply to my question about its climate, declared it was noble, it was glorious, it was fit for the gods; and another, answering the same inter- rogatory, informed me it was perfectly beastly. Which is, in truth, as it should be. What business have healthy people with climates? Thomas Carlyle long ago re- marked that in our political economies, as in our physi- cal ones, we only become conscious of things when they commence to go wrong. Indeed, this truth was not wholly outside of the experience of Carlyle himself: for he-whom, with all his faults, one cannot call otherwise than the magnificent old earnest man-once related to an American visitor how in the course of a long and bitter religious struggle of his early manhood, which  INTRODUCTORY. 11 lasted for weeks, and during which his dietary was left to shift for itself, he became mournfully aware that he, too, was personally the owner of what he called in his sturdy Scotch a stammock, and had never since been at all able to forget this dyspeptic addition to his stock of learning. When one's lungs or one's nerves get sick, one acquires the sense of lungs or of nerves: and then also one be- comes for the first time aware of climate. But not by any means truthfully aware of it ; for if, as has been said, a man ought religiously to disbelieve all that healthy people tell him about climates, he should absolutely take to his heels and flee afar off when an invalid begins to discourse on this topic, unless that invalid talks strictly by the thermometer. There was poor Slimlegs, for instance (this present writer used to be a "consumptive," and out of the very fervor of his desire to do something towards lessening the wretchedness of those who are now being or to be " con- sumed," he draws the right to speak of them as he likes, even to a little tender abuse),-there, I say, was Slimlegs: we all saw him here in Florida last winter, on Bay Street in Jacksonville, or on the Plaza at St. Augustine, or somewhere else; and we all know how, after he had ar- rived and had his breakfast and taken his poor little shambling stroll around the square, he would go to his room and write back home to Dr. Physic what he thought of the Florida climate. Now, it is not in the least extrava- gant to assert that, in nine cases out of ten, Slimlegs's opinion of the climate was based upon one solitary ob- servation of one solitary gastronomic circumstance, to wit, the actual rareness of the steak at breakfast as com- pared with the ideal rareness which suits Slimlegs's indi- vidual taste,-or some other the like phenomenon. Of INTRODUCTORY. I t lasted for weeks, and during which his dietary was left to shift for itself, he became mournfully aware that he, too, was personally the owner of what he called in his sturdy Scotch a stammock, and had never since been at all able to forget this dyspeptic addition to his stock of learning. When one's lungs or one's nerves get sick, one acquires the sense of lungs or of nerves: and then also one be- comes for the first time aware of climate. But not by any means truthfully aware of it ; for if, as has been said, a man ought religiously to disbelieve all that healthy people tell him about climates, he should absolutely take to his heels and flee afar off when an invalid begins to discourse on this topic, unless that invalid talks strictly by the thermometer. There was poor Slimlegs, for instance (this present writer used to be a "consumptive," and out of the very fervor of his desire to do something towards lessening the wretchedness of those who are now being or to be "con- sumed," he draws the right to speak of them as he likes, even to a little tender abuse),-there, I say, was Slimlegs : we all saw him here in Florida last winter, on Bay Street in Jacksonville, or on the Plaza at St. Augustine, or somewhere else; and we all know how, after he had ar- rived and had his breakfast and taken his poor little shambling stroll around the square, he would go to his room and write back home to Dr. Physic what lie thought of the Florida climate. Now, it is not in the least extrava- gant to assert that, in nine cases out of ten, Slimlegs's opinion of the climate was based upon one solitary ob- servation of one solitary gastronomic circumstance, to wit, the actual rareness of the steak at breakfast as com- pared with the ideal rareness which suits Slimlegs's indi- vidual taste,-or some other the like phenomenon. Of INTRODUCTORY 11 lasted for weeks, and during which his dietary was left to shift for itself, he became mournfully aware that he, too, was personally the owner of what he called in his sturdy Scotch a stammock, and had never since been at all able to forget this dyspeptic addition to his stock of learning. When one's lungs or one's nerves get sick, one acquires the sense of lungs or of nerves: and then also one be- comes for the first time aware of climate. But not by any means truthfully aware of it; for if, as has been said, a man ought religiously to disbelieve all that healthy people tell him about climates, he should absolutely take to his heels and flee afar off when an invalid begins to discourse on this topic, unless that invalid talks strictly by the thermometer. There was poor Slimlegs, for instance (this present writer used to be a "consumptive," and out of the very fervor of his desire to do something towards lessening the wretchedness of those who are now being or to be "con- sumed," he draws the right to speak of them as he likes, even to a little tender abuse),-there, I say, was Slimlegs: we all saw him here in Florida last winter, on Bay Street in Jacksonville, or on the Plaza at St. Augustine, or somewhere else; and we all know how, after he had ar- rived and had his breakfast and taken his poor little shambling stroll around the square, he would go to his room and write back home to Dr. Physic what he thought of the Florida climate. Now, it is not in the least extrava- gant to assert that, in nine cases out of ten, Slimlegs's opinion of the climate was based upon one solitary ob- servation of one solitary gastronomic circumstance, to wit, the actual rareness of the steak at breakfast as com- pared with the ideal rareness which suits Slimlegs's indi- vidual taste,-or some other the like phenomenon. Of  T2 FLORIDA. course, it cannot be denied that these two are enormous factors in daily human life : nor that, if they are equal to each other-which is to say, if the actual steak coincides with one's idiosyncratic ideal steak-the weather is apt to be pleasant ; and to this extent beef and gridirons are meteorological elements. But, my honest Slimlegs, Reclus does not mention them, nor does Blasius, nor Doggett, nor any other of the recognized authorities in these matters. Here is what Reclus defines a climate to be: "All the facts of phys- ical geography, the relief of continents and of islands, the height and direction of the systems of mountains, the extent of forests, savannas, and cultivated lands, the width of valleys, the abundance of rivers, the outline of the coasts, the marine currents and winds, and all the meteoric phenomena of the atmosphere, vapors, fogs, clouds, rains, lightnings, and thunders, magnetic cur- rents, or as Hippocrates said more briefly, 'the places, the waters, and the airs.' " These invalids' letters are not, it is true, the only things that have been written about Florida. The newspapers have abounded with communications from clever corre- spondents who have done the State in a week or two; the magazinists have chatted very pleasantly of St. Augustine and the Indian River country; and there are half a dozen guide-books giving more or less details of the routes, hotels, and principal stopping-points. But it is not in clever newspaper paragraphs, it is not in chatty magazine papers, it is not in guide-books written while the cars are running, that the enormous phenomenon of Florida is to be disposed of. There are at least claims here which reach into some of the deepest needs of modern life. The question of Florida is a question of an indefinite en- r 2 FLORIDA. course, it cannot be denied that these two are enormous factors in daily human life: nor that, if they are equal to each other-which is to say, if the actual steak coincides with one's idiosyncratic ideal steak-the weather is apt to be pleasant ; and to this extent beef and gridirons are meteorological elements. But, my honest Slimlegs, Reclus does not mention them, nor does Blasius, nor Doggett, nor any other of the recognized authorities in these matters. Here is what Reclus defines a climate to be: "All the facts of phys- ical geography, the relief of continents and of islands, the height and direction of the systems of mountains, the extent of forests, savannas, and cultivated lands, the width of valleys, the abundance of rivers, the outline of the coasts, the marine currents and winds, and all the meteoric phenomena of the atmosphere, vapors, fogs, clouds, rains, lightnings, and thunders, magnetic cur- rents, or as Hippocrates said more briefly, 'the places, the waters, and the airs.' " These invalids' letters are not, it is true, the only things that have been written about Florida. The newspapers have abounded with communications from clever corre- spondents who have done the State in a week or two; the magazinists have chatted very pleasantly of St. Augustine and the Indian River country; and there are half adozen guide-books giving more or less details of the routes, hotels, and principal stopping-points. But it is not in clever newspaper paragraphs, it is not in chatty magazine papers, it is not in guide-books written while the cars are running, that the enormous phenomenon of Florida is to be disposed of. There are at least claims here which reach into some of the deepest needs of modern life. The question of Florida is a question of an indefinite en- r 2 FLORIDA. course, it cannot be denied that these two are enormous factors in daily human life: nor that, if they are equal to each other-which is to say, if the actual steak coincides with one's idiosyncratic ideal steak-the weather is apt to be pleasant; and to this extent beef and gridirons are meteorological elements. But, my honest Slimlegs, Reclus does not mention them, nor does Blasius, nor Doggett, nor any other of the recognized authorities in these matters. Here is what Reclus defines a climate to be: "All the facts of phys- ical geography, the relief of continents and of islands, the height and direction of the systems of mountains, the extent of forests, savannas, and cultivated lands, the width of valleys, the abundance of rivers, the outline of the coasts, the marine currents and winds, and all the meteoric phenomena of the atmosphere, vapors, fogs, clouds, rains, lightnings, and thunders, magnetic cur- rents, or as Hippocrates said more briefly, 'the places, the waters, and the airs.' " These invalids' letters are not, it is true, the only things that have been written about Florida. The newspapers have abounded with communications from clever corre- spondents who have done the State in a week or two; the magazinists have chatted very pleasantly of St. Augustine and the Indian River country; and there are half a dozen guide-books giving more or less details of the routes, hotels, and principal stopping-points. But it is not in clever newspaper paragraphs, it is not in chatty magazine papers, it is not in guide-books written while the cars are running, that the enormous phenomenon of Florida is to be disposed of. There are at least claims here which reach into some of the deepest needs of modern life. The question of Florida is a question of an indefinite en-  INTRODUCTORY. 13 largement of many people's pleasures and of many people's existences as against that universal killing ague of modern life-the fever of the unrest of trade throbbing through the long chill of a seven-months' winter. For there are some who declare that here is a country which, while presenting in its Jacksonville, its St. Augus- tine, its Green Cove Springs, and the like, the gayest blossoms of metropolitan midwinter life, at the same time spreads immediately around these a vast green leafage of rests and balms and salutary influences. Wandering here, one comes to think it more than a fancy that the land itself has caught the grave and stately courtesies of the antique Spaniards, and reproduced them in the profound reserves of its forests, in the smooth and glittering suavities of its lakes, in the large curves and gracious inclinations of its rivers and sea-shores. Here one has an instinct that it is one's duty to repose broad- faced upward, like fields in the fall, and to lie fallow under suns and airs that shed unspeakable fertilizations upon body and spirit. Here there develops itself a just pro- portion between quietude and activity: one becomes aware of a possible tranquillity that is larger than unrest and contains it as the greater the less. Here, walking under trees which are as powerful as they are still, amidst vines which forever aspire but never bustle, by large waters that bear their burdens without flippant noise, one finds innumerable strange and instruct- ive contrasts exhaling from one's contemplations; one glides insensibly out of the notion that these multiform beauties are familiar appearances of vegetable growths and of water expanses; no, it is Silence, which, denied access to man's ear, has caught these forms and set forth in them a new passionate appeal to man's eye; it is Music in a siesta; it is Conflict, dead, and reappearing as INTRODUCTORY. 13 largement of many people's pleasures and of many people's existences as against that universal killing ague of modern life-the fever of the unrest of trade throbbing through the long chill of a seven-months' winter. For there are some who declare that here is a country which, while presenting in its Jacksonville, its St. Augus- tine, its Green Cove Springs, and the like, the gayest blossoms of metropolitan midwinter life, at the same time spreads immediately around these a vast green leafage of rests and balms and salutary influences. Wandering here, one comes to think it more than a fancy that the land itself has caught the grave and stately courtesies of the antique Spaniards, and reproduced them in the profound reserves of its forests, in the smooth and glittering suavities of its lakes, in the large curves and gracious inclinations of its rivers and sea-shores. Here one has an instinct that it is one's duty to repose broad- faced upward, like fields in the fall, and to lie fallow under suns and airs that shed unspeakable fertilizations upon body and spirit. Here there develops itself a just pro- portion between quietude and activity: one becomes aware of a possible tranquillity that is larger than unrest and contains it as the greater the less. Here, walking under trees which are as powerful as they are still, amidst vines which forever aspire but never bustle, by large waters that bear their burdens without flippant noise, one finds innumerable strange and instruct- ive contrasts exhaling from one's contemplations; one glides insensibly out of the notion that these multiform beauties are familiar appearances of vegetable growths and of water expanses; no, it is Silence, which, denied access to man's ear, has caught these forms and set forth in them a new passionate appeal to man's eye; it is Music in a siesta; it is Conflict, dead, and reappearing as INTRODUCTORY. 13 largement of many people's pleasures and of many people's existences as against that universal killing ague of modern life-the fever of the unrest of trade throbbing through the long chill of a seven-months' winter. For there are some who declare that here is a country which, while presenting in its Jacksonville, its St. Augus- tine, its Green Cove Springs, and the like, the gayest blossoms of metropolitan midwinter life, at the same time spreads immediately around these a vast green leafage of rests and balms and salutary influences. Wandering here, one comes to think it more than a fancy that the land itself has caught the grave and stately courtesies of the antique Spaniards, and reproduced them in the profound reserves of its forests, in the smooth and glittering suavities of its lakes, in the large curves and gracious inclinations of its rivers and sea-shores. Here one has an instinct that it is one's duty to repose broad- faced upward, like fields in the fall, and to lie fallow under suns and airs that shed unspeakable fertilizations upon body and spirit. Here there develops itself a just pro- portion between quietude and activity: one becomes aware of a possible tranquillity that is larger than unrest and contains it as the greater the less. Here, walking under trees which are as powerful as they are still, amidst vines which forever aspire but never bustle, by large waters that bear their burdens without flippant noise, one finds innumerable strange and instruct- ive contrasts exhaling from one's contemplations; one glides insensibly out of the notion that these multiform beauties are familiar appearances of vegetable growths and of water expanses; no, it is Silence, which, denied access to man's ear, has caught these forms and set forth in them a new passionate appeal to man's eye; it is Music in a siesta; it is Conflict, dead, and reappearing as  14 FLORIDA. Beauty; it is amiable Mystery, grown communicative; it is Nature with her finger on her lip,-gesture of double significance, implying that one may kiss her if one will be still and say nothing about it; it is Tranquillity, suavely waving aside men's excuses for chafferings and for wars; it is true Trade done into leafage-a multitudinous leaf- typification of the ideal quid pro quo, shown forth in the lavish good measure of that interchange by which the leaves use man's breath and return him the same in better condition than when they borrowed it, so paying profit- able usuries for what the lender could not help loaning; it is a Reply, in all languages, yet in no words, to those manifold interrogations of heaven which go up daily from divers people-from business-men who, with little time for thinking of anything outside of their rigorous routines, do nevertheless occasionally come to a point in life where they desire some little concise revelation of the enormous Besides and Overplus which they keenly suspect to lie be- yond all trade; from families stricken into terror by those sudden gulfs which in our tempting hot modem civiliza- tion so often crack open and devour sons and daughters, and fathers and husbands; from students, who dimly behold a world of the inexplicably sweet beyond the field of conquerable knowledge; from the sick man, querulously wondering if he can anywhere find com- panions who will not shudder when he coughs, and friends who will not coddle him with pitiful absurdities nor sicken him with medicines administered not because they are known to cure but on the dismal principle of lege artis; from pleasure-seekers, who never quite succeed in ignoring a certain little secret wish that there might be Something Else after the hop is over at the hotel. * * * * * * * * * * When one finds one's commission reading simply, where 14 FLORIDA. Beauty; it is amiable Mystery, grown communicative; it is Nature with her finger on her lip,-gesture of double significance, implying that one may kiss her if one will be still and say nothing about it; it is Tranquillity, suavely waving aside men's excuses for chafferings and for wars; it is true Trade done into leafage-a multitudinous leaf- typification of the ideal quid pro quo, shown forth in the lavish good measure of that interchange by which the leaves use man's breath and return him the same in better condition than when they borrowed it, so paying profit- able usuries for what the lender could not help loaning; it is a Reply, in all languages, yet in no words, to those manifold interrogations of heaven which go up daily from divers people-from business-men who, with little time for thinking of anything outside of their rigorous routines, do nevertheless occasionally come to a point in life where they desire some little concise revelation of the enormous Besides and Overplus which they keenly suspect to lie be- yond all trade; from families stricken into terror by those sudden gulfs which in our tempting hot modern civiliza- tion so often crack open and devour sons and daughters, and fathers and husbands; from students, who dimly behold a world of the inexplicably sweet beyond the field of conquerable knowledge; from the sick man, querulously wondering if he can anywhere find com- panions who will not shudder when he coughs, and friends who will not coddle him with pitiful absurdities nor sicken him with medicines administered not because they are known to cure but on the dismal principle of lege artis; from pleasure-seekers, who never quite succeed in ignoring a certain little secret wish that there might be Something Else after the hop is over at the hotel. * * * * * * * * * * When one finds one's commission reading simply, where r4 FLORIDA. Beauty; it is amiable Mystery, grown communicative; it is Nature with her finger on her lip,-gesture of double significance, implying that one may kiss her if one will be still and say nothing about it; it is Tranquillity, suavely waving aside men's excuses for chafferings and for wars; it is true Trade done into leafage-a multitudinous leaf- typification of the ideal quid pro quo, shown forth in the lavish good measure of that interchange by which the leaves use man's breath and return him the same in better condition than when they borrowed it, so paying profit- able usuries for what the lender could not help loaning; it is a Reply, in all languages, yet in no words, to those manifold interrogations of heaven which go up daily from divers people-from business-men who, with little time for thinking of anything outside of their rigorous routines, do nevertheless occasionally come to a point in life where they desire some little concise revelation of the enormous Besides and Overplus which they keenly suspect to lie be- yond all trade; from families stricken into terror by those sudden gulfs which in our tempting hot modern civiliza- tion so often crack open and devour sons and daughters, and fathers and husbands; from students, who dimly behold a world of the inexplicably sweet beyond the field of conquerable knowledge; from the sick man, querulously wondering if he can anywhere find com- panions who will not shudder when he coughs, and friends who will not coddle him with pitiful absurdities nor sicken him with medicines administered not because they are known to cure but on the dismal principle of lege artis; from pleasure-seekers, who never quite succeed in ignoring a certain little secret wish that there might be Something Else after the hop is over at the hotel. * * * * * * * * * * When one finds one's commission reading simply, where  INTRODUCTORY. 15 there are trees and water, to persuade men to go to them, two methods of discharging it present themselves. These are the poetical or descriptive and the practical or guide- book methods. It would seem that one need not hesitate to adopt both: they have the singular advantage that if successful they merge into each other; for if the poetical method draw men to nature, then it becomes practical, and if the practical method draw them there, it becomes, at least in its results, poetical. In view of many absurdly hysterical utterances which have been made touching the tropical ravishments and paradisaical glories of Florida, it is proper to say at this point that the State is not remarkable for beauty of land- scape, and that persons-particularly those from hill-coun- tries-who should go to Florida for this sole end would certainly be disappointed. There are places where ecstasies are legitimate, as one may hope will fully appear hereinafter; but, with the ex- ception of the beautiful Tallahassee region, the land is either level or only very gently rolling, and as seen from the railways or the country-roads it always shows even the most unpicturesque aspect of its levelness, owing to the fact that the roads run usually through the open pine barrens, instead of the much more interesting hammocks which are pierced by the road-makers with difficulty in consequence of the very magnificence of growth that ren- ders them beautiful. Nor is the whole earth in Florida simply one tangle of tuberoses and japonicas, as the guide-books fable. It seems even ruthless to break up the popular superstition that Florida was named so because of its floweriness. But truth is, after all, the most beautiful thing under heaven ; and there does not seem to be the least doubt that Ponce de Leon named this country Florida because the day on INTRODUCTORY. 15 there are trees and water, to persuade men to go to them, two methods of discharging it present themselves. These are the poetical or descriptive and the practical or guide- book methods. It would seem that one need not hesitate to adopt both: they have the singular advantage that if successful they merge into each other; for if the poetical method draw men to nature, then it becomes practical, and if the practical method draw them there, it becomes, at least in its results, poetical. In view of many absurdly hysterical utterances which have been made touching the tropical ravishments and paradisaical glories of Florida, it is proper to say at this point that the State is not remarkable for beauty of land- scape, and that persons-particularly those from hill-coun- tries-who should go to Florida for this sole end would certainly be disappointed. There are places where ecstasies are legitimate, as one may hope will fully appear hereinafter; but, with the ex- ception of the beautiful Tallahassee region, the land is either level or only very gently rolling, and as seen from the railways or the country-roads it always shows even the most unpicturesque aspect of its levelness, owing to the fact that the roads run usually through the open pine barrens, instead of the much more interesting hammocks which are pierced by the road-makers with difficulty in consequence of the very magnificence of growth that ren- ders them beautiful. Nor is the whole earth in Florida simply one tangle of tuberoses and japonicas, as the guide-books fable. It seems even ruthless to break up the popular superstition that Florida was named so because of its floweriness. But truth is, after all, the most beautiful thing under heaven ; and there does not seem to be the least doubt that Ponce de Leon named this country Florida because the day on INTRODUCTORY. 15 there are trees and water, to persuade men to go to them, two methods of discharging it present themselves. These are the poetical or descriptive and the practical or guide- book methods. It would seem that one need not hesitate to adopt both: they have the singular advantage that if successful they merge into each other; for if the poetical method draw men to nature, then it becomes practical, and if the practical method draw them there, it becomes, at least in its results, poetical. In view of many absurdly hysterical utterances which have been made touching the tropical ravishments and paradisaical glories of Florida, it is proper to say at this point that the State is not remarkable for beauty of land- scape, and that persons-particularly those from hill-coun- tries-who should go to Florida for this sole end would certainly be disappointed. There are places where ecstasies are legitimate, as one may hope will fully appear hereinafter; but, with the ex- ception of the beautiful Tallahassee region, the land is either level or only very gently rolling, and as seen from the railways or the country-roads it always shows even the most unpicturesque aspect of its levelness, owing to the fact that the roads run usually through the open pine barrens, instead of the much more interesting hammocks which are pierced by the road-makers with difficulty in consequence of the very magnificence of growth that ren- ders them beautiful. Nor is the whole earth in Florida simply one tangle of tuberoses and japonicas, as the guide-books fable. It seems even ruthless to break up the popular superstition that Florida was named so because of its floweriness. But truth is, after all, the most beautiful thing under heaven; and there does not seem to be the least doubt that Ponce de Leon named this country Florida because the day on  06 FLORIDA. which he made the land was the day called in his calen- dar Pascua Florida, or Palm-Sunday. But so much being said in abundant protection of strict truth, one can now go on to detail (without the haunting fear of being classed among the designing hysterical ones) the thousand charms of air, water, tree, and flower which are to be found in Florida, and which remain there prac- ticable all the winter days. With these views, the next eleven chapters contain some account of the Ocklawaha River in May, St. Augustine in April, Jacksonville in January, the Gulf Coast, the Talla- hassee country or Piedmont Florida, the St. Johns and Indian Rivers, the Gainesville country, West Florida, Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades, and the Key West country; these being disposed in separate and uncon- nected chapters, and in an order for which there is no particular reason why there should be any reason. Chap- ter twelve discusses those physical conditions existing in the nature and environment of Florida which go to make up its very remarkable climate, and presents tables of temperatures, frosts, winds, cloudy days, and the like, for various portions of the State. Chapter thirteen is devoted to a historical sketch. Chapter fourteen concerns itself particularly with invalids, and chapter fifteen with ac- counts of the other winter-resorts which lie on the route -Charleston, Savannah, Augusta, and Aiken. To these is added an Appendix which contains papers from various authoritative hands on the culture of Florida tobaccos, oranges, strawberries, figs, bananas, and sugar-cane; such portions of the last report of Hon. Dennis Eagan, Com- missioner of Lands and Emigration, as are of interest to intending purchasers or settlers; an Itinerary, showing the routes to and in Florida; and an alphabetically ar- ranged Gazetteer which embodies various items of infor- 16 FLORIDA. which he made the land was the day called in his calen- dar Pascua Florida, or Palm-Sunday. But so much being said in abundant protection of strict truth, one can now go on to detail (without the haunting fear of being classed among the designing hysterical ones) the thousand charms of air, water, tree, and flower which are to be found in Florida, and which remain there prac- ticable all the winter days. With these views, the next eleven chapters contain some account of the Ocklawaha River in May, St. Augustine in April, Jacksonville in January, the Gulf Coast, the Talla- hassee country or Piedmont Florida, the St. Johns and Indian Rivers, the Gainesville country, West Florida, Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades, and the Key West country; these being disposed in separate and uncon- nected chapters, and in an order for which there is no particular reason why there should be any reason. Chap- ter twelve discusses those physical conditions existing in the nature and environment of Florida which go to make up its very remarkable climate, and presents tables of temperatures, frosts, winds, cloudy days, and the like, for various portions of the State. Chapter thirteen is devoted to a historical sketch. Chapter fourteen concerns itself particularly with invalids, and chapter fifteen with ac- counts of the other winter-resorts which lie on the route -Charleston, Savannah, Augusta, and Aiken. To these is added an Appendix which contains papers from various authoritative hands on the culture of Florida tobaccos, oranges, strawberries, figs, bananas, and sugar-cane; such portions of the last report of Hon. Dennis Eagan, Com- missioner of Lands and Emigration, as are of interest to intending purchasers or settlers; an Itinerary, showing the routes to and in Florida; and an alphabetically ar- ranged Gazetteer which embodies various items of infor- 16 FLORIDA. which he made the land was the day called in his calen. dar Pascua Florida, or Palm-Sunday. But so much being said in abundant protection of strict truth, one can now go on to detail (without the haunting fear of being classed among the designing hysterical ones) the thousand charms of air, water, tree, and flower which are to be found in Florida, and which remain there prac- ticable all the winter days. With these views, the next eleven chapters contain some account of the Ocklawaha River in May, St. Augustine in April, Jacksonville in January, the Gulf Coast, the Talla- hassee country or Piedmont Florida, the St. Johns and Indian Rivers, the Gainesville country, West Florida, Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades, and the Key West country; these being disposed in separate and uncon- nected chapters, and in an order for which there is no particular reason why there should be any reason. Chap- ter twelve discusses those physical conditions existing in the nature and environment of Florida which go to make up its very remarkable climate, and presents tables of temperatures, frosts, winds, cloudy days, and the like, for various portions of the State. Chapter thirteen is devoted to a historical sketch. Chapter fourteen concerns itself particularly with invalids, and chapter fifteen with ac- counts of the other winter-resorts which lie on the route -Charleston, Savannah, Augusta, and Aiken. To these is added an Appendix which contains papers from various authoritative hands on the culture of Florida tobaccos, oranges, strawberries, figs, bananas, and sugar-cane; such portions of the last report of Hon. Dennis Eagan, Com- missioner of Lands and Emigration, as are of interest to intending purchasers or settlers; an Itinerary, showing the routes to and in Florida; and an alphabetically ar- ranged Gazetteer which embodies various items of infor-  INTRODUCTOR Y 17 INTRODUCTORY. 17 INTRODUCTOR . r7 mation as to the towns, rivers, and counties of the State together with references to the chapters generally de- scribing the regions in which they are located, and which will thus be found to serve, in addition to its direct pur- pose, for an Index more minute than the chapter-head- ings hereto prefixed as a Table of Contents. 2s mation as to the towns, rivers, and counties of the State together with references to the chapters generally de- scribing the regions in which they are located, and which will thus be found to serve, in addition to its direct pur- pose, for an Index more minute than the chapter-head- ings hereto prefixed as a Table of Contents. 2* mation as to the towns, rivers, and counties of the State together with references to the chapters generally de- scribing the regions in which they are located, and which will thus be found to serve, in addition to its direct pur- pose, for an Index more minute than the chapter-head- ings hereto prefixed as a Table of Contents.  CHAPTER IL THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. FOR a perfect journey God gave us a perfect day. The little Ocklawaha steamboat Marion-a steamboat which is like nothing in the world so much as a Pensacola gopher with a preposterously exaggerated back-had started from Pilatka some hours before daylight, having taken on her passengers the night previous; and by seven o'clock of such a May morning as no words could describe unless words were themselves May mornings we had made the twenty-five miles up the St. Johns, to where the Ockla- waha flows into that stream nearly opposite Welaka, one hundred miles above Jacksonville. Just before entering the mouth of the river our little gopher-boat scrambled alongside a long raft of pine-logs which had been brought in separate sections down the Ocklawaha and took off the lumbermen, to carry them back for another descent while this raft was being towed by a tug to Jacksonville. Observe that man who is now stepping from the wet logs to the bow of the Marion-how can he ever cut down a tree? He is a slim native, and there is not bone enough in his whole body to make the left leg of a good English coal-heaver: moreover, he does not seem to have the least idea that a man needs grooming. He is disheveled and wry-trussed to the last degree; his poor weasel jaws nearly touch their inner sides as they suck at the acrid 18 CHAPTER II. THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. FOR a perfect journey God gave us a perfect day. The little Ocklawaha steamboat Marion-a steamboat which is like nothing in the world so much as a Pensacola gopher with a preposterously exaggerated back-had started from Pilatka some hours before daylight, having taken on her passengers the night previous; and by seven o'clock of such a May morning as no words could describe unless words were themselves May mornings we had made the twenty-five miles up the St. Johns, to where the Ockla- walha flows into that stream nearly opposite Welaka, one hundred miles above Jacksonville. Just before entering the mouth of the river oar little gopher-boat scrambled alongside a long raft of pine-logs which had been brought in separate sections down the Ocklawaha and took off the lumbermen, to carry them back for another descent while this raft was being towed by a tug to Jacksonville. Observe that man who is now stepping from the wet logs to the bow of the Marion-how can he ever cut down a tree? He is a slim native, and there is not bone enough in his whole body to make the left leg of a good English coal-heaver : moreover, he does not seem to have the least idea that a man needs grooming. He is disheveled and wry-trussed to the last degree ; his poor weasel jaws nearly touch their inner sides as they suck at the acrid 18 CHAPTER II. THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. FOR a perfect journey God gave us a perfect day. The little Ocklawaha steamboat Marion-a steamboat which is like nothing in the world so much as a Pensacola gopher with a preposterously exaggerated back-had started from Pilatka some hours before daylight, having taken on her passengers the night previous; and by seven o'clock of such a May morning as no words could describe unless words were themselves May mornings we had made the twenty-five miles up the St. Johns, to where the Ockla- waha flows into that stream nearly opposite Welaka, one hundred miles above Jacksonville. Just before entering the mouth of the river our little gopher-boat scrambled alongside a long raft of pine-logs which had been brought in separate sections down the Ocklawaha and took off the lumbermen, to carry them back for another descent while this raft was being towed by a tug to Jacksonville. Observe that man who is now stepping from the wet logs to the bow of the Marion-how can he ever cut down a tree? He is a slim native, and there is not bone enough in his whole body to make the left leg of a good English coal-heaver: moreover, he does not seem to have the least idea that a man needs grooming. He is disheveled and wry-trussed to the last degree; his poor weasel jaws nearly touch their inner sides as they suck at the acrid 18  THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 19 ashes in his dreadful pipe; and there is no single filament of either his hair or his beard that does not look sourly, and THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 19 ashes in his dreadful pipe; and there is no single filament of either his hair or his beard that does not look sourly, and THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 19 ashes in his dreadful pipe; and there is no single filament of either his hair or his beard that does not look sourly, and ON THE RIVER-BANK, JUST ABOVE PILATKA. ON THE RIVER-BANK, JUST ABOVE PILATKA. at wild angles, upon its neighbor filament. His eyes are at wild angles, upon its neighbor filament. His eyes are viscidly unquiet; his nose is merely dreariness come to a viscidly unquiet; his nose is merely dreariness come to a point; the corners of his mouth are pendulous with that point; the corners of his mouth are pendulous with that sort of suffering which does not involve any heroism, such sort of suffering which does not involve any heroism, such as being out of tobacco, waiting for the corn bread to get as being out of tobacco, waiting for the corn bread to get cooked, and the like; his- But, poor devill I with- cooked, and the like; his- But, poor devill I with- ON THE RIVER-BANK, JUST ABOVE PILATKA. at wild angles, upon its neighbor filament. His eyes are viscidly unquiet ; his nose is merely dreariness come to a point ; the corners of his mouth are pendulous with that sort of suffering which does not involve any heroism, such as being out of tobacco, waiting for the corn bread to get cooked, and the like; his- But, poor devil l I with-  zo FLORIDA. draw all these remarks. He has a right to look disheveled, or any other way he likes. For listen: "Waal, sir," he says, with a dilute smile, as he wearily leans his arm against the low deck where I am sitting, "ef we did'n' have ther sentermentillest rain right thar last night, I'll be dad-busted I" He had been in it all night. Presently we rounded the raft, abandoned the broad and garish highway of the St. Johns, and turned off to the right into the narrow lane of the Ocklawaha, the sweetest water-lane in the world, a lane which runs for more than a hundred and fifty miles of pure delight betwixt hedgerows of oaks and cypresses and palms and bays and magnolias and mosses and manifold vine- growths, a lane clean to travel along for there is never a speck of dust in it save the blue dust and gold dust which the wind blows out of the flags and lilies, a lane which is as if a typical woods-stroll had taken shape and as if God had turned into water and trees the recollec- tion of some meditative ramble through the lonely seclu- sions of His own soul. As we advanced up the stream our wee craft even seemed to emit her steam in more leisurely whiffs, as one puffs one's cigar in a contemplative walk through the forest. Dick, the pole-man-a man of marvelous fine func- tions when we shall presently come to the short, narrow curves-lay asleep on the guards, in great peril of rolling into the river over the three inches between his length and the edge; the people of the boat moved not, and spoke not; the white crane, the curlew, the limpkin, the heron, the water-turkey, were scarcely disturbed in their quiet avocations as we passed, and quickly succeeded in persuading themselves after each momentary excitement of our gliding by that we were really after all no monster, ao FLORIDA. draw all these remarks. He has a right to look disheveled, or any other way he likes. For listen: " Waal, sir," he says, with a dilute smile, as he wearily leans his arm against the low deck where I am sitting, "ef we did'n' have ther sentermentillest rain right thar last night, I'll be dad-busted 1" He had been in it all night. Presently we rounded the raft, abandoned the broad and garish highway of the St. Johns, and turned off to the right into the narrow lane of the Ocklawaha, the sweetest water-lane in the world, a lane which runs for more than a hundred and fifty miles of pure delight betwixt hedgerows of oaks and cypresses and palms and bays and magnolias and mosses and manifold vine- growths, a lane clean to travel along for there is never a speck of dust in it save the blue dust and gold dust which the wind blows out of the flags and lilies, a lane which is as if a typical woods-stroll had taken shape and as if God had turned into water and trees the recollec- tion of some meditative ramble through the lonely seclu- sions of His own soul. As we advanced up the stream our wee craft even seemed to emit her steam in more leisurely whiffs, as one puffs one's cigar in a contemplative walk through the forest. Dick, the pole-man-a man of marvelous fine func- tions when we shall presently come to the short, narrow curves-lay asleep on the guards, in great peril of rolling into the river over the three inches between his length and the edge; the people of the boat moved not, and spoke not; the white crane, the curlew, the limpkin, the heron, the water-turkey, were scarcely disturbed in their quiet avocations as we passed, and quickly succeeded in persuading themselves after each momentary excitement of our gliding by that we were really after all no monster, no FLORIDA. draw all these remarks. He has a right to look disheveled, or any other way he likes. For listen: " Waal, sir," he says, with a dilute smile, as he wearily leans his arm against the low deck where I am sitting, "ef we did'n' have ther sentermenillest rain right thar last night, I'll be dad-busted !" He had been in it all night. Presently we rounded the raft, abandoned the broad and garish highway of the St. Johns, and turned off to the right into the narrow lane of the Ocklawaha, the sweetest water-lane in the world, a lane which runs for more than a hundred and fifty miles of pure delight betwixt hedgerows of oaks and cypresses and palms and bays and magnolias and mosses and manifold vine- growths, a lane clean to travel along for there is never a speck of dust in it save the blue dust and gold dust which the wind blows out of the flags and lilies, a lane which is as if a typical woods-stroll had taken shape and as if God had turned into water and trees the recollec- tion of some meditative ramble through the lonely seclu- sions of His own soul. As we advanced up the stream our wee craft even seemed to emit her steam in more leisurely whiffs, as one puffs one's cigar in a contemplative walk through the forest. Dick, the pole-man-a man of marvelous fine func- tions when we shall presently come to the short, narrow curves-lay asleep on the guards, in great peril of rolling into the river over the three inches between his length and the edge; the people of the boat moved not, and spoke not; the white crane, the curlew, the limpkin, the heron, the water-turkey, were scarcely disturbed in their quiet avocations as we passed, and quickly succeeded in persuading themselves after each momentary excitement of our gliding by that we were really after all no monster,  TIlE OCKLAWAIA RIPER. 21 but only some day-dream of a monster. The stream, which in its broader stretches reflected the sky so per- fectly that it seemed a riband of heaven bound in lovely doublings along the breast of the land, now began to narrow: the blue of heaven disappeared, and the green of the overleaning trees assumed its place. The lucent cur- rent lost all semblance of water. It was simply a distil- lation of many-shaded foliages, smoothly sweeping along beneath us. It was green trees, fluent. One felt that a subtle amalgamation and mutual give-and-take had been effected between the natures of water and leaves. A certain sense of pellucidness seemed to breathe coolly out of the woods on either side of us; and the glassy dream of a forest over which we sailed appeared to send up exhalations of balms and odors and stimulant pun- gencies. "Look at that snake in the water I" said a gentleman, as we sat on deck with the engineer, just come up from his watch. The engineer smiled. "Sir, it is a water- turkey," he said, gently. The water-turkey is the most preposterous bird within the range of ornithology. He is not a bird, he is a neck, with such subordinate rights, members, appurtenances and hereditaments thereunto appertaining as seem necessary to that end. He has just enough stomach to arrange nourishment for his neck, just enough wings to fly pain- fully along with his neck, and just big enough legs to keep his neck from dragging on the ground; and his neck is light-colored, while the rest of him is black. When he saw us he jumped up on a limb and stared. Then sud- denly he dropped into the water, sank like a leaden ball out of sight, and made us think he was drowned,-when presently the tip of his beak appeared, then the length of his neck lay along the surface of the water, and in TIE OCKLAWAHA RIPER. at but only some day-dream of a monster. The stream, which in its broader stretches reflected the sky so per- fectly that it seemed a riband of heaven bound in lovely doublings along the breast of the land, now began to narrow: the blue of heaven disappeared, and the green of the overleaning trees assumed its place. The lucent cur- rent lost all semblance of water. It was simply a distil- lation of many-shaded foliages, smoothly sweeping along beneath us. It was green trees, fluent. One felt that a subtle amalgamation and mutual give-and-take had been effected between the natures of water and leaves. A certain sense of pellucidness seemed to breathe coolly out of the woods on either side of us; and the glassy dream of a forest over which we sailed appeared to send up exhalations of balms and odors and stimulant pun- gencies. "Look at that snake in the water 1" said a gentleman, as we sat on deck with the engineer, just come up from his watch. The engineer smiled. "Sir, it is a water- turkey," he said, gently, The water-turkey is the most preposterous bird within the range of ornithology. He is not a bird, he is a neck, with such subordinate rights, members, appurtenances and hereditaments thereunto appertaining as seem necessary to that end. He has just enough stomach to arrange nourishment for his neck, just enough wings to fly pain- fully along with his neck, and just big enough legs to keep his neck from dragging on the ground; and his neck is light-colored, while the rest of him is black. When he saw us he jumped up on a limb and stared. Then sud- denly he dropped into the water, sank like a leaden ball out of sight, and made us think he was drowned,-when presently the tip of his beak appeared, then the length of his neck lay along the surface of the water, and in THE OCKLAWAHA RIPER. at but only some day-dream of a monster. The stream, which in its broader stretches reflected the sky so per- fectly that it seemed a riband of heaven bound in lovely doublings along the breast of the land, now began to narrow: the blue of heaven disappeared, and the green of the overleaning trees assumed its place. The lucent cur- rent lost all semblance of water. It was simply a distil- lation of many-shaded foliages, smoothly sweeping along beneath us. It was green trees, fluent. One felt that a subtle amalgamation and mutual give-and-take had been effected between the natures of water and leaves. A certain sense of pellucidness seemed to breathe coolly out of the woods on either side of us; and the glassy dream of a forest over which we sailed appeared to send up exhalations of balms and odors and stimulant pun- gencies. "Look at that snake in the water l" said a gentleman, as we sat on deck with the engineer, just come up from his watch. The engineer smiled. "Sir, it is a water- turkey," he said, gently. The water-turkey is the most preposterous bird within the range of ornithology. He is not a bird, he is a neck, with such subordinate rights, members, appurtenances and hereditaments thereunto appertaining as seem necessary to that end. He has just enough stomach to arrange nourishment for his neck, just enough wings to fly pain- fully along with his neck, and just big enough legs to keep his neck from dragging on the ground; and his neck is light-colored, while the rest of him is black. When he saw us he jumped up on a limb and stared. Then sud- denly be dropped into the water, sank like a leaden ball out of sight, and made us think he was drowned,-when presently the tip of his beak appeared, then the length of his neck lay along the surface of the water, and in  22 FLORIDA. this position, with his body submerged, he shot out his neck, drew it back, wriggled it, twisted it, twiddled it, and spirally poked it into the east, the west, the north, and the south, with a violence of involution and a contor- tionary energy that made one think in the same breath of corkscrews and of lightnings. But what nonsense ! All that labor and perilous asphyxiation-for a beggarly sprat or a couple of inches of water-snake 1 But I make no doubt he would have thought us as ab- surd as we him if he could have seen us taking our break. fast a few minutes later: for as we sat there, some half- dozen men at table, all that sombre melancholy which comes over the American at his meals descended upon us; no man talked, each of us could hear the other crunch his bread infauidbus, and the noise thereof seemed in the ghostly stillness like the noise of earthquakes and of crashing worlds; even the furtive glances towards each other's plates were presently awed down to a sullen gazing of each into his own: the silence increased, the noises became intolerable, a cold sweat broke out over at least one of us, he felt himself growing insane, and rushed out to the deck with a sigh as of one saved from a dreadful death by social suffocation. There is a certain position a man can assume on board the steamer Marion which constitutes an attitude of per- fect rest, and leaves one's body in such blessed ease that one's soul receives the heavenly influences of the Ockla- waha sail absolutely without physical impediment. Know, therefore, tired friend that shall hereafter ride up the Ocklawaha on the Marion-whose name I would fain call Legion-that if you will place a chair just in the narrow passage-way which runs alongside the cabin, at the point where this passage-way descends by a step to the open space in front of the pilot-house, on the left- 22 FLORIDA. this position, with his body submerged, he shot out his neck, drew it back, wriggled it, twisted it, twiddled it, and spirally poked it into the east, the west, the north, and the south, with a violence of involution and a contor- tionary energy that made one think in the same breath of corkscrews and of lightnings. But what nonsense ! All that labor and perilous asphyxiation-for a beggarly sprat or a couple of inches of water-snake I But I make no doubt he would have thought us as ab- surd as we him if he could have seen us taking our break- fast a few minutes later: for as we sat there, some half- dozen men at table, all that sombre melancholy which comes over the American at his meals descended upon us; no man talked, each of us could hear the other crunch his bread in faucibus, and the noise thereof seemed in the ghostly stillness like the noise of earthquakes and of crashing worlds; even the furtive glances towards each other's plates were presently awed down to a sullen gazing of each into his own: the silence increased, the noises became intolerable, a cold sweat broke out over at least one of us, he felt himself growing insane, and rushed out to the deck with a sigh as of one saved from a dreadful death by social suffocation. There is a certain position a man can assume on board the steamer Marion which constitutes an attitude of per- fect rest, and leaves one's body in such blessed ease that one's soul receives the heavenly influences of the Ockla- waha sail absolutely without physical impediment. Know, therefore, tired friend that shall hereafter ride up the Ocklawaha on the Marion-whose name I would fain call Legion-that if you will place a chair just in the narrow passage-way which runs alongside the cabin, at the point where this passage-way descends by a step to the open space in front of the pilot-house, on the left- 22 FLORIDA. this position, with his body submerged, he shot out his neck, drew it back, wriggled it, twisted it, twiddled it, and spirally poked it into the east, the west, the north, and the south, with a violence of involution and a contor- tionary energy that made one think in the same breath of corkscrews and of lightnings. But what nonsense! All that labor and perilous asphyxiation-for a beggarly sprat or a couple of inches of water-snake ! But I make no doubt he would have thought us as ab- surd as we him if he could have seen us taking our break- fast a few minutes later: for as we sat there, some half- dozen men at table, all that sombre melancholy which comes over the American at his meals descended upon us; no man talked, each of us could hear the other crunch his bread infaucibus, and the noise thereof seemed in the ghostly stillness like the noise of earthquakes and of crashing worlds; even the furtive glances towards each other's plates were presently awed down to a sullen gazing of each into his own: the silence increased, the noises became intolerable, a cold sweat broke out over at least one of us, he felt himself growing insane, and rushed out to the deck with a sigh as of one saved from a dreadful death by social suffocation. There is a certain position a man can assume on board the steamer Marion which constitutes an attitude of per- fect rest, and leaves one's body in such blessed ease that one's soul receives the heavenly influences of the Ockla- waha sail absolutely without physical impediment. Know, therefore, tired friend that shall hereafter ride up the Ocklawaha on the Marion-whose name I would fain call Legion-that if you will place a chair just in the narrow passage-way which runs alongside the cabin, at the point where this passage-way descends by a step to the open space in front of the pilot-house, on the left-  TIlE OCRLAWAHA RIVER. 23 hand side facing to the bow, you will perceive a certain slope in the railing where it descends by an angle of some thirty degrees to accommodate itself to the step afore- said ; and this slope should be in such a position as that your left leg unconsciously stretches itself along the same by the pure insinuating solicitations of the fitness of things, and straightway dreams itself off into an Elysian tranquillity. You should then tip your chair in a slightly diagonal position back to the side of the cabin, so that your head will rest thereagainst, your right arm will hang over the chair-back, and your left arm will repose on the railing. I give no specific instruction for your right leg, because I am disposed to be liberal in this matter and to leave some gracious scope for personal idiosyncrasies as well as a margin of allowance for the accidents of time and place; dispose your right leg, therefore, as your heart may suggest, or as all the precedent forces of time and the universe may have combined to require you. Having secured this attitude, open wide the eyes of your body and of your soul; repulse with a heavenly suavity the conversational advances of the drummer who fancies he might possibly sell you a bill of white goods and notions, as well as the polite inquiries of the real- estate person who has his little private theory that you are in search of an orange-grove to purchase; then sail, sail, sail, through the cypresses, through the vines, through the May day, through the floating suggestions of the un- utterable that come up, that sink down, that waver and sway hither and thither; and so shall you have revela- tions of rest, and so shall your heart forever afterwards interpret Ocklawaha to mean repose. Some twenty miles from the mouth of the Ocklawaha, at the right-hand edge of the stream, is the handsomest residence in America. It belongs to a certain alligator TIlE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 23 hand side facing to the bow, you will perceive a certain slope in the railing where it descends by an angle of some thirty degrees to accommodate itself to the step afore- said ; and this slope should be in such a position as that your left leg unconsciously stretches itself along the same by the pure insinuating solicitations of the fitness of things, and straightway dreams itself off into an Elysian tranquillity. You should then tip your chair in a slightly diagonal position back to the side of the cabin, so that your head will rest thereagainst, your right arm will hang over the chair-back, and your left arm will repose on the railing. I give no specific instruction for your right leg, because I am disposed to be liberal in this matter and to leave some gracious scope for personal idiosyncrasies as well as a margin of allowance for the accidents of time and place; dispose your right leg, therefore, as your heart may suggest, or as all the precedent forces of time and the universe may have combined to require you. Having secured this attitude, open wide the eyes of your body and of your soul; repulse with a heavenly suavity the conversational advances of the drummer who fancies he might possibly sell you a bill of white goods and notions, as well as the polite inquiries of the real- estate person who has his little private theory that you are in search of an orange-grove to purchase; then sail, sail, sail, through the cypresses, through the vines, through the May day, through the floating suggestions of the un- utterable that come up, that sink down, that waver and sway hither and thither; and so shall you have revela- tions of rest, and so shall your heart forever afterwards interpret Ocklawaha to mean repose. Some twenty miles from the mouth of the Ocklawaha, at the right-hand edge of the stream, is the handsomest residence in America. It belongs to a certain alligator TIlE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 23 hand side facing to the bow, you will perceive a certain slope in the railing where it descends by an angle of some thirty degrees to accommodate itself to the step afore- said; and this slope should be in such a position as that your left leg unconsciously stretches itself along the same by the pure insinuating solicitations of the fitness of things, and straightway dreams itself off into an Elysian tranquillity. You should then tip your chair in a slightly diagonal position back to the side of the cabin, so that your head will rest thereagainst, your right arm will hang over the chair-back, and your left arm will repose on the railing. I give no specific instruction for your right leg, because I am disposed to be liberal in this matter and to leave some gracious scope for personal idiosyncrasies as well as a margin of allowance for the accidents of time and place; dispose your right leg, therefore, as your heart may suggest, or as all the precedent forces of time and the universe may have combined to require you. Having secured this attitude, open wide the eyes of your body and of your soul; repulse with a heavenly suavity the conversational advances of the drummer who fancies he might possibly sell you a bill of white goods and notions, as well as the polite inquiries of the real- estate person who has his little private theory that you are in search of an orange-grove to purchase; then sail, sail, sail, through the cypresses, through the vines, through the May day, through the floating suggestions of the un- utterable that come up, that sink down, that waver and sway hither and thither; and so shall you have revela- tions of rest, and so shall your heart forever afterwards interpret Ocklawaha to mean repose. Some twenty miles from the mouth of the Ocklawaha, at the right-hand edge of the stream, is the handsomest residence in America. It belongs to a certain alligator  24 FLORIDA. of my acquaintance, a very honest and worthy saurian, of good repute. A little cove of water, dark green under the overhanging leaves, placid, pellucid, curves round at the river-edge into the flags and lilies, with a curve just heart-breaking for the pure beauty of the flexure of it. This house of my saurian is divided into apartments- little subsidiary bays which are scalloped out by the lily- pads according to the sinuous fantasies of their growth. My saurian, when he desires to sleep, has but to lie down anywhere: he will find marvelous mosses for his mattress beneath him; his sheets will be white lily-petals; and the green disks of the lily-pads will straightway embroider themselves together above him for his coverlet. He never quarrels with his cook, he is not the slave of a kitchen, and his one house-maid-the stream-forever sweeps his chambers clean. His conservatories there under the glass of that water are ever and without labor filled with the enchantments of strange under-water growths; his parks and his pleasure-grounds are bigger than any king's. Upon my saurian's house the winds have no power, the rains are only a new delight to him, and the snows he will never see. Regarding fire, as he does not employ its slavery, so he does not fear its tyranny. Thus, all the elements are the friends of my saurian's house. While he sleeps he is being bathed. What glory to awake sweet- ened and freshened by the sole careless act of sleep ! Lastly, my saurian has unnumbered mansions, and can change his dwelling as no human householder may; it is but a fillip of his tail, and lo! he is established in an- other place as good as the last, ready furnished to his liking. For many miles together the Ocklawaha is a river with- out banks, though not less clearly defined as a stream for that reason. The swift, deep current meanders between 24 FLORIDA. of my acquaintance, a very honest and worthy saurian, of good repute. A little cove of water, dark green under the overhanging leaves, placid, pellucid, curves round at the river-edge into the flags and lilies, with a curve just heart-breaking for the pure beauty of the flexure of it. This house of my saurian is divided into apartments- little subsidiary bays which are scalloped out by the lily- pads according to the sinuous fantasies of their growth. My saurian, when he desires to sleep, has but to lie down anywhere: he will find marvelous mosses for his mattress beneath him; his sheets will be white lily-petals; and the green disks of the lily-pads will straightway embroider themselves together above him for his coverlet. He never quarrels with his cook, he is not the slave of a kitchen, and his one house-maid-the stream-forever sweeps his chambers clean. His conservatories there under the glass of that water are ever and without labor filled with the enchantments of strange under-water growths; his parks and his pleasure-grounds are bigger than any king's. Upon my saurian's house the winds have no power, the rains are only a new delight to him, and the snows he will never see. Regarding fire, as he does not employ its slavery, so he does not fear its tyranny. Thus, all the elements are the friends of my saurian's house. While he sleeps he is being bathed. What glory to awake sweet- ened and freshened by the sole careless act of sleep ! Lastly, my saurian has unnumbered mansions, and can change his dwelling as no human householder may; it is but a fillip of his tail, and lo ! he is established in an- other place as good as the last, ready furnished to his liking. For many miles together the Ocklawaha is a river with- out banks, though not less clearly defined as a stream for that reason. The swift, deep current meanders between 24 FLORIDA. of my acquaintance, a very honest and worthy saurian, of good repute. A little cove of water, dark green under the overhanging leaves, placid, pellucid, curves round at the river-edge into the flags and lilies, with a curve just heart-breaking for the pure beauty of the flexure of it. This house of my samian is divided into apartments- little subsidiary bays which are scalloped out by the lily- pads according to the sinuous fantasies of their growth. My saurian, when he desires to sleep, has but to lie down anywhere: he will fimd marvelous mosses for his mattress beneath him; his sheets will be white lily-petals; and the green disks of the lily-pads will straightway embroider themselves together above him for his coverlet. He never quarrels with his cook, he is not the slave of a kitchen, and his one house-maid-the stream-forever sweeps his chambers clean. His conservatories there under the glass of that water are ever and without labor filled with the enchantments of strange under-water growths; his parks and his pleasure-grounds are bigger than any king's. Upon my saurian's house the winds have no power, the rains are only a new delight to him, and the snows he will never see. Regarding fire, as he does not employ its slavery, so he does not fear its tyranny. Thus, all the elements are the friends of my saurian's house. While he sleeps he is being bathed. What glory to awake sweet- ened and freshened by the sole careless act of sleep ! Lastly, my saurian has unnumbered mansions, and can change his dwelling as no human householder may; it is but a fillip of his tail, and lo ! he is established in an- other place as good as the last, ready furnished to his liking. For many miles together the Ocklawaha is a river with- out banks, though not less clearly defined as a stream for that reason. The swift, deep current meanders between  ---- . -\ - j' s _ ;: . , p ^P° T. ' iG ,, " ' qr ' r z K i k ; °c 4 ,/ .i , S w^ _ __ l .! ' fS { " ' f4 ;, jug "-f, _. :Q .y _ _ r y ,r ; , ; 1 c e , Fes' ' a : {f c iy c {. i ih__u 44 Yy j;. A. _ M. y; , , r rt a bs . / /' , - -__- 1 n i /I s ----c- ?-=4 if :, ; '; A 't 4. , 4 a . , , . t. v A i G ?: a m f a z R' ti o , u T; u' r' ',, ^^ ' iP {k. - L:r   THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 27 tall lines of trees; beyond these, on each side, there is water also,-a thousand shallow rivulets lapsing past the THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 27 tall lines of trees; beyond these, on each side, there is water also,-a thousand shallow rivulets lapsing past the THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER.. 27 tall lines of trees; beyond these, on each side, there is water also,-a thousand shallow rivulets lapsing past the bases of multitudes of trees. Along the immediate edges of the stream every tree-trunk, sapling, stump, or other projecting coign of vantage is wrapped about with a close- growing vine. At first, like an unending procession of nuns disposed along the aisle of a church these vine- figures stand. But presently, as one journeys, this nun- imagery fades out of one's mind, and a thousand other fancies float with ever-new vine-shapes into one's eyes. One sees repeated all the forms one has ever known, in grotesque juxtaposition. Look I here is a great troop of girls, with arms wreathed over their heads, dancing down into the water; here are high velvet arm-chairs and lovely green fauteuils of divers pattern and of softest bases of multitudes of trees. Along the immediate edges of the stream every tree-trunk, sapling, stump, or other projecting coign of vantage is wrapped about with a close- growing vine. At first, like an unending procession of nuns disposed along the aisle of a church these vine- figures stand. But presently, as one journeys, this nun- imagery fades out of one's mind, and a thousand other fancies float with ever-new vine-shapes into one's eyes. One sees repeated all the forms one has ever known, in grotesque juxtaposition. Look! here is a great troop of girls, with arms wreathed over their heads, dancing down into the water; here are high velvet arm-chairs and lovely green fauteuils of divers pattern and of softest bases of multitudes of trees. Along the immediate edges of the stream every tree-trunk, sapling, stump, or other projecting coign of vantage is wrapped about with a close- growing vine. At first, like an unending procession of nuns disposed along the aisle of a church these vine- figures stand. But presently, as one journeys, this nun- imagery fades out of one's mind, and a thousand other fancies float with ever-new vine-shapes into one's eyes. One sees repeated all the forms one has ever known, in grotesque juxtaposition. Look ! here is a great troop of girls, with arms wreathed over their heads, dancing down into the water; here are high velvet arm-chairs and lovely green fauteuils of divers pattern and of softest  z8 FLORIDA. cushionment; there the vines hang in loops, in pavil- ions, in columns, in arches, in caves, in pyramids, in women's tresses, in harps and lyres, in globular mountain- ranges, in pagodas, domes, minarets, machicolated towers, dogs, belfries, draperies, fish, dragons. Yonder is a bi- zarre congress-Una on her lion, Angelo's Moses, two elephants with howdahs, the Laocoon group, Arthur and Lancelot with great brands extended aloft in combat, Adam bent with love and grief leading Eve out of Para- dise, Cosar shrouded in his mantle receiving his stabs, Greek chariots, locomotives, brazen shields and cuirasses, columbiads, the twelve Apostles, the stock exchange. It is a green dance of all things and times. The edges of the stream are further defined by flowers and water-leaves. The tall, blue flags; the ineffable lilies sitting on their round lily-pads like white queens on green thrones; the tiny stars and long ribbons of the water- grasses; the pretty phalanxes of a species of " bonnet" which from a long stem that swings off down-stream along the surface sends up a hundred little graceful stemlets, each bearing a shield-like disk and holding it aloft as the antique soldiers held their bucklers to form the testudo, or tortoise, in attacking. All these border the river in infinite varieties of purfling and chasement. The river itself has an errant fantasy, and takes many shapes. Presently we come to where it seems to fork into four separate curves above and below. "Them's the Windin'-blades," said my raftsman. To look down these lovely vistas is like looking down the dreams of some pure young girl's soul; and the gray moss-bearded trees gravely lean over them in contem- plative attitudes, as if they were studying-in the way strong men should study-the mysteries and sacrednesses and tender depths of some visible reverie of maidenhood. 28 FLORIDA. cushionment; there the vines hang in loops, in pavil- ions, in columns, in arches, in caves, in pyramids, in women's tresses, in harps and lyres, in globular mountain- ranges, in pagodas, domes, minarets, machicolated towers, dogs, belfries, draperies, fish, dragons. Yonder is a bi- zarre congress-Una on her lion, Angelo's Moses, two elephants with howdahs, the Laocoin group, Arthur and Lancelot with great brands extended aloft in combat, Adam bent with love and grief leading Eve out of Para- dise, Cosar shrouded in his mantle receiving his stabs, Greek chariots, locomotives, brazen shields and cuirasses, columbiads, the twelve Apostles, the stock exchange. It is a green dance of all things and times. The edges of the stream are further defined by flowers and water-leaves. The tall, blue flags; the ineffable lilies sitting on their round lily-pads like white queens on green thrones; the tiny stars and long ribbons of the water- grasses; the pretty phalanxes of a species of "bonnet" which from a long stem that swings off down-stream along the surface sends up a hundred little graceful stemlets, each bearing a shield-like disk and holding it aloft as the antique soldiers held their bucklers to form the testudo, or tortoise, in attacking. All these border the river in infinite varieties of purfling and chasement. The river itself has an errant fantasy, and takes many shapes. Presently we come to where it seems to fork into four separate curves above and below. "Them's the Windin'-blades," said my raftsman. To look down these lovely vistas is like looking down the dreams of some pure young girl's soul; and the gray moss-bearded trees gravely lean over them in contem- plative attitudes, as if they were studying-in the way strong men should study-the mysteries and sacrednesses and tender depths of some visible reverie of maidenhood. 28 FLORIDA. cushionment; there the vines hang in loops, in pavil- ions, in columns, in arches, in caves, in pyramids, in women's tresses, in harps and lyres, in globular mountain- ranges, in pagodas, domes, minarets, machicolated towers, dogs, belfries, draperies, fish, dragons. Yonder is a bi- zarre congress-Una on her lion, Angelo's Moses, two elephants with howdahs, the Laocoon group, Arthur and Lancelot with great brands extended aloft in combat, Adam bent with love and grief leading Eve out of Para- dise, Cosar shrouded in his mantle receiving his stabs, Greek chariots, locomotives, brazen shields and cuirasses, columbiads, the twelve Apostles, the stock exchange. It is a green dance of all things and times. The edges of the stream are further defined by flowers and water-leaves. The tall, blue flags; the ineffable lilies sitting on their round lily-pads like white queens on green thrones; the tiny stars and long ribbons of the water- grasses; the pretty phalanxes of a species of " bonnet" which from a long stem that swings off down-stream along the surface sends up a hundred little graceful stemlets, each bearing a shield-like disk and holding it aloft as the antique soldiers held their bucklers to form the testudo, or tortoise, in attacking. All these border the river in infinite varieties of purfling and chasement. The river itself has an errant fantasy, and takes many shapes. Presently we come to where it seems to fork into four separate curves above and below. "Them's the Windin'-blades," said my raftsman. To look down these lovely vistas is like looking down the dreams of some pure young girl's soul; and the gray moss-bearded trees gravely lean over them in contem- plative attitudes, as if they were studying-in the way strong men should study-the mysteries and sacrednesses and tender depths of some visible reverie of maidenhood.  THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 19 -And then, after this day of glory, came a night of glory. Down in these deep-shaded lanes it was dark indeed as the night drew on. The stream which had been all day a baldrick of beauty, sometimes blue and sometimes green, now became a black band of mystery. But presently a brilliant flame flares out overhead : they have lighted the pine-knots on top of the pilot-house. The fire advances up these dark sinuosities like a brilliant god that for his mere whimsical pleasure calls the black impenetrable chaos ahead into instantaneous definite forms as he floats along the river-curves. The white columns of the cypress-trunks, the silver-embroidered crowns of the maples, the green-and-white of the lilies along the edges of the stream,--these all come in a con- tinuous apparition out of the bosom of the darkness and retire again: it is endless creation succeeded by endless oblivion. Startled birds suddenly flutter into the light, and after an instant of illuminated flight melt into the darkness. From the perfect silence of these short flights one derives a certain sense of awe. Mystery appears to be about to utter herself in these suddenly-illuminated forms, and then to change her mind and die back into mystery. Now there is a mighty crack and crash : limbs and leaves scrape and scrub along the deck; a little bell tinkles; we stop. In turning a short curve, or rather doubling, the boat has run her nose smack into the right bank, and a projecting stump has thrust itself sheer through the starboard side. Out, Dick! out, Henry! Dick and Henry shuffle forward to the bow, thrust forth their long white pole against a tree-trunk, strain and push and bend to the deck as if they were salaaming the god of night and ad- versity, our bow slowly rounds into the stream, the wheel turns, and we puff quietly along. Somewhere back yonder in the stern Dick is whistling. 3* THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 29 -And then, after this day of glory, came a night of glory. Down in these deep-shaded lanes it was dark indeed as the night drew on. The stream which had been all day a baldrick of beauty, sometimes blue and sometimes green, now became a black band of mystery. But presently a brilliant flame flares out overhead : they have lighted the pine-knots on top of the pilot-house. The fire advances up these dark sinuosities like a brilliant god that for his mere whimsical pleasure calls the black impenetrable chaos ahead into instantaneous definite forms as he floats along the river-curves. The white columns of the cypress-trunks, the silver-embroidered crowns of the maples, the green-and-white of the lilies along the edges of the stream,-these all come in a con- tinuous apparition out of the bosom of the darkness and retire again: it is endless creation succeeded by endless oblivion. Startled birds suddenly flutter into the light, and after an instant of illuminated flight melt into the darkness. From the perfect silence of these short flights one derives a certain sense of awe. Mystery appears to be about to utter herself in these suddenly-illuminated forms, and then to change her mind and die back into mystery. Now there is a mighty crack and crash : limbs and leaves scrape and scrub along the deck; a little bell tinkles; we stop. In turning a short curve, or rather doubling, the boat has run her nose smack into the right bank, and a projecting stump has thrust itself sheer through the starboard side. Out, Dick! out, Henry! Dick and Henry shuffle forward to the bow, thrust forth their long white pole against a tree-trunk, strain and push and bend to the deck as if they were salaaming the god of night and ad- versity, our bow slowly rounds into the stream, the wheel turns, and we puff quietly along. Somewhere back yonder in the stern Dick is whistling. 3* THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 09 -And then, after this day of glory, came a night of glory. Down in these deep-shaded lanes it was dark indeed as the night drew on. The stream which had been all day a baldrick of beauty, sometimes blue and sometimes green, now became a black band of mystery. But presently a brilliant flame flares out overhead: they have lighted the pine-knots on top of the pilot-house. The fire advances up these dark sinuosities like a brilliant god that for his mere whimsical pleasure calls the black impenetrable chaos ahead into instantaneous definite forms as he floats along the river-curves. The white columns of the cypress-trunks, the silver-embroidered crowns of the maples, the green-and-white of the lilies along the edges of the stream,-these all come in a con- tinuous apparition out of the bosom of the darkness and retire again: it is endless creation succeeded by endless oblivion. Startled birds suddenly flutter into the light, and after an instant of illuminated flight melt into the darkness. From the perfect silence of these short flights one derives a certain sense of awe. Mystery appears to be about to utter herself in these suddenly-illuminated forms, and then to change her mind and die back into mystery. Now there is a mighty crack and crash : limbs and leaves scrape and scrub along the deck; a little bell tinkles; we stop. In turning a short curve, or rather doubling, the boat has run her nose smack into the right bank, and a projecting stump has thrust itself sheer through the starboard side. Out, Dick! out, Henry ! Dick and Henry shuffle forward to the bow, thrust forth their long white pole against a tree-trunk, strain and push and bend to the deck as if they were salaaming the god of night and ad- versity, our bow slowly rounds into the stream, the wheel turns, and we puff quietly along. Somewhere back yonder in the stern Dick is whistling. 3*  30 FLORIDA. You should hear him I With the great aperture of his mouth, and the rounding vibratory-surfaces of his thick lips, he gets out a mellow breadth of tone that almost entitles him to rank as an orchestral instrument. Here is his tune: legretto.. It is a genuine plagal cadence. Observe the syncopations marked in this air: they are characteristic of negro music. I have heard negroes change a well-known melody by adroitly syncopating it in this way, so as to give it a bizarre effect scarcely imaginable; and nothing illustrates the negro's natural gifts in the way of keeping a difficult tempo more clearly than his perfect execution of airs thus transformed from simple to complex accentuations. Dick has changed his tune: allegro ! - Da capo, of course, and da capo indefinitely; for it ends on the dominant. The dominant is a chord of progress: no such thing as stopping. It is like dividing ten by nine, and carrying out the decimal remainders: there is always one over. Thus the negro shows that he does not like the ordinary accentuations nor the ordinary cadences of tunes: his ear is primitive. If you will follow the course of Dick's musical reverie-which he now thinks is solely a matter betwixt himself and the night, as be sits bayk yonder in the stern alone-presently you will hear him sing a whole 30 FLORIDA. You should hear him I With the great aperture of his mouth, and the rounding vibratory-surfaces of his thick lips, he gets out a mellow breadth of tone that almost entitles him to rank as an orchestral instrument. Here is his tune: Auoeto c diwtm It is a genuine plagal cadence. Observe the syncopations marked in this air: they are characteristic of negro music. I have heard negroes change a well-known melody by adroitly syncopating it in this way, so as to give it a bizarre effect scarcely imaginable; and nothing illustrates the negro's natural gifts in the way of keeping a difficult tempo more clearly than his perfect execution of airs thus transformed from simple to complex accentuations. Dick has changed his tune: allegro ! Da capo, of course, and da capo indefinitely; for it ends on the dominant. The dominant is a chord of progress : no such thing as stopping. It is like dividing ten by nine, and carrying out the decimal remainders: there is always one over. Thus the negro shows that he does not like the ordinary accentuations nor the ordinary cadences of tunes: his ear is primitive. If you will follow the course of Dick's musical reverie-which he now thinks is solely a matter betwixt himself and the night, as he sits bagk yonder in the stern alone-presently you will hear him sing a whole 30 FLORIDA. You should hear him I With the great aperture of his mouth, and the rounding vibratory-surfaces of his thick lips, he gets out a mellow breadth of tone that almost entitles him to rank as an orchestral instrument. Here is his tune: A-au-gretto. Adjleteeite,, It is a genuine plagal cadence. Observe the syncopations marked in this air: they are characteristic of negro music. I have heard negroes change a well-known melody by adroitly syncopating it in this way, so as to give it a bizarre effect scarcely imaginable; and nothing illustrates the negro's natural gifts in the way of keeping a difficult tempo more clearly than his perfect execution of airs thus transformed from simple to complex accentuations. Dick has changed his tune: allegro! Da capo, of course, and da capo indefinitely; for it ends on the dominant. The dominant is a chord of progress: no such thing as stopping. It is like dividing ten by nine, and carrying out the decimal remainders: there is always one over. Thus the negro shows that hedoes not like the ordinary accentuations nor the ordinary cadences of tunes: his ear is primitive. If you will follow the course of Dick's musical reverie-which he now thinks is solely a matter betwixt himself and the night, as he sits bAGk yonder in the stern alone-presently you will hear him sing a whole  THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 3t minor tune without once using a semitone : the semitone is weak, it is a dilution, it is not vigorous like the whole tone; and I have seen a whole congregation of negroes at night, as they were worshiping in their church with some wild song or other and swaying to and fro with the ecstasy and the glory of it, abandon as by one consent the semitone that should come according to the civilized modus, and sing in its place a big lusty whole tone that would shake any man's soul. It is strange to observe that some of the most magnificent effects in advanced modern music are produced by this same method, notably in the works of Asger Hamerik of Baltimore, and of Edward Grieg of Copenhagen. Any one who has heard Thomas's orchestra lately will have no difficulty in remembering his delight at the beautiful Nordische Suite by the former writer and the piano concerto by the latter. -And then it was bed-time. Let me tell you how to sleep on an Ocklawaha steamer in May. With a small bribe persuade Jim, the steward, to take the mattress out of your berth and lay it slanting just along the railing that incloses the lower part of the deck, in front, and to the left, of the pilot-house. Lie flat-backed down on the same, draw your blanket over you, put your cap on your head in consideration of the night air, fold your arms, say some little prayer or other, and fall asleep with a star looking right down your eye. When you awake in the morning, your night will not seem any longer, any blacker, any less pure than this perfect white blank in the page; and you will feel as new as Adam. -At sunrise, I woke, and found that we were lying with the boat's nose run up against a sandy bank which quickly rose into a considerable hill. A sandy-whiskered native THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 3t minor tune without once using a semitone: the semitone is weak, it is a dilution, it is not vigorous like the whole tone; and I have seen a whole congregation of negroes at night, as they were worshiping in their church with some wild song or other and swaying to and fro with the ecstasy and the glory of it, abandon as by one consent the semitone that should come according to the civilized modus, and sing in its place a big lusty whole tone that would shake any man's soul. It is strange to observe that some of the most magnificent effects in advanced modern music are produced by this same method, notably in the works of Asger Hamerik of Baltimore, and of Edward Grieg of Copenhagen. Any one who has heard Thomas's orchestra lately will have no difficulty in remembering his delight at the beautiful Nordische Suite by the former writer and the piano concerto by the latter. -And then it was bed-time. Let me tell you how to sleep on an Ocklawaha steamer in May. With a small bribe persuade Jim, the steward, to take the mattress out of your berth and lay it slanting just along the railing that incloses the lower part of the deck, in front, and to the left, of the pilot-house. Lie flat-backed down on the same, draw your blanket over you, put your cap on your head in consideration of the night air, fold your arms, say some little prayer or other, and fall asleep with a star looking right down your eye. When you awake in the morning, your night will not seem any longer, any blacker, any less pure than this perfect white blank in the page; and you will feel as new as Adam. -At sunrise, I woke, and found that we were lying with the boat's nose run up against a sandy bank which quickly rose into a considerable hill. A sandy-whiskered native THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 3t minor tune without once using a semitone: the semitone is weak, it is a dilution, it is not vigorous like the whole tone; and I have seen a whole congregation of negroes at night, as they were worshiping in their church with some wild song or other and swaying to and fro with the ecstasy and the glory of it, abandon as by one consent the semitone that should come according to the civilized modus, and sing in its place a big lusty whole tone that would shake any man's soul. It is strange to observe that some of the most magnificent effects in advanced modern music are produced by this same method, notably in the works of Asger Hamerik of Baltimore, and of Edward Grieg of Copenhagen. Any one who has heard Thomas's orchestra lately will have no difficulty in remembering his delight at the beautiful Nordische Suite by the former writer and the piano concerto by the latter. -And then it was bed-time. Let me tell you how to sleep on an Ocklawaha steamer in May. With a small bribe persuade Jim, the steward, to take the mattress out of your berth and lay it slanting just along the railing that incloses the lower part of the deck, in front, and to the left, of the pilot-house. Lie flat-backed down on the same, draw your blanket over you, put your cap on your head in consideration of the night air, fold your arms, say some little prayer or other, and fall asleep with a star looking right down your eye. When you awake in the morning, your night will not seem any longer, any blacker, any less pure than this perfect white blank in the page; and you will feel as new as Adam. -At sunrise, I woke, and found that we were lying with the boat's nose run up against a sandy bank which quickly rose into a considerable hill. A sandy-whiskered native  32 FLORIDA. came down from the pine cabin on the knoll. "How air ye?" he sung out to the skipper, with an evident ex- pectation in his voice. "Got any freight fur me?" The skipper handed him a heavy parcel, in brown paper. He examined it keenly with all his eyes, felt it over carefully with all his fingers; his countenance fell, and the shadow of a great despair came over it. "Look-a-here," he said, "haint you brought me no terbacker?" " Not unless it's in that bundle," said the skipper. "Hell !" he said, "hit's nuthin' but shot ;" and he turned off into the forest, as we shoved away, with a face like the face of the Apostate Julian when the devils were dragging him down the pit. I would have let my heart go out in sympathy to this man-for his agonizing after terbacker, ere the next week bring the Marion again, is not a thing to be laughed at- had I not believed that he was one of the vanilla-gather. ers. You must know that in the low grounds of the Ocklawaha grows what is called the vanilla-plant-a plant with a leaf much like that of tobacco when dried. This leaf is now extensively used to adulterate cheap chewing- tobacco, and the natives along the Ocklawaha drive a considerable trade in gathering it. The process of this commerce is exceedingly simple: and the bills drawn against the consignments are primitive. The officer in charge of the Marion showed me several of the communi- cations received at various landings during our journey, which accompanied small shipments of the spurious weed. They were generally about as follows: "DEER SIR "i send you one bag Verneller, pleeze fetch one par of shus numb 8 and af enny over fetch twelve yards hoamspin. "Yrs trly 32 FLORIDA. came down from the pine cabin on the knoll. "How air ye?" he sung out to the skipper, with an evident ex- pectation in his voice. "Got any freight fur me?" The skipper handed him a heavy parcel, in brown paper. He examined it keenly with all his eyes, felt it over carefully with all his fingers; his countenance fell, and the shadow of a great despair came over it. "Look-a-here," he said, "haint you brought me no terbacker?" " Not unless it's in that bundle," said the skipper. "Hell!" he said, "hit's nuthin' but shot ;" and he turned off into the forest, as we shoved away, with a face like the face of the Apostate Julian when the devils were dragging him down the pit. I would have let my heart go out in sympathy to this man-for his agonizing after terbacker, ere the next week bring the Marion again, is not a thing to be laughed at- had I not believed that he was one of the vanilla-gather- ers. You must know that in the low grounds of the Ocklawaha grows what is called the vanilla-plant-a plant with a leaf much like that of tobacco when dried. This leaf is now extensively used to adulterate cheap chewing- tobacco, and the natives along the Ocklawaha drive a considerable trade in gathering it. The process of this commerce is exceedingly simple: and the bills drawn against the consignments are primitive. The officer in charge of the Marion showed me several of the communi- cations received at various landings during our journey, which accompanied small shipments of the spurious weed. They weere generally about as follows: "DEER SIR "i send you one bag Verneller, pleeze fetch one par of shus numb 8 and ef enny over fetch twelve yards hoamspin. "Yrs trly 32 FLORIDA. came down from the pine cabin on the knoll. "How air ye?" he sung out to the skipper, with an evident ex- pectation in his voice. "Got any freight fur me?" The skipper handed him a heavy parcel, in brown paper. He examined it keenly with all his eyes, felt it over carefully with all his fingers; his countenance fell, and the shadow of a great despair came over it. "Look-a-here," he said, "haint you brought me no terbacker ?' " Not unless it's in that bundle," said the skipper. "Hell !" he said, "hit's nuthin' but shot ;" and he turned off into the forest, as we shoved away, with a face like the face of the Apostate Julian when the devils were dragging him down the pit. I would have let my heart go out in sympathy to this man-for his agonizing after terbacker, ere the next week bring the Marion again, is not a thing to be laughed at- had I not believed that he was one of the vanilla-gather- ers. You must know that in the low grounds of the Ocklawaha grows what is called the vanilla-plant-a plant with a leaf much like that of tobacco when dried. This leaf is now extensively used to adulterate cheap chewing- tobacco, and the natives along the Ocklawaha drive a considerable trade in gathering it. The process of this commerce is exceedingly simple: and the bills drawn against the consignments are primitive. The officer in charge of the Marion showed me several of the communi- cations received at various landings during our journey, which accompanied small shipments of the spurious weed. They were generally about as follows : "DEER SIR " i send you one bag Verneller, pleeze fetch one par of shus numb 8 and ef enny over fetch twelve yards hoamspin. " Ys trly  7 v pG ,. _ ¢ aF I. ++ _ H lot i c o i u S 9 e i v A LANDING ON THE OCKLAWAHA. A LANDING ON THE OCKLAWAHA. A LANDING ON THE OCKLAWAHA.   THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 35 The captain of the steamer takes the bags to Pilatka, barters the vanilla for the articles specified, and distributes these on the next trip to their respective owners. In a short time we came to the junction of the river formed by the irruption of Silver Spring (" Silver Spring Run") with the Ocklawaha proper. Here new aston- ishments befell. The water of the Ocklawaha, which had before seemed clear enough, now showed but like a muddy stream as it flowed side by side, unmixing for some distance, with the Silver Spring water. The Marion now left the Ocklawaha and turned into the Run. How shall one speak quietly of this journey over transparency? The Run is very deep: the white bottom seems hollowed out in a continual succession of large spherical holes, whose entire contents of darting fish, of under-mosses, of flowers, of submerged trees, of lily-stems, and of grass-ribbons revealed themselves to us through the lucent fluid as we sailed along thereover. The long series of convex bodies of water filling these white concavities impressed one like a chain of globular worlds composed of a transparent lymph. Great numbers of keen-snouted, blade-bodied gar-fish shot to and fro in unceasing motion beneath us: it seemed as if the underworlds were filled with a multitude of crossing sword-blades wielded in tire- less thrust and parry by invisible arms. The shores, too, had changed. They now opened out into clear savannas, overgrown with a broad-leafed grass to a perfect level two or three feet above the water, and stretching back to boundaries of cypress and oaks; and occasionally, as we passed one of these expanses curving into the forest, with a diameter of a half-mile, a single palmetto might be seen in or near the centre,-perfect type of that lonesome solitude which the German names Einsamkeit-onesomeness. Then again, the cypress and THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 35 The captain of the steamer takes the bags to Pilatka, barters the vanilla for the articles specified, and distributes these on the next trip to their respective owners. In a short time we came to the junction of the river formed by the irruption of Silver Spring ("Silver Spring Run") with the Ocklawaha proper. Here new aston- ishments befell. The water of the Ocklawaha, which had before seemed clear enough, now showed but like a muddy stream as it flowed side by side, unmixing for some distance, with the Silver Spring water. The Marion now left the Ocklawaha and turned into the Run. How shall one speak quietly of this journey over transparency? The Run is very deep: the white bottom seems hollowed out in a continual succession of large spherical holes, whose entire contents of darting fish, of under-mosses, of flowers, of submerged trees, of lily-stems, and of grass-ribbons revealed themselves to us through the lucent fluid as we sailed along thereover. The long series of convex bodies of water filling these white concavities impressed one like a chain of globular worlds composed of a transparent lymph. Great numbers of keen-snouted, blade-bodied gar-fish shot to and fro in unceasing motion beneath us: it seemed as if the underworlds were filled with a multitude of crossing sword-blades wielded in tire- less thrust and parry by invisible arms. The shores, too, had changed. They now opened out into clear savannas, overgrown with a broad-leafed grass to a perfect level two or three feet above the water, and stretching back to boundaries of cypress and oaks; and occasionally, as we passed one of these expanses curving into the forest, with a diameter of a half-mile, a single palmetto might be seen in or near the centre,-perfect type of that lonesome solitude which the German names Einsamkrit-onesomeness. Then again, the cypress and THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 35 The captain of the steamer takes the bags to Pilatka, barters the vanilla for the articles specified, and distributes these on the next trip to their respective owners. In a short time we came to the junction of the river formed by the irruption of Silver Spring (" Silver Spring Run") with the Ocklawaha proper. Here new aston- ishments befell. The water of the Ocklawaha, which had before seemed clear enough, now showed but like a muddy stream as it flowed side by side, unmixing for some distance, with the Silver Spring water. The Marion now left the Ocklawaha and turned into the Run. How shall one speak quietly of this journey over transparency? The Run is very deep: the white bottom seems hollowed out in a continual succession of large spherical holes, whose entire contents of darting fish, of under-mosses, of flowers, of submerged trees, of lily-stems, and of grass-ribbons revealed themselves to us through the lucent fluid as we sailed along thereover. The long series of convex bodies of water filling these white concavities impressed one like a chain of globular worlds composed of a transparent lymph. Great numbers of keen-snouted, blade-bodied gar-fish shot to and fro in unceasing motion beneath us: it seemed as if the underworlds were filled with a multitude of crossing sword-blades wielded in tire- less thrust and parry by invisible arms. The shores, too, had changed. They now opened out into clear savannas, overgrown with a broad-leafed grass to a perfect level two or three feet above the water, and stretching back to boundaries of cypress and oaks; and occasionally, as we passed one of these expanses curving into the forest, with a diameter of a half-mile, a single palmetto might be seen in or near the centre,-perfect type of that lonesome solitude which the German names Einsamkeit-onesomeness. Then again, the cypress and  36 FLORIDA. palmettos would swarm to the stream and line its banks. Thus for nine miles, counting our gigantic rosary of water- wonders and lovelinesses, we fared on. Then we rounded to, in the very bosom of the Silver Spring itself, and came to wharf. Here there were ware- houses, a turpentine distillery, men running about with boxes of freight and crates of Florida cucumbers for the Northern market, country stores with wondrous assortments _ of goods-fiddles, clothes, physic, gro- ceries, school-books, what not-and a t little farther up the shore, a tavern. I - ,t,) learned, in a hasty way, PALMETTO, wITH PARASITES. that Ocala was five miles distant, that one could get a very good conveyance from the tavern to that place, and that on the next day-Sunday-a stage would leave Ocala for Gainesville, some forty miles dis- tant, being the third relay of the long stage-line which runs three times a week between Tampa and Gainesville, via Brooksville and Ocala. Then the claims of scientific fact and of guide-book information could hold me no longer. I ceased to ac- quire knowledge, and got me back to the wonderful spring, 36 FLORIDA. palmettos would swarm to the stream and line its banks. Thus for nine miles, counting our gigantic rosary of water- wonders and lovelinesses, we fared on. Then we rounded to, l J. gg, in the very bosom of the Silver Spring itself, and came to wharf. Here there were ware- houses, a turpentine f distillery, teen running about with boxes of ' gi \ freight and crates of Florida cucumbers for the Northern market, '- country stores with wondrous assortments - of goods-fiddles, clothes, physic, gro- ceries, school-books, what not -and a little farther up the -4 giL''-shore, a tavern. I - learned, in a hasty way, PALMETTo, wITH PARAsITES. that Ocala was five miles distant, that one could get a very good conveyance from the tavern to that place, and that on the next day-Sunday-a stage would leave Ocala for Gainesville, some forty miles dis- tant, being the third relay of the long stage-line which runs three times a week between Tampa and Gainesville, via Brooksville and Ocala. Then the claims of scientific fact and of guide-book information could hold me no longer. I ceased to ac- quire knowledge, and got me back to the wonderful spring, 36 FLORIDA. palmettos would swarm to the stream and line its banks. Thus for nine miles, counting our gigantic rosary of water- wonders and lovelinesses, we fared on. Then we rounded to, in the very bosom of the Silver Spring itself, and came to wharf. YEMMM M Here there were ware- '' ff'}t houses, a turpentine distillery, men running about with boxes of freight and crates of Florida cucumbers for the Northern market, country stores with wondrous assortments _ of goods-fiddles, - clothes, physic, gro- ceries, school-books, -' what not -and a little farther up the shore, a tavern. I -t learned, in a hasty way, PALMETTO, WITH PARASITEs. that Ocala was five miles distant, that one could get a very good conveyance from the tavern to that place, and that on the next day-Sunday-a stage would leave Ocala for Gainesville, some forty miles dis- tant, being the third relay of the long stage-line which runs three times a week between Tampa and Gainesville, via Brooksville and Ocala. Then the claims of scientific fact and of guide-book information could hold me no longer. I ceased to ac- quire knowledge, and got me back to the wonderful spring,  THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. drifting over it, face downwards, as over a new world of delight. 5,, THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER. 37 drifting over it, face downwards, as over a new world of delight. THE OCXLAWAHA RIVER. 37 drifting over it, face downwards, as over a new world of delight. al r, , I - k - It is sixty feet deep a few feet off shore, and covers an irregular space of several acres before contracting into its outlet--the Run. But this sixty feet does not at all repre- sent the actual impression or depth which one receives, as one looks through the superincumbent water down to the 4 It is sixty feet deep a few feet off shore, and covers an irregular space of several acres before contracting into its outlet-the Run. But this sixty feet does not at all repre- sent the actual impression or depth which one receives, as one looks through the superincumbent water down to the 4 It is sixty feet deep a few feet off shore, and covers an irregular space of several acres before contracting into its outlet--the Run. But this sixty feet does not at all repre- sent the actual impression or depth which one receives, as one looks through the superincumbent water down to the 4  38 FLORIDA. clearly-revealed bottom. The distinct sensation is, that although the bottom there is clearly seen, and although all the objects in it are of their natural size, undiminished by any narrowing of the visual angle, yet it and they are seen from a great distance. It is as if depth itself-that subtle abstraction-had been compressed intoa crystal lymph, one inch of which would represent miles of ordinary depth. As one rises from gazing into these quaint profundities and glances across the broad surface of the spring, one's eye is met by a charming mosaic of brilliant hues. The water-plain varies in color, according to what it lies upon. Over the pure white limestone and shells of the bottom it is perfect malachite green ; over the water grass it is a much darker green; over the sombre moss it is that rich brown-and-green which Bodmer's forest-engravings so vividly suggest; over neutral bottoms it reflects the sky's or the clouds' colors. All these views are further varied by mixture with the manifold shades of foliage-reflections cast from overhanging boscage near the shore, and still further by the angle of the observer's eye. One would think these elements of color-variation were numerous enough ; but they were not nearly all. Presently the splash of an oar in a distant part of the spring sent a succession of ripples circling over the pool. Instantly it broke into a thousand-fold prism. Every ripple was a long curve of variegated sheen. The fundamental hues of the pool when at rest were distributed into innumerable ka- leidoscopic flashes and brilliancies, the multitudes of fish became multitudes of animated gems, and the prismatic lights seemed actually to waver and play through their trans- lucent bodies, until the whole spring, in a great blaze of sunlight, shone like an enormous fluid jewel that without decreasing forever lapsed away upward in successive ex- halations of dissolving sheens and glittering colors. 38 FLORIDA. clearly-revealed bottom. The distinct sensation is, that although the bottom there is clearly seen, and although all the objects in it are of their natural size, undiminished by any narrowing of the visual angle, yet it and they are seen from a great distance. It is as if depth itself-that subtle abstraction-had been compressed into a crystal lymph, one inch of which would represent miles of ordinary depth. As one rises from gazing into these quaint profundities and glances across the broad surface of the spring, one's eye is met by a charming mosaic of brilliant hues. The water-plain varies in color, according to what it lies upon. Over the pure white limestone and shells of the bottom it is perfect malachite green ; over the water grass it is a much darker green; over the sombre moss it is that rich brown-and-green which Bodmer's forest-engravings so vividly suggest ; over neutral bottoms it reflects the sky's or the clouds' colors. All these views are further varied by mixture with the manifold shades of foliage-reflections cast from overhanging boscage near the shore, and still further by the angle of the observer's eye. One would think these elements of color-variation were numerous enough ; but they were not nearly all. Presently the splash of an oar in a distant part of the spring sent a succession of ripples circling over the pool. Instantly it broke into a thousand-fold prism. Every ripple was a long curve of variegated sheen. The fundamental hues of the pool when at rest were distributed into innumerable ka- leidoscopic flashes and brilliancies, the multitudes of fish became multitudes of animated gems, and the prismatic lights seemed actually to waver and play through their trans- lucent bodies, until the whole spring, in a great blaze of sunlight, shone like an enormous fluid jewel that without decreasing forever lapsed away upward in successive ex- halations of dissolving sheens and glittering colors. 38 FLORIDA. clearly-revealed bottom. The distinct sensation is, that although the bottom there is clearly seen, and although all the objects in it are of their natural size, undiminished by any narrowing of the visual angle, yet it and they are seen from a great distance. It is as if depth itself-that subtle abstraction-had been compressed intoacrystal lymph, one inch of which would represent miles of ordinary depth. As one rises from gazing into these quaint profundities and glances across the broad surface of the spring, one's eye is met by a charming mosaic of brilliant hues. The water-plain varies in color, according to what it lies upon. Over the pure white limestone and shells of the bottom it is perfect malachite green ; over the water grass it is a much darker green; over the sombre moss it is that rich brown-and-green which Bodmer's forest-engravings so vividly suggest ; over neutral bottoms it reflects the sky's or the clouds' colors. All these views are further varied by mixture with the manifold shades of foliage-reflections cast from overhanging boscage near the shore, and still further by the angle of the observer's eye. One would think these elements of color-variation were numerous enough ; but they were not nearly all. Presently the splash of an oar in a distant part of the spring sent a succession of ripples circling over the pool. Instantly it broke into a thousand-fold prism. Every ripple was a long curve of variegated sheen. The fundamental hues of the pool when at rest were distributed into innumerable ka- leidoscopic flashes and brilliancies, the multitudes of fish became multitudes of animated gems, and the prismatic lights seemed actually to waver and play through their trans- lucent bodies, until the whole spring, in a great blaze of sunlight, shone like an enormous fluid jewel that without decreasing forever lapsed away upward in successive ex- halations of dissolving sheens and glittering colors.  CHAPTER III. ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. A SAILOR has just yawned. It is seven o'clock, of an April morning such as does not come anywhere in the world except at St. Augustine or on the Gulf Coast of Florida,-a morning woven out of some miraculous tissue, which shows two shimmering aspects, the one stillness, the other glory,-a morning which mingles infinite repose with infinite glittering, as if God should smile in his sleep. On such a morning there is but one thing to do in St. Augustine : it is to lie thus on the sea-wall, with your legs dangling down over the green sea-water, lazaretto-fashion; your arms over your head, caryatid-fashion; and your eyes gazing straight up into heaven, lover-fashion. The sailor's yawn is going to be immortal: it is re- appearing like the Hindoo god in ten thousand avatars of echoes. The sea-wall is now refashioning it into a sea- wall yawn ; the green island over across the water there yawns; now the brick pillars of the market-house are yawning; in turn something in the air over beyond the island yawns; now it is this side's time again. Listen ! in the long pier yonder, which runs out into the water as if it were a continuation of the hotel-piazza, every separate pile is giving his own various interpretation of the yawn: it runs down them like a forefinger down piano-keys, even to the farthest one, whose idea of this yawn seems to be that it was a mere whisper. 39 CHAPTER IIL ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. A SAILOR has just yawned. It is seven o'clock, of an April morning such as does not come anywhere in the world except at St. Augustine or on the Gulf Coast of Florida,-a morning woven out of some miraculous tissue, which shows two shimmering aspects, the one stillness, the other glory,-a morning which mingles infinite repose with infinite glittering, as if God should smile in his sleep. On such a morning there is but one thing to do in St. Augustine: it is to lie thus on the sea-wall, with your legs dangling down over the green sea-water, lazaretto-fashion; your arms over your head, caryatid-fashion; and your eyes gazing straight up into heaven, lover-fashion. The sailor's yawn is going to be immortal: it is re- appearing like the Hindoo god in ten thousand avatars of echoes. The sea-wall is now refashioning it into a sea- wall yawn ; the green island over across the water there yawns; now the brick pillars of the market-house are yawning; in turn something in the air over beyond the island yawns; now it is this side's time again. Listen ! in the long pier yonder, which runs out into the water as if it were a continuation of the hotel-piazza, every separate pile is giving his own various interpretation of the yawn: it runs down them like a forefinger down piano-keys, even to the farthest one, whose idea of this yawn seems to be that it was a mere whisper. 39 CHAPTER III. ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. A SAILOR has just yawned. It is seven o'clock, of an April morning such as does not come anywhere in the world except at St. Augustine or on the Gulf Coast of Florida,-a morning woven out of soume miraculous tissue, which shows two shimmering aspects, the one stillness, the other glory,-a morning which mingles infinite repose with infinite glittering, as if God should smile in his sleep. On such a morning there is but one thing to do in St. Augustine: it is to lie thus on the sea-wall, with your legs dangling down over the green sea-water, lazaretto-fashion; your arms over your head, caryatid-fashion; and your eyes gazing straight up into heaven, lover-fashion. The sailor's yawn is going to be immortal: it is re- appearing like the Hindoo god in ten thousand avatars of echoes. The sea-wall is now refashioning it into a sea- wall yawn ; the green island over across the water there yawns; now the brick pillars of the market-house are yawning; in turn something in the air over beyond the island yawns ; now it is this side's time again. Listen ! in the long pier yonder, which runs out into the water as if it were a continuation of the hotel-piazza, every separate pile is giving his own various interpretation of the yawn: it runs down them like a forefinger down piano-keys, even to the farthest one, whose idea of this yawn seems to be that it was a mere whisper. 39  40 FLORIDA. The silence here in the last of April does not have many sounds, one observes, and therefore makes the most of any such airy flotsam and jetsam as come its way. 40 FLORIDA. The silence here in the last of April does not have many sounds, one observes, and therefore makes the most of any such airy flotsam and jetsam as come its way. 40 FLORIDA. The silence here in the last of April does not have many sounds, one observes, and therefore makes the most of any such airy flotsam and jetsam as come its way. a t 0 x F w m W a For the visitors-those of them who make a noise with dancing of nights and with trooping of mornings along the Plaza de la Constitucion-are gone; the brood of For the visitors-those of them who make a noise with dancing of nights and with trooping of mornings along the Plaza de la Constitucion-are gone; the brood of For the visitors-those of them who make a noise with dancing of nights and with trooping of mornings along the Plaza de la Constitucion-are gone; the brood of  ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 41 pleasure-boats are all asleep in "the Basin"; practically the town belongs for twenty-three hours of each day to the sixteenth century. The twenty-fourth hour, during which the nineteenth claims its own, is when the little locomotive whistles out at the depot three-quarters of a mile off, the omnibus rolls into town with the mail- there are no passengers-the people gather at the post- office, and everybody falls to reading the Northern papers. Two months earlier it was not so. Then the actual present took every hour that every day had. The St. Augustine, the Florida, the Magnolia, three pleasant hotels, with a shoal of smaller public and private board- ing-houses, were filled with people thoroughly alive; the lovely sailing-grounds around the harbor were all in a white zigzag with races of the yacht-club and with more leisurely mazes of the pleasure-boat fleet; one could not have lain on the sea-wall on one's back without galling disturbance at every moment; and as for a yawn, people do not yawn in St. Augustine in February. There are many persons who have found occasion to carp at this sea-wall, and to revile the United States Gov- ernment for having gone to the great expense involved in its construction, with no other result than that of furnishing a promenade for lovers. But these are ill-advised per- sons: it is easily demonstrable that this last is one of the most legitimate functions of government. Was not the encouragement of marriage a direct object of many noted Roman laws? And why should not the Government of the United States "protect" true love as well as pig-iron? Viewed purely from the stand-point of political economy, is not the former full as necessary to the existence of the State as the latter? Whatever may have been the motives of the federal authorities in building it, its final cause, causa causans, 4* ST AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 41 pleasure-boats are all asleep in "the Basin"; practically the town belongs for twenty-three hours of each day to the sixteenth century. The twenty-fourth hour, during which the nineteenth claims its own, is when the little locomotive whistles out at the depot three-quarters of a mile off, the omnibus rolls into town with the mail- there are no passengers-the people gather at the post- office, and everybody falls to reading the Northern papers. Two months earlier it was not so. Then the actual present took every hour that every day had. The St. Augustine, the Florida, the Magnolia, three pleasant hotels, with a shoal of smaller public and private board- ing-houses, were filled with people thoroughly alive; the lovely sailing-grounds around the harbor were all in a white zigzag with races of the yacht-club and with more leisurely mazes of the pleasure-boat fleet; one could not have lain on the sea-wall on one's back without galling disturbance at every moment; and as for a yawn, people do not yawn in St. Augustine in February. There are many persons who have found occasion to carp at this sea-wall, and to revile the United States Gov- ernment for having gone to the great expense involved in its construction, with no other result than that of furnishing a promenade for lovers. But these are ill-advised per- sons: it is easily demonstrable that this last is one of the most legitimate functions of government. Was not the encouragement of marriage a direct object of many noted Roman laws? And why should not the Government of the United States " protect" true love as well as pig-iron? Viewed purely from the stand-point of political economy, is not the former full as necessary to the existence of the State as the latter? Whatever may have been the motives of the federal authorities in building it, its final cause, causa cusauns, 4* ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 41 pleasure-boats are all asleep in " the Basin"; practically the town belongs for twenty-three hours of each day to the sixteenth century. The twenty-fourth hour, during which the nineteenth claims its own, is when the little locomotive whistles out at the depot three-quarters of a mile off, the omnibus rolls into town with the mail- there are no passengers-the people gather at the post- office, and everybody falls to reading the Northern papers. Two months earlier it was not so. Then the actual present took every hour that every day had. The St. Augustine, the Florida, the Magnolia, three pleasant hotels, with a shoal of smaller public and private board- ing-houses, were filled with people thoroughly alive; the lovely sailing-grounds around the harbor were all in a white zigzag with races of the yacht-club and with more leisurely mazes of the pleasure-boat fleet; one could not have lain on the sea-wall on one's back without galling disturbance at every moment; and as for a yawn, people do not yawn in St. Augustine in February. There are many persons who have found occasion to carp at this sea-wall, and to revile the United States Gov- ernment for having gone to the great expense involved in its construction, with no other result than that of furnishing a promenade for lovers. But these are ill-advised per- sons: it is easily demonstrable that this last is one of the most legitimate functions of government. Was not the encouragement of marriage a direct object of many noted Roman laws? And why should not the Government of the United States " protect" true love as well as pig-iron? Viewed purely from the stand-point of political economy, is not the former full as necessary to the existence of the State as the latter? Whatever may have been the motives of the federal authorities in building it, its final cause, causa causans, 4*  42 FLORIDA. is certainly love; and there is not a feature of its construc- tion which does not seem to have been calculated solely with reference to some phase of that passion. It is just wide enough for two to walk side by side with the least trifle of pressure together ; it is as smooth as the course of true love is not, and yet there are certain re-en- tering angles in it (where the stair- ways come up) at which one is as apt a to break one's neck 8 asoneistobeflirted ' with, and in which, therefore, every man ought to per- ceive a reminder in stone of either ca- tastrophe; it has on one side the sea, ex- haling suggestions of foam-born Venus and fickleness, and on the other the land, with the Bay Street residences wholesomely whispering of settlements and housekeeping bills; it runs at its very beginning in front of the United States barracks, and so at once flouts War in the face, and 42 FLORIDA. is certainly love; and there is not a feature of its construc- tion which does not seem to have been calculated solely with reference to some phase of that passion. It is just wide enough for two to walk side by side with the least trifle of pressure together; it is as smooth as the course of true love is not, and yet there - are certain re-en- - tering angles in it t (where the stair- ways come up) at Swhich one is as apt to break one's neck o asoneistobeflirted with, and in which, therefore, every man ought to per- ceive a reminder in - stone of either ca- tastrophe; it has on one side the sea, ex- haling suggestions of foam-born Venus and fickleness, and on the other the land, with the Bay Street residences wholesomely whispering of settlements and housekeeping bills; it runs at its very beginning in front of the United States barracks, and so at once flouts War in the face, and 42 FLORIDA. is certainly love; and there is not a feature of its construc- tion which does not seem to have been calculated solely with reference to some phase of that passion. It is just wide enough for two to walk side by side with the least trifle of pressure together ; it is as r smooth as the > tcourse of true love is not, and yet there are certaim re-en- - tering angles in it - m (where the stair- -' -Sways come up) at which one is as apt a to break one's neck F asoneistobeflirted with, and in which, therefore, every r man ought to per- ceive a reminder in stone of either ca- tastrophe; it has on ; t one side the sea, ex- haling suggestions of foam-born Venus and fickleness, and on the other the land, with the Bay Street residences wholesomely whispering of settlements and housekeeping bills; it runs at its very beginning in front of the United States barracks, and so at once flouts War in the face, and  ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 43 pursues its course,-happy omen!-towards old Fort Marion, where strife long ago gave way to quiet warmths of sunlight, and where the wheels of the cannon have be- come trellises for peaceful vines; and finally it ends How shall a man describe this spot where it ends? With but a step the promenader passes the drawbridge, the moat, the portcullis, edges along the left wall, ascends a few steps, and emerges into the old Barbican. What, then, is in the Barbican? Nothing : it is an oddly-angled inclosure of gray stone, walling round a high knoll where some grass and a blue flower or two appear. Yet it is Love's own trysting-place. It speaks of love, love only: the volubility of its quietude on this topic is as great as Chaucer has described his own : For he hath told of lovers up and down, Moo than Ovid made of mencioun In his Epistelles that ben so olde. What schuld I tellen hem, syn they be tolde? In youthe he made of Coys and Alcioun, And siththe hath he spoke of everychon, These noble wyfes, and these lovers eeke. Whose wole his large volume seeke Cleped the seints legendes of Cupide, Ther may he see the large woundes wyde Of Lucresse, and of Babiloun Tysbee; The sore of Dido for the fals Enee; The dree of Philles for hir Demephon; The pleynt of Diane and of Ermyon, Of Adrian, and of Ysyphilee; The barren yle stondyng in the see; The dreynt Leandere for his fayre Erro: The teeres of Eleyn, and eek the woe Of Bryxseyde, and of Ledomia; The crueltl of the queen Medea, The litel children hanging by the hats For thilke Jason, that was of love so fals. ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 43 pursues its course,-happy omen!-towards old Fort Marion, where strife long ago gave way to quiet warmths of sunlight, and where the wheels of the cannon have be- come trellises for peaceful vines; and finally it ends- How shall a man describe this spot where it ends? With but a step the promenader passes the drawbridge, the moat, the portcullis, edges along the left wall, ascends a few steps, and emerges into the old Barbican. What, then, is in the Barbican? Nothing : it is an oddly-angled inclosure of gray stone, walling round a high knoll where some grass and a blue flower or two appear. Yet it is Love's own trysting-place. It speaks of love, love only: the volubility of its quietude on this topic is as great as Chaucer has described his own: For he hath told of lovers up and down, Moo than Ovid made of mencioun In his Epistelles that ben so olde. What schuld I tellen hem, syn they be tolde? In youthe he made of Coys and Alcioun, And siththe bath he spoke of everychon, These noble wyfes, and these lovers eeke. Whose wole his large volume seeke Cleped the saints legendes of Cupide, Ther may he see the large woundes wyde Of Lucresse, and of Babitlu Tysbee; The sore of Dido for the fals Enee; The dree of Philles for hir Demephon; The pleynt of Diane and of Ermyon, Of Adrian, and of Ysyphilee; The barren yle stondyng in the see; The dreynt Leandere for his fayre Errn: The teeres of Eleyn, and eek the woe Of Bryxseyde, and of Ledomia; The cruelte of the queen Medea, The litel children hanging by the hals For thilke Jason, that was of love so fats. ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 43 pursues its course,-happy omen!--towards old Fort Marion, where strife long ago gave way to quiet warmths of sunlight, and where the wheels of the cannon have be- come trellises for peaceful vines; and finally it ends- How shall a man describe this spot where it ends? With but a step the promenader passes the drawbridge, the moat, the portcullis, edges along the left wall, ascends a few steps, and emerges into the old Barbican. What, then, is in the Barbican ? Nothing : it is an oddly-angled inclosure of gray stone, walling round a high knoll where some grass and a blue flower or two appear. Yet it is Love's own trysting-place. It speaks of love, love only: the volubility of its quietude on this topic is as great as Chaucer has described his own : For he hath told of lovers up and down, Moo than Ovid made of mencioun In his Epistelles that ben so olde. What schuld I tellen hem, syn they he tolde? In youthe he made of Cays and Alcioun, And siththe hath he spoke of everychon, These noble wyfes, and these lovers eeke. Whose wole his large volume seeke Cleped the saints legendes of Cupide, Ther may he see the large woundes wyde Of Lucresse, and of Babiloun Tysbee; The sorwe of Dido for the fatls Enee; The dree of Philles for hir Demephon; The pleynt of Diane and of Ermyon, Of Adrian, and of Ysyphilee; The barren yle stondyng in the see; The dreynt Leandere for his fayre Erro: The teeres of Eleyn, and eek the woe Of Bryxseyde, and of Ledomia; The cruelte of the queen Medea, The litel children hanging by the halts For thilke Jason, that was of love so fats.  44 FLORIDA. O Ypermestre, Penollope, and Alceste, Youre wyfhood he comendeth with the beste. But certaynly no worde writeth he Of thilke wikked ensample of Canace, That loved her owen brother synfully! On whiche corsed stories I seye fy ! Thus the Barbican discourses of true love to him who can hear. I am per- suaded that Dante _ -_ and Beatrice, Abe- lard and Heloise, _ Petrarch and Laura Leander and Hero, keep their tender appointments here. The Barbican is love-making already - - u made. It is com- ENTRANc, nORT SAN MAuCO. plete Yes, done in stone and grass. The things which one does in St. Augustine in Feb- ruary become in April the things which one placidly hears that one ought to do, and lies still on one's back on the sea-wall and dangles one's legs. There is the pleasant avenue, for instance, by which the omnibus coming from the depot enters the town after crossing the bridge over the San Sebastian River. It runs between the grounds of Senator Gilbert on the right (entering town), and the lovely orange-groves, avenues, cedar-hedges, and mulberry-trees which cluster far back from the road about the residences of Dr. Anderson and of Mr. Ball. The latter gentleman is of the well-known firm of Ball, Black & Co., of New York, and has built one of the handsomest residences in Florida here on the old "Buckingham Smith Place." 44 FLORIDA. O Ypermestre, Penollope, and Alceste, Youre wyfhood he comendeth with the beste. But certaynly no worde writeth he Of thilke wikked ensample of Canace, That loved her Owen brother synfully I On whiche corsed stories I seye fy ! Thus the Barbican discourses of true love to him who can hear. I am per- suaded that Dante and Beatrice, Abe- lard and Heloise, Petrarch and Laura Leander and Hero, keep their tender appointments here. The Barbican is love-making already ' r - made. It is com- ENtTRANCE, For SAN MARcO, plete Yes, done in stone and grass. The things which one does in St. Augustine in Feb- ruary become in April the things which one placidly hears that one ought to do, and lies still on one's back on the sea-wall and dangles one's legs. There is the pleasant avenue, for instance, by which the omnibus coming from the depot enters the town after crossing the bridge over the San Sebastian River. It runs between the grounds of Senator Gilbert on the right (entering town), and the lovely orange-groves, avenues, cedar-hedges, and mulberry-trees which cluster far back from the road about the residences of Dr. Anderson and of Mr. Ball. The latter gentleman is of the well-known firm of Ball, Black & Co., of New York, and has built one of the handsomest residences in Florida here on the old "Buckingham Smith Place." 44 FLORIDA. O Ypermestre, Penolope, and Alceste, Youre wyfhood he comendeth with the beste. But cestaynly no worde writeth he Of thilke wikked ensample of Canace, That loved her owen brother synfully! On whiche corsed stories I seye fy l Thus the Barbican discourses of true love to him who can hear. I am per- suaded that Dante and Beatrice, Abe- lard and Heloise, Petrarch and Laura Leander and Hero, keep their tender appointments here. The Barbican is love-making already S - - made. It is com- ENTRANca FoRT SAN MARCO. plete Yes, done in stone and grass. The things which one does in St. Augustine in Feb- ruary become in April the things which one placidly hears that one ought to do, and lies still on one's back on the sea-wall and dangles one's legs. There is the pleasant avenue, for instance, by which the omnibus coming from the depot enters the town after crossing the bridge over the San Sebastian River. It runs between the grounds of Senator Gilbert on the right (entering town), and the lovely orange-groves, avenues, cedar-hedges, and mulberry-trees which cluster far back from the road about the residences of Dr. Anderson and of Mr. Ball. The latter gentleman is of the well-known firm of Ball, Black & Co., of New York, and has built one of the handsomest residences in Florida here on the old "Buckingham Smith Place."  ST AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 45 Or there are the quaint courts inclosed with jealous high coquina-walls, and giving into cool rich gardens where lemons, oranges, bananas, Japan plums, figs, date-palms, and all manner of tropic flowers and greeneries hide from the northeast winds and sanctify the old Spanish-built homes. One has to be in St. Augustine some time before one realizes, as one passes by these commonplace exteri- ors of whitish houses and whitish walls, the _ unsuspected beauties - stretching back with - - - in. Then there are the - narrow old streets to - be explored - Bay Street, next the water, DATE-PALM. Charlotte, St. George and Tolomato Streets running parallel thereto; or the old rookery of a convent, where the Sisters make lace, looking ten times older for the new convent that is going up not far off; or the old cathedral on the Plaza to peep into, one of whose bells is said to have once hung on the chapel beyond the city gates where the savages murdered the priests; or the Plaza itself -Plaza de la Constitucion - where certain good and loyal persons burned the effigies of Hancock and Adams some hundred years ago; or the Confederate monument on St. George Street, near Bridge, ST AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 45 Or there are the quaint courts inclosed with jealous high coquina-walls, and giving into cool rich gardens where lemons, oranges, bananas, Japan plums, figs, date-palms, and all manner of tropic flowers and greeneries hide from the northeast winds and sanctify the old Spanish-built homes. One has to be in St. Augustine some time before one realizes, as one passes by these - commonplace exteri- ors of whitish houses and whitish walls, the unsuspected beauties stretching back with- - - - Then there are the - narrow old streets to w be explored - Bay Sa Street, next the water, DATE-PALM. Charlotte, St. George and Tolomato Streets running parallel thereto; or the old rookery of a convent, where the Sisters make lace, looking ten times older for the new convent that is going up not far off; or the old cathedral on the Plaza to peep into, one of whose bells is said to have once hung on the chapel beyond the city gates where the savages murdered the priests; or the Plaza itself -Plaza de la Constitucion - where certain good and loyal persons burned the effigies of Hancock and Adams some hundred years ago; or the Confederate monument on St. George Street, near Bridge, ST AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 45 Or there are the quaint courts inclosed with jealous high coquina-walls, and giving into cool rich gardens where lemons, oranges, bananas, Japan plums, figs, date-palms, and all manner of tropic flowers and - greeneries hide from the northeast winds and sanctify the old Spanish-built homes. One has to be in St. Augustine some time before one realizes, as one passes by these commonplace exteri- ors of whitish houses and whitish walls, the - unsuspected beauties - stretching back with- in. Then there are the - narrow old streets to be explored - Bay Street, next the water, DATE-PALM. Charlotte, St. George and Tolomato Streets running parallel thereto, or the old rookery of a convent, where the Sisters make lace, looking ten times older for the new convent that is going up not far off; or the old cathedral on the Plaza to peep into, one of whose bells is said to have once hung on the chapel beyond the city gates where the savages murdered the priests; or the Plaza itself -Plaza de la Constitucion - where certain good and loyal persons burned the effigies of Hancock and Adams some hundred years ago; or the Confederate monument on St. George Street, near Bridge,  46 FLORIDA. where one may muse with profit in a Centennial year; or the City Gate, looking now more like an invitation to enter 46 FLORIDA. where one may muse with profit in a Centennial year; or the City Gate, looking now more like an invitation to enter 46 FLORIDA. where one may muse with profit in a Centennial year; or the City Gate, looking now more like an invitation to enter a THE OLD cATHEDRAL. THE OLD CATHEDRAL. than a hostile defense as it stands peacefully wide open on the grassy banks of the canal which formerly let the San Sebastian waters into the moat around Fort Marion; or a trip to the hat-braiders', to see if there is any new fantasy in palmetto-plaits and grasses ; or an hour's turning over of the photographic views to fill out one's Florida collec- tion ; or a search after a leopard-skin sea-bean. Or there is a sail over to the North Beach, or to the South Beach, or to the high sand-dunes from which than a hostile defense as it stands peacefully wide open on the grassy banks of the canal which formerly let the San Sebastian waters into the moat around Fort Marion; or a trip to the hat-braiders', to see if there is any new fantasy in palmetto-plaits and grasses; or an hour's turning over of the photographic views to fill out one's Florida collec- tion ; or a search after a leopard-skin sea-bean. Or there is a sail over to the North Beach, or to the South Beach, or to the high sand-dunes from which than a hostile defense as it stands peacefully wide open on the grassy banks of the canal which formerly let the San Sebastian waters into the moat around Fort Marion ; or a trip to the hat-braiders', to see if there is any new fantasy in palmetto-plaits and grasses; or an hour's turning over of the photographic views to fill out one's Florida collec- tion ; or a search after a leopard-skin sea-bean. Or there is a sail over to the North Beach, or to the South Beach, or to the high sand-dunes from which  ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. General Oglethorpe once attempted to bombard the Spanish governor Monteano out of the fort; or to the ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. General Oglethorpe once attempted to bombard the Spanish governor Monteano out of the fort; or to the ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. General Oglethorpe once attempted to bombard the Spanish governor Monteano out of the fort; or to the coquina-quarries and the light-houses on Anastasia Island, the larger of which latter is notable as being one of the few first-class light-houses in the country. Or there is an expedition to Matanzas Inlet, where one can disembark with a few friends, and have three or four days of camp- life plentifully garnished with fresh fish of one's own catching and game of one's own shooting. Or, if one is of a scientific turn, one may sail down to the Sulphur Spring which boils up in the ocean some two and a half coquina-quarries and the light-houses on Anastasia Island, the larger of which latter is notable as being one of the few first-class light-houses in the country. Or there is an expedition to Matanzas Inlet, where one can disembark with a few friends, anl have three or four days of camp- life plentifully garnished with fresh fish of one's own catching and game of one's own shooting. Or, if one is of a scientific turn, one may sail down to the Sulphur Spring which boils up in the ocean some two and a half coquina-quarries and the light-houses on Anastasia Island, the larger of which latter is notable as being one of the few first-class light-houses in the country. Or there is an expedition to Matanzas Inlet, where one can disembark with a few friends, and have three or four days of camp- life plentifully garnished with fresh fish of one's own catching and game of one's own shooting. Or, if one is of a scientific turn, one may sail down to the Sulphur Spring which boils up in the ocean some two and a half  48 FLORIDA. miles off Matanzas. This spring rises in water one hun- dred and thirty-two feet deep, though that around the fountain is only about fifty feet, and its current is so strong that the steamer of the Coast Survey was floated off 48 FLORIDA. miles off Matanzas. This spring rises in water one hun- dred and thirty-two feet deep, though that around the fountain is only about fifty feet, and its current is so strong that the steamer of the Coast Survey was floated off 48 FLORIDA. miles off Matanzas. This spring rises in water one hun- dred and thirty-two feet deep, though that around the fountain is only about fifty feet, and its current is so strong that the steamer of the Coast Survey was floated off OLD CITY GATE. OLD CITY GATE. OLD CITY GATE. from over the "boil" of it. It is intermittent, some- times ceasing to flow, then commencing another ebulli- tion by sending tp a cloud of dark-blue sediment, which can be seen advancing to the surface. It has been re- cently explored by a Coast Survey party. Such a spring is mentioned by Maury in a report made many years ago to the Navy Department. I am informed that a similar one exists in the Upper St. Johns; and a gentleman told me at Cedar Keys that having applied some years ago to a sponging-vessel out in the Gulf for water, one of the crew took him in a small boat to a spot where he dipped from over the "boil" of it. It is intermittent, some- times ceasing to flow, then commencing another ebulli- tion by sending ttp a cloud of dark-blue sediment, which can be seen advancing to the surface. It has been re- cently explored by a Coast Survey party. Such a spring is mentioned by Maury in a report made many years ago to the Navy Department. I am informed that a similar one exists in the Upper St. Johns; and a gentleman told me at Cedar Keys that having applied some years ago to a sponging-vessel out in the Gulf for water, one of the crew took him in a small boat to a spot where he dipped from over the "boil" of it. It is intermittent, some- times ceasing to flow, then commencing another ebulli- tion by sending tp a cloud of dark-blue sediment, which can be seen advancing to the surface. It has been re- cently explored by a Coast Survey party. Such a spring is mentioned by Maury in a report made many years ago to the Navy Department. I am informed that a similar one exists in the Upper St. Johns; and a gentleman told me at Cedar Keys that having applied some years ago to a sponging-vessel out in the Gulf for water, one of the crew took him in a small boat to a spot where he dipped  ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 49 up several buckets full of fresh water in the midst of the brine. ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 49 tip several buckets full of fresh water in the midst of the brine. ST AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 49 tip several buckets full of fresh water in the midst of the brine. Or late in the afternoon one may drive out St. George Street through the Gate, and passing the Protestant bury- ing-ground ride down a clean road which presently de- bouches on the beach of the San Sebastian, and affords a charming drive of several miles. Soon after getting on this beach, one can observe running diagonally from the river in a double row the remains of an old outer line of palisades which connected Fort Moosa with a stockade at the San Sebastian. This row runs up and enters the grounds of the residence formerly occupied by George R. Fairbanks, author of an excellent history of Florida. C 5 Or late in the afternoon one may drive out St. George Street through the Gate, and passing the Protestant bury- ing-ground ride down a clean road which presently de- bouches on the beach of the San Sebastian, and affords a charming drive of several miles. Soon after getting on this beach, one can observe rtnning diagonally from the river in a double row the remains of an old outer line of palisades which connected Fort Moosa with a stockade at the San Sebastian. This row runs up and enters the grounds of the residence formerly occupied by George R. Fairbanks, author of an excellent history of Florida. c 5 Or late in the afternoon one may drive out St. George Street through the Gate, and passing the Protestant bury- ing-ground ride down a clean road which presently de- bouches on the beach of the San Sebastian, and affords a charming drive of several miles. Soon after getting on this beach, one can observe running diagonally from the river in a double row the remains of an old outer line of palisades which connected Fort Moosa with a stockade at the San Sebastian. This row runs up and enters the grounds of the residence formerly occupied by George R. Fairbanks, author of an excellent history of Florida. C 5  50 FLORIDA. Or one may visit Fort Marion-that lovely old transfor- mation of the seventeenth century into coquina, known in the ancient Spanish days as Fort San Juan and as Fort San Marco-and peep into the gloomy casemates, the antique chapel, the tower, the Barbican ; and mayhap the fine old sergeant from between his side-whiskers will tell of Coacoochee, of Osceola, and of the skeletons that were found chained to the walls of the very dungeon in whose cold blackness one is then and there shivering. The old sergeant might add to his stories that of a white prisoner who once dragged out a weary five years in these dun- geons, and who was a man remarkable for having probably tasted the sweets of revenge in as full measure as ever fell to human lot. I mean Daniel McGirth. He was a famous partisan scout in the early part of the American Revolution, but having been whipped for disrespect to a superior officer, escaped, joined the enemy, and thereafter rained a series of bloody revenges upon his injurers. He was afterwards caught by the Spanish-it is thought because he had joined William Augustus Bowles in his dreadful instigation of the Indians against the Floridian Spaniards-and incarcerated in this old fort for five years. -If, indeed, the fine old sergeant of Fort Marion be still there : it may be that he has ceased to be genius /aci since the Indians arrived. For, alas ! and alas! the old lonesome fort, the sweet old fort, whose pyramids of cannon-balls were only like pleasant reminders of the beauty of peace, whose mani- fold angles were but warm and sunny nooks for lizards and men to lounge in and dream in, whose ample and ancient moat had converted itself with grasses and with tiny flowers into a sacred refuge from trade and care, known to many a weary soul,-the dear old fort is prac- tically no more: its glories of calm and of solitude have 50 FLORIDA. Or one may visit Fort Marion-that lovely old transfor- mation of the seventeenth century into coquina, known in the ancient Spanish days as Fort San Juan and as Fort San Marco-and peep into the gloomy casemates, the antique chapel, the tower, the Barbican ; and mayhap the fine old sergeant from between his side-whiskers will tell of Coacoochee, of Osceola, and of the skeletons that weere found chained to the walls of the very dungeon in whose cold blackness one is then and there shivering. The old sergeant might add to his stories that of a white prisoner who once dragged out a weary five years in these dun- geons, and who was a man remarkable for having probably tasted the sweets of revenge in as full measure as ever fell to human lot. I mean Daniel McGirth. He was a famous partisan scout in the early part of the American Revolution, but having been whipped for disrespect to a superior officer, escaped, joined the enemy, and thereafter rained a series of bloody revenges upon his injurers. He was afterwards caught by the Spanish-it is thought because he had joined William Augustus Bowles in his dreadful instigation of the Indians against the Floridian Spaniards-and incarcerated in this old fort for five years. -If, indeed, the fine old sergeant of Fort Marion be still there: it maybe that he has ceased to be genius loci since the Indians arrived. For, alas ! and alas! the old lonesome fort, the sweet old fort, whose pyramids of cannon-balls were only like pleasant reminders of the beauty of peace, whose mani- fold angles were but warm and sunny nooks for lizards and men to lounge in and dream in, whose ample and ancient moat had converted itself with grasses and with tiny flowers into a sacred refuge from trade and care, known to many a weary soul,-the dear old fort is prac- tically no more: its glories of calm and of solitude have 50 FLORIDA. Or one may visit Fort Marion-that lovely old transfor- mation of the seventeenth century into coquina, known in the ancient Spanish days as Fort San Juan and as Fort San Marco-and peep into the gloomy casemates, the antique chapel, the tower, the Barbican ; and mayhap the fine old sergeant from between his side-whiskers will tell of Coacoochee, of Osceola, and of the skeletons that were found chained to the walls of the very dungeon in whose cold blackness one is then and there shivering. The old sergeant might add to his stories that of a white prisoner who once dragged out a weary five years in these dun- geons, and who was a man remarkable for having probably tasted the sweets of revenge in as full measure as ever fell to human lot. I mean Daniel McGirth. He was a famous partisan scout in the early part of the American Revolution, but having been whipped for disrespect to a superior officer, escaped, joined the enemy, and thereafter rained a series of bloody revenges upon his injurers. He was afterwards caught by the Spanish-it is thought because he had joined William Augustus Bowles in his dreadful instigation of the Indians against the Floridian Spaniards-and incarcerated in this old fort for five years. -If, indeed, the fine old sergeant of Fort Marion be still there : it may be that he has ceased to be genius loci since the Indians arrived. For, alas ! and alas! the old lonesome fort, the sweet old fort, whose pyramids of cannon-balls were only like pleasant reminders of the beauty of peace, whose mani- fold angles were but warm and sunny nooks for lizards and men to lounge in and dream in, whose ample and ancient moat had converted itself with grasses and with tiny flowers into a sacred refuge from trade and care, known to many a weary soul,-the dear old fort is prac- tically no more: its glories of calm and of solitude have  ST AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 51 departed utterly away. The Cheyennes, the Kiowas, the Comanches, the Caddoes, and the Arapahoes, with their ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 51 departed utterly away. The Cheyennes, the Kiowas, the Comanches, the Caddoes, and the Arapahoes, with their ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 51 departed utterly away. The Cheyennes, the Kiowas, the Comanches, the Caddoes, and the Arapahoes, with their IN THE MUA: FOR MARIUN. shuffling chains and strange tongues and barbaric ges- tures, have frightened the timid swallow of romance out of the sweetest nest that he ever built in America. It appears that some time about the middle of 1874 the United States Government announced to the Indians in Northwest Texas that they must come in and give a defi- nite account of themselves, whereupon a large number declared themselves hostile. Against these four columns of troops were sent out from as many different posts, which were managed so vigorously that in no long time the great majority of the unfriendly Indians either sur- rendered or were captured. Some of these were known to have been guilty of atrocious crimes ; others were men of consequence in their tribes; and it was resolved to make a selection of the principal individuals of these two classes, and to confine them in old Fort Marion, at St. Augustine. IN THE MOAT: FORT MARION. shuffling chains and strange tongues and barbaric ges- tures, have frightened the timid swallow of romance out of the sweetest nest that he ever built in America. It appears that some time about the middle of 1874 the United States Government announced to the Indians in Northwest Texas that they must come in and give a defi- nite account of themselves, whereupon a large number declared themselves hostile. Against these four columns of troops were sent out from as many different posts, which were managed so vigorously that in no long time the great majority of the unfriendly Indians either sur- rendered or were captured. Some of these were known to have been guilty of atrocious crimes; others were men of consequence in their tribes; and it was resolved to make a selection of the principal individuals of these two classes, and to confine them in old Fort Marion, at St. Augustine. shuffling chains and strange tongues and barbaric ges- tures, have frightened the timid swallow of romance out of the sweetest nest that he ever built in America. It appears that some time about the middle of 1874 the United States Government announced to the Indians in Northwest Texas that they must come in and give a defi- nite account of themselves, whereupon a large number declared themselves hostile. Against these four columns of troops were sent out from as many different posts, which were managed so vigorously that in no long time the great majority of the unfriendly Indians either sur- rendered or were captured. Some of these were known to have been guilty of atrocious crimes ; others were men of consequence in their tribes; and it was resolved to make a selection of the principal individuals of these two classes, and to confine them in old Fort Marion, at St. Augustine.  52 FLORIDA. And so here they are-" Medicine Water," a ring- leader, along with "White Man," "Rising Bull," "Hail- stone," "Sharp Bully," and others, in the terrible murder of the Germain family, and in the more terrible fate of the two Germain girls who were recently recaptured from the Cheyennes; "Come See Him," who was in the mur- der of the Short surveying-party; "Soaring Eagle," supposed to have killed the hunter Brown, near Fort Wallace; "Big Moccasin" and "Making Medicine," horse-thieves and raiders; "Packer," the murderer of Williams; "Mochi," the squaw identified by the Ger- main girls as having chopped the head of their murdered mother with an axe. Besides these, who constitute most of the criminals, are a lot against whom there is no par- ticular charge, but who are confined on the principle that prevention is better than cure. "Gray Beard," one of this latter class of chiefs, leaped from a car-window at Baldwin, Florida, while being conveyed to St. Augustine, and was shot, after a short pursuit, by one of his guards. "Lean Bear," another, stabbed himself and two of his guards, apparently in a crazy fit, when near Nashville, Tennessee, en route, but has since recovered and been sent to join those in the fort. One of the Kiowas died of pneumonia shortly after arriving at St. Augustine, leaving seventy-three, including two squaws and a little girl, now in confinement. Their quarters are in the case- mates within the fort, which have been fitted up for their use. During the day they are allowed to move about the interior of the fort, and are sometimes taken out in squads to bathe; at night they are locked up.* * The Indians were released in May, 1878, by order of the War Department and turned over to the Interior Department, by which the older ones were sent to Fort Sill, Indian Territory, and the younger ones to Hampton (Va.) Normal Institute to be educated and 52 FLORIDA. And so here they are-" Medicine Water," a ring- leader, along with "White Man," "Rising Bull," "Hail- stone," "Sharp Bully," and others, in the terrible murder of the Germain family, and in the more terrible fate of the two Germain girls who were recently recaptured from the Cheyennes; "Come See Him," who was in the mur- der of the Short surveying-party; "Soaring Eagle," supposed to have killed the hunter Brown, near Fort Wallace; "Big Moccasin" and "Making Medicine," horse-thieves and raiders; "Packer," the murderer of Williams; "Mochi," the squaw identified by the Ger- main girls as having chopped the head of their murdered mother with an axe. Besides these, who constitute most of the criminals, are a lot against whom there is no par- ticular charge, but who are confined on the principle that prevention is better than cure. "Gray Beard," one of this latter class of chiefs, leaped from a car-window at Baldwin, Florida, while being conveyed to St. Augustine, and was shot, after a short pursuit, by one of his guards. "Lean Bear," another, stabbed himself and two of his guards, apparently in a crazy fit, when near Nashville, Tennessee, en route, but has since recovered and been sent to join those in the fort. One of the Kiowas died of pneumonia shortly after arriving at St. Augustine, leaving seventy-three, including two squaws and a little girl, now in confinement. Their quarters are in the case- mates within the fort, which have been fitted up for their use. During the day they are allowed to move about the interior of the fort, and are sometimes taken out in squads to bathe; at night they are locked up.* * The Indians were released in May, 5878, by order of the War Department and turned over to the Interior Department, by which the older ones were sent to Fort Sill, Indian Territory, and the younger ones to Hampton (Va.) Normal Institute to be educated and 52 FLORIDA. And so here they are-" Medicine Water," a ring- leader, along with "White Man," "Rising Bull," "Hail- stone," "Sharp Bully," and others, in the terrible murder of the Germain family, and in the more terrible fate of the two Germain girls who were recently recaptured from the Cheyennes; "Come See Him," who was in the mur- der of the Short surveying-party; "Soaring Eagle," supposed to have killed the hunter Brown, near Fort Wallace; "Big Moccasin" and "Making Medicine," horse-thieves and raiders; "Packer," the murderer of Williams; "Mochi," the squaw identified by the Ger- main girls as having chopped the head of their murdered mother with an axe. Besides these, who constitute most of the criminals, are a lot against whom there is no par- ticular charge, but who are confined on the principle that prevention is better than cure. "Gray Beard," one of this latter class of chiefs, leaped from a car-window at Baldwin, Florida, while being conveyed to St. Augustine, and was shot, after a short pursuit, by one of his guards. "Lean Bear," another, stabbed himself and two of his guards, apparently in a crazy fit, when near Nashville, Tennessee, en route, but has since recovered and been sent to join those in the fort. One of the Kiowas died of pneumonia shortly after arriving at St. Augustine, leaving seventy-three, including two squaws and a little girl, now in confinement. Their quarters are in the case- mates within the fort, which have been fitted up for their use. During the day they are allowed to move about the interior of the fort, and are sometimes taken out in squads to bathe; at night they are locked up.* * The Indians were released in May, 8y8, by order of the War Department and turned over to the Interior Department, by which the older ones were sent to Fort Sill, Indian Territory, and the younger ones to Hampton (Va.) Normal Institute to be educated and  ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL- 53 They have a passion for trying their skill in drawing, and are delighted with a gift of pencil and paper. ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 53 They have a passion for tryng their skill in drawing, and are delighted with a gift of pencil and paper. INDIAN ART. (DRAwN BY ONE OF THE INDIANS AT ST. AUGUsTINE.) Criminals as they are, stirrers-up of trouble as they are, rapidly degenerating as they are, no man can see one of these stalwart-chested fellows rise and wrap his blanket about him with that big, majestic sweep of arm which does not come to any strait-jacketed civilized being, without a certain melancholy in the bottom of his heart as he won- ders what might have become of these people if so be that gentle contact with their white neighbors might have been substituted in place of the unspeakable maddening wrongs which have finally left them but a little corner of their continent. Nor can one repress a little moralizing as one reflects upon the singularity of that fate which has finally placed these red-men on the very spot where red-men's wrongs began three centuries and a half ago; for it was here that Ponce de Leon landed in 1512, and from the taught different trades-an experiment that has so far proved very successful . INDIAN ART. (DRAwN BY ONE OF THE INDIANS AT ST. AUGUSTINE.) Criminals as they are, stirrers-up of trouble as they are, rapidly degenerating as they are, no man can see one of these stalwart-chested fellows rise and wrap his blanket about him with that big, majestic sweep of arm which does not come to any strait-jacketed civilized being, without a certain melancholy in the bottom of his heart as he won- ders what might have become of these people if so be that gentle contact with their white neighbors might have been substituted in place of the unspeakable maddening wrongs which have finally left them but a little corner of their continent. Nor can one repress a little moralizing as one reflects upon the singularity of that fate which has finally placed these red-men on the very spot where red-men's wrongs began three centuries and a half ago ; for it was here that Ponce de Leon landed in 1512, and from the taught different trades-an experiment that has so far proved very successful. ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 53 They have a passion for trying their skill in drawing, and are delighted with a gift of pencil and paper. INDIAN ART. (DRAwN BY ONE OF THE INDIANS AT ST. AUGUSTINE.) Criminals as they are, stirrers-up of trouble as they are, rapidly degenerating as they are, no man can see one of these stalwart-chested fellows rise and wrap his blanket about him with that big, majestic sweep of arm which does not come to any strait-jacketed civilized being, without a certain melancholy in the bottom of his heart as he won- ders what might have become of these people if so be that gentle contact with their white neighbors might have been substituted in place of the unspeakable maddening wrongs which have finally left them but a little corner of their continent. Nor can one repress a little moralizing as one reflects upon the singularity of that fate which has finally placed these red-men on the very spot where red-men's wrongs began three centuries and a half ago ; for it was here that Ponce de Leon landed in 151a, and from the taught different trades-an experiment that has so far proved very successful. 5*  54 FLORIDA. very start there was enmity betwixt the Spaniard and the Indian. Nor, finally, can one restrain a little smile at the thought that not a hundred years ago nearly this same number of the most illustrious men in South Carolina were sent down to this same St. Augustine to be imprisoned for the same reason for which most of these Indians have been-to wit, that they were men of influence and stirrers-up of trouble in their tribes. After the capture of Charleston by the British, during the American Revolution, between fifty and sixty of the most distinguished South Carolinians were rudely seized by order of the English commander and transferred to St. Augustine for safe-keeping, where they were held for several months; one of their number, Gadsden, being imprisoned for nearly a year in this very old fort, refusing to accept the conditions upon which the rest were allowed the range of the city streets. The names of these prisoners are of such honorable antiquity, and are so easily recognizable as being names still fairly borne and familiarly known in South Carolina, that it is worth while to reproduce them here out of the dry pages of history. They are-John Budd, Edward Blake, Jo- seph Bee, Richard Beresford, John Berwick, D. Bordeaux, Robert Cochrane, Benjamin Cudworth. H. V. Crouch, J. S. Cripps, Edward Darrell, Daniel Dessaussure, John Edwards, George Flagg, Thomas Ferguson, General A. C. Gadsden, Wm. Hazel Gibbs, Thomas Grinball, Wil- liam Hall, Thomas Hall, George A. Hall, Isaac Holmes, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Richard Hutson, Noble Wimberley Jones, William Johnstone, William Lee, Richard Lushing- ton, William Logan, Rev. John Lewis, William Massey, Alexander Moultrie, Arthur Middleton, Edward Mc- Cready, John Mouatt, Edward North, John Neufville, Jo- seph Parker, Christopher Peters, Benjamin Postell, Samuel 54 FLORIDA. very start there was enmity betwixt the Spaniard and the Indian. Nor, finally, can one restrain a little smile at the thought that not a hundred years ago nearly this same number of the most illustrious men in South Carolina were sent down to this same St. Augustine to be imprisoned for the same reason for which most of these Indians have been-to wit, that they were men of influence and stirrers-up of trouble in their tribes. After the capture of Charleston by the British, during the American Revolution, between fifty and sixty of the most distinguished South Carolinians were rudely seized by order of the English commander and transferred to St. Augustine for safe-keeping, where they were held for several months; one of their number, Gadsden, being imprisoned for nearly a year in this very old fort, refusing to accept the conditions upon which the rest were allowed the range of the city streets. The names of these prisoners are of such honorable antiquity, and are so easily recognizable as being names still fairly borne and familiarly known in South Carolina, that it is worth while to reproduce them here out of the dry pages of history. They are-John Budd, Edward Blake, Jo- seph Bee, Richard Beresford, John Berwick, D. Bordeaux, Robert Cochrane, Benjamin Cudworth. H. V. Crouch, J. S. Cripps, Edward Darrell, Daniel Dessaussure, John Edwards, George Flagg, Thomas Ferguson, General A. C. Gadsden, Wm. Hazel Gibbs, Thomas Grinball, Wil- liam Hall, Thomas Hall, George A. Hall, Isaac Holmes, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Richard Hutson, Noble Wimberley Jones, William Johnstone, William Lee, Richard Lushing- ton, William Logan, Rev. John Lewis, William Massey, Alexander Moultrie, Arthur Middleton, Edward Mc- Cready, John Monatt, Edward North, John Neufville, Jo- seph Parker, Christopher Peters, Benjamin Postell, Samuel 54 FLORIDA. very start there was enmity betwixt the Spaniard and the Indian. Nor, finally, can one restrain a little smile at the thought that not a hundred years ago nearly this same number of the most illustrious men in South Carolina were sent down to this same St. Augustine to be imprisoned for the same reason for which most of these Indians have been-to wit, that they were men of influence and stirrers-up of trouble in their tribes. After the capture of Charleston by the British, during the American Revolution, between fifty and sixty of the most distinguished South Carolinians were rudely seized by order of the English commander and transferred to St. Augustine for safe-keeping, where they were held for several months; one of their number, Gadsden, being imprisoned for nearly a year in this very old fort, refusing to accept the conditions upon which the rest were allowed the range of the city streets. The names of these prisoners are of such honorable antiquity, and are so easily recognizable as being names still fairly borne and familiarly known in South Carolina, that it is worth while to reproduce them here out of the dry pages of history. They are-John Budd, Edward Blake, Jo- seph Bee, Richard Beresford, John Berwick, D. Bordeaux, Robert Cochrane, Benjamin Cudworth. H. V. Crouch, J. S. Cripps, Edward Darrell, Daniel Dessaussure, John Edwards, George Flagg, Thomas Ferguson, General A. C. Gadsden, Wm. Hazel Gibbs, Thomas Grinball, Wil- liam Hall, Thomas Hall, George A. Hall, Isaac Holmes, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Richard Hutson, Noble Wimberley Jones, William Johnstone, William Lee, Richard Lushing- ton, William Logan, Rev. John Lewis, William Massey, Alexander Moultrie, Arthur Middleton, Edward Mc- Cready, John Mouatt, Edward North, John Neufville, Jo- seph Parker, Christopher Peters, Benjamin Postell, Samuel  ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 55 Prioleau, John Ernest Poyas, Edward Rutledge, Hugh Rutledge, John Sansom, Thomas Savage, Josiah Smith, Thomas Singleton, James Hampden Thompson, John Todd, Peter Timothy, Anthony Toomer, Edward Wey- man, Benjamin Waller, Morton Wilkinson, and James Wakefield. As you stand on the fort, looking seaward, the estuary penetrating into the mainland up to the left is the North River, which Rene de Laudonnibre in 1564 called the "River of Dolphins"; across it is the North Beach; in front you see the breakers rolling in at the harbor-entrance. The stream stretching down to the right is Matanzas River, communicating with open water at Matanzas Inlet, about eighteen miles below. Another estuary, the San Sebastian, runs behind the town, and back into the country for a few miles. The bar there is said to be not an easy one to cross; and once in, sometimes a nor'-easter springs up and keeps you in a week or so. In the old times of sailing vessels these northeast winds used to be called orange- winds-on a principle somewhat akin to lucus a non- because the outside world could not get any oranges, the sailboats laden with that fruit being often kept in port by these gales until their cargoes were spoiled. In rum- maging over old books of Florida literature, I came across the record of "A Winter in the West Indies and Florida, by An Invalid," published by Wiley & Putnam, in 1839, whose account of one of these nor'-easters at St. Augustine so irresistibly illustrates the unreliableness of sick men's accounts of climates that I cannot help extracting a por- tion of it: "A packet schooner runs regularly from here to Charleston, at ten dollars passage, but owing to northeast winds it is sometimes impos- sible to get out of the harbor for a month at a time. I was detained in that manner for ten days, during which period I wrote this de- ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 55 Prioleau, John Ernest Poyas, Edward Rutledge, Hugh Rutledge, John Sansom, Thomas Savage, Josiah Smith, Thomas Singleton, James Hampden Thompson, John Todd, Peter Timothy, Anthony Toomer, Edward Wey- man, Benjamin Waller, Morton Wilkinson, and James Wakefield. As you stand on the fort, looking seaward, the estuary penetrating into the mainland up to the left is the North River, which Rene de Laudonniere in 1564 called the "River of Dolphins"; across it is the North Beach; in front you see the breakers rolling in at the harbor-entrance. The stream stretching down to the right is Matanzas River, communicating with open water at Matanzas Inlet, about eighteen miles below. Another estuary, the San Sebastian, runs behind the town, and back into the country for a few miles. The bar there is said to be not an easy one to cross; and once in, sometimes a nor'-easter springs up and keeps you in a week or so. In the old times of sailing vessels these northeast winds used to be called orange- winds-on a principle somewhat akin to lucus a non- because the outside world could not get any oranges, the sailboats laden with that fruit being often kept in port by these gales until their cargoes were spoiled. In rum- maging over old books of Florida literature, I came across the record of "A Winter in the West Indies and Florida, by An Invalid," published by Wiley & Putnam, in 1839, whose account of one of these nor'-easters at St. Augustine so irresistibly illustrates the unreliableness of sick men's accounts of climates that I cannot help extracting a por- tion of it: "A packet schooner runs regularly from here to Charleston, at ten dollars passage, but owing to northeast winds it is sometimes impos. sible to get out of the harbor for a month at a time. I was detained in that manner for ten days, during which period I wrote this de- ST. AUCUSTINE IN APRIL. 55 Prioleau, John Ernest Poyas, Edward Rutledge, Hugh Rutledge, John Sansom, Thomas Savage, Josiah Smith, Thomas Singleton, James Hampden Thompson, John Todd, Peter Timothy, Anthony Toomer, Edward Wey- man, Benjamin Waller, Morton Wilkinson, and James Wakefield. As you stand on the fort, looking seaward, the estuary penetrating into the mainland up to the left is the North River, which Rend de Laudonniere in 1564 called the "River of Dolphins"; across it is the North Beach; in front you see the breakers rolling in at the harbor-entrance. The stream stretching down to the right is Matanzas River, communicating with open water at Matanzas Inlet, about eighteen miles below. Another estuary, the San Sebastian, runs behind the town, and back into the country for a few miles. The bar there is said to be not an easy one to cross; and once in, sometimes a nor'-easter springs up and keeps you in a week or so. In the old times of sailing vessels these northeast winds used to be called orange- winds-on a principle somewhat akin to lucus a non- because the outside world could not get any oranges, the sailboats laden with that fruit being often kept in port by these gales until their cargoes were spoiled. In rum- maging over old books of Florida literature, I came across the record of "A Winter in the West Indies and Florida, by An Invalid," published by Wiley & Putnam, in 1839, whose account of one of these nor'-easters at St. Augustine so irresistibly illustrates the unreliableness of sick men's accounts of climates that I cannot help extracting a por- tion of it: "A packet schooner runs regularly from here to Charleston, at ten dollars passage, but owing to northeast winds it is sometimes impos- sible to get out of the harbor for a month at a time. I was detained in that manner for ten days, during which period I wrote this de.  56 FLORIDA. scription, in a room without fire, with a cloak on, and feet cold io spite of thick boots, suffering from asthma, fearing worse farther North, still burning with impatience on account of the delay." Such a proem is enough to make a St. Augustine person shiver at the " description" which is to follow it; and well he might, for my "Invalid," after giving some account of the climate from a thermometric record of one year, and drawing therefrom the conclusion that invalids had better go to St. Augustine in the summer than in the winter, proceeds: "But the marshes in the vicinity harbor too many musquitoes in summer, . . . which rather surprised me, as it seemed from the state of the weather in April tAat usguitoes would freeze in summer. These marshes, too, in warm weather must produce a bad effect upon the atmosphere."* "At the time of writing the above," he proceeds, " I supposed the wind was coming about, so as to take me along to some place-if no better, at least free from pretensions to a fine climate. Nothing can be worse than to find oneself imprisoned in this little village, kept a whole week or more with a cold, piercing wind drifting the sand along the streets and into his eyes, with sometimes a chance at a fire morning and evening, and sometimes a chance to wrap up in a cloak and shiver without any, and many times too cold to keep warm by walking in the sunshine: with numbers of miserable patients hover- ing about the fire telling stories of distress, while others are busily engaged in extolling the climate. It is altogether unendurable to hear it. Why, a man that would not feet too cold here would stand a six years' residence in Greenland or send an invalid to the Great Dismal Swamp for health. The truth is, a an in health"-and I am sure nothing more naive than this is to he found in liters- ture-" can judge no better of the fitness of a climate for invalids than a blind man of colors: he has no sense by which to judge of it. His is the feeling of the well man, but not of the sick. I have been * Showing our invalid to be an unmitigated landlubber. The only marsh about St. Augustine is salt-water marsh, which is perfectly healthy. It is only fresh-water marsh that breeds miasma. 56 FLORIDA. scription, in a room without fire, with a cloak on, and feet cold in spite of thick boots, suffering from asthma, fearing worse farther North, still burning with impatience on account of the delay." Such a proem is enough to make a St. Augustine person shiver at the "description" which is to follow it; and well he might, for my "Invalid," after giving some account of the climate from a thermometric record of one year, and drawing therefrom the conclusion that invalids had better go to St. Augustine in the summer than in the winter, proceeds: "But the marshes in the vicinity harbor too many musquitoes in summer, . ., . which rather surprised me, as it seemed from the state of the weather in April that muaguitoes would freeze in strmer. These marshes, too, in warm weather must produce a bad effect upon the atmosphere."* " At the time of writing the above," he proceeds, " I supposed the wind was coming about, so as to take me along to some place-ifno better, at least free from pretensions to a fime climate. Nothing can be worse than to find oneself imprisoned in this little village, kept a whoale week or moere with a reid, piercinge wind drifting the sand along the streets and into his eyes, with sometimes a chance at a fire moring and evening, and sometimes a chance to wrap up in a cloak and shiver without any, and many times too cold to keep warm by walking in the sunshine: with numbers of miserable patients hover- ing about the fire telling stories of distress, while others are busily engaged in extolling the climate. It is altogether unendurable to hear it. Why, a man that would not feel too cold here would stand a sin years' residence in Greenland or send an invalid to the Great Dismal Swamp for health. The truth is, a man in health"-and I am sure nothing more naive than this is to be found in litera- ture-" can judge no better of the fitness of a climate for invalids than a blind man of colors: he has no sense by which to judge of it. His is the feeling of the well man, but not of the sick. I have been * Showing our invalid to be an unmitigated landlubber The only marsh about St. Augustine is salt-water marsh, which is perfectly healthy. It is only fresh-water marsh that breeds miasma. 56 FLORIDA. scription, in a room without fire, with a cloak on, and feet cold in spite of thick boots, suffering from asthma, fearing worse farther North, still burning with impatience on account of the delay." Such a proem is enough to make a St. Augustine person shiver at the "description" which is to follow it; and well he might, for my "Invalid," after giving some account of the climate from a thermometric record of one year, and drawing therefrom the conclusion that invalids had better go to St. Augustine in the summer than in the winter, proceeds: "But the marshes in the vicinity harbor too many musquitoes in summer, . . . which rather surprised me, as it seemed from the state of the weather in April that musguitoes would freeze in mmr. These marshes, too, in warm weather must produce a bad effect upon the atmosphere."- " At the time of writing the above," he proceeds, " I supposed the wind was coming about, so as to take me along to some place-if no better, at least free from pretensions to a fime climate. Nothing can be worse than to find oneself imprisoned in this little village, kept whole week or more with a cold, piercing wind drifting the sand along the streets and into his eyes, with sometimes a chance at a fire morning and evening, and sometimes a chance to wrap up in a cloak and shiver without any, and many times too cold to keep warm by walking in the sunshine: with numbers of miserable patients hover- ing about the fire telling stories of distress, while others are busily engaged in extolling the climate. It is altogether unendurable to hear it. Why, a man that would not feel too cold here would stand a six years' residence in Greenland or send an invalid to the Great Dismal Swamp for health. The truth is, a man in health"-and I am sure nothing more naive than this is to be found in litera- ture-" can judge no better of the fitness of a climate for invalids than a blind man of colors: he has no sense by which to judge of it. His is the feeling of the well man, but not of the sick. I have been n Showing our invalid to be an unmitigated landlubber. The only marsh about St. Augustine is salt-water marsh, which is perfectly healthy. It is only fresh-water marsh that breeds miasma.  ST AUWUSTINE IN APRIL- 57 ST AUUSTINE IN APRaL. 57 ST s AUUSTINE IN APRIL- 57 healthy, and now I am sick, and know the above remark is correct. No getting away. Blow, blow, blow ! Northeast winds are sovereigns here, forcibly restraining the free will of everybody, and keeping everything at a stand-still except the tavern-bill, which runs against all winds and weather. Here are forty passengers, besides a vessel, detained for ten days by the persevering obstinacy of the tyrant wind, while its music roars along the shore to regale us by night as well as by day, and keep us in constant recollection of the cause of detention. "Oh for a steamboat, that happiest invention of man, that goes in spite of wind and tide! Talk of danger! Why, rather than be detained in this manner, I would take passage on board a balloon or a thunder-cloud. Anything to get along." The city of St. Augustine is built on the site of the old Indian town of Seloy or Selooe. It was probably a little north of this that Ponce de Leon made his first landing in Florida in 1512. The tragic mutations of the town's early fortunes are so numerous that their recital in this limited space would be little more than a mere list of dates. Instead of so dry a skeleton of history, the reader will be at once more entertained and more in- structed in all that is the essence of history by this story -thoroughly representative of the times-of the brief wars between Menendez, the then Spanish governor, or "adelantado," of Florida, on the one side, and Jean Ribaut and Rene de Laudonniere, French Huguenots, on the other. Already, in 1562, Ribaut has touched the shore of the St. Johns, and then sailed northward and planted a short-lived colony. In 1564, Laudonniere has come over and built Fort Caroline, not far above the mouth of the St. Johns. He had previously landed at the present site of St. Augustine, and had amicable enter- tainment from a " paracoussi," or chief, and his attending party of Indians. These Frenchmen appear to have had much more winning ways with them than the Spaniards. Laudonniere declares that the savages "were sorry for ce healthy, and now I am sick, and know the above remark is correct. No getting away. Blow, blow, blow ! Northeast winds are sovereigns here, forcibly restraining the free will of everybody, and keeping everything at a stand-still except the tavern-bill, which runs against all winds and weather. Here are forty passengers, besides a vessel, detained for ten days by the persevering obstinacy of the tyrant wind, while its music roars along the shore to regale us by night as well as by day, and keep us in constant recollection of the cause of detention. "Oh for a steamboat, that happiest invention of man, that goes in spite of wind and tide! Talk of danger! Why, rather than be detained in this manner, I would take passage on board a balloon or a thunder-cloud. Anything to get along." The city of St. Augustine is built on the site of the old Indian town of Seloy or Seloe. It was probably a little north of this that Ponce de Leon made his first landing in Florida in 1512. The tragic mutations of the town's early fortunes are so numerous that their recital in this limited space would be little more than a mere list of dates. Instead of so dry a skeleton of history, the reader will be at once more entertained and more in- structed in all that is the essence of history by this story -thoroughly representative of the times-of the brief wars between Menendez, the then Spanish governor, or "adelantado," of Florida, on the one side, and Jean Ribaut and Rene de Laudonnibre, French Huguenots, on the other. Already, in 1562, Ribaut has touched the shore of the St. Johns, and then sailed northward and planted a short-lived colony. In 1564, Laudonnidre has come over and built Fort Caroline, not far above the mouth of the St. Johns. He had previously landed at the present site of St. Augustine, and had amicable enter- tainment from a " paracoussi," or chief, and his attending party of Indians. These Frenchmen appear to have had much more winning ways with them than the Spaniards. Laudonniere declares that the savages "were sorry for ce healthy, and now I am sick, and know the above remark is correct. No getting away. Blow, blow, blow l Northeast winds are sovereigns here, forcibly restraining the free will of everybody, and keeping everything at a stand-still except the tavern-bill, which runs against all winds and weather. Here are forty passengers, besides a vessel, detained for ten days by the persevering obstinacy of the tyrant wind, while its music roars along the shore to regale us by night as well as by day, and keep us in constant recollection of the cause of detention. "Oh for a steamboat, that happiest invention of man, that goes in spite of wind and tide! Talk of danger! Why, rather than be detained in this manner, I would take passage on board a balloon or a thunder-cloud. Anything to get along." The city of St. Augustine is built on the site of the old Indian town of Seloy or Selooe. It was probably a little north of this that Ponce de Leon made his first landing in Florida in 1512. The tragic mutations of the town's early fortunes are so numerous that their recital in this limited space would be little more than a mere list of dates. Instead of so dry a skeleton of history, the reader will be at once more entertained and more in- structed in all that is the essence of history by this story -thoroughly representative of the times-of the brief wars between Menendez, the then Spanish governor, or "adelantado," of Florida, on the one side, and Jean Ribaut and Rend de Laudonniere, French Huguenots, on the other. Already, in 1562, Ribaut has touched the shore of the St. Johns, and then sailed northward and planted a short-lived colony. In 1564, Laudonnidre has come over and built Fort Caroline, not far above the mouth of the St. Johns. He had previously landed at the present site of St. Augustine, and had amicable enter- tainment from a" paracoussi," or chief, and his attending party of Indians. These Frenchmen appear to have had much more winning ways with them than the Spaniards. Laudonnidre declares that the savages " were sorry for c+  58 FLORIDA. nothing but that the night approached and made us retire into our ship," and that "they endeavored by all means to make us tarry with them," desiring "to present us with some rare things." But presently queer doings begin in Fort Caroline, which it is probable was situated at St. Johns Bluff, on the south side of the St. Johns River. A soldier who professes magic stirs up disaffection against their leader. Laudonnidre manages to send seven or eight of the suspected men to France, but while he is sick certain others confine him, seize a couple of vessels and go off on a piratical cruise. Most of them perish after indifferent success as freebooters: one party returns, thinking that Laudonnidre will treat the thing as a frolic, and even get drunk as they approach the fort, and try each other, personating their own judges and aping Laudonnidre himself. But Laudonnidre turns the laugh: he takes the four ringleaders, shoots them first (granting so much grace to their soldierships) and hangs them afterward. So, Death has his first course in Fort Caroline, and it is not long before he is in midst of a brave feast. The garrison gets into great straits for lack of food. One cannot control one's astonishment that these people, Spaniards as well as Frenchmen, should so persistently have fallen into a starving condition in a land where a man could almost make a living by sitting down and wishing for it. Perhaps it was not wholly national pre- judice which prompted the naive remark of the chronicler of the party of Sir John Hawkins, who, with an English fleet, paid Fort Caroline a visit at this time, and gave the distressed Frenchmen a generous allowance of pro- visions: "The ground," says the chronicler, " doth yield victuals sufficient if they would have taken pains to get the same; but they" (the 58 FLORIDA. nothing but that the night approached and made us retire into our ship," and that "they endeavored by all means to make us tarry with them," desiring "to present us with some rare things." But presently queer doings begin in Fort Caroline, which it is probable was situated at St. Johns Bluff, on the south side of the St. Johns River. A soldier who professes magic stirs up disaffection against their leader. Laudonniere manages to send seven or eight of the suspected men to France, but while he is sick certain others confine him, seize a couple of vessels and go off on a piratical cruise. Most of them perish after indifferent success as freebooters: one party returns, thinking that Laudonnidre will treat the thing as a frolic, and even get drunk as they approach the fort, and try each other, personating their own judges and aping Laudonniere himself. But Laudonniere turns the laugh: he takes the four ringleaders, shoots them first (granting so much grace to their soldierships) and hangs them afterward. So, Death has his first course in Fort Caroline, and it is not long before he is in midst of a brave feast. The garrison gets into great straits for lack of food. One cannot control one's astonishment that these people, Spaniards as well as Frenchmen, should so persistently have fallen into a starving condition in a land where a man could almost make a living by sitting down and wishing for it. Perhaps it was not wholly national pre- judice which prompted the naive remark of the chronicler of the party of Sir John Hawkins, who, with an English fleet, paid Fort Caroline a visit at this time, and gave the distressed Frenchmen a generous allowance of pro- visions: "The ground," says the chronicler, " doth yield victuals sufficient if they would have taken pains to get the same; but they" (the 58 FLORIDA. nothing but that the night approached and made us retire into our ship," and that " they endeavored by all means to make us tarry with them," desiring " to present us with some rare things." But presently queer doings begin in Fort Caroline, which it is probable was situated at St. Johns Bluff, on the south side of the St. Johns River, A soldier who professes magic stirs up disaffection against their leader. Landonniere manages to send seven or eight of the suspected men to France, but while he is sick certain others confine him, seize a couple of vessels and go off on a piratical cruise. Most of them perish after indifferent success as freebooters: one party returns, thinking that Laudonniere will treat the thing as a frolic, and even get drunk as they approach the fort, and try each other, personating their own judges and aping Laudonniere himself. But Laudonniere turns the laugh: he takes the four ringleaders, shoots them first (granting so much grace to their soldierships) and hangs them afterward. So, Death has his first course in Fort Caroline, and it is not long before he is in midst of a brave feast. The garrison gets into great straits for lack of food. One cannot control one's astonishment that these people, Spaniards as well as Frenchmen, should so persistently have fallen into a starving condition in a land where a man could almost make a living by sitting down and wishing for it. Perhaps it was not wholly national pre- judice which prompted the naive remark of the chronicler of the party of Sir John Hawkins, who, with an English fleet, paid Fort Caroline a visit at this time, and gave the distressed Frenchmen a generous allowance of pro- visions: "The ground," says the chronicler, " doth yield victuals sufficient if they would have taken pains to get the same; but they" (the  ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 59 Frenchmen), " being soldiers, desired to live by the sweat of other men's brows," This chronicler's ideas of hunger, however, are not wholly reliable. Hear him discourse of the effect of to- bacco upon it : " The Floridians, when they travel, have a kind of herbe dried, who, with a cane, and earthern cup in the end, with fire and the dried herbes put together, doe suck throe a cane the smoke thereof, which smoke satisfieth their hunger, and therewith they live four or five days without meat or drinke; and this all the Frenchmen used for this purpose ; yet doe they hold withal that it causeth them to reject from their stomachs, and spit out water and phlegm." The fate of Fort Caroline rapidly approaches. In 1565, Captain Jean Ribaut comes back again from France, with workmen and five hundred soldiers, to relieve and strengthen the colony on the St. Johns. Meantime, news gets from France to Spain that he is coming, and one Menendez is deputed by the Spanish Government to checkmate him. With much delay and loss by storms, Menendez ardently pushes on, and makes land near St. Augustine harbor within twenty-four hours of the arrival of Jean Ribaut in the St. Johns, fifty miles above. They quickly become aware of each other. Menendez tries to catch Ribaut's ship, but fails, and sails back to St. Augus- tine; to which, by the way, he has just given that name, in honor of the saint's day on which he landed. Ribaut in turn resolves to attack, and, sailing down with his whole force for that purpose, is driven southward by a great storm. Meantime, Menendez sets out, under the discour- agements of a tremendous rain and of great difficulty in keeping his people up to the work, to attack Fort Caroline by land. No difficult matter to take it if they only knew it, for Menendez has five hundred men, and there are in Fort Caroline but two hundred and forty souls (Ribaut ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 59 Frenchmen), " being soldiers, desired to live by the sweat of other men's brows." This chronicler's ideas of hunger, however, are not wholly reliable. Hear him discourse of the effect of to- bacco upon it: " The Floridians, when they travel, have a kind of herbe dried, who, with a cane, and earthern cup in the end, with fire and the dried herbes put together, doe suck throu a cane the smoke thereof, which smoke satisfieth their hunger, and therewith they live four or five days without meat or drinke; and this all the Frenchmen used for this purpose; yet doe they hold withal that it causeth them to reject from their stomachs, and spit out water and phlegm." The fate of Fort Caroline rapidly approaches. In 1565, Captain Jean Ribaut comes back again from France, with workmen and five hundred soldiers, to relieve and strengthen the colony on the St. Johns. Meantime, news gets from France to Spain that he is coming, and one Menendez is deputed by the Spanish Government to checkmate him. With much delay and loss by storms, Menendez ardently pushes on, and makes land near St. Augustine harbor within twenty-four hours of the arrival of Jean Ribaut in the St. Johns, fifty miles above. They quickly become aware of each other. Menendez tries to catch Ribaut's ship, but fails, and sails back to St. Augus- tine; to which, by the way, he has just given that name, in honor of the saint's day on which he landed. Ribaut in turn resolves to attack, and, sailing down with his whole force for that purpose, is driven southward by a great storm. Meantime, Menendez sets out, under the discour- agements of a tremendous rain and of great difficulty in keeping his people up to the work, to attack Fort Caroline by land. No difficult matter to take it if they only knew it, for Menendez has five hundred men, and there are in Fort Caroline but two hundred and forty souls (Ribaut ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 59 Frenchmen), "being soldiers, desired to live by the sweat of other men's brows." This chronicler's ideas of hunger, however, are not wholly reliable. Hear him discourse of the effect of to- bacco upon it : "The Floridians, when they travel, have a kind of herbe dried, who, with a cane, and earthern cup in the end, with fire and the dried herbes put together, doe suck throu a cane the smoke thereof, which smoke satisfieth their hunger, and therewith they live four or five days without meat or drinke; and this all the Frenchmen used for this purpose ; yet doe they hold withal that it causeth them to reject from their stomachs, and spit out water and phlegm." The fate of Fort Caroline rapidly approaches. In 1565, Captain Jean Ribaut comes back again from France, with workmen and five hundred soldiers, to relieve and strengthen the colony on the St. Johns. Meantime, news gets from France to Spain that he is coming, and one Menendez is deputed by the Spanish Government to checkmate him. With much delay and loss by storms, Menendez ardently pushes on, and snakes land near St. Augustine harbor within twenty-four hours of the arrival of Jean Ribaut in the St. Johns, fifty miles above. They quickly become aware of each other. Menendez tries to catch Ribaut's ship, but fails, and sails back to St. Augus- tine; to which, by the way, he has just given that name, in honor of the saint's day on which he landed. Ribaut in turn resolves to attack, and, sailing down with his whole force for that purpose, is driven southward by a great storm. Meantime, Menendez sets out, under the discour- agements of a tremendous rain and of great difficulty in keeping his people up to the work, to attack Fort Caroline by land. No difficult matter to take it if they only knew it, for Menendez has five hundred men, and there are in Fort Caroline but two hundred and forty souls (Ribaut  6o FLORIDA. being away with all the available force), of whom many are people still seasick, workmen, women and children, and one is "a player on the virginals." Laudonnire himself, who has been left in charge, is sick, though trying his best to stimulate his people. After three days Menendez arrives at dawn. It is but a shout, a rush, a wild cry of surprise from the French, a vigorous whacking and thrusting of the Spanish, and all is over. A few, Laudonniere among them, escape. Many, including women and children, were killed. It was at this time that Menendez caused certain prisoners to be hung, with the celebrated inscription over them, "No por Franceses, sino por Luteranos." Meantime, poor Jean Ribaut has met with nothing but disaster. His vessels are wrecked a little below Matan- zas Inlet, but his men get ashore, some two hundred in one party, and the balance, three hundred and fifty, in another. Menendez hears of the first party through some Indians, goes down to the main shore, and discovers them across the inlet. After some conference this Delphic Me- nendez informs them that if they will come over he will "do to them what the grace of God shall direct." Not dreaming that the grace of God is going to direct that they be all incontinently butchered, the poor French- men, half dead with terror and hunger, first send over their arms, then come over themselves, ten at a time, as Menendez directs. And this is the way that the grace of Menendez's God directs him to treat them, as related by his own brother-in-law, De Solis : "The adelantado then withdrew from the shore about two bow- shots, behind a hillock of sand, within a copse of bushes, where the persons who came in the boat which brought over the French could not see; and then said to the French captain and the other eight Frenchmen who were there with him,' Gentlemen, I have but few men 6o FLORIDA. being away with all the available force), of whom many are people still seasick, workmen, women and children, and one is "a player on the virginals." Laudonniere himself, who has been left in charge, is sick, though trying his best to stimulate his people. After three days Menendez arrives at dawn. It is but a shout, a rush, a wild cry of surprise from the French, a vigorous whacking and thrusting of the Spanish, and all is over. A few, Laudonniere among them, escape. Many, including women and children, were killed. It was at this time that Menendez caused certain prisoners to be hung, with the celebrated inscription over them, "No pr Franceses, sino por Luteranos." Meantime, poor Jean Ribaut has met with nothing but disaster. His vessels are wrecked a little below Matan- zas Inlet, but his men get ashore, some two hundred in one party, and the balance, three hundred and fifty, in another. Menendez hears of the first party through some Indians, goes down to the main shore, and discovers them across the inlet. After some conference this Delphic Me- nendez informs them that if they will come over he will "do to them what the grace of God shall direct." Not dreaming that the grace of God is going to direct that they be all incontinently butchered, the poor French- men, half dead with terror and hunger, first send over their arms, then come over themselves, ten at a time, as Menendez directs. And this is the way that the grace of Menendez's God directs him to treat them, as related by his own brother-in-law, De Solis : "The adelantado then withdrew from the shore about two bow- shots, behind a hillock of sand, within a copse of bushes, where the persons who came in the boat which brought over the French could not see; and then said to the French captain and the other eight Frenchmen who were there with him,' Gentlemen, Ihave but few men 60 FLORIDA. being away with all the available force), of whom many are people still seasick, workmen, women and children, and one is "a player on the virginals." Laudonniere himself, who has been left in charge, is sick, though trying his best to stimulate his people. After three days Menendez arrives at dawn. It is but a shout, a rush, a wild cry of surprise from the French, a vigorous whacking and thrusting of the Spanish, and all is over. A few, Laudonnidre among them, escape. Many, including women and children, were killed. It was at this time that Menendez caused certain prisoners to be hung, with the celebrated inscription over them, "No par Franeses, sino por Luteranos." Meantime, poor Jean Ribaut has met with nothing but disaster. His vessels are wrecked a little below Matan- zas Inlet, but his men get ashore, some two hundred in one party, and the balance, three hundred and fifty, in another. Menendez hears of the first party through some Indians, goes down to the main shore, and discovers them across the inlet. After some conference this Delphic Me- nendez informs them that if they will come over he will "do to them what the grace of God shall direct." Not dreaming that the grace of God is going to direct that they be all incontinently butchered, the poor French- men, half dead with terror and hunger, first send over their arms, then come over themselves, ten at a time, as Menendez directs. And this is the way that the grace of Menendez's God directs him to treat them, as related by his own brother-in-law, De Solis : "The adelantado then withdrew from the shore about two how- shots, behind a hillock of sand, within a copse of bushes, where the persons who came in the boat which brought over the French could not see; and then said to the French captain and the other eight Frenchmen who were there with him,' Gentlemen, I have but few men  ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 61 with me, and they are not very effective, and you are numerous, and going unrestrained it would be an easy thing to take satisfaction upon our men for those whom we destroyed when we took the fort; and thus it is necessary that you should march with hands tied behind a distance of four leagues from here, where I have my camp.'" Very well, say the Frenchmen, and so each ten is tied, without any other ten seeing it; "for it was so arranged in order that the French who had not passed the river should not understand what was being done, and might not be offended, and thus were tied two hundred and eight Frenchmen. Of whom the adelantado asked that if any among them were Catholics they should declare it." Eight are Catholics, and are sent off to St. Augustine, " and all the rest replied that they were of the new religion, and held themselves to be very good Christians.... The adelantado then gave the order to march with them; . .. and he directed one of his captains who marched with his vanguard that at a certain distance from there he would observe a mark made by a lance, .. which would be in a sandy place that they would be obliged to pass in going on their way toward the fort at St. Augustine, and that there the prisoners should all be destroyed ; and he gave the one in command of the rearguard the same order, and it was done aeord- ingly; when, leaving there all of the dead, they returned the same night before dawn to the fort at St. Angustine, although it was already sundown when the men were killed." The next day, in much the same way and at the same spot, Menendez causes a hundred and fifty more French- men to be butchered. Among them was their commander, Jean Ribaut, who dies like a hero, without fear, triumph. ant. Some say Menendez cut off Ribaut's beard and sent it to Spain. There are still two hundred men of Ribaut's, who get down the coast to a place they name Canavaral, and set to work to build a boat; but Menendez soon captures the party, and thus puts an end for the time to the Hugue- not colonization in Florida, for Laudonniere's party have gone off across the ocean back to France. But after many months-during which Menendez has been very busy building up the Indian town of Selooe or 6 ST AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 61 with me, and they are not very effective, and you are numerous, and going unrestrained it would be an easy thing to take satisfaction upon our men for those whom we destroyed when we took the fort; and thus it is necessary that you should march with hands tied behind a distance of four leagues from here, where I have my camp.' " Very well, say the Frenchmen, and so each ten is tied, without any other ten seeing it; "for it was so arranged in order that the French who had not passed the river should not understand what was being done, and might not be offended, and thus were tied two hundred and eight Frenchmen. Of whom the adelantado asked that if any among them were Catholics they should declare it." Eight are Catholics, and are sent off to St. Augustine, " and all the rest replied that they were of the new religion, and held themselves to be very good Christians.... The adelantado then gave the order to march with them; ... and he directed one of his captains who marched with his vanguard that at a certain distance from there he would observe a mark made by a lance, ... which would be in a sandy place that they would be obliged to pass in going on their way toward the fort at St. Augustine, and that there the prisoners should all be destroyed ; and he gave the one in command of the rearguard the same order, and it was done aeecrd- ingly; when, leaving there all of the dead, they returned the same night before dawn to the fart at St. Augustine, although it was already sundown when the men were killed." The next day, in much the same way and at the same spot, Menendez causes a hundred and fifty more French- men to be butchered. Among them was their commander, Jean Ribaut, who dies like a hero, without fear, triumph- ant. Some say Menendez cut off Ribaut's beard and sent it to Spain. There are still two hundred men of Ribaut's, who get down the coast to a place they name Canavaral, and set to work to build a boat; but Menendez soon captures the party, and thus puts an end for the time to the Hugue- not colonization in Florida, for Laudonniere's party have gone off across the ocean back to France. But after many months-during which Menendez has been very busy building up the Indian town of Selooe or 6 ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 61 with me, and they are not very effective, and you are numerous, and going unrestrained it would be an easy thing to take satisfaction upon our men for those whom we destroyed when we took the fort; and thus it is necessary that you should march with hands tied behind a distance of four leagues from heere, where I have my camp.'" Very well, say the Frenchmen, and so each ten is tied, without any other ten seeing it; 'for it was so arranged in order that the French who bad not passed the river should not understand what was being done, and might not be offended, and thus were tied two hundred and eight Frenchmen. Of whom the adelantado asked that if any among them were Catholics they should declare it." Eight are Catholics, and are sent off to St. Augustine, " and all the rest replied that they were of the new religion, and held themselves to be very good Christians.... The adelantado then gave the order to march with theta; . . . and he directed one of his captains who marched with his vanguard that at a certain distance from there he would observe a mark made by a lance, ... which would be in a sandy place that they would be obliged to pus in going on their way toward the fort at St. Augustine, and that there the prisoners should all be destroyed ; and he gave the one in command of the rearguard the same order, and it was done accord- ingly; when, leaving there all of the dead, they returned the same night before dawn to the fort at St. Augustine, although it was already sundown when the men were killed." The next day, in much the same way and at the same spot, Menendez causes a hundred and fifty more French- men to be butchered. Among them was their commander, Jean Ribaut, who dies like a hero, without fear, triumph- ant. Some say Menendez cut off Ribaut's beard and sent it to Spain. There are still two hundred men of Ribaut's, who get down the coast to a place they name Canavaral, and set to work to build a boat; but Menendez soon captures the party, and thus puts an end for the time to the Hugue- not colonization in Florida, for Laudonniere's party have gone off across the ocean back to France. But after many months-during which Menendez has been very busy building up the Indian town of Selooe or 6  62 FLORIDA. Seloy into the city of St. Augustine, planting garrisons and establishing priests in various parts of the country, and finally going back to Spain for succor-the French have their revenge. One Dominic de Gourgues sets out from France in 1567, and after much trial gets into the harbor of Fernandina. A favorable angel seems to have charge of the man from this time on. He is about to be resisted by a great crowd of Spaniard-hating Indians at Fernandina, when one of his men who had been with Laudonniere discovers to the Indians that they are Frenchmen. Thereupon they are hailed with joy, alli- ance is made with Satourioura, a chief with deadly feel- ings towards the Spaniards, and De Gourgues soon finds his army increased by several thousand good fighters. They straightway move down upon the Spanish forts on the St. Johns, completely surprise them, and kill or cap- ture the inmates. With these captives De Gourgues de- vises that piece of vengeance which has become famous in history. He leads a lot of them to the same spot where Menendez had hung his Frenchmen, harangues them first, hangs them afterward, and then replaces Menendez's tablet with a pine board upon which letters have been seared with a hot iron, setting forth how he does this "not because they were Spaniards, not because they were cast- aways, but because they were traitors, thieves, and mur- derers." Early in x568, Menendez gets back to Florida, and one fancies that one would not like to have been the body- servant of that same adelantado when he learned what De Gourgues had done in his absence, and how the latter was now gone back to France, quite out of his reach. Menendez thereupon turns his attention towards convert- ing the country to his religion, but the inhabitants do not seem to appreciate its sublimity. It is stated that in one 62 FLORIDA. Seloy into the city of St. Augustine, planting garrisons and establishing priests in various parts of the country, and finally going back to Spain for succor-the French have their revenge. One Dominic de Gourgues sets out from France in 1567, and after much trial gets into the harbor of Fernandina. A favorable angel seems to have charge of the man from this time on. He is about to be resisted by a great crowd of Spaniard-hating Indians at Fernandina, when one of his men who had been with Laudonni~re discovers to the Indians that they are Frenchmen. Thereupon they are hailed with joy, alli- ance is made with Satourioura, a chief with deadly feel- ings towards the Spaniards, and De Gourgues soon finds his army increased by several thousand good fighters. They straightway move down upon the Spanish forts on the St. Johns, completely surprise them, and kill or cap- ture the inmates. With these captives De Gourgues de- vises that piece of vengeance which has become famous in history. He leads a lot of them to the same spot where Menendez had hung his Frenchmen, harangues them first, hangs them afterward, and then replaces Menendez's tablet with a pine board upon which letters have been seared with a hot iron, setting forth how he does this "not because they were Spaniards, not because they were cast- aways, but because they were traitors, thieves, and mur- derers." Early in 1568, Menendez gets back to Florida, and one fancies that one would not like to have been the body- servant of that same adelantado when he learned what De Gourgues had done in his absence, and how the latter was now gone back to France, quite out of his reach. Menendez thereupon turns his attention towards convert- ing the country to his religion, but the inhabitants do not seem to appreciate its sublimity. It is stated that in one 62 FLORIDA. Seloy into the city of St. Augustine, planting garrisons and establishing priests in various parts of the country, and finally going back to Spain for succor-the French have their revenge. One Dominic de Gourgues sets out from France in 1567, and after much trial gets into the harbor of Fernandina. A favorable angel seems to have charge of the man from this time on. He is about to be resisted by a great crowd of Spaniard-hating Indians at Fernandina, when one of his men who had been with Laudonniere discovers to the Indians that they are Frenchmen. Thereupon they are hailed with joy, alli- ance is made with Satourioura, a chief with deadly feel- ings towards the Spaniards, and De Gourgues soon finds his army increased by several thousand good fighters. They straightway move down upon the Spanish forts on the St. Johns, completely surprise them, and kill or cap- ture the inmates. With these captives De Gourgues de- vises that piece of vengeance which has become famous in history. He leads a lot of them to the same spot where Menendez had hung his Frenchmen, harangues them first, hangs them afterward, and then replaces Menendez's tablet with a pine board upon which letters have been seared with a hot iron, setting forth how he does this "not because they were Spaniards, not because they were cast- aways, but because they were traitors, thieves, and mur- derers." Early in 1568, Menendez gets back to Florida, and one fancies that one would not like to have been the body- servant of that same adelantado when he learned what De Gourgues had done in his absence, and how the latter was now gone back to France, quite out of his reach. Menendez thereupon turns his attention towards convert- ing the country to his religion, but the inhabitants do not seem to appreciate its sublimity. It is stated that in one  ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 63 place four priests succeeded in baptizing seven people in one year; but three of them were dying, and the other four were children. The Indians, however, if they refuse Menendez's precepts, certainly accept his practice; for one of them, pretending to be converted, manages to get nine or ten priests on a religious errand away up into the Chesapeake country, and there does to them what the grace of his god directs-to wit, plays traitor and gets the whole party (except one who is kept captive) massa- cred incontinently. In truth, these friars do not seem to have ingratiated themselves with the Indians; and in the year 1578 the son of the chief of Guale organized a very bloody crusade against them especially. At Tolomato (an Indian suburb of St. Augustine), in the night, he kills Father Corpa; at Topiqui, another suburb, he finds Father Rodriguez, yields to the good father's entreaties that he may say mass before he dies, hears him say it, then kills him; at Assapo, kills Father Auuon and Father Badazoz ; waylays Father Velacola, who is trying to escape from them, and kills him; carries off Father Davila into cap- tivity (this Father Davila is twice saved from a cruel death during this captivity by Indian women); and finally gives over after being repulsed at the mission on San Pedro Island. Meantime, in 1586, Sir Francis Drake has made a land- ing at St. Augustine, scared everybody away from the fort, captured a couple of thousand pounds of money in the same, and pillaged and burnt the town. Some years later the priests got on better, and by the year 1618 had established twenty missions at various points, and begun to see some fruit springing from their blood and toil. About this time they had printed a catechism in the Timuqua (Tomoka) language, a copy of which was seen by Mr. Buckingham Smith some years ago in Europe. ST AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 63 place four priests succeeded in baptizing seven people in one year; but three of them were dying, and the other four were children. The Indians, however, if they refuse Menendez's precepts, certainly accept his practice; for one of them, pretending to be converted, manages to get nine or ten priests on a religious errand away up into the Chesapeake country, and there does to them what the grace of his god directs-to wit, plays traitor and gets the whole party (except one who is kept captive) massa- cred incontinently. In truth, these friars do not seem to have ingratiated themselves with the Indians; and in the year 1578 the son of the chief of Guale organized a very bloody crusade against them especially. At Tolomato (an Indian suburb of St. Augustine), in the night, he kills Father Corpa; at Topiqui, another suburb, he finds Father Rodriguez, yields to the good father's entreaties that he may say mass before he dies, hears him say it, then kills him; at Assapo, kills Father Aufon and Father Badazoz ; waylays Father Velacola, who is trying to escape from them, and kills him; carries off Father Davila into cap- tivity (this Father Davila is twice saved from a cruel death during this captivity by Indian women); and finally gives over after being repulsed at the mission on San Pedro Island. Meantime, in 1586, Sir Francis Drake has made a land- ing at St. Augustine, scared everybody away from the fort, captured a couple of thousand pounds of money in the same, and pillaged and burnt the town. Some years later the priests got on better, and by the year 16x8 had established twenty missions at various points, and begun to see some fruit springing from their blood and toil. About this time they had printed a catechism in the Timuqua (Tomoka) language, a copy of which was seen by Mr. Buckingham Smith some years ago in Europe. ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 63 place four priests succeeded in baptizing seven people in one year; but three of them were dying, and the other four were children. The Indians, however, if they refuse Menendez's precepts, certainly accept his practice; for one of them, pretending to be converted, manages to get nine or ten priests on a religious errand away up into the Chesapeake country, and there does to them what the grace of his god directs-to wit, plays traitor and gets the whole party (except one who is kept captive) massa- cred incontinently. In truth, these friars do not seem to have ingratiated themselves with the Indians; and in the year 1578 the son of the chief of Guale organized a very bloody crusade against them especially. At Tolomato (an Indian suburb of St. Augustine), in the night, he kills Father Corpa; at Topiqui, another suburb, he finds Father Rodriguez, yields to the good father's entreaties that he may say mass before he dies, hears him say it, then kills him; at Assapo, kills Father Auon and Father Badazoz; waylays Father Velacola, who is trying to escape from them, and kills him ; carries off Father Davila into cap- tivity (this Father Davila is twice saved from a cruel death during this captivity by Indian women); and finally gives over after being repulsed at the mission on San Pedro Island. Meantime, in 1586, Sir Francis Drake has made a land- ing at St. Augustine, scared everybody away from the fort, captured a couple of thousand pounds of money in the same, and pillaged and burnt the town. Some years later the priests got on better, and by the year 1618 had established twenty missions at various points, and begun to see some fruit springing from their blood and toil. About this time they had printed a catechism in the Timuqua (Tomoka) language, a copy of which was seen by Mr. Buckingham Smith some years ago in Europe.  64 FLORIDA. In 1638 the Appalachee Indians attacked St. Augustine, but were repulsed, with the loss of many captives, who were put to work on the fortifications, and kept at it, with their descendants, for sixty years together. The bucca- neers, however, were more successful, and in 1665, Captain John Davis, a pirate, pillaged the town. And then followed wars and troubles, wars and troubles, until, finally, the cession of the State of Florida to the United States in 1821 gave the people rest from that long battledoor-life during which they had been bandied about from king to king. That portion of the town near the fort is known as the Minorcan quarter, and is inhabited by persons-mostly sailors and fishermen-who are descendants of the colo- nists brought over by Dr. Turnbull to New Smyrna in 1767. These colonists were originally introduced to en- gage in the culture of indigo, mainly near New Smyrna, on the Halifax River, some sixty miles south of St. Au- gustine; but after working for eight or nine years, they disagreed with their employers, caused their contracts to be rescinded by the courts, and moved up to St. Augustine, where lands were assigned them. The town has a resident population of about two thou- sand, but is swelled during the winter by probably six to ten thousand visitors. These were formerly landed by the St. Johns steamboats at Picolata, and thence trans- ferred by stage to St. Augustine; but this cumbrous method gave way to the demands of the increasing travel, and a tramway was then constructed to Tocoi, a landing on the St. Johns only fifteen miles distant, over which travelers were brought in horse-cars. In its turn the tram- way has now given place to a railway, and a neat little locomotive pulls the train across the barren pine-flats that lie between St. Augustine and the river. 64 FLORIDA. In 1638 the Appalachee Indians attacked St. Augustine, but were repulsed, with the loss of many captives, who were put to work on the fortifications, and kept at it, with their descendants, for sixty years together. The bucca- neers, however, were more successful, and in 1665, Captain John Davis, a pirate, pillaged the town. And then followed wars and troubles, wars and troubles, until, finally, the cession of the State of Florida to the United States in 1821 gave the people rest from that long battledoor-life during which they had been bandied about from king to king. That portion of the town near the fort is known as the Minorcan quarter, and is inhabited by persons-mostly sailors and fishermen-who are descendants of the colo- nists brought over by Dr. Turnbull to New Smyrna in 1767. These colonists were originally introduced to en- gage in the culture of indigo, mainly near New Smyrna, on the Halifax River, some sixty miles south of St. Au- gustine; but after working for eight or nine years, they disagreed with their employers, caused their contracts to be rescinded by the courts, and moved up to St. Augustine, where lands were assigned them. The town has a resident population of about two thou- sand, but is swelled during the winter by probably six to ten thousand visitors. These were formerly landed by the St. Johns steamboats at Picolata, and thence trans- ferred by stage to St. Augustine; but this cumbrous method gave way to the demands of the increasing travel, and a tramway was then constructed to Tocoi, a landing on the St. Johns only fifteen miles distant, over which travelers were brought in horse-cars. In its turn the tram- way has now given place to a railway, and a neat little locomotive pulls the train across the barren pine-flats that lie between St. Augustine and the river. 64 FLORIDA. In 1638 the Appalachee Indians attacked St. Augustine, but were repulsed, with the loss of many captives, who were put to work on the fortifications, and kept at it, with their descendants, for sixty years together. The bucca- neers, however, were more successful, and in 1665, Captain John Davis, a pirate, pillaged the town. And then followed wars and troubles, wars and troubles, until, finally, the cession of the State of Florida to the United States in 1821 gave the people rest from that long battledoor-life during which they had been bandied about from king to king. That portion of the town near the fort is known as the Minorcan quarter, and is inhabited by persons-mostly sailors and fishermen-who are descendants of the colo- nists brought over by Dr. Turnbull to New Smyrna in 1767. These colonists were originally introduced to en- gage in the culture of indigo, mainly near New Smyrna, on the Halifax River, some sixty miles south of St. Au- gustine; but after working for eight or nine years, they disagreed with their employers, caused their contracts to be rescinded by the courts, and moved up to St. Augustine, where lands were assigned them. The town has a resident population of about two thou- sand, but is swelled during the winter by probably six to ten thousand visitors. These were formerly landed by the St. Johns steamboats at Picolata, and thence trans- ferred by stage to St. Augustine; but this cumbrous method gave way to the demands of the increasing travel, and a tramway was then constructed to Tocoi, a landing on the St. Johns only fifteen miles distant, over which travelers were brought in horse-cars. In its turn the tram- way has now given place to a railway, and a neat little locomotive pulls the train across the barren pine-flats that lie between St. Augustine and the river.  ST AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 65 There are here a telegraph-office; post-office; a public library and reading-room, open to strangers, located in the rear portion of the post-office building on the Plaza; Catholic, Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Methodist churches; and a colored Baptist church. Most consumptives, particularly those who have passed the earlier stage of the disease, are said to find the air of St. Augustine too "strong" in midwinter, but to enjoy its climate greatly in April and May. There are those, however, who have found benefit here during the winter; and it must be said that the needs of consumptives vary so much with the particular temperament and idiosyncratic condition of each patient that no certain prophecy, within the limits of climates at all suitable for consumptives, can be made beforehand. St. Augustine is much resorted to by asthmatics: one of these has found the North Beach so pleasant that he has built a dwelling on it; and the visitor will discover many charming residences recently erected in various parts of the city by persons from the North seeking health. The mean temperature of St. Augustine, calculated upon twenty years' readings of the thermometer, is-for spring, 68.54" Fahrenheit; for summer, 8o.270; for autumn, 71.73; and for winter, 58.080. This would seem authoritatively to show a charming temperature ; and the temperature 5h charming, except when the northeast wind blows in the winter. This is the wind that sets everybody to swearing at his coffee of a morning, to calling for his hotel-bill, and to howling in right Carlylese at humanity in general. It is not severe intrinsically : people here always want to kick a thermometer when they look at it during a nor'- easter and find it only about fifty-five or sixty, whereas they had every just ground for expecting any reasonable 6* ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 65 There are here a telegraph-office; post-office; a public library and reading-room, open to strangers, located in the rear portion of the post-office building on the Plaza; Catholic, Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Methodist churches; and a colored Baptist church. Most consumptives, particularly those who have passed the earlier stage of the disease, are said to find the air of St. Augustine too "strong" in midwinter, but to enjoy its climate greatly in April and May. There are those, however, who have found benefit here during the winter; and it must be said that the needs of consumptives vary so much with the particular temperament and idiosyncratic condition of each patient that no certain prophecy, within the limits of climates at all suitable for consumptives, can be made beforehand. St. Augustine is much resorted to by asthmatics: one of these has found the North Beach so pleasant that he has built a dwelling on it ; and the visitor will discover many charming residences recently erected in various parts of the city by persons from the North seeking health. The mean temperature of St. Augustine, calculated upon twenty years' readings of the thermometer, is-for spring, 68.54* Fahrenheit; for summer, 80.2 7 ; for autumn,71.73; and for winter, 58.080. This would seem authoritatively to show a charming temperature; and the temperature n charming, except when the northeast wind blows in the winter. This is the wind that sets everybody to swearing at his coffee of a morning, to calling for his hotel-bill, and to howling in right Carlylese at humanity in general. It is not severe intrinsically: people here always want to kick a thermometer when they look at it during a nor'- easter and find it only about fifty-five or sixty, whereas they had every just ground for expecting any reasonable 6* ST. AUGUSTINE IN APRIL. 65 There are here a telegraph-office; post-office; a public library and reading-room, open to strangers, located in the rear portion of the post-office building on the Plaza; Catholic, Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Methodist churches; and a colored Baptist church. Most consumptives, particularly those who have passed the earlier stage of the disease, are said to find the air of St. Augustine too "strong" in midwinter, but to enjoy its climate greatly in April and May. There are those, however, who have found benefit here during the winter; and it must be said that the needs of consumptives vary so much with the particular temperament and idiosyncratic condition of each patient that no certain prophecy, within the limits of climates at all suitable for consumptives, can be made beforehand. St. Augustine is much resorted to by asthmatics: one of these has found the North Beach so pleasant that he has built a dwelling on it ; and the visitor will discover many charming residences recently erected in various parts of the city by persons from the North seeking health. The mean temperature of St. Augustine, calculated upon twenty years' readings of the thermometer, is-for spring, 68.54* Fahrenheit; for summer, 80.270; for autumn,71-73; and for winter, 58.o80. This would seem authoritatively to show a charming temperature; and the temperature a charming, except when the northeast wind blows in the winter. This is the wind that sets everybody to swearing at his coffee of a morning, to calling for his hotel-bill, and to howling in right Carlylese at humanity in general. It is not severe intrinsically: people here always want to kick a thermometer when they look at it during a nor'- easter and find it only about fifty-five or sixty, whereas they had every just ground for expecting any reasonable 6*  66 FLORIDA. thermometer to show at least ten degrees below zero. The truth is, there is a sense of imposition about this wind which poisons its edge : one feels that one has rights, that this is Florida, and that the infernal thing is the very malignity of pure aerial persecution. It blows as if it had gone out of its way to do it; and with a grin. Let, however, but a mere twitch of the compass hap- pen-let but the east wind blow-and straightway the world is amiable again. For here the east wind, of such maleficent reputation in the rest of the world, redeems all its brethren. It is bland as a baby's breath : it is, indeed, the Gulf Stream's baby. And if it breathed always as it does on the day of this present writing-a sweet and saintly wind that is more soothing than a calm could be -one finds no difficulty in believing that in the course of a few years the entire population of the earth and of the heavens above the earth and of the waters beneath the earth would be settled in and around this quaint, romantic, straggling, dear and dearer-growing city of St. Augustine. 66 FLORIDA. 66 FLORIDA. thermometer to show at least ten degrees below zero. The truth is, there is a sense of imposition about this wind which poisons its edge : one feels that one has rights, that this is Florida, and that the infernal thing is the very malignity of pure aerial persecution. It blows as if it had gone out of its way to do it; and with a grin. Let, however, but a mere twitch of the compass hap- pen-let but the east wind blow-and straightway the world is amiable again. For here the east wind, of such maleficent reputation in the rest of the world, redeems all its brethren. It is bland as a baby's breath : it is, indeed, the Gulf Stream's baby. And if it breathed always as it does on the day of this present writing-a sweet and saintly wind that is more soothing than a calm could be -one finds no difficulty in believing that in the course of a few years the entire population of the earth and of the heavens above the earth and of the waters beneath the earth would be settled in and around this quaint, romantic, straggling, dear and dearer-growing city of St. Augustine. thermometer to show at least ten degrees below zero. The truth is, there is a sense of imposition about this wind which poisons its edge: one feels that one has rights, that this is Florida, and that the infernal thing is the very malignity of pure aerial persecution. It blows as if it had gone out of its way to do it; and with a grin. Let, however, but a mere twitch of the compass hap- pen-let but the east wind blow-and straightway the world is amiable again. For here the east wind, of such maleficent reputation in the rest of the world, redeems all its brethren. It is bland asa baby's breath: it is, indeed, the Gulf Stream's baby. And if it breathed always as it does on the day of this present writing-a sweet and saintly wind that is more soothing than a calm could be -one finds no difficulty in believing that in the course of a few years the entire population of the earth and of the heavens above the earth and of the waters beneath the earth would be settled in and around this quaint, romantic, straggling, dear and dearer-growing city of St. Augustine.  CHAPTER IV. JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. JACKSONVILLE and St. Augustine are two cities not fifty niles apart; but the difference between them is just the listance from the nineteenth century to the sixteenth. In truth, if you take them as they are herein described, the one in January and the other in April, nothing can seem more appropriate than their names; for the former strikes you with all the vim of Andrew Jackson, after whom it is called, while about the latter you cannot fail to find a flavor of saintly contemplation which seems to breathe from out the ancient name of the good old father whom Menendez selected for its patron saint. Jacksonville not only belongs to the nineteenth cen- tury, but practically to the last ten years of that; for previous to the war between the States it was a compara- tively insignificant town, and even after the war, in the year 1866, I am informed that a careful census made under the auspices of the Freedman's Bureau revealed but about seventeen hundred inhabitants in it, a majority of whom are said to have been negroes drawing their main subsist- ence from the charities of the nation. The resident popu- lation is now between twelve and fourteen thousand, and this number is largely increased during the winter. It bears all the signs of a city prospering upon the legitimate bases of an admirable commercial location and of an en- terprising body of citizens; and in midwinter offers to the Northern visitor a pleasant surprise, which coming after 67 CHAPTER IV. JACKSONvILLE IN JANUARY. JACKSONvILLE and St. Augustine are two cities not fifty niles apart; but the difference between them is just the listance from the nineteenth century to the sixteenth. In truth, if you take them as they are herein described, the one in January and the other in April, nothing can seem more appropriate than their names; for the former strikes you with all the vim of Andrew Jackson, after whom it is called, while about the latter you cannot fail to find a flavor of saintly contemplation which seems to breathe from out the ancient name of the good old father whom Menendez selected for its patron saint. Jacksonville not only belongs to the nineteenth cen- tury, but practically to the last ten years of that ; for previous to the war between the States it was a compara- tively insignificant town, and even after the war, in the year 1866, I am informed that a careful census made under the auspices of the Freedman's Bureau revealed but about seventeen hundred inhabitants in it, a majority of whom are said to have been negroes drawing their main subsist- ence from the charities of the nation. The resident popu- lation is now between twelve and fourteen thousand, and this number is largely increased during the winter. It bears all the signs of a city prospering upon the legitimate bases of an admirable commercial location and of an en- terprising body of citizens; and in midwinter offers to the Northern visitor a pleasant surprise, which coming after 67 CHAPTER IV. JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. JACKSONvILLE and St. Augustine are two cities not fifty niles apart; but the difference between them is just the listance from the nineteenth century to the sixteenth. In truth, if you take them as they are herein described, the one in January and the other in April, nothing can seem more appropriate than their names; for the former strikes you with all the vim of Andrew Jackson, after whom it is called, while about the latter you cannot fail to find a flavor of saintly contemplation which seems to breathe from out the ancient name of the good old father whom Menendez selected for its patron saint. Jacksonville not only belongs to the nineteenth cen- tury, but practically to the last ten years of that; for previous to the war between the States it was a compara- tively insignificant town, and even after the war, in the year x866, I am informed that a careful census made under the auspices of the Freedman's Bureau revealed but about seventeen hundred inhabitants in it, a majority of whom are said to have been negroes drawing their main subsist- ence from the charities of the nation. The resident popu- lation is now between twelve and fourteen thousand, and this number is largely increased during the winter. It bears all the signs of a cityprospering upon the legitimate bases of an admirable commercial location and of an en- terprising body of citizens; and in midwinter offers to the Northern visitor a pleasant surprise, which coming after  68 FLORIDA. the railway journey through the pines is almost like a romantic adventure after a long stretch of quiet life. The train comes to a stop on the wharf: as one steps from the 68 FLORIDA. the railway journey through the pines is almost like a romantic adventure after a long stretch of quiet life. The train comes to a stop on the wharf: as one steps from the 68 FLORIDA. the railway journey through the pines is almost like a romantic adventure after a long stretch of quiet life. The train comes to a stop on the wharf: as one steps from the car, one hears a pleasant plash among the lily-pads under neath the platform, and, lifting the eyes at this suggestion of waters, perceives the great placid expanses of the St. car, one hears a pleasant plash among the lily-pads under neath the platform, and, lifting the eyes at this suggestion of waters, perceives the great placid expanses of the St. car, one hears a pleasant plash among the lily-pads under neath the platform, and, lifting the eyes at this suggestion of waters, perceives the great placid expanses of the St.  JACKSONVILLE IN 7ANUAR E 69 Johns stretching far away to the south and east. A few yards from the railway-station, across Bay Street, the long facade of the "Grand National Hotel" elevates itself; wherefrom, if the traveler's entree be at night, he is like to hear sounds of music coming, through brilliantly- lighted windows opening upon a wide balcony where many people are promenading in the pleasant evening air. Farther back in the town a few hundred yards, situated among fine oaks which border a newly-planted open square, is the St. James Hotel; where the chances are strong that as one peeps through thedrawing-room windows on the way to one's room, one will find so many New York YACKSOAVILLE IN JANUARY. 69 Johns stretching far away to the south and east. A few yards from the railway-station, across Bay Street, the long facade of the "Grand National Hotel" elevates itself; wherefrom, if the traveler's entree be at night, he is like to hear sounds of music coming, through brilliantly- lighted windows opening upon a wide balcony where many people are promenading in the pleasant evening air. Farther back in the town a few hundred yards, situated among fine oaks which border a newly-planted open square, is the St. James Hotel; where the chances are strong that as one peeps through the drawing-room windows on the way to one's room, one will find so many New York JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. 69 Johns stretching far away to the south and east. A few yards from the railway-station, across Bay Street, the long facade of the "Grand National Hotel" elevates itself; wherefrom, if the traveler's entree be at night, he is like to hear sounds of music coming, through brilliantly- lighted windows opening upon a wide balcony where many people are promenading in the pleasant evening air. Farther back in the town a few hundred yards, situated among fine oaks which border a newly-planted open square, is the St. James Hotel; where the chances are strong that as one peeps through the drawing-room windows on the way to one's room, one will find so many New York ST. JAMES HOTEL, JACKSONVIL5.E. Sr. JAMES HOTEL, JAcKSONvILLE. faces and Boston faces and Chicago faces that one does not feel so very far from home after all. The Grand National and the St. James are open only during the winter; and when we came along back this way in the late spring we found rough planks barring their hospitalities up-a clear case, in fact, of roses shutting and being buds again. Of course, one feels that this races and Boston faces and Chicago faces that one does not feel so very far from home after all. The Grand National and the St. James are open only during the winter; and when we came along back this way in the late spring we found rough planks barring their hospitalities up-a clear case, in fact, of roses shutting and being buds again. Of course, one feels that this faces and Boston faces and Chicago faces that one does not feel so very far from home after all. The Grand National and the St. James are open only during the winter; and when we came along back this way in the late spring we found rough planks barring their hospitalities up-a clear case, in fact, of roses shutting and being buds again. Of course, one feels that this  70 FLORIDA. simile needs justification; for a hotel is primd facie not like a rose: but what would you have? This is Florida, and a simile will live vigorously in Florida which would perish outright in your cold carping clime. The St. Marks Hotel, formerly known as the Metro- politan, a quarter of a mile down-town from the depot, be- tween Bay Street and Forsyth, blooms all the year round. These hotels are really well appointed in all particulars. The St. Marks and the St. James have been recently en- larged, the latter now being the largest hotel in the State. Besides the quarters they offer, pleasant abiding-places can be found in the smaller public-houses and among private families taking boarders. These minor hostelries of various sorts are said to amount to one hundred in num- ber. The National and St. James charge four dollars a day, the St. Marks three ; the smaller houses from one and a half to three a day, and from ten to twenty dol- lars a week. As one emerges from one's hotel in the morning, upon those springy plank sidewalks which con- stitute a sort of strolls-made-easy over a large part of the city, one is immediately struck with the splendid young water-oaks which border the streets, sometimes completely arching them over. Their foliage is dense, and, what with the brilliance of the sun, the lights and shadows are right Rembrandt. These trees contrast greatly with the pines through which one has been traveling ever since one left Wilmington, and in the midst of great forests of which Jacksonville itself is situated. While we walk under the oaks, let us discuss the pines. Presently the best reason in the world will appear to support the pro- priety of the association. Never was a tree more misunderstood, osthetically, than the pine. As we came down through the great pine-forests which fringe the coasts of North Carolina, South Carolina, 70 FLORIDA. simile needs justification ; for a hotel is primd facie not like a rose: but what would you have? This is Florida, and a simile will live vigorously in Florida which would perish outright in your cold carping clime. The St. Marks Hotel, formerly known as the Metro- politan, a quarter of a mile down-town from the dep6t, be- tween Bay Street and Forsyth, blooms all the year round. These hotels are really well appointed in all particulars. The St. Marks and the St. James have been recently en- larged, the latter now being the largest hotel in the State. Besides the quarters they offer, pleasant abiding-places can be found in the smaller public-houses and among private families taking boarders. These minor hostelries of various sorts are said to amount to one hundred in num- ber. The National and St. James charge four dollars a day, the St. Marks three; the smaller houses from one and a half to three a day, and from ten to twenty dol- lars a week. As one emerges from one's hotel in the morning, upon those springy plank sidewalks which con- stitute a sort of strolls-made-easy over a large part of the city, one is immediately struck with the splendid young water-oaks which border the streets, sometimes completely arching them over. Their foliage is dense, and, what with the brilliance of the sun, the lights and shadows are right Rembrandt. These trees contrast greatly with the pines through which one has been traveling ever since one left Wilmington, and in the midst of great forests of which Jacksonville itself is situated. While we walk under the oaks, let us discuss the pines. Presently the best reason in the world will appear to support the pro- priety of the association. Never was a tree more misunderstood, msthetically, than the pine. As we caine down through the great pine-forests which fringe the coasts of North Carolina, South Carolina, 70 FLORIDA. simile needs justification; for a hotel is prima facie not like a rose: but what would you have? This is Florida, and a simile will live vigorously in Florida which would perish outright in your cold carping clime. The St. Marks Hotel, formerly known as the Metro- politan, a quarter of a mile down-town from the dep6t, be- tween Bay Street and Forsyth, blooms all the year round. These hotels are really well appointed in all particulars. The St. Marks and the St. James have been recently en- larged, the latter now being the largest hotel in the State. Besides the quarters they offer, pleasant abiding-places can be found in the smaller public-houses and among private families taking boarders. These minor hostelries of various sorts are said to amount to one hundred in num- ber. The National and St. James charge four dollars a day, the St. Marks three; the smaller houses from one and a half to three a day, and from ten to twenty dol- lars a week. As one emerges from one's hotel in the morning, upon those springy plank sidewalks which con- stitute a sort of strolls-made-easy over a large part of the city, one is immediately struck with the splendid young water-oaks which border the streets, sometimes completely arching them over. Their foliage is dense, and, what with the brilliance of the sun, the lights and shadows are right Rembrandt. These trees contrast greatly with the pines through which one has been traveling ever since one left Wilmington, and in the midst of great forests of which Jacksonville itself is situated. While we walk under the oaks, let us discuss the pines. Presently the best reason in the world will appear to support the pro- priety of the association. Never was a tree more misunderstood, lsthetically, than the pine. As we came down through the great pine-forests which fringe the coasts of North Carolina, South Carolina,  JACKSONVILLE IN JANUAR E g Georgia, and Florida, I frequently heard not only Miss Pertly, but her father also, turn lazily in the car-seat, and yawn out of the window and speak maledictions upon the eternal pines. Nay, oftentimes the very yeomanry of the pine-coun. tries themselves utter disrespect and irreverence upon these trees: insomuch that " piney-woods" has come to be a phrase conveying a certain idea of inferiority. But let us consider a moment. Once John Ruskin, in the noble days before his mournful modern insanity, wrote thus: " The Pine-magnificentl nay, sometimes almost terrible. Other trees, tufting crag or hill, yield to the form and sway of the ground, clothe it with soft compliance, are partly its subjects, partly its flatter. ers, partly its comforters. But the pine rises in serene resistance, self-contained; nor can I ever without awe stay long under a great Alpine cliff, far from all house or work of men, looking up to its companies of pines, as they stand on the inaccessible juts and perilous ledges of the enormous wall, in quiet multitudes, each like the shadow of the one beside it-upright, fixed, spectral, as troops of ghosts standing on the walls of Hades, not knowing each other, dumb for- ever. You cannot reach them, cannot cry to them: those trees never heard human voice: they are far above all sound but of the winds. No foot ever stirred fallen leaf of theirs: all comfortless they stand, between the two eternities of the Vacancy and the Rock; yet with such iron will, that the rock itself looks bent and shattered beside them-fragile, weak, inconsistent, compared to their dark energy of delicate life and monotony of enchanted pride-unnumbered, uncon- querable. Then note further their perfectness. The impression on most people's minds must have been received more from pictures than reality, so far as I can judge, so ragged they think the pine ; whereas its chief character in health is green and full roundness. It stands compact, like one of its own cones, slightly curved on its sides, finished and quaint as a carved tree in some Elizabethan garden; and instead of being wild in expression, forms the softest of all forest scenery, for other trees show their trunks and twisting boughs; but the pine, growing either in luxuriant mass or in happy isolation, allows yACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY 7t Georgia, and Florida, I frequently heard not only Miss Pertly, but her father also, turn lazily in the car-seat, and yawn out of the window and speak maledictions upon the eternal pines. Nay, oftentimes the very yeomanry of the pine-coun- tries themselves utter disrespect and irreverence upon these trees: insomuch that "piney-woods" has come to be a phrase conveying a certain idea of inferiority. But let ts consider a moment. Once John Ruskin, in the noble days before his mournful modern insanity, wrote thus: "The Pine-magnificent ! nay, sometimes almost terrible. Other trees, tufting crag or hill, yield to the form and sway of the ground, clothe it with soft compliance, are partly its subjects, partly its flatter- era, partly its comforters. But the pine rises in serene resistance, self-contained; nor can I ever without awe stay long under a great Alpine cliff, far from all house or work of men, looking up to its companies of pines, as they stand on the inaccessible juts and perilous ledges of the enormous wail, in quiet multitudes, each like the shadow of the one beside it-upright, fixed, spectral, as troops of ghosts standing on the walls of Hades, not knowing each other, dumb for- ever. You cannot reach them, cannot cry to them: those trees never heard human voice: they are far above all sound but of the winds. No foot ever stirred fallen leaf of theirs: all comfortless they stand, between the two eternities of the Vacancy and the Rock; yet with such iron will, that the rock itself looks bent and shattered beside them-fragile, weak, inconsistent, compared to their dark energy of delicate life and monotony of enchanted pride-unnumbered, uncon- querable. Then note further their perfectness. The impression on most people's minds must have been received more from pictures than reality, so far as I can judge, so ragged they think the pine; whereas its chief character in health is green and fall roundness. It stands compact, like one of its own cones, slightly curved on its sides, finished and quaint as a carved tree in some Elizabethan garden; and instead of being wild in expression, forms the softest of all forest scenery, for other trees show their trunks and twisting boughs ; but the pine, growing either in luxuriant mass or in happy isolation, allows JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. 7r Georgia, and Florida, I frequently heard not only Miss Pertly, but her father also, turn lazily in the car-seat, and yawn out of the window and speak maledictions upon the eternal pines. Nay, oftentimes the very yeomanry of the pine-coun- tries themselves utter disrespect and irreverence upon these trees: insomuch that "piney-woods" has come to be a phrase conveying a certain idea of inferiority. But let us consider a moment. Once John Ruskin, in the noble days before his mournful modern insanity, wrote thus: - The Pine-magnificent I nay, sometimes almost terrible. Other trees, tufting crag or hill, yield to the form and sway of the ground, clothe it with soft compliance, are partly its subjects, partly its flatter- er, partly its comforters. But the pine rises in serene resistance, self-contained; nor can I ever without awe stay long under a great Alpine cliff, far from all house or work of men, looking up to its companies of pines, as they stand on the inaccessible juts and perilous ledges of the enormous wall, in quiet multitudes, each like the shadow of the one beside it-upright, fixed, spectral, as troops of ghosts standing on the walls of Hades, not knowing each other, dumb for- ever. You cannot reach them, cannot cry to them: those trees never heard human voice: they are far above all sound but of the winds. No foot ever stirred fallen leaf of theirs: all comfortless they stand, between the two eternities of the Vacancy and the Rock; yet with such iron will, that the rock itself looks bent and shattered beside them-fragile, weak, inconsistent, compared to their dark energy of delicate life and monotony of enchanted pride-unnumbered, uncon- querable. Then note further their perfectness. The impression on most people's minds must have been received more from pictures than reality, so far as I can judge, so ragged they think the pine; whereas its chief character in health is green and full roundness. It stands compact, like one of its own coes, slightly curved or its sides, finished and quaint as a carved tree in some Elizabethan garden; and instead of being wild in expression, forms the softest of all forest scenery, for other trees show their trunks and twisting boughs; but the pine, growing either in luxuriant mass or in happy isolation, allows  72 FLORIDA. no branch to be seen. Summit behind summit rise its pyramidal ranges, or down to the very grass sweep the circlets of its boughs; so that there is nothing but green cone and green carpet. Nor is it only softer, but in one sense more cheerful than any other foliage, for it casts only a pyramidal shadow. Lowland forest arches overhead, and checkers the ground with darkness; but the pine, growing in scat. tered groups, leaves the glades between emerald bright. Its gloom is all its own; narrowing into the sky, it lets the sunshine strike dowr to the dew." And only hear the same John Ruskin commenting or this passage of his own after many years: "Almost the only pleasure I have myself in re-reading my old books, is my sense of having at least done justice to the Pine." But-not to interfere in the least with such slender solace-this "justice" is, after all, only justice to the pines of the mountains; the pines of the plains still remain in disgrace. It is time to break another lance for them. The pines of the plains are inexplicably oppressive to most people. Can it be for the same reason that a powerful sermon makes a sinner feel uncomfortable? For indeed these pines always preach. They are religion carven into trunks and branches and cones. All the similes they suggest are religious. You shall hear the school-boy and the poet alike picturing them as solemn priests, or as the stately pillars of a temple; and the most heedless ear finds organ-tones in the singing of the winds through their multitudinous leaves. Solemnities, mys- teries, time, death, eternity, birth, life, sex, faith, the bottoms of oceans, the individualities of plants and stones, the affinities of atoms, the realities of stars; why does a thing weigh? is gravity a kind of love? may we not all be -we men of the earth-but as animalcules in a drop of water quoad some higher race of beings? is not the sky, 72 FLORIDA. no branch to be seen. Summit behind summit rise its pyramidal ranges, or down to the very grams sweep the circlets of its boughs; so that there is nothing but green cone and green carpet. Nor is it only softer, but in one sense more cheerful than any other foliage, for it casts only a pyramidal shadow. Lowland forest arches overhead, and checkers the ground with darkness; but the pine, growing in soat- tered groups, leaves the glades between emerald bright. Its gloom is all its own; narrowing into the sky, it lets the sunshine strike dowc to the dew." And only hear the same John Ruskin commenting or this passage of his own after many years: "Almost the only pleasure I have myself in re-reading my old books, is my sense of having at least done justice to the Pine." But-not to interfere in the least with such slender solace-this "justice" is, after all, only justice to the pines of the mountains; the pines of the plains still remain in disgrace. It is time to break another lance for them. The pines of the plains are inexplicably oppressive to most people. Can it be for the same reason that a powerful sermon makes a sinner feel uncomfortable? For indeed these pines always preach. They are religion carven into trunks and branches and cones. All the similes they suggest are religious. You shall hear the school-boy and the poet alike picturing them as solemn priests, or as the stately pillars of a temple; and the most heedless ear finds organ-tones in the singing of the winds through their multitudinous leaves. Solemnities, mys- teries, time, death, eternity, birth, life, sex, faith, the bottoms of oceans, the individualities of plants and stones, the affinities of atoms, the realities of stars; why does a thing weigh? is gravity a kind of love? may we not all be -we men of the earth-but as animalcules in a drop of water quoad some higher race of beings? is not the sky, 72 FLORIDA. no branch to be seen. Summit behind summit rise its pyramidal ranges, or down to the very grass sweep the circlets of its boughs; so that there is nothing but green cone and green carpet. Nor is it only softer, but in one sense more cheerful than any other foliage, for it casts only a pyramidal shadow. Lowland forest arches overhead, and checkers the ground with darkness; but the pine, growing in soat- tered groups, leaves the glades between emerald bright. Its gloor is all its own; narrowing into the sky, it lets the sunshine strike dowr to the dew." And only hear the same John Ruskin commenting or this passage of his own after many years: "Almost the only pleasure I have myself in re-reading my old books, is my sense of having at least done justice to the Pine." But-not to interfere in the least with such slender solace--this "justice" is, after all, only justice to the pines of the mountains; the pines of the plains still remain in disgrace. It is time to break another lance for them. The pines of the plains are inexplicably oppressive to most people. Can it be for the same reason that a powerful sermon makes a sinner feel uncomfortable? For indeed these pines always preach. They are religion carven into trunks and branches and cones. All the similes they suggest are religious. You shall hear the school-boy and the poet alike picturing them as solemn priests, or as the stately pillars of a temple; and the most heedless ear finds organ-tones in the singing of the winds through their multitudinous leaves. Solemnities, mys- teries, time, death, eternity, birth, life, sex, faith, the bottoms of oceans, the individualities of plants and stones, the affinities of atoms, the realities of stars; why does a thing weigh? is gravity a kind of love? may we not all be -we men of the earth-but as animalcules in a drop of water quoad some higher race of beings? is not the sky,  JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. 73 then, perhaps only the outer film of our little globule? why does a marble continue to move after your thumb has ceased to push it? cannot really two things be in the same place at the same time? in infinite space can there be any phenomena corresponding to our ideas of place and direction? will that fox-squirrel live after death? why does a familiar word sound wholly strange and unmeaning after one repeats it several times over to oneself? what is the meaning of the Tower of Babel? why do not our dead friends tell us The Secret if they are still alive? what time of day will I die? what superior chemistry to man's is this within the pine-tree that out of water and dirt manufactures rosin and leaves and complicated cones? how does the root of a pine know potash from silex? what a marvel, to think that many of these steadfast tall figures will presently be converted into ship-spars, and perhaps this very royal pine against which I am leaning will in a few months be advancing over the sea as the mainmast of a great ship, and swaying and bending from side to side in colossal arcs between the sky and the water ! is not Herbert Spencer a man drunk with facts, as Spinoza was said to be intoxicated with God? is it possible that the pine-tree feels the wounds and scarifications of its trunk? if it did feel, would it not have a mouth or some organ for expression? what determined the precise bevel- ing of the edge of this pine-needle, and that there should be here eleven in a row and there thirteen? did God actually ever walk in the cool of the day? what is the proportion of strings to reeds in the orchestras of Heaven? what does Beethoven think of his symphonies now? how will the world be reinstated in Belief? will God write another Bible? is not nature the everlasting word? do the pine-trees say anything but God, God, always God? -these things vaguely follow each other through one's D 7 JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARE 73 then, perhaps only the outer film of our little globule? why does a marble continue to move after your thumb has ceased to push it? cannot really two things be in the same place at the same time? in infinite space can there be any phenomena corresponding to our ideas of place and direction? will that fox-squirrel live after death ? why does a familiar word sound wholly strange and unmeaning after one repeats it several times over to oneself? what is the meaning of the Tower of Babel ? why do not our dead friends tell us The Secret if they are still alive? what time of day will I die? what superior chemistry to man's is this within the pine-tree that out of water and dirt manufactures rosin and leaves and complicated cones? how does the root of a pine know potash from silex? what a marvel, to think that many of these steadfast tall figures will presently be converted into ship-spars, and perhaps this very royal pine against which I am leaning will in a few months be advancing over the sea as the mainmast of a great ship, and swaying and bending from side to side in colossal arcs between the sky and the water I is not Herbert Spencer a man drunk with facts, as Spinoza was said to be intoxicated with God? is it possible that the pine-tree feels the wounds and scarifications of its trunk? if it did feel, would it not have a mouth or some organ for expression? what determined the precise bevel- ing of the edge of this pine-needle, and that there should be here eleven in a row and there thirteen? did God actually ever walk in the cool of the day? what is the proportion of strings to reeds in the orchestras of Heaven? what does Beethoven think of his symphonies now? how will the world be reinstated in Belief? will God write another Bible? is not nature the everlasting word? do the pine-trees say anything but God, God, always God? -these things vaguely follow each other through one's r, I JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY- 73 then, perhaps only the outer film of our little globule? why does a marble continue to move after your thumb has ceased to push it? cannot really two things be in the same place at the same time? in infinite space can there be any phenomena corresponding to our ideas of place and direction? will that fox-squirrel live after death? why does a familiar word sound wholly strange and unmeaning after one repeats it several times over to oneself? what is the meaning of the Tower of Babel ? why do not our dead friends tell us The Secret if they are still alive? what time of day will I die? what superior chemistry to man's is this within the pine-tree that out of water and dirt manufactures rosin and leaves and complicated cones? how does the root of a pine know potash from silex? what a marvel, to think that many of these steadfast tall figures will presently be converted into ship-spars, and perhaps this very royal pine against which I am leaning will in a few months be advancing over the sea as the mainmast of a great ship, and swaying and bending from side to side in colossal arcs between the sky and the water 1 is not Herbert Spencer a man drunk with facts, as Spinoza was said to be intoxicated with God? is it possible that the pine-tree feels the wounds and scarifications of its trunk? if it did feel, would it not have a mouth or some organ for expression? what determined the precise bevel- ing of the edge of this pine-needle, and that there should be here eleven in a row and there thirteen? did God actually ever walk in the cool of the day? what is the proportion of strings to reeds in the orchestras of Heaven? what does Beethoven think of his symphonies now? how will the world be reinstated in Belief? will God write another Bible? is not nature the everlasting word? do the pine-trees say anything but God, God, always God? -these things vaguely follow each other through one's D 7  74 FLORIDA. mind when one is under the pines, with no more law, or at any rate no more apparent law, than the seeming- whimsical fugue of the winds through the pine-tops. As for the hill-pines, they stand upon the corrugations of the earth's brow. They represent pain, spasms, parox- ysms, desperations. The pines of the plain have higher meanings if lower sites; theirs is the unwrinkled forehead of a tranquil globe, they signify the mystery of that repose that comes only from tested power and seasoned strength -a grandeur of tranquillity which is as much greater than the grandeur of cataclysms as Chaucer is greater than Byron, as Beethoven is greater than Berlioz, as Lee's man- hood is greater than Napoleon's. A subtle sense of multitude begins to reveal itself to him who stands among the great pine-forests. We are accustomed to speak of the multitude of the stars: the astronomers say there are only about six thousand of them visible on a clear night to the naked eye; but six thousand pines l Six thousand is only the insignificant content of a few acres: here are thousands of square miles of them. When one looks from this great trunk to that, from that to another, to another, to a thousand, as they stand, distinct units, ranged in circles, in squares, in rhomboid figures, in endless aisles, in myriad-fold ranks, almost making a continuity by mere multitude, yet individual and countable if one only had eternity to count them in -it is as if one saw infinity, and a noise goes about through the high pine-needles which seems to formulate itself into that lovely Latin song: Intnitas! Infinitas! Hic mundus est infinitas 1 Infinitas et totus est, (Nam mente nunquam absolveris;) Infinitas et illius 74 FLORIDA. mind when one is under the pines, with no more law, or at any rate no more apparent law, than the seeming- whimsical fugue of the winds through the pine-tops. As for the hill-pines, they stand upon the corrugations of the earth's brow. They represent pain, spasms, parox- ysms, desperations. The pines of the plain have higher meanings if lower sites; theirs is the unwrinkled forehead of a tranquil globe, they signify the mystery of that repose that comes only from tested power and seasoned strength -a grandeur of tranquillity which is as much greater than the grandeur of cataclysms as Chaucer is greater than Byron, as Beethoven is greater than Berlioz, as Lee's man- hood is greater than Napoleon's. A subtle sense of multitude begins to reveal itself to him who stands among the great pine-forests. We are accustomed to speak of the multitude of the stars: the astronomers say there are only about six thousand of them visible on a clear night to the naked eye ; but six thousand pines! Six thousand is only the insignificant content of a few acres: here are thousands of square miles of them. When one looks from this great trunk to that, from that to another, to another, to a thousand, as they stand, distinct units, ranged in circles, in squares, in rhomboid figures, in endless aisles, in myriad-fold ranks, almost making a continuity by mere multitude, yet individual and countable if one only had eternity to count them in -it is as if one saw infinity, and a noise goes about through the high pine-needles which seems to formulate itself into that lovely Latin song: Infinitas! Infnitas! Hic mundus est infinitas! Infinitas et totus est, (Nam mente nunquam absolveris;) Infinitas et illius 74 FLORIDA. mind when one is under the pines, with no more law, or at any rate no more apparent law, than the seeming- whimsical fugue of the winds through the pine-tops. As for the hill-pines, they stand upon the corrugations of the earth's brow. They represent pain, spasms, parox- ysms, desperations. The pines of the plain have higher meanings if lower sites; theirs is the unwrinkled forehead of a tranquil globe, they signify the mystery of that repose that comes only from tested power and seasoned strength -a grandeur of tranquillity which is as much greater than the grandeur of cataclysms as Chaucer is greater than Byron, as Beethoven is greater than Berlioz, as Lee's man- hood is greater than Napoleon's. A subtle sense of multitude begins to reveal itself to him who stands among the great pine-forests. We are accustomed to speak of the multitude of the stars: the astronomers say there are only about six thousand of them visible on a clear night to the naked eye; but six thousand pines I Six thousand is only the insignificant content of a few acres: here are thousands of square miles of them. When one looks from this great trunk to that, from that to another, to another, to a thousand, as they stand, distinct units, ranged in circles, in squares, in rhomboid figures, in endless aisles, in myriad-fold ranks, almost making a continuity by mere multitude, yet individual and countable if one only had eternity to count them in -it is as if one saw infinity, and a noise goes about through the high pine-needles which seems to formulate itself into that lovely Latin song: Infinitas! Infinitasi Hic mundus est infinitast Infinitas et totus est, (Nam mente nunquam absolveris;) Infinitas et illius  JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. 75 Pars qualibet, partisque pars. Quad tangis est infinitas; Quod ceris est infinitas; Quod non vides corpusculum, Sed mente sola concipis, Corpusculi et corpusculum, Hujusque pars corpusculi, Partisque pars, hujusque pars, In hacque parte quicquid est, Infinitatem continet. Quiesce mans, et limites In orbe cessa quarere. Quod queris in te reperis: In mente sunt, in mente sunt, Hi, quos requiris, termini; A rebus absunt limites, In hisce tanstm infinitas, Infinitas! Infinitas! A singular phenomenon is taking place all along this belt of pines which now borders the Southern States like the ciliary fringes along the lip of some prodigious sea- shell. The yellow pine does not seem to reproduce itself, except under very rare conditions: when the forests of it are cut away for timber, there springs up in its place not a forest of young pines, but a forest of young oaks I This circumstance has baffled the scientific knowledge of our time, so far as I know. The traveler on the way to Florida can see many very striking instances of it. Just after he leaves Wilmington, N. C., for example, going southward, let him look from the car-window on either side. As far as the eye can reach, in many places, a thick forest of young oaks (" black-jacks") about four to five feet in height has sprung up. Whence came the acorns from which each of these young oaks sprang? There is not an old oak within miles; and before these JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY 75 Pars qualibet, partisque pars. Quod tangis est infinitas; Quod cemis est infinitas; Quod non vides corpusculum, Sed mente rola concipis, Corpusculi et corpusculum, Hujusque pars corpusculi, Partisque pars, hujusque pars, In hacque parte quicquid est, Infinitatem continet. Quiesce mens, et limites In orbe cessa quarere. Quod quoris in te reperis: In mente sont, in mente sunt, Hi, quos requiris, termini; A rebus absunt limites, In hisce tantum infinitas, Infinitas! Infinitas! A singular phenomenon is taking place all along this belt of pines which now borders the Southern States like the ciliary fringes along the lip of some prodigious sea- shell. The yellow pine does not seem to reproduce itself, except under very rare conditions: when the forests of it are cut away for timber, there springs up in its place not a forest of young pines, but a forest of young oaks ! This circumstance has baffled the scientific knowledge of our time, so far as I know. The traveler on the way to Florida can see many very striking instances of it. Just after he leaves Wilmington, N. C., for example, going southward, let him look from the car-window on either side. As far as the eye can reach, in many places, a thick forest of young oaks (" black-jacks") about four to five feet in height has sprung up. Whence came the acorns from which each of these young oaks sprang? There is not an old oak within miles; and before these JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. 75 Pars qualibet, partisque pars. Quod tangis est infinitas; Quod cemis est infinitas; Quod non vides corpusculum, Sed mente sola concipis, Corpusculi et corpusculum, Hujusque pars corpusculi, Partisque pars, hujusque pars, In hacque parte quicquid est, Infinitatem continet. Quiesce mens, et limites In orbe cessa quorere. Quod quwris in te reperis: In mente sunt, in mente runt, Hi, quos requiris, termini; A rebus absunt limites, In hisce tantum infinitas, Infinitas! Infinitas! A singular phenomenon is taking place all along this belt of pines which now borders the Southern States like the ciliary fringes along the lip of some prodigious sea- shell. The yellow pine does not seem to reproduce itself, except under very rare conditions: when the forests of it are cut away for timber, there springs up in its place not a forest of young pines, but a forest of young oaks 1 This circumstance has baffled the scientific knowledge of our time, so far as I know. The traveler on the way to Florida can see many very striking instances of it. Just after he leaves Wilmington, N. C., for example, going southward, let him look from the car-window on either side. As far as the eye can reach, in many places, a thick forest of young oaks (" black-jacks") about four to five feet in height has sprung up. Whence came the acorns from which each of these young oaks sprang? There is not an old oak within miles; and before these  76 FLORIDA. young oaks grew, the whole surface of the land hereabout was covered with an unbroken growth of pines, which have now been wholly cut away, either in the course of clearing land for agricultural purposes, or of the manufac- ture of turpentine and lumber. Whence-one may ask again in astonishment, as one's eye ranges over miles and miles of these vigorous oak- saplings-whence came the simultaneous sowing which has resulted in this plantation of trees whose tops are as level as wheat heads? Whatever may be its explanation, the phenomenon is visible to the traveler at many spots along the whole route from Weldon to Jacksonville, through Wilmington, Columbia (or Charleston), Augusta, and Savannah. Its effect has been already to revolutionize the appearance, and incidentally the pursuits, of the country in which it is taking place. For the concomitants of pine-growth are very different from those of the oak. The civilization of the pines is that of the timber-cutter and the turpentine- distiller: to-day they set up their shanties and "stills," quickly they cut down or exhaust the trees, to-morrow they are gone, leaving a desolate and lonesome land. But presently the young oaks, as I have said, begin to clothe the nakedness of the earth-their thicker foliage shades it more than the pine, their leaves fertilize it more richly; then comes the farmer, who substitutes the civili- zation of corn and cotton for that of timber and turpen- tine, and erects a permanent house in lieu of the ephemeral shanties. The road from Weldon to Wilmington presents a cheerful example of this transforming process. Within the recollection of this writer-who is not an old man- it was, during the days of the lumber-men and the "still"- men, a desolate and barren route such as one could not 76 FLORIDA. young oaks grew, the whole surface of the land hereabout was covered with an unbroken growth of pines, which have now been wholly cut away, either in the course of clearing land for agricultural purposes, or of the manufac- ture of turpentine and lumber. Whence-one may ask again in astonishment, as one's eye ranges over miles and miles of these vigorous oak- saplings-whence came the simultaneous sowing which has resulted in this plantation of trees whose tops are as level as wheat heads? Whatever may be its explanation, the phenomenon is visible to the traveler at many spots along the whole route from Weldon to Jacksonville, through Wilmington, Columbia (or Charleston), Augusta, and Savannah. Its effect has been already to revolutionize the appearance, and incidentally the pursuits, of the country in which it is taking place. For the concomitants of pine-growth are very different from those of the oak. The civilization of the pines is that of the timber-cutter and the turpentine- distiller: to-day they set up their shanties and "stills," quickly they cut down or exhaust the trees, to-morrow they are gone, leaving a desolate and lonesome land. But presently the young oaks, as I have said, begin to clothe the nakedness of the earth-their thicker foliage shades it more than the pine, their leaves fertilize it more richly; then comes the farmer, who substitutes the civili- zation of corn and cotton for that of timber and turpen- tine, and erects a permanent house in lieu of the ephemeral shanties. The road from Weldon to Wilmington presents a cheerful example of this transforming process. Within the recollection of this writer-who is not an old man- it was, during the days of the lumber-men and the "still"- men, a desolate and barren route such as one could not 76 FLORIDA. young oaks grew, the whole surface of the land hereabout was covered with an unbroken growth of pines, which have now been wholly cut away, either in the course of clearing land for agricultural purposes, or of the manufac- ture of turpentine and lumber. Whence-one may ask again in astonishment, as one's eye ranges over miles and miles of these vigorous oak- saplings-whence came the simultaneous sowing which has resulted in this plantation of trees whose tops are as level as wheat heads? Whatever may be its explanation, the phenomenon is visible to the traveler at many spots along the whole route from Weldon to Jacksonville, through Wilmington, Columbia (or Charleston), Augusta, and Savannah. Its effect has been already to revolutionize the appearance, and incidentally the pursuits, of the country in which it is taking place. For the concomitants of pine-growth are very different from those of the oak. The civilization of the pines is that of the timber-cutter and the turpentine- distiller: to-day they set up their shanties and "stills," quickly they cut down or exhaust the trees, to-morrow they are gone, leaving a desolate and lonesome land. But presently the young oaks, as I have said, begin to clothe the nakedness of the earth-their thicker foliage shades it more than the pine, their leaves fertilize it more richly; then comes the farmer, who substitutes the civili- zation of corn and cotton for that of timber and turpen- tine, and erects a permanent house in lieu of the ephemeral shanties. The road from Weldon to Wilmington presents a cheerful example of this transforming process. Within the recollection of this writer-who is not an old man- it was, during the days of the lumber-men and the "still"- men, a desolate and barren route such as one could not  JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. 77 remember without a dismal feeling; the pines-majestic enough when left alone-were all stumped and scarified, and there was little sign of human life; but it is now dotted with comparatively thriving towns, at which much more traffic is carried on than one unused to the "ways" of these people would ever imagine, and I am told that something like seventy-five thousand bales of cotton were produced last season in this single section. Of course this process goes on more rapidly in the im- mediate neighborhood of the lines of railway than else- where; and it will not be long, one fancies, before Miss Pertly will travel from Portsmouth, Virginia, to Jackson- ville through a level park of oaks. As a final clincher, in the discussion of pines, one may ask Miss Pertly if she did not go into raptures over those violin-variations of Brahm's (e.g.), which Theodore Thomas's orchestra played so divinely last winter; and- for of course she did-what would these variations-or indeed anything else the orchestra played-have been without the rosin on those broad fiddle bows? There is no escape for the young lady,-except by de- claring she was not aware that rosin came from pine- trees. Of course she could not be expected to know that besides rosin these pines contain celluline, lignin, starch, turpentine, tar, zylol, phosphoric acid, phosphate of lime, phosphate of magnesia, silicic acid, silicate of potash, car- bonate of potash, sulphate of potash, chloride of sodium, sulphate of soda, carbonate of lime, and carbonate of magnesia. -At this hour of the morning in Jacksonville everybody is eating his ante-breakfast oranges, with as much vigor as if he saw himself growing suddenly wrinkled and flaccid, like the gods and goddesses in Wagner's Rheingold when they had in their agitation forgotten to eat their dailyallow- 7* JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY 77 remember without a dismal feeling; the pines-majestic enough when left alone-were all stumped and scarified, and there was little sign of human life; but it is now dotted with comparatively thriving towns, at which much more traffic is carried on than one unused to the "ways" of these people would ever imagine, and I am told that something like seventy-five thousand bales of cotton were produced last season in this single section. Of course this process goes on more rapidly in the im- mediate neighborhood of the lines of railway than else- where; and it will not be long, one fancies, before Miss Pertly will travel from Portsmouth, Virginia, to Jackson- ville through a level park of oaks. As a final clincher, in the discussion of pines, one may ask Miss Pertly if she did not go into raptures over those violin-variations of Brahm's (e.g.), which Theodore Thomas's orchestra played so divinely last winter; and- for of course she did-what would these variations-or indeed anything else the orchestra played-have been without the rosin on those broad fiddle bows? There is no escape for the young lady,-except by de- claring she was not aware that rosin came from pine- trees. Of course she could not be expected to know that besides rosin these pines contain celluline, lignin, starch, turpentine, tar, zylol, phosphoric acid, phosphate of lime, phosphate of magnesia, silicic acid, silicate of potash, car- bonate of potash, sulphate of potash, chloride of sodium, sulphate of soda, carbonate of lime, and carbonate of magnesia. -At this hour of the morning in Jacksonville everybody is eating his ante-breakfast oranges, with as much vigor as if he saw himself growing suddenly wrinkled and flaccid, like the gods and goddesses in Wagner's Rheingold when theyhad in their agitation forgotten toeat their daily allow- 7* JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. 77 remember without a dismal feeling; the pines-majestic enough when left alone-were all stumped and scarified, and there was little sign of human life; but it is now dotted with comparatively thriving towns, at which much more traffic is carried on than one unused to the "ways" of these people would ever imagine, and I am told that something like seventy-five thousand bales of cotton were produced last season in this single section. Of course this process goes on more rapidly in the im- mediate neighborhood of the lines of railway than else- where; and it will not be long, one fancies, before Miss Pertly will travel frot Portsmouth, Virginia, to Jackson- ville through a level park of oaks. As a final clincher, in the discussion of pines, one may ask Miss Pertly if she did not go into raptures over those violin-variations of Brahm's (e.g.), which Theodore Thomas's orchestra played so divinely last winter; and-- for of course she did-what would these variations-or indeed anything else the orchestra played-have been without the rosin on those broad fiddle bows? There is no escape for the young lady,-except by de- claring she was not aware that rosin came from pine- trees. Of course she could not be expected to know that besides rosin these pines contain celluline, lignin, starch, turpentine, tar, zylol, phosphoric acid, phosphate of lime, phosphate of magnesia, silicic acid, silicate of potash, car- bonate of potash, sulphate of potash, chloride of sodium, sulphate of soda, carbonate of lime, and carbonate of magnesia. -At this hour of the morning in Jacksonville everybody is eating his ante-breakfast oranges, with as much vigor as if he saw himself growing suddenly wrinkled and flaccid, like the gods and goddesses in Wagner's Rheingold when they had in their agitation forgotten to eat their daily allow- 7*  78 FLORIDA. ance of the golden fruit which grew in Freya's garden and which was the necessary condition of their immortal youth. In truth, to eat one's oranges with some such thought as this would not be wholly absurd. These old metaphors which by a curious intersection of events and of lines of thought converge to a point here in Florida-the meta- phors of Freya's youth-conferring fruit, of De Leon's youth-conferring Spring: are they not evolved out of a certain vague sense in the bottom of our hearts that trees and waters-Nature-are full of healing, and that the man will never die who wisely and lovingly reaches forth his hand and plucks nature as a fruit, and eats it and digests it and incorporates it with himself? But the sight of your dripping fingers reminds one that while there are few pleasanter things than the eating of an orange, yet it is also in the order of nature that difficulty and delight-which are essentially birds of a feather- should fly together, and there are therefore few harder things than the eating of an orange dry-fingered. The stickiness of orange-juice seems somehow at once one of the most unavoidable and most disagreeable of the earthly bads that hang by the goods; and one can never help regretting that neither Mr. George Lewes in his Problems of Life and Mind, nor Mr. Greg in his Rocks Ahead, has thought fit to treat the question How to eat an orange. Yet it can be done with great daintiness, if the proper appliances are at hand. By Appliances I mean a lady. It is notorious that women can manage an orange with their delicately-tactile fingers to a marvel. There is a tradition in Jacksonville of one who, with kid gloves on her hands, kept the same wholly unspotted during the entire process of peeling, dividing, and eating. How- ever that may be, it is certainly an wsthetic delight to see 78 FLORIDA. ance of the golden fruit which grew in Freya's garden and which was the necessary condition of their immortal youth. In truth, to eat one's oranges with some such thought as this would not be wholly absurd. These old metaphors which by a curious intersection of events and of lines of thought converge to a point here in Florida-the meta- phors of Freya's youth-conferring fruit, of De Leon's youth-conferring Spring: are they not evolved out of a certain vague sense in the bottom of our hearts that trees and waters-Nature-are full of healing, and that the man will never die who wisely and lovingly reaches forth his hand and plucks nature as a fruit, and eats it and digests it and incorporates it with himself? But the sight of your dripping fingers reminds one that while there are few pleasanter things than the eating of an orange, yet it is also in the order of nature that difficulty and delight-which are essentially birds of a feather- should fly together, and there are therefore few harder things than the eating of an orange dry-fingered. The stickiness of orange-juice seems somehow at once one of the most unavoidable and most disagreeable of the earthly bads that hang by the goods; and one can never help regretting that neither Mr. George Lewes in his Problems of Life and Mind, nor Mr. Greg in his Rocks Ahead, has thought fit to treat the question How to eat an orange. Yet it can be done with great daintiness, if the proper appliances are at hand. By Appliances I mean a lady. It is notorious that women can manage an orange with their delicately-tactile fingers to a marvel. There is a tradition in Jacksonville of one who, with kid gloves on her hands, kept the same wholly unspotted during the entire process of peeling, dividing, and eating. How- ever that may be, it is certainly an testhetic delight to see 78 FLORIDA. ance of the golden fruit which grew in Freya's garden and which was the necessary condition of their immortal youth. In truth, to eat one's oranges with some such thought as this would not be wholly absurd. These old metaphors which by a curious intersection of events and of lines of thought converge to a point here in Florida-the meta- phors of Freya's youth-conferring fruit, of De Leon's youth-conferring Spring: are they not evolved out of a certain vague sense in the bottom of our hearts that trees and waters-Nature-are full of healing, and that the man will never die who wisely and lovingly reaches forth his hand and plucks nature as a fruit, and eats it and digests it and incorporates it with himself? But the sight of your dripping fingers reminds one that while there are few pleasanter things than the eating of an orange, yet it is also in the order of nature that difficulty and delight-which are essentially birds of a feather- should fly together, and there are therefore few harder things than the eating of an orange dry-fingered. The stickiness of orange-juice seems somehow at once one of the most unavoidable and most disagreeable of the earthly bads that hang by the goods; and one can never help regretting that neither Mr. George Lewes in his Problems of Life and Mind, nor Mr. Greg in his Rocks Ahead, has thought fit to treat the question How to eat an orange. Yet it can be done with great daintiness, if the proper appliances are at hand. By Appliances I mean a lady. It is notorious that women can manage an orange with their delicately-tactile fingers to a marvel. There is a tradition in Jacksonville of one who, with kid gloves on her hands, kept the same wholly unspotted during the entire process of peeling, dividing, and eating. How- ever that may be, it is certainly an oesthetic delight to see  YACXSONVILLE IN JANUARY 79 ten white lady fingers deftly coaxing apart the juicy orange- sectors. That is apples of gold in pictures of silver. It has been suggested that the reason of this superior skill is longer experience : woman, though younger than man, commenced to handle fruit sooner. But it is a sug- gestion that I make a point of loudly and ostentatiously scorning; for, as has been said, the solution of the prob- lem of How to eat an orange depends upon being on good terms with Woman. First get your orange: and you will at least produce an implication of your connoisseurship in the mind of the dealer if, in doing so, you ask for Indian River oranges, which many persons hold to be the typic fruit. Then get your sister or any available womankind-other men's sisters beside your own might do-to peel your orange, divide it into sectors, and hand you these, each lying on its detached arc of peel as on a small salver. The rest, as the old play says, can be done without book. Thus the question how to eat an orange without sticki- ness resolves itself, in the last analysis, into a question of morals and of behavior; into, in other words, the ques- tion How to be very good and amiable to your woman- kind before breakfast; insomuch that one may look to see the time-coincident with the bearing-time of the mil- lions of young orange-trees which the recent activities of Florida have set growing-when the orange shall trans. form the bearish husbands of the whole land into knightly lovers, and when Growly's manner to Mrs. G. before breakfast shall be as suave and bland as is the juice of the fruit itself-like the dyer's hand, subdued to what it works in. -By this time, no matter in what direction we may have started, we will have arrived in Bay Street, which runs parallel with and next to the river. It is the main business JACK SONVILLE IN JANUARY 79 ten white lady fingers deftly coaxing apart the juicy orange- sectors. That is apples of gold in pictures of silver. It has been suggested that the reason of this superior skill is longer experience : woman, though younger than man, commenced to handle fruit sooner. But it is a sug- gestion that I make a point of loudly and ostentatiously scorning; for, as has been said, the solution of the prob- lem of How to eat an orange depends upon being on good terms with Woman. First get your orange: and you will at least produce an implication of your connoisseurship in the mind of the dealer if, in doing so, you ask for Indian River oranges, which many persons hold to be the typic fruit. Then get your sister or any available womankind-other men's sisters beside your own might do-to peel your orange, divide it into sectors, and hand you these, each lying on its detached arc of peel as on a small salver. The rest, as the old play says, can be done without book. Thus the question how to eat an orange without sticki- ness resolves itself, in the last analysis, into a question of morals and of behavior; into, in other words, the ques- tion How to be very good and amiable to your woman- kind before breakfast ; insomuch that one may look to see the time-coincident with the bearing-time of the mil- lions of young orange-trees which the recent activities of Florida have set growing-when the orange shall trans- form the bearish husbands of the whole land into knightly lovers, and when Growly's manner to Mrs. G. before breakfast shall be as suave and bland as is the juice of the fruit itself-like the dyer's hand, subdued to what it works in. -By this time, no matter in what direction we may have started, we will have arrived in Bay Street, which runs parallel with and next to the river. It is the main business YACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. 79 ten white lady fingers deftly coaxing apart the juicy orange- sectors. That is apples of gold in pictures of silver. It has been suggested that the reason of this superior skill is longer experience : woman, though younger than man, commenced to handle fruit sooner. But it is a sug- gestion that I make a point of loudly and ostentatiously scorning; for, as has been said, the solution of the prob- lem of How to eat an orange depends upon being on good terms with Woman. First get your orange: and you will at least produce an implication of your connoisseurship in the mind of the dealer if, in doing so, you ask for Indian River oranges, which many persons hold to be the typic fruit. Then get your sister or any available womankind-other men's sisters beside your own might do-to peel your orange, divide it into sectors, and hand you these, each lying on its detached arc of peel as on a small salver. The rest, as the old play says, can be done without book. Thus the question how to eat an orange without sticki- ness resolves itself, in the last analysis, into a question of morals and of behavior; into, in other words, the ques- tion How to be very good and amiable to your woman- kind before breakfast; insomuch that one may took to see the time--coincident with the bearing-time of the mil- lions of young orange-trees which the recent activities of Florida have set growing-when the orange shall trans- form the bearish husbands of the whole land into knightly lovers, and when Growly's manner to Mrs. G. before breakfast shall be as suave and bland as is the juice of the fruit itself-like the dyer's hand, subdued to what it works in. -By this time, no matter in what direction we may have started, we will have arrived in Bay Street, which runs parallel with and next to the river. It is the main business  8o FLORIDA. street of the city, and is a lively enough thoroughfare of a winter's morning. The curious visitors are trooping 8o FLORIDA. street of the city, and is a lively enough thoroughfare of a winter's morning. The curious visitors are trooping 8o FLORIDA. street of the city, and is a lively enough thoroughfare of a winter's morning. The curious visitors are trooping everywhere along the sidewalks-to the post-office, to the fruit-stores, to the palmetto-braiders', to the curiosity- shops, to the wharf for a sailboat, to the fizzing steamboats for a trip up the St. Johns or the Ocklawaha. The mer- everywhere along the sidewalks-to the post-office, to the fruit-stores, to the palmetto-braiders', to the curiosity- shops, to the wharf for a sailboat, to the fizzing steamboats for a trip up the St. Johns or the Ocklawaha. The mer- everywhere along the sidewalks-to the post-office, to the fruit-stores, to the palmetto-braiders', to the curiosity- shops, to the wharf for a sailboat, to the fizzing steamboats for a trip up the St. Johns or the Ocklawaha. The mer-  YACKSONVILLE IN YANUARY g chants and shop-keepers are all busy. Along with the noises of traffic comes the hum of the lumber-mills; fitly JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. g chants and shop-keepers are all busy. Along with the noises of traffic comes the hum of the lumber-mills; fitly YACKSONVILLE IN YANUAR E 81 chants and shop-keepers are all busy. Along with the noises of traffic comes the hum of the lumber-mills; fitly a c a z c R. C z H O Z I a z n z c z H' W O Z V+ io I- enough, for the latter are said to conduce no little to the prosperity of the former, in bringing about cheap freights. The three-masted schooners that you see lying at the wharves there, waiting for cargoes of lumber, will trans- D* enough, for the latter are said to conduce no little to the prosperity of the former, in bringing about cheap freights. The three-masted schooners that you see lying at the wharves there, waiting for cargoes of lumber, will trans- D0 enough, for the latter are said to conduce no little to the prosperity of the former, in bringing about cheap freights. The three-masted schooners that you see lying at the wharves there, waiting for cargoes of lumber, will trans- D*  82 FLORIDA. port heavy goods at almost any price when they come here, rather than sail in ballast. The visitor strolling down this street soon discovers that not an inconsiderable item in the commerce of Jack- sonville is the trade in "Florida curiosities," to which he will find several establishments devoted. These curi- osities are sea-beans, alligators' teeth, plumes of herons' and curlews' feathers, cranes'-wings, angel-fish, mangrove and orange walking-canes, coral branches, coquina-figures, and many others. The sea-beans are interesting in more particulars than one. For example, how do they get on the eastern coast of Florida? After extensive inquiry, I was unable to find any person who had ever seen them* growing on the Florida shore; and the universal testimony of the sailors I met was that they were washed over from vines on the coasts of the West Indies. But, if Maury's idea of the Gulf Stream's shape and of its effect upon drift-matter be true, they could not be washed over from the West Indies. That author declares that the Gulf Stream is higher in the centre than at its edges, and that a subsidiary current, like rain shed from a roof, runs from the middle to the sides with sufficient force to carry a boat in a lateral direction; for which reason the drift-matter on the eastern edge is not, and cannot be, found on the western. This being so, how could sea-beans, grown in the West Indies-that is, east or south of the Gulf Stream -be washed over to Florida-that is, to shores west or north of it? And, if they do not cross it, what route do they pursue? There are many varieties of sea-beans, differing greatly in shape and color, from the small round red ones, much -They are the fruit of a leguminous plant, and drop from their pods into the sea. 82 FLORIDA. port heavy goods at almost any price when they come here, rather than sail in ballast. The visitor strolling down this street soon discovers that not an inconsiderable item in the commerce of Jack- sonville is the trade in "Florida curiosities," to which he will find several establishments devoted. These curi- osities are sea-beans, alligators' teeth, plumes of herons' and curlews' feathers, cranes'-wings, angel-fish, mangrove and orange walking-canes, coral branches, coquina-figures, and many others. The sea-beans are interesting in more particulars than one. For example, how do they get on the eastern coast of Florida? After extensive inquiry, I was unable to find any person who had ever seen them* growing on the Florida shore; and the universal testimony of the sailors I met was that they were washed over from vines on the coasts of the West Indies. But, if Maury's idea of the Gulf Stream's shape and of its effect upon drift-matter be true, they could not be washed over from the West Indies. That author declares that the Gulf Stream is higher in the centre than at its edges, and that a subsidiary current, like rain shed from a roof, runs from the middle to the sides with sufficient force to carry a boat in a lateral direction; for which reason the drift-matter on the eastern edge is not, and cannot be, found on the western. This being so, how could sea-beans, grown in the West Indies-that is, east or south of the Gulf Stream -be washed over to Florida-that is, to shores west or north of it? And, if they do not cross it, what route do they pursue? There are many varieties of sea-beans, differing greatly in shape and color, from the small round red ones, much * They are the fruit of a leguminous plant, and drop from their pods into the sea. 82 FLORIDA. port heavy goods at almost any price when they come here, rather than sail in ballast. The visitor strolling down this street soon discovers that not an inconsiderable item in the commerce of Jack- sonville is the trade in "Florida curiosities," to which he will find several establishments devoted. These curi- osities are sea-beans, alligators' teeth, plumes of herons' and curlews' feathers, cranes'-wings, angel-fish, mangrove and orange walking-canes, coral branches, coquina-figures, and many others. The sea-beans are interesting in more particulars than one. For example, how do they get on the eastern coast of Florida? After extensive inquiry, I was unable to find any person who had ever seen them* growing on the Florida shore; and the universal testimony of the sailors I met was that they were washed over from vines on the coasts of the West Indies. But, if Maury's idea of the Gulf Stream's shape and of its effect upon drift-matter be true, they could not be washed over from the West Indies. That author declares that the Gulf Stream is higher in the centre than at its edges, and that a subsidiary current, like rain shed from a roof, runs from the middle to the sides with sufficient force to carry a boat in a lateral direction; for which reason the drift-matter on the eastern edge is not, and cannot be, found on the western. This being so, how could sea-beans, grown in the West Indies-that is, east or south of the Gulf Stream -be washed over to Florida-that is, to shores west or north of it? And, if they do not cross it, what route do they pursue? There are many varieties of sea-beans, differing greatly in shape and color, from the small round red ones, much * They are the fruit of a leguminous plant, and drop from their pods into the sea.  JACXSONVILLE IN 7ANUARY 83 affected by some for vest-buttons, through the medium- sized agate ones, which are split and mounted with gold for sleeve-buttons, to the large, perfect heart-shaped ones, of rich lava brown, more than two inches in length. The most beautiful, mefjudice, are those rare ones whose surfaces show a polished similitude of velvety leopard-skins. The alligators' teeth are made into whistles, watch. charms, and the like. It may be that some poor half- invalid of limited means, but of independent disposition, might find his account at once as to health and purse, by wandering among the numerous small unfrequented streams in lower Florida and making a business of shoot- ing alligators and gathering their teeth ; for I heard one of the largest curiosity-dealers in Florida freely offering from four to eight dollars a pound for such teeth, in any quantities, however large or small. I was told that the process of gathering the teeth was simply to shoot the animal, leave the carcass lying for a couple of months, and then revisit it and draw the loosened teeth from their sockets. The variation in price depends upon the size, the large ones bringing much higher prices than the small. Jacksonville is as it were a city built to order, and many provisions have been made for employing the leisure of its winter visitors. A very good circulating- library is to be found in Astor's Building, at the corner of Bay and Hogan Streets, which is open to strangers for borrowing, and the principal current papers and magazines are supplied by Ashmead Brothers at Bay Street near Pine. A pleasant sort of exchange for visitors is also to be found in the reading-room of Am- bler's Bank, farther down Bay Street, on the opposite side. Beyond this, a few doors, is the post-office. At the sign "Boats to let," on the wharf, not far below the YACXSONVILLE IN JANUARY 83 affected by some for vest-buttons, through the medium- sized agate ones, which are split and mounted with gold for sleeve-buttons, to the large, perfect heart-shaped ones, of rich lava brown, more than two inches in length. The most beautiful, me fudice, are those rare ones whose surfaces show a polished similitude of velvety leopard-skins. The alligators' teeth are made into whistles, watch- charms, and the like. It may be that some poor half- invalid of limited means, but of independent disposition, might find his account at once as to health and purse, by wandering among the numerous small unfrequented streams in lower Florida and making a business of shoot- ing alligators and gathering their teeth; for I heard one of the largest curiosity-dealers in Florida freely offering from four to eight dollars a pound for such teeth, in any quantities, however large or small. I was told that the process of gathering the teeth was simply to shoot the animal, leave the carcass lying for a couple of months, and then revisit it and draw the loosened teeth from their sockets. The variation in price depends upon the size, the large ones bringing much higher prices than the small. Jacksonville is as it were a city built to order, and many provisions have been made for employing the leisure of its winter visitors. A very good circulating- library is to be found in Astor's Building, at the corner of Bay and Hogan Streets, which is open to strangers for borrowing, and the principal current papers and magazines are supplied by Ashmead Brothers at Bay Street near Pine. A pleasant sort of exchange for visitors is also to be found in the reading-room of Am- bier's Bank, farther down Bay Street, on the opposite side. Beyond this, a few doors, is the post-office. At the sign "Boats to let," on the wharf, not far below the YACXSONVILLE IN JANUARY. 83 affected by some for vest-buttons, through the medium- sized agate ones, which are split and mounted with gold for sleeve-buttons, to the large, perfect heart-shaped ones, of rich lava brown, more than two inches in length. The most beautiful, me judice, are those rare ones whose surfaces show a polished similitude of velvety leopard-skins. The alligators' teeth are made into whistles, watch- charms, and the like. It may be that some poor half- invalid of limited means, but of independent disposition, might find his account at once as to health and purse, by wandering among the numerous small unfrequented streams in lower Florida and making a business of shoot- ing alligators and gathering their teeth; for I heard one of the largest curiosity-dealers in Florida freely offering from four to eight dollars a pound for such teeth, in any quantities, however large or smalt. I was told that the process of gathering the teeth was simply to shoot the animal, leave the carcass lying for a couple of months, and then revisit it and draw the loosened teeth from their sockets. The variation in price depends upon the size, the large ones bringing much higher prices than the small. Jacksonville is as it were a city built to order, and many provisions have been made for employing the leisure of its winter visitors. A very good circulating. library is to be found in Astor's Building, at the corner of Bay and Hogan Streets, which is open to strangers for borrowing, and the principal current papers and magazines are supplied by Ashmead Brothers at Bay Street near Pine. A pleasant sort of exchange for visitors is also to be found in the reading-room of Am- bler's Bank, farther down Bay Street, on the opposite side. Beyond this, a few doors, is the post-office. At the sign "Boats to let," on the wharf, not far below the  84 FLORIDA. Grand National, one can find pleasant sailboats for hire at prices ranging from seventy-five cents an hour upward. Several good livery-stables offer first-class turnouts, in the way of saddle-horses, buggies, and carriages; and there are two shell-roads which afford pleasant drives. A very good objective-point for a ride is MONCRIEF'S SPRING. This is a mineral spring, not yet analyzed, but said to be of often-tested efficacy in the cure of intermittent fevers and of agues. It lies about four miles from town, near a creek also called Moncrief. There is a tradi- tion-of somewhat filmy basis-that a Jew named Mon. crief, who had married an Indian woman, was once murdered by the savages for his money on the banks of this creek and that its name is derived from that event. The spring has been recently taken in charge by a com- pany and many improvements made in its environment. The water is unusually transparent, and is first received in a circular basin twenty feet in diameter. Below this, well-arranged bath-houses, separate for ladies and gentle. men, each sixty feet long by fifteen wide, are being built. A restaurant, bowling-alley, dancing-pavilion, and race. course of a mile in length are also in process of construc- tion. On the way to this spring one passes through the pleasant suburb known as Springfield. From the high ground here a good view may be ob- tained of Jacksonville and the river. The hill slopes down to Hogan's Creek, a boundary line of the city. Besides Springfield, the advancing growth of Jacksonville has developed several other named suburbs, such as East Jacksonville, Oakland, Wyoming, La Villa, Brooklyn, Riverside, South Shore, and Alexandria. A small boat 84 FLORIDA. Grand National, one can find pleasant sailboats for hire at prices ranging from seventy-five cents an hour upward. Several good livery-stables offer first-class turnouts, io the way of saddle-horses, buggies, and carriages; and there are two shell-roads which afford pleasant drives. A very good objective-point for a ride is MONCRIEF'S SPRING. This is a mineral spring, not yet analyzed, but said to be of often-tested efficacy in the cure of intermittent fevers and of agues. It lies about four miles from town, near a creek also called Moncrief. There is a tradi- tion-of somewhat filmy basis-that a Jew named Mon- crief, who had married an Indian woman, was once murdered by the savages for his money on the banks of this creek and that its name is derived from that event. The spring has been recently taken in charge by a com- pany and many improvements made in its environment. The water is unusually transparent, and is first received in a circular basin twenty feet in diameter. Below this, well-arranged bath-houses, separate for ladies and gentle- men, each sixty feet long by fifteen wide, are being built. A restaurant, bowling-alley, dancing-pavilion, and race- course of a mile in length are also in process of construc- tion. On the way to this spring one passes through the pleasant suburb known as Springfield. From the high ground here a good view may be ob- tained of Jacksonville and the river. The hill slopes down to Hogan's Creek, a boundary line of the city. Besides Springfield, the advancing growth of Jacksonville has developed several other named suburbs, such as East Jacksonville, Oakland, Wyoming, La Villa, Brooklyn, Riverside, South Shore, and Alexandria. A small boat 84 FLORIDA. Grand National, one can find pleasant sailboats for hire at prices ranging from seventy-five cents an hour upward. Several good livery-stables offer first-class turnouts, m the way of saddle-horses, buggies, and carriages; and there are two shell-roads which afford pleasant drives. A very good objective-point for a ride is MoNCRIEF'S SPRING. This is a mineral spring, not yet analyzed, but said to be of often-tested efficacy in the cure of intermittent fevers and of agues. It lies about four miles from town, near a creek also called Moncrief. There is a tradi- tion-of somewhat filmy basis-that a Jew named Mon crief, who had married an Indian woman, was once murdered by the savages for his money on the banks of this creek and that its name is derived from that event. The spring has been recently taken in charge by a com- pany and many improvements made in its environment. The water is unusually transparent, and is first received in a circular basin twenty feet in diameter. Below this, well-arranged bath-houses, separate for ladies and gentle- men, each sixty feet long by fifteen wide, are being built. A restaurant, bowling-alley, dancing-pavilion, and race- course of a mile in length are also in process of construc- tion. On the way to this spring one passes through the pleasant suburb known as Springfield. From the high ground here a good view may be ob- tained of Jacksonville and the river. The hill slopes down to Hogan's Creek, a boundary line of the city. Besides Springfield, the advancing growth of Jacksonville has developed several other named suburbs, such as East Jacksonville, Oakland, Wyoming, La Villa, Brooklyn, Riverside, South Shore, and Alexandria. A small boat  JACKSONVILLE IN 7ANUARY. 35 plies between Jacksonville and the three last-named points, running also to Reed's Landing. JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY 85 plies between Jacksonville and the three last-named points, running also to Reed's Landing. JACISONVILLE IN JANUARE 85 plies between Jacksonville and the three last-named points, running also to Reed's Landing. IN THE wOODS NEAR JACKsONvILLE. No traveler of proper sentiments in Jacksonville neg- lects to have all his womankind furnished with a braided palmetto-hat, trimmed with wild grasses; and this par- ticular writer, with a profound ignorance of all millinery, declares without hesitation that some combinations of these lovely grass-plumes with richly-woven palmetto- plaits form quite the most beautiful coverings he has ever seen on the female head. Jacksonville not only makes hats of palmettos, it makes champagne of wild oranges; and the drink is said to be 8 IN THE wOODs NEAR JACKSONVILLE. No traveler of proper sentiments in Jacksonville neg- lects to have all his womankind furnished with a braided palmetto-hat, trimmed with wild grasses; and this par- ticular writer, with a profound ignorance of all millinery, declares without hesitation that some combinations of these lovely grass-plumes with richly-woven palmetto- plaits form quite the most beautiful coverings he has ever seen on the female head. Jacksonville not only makes hats of palmettos, it makes champagne of wild oranges ; and the drink is said to be 8 IN THE WoODS NEAR JACKsoNVILLE. No traveler of proper sentiments in Jacksonville neg- lects to have all his womankind furnished with a braided palmetto-hat, trimmed with wild grasses; and this par- ticular writer, with a profound ignorance of all millinery, declares without hesitation that some combinations of these lovely grass-plumes with richly-woven palmetto- plaits form quite the most beautiful coverings he has ever seen on the female head. Jacksonville not only makes hats of palmettos, it makes champagne of wild oranges; and the drink is said to be 8  86 FLORIDA. palatable enough. From the refuse lees, after the wine is made, the same chemist extracts a valuable essential oil. Persons can spend their winters in Jacksonville without interrupting the education of their children, and delicate young people can here enjoy the advantage of the mild climate while pursuing their studies. Notable among the schools are : the Episcopalian Academy of St. Mary's Priory, under the personal supervision of the bishop of the diocese, who resides with his family in the school-build- ing: and the Catholic institution, St. Joseph's Academy, under the charge of the Lady Superior and several Sisters of the order of St. Joseph. In this connection may also be mentioned the " Con- servatory of Music," just inaugurated in Jacksonville, which seems to be a really praiseworthy attempt to organ- ize musical instruction in the city, and which is advertised as under the care of the Bishop of Florida as President, and of a large number of the prominent citizens of the State as Vice-Presidents. The city has its full quota of churches, Catholic, Epis- copal, Presbyterian, Methodist, and Baptist: and pos- sesses all needful telegraph, express, and general ticket- offices, and other the like adjuncts of civilization. Jacksonville is indeed the main gateway of the State; and while one is here, one will do well to get some gen- eral view of the TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM OF FLORIDA. The northern breadth of the State is nearly crossed by two railway lines, which are now operated as one, viz.: the "Florida Central," running from Jacksonville, west- ward, to Lake City, and the "Jacksonville, Pensacola 86 FLORIDA. palatable enough. From the refuse lees, after the wine is made, the same chemist extracts a valuable essential oil. Persons can spend their winters in Jacksonville without interrupting the education of their children, and delicate young people can here enjoy the advantage of the mild climate while pursuing their studies. Notable among the schools are: the Episcopalian Academy of St. Mary's Priory, under the personal supervision of the bishop of the diocese, who resides with his family in the school-build- ing: and the Catholic institution, St. Joseph's Academy, under the charge of the Lady Superior and several Sisters of the order of St. Joseph. In this connection may also be mentioned the "Con- servatory of Music," just inaugurated in Jacksonville, which seems to be a really praiseworthy attempt to organ- ize musical instruction in the city, and which is advertised as under the care of the Bishop of Florida as President, and of a large number of the prominent citizens of the State as Vice-Presidents. The city has its full quota of churches, Catholic, Epis- copal, Presbyterian, Methodist, and Baptist: and pos- sesses all needful telegraph, express, and general ticket- offices, and other the like adjuncts of civilization. Jacksonville is indeed the main gateway of the State; and while one is here, one will do well to get some gen- eral view of the TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM OF FLoRIDA. The northern breadth of the State is nearly crossed by two railway lines, which are now operated as one, viz.: the "Florida Central," running from Jacksonville, west- ward, to Lake City, and the "Jacksonville, Pensacola 86 FLORIDA. palatable enough. From the refuse lees, after the wine is made, the same chemist extracts a valuable essential oil. Persons can spend their winters in Jacksonville without interrupting the education of their children, and delicate young people can here enjoy the advantage of the mild climate while pursuing their studies. Notable among the schools are : the Episcopalian Academy of St. Mary's Priory, under the personal supervision of the bishop of the diocese, who resides with his family in the school-build- ing: and the Catholic institution, St. Joseph's Academy, under the charge of the Lady Superior and several Sisters of the order of St. Joseph. In this connection may also be mentioned the "Con- servatory of Music," just inaugurated in Jacksonville, which seems to be a really praiseworthy attempt to organ- ize musical instruction in the city, and which is advertised as under the care of the Bishop of Florida as President, and of a large number of the prominent citizens of the State as Vice-Presidents. The city has its full quota of churches, Catholic, Epis- copal, Presbyterian, Methodist, and Baptist: and pos- sesses all needful telegraph, express, and general ticket- offices, and other the like adjuncts of civilization. Jacksonville is indeed the main gateway of the State; and while one is here, one will do well to get some gen- eral view of the TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM OF FLORIDA. The northern breadth of the State is nearly crossed by two railway lines, which are now operated as one, viz.: the "Florida Central," running from Jacksonville, west- ward, to Lake City, and the "Jacksonville, Pensacola  JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY 87 and Mobile," running from Lake City, farther westward, to Chattahoochee, its present terminus, where the Chatta- hoochee River and the Flint River unite to form the Apa- lachicola. The former line passes the important railroad point called Baldwin. The latter goes through Lake City, Live Oak, Madison, Monticello Junction, Talla- hassee, and Quincy. It has two branches, one of twenty miles in length, from Tallahassee to St. Marks, on the Gulf Coast; and the other of five miles in length, from Monticello Junction to Monticello. It is now running regu- larly to Chattahoochee, above named, but will soon be car- ried through to its originally intended terminus, Mobile. The Florida Central is crossed at the above-mentioned Baldwin-twenty miles from Jacksonville-by the railway line of "The Atlantic, Gulf and West India Transit Company." This was formerly known as the Florida Rail- road, and extends from Fernandina, in the extreme north- east of the State, to Cedar Keys, on the Gulf Coast, one hundred and fifty-four miles southwest. This road runs through the important point of Gainesville, a good winter resort for consumptives. From Gainesville a tri-weekly stage runs to Tampa, on the Gulf Coast, about one hundred and fifty miles distant, via Ocala and Brooks- ville, which are relay-stations about a day's journey apart. A hack also leaves Gainesville for Newnansville twice a week. At Live Oak a branch of the "Atlantic and Gulf" Railroad (which runs from Savannah to Albany, Georgia) joins the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Road. Through trains run twice a day in winter from Savannah to Jacksonville over these roads. The Atlantic and Gulf also brings a through Louisville sleeping-car for Jackson- ville daily, receiving it from the Macon and Brunswick Railroad at their crossing-point, Jessup, Georgia. JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY 87 and Mobile," running from Lake City, farther westward, to Chattahoochee, its present terminus, where the Chatta- hoochee River and the Flint River unite to form the Apa- lachicola. The former line passes the important railroad point called Baldwin. The latter goes through Lake City, Live Oak, Madison, Monticello Junction, Talla- hassee, and Quincy. It has two branches, one of twenty miles in length, from Tallahassee to St. Marks, on the Gulf Coast ; and the other of five miles in length, from Monticello Junction to Monticello. It is now running regu- larly to Chattahoochee, above named, but will soon be car- ried through to its originally intended terminus, Mobile. The Florida Central is crossed at the above-mentioned Baldwin-twenty miles from Jacksonville-by the railway line of "The Atlantic, Gulf and West India Transit Company." This was formerly known as the Florida Rail- road, and extends from Fernandina, in the extreme north- east of the State, to Cedar Keys, on the Gulf Coast, one hundred and fifty-four miles southwest. This road runs through the important point of Gainesville, a good winter resort for consumptives. From Gainesville a tri-weekly stage runs to Tampa, on the Gulf Coast, about one hundred and fifty miles distant, via Ocala and Brooks- ville, which are relay-stations about a day's journey apart. A hack also leaves Gainesville for Newnansville twice a week. At Live Oak a branch of the "Atlantic and Gulf" Railroad (which runs from Savannah to Albany, Georgia) joins the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Road. Through trains run twice a day in winter from Savannah to Jacksonville over these roads. The Atlantic and Gulf also brings a through Louisville sleeping-car for Jackson- ville daily, receiving it from the Macon and Brunswick Railroad at their crossing-point, Jessup, Georgia. JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. 87 and Mobile," running from Lake City, farther westward, to Chattahoochee, its present terminus, where the Chatta- hoochee River and the Flint River unite to form the Apa. lachicola. The former line passes the important railroad point called Baldwin. The latter goes through Lake City, Live Oak, Madison, Monticello Junction, Talla- hassee, and Quincy. It has two branches, one of twenty miles in length, from Tallahassee to St. Marks, on the Gulf Coast ; and the other of five miles in length, from Monticello Junction to Monticello. It is now running regu- larly to Chattahoochee, above named, but will soon be car- ried through to its originally intended terminus, Mobile. The Florida Central is crossed at the above-mentioned Baldwin-twenty miles from Jacksonville-by the railway line of "The Atlantic, Gulf and West India Transit Company." This was formerly known as the Florida Rail- road, and extends from Fernandina, in the extreme north- east of the State, to Cedar Keys, on the Gulf Coast, one hundred and fifty-four miles southwest. This road runs through the important point of Gainesville, a good winter resort for consumptives. From Gainesville a tri-weekly stage runs to Tampa, on the Gulf Coast, about one hundred and fifty miles distant, via Ocala and Brooks- ville, which are relay-stations about a day's journey apart. A hack also leaves Gainesville for Newnansville twice a week. At Live Oak a branch of the "Atlantic and Gulf" Railroad (which runs from Savannah to Albany, Georgia) joins the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Road. Through trains run twice a day in winter from Savannah to Jacksonville over these roads. The Atlantic and Gulf also brings a through Louisville sleeping-car for Jackson- ville daily, receiving it from the Macon and Brunswick Railroad at their crossing-point, Jessup, Georgia.  88 FLORIDA. The "Pensacola and Louisville" Railroad connects Pensacola with the Montgomery and Mobile Road, at Pollard, Alabama. The "St. Johns" Railway runs from Tocoi (on the east bank of the St. Johns River, fifty miles above Jacksonville) to St. Augustine. It is fifteen miles in length, and connects regularly with steamers from Jacksonville plying up the St. Johns. The new road between Jacksonville and Fernandina begins running early in 1881. Passenger trains by this line will readily make the run in an hour, as the distance is but 31 miles. Another new line is that from Way Cross on the Atlantic and Gulf to Jacksonville, which reduces by about one-third the former distance from Savannah (261 miles). Returning now to Jacksonville, to begin a similar short reums of the lines of water-transportation within the State of Florida, one finds that place to be the head- quarters of a fleet of steamboats of all sorts, shapes, and sizes, plying up the St. Johns. A set of river-steamers make daily trips to Pilatka, seventy-five miles, and to points above as far as to Mellonville and Enterprise, two settlements on opposite banks of Lake Munroe, two hun- dred and five miles from Jacksonville. From Enterprise small steamboats make excursions to Lakes Harney, Jessup, and Ponsett, a few miles distant, for the scenery, the fish- ing, and the shooting. Other steamboats convey the traveler from Jacksonville up the river past the points named to Salt Lake, whence a short drive conveys him to Sand Point, and to Titusville, on Indian River. The little steamboat Pioneer plies from Titusville to Jupiter Inlet, along the great lagoon of Indian River. Still other small steamboats run from Jacksonville up the Ocklawaha River to Silver Spring via Pilatka; and sometimes, on high water, quite up to Leesburg and Okahumpka, or 88 FLORIDA. The "Pensacola and Louisville" Railroad connects Pensacola with the Montgomery and Mobile Road, at Pollard, Alabama. The "St. Johns" Railway runs from Tocoi (on the east bank of the St. Johns River, fifty miles above Jacksonville) to St. Augustine. It is fifteen miles in length, and connects regularly with steamers from Jacksonville plying up the St. Johns. The new road between Jacksonville and Fernandina begins running early in 1881. Passenger trains by this line will readily make the run in an hour, as the distance is but 31 miles. Another new line is that from Way Cross on the Atlantic and Gulf to Jacksonville, which reduces by about one-third the former distance from Savannah (261 miles). Returning now to Jacksonville, to begin a similar short rsumk of the lines of water-transportation within the State of Florida, one finds that place to be the head- quarters of a fleet of steamboats of all sorts, shapes, and sizes, plying up the St. Johns. A set of river-steamers make daily trips to Pilatka, seventy-five miles, and to points above as far as to Mellonville and Enterprise, two settlements on opposite banks of Lake Munroe, two hun- dred and five miles from Jacksonville. From Enterprise small steamboats make excursions to Lakes Harney, Jessup, and Ponsett, a few miles distant, for the scenery, the fish- ing, and the shooting. Other steamboats convey the traveler from Jacksonville up the river past the points named to Salt Lake, whence a short drive conveys him to Sand Point, and to Titusville, on Indian River. The little steamboat Pioneer plies front Titusville to Jupiter Inlet, along the great lagoon of Indian River. Still other small steamboats run from Jacksonville up the Ocklawaha River to Silver Spring via Pilatka; and sometimes, on high water, quite up to Leesburg and Okahumpka, or 88 FLORIDA. The "Pensacola and Louisville" Railroad connects Pensacola with the Montgomery and Mobile Road, at Pollard, Alabama. The " St. Johns" Railway runs from Tocoi (on the east bank of the St. Johns River, fifty miles above Jacksonville) to St. Augustine. It is fifteen miles in length, and connects regularly with steamers from Jacksonville plying up the St. Johns. The new road between Jacksonville and Fernandina begins running early in 1881. Passenger trains by this line will readily make the run in an hour, as the distance is but 31 miles. Another new line is that from Way Cross on the Atlantic and Gulf to Jacksonville, which reduces by about one-third the former distance from Savannah (261 miles). Returning now to Jacksonville, to begin a similar short rlsum of the lines of water-transportation within the State of Florida, one finds that place to be the head- quarters of a fleet of steamboats of all sorts, shapes, and sizes, plying up the St. Johns. A set of river-steamers make daily trips to Pilatka, seventy-five miles, and to points above as far as to Mellonville and Enterprise, two settlements on opposite banks of Lake Munroe, two hun- dred and five miles from Jacksonville. From Enterprise small steamboats make excursions to Lakes Harney, Jessup, and Ponsett, a few miles distant, for the scenery, the fish- ing, and the shooting. Other steamboats convey the traveler from Jacksonville up the river past the points named to Salt Lake, whence a short drive conveys him to Sand Point, and to Titusville, on Indian River. The little steamboat Pioneer plies from Titusville to Jupiter Inlet, along the great lagoon of Indian River. Still other small steamboats run from Jacksonville up the Ocklawaha River to Silver Spring via Pilatka; and sometimes, on high water, quite up to Leesburg and Okahumpka, or  JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. 89 Okahumpkee, the head of Ocklawaha navigation. Pilatka is the headquarters also of a line up the Ocklawaha. 7ACKSONVILLE IN 2ANUARY. 89 Okahumpkee, the head of Ocklawaha navigation. Pilatka is the headquarters also of a line up the Ocklawaha. JACKSONVILLE IN yANUARY. 89 Okahumpkee, the head of Ocklawaha navigation. Pilatka is the headquarters also of a line up the Ocklawaha. to1 a a m In 0 z 0 A_ n 0 A w z C 'a 3 cn O a z n 0 z 0 n 0 x N a C C. H. Mallory & Co., of New York, have lately estab- lished a line of steamers that ply between Jacksonville and New York weekly throughout the year, stopping at Fernandina and Port Royal for freight and passengers. Down the western coast a weekly mail steamer leaves 8* C. H. Mallory & Co., of New York, have lately estab- lished a line of steamers that ply between Jacksonville and New York weekly throughout the year, stopping at Fernandina and Port Royal for freight and passengers. Down the western coast a weekly mail steamer leaves 8. C. H. Mallory & Co., of New York, have lately estab- lished a line of steamers that ply between Jacksonville and New York weekly throughout the year, stopping at Fernandina and Port Royal for freight and passengers. Down the western coast a weekly mail steamer leaves R*  90 FLORIDA. Cedar Keys for Key West, touching at Manatee, Punta Rassa, and Tampa. A weekly steamer from New Orleans also touches at Cedar Keys and Key West, on the way to Havana. From Cedar Keys a small steamer plies once a week to Suwannee. From Fernandina to Jacksonville water-communication is had by (" outside line") the steamers Dictator, City Point, and St. Johns, which each leave Charleston once a week, touching at Fernandina and Jacksonville; and by ("inside line") the steamers Florida and City of Bridgeton, which leave Savannah once a week, touching at Brunswick, Georgia, Fernandina, and Jacksonville; both these lines extending up the St. John's to Pilatka and intervening river-landings. Jacksonville is in latitude 300 19' 38" N., and longitude 8t1 30' 7" W. Twenty-five miles to the eastward is the mouth of the St. Johns. Here are two proposed places of resort; one to the northward, on Fort George Island, and one to the southward, at " Mayport," on the mainland. But Jacksonville, although the main gate to Florida, is not the only one. Lying on the northern end of Amelia Island, at the extreme northeastern portion of the State, is the important seaport of FERNANDINA. The natural advantages of this now flourishing little city were known for some time before they were perma- nently brought into practical use. The bar gives about nineteen feet of water reliably to incoming vessels; the harbor is exceedingly capacious and securely land-locked; an inside passage between the islands lying along the Georgia shore and the mainland affords a quiet water- way to Savannah ; and a similar passage between Amelia Island and the Florida coast extends to within a few miles 90 FLORIDA. Cedar Keys for Key West, touching at Manatee, Punta Rassa, and Tampa. A weekly steamer from New Orleans also touches at Cedar Keys and Key West, on the way to Havana. From Cedar Keys a small steamer plies once a week to Suwannee. From Fernandina to Jacksonville water-communication is had by ("outside line") the steamers Dictator, City Point, and St. Johns, which each leave Charleston once a week, touching at Fernandina and Jacksonville; and by ("inside line") the steamers Florida and City of Bridgeton, which leave Savannah once a week, touching at Brunswick, Georgia, Fernandina, and Jacksonville; both these lines extending up the St. John's to Pilatka and intervening river-landings. Jacksonville is in latitude 30* 19' 38" N., and longitude 810 30' 7" W. Twenty-five miles to the eastward is the mouth of the St. Johns. Here are two proposed places of resort; one to the northward, on Fort George Island, and one to the southward, at " Mayport," on the mainland. But Jacksonville, although the main gate to Florida, is not the only one. Lying on the northern end of Amelia Island, at the extreme northeastern portion of the State, is the important seaport of FERNANDINA. The natural advantages of this now flourishing little city were known for some time before they were perma- nently brought into practical use. The bar gives about nineteen feet of water reliably to incoming vessels; the harbor is exceedingly capacious and securely land-locked; an inside passage between the islands lying along the Georgia shore and the mainland affords a quiet water- way to Savannah ; and a similar passage between Amelia Island and the Florida coast extends to within a few miles 90 FLORIDA. Cedar Keys for Key West, touching at Manatee, Punta Rassa, and Tampa. A weekly steamer from New Orleans also touches at Cedar Keys and Key West, on the way to Havana. From Cedar Keys a small steamer plies once a week to Suwannee. From Fernandina to Jacksonville water-communication is had by (" outside line") the steamers Dictator, City Point, and St. Johns, which each leave Charleston once a week, touching at Fernandina and Jacksonville; and by ("inside line") the steamers Florida and City of Bridgeton, which leave Savannah once a week, touching at Brunswick, Georgia, Fernandina, and Jacksonville; both these lines extending up the St. John's to Pilatka and intervening river-landings. Jacksonville is in latitude 30* 19' 38" N., and longitude 81* 30' 7" W. Twenty-five miles to the eastward is the mouth of the St. Johns. Here are two proposed places of resort; one to the northward, on Fort George Island, and one to the southward, at "Mayport," on the mainland. But Jacksonville, although the main gate to Florida, is not the only one. Lying on the northern end of Amelia Island, at the extreme northeastern portion of the State, is the important seaport of FERNANDINA. The natural advantages of this now flourishing little city were known for some time before they were perma- nently brought into practical use. The bar gives about nineteen feet of water reliably to incoming vessels; the harbor is exceedingly capacious and securely land-locked; an inside passage between the islands lying along the Georgia shore and the mainland affords a quiet water- way to Savannah ; and a similar passage between Amelia Island and the Florida coast extends to within a few miles  JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. 9t of the mouth of the St. Johns, thus facilitating water- communication with Jacksonville. The completion of the Florida Railroad (now the "Atlantic Gulf and West India Transit Company's Railway") connected Fernan- dina with Cedar Keys, on the Gulf of Mexico, and made it the shipping-point for Gulf products, as well as for the lumber and turpentine staples of the great pine-forests through which this railroad runs. The raising of early vegetables for the Northern market can, it is said, be carried on in this neighborhood with unusual advantages, arising from the facilities for transportation afforded by a weekly line of steamers direct to New York, a semi-weekly line to Charleston, and a weekly line to Savannah, besides the daily railroad communication with Savannah. To strangers, and, indeed, to many of the "natives" of Florida, the sandy soils which are found about Fernan- dina would not seem to give much encouragement to the raising of vegetables, or of anything else. As they say in the South, the land "looks like you could not raise a row on it." But careful and extensive inquiry appears to establish that these white sands, not only of Fernandina, but of a great deal of the other Florida territory, have in them many of the fecundities which one usually associates with black soils. And to this conclusion have come all who have investigated the facts. "When I first came here, nine years ago," said the venerable Solon Robinson in the Convention of the Florida Fruit-Growers, last January, "and saw the sandy soil, . . . I was inclined to be disgusted. The first thing that convinced me the soil was fertile was the abundance of weeds growing in the white sand. Then I saw large trees growing at the rate of an inch a year, and I said to myself, ' There is something in this sand not in my philosophy.' " Said ex-Governor Reed in the same Convention, " The JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. 91 of the mouth of the St. Johns, thus facilitating water- communication with Jacksonville. The completion of the Florida Railroad (now the "Atlantic Gulf and West India Transit Company's Railway") connected Fernan- dina with Cedar Keys, on the Gulf of Mexico, and made it the shipping-point for Gulf products, as well as for the lumber and turpentine staples of the great pine-forests through which this railroad runs. The raising of early vegetables for the Northern market can, it is said, be carried on in this neighborhood with unusual advantages, arising from the facilities for transportation afforded by a weekly line of steamers direct to New York, a semi-weekly line to Charleston, and a weekly line to Savannah, besides the daily railroad communication with Savannah. To strangers, and, indeed, to many of the "natives" of Florida, the sandy soils which are found about Fernan- dina would not seem to give much encouragement to the raising of vegetables, or of anything else. As they say in the South, the land "looks like you could not raise a row on it." But careful and extensive inquiry appears to establish that these white sands, not only of Fernandina, but of a great deal of the other Florida territory, have in them many of the fecundities which one usually associates with black soils. And to this conclusion have come all who have investigated the facts. "When I first came here, nine years ago," said the venerable Solon Robinson in the Convention of the Florida Fruit-Growers, last January, " and saw the sandy soil, . . . I was inclined to be disgusted. The first thing that convinced me the soil was fertile was the abundance of weeds growing in the white sand. Then I saw large trees growing at the rate of an inch a year, and I said to myself, ' There is something in this sand not in my philosophy.' " Said ex-Governor Reed in the same Convention, " The JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARYE 9t of the mouth of the St. Johns, thus facilitating water- communication with Jacksonville. The completion of the Florida Railroad (now the "Atlantic Gulf and West India Transit Company's Railway") connected Fernan- dina with Cedar Keys, on the Gulf of Mexico, and made it the shipping-point for Gulf products, as well as for the lumber and turpentine staples of the great pine-forests through which this railroad runs. The raising of early vegetables for the Northern market can, it is said, be carried on in this neighborhood with unusual advantages, arising from the facilities for transportation afforded by a weekly line of steamers direct to New York, a semi-weekly line to Charleston, and a weekly line to Savannah, besides the daily railroad communication with Savannah. To strangers, and, indeed, to many of the "natives" of Florida, the sandy soils which are found about Fernan- dina would not seem to give much encouragement to the raising of vegetables, or of anything else. As they say in the South, the land "looks like you could not raise a row on it." But careful and extensive inquiry appears to establish that these white sands, not only of Fernandina, but of a great deal of the other Florida territory, have in them many of the fecundities which one usually associates with black soils. And to this conclusion have come all who have investigated the facts. "When I first came here, nine years ago," said the venerable Solon Robinson in the Convention of the Florida Fruit-Growers, last January, "and saw the sandy soil, . . . I was inclined to be disgusted. The first thing that convinced me the soil was fertile was the abundance of weeds growing in the white sand. Then I saw large trees growing at the rate of an inch a year, and I said to myself, ' There is something in this sand not in my philosophy.' " Said ex-Governor Reed in the same Convention, "The  92 FLORIDA. truth is, we do not appreciate the productive capacity and Value of our soil. . . . When I first landed on Amelia Island (Fernandina) I thought its sands barren and value- less. But I noticed that when the drifting sand formed a lodgment for a season, it was immediately overgrown by a rank vegetation," etc. Fernandina has now a population of about three thou- sand; three hotels, the Egmont House, the Riddell House, and the Norwood House, besides a number of boarding- houses; seven churches and a newspaper. A general idea of its climate may be obtained from the remarks on the climate of Florida in the chapter hereinafter devoted to that subject. Amelia Island figures in the earlier chronicles of Florida history as the province of Guale. The dreadful crusade -a crusade en revers-of that bloody Indian, the son of the chief of Guale, in 1598, against the priests at St. Augustine and other places, is recounted in the historical sketch hereinbefore given. Fernandina was a port of some resort during the Spanish occupation, and came into considerable prominence during the war of 1812, when it was neutral as between the United States and Great Britain. It was also brought into notice in the year 1812 as the base of operations of a very absurd though finally bloody attempt by a party of "patriots" from near the borders of Georgia and Florida to seize and occupy the latter State. The United States had for its own purposes placed nine gunboats in the harbor of Fernandina; with the co-operation of these, the "patriots" under Colonel Ashley compelled the Spanish garrison of the town to surrender it, and then proceeded to march against St. Augustine. It was not long, however, before they retired, having effected nothing more than the massacre of several of their men by the negroes of St. Augustine, and the 92 FLORIDA.. truth is, we do not appreciate the productive capacity and value of our soil. . . . When I first landed on Amelia Island (Fernandina) I thought its sands barren and value- less. But I noticed that when the drifting sand formed a lodgment for a season, it was immediately overgrown by a rank vegetation," etc. Fernandina has now a population of about three thou- sand; three hotels, the Egmont House, the Riddell House, and the Norwood House, besides a number of boarding- houses; seven churches and a newspaper. A general idea of its climate may be obtained from the remarks on the climate of Florida in the chapter hereinafter devoted to that subject. Amelia Island figures in the earlier chronicles of Florida history as the province of Guale. The dreadful crusade -a crusade en revers-of that bloody Indian, the son of the chief of Guale, in 1598, against the priests at St. Augustine and other places, is recounted in the historical sketch hereinbefore given. Fernandina was a port of some resort during the Spanish occupation, and came into considerable prominence during the war of 1812, when it was neutral as between the United States and Great Britain. It was also brought into notice in the year 1812 as the base of operations of a very absurd though foally bloody attempt by a party of "patriots" from near the borders of Georgia and Florida to seize and occupy the latter State. The United States had for its own purposes placed nine gunboats in the harbor of Fernandina; with the co-operation of these, the "patriots" under Colonel Ashley compelled the Spanish garrison of the town to surrender it, and then proceeded to march against St. Augustine. It was not long, however, before they retired, having effected nothing more than the massacre of several of their men by the negroes of St. Augustine, and the 92 FLORIDA. truth is, we do not appreciate the productive capacity and value of our soil. . . . When I first landed on Amelia Island (Fernandina) I thought its sands barren and value- less. But I noticed that when the drifting sand formed a lodgment for a season, it was immediately overgrown by a rank vegetation," etc. Fernandina has now a population of about three thou- sand; three hotels, the Egmont House, the Riddell House, and the Norwood House, besides a number of boarding- houses; seven churches and a newspaper. A general idea of its climate may be obtained from the remarks on the climate of Florida in the chapter hereinafter devoted to that subject. Amelia Island figures in the earlier chronicles of Florida history as the province of Guale. The dreadful crusade -a crusade en revers-of that bloody Indian, the son of the chief of Guale, in 1598, against the priests at St. Augustine and other places, is recounted in the historical sketch hereinbefore given. Fernandina was a port of some resort during the Spanish occupation, and came into considerable prominence during the war of 1812, when it was neutral as between the United States and Great Britain. It was also brought into notice in the year 1812 as the base of operations of a very absurd though finally bloody attempt by a party of "patriots" from near the borders of Georgia and Florida to seize and occupy the latter State. The United States had for its own purposes placed nine gunboats in the harbor of Fernandina; with the co-operation of these, the "patriots" under Colonel Ashley compelled the Spanish garrison of the town to surrender it, and then proceeded to march against St. Augustine. It was not long, however, before they retired, having effected nothing more than the massacre of several of their men by the negroes of St. Augustine, and the  JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. 93 JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. 93 JACKSONVILLE IN JANUARY. 93 imposition upon the United States Government of a very difficult and delicate matter to explain to the Spaniards. A shell road leads out of Fernandina to its celebrated beach, where for fifteen or more miles the visitor can drive over one of the smoothest roads in the world. Dungeness (called hereabout Dun-je-ness), on Cumber- land Island, separated by the inlet only from Amelia Island, is an interesting objective-point for an excursion. Here is the seat of General Nathaniel Greene, upon the estate which was presented him by the grateful State of Georgia in recognition of his Revolutionary services. The olives, the gardens, the great oaks, the trailing mosses, are well worth seeing; and the grave of Henry Lee, the father of Robert E. Lee-him who was called "Light- Horse Harry'-lies some half-mile from the house, speaking many eloquent things there, betwixt the sea and the woods, to every man who loves knightly honor and manliness. imposition upon the United States Government of a very difficult and delicate matter to explain to the Spaniards. A shell road leads out of Fernandina to its celebrated beach, where for fifteen or more miles the visitor can drive over one of the smoothest roads in the world. Dungeness (called hereabout Dun-je-ness), on Cumber- land Island, separated by the inlet only from Amelia Island, is an interesting objective-point for an excursion. Here is the seat of General Nathaniel Greene, upon the estate which was presented him by the grateful State of Georgia in recognition of his Revolutionary services. The olives, the gardens, the great oaks, the trailing mosses, are well worth seeing; and the grave of Henry Lee, the father of Robert E. Lee-him who was called "Light- Horse Harry"-lies some half-mile from the house, speaking many eloquent things there, betwixt the sea and the woods, to every man who loves knightly honor and manliness. imposition upon the United States Government of a very difficult and delicate matter to explain to the Spaniards. A shell road leads out of Fernandina to its celebrated beach, where for fifteen or more miles the visitor can drive over one of the smoothest roads in the world. Dungeness (called hereabout Dun-je-ness), on Cumber- land Island, separated by the inlet only from Amelia Island, is an interesting objective-point for an excursion. Here is the seat of General Nathaniel Greene, upon the estate which was presented him by the grateful State of Georgia in recognition of his Revolutionary services. The olives, the gardens, the great oaks, the trailing mosses, are well worth seeing; and the grave of Henry Lee, the father of Robert E. Lee-him who was called " Light- Horse Harry'-lies some half-mile from the house, speaking many eloquent things there, betwixt the sea and the woods, to every man who loves knightly honor and manliness.  CHAPTER V. THE GULF COAST. FLORIDA possesses a coast line of about twelve hundred miles, of which greatly the larger half is washed by the Gulf of Mexico. There seems to be literally no end to the oysters, the fish, the sea-birds, the shells, the turtles, along these waters; and the shores and islands abound in the bear, deer, turkey, opossum and raccoon, and in smaller game. The most marvelous stories are told- ceasing to seem marvelous when one has really seen some- thing of the multitudinous piscine life of these parts-of the hosts of the fish, even to the stoppage of vessels that have sailed into shoals of them. For mere variety these fish are wonderful. Here are the black-fish, white-fish, yellow bream, blue bream, silver bream, grouper, porgy, barracooter, trout, perch, eel, mullet, herring, flounder, gar, sheep-head, bass, grunt, yellow-tail, jew-fish, king- fish, pompino, amber-fish, angel-fish, red-snapper, drum, whiting, sturgeon, whipperee (whip-jack), skate, and one knows not how many more. Here, too, one can follow that most sardonic of all sports, turtle-catching. You walk along the lovely beach at night, when the turtle has come up from the waters to deposit her hundreds of eggs; you see one: you advance, and coolly turn it over on its back,-and that is all. You leave it, leisurely pursue your stroll, turn another on its back, leave it, and so on, till you are tired. When you come again on the morrow, 94 CHAPTER V. THE GULF COAST. FLORIDA possesses a coast line of about twelve hundred miles, of which greatly the larger half is washed by the Gulf of Mexico. There seems to be literally no end to the oysters, the fish, the sea-birds, the shells, the turtles, along these waters; and the shores and islands abound in the bear, deer, turkey, opossum and raccoon, and in smaller game. The most marvelous stories are told- ceasing to seem marvelous when one has really seen some- thing of the multitudinous piscine life of these parts-of the hosts of the fish, even to the stoppage of vessels that have sailed into shoals of them. For mere variety these fish are wonderful. Here are the black-fish, white-fish, yellow bream, blue bream, silver bream, grouper, porgy, barracooter, trout, perch, eel, mullet, herring, flounder, gar, sheep-head, bass, grunt, yellow-tail, jew-fish, king- fish, pompino, amber-fish, angel-fish, red-snapper, drum, whiting, sturgeon, whipperee (whip-jack), skate, and one knows not how many more. Here, too, one can follow that most sardonic of all sports, turtle-catching. You walk along the lovely beach at night, when the turtle has come up from the waters to deposit her hundreds of eggs; you see one: you advance, and coolly turn it over on its back,-and that is all. You leave it, leisurely pursue your stroll, turn another on its back, leave it, and so on, till you are tired. When you come again on the morrow, 94 CHAPTER V. THE GULF COAST. FLORIDA possesses a coast line of about twelve hundred miles, of which greatly the larger half is washed by the Gulf of Mexico. There seems to be literally no end to the oysters, the fish, the sea-birds, the shells, the turtles, along these waters; and the shores and islands abound in the bear, deer, turkey, opossum and raccoon, and in smaller game. The most marvelous stories are told- ceasing to seem marvelous when one has really seen some- thing of the multitudinous piscine life of these parts-of the hosts of the fish, even to the stoppage of vessels that have sailed into shoals of them. For mere variety these fish are wonderful. Here are the black-fish, white-fish, yellow bream, blue bream, silver bream, grouper, porgy, barracooter, trout, perch, eel, mullet, herring, flounder, gar, sheep-head, bass, grunt, yellow-tail, jew-fish, king- fish, pompino, amber-fish, angel-fish, red-snapper, drum, whiting, sturgeon, whipperee (whip-jack), skate, and one knows not how many more. Here, too, one can follow that most sardonic of all sports, turtle-catching. You walk along the lovely beach at night, when the turtle has come up from the waters to deposit her hundreds of eggs ; you see one: you advance, and coolly turn it over on its back,-and that is all. You leave it, leisurely pursue your stroll, turn another on its back, leave it, and so on, till you are tired. When you come again on the morrow, 94  THE CULF COAST. 95 there they are. To walk up to a turtle of a morning, after having treated him in this manner overnight, and look steadily in the eye thereof without certain titillating sen- sations at once in your diaphragm (where you laugh) and in your conscience (where you do not laugh), requires more grim rigidity of the former and more supple elas- ticity of the latter than some people possess. Nor can there be anything in life-considered without reference to your own act in making it so-more pre- posterous than an upturned turtle, lying, poor innocent, on its mildly-convex back, with its mildly-white obverse staring blearly at heaven, and its flippers wriggling in flabby helplessness toward the four quarters of the earth. It seems the very self-assertion of feeble wish-wash; it looks like mere Zero sick. The beholder's mind appears to resolve itself into a tepid pool of vapid lymph, in the shallow depths whereof one perceives slowly drowning out of sight any possible faith in the ancient fable which, through the sinew-strung tortoise-shell, connects the divine art of music with these inane creatures. Yet there have been men who found pathos in this same situation of the turtle. In the year 1682 one "T. A.," * "Clerk on board his Majestie's ship The Richmond," among many other sprightly lucubrations, wrote from these Western parts of the world an account of the turtle, wherein he says: "Before they" (the butchers) "kill them" (the turtles) "they are laid on their Backs, where, hopeless of Relief, as if sensible of their future Condition, for some hours they mourn out their Funerals, the tears plentifully flowing from their eyes, accompanied with passionate sobs and sighs, in my Judgment nothing more like than such who are surrounded and overwhelmed THE GULF COAST. 95 there they are. To walk tip to a turtle of a morning, after having treated him in this manner overnight, and look steadily in the eye thereof without certain titillating sen- sations at once in your diaphragm (where you laugh) and in your conscience (where you do not laugh), requires more grim rigidity of the former and more supple elas- ticity of the latter than some people possess. Nor can there be anything in life-considered without reference to your own act in making it so-more pre- posterous than an upturned turtle, lying, poor innocent, on its mildly-convex back, with its mildly-white obverse staring blearly at heaven, and its flippers wriggling in flabby helplessness toward the four quarters of the earth. It seems the very self-assertion of feeble wish-wash; it looks like mere Zero sick. The beholder's mind appears to resolve itself into a tepid pool of vapid lymph, in the shallow depths whereof one perceives slowly drowning out of sight any possible faith in the ancient fable which, through the sinew-strung tortoise-shell, connects the divine art of music with these inane creatures. Yet there have been men who found pathos in this same situation of the turtle. In the year 1682 one "T. A.,"* "Clerk on board his Majestie's ship The Richmond," among many other sprightly lucubrations, wrote from these Western parts of the world an account of the turtle, wherein he says: "Before they" (the butchers) "kill them" (the turtles) "they are laid on their Backs, where, hopeless of Relief, as if sensible of their future Condition, for some hours they mourn out their Funerals, the tears plentifully flowing from their eyes, accompanied with passionate sobs and sighs, in my Judgment nothing more like than such who are surrounded and overwhelmed * Supposed by some to have been Thomas Ashe. TIE GULF COAST. 95 there they are. To walk tp to a turtle of a morning, after having treated him in this manner overnight, and look steadily in the eye thereof without certain titillating sen- sations at once in your diaphragm (where you laugh) and in your conscience (where you do not laugh), requires more grim rigidity of the former and more supple elas- ticity of the latter than some people possess. Nor can there be anything in life-considered without reference to your own act in making it so-more pre- posterous than an upturned turtle, lying, poor innocent, on its mildly-convex back, with its mildly-white obverse staring blearly at heaven, and its flippers wriggling in flabby helplessness toward the four quarters of the earth. It seems the very self-assertion of feeble wish-wash; it looks like mere Zero sick. The beholder's mind appears to resolve itself into a tepid pool of vapid lymph, in the shallow depths whereof one perceives slowly drowning out of sight any possible faith in the ancient fable which, through the sinew-strung tortoise-shell, connects the divine art of music with these inane creatures. Yet there have been men who found pathos in this same situation of the turtle. In the year 1682 one "T. A.,"* "Clerk on board his Majestie's ship The Richmond," among many other sprightly lucubrations, wrote from these Western parts of the world an account of the turtle, wherein he says: "Before they" (the butchers) "kill them" (the turtles) "they are laid on their Backs, where, hopeless of Relief, as if sensible of their future Condition, for some hours they mourn out their Funerals, the tears plentifully flowing from their eyes, accompanied with passionate sobs and sighs, in my Judgment nothing more like than such who are surrounded and overwhelmed * Supposed by some to have been Thomas Ashe. * Supposed by some to have been Thomas Ashe.  96 FLORIDA. with Troubles, Cares, and Griefs, which raise in strangers both Pity and Compassion." Somewhat less overdrawn is T. A.'s description of an- other and better authenticated peculiarity of the turtle. "This I am assured of," says he, "that after it's cut to pieces, it retains a sensation of Life three times longer than any known creature in the Creation. . . . Com- pleatly six hours after the Butcher has cut them up and into pieces mangled their bodies, I have seen the Callope* when going to be seasoned, with pieces of their Flesh ready to cut into Steaks, vehemently contract with great Reluctancy, rise against the Knife, and sometimes the whole mass of Flesh in a visible Tremulation and Concus- sion: to him who first sees it seems strange and admirable;" a tenacity of life which T. A. doubtless connected in his own mind with a certain superfluity of vital organs pos- sessed by the turtle : he records that " it has 3 Hearts." T. A. gives also a lively description of the Manatee, or Sea-Cow, of these regions; from which, it may be remarked in passing, Manatee County-one of the Gulf Coast counties of Florida with a charming climate-de- rives its name. "The Manacy, or Sea-Cow," he de- clares to be "a Fish of an extraordinary Bigness, some- times of a rooo pound Weight : it feeds on the Banks and Shoar Sides on the grassy Herbage, like a Tortoise; but that which is more wonderful of this Creature is that she gives her young ones suck from her Duggs; she is indeed like a Cow, of a green Colour, her Flesh esteemed by some the most delicate in the world. It hath a Stone in the Head, which is a gallant Remedy against the Pains and Dolours of the Stone; . . . and its Skin makes excellent whips for Horses, if prudently used, which are very ser- Y Callife: a part of the flesh. 96 FLORIDA. with Troubles, Cares, and Griefs, which raise in strangers both Pity and Compassion." Somewhat less overdrawn is T. A.'s description of an- other and better authenticated peculiarity of the turtle. "This I am assured of," says he, "tthat after it's cut to pieces, it retains a sensation of Life three times longer than any known creature in the Creation. . . . Com- pleatly six hours after the Butcher has cut them up and into pieces mangled their bodies, I have seen the Callope* when going to be seasoned, with pieces of their Flesh ready to cut into Steaks, vehemently contract with great Reluctancy, rise against the Knife, and sometimes the whole mass of Flesh in a visible Tremulation and Concus- sion: to him who first sees it seems strange and admirable;" a tenacity of life which T. A. doubtless connected in his own mind with a certain superfluity of vital organs pos- sessed by the turtle : he records that " it has 3 Hearts." T. A. gives also a lively description of the Manatee, or Sea-Cow, of these regions; from which, it may be remarked in passing, Manatee County-one of the Gulf Coast counties of Florida with a charming climate-de- rives its name. "The Manacy, or Sea-Cow," he de- clares to be "a Fish of an extraordinary Bigness, some- times of a rooo pound Weight : it feeds on the Banks and Shoar Sides on the grassy Herbage, like a Tortoise; but that which is more wonderful of this Creature is that she gives her young ones suck from her Duggs ; she is indeed like a Cow, of a green Colour, her Flesh esteemed by some the most delicate in the world. It hath a Stone in the Head, which is a gallant Remedy against the Pains and Dolours of the Stone; . . . and its Skin makes excellent whips for Horses, if prudently used, which are very ser- * Callipee: a part of the flesh. 96 FLORIDA. with Troubles, Cares, and Griefs, which raise in strangers both Pity and Compassion." Somewhat less overdrawn is T. A.'s description of an- other and better authenticated peculiarity of the turtle. "This I am assured of," says he, "that after it's cut to pieces, it retains a sensation of Life three times longer than any known creature in the Creation. . . . Com- pleatly six hours after the Butcher has cut them tip and into pieces mangled their bodies, I have seen the Callope* when going to be seasoned, with pieces of their Flesh ready to cut into Steaks, vehemently contract with great Reluctancy, rise against the Knife, and sometimes the whole mass of Flesh in a visible Tremulation and Concus- sion: to him who first sees it seems strange and admirable;" a tenacity of life which T. A. doubtless connected in his own mind with a certain superfluity of vital organs pos- sessed by the turtle: he records that " it has 3 Hearts." T. A. gives also a lively description of the Manatee, or Sea-Cow, of these regions; from which, it may be remarked in passing, Manatee County-one of the Gulf Coast counties of Florida with a charming climate--de- rives its name. "The Manacy, or Sea-Cow," he de- clares to be "a Fish of an extraordinary Bigness, some- times of a rooo pound Weight: it feeds on the Banks and Shoar Sides on the grassy Herbage, like a Tortoise; but that which is more wonderful of this Creature is that she gives her young ones suck from her Duggs; she is indeed like a Cow, of a green Colour, her Flesh esteemed by some the most delicate in the world. It hath a Stone in the Head, which is a gallant Remedy against the Pains and Dolours of the Stone; . . . and its Skin makes excellent whips for Horses, if prudently used, which are very ser- * Callpee: a part of the flesh.  TIfE GULF COAST. 97 viceable and lasting; with one of these Manaty straps I have seen a bar of iron cut and dented." To the tourist and sportsman desiring a mild flavor of adventure, this portion of Florida offers a charming field; and any invalid who is able to endure the comparative rudeness of this manner of life cannot but find benefit from the liberal air and genial appetites which range together along these quiet shores. It is probable that the air here is somewhat milder (getting more so, of course, the farther down one goes) and dryer than on the eastern coast in midwinter; and it is to be greatly hoped that increased facilities for reach- ing these favorable regions will soon render them practi- cable to those who now find the journey too trying. It is in contemplation to send a weekly steamer from Cedar Keys, touching at all the points which are hereinafter named in detail, as far down as to Sarasota Bay, at which latter location some Northern gentlemen have pro- jected a colony. Information as to this steamer can be obtained by letter addressed to Captain A. E. Willard, at Cedar Keys, Florida,-of whom more presently. At the extreme northwest end of the Gulf Coast is the city of Pensacola, on Pensacola Bay, ten miles inland from the Gulf. It is the county-site of Escambia County, and has about four thousand inhabitants. It is noted for its bar which admits vessels of twenty-two feet always and of twenty-four feet at high tide, and for the breadth and directness of the harbor-entrance. Seven miles down the bay is the United States Navy-yard, with its two set- tlements, Woolsey and Warrington. The channel is de- fended by Fort Barrancas-whch is on the mainland, a mile below the navy-yard-and Fort Pickens, on Santa Rosa Island. The latter, however, is little used at present. The main activity of Pensacola is in the shipment of E 9 TilE GULF COAST 97 viceable and lasting; with one of these Manaty straps I have seen a bar of iron cut and dented." To the tourist and sportsman desiring a mild flavor of adventure, this portion of Florida offers a charming field; and any invalid who is able to endure the comparative rudeness of this manner of life cannot but find benefit from the liberal air and genial appetites which range together along these quiet shores. It is probable that the air here is somewhat milder (getting more so, of course, the farther down one goes) and dryer than on the eastern coast in midwinter; and it is to be greatly hoped that increased facilities for reach- ing these favorable regions will soon render them practi- cable to those who now find the journey too trying. It is in contemplation to send a weekly steamer from Cedar Keys, touching at all the points which are hereinafter named in detail, as far down as to Sarasota Bay, at which latter location some Northern gentlemen have pro- jected a colony. Information as to this steamer can be obtained by letter addressed to Captain A. E. Willard, at Cedar Keys, Florida,-of whom more presently. At the extreme northwest end of the Gulf Coast is the city of Pensacola, on Pensacola Bay, ten miles inland from the Gulf. It is the county-site of Escambia County, and has about four thousand inhabitants. It is noted for its bar which admits vessels of twenty-two feet always and of twenty-four feet at high tide, and for the breadth and directness of the harbor-entrance. Seven miles down the bay is the United States Navy-yard, with its two set- tlements, Woolsey and Warrington. The channel is de- fended by Fort Barrancas-whlkh is on the mainland, a mile below the navy-yard-and Fort Pickens, on Santa Rosa Island. The latter, however, is little used at present. The main activity of Pensacola is in the shipment of E 9 TiE GULF COAST. 97 viceable and lasting; with one of these Manaty straps I have seen a bar of iron cut and dented." To the tourist and sportsman desiring a mild flavor of adventure, this portion of Florida offers a charming field; and any invalid who is able to endure the comparative rudeness of this manner of life cannot but find benefit from the liberal air and genial appetites which range together along these quiet shores. It is probable that the air here is somewhat milder (getting more so, of course, the farther down one goes) and dryer than on the eastern coast in midwinter; and it is to be greatly hoped that increased facilities for reach- ing these favorable regions will soon render them practi- cable to those who now find the journey too trying. It is in contemplation to send a weekly steamer from Cedar Keys, touching at all the points which are hereinafter named in detail, as far down as to Sarasota Bay, at which latter location some Northern gentlemen have pro- jected a colony. Information as to this steamer can be obtained by letter addressed to Captain A. E. Willard, at Cedar Keys, Florida,-of whom more presently. At the extreme northwest end of the Gulf Coast is the city of Pensacola, on Pensacola Bay, ten miles inland from the Gulf. It is the county-site of Escambia County, and has about four thousand inhabitants. It is noted for its bar which admits vessels of twenty-two feet always and of twenty-four feet at high tide, and for the breadth and directness of the harbor-entrance. Seven miles down the bay is the United States Navy-yard, with its two set- tlements, Woolsey and Warrington. The channel is de- fended by Fort Barrancas-whkh is on the mainland, a mile below the navy-yard-and Fort Pickens, on Santa Rosa Island. The latter, however, is little used at present. The main activity of Pensacola is in the shipment of R 9  98 FLORIDA. lumber, which is sent from here to the West Indies, South America, home ports, and other parts of the world. During the year ending September 3oth, 1873, two hun- dred and fifty-nine vessels cleared here for various ports, carrying more than a hundred million feet of lumber and timber. There are here also small importations of liquors and cigars: and occasionally coal and salt are brought by ships coming for lumber. The completion of the Pensacola and Louisville Rail- road, running from Pensacola forty-four miles to Pensacola Junction, on the Mobile and Montgomery Railroad, has given the city a start, and it bids fair to become an important place. The Perdido Railroad is a short line of nine miles, connecting Pensacola Bay with the large lumber estab- lishments of Millview, on Perdido Bay. During the old wars between the French, Spanish, and English, Pensacola was the scene of several animated contests. These are mentioned more particularly in the historical chapter of this book. Cedar Keys, the western terminus of the Florida (or Atlantic Gulf and West India Company's) Railway, is a town of about five hundred inhabitants, in Levy County, one hundred and fifty-four miles from Fernandina. It is situated immediately on the Gulf, being built upon two "Keys" (from the Spanish Cayo, French Quais; same word as English, "Quay"), one of which is called Way Key, the other Atsena Otie. Between these a small sail ferry-boat plies, which you call to you-of course every one knows that a ferry-boat is always on the other side- by the hoisting of a flag on the pole which stands at the end of the wharf. At Cedar Keys, and from there on in an increasing degree to the southward as one reaches the places herein 98 FLORIDA. lumber, which is sent from here to the West Indies, South America, home ports, and other parts of the world. During the year ending September 3oth, 1873, two hun- dred and fifty-nine vessels cleared here for various ports, carrying more than a hundred million feet of lumber and timber. There are here also small importations of liquors and cigars: and occasionally coal and salt are brought by slips coming for lumber. The completion of the Pensacola and Louisville Rail- road, running from Pensacola forty-four miles to Pensacola Junction, on the Mobile and Montgomery Railroad, has given the city a start, and it bids fair to become an important place. The Perdido Railroad is a short line of nine miles, connecting Pensacola Bay with the large lumber estab- lishments of Millview, on Perdido Bay. During the old wars between the French, Spanish, and English, Pensacola was the scene of several animated contests. These are mentioned more particularly in the historical chapter of this book. Cedar Keys, the western terminus of the Florida (or Atlantic Gulf and West India Company's) Railway, is a town of about five hundred inhabitants, in Levy County, one hundred and fifty-four miles from Fernandina. It is situated immediately on the Gulf, being built upon two "Keys" (from the Spanish Cayo, French Quais; same word as English, "Quay"), one of which is called Way Key, the other Atsena Otie. Between these a small sail ferry-boat plies, which you call to you-of course every one knows that a ferry-boat is always on the other side- by the hoisting of a flag on the pole which stands at the end of the wharf. At Cedar Keys, and from there on in an increasing degree to the southward as one reaches the places herein 98 FLORIDA. lumber, which is sent from here to the West Indies, South America, home ports, and other parts of the world. During the year ending September 3oth, 1873, two hun- dred and fifty-nine vessels cleared here for various ports, carrying more than a hundred million feet of lumber and timber. There are here also small importations of liquors and cigars: and occasionally coal and salt are brought by ships coming for lumber. The completion of the Pensacola and Louisville Rail- road, running from Pensacola forty-four miles to Pensacola Junction, on the Mobile and Montgomery Railroad, has given the city a start, and it bids fair to become an important place. The Perdido Railroad is a short line of nine miles, connecting Pensacola Bay with the large lumber estab- lishments of Millview, on Perdido Bay. During the old wars between the French, Spanish, and English, Pensacola was the scene of several animated contests. These are mentioned more particularly in the historical chapter of this book. Cedar Keys, the western terminus of the Florida (or Atlantic Gulf and West India Company's) Railway, is a town of about five hundred inhabitants, in Levy County, one hundred and fifty-four miles from Fernandina. It is situated immediately on the Gulf, being built upon two "Keys" (from the Spanish Cayo, French Quais; same word as English, "Quay"), one of which is called Way Key, the other Atsena Otie. Between these a small sail ferry-boat plies, which you call to you-of course every one knows that a ferry-boat is always on the other side- by the hoisting of a flag on the pole which stands at the end of the wharf. At Cedar Keys, and from there on in an increasing degree to the southward as one reaches the places herein  THE GULF COAST 99 after named, one finds that one has come into a country differing in many particulars from any part of Florida yet mentioned-a country of cedars, of sponges, of corals, of strange fish, of shells multitudinous in shape and tint, of hundreds of quiet bays whose circular waters lie em- braced in the curves of their white beaches as the old moon in the cusps of the new. There is a certain large blandness in the atmosphere, a sense of far-awayness in the wide water-stretches, an indefinable feeling of with- drawal from harsh life, that give to this suave region, as compared with others, the proportion which mild dreams bear to realities. It is a sort of Arabian Nights vaguely diffused and beaten out into long, glittering, sleepy ex- panses, and the waters presently cease to be waters and seem only great level enchantments-that-shine. The main commerce of Cedar Keys is in cedar and pine wood, turtles, sponges, and fish. These turtles are caught by the fishermen and kept in turtle-" crawls," or inclosures staked off in the water, until ready for shipment; and I am told that the turtle- crawl occupies much the same relation in each private household along the Gulf Coast that the chicken-coop does to inland dwellers. The sponging-grounds are about sixty miles in a south- erly direction off Cedar Keys. The fishermen bring in their catch of sponges to Cedar Keys, where they are baled and shipped to market. Much of the product of these grounds, however, goes to Key West, for lack of capital at Cedar Keys. There are two places of accommodation at Cedar Keys, one called the Gulf House, the other the Exchange. The accommodations at these are somewhat primitive; a fact which is to be particularly regretted, for the reason that this would unquestionably be a pleasant headquarters THE GULF COAST 99 after named, one finds that one has come into a country differing in many particulars from any part of Florida yet mentioned-a country of cedars, of sponges, of corals, of strange fish, of shells multitudinous in shape and tint, of hundreds of quiet bays whose circular waters lie em- braced in the curves of their white beaches as the old moon in the cusps of the new. There is a certain large blandness in the atmosphere, a sense of far-awayness in the wide water-stretches, an indefinable feeling of with- drawal from harsh life, that give to this suave region, as compared with others, the proportion which mild dreams bear to realities. It is a sort of Arabian Nights vaguely diffused and beaten out into long, glittering, sleepy ex- panses, and the waters presently cease to be waters and seem only great level enchantments-that-shine. The main commerce of Cedar Keys is in cedar and pine wood, turtles, sponges, and fish. These turtles are caught by the fishermen and kept in turtle-" crawls," or inclosures staked off in the water, until ready for shipment; and I am told that the turtle- crawl occupies much the same relation in each private household along the Gulf Coast that the chicken-coop does to inland dwellers. The sponging-grounds are about sixty miles in a south- erly direction off Cedar Keys. The fishermen bring in their catch of sponges to Cedar Keys, where they are baled and shipped to market. Much of the product of these grounds, however, goes to Key West, for lack of capital at Cedar Keys. There are two places of accommodation at Cedar Keys, one called the Gulf House, the other the Exchange. The accommodations at these are somewhat primitive; a fact which is to be particularly regretted, for the reason that this would unquestionably be a pleasant headquarters THE GULF COAST 99 after named, one finds that one has come into a country differing in many particulars from any part of Florida yet mentioned-a country of cedars, of sponges, of corals, of strange fish, of shells multitudinous in shape and tint, of hundreds of quiet bays whose circular waters lie em- braced in the curves of their white beaches as the old moon in the cusps of the new. There is a certain large blandness in the atmosphere, a sense of far-awayness in the wide water-stretches, an indefinable feeling of with- drawal from harsh life, that give to this suave region, as compared with others, the proportion which mild dreams bear to realities. It is a sort of Arabian Nights vaguely diffused and beaten out into long, glittering, sleepy ex- panses, and the waters presently cease to be waters and seem only great level enchantments-that-shine. The main commerce of Cedar Keys is in cedar and pine wood, turtles, sponges, and fish. These turtles are caught by the fishermen and kept in turtle-" crawls," or inclosures staked off in the water, until ready for shipment ; and I am told that the turtle- crawl occupies much the same relation in each private household along the Gulf Coast that the chicken-coop does to inland dwellers. The sponging-grounds are about sixty miles in a south- erly direction off Cedar Keys. The fishermen bring in their catch of sponges to Cedar Keys, where they are baled and shipped to market. Much of the product of these grounds, however, goes to Key West, for lack of capital at Cedar Keys. There are two places of accommodation at Cedar Keys, one called the Gulf House, the other the Exchange. The accommodations at these are somewhat primitive; a fact which is to be particularly regretted, for the reason that this would unquestionably be a pleasant headquarters  zoo FLORIDA. for the most delightful excursions down the Gulf Coast if it were otherwise. The writer mentions it with genuine pain, because the proprietor of the house at which he stopped seemed anxious to do all in his power to serve his guests, and there can be nothing but thanks for his in- tentions; but with his materials, it was quite impossible to accomplish much. Nevertheless, tourists-particularly those fond of fishing and hunting-and invalids bent on the open air and rude life cure, which can be pursued with great advantage farther down the coast, may come by this route with no serious discomfort; and all that is meant by the strictures above is simply to protect oneself against the just reprehension of the daintier classes of pleasure- seekers and delicate invalids who might be tempted by the charms-which are certainly great-of this portion of Florida to come to Cedar Keys for a prolonged stay. Possibly, too, better hotel-accommodations may be offered during the winter of 1875-6. A good hotel building was commenced a short time ago, on the shell mound which rises abruptly at one end of the town, but was blown down while in the frame, leaving the parties unable to proceed. There is indeed at "Ford's"-the next station to Cedar Keys on the railway, going inland-a large house, which, I am told, was built by a gentleman who came there three or four years ago, seemingly far gone with consumption, but who has recovered his health and gone largely into the business of market-gardening. Here one could ap- parently be well lodged and fed: and it is but a few miles by rail to the Gulf. The objective-points along the coast below Cedar Keys are, first, the Crystal River and Hamosassa settlements, Bayport, Anclote River, Clear Water Harbor, Law's Store (John's Pass), McMullen's Store, Philippi's Grove (a noted orange-grove), and Point Penales. In the course too FLORIDA. for the most delightful excursions down the Gulf Coast if it were otherwise. The writer mentions it with genuine pain, because the proprietor of the house at which he stopped seemed anxious to do all in his power to serve his guests, and there can be nothing but thanks for his in- tentions; but with his materials, it was quite impossible to accomplish much. Nevertheless, tourists-particularly those fond of fishing and hunting-and invalids bent on the open air and rude life cure, which can be pursued with great advantage farther down the coast, may come by this route with no serious discomfort; and all that is meant by the strictures above is simply to protect oneself against the just reprehension of the daintier classes of pleasure- seekers and delicate invalids who might be tempted by the charms-which are certainly great-of this portion of Florida to come to Cedar Keys for a prolonged stay. Possibly, too, better hotel-accommodations may be offered during the winter of 1875-6. A good hotel building was commenced a short time ago, on the shell mound which rises abruptly at one end of the town, but was blown down while in the frame, leaving the parties unable to proceed. There is indeed at "Ford's"-the next station to Cedar Keys on the railway, going inland-a large house, which, I am told, was built by a gentleman who came there three or four years ago, seemingly far gone with consumption, but who has recovered his health and gone largely into the business of market-gardening. Here one could ap- parently be well lodged and fed: and it is but a few miles by rail to the Gulf. The objective-points along the coast below Cedar Keys are, first, the Crystal River and Hamosassa settlements, Bayport, Anclote River, Clear Water Harbor, Law's Store (John's Pass), McMullen's Store, Philippi's Grove (a noted orange-grove), and Point Penales. In the course too FLORIDA. for the most delightful excursions down the Gulf Coast if it were otherwise. The writer mentions it with genuine pain, because the proprietor of the house at which he stopped seemed anxious to do all in his power to serve his guests, and there can be nothing but thanks for his in- tentions; but with his materials, it was quite impossible to accomplish much. Nevertheless, tourists-particularly those fond of fishing and hunting-and invalids bent on the open air and rude life cure, which can be pursued with great advantage farther down the coast, may come by this route with no serious discomfort ; and all that is meant by the strictures above is simply to protect oneself against the just reprehension of the daintier classes of pleasure- seekers and delicate invalids who might be tempted by the charms-which are certainly great-of this portion of Florida to come to Cedar Keys for a prolonged stay. Possibly, too, better hotel-accommodations may be offered during the winter of 1875-6. A good hotel building was commenced a short time ago, on the shell mound which rises abruptly at one end of the town, but was blown down while in the frame, leaving the parties unable to proceed. There is indeed at "Ford's"-the next station to Cedar Keys on the railway, going inland-a large house, which, I am told, was built by a gentleman who came there three or four years ago, seemingly far gone with consumption, but who has recovered his health and gone largely into the business of market-gardening. Here one could ap- parently be well lodged and fed: and it is but a few miles by rail to the Gulf. The objective-points along the coast below Cedar Keys are, first, the Crystal River and Hamosassa settlements, Bayport, Anclote River, Clear Water Harbor, Law's Store (John's Pass), McMullen's Store, Philippi's Grove (a noted orange-grove), and Point Penales. In the course  THE GULF COAST. 101 down to this point the mouths of the Withlacoochee, Crystal, Hamosassa, Chessawhiska, and Wecawachee (alias Wecaiwoochee) Rivers will have been passed, the last four of which are clear and splendid streams, formed by springs which break out ten or twelve miles from the coast. They are all set with numerous islands at their debouchments into the Gulf. One of the largest saw- mills in Florida is situated at the mouth of the Withla- coochee, and is supplied with material from the timber floated down that stream. There is an inside passage from Cedar Keys to this point: and one of the most im- portant projects, it would seem, that has been mooted in Florida, is one to connect the Withlacoochee River with the Ocklawaha by a canal, for which a charter has been already obtained by Colonel Hart, of Pilatka. An aston- ishingly small amount of labor would accomplish this end, and would thus render practicable a clear water-way across the entire peninsula of Florida from the Gulf to the Atlantic. Lake Panasofka, which has the Withlacoo- chee for its outlet into the Gulf, is but about thirteen miles from Lake Harris, whose outlet is the Ocklawaha, flowing into the St. Johns. Thus this new water-way would be: from the Gulf of Mexico, up the Withlacoo- chee, via Lakes Panasofka, Okohumpka, and Harris, into the Ocklawaha, thence into the St. Johns, to the Atlantic Ocean. The enumeration above has brought us down to Tampa, the county-site of Hillsborough County, lying at the head of Tampa Bay, just below the twenty-eighth parallel of north latitude. Here is a noble harbor, where De Solo landed in 1539, at the commencement of his wanderings. Passing on southward from Tampa, the settlements are at Alafia (pronounced Alafeda), Terrasea Bay, Little 9* THE GULF COAST. 101 down to this point the mouths of the Withlacoochee, Crystal, Hamosassa, Chessawhiska, and Wecawachee (alias Wecaiwoochee) Rivers will have been passed, the last four of which are clear and splendid streams, formed by springs which break out ten or twelve miles from the coast. They are all set with numerous islands at their debouchments into the Gulf. One of the largest saw- mills in Florida is situated at the mouth of the Withla- coochee, and is supplied with material from the timber floated down that stream. There is an inside passage from Cedar Keys to this point: and one of the most ism- portant projects, it would seem, that has been mooted in Florida, is one to connect the Withlacoochee River with the Ocklawaha by a canal, for which a charter has been already obtained by Colonel Hart, of Pilatka. An aston- ishingly small amount of labor would accomplish this end, and would thus render practicable a clear water-way across the entire peninsula of Florida from the Gulf to the Atlantic. Lake Panasofka, which has the Withlacoo- chee for its outlet into the Gulf, is but about thirteen miles from Lake Harris, whose outlet is the Ocklawaha, flowing into the St. Johns. Thus this new water-way would be: from the Gulf of Mexico, up the Withlacoo- chee, via Lakes Panasofka, Okohumpka, and Harris, into the Ocklawaha, thence into the St. Johns, to the Atlantic Ocean. The enumeration above has brought us down to Tampa, the county-site of Hillsborough County, lying at the head of Tampa Bay. just below the twenty-eighth parallel of north latitude. Here is a noble harbor, where De Soto landed in 1539, at the commencement of his wanderings. Passing on southward from Tampa, the settlements are at Alafia (pronounced Alafefa), Terrasea Bay, Little 9* THE GULF COAST. 10t down to this point the mouths of the Withlacoochee, Crystal, Hamosassa, Chessawhiska, and Wecawachee (alias Wecaiwoochee) Rivers will have been passed, the last four of which are clear and splendid streams, formed by springs which break out ten or twelve miles from the coast. They are all set with numerous islands at their debouchments into the Gulf. One of the largest saw- mills in Florida is situated at the mouth of the Withla- coochee, and is supplied with material from the timber floated down that stream. There is an inside passage from Cedar Keys to this point: and one of the most im- portant projects, it would seem, that has been mooted in Florida, is one to connect the Withlacoochee River with the Ocklawaha by a canal, for which a charter has been already obtained by Colonel Hart, of Pilatka. An aston- ishingly small amount of labor would accomplish this end, and would thus render practicable a clear water-way across the entire peninsula of Florida from the Gulf to the Atlantic. Lake Panasofka, which has the Withlacoo- chee for its outlet into the Gulf, is but about thirteen miles from Lake Harris, whose outlet is the Ocklawaha, flowing into the St. Johns. Thus this new water-way would be: from the Gulf of Mexico, up the Withlacoo- chee, via Lakes Panasofka, Okohumpka, and Harris, into the Ocklawaha, thence into the St. Johns, to the Atlantic Ocean. The enumeration above has brought us down to Tampa, the county-site of Hillsborough County, lying at the head of Tampa Bay. just below the twenty-eighth parallel of north latitude. Here is a noble harbor, where De Solo landed in 1539, at the commencement of his wanderings. Passing on southward from Tampa, the settlements are at Alafia (pronounced Alafeea), Terrasea Bay, Little 9*  102 FLORIDA. Manatee, Manatee, Sarasota, Charlotte Harbor and Punta Rassa: in the course of which occur the mouths of the Hillsboro', Alafia, Manatee, and Myakka Rivers, Pease Creek, the Tsalo-Papko-Hatchee, Halpata Hatchee, and Caloosatchee Rivers. At all the settlements named board can be obtained, as I am informed : and it is said that the Orange Grove Hotel at Tampa, which has been temporarily closed, will be again opened during this winter of 1875-6. Three of these points, to wit, Tampa, Manatee, and Punta Rassa, are visited weekly by a mail steamer from Cedar Keys. Tampa, as has already been stated, is also the terminus of a tri-weekly back line, from Gainesville, via Brooksville and Ocala. The other points can be reached either by special con- tract for the steam-launch belonging to Captain A. E. Willard, of Cedar Keys, or by sail either from that point or Tampa. Any one making this excursion, would do well to communicate by letter beforehand with the gentleman just named, who is minutely informed as to this entire coast, is one of the most enterprising persons in this por- tion of Florida, and seems as courteous as he is active. Below Tampa, these settlements I have named represent a belt of farming country, reaching a short distance inland, which contains fertile lands, sparsely cultivated, and for- ests of red cedar. Farther inland is a great cattle range, where the herds, belonging sometimes to far remote pro- prietors, feed at will the year round, without further atten- tion from their owners than the annual expedition for the purpose of branding the newly-dropped calves, and of driving to the shipping port those which have been selected to be sold. The shipments are mainly to Cuba. One of the largest of these cattle-owners resides at Orlando, but ships his cattle from the port of Punta Rassa. 102 FLORIDA. Manatee, Manatee, Sarasota, Charlotte Harbor and Punta Rassa: in the course of which occur the mouths of the Hillsboro', Alafia, Manatee, and Myakka Rivers, Pease Creek, the Tsalo-Papko-Hatchee, Halpata Hatchee, and Caloosatchee Rivers. At all the settlements named board can be obtained, as I am informed: and it is said that the Orange Grove Hotel at Tampa, which has been temporarily closed, will be again opened during this winter of 1875-6. Three of these points, to wit, Tampa, Manatee, and Punta Rassa, are visited weekly by a mail steamer from Cedar Keys. Tampa, as has already been stated, is also the terminus of a tri-weekly hack line, from Gainesville, via Brooksville and Ocala. The other points can be reached either by special con- tract for the steam-launch belonging to Captain A. E. Willard, of Cedar Keys, or by sail either from that point or Tampa. Any one making this excursion, would do well to communicate by letter beforehand with the gentleman just named, who is minutely informed as to this entire coast, is one of the most enterprising persons in this por- tion of Florida, and seems as courteous as he is active. Below Tampa, these settlements I have named represent a belt of farming country, reaching a short distance inland, which contains fertile lands, sparsely cultivated, and for- ests of red cedar. Farther inland is a great cattle range, where the herds, belonging sometimes to far remote pro- prietors, feed at will the year round, without further atten- tion from their owners than the annual expedition for the purpose of branding the newly-dropped calves, and of driving to the shipping port those which have been selected to be sold. The shipments are mainly to Cuba. One of the largest of these cattle-owners resides at Orlando, but ships his cattle from the port of Punta Rassa. 102 FLORIDA. Manatee, Manatee, Sarasota, Charlotte Harbor and Punta Rassa: in the course of which occur the mouths of the Hillsboro', Alafia, Manatee, and Myakka Rivers, Pease Creek, the Tsalo-Papko-Hatchee, Halpata Hatchee, and Caloosatchee Rivers. At all the settlements named board can be obtained, as I am informed: and it is said that the Orange Grove Hotel at Tampa, which has been temporarily closed, will be again opened during this winter of 1875-6. Three of these points, to wit, Tampa, Manatee, and Punta Rassa, are visited weekly by a mail steamer from Cedar Keys. Tampa, as has already been stated, is also the terminus of a tri-weekly hack line, from Gainesville, via Brooksville and Ocala. The other points can be reached either by special con- tract for the steam-launch belonging to Captain A. E. Willard, of Cedar Keys, or by sail either from that point or Tampa. Any one making this excursion, would do well to communicate by letter beforehand with the gentleman just named, who is minutely informed as to this entire coast, is one of the most enterprising persons in this por- tion of Florida, and seems as courteous as he is active. Below Tampa, these settlements I have named represent a belt of farming country, reaching a short distance inland, which contains fertile lands, sparsely cultivated, and for- ests of red cedar. Farther inland is a great cattle range, where the herds, belonging sometimes to far remote pro- prietors, feed at will the year round, without further atten- tion from their owners than the annual expedition for the purpose of branding the newly-dropped calves, and of driving to the shipping port those which have been selected to be sold. The shipments are mainly to Cuba. One of the largest of these cattle-owners resides at Orlando, but ships his cattle from the port of Punta Rassa.  CHAPTER VI. THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY OR PIEDMONT FLORIDA. As we sat in the railway car, steaming towards Talla- hassee, a certain entomological adventure of an unknown lady and gentleman on the seat in front prepared us, in an indirect yet satisfactory way, for the fact that during a night of travel we had arrived in a different land from that about Jacksonville. Having settled themselves in their seats after a somewhat elaborate car-toilet, his gaze became suddenly fastened on the back of her neck; he grew contemplative, then earnest ; a short stage of convic- tion followed ; then he took action ; plucking the Object from her neck betwixt his finger and thumb and regarding it seriously, he said, in a tone at once meditative and in- quiring, "My dear, this is a strange flea; this is not a Jacksonvill flea!" So little mention has been made of this part of Florida, that many persons will be surprised at learning that there is any portion of the State which could justify an appella- tion ending in mont. But the counties of Madison, Jefferson, Leon, Gadsden, and Jackson, all lying in what is called "Middle Florida" except Jackson, which is in " West Florida," embrace as fair a set of arable hills as one would wish to see, some reaching to the height of four hundred feet. The important towns of these counties are Madison (Madison County), Monticello (Jefferson County), Tallahassee (Leon County), Quincy (Gadsden County), and Marianna (Jackson County), all of which 1o3 CHAPTER VI. THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY OR PIEDMONT FLORIDA. As we sat in the railway car, steaming towards Talla- hassee, a certain entomological adventure of an unknown lady and gentleman on the seat in front prepared us, in an indirect yet satisfactory way, for the fact that during a night of travel we had arrived in a different land from that about Jacksonville. Having settled themselves in their seats after a somewhat elaborate car-toilet, his gaze became suddenly fastened on the back of her neck; he grew contemplative, then earnest ; a short stage of convic- tion followed ; then he took action ; plucking the Object from her neck betwixt his finger and thumb and regarding it seriously, he said, in a tone at once meditative and in- quiring, "My dear, this is a strange flea; this is not a Jacksonville flea!" So little mention has been made of this part of Florida, that many persons will be surprised at learning that there is any portion of the State which could justify an appella- tion ending in mont. But the counties of Madison, Jefferson, Leon, Gadsden, and Jackson, all lying in what is called "Middle Florida" except Jackson, which is in " West Florida," embrace as fair a set of arable hills as one would wish to see, some reaching to the height of four hundred feet. The important towns of these counties are Madison (Madison County), Monticello (Jefferson County), Tallahassee (Leon County), Quincy (Gadsden County), and Marianna (Jackson County), all of which 103 CHAPTER VI. THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY OR PIEDMONT FLORIDA. As we sat in the railway car, steaming towards Talla- hassee, a certain entomological adventure of an unknown lady and gentleman on the seat in front prepared us, in an indirect yet satisfactory way, for the fact that during a night of travel we had arrived in a different land from that about Jacksonville. Having settled themselves in their seats after a somewhat elaborate car-toilet, his gaze became suddenly fastened on the back of her neck; he grew contemplative, then earnest ; a short stage of convic- tion followed ; then he took action ; plucking the Object from her neck betwixt his finger and thumb and regarding it seriously, he said, in a tone at once meditative and in- quiring, "My dear, this is a strange flea; this is not a Jacksonville Seal" So little mention has been made of this part of Florida, that many persons will be surprised at learning that there is any portion of the State which could justify an appella- tion ending in mont. But the counties of Madison, Jefferson, Leon, Gadsden, and Jackson, all lying in what is called "Middle Florida" except Jackson, which is in " West Florida," embrace as fair a set of arable hills as one would wish to see, some reaching to the height of four hundred feet. The important towns of these counties are Madison (Madison County), Monticello (Jefferson County), Tallahassee (Leon Coun'y), Quincy (Gadsden County), and Marianna (Jackson County), all of which 103  104 FLORIDA. except the last lie on the line of the Jacksonville, Pensa- cola and Mobile Railway. Of these, the most important is the capital of the State, TALLAHASSEE. In the year 1539, after De Soto had made his landing in Tampa Bay (or Espiritau Santo Bay, as he called it), he fared northward with his army for several days, and cane to a " Great Morass," about which he made a detour,; then marching four days longer through a fertile and well-in- habited country, he arrived at the Indian village of An- hayca (or Anhayea), situated in the midst thereof; and appears to have made his headquarters at that place for some little while, awaiting there the return of the explor- ing expeditions which he sent in various directions. Several circumstances make it probable that this An- hayca was near the present site of the city of Tallahassee; and I am told that a complete suit of old Spanish armor was found not long ago in a field in this vicinity. At any rate, the ground upon which the city is built had, in 1823, long borne signs of Indian occupation; and in that year the commissioners who had been charged with the duty of selecting a seat of government for the then new Territory of Florida, attracted by the general beauty of the location among the hills as well as by the "noble growths" (according to Fairbanks) "of live-oaks and magnolias, and . . . the vicinity of a beau- tiful cascade, which has long since disappeared," pitched upon this spot. And surely no one with an eye either for agricultural advantages or for the more spiritual beauties of hill-curves and tree-arabesques can do other than praise the happi- ness of their choice. For several miles before reaching Tallahassee one begins 104 FLORIDA. except the last lie on the line of the Jacksonville, Pensa- cola and Mobile Railway. Of these, the most important is the capital of the State, TALLAHAsSEE. In the year 1539, after De Soto had made his landing in Tampa Bay (or Espiritu Santo Bay, as he called it), he fared northward with his army for several days, and came to a " Great Morass," about which he made a detour; then marching four days longer through a fertile and well-in- habited country, he arrived at the Indian village of An- hayca (or Anhayea), situated in the midst thereof; and appears to have made his headquarters at that place for some little while, awaiting there the return of the explor- ing expeditions which he sent in various directions. Several circumstances make it probable that this An- hayca was near the present site of the city of Tallahassee ; and I am told that a complete suit of old Spanish armor was found not long ago in a field in this vicinity. At any rate, the ground upon which the city is built had, in 1823, long borne signs of Indian occupation; and in that year the commissioners who had been charged with the duty of selecting a seat of government for the then new Territory of Florida, attracted by the general beauty of the location among the hills as well as by the "noble growths" (according to Fairbanks) "of live-oaks and magnolias, and . . . the vicinity of a beau- tiful cascade, which has long since disappeared," pitched upon this spot. And surely no one with an eye either for agricultural advantages or for the more spiritual beauties of hill-curves and tree-arabesques can do other than praise the happi- ness of their choice. For several miles before reaching Tallahassee one begins 104 FLORIDA. except the last lie on the line of the Jacksonville, Pensa- cola and Mobile Railway. Of these, the most important is the capital of the State, TALLAHASSEE. In the year 1539, after De Soto had made his landing in Tampa Bay (or Espiritu Santo Bay, as he called it), he fared northward with his army for several days, and came to a " Great Morass," about which he made a detour; then marching four days longer through a fertile and well-in- habited country, he arrived at the Indian village of An- hayca (or Anhayea), situated in the midst thereof; and appears to have made his headquarters at that place for some little while, awaiting there the return of the explor- ing expeditions which he sent in various directions. Several circumstances make it probable that this An- hayca was near the present site of the city of Tallahassee; and I am told that a complete suit of old Spanish armor was found not long ago in a field in this vicinity. At any rate, the ground upon which the city is built had, in 1823, long borne signs of Indian occupation; and in that year the commissioners who had been charged with the duty of selecting a seat of government for the then new Territory of Florida, attracted by the general beauty of the location among the hills as well as by the "noble growths" (according to Fairbanks) "of live-oaks and magnolias, and . . . the vicinity of a beau- tiful cascade, which has long since disappeared," pitched upon this spot. And surely no one with an eye either for agricultural advantages or for the more spiritual beauties of hill-curves and tree-arabesques can do other than praise the happi- ness of their choice. For several miles before reaching Tallahassee one begins  THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY. 105 to see a country differing wholly in appearance from the lumber and turpentine regions of Duval, Baker, Colum- bia, and Suwannee Counties, through which one will have passed on the way from Jacksonville. Long fences, gen- erous breadths of chocolate-colored fields, spreading oaks, curving hills, ample prospects, come before the eye. As we shot out by an unusually open expanse some four or five miles from Tallahassee, a little quick-drawn breath of pleasure from my comrade made me look through the car-window upon a lovely sight. We had emerged upon the shore of Lake Lafayette ; it was early in the morn- THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY 105 to see a country differing wholly in appearance from the lumber and turpentine regions of Duval, Baker, Colum- bia, and Suwannee Counties, through which one will have passed on the way from Jacksonville. Long fences, gen- erous breadths of chocolate-colored fields, spreading oaks, curving hills, ample prospects, come before the eye. As we shot out by an unusually open expanse some four or five miles from Tallahassee, a little quick-drawn breath of pleasure from my comrade made me look through the car-window upon a lovely sight. We had emerged upon the shore of Lake Lafayette ; it was early in the morn- THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY 105 to see a country differing wholly in appearance from the lumber and turpentine regions of Duval, Baker, Colum- bia, and Suwannee Counties, through which one will have passed on the way from Jacksonville. Long fences, gen- erous breadths of chocolate-colored fields, spreading oaks, curving hills, ample prospects, come before the eye. As we shot out by an unusually open expanse some four or five miles from Tallahassee, a little quick-drawn breath of pleasure from my comrade made me look through the car-window upon a lovely sight. We had emerged upon the shore of Lake Lafayette; it was early in the morn- ing, and the water had that delicate sheen of distilled silver which it wears at no other time, a sheen like an indefinite rolling out of the two dainty cusps of the very newest moon, a sheen like the soft and innocent child- hood of a brightness which at maturity will be dazzling. Over the stirless plain of pleasant glory lay hundreds and thousands and surely millions of virginal white water- lilies; presently they thickened, there were yards and E. ing, and the water had that delicate sheen of distilled silver which it wears at no other time, a sheen like an indefinite rolling out of the two dainty cusps of the very newest moon, a sheen like the soft and innocent child- hood of a brightness which at maturity will be dazzling. Over the stirless plain of pleasant glory lay hundreds and thousands and surely millions of virginal white water- lilies; presently they thickened, there were yards and En ing, and the water had that delicate sheen of distilled silver which it wears at no other time, a sheen like an indefinite rolling out of the two dainty cusps of the very newest moon, a sheen like the soft and innocent child- hood of a brightness which at maturity will be dazzling. Over the stirless plain of pleasant glory lay hundreds and thousands and surely millions of virginal white water- lilies; presently they thickened, there were yards and E*  106 FLORIDA. rods and acres of them, until the whole surface of the water was covered without break ; it was a long winding 1o6 FLORIDA. rods and acres of them, until the whole surface of the water was covered without break ; it was a long winding 1o6 FLORIDA. rods and acres of them, until the whole surface of the water was covered without break; it was a long winding FLORIDA WATER-LILY. lake of round green lily-pads, mysteriously upborne, and stretching away like a green heaven in which were set the innumerable spherical stars of the lilies. Occasionally, in shallow portions of the lake, young growths of cy- presses stood with slender stalks thickly in the water and lifted their masses of tender green foliage a foot or two above the surface. Under this canopy, between these many-figured trunks, meandering away in the most charm- ing galaxies and vistas and labyrinths, ran the lilies; the eye did not have time to regret the turning of one course of them out of sight ere another presented itself; the ranges and involutions of them seemed an endless fantasy of lilies involved in an endless dream of lily-pads and cypress-stems. The sun was not yet up, the perfect blue of the sky was in pellucid accord with the gentle and un- glaring white and green that reigned below, and the noble and simple curves of the inclosing hills secluded this Diana's-troop of freshnesses and lovelinesses and purities in a firm yet velvety horizon. Winding about among the hills for a few minutes longer, lake of round green lily-pads, mysteriously upborne, and stretching away like a green heaven in which were set the innumerable spherical stars of the lilies. Occasionally, in shallow portions of the lake, young growths of cy- presses stood with slender stalks thickly in the water and lifted their masses of tender green foliage a foot or two above the surface. Under this canopy, between these many-figured trunks, meandering away in the most charm- ing galaxies and vistas and labyrinths, ran the lilies; the eye did not have time to regret the turning of one course of them out of sight ere another presented itself; the ranges and involutions of them seemed an endless fantasy of lilies involved in an endless dream of lily-pads and cypress-stems. The sun was not yet up, the perfect blue of the sky was in pellucid accord with the gentle and un- glaring white and green that reigned below, and the noble and simple curves of the inclosing hills secluded this Diana's-troop of freshnesses and lovelinesses and purities in a firm yet velvety horizon. Winding about among the hills for a few minutes longer, lake of round green lily-pads, mysteriously upborne, and stretching away like a green heaven in which were set the innumerable spherical stars of the lilies. Occasionally, in shallow portions of the lake, young growths of cy- presses stood with slender stalks thickly in the water and lifted their masses of tender green foliage a foot or two above the surface. Under this canopy, between these many-figured trunks, meandering away in the most charm- ing galaxies and vistas and labyrinths, ran the lilies; the eye did not have time to regret the turning of one course of them out of sight ere another presented itself; the ranges and involutions of them seemed an endless fantasy of lilies involved in an endless dream of lily-pads and cypress-stems. The sun was not yet up, the perfect blue of the sky was in pellucid accord with the gentle and un- glaring white and green that reigned below, and the noble and simple curves of the inclosing hills secluded this Diana's-troop of freshnesses and lovelinesses and purities in a firm yet velvety horizon. Winding about among the hills for a few minutes longer,  THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY 107 we came presently to the Tallahassee dep6t ; then a car- riage took us up the bold hill, about whose base we had just been steaming; and we found ourselves drawn up in THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY 107 we came presently to the Tallahassee depot ; then a car- riage took us up the bold hill, about whose base we had just been steaming; and we found ourselves drawn up in THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY 107 we came presently to the Tallahassee dep6t ; then a car- riage took us up the bold hill, about whose base we had just been steaming; and we found ourselves drawn up in ADAMs STREET, TALLAHASSEE. front of a genuine old-fashioned tavern, with a long double piazza running along its entire front, with many nooks and corners here and there, and with a general suggestion of old-timey ease and honest comfort arising indefinably out of its aspect. These suggestions took, as we entered, the more substantial shapes of well-furnished apartments whose dimensions showed a Southern ampli- tude, and of a neat colored "Auntie" who took charge of our bags and ushered us into our quarters with a quiet respect that formed the very perfection of unobtrusive courtesy. In which quarters, however, not long did we stay ; for in ascending the long flight of stairs at the rear of the house we had observed that a double-story piazza also ran around the whole length of this side of it, ells and all, and an indistinct view of ground sloping rapidly ADAMS STREET, TALLAHASsEE. front of a genuine old-fashioned tavern, with a long double piazza running along its entire front, with many nooks and corners here and there, and with a general suggestion of old-timey ease and honest comfort arising indefinably out of its aspect. These suggestions took, as we entered, the more substantial shapes of well-furnished apartments whose dimensions showed a Southern ampli- tude, and of a neat colored "Auntie" who took charge of our bags and ushered us into our quarters with a quiet respect that formed the very perfection of unobtrusive courtesy. In which quarters, however, not long did we stay ; for in ascending the long flight of stairs at the rear of the house we had observed that a double-story piazza also ran around the whole length of this side of it, ells and all, and an indistinct view of ground sloping rapidly ADAMS STREET, TALLAHAssEE. front of a genuine old-fashioned tavern, with a long double piazza running along its entire front, with many nooks and corners here and there, and with a general suggestion of old-timey ease and honest comfort arising indefinably out of its aspect. These suggestions took, as we entered, the more substantial shapes of well-furnished apartments whose dimensions showed a Southern ampli- tude, and of a neat colored "Auntie" who took charge of our bags and ushered us into our quarters with a quiet respect that formed the very perfection of unobtrusive courtesy. In which quarters, however, not long did we stay ; for in ascending the long flight of stairs at the rear of the house we had observed that a double-story piazza also ran around the whole length of this side of it, ells and all, and an indistinct view of ground sloping rapidly  108 FLORIDA. down from the back of the building, and of a wide and much-notched horizon, had revealed itself as we passed. Upon re-emerging on the upper story of the rear piazza, this vague promise fulfilled itself right fairly. Toward every side the hills swelled up, colored with colors that sug- gested fertility and abundance ; their rounded brows, their slopes, the valleys between them, were full of green crops; comfortable homesteads and farm-buildings reposed in the distances, each cluster of which had its own protecting grove of oaks standing about it in the benignant attitudes of outer lares and penates ; it was that sort of prospect which the grave old English writers would have called goodlye, pleasaunt, and smylynge. These hills carried with them no associations of hills. They did not in the least sug- gest agitations or upheavals. They only seemed to be great level uplands, distended like udders with a boun- teous richness almost too large for their content. And this indeed has always been the tone of things- not only of the hills, but of the social life-in Tallahassee. The repute of these people for hospitality was matter of national renown before the war between the States: and even the dreadful reverses of that cataclysm appear to have spent their force in vain against this feature of Tal- lahassee manners; for much testimony since the war-to which this writer cheerfully adds his own-goes to show that iWeldsts unimpaired. Genuine hospitality of this sort is indeed as unconquerable as Zeno's problem of Achilles and the Tortoise is unanswerable. The logic of it is that if there is enough for ten, there is certainly enough for eleven; and if enough for eleven, enough for twelve; and so on ad infinitum; and this reasoning has such a myste- rious virtue in it, that it has compassed among good- hearted folk many a repetition of the miracle of the loaves and fishes. It really appears to have been a serious question 108 FLORIDA. down from the back of the building, and of a wide and much-notched horizon, had revealed itself as we passed. Upon re-emerging on the upper story of the rear piazza, this vague promise fulfilled itself right fairly. Toward every side the hills swelled up, colored with colors that sug- gested fertility and abundance ; their rounded brows, their slopes, the valleys between them, were full of green crops; comfortable homesteads and farm-buildings reposed in the distances, each cluster of which had its own protecting grove of oaks standing about it in the benignant attitudes of outer lares and penates ; it was that sort of prospect which the grave old English writers would have called goodlye, pleasaunt, and smylynge. These hills carried with them no associations of hills. They did not in the least sug- gest agitations or upheavals. They only seemed to be great level uplands, distended like udders with a boun- teous richness almost too large for their content. And this indeed has always been the tone of things- not only of the hills, but of the social life-in Tallahassee. The repute of these people for hospitality was matter of national renown before the war between the States: and even the dreadful reverses of that cataclysm appear to have spent their force in vain against this feature of Tal- lahassee manners; for much testimony since the war-to which this writer cheerfully adds his own-goes to show that itetists unimpaired. Genuine hospitality of this sort is indeed as unconquerable as Zeno's problem of Achilles and the Tortoise is unanswerable. The logic of it is that if there is enough for ten, there is certainly enough for eleven; and if enough for eleven, enough for twelve; and so on ad infinitum; and this reasoning has such a myste- rious virtue in it, that it has compassed among good- hearted folk many a repetition of the miracle of the loaves and fishes. It really appears to have been a serious question 108 FLORIDA. down from the back of the building, and of a wide and much-notched horizon, had revealed itself as we passed. Upon re-emerging on the upper story of the rear piazza, this vague promise fulfilled itself right fairly. Toward every side the hills swelled up, colored with colors that sug- gested fertility and abundance; their rounded brows, their slopes, the valleys between them, were full of green crops; comfortable homesteads and farm-buildings reposed in the distances, each cluster of which had its own protecting grove of oaks standing about it in the benignant attitudes of outer lares and penates ; it was that sort of prospect which the grave old English writers would have called goodlye, pleasaunt, and smylynge. These hills carried with them no associations of hills. They did not in the least sug- gest agitations or upheavals. They only seemed to be great level uplands, distended like udders with a boun- teous richness almost too large for their content. And this indeed has always been the tone of things- not only of the hills, but of the social life-in Tallahassee. The repute of these people for hospitality was matter of national renown before the war between the States: and even the dreadful reverses of that cataclysm appear to have spent their force in vain against this feature of Tal- lahassee manners; for much testimony since the war-to which this writer cheerfully adds his own-goes to show that ivekists unimpaired. Genuine hospitality of this sort is indeed as unconquerable as Zeno's problem of Achilles and the Tortoise is unanswerable. The logic of it is that if there is enough for ten, there is certainly enough for eleven; and if enough for eleven, enough for twelve; and so on ad infinitum; and this reasoning has such a myste- rious virtue in it, that it has compassed among good- hearted folk many a repetition of the miracle of the loaves and fishes. It really appears to have been a serious question  M l0w WOKING FROM THE REAR PIAZZA OF THE CITY HOTEC.   THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY 111 here, just after the war had completely upset the whole productive system and stunned every energy of the land, of what avail would so little be among so many; but no one has starved, and albeit the people are poor and the dwellings need paint and ready money is slow of circula- tion, yet it must be confessed that the bountiful tables looked like anything but famine, that signs of energy cropped out here and there in many places, and that the whole situation was but a reasonable one for a people who THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY. I1I here, just after the war had completely upset the whole productive system and stunned every energy of the land, of what avail would so little be among so many; but no one has starved, and albeit the people are poor and the dwellings need paint and ready money is slow of circula- tion, yet it must be confessed that the bountiful tables looked like anything but famine, that signs of energy cropped out here and there in many places, and that the whole situation was but a reasonable one for a people who THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY III here, just after the war had completely upset the whole productive system and stunned every energy of the land, of what avail would so little be among so many; but no one has starved, and albeit the people are poor and the dwellings need paint and ready money is slow of circula- tion, yet it must be confessed that the bountiful tables looked like anything but famine, that signs of energy cropped out here and there in many places, and that the whole situation was but a reasonable one for a people who NORTHEAST vIEW OF THE cAPIToL, TALLAHASSEE. ten years ago had to begin life anew from the very bottom, with no capital, and with a set of laborers who had gone into politics to such an extent that their field-duties were often interrupted by taking their seats in the Legislature, or by other cares of office incompatible with the plow and the hoe. Besides this " City Hotel," which has been recently NoRTHEAST VEW OF THE cAPITOL, TALLAHASSEE. ten years ago had to begin life anew from the very bottom, with no capital, and with a set of laborers who had gone into politics to such an extent that their field-duties were often interrupted by taking their seats in the Legislature, or by other cares of office incompatible with the plow and the hoe. Besides this "City Hotel," which has been recently NoRTHEAST VIEW OF THE cAPITOL, TALLAHASSEE. ten years ago had to begin life anew from the very bottom, with no capital, and with a set of laborers who had gone into politics to such an extent that their field-duties were often interrupted by taking their seats in the Legislature, or by other cares of office incompatible with the plow and the hoe. Besides this "City Hotel," which has been recently  112 FLORIDA. refitted and newly furnished, there are several boarding- houses in Tallahassee for the accommodation of travelers. Opposite the City Hotel, in a well-kept square adorned with trees and flowers, is the Capitol Building. Here a visitor in the winter-time can study the working of South- ern State Legislatures since the war. Tallahassee abounds in beautiful groves of trees. There is a fourfold avenue of noble oaks diagonally across and down the street from the Capitol, next the residence of ex-Governor Walker, whereof surely Dan Chaucer must have dreamed : And to a pleasaunt grove I 'gan to pass Long or the brighte Sonne up-risen was; In which were okes greate, streight as a line, Under the which the grasse, so fresh of hewe, Was newly sprong; and an eight foot or nine Every tree well fro' his fellow grew, With branches brode, lade with leves newe, That sprongen out ayen the sunne shene, Some very red and some a glad light gren; And t, that all this pleasaunt sight ay sie, Thought sodainly I felte so sweet an aire Coin of the eglentere, that certainely There is no heart, I deme, in such dispaire, Ne with no thoughtes froward and contraire So overlaid, but it shoulde soone have bote If it had ones felt this savour sote. Besides this, a walk or drive down the main street re- veals much other great wealth of leaf and flower loveliness clustering about the spacious Southern homes. The city has its post-office, telegraph-and express-offices, two newspapers, and churches of all the main denomina- tions; with a population of between twenty-five hundred and three thousand. 12 FLORIDA. refitted and newly furnished, there are several boarding- houses in Tallahassee for the accommodation of travelers. Opposite the City Hotel, in a well-kept square adorned with trees and flowers, is the Capitol Building. Here a visitor in the winter-time can study the working of South- ern State Legislatures since the war. Tallahassee abounds in beautiful groves of trees. There is a fourfold avenue of noble oaks diagonally across and down the street from the Capitol, next the residence of ex-Governor Walker, whereof surely Dan Chaucer must have dreamed : And to a pleasaunt grove I 'gan to pass Long or the brighte Sone up-risen was; In which were okes greate, streight as a line, Under the which the grasse, so fresh of hewe, Was newly sprong; and an eight foot or nine Every tree well fro' his fellow grew, With branches brode, lade with leves newse That sprongen out ayen the sunne shene, Some very red and some a glad light grene; And I, that all this pleasaunt sight ay sie, Thought sodainly I felte so sweet an aire Com of the eglentere, that certainely There is no heart, I deme, in such dispaire, Ne with no thoughtes froward and contraire So overlaid, but it shoulde soone have bote If it had ones felt this savour sote. Besides this, a walk or drive down the main street re- veals much other great wealth of leaf and flower loveliness clustering about the spacious Southern homes. The city has its post-office, telegraph-and express-offices, two newspapers, and churches of all the main denomina- tions; with a population of between twenty-five hundred and three thousand. 112 FLORIDA. refitted and newly furnished, there are several boarding- houses in Tallahassee for the accommodation of travelers. Opposite the City Hotel, in a well-kept square adorned with trees and flowers, is the Capitol Building. Here a visitor in the winter-time can study the working of South- ern State Legislatures since the war. Tallahassee abounds in beautiful groves of trees. There is a fourfold avenue of noble oaks diagonally across and down the street from the Capitol, next the residence of ex-Governor Walker, whereof surely Dan Chaucer must have dreamed : And to a pleasaunt grove I 'gan to pass Lsg or the brighte Soire up-risen was; In which were okes greate, streight as a line, Under the which the grasse, so fresh of hewe, Was newly sprong; and an eight foot or nine Every tree well fro' his fellow grew, With branches brode, lade with leves newe, That sprongen out ayen the sunne shene, Some very red and some a glad light grene; And I, that all this pleasaunt sight ay sir, Thought sodainly I felte so sweet an aire Com of the eglentere, that certainely There is no heart, I deme, in such dispaire, Ne with no thoughtes froward and contraire So overlaid, but it shoulde soone have bore If it had ones felt this savonr rote. Besides this, a walk or drive down the main street re- veals much other great wealth of leaf and flower loveliness clustering about the spacious Southern homes. The city has its post-office, telegraph-and express-offices, two newspapers, and churches of all the main denomina- tions; with a population of between twenty-five hundred and three thousand.  THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY. 113 Lake Lafayette--so called from its situation on the estate granted to the Marquis de Lafayette by the United States-Lake Jackson, Lake Bradford, Lake Miccosukee, and Lake Iamonia (pronounced with the I long and the l K !N I accent on the antepenalt) all form charming objective. points for excursions, and offer the substantial results of fine fis as well as lovely views by way of invitations. 10 THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY. 113 Lake Lafayette-so called from its situation on the estate granted to the Marquis de Lafayette by the United States-Lake Jackson, Lake Bradford, Lake Miccosukee, and Lake Iamonia (pronounced with the I long and the accent on the antepenult) alt form charming objective. points for excursions, and offer the substantial results of fine fish as well as lovely views by way of invitations. 0* THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY. 153 Lake Lafayette-so called from its situation on the estate granted to the Marquis de Lafayette by the United States-Lake Jackson, Lake Bradford, Lake Miccosukee, and Lake Iamonia (pronounced with the I long and the I O 1 accent on the antepenult) all form charming objective. points for excursions, and offer the substantial results of fine fish as well as lovely views by way of invitations. t5*  T 4 FLORIDA. Wild ducks, brent, and geese are also found, often in great numbers. One of these lakes-Lake Miccosukee-is supposed to be the true origin of the St. Marks River. The lake con- tracts to a creek at its southeastern end, and disappears in the earth through one of the numerous "lime-sinks" of this portion of Florida. The St. Marks (hereinafter referred to) rises abruptly from the earth a short distance from here, and is thought to be only the re-emergence of the waters of the lake. The environment of these lakes is varied and beautiful. The hills surround them now with gently-receding curves, now with bolder bluffs, now with terraces rising one above another to the height of a hundred feet in all; many growths of great glossy-leaved magnolias, of water-oaks and live-oaks, of hickory, ash, wild-cherry, mock-orange, glorify the shores ; and between and around and over these hang the clematis, the woodbine, the wild grape-vines; while underneath appear the lesser growths of the red- bud, the old man's beard, the sparkle berry, the dog-wood, the wild plum ; and still beneath these the yet more lowly but not less beautiful forms of daisies, violets, primroses, spigelia, bloodroot, and a thousand other delicate wild flowers and grasses; and the great "bonnets," a foot and a half in diameter, with their enormous white multiple stars, and the flags and water-grasses purfle all the coves and bays in never-ending new patterns and fantasies. A mile and a half from town, on a commanding hill overlooking a broad sweep of cultivated farm-lands, is the unpretending dwelling where used to cluster a circle of witty and cultivated people about Murat and his accom- plished wife. The place is now owned by ex-Governor Bloxham, whose own home-place one sees on the hill beyond, surrounded by a grove of oaks. rr4 FLORIDA. Wild ducks, brent, and geese are also found, often in great numbers. One of these lakes-Lake Miccosukee-is supposed to be the true origin of the St. Marks River. The lake con- tracts to a creek at its southeastern end, and disappears in the earth through one of the numerous "lime-sinks" of this portion of Florida. The St. Marks (hereinafter referred to) rises abruptly from the earth a short distance from here, and is thought to be only the re-emergence of the waters of the lake. The environment of these lakes is varied and beautiful. The hills surround them now with gently-receding curves, now with bolder bluffs, now with terraces rising one above another to the height of a hundred feet in all; many growths of great glossy-leaved magnolias, of water-oaks and live-oaks, of hickory, ash, wild-cherry, mock-orange, glorify the shores; and between and around and over these hang the clematis, the woodbine, the wild grape-vines; while underneath appear the lesser growths of the red- bud, the old man's beard, the sparkle berry, the dog-wood, the wild plum ; and still beneath these the yet more lowly but not less beautiful forms of daisies, violets, primroses, spigelia, bloodroot, and a thousand other delicate wild flowers and grasses; and the great "bonnets," a foot and a half in diameter, with their enormous white multiple stars, and the flags and water-grasses purfle all the coves and bays in never-ending new patterns and fantasies. A mile and a half from town, on a commanding hill overlooking a broad sweep of cultivated farm-lands, is the unpretending dwelling where used to cluster a circle of witty and cultivated people about Murat and his accom- plished wife. The place is now owned by ex-Governor Bloxham, whose own home-place one sees on the hill beyond, surrounded by a grove of oaks. 514 FLORIDA. Wild ducks, brent, and geese are also found, often in great numbers. One of these lakes-Lake Miccosukee-is supposed to be the true origin of the St. Marks River. The lake con- tracts to a creek at its southeastern end, and disappears in the earth through one of the numerous "lime-sinks" of this portion of Florida. The St. Marks (hereinafter referred to) rises abruptly from the earth a short distance from here, and is thought to be only the re-emergence of the waters of the lake. The environment of these lakes is varied and beautiful. The hills surround them now with gently-receding curves, now with bolder bluffs, now with terraces rising one above another to the height of a hundred feet in all; many growths of great glossy-leaved magnolias, of water-oaks and live-oaks, of hickory, ash, wild-cherry, mock-orange, glorify the shores; and between and around and over these hang the clematis, the woodbine, the wild grape-vines; while underneath appear the lesser growths of the red- bud, the old man's beard, the sparkle berry, the dog-wood, the wild plum ; and still beneath these the yet more lowly but not less beautiful forms of daisies, violets, primroses, spigelia, bloodroot, and a thousand other delicate wild flowers and grasses; and the great "bonnets," a foot and a half in diameter, with their enormous white multiple stars, and the flags and water-grasses purfle all the coves and bays in never-ending new patterns and fantasies. A mile and a half from town, on a commanding hill overlooking a broad sweep of cultivated farm-lands, is the unpretending dwelling where used to cluster a circle of witty and cultivated people about Murat and his accom- plished wife. The place is now owned by ex-Governor Bloxham, whose own home-place one sees on the hill beyond, surrounded by a grove of oaks.  THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY. 115 About fifteen miles from Tallahassee is one of the most wonderful springs in the world-the famous Wakulla Spring, which sends off a river from its single outburst. The easiest way to reach it is to cause a conveyance to be sent ahead from Tallahassee to Oil Station, on the St. Marks Branch Railway, to which point one proceeds by car, and takes carriage then for the spring, six miles dis- tant. The road to the spring is uninteresting; but once arrived and afloat on its bosom, one renews the pleasures which have been hereinbefore described in what was said of Silver Spring. Like that, the water here, which is similarly impregnated with lime, is thrillingly transpa- rent; here one finds again the mosaic of many-shaded green hues, though the space of the spring is less broad and more shadowed by overhanging trees than the wide basin of Silver Spring. In one particular, however, this is the more impressive of the two. It is one hundred and six feet deep; and as one slowly floats face downward, one perceives, at first dimly, then more clearly, a great ledge of white rock which juts up to within perhaps fifty feet of the surface, from beneath which the fish come swimming as if out of the gaping mouth of a great cave. Looking down past the upper part of this ledge, down, down through the miraculous lymph, which impresses you at once as an abstraction and as a concrete substance, to the white concave bottom where you can plainly see a sort of "trouble in the ground" as the water bursts up from its mysterious channel, one feels more than ever that sensation of depth itself wrought into a substantial em- bodiment, of which I have before spoken. Three miles from the Oil Station just mentioned, in the opposite direction to that of Wakulla Spring, is the little village of Newport. Here, in the old days of long ago, when Apalachicola shipped its hundred thousand THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTR.E r15 About fifteen miles from Tallahassee is one of the most wonderful springs in the world-the famous Wakulla Spring, which sends off a river from its single outburst. The easiest way to reach it is to cause a conveyance to be sent ahead from Tallahassee to Oil Station, on the St. Marks Branch Railway, to which point one proceeds by car, and takes carriage then for the spring, six miles dis- tant. The road to the spring is uninteresting ; but once arrived and afloat on its bosom, one renews the pleasures which have been hereinbefore described in what was said of Silver Spring. Like that, the water here, which is similarly impregnated with lime, is thrillingly transpa- rent; here one finds again the mosaic of many-shaded green hues, though the space of the spring is less broad and more shadowed by overhanging trees than the wide basin of Silver Spring. In one particular, however, this is the more impressive of the two. It is one hundred and six feet deep; and as one slowly floats face downward, one perceives, at first dimly, then more clearly, a great ledge of white rock which juts up to within perhaps fifty feet of the surface, from beneath which the fish come swimming as if out of the gaping mouth of a great cave. Looking down past the upper part of this ledge, down, down through the miraculous lymph, which impresses you at once as an abstraction and as a concrete substance, to the white concave bottom where you can plainly see a sort of "trouble in the ground" as the water bursts tp from its mysterious channel, one feels more than ever that sensation of depth itself wrought into a substantial em- bodiment, of which I have before spoken. Three miles from the Oil Station just mentioned, in the opposite direction to that of Wakulla Spring, is the little village of Newport. Here, in the old days of long ago, when Apalachicola shipped its hundred thousand THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY. 115 About fifteen miles from Tallahassee is one of the most wonderful springs in the world-the famous Wakulla Spring, which sends off a river from its single outburst. The easiest way to reach it is to cause a conveyance to be sent ahead from Tallahassee to Oil Station, on the St. Marks Branch Railway, to which point one proceeds by car, and takes carriage then for the spring, six miles dis- tant. The road to the spring is uninteresting ; but once arrived and afloat on its bosom, one renews the pleasures which have been hereinbefore described in what was said of Silver Spring. Like that, the water here, which is similarly impregnated with lime, is thrillingly transpa- rent; here one finds again the mosaic of many-shaded green hues, though the space of the spring is less broad and more shadowed by overhanging trees than the wide basin of Silver Spring. In one particular, however, this is the more impressive of the two. It is one hundred and six feet deep; and as one slowly floats face downward, one perceives, at first dimly, then more clearly, a great ledge of white rock which juts up to within perhaps fifty feet of the surface, from beneath which the fish come swimming as if out of the gaping mouth of a great cave. Looking down past the upper part of this ledge, down, down through the miraculous lymph, which impresses you at once as an abstraction and as a concrete substance, to the white concave bottom where you can plainly see a sort of "trouble in the ground" as the water bursts up from its mysterious channel, one feels more than ever that sensation of depth itself wrought into a substantial em- bodiment, of which I have before spoken. Three miles from the Oil Station just mentioned, in the opposite direction to that of Wakulla Spring, is the little village of Newport. Here, in the old days of long ago, when Apalachicola shipped its hundred thousand  u16 FLORIDA. bales of cotton and St. Marks was a busy port, grew a thriving country trading-point; but it now contains only a few families. A hotel has recently been opened, near x16 FLORIDA. bales of cotton and St. Marks was a busy port, grew a thriving country trading-point; but it now contains only a few families. A hotel has recently been opened, near 116 FLORIDA. bales of cotton and St. Marks was a busy port, grew a thriving country trading-point; but it now contains only a few families. A hotel has recently been opened, near d a x J x ix F which is a good sulphur spring, and a few feet from whose doors runs the St. Marks River, wherein there is good sport to be had with rod and gig. Not far off, also, is the Natural Bridge, where the St. Marks River sinks, and which is a good sulphur spring, and a few feet from whose doors runs the St. Marks River, wherein there is good sport to be had with rod and gig. Not far off, also, is the Natural Bridge, where the St. Marks River sinks, and which is a good sulphur spring, and a few feet from whose doors runs the St. Marks River, wherein there is good sport to be had with rod and gig. Not far off, also, is the Natural Bridge, where the St. Marks River sinks, and  THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY. 117 reappears after flowing some distance under-ground. The Rev. Charles Beecher resides at Newport. This Tallahassee country, particularly Gadsden County, has been long noted for its tobacco-growing lands. The culture of tobacco in this region appears to owe its origin to Governor William P. Duval, who, in 1828, started the planting of a certain small-leafed variety of Cuba tobacco afterwards known as the "Little Duval." Then the "Florida Wrappers," a larger variety, came into demand. The county of Gadsden is said to have raised twelve hun- dred thousand pounds of tobacco in 186o; and many statements were made in the Florida Convention of Fruit- Growers last winter showing the great capacities of this region for the culture of fine-flavored tobacco. But these lands really appear to have capacities for all things. Besides the great staples of cotton, corn, sugar- cane, wheat, tobacco, they produce market vegetables in prodigious abundance, and the growing of these for the Northern and Western markets appears to be rapidly be- coming a great branch of profitable industry. A train from along the line of the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railway, through to Chicago without break, has been recently inaugurated in the interest of those growing early vegetables and melons; and there seems nothing wanting to the development of this section into a pros- perous and useful country save the muscles and the capital of the immigrants who must be attracted to it when once its genuine capabilities have become known authentically. These lands can be bought cleared for from five to thirty dollars an acre-in many instances at far less than the 'ost of their original preparation for the plow. The climate of Tallahassee has been found exceedingly beneficial in consumption. One of the most active and enterprising citizens of the place is a gentleman who THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRE 117 reappears after flowing some distance under-ground. The Rev. Charles Beecher resides at Newport. This Tallahassee country, particularly Gadsden County, has been long noted for its tobacco-growing lands. The culture of tobacco in this region appears to owe its origin to Governor William P. Duval, who, in 1828, started the planting of a certain small-leafed variety of Cuba tobacco afterwards known as the "Little Duval." Then the "Florida Wrappers," a larger variety, came into demand. The county of Gadsden is said to have raised twelve hun- dred thousand pounds of tobacco in 186o; and many statements were made in the Florida Convention of Fruit- Growers last winter showing the great capacities of this region for the culture of fine-flavored tobacco. But these lands really appear to have capacities for all things. Besides the great staples of cotton, corn, sugar- cane, wheat, tobacco, they produce market vegetables in prodigious abundance, and the growing of these for the Northern and Western markets appears to be rapidly be- coming a great branch of profitable industry. A train from along the line of the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railway, through to Chicago without break, has been recently inaugurated in the interest of those growing early vegetables and melons; and there seems nothing wanting to the development of this section into a pros- perous and useful country save the muscles and the capital of the immigrants who must be attracted to it when once its genuine capabilities have become known authentically. These lands can be bought cleared for from five to thirty dollars an acre-in many instances at far less than the "ost of their original preparation for the plow. The climate of Tallahassee has been found exceedingly beneficial in consumption. One of the most active and enterprising citizens of the place is a gentleman who THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTREY. 117 reappears after flowing some distance under-ground. The Rev. Charles Beecher resides at Newport. This Tallahassee country, particularly Gadsden County, has been long noted for its tobacco-growing lands. The culture of tobacco in this region appears to owe its origin to Governor William P. Duval, who, in 1828, started the planting of a certain small-leafed variety of Cuba tobacco afterwards known as the "Little Duval." Then the "Florida Wrappers," a larger variety, came into demand. The county of Gadsden is said to have raised twelve hun- dred thousand pounds of tobacco in 186o; and many statements were made in the Florida Convention of Fruit- Growers last winter showing the great capacities of this region for the culture of fine-flavored tobacco. But these lands really appear to have capacities for all things. Besides the great staples of cotton, corn, sugar- cane, wheat, tobacco, they produce market vegetables in prodigious abundance, and the growing of these for the Northern and Western markets appears to be rapidly be- coming a great branch of profitable industry. A train from along the line of the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railway, through to Chicago without break, has been recently inaugurated in the interest of those growing early vegetables and melons; and there seems nothing wanting to the development of this section into a pros- perous and useful country save the muscles and the capital of the immigrants who must be attracted to it when once its genuine capabilities have become known authentically. These lands can be bought cleared for from five to thirty dollars an acre-in many instances at far less than the "ost of their original preparation for the plow. The climate of Tallahassee has been found exceedingly beneficial in consumption. One of the most active and enterprising citizens of the place is a gentleman who  r18 FLORIDA. came to it a few years ago suffering with large and ex- hausting hemorrhages from the lungs. He presents every appearance of a well man, and all signs of hemorrhage have ceased entirely for a long time. The elevation of the city above the sea-probably from two hundred and fifty to three hundred feet-must make it colder than rig FLORIDA. came to it a few years ago suffering with large and ex- hausting hemorrhages from the lungs. He presents every appearance of a well man, and all signs of hemorrhage have ceased entirely for a long time. The elevation of the city above the sea-probably from two hundred and fifty to three hundred feet-must make it colder than r18 FLORIDA. came to it a few years ago suffering with large and ex- hausting hemorrhages from the lungs. He presents every appearance of a well man, and all signs of hemorrhage have ceased entirely for a long time. The elevation of the city above the sea-probably from two hundred and fifty to three hundred feet-must make it colder than BIRD ISLAND: AUCILLA R1vER. Jacksonville; and the invalid should here-as, indeed, in all the other portions of Florida-always wear warm woolen clothing, and have ample facilities for a fire even if it should be needed but a few times during a winter. BIRD ISLAND: AUCILLA ivER. Jacksonville; and the invalid should here-as, indeed, in all the other portions of Florida-always wear warm woolen clothing, and have ample facilities for a fire even if it should be needed but a few times during a winter. BIRD ISLAND: AUCILLA RIvER. Jacksonville; and the invalid should here-as, indeed, in all the other portions of Florida-always wear warm woolen clothing, and have ample facilities for a fire even if it should be needed but a few times during a winter.  i r. all _ ur .. f s r 1-- .c. .."'A 9LYtay.,rM: i ' b'A 'iA. r,. . __ ?. .'<_ a°i -ry^rJV I.> V - s .,a. _ .. - i__ tst ', v.. M vvZ " . ' " 3 '"- _ i a. . HUNTING CAMP: AUCILLA RIVER. HUNTING CAMP: AUCILLA RIVER. HUNTING CAMP: AUCILLA RIVER.   THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY n2n THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY 121 THE TALLAHASSEE COUNTRY 121 Tallahassee is, however, but about twenty miles from the Gulf of Mexico, and must therefore often share the bland airs of that water. The invalid can vary his location occasionally by chang. ing to the easily-accessible towns of Quincy, Madison, and Monticello, which offer much the same characteris- ties of general soil and climate with Tallahassee. Or he can extend his hunting and fishing excursions to the Au- cilia (or Ocilla) River, which forms the boundary-line between Jefferson County, on the west, and Madison and Taylor, on the east, and empties into the Gulf of Mexico a few miles southeast of St. Marks; or in various other directions, which will be cheerfully indicated by any of the citizens. Tallahassee is, however, but about twenty miles from the Gulf of Mexico, and must therefore often share the bland airs of that water. The invalid can vary his location occasionally by chang- ing to the easily-accessible towns of Quincy, Madison, and Monticello, which offer much the same characteris- tics of general soil and climate with Tallahassee. Or he can extend his hunting and fishing excursions to the Au- cilia (or Ocilla) River, which forms the boundary-line between Jefferson County, on the west, and Madison and Taylor, on the east, and empties into the Gulf of Mexico a few miles southeast of St. Marks; or in various other directions, which will be cheerfully indicated by any of the citizens. Tallahassee is, however, but about twenty miles from the Gulf of Mexico, and must therefore often share the bland airs of that water. The invalid can vary his location occasionally by chang- ing to the easily-accessible towns of Quincy, Madison, and Monticello, which offer much the same characteris- tics of general soil and climate with Tallahassee. Or he can extend his hunting and fishing excursions to the Au- cilia (or Ocilla) River, which forms the boundary-line between Jefferson County, on the west, and Madison and Taylor, on the east, and empties into the Gulf of Mexico a few miles southeast of St. Marks; or in various other directions, which will be cheerfully indicated by any of the citizens. 11 II 11  CHAPTER VII. THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. "THAT I may enter"-says the spirit of Heabani, the dead sage, crying from the Assyrian hell toward heaven -" the place of seers, the place of abundant waters fed from eternal springs." That is a true St. Johns River sensation: of abundant waters fed from eternal springs. Below Pilatka-that is, for seventy-five miles above Jacksonville-it reaches breadths of six miles, and is never less than one in width, while, above, the wide lakes continue for a long distance. The Indians, indeed, called it the Welaka-" chain of lakes." When the Frenchmen came they called it the River May; and Menendez's Spaniards called it the San Mateo River. As you start up the stream from Jacksonville, the first landing is an unimportant one, called Mulberry Grove, twelve miles from the city, on the right-hand side. Three miles above, on the left, is Mandarin, a small but long-settled village. Here, in the early Indian wars, oc- curred a dreadful massacre. It is now most noted as the residence of Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. Her house is a brown cottage, near the shore, nearly obscured by foliage. It is not nearly so imposing as her Tree-a magnificent king that overhangs her roof with a noble crown. It is well enough to remark, in this connection, that in steam- ing up the broad levels of the St. Johns, a close observer will find that his eye should be re-educated in some par- CHAPTER VII. THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. "THAT I may enter"-says the spirit of Heabani, the dead sage, crying from the Assyrian hell toward heaven -" the place of seers, the place of abundant waters fed from eternal springs." That is a true St. Johns River sensation: of abundant waters fed from eternal springs. Below Pilatka-that is, for seventy-five miles above Jacksonville - it reaches breadths of six miles, and is never less than one in width, while, above, the wide lakes continue for a long distance. The Indians, indeed, called it the Welaka-" chain of lakes." When the Frenchmen came they called it the River May; and Menendez's Spaniards called it the San Mateo River. As you start up the stream from Jacksonville, the first landing is an unimportant one, called Mulberry Grove, twelve miles from the city, on the right-hand side. Three miles above, on the left, is Mandarin, a small but long-settled village. Here, in the early Indian wars, oc- curred a dreadful massacre. It is now most noted as the residence of Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. Her house is a brown cottage, near the shore, nearly obscured by foliage. It is not nearly so imposing as her Tree-a magnificent king that overhangs her roof with a noble crown. It is well enough to remark, in this connection, that in steam- ing up the broad levels of the St. Johns, a close observer will find that his eye should be re-educated in some par- CHAPTER VII. THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERs. "THAT I may enter" -says the spirit of Heabani, the dead sage, crying from the Assyrian hell toward heaven -" the place of seers, the place of abundant waters fed from eternal springs." That is a true St. Johns River sensation: of abundant waters fed from eternal springs. Below Pilatka-that is, for seventy-five miles above Jacksonville - it reaches breadths of six miles, and is never less than one in width, while, above, the wide lakes continue for a long distance. The Indians, indeed, called it the Welaka-" chain of lakes." When the Frenchmen came they called it the River May; and Menendez's Spaniards called it the San Mateo River. As you start up the stream from Jacksonville, the first landing is an unimportant one, called Mulberry Grove, twelve miles from the city, on the right-hand side. Three miles above, on the left, is Mandarin, a small but long-settled village. Here, in the early Indian wars, oc- curred a dreadful massacre. It is now most noted as the residence of Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. Her house is a brown cottage, near the shore, nearly obscured by foliage. It is not nearly so imposing as her Tree-a magnificent king that overhangs her roof with a noble crown. It is well enough to remark, in this connection, that in steam- ing up the broad levels of the St. Johns, a close observer will find that his eye should be re-educated in some par-  THE ST. .OIHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 123 ticulars. For most persons are not in the habit of co- ordinating heights with such great horizontal expanses as here meet the eye; and until one learns to make the THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 123 ticulars. For most persons are not in the habit of co- ordinating heights with such great horizontal expanses as here meet the eye; and until one learns to make the THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 123 ticulars. For most persons are not in the habit of co- ordinating heights with such great horizontal expanses as here meet the eye; and until one learns to make the a a 0 0 x H z O x z proper allowance, the trees and shores appear lower than they shoud, in consequence of the disproportion thrown upon them by the long plane-lines of the water. proper allowance, the trees and shores appear lower than they shoumd, in consequence of the disproportion thrown upon them by the long plane-lines of the water. proper allowance, the trees and shores appear lower than they shourd, in consequence of the disproportion thrown upon them by the long plane-lines of the water.  124 FLORIDA. At Mandarin are a Catholic church and convent, a post-office, a store or two, and several fine orange-groves. There is no hotel, but travelers are accommodated at boarding-houses. 124 FLORIDA. At Mandarin are a Catholic church and convent, a post-office, a store or two, and several fine orange-groves. There is no hotel, but travelers are accommodated at boarding-houses. 124 FLORIDA. At Mandarin are a Catholic church and convent, a post-office, a store or two, and several fine orange-groves. There is no hotel, but travelers are accommodated at boarding-houses. Ten miles i; above, on the " right-hand side, is Hihernia, a pleasant invalid resort. Mrs. Fleming's large boarding-house ass'ioscoE OMns. sosWE. here usually attests its popu- larity by a state of repletion early in the winter. Four miles beyond, on the same side, is Magnolia, where are a good hotel (The Magnolia) and private boarding-houses. Around Magnolia Point, a short dis- tance beyond, is the mouth of Black Creek, a stream down which considerable quantities of lumber are floated to market, and along which a small steamer plies in the winter from Jacksonville as far as Middleburg. Three miles beyond, on the same side, is Green Cove Springs, one of the most popular winter-resorts on the Ten miles ' above, on the right-hand side, is Hibernia, a pleasant invalid resort. Mrs. Fleming's large boarding-house RESIDENcE OF MRS. STOWE. here usually attests its popu- larity by a state of repletion early in the winter. Four miles beyond, on the same side, is Magnolia, where are a good hotel (The Magnolia) and private boarding-houses. Around Magnolia Point, a short dis- tance beyond, is the mouth of Black Creek, a stream down which considerable quantities of lumber are floated to market, and along which a small steamer plies in the winter from Jacksonville as far as Middleburg. Three miles beyond, on the same side, is Green Cove Springs, one of the most popular winter-resorts on the T en m iles a above, on the - right-hand side, is Hibernia, a pleasant invalid resort. Mrs. Fleming's large boarding-house RESIDENCE OF MRS . sroWE. here usually attests its popu- larity by a state of repletion early in the winter. Four miles beyond, on the same side, is Magnolia, where are a good hotel (The Magnolia) and private boarding-houses. Around Magnolia Point, a short dis- tance beyond, is the mouth of Black Creek, a stream down which considerable quantities of lumber are floated to market, and along which a small steamer plies in the winter from Jacksonville as far as Middleburg. Three miles beyond, on the same side, is Green Cove Springs, one of the most popular winter-resorts on the  THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. I25 river. The springs, with the Clarendon Hotel adjoining, are but a short distance from the river-bank. Connected with this hotel are hot and cold baths, and swimming- baths, of the spring-waters. These waters contain sul- THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 125 river. The springs, with the Clarendon Hotel adjoining, are but a short distance from the river-bank. Connected with this hotel are hot and cold baths, and swimming- baths, of the spring-waters. These waters contain sul- THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 125 river. The springs, with the Clarendon Hotel adjoining, are but a short distance from the river-bank. Connected with this hotel are hot and cold baths, and swimming- baths, of the spring-waters. These waters contain sul- MYRTLE AvENUE, HIBERNIA. phates of magnesia and lime, chlorides of sodium and iron, and sulphuretted hydrogen, and have a temperature of 76* F. They are used for the cure of rheumatism, gout, Bright's disease of the kidneys, and such affections. Besides the Clarendon, the Union House, a charmingly- located hotel, offers accommodations to visitors; and there are good private boarding-houses. Five miles farther, on the left, is Hogarth's Landing, a wood-station and post-office. Ii- phates of magnesia and lime, chlorides of sodium and iron, and sulphuretted hydrogen, and have a temperature of 760 F. They are used for the cure of rheumatism, gout, Bright's disease of the kidneys, and such affections. Besides the Clarendon, the Union House, a charmingly- located hotel, offers accommodations to visitors; and there are good private boarding-houses. Five miles farther, on the left, is Hogarth's Landing, a wood-station and post-office. 11* phates of magnesia and lime, chlorides of sodium and iron, and sulphuretted hydrogen, and have a temperature of 760 F. They are used for the cure of rheumatism, gout, Bright's disease of the kidneys, and such affections. Besides the Clarendon, the Union House, a charmingly- located hotel, offers accommodations to visitors; and there are good private boarding-houses. Five miles farther, on the left, is Hogarth's Landing, a wood-station and post-office. IIr  126 FLORIDA. Ten miles above, on the same side, is Picolata, a place formerly of some importance as the landing for passengers bound to St. Augustine, but now of only historic interest. Here in the old Spanish days was the crossing of the river on the thoroughfare from St. Augustine over towards St. Marks; and the remains of an old defensive work are x26 FLORIDA. Ten miles above, on the same side, is Picolata, a place formerly of some importance as the landing for passengers bound to St. Augustine, but now of only historic interest. Here in the old Spanish days was the crossing of the river on the thoroughfare from St. Augustine over towards St. Marks; and the remains of an old defensive work are 126 FLORIDA. Ten miles above, on the same side, is Picolata, a place formerly of some importance as the landing for passengers bound to St. Augustine, but now of only historic interest. Here in the old Spanish days was the crossing of the river on the thoroughfare from St. Augustine over towards St. Marks; and the remains of an old defensive work are MAUrU VLI MOTEL FRKUM LAND3iG. still to be found on the opposite bank. Picolata was a considerable commercial Spanish settlement; and the Franciscans are said to have once erected a church and monastery here, of much architectural merit. About five miles above (these river-distances are always to be regarded, indeed, as involving an "about" of a couple of miles or so) is Tocoi, where the St. Johns Rail- way takes on passengers for St. Augustine, fifteen miles distant. The name Tocoi is probably the same as Toccoa, the Creek name of the famous falls in Georgia, and indi- cates the derivation of the Seminoles (whose name is said MAnuLvIA HU"LEL FKUM LANDIN~rG. still to be found on the opposite bank. Picolata was a considerable commercial Spanish settlement; and the Franciscans are said to have once erected a church and monastery here, of much architectural merit. About five miles above (these river-distances are always to be regarded, indeed, as involving an "about" of a couple of miles or so) is Tocoi, where the St. Johns Rail- way takes on passengers for St. Augustine, fifteen miles distant. The name Tocoi is probably the same as Toccoa, the Creek name of the famous falls in Georgia, and indi- cates the derivation of the Seminoles (whose name is said still to be found on the opposite bank. Picolata was a considerable commercial Spanish settlement; and the Franciscans are said to have once erected a church and monastery here, of much architectural merit. About five miles above (these river-distances are always to be regarded, indeed, as involving an "about" of a couple of miles or so) is Tocoi, where the St. Johns Rail- way takes on passengers for St. Augustine, fifteen miles distant. The name Tocoi is probably the same as Toccoa, the Creek name of the famous falls in Georgia, and indi- cates the derivation of the Seminoles (whose name is said  THE ST. 7OHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 127 to mean "runaway") from the Creek tribe. Here is a factory for preparing the gray moss for market. Thirteen miles above, on the same side, is Federal Point, a wood-station; three miles beyond this is Orange Hills; and one mile farther is Dancey's Place; the latter two noted for fine orange-groves. THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 27 to mean "runaway") from the Creek tribe. Here is a factory for preparing the gray moss for market. Thirteen miles above, on the same side, is Federal Point, a wood-station ; three miles beyond this is Orange Hills ; and one mile farther is Dancey's Place ; the latter two noted for fine orange-groves. THE ST7 JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 127 to mean "runaway") from the Creek tribe. Here is a factory for preparing the gray moss for market. Thirteen miles above, on the same side, is Federal Point, a wood-station ; three miles beyond this is Orange Hills; and one mile farther is Dancey's Place; the latter two noted for fine orange-groves. GREEN CovE SPRINGs. Eight miles beyond, on the right-seventy-five miles from Jacksonville-is the important town of Pilatka (the Florida world is hopelessly divided as to whether it is spelled Pi- or Pa- latka), containing a population of about fifteen hundred inhabitants. It is on high ground, the surface of which is much mixed with shells. It is a con- siderable resort for consumptives. The Putnam House, GREEN COvE sPRtNGs. Eight miles beyond, on the right-seventy-five miles from Jacksonville-is the important town of Pilatka (the Florida world is hopelessly divided as to whether it is spelled Pi- or Pa- latka), containing a population of about fifteen hundred inhabitants. It is on high ground, the surface of which is much mixed with shells. It is a con- siderable resort for consumptives. The Putnam House, GREEN COVE SPRINGS. Eight miles beyond, on the right-seventy-five miles from Jacksonville-is the important town of Pilatka (the Florida world is hopelessly divided as to whether it is spelled Pi- or Pa- latka), containing a population of about fifteen hundred inhabitants. It is on high ground, the surface of which is much mixed with shells. It is a con- siderable resort for consumptives. The Putnam House,  Iz8 FLORIDA. St. Johns House, Pilatka House, and private-boarding- houses give excellent accommodations to travelers. Pilatka is the terminus of the Charleston line of steamers (The Dictator, City Point, and St. Johns) and of the Savannah line (The Florida and City of Bridgeton). From here steamers go up the Ocklawaha and to Dunn's Lake. It has a telegraph-office and a newspaper, the "Eastern Herald," noted for alligator-stories to such an extent that its editor is universally known as Alligator Pratt. Five miles above is San Mateo, a pleasant settlement lying on a high ridge a short distance back from the river. This place is the residence of Rev. P. P. Bishop, a North- ern gentleman who has found health in Florida and is now one of the most intelligent and judicious of its citi- zens. He is President of the Florida Fruit-Growers' Association. San Mateo is a post-office. A good board- ing-house is kept here by Mr. Miller; and there are other places where accommodation can be had. Twenty miles above, on the east bank, one hundred miles from Jacksonville, is Welaka, the site of an old Indian village, and subsequently of a Spanish settlement. Here the St. Johns narrows to a third of a mile in width. Near Welaka, on the same side, is the opening leading into Dunn's Lake. The peninsula lying between Dunn's Lake and the St. Johns has been named Fruitland, from the number of recent settlers there engaged in fruit cul- ture. Immediately opposite Welaka is the mouth of the Ocklawaha River, hereinbefore described. The expanse of the river just above Welaka is called Little Lake George : it is four miles wide and seven long. The next expanse, above Little Lake George, is Lake George proper: it is eighteen miles long by twelve wide. Not long after Ren6 de Laudonniere* with his Huguenots * See the historical chapter of this book. 128 FLORIDA. St. Johns House, Pilatka House, and private-boarding- houses give excellent accommodations to travelers. Pilatka is the terminus of the Charleston line of steamers (The Dictator, City Point, and St. Johns) and of the Savannah line (The Florida and City of Bridgeton). From here steamers go up the Ocklawaha and to Dunn's Lake. It has a telegraph-office and a newspaper, the "Eastern Herald," noted for alligator-stories to such an extent that its editor is universally known as Alligator Pratt. Five miles above is San Mateo, a pleasant settlement lying on a high ridge a short distance back from the river. This place is the residence of Rev. P. P. Bishop, a North- ern gentleman who has found health in Florida and is now one of the most intelligent and judicious of its citi- zens. He is President of the Florida Fruit-Growers' Association. San Mateo is a post-office. A good board- ing-house is kept here by Mr. Miller; and there are other places where accommodation can be had. Twenty miles above, on the east bank, one hundred miles from Jacksonville, is Welaka, the site of an old Indian village, and subsequently of a Spanish settlement. Here the St. Johns narrows to a third of a mile in width. Near Welaka, on the same side, is the opening leading into Dunn's Lake. The peninsula lying between Dunn's Lake and the St. Johns has been named Fruitland, from the number of recent settlers there engaged in fruit cul- ture. Immediately opposite Welaka is the mouth of the Ocklawaha River, hereinbefore described. The expanse of the river just above Welaka is called Little Lake George : it is four miles wide and seven long. The next expanse, above Little Lake George, is Lake George proper : it is eighteen miles long by twelve wide. Not long after Rene de Laudonniere* with his Huguenots * See the historical chapter of this book. 128 FLORIDA. St. Johns House, Pilatka House, and private-boarding- houses give excellent accommodations to travelers. Pilatka is the terminus of the Charleston line of steamers (The Dictator, City Point, and St. Johns) and of the Savannah line (The Florida and City of Bridgeton). From here steamers go up the Ocklawaha and to Dunn's Lake. It has a telegraph-office and a newspaper, the "Eastern Herald," noted for alligator-stories to such an extent that its editor is universally known as Alligator Pratt. Five miles above is San Mateo, a pleasant settlement lying on a high ridge a short distance back from the river. This place is the residence of Rev. P. P. Bishop, a North- ern gentleman who has found health in Florida and is now one of the most intelligent and judicious of its citi- zens. He is President of the Florida Fruit-Growers' Association. San Mateo is a post-office. A good board- ing-house is kept here by Mr. Miller; and there are other places where accommodation can be had. Twenty miles above, on the east bank, one hundred miles from Jacksonville, is Welaka, the site of an old Indian village, and subsequently of a Spanish settlement. Here the St. Johns narrows to a third of a mile in width. Near Welaka, on the same side, is the opening leading into Dunn's Lake. The peninsula lying between Dunn's Lake and the St. Johns has been named Fruitland, from the number of recent settlers there engaged in fruit cul- ture. Immediately opposite Welaka is the mouth of the Ocklawaha River, hereinbefore described. The expanse of the river just above Welaka is called Little Lake George: it is four miles wide and seven long. The next expanse, above Little Lake George, is Lake George proper: it is eighteen miles long by twelve wide. Not long after Rend de Laudonniere* with his Huguenots * See the historical chapter of this book.  THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 129 had built their fort on the St. Johns below Jacksonville, they made, among other excursions and explorations, one up the river as far as to this Lake George. The old chronicle gives a pleasant description of it, and of Dray- ton Island (which is called the "Island of Edelano"), near the entrance of the lake. "I sent my two barks to discover along the river, and up towards the head thereof, which went so far up that they were thirty leagues good beyond a place named Matthiaqua; and there they discovered the entrance of a lake, upon the one side whereof no land can be seen according to the report of the Indians, which was the cause that my me went no further, but returned backe, and in coming home went to see the Island of Edelano, situated in the midst of the river, as fair a place as any that may be seen through the world, for in the space of three leagues that it may contain in length and breadth a man may see an exceeding rich country and marvellously peopled. At the coming out of the village of Edelano to go unto the river's side, a man must pass through an alley about three hundred paces long and fifty paces broad, on both sides whereof great trees are planted : the boughs thereof are tied like an arch, and meet to- gether so artificially that a man would think that it were an arbor made of purpose, as fair, I say, as any in all Christendom, although it be altogether natura"l. There are other islands here, one of which, Rembert's (by some called Rembrandt's) Island, is noted for a very large orange-grove on it. Lake George is noted for its birds-herons, white curlews, cranes, paroquets, etc.; and for its fish; and I am informed that some notable mineral springs have recently been discovered here. Five miles above Lake George is Volusia. The settle- ment is some distance from the river-bank. This is supposed by some to have been the site of the colony brought over by Dennis Rolle from England in 1765; others suppose him, as is more probable, to have located at a point still called Rollestown, farther down the river. In the Spanish times Volusia was a point of importance F THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 029 had built their fort on the St. Johns below Jacksonville, they made, among other excursions and explorations, one up the river as far as to this Lake George. The old chronicle gives a pleasant description of it, and of Dray- ton Island (which is called the "Island of Edelano"), near the entrance of the lake. "I sent my two barks to discover along the river, and up towards the head thereof, which went so far up that they were thirty leagues good beyond a place named Matthiaqua; and there they discovered the entrance of a lake, upon the one side whereof no land can be seen according to the report of the Indians, which was the cause that my me went no further, but returned backe, and in coming home went to see the Island of Edelao, situated in the midst of the river, as fair a place as any that may be seen through the world, for in the space of three leagues that it may contain in length and breadth a man may see an exceeding rich country and marvellously peopled. At the coming out of the village of Edelano to go unto the river's side, a man must pass through an alley about three hundred paces long and fifty paces broad, on both sides whereof great trees are planted : the boughs thereof are tied like an arch, and meet to- gether so artificially that a man would think that it were an arbor made of purpose, as fair, I say, as any in all Christendom, although it be altogether natural." There are other islands here, one of which, Rembert's (by some called Rembrandt's) Island, is noted for a very large orange-grove on it. Lake George is noted for its birds-herons, white curlews, cranes, paroquets, etc.; and for its fish; and I am informed that some notable mineral springs have recently been discovered here. Five miles above Lake George is Volusia. The settle- ment is some distance from the river-bank. This is supposed by some to have been the site of the colony brought over by Dennis Rolle from England in 1765; others suppose him, as is more probable, to have located at a point still called Rollestown, farther down the river. In the Spanish times Volusia was a point of importance F THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 129 had built their fort on the St. Johns below Jacksonville, they made, among other excursions and explorations, one up the river as far as to this Lake George. The old chronicle gives a pleasant description of it, and of Dray- ton Island (which is called the "Island of Edelano"), near the entrance of the lake. " I sent my two barks to discover along the river, and up towards the head thereof, which went so far up that they were thirty leagues good beyond a place named Matthiaqua; and there they discovered the entrance of a lake, upon the one side whereof no land can be seen according to the report of the Indians, which was the cause that my men went no further, but returned backe, and in coming home went to see the Island of Edelano, situated in the midst of the river, as fair a place as any that may he seen through the world, for in the space of three leagues that it may contain in length and breadth a man may see an exceeding rich country and marvellously peopled. At the coming out of the village of Edelano to go unto the river's side, a man must pass through an alley about three hundred paces long and fifty paces broad, on both sides whereof great trees are planted: the boughs thereof are tied like an arch, and meet to. gether so artificially that a man would think that it were an arbor made of purpose, as fair, I say, as any in all Christendom, although it be altogether natural." There are other islands here, one of which, Rembert's (by some called Rembrandt's) Island, is noted for a very large orange-grove on it. Lake George is noted for its birds-herons, white curlews, cranes, paroquets, etc.; and for its fish; and I am informed that some notable mineral springs have recently been discovered here. Five miles above Lake George is Volusia. The settle- ment is some distance from the river-bank. This is supposed by some to have been the site of the colony brought over by Dennis Rolle from England in 1765; others suppose him, as is more probable, to have located at a point still called Rollestown, farther down the river. In the Spanish times Volusia was a point of importance F  130 FLORIDA. on the road from St. Augustine to Mosquito Inlet; and later, during the Indian war of '36-'42, a fort was built here, which was the headquarters of the left wing of the army during the short campaign of General Scott. Orange Grove and Hawkinsville are two wood-landings above Volusia. About thirty miles farther above is the large and transparent basin of Blue Spring, four hundred yards in length by twenty-five in breadth. The river made by this spring is large enough to float a steamboat at its confluence with the St. Johns. The water is said to be slightly sulphurous. There is a post-office here; and the fishing and hunting are excellent. The traveler now comes to the two towns on Lake Monroe which are at the head of navigation for all except the very small steamers that go to Salt Lake, etc. These are Mellonville and Enterprise. Mellonville is on the right-hand side of the lake, and is in a neighborhood which is beginning to exhibit much activity in settlement and improvement. It has two hotels. Hereabout are many orange-groves, and in the neighborhood 'are Sanford* (where is a money-order post-office, a sanitarium-" The Onoro Hotel"-etc.), the flourishing Swedish colony brought over by General Sanford in 1871, Eureka, Eau- clair, Wekiva, Lake Jennie, Lake Maitland, Lake Conway, Fort Reid, and other settlements. Extensive interests have been established here in orange-groves. At the grove called St. Gertrude a large warm sulphur spring appeared in 1871. Adjoining General Sanford's lands are those of Mr. William Astor, consisting of eight thousand acres of timber- and orange-lands. Not far off is also the Fort Butler Grant-in which Mr. Astor is said to be interested -on which are numerous groves of wild oranges and the charming little Lake Schermerhorn. General Sanford *Since the first edition of this book, a large and commodious hotel has been erected at Sanford. 130 FLORIDA. on the road from St. Augustine to Mosquito Inlet; and later, during the Indian war of '36-'42, a fort was built here, which was the headquarters of the left wing of the army during the short campaign of General Scott. Orange Grove and Hawkinsville are two wood-landings above Volusia. About thirty miles farther above is the large and transparent basin of Blue Spring, four hundred yards in length by twenty-five in breadth. The river made by this spring is large enough to float a steamboat at its confluence with the St. Johns. The water is said to be slightly sulphurous. There is a post-office here ; and the fishing and hunting are excellent. The traveler now comes to the two towns on Lake Monroe which are at the head of navigation for all except the very small steamers that go to Salt Lake, etc. These are Mellonville and Enterprise. Meltonville is on the right-hand side of the lake, and is in a neighborhood which is beginning to exhibit much activity in settlement and improvement. It has two hotels. Hereabout are many orange-groves, and in the neighborhood 'are Sanford (where is a money-order post-office, a sanitarium-" The Onoro Hotel"--etc.), the flourishing Swedish colony brought over by General Sanford in 1871, Eureka, Eau- clair, Wekiva, Lake Jennie, Lake Maitland, Lake Conway, Fort Reid, and other settlements. Extensive interests have been established here in orange-groves. At the grove called St. Gertrude a large warm sulphur spring appeared in 1871. Adjoining General Sanford's lands are those of Mr. William Astor, consisting of eight thousand acres of timber- and orange-lands. Not far off is also the Fort Butler Grant-in which Mr. Astor is said to be interested -on which are numerous groves of wild oranges and the charming little Lake Schermerhorn. General Sanford *sin the first edition of this book, a large and commodious hotel has been erected a sanford. 130 FLORIDA. on the road from St. Augustine to Mosquito Inlet; and later, during the Indian war of '36-'42, a fort was built here, which was the headquarters of the left wing of the army during the short campaign of General Scott. Orange Grove and Hawkinsville are two wood-landings above Volusia. About thirty miles farther above is the large and transparent basin of Blue Spring, four hundred yards in length by twenty-five in breadth. The river made by this spring is large enough to float a steamboat at its confluence with the St. Johns. The water is said to be slightly sulphurous. There is a post-office here; and the fishing and hunting are excellent. The traveler now comes to the two towns on Lake Monroe which are at the head of navigation for all except the very small steamers that go to Salt Lake, etc. These are Mellonville and Enterprise. Mellonville is on the right-hand side of the lake, and is in a neighborhood which is beginning to exhibit much activity in settlement and improvement. It has two hotels. Hereabout are many orange-groves, and in the neighborhood -are Sanford * (where is a money-order post-office, a sanitarium-" The Onoro Hotel"-etc.), the flourishing Swedish colony brought over by General Sanford in 1871, Eureka, Eau- clair, Wekiva, Lake Jennie, Lake Maitland, Lake Conway, Fort Reid, and other settlements. Extensive interests have been established here in orange-groves. At the grove called St. Gertrude a large warm sulphur spring appeared in 1871. Adjoining General Sanford's lands are those of Mr. William Astor, consisting of eight thousand acres of timber- and orange-lands. Not far off is also the Fort Butler Grant-in which Mr. Astor is said to be interested -on which are numerous groves of wild oranges and the charming little Lake Schermerhorn. General Sanford sin the first edition of this book, a large and commodious hotel has been erected at Sanford.  THE ST. YOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 131 seems to be a moving spirit of this side of Lake Monroe, and to be working wonders by far-reaching intelligence and energy in the location and development of judicious colonies. One also hears the name of B. F. Whitner mentioned often in connection with his own beautiful residence and his general energy. On the opposite side of Lake Monroe is Enterprise, the terminus of the larger steamboat lines. The Brock House here is much renowned among travelers. Excursion- parties are conveyed hence in a small steamer to Lakes Harney, Jessup, and Ponsett, a few miles distant, and also to Salt Lake, from which conveyance is had across the tongue of land-some six miles wide-to Indian River. Conveyances can also be here procured for New Smyrna, on Hillsboro' River, twenty-two miles distant. Other fish- ing and hunting routes are adopted by parties made up here, and it is the headquarters of those who desire to sport among the head-waters of the St. Johns. It is proper to mention, however, that parties are also made up at St. Augustine to go by yacht to Indian River. Consumptives are said to flourish in this climate ; and there are many stories told of cadaverous persons coming here and turning out successful huntsmen and fishermen, of ruddy face and portentous appetite, after a few weeks. Not far from the Brock House is the Green Sulphur Spring with a basin a hundred feet deep, filled with faint green but wonderfully transparent water. Above Enterprise the St. Johns becomes much shallower than below. A project was on foot a short time ago to deepen it as far as to Lake Washington, and to dig a canal from the eastern edge of that lake across to Indian River, so as to give free water-communication with that stream. Above Lake Washington, somewhere near the middle of Brevard County, the St. Johns appears to have its origin in hidden springs. THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 131 seems to be a moving spirit of this side of Lake Monroe, and to be working wonders by far-reaching intelligence and energy in the location and development of judicious colonies. One also hears the name of B. F. Whitner mentioned often in connection with his own beautiful residence and his general energy. On the opposite side of Lake Monroe is Enterprise, the terminus of the larger steamboat lines. The Brock House here is much renowned among travelers. Excursion. parties are conveyed hence in a small steamer to Lakes Harney, Jessup, and Ponsett, a few miles distant, and also to Salt Lake, from which conveyance is had across the tongue of land-some six miles wide-to Indian River. Conveyances can also be here procured for New Smyrna, on Hillsboro' River, twenty-two miles distant. Other fish- ing and hunting routes are adopted by parties made up here, and it is the headquarters of those who desire to sport among the head-waters of the St. Johns. It is proper to mention, however, that parties are also made up at St. Augustine to go by yacht to Indian River. Consumptives are said to flourish in this climate; and there are many stories told of cadaverous persons coming here and turning out successful huntsmen and fishermen, of ruddy face and portentous appetite, after a few weeks. Not far from the Brock House is the Green Sulphur Spring with a basin a hundred feet deep, filled with faint green but wonderfully transparent water. Above Enterprise the St. Johns becomes much shallower than below. A project was on foot a short time ago to deepen it as far as to Lake Washington, and to dig a canal from the eastern edge of that lake across to Indian River, so as to give free water-communication with that stream. Above Lake Washington, somewhere near the middle of Brevard County, the St. Johns appears to have its origin in hidden springs. THE ST. 7OHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 131 seems to be a moving spirit of this side of Lake Monroe, and to be working wonders by far-reaching intelligence and energy in the location and development of judicious colonies. One also hears the name of B. F. Whitner mentioned often in connection with his own beautiful residence and his general energy. On the opposite side of Lake Monroe is Enterprise, the terminus of the larger steamboat lines. The Brock House here is much renowned among travelers. Excursion- parties are conveyed hence in a small steamer to Lakes Harney, Jessup, and Ponsett, a few miles distant, and also to Salt Lake, from which conveyance is had across the tongue of land-some six miles wide-to Indian River. Conveyances can also be here procured for New Smyrna, on Hillsboro' River, twenty-two miles distant. Other fish- ing and hunting routes are adopted by parties made up here, and it is the headquarters of those who desire to sport among the head-waters of the St. Johns. It is proper to mention, however, that parties are also made up at St. Augustine to go by yacht to Indian River. Consumptives are said to flourish in this climate; and there are many stories told of cadaverous persons coming here and turning out successful huntsmen and fishermen, of ruddy face and portentous appetite, after a few weeks. Not far from the Brock House is the Green Sulphur Spring with a basin a hundred feet deep, filled with faint green but wonderfully transparent water. Above Enterprise the St. Johns becomes much shallower than below. A project was on foot a short time ago to deepen it as far as to Lake Washington, and to dig a canal from the eastern edge of that lake across to Indian River, so as to give free water-communication with that stream. Above Lake Washington, somewhere near the middle of Brevard County, the St. Johns appears to have its origin in hidden springs.  132 FLORIDA. The following complete list of stations and distances on the St. Johns will be useful. The distances are from the Railroad Wharf, Jacksonville: 132 FLORIDA. The following complete list of stations and distances on the St. Johns will be useful. The distances are from the Railroad Wharf, Jacksonville: 132 FLORIDA. The following complete list of stations and distances on the St. Johns will be useful. The distances are from the Railroad Wharf, Jacksonville: Black Point....................... 9 Mulberry Grove ................ ro Mandarin......................... 14 Hibernia................. . 19 Remington Park................. 2t Magnolia.......................... 22 Green Cove Springs............ 24 Hogarth's............... . 26 Picolta ......----------. ---. 31 Tocoi........................ 34 Federal Point.................... 43 Orange Mills..................... 46 Danny's.................... 47 Whetstone's....................... 47 Pilatka............................ 55 San Mateo............... . 6o Buffalo Bluff..................... 66 Horse Landing.................. yo Welaka..................... 75 Beecher............................ 76 Orange Point..................... 84 Mount Royal................... Sn Fort Gates............ . 8 Georgetown..................... 82 Benella.................. . 85 Lake View............. 97 Volusia.................... o2 Orange Bluff........... . 105 Hawkinsville................... 118 Cabbage Bluff.................. I2 Lake Beresford................. 122 Blue Spring............. ......., 125 Emanuel', or Wekiva......... 135 Shell Bank...................... 134 Sanford........................... 144 Mellonville...................... 145 Enterprise ....................... 146 Cook's Ferry and King Phil. ip's Town................... 160 Lake Harney.................. 161 Sallie's Camp................... 165 Salt Lake........................ 166 Black Point....................... 9 Mulberry Grove ...........t......o Mandarin ................. . 14 Hibernia...................... 19 Remington Park................. 21 Magnolia.......................... 22 Green Cove Springs. -.. 24 Hogarth's........................ 26 Picolata ........................... 31 Toco ..................-... . 34 Federal Point.................... 43 Orange Mills..................... 46 Danny's................. 47 Whetstone's...................... 47 Pilatka............................- 55 San Mateo........................ 6o Buffalo Blaf..................... 66 Horse Landing.................- 70 Welaka...................... 75 Beecher......................... 76 Orange Point..................... 84 Mount Royal.................... So Fort Gates....................... 80 Georgetown..................... 82 Benella........................... 85 Lake View....................... 97 Volusia........................... 102 Orange Bluff.................... 105 Hawkinsville................... Its Cabbage Bluff........... 2 Lake Beresford................. Izz Blue Spring..................... 125 Emanuel's or Wekiva......... 135 Shell Bank...................... 134 Sanford........................... 144 Mellonville...................... 145 Enterprise ....................... 146 Cook's Ferry and King Phil- ip's Town.................. 16o Lake Harney.................. 161 Sallie's Camp .......... . 165 Salt Lake-...................... 166 Black Point....................... 9 Mulberry Grove................ ro Mandarin......................... 14 Hibernia.......................... 19 Remington Park................. 21 Magnolia.......................... 22 Green Cove Springs............ 24 Hogarth's............... . 26 Picolata ............. . 31 Tocoi,....................... 34 Federal Point................... 43 Orange Mills..................... 46 Dancy's.................... 47 Whetstone's............... 47 Pilatka..........................- 55 San Mateo............... . 60 Buffalo Bluff..................... 66 Horse Landing.................. 70 Welaka......................... 75 Beecher........................... 76 Orange Point..................... 84 MILES. Mount Royal ........... . So Fort Gates...................... So Georgetown............ . 82 B enella............................ 85 Lake View....................... 9y Volusia.... oz Orange Bluff........... . t5 Hawkinsville.................,. x8 Cabbage Bluff.................. t2n Lake Beresford.................. 122 Blue Spring............. ........ 125 Emanuel's or Wekiva........- 135 Skell Bank...................... 134 Sanford........................... 144 Mellonville...................... 145 Enterprise ...................... 146 Cook's Ferry and King Phil- ip's Town................... 160 Lake Harney.................. 161 Sallie's Camp................ 165 Salt Lake........................ 166 INDIAN RIvER. "Indian River" is a term sometimes used to include the body of water which at its northern end is known as Halifax River, south of this as Hillsboro' River, and at the lower extremity as Mosquito Lagoon. The Indian River proper, however, is separated by a narrow isthmus from the lower end of Mosquito Lagoon as well as from the Halifax and Hillsboro'. From here it runs far to the southward, along the eastern edges of Volusia, Brevard, and Dade Counties, separated from the Atlantic by a narrow strip of land through which it communicates with INDIAN RIVER. "Indian River" is a term sometimes used to include the body of water which at its northern end is known as Halifax River, south of this as Hillsboro' River, and at the lower extremity as Mosquito Lagoon. The Indian River proper, however, is separated by a narrow isthmus from the lower end of Mosquito Lagoon as well as from the Halifax and Hillsboro'. From here it runs far to the southward, along the eastern edges of Volusia, Brevard, and Dade Counties, separated from the Atlantic by a narrow strip of land through which it communicates with INDIAN RIVER. "Indian River" is a term sometimes used to include the body of water which at its northern end is known as Halifax River, south of this as Hillsboro' River, and at the lower extremity as Mosquito Lagoon. The Indian River proper, however, is separated by a narrow isthmus from the lower end of Mosquito Lagoon as well as from the Halifax and Hillsboro'. From here it runs far to the southward, along the eastern edges of Volusia, Brevard, and Dade Counties, separated from the Atlantic by a narrow strip of land through which it communicates with  THE ST JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 133 open water by the two entrances of Indian River Inlet and Jupiter Inlet. About forty miles south of St. Augustine the Halifax River commences. From this point southward for twenty- five miles, to Mosquito Inlet where it communicates with the Atlantic, it is about a half-mile wide and three or four feet in depth. South of the Inlet it commences to be called Hillsboro' River. The Hillsboro' extends some thirty miles farther southward, its lower extremity (also called Mosquito Lagoon) lying parallel with the upper part of Indian River. For the first ten miles below the inlet it is said to be eight feet deep, and three feet for the next fifteen miles southward. At this distance-twenty- five miles south of the inlet-the " Haulover" canal, eight hundred yards long and twelve feet wide, connects its waters with those of Indian River, which thence extends, with a depth of three to four feet and a width of one to six miles, for a hundred and fifty miles southward. On the Halifax and Hillsboro' Rivers are several settle- ments, most of which are due to the interest which has been excited within the last two or three years with re- gard to this portion of the State. This interest has resulted in the settlement, among others, of a party of people from New Britain, Connecticut, on the Henry Yonge grant; the Daytona settlement; the improvement of Port Orange; and the beginning of Halifax City. Judge Howell Robinson, of St. Augustine, is one of the principal promoters of this last-named settlement, and, I doubt not, would cheerfully furnish much valuable infor- mation to those wishing to visit this part of the country. I have before mentioned that parties are sometimes made up at St. Augustine, to go by boat from that place, for Indian River. South of Halifax City is New Smyrna, the point to THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 133 open water by the two entrances of Indian River Inlet and Jupiter Inlet. About forty miles south of St. Augustine the Halifax River commences. From this point southward for twenty- five miles, to Mosquito Inlet where it communicates with the Atlantic, it is about a half-mile wide and three or four feet in depth. South of the Inlet it commences to be called Hillsboro' River. The Hillsboro' extends some thirty miles farther southward, its lower extremity (also called Mosquito Lagoon) lying parallel with the upper part of Indian River. For the first ten miles below the inlet it is said to be eight feet deep, and three feet for the next fifteen miles southward. At this distance-twenty- five miles south of the inlet-the ' Haulover" canal, eight hundred yards long and twelve feet wide, connects its waters with those of Indian River, which thence extends, with a depth of three to four feet and a width of one to six miles, for a hundred and fifty miles southward. On the Halifax and Hillsboro' Rivers are several settle- ments, most of which are due to the interest which has been excited within the last two or three years with re- gard to this portion of the State. This interest has resulted in the settlement, among others, of a party of people from New Britain, Connecticut, on the Henry Yonge grant; the Daytona settlement; the improvement of Port Orange; and the beginning of Halifax City. Judge Howell Robinson, of St. Augustine, is one of the principal promoters of this last-named settlement, and, I doubt not, would cheerfully furnish much valuable infor- mation to those wishing to visit this part of the country. I have before mentioned that parties are sometimes made up at St. Augustine, to go by boat from that place, for Indian River. South of Halifax City is New Smyrna, the point to 'a THE S: JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS r33 open water by the two entrances of Indian River Inlet and Jupiter Inlet. About forty miles south of St. Augustine the Halifax River commences. From this point southward for twenty- five miles, to Mosquito Inlet where it communicates with the Atlantic, it is about a half-mile wide and three or four feet in depth. South of the Inlet it commences to be called Hillsboro' River. The Hillsboro' extends some thirty miles farther southward, its lower extremity (also called Mosquito Lagoon) lying parallel with the upper part of Indian River. For the first ten miles below the inlet it is said to be eight feet deep, and three feet for the next fifteen miles southward. At this distance-twenty- five miles south of the inlet-the " Haulover" canal, eight hundred yards long and twelve feet wide, connects its waters with those of Indian River, which thence extends, with a depth of three to four feet and a width of one to six miles, for a hundred and fifty miles southward. On the Halifax and Hillsboro' Rivers are several settle- ments, most of which are due to the interest which has been excited within the last two or three years with re- gard to this portion of the State. This interest has resulted in the settlement, among others, of a party of people from New Britain, Connecticut, on the Henry Yonge grant; the Daytona settlement; the improvement of Port Orange; and the beginning of Halifax City. Judge Howell Robinson, of St. Augustine, is one of the principal promoters of this last-named settlement, and, I doubt not, would cheerfully furnish much valuable infor- mation to those wishing to visit this part of the country. I have before mentioned that parties are sometimes made up at St. Augustine, to go by boat from that place, for Indian River. South of Halifax City is New Smyrna, the point to  134 FLORIDA. which Dr. Turnbull brought over his colony of Minor- cans in 1767, whereof some account is given in the his- torical chapter of this book. Farther south are the celebrated Dummitt and Burn- ham plantations, where large quantities of famous oranges, sugar and syrup are produced ; still farther south, oppo- site Lake Washington, is Eau Gallie, which has recently been selected as the site of the Agricultural College of Florida. The general character of the lands in the Indian River country appears to be a strip of " high, light, sandy" soil, lying immediately on the western shore, from a half-mile to a mile in width; then, coming westward, a belt con- taining "hammocks and savannas" of great fertility, from one to two miles in width; then ridges of "light hammock" and "scrub" lands; then, still westward, grazing lands. Upon these lands oranges, sugar-cane, bananas, pine- apples, lemons, limes, guavas, strawberries, blackberries, hay, corn, grapes, indigo, sweet-potatoes, and all manner of garden vegetables are said to yield profusely. The fertility of this soil seems to have been better known a century ago than now. I have already alluded to the settlement of Dr. Turnbull at New Smyrna in 1767; besides this, many large and flourishing estates were commenced about the same period by wealthy English proprietors, and the ruins of these, frequently occurring through the woods that have since grown up, often attract the traveler's attention to the mutations of time. In those days the main products appear to have been sugar, rum, and indigo. Along this Indian River country is a marvelously bland air, and I have been told of many overworked men and incipient consumptives who have here found new life. 134 FLORIDA. which Dr. Turnbull brought over his colony of Minor- cans in 1767, whereof some account is given in the his- torical chapter of this book. Farther south are the celebrated Dummitt and Burn- ham plantations, where large quantities of famous oranges, sugar and syrup are produced ; still farther south, oppo- site Lake Washington, is Eau Gallie, which has recently been selected as the site of the Agricultural College of Florida. The general character of the lands in the Indian River country appears to be a strip of " high, light, sandy" soil, lying immediately on the western shore, from a half-mile to a mile in width; then, coming westward, a belt con- taining "hammocks and savannas" of great fertility, from one to two miles in width; then ridges of "light hammock" and "scrub" lands; then, still westward, grazing lands,. Upon these lands oranges, sugar-cane, bananas, pine- apples, lemons, limes, guavas, strawberries, blackberries, hay, corn, grapes, indigo, sweet-potatoes, and all manner of garden vegetables are said to yield profusely. The fertility of this soil seems to have been better known a century ago than now. I have already alluded to the settlement of Dr. Turnbull at New Smyrna in 1767; besides this, many large and flourishing estates were commenced about the same period by wealthy English proprietors, and the ruins of these, frequently occurring through the woods that have since grown up, often attract the traveler's attention to the mutations of time. In those days the main products appear to have been sugar, rum, and indigo. Along this Indian River country is a marvelously bland air, and I have been told of many overworked men and incipient consumptives who have here found new life. 134 FLORIDA. which Dr. Turnbull brought over his colony of Minor- cans in 1767, whereof some account is given in the his- torical chapter of this book. Farther south are the celebrated Dummitt and Burn- ham plantations, where large quantities of famous oranges, sugar and syrup are produced ; still farther south, oppo- site Lake Washington, is Eau Gallie, which has recently been selected as the site of the Agricultural College of Florida. The general character of the lands in the Indian River country appears to be a strip of "high, light, sandy" soil, lying immediately on the western shore, from a half-mile to a mile in width; then, coming westward, a belt con- taining "hammocks and savannas" of great fertility, from one to two miles in width; then ridges of "light hammock" and "scrub" lands; then, still westward, grazing lands. Upon these lands oranges, sugar-cane, bananas, pine- apples, lemons, limes, guavas, strawberries, blackberries, hay, corn, grapes, indigo, sweet-potatoes, and all manner of garden vegetables are said to yield profusely. The fertility of this soil seems to have been better known a century ago than now. I have already alluded to the settlement of Dr. Turnbull at New Smyrna in 1767; besides this, many large and flourishing estates were commenced about the same period by wealthy English proprietors, and the ruins of these, frequently occurring through the woods that have since grown up, often attract the traveler's attention to the mutations of time. In those days the main products appear to have been sugar, rum, and indigo. Along this Indian River country is a marvelously bland air, and I have been told of many overworked men and incipient consumptives who have here found new life.  THE ST JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. r35 The waters are full of fish in great variety; the woods abound in deer and other game; and the whole land amounts to a perpetual invitation to the overworked, the invalid, the air-poisoned, the nervously prostrate people, to come down with yacht and tent, with rod and gun, and rebuild brain, muscle, and nerve. Accommodations for travelers are found at the Bostrom House, some thirty miles above New Smyrna, and at the hotels of Port Or- ange, New Smyrna, and Daytora, besides private ar- rangements for board which almost all settlers' families are willing to make. The following extract from the papers included in the report of Hon. Dennis Eagan, State Commissioner of Lands and Immigration, will be interesting in connec- tion with this account of the Indian River country: " How good lands may be obtained and settled up will be seen by citing a single case. Last winter a company was formed of mechanics, in a machine-shop in New Britain, Connecticut, of which Lucas P. Summers is President, and Chester N. Penfield is Secretary, both of that city. They sent a party immediately to Florida to pros- pect for a place of settlement. The party reported favorably of the Henry Yonge grant of one thousand acres, lying on the west bank of the Halifax, and about six miles above Daytona, owned by the Swift Brothers, of New Bedford, Massachusetts. A more fortunate selection could not have been made. They have half a mile of most beautiful river front. The land, commencing at once to ascend, gradually rises for some forty rods back, then retains its height, some twenty feet above the water, for a quarter of a mile to the westward. All this front is excellent land for gardens, for oranges, and other fruits. The best farming lands are in the hammock, about one mile west of the river. These were formerly well drained, and put under a high state of cultivation. Through the centre of this hammock, north and south, there is an old field of one hundred acres of the very best soil for orange-trees, and on which the clearing is worth more than the cost of the whole tract. To this place two of their party im- mediately returned, and commenced clearing the river front, all of THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. r35 The waters are full of fish in great variety; the woods abound in deer and other game; and the whole land amounts to a perpetual invitation to the overworked, the invalid, the air-poisoned, the nervously prostrate people, to come down with yacht and tent, with rod and gun, and rebuild brain, muscle, and nerve. Accommodations for travelers are found at the Bostrom House, some thirty miles above New Smyrna, and at the hotels of Port Or- ange, New Smyrna, and Daytora, besides private ar- rangements for board which almost all settlers' families are willing to make. The following extract from the papers included in the report of Hon. Dennis Eagan, State Commissioner of Lands and Immigration, will be interesting in connec- tion with this account of the Indian River country: ^ H good lands may be obtained and settled up will be seen by citing a single case. Last winter a company was formed of mechanics, in a machine-shop in New Britain, Connecticut, of which Lucas P. Summers is President, and Chester N. Penfield is Secretary, both of that city. They sent a party immediately to Florida to pros- pect for a place of settlement. The party reported favorably of the Henry Yonge grant of one thousand acres, lying on the west bank of the Halifax, and about six miles above Daytona, owned by the Swift Brothers, of New Bedford, Massachusetts. A more fortunate selection could not have been made. They have half a mile of most beautiful river front. The land, commencing at once to ascend, gradually rises for some forty rods back, then retains its height, some twenty feet above the water, for a quarter of a mile to the westward. All this front is excellent land for gardens, for oranges, and other fruits. The best farming lands are in the hammock, about one mile west of the river. These were formerly well drained, and put under a high state of cultivation. Through the centre of this hammock, north and south, there is an old field of one hundred acres of the very best soil for orange-trees, and on which the clearing is worth more than the cost of the whole tract. To this place two of their party im- mediately returned, and commenced clearing the river front, all of THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. r35 The waters are full of fish in great variety; the woods abound in deer and other game; and the whole land amounts to a perpetual invitation to the overworked, the invalid, the air-poisoned, the nervously prostrate people, to come down with yacht and tent, with rod and gun, and rebuild brain, muscle, and nerve. Accommodations for travelers are found at the Bostrom House, some thirty miles above New Smyrna, and at the hotels of Port Or- ange, New Smyrna, and Daytora, besides private ar- rangements for board which almost all settlers' families are willing to make. The following extract from the papers included in the report of Hon. Dennis Eagan, State Commissioner of Lands and Immigration, will be interesting in connec- tion with this account of the Indian River countryt ^ How good lands may be obtained and settled up will be seen by citing a single case. Last winter a company was formed of mechanics, in a machine-shop in New Britain, Connecticut, of which Lucas P. Summers is President, and Chester N. Penfield is Secretary, both of that city. They sent a party immediately to Florida to pros- pect for a place of settlement. The party reported favorably of the Henry Yonge grant of one thousand acres, lying on the west bank of the Halifax, and about six miles above Daytona, owned by the Swift Brothers, of New Bedford, Massachusetts. A more fortunate selection could not have been made. They have half a mile at most beautiful river front. The land, commencing at once to ascend, gradually rises for some forty rods back, then retains its height, some twenty feet above the water, for a quarter of a mile to the westward. All this front is excellent land for gardens, for oranges, and other fruits. The best farming lands are in the hammock, about one mile west of the river. These were formerly well drained, and put under a high state of cultivation. Through the centre of this hammock, north and south, there is an old field of one hundred acres of the very best soil for orange-trees, and ou which the clearing is worth more than the cost of the whole tract. To this place two of their party im- mediately returned, and commenced clearing the river front, all of  136 FLORIDA. which they alone have chopped down some twelve rods hack, clear- ing off a part and planting sweet-potatoes. They have worked every day since the first day of March, and have enjoyed good health. There are fourteen families in their company, most of whom ae expected out in the early fall." The price of lands ranges from five to fifty dollars an acre. This section may be reached directly from Jacksonville by water; three schooners ply between Port Orange and Jacksonville, and, though not meant for passenger packets, offer tolerable accommodations. Further information of their movements can be had of Messrs. John Clark and John Foster, commission merchants at Jacksonville. Larger schooners also run from New York into Mosquito Inlet, during the winter, transporting live-oak; of which further information may be had from Messrs. Van Brunt & Brothers, 75 South Street, New York. The common method of reaching the Indian River country, however, is by stage from Enterprise, on the St. Johns; or by small steamer from Enterprise to Salt Lake; thence by wheels to Sand Point or Titusville. It is in contemplation to establish a route from St. Augustine, by the steamer Mayflower down the Matanzas; thence by stage or tramroad along the shore to Halifax River; thence by small steamer along the Halifax and Indian Rivers. I am informed the little steamboat Pioneer has already been sent round into the Indian River, to ply along its entire length; and it maybe that the Mayflower route, just mentioned, will have been consummated by the ensuing season of '75-6. These routes are being constantly improved, as the increasing needs of the winter tides of Florida travelers demand ; and visitors should make inquiry at the many ticket-offices in Jacksonville as to the best and latest routes in projecting any journey into these regions of the upper St. Johns and Indian Rivers. 136 FLORIDA. which they alone have chopped down some twelve rods back, clear- ing off a part and planting sweet-potatoes. They have worked every day since the first day of March, and have enjoyed good health. There are fourteen families in their company, most of whom are expected out in the early fall." The price of lands ranges from five to fifty dollars an acre. This section may be reached directly from Jacksonville by water; three schooners ply between Port Orange and Jacksonville, and, though not meant for passenger packets, offer tolerable accommodations. Further information of their movements can be had of Messrs. John Clark and John Foster, commission merchants at Jacksonville. Larger schooners also run from New York into Mosquito Inlet, during the winter, transporting live-oak ; of which further information may be had from Messrs. Van Brunt & Brothers, 75 South Street, New York. The common method of reaching the Indian River country, however, is by stage from Enterprise, on the St. Johns; or by small steamer from Enterprise to Salt Lake; thence by wheels to Sand Point or Titusville. It is in contemplation to establish a route from St. Augustine, by the steamer Mayflower down the Matanzas; thence by stage or tramroad along the shore to Halifax River; thence by small steamer along the Halifax and Indian Rivers. I am informed the little steamboat Pioneer has already been sent round into the Indian River, to ply along its entire length; and it maybe that the Mayflower route, just mentioned, will have been consummated by the ensuing season of '75-6. These routes are being constantly improved, as the increasing needs of the winter tides of Florida travelers demand ; and visitors should make inquiry at the many ticket-offices in Jacksonville as to the best and latest routes in projecting any journey into these regions of the upper St. Johns and Indian Rivers. 136 FLORIDA. which they alone have chopped down some twelve rods back, clear- ing off a part and planting sweet-potatoes. They have worked every day since the first day of March, and have enjoyed good health. There are fourteen families in their company, most of whom ar- expected out in the early fall." The price of lands ranges from five to fifty dollars an acre. This section maybe reached directly from Jacksonville by water; three schooners ply between Port Orange and Jacksonville, and, though not meant for passenger packets, offer tolerable accommodations. Further information of their movements can be had of Messrs. John Clark and John Foster, commission merchants at Jacksonville. Larger schooners also run from New York into Mosquito Inlet, during the winter, transporting live-oak; of which further information may be had from Messrs. Van Brut & Brothers, 75 South Street, New York. The common method of reaching the Indian River country, however, is by stage from Enterprise, on the St. Johns; or by small steamer from Enterprise to Salt Lake; thence by wheels to Sand Point or Titusville. It is in contemplation to establish a route from St. Augustine, by the steamer Mayflower down the Matanzas; thence by stage or tramroad along the shore to Halifax River; thence by small steamer along the Halifax and Indian Rivers. I am informed the little steamboat Pioneer has already been sent round into the Indian River, to ply along its entire length; and it maybe that the Mayflower route, just mentioned, will have been consummated by the ensuing season of '75-6. These routes are being constantly improved, as the increasing needs of the winter tides of Florida travelers demand ; and visitors should make inquiry at the many ticket-offices in Jacksonville as to the best and latest routes in projecting any journey into these regions of the upper St. Johns and Indian Rivers.  THE ST. 7OHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. '37 A letter has recently been printed in the New York Evening Post, from "A Florida Housekeeper," which is so full of a pellucid truthfulness and of a certain under- tone of brave vivacity, as well as of common sense and precise information, that I am going to close this sketch of the St. Johns and Indian River countries by copying all except the opening paragraph of it, verbatim et literatim. " We live on the St. John's River, up and down which thousands of people have gone this year and returned with very little more idea of Florida than they had when they came from their homes. A hotel life, a trip on a boat on the rivers, and a run to St. Augustine do not tell much of life here. Our house is a good stone's throw from the river bank, and is on a shell mound a good many feet above the water level. These shell mounds are frequent on the ricer, are very high and dry, and make lovely walks about the grounds. Our house is built of wood, like a New England house, and has shingles for roof. ing. "For shingles we pay $3-5o per thousand, and $12 a thousand feet for building lumber. (This is statistical.) Our house is very comfortable, and we live a pleasant life, I think. Much is written of 'no milk,' of 'tough beef,' of 'canned fruit,' etc. Persons who have to do with such things simply, do not know how to live. Cattle can be bought for $r5 a head, and live on the food in the woods. Our cattle are branded and range for twenty miles. The milch cows are not bereft of their calves, but we keep the calves at home, and the cows come up to them every evening. We have from three cows, besides what their calves take, about sixteen quarts of rich milk daily. Of course, this is not like Northern cows, but it is good rich milk, and keeping cattle so is no expense, so it is as easy to have a dozen as one. So much for 'no milk.' In the spring we make our own butter. We have about sixty cattle, most of them fat, and about one in two or three weeks we kill one of them and have as good beef as you can get at the North anywhere. We eat some of the beef while fresh, and corn the rest, sell the hide, make oil of the feet, and soap of the fat; and our fifteen dollar beast has paid os well. "Chickens we get for thirty cents each. They lay well, so we have eggs enough, and we kill them from time to time. About once tan THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 137 A letter has recently been printed in the New York Evening Post, from "A Florida Housekeeper," which is so full of a pellucid truthfulness and of a certain under- tone of brave vivacity, as well as of common sense and precise information, that I am going to close this sketch of the St. Johns and Indian River countries by copying all except the opening paragraph of it, verbatim et literatim. " We live on the St. John's River, up and down which thousands of people have gone this year and returned with very little more idea of Florida than they had when they came from their homes. A hotel life, a trip on a boat on the rivers, and a run to St. Augustine do not tell much of life here. Our house is a good stone's throw from the river bank, and is on a shell mound a good many feet above the water level. These shell mounds are frequent on the river, ea very high and dry, and make lovely walks about the grounds. Our house is built of wood, like a New England house, and has shingles for roof. ing. "For shingles we pay $3.50 per thousand, and $t2 a thousand feet for building lumber. (This is statistical.) Our house is very comfortable, and we live a pleasant life, I think. Much is written of 'no milk,' of 'tough beef,' of ' conned fruit,' etc. Persons who have to do with such things simply, do not know how to live. Cattle can be bought for $15 a head, and live on the food in the woods. Our cattle are branded and range for twenty miles. The milch cows are not bereft of their calves, but we keep the calves at home, and the cows come up to them every evening. We have from three cows, besides what their calves take, about sixteen quarts of rich milk daily. Of course, this is not like Northern cows, but it is good rich milk, and keeping cattle so is no expense, so it is as easy to have a dozen as one. So much for 'no milk.' In the spring we make our own butter. We have about sixty cattle, most of them fat, and about once in two or three weeks we kill one of them and have as good beef as you can get at the North anywhere. We eat some of the beef while fresh, and corn the rest, sell the hide, make oil of the feet, and soap of the fat; and our fifteen dollar beast has paid us well. "Chickens we get for thirty cents each. They lay well, so we have eggs enough, and we kill them from time to time. About once 12. THE ST. -OHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 137 A letter has recently been printed in the New York Evening Post, from "A Florida Housekeeper," which is so full of a pellucid truthfulness and of a certain under- tone of brave vivacity, as well as of common sense and precise information, that I am going to close this sketch of the St. Johns and Indian River countries by copying all except the opening paragraph of it, verbatim et literatim. "We live on the St. John's River, up and down which thousands of people have gone this year and returned with very little more idea of Florida than they had when they came from their homes. A hotel life, a trip on a boat on the rivers, and a run to St. Augustine do not tell much of life here. Our house is a good stone's throw from the river hank, and is on a shell mound a good many feet above the water leve. These shell mounds are frequent on the river, ae very high and dry, and make lovely walks about the grounds. Our house is built of wood, like a New England house, and has shingles for roof- ing. " For shingles we pay $3.50 per thousand, and $2 a thousand feet for building lumber. (Thiais statistical.) Our house is very comfortable, and we live a pleasant life, I think. Much is written of 'no milk,' of 'tough beef,' of ' canned fruit,' etc. Persons who have to do with such things simply, do not know how to live. Cattle can be bought for $15 a head, and live on the food in the woods. Our cattle are branded and range for twenty miles. The milch cows are not bereft of their calves, but we keep the calves at home, and the cows come up to them every evening. We have from three cows, besides what their calves take, about sixteen quarts of rich milk daily. Of course, this is not like Northern cows, but it is good rich milk, and keeping cattle so is no expense, so it is as easy to have a dozen as one. So much for 'no milk.' In the spring we make our own butter. We have aboot sixty cattle, most of them fat, and about one in two or three weeks we kill one of them and have as good beef as you can get at the North anywhere. We eat some of the beef while fresh, and corn the rest, sell the hide, make oil of the feet, and soap of the fat; and our fifteen dollar beast has paid us well. "Chickens we get for thirty cents each. They lay well, so we have eggs enough, and we kill them from time to time. About once 12.  138 FLORIDA. a week our man kills a wild turkey in the woods near the house. About once in two weeks some one of the household shoots a deer, and we have venison. Let me here say that the reason so many Northerners do not like venison is because it is not properly cooked. Cooking venison is a thing not universally known-like some other things. Early in the morning we send a man with a net to the river, and he catches about twenty fish. A 'cast net' costs six dollars. People do not know about them. That is why fish are scarce on many tables. Our hogs number about thirty, I believe, and we kill them off for lard, bacon and pork. (A grown pig is worth foor dol- tars.) They range the woods and feed on what they find. Besides the above list of meats we have quail and ducks, pigeons and bear's meat. Bears are to be had in the woods. Sometimes they like our pigs and help themselves to one or two. So much for milk and beef, which our friends say cannot Se had in Florida. Now as for canned things. We have had, all this last year round, Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, cabbages, lettuce, tomatoes, peas, turnips and heets, all of which came from our own garden, and which the soil yielded with very little trouble and expense. We also had figs in the autumn, oranges (sweet, sour and bitter-sweet this winter), lemons and cit- rns, grapes and blackberries, huckleberries, and musk and waler- melons, and peaches and bananas. All these were grown and not canned. We never sw a nn. We expect another year to have raspherries and strawberries, but these expectations are not facts, and it is only with facts that I am dealing just now. We huy Florida made sugar; and have our own corn and hominy, also our own syrup of sugar cane grown here, and also our own rice. We have a mule to plow and work, as mules do better than oxen. Price $130. And we have a horse for family use. We have also one watch dog and ten hunting dogs, which eat sweet potatoes and keep us in venison and game. We have colored servants. We pay the men $to, and the women $8 per month, and they do well. I should not desire more faithul ' help,' as you call them at the North. You know about wood here, of course-pine for house fires, and oak for cooking in a stove. This is all picked up on the place. You know all about our fine air, and our bright sun, and how we sail and drive and walk. We are busy enough, early and late; and so we are not lonely, especially as we have nice neighbors. "Now, who of your readers who has sailed up to Enterprise and 138 FLORIDA. a week our wan kills a wild turkey in the woods near the house. About once in two weeks some one of the household shoots a deer, and we have venison. Let me here say that the reason so many Northerners do not like venison is because it is not properly cooked. Cooking venison is a thing not universally known-like some other things. Early in the morning we send a man with a net to the river, and he catches about twenty fish. A 'cast net' costs six dollars. People do rat know ahoot ehem. That is why Sih urn searce o many tables. Our hogs number about thirty, I believe, and we kill them off for lard, bacon and pork. (A grown pig is worth four dol lars.) They range the woods and feed on what they find. Besides the above list of meats we have quail and ducks, pigeons and bear's meat. Bears are to be had in the woods. Sometimes they like oar pigs and help themselves to one or two. So much formilk and beef, which our friends say cannot lee had in Florida. Now as for canned things. We have had, all this last year round, Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, cabbages, lettuce, tomatoes, peas, turnips and eets, all of which came from our own garden, and which the soil yielded with very little trouble and expense. We also had figs in the autumn, oranges (sweet, sour and bitter-sweet this winter), lemons and nit- rous, grapes and blackberries, huckleberries, and musk and water- melons, and peaches and bananas. All these were grown and not canned. We neversaw a rn. We expect another year to have raspherries and strawberries, but these expectations are not facts, and it is only with facts that I am dealing just now. We huy Florida made sugar; and have our own corn and hominy, also our own syrup of sugar cane grown here, and also our own rice. We have a mule to plow and work, as mules do better than oxen. Price $130. And we have a horse for family use. We have also one watch dog and ten hunting dogs, which eat sweet potatoes and keep us in venison and game. We have colored servants. We pay the men $to, and the women $8 per month, and they do well. I should not desire more faithful ' help,' as you call them at the North. You know about wood here, of course-pine for house fires, and oak for cooking in a stove. This is all picked up on the place. You know all about our fine air, and our bright sun, and how we sail and drive and walk. We are busy enough, early and late; and so we are not lonely, especially as we have nice neighbors. 1 Now, who of your readers who has sailed up to Enterprise and 138 FLORIDA. a week our man kills a wild turkey in the woods near the house. About once in two weeks some one of the household shoots a deer, and we have venison. Let me here say that the reason so many Northerners do not like venison is because it is not properly cooked. Cooking venison is a thing not universally known-like some other things. Early in the morning we send a man with a net to the river, and lee catches about twenty fish. A 'cast net' costs six dollars. People do not know about them. That is why fish are scarce on many tables. Our hogs number about thirty, I believe, and we kill them off for lard, bacon and pork. (A grown pig is worth four dol- lars.) They range the woods and feed on what they find. Besides the above list of meats we have quail and ducks, pigeons and bear's meat. Bears are to be had in the woods. Sometimes they like our pigs and help themselves to one or two. So much for milk and beef, which our friends say cannot he had in Florida. Now as for canned things. We have had, all this last year round, Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, cabbages, lettuce, tomatoes, peas, turnips and beets, all of which came from our own garden, and which the soil yielded with very little trouble and expense. We also had figs in the autumn, oranges (sweet, sour and bitter-sweet this winter), lemons and nit- rons, grapes and blackberries, huckleberries, and musk and water- melons, and peaches and bananas. All these were grown and not canned. We never now a can. We expect another year to have raspherries and strawberries, but these expectations are not facts, and it is only with facts that I am dealing just now. We huy Florida made sugar; and have our own corn and hominy, also our own syrup of sugar cane grown here, and also our own rice. We have a mule to plow and work, as mules do better than oxen. Bice $130. And we have a horse for family use. We have also one watch dog and ten hunting dogs, which eat sweet potatoes and keep ts in venison and game. We have colored servants. We pay the men $to, and the women $8 per month, and they do well. I should not desire more faithful ' help, as you call them at the North. You know about wood here, of course-pine for house fires, and oak for cooking in a stove. This is all picked up on the place. You know all about our fine air, and our bright sun, and how we sail and drive and walk. We are busy enough, early and late; and so we are not lonely, especially as we have nice neighbors. "Now, who of your readers who has sailed up to Enterprise and  THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 139 back knows all this? If I succeed in resenting the ' beef, milk and canned food' slanders on Florida, I shall rest satisfied. " By the way, I heard a Northern party remark that they had seen no flowers in Florida but pumpkin blossoms. I suppose some people go through the world with their eyes shut. Or what shall I suppose, with flowers all about me? "A FLORIDA HOUSEKEEPER. "ON THtE ST. JOHN'S, May Ist." THE ST JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 139 back knows all this? If I succeed in resenting the ' beef, milk and canned food' slanders on Florida, I shall rest satisfied. " By the way, I heard a Northern party remark that they had seen no flowers in Florida but pumpkin blossoms. I suppose some people go through the world with their eyes shut. Or what shall I suppose, with flowers all about me ? "A FLoRIDA HOUsEKEEPER. "ON THE ST. JoHN's, May 1st." THE ST. JOHNS AND INDIAN RIVERS. 139 back knows all this? If I succeed in resenting the ' beef, milk and canned food' slanders on Florida, I shall rest satisfied. " By the way, I heard a Northern party remark that they had seen no flowers in Florida but pumpkin blossoms. I suppose some people go through the world with their eyes shut. Or what shall I suppose, with flowers all aboot me? "A FLORIDA HOUSEKEEPER. "ON THE ST. JOHN's, May Vt."  CHAPTER VIII. THE LAKE CITY AND GAINESVILLE COUNTRY. GAINESVILLE lies on the line of the Florida (or Atlantic, Gulf and West India Transit Company's) Railway, ninety- six miles from Fernandina and fifty-five miles from Cedar Keys. It is nearly equidistant from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, and the great forests which in- tervene between it and those waters appear to protect it in great measure from that rawness which seems to be inherent in some sea-winds. This circumstance, together with its accessibility and pleasant hotel-accommodations, has made it a place of much resort for invalids. By the term "Gainesville Country" is meant to be spe- cifically designated the inland and forest-protected portion of peninsular Florida: for example, those parts of Alachua (pronounced AI-la'sh-oo-ah), Lafayette, Putnam, Levy, Marion, Hernando, Sumter, and Orange Counties which lie so far removed both from the St. Johns and from the salt waters as not to partake of the river and sea-coast charac- teristics; to which may be added, in virtue of its similar position, Lake City, lying to the north of Gainesville some fifty miles, and fifty-nine miles to the westward of Jacksonville-the western terminus of the Florida Central and eastern terminus of the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroads, which are now operated as a single line, though not merged into one. The associations proper for the general reader to con- nect in his mind with this division of Florida may be 140 CHAPTER VIII. THE LAKE CITY AND GAINESVILLE COUNTRY. GAINESvILLE lies on the line of the Florida (or Atlantic, Gulf and West India Transit Company's) Railway, ninety- six miles from Fernandina and fifty-five miles from Cedar Keys. It is nearly equidistant from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, and the great forests which in- tervene between it and those waters appear to protect it in great measure from that rawness which seems to be inherent in some sea-winds. This circumstance, together with its accessibility and pleasant hotel-accommodations, has made it a place of much resort for invalids. By the term "Gainesville Country" is meant to be spe- cifically designated the inland and forest-protected portion of peninsular Florida: for example, those parts of Alachua (pronounced Al-la'sh-oo-ah), Lafayette, Putnam, Levy, Marion, Hernando, Sumter, and Orange Counties which lie so far removed both from the St. Johns and from the salt waters as not to partake of the river and sea-coast charac- teristics; to which may be added, in virtue of its similar position, Lake City, lying to the north of Gainesville some fifty miles, and fifty-nine miles to the westward of Jacksonville-the western terminus of the Florida Central and eastern terminus of the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroads, which are now operated as a single line, though not merged into one. The associations proper for the general reader to con- nect in his mind with this division of Florida may be 140 CHAPTER VIII. THE LAKE CITY AND GAINESvILLE COUNTRY. GAINEsvILLE lies on the line of the Florida (or Atlantic, Gulf and West India Transit Company's) Railway, ninety- six miles from Fernandina and fifty-five miles from Cedar Keys. It is nearly equidistant from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, and the great forests which in- tervene between it and those waters appear to protect it in great measure from that rawness which seems to be inherent in some sea-winds. This circumstance, together with its accessibility and pleasant hotel-accommodations, has made it a place of much resort for invalids. By the term "Gainesville Country" is meant to be spe- cifically designated the inland and forest-protected portion of peninsular Florida: for example, those parts of Alachua (pronounced AI-la'sh-oo-ah), Lafayette, Putnam, Levy, Marion, Hernando, Sumter, and Orange Counties which lie so far removed both from the St. Johns and from the salt waters as not to partake of the river and sea-coast charac- teristics; to which may be added, in virtue of its similar position, Lake City, lying to the north of Gainesville some fifty miles, and fifty-nine miles to the westward of Jacksonville-the western terminus of the Florida Central and eastern terminus of the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroads, which are now operated as a single line, though not merged into one. The associations proper for the general reader to con- nect in his mind with this division of Florida may be 140  I "i _ IV 's - C flit " 1 .P ,. rt I i ,1? a r - a p s R 'Il II ., A °itY a - YV t X - F Y i :vc^ J i r Y I , l ill l I ii I   LAKE CITY AND GAINESVILLE COUNTRY. 143 roughly outlined as follows: the lumber and turpentine business carried on along the lines of the two railroads mentioned, finding its outlets at Jacksonville and Fernan- dina; the growing industry of the culture of early vege- tables, which continually increases along the two railroads mentioned, finding its transportation by steamer from Fer- nandina to New York, by rail to Savannah and Charleston and thence by steamer to New York, by steamboat from Jacksonville to Savannah and Charleston and thence by steamer to New York, or by all rail through to the West as mentioned in the last chapter ; the four lakes, Isabella, De Soto, Hamburg, and Indian-in the midst of which Lake City is situated, and from which it takes its name- together with the trout, bream, perch, and other fish, which they readily yield to hook and line, and the deer, partridges and ducks which thereabout abound; Lake City itself, a pleasant town of some two thousand inhab- itants, county-site of Columbia County, with seven churches, three hotels (probably thirty rooms in each), a newspaper, and the terminal station of the Cuban tele- graph line; Olustee, twelve miles eastward of Lake City, the site of a sanguinary battle in x864 between General Seymour, commanding the Federal army, and Generals Finnegan and Colquitt, commanding the Confederates; Gainesville, the county-site of Alachua County, with fif- teen hundred inhabitants, four churches, two newspapers, and three hotels; the celebrated Payne's Prairie and Sink, _a short distance from Gainesville, the former about eighteen miles long and reaching a breadth of five miles, the latter a strange body of water therein, which is fed by a stream, but whose outlet is subterranean and proba- bly communicates with the Gulf or the Atlantic Ocean ; the two mail lines running from Gainesville, one to New- nansville, and one to Tampa via Micanopy, Ocala and LAKE CITY AND GAINESVILLE COUNTRY. 143 roughly outlined as follows: the lumber and turpentine business carried on along the lines of the two railroads mentioned, finding its outlets at Jacksonville and Fernan- dina; the growing industry of the culture of early vege- tables, which continually increases along the two railroads mentioned, finding its transportation by steamer from Fer- nandina to New York, by rail to Savannah and Charleston and thence by steamer to New York, by steamboat from Jacksonville to Savannah and Charleston and thence by steamer to New York, or by all rail through to the West as mentioned in the last chapter; the four lakes, Isabella, De Soto, Hamburg, and Indian-in the midst of which Lake City is situated, and from which it takes its name- together with the trout, bream, perch, and other fish, which they readily yield to hook and line, and the deer, partridges and ducks which thereabout abound; Lake City itself, a pleasant town of some two thousand inhab- itants, county - site of Columbia County, with seven churches, three hotels (probably thirty rooms in each), a newspaper, and the terminal station of the Cuban tele- graph line; Olustee, twelve miles eastward of Lake City, the site of a sanguinary battle in 1864 between General Seymour, commanding the Federal army, and Generals Finnegan and Colquitt, commanding the Confederates; Gainesville, the county-site of Alachua County, with fif- teen hundred inhabitants, four churches, two newspapers, and three hotels; the celebrated Payne's Prairie and Sink, a short distance from Gainesville, the former about eighteen miles long and reaching a breadth of five miles, the latter a strange body of water therein, which is fed by a stream, but whose outlet is subterranean and proba- bly communicates with the Gulf or the Atlantic Ocean; the two mail lines running from Gainesville, one to New- nansville, and one to Tampa via Micanopy, Ocala and LAKE CITY AND GAINESVILLE COUNTRY. 143 roughly outlined as follows: the lumber and turpentine business carried on along the lines of the two railroads mentioned, finding its outlets at Jacksonville and Fernan- dina; the growing industry of the culture of early vege- tables, which continually increases along the two railroads mentioned, finding its transportation by steamer from Fer- nandina to New York, by rail to Savannah and Charleston and thence by steamer to New York, by steamboat from Jacksonville to Savannah and Charleston and thence by steamer to New York, or by all rail through to the West as mentioned in the last chapter; the four lakes, Isabella, De Soto, Hamburg, and Indian-in the midst of which Lake City is situated, and from which it takes its name- together with the trout, bream, perch, and other fish, which they readily yield to hook and line, and the deer, partridges and ducks which thereabout abound; Lake City itself, a pleasant town of some two thousand inhab- itants, county-site of Columbia County, with seven churches, three hotels (probably thirty rooms in each), a newspaper, and the terminal station of the Cuban tele- graph line; Olustee, twelve miles eastward of Lake City, the site of a sanguinary battle in 1864 between General Seymour, commanding the Federal army, and Generals Finnegan and Colquitt, commanding the Confederates; Gainesville, the county-site of Alachua County, with fif- teen hundred inhabitants, four churches, two newspapers, and three hotels; the celebrated Payne's Prairie and Sink, .a short distance from Gainesville, the former about eighteen miles long and reaching a breadth of five miles, the latter a strange body of water therein, which is fed by a stream, but whose outlet is subterranean and proba- bly communicates with the Gulf or the Atlantic Ocean; the two mail lines running from Gainesville, one to New- nansville, and one to Tampa via Micanopy, Ocala and  144 FLORIDA. Brooksville; the crates of cucumbers and cantaleups packed in slat-boxes stuffed with gray moss, the melons, and all the host of the early vegetables which one sees at the Gainesville station awaiting shipment; the uninterest- ing nature of the approach to the towns of Gainesville and Lake City, as compared with their interiors; the great Gulf Hammock, along which one travels for some distance just after leaving Gainesville, on the railroad to Cedar Keys, with its magnificent masses of oaks and mag- nolias and vines, and its rich soils awaiting the muscle of man; the numerous other portions of all the named counties above where are fine marls and fertile limestone hammocks, and where lands, which probably cost twenty- five dollars an acre to clear originally, having been aban- doned in the vicissitudes of war and of new settlement can now be bought for from two to five dollars an acre; and finally the great natural groves of wild orange-trees about Orange Lake and Lakes Weir and Bryant, in Marion County, Lakes Griffin and Harris in Sumter County, and at other places in this belt of country.* Apropos of which wild orange groves is a story-told by Judge Gillis, of Putnam County, to the fruit-growers of Florida last winter: In 1863," said hie, " I was at the house of Mrs. McNabb" (be- tween Micanopy and Pilatka, "on a very poor black-jack sand-ridge") " and saw a few sour orange-trees in the yard, and inquired, Why do you not have these trees bearing sweet oranges? The answer was, How can this be? I replied, Bud or graft them with the sweet orange ; that I could bud them. I did ss. About two years since I passed her house with Colonel Baugh, of Atlanta. He pointed to a fine tree and inquired how manyoranges it bore. She mentioned a large * There are such groves in several other parts of Florida; see paper an " The Wild Orange Groves of Florida" in the Appendix, for much detailed information on this topic. r44 FLORIDA. Brooksville; the crates of cucumbers and cantaleups packed in slat-boxes stuffed with gray moss, the melons, and all the host of the early vegetables which one sees at the Gainesville station awaiting shipment; the uninterest- ing nature of the approach to the towns of Gainesville and Lake City, as compared with their interiors; the great Gulf Hammock, along which one travels for some distance just after leaving Gainesville, on the railroad to Cedar Keys, with its magnificent masses of oaks and mag- nolias and vines, and its rich soils awaiting the muscle of man ; the numerous other portions of all the named counties above where are fine marls and fertile limestone hammocks, and where lands, which probably cost twenty- five dollars an acre to clear originally, having been aban- doned in the vicissitudes of war and of new settlement can now be bought for from two to five dollars an acre ; and finally the great natural groves of wild orange-trees about Orange Lake and Lakes Weir and Bryant, in Marion County, Lakes Griffin and Harris in Sumter County, and at other places in this belt of country.* Apropos of which wild orange groves is a story told by Judge Gillis, of Putnam County, to the fruit-growers of Florida last winter : " In 1863," said he, " I was at the house of Mrs. McNabb" (be- tween Micanopy and Pilatka, "on a very poor black-jack sand-ridge") " and saw a few sour orange-trees in the yard, and inquired, Why do you not have these trees bearing sweet oranges ? The answer was, How can this be ? I replied, Bud or graft them with the sweet range; that I could bud them. I did so. About two years since I passed her house with Colonel Baugh, of Atlanta. He pointed to a fine tree and inquired how manyoranges it bore. She mentioned a large * There are such groves in several other parts of Florida; see paper en "The Wild Orange Groves of Florida" in the Appendix, for much detailed information on this topic. I44 FLORIDA. Brooksville; the crates of cucumbers and cantaleups packed in slat-boxes stuffed with gray moss, the melons, and all the host of the early vegetables which one sees at the Gainesville station awaiting shipment; the uninterest- ing nature of the approach to the towns of Gainesville and Lake City, as compared with their interiors; the great Gulf Hammock, along which one travels for some distance just after leaving Gainesville, on the railroad to Cedar Keys, with its magnificent masses of oaks and mag- nolias and vines, and its rich soils awaiting the muscle of man; the numerous other portions of all the named counties above where are fine marls and fertile limestone hammocks, and where lands, which probably cost twenty- five dollars an acre to clear originally, having been aban- doned in the vicissitudes of war and of new settlement can now be bought for from two to five dollars an acre ; and finally the great natural groves of wild orange-trees about Orange Lake and Lakes Weir and Bryant, in Marion County, Lakes Griffin and Harris in Sumter County, and at other places in this belt of country.* Apropos of which wild orange groves is a story-told by Judge Gillis, of Putnam County, to the fruit-growers of Florida last winter : ' In 1863," said he, "I was at the house of Mrs. McNabb" (be- tween Micanopy and Pilatka, " on a very poor black-jack sand-ridge") " and saw a few sour orange-trees in the yard, and inquired, Why do you not have these trees bearing sweet oranges ? The answer was, How can this be ? I replied, Bud or graft them with the sweet orange; that I could bud them. I did so. About two years since I passed her liouse with Colonel Baugh, of Atlanta. He pointed to a fine tree and inquired how many oranges it bore. She mentioned a large * There are such groves in several other parts of Florida; see paper an "The Wild Orange Groves of Florida" in the Appendix, for much detailed information on this topic.  LAKE CITY AND GAINESVILLE COUNTRY 145 number, and said she sold the fruit from that tree last year for fifty dollars ; that this was a good deal to a poor widow and her family. She turned, and pointing to me said, There is the man who budded that tree for me. I had forgotten my little service till then. I was repaid ten thousand times." Of course it is not every orange-tree that will come thus to be worth fifty dollars a year in a short time; and in the interests of soberness, as well as by way of pre- senting both sides of the orange-question, the reader in- terested in these matters is advised to consult all that is said in the Appendix hereinafter given under the head of " Orange Culture." In the southerly part of this belt of country is the grow- ing town of Leesburg, to which the Ocklawaha steamers penetrate except when low water in the river prevents navigation above Silver Spring. It is considered the head of Ocklawaha River navigation, and is situated between Lake Griffin and Lake Harris, having practically a frontage on both. A few miles to eastward lie Buck Lake and Lake Eustis; southeastward, Lake Apopka; and westward, Lake Panasofka. Leesburg is the centre of an active and rapidly-improving fruit-growing section. It is estimated that within a distance of ten miles around the town fifty thousand orange-trees have been recently started, which will be in full bearing condition in five years' time. Be- sides oranges, the guava, citron, lemon, lime, grape-fruit (a fruit much like a very large pale-yellow orange, having a sweetish pulp but a very bitter white tissue between the pulp and the skin), banana, and pine-apple are being suc- cessfully raised; and experiments are being made, with much prospect of success, in the culture of a native grape for wine. These products are transported mostly down the Ocklawaha by steamer (or barge to Silver Springs when the water is too low for the steamers between there G 13 LAKE CITY AND GAINESVILLE COUNTRY r45 number, and said she sold the fruit from that tree last year for fifty dollars; that this was a good deal to a poor widow and her family. She turned, and pointing to me said, There is the man who budded that tree for me. I had forgotten my little service till then. I was repaid ten thousand times." Of course it is not every orange-tree that will come thus to be worth fifty dollars a year in a short time; and in the interests of soberness, as well as by way of pre- senting both sides of the orange-question, the reader in- terested in these matters is advised to consult all that is said in the Appendix hereinafter given under the head of " Orange Culture." In the southerly part of this belt of country is the grow- ing town of Leesburg, to which the Ocklawaha steamers penetrate except when low water in the river prevents navigation above Silver Spring. It is considered the head of Ocklawaha River navigation, and is situated between Lake Griffin and Lake Harris, having practically a frontage on both. A few miles to eastward lie Buck Lake and Lake Eustis; southeastward, Lake Apopka; and westward, Lake Panasofka. Leesburg is the centre of an active and rapidly-improving fruit-growing section. It is estimated that within a distance of ten miles around the town fifty thousand orange-trees have been recently started, which will be in full bearing condition in five years' time. Be- sides oranges, the guava, citron, lemon, lime, grape-fruit (a fruit much like a very large pale-yellow orange, having a sweetish pulp but a very bitter white tissue between the pulp and the skin), banana, and pine-apple are being suc- cessfully raised; and experiments are being made, with much prospect of success, in the culture of a native grape for wine. These products are transported mostly down the Ocklawaha by steamer (or barge to Silver Springs when the water is too low for the steamers between there G 13 LAKE CITY AND GAINESVILLE COUNTRY 145 number, and said she sold the fruit from that tree last year for fifty dollars; that this was a good deal to a poor widow and her family. She turned, and pointing to me said, There is the man who budded that tree for me. I had forgotten my little service till then. I was repaid ten thousand times." Of course it is not every orange-tree that will come thus to be worth fifty dollars a year in a short time; and in the interests of soberness, as well as by way of pre- senting both sides of the orange-question, the reader in- terested in these matters is advised to consult all that is said in the Appendix hereinafter given under the head of " Orange Culture." In the southerly part of this belt of country is the grow- ing town of Leesburg, to which the Ocklawaha steamers penetrate except when low water in the river prevents navigation above Silver Spring. It is considered the head of Ocklawaha River navigation, and is situated between Lake Griffin and Lake Harris, having practically a frontage on both. A few miles to eastward lie Buck Lake and Lake Eustis; southeastward, Lake Apopka; and westward, Lake Panasofka. Leesburg is the centre of an active and rapidly-improving fruit-growing section. It is estimated that within a distance of ten miles around the town fifty thousand orange-trees have been recently started, which will be in full bearing condition in five years' time. Be- sides oranges, the guava, citron, lemon, lime, grape-fruit (a fruit much like a very large pale-yellow orange, having a sweetish pulp but a very bitter white tissue between the pulp and the skin), banana, and pine-apple are being suc- cessfully raised; and experiments are being made, with much prospect of success, in the culture of a native grape for wine. These products are transported mostly down the Ocklawaha by steamer (or barge to Silver Springs when the water is too low for the steamers between there G 13  146 FLORIDA. and Leesburg) to Pilatka, thence down the St. Johns to Jacksonville. Leesburg is the county-site of Sumter County, has a church, court-house, post-office, Masonic hall, a hotel and private boarding-houses, and a steam cotton-gin and grist-mill. To the southeastward from Leesburg, a little beyond Lake Apopka, and twenty-four miles southwest from Mellonville, is Orlando, the county-site of Orange County. It is situated in a high and rolling pine region, and, though not as near the routes of transportation as Leesburg and Mellonville, seems to be a growing place. Nor far from Orlando is the residence of the poet Will Wallace Harney, whose dainty translations of his sylvan environment into poetry must win friends for him among all who love nature. The town has a new court-house, and there are good boarding accommodations. Of course no delicate invalid-I mean an invalid too weak, for example, to try the open-air camp-life cure- will think of taking the journey of twenty-four miles from Sanford or Mellonville to Orlando, by hack in winter, nor any similar journey in Florida-a precaution which some sad experience (not of my own) leads me always to repeat, even at the risk of being tiresome. Besides these general ideas, one associates with this region the Suwannee and Withlacoochee Rivers, both emptying into the Gulf of Mexico; and also the fearful Dade massacre-referred to in the historical chapter of this book-which occurred not far from Leesburg. Fourteen miles from Lake City are the Suwannee White Sulphur Springs, on the Suwannee River. They have considerable local reputation for efficacy in the cure of rheumatism. The Register of the United States Land Office is 1. 146 FLORIDA. and Leesburg) to Pilatka, thence down the St. Johns to Jacksonville. Leesburg is the county-site of Sumter County, has a church, court-house, post-office, Masonic hall, a hotel and private boarding-houses, and a steam cotton-gin and grist-mill. To the southeastward from Leesburg, a little beyond Lake Apopka, and twenty-four miles southwest from Mellonville, is Orlando, the county-site of Orange County. It is situated in a high and rolling pine region, and, though not as near the routes of transportation as Leesburg and Mellonville, seems to be a growing place. Nor far from Orlando is the residence of the poet Will Wallace Harney, whose dainty translations of his sylvan environment into poetry must win friends for him among all who love nature. The town has a new court-house, and there are good boarding accommodations. Of course no delicate invalid-I mean an invalid too weak, for example, to try the open-air camp-life cure- will think of taking the journey of twenty-four miles from Sanford or Mellonville to Orlando, by hack in winter, nor any similar journey in Florida-a precaution which some sad experience (not of my own) leads me always to repeat, even at the risk of being tiresome. Besides these general ideas, one associates with this region the Suwannee and Withlacoochee Rivers, both emptying into the Gulf of Mexico; and also the fearful Dade massacre-referred to in the historical chapter of this book-which occurred not far from Leesburg. Fourteen miles from Lake City are the Suwannee White Sulphur Springs, on the Suwannee River. They have considerable local reputation for efficacy in the cure of rheumatism. The Register of the United States Land Office is lo- 146 FLORIDA. and Leesburg) to Pilatka, thence down the St. Johns to Jacksonville. Leesburg is the county-site of Sumter County, has a church, court-house, post-office, Masonic hall, a hotel and private boarding-houses, and a steam cotton-gin and grist-mill. To the southeastward from Leesburg, a little beyond Lake Apopka, and twenty-four miles southwest from Mellonville, is Orlando, the county-site of Orange County. It is situated in a high and rolling pine region, and, though not as near the routes of transportation as Leesburg and Mellonville, seems to be a growing place. Nor far from Orlando is the residence of the poet Will Wallace Harney, whose dainty translations of his sylvan environment into poetry must win friends for him among all who love nature. The town has a new court-house, and there are good boarding accommodations. Of course no delicate invalid-I mean an invalid too weak, for example, to try the open-air camp-life cure- will think of taking the journey of twenty-four miles from Sanford or Mellonville to Orlando, by hack in winter, nor any similar journey in Florida-a precaution which some sad experience (not of my own) leads me always to repeat, even at the risk of being tiresome. Besides these general ideas, one associates with this region the Suwannee and Withlacoochee Rivers, both emptying into the Gulf of Mexico; and also the fearful Dade massacre-referred to in the historical chapter of this book-which occurred not far from Leesburg. Fourteen miles from Lake City are the Suwannee White Sulphur Springs, on the Suwannee River. They have considerable local reputation for efficacy in the cure of rheumatism. The Register of the United States Land Office is lo-  LAKE CITY AND GAINESVILLE COUNTRY. 147 cated at Gainesville. The State Land Office is at Talla- hassee. Through this Gainesville country stretches down to the southward a series of hammock lands, including the great Gulf Hammock below Gainesville, and the celebrated Annuttelaga (pronounced An'nuttylah'ga) Hammock, in Hernando County, which is fourteen miles in length by seven in width. There are also many marls and clay-soils to be found, and the river-mucks furnish great quantities of valuable fertilizing material. LAKE CITY AND GAINESVILLE COUNTRY. 147 cated at Gainesville. The State Land Office is at Talla- hassee. Through this Gainesville country stretches down to the southward a series of hammock lands, including the great Gulf Hammock below Gainesville, and the celebrated Annuttelaga (pronounced An'nuttylah'ga) Hammock, in Hernando County, which is fourteen miles in length by seven in width. There are also many marls and clay-soils to be found, and the river-mucks furnish great quantities of valuable fertilizing material. LAKE CITY AND GAINESVILLE COUNTRY. 147 cated at Gainesville. The State Land Office is at Talla- hassee. Through this Gainesville country stretches down to the southward a series of hammock lands, including the great Gulf Hammock below Gainesville, and the celebrated Annuttelaga (pronounced An'nuttylah'ga) Hammock, in Hernando County, which is fourteen miles in length by seven in width. There are also many marls and clay-soils to be found, and the river-mucks furnish great quantities of valuable fertilizing material.  CHAPTER IX. WEST FLORIDA. "WEST FLORIDA" is a term commonly used in the State to designate that portion of it lying west of the Apalachicola River, and has been brought to the atten- tion of most news-readers in connection with a long- pending proposition to cede this part of Florida to the State of Alabama; to which, indeed, regarding it from the point of view of the geographical fitness of things, it seems rightly appurtenant. It is comprised of the counties of Jackson (county- site, Marianna), Calhoun (county-site, Abe Spring Bluff), Washington (county-site, Vernon), Holmes (county-site, Cerro Gordo), Walton (county-site, Ucheeanna), Santa Rosa (county-site, Milton), Escambia (county-site, Pen- sacola), and part of Franklin (county-site, Apalachicola). Of these counties, the first-named, Jackson, is so much like the hill-country about Tallahassee that it was included in the account of that portion of Florida given in Chapter VI.: and Pensacola, the principal town of this section, has been spoken of in the last chapter. West Florida is sparsely inhabited ; and the inaccessi- bility of most of it by rail causes it to be much less visited than the other portions of Florida. Its main industries are agriculture, the fish and oyster trade, and lumbering. It is abundantly watered by numerous creeks, rivers, and estuaries from the Gulf. These afford great facilities for getting out the logs and spar-timber, in which the country 148 CHAPTER IX. WEST FLORIDA. "WEST FLORIDA" is a term commonly used in the State to designate that portion of it lying west of the Apalachicola River, and has been brought to the atten- tion of most news-readers in connection with a long- pending proposition to cede this part of Florida to the State of Alabama; to which, indeed, regarding it from the point of view of the geographical fitness of things, it seems rightly appurtenant. It is comprised of the counties of Jackson (county- site, Marianna), Calhoun (county-site, Abe Spring Bluff), Washington (county-site, Vernon), Holmes (county-site, Cerro Gordo), Walton (county-site, Ucheeanna), Santa Rosa (county-site, Milton), Escambia (county-site, Pen- sacola), and part of Franklin (county-site, Apalachicola). Of these counties, the first-named, Jackson, is so much like the hill-country about Tallahassee that it was included in the account of that portion of Florida given in Chapter VI.: and Pensacola, the principal town of this section, has been spoken of in the last chapter. West Florida is sparsely inhabited; and the inaccessi- bility of most of it by rail causes it to be much less visited than the other portions of Florida. Its main industries are agriculture, the fish and oyster trade, and lumbering. It is abundantly watered by numerous creeks, rivers, and estuaries from the Gulf. These afford great facilities for getting out the logs and spar-timber, in which the country 148 CHAPTER IX. WEST FLORIDA. "WEsT FLORIDA" is a term commonly used in the State to designate that portion of it lying west of the Apalachicola River, and has been brought to the atten- tion of most news-readers in connection with a long- pending proposition to cede this part of Florida to the State of Alabama; to which, indeed, regarding it from the point of view of the geographical fitness of things, it seems rightly appurtenant. It is comprised of the counties of Jackson (county- site, Marianna), Calhoun (county-site, Abe Spring Bluff), Washington (county-site, Vernon), Holmes (county-site, Cerro Gordo), Walton (county-site, Ucheeanna), Santa Rosa (county-site, Milton), Escambia (county-site, Pen- sacola), and part of Franklin (county-site, Apalachicola). Of these counties, the first-named, Jackson, is so much like the hill-country about Tallahassee that it was included in the account of that portion of Florida given in Chapter VI.: and Pensacola, the principal town of this section, has been spoken of in the last chapter. West Florida is sparsely inhabited; and the inaccessi- bility of most of it by rail causes it to be much less visited than the other portions of Florida. Its main industries are agriculture, the fish and oyster trade, and lumbering. It is abundantly watered by numerous creeks, rivers, and estuaries from the Gulf. These afford great facilities for getting out the logs and spar-timber, in which the country 148  WEST FLORIDA. 149 is enormously rich. Many portions of it are extremely fertile, and yield good crops of long- and short-staple cotton, ramie, tobacco, sugar-cane, turnips, sweet-pota- toes, and garden vegetables. The principal growths of timber, besides the main product of the yellow-pine, are the magnolia, cypress, juniper, cedar, wild cherry, live- oak and water-oak. The coast abounds in beautiful bays, which those persons visiting Florida in their own steam- yachts might find well worth exploring; and the waters hereabout are noted for yielding fine fish and oysters, as detailed in the chapter on the Gulf Coast. Apalachicola, on the bay of that name, near the mouth of the Apalachicola River, is a town of four or five hun- dred inhabitants, and is now little more than the shell of a once prosperous city. It was formerly the shipping port for large quantities of cotton sent down the Chatta- hoochee and Apalachicola Rivers; and even after the war it moved forward with much animation, until the building of the railroad across the northern portion of Florida together with the combinations of the Georgia railway system succeeded in diverting almost all of its trade. Its fish, and particularly its oysters, are celebrated for their excellent flavor. It is connected by weekly steamer along the Chattahoochee and Apalachicola Rivers with Columbus, Georgia, and there with the rail- way systems of Georgia and Alabama; and with the Gulf ports by occasional sail and steamer. Vessels are also brought from other points by its lumber-mills. Pleasant excursion-parties are sometimes made up in the spring at Columbus, for the purpose of descending the Chatta- hoochee and Apalachicola in a chartered steamer, fishing, hunting, and exploring the strange Dead Lakes of Cal- houn County, as well as the brighter waters of St. Josephs, St. Andrews, and other beautiful bays of this coast. 13* WEST FLORIDA. r49 is enormously rich. Many portions of it are extremely fertile, and yield good crops of long- and short-staple cotton, ramie, tobacco, sugar-cane, turnips, sweet-pota- toes, and garden vegetables. The principal growths of timber, besides the main product of the yellow-pine, are the magnolia, cypress, juniper, cedar, wild cherry, live- oak and water-oak. The coast abounds in beautiful bays, which those persons visiting Florida in their own steam- yachts might find well worth exploring; and the waters hereabout are noted for yielding fine fish and oysters, as detailed in the chapter on the Gulf Coast. Apalachicola, on the bay of that name, near the mouth of the Apalachicola River, is a town of four or five hun- dred inhabitants, and is now little more than the shell of a once prosperous city. It was formerly the shipping port for large quantities of cotton sent down the Chatta- hoochee and Apalachicola Rivers; and even after the war it moved forward with much animation, until the building of the railroad across the northern portion of Florida together with the combinations of the Georgia railway system succeeded in diverting almost all of its trade. Its fish, and particularly its oysters, are celebrated for their excellent flavor. It is connected by weekly steamer along the Chattahoochee and Apalachicola Rivers with Columbus, Georgia, and there with the rail- way systems of Georgia and Alabama; and with the Gulf ports by occasional sail and steamer. Vessels are also brought from other points by its lumber-mills. Pleasant excursion-parties are sometimes made up in the spring at Columbus, for the purpose of descending the Chatta- hoochee and Apalachicola in a chartered steamer, fishing, hunting, and exploring the strange Dead Lakes of Cal- houn County, as well as the brighter waters of St. Josephs, St. Andrews, and other beautiful bays of this coast. t3* WEST FLORIDA. 149 is enormously rich. Many portions of it are extremely fertile, and yield good crops of long- and short-staple cotton, ramie, tobacco, sugar-cane, turnips, sweet-pota- toes, and garden vegetables. The principal growths of timber, besides the main product of the yellow-pine, are the magnolia, cypress, juniper, cedar, wild cherry, live- oak and water-oak. The coast abounds in beautiful bays, which those persons visiting Florida in their own steam- yachts might find well worth exploring; and the waters hereabout are noted for yielding fine fish and oysters, as detailed in the chapter on the Gulf Coast. Apalachicola, on the bay of that name, near the mouth of the Apalachicola River, is a town of four or five hun- dred inhabitants, and is now little more than the shell of a once prosperous city. It was formerly the shipping port for large quantities of cotton sent down the Chatta- hoochee and Apalachicola Rivers; and even after the war it moved forward with much animation, until the building of the railroad across the northern portion of Florida together with the combinations of the Georgia railway system succeeded in diverting almost all of its trade. Its fish, and particularly its oysters, are celebrated for their excellent flavor. It is connected by weekly steamer along the Chattahoochee and Apalachicola Rivers with Columbus, Georgia, and there with the rail- way systems of Georgia and Alabama; and with the Gulf ports by occasional sail and steamer. Vessels are also brought from other points by its lumber-mills. Pleasant excursion-parties are sometimes made up in the spring at Columbus, for the purpose of descending the Chatta- hoochee and Apalachicola in a chartered steamer, fishing, hunting, and exploring the strange Dead Lakes of Cal- houn County, as well as the brighter waters of St. Josephs, St. Andrews, and other beautiful bays of this coast. 13*  150 FLORIDA. The Scotch settlement along the Uchee Valley, in Walton County, centering about Ucheeanna, is worthy of mention; and the lands of the valley of Holmes Creek, about Vernon, the county-site of Washington County, are spoken of as particularly fertile. Besides the steamboat line mentioned as running to Apalachicola, the other main line of transportation in this part of Florida is the Pensacola and Louisville Rail- road, connecting Pensacola with the Montgomery and Mobile Railroad at Pensacola Junction. There is also a railroad, nine miles in length, connecting Pensacola Bay with Perdido Bay at Millview, where there are large saw- mill interests. 150 FLORIDA. 150 FLORIDA. The Scotch settlement along the Uchee Valley, in Walton County, centering about Ucheeanna, is worthy of mention; and the lands of the valley of Holmes Creek, about Vernon, the county-site of Washington County, are spoken of as particularly fertile. Besides the steamboat line mentioned as running to Apalachicola, the other main line of transportation in this part of Florida is the Pensacola and Louisville Rail- road, connecting Pensacola with the Montgomery and Mobile Railroad at Pensacola Junction. There is also a railroad, nine miles in length, connecting Pensacola Bay with Perdido Bay at Millview, where there are large saw- mill interests. The Scotch settlement along the Uchee Valley, in Walton County, centering about Ucheeanna, is worthy of mention; and the lands of the valley of Holmes Creek, about Vernon, the county-site of Washington County, are spoken of as particularly fertile. Besides the steamboat line mentioned as running to Apalachicola, the other main line of transportation in this part of Florida is the Pensacola and Louisville Rail- road, connecting Pensacola with the Montgomery and Mobile Railroad at Pensacola Junction. There is also a railroad, nine miles in length, connecting Pensacola Bay with Perdido Bay at Millview, where there are large saw- mill interests.  CHAPTER X. LAKE OKEECHOBEE AND THE EVERGLADES. IN the midst of the great cattle-ranges and prairies of Manatee, Monroe, Dade and Brevard Counties lies the large and lonesome sheet of water known as Lake Okee- chobee. Its length is probably from forty to fifty miles, its width is about twenty miles, and its depth varies from eight to twenty feet. It is fed by the Kissimee River, which comes down from the north through Cypress and Kissimee Lakes; and likely also by internal springs. Its waters probably escape through the Everglades. This Kissimee River is but a short distance from the head- waters of the St. Johns, and flows parallel with them generally, though in the contrary direction. It is said to be deep enough for navigation by steamers of four feet. The country lying between it and the St. Johns, as well as that west of it, consists largely of prairies and savannas which afford fine ranges for cattle, and the business of stock-raising has been carried on here with great success by many parties. Stretching off to the southward and southwestward is the great, shallow, island-studded lake called the Ever- glades. It is in many portions, indeed, not always under water; and, where covered, varies in depth from six inches to six feet. It is full of water-grasses and flowers, and abounds in islands containing from one to one hun- dred acres of dry land, covered with profuse growths of vines, palmettos, cocoa-trees, oaks, crab-wood, mastic, and 151 CHAPTER X. LAKE OKEEcHOBEE AND THE EVERGLADES. IN the midst of the great cattle-ranges and prairies of Manatee, Monroe, Dade and Brevard Counties lies the large and lonesome sheet of water known as Lake Okee- chobee. Its length is probably from forty to fifty miles, its width is about twenty miles, and its depth varies from eight to twenty feet. It is fed by the Kissimee River, which comes down from the north through Cypress and Kissimee Lakes; and likely also by internal springs. Its waters probably escape through the Everglades. This Kissimee River is but a short distance from the head- waters of the St. Johns, and flows parallel with them generally, though in the contrary direction. It is said to be deep enough for navigation by steamers of four feet. The country lying between it and the St. Johns, as well as that west of it, consists largely of prairies and savannas which afford fine ranges for cattle, and the business of stock-raising has been carried on here with great success by many parties. Stretching off to the southward and southwestward is the great, shallow, island-studded lake called the Ever- glades. It is in many portions, indeed, not always under water; and, where covered, varies in depth from six inches to six feet. It is full of water-grasses and flowers, and abounds in islands containing from one to one hun- dred acres of dry land, covered with profuse growths of vines, palmettos, cocoa-trees, oaks, crab-wood, mastic, and ,5' CHAPTER X. LAKE OKEECHOBEE AND THE EVERGLADES. IN the midst of the great cattle-ranges and prairies of Manatee, Monroe, Dade and Brevard Counties lies the large and lonesome sheet of water known as Lake Okee- chobee. Its length is probably from forty to fifty miles, its width is about twenty miles, and its depth varies from eight to twenty feet. It is fed by the Kissimee River, which comes down from the north through Cypress and Kissimee Lakes; and likely also by internal springs. Its waters probably escape through the Everglades. This Kissimee River is but a short distance from the head- waters of the St. Johns, and flows parallel with them generally, though in the contrary direction. It is said to be deep enough for navigation by steamers of four feet. The country lying between it and the St. Johns, as well as that west of it, consists largely of prairies and savannas which afford fine ranges for cattle, and the business of stock-raising has been carried on here with great success by many parties. Stretching off to the southward and southwestward is the great, shallow, island-studded lake called the Ever- glades. It is in many portions, indeed, not always under water; and, where covered, varies in depth from six inches to six feet. It is full of water-grasses and flowers, and abounds in islands containing from one to one hun- dred acres of dry land, covered with profuse growths of vines, palmettos, cocoa-trees, oaks, crab-wood, mastic, and 151  152 FLORIDA. cypress. These islands, as well as the shores of Lake Okeechobee, present inexhaustible resources to the hunts- man and the fisherman. Deer, bears, panthers, wild-cats, alligators, wood-ducks, and many varieties of tropical water-fowl are to be found, with several sorts of fresh- water fish and turtles. The space covered by water in the Everglades has in time contracted, owing to geological causes, and has left a belt of prairie varying from a half-mile to a mile in width around it, which contains a great quantity of dry and fertile land. The Everglades have been found to be considerably higher than the level of the sea, and drain- age could be easily effected, thus reclaiming a very large body of extremely fertile soil for agricultural purposes. The Everglades run through a large portion of Dade County and a part of Monroe. To the westward, in the space inclosed between the Everglades and the Gulf Coast, in Monroe County, dwell the remnant of the Indians who for so many years defied Spaniard, French- man, Englishman, and American, in this bloody Florida. In the year 1842, at the close of his remarkable campaign against the Florida Indians, General Worth announced to the Government that there remained but about three hundred of them-men, women, and children-and sug- gested that these be allowed to stay, without further pur- suit, within specified limits-being the space inclosed between Pease Creek, from its mouth along the southern fork of it, to Lake Istokpoga; thence down along that lake, the Kissimee River, Lake Okeechobee, and the Everglades to the Gulf Coast; thence along the coast back to the starting-point. This suggestion was finally acceded to, and with the exception of two insignificant disturbances quickly suppressed by State troops they have peacefully remained in their allotted territory, living 152 FLORIDA. cypress. These islands, as well as the shores of Lake Okeechobee, present inexhaustible resources to the hunts- man and the fisherman. Deer, bears, panthers, wild-cats, alligators, wood-ducks, and many varieties of tropical water-fowl are to be found, with several sorts of fresh- water fish and turtles. The space covered by water in the Everglades has in time contracted, owing to geological causes, and has left a belt of prairie varying from a half-mile to a mile in width around it, which contains a great quantity of dry and fertile land. The Everglades have been found to be considerably higher than the level of the sea, and drain- age could be easily effected, thus reclaiming a very large body of extremely fertile soil for agricultural purposes. The Everglades run through a large portion of Dade County and a part of Monroe. To the westward, in the space inclosed between the Everglades and the Gulf Coast, in Monroe County, dwell the remnant of the Indians who for so many years defied Spaniard, French- man, Englishman, and American, in this bloody Florida. In the year 1842, at the close of his remarkable campaign against the Florida Indians, General Worth announced to the Government that there remained but about three hundred of them-men, women, and children-and sug- gested that these be allowed to stay, without further pur- suit, within specified limits-being the space inclosed between Pease Creek, from its mouth along the southern fork of it, to Lake Istokpoga; thence down along that lake, the Kissimee River, Lake Okeechobee, and the Everglades to the Gulf Coast; thence along the coast back to the starting-point. This suggestion was finally acceded to, and with the exception of two insignificant disturbances quickly suppressed by State troops they have peacefully remained in their allotted territory, living 152 FLORIDA. cypress. These islands, as well as the shores of Lake Okeechobee, present inexhaustible resources to the hunts- man and the fisherman. Deer, bears, panthers, wild-cats, alligators, wood-ducks, and many varieties of tropical water-fowl are to be found, with several sorts of fresh- water fish and turtles. The space covered by water in the Everglades has in time contracted, owing to geological causes, and has left a belt of prairie varying from a half-mile to a mile in width around it, which contains a great quantity of dry and fertile land. The Everglades have been found to be considerably higher than the level of the sea, and drain- age could be easily effected, thus reclaiming a very large body of extremely fertile soil for agricultural purposes. The Everglades run through a large portion of Dade County and a part of Monroe. To the westward, in the space inclosed between the Everglades and the Gulf Coast, in Monroe County, dwell the remnant of the Indians who for so many years defied Spaniard, French- man, Englishman, and American, in this bloody Florida. In the year 1842, at the close of his remarkable campaign against the Florida Indians, General Worth announced to the Government that there remained but about three hundred of them-men, women, and children-and sug- gested that these be allowed to stay, without further pur- suit, within specified limits-being the space inclosed between Pease Creek, from its mouth along the southern fork of it, to Lake Istokpoga; thence down along that lake, the Kissimee River, Lake Okeechobee, and the Everglades to the Gulf Coast; thence along the coast back to the starting-point. This suggestion was finally acceded to, and with the exception of two insignificant disturbances quickly suppressed by State troops they have peacefully remained in their allotted territory, living  LAKE OKEECHOBEE AND THE EVERGLADES. 153 mostly upon fish and game. They are said to retain their customs, and I met one resident of Florida who knew their old chief Tiger-tail, and had received an invitation to their Green-Corn Dance, then about to be held. Their number is now estimated to be about three hundred in all. They are seen by few whites, save the " cow-boys," and those dwelling in the lower portions of Orange County, and in Polk, Brevard, Manatee, and Dade. LAKE OKEECHOBEE AND THE EVERGLADES. r53 mostly upon fish and game. They are said to retain their customs, and I met one resident of Florida who knew their old chief Tiger-tail, and had received an invitation to their Green-Corn Dance, then about to be held. Their number is now estimated to be about three hundred in all. They are seen by few whites, save the " cow-boys," and those dwelling in the lower portions of Orange County, and in Polk, Brevard, Manatee, and Dade. LAKE OKEECHOBEE AND YHE EVERGLADES. 153 mostly upon fish and game. They are said to retain their customs, and I met one resident of Florida who knew their old chief Tiger-tail, and had received an invitation to their Green-Corn Dance, then about to be held. Their number is now estimated to be about three hundred in all. They are seen by few whites, save the "cow-boys," and those dwelling in the lower portions of Orange County, and in Polk, Brevard, Manatee, and Dade. G* G* G*  CHAPTER XL. CHAPTER XL CHAPTER XL. THE KEY WEST COUNTRY. A NARROW strip of high, rocky pine-land, varying from three to fifteen miles in width, intervenes between the southern margin of the Everglades and the waters of Bis- cayne Bay and Barnes' Sound. This strip, together with the numerous keys which inclose Biscayne Bay and Barnes' Sound and extend on a westward curve until they termi- nate in Key West, Marquesas Keys and the Dry Tortugas, constitutes the part of Florida which I mean to designate by the term Key West country. The strip of mainland is mostly in Dade County; the keys are partly in Dade, partly in Monroe. Here one finds the land adapted to the cultivation of many tropical productions, and the warmth of the climate renders others available at seasons when they are imprac- ticable farther north. Sea Island cotton, it is said, will grow throughout the year along the mainland about Bis- cayne Bay: and here also flourish the lime, lemon, citron, sapodilla, cocoanut, banana, plantain, maumee, tamarind, guava, pine-apple, fig, olive, grape, sisal hemp, sugar- cane, and tobacco. The maumee, sugar-apple, and avo- cado pear of this section are highly spoken of; and it is said to be extraordinarily productive of limes and to offer great facilities for the manufacture of citric acid from lime-juice. The climate is happy in its effects upon rheumatism and consumption, and its details will be found in the climatic chapter of this book. 154 THE KEY WEST COUNTRY. A NARROW strip of high, rocky pine-land, varying from three to fifteen miles in width, intervenes between the southern margin of the Everglades and the waters of Bis- cayne Bay and Barnes' Sound. This strip, together with the numerous keys which inclose Biscayne Bay and Barnes' Sound and extend on a westward curve until they termi- nate in Key West, Marquesas Keys and the Dry Tortugas, constitutes the part of Florida which I mean to designate by the term Key West country. The strip of mainland is mostly in Dade County; the keys are partly in Dade, partly in Monroe. Here one finds the land adapted to the cultivation of many tropical productions, and the warmth of the climate renders others available at seasons when they are imprac- ticable farther north. Sea Island cotton, it is said, will grow throughout the year along the mainland about Bis- cayne Bay: and here also flourish the lime, lemon, citron, sapodilla, cocoanut, banana, plantain, maumee, tamarind, guava, pine-apple, fig, olive, grape, sisal hemp, sugar- cane, and tobacco. The maumee, sugar-apple, and avo- cado pear of this section are highly spoken of; and it is said to be extraordinarily productive of limes and to offer great facilities for the manufacture of citric acid from lime-juice. The climate is happy in its effects upon rheumatism and consumption, and its details will be found in the climatic chapter of this book. 154 THE KEY WEST COUNTRY. A NARROW strip of high, rocky pine-land, varying from three to fifteen miles in width, intervenes between the southern margin of the Everglades and the waters of Bis- cayne Bay and Barnes' Sound. This strip, together with the numerous keys which inclose Biscayne Bay and Barnes' Sound and extend on a westward curve until they termi- nate in Key West, Marquesas Keys and the Dry Tortugas, constitutes the part of Florida which I mean to designate by the term Key West country. The strip of mainland is mostly in Dade County ; the keys are partly in Dade, partly in Monroe. Here one finds the land adapted to the cultivation of many tropical productions, and the warmth of the climate renders others available at seasons when they are imprac- ticable farther north. Sea Island cotton, it is said, will grow throughout the year along the mainland about Bis- cayne Bay: and here also flourish the lime, lemon, citron, sapodilla, cocoanut, banana, plantain, maumee, tamarind, guava, pine-apple, fig, olive, grape, sisal hemp, sugar- cane, and tobacco. The maumee, sugar-apple, and avo- cado pear of this section are highly spoken of; and it is said to be extraordinarily productive of limes and to offer great facilities for the manufacture of citric acid from lime-juice. The climate is happy in its effects upon rheumatism and consumption, and its details will be found in the climatic chapter of this book. 154  THE KEY WEST COUNTRE 155 The " Coontee," a term, probably Indian in its origin, for a species of sago palm, grows profusely near Biscayne Bay, and yields a good commercial starch and farina. It is in contemplation to connect the lower end of In- dian River with the waters of Biscayne Bay and Barnes' Sound by a canal from Indian River to Lake Worth, and from the latter to Biscayne Bay. The same company (" the Southern Inland Navigation and Improvement Company") propose to connect the St. Johns with Indian River by a canal across the narrow strip between Lake Washington and the latter stream, and thus to afford an inland water-route from Jacksonville entirely down the length of the Florida peninsula to Biscayne Bay. It is said that twenty-five miles of canal-cutting would suffice for the whole line. A railway (" The Great Southern") has also been projected to run from Jessup, Georgia (the intersection of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad with the Macon and Brunswick), to Jacksonville, and thence down the centre of the peninsula to Turtle Harbor, between Biscayne Bay and Barnes' Sound. Some work has al- ready been done on the northern end of this road. There are settlements in Dade County, at the mouth of the Miami River, along Biscayne Bay and at Key Bis- cayne, the latter being the county-site. This Miami River is thought to indicate in its name a possible con- nection between the Indians of this region and those of the Miami country of Ohio. Three hundred years ago, when Menendez was sending out exploring-parties from St. Augustine, the Indians declared that the waters of the St. Johns could be reached in boats from a certain Lake " Miami," and that this lake had also an outlet to the sea. Dade County is sparsely inhabited, and the facilities for reaching its settlements, outside of private boats, are con- fined mostly to occasional sail from Key West. Those THE KEY WEST COUNTRE r55 The " Coontee," a term, probably Indian in its origin, for a species of sago palm, grows profusely near Biscayne Bay, and yields a good commercial starch and farina. It is in contemplation to connect the lower end of In- dian River with the waters of Biscayne Bay and Barnes' Sound by a canal from Indian River to Lake Worth, and from the latter to Biscayne Bay. The same company (" the Southern Inland Navigation and Improvement Company") propose to connect the St. Johns with Indian River by a canal across the narrow strip between Lake Washington and the latter stream, and thus to afford an inland water-route from Jacksonville entirely down the length of the Florida peninsula to Biscayne Bay. It is said that twenty-five miles of canal-cutting would suffice for the whole line. A railway (" The Great Southern") has also been projected to run from Jessup, Georgia (the intersection of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad with the Macon and Brunswick), to Jacksonville, and thence down the centre of the peninsula to Turtle Harbor, between Biscayne Bay and Barnes' Sound. Some work has al- ready been done on the northern end of this road. There are settlements in Dade County, at the mouth of the Miami River, along Biscayne Bay and at Key Bis- cayne, the latter being the county-site. This Miami River is thought to indicate in its name a possible con- nection between the Indians of this region and those of the Miami country of Ohio. Three hundred years ago, when Menendez was sending out exploring-parties from St. Augustine, the Indians declared that the waters of the St. Johns could be reached in boats from a certain Lake " Miami," and that this lake had also an outlet to the sea. Dade County is sparsely inhabited, and the facilities for reaching its settlements, outside of private boats, are con- fined mostly to occasional sail from Key West. Those THE KEY WEST COUNTRE 155 The " Coontee," a term, probably Indian in its origin, for a species of sago palm, grows profusely near Biscayne Bay, and yields a good commercial starch and farina. It is in contemplation to connect the lower end of In- dian River with the waters of Biscayne Bay and Barnes' Sound by a canal from Indian River to Lake Worth, and from the latter to Biscayne Bay. The same company ("the Southern Inland Navigation and Improvement Company") propose to connect the St. Johns with Indian River by a canal across the narrow strip between Lake Washington and the latter stream, and thus to afford an inland water-route from Jacksonville entirely down the length of the Florida peninsula to Biscayne Bay. It is said that twenty-five miles of canal-cutting would suffice for the whole line. A railway (" The Great Southern") has also been projected to run from Jessup, Georgia (the intersection of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad with the Macon and Brunswick), to Jacksonville, and thence down the centre of the peninsula to Turtle Harbor, between Biscayne Bay and Barnes' Sound. Some work has al- ready been done on the northern end of this road. There are settlements in Dade County, at the mouth of the Miami River, along Biscayne Bay and at Key Bis- cayne, the latter being the county-site. This Miami River is thought to indicate in its name a possible con- nection between the Indians of this region and those of the Miami country of Ohio. Three hundred years ago, when Menendez was sending out exploring-parties from St. Augustine, the Indians declared that the waters of the St. Johns could be reached in boats from a certain Lake " Miami," and that this lake had also an outlet to the sea. Dade County is sparsely inhabited, and the facilities for reaching its settlements, outside of private boats, are con- fined mostly to occasional sail from Key West. Those  x56 FLORIDA. desiring to know more of this portion of Florida would doubtless be cheerfully informed upon application by letter or otherwise to Rev. W. W. Hicks, at Fernandina, Florida, or Hon. W. Gleason, Miami, Florida, who seem to be the stirring men of Dade County. Key West, the county-site of Monroe County, is the most populous city in Florida next to Jacksonville, hav- ing about eight thousand inhabitants. It is situated on the western end of the island of the same name, which is about five miles long by one mile wide. It has a deep and ample harbor, whose entrance is defended by Fort Taylor, and is a prosperous city, with a large trade in cigar manufacturing and in the gathering and ship- ping of sponges. The sponge-gatherers inhabit mainly that quarter of the city called Conch-town. Fish and turtle are shipped from here to New York and Cuba; and Florida cattle in large numbers are sent to the latter country from this point. It is headquarters also for the Florida wreckers, into whose hands the reefs throw many a prize. These industries, together with the influx of Cuban refugees, and the activities incident to its being a coaling station and naval dep6t, have contributed to build here a thriving city; and its position with relation to the West Indies and the Gulf must always make it an important point. The great leaves of tall cocoa-palms, the feathery fronds of the date-palm, the almond-tree, and many varieties of the warmer-natured flowers and vines, reveal themselves about the town. There are excellent hotel and boarding accommodations at the Russell House and at boarding- houses. Very few of the other " keys" are at all inhab- ited, save by great numbers of white herons, spoonbills, cormorants, cranes, gulls, egrets, pelicans, and other water- fowl. The plumes of these herons are in much commer- 156 FLORIDA. desiring to know more of this portion of Florida would doubtless be cheerfully informed upon application by letter or otherwise to Rev. W. W. Hicks, at Fernandina, Florida, or Hon. W. Gleason, Miami, Florida, who seem to be the stirring men of Dade County. Key West, the county-site of Monroe County, is the most populous city in Florida next to Jacksonville, hav- ing about eight thousand inhabitants. It is situated on the western end of the island of the same name, which is about five miles long by one mile wide. It has a deep and ample harbor, whose entrance is defended by Fort Taylor, and is a prosperous city, with a large trade in cigar manufacturing and in the gathering and ship- ping of sponges. The sponge-gatherers inhabit mainly that quarter of the city called Conch-town. Fish and turtle are shipped from here to New York and Cuba; and Florida cattle in large numbers are sent to the latter country from this point. It is headquarters also for the Florida wreckers, into whose hands the reefs throw many a prize. These industries, together with the influx of Cuban refugees, and the activities incident to its being a coaling station and naval d6p6t, have contributed to build here a thriving city; and its position with relation to the West Indies and the Gulf must always make it an important point. The great leaves of tall cocoa-palms, the feathery fronds of the date-palm, the almond-tree, and many varieties of the warmer-natured flowers and vines, reveal themselves about the town. There are excellent hotel and boarding accommodations at the Russell House and at boarding- houses. Very few of the other "keys" are at all inhab- ited, save by great numbers of white herons, spoonbills, cormorants, cranes, gulls, egrets, pelicans, and other water- fowl. The plumes of these herons are in much commer- 156 FLORIDA. desiring to know more of this portion of Florida would doubtless be cheerfully informed upon application by letter or otherwise to Rev. W. W. Hicks, at Fernandina, Florida, or Hon. W. Gleason, Miami, Florida, who seem to be the stirring men of Dade County. Key West, the county-site of Monroe County, is the most populous city in Florida next to Jacksonville, hav- ing about eight thousand inhabitants. It is situated on the western end of the island of the same name, which is about five miles long by one mile wide. It has a deep and ample harbor, whose entrance is defended by Fort Taylor, and is a prosperous city, with a large trade in cigar manufacturing and in the gathering and ship- ping of sponges. The sponge-gatherers inhabit mainly that quarter of the city called Conch-town. Fish and turtle are shipped from here to New York and Cuba; and Florida cattle in large numbers are sent to the latter country from this point. It is headquarters also for the Florida wreckers, into whose hands the reefs throw many a prize. These industries, together with the influx of Cuban refugees, and the activities incident to its being a coaling station and naval dep6t, have contributed to build here a thriving city; and its position with relation to the West Indies and the Gulf must always make it an important point. The great leaves of tall cocoa-palms, the feathery fronds of the date-palm, the almond-tree, and many varieties of the warmer-natured flowers and vines, reveal themselves about the town. There are excellent hotel and boarding accommodations at the Russell House and at boarding- houses. Very few of the other "keys" are at all inhab- ited, save by great numbers of white herons, spoonbills, cormorants, cranes, gulls, egrets, pelicans, and other water- fowl. The plumes of these herons are in much commer-  THE KEY WEST COUNTRE r57 THE KEY WEST COUNTRY. 157 THE KEY WEST COUNTREY 157 cial demand for head-decorations. Indian Key is the residence of several wreckers, who cultivate its soil. Plan- tation Key is noted for the pine-apples which have been grown on it; and Key Largo, which is the most extensive of the group, being some forty miles in length, is said to possess a considerable quantity of soil available for the cultivation of cocoanuts and pine-apples. The ordinary growths on these keys are mangrove, crab-wood, palmetto, and sweet-bay. Their surfaces are generally not more than two feet above the water at high tide. Key West can be reached by steamers from New Or- leans and Havana, by the New York and Galveston steamers, and by the Baltimore and New Orleans steam- ers; all of which touch there. A steamer also runs weekly from Cedar Keys to Key West, carrying the mails, and touching at several intermediate points, as herein- before mentioned in the Gulf-Coast chapter. cial demand for head-decorations. Indian Key is the residence of several wreckers, who cultivate its soil. Plan- tation Key is noted for the pine-apples which have been grown on it; and Key Largo, which is the most extensive of the group, being some forty miles in length, is said to possess a considerable quantity of soil available for the cultivation of cocoanuts and pine-apples. The ordinary growths on these keys are mangrove, crab-wood, palmetto, and sweet-bay. Their surfaces are generally not more than two feet above the water at high tide. Key West can be reached by steamers from New Or- leans and Havana, by the New York and Galveston steamers, and by the Baltimore and New Orleans steam- ers; all of which touch there. A steamer also runs weekly from Cedar Keys to Key West, carrying the mails, and touching at several intermediate points, as herein- before mentioned in the Gulf-Coast chapter. cial demand for head-decorations. Indian Key is the residence of several wreckers, who cultivate its soil. Plan- tation Key is noted for the pine-apples which have been grown on it; and Key Largo, which is the most extensive of the group, being some forty miles in length, is said to possess a considerable quantity of soil available for the cultivation of cocoanuts and pine-apples. The ordinary growths on these keys are mangrove, crab-wood, palmetto, and sweet-bay. Their surfaces are generally not more than two feet above the water at high tide. Key West can be reached by steamers from New Or- leans and Havana, by the New York and Galveston steamers, and by the Baltimore and New Orleans steam- ers; all of which touch there. A steamer also runs weekly from Cedar Keys to Key West, carrying the mails, and touching at several intermediate points, as herein- before mentioned in the Gulf-Coast chapter. 16 1E. 54  CHAPTER XII. THE CLIMATE. PERHAPs no more important initiatory observation could be urged upon the attention either of invalids or healthy people than that there is absolutely no such thing as a perfect climate. As surely-and perhaps upon the same awful economic principle at bottom-as the rose has its thorn, so your Nice has its mistral, your San Antonio its norther, your Darjiling its monsoon. The climate of Florida is perhaps more nearly a perfect consumptive's climate than either of these; but it has a northeast nick in it. As well to advise the intending invalid faithfully of perfection and of imperfection, as because the presentation involves many curious matters which cannot but be of in- terest to the merely general reader, it is proposed first to give here-in a wholly unscientific way, for this author is not a scientific person-some account of the chief physi- cal circumstances in the nature and environment of Florida which contribute to differentiate its very remarkable climate, and then to present a set of tables which have been prepared from digested records of all the important meteorological instruments for a period of from twenty to twenty-seven years, and which will enable invalids, physicians, and tourists to determine the nature of the climate with reference to all given exigencies. The very first step in the investigation of this subject leads one into the presence of a phenomenon which still 158 CHAPTER XII. THE CLIMATE. PERHAPS no more important initiatory observation could be urged upon the attention either of invalids or healthy people than that there is absolutely no such thing as a perfect climate. As surely-and perhaps upon the same awful economic principle at bottom-as the rose has its thorn, so your Nice has its mistral, your San Antonio its norther, your Darjiling its monsoon. The climate of Florida is perhaps more nearly a perfect consumptive's climate than either of these; but it has a northeast nick in it. As well to advise the intending invalid faithfully of perfection and of imperfection, as because the presentation involves many curious matters which cannot but be of in- terest to the merely general reader, it is proposed first to give here-in a wholly unscientific way, for this author is not a scientific person-some account of the chief physi- cal circumstances in the nature and environment of Florida which contribute to differentiate its very remarkable climate, and then to present a set of tables which have been prepared from digested records of all the important meteorological instruments for a period of from twenty to twenty-seven years, and which will enable invalids, physicians, and tourists to determine the nature of the climate with reference to all given exigencies. The very first step in the investigation of this subject leads one into the presence of a phenomenon which still 158 CHAPTER XII. THE CLIMATE. PERHAPS no more important initiatory observation could be urged upon the attention either of invalids or healthy people than that there is absolutely no such thing as a perfect climate. As surely--and perhaps upon the same awful economic principle at bottom-as the rose has its thorn, so your Nice has its mistral, your San Antonio its norther, your Darjiling its monsoon. The climate of Florida is perhaps more nearly a perfect consumptive's climate than either of these; but it has a northeast nick in it. As well to advise the intending invalid faithfully of perfection and of imperfection, as because the presentation involves many curious matters which cannot but be of in- terest to the merely general reader, it is proposed first to give here-in a wholly unscientific way, for this author is not a scientific person-some account of the chief physi- cal circumstances in the nature and environment of Florida which contribute to differentiate its very remarkable climate, and then to present a set of tables which have been prepared from digested records of all the important meteorological instruments for a period of from twenty to twenty-seven years, and which will enable invalids, physicians, and tourists to determine the nature of the climate with reference to all given exigencies. The very first step in the investigation of this subject leads one into the presence of a phenomenon which still 158  THE CLIMATE. 159 haffles the explanatory power of science, and the con- templation of which no man can approach without a fresh uprising of wonder. For of the many circumstances not astronomical which tend to individualize the climate of Florida, the first in importance are without question THE GULF STREAM AND THE ARCTIC CURRENT. Although under certain conditions the warm air from over the Gulf Stream may blow westward, and thus indi- rectly heighten the temperature of some unusually cold winter-day, yet this would be but a trifling variation from the main effect of the Gulf Stream upon the Florida climate-which is, to cool it. Why, indeed, should we have an Italian climate ten degrees nearer the equator than the Old-World Italy? Florida is entitled by its latitude to a climate considerably warmer than that it possesses. Why is it cooler? Unceasingly the Gulf Stream is em- ployed in conveying heat away from the neighborhood of Florida, and thus of course in cooling it. "The quan- tity of heat daily carried off by the Gulf Stream from these regions and discharged over the Atlantic is sufficient to raise mountains of iron from zero to the melting-point, and to keep in flow from them a molten stream of metal greater in volume than the waters daily discharged from the Mississippi River."* What, then, is the Gulf Stream? The answer-such answer as is possible-to this question cannot be better begun than in the celebrated words of one who studied the sea as a lover studies his mistress, and who, in spite of many crudenesses and inconsistencies into which he was led to fall by the great mass of undi- * The Physical Geography of the Sea, by M. F. Maury, p. 53. Lon- don: Samson Low, Son & Co., 1859. THE CLIMATE. 159 baffles the explanatory power of science, and the con- templation of which no man can approach without a fresh uprising of wonder. For of the many circumstances not astronomical which tend to individualize the climate of Florida, the first in importance are without question THE GULF STREAM AND THE ARCTIC CURRENT. Although under certain conditions the warm air from over the Gulf Stream may blow westward, and thus indi- rectly heighten the temperature of some unusually cold winter-day, yet this would be but a trifling variation from the main effect of the Gulf Stream upon the Florida climate-which is, to cool it. Why, indeed, should we have an Italian climate ten degrees nearer the equator than the Old-World Italy? Florida is entitled by its latitude to a climate considerably warmer than that it possesses. Why is it cooler? Unceasingly the Gulf Stream is em- ployed in conveying heat away from the neighborhood of Florida, and thus of course in cooling it. "The quan- tity of heat daily carried off by the Gulf Stream from these regions and discharged over the Atlantic is sufficient to raise mountains of iron from zero to the melting-point, and to keep in flow from them a molten stream of metal greater in volume than the waters daily discharged from the Mississippi River."* What, then, is the Gulf Stream? The answer-such answer as is possible-to this question cannot be better begun than in the celebrated words of one who studied the sea as a lover studies his mistress, and who, in spite of many crudenesses and inconsistencies into which he was led to fall by the great mass of undi- * The Physical Geography of the Sea, by M. F. Maury, p. 53. Lon- don: Samson Low, Son & Co., 1859. THE CLIMATE. 159 baffles the explanatory power of science, and the con- templation of which no man can approach without a fresh uprising of wonder. For of the many circumstances not astronomical which tend to individualize the climate of Florida, the first in importance are without question THE GULF STREAM AND THE ARCTIC CURRENT. Although under certain conditions the warm air from over the Gulf Stream may blow westward, and thus indi- rectly heighten the temperature of some unusually cold winter-day, yet this would be but a trifling variation from the main effect of the Gulf Stream upon the Florida climate-which is, to cool it. Why, indeed, should we have an Italian climate ten degrees nearer the equator than the Old-World Italy? Florida is entitled by its latitude to a climate considerably warmer than that it possesses. Why is it cooler? Unceasingly the Gulf Stream is em- ployed in conveying heat away from the neighborhood of Florida, and thus of course in cooling it. "The quan- tity of heat daily carried off by the Gulf Stream from these regions and discharged over the Atlantic is sufficient to raise mountains of iron from zero to the melting-point, and to keep in flow from them a molten stream of metal greater in volume than the waters daily discharged from the Mississippi River."* What, then, is the Gulf Stream? The answer-such answer as is possible-to this question cannot be better begun than in the celebrated words of one who studied the sea as a lover studies his mistress, and who, in spite of many crudenesses and inconsistencies into which he was led to fall by the great mass of undi- * The Physical Geography of the Sea, by M. F. Maury, p. 53. Lon- don: Samson Low, Son & Co., 1859.  16o FLORIDA. gested and hitherto unclassified facts which his labors collected, must yet be held to have been the greatest ex- pounder of this subject. Says M. F. Maury, at the be- ginning of the first chapter in the work just above quoted: " There is a river in the ocean. In the severest droughts it never fails, and in the mightiest floods it never overflows. Its banks and its bottoms are of cold water, while its current is of warm. The Gulf of Mexico is its fountain, and its mouth is in the Arctic Seas. It is the Gulf Stream. There is in the world no other such majestic flow of waters. Its current is more rapid than the Mississippi or the Amazon and its volume more than a thousand times greater." Its waters are bluer than those of the surrounding sea, and the line of demarkation, for a long distance from the starting-point of the stream, is so sharp that a vessel has been distinctly seen to be half in and half out of it. This deeper blue is probably owing to the fact that the Gulf Stream is also more salty than its neighbor water. It is not only more blue and more salty, it is also warmer than the water about it by twenty or thirty de- grees in a winter's day. Its maximum temperature is 86°, and after a run of three thousand miles over and between cold water it still retains a summer heat. It runs out of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, along the coast of the United States, in a north- eastern direction to Newfoundland. Here it meets a cold under-current, which is forever coming down out of the Arctic waters and making its way under the ocean-surface to those points which are being depleted by the outflow of the Gulf Stream. Off the coast of Newfoundland this cold current runs under the warm one; icebergs whose great bases extend beneath the depth of the warm 16o FLORIDA. gested and hitherto unclassified facts which his labors collected, must yet be held to have been the greatest ex- pounder of this subject. Says M. F. Maury, at the be- ginning of the first chapter in the work just above quoted: " There is a river in the ocean. In the severest droughts it never fails, and in the mightiest floods it never overflows. Its banks and its bottoms are of cold water, while its current is of warm. The Gulf of Mexico is its fountain, and its mouth is in the Arctic Seas. It is the Gulf Stream. There is in the world no other such majestic flow of waters. Its current is more rapid than the Mississippi or the Amazon and its volume more than a thousand times greater." Its waters are bluer than those of the surrounding sea, and the line of demarkation, for a long distance from the starting-point of the stream, is so sharp that a vessel has been distinctly seen to be half in and half out of it. This deeper blue is probably owing to the fact that the Gulf Stream is also more salty than its neighbor water. It is not only more blue and more salty, it is also warmer than the water about it by twenty or thirty de- grees in a winter's day. Its maximum temperature is860, and after a run of three thousand miles over and between cold water it still retains a summer heat. It runs out of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, along the coast of the United States, in a north- eastern direction to Newfoundland. Here it meets a cold under-current, which is forever coming down out of the Arctic waters and making its way under the ocean-surface to those points which are being depleted by the outflow of the Gulf Stream. Off the coast of Newfoundland this cold current runs under the warm one; icebergs whose great bases extend beneath the depth of the warm 16o FLORIDA. gested and hitherto unclassified facts which his labors collected, must yet be held to have been the greatest ex- pounder of this subject. Says M. F. Maury, at the be- ginning of the first chapter in the work just above quoted: " There is a river in the ocean. In the severest droughts it never fails, and in the mightiest floods it never overflows. Its banks and its bottoms are of cold water, while its current is of warm. The Gulf of Mexico is its fountain, and its mouth is in the Arctic Seas. It is the Gulf Stream. There is in the world no other such majestic flow of waters. Its current is more rapid than the Mississippi or the Amazon and its volume more than a thousand times greater." Its waters are bluer than those of the surrounding sea, and the line of demarkation, for a long distance from the starting-point of the stream, is so sharp that a vessel has been distinctly seen to be half in and half out of it. This deeper blue is probably owing to the fact that the Gulf Stream is also more salty than its neighbor water. It is not only more blue and more salty, it is also warmer than the water about it by twenty or thirty de- grees in a winter's day. Its maximum temperature is860, and after a run of three thousand miles over and between cold water it still retains a summer heat. It runs out of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, along the coast of the United States, in a north- eastern direction to Newfoundland. Here it meets a cold under-current, which is forever coming down out of the Arctic waters and making its way under the ocean-surface to those points which are being depleted by the outflow of the Gulf Stream. Off the coast of Newfoundland this cold current runs under the warm one; icebergs whose great bases extend beneath the depth of the warm  THE CLIMATE. r61 current are seen to make their way across it, under the influence of the cold one beneath, which is pushing them to the southward. From this meeting of the warm vapor-exhaling waters and the cold vapor-condensing waters result the great fogs of that region. A still more wonderful effect of their meeting is that the animalcules of the warm stream are, as it were, frozen to death by the cold one, and those of the cold stream are, as it were, boiled to death by the warm one; as these minute creatures die their shells fall; and in the farther course of the Gulf Stream over the ocean towards Ireland these shells have been deposited until in the course of ages they have formed a great ridge in the bottom of the sea, upon which the Atlantic Telegraph Cable is laid. For after leaving Newfoundland the Gulf Stream-retaining probably the motion which it had acquired while whirling with the earth from west to east along the equator or greatest circumference-strikes across to the eastward and finally spreads itself over the European waters, giving out its genial warmth to modify and temper the climates of Western Europe. By so much, therefore, as the air of Western Europe is warmed through the agency of the Gulf Stream waters, by just so much has the climate of Florida been cooled. It is not a great many years since people believed that the Gulf Stream was caused by, or was a mere prolonga- tion of, the current of the Mississippi River, or perhaps of the Amazon. When it came to be found out that the volume of the Gulf Stream was a thousand times larger than that of its supposed progenitors this idea had to be abandoned. It gave way to the theory of Dr. Franklin : that the Trade Winds piled up a vast head of water in the Caribbean Sea, which, owing to the tendency of water to seek its level, must of necessity find some outlet, and l4 TIlE CLIMATE. 161 current are seen to make their way across it, under the influence of the cold one beneath, which is pushing them to the southward. From this meeting of the warm vapor-exhaling waters and the cold vapor-condensing waters result the great fogs of that region. A still more wonderful effect of their meeting is that the animalcules of the warm stream are, as it were, frozen to death by the cold one, and those of the cold stream are, as it were, boiled to death by the warm one; as these minute creatures die their shells fall; and in the farther course of the Gulf Stream over the ocean towards Ireland these shells have been deposited until in the course of ages they have formed a great ridge in the bottom of the sea, upon which the Atlantic Telegraph Cable is laid. For after leaving Newfoundland the Gulf Stream-retaining probably the motion which it had acquired while whirling with the earth from west to east along the equator or greatest circumference-strikes across to the eastward and finally spreads itself over the European waters, giving out its genial warmth to modify and temper the climates of Western Europe. By so much, therefore, as the air of Western Europe is warmed through the agency of the Gulf Stream waters, by just so much has the climate of Florida been cooled. It is not a great many years since people believed that the Gulf Stream was caused by, or was a mere prolonga- tion of, the current of the Mississippi River, or perhaps of the Amazon. When it came to be found out that the volume of the Gulf Stream was a thousand times larger than that of its supposed progenitors this idea had to be abandoned. It gave way to the theory of Dr. Franklin : that the Trade Winds piled up a vast head of water in the Caribbean Sea, which, owing to the tendency of water to seek its level, must of necessity find some outlet, and 14* TIHE CLIMATE. 161 current are seen to make their way across it, under the influence of the cold one beneath, which is pushing them to the southward. From this meeting of the warm vapor-exhaling waters and the cold vapor-condensing waters result the great fogs of that region. A still more wonderful effect of their meeting is that the animalcules of the warm stream are, as it were, frozen to death by the cold one, and those of the cold stream are, as it were, boiled to death by the warm one; as these minute creatures die their shells fall; and in the farther course of the Gulf Stream over the ocean towards Ireland these shells have been deposited until in the course of ages they have formed a great ridge in the bottom of the sea, upon which the Atlantic Telegraph Cable is laid. For after leaving Newfoundland the Gulf Stream-retaining probably the motion which it had acquired while whirling with the earth from west to east along the equator or greatest circumference-strikes across to the eastward and finally spreads itself over the European waters, giving out its genial warmth to modify and temper the climates of Western Europe. By so much, therefore, as the air of Western Europe is warmed through the agency of the Gulf Stream waters, by just so much has the climate of Florida been cooled. It is not a great many years since people believed that the Gulf Stream was caused by, or was a mere prolonga- tion of, the current of the Mississippi River, or perhaps of the Amazon. When it came to be found out that the volume of the Gulf Stream was a thousand times larger than that of its supposed progenitors this idea had to be abandoned. It gave way to the theory of Dr. Franklin : that the Trade Winds piled up a vast head of water in the Caribbean Sea, which, owing to the tendency of water to seek its level, must of necessity find some outlet, and 14*  762 FLORIDA. that this outlet was the Gulf Stream. This theory is still extensively entertained, though Maury's objections to it would seem to be conclusive enough. To mention only two of them: The Trade Winds, which are supposed to pile up surplus water in the Caribbean Sea, only do so for six months in the year, since for the other six they blow in a different direction ; what accounts for the Gulf Stream during the latter six months? And again, it is well known that there is an enormous submarine current setting south- ward out of the polar basin, and flowing opposite to the Gulf Stream toward the very head of waters supposed to originate it; and this cold current runs along at a distance beneath the surface of the ocean to which the winds do not reach at all: hence there is plainly some other agency than the wind which does originate currents. Indeed, the supposition that the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico are at a higher level than the rest of the Atlantic seems to be rendered untenable by the probability-which Maury's researches appear to have developed-that there is a constant tendency of waters and of drift-matter from all parts of the Atlantic Ocean into the Gulf of Mexico, excepting of course the Gulf Stream, and that curious Sargasso Sea, lying between the Azores, the Canaries, and the Cape Verde Islands, which appears to be a sort of slow whirlpool in which the drift and sea-weed collect-a pivot upon which the whole Atlantic slowly turns, as Maury strikingly says. Without wholly denying that the winds may have some agency in the production of the Gulf Stream, and without professing to be able to detail the precise method of its formation by any other means, Maury assigns as active causes in the formation of ocean currents generally the three following agencies. Starting with the familiar principle that water will neces- sarily flow to or from any part of a body of it where its x62 FLORIDA. that this outlet was the Gulf Stream. This theory is still extensively entertained, though Maury's objections to it would seem to be conclusive enough. To mention only two of them: The Trade Winds, which are supposed to pile up surplus water in the Caribbean Sea, only do so for six months in the year, since for the other six they blow in a different direction; what accounts for the Gulf Stream during the latter six months? And again, it is well known that there is an enormous submarine current setting south- ward out of the polar basin, and flowing opposite to the Gulf Stream toward the very head of waters supposed to originate it; and this cold current runs along at a distance beneath the surface of the ocean to which the winds do not reach at all: hence there is plainly some other agency than the wind which does originate currents. Indeed, the supposition that the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico are at a higher level than the rest of the Atlantic seems to be rendered untenable by the probability-which Maury's researches appear to have developed-that there is a constant tendency of waters and of drift-matter from all parts of the Atlantic Ocean into the Gulf of Mexico, excepting of course the Gulf Stream, and that curious Sargasso Sea, lying between the Azores, the Canaries, and the Cape Verde Islands, which appears to be a sort of slow whirlpool in which the drift and sea-weed collect-a pivot upon which the whole Atlantic slowly turns, as Maury strikingly says. Without wholly denying that the winds may have some agency in the production of the Gulf Stream, and without professing to be able to detail the precise method of its formation by any other means, Maury assigns as active causes in the formation of ocean currents generally the three following agencies. Starting with the familiar principle that water will neces- sarily flow to or from any part of a body of it where its t62 FLORIDA. that this outlet was the Gulf Stream. This theory is still extensively entertained, though Maury's objections to it would seem to be conclusive enough. To mention only two of them: The Trade Winds, which are supposed to pile up surplus water in the Caribbean Sea, only do so for six months in the year, since for the other six they blow in a different direction; what accounts for the Gulf Stream during the latter six months? And again, it is well known that there is an enormous submarine current setting south- ward out of the polar basin, and flowing opposite to the Gulf Stream toward the very head of waters supposed to originate it; and this cold current runs along at a distance beneath the surface of the ocean to which the winds do not reach at all: hence there is plainly some other agency than the wind which does originate currents. Indeed, the supposition that the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico are at a higher level than the rest of the Atlantic seems to be rendered untenable by the probability-which Maury's researches appear to have developed-that there is a constant tendency of waters and of drift-matter from all parts of the Atlantic Ocean into the Gulf of Mexico, excepting of course the Gulf Stream, and that curious Sargasso Sea, lying between the Azores, the Canaries, and the Cape Verde Islands, which appears to be a sort of slow whirlpool in which the drift and sea-weed collect-a pivot upon which the whole Atlantic slowly turns, as Maury strikingly says. Without wholly denying that the winds may have some agency in the production of the Gulf Stream, and without professing to be able to detail the precise method of its formation by any other means, Maury assigns as active causes in the formation of ocean currents generally the three following agencies. Starting with the familiar principle that water will neces- sarily flow to or from any part of a body of it where its  THE CLIMATE. 163 equilibrium has been disturbed, he finds disturbing causes in heat, evaporation and secretion. Heat renders the waters of the tropical regions lighter: and as they rise to the surface and flow off-as, for in- stance, in the Gulf of Mexico-their place must be sup- plied by colder waters. Evaporation-the second disturbing cause-takes place with enormous rapidity on the surface of the warm trop- ical waters. In the evaporation of sea-water, the salt contained in solution is not evaporated but left behind. The water which receives this surplus salt becomes heavier and sinks, and to supply its place water must flow in from somewhere. Any one who will take the pains to observe closely what occurs the next time he holds a lump of sugar half submerged in a cup of tea for the purpose of melting it more quickly may actually perceive currents set up by a process much like that which Maury believes to result from evaporation. One will see that as the particles of water immediately around the sugar-lump become satu- rated they grow heavier than their neighbors and sink; these neighbors then flow in from all directions, saturate themselves, sink, and are succeeded by their neighbors: and so on, the course of the currents being indicated by the progress of the bubbles from the sides of the tea-cup toward the place of the lump. And lastly, the secretions of sea-animals from sea-water produce differences in the gravity of the water, and hence currents. All persons know that the shells of marine ani- mals are made of lime, and that this lime is drawn from sea-water which holds it in solution. Now when, for ex- ample, each one of the corallines who built the great coral arches upon which Florida rests passed a drop of water through his little crucible and extracted its lime, it be- came lighter in consequence of this loss and rose toward THE CLIMATE. 163 equilibrium has been disturbed, he finds disturbing causes in heat, evaporation and secretion. Heat renders the waters of the tropical regions lighter: and as they rise to the surface and flow off-as, for in- stance, in the Gulf of Mexico-their place must be sup- plied by colder waters. Evaporation-the second disturbing cause-takes place with enormous rapidity on the surface of the warm trop- ical waters. In the evaporation of sea-water, the salt contained in solution is not evaporated but left behind. The water which receives this surplus salt becomes heavier and sinks, and to supply its place water must flow in from somewhere. Any one who will take the pains to observe closely what occurs the next time he holds a lump of sugar half submerged in a cup of tea for the purpose of melting it more quickly may actually perceive currents set up by a process much like that which Maury believes to result from evaporation. One will see that as the particles of water immediately around the sugar-lump become satu- rated they grow heavier than their neighbors and sink; these neighbors then flow in from all directions, saturate themselves, sink, and are succeeded by their neighbors: and so on, the course of the currents being indicated by the progress of the bubbles from the sides of the tea-cup toward the place of the lump. And lastly, the secretions of sea-animals from sea-water produce differences in the gravity of the water, and hence currents. All persons know that the shells of marine ani- mals are made of lime, and that this lime is drawn from sea-water which holds it in solution. Now when, for ex- ample, each one of the corallines who built the great coral arches upon which Florida rests passed a drop of water through his little crucible and extracted its lime, it be. came lighter in consequence of this loss and rose toward THE CLIMATE. 163 equilibrium has been disturbed, he finds disturbing causes in heat, evaporation and secretion. Heat renders the waters of the tropical regions lighter: and as they rise to the surface and flow off-as, for in- stance, in the Gulf of Mexico-their place must be sup- plied by colder waters. Evaporation-the second disturbing cause-takes place with enormous rapidity on the surface of the warm trop- ical waters. In the evaporation of sea-water, the salt contained in solution is not evaporated but left behind. The water which receives this surplus salt becomes heavier and sinks, and to supply its place water must flow in from somewhere. Any one who will take the pains to observe closely what occurs the next time he holds a lump of sugar half submerged in a cup of tea for the purpose of melting it more quickly may actually perceive currents set up by a process much like that which Maury believes to result from evaporation. One will see that as the particles of water immediately around the sugar-lump become satu- rated they grow heavier than their neighbors and sink; these neighbors then flow in from all directions, saturate themselves, sink, and are succeeded by their neighbors: and so on, the course of the currents being indicated by the progress of the bubbles from the sides of the tea-cup toward the place of the lump. And lastly, the secretions of sea-animals from sea-water produce differences in the gravity of the water, and hence currents. All persons know that the shells of marine ani- mats are made of lime, and that this lime is drawn from sea-water which holds it in solution. Now when, for ex- ample, each one of the corallines who built the great coral arches upon which Florida rests passed a drop of water through his little crucible and extracted its lime, it be- came lighter in consequence of this loss and rose toward  164 FLORIDA. the surface. Hence, along with the progress of the work of these busy creatures, must occur a constant uprising of light water and a constant compensating inflow of heavier water, the light water rising to the surface and flowing off. This cause of currents will appear at first insignificant; but it seems much less so as one tries to force one's mind to the proper estimation of the myriads of large and small shell-secreting animals who are daily causing these flights of lightened water toward the surface-animals whose minutest families have left such monuments of their mul- titude as the State of Florida itself, or as that enormous ridge hereinbefore referred to, which stretches its plateau entirely across the Atlantic Ocean for the cable to rest on. Such are the theories of Maury, though it is proper to say that most scientific men, while according him the highest praise for the diligent collection of facts, reject most of his inferences from them, and attribute the Gulf Stream to the heating of the Indian Ocean, the inflow thereby set up from the neighboring waters, and the rela- tive westward motion of these, coming as they do from the smaller circumferences toward the equator-thus pro- ducing a current which strikes across to the westward and splits on the central projecting point of South America, one branch flowing south, and the other north through the Caribbean Sea, out of which it emerges as the Gulf Stream. Of course it is not the place here to discuss these mat- ters, but it may be said that to the unscientific mind it is exceedingly difficult to find mental repose in either of these hypotheses, as explaining the eternal flow of the sharply-defined current of the Gulf Stream. But it is not only by the Gulf Stream that Florida is cooled. The same magnificent scheme of oceanic circu- lation which sends out that great heated current to temper the cold of Western Europe brings down a counted cold x64 FLORIDA. the surface. Hence, along with the progress of the work of these busy creatures, must occur a constant uprising of light water and a constant compensating inflow of heavier water, the light water rising to the surface and flowing off. This cause of currents will appear at first insignificant; but it seems much less so as one tries to force one's mind to the proper estimation of the myriads of large and small shell-secreting animals who are daily causing these flights of lightened water toward the surface-animals whose minutest families have left such monuments of their mul- titude as the State of Florida itself, or as that enormous ridge hereinbefore referred to, which stretches its plateau entirely across the Atlantic Ocean for the cable to rest on. Such are the theories of Maury, though it is proper to say that most scientific men, while according him the highest praise for the diligent collection of facts, reject most of his inferences from them, and attribute the Gulf Stream to the heating of the Indian Ocean, the inflow thereby set up from the neighboring waters, and the rela- tive westward motion of these, coming as they do from the smaller circumferences toward the equator-thus pro- ducing a current which strikes across to the westward and splits on the central projecting point of South America, one branch flowing south, and the other north through the Caribbean Sea, out of which it emerges as the Gulf Stream. Of course it is not the place here to discuss these mat- ters, but it may be said that to the unscientific mind it is exceedingly difficult to find mental repose in either of these hypotheses, as explaining the eternal flow of the sharply-defined current of the Gulf Stream. But it is not only by the Gulf Stream that Florida is cooled. The same magnificent scheme of oceanic circu- lation which sends out that great heated current to temper the cold of Western Europe brings down a counted cold 164 FLORIDA. the surface. Hence, along with the progress of the work of these busy creatures, must occur a constant uprising of light water and a constant compensating inflow of heavier water, the light water rising to the surface and flowing off. This cause of currents will appear at first insignificant; but it seems much less so as one tries to force one's mind to the proper estimation of the myriads of large and small shell-secreting animals who are daily causing these flights of lightened water toward the surface-animals whose minutest families have left such monuments of their mul- titude as the State of Florida itself, or as that enormous ridge hereinbefore referred to, which stretches its plateau entirely across the Atlantic Ocean for the cable to rest on. Such are the theories of Maury, though it is proper to say that most scientific men, while according him the highest praise for the diligent collection of facts, reject most of his inferences from them, and attribute the Gulf Stream to the heating of the Indian Ocean, the inflow thereby set up from the neighboring waters, and the rela- tive westward motion of these, coming as they do from the smaller circumferences toward the equator-thus pro- ducing a current which strikes across to the westward and splits on the central projecting point of South America, one branch flowing south, and the other north through the Caribbean Sea, out of which it emerges as the Gulf Stream. Of course it is not the place here to discuss these mat- ters, but it may be said that to the unscientific mind it is exceedingly difficult to find mental repose in either of these hypotheses, as explaining the eternal flow of the sharply-defined current of the Gulf Stream. But it is not only by the Gulf Stream that Florida is cooled. The same magnificent scheme of oceanic circu- lation which sends out that great heated current to temper the cold of Western Europe brings down a counted cold  THE CLIMATE. 165 current from the Polar seas to temper the heat of Florida. There are many circumstances which tend to show that the waters immediately bathing the coasts of Florida are shoalings of this Arctic stream. In regarding Florida, therefore, with reference to its temperature, one must conceive it as a long pier running down nearly four hundred miles, having on the left, look- ing southward, first a band of cool water, then the warm band of the Gulf Stream, then the great expanse of the Atlantic-all these water-expanses of different tempera- tures-and on the right the reservoir of the Gulf of Mexico, constantly pouring off from its surface the heated volume of the Gulf Stream, and constantly receiving, beneath, the supplies of new water from the return Arctic current. I shall have occasion, presently, to present the details of the temperature resulting from these circumstances, as well as to refer to some other indirect effects of these variously temperatured bands of water; reserving these, I go on to remark that a second important circumstance peculiarly affecting the Florida climate is the position of the State with reference to the breeding-places and tracks of general storms in the United States. Any one who will run the most cursory glance over the storm-maps of the Signal Service Bureau will be imme- diately struck with the fact that the black lines, represent- ing the courses of the storm-centres, or " low barometers," almost all originate in about the same spot on all the charts. There would seem to be indeed a definite breeding-place of storms in the United States, from which they issue as wasps from a hive. Not only so, but they mostly pursue the same general flight. No one can regard this sameness of origin and direction without astonishment. This territory, which is the place of the beginning of THE CLIMATK 165 current from the Polar seas to temper the heat of Florida. There are many circumstances which tend to show that the waters immediately bathing the coasts of Florida are shoalings of this Arctic stream. In regarding Florida, therefore, with reference to its temperature, one must conceive it as a long pier running down nearly four hundred miles, having on the left, look- ing southward, first a band of cool water, then the warm band of the Gulf Stream, then the great expanse of the Atlantic-all these water-expanses of different tempera- tures--and on the right the reservoir of the Gulf of Mexico, constantly pouring off front its surface the heated volume of the Gulf Stream, and constantly receiving, beneath, the supplies of new water from the return Arctic current. I shall have occasion, presently, to present the details of the temperature resulting from these circumstances, as well as to refer to some other indirect effects of these variously temperatured bands of water; reserving these, I go on to remark that a second important circumstance peculiarly affecting the Florida climate is the position of the State with reference to the breeding places and tracks of general storms in the United States. Any one who will run the most cursory glance over the storm-maps of the Signal Service Bureau will be imme- diatelystruck with the fact that the black lines, represent- ing the courses of the storm-centres, or "low barometers," almost all originate in about the same spot on all the charts. There would seem to be indeed a definite breeding-place of storms in the United States, from which they issue as wasps from a hive. Not only so, but they mostly pursue the same general flight. No one can regard this sameness of origin and direction without astonishment. This territory, which is the place of the beginning of THE CLIMATE 165 current from the Polar seas to temper the heat of Florida. There are many circumstances which tend to show that the waters immediately bathing the coasts of Florida are shoalings of this Arctic stream. In regarding Florida, therefore, with reference to its temperature, one must conceive it as a long pier running down nearly four hundred miles, having on the left, look- ing southward, first a band of cool water, then the warm band of the Gulf Stream, then the great expanse of the Atlantic-all these water-expanses of different tempera- tures-and on the right the reservoir of the Gulf of Mexico, constantly pouring off from its surface the heated volume of the Gulf Stream, and constantly receiving, beneath, the supplies of new water from the return Arctic current. I shall have occasion, presently, to present the details of the temperature resulting from these circumstances, as well as to refer to some other indirect effects of these variously temperatured bands of water; reserving these, I go on to remark that a second important circumstance peculiarly affecting the Florida climate is the position of the State with reference to the breeding-places and tracks of general storms in the United States. Any one who will run the most cursory glance over the storm-maps of the Signal Service Bureau will be imme- diately struck with the fact that the black lines, represent- ing the courses of the storm-centres, or "low barometers," almost all originate in about the same spot on all the charts. There would seem to be indeed a definite breeding-place of storms in the United States, from which they issue as wasps from a hive. Not only so, but they mostly pursue the same general flight. No one can regard this sameness of origin and direction without astonishment. This territory, which is the place of the beginning of  166 FLORIDA. storms, may be roughly indicated as lying not far to the eastward of the Rocky Mountains, and about on a line produced to the westward from New York. It would seem that there is here a sort of wild Debatable Land or Scottish Border of the winds. The cold blasts come down through that end of the wide Mississippi Valley which opens out toward the north; the warm, vapor- laden airs from the Gulf of Mexico blow freely into its lower end; thus alternately the wild forayers rush downward and upward ; and when they meet, snows and rains and gales rage like running battles from west to east. Such, at least, is the theory which has been suggested by Dr. A. S. Baldwin, of Jacksonville, Florida, a gentle- man to whose courtesy in placing his accumulations of meteorological material and learning at disposal this writer desires freely to acknowledge obligations. "The influence of the Valley of the Mississippi," says Dr. Baldwin, in a pamphlet containing his Address to the Medical Association of Florida, of which he is President, "upon the weather of the United States is much greater, in my opinion, than has been heretofore ac- credited to it. The valley is open on the south to the Gulf of Mexico, and is bounded on the west by the Rocky Mountain range, which has a direction from southeast in the lower end of the valley to northwest, and extends to the Polar basin in the north. At the lower and southern portion, it has the Alleghany range for a boundary on the east, which has a direction from southwest to northeast.-. . This valley, however, does not terminate at the sources of the Mis- sissippi River, but extends still northward until it reaches the Polar basin; no ridge of mountains crosses the valley to separate the lower part from the Polar basin, or prevent the winds of the Polar regions from traversing its entire length, nor those from the Gulf of Mexico -winds which alternately move up and down this valley, the one cold and dry, and the other hot and loaded with moisture from the Gulf, the Caribbean Sea, and the eqatorial regions farther south. ... Professor Coffin . . . says, * In any well-defined valley of con- 166 FLORIDA. storms, may be roughly indicated as lying not far to the eastward of the Rocky Mountains, and about on a line produced to the westward from New York. It would seem that there is here a sort of wild Debatable Land or Scottish Border of the winds. The cold blasts come down through that end of the wide Mississippi Valley which opens out toward the north; the warm, vapor- laden airs from the Gulf of Mexico blow freely into its lower end; thus alternately the wild forayers rush downward and upward ; and when they meet, snows and rains and gales rage like running battles from west to east. Such, at least, is the theory which has been suggested by Dr. A. S. Baldwin, of Jacksonville, Florida, a gentle- man to whose courtesy in placing his accumulations of meteorological material and learning at disposal this writer desires freely to acknowledge obligations. "The influence of the Valley of the Mississippi,"says Dr. Baldtwin, in a pamphlet containing his Address to the Medical Association of Florida, of which he is President, "upon the weather of the United States is much greater, in my opinion, than has been heretofore ac- credited to it. The valley is open on the south to the Gulf of Mexico, and is bounded on the west by the Rocky Mountain range, which has a direction from southeast in the lower end of the valley to northwest, and extends to the Polar basin in the north. At the lower and southern portion, it has the Alleghany range for a boundary on the east, which has a direction from southwest to northeast... . This valley, however, does not terminate at the sources of the Mis- sissippi River, but extends still northward until it reaches the Polar basin; no ridge of mountains crosses the valley to separate the lower part from the Polar basin, or prevent the winds of the Polar regions from traversing its entire length, nor those from the Gulf of Mexico -winds which alternately move up and down this valley, the one cold and dry, and the other hot and loaded with moisture from the Gulf, the Caribbean Sea, and the equatorial regions farther south. ... Professor Coffin . . . says, ' In any well-defined valley of con- x66 FLORIDA. storms, may be roughly indicated as lying not far to the eastward of the Rocky Mountains, and about on a line produced to the westward from New York. It would seem that there is here a sort of wild Debatable Land or Scottish Border of the winds. The cold blasts come down through that end of the wide Mississippi Valley which opens out toward the north; the warm, vapor- laden airs from the Gulf of Mexico blow freely into its lower end; thus alternately the wild forayers rush downward and upward ; and when they meet, snows and rains and gales rage like running battles from west to east. Such, at least, is the theory which has been suggested by Dr. A. S. Baldwin, of Jacksonville, Florida, a gentle- man to whose courtesy in placing his accumulations of meteorological material and learning at disposal this writer desires freely to acknowledge obligations. "The influence of the Valley of the Mississippi," says Dr. Baldwin, in a pamphlet containing his Address to the Medical Association of Florida, of which he is President, "upon the weather of the United States is much greater, in my opinion, than has been heretofore ac- credited to it. The valley is open on the south to the Gulf of Mexico, and is bounded on the west by the Rocky Mountain range, which has a direction from southeast in the lower end of the valley to northwest, and extends to the Polar basin in the north. At the lower and southern portion, it has the Alleghany range for a boundary on the east, which has a direction from southwest to northeast.. . This valley, however, does not terminate at the sources of the Mis- sissippi River, but extends still northward until it reaches the Polar basin; no ridge of mountains crosses the valley to separate the lower part from the Polar basin, or prevent the winds of the Polar regions from traversing its entire length, nor those from the Gulf of Mexico -winds which alternately move up and down this valley, the one cold and dry, and the other hot and loaded with moisture from the Gulf, the Caribbean Sea, and the equatorial regions farther south. ... Professor Coffin . . . says, ' In any well-defined valley of con-  THE CLIMATE. r67 siderable extent, it is a well-known fact that the winds are influenced to take the direction of the valley.' An example is given of the Hud- son River Valley, where half of the winds or more follow the river up and down; and yet the mean direction of the winds of the whole is nearly at right angles to it. Now, if we make application of this well-established principle to the Mississippi Valley, which certainly is a well-defined one, what is the result? As the winds of the Polar belt have been shown to have a southerly direction by Professor Cof- fin, there is nothing to prevent their free entrance into that broad, northern mouth of this valley, and the high wall of the Rocky Moun- tains on the western boundary of the valley for its entire length would tend to continue this direction to the Gulf of Mexico, and even beyond, for the mountains of Mexico-the Sierra Madre-are but the continuation of the Rocky Mountain range, extending to Central and even South America, curving to the eastward so as to embrace the Caribbean Sea, and then taking a southern direction and join- ing the Andes. This is the course taken by the Polar winds. . The winds from the Polar basin would move close to the surface in consequence of their greater density.. . If the rain-bearing winds from the south should meet those from the north with anything like equal force, there would necessarily be a conniet in opposing direc- tions, ... and some new direction would be given to the opposing currents. They could not return back upon themselves ; they could not go far west on account of the barrier opposed by the Rocky Moun- tain wall. Now, what way or direction is open to them? They can go to the east or northeast. And in this conflict of winds from north and south, the mans might, and probably would be, elevated and carried up the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, until brought into the influence of the high westerly belt of winds" (which Professor Coffin has shown to encircle the earth)," and then would be swept across the States north of the Alleghanies, as storm-winds, which would pass up the coast of New England and follow the Gulf Stream, .. or turn farther north and pass down the St. Lawrence. . . The winds which come over the Rocky Mountains have hitherto been considered the great weather-breeders of the Mississippi Valley, and of the United States." Now, of the storms thus bred, all move to the eastward. The large majority trend north of east, and trouble the THE CLIMATE. r67 siderable extent, it is a well-known fact that the winds are influenced to take the direction of the valley.' An example is given of the Hud- son River Valley, where half of the winds or more follow the river up and down; and yet the mean direction of the winds of the whole is nearly at right angles to it. Now, if we make application of this well-established principle to the Mississippi Valley, which certainly is a well-defined one, what is the result ? As the winds of the Polar belt have been shown to have a southerly direction by Professor Cof. fin, there is nothing to prevent their free entrance into that broad, northern mouth of this valley, and the high wall of the Rocky Moun- tains on the western boundary of the valley for its entire length would tend to continue this direction to the Gulf of Mexicoand even beyond, for the mountains of Mexico-the Sierra Madre-are but the continuation of the Rocky Mountain range, extending to Central and even South America, curving to the eastward so as to embrace the Caribbean Sea, and then taking a southern direction and join- ing the Andes. This is the course taken by the Polar winds. . The winds from the Polar basin would move close to the surface in consequence of their greater density.... If the rain-bearing winds from the south should meet those from the north with anything like equal force, there would necessarily he a conflict in opposing direr- tions, . . . and some new direction would be given to the opposing currents. They could not return back upon themselves ; they could not go far west on account of the barrier opposed by the Rocky Moun- tain wall. Now, what way or direction is open to them? They can go to the east or northeast. And in this conflict of winds from north and south, the mass might, and probably would be, elevated and carried up the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, until brought into the influence of the high westerly belt of winds" (which Professor Cofin has shown to encircle the earth), " and then would be swept across the States north of the Alleghanies, as storm-winds, which would pass up the coast of New England and follow the Gulf Stream, . or turn farther north and pass down the St. Lawrence.. . The winds which come over the Rocky Mountains have hitherto been considered the great weather-breeders of the Mississippi Valley, and of the United States." Now, of the storms thus bred, all move to the eastward. The large majority trend north of east, and trouble the THE CLIMATK r67 siderable extent, it is a well-known fact that the winds are influenced to take the direction of the valley.' An example is given of the Hud- son River Valley, where half of the winds or more follow the river up and down; and yet the mean direction of the winds of the whole is nearly at right angles to it. Now, if we make application of this well-established principle to the Mississippi Valley, which certainly isa well-defined one, what is the result? As the winds of the Polar belt have been shown to have a southerly direction by Professor Cof- fin, there is nothing to prevent their free entrance into that broad, northern mouth of this valley, and the high wall of the Rocky Moun- tains on the western boundary of the valley for its entire length would tend to continue this direction to the Gulf of Mexicoand even beyond, for the mountains of Mexico-the Sierra Madre-are but the continuation of the Rocky Mountain range, extending to Central and even South America, curving to the eastward so as to embrace the Caribbean Sea, and then taking a southern direction and join. ing the Andes. This is the course taken by the Polar winds. . . . The winds from the Polar basin would move close to the surface in consequence of their greater density.. . If the rain-bearing winds from the south should meet those from the north with anything like equal force, there would necessarily be a conflict in opposing direc- tions, .. and some new direction would be given to the opposing currents. They could not return back upon themselves ; they could not go far west on account of the barrier opposed by the Rocky Moun- tain wall. Now, what way or direction is open to them? They can go to the east or northeast. And in this conflict of winds from north and south, the mass might, and probably would be, elevated and carried up the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, until brought into the influence of the high westerly belt of winds" (which Professor Cofiin has shown to encircle the earth)," and then would be swept across the States north of the Alleghanies, as storm-winds, which would pass up the coast of New England and follow the Gulf Stream, or turn farther north and pass down the St. Lawrence... . The winds which come over the Rocky Mountains have hitherto been considered the great weather-breeders of the Mississippi Valley, and of the United States." Now, of the storms thus bred, all move to the eastward. The large majority trend north of east, and trouble the  r68 FLORIDA. great lakes of the United States, giving them that stormy character for which they are noted. Out of about three hundred such general storms which I counted on these charts for two years, only thirteen passed across the State of Florida. Doubtless some faint ticklings from the fringes of storms which did not pass centrally over the State must have been felt, but they were not vigorous enough to produce more than small variations of comfort. Of course, what is here said applies purely to general storms; there are local and peculiar storms over and above these, of which I shall speak in the proper place. Thirdly, the quantity of moisture in the atmosphere of Florida, while not great enough to render it a damp cli- mate, appears to be sufficient to prevent the diurnal changes of temperature from being excessive. This is accomplished through the intervention of the principle that moist air allows the passage of direct rays from the sun to the earth, but prevents the re-escape of radiated rays from the earth into space. Direct heat seems to be readily transmitted through moist air; reflected heat, not. It is said that in the Desert of Sahara, where the superincumbent air is of course very dry, the radiation of the earth's heat is so rapid after sundown as to send the thermometer quickly down to freezing-point;* and Dr. Baldwin quotes Gen- eral Emory as stating that he had observed a difference of 60* in temperature between the day and the night on the dry Western plains. A fourth circumstance is the number of bands of un- equally-heated land and water, of which Florida is one. The Gulf Stream, of a temperature of 860, is one hand ; the intervening Atlantic water between the Gulf Stream * See Dr. Baldwin's Address, above referred to. r68 FLORIDA. great lakes of the United States, giving them that stormy character for which they are noted. Out of about three hundred such general storms which I counted on these charts for two years, only thirteen passed across the State of Florida. Doubtless some faint ticklings from the fringes of storms which did not pass centrally over the State must have been felt, but they were not vigorous enough to produce more than small variations of comfort. Of course, what is here said applies purely to general storms; there are local and peculiar storms over and above these, of which I shall speak in the proper place. Thirdly, the quantity of moisture in the atmosphere of Florida, while not great enough to render it a damp cli- mate, appears to be sufficient to prevent the diurnal changes of temperature from being excessive. This is accomplished through the intervention of the principle that moist air allows the passage of direct rays from the sun to the earth, but prevents the re-escape of radiated rays from the earth into space. Direct heat seems to be readily transmitted through moist air; reflected heat, not. It is said that in the Desert of Sahara, where the superincumbent air is of course very dry, the radiation of the earth's heat is so rapid after sundown as to send the thermometer quickly down to freezing-point;* and Dr. Baldwin quotes Gen- eral Emory as stating that he had observed a difference of 60* in temperature between the day and the night on the dry Western plains. A fourth circumstance is the number of bands of un- equally-heated land and water, of which Florida is one. The Gulf Stream, of a temperature of 860, is one band ; the intervening Atlantic water between the Gulf Stream * See Dr. Baldwin's Address, above referred to. 168 FLORIDA. great lakes of the United States, giving them that stormy character for which they are noted. Out of about three hundred such general storms which I counted on these charts for two years, only thirteen passed across the State of Florida. Doubtless some faint ticklings from the fringes of storms which did not pass centrally over the State must have been felt, but they were not vigorous enough to produce more than small variations of comfort. Of course, what is here said applies purely to general storms ; there are local and peculiar storms over and above these, of which I shall speak in the proper place. Thirdly, the quantity of moisture in the atmosphere of Florida, while not great enough to render it a damp cli- mate, appears to be sufficient to prevent the diurnal changes of temperature from being excessive. This is accomplished through the intervention of the principle that moist air allows the passage of direct rays from the sun to the earth, but prevents the re-escape of radiated rays from the earth into space. Direct heat seems to be readily transmitted through moist air; reflected heat, not. It is said that in the Desert of Sahara, where the superincumbent air is of course very dry, the radiation of the earth's heat is so rapid after sundown as to send the thermometer quickly down to freezing-point;* and Dr. Baldwin quotes Gen- eral Emory as stating that he had observed a difference of 600 in temperature between the day and the night on the dry Western plains. A fourth circumstance is the number of bands of un- equally-heated land and water, of which Florida is one. The Gulf Stream, of a temperature of 860, is one hand ; the intervening Atlantic water between the Gulf Stream * See Dr. Baldwin's Address, above referred to.  THE CLIMATE. 16p and the coast (which the exploration of the Gulf Stream made under A. D. Bache has shown to be itself broken up into two more bands, whose temperature differs consid- erably at the surface and very greatly at twenty fathoms below) is another of different temperature; the penin- sula itself forms another of still different temperature ; and finally comes the Gulf of Mexico, of yet different temper- ature, to which might be added the further complication of the St. Johns River and its lakes, and of the expanse of the Atlantic Ocean. Every one is familiar with the phenomenon that air resting upon a warm surface grows lighter when heated, rises, and sets up thus an inflow of air of different temperature to supply its place; and it will be readily seen how the proximity of these varying bands of surfaces which I have specified must produce a constant circulation of fresh air in the highest degree beneficial. Fifthly, there are no snow-capped mountain ranges within any such distance of Florida as to render it liable to any of those rawnesses and sudden variations which proceed from this cause. Sixthly, the rainy season in Florida is in summer, and it does not consist of steady rains but of afternoon showers which come up in the heat of the day with purify- ing thunder and lightning. This disproportion of summer rain leaves the winter an agreeable excess of clear days, as will more definitely appear presently. Lastly, I merely mention the plenteous pine-growth of the State, without going into details for the reason that Florida possesses this feature in common with the sea- coast of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. It is be- lieved by eminent physicians that, aside from the purely meteorological effects of these masses of foliage, the tere- binthine odors exhaling from pines form a healing and antiseptic constituent in the atmosphere. Such evidence H 15 THE CLIMATE. r69 and the coast (which the exploration of the Gulf Stream made under A. D. Bache has shown to be itself broken up into two more bands, whose temperature differs consid- erably at the surface and very greatly at twenty fathoms below) is another of different temperature; the penin- sula itself forms another of still different temperature; and finally comes the Gulf of Mexico, of yet different temper- ature, to which might be added the further complication of the St. Johns River and its lakes, and of the expanse of the Atlantic Ocean. Every one is familiar with the phenomenon that air resting upon a warm surface grows lighter when heated, rises, and sets up thus an inflow of air of different temperature to supply its place; and it will be readily seen how the proximity of these varying bands of surfaces which I have specified must produce a constant circulation of fresh air in the highest degree beneficial. Fifthly, there are no snow-capped mountain ranges within any such distance of Florida as to render it liable to any of those rawnesses and sudden variations which proceed from this cause. Sixthly, the rainy season in Florida is in summer, and it does not consist of steady rains but of afternoon showers which come up in the heat of the day with purify- ing thunder and lightning. This disproportion of summer rain leaves the winter an agreeable excess of clear days, as will more definitely appear presently. Lastly, I merely mention the plenteous pine-growth of the State, without going into details for the reason that Florida possesses this feature in common with the sea- coast of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. It is be- lieved by eminent physicians that, aside from the purely meteorological effects of these masses of foliage, the tere- binthine odors exhaling from pines form a healing and antiseptic constituent in the atmosphere. Such evidence u 15 THE CLIMtATE 16g and the coast (which the exploration of the Gulf Stream made under A. D. Bache has shown to be itself broken up into two more bands, whose temperature differs consid- erably at the surface and very greatly at twenty fathoms below) is another of different temperature; the penin- sula itself forms another of still different temperature; and finally comes the Gulf of Mexico, of yet different temper- ature, to which might be added the further complication of the St. Johns River and its lakes, and of the expanse of the Atlantic Ocean. Every one is familiar with the phenomenon that air resting upon a warm surface grows lighter when heated, rises, and sets up thus an inflow of air of different temperature to supply its place ; and it will be readily seen how the proximity of these varying bands of surfaces which I have specified must produce a constant circulation of fresh air in the highest degree beneficial. Fifthly, there are no snow-capped mountain ranges within any such distance of Florida as to render it liable to any of those rawnesses and sudden variations which proceed from this cause. Sixthly, the rainy season in Florida is in summer, and it does not consist of steady rains but of afternoon showers which come up in the heat of the day with purify- ing thunder and lightning. This disproportion of summer rain leaves the winter an agreeable excess of clear days, as will more definitely appear presently. Lastly, I merely mention the plenteous pine-growth of the State, without going into details for the reason that Florida possesses this feature in common with the sea- coast of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. It is be- lieved by eminent physicians that, aside from the purely meteorological effects of these masses of foliage, the tere- binthine odors exhaling from pines form a healing and antiseptic constituent in the atmosphere. Such evidence H 15  17o FLORIDA. as has come under my own observation is favorable to this idea. It is curious to note in this connection that Spenser appears to attest the antiquity of this opinion as to such remedial virtue, in the Shepherd's Calendar. In the July Eclogue, Morrell says : Here grows Melampode everywhere, And terebinth, good for goats; The one my madding kids to smear, The next to heal their throats. Regarding these, then, as the main physical facts which go to modify the normal climate of Florida, it now remains to set forth the final result, in reliable figures, of this mixture of climatic ingredients which I have specified. TEMPERATURE.* The mean temperature of Jacksonville (lat. 30*19'38"), calculated upon twenty-seven years' observations, is for spring 70.06* Fahrenheit; for summer 8.82*; for autumn 70.35*; for winter 56-330 The mean temperature of St. Augustine (which is im- mediately on the eastern coast, about half a degree farther south than Jacksonville), calculated upon twenty years' observations, is for spring 68.540; for summer 80.270; for autumn 71.734; and for winter 58.080. These figures, it will be observed, show St. Augustine to be slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer than Jacksonville. The mean temperature of Tampa Bay-which is on the western coast, 1*48' farther south than St. Augustine- calculated upon twenty-five years' observations, is for * The following figures are derived from Dr. Baldwin's above-quoted pamphlet, and are believed to be thoroughly reliable. 170 FLORIDA. as has come under my own observation is favorable to this idea. It is curious to note in this connection that Spenser appears to attest the antiquity of this opinion as to such remedial virtue, in the Shepherd's Calendar. In the July Eclogue, Morrell says : Here grows Melampode everywhere, And terebinth, goodl fr goats; The one my madding kids to smear, The next to heal their throats. Regarding these, then, as the main physical facts which go to modify the normal climate of Florida, it now remains to set forth the final result, in reliable figures, of this mixture of climatic ingredients which I have specified. TEMPERATURE.* The mean temperature of Jacksonville (lat. 30*19'38"), calculated upon twenty-seven years' observations, is for spring 70.06o Fahrenheit; for summer 81.820; for autumn 70.350; for winter 56.330. The mean temperature of St. Augustine (which is im- mediately on the eastern coast, about half a degree farther south than Jacksonville), calculated upon twenty years' observations, is for spring 68.54e ; for summer 80.270; for autumn 71-73*; and for winter 58.080. -These figures, it will be observed, show St. Augustine to be slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer than Jacksonville. The mean temperature of Tampa Bay-which is on the western coast, 1048' farther south than St. Augustine- calculated upon twenty-five years' observations, is for * The following figures are derived from Dr. Baldwin's above-quoted pamphlet, and are believed to be thoroughly reliable. 370 FLORIDA. as has come under my own observation is favorable to this idea. It is curious to note in this connection that Spenser appears to attest the antiquity of this opinion as to such remedial virtue, in the Shepherd's Calendar. In the July Eclogue, Morrell says : Here grows Melampode everywhere, And terebinth, good for goats; The one my madding kids to smear, The next to heal their throats. Regarding these, then, as the main physical facts which go to modify the normal climate of Florida, it now remains to set forth the final result, in reliable figures, of this mixture of climatic ingredients which I have specified. TEMPERATURE.* The mean temperature of Jacksonville (lat. 30O9'38"), calculated upon twenty-seven years' observations, is for spring 70.06* Fahrenheit; for summer 81.82*; for autumn 70-350; for winter 56.330 The mean temperature of St. Augustine (which is im- mediately on the eastern coast, about half a degree farther south than Jacksonville), calculated upon twenty years' observations, is for spring 68-540 ; for summer 80.27*; for autumn 71.73 ; and for winter 58.080. -These figures, it will be observed, show St. Augustine to be slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer than Jacksonville. The mean temperature of Tampa Bay-which is on the western coast, 1048' farther south than St. Augustine- calculated upon twenty-five years' observations, is for n The fottowing figures are derived from Dr. Baldwin's aboveu-qoted pamphlet, and are believed to be thoroughly reliable.  TIE CLIMATE. ryr spring 72.06*; for summer 80.20; for autumn 73.08*; for winter 62.850. The mean temperature of Key West (in latitude 24*32'), calculated upon fourteen years' observations, is, for spring 75.79*; for summer 82.51; for autumn 78.23°; for winter 69.58*. These averages may be fairly considered to give a just view of the range of the thermometer over the whole State ; for while I have been unable to gain any thermo- metric accounts of points in the interior of the State based upon periods of time sufficiently long to render them perfectly authentic, yet no information I have received has led me to infer more than such variations from the above means as one could easily approximate by con- sidering the distance of any given point from the locali- ties above specified. It must be apparent to the most casual reader of the foregoing figures that the popular idea which conceives the Florida climate as a tropical one is thoroughly erroneous. Surely 82y*-which is the highest mean of summer temperature-and 69Y -which is the highest mean of winter temperature-enumerated in the above table, for Key West, the point nearest the equator-surely, these are not tropical temperatures! No, the air, here, is bland, it is not hot: it is cool enough to retain some little bracing quality in itself and to prevent the invalid from that dangerous inanition which the tropical languors are so apt to superinduce; yet it is not so cool as to irritate the membranes or check the healthful exhalations of the body, if the plainest precautions of proper clothing and of proper freedom from exposure are taken. Let me, therefore, here earnestly desire all persons, whether in- valids or pleasure-seekers, who come to Florida with the expectation of spending their midwinters in white linen THE CLIMATE. 17r spring 72.064; for summer 80.20; for autumn 73.08*; for winter 62.85*. The mean temperature of Key West (in latitude 24*32'), calculated upon fourteen years' observations, is, for spring 75.79*; for summer 82.51*; for autumn 78.230; for winter 69.58*. These averages may be fairly considered to give a just view of the range of the thermometer over the whole State; for while I have been unable to gain any thermo- metric accounts of points in the interior of the State based upon periods of time sufficiently long to render them perfectly authentic, yet no information I have received has led me to infer more than such variations from the above means as one could easily approximate by con- sidering the distance of any given point from the locali- ties above specified. It must be apparent to the most casual reader of the foregoing figures that the popular idea which conceives the Florida climate as a tropical one is thoroughly erroneous. Surely 82/a*-which is the highest mean of summer temperature-and 69%*-which is the highest mean of winter temperature-enumerated in the above table, for Key West, the point nearest the equator-surely, these are not tropical temperatures ! No, the air, here, is bland, it is not hot: it is cool enough to retain some little bracing quality in itself and to prevent the invalid from that dangerous inanition which the tropical languors are so apt to superinduce; yet it is not so cool as to irritate the membranes or check the healthful exhalations of the body, if the plainest precautions of proper clothing and of proper freedom from exposure are taken. Let me, therefore, here earnestly desire all persons, whether in- valids or pleasure-seekers, who come to Florida with the expectation of spending their midwinters in white linen TIE CLIMATE. 17r spring 72.06*; for summer 80.20; for autumn 73.08*; for winter 62.85*- The mean temperature of Key West (in latitude 24*32'), calculated upon fourteen years' observations, is, for spring 75-790; for summer 82.510; for autumn 78.230; for winter 69.58*. These averages may be fairly considered to give a just view of the range of the thermometer over the whole State; for while I have been unable to gain any thermo- metric accounts of points in the interior of the State based upon periods of time sufficiently long to render them perfectly authentic, yet no information I have received has led me to infer more than such variations from the above means as one could easily approximate by con- sidering the distance of any given point from the locali- ties above specified. It must be apparent to the most casual reader of the foregoing figures that the popular idea which conceives the Florida climate as a tropical one is thoroughly erroneous. Surely 82%*--which is the highest mean of summer temperature-and 69/-which is the highest mean of winter temperature-enumerated in the above table, for Key West, the point nearest the equator-surely, these are not tropical temperatures ! No, the air, here, is bland, it is not hot: it is cool enough to retain some little bracing quality in itself and to prevent the invalid from that dangerous inanition which the tropical languors are so apt to superinduce; yet it is not so cool as to irritate the membranes or check the healthful exhalations of the body, if the plainest precautions of proper clothing and of proper freedom from exposure are taken. Let me, therefore, here earnestly desire all persons, whether in- valids or pleasure-seekers, who come to Florida with the expectation of spending their midwinters in white linen  172 FLORIDA. blouses, lying on beds of roses under spice-trees and palms, to exchange this delusion for the far finer and truer notion of a temperature just cool enough to save a man from degenerating into a luxurious vegetable of lazi- ness, and just warm enough to be nerve-quieting and tranquillizing. Warm days there are, truly, in winter; and there are roses and palms, too; nevertheless, moder- ate flannels, moderate woolens, good reddening exercise, -these are the things for Florida, and he who knows how to use them properly will always think of the land with a lighter heart. Again : it should be here said, before I leave the sub- ject of temperature, that in general points in the interior of the State are warmer than those on the coast, because protected from the northwest and northeast winds. The northwest wind is dry-cold: the northeast wind is cold and raw. I have already had occasion to speak of the insanity of that exodus of consumptives from Florida which begins to occur even so early as March. Suffice it to say here again that the plainest logic conceivable proves that no sick mans should leave Florida, to go to any point more northerly than (say) Charleston, before the very last of May. FROSTS. At Jacksonville frosts are possible in any month from October to April, inclusive. Dr. Baldwin found, from twenty-seven years' record, an average of 2.3 frosts for November; 5.2 for December; 5.4 for January; 3.1 for February; 1.3 for March. In April and October there is .2 of a likelihood of frost; none, between. As the traveler goes southward along the Peninsula the number of frosts of course diminishes; and at Key West and along the tier of southern coast counties they practically 172 FLORIDA. blouses, lying on beds of roses under spice-trees and palms, to exchange this delusion for the far finer and truer notion of a temperature just cool enough to save a man from degenerating into a luxurious vegetable of lazi- ness, and just warm enough to be nerve-quieting and tranquillizing. Warm days there are, truly, in winter; and there are roses and palms, too; nevertheless, moder- ate flannels, moderate woolens, good reddening exercise, -these are the things for Florida, and he who knows how to use them properly will always think of the land with a lighter heart. Again : it should be here said, before I leave the sub- ject of temperature, that in general points in the interior of the State are warmer than those on the coast, because protected from the northwest and northeast winds. The northwest wind is dry-cold: the northeast wind is cold and raw. I have already had occasion to speak of the insanity of that exodus of consumptives from Florida which begins to occur even so early as March. Suffice it to say here again that the plainest logic conceivable proves that no sick man should leave Florida, to go to any point more northerly than (say) Charleston, before the very last of May. FROSTs. At Jacksonville frosts are possible in any month from October to April, inclusive. Dr. Baldwin found, from twenty-seven years' record, an average of 2.3 frosts for November; 5.2 for December; 5.4 for January; 3.1 for February; 1.3 for March. In April and October there is .2 of a likelihood of frost; none, between. As the traveler goes southward along the Peninsula the number of frosts of course diminishes; and at Key West and along the tier of southern coast counties they practically 172 FLORIDA. blouses, lying on beds of roses under spice-trees and palms, to exchange this delusion for the far finer and truer notion of a temperature just cool enough to save a man from degenerating into a luxurious vegetable of lazi- ness, and just warm enough to be nerve-quieting and tranquillizing. Warm days there are, truly, in winter; and there are roses and palms, too; nevertheless, moder- ate flannels, moderate woolens, good reddening exercise, -these are the things for Florida, and he who knows how to use them properly will always think of the land with a lighter heart. Again : it should be here said, before I leave the sub- ject of temperature, that in general points in the interior of the State are warmer than those on the coast, because protected from the northwest and northeast winds. The northwest wind is dry-cold: the northeast wind is cold and raw. I have already had occasion to speak of the insanity of that exodus of consumptives from Florida which begins to occur even so early as March. Suffice it to say here again that the plainest logic conceivable proves that no sick man should leave Florida, to go to any point more northerly than (say) Charleston, before the very last of May. FROSTS. At Jacksonville frosts are possible in any month from October to April, inclusive. Dr. Baldwin found, from twenty-seven years' record, an average of 2.3 frosts for November; 5.2 for December; 5.4 for January; 3.1 for February; 1.3 for March. In April and October there is .2 of a likelihood of frost; none, between. As the traveler goes southward along the Peninsula the number of frosts of course diminishes; and at Key West and along the tier of southern coast counties they practically  THE CLIMATE. 178 disappear. Much inquiry left me unable to fix any line north of this where it could be said that one had gotten below frost; but the phenomenon is rare at any rate below 28. RAINFALL AND HUMIDITY. During something over sixteen years the average rain- fall at Jacksonville was 50.29 inches. Only 7.06 inches of this amount fell, on the average, in the winter; 9.19 inches during the spring; leaving 20.5 inches for the summer, and t2.98 inches for the autumn. I have not been able to find any records of rainfall at other points based upon a sufficient length of time to render them authentic. But it may be in general remarked that the yearly average given above for Jacksonville will probably serve as a fair basis for judging of the rainfall at other points, except that the amount should probably be de- creased for points on the immediate eastern coast. There seems to be here somewhat less rain than farther inland. A gentleman at St. Augustine informed me it often oc- curred that the steady sea-breeze blowing in from the east would drive back rain-clouds advancing from the west, and prevent them from discharging over the city; and Dr. Baldwin mentions having repeatedly witnessed the same phenomenon on the eastern coast. This brings me to say, however, that although there seems to be less precipitation of rain on the eastern coast than elsewhere, it is nevertheless probable that more humidity exists in the atmosphere of that region; for the reason that the northeast wind, which is the raw wind, has a fairer sweep there than at points which lie farther inland and which are consequently more sheltered by the forests from winds that come out of this quarter. The average annual amount of humidity at Jacksonville was found to be 5.7 grains of water to the cubic foot of air. 15* TILE CLIMATE. 173 disappear. Much inquiry left me unable to fix any line north of this where it could be said that one had gotten below frost; but the phenomenon is rare at any rate below 28*. RAINFALL AND HUMIDITY. During something over sixteen years the average rain- fall at Jacksonville was 50.29 inches. Only 7.06 inches of this amount fell, on the average, in the winter; 9.29 inches during the spring; leaving 20.5 inches for the summer, and 12.98 inches for the autumn. I have not been able to find any records of rainfall at other points based upon a sufficient length of time to render them authentic. But it may be in general remarked that the yearly average given above for Jacksonville will probably serve as a fair basis for judging of the rainfall at other points, except that the amount should probably be de- creased for points on the immediate eastern coast. There seems to be here somewhat less rain than farther inland. A gentleman at St. Augustine informed me it often oc- curred that the steady sea-breeze blowing in from the east would drive back rain-clouds advancing from the west, and prevent them from discharging over the city; and Dr. Baldwin mentions having repeatedly witnessed the same phenomenon on the eastern coast. This brings me to say, however, that although there seems to be less precipitation of rain on the eastern coast than elsewhere, it is nevertheless probable that more humidity exists in the atmosphere of that region; for the reason that the northeast wind, which is the raw wind, has a fairer sweep there than at points which lie farther inland and which are consequently more sheltered by the forests from winds that come out of this quarter. The average annual amount of humidity at Jacksonville was found to be 5.7 grains of water to the cubic foot of air. [5* THE CLIMATE. 273 disappear. Much inquiry left me unable to fix any line north of this where it could be said that one had gotten below frost; but the phenomenon is rare at any rate below 28*. RAINFALL AND HUMIDITY. During something over sixteen years the average rain- fall at Jacksonville was 50.29 inches. Only 7.06 inches of this amount fell, on the average, in the winter; 9.r9 inches during the spring; leaving 20.5 inches for the summer, and 12.98 inches for the autumn. I have not been able to find any records of rainfall at other points based upon a sufficient length of time to render them authentic. But it may be in general remarked that the yearly average given above for Jacksonville will probably serve as a fair basis for judging of the rainfall at other points, except that the amount should probably be de- creased for points on the immediate eastern coast. There seems to be here somewhat less rain than farther inland. A gentleman at St. Augustine informed me it often oc- curred that the steady sea-breeze blowing in from the east would drive back rain-clouds advancing from the west, and prevent them from discharging over the city; and Dr. Baldwin mentions having repeatedly witnessed the same phenomenon on the eastern coast. This brings me to say, however, that although there seems to be less precipitation of rain on the eastern coast than elsewhere, it is nevertheless probable that more humidity exists in the atmosphere of that region; for the reason that the northeast wind, which is the raw wind, has a fairer sweep there than at points which lie farther inland and which are consequently more sheltered by the forests from winds that come out of this quarter. The average annual amount of humidity at Jacksonville was found to be 5.7 grains of water to the cubic foot of air. 15*  174 FLORIDA. This is said to be about enough to be pleasant for respi- ration. It is probable that this amount should be increased a little for the eastern coast and decreased for the interior and western coast. Hereof asthmatics may take heed, who usually require more moisture in the air for free breathing than invalids with other diseases of the air-passages. Yet-when a man thinks of it-what is the use of talk- ing to the asthma? It is a disease which has no law, no reason, no consistency ; it pulls logic by the nose, it spins calculation round with a crazy motion as of a teetotum about to fall; and as for the medical faculty, it deliber- ately takes that august personage by the beard and beats him with his own gold-headed cane. It is as whimsical- inconsequent as Mollie Sixteen ; it is the capriccio in five- four time of suffering; it is Disease's loose horse in the pasture. I have a friend who begins to wheeze with asthma on reaching New York City, but recovers imme- diately on arriving at Philadelphia; and another who cannot exist in Philadelphia, but is comparatively a free- breather in New York. People are known who can live in London but are changed to gasping asthmatics five miles away from it; and their opposites are equally well known, who gasp in London but can live five miles out. Yonder is a man, over on the North Beach, within three miles of St. Augustine, who has gone to reside there, though when- ever he comes over in the boat to St. Augustine he wheezes by the time he is half-way, and does not prosper at all in the city. And I am told there are asthmatics in New York to whom Canal Street is a perfect barrier of asphyxia, and who can live below it, but would die above it. I know one who has to sleep part of each night in his chair, but cannot have his feet on a level with his body; and I have 174 FLORIDA. This is said to be about enough to be pleasant for respi- ration. It is probable that this amount should be increased a little for the eastern coast and decreased for the interior and western coast. Hereof asthmatics may take heed, who usually require more moisture in the air for free breathing than invalids with other diseases of the air-passages. Yet-when a man thinks of it-what is the use of talk- ing to the asthma? It is a disease which has no law, no reason, no consistency; it pulls logic by the nose, it spins calculation round with a crazy motion as of a teetotum about to fall; and as for the medical faculty, it deliber- ately takes that august personage by the beard and beats him with his own gold-headed cane. It is as whimsical- inconsequent as Mollie Sixteen ; it is the capriccio in five- four time of suffering; it is Disease's loose horse in the pasture. I have a friend who begins to wheeze with asthma on reaching New York City, but recovers imme- diately on arriving at Philadelphia; and another who cannot exist in Philadelphia, but is comparatively a free- breather in New York. People are known who can live in London but are changed to gasping asthmatics five miles away from it ; and their opposites are equally well known, who gasp in London but can live five miles out. Yonder is a man, over on the North Beach, within three miles of St. Augustine, who has gone to reside there, though when- ever he comes over in the boat to St. Augustine he wheezes by the time he is half-way, and does not prosper at all in the city. And I am told there are asthmatics in New York to whom Canal Street is a perfect barrier of asphyxia, and who can live below it, but would die above it. I know one who has to sleep part of each night in his chair, but cannot have his feet on a level with his body ; and I have 174 FLORIDA. This is said to be about enough to be pleasant for respi- ration. It is probable that this amount should be increased a little for the eastern coast and decreased for the interior and western coast. Hereof asthmatics may take heed, who usually require more moisture in the air for free breathing than invalids with other diseases of the air-passages. Yet--when a man thinks of it-what is the use of talk- ing to the asthma? It is a disease which has no law, no reason, no consistency; it pulls logic by the nose, it spins calculation round with a crazy motion as of a teetotum about to fall; and as for the medical faculty, it deliber- ately takes that august personage by the beard and beats him with his own gold-headed cane. It is as whimsical- inconsequent as Mollie Sixteen ; it is the capriccio in five- four time of suffering; it is Disease's loose horse in the pasture. I have a friend who begins to wheeze with asthma on reaching New York City, but recovers imme- diately on arriving at Philadelphia; and another who cannot exist in Philadelphia, but is comparatively a free- breather in New York. People are known who can live in London but are changed to gasping asthmatics five miles away from it; and their opposites are equally well known, who gasp in London but can live five miles out. Yonder is a man, over on the North Beach, within three miles of St. Augustine, who has gone to reside there, though when- ever he comes over in the boat to St. Augustine he wheezes by the time he is half-way, and does not prosper at all in the city. And I am told there are asthmatics in New York to whom Canal Street is a perfect barrier of asphyxia, and who can live below it, but would die above it. I know one who has to sleep part of each night in his chair, but cannot have his feet on a level with his body; and I have  THE CLIMATE. 175 no doubt there are those who are obliged to elevate their feet at an angle of 450 in order to get a wink. I obstinately refuse to repeat the story-which a friend has just told me for true-that there is a man here who sleeps standing every night before a window with the sash out. NUMBER oF CLEAR DAYS. This is a matter of great importance to healthy pleasure- seekers as well as to sick people. The most unsentimental of vigorous folk respond to a sunny sky in a manner of which they are often wholly unconscious ; and I have seen a car-load of people who had preserved a grim silence so long as we steamed along through the rain glide into a cheerful buzz of conversation in a few minutes after the sun came out. During a period of twenty-two years (and some years longer for several of the months hereinafter mentioned) it was found that at Jacksonville, January averaged about twenty clear days; February, nineteen; March, twenty; April, twenty-five; May, twenty-two; June, seventeen; July, eighteen ; August, nineteen ; September, seventeen; October, nineteen; November, twenty; and December, twenty. It is not to be understood by any means that the cloudy days in this calculation were rainy days; probably on something like half of them rain fell. THE wINDS. I have before remarked that the northwest wind is the cold dry wind in Florida. It is the wind that kills the orange-trees; and its prevalence may be estimated from the statistics of frost, which I have given above. The northeast wind is the cold wet wind; and the reader is referred to what is said of it in the chapter on St. Augus- tine (Chapter III.) for some account of its nature and THE CLIMATE. 175 no doubt there are those who are obliged to elevate their feet at an angle of 450 in order to get a wink. I obstinately refuse to repeat the story-which a friend has just told me for true-that there is a man here who sleeps standing every night before a window with the sash out. NUMBER OF CLEAR DAYS. This is a matter of great importance to healthy pleasure. seekers as well as to sick people. The most unsentimental of vigorous folk respond to a sunny sky in a manner of which they are often wholly unconscious ; and I have seen a car-load of people who had preserved a grim silence so long as we steamed along through the rain glide into a cheerful buzz of conversation in a few minutes after the sun came out. During a period of twenty-two years (and some years longer for several of the months hereinafter mentioned) it was found that at Jacksonville, January averaged about twenty clear days; February, nineteen; March, twenty; April, twenty-five; May, twenty-two; June, seventeen; July, eighteen ; August, nineteen ; September, seventeen; October, nineteen; November, twenty; and December, twenty. It is not to be understood by any means that the cloudy days in this calculation were rainy days; probably on something like half of them rain fell. THE wINDS. I have before remarked that the northwest wind is the cold dry wind in Florida. It is the wind that kills the orange-trees; and its prevalence may be estimated from the statistics of frost, which I have given above. The northeast wind is the cold wet wind; and the reader is referred to what is said of it in the chapter on St. Augus- tine (Chapter III.) for some account of its nature and THE CLIMATE. 175 no doubt there are those who are obliged to elevate their feet at an angle of 45* in order to get a wink. I obstinately refuse to repeat the story-which a friend has just told me for true-that there is a man here who sleeps standing every night before a window with the sash out. NUMBER OF CLEAR DAYS. This is a matter of great importance to healthy pleasure- seekers as well as to sick people. The most unsentimental of vigorous folk respond to a sunny sky in a manner of which they are often wholly unconscious; and I have seen a car-load of people who had preserved a grim silence so long as we steamed along through the rain glide into a cheerful buzz of conversation in a few minutes after the sun came out. During a period of twenty-two years (and some years longer for several of the months hereinafter mentioned) it was found that at Jacksonville, January averaged about twenty clear days; February, nineteen; March, twenty; April, twenty-five; May, twenty-two; June, seventeen; July, eighteen; August, nineteen; September, seventeen; October, nineteen; November, twenty; and December, twenty. It is not to be understood by any means that the cloudy days in this calculation were rainy days; probably on something like half of them rain fell. THE WINDS. I have before remarked that the northwest wind is the cold dry wind in Florida. It is the wind that kills the orange-trees; and its prevalence may be estimated from the statistics of frost, which I have given above. The northeast wind is the cold wet wind; and the reader is referred to what is said of it in the chapter on St. Augus- tine (Chapter III.) for some account of its nature and  176 FLORIDA. habits, which are not pleasant. The east wind is a de- lightful wind; and the south wind is somewhat like in the temperature it brings and the sensation it produces. It is proper to refer, in closing this account of the Florida climate, to the popular impression that malarial diseases render it unhealthy. Perhaps this impression will be most authoritatively corrected by the following extract from a report of U. S. Surgeon-General Lawson: " Indeed, the statistics in this Bureau demonstrate the fact that the diseases which result from malaria are a much milder type in the peninsula of Florida than in any other State in the Union. These records show that the ratio of deaths to the numher of cases of re- mittent fever has been much less than among the troop s eving in any other portion of the United States. In the Middle Division of the United States the proportion is one death to thirty-six cases of remittent fever; in the Northern Division, one to fifty-two; in the Southern Division, one to fifty-four; in Texas, one to seventy-eight; in California, one to one hundred and twenty-two; in New fexico, one to one hundred and forty-eight; while in Florida it is but one to two hundred and eighty-seven." 176 FLORIDA. 176 FLORIDA. habits, which are not pleasant. The east wind is a de- lightful wind; and the south wind is somewhat like in the temperature it brings and the sensation it produces. It is proper to refer, in closing this account of the Florida climate, to the popular impression that malarial diseases render it unhealthy. Perhaps this impression will be most authoritatively corrected by the following extract from a report of U. S. Surgeon-General Lawson: " Indeed, the statistics in this Bureau demonstrate the fact that the diseases which result from malaria are a much milder type in the peninsula of Florida than in any other State in the Union. These records show that the ratio of deaths to the number of cases of re- mittent fever has been much less than among the troops serving in any other portion of the United States. In the Middle Division of the United States the proportion is one death to thirty-six cases of remittent fever; in the Northern Division, one to fifty-two; in the Southern Division, one to fifty-four; in Texas, one to seventy-eight; in California, one to one hundred and twenty-two; in New Mexico, one to one hundred and forty-eight; while in Florida it is but one to two hundred and eighty-seven." habits, which are not pleasant. The east wind is a de- lightful wind; and the south wind is somewhat like in the temperature it brings and the sensation it produces. It is proper to refer, in closing this account of the Florida climate, to the popular impression that malarial diseases render it unhealthy. Perhaps this impression will be most authoritatively corrected by the following extract from a report of U. S. Surgeon-General Lawson: " Indeed, the statistics in this Bureau demonstrate the fact that the diseases which result from malaria are a much milder type in the peninsula of Florida than in any other State in the Union. These records show that the ratio of deaths to the number of cases of re- mittent fever has been much less than among the troops serving in any other portion of the United States. In the Middle Division of the United States the proportion is one death to thirty-six cases of remittent fever; in the Northern Division, one to fifty-two; in the Southern Division, one to fifty-four; in Texas, one to seventy-eight; in California, one to one hundred and twenty-two; in New Mexico, one to one hundred and forty-eight; while in Florida it is but one to two hundred and eighty-seven."  CHAPTER XIII. HISTORICAL. THE history of Florida for some three hundred years is but a bowl of blood ; and if a man could cast some- thing into it, like the chemists, that would throw aside the solid ingredients from the mere water of it, he would find for a precipitate at the bottom little more than death and disappointment. It reads like a bill of mortality; the writing of it can be done briefly, and almost on a formula. As thus: There seems to be no sufficient evidence that Sebastian Cabot, as has been claimed by some, went as far down as Florida in 1497. In 1512, Ponce de Leon, a caballero then verging upon old age, who had been a comrade of Christopher Colum- bus, set forth from Porto Rico to find a certain island called Bimini, where was said to be a fountain of youth. He failed to discover it; afterwards sailed northwestward, made land on Palm-Sunday (a day called Pascua Florida in Spanish), and shortly afterwards effected a landing somewhere a little to the north of St. Augustine's present site. After two months of worry with fierce natives he went back home, not a day younger than when he came. Net result of the expedition : a multitude of jokes, which they of Spain cracked on the old searcher after the foun- tain of youth. In 1516 comes Diego Miruelo, and goes back. Result: H* 177 CHAPTER XIII. HISTORICAL. THE history of Florida for some three hundred years is but a bowl of blood; and if a man could cast some- thing into it, like the chemists, that would throw aside the solid ingredients from the mere water of it, he would find for a precipitate at the bottom little more than death and disappointment. It reads like a bill of mortality; the writing of it can be done briefly, and almost on a formula. As thus: There seems to be no sufficient evidence that Sebastian Cabot, as has been claimed by some, went as far down as Florida in 1497. In 1512, Ponce de Leon, a caballero then verging upon old age, who had been a comrade of Christopher Colum- bus, set forth from Porto Rico to find a certain island called Bimini, where was said to be a fountain of youth. He failed to discover it; afterwards sailed northwestward, made land on Palm-Sunday (a day called Pascua Florida in Spanish), and shortly afterwards effected a landing somewhere a little to the north of St. Augustine's present site. After two months of worry with fierce natives he went back home, not a day younger than when he came. Net result of the expedition : a multitude of jokes, which they of Spain cracked on the old searcher after the foun- tain of youth. In 1516 comes Diego Miruelo, and goes back. Result : H* 177 CHAPTER XIII. HISTORICAL. THE history of Florida for some three hundred years is but a bowl of blood; and if a man could cast some- thing into it, like the chemists, that would throw aside the solid ingredients from the mere water of it, he would find for a precipitate at the bottom little more than death and disappointment. It reads like a bill of mortality ; the writing of it can be done briefly, and almost on a formula. As thus: There seems to be no sufficient evidence that Sebastian Cabot, as has been claimed by some, went as far down as Florida in 1497. In 1512, Ponce de Leon, a caballero then verging upon old age, who had been a comrade of Christopher Colum- bus, set forth from Porto Rico to find a certain island called Bimini, where was said to be a fountain of youth. He failed to discover it; afterwards sailed northwestward, made land on Palm-Sunday (a day called Pascua Florida in Spanish), and shortly afterwards effected a landing somewhere a little to the north of St. Augustine's present site. After two months of worry with fierce natives he went back home, not a day younger than when he came. Net result of the expedition : a multitude of jokes, which they of Spain cracked on the old searcher after the foun- tain of youth. In 1516 comes Diego Miruelo, and goes back. Result : H* 177  178 FLORIDA. a little gold obtained from the natives, and a large bundle of lies manufactured aboard ship, which got spread over Cuba and grew out of all proportion by the time they flew to Spain. In 1517 comes Fernandez de Cordova. Result: one killed and six hurt by the Indians; wherewith De Cordova goes back to Cuba, and dies of his own wounds. Immediately afterwards comes one Alaminos with three ships. He twice makes a landing; twice has immediately to unmake it by stress of Indians; and goes home. Re- sult: nothing. About 152o comes De Ayllon, thinking to procure slaves from among the Indians. It appears that Las Casas, that magnificent patriot, had caused the Spanish Government to stop this business; but where there is a will there is a way. People are found who declare that some of the Caribs are cannibals: these De Ayllon may take. He does not succeed in getting any among the islands; the storms beat him about, and finally he comes to the land of Chi- cora-at present known as South Carolina. Here, by a wretched trick, he allures a hundred and thirty natives aboard and starts home. But he never got a lick of work from them: for they all to a man died of sorrow. More- over, one of the ships is wrecked, and the whole crew drowned on the way home. Result: a pack of ludicrous lies (as, for instance, that they had found enormous giants among the natives-the kings of Xapida-who were made so when children by having their bones forcibly elongated, the bones having been treated with herbs to make them plastic; that they had also found men with tails, which they could lash fearsomely about, and the like), and a burst of indignation at De Ayllon's vile in- veigling of the Chicora people. In 152n again comes Ponce de Leon, with two ships. 178 FLORIDA. a little gold obtained from the natives, and a large bundle of lies manufactured aboard ship, which got spread over Cuba and grew out of all proportion by the time they flew to Spain. In 1517 comes Fernandez de Cordova. Result: one killed and six hurt by the Indians; wherewith De Cordova goes back to Cuba, and dies of his own wounds. Immediately afterwards comes one Alaminos with three ships. He twice makes a landing; twice has immediately to unmake it by stress of Indians; and goes home. Re- sult: nothing. About 152o comes De Ayllon, thinking to procure slaves from among the Indians. It appears that Las Casas, that magnificent patriot, had caused the Spanish Government to stop this business; but where there is a will there is a way. People are found who declare that some of the Caribs are cannibals: these De Ayllon may take. He does not succeed in getting any among the islands; the storms beat him about, and finally he comes to the land of Chi- cora-at present known as South Carolina. Here, by a wretched trick, he allures a hundred and thirty natives aboard and starts home. But he never got a lick of work from them: for they all to a man died of sorrow. More- over, one of the ships is wrecked, and the whole crew drowned on the way home. Result: a pack of ludicrous lies (as, for instance, that they had found enormous giants among the natives-the kings of Xapida-who were made so when children by having their bones forcibly elongated, the bones having been treated with herbs to make them plastic ; that they had also found men with tails, which they could lash fearsomely about, and the like), and a burst of indignation at De Ayllon's vile in- veigling of the Chicora people. In 1521 again comes Ponce de Leon, with two ships. 178 FLORIDA. a little gold obtained from the natives, and a large bundle of lies manufactured aboard ship, which got spread over Cuba and grew out of all proportion by the time they flew to Spain. In 1517 comes Fernandez de Cordova. Result: one killed and six hurt by the Indians; wherewith De Cordova goes back to Cuba, and dies of his own wounds. Immediately afterwards comes one Alaminos with three ships. He twice makes a landing; twice has immediately to unmake it by stress of Indians; and goes home. Re- sult: nothing. About 152o comes De Ayllon, thinking to procure slaves from among the Indians. It appears that Las Casas, that magnificent patriot, had caused the Spanish Government to stop this business; but where there is a will there is a way. People are found who declare that some of the Caribs are cannibals : these De Ayllon may take. He does not succeed in getting any among the islands; the storms beat him about, and finally he comes to the land of Chi- coca-at present known as South Carolina. Here, by a wretched trick, he allures a hundred and thirty natives aboard and starts home. But he never got a lick of work from them: for they all to a man died of sorrow. More- over, one of the ships is wrecked, and the whole crew drowned on the way home. Result : a pack of ludicrous lies (as, for instance, that they had found enormous giants among the natives-the kings of Xapida-who were made so when children by having their bones forcibly elongated, the bones having been treated with herbs to make them plastic; that they had also found men with tails, which they could lash fearsomely about, and the like), and a burst of indignation at De Ayllon's vile in- veigling of the Chicora people. In 15n again comes Ponce de Leon, with two ships.  HISTORICAL. 179 Result: the Indians fall upon him, slaughter many of his people, and wound himself; whereupon he goes back to Cuba and straightway dies in bitterness. In 1524 again comes De Ayllon, with further designs upon Chicora. It may be here remarked parenthetically that this expedition belongs to the history of Florida only in virtue of the fact that in these days of which we speak everything from the Chesapeake to the Gulf is called Florida. This time the natives play off his own trick upon him, and quite beat him at his own game. They deceive him with hospitable shows for some days; then suddenly massacre an unsuspecting party of two hundred men whom he has sent off from the main body, and fall upon the balance so fiercely that they have great diffi- culty in regaining their ships. Result : the death of De Ayllon, and afterwards of his son, who is commissioned to carry out the project of his father but appears not to have been able to command means to do so and to have died of disappointment. Then comes Panfilo de Narvaez, in 1528. On the way, a hurricane wrecks two of his ships and drowns seventy men. He lands on the western coast of Florida, some- where about present Tampa Bay, takes possession of the country, and, leaving a hundred men in the ships to coast along to the northward, marches with three hundred into the interior. Presently he is wiled by the Indians, with tales of gold, into the northern country of Apalachee. But he never finds the gold ; after seeing his dreams of palaces and cities-he knows of Cortez's Mexican glories, revealed a year or two before-continually melting away into the disgusting realities of petty towns composed of a few Indian huts; after unspeakable fatigues, hungers, pri- vations, ending in naught but disappointment; he gives up the gold-quest, long before he reaches the Georgia HISTORICAL. 179 Result: the Indians fall upon him, slaughter many of his people, and wound himself; whereupon he goes back to Cuba and straightway dies in bitterness. In 1524 again comes De Ayllon, with further designs upon Chicora. It may be here remarked parenthetically that this expedition belongs to the history of Florida only in virtue of the fact that in these days of which we speak everything from the Chesapeake to the Gulf is called Florida. This time the natives play off his own trick upon hin, and quite beat him at his own game. They deceive him with hospitable shows for some days; then suddenly massacre an unsuspecting party of two hundred men whom he has sent off from the main body, and fall upon the balance so fiercely that they have great diffi- culty in regaining their ships. Result : the death of De Ayllon, and afterwards of his son, who is commissioned to carry out the project of his father but appears not to have been able to command means to do so and to have died of disappointment. Then comes Panfilo de Narvaez, in 1528. On the way, a hurricane wrecks two of his ships and drowns seventy men. He lands on the western coast of Florida, some- where about present Tampa Bay, takes possession of the country, and, leaving a hundred men in the ships to coast along to the northward, marches with three hundred into the interior. Presently he is wiled by the Indians, with tales of gold, into the northern country of Apalachee. But he never finds the gold; after seeing his dreams of palaces and cities-he knows of Cortez's Mexican glories, revealed a year or two before-continually melting away into the disgusting realities of petty towns composed of a few Indian huts; after unspeakable fatigues, hungers, pri- vations, ending in naught but disappointment; he gives up the gold-quest, long before he reaches the Georgia HISTORICAL. 179 Result : the Indians fall upon him, slaughter many of his people, and wound himself; whereupon he goes back to Cuba and straightway dies in bitterness. In 1524 again comes De Ayllon, with further designs upon Chicora. It may be here remarked parenthetically that this expedition belongs to the history of Florida only in virtue of the fact that in these days of which we speak everything from the Chesapeake to the Gulf is called Florida. This time the natives play off his own trick upon him, and quite beat him at his own game. They deceive him with hospitable shows for some days; then suddenly massacre an unsuspecting party of two hundred men whom he has sent off from the main body, and fall upon the balance so fiercely that they have great diffi- culty in regaining their ships. Result : the death of De Ayllon, and afterwards of his son, who is commissioned to carry out the project of his father but appears not to have been able to command means to do so and to have died of disappointment. Then comes Panfilo de Narvaez, in 1528. On the way, a hurricane wrecks two of his ships and drowns seventy men. He lands on the western coast of Florida, some- where about present Tampa Bay, takes possession of the country, and, leaving a hundred men in the ships to coast along to the northward, marches with three hundred into the interior. Presently he is wiled by the Indians, with tales of gold, into the northern country of Apalachee. But he never finds the gold; after seeing his dreams of palaces and cities-he knows of Cortez's Mexican glories, revealed a year or two before-continually melting away into the disgusting realities of petty towns composed of a few Indian huts ; after unspeakable fatigues, hungers, pri- vations, ending in naught but disappointment; he gives up the gold-quest, long before he reaches the Georgia  1Io FLORIDA. hills where he might have found it, and makes his way back to Aute (as the Indians call it), a point probably not far from Apalachicola. But here is no rest. They are starving; and when they fish or hunt, the Indians kill them. Ten men disappear in this way. The fevers help the Indians: forty more die. The ships never come. Finally, in despair they build five boats, rig them with cordage of palmetto-fibre and horsehair and with sails of clothing, tie up horse-skins for water-bottles, embark, and make westward. But they do not know their geography: they fare hither and thither; they live on the flesh of their own dead and endure all manner of suffering, till finally all but four (with one who had been previously captured, and of whom we shall hear more) are either drowned, starved, or killed by the Indians. The fate of Narvaez himself is particularly tragic. Arrived somewhere beyond the Perdido River, his men go ashore, leaving him with a sailor and a boy in the boat. In the night the wind comes, and blows them to sea, and they die a lonesome death. The four survivors become medicine-men among the Indians; and after six or seven years make their way westward by land to their countrymen in Mexico. These four cross the Mississippi River some years before De Soto "discovers" it. One of them, Cabeca de Vaca, writes an account of these matters, which, albeit it reports lions and kangaroos as among the fauna of Florida, neverthe- less contains much valuable matter for the historians. The vessels originally left with the hundred men aboard finally return, having missed their land-party all through. Results: the narrative of Cabeca de Vaca. In 1539, Hernando de Soto, brilliant with fame and wealth brought from Peru where he has been Pizarro's right-hand man, comes with a thousand men and lands in Tampa Bay, which he calls Espiritu Santo, after the Whit- 18o FLORIDA. hills where he might have found it, and makes his way back to Aut6 (as the Indians call it), a point probably not far from Apalachicola. But here is no rest. They are starving; and when they fish or hunt, the Indians kill them. Ten men disappear in this way. The fevers help the Indians: forty more die. The ships never come. Finally, in despair they build five boats, rig them with cordage of palmetto-fibre and horsehair and with sails of clothing, tie up horse-skins for water-bottles, embark, and make westward. But they do not know their geography: they fare hither and thither; they live on the flesh of their own dead and endure all manner of suffering, till finally all but four (with one who had been previously captured, and of whom we shall hear more) are either drowned, starved, or killed by the Indians. The fate of Narvaez himself is particularly tragic. Arrived somewhere beyond the Perdido River, his men go ashore, leaving him with a sailor and a boy in the boat. In the night the wind comes, and blows them to sea, and they die a lonesome death. The four survivors become medicine-men among the Indians; and after six or seven years make their way westward by land to their countrymen in Mexico. These four cross the Mississippi River some years before De Soto "discovers" it. One of them, Cabeca de Vaca, writes an account of these matters, which, albeit it reports lions and kangaroos as among the fauna of Florida, neverthe- less contains much valuable matter for the historians. The vessels originally left with the hundred men aboard finally return, having missed their land-party all through. Results: the narrative of Cabeca de Vaca. In 1539, Hernando de Soto, brilliant with fame and wealth brought from Peru where he has been Pizarro's right-hand man, comes with a thousand men and lands in Tampa Bay, which he calls Espiritu Santo, after the Whit- I8o FLORIDA. hills where he might have found it, and makes his way back to Aute (as the Indians call it), a point probably not far from Apalachicola. But here is no rest. They are starving; and when they fish or hunt, the Indians kill them. Ten men disappear in this way. The fevers help the Indians: forty more die. The ships never come. Finally, in despair they build five boats, rig them with cordage of palmetto-fibre and horsehair and with sails of clothing, tie up horse-skins for water-bottles, embark, and make westward. But they do not know their geography: they fare hither and thither; they live on the flesh of their own dead and endure all manner of suffering, till finally all but four (with one who had been previously captured, and of whom we shall hear more) are either drowned, starved, or killed by the Indians. The fate of Narvaez himself is particularly tragic. Arrived somewhere beyond the Perdido River, his men go ashore, leaving him with a sailor and a boy in the boat. In the night the wind comes, and blows them to sea, and they die a lonesome death. The four survivors become medicine-men among the Indians; and after six or seven years make their way westward by land to their countrymen in Mexico. These four cross the Mississippi River some years before De Soto "discovers" it. One of them, Cabeca de Vaca, writes an account of these matters, which, albeit it reports lions and kangaroos as among the fauna of Florida, neverthe- less contains much valuable matter for the historians. The vessels originally left with the hundred men aboard finally return, having missed their land-party all through. Results: the narrative of Cabeca de Vaca. In 1539, Hernando de Soto, brilliant with fame and wealth brought from Peru where he has been Pizarro's right-hand man, comes with a thousand men and lands in Tampa Bay, which he calls Espiritu Santo, after the Whit-  HISTORICAL. rgr sunday upon which he comes ashore. Here he is presently joined by one Juan Ortiz, the captive who has already been mentioned as one of the five survivors of the Narvaez expedition. About this man Ortiz hangs a noble story of salvation from death by an Indian maiden, which, for the pure unrewarded magnanimity of it, should compel the world to hold her in even higher reverence than the Virginian Pocahontas. It is the story of Hirrihigua's daughter. Early in the Narvaez expedition King Hirri- higua's Indians brought in two captives-Ortiz and a companion-whom they had decoyed ashore. The com- panion was quickly killed; but by the greatest ill-luck in the world, at that moment King Hirrihigua bethought him of having a roast; being all the more intent upon it through the remembrance of certain dreadful treatment which his mother had received from Narvaez. Her nose had been cut off by that commander in the pursuance of his bloody Spanish policies. Hirrihigua therefore caused Ortiz to be bound upon a sort of huge gridiron composed of wooden poles, under which a fire of hot coals was fiercely burning. At the instant when the poor boy-he was but eighteen years old-hovered upon the brink of death by fire, King Hirrihigua's daughter, a young girl (another account adds other females as assist- ing at this first intercession), fell at her father's feet, and by many persuasions-such as that Ortiz was but a youth, whom it was ignoble to fear and cowardly to kill, and the like sweet argument-prevailed upon him to release his victim. She ministered to the poor young man, and herself cared for his hurts. And finally married him, of course, you say? No ; and this is the magnanimous part of the story. No long time passed before King Hirrihigua re- pented him of his clemency. His mother was not avenged. Ortiz must certainly die. The daughter discovered his r6 HISTORICAL. 18r sunday upon which he comes ashore. Here he is presently joined by one Juan Ortiz, the captive who has already been mentioned as one of the five survivors of the Narvaez expedition. About this man Ortiz hangs a noble story of salvation from death by an Indian maiden, which, for the pure unrewarded magnanimity of it, should compel the world to hold her in even higher reverence than the Virginian Pocahontas. It is the story of Hirrihigua's daughter. Early in the Narvaez expedition King Hirri- higua's Indians brought in two captives-Ortiz and a companion-whom they had decoyed ashore. The com- panion was quickly killed ; but by the greatest ill-luck in the world, at that moment King Hirrihigua bethought him of having a roast; being all the more intent upon it through the remembrance of certain dreadful treatment which his mother had received from Narvaez. Her nose had been cut off by that commander in the pursuance of his bloody Spanish policies. Hirrihigua therefore caused Ortiz to be bound upon a sort of huge gridiron composed of wooden poles, under which a fire of hot coals was fiercely burning. At the instant when the poor boy-he was but eighteen years old-hovered upon the brink of death by fire, King Hirrihigua's daughter, a young girl (another account adds other females as assist- ing at this first intercession), fell at her father's feet, and by many persuasions-such as that Ortiz was but a youth, whom it was ignoble to fear and cowardly to kill, and the like sweet argument-prevailed upon him to release his victim. She ministered to the poor young man, and herself cared for his hurts. And finally married him, of course, you say? No; and this is the magnanimous part of the story. No long time passed before King Hirrihigua re- pented him of his clemency. His mother was not avenged. Ortiz must certainly die. The daughter discovered his i6 HISTORICAL. r8r sunday upon which he comes ashore. Here he is presently joined by one Juan Ortiz, the captive who has already been mentioned as one of the five survivors of the Narvaez expedition. About this man Ortiz hangs a noble story of salvation from death by an Indian maiden, which, for the pure unrewarded magnanimity of it, should compel the world to hold her in even higher reverence than the Virginian Pocahontas. It is the story of Hirrihigua's daughter. Early in the Narvaez expedition King Hirri- higua's Indians brought in two captives-Ortiz and a companion-whom they had decoyed ashore. The com- panion was quickly killed; but by the greatest ill-luck in the world, at that moment King Hirrihigua bethought him of having a roast; being all the more intent upon it through the remembrance of certain dreadful treatment which his mother had received from Narvaez. Her nose had been cut off by that commander in the pursuance of his bloody Spanish policies. Hirrihigua therefore caused Ortiz to be bound upon a sort of huge gridiron composed of wooden poles, under which a fire of hot coals was fiercely burning. At the instant when the poor boy-he was but eighteen years old-hovered upon the brink of death by fire, King Hirrihigua's daughter, a young girl (another account adds other females as assist- ing at this first intercession), fell at her father's feet, and by many persuasions-such as that Ortiz was but a youth, whom it was ignoble to fear and cowardly to kill, and the like sweet argument-prevailed upon him to release his victim. She ministered to the poor young man, and herself cared for his hurts. And finally married him, of course, you say? No; and this is the magnanimous part of the story. No long time passed before King Hirrihigua re- pented him of his clemency. His mother was not avenged. Ortiz must certainly die. The daughter discovered his 16  182 FLORIDA. intentions, apprised Ortiz thereof, and under the darkness of night guided him away herself (another version says, furnished him with a guide) into the forest, with minute directions how he should reach one Mucoso, a chief, who was her affianced lover. This Mucoso appears to have been a man that God made, a man rooted in honor. He consented to protect Ortiz; and, having once undertaken, carried out his word with fidelity under temptations that would have shaken a Christian mightily. For it was not long before King Hirrihigua demanded the return of Ortiz. Mucoso refused. Hirrihigua put on the screws: Mucoso should not have his daughter unless he gave up the prisoner. Still Mucoso refused. He refused to the end; to the end Hirrihigua'sdaughter upheld him in the re- fusal; and to the end this savage man and woman, for pure honor, expended their love's happiness to save a foreigner who had come to conquer them. One turns with regret from this fair story to follow the long march of De Soto. Why, indeed, follow it? De Soto travels on and on for eighteen months; gets into South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and has great battles with the natives. One of these battles was with King Vitachuco, early in the march, not far from Ocali (modem Ocala) in Florida; and after the fight De Soto, finding himself run short of chains for his captives, causes all whom he cannot manacle securely to be shot. Sometimes he catches a lot and cuts off their hands. But cruelties to his enemies avail not; hungers and fatigues and deaths of his own avail not; and at the end of these eighteen months he has marched back southward to Mauvilla, a place likely on the Alabama River, and thought to have originated the name of Mobile. Here he fights another great battle with the Indians, has eighteen killed and a hundred and fifty wounded, and, alas I what is worst of 182 FLORIDA. intentions, apprised Ortiz thereof, and under the darkness of night guided him away herself (another version says, furnished him with a guide) into the forest, with minute directions how he should reach one Mucoso, a chief, who was her affianced lover. This Mucoso appears to have been a man that God made, a man rooted in honor. He consented to protect Ortiz; and, having once undertaken, carried out his word with fidelity under temptations that would have shaken a Christian mightily. For it was not long before King Hirrihigua demanded the return of Ortiz. Mucoso refused. Hirrihigua put on the screws: Mucoso should not have his daughter unless he gave up the prisoner. Still Mucoso refused. He refused to the end; to the end Hirribigua's daughter upheld him in the re- fusal; and to the end this savage man and woman, for pure honor, expended their love's happiness to save a foreigner who had come to conquer them. One turns with regret from this fair story to follow the long march of De Soto. Why, indeed, follow it? De Soto travels on and on for eighteen months; gets into South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and has great battles with the natives. One of these battles was with King Vitachuco, early in the march, not far from Ocali (modern Ocala) in Florida; and after the fight De Soto, finding himself run short of chains for his captives, causes all whom he cannot manacle securely to be shot. Sometimes he catches a lot and cuts off their hands. But cruelties to his enemies avail not ; hungers and fatigues and deaths of his own avail not; and at the end of these eighteen months he has marched back southward to Mauvilla, a place likely on the Alabama River, and thought to have originated the name of Mobile. Here he fights another great battle with the Indians, has eighteen killed and a hundred and fifty wounded, and, alas ! what is worst of 18a FLORIDA. intentions, apprised Ortiz thereof, and under the darkness of night guided him away herself (another version says, furnished him with a guide) into the forest, with minute directions how he should reach one Mucoso, a chief, who was her affianced lover. This Mucoso appears to have been a man that God made, a man rooted in honor. He consented to protect Ortiz; and, having once undertaken, carried out his word with fidelity under temptations that would have shaken a Christian mightily. For it was not long before King Hirrihigua demanded the return of Ortiz. Mucoso refused. Hirrihigua put on the screws: Mucoso should not have his daughter unless he gave up the prisoner. Still Mucoso refused. He refused to the end; to the end Hirrihigua'sdaughter upheld him in the re- fusal; and to the end this savage man and woman, for pure honor, expended their love's happiness to save a foreigner who had come to conquer them. One turns with regret from this fair story to follow the long march of De Soto. Why, indeed, follow it? De Soto travels on and on for eighteen months; gets into South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and has great battles with the natives. One of these battles was with King Vitachuco, early in the march, not far from Ocali (modem Ocala) in Florida; and after the fight De Soto, finding himself run short of chains for his captives, causes all whom he cannot manacle securely to be shot. Sometimes he catches a lot and cuts off their hands. But cruelties to his enemies avail not; hungers and fatigues and deaths of his own avail not; and at the end of these eighteen months he has marched back southward to Mauvilla, a place likely on the Alabama River, and thought to have originated the name of Mobile. Here he fights another great battle with the Indians, has eighteen killed and a hundred and fifty wounded, and, alas I what is worst of  HISTORICAL. 183 all, in burning the Indian houses burns up with them the bushels of pearls which he had obtained through the kindness of the beautiful Indian queen-the Ladie of the Countrie, they call her-whom he had met in South Carolina. At Mauvilla he learns that Maldonado with the ships is not far away-at Ochuse, or Pensacola. Here is a chance to get home. But he will not take it. He and Ortiz keep the news secret from the troops; and soon they all fare again into the interior, to the northwestward; they must have some gold, or die. And presently, with poor De Soto, this last alternative comes to be plainly inevitable. After leaving Mauvilla they wander about: the summer, the fall, the winter, pass, and still they are wandering; they have crossed the Mississippi (Rio Grande-Great River-they call it) in cottonwood boats, have penetrated up into the White River country; until finally the spring is come again, and they have got back among the desperate canebrakes, on the banks of the Great River. And now De Soto, with his Ulysses' wanderings, is liter- ally tired to death. A fever wears him away. One day in May of 1542 he calls his people together; in the presence of death he forgets about gold and plunder: he makes them a grave and noble speech, and appoints them a commander. Next day he dies; and for fear of the Indians they let his body down, in a dark night, to the bottom of the Mississippi River. This man has been one of the most brilliant of his brilliant time. He has been a great conqueror, he has brought a hundred and eighty thousand ducats out of Peru ; and the sum and final good of it is,-a little pitiful water-gurgle in a May night. The balance of the men start towards Mexico; and, HISTORICAL. r83 all, in burning the Indian houses burns up with them the bushels of pearls which he had obtained through the kindness of the beautiful Indian queen-the Ladie of the Countrie, they call her-whom he had met in South Carolina. At Mauvilla he learns that Maldonado with the ships is not far away-at Ochuse, or Pensacola. Here is a chance to get home. But he will not take it. He and Ortiz keep the news secret from the troops; and soon they all fare again into the interior, to the northwestward; they must have some gold, or die. And presently, with poor De Soto, this last alternative comes to be plainly inevitable. After leaving Mauvilla they wander about : the summer, the fall, the winter, pass, and still they are wandering; they have crossed the Mississippi (Rio Grande-Great River-they call it) in cottonwood boats, have penetrated up into the White River country; until finally the spring is come again, and they have got back among the desperate canebrakes, on the banks of the Great River. And now De Soto, with his Ulysses' wanderings, is liter- ally tired to death. A fever wears him away. One day in May of 1542 he calls his people together; in the presence of death he forgets about gold and plunder: he makes them a grave and noble speech, and appoints them a commander. Next day he dies; and for fear of the Indians they let his body down, in a dark night, to the bottom of the Mississippi River. This man has been one of the most brilliant of his brilliant time. He has been a great conqueror, he has brought a hundred and eighty thousand ducats out of Peru; and the sum and final good of it is,-a little pitiful water-gurgle in a May night. The balance of the men start towards Mexico; and, HISTORICAL. r83 all, in burning the Indian houses burns up with them the bushels of pearls which he had obtained through the kindness of the beautiful Indian queen-the Ladie of the Countrie, they call her-whom he had met in South Carolina. At Mauvilla he learns that Maldonado with the ships is not far away-at Ochuse, or Pensacola. Here is a chance to get home. But he will not take it. He and Ortiz keep the news secret from the troops; and soon they all fare again into the interior, to the northwestward; they must have some gold, or die. And presently, with poor De Soto, this last alternative comes to be plainly inevitable. After leaving Mauvilla they wander about: the summer, the fall, the winter, pass, and still they are wandering; they have crossed the Mississippi (Rio Grande-Great River-they call it) in cottonwood boats, have penetrated up into the White River country; until finally the spring is come again, and they have got back among the desperate canebrakes, on the banks of the Great River. And now De Soto, with his Ulysses' wanderings, is liter- ally tired to death. A fever wears him away. One day in May of r542 he calls his people together; in the presence of death he forgets about gold and plunder: he makes them a grave and noble speech, and appoints them a commander. Next day he dies; and for fear of the Indians they let his body down, in a dark night, to the bottom of the Mississippi River. This man has been one of the most brilliant of his brilliant time. He has been a great conqueror, he has brought a hundred and eighty thousand ducats out of Peru; and the sum and final good of it is,-a little pitiful water-gurgle in a May night. The balance of the men start towards Mexico; and,  184 FLORIDA. after wild adventures, three hundred and forty out of the original thousand get back to Panuco. As for the result of this expedition, it is far beyond all the others: for it is the story of Hirrihigua's daughter- a story to which, in comparison, the "discovery" of the Mississippi River is but as a dried fig. One would think that this disastrous expedition was enough in all conscience to have been thoroughly satis- factory to these Spaniards. But it was not; the glamour of the riches of Mexico and of Peru still lay on their eyes; and so here, in 1559, comes the greatest expedition of all. Fifteen hundred men, with many priests bent on missionary work, under the command of Don Tristan de Luna, come up and land in the Bay of Santa Maria, or Pensacola. At the very start there is disaster: a hurri- cane destroys the whole fleet a few days after their arrival, with most of their provisions; but they send back for more and push into the country. They go through much the same experience with that of their predecessors. Sometimes the Indians are friendly, sometimes not. The priests do not convert any worth mentioning. It appears that even the friendly Indians do not always appreciate the pleasure of the Spaniards' company ; and one day a party of savages who have been entertaining them, and who find themselves likely to be eaten out of house and home by their guests, devise a pretty trick to get rid of them. A very gorgeous person, with a retinue, appears in the Spanish camp, declares amid much ceremony and grave formality that he is ambassador from the King of Coca (likely Coosa, in Alabama) to invite them there, and desires that he may conduct them. They receive him with effusion; and march towards Coca. Next morning the ambassador and all his suite are nowhere to be found; and the caballeros discover that the whole 184 FLORIDA. after wild adventures, three hundred and forty out of the original thousand get back to Panuco. As for the result of this expedition, it is far beyond all the others: for it is the story of Hirrihigua's daughter- a story to which, in comparison, the "discovery" of the Mississippi River is but as a dried fig. One would think that this disastrous expedition was enough in all conscience to have been thoroughly satis- factory to these Spaniards. But it was not; the glamour of the riches of Mexico and of Peru still lay on their eyes; and so here, in 1559, comes the greatest expedition of all. Fifteen hundred men, with many priests bent on missionary work, under the command of Don Tristan de Luna, come up and land in the Bay of Santa Maria, or Pensacola. At the very start there is disaster: a hurri. cane destroys the whole fleet a few days after their arrival, with most of their provisions; but they send back for more and push into the country. They go through much the same experience with that of their predecessors. Sometimes the Indians are friendly, sometimes not. The priests do not convert any worth mentioning. It appears that even the friendly Indians do not always appreciate the pleasure of the Spaniards' company ; and one day a party of savages who have been entertaining them, and who find themselves likely to be eaten out of house and home by their guests, devise a pretty trick to get rid of them. A very gorgeous person, with a retinue, appears in the Spanish camp, declares amid much ceremony and grave formality that he is ambassador from the King of Coca (likely Coosa, in Alabama) to invite them there, and desires that he may conduct them. They receive him with effusion; and march towards Coca. Next morning the ambassador and all his suite are nowhere to be found; and the caballeros discover that the whole 184 FLORIDA. after wild adventures, three hundred and forty out of the original thousand get back to Panuco. As for the result of this expedition, it is far beyond all the others: for it is the story of Hirrihigua's daughter- a story to which, in comparison, the "discovery" of the Mississippi River is but as a dried fig. One would think that this disastrous expedition was enough in all conscience to have been thoroughly satis- factory to these Spaniards. But it was not; the glamour of the riches of Mexico and of Peru still lay on their eyes ; and so here, in 1559, comes the greatest expedition of all. Fifteen hundred men, with many priests bent on missionary work, under the command of Don Tristan de Luna, come up and land in the Bay of Santa Maria, or Pensacola. At the very start there is disaster: a hurri- cane destroys the whole fleet a few days after their arrival, with most of their provisions; but they send back for more and push into the country. They go through much the same experience with that of their predecessors. Sometimes the Indians are friendly, sometimes not. The priests do not convert any worth mentioning. It appears that even the friendly Indians do not always appreciate the pleasure of the Spaniards' company ; and one day a party of savages who have been entertaining them, and who find themselves likely to be eaten out of house and home by their guests, devise a pretty trick to get rid of them. A very gorgeous person, with a retinue, appears in the Spanish camp, declares amid much ceremony and grave formality that he is ambassador from the King of Coca (likely Coosa, in Alabama) to invite them there, and desires that he may conduct them. They receive him with effusion; and march towards Coca. Next morning the ambassador and all his suite are nowhere to be found; and the caballeros discover that the whole  HISTORICAL. 18g thing is a grievous hoax. One fancies that these old Dons were villainously heavy persons, swashbucklers iron- clad as to their bodies and souls. If they had had the wit of Yankee soldiers or Confederates, then "going to see the King of Coca" would have been synonym for a hoax the world over. They marched on, however, to Coca. It was the old story. Quarrels arose in the camp; disaffection and mu- tiny sprung up; hunger--even to the living upon acorns -weariness, and death, all worked together; and finally my Lord Tristan de Luna, having got back to Santa Maria with a few followers, was ordered by the Viceroy of Mexico to come home. It would really seem that the Spaniards were now seri- ously thinking of letting Florida alone. But they were soon stirred up to fresh endeavor by the appearance of certain French Huguenots, who, under Jean Ribaut, came over in 1562, and after coasting along to the northward established a short-lived colony at Port Royal. In 1564 came Rend de Landonniere, also of the Huguenot party in France, and built Fort Caroline on the St. Johns, after having landed at the present site of St. Augustine and had amicable entertainment from a "paracoussi," or chief,. and his attendant subjects. The history of Florida now becomes the history of St. Augustine, for some years; and the reader is referred to the latter half of the chapter devoted to that city, where he will find some brief account of the wars be- tween the Spaniards and the Huguenots in Florida; of the massacre of the priests at St. Augustine by the son of the chief of Guale; of the sacking of the town by pirates, and the like matters, bringing up this outline to 1670-1. About this time certain English colonists get over to 16* HISTORICAL. 18g thing is a grievous hoax. One fancies that these old Dons were villainously heavy persons, swashbucklers iron- clad as to their bodies and souls. If they had had the wit of Yankee soldiers or Confederates, then "going to see the King of Coca" would have been synonym for a hoax the world over. They marched on, however, to Coca. It was the old story. Quarrels arose in the camp; disaffection and mu- tiny sprung up; hunger-even to the living upon acorns -weariness, and death, all worked together; and finally my Lord Tristan de Luna, having got back to Santa Maria with a few followers, was ordered by the Viceroy of Mexico to come home. It would really seem that the Spaniards were now seri- ously thinking of letting Florida alone. But they were soon stirred up to fresh endeavor by the appearance of certain French Huguenots, who, under Jean Ribaut, came over in 1562, and after coasting along to the northward established a short-lived colony at Port Royal. In 1564 came Rene de Laudonniere, also of the Huguenot party in France, and built Fort Caroline on the St. Johns, after having landed at the present site of St. Augustine and had amicable entertainment from a "paracoussi," or chief, and his attendant subjects. The history of Florida now becomes the history of St. Augustine, for some years ; and the reader is referred to the latter half of the chapter devoted to that city, where he will find some brief account of the wars be- tween the Spaniards and the Huguenots in Florida; of the massacre of the priests at St. Augustine by the son of the chief of Guale ; of the sacking of the town by pirates, and the like matters, bringing up this outline to z670-1. About this time certain English colonists get over to 16* HISTORICAL. 185 thing is a grievous hoax. One fancies that these old Dons were villainously heavy persons, swashbucklers iron- clad as to their bodies and souls. If they had had the wit of Yankee soldiers or Confederates, then "going to see the King of Coca" would have been synonym for a hoax the world over. They marched on, however, to Coca. It was the old story. Quarrels arose in the camp; disaffection and mu- tiny sprung up; hunger-even to the living upon acorns -weariness, and death, all worked together; and finally my Lord Tristan de Luna, having got back to Santa Maria with a few followers, was ordered by the Viceroy of Mexico to come home. It would really seem that the Spaniards were now seri- ously thinking of letting Florida alone. But they were soon stirred up to fresh endeavor by the appearance of certain French Huguenots, who, under Jean Ribaut, came over in 1562, and after coasting along to the northward established a short-lived colony at Port Royal. In 1564 came Rend de Laudonniere, also of the Huguenot party in France, and built Fort Caroline on the St. Johns, after having landed at the present site of St. Augustine and had amicable entertainment from a "paracoussi," or chief, and his attendant subjects. The history of Florida now becomes the history of St. Augustine, for some years; and the reader is referred to the latter half of the chapter devoted to that city, where he will find some brief account of the wars be- tween the Spaniards and the Huguenots in Florida; of the massacre of the priests at St. Augustine by the son of the chief of Guale; of the sacking of the town by pirates, and the like matters, bringing up this outline to 167o-1. About this time certain English colonists get over to 16*  r86 FLORIDA. Port Royal, and soon thereafter to the Ashley River. One would think there was room enough between the Ashley and the St. Johns for these little bands of col- onists. But no. People in these old days seem to have had a perfect mania of truculence upon them. No sooner does one man see another than he wants to fight him. They are not tamed and rendered social, as apriori one would conclude they might have been if even by the meere common brotherhood of the sensation of exile. So far from it, they land upon the shores of the New World ready, like Trinculo's party on the sands, to smite the very air for breathing in their faces. And so the two colonies straightway fall into hostilities which continue a long time. The Carolinians accuse the Spaniards of harboring their runaway servants; the Span- iards accuse the Carolinians of harboring pirates; until, in 1676, they come to blows. The Spaniards on their first expedition encounter entrenchments, and retreat; but in 1678 they come up again from St. Augustine, pillage Lord Cardross's Scotchmen on Port Royal Island and other settlements, and commit many atrocities. In 1696 the Spanish Government, roused to new energy by envy of the success of Monsieur de la Salle in explor- ing the Mississippi River, commenced colonizing the western coast of Florida, and build a fort at Pensacola (Pengacola). The South Carolinians, in the mean time, have not for- gotten the Port Royal barbarities; and, in 1702, they proceed to chastise the Floridian Spaniards. With about twelve hundred men, equally composed of white militia and red allies, they advance in two parties-one by sea under Governor Moore (then Governor of South Caro- lina), and another under Colonel Daniel moving in boats down the protected sounds on the coast and up the St. x86 FLORIDA. Port Royal, and soon thereafter to the Ashley River. One would think there was room enough between the Ashley and the St. Johns for these little bands of col- onists. But no. People in these old days seem to have had a perfect mania of truculence upon them. No sooner does one man see another than he wants to fight him. They are not tamed and rendered social, as apriori one would conclude they might have been if even by the mere common brotherhood of the sensation of exile. So far from it, they land upon the shores of the New World ready, like Trinculo's party on the sands, to smite the very air for breathing in their faces. And so the two colonies straightway fall into hostilities which continue a long time. The Carolinians accuse the Spaniards of harboring their runaway servants; the Span- iards accuse the Carolinians of harboring pirates; until, in 1676, they come to blows. The Spaniards on their first expedition encounter entrenchments, and retreat; but in 1678 they come up again from St. Augustine, pillage Lord Cardross's Scotchmen on Port Royal Island and other settlements, and commit many atrocities. In 1696 the Spanish Government, roused to new energy by envy of the success of Monsieur de la Salle in explor- ing the Mississippi River, commenced colonizing the western coast of Florida, and build a fort at Pensacola (Peneacola). The South Carolinians, in the mean time, have not for- gotten the Port Royal barbarities; and, in 1702, they proceed to chastise the Floridian Spaniards. With about twelve hundred men, equally composed of white militia and red allies, they advance in two parties-one by sea under Governor Moore (then Governor of South Caro- lina), and another under Colonel Daniel moving in boats down the protected sounds on the coast and up the St. 186 FLORIDA. Port Royal, and soon thereafter to the Ashley River. One would think there was room enough between the Ashley and the St. Johns for these little bands of col- onists. But no. People in these old days seem to have had a perfect mania of truculence upon them. No sooner does one man see another than he wants to fight him. They are not tamed and rendered social, as apriori one would conclude they might have been if even by the mere common brotherhood of the sensation of exile. So far from it, they land upon the shores of the New World ready, like Trinculo's party on the sands, to smite the very air for breathing in their faces. And so the two colonies straightway fall into hostilities which continue a long time. The Carolinians accuse the Spaniards of harboring their runaway servants; the Span- iards accuse the Carolinians of harboring pirates; until, in 1676, they come to blows. The Spaniards on their first expedition encounter entrenchments, and retreat; but in 1678 they come up again from St. Augustine, pillage Lord Cardross's Scotchmen on Port Royal Island and other settlements, and commit many atrocities. In 1696 the Spanish Government, roused to new energy by envy of the success of Monsieur de la Salle in explor- ing the Mississippi River, commenced colonizing the western coast of Florida, and build a fort at Pensacola (Pengacola). The South Carolinians, in the mean time, have not for- gotten the Port Royal barbarities; and, in 1702, they proceed to chastise the Floridian Spaniards. With about twelve hundred men, equally composed of white militia and red allies, they advance in two parties-one by sea under Governor Moore (then Governor of South Caro- lina), and another under Colonel Daniel moving in boats down the protected sounds on the coast and up the St.  liISTORICAL. 187 Johns to Picolata, thence across to St. Augustine, which is the objective-point of both columns. This latter party reach their destination first, drive the Spaniards into their fort, and hold the town. Governor Moore, on the sea-side, makes less headway. His guns are not big enough, he finds, after trying them; and Colonel Daniel is sent to Jamaica to get bigger ones. But while he is gone a couple of Spanish vessels appear, and Governor Moore seems to take a panic. He destroys his transports and extra supplies, burns poor St. Augustine (this burning of St. Augustine really appears to have acquired the force of a habit among all its con- querors, and the setting this ill-used town afire gets to be as much a matter of course as the lighting a cigar), and puts back to South Carolina, leaving Colonel Daniel, who returns from Jamaica in ignorance of this hasty departure, to come very near falling into the hands of the enemy. And now the Indians, as if they had not quarrels enough of their own, embrace the whites'. Nine hundred Apalachees advance against Carolina in behalf of the Spaniards; five hundred Creeks oppose them in behalf of the Carolinians. When the two meet, the Creeks more than make up for their deficiency in numbers by a trick of war. They hang up their blankets, as if they were all asleep, and hide near by; the Apalachees plunge into the camp, thinking to surprise it, and are completely whipped in a short time by the ambushed Creeks. Governor Moore is worried now about the St. Augustine fiasco, and gets together a thousand Creek Indians and a handful of militia to help him repair that failure. This time he lets St. Augustine alone, and moves down into the country about San Luis, a Spanish missionary station very near the present site of Tallahassee. He has better luck than last time. In his first serious battle he is so HISTORICAL. 1g7 Johns to Picolata, thence across to St. Augustine, which is the objective-point of both columns. This latter party reach their destination first, drive the Spaniards into their fort, and hold the town. Governor Moore, on the sea-side, makes less headway. His guns are not big enough, he finds, after trying them; and Colonel Daniel is sent to Jamaica to get bigger ones. But while he is gone a couple of Spanish vessels appear, and Governor Moore seems to take a panic. He destroys his transports and extra supplies, burns poor St. Augustine (this burning of St. Augustine really appears to have acquired the force of a habit among all its con- querors, and the setting this ill-used town afire gets to be as much a matter of course as the lighting a cigar), and puts back to South Carolina, leaving Colonel Daniel, who returns from Jamaica in ignorance of this hasty departure, to come very near falling into the hands of the enemy. And now the Indians, as if they had not quarrels enough of their own, embrace the whites'. Nine hundred Apalachees advance against Carolina in behalf of the Spaniards; five hundred Creeks oppose them in behalf of the Carolinians. When the two meet, the Creeks more than make up for their deficiency in numbers by a trick of war. They hang up their blankets, as if they were all asleep, and hide near by; the Apalachees plunge into the camp, thinking to surprise it, and are completely whipped in a short time by the ambushed Creeks. Governor Moore is worried now about the St. Augustine fiasco, and gets together a thousand Creek Indians and a handful of militia to help him repair that failure. This time he lets St. Augustine alone, and moves down into the country about San Luis, a Spanish missionary station very near the present site of Tallahassee. He has better luck than last time. In his first serious battle he is so HISTORICAL. 18y Johns to Picolata, thence across to St. Augustine, which is the objective-point of both columns. This latter party reach their destination first, drive the Spaniards into their fort, and hold the town. Governor Moore, on the sea-side, makes less headway. His guns are not big enough, he finds, after trying them; and Colonel Daniel is sent to Jamaica to get bigger ones. But while he is gone a couple of Spanish vessels appear, and Governor Moore seems to take a panic. He destroys his transports and extra supplies, burns poor St. Augustine (this burning of St. Augustine really appears to have acquired the force of a habit among all its con- querors, and the setting this ill-used town afire gets to be as much a matter of course as the lighting a cigar), and puts back to South Carolina, leaving Colonel Daniel, who returns from Jamaica in ignorance of this hasty departure, to come very near falling into the hands of the enemy. And now the Indians, as if they had not quarrels enough of their own, embrace the whites'. Nine hundred Apalachees advance against Carolina in behalf of the Spaniards; five hundred Creeks oppose them in behalf of the Carolinians. When the two meet, the Creeks more than make up for their deficiency in numbers by a trick of war. They hang up their blankets, as if they were all asleep, and hide near by; the Apalachees plunge into the camp, thinking to surprise it, and are completely whipped in a short time by the ambushed Creeks. Governor Moore is worried now about the St. Augustine fiasco, and gets together a thousand Creek Indians and a handful of militia to help him repair that failure. This time he lets St. Augustine alone, and moves down into the country about San Luis, a Spanish missionary station very near the present site of Tallahassee. He has better luck than last time. In his first serious battle he is so  x88 FLORIDA. fortunate as to kill the Spanish commander, Mexia, who is in charge at San Luis, together with about half of the four hundred Apalachees who are Mexia's allies. Then he has no further trouble, and he proceeds to, smite and spare not. Fort or church, arms or communion-plate-it makes no difference; all are burnt and plundered. That such things could go on down among these green woods and streams-where any man in his senses must, one would think, be drawn by the very force of nature into large labors and peaceful dreams-is to me only an- other proof that the world has not nearly enough insane asylums. Thus these neighbors, South Carolina and Florida, with their respective Indian sympathizers, continued to fare up and down for years, first one side, then the other, like so many shuttles weaving death and sorrow. Their expedi- tions and counter-expeditions were so numerous that in a meagre sketch like this one has not room even to specify their dates and commanders. On every side were heard the war-whoops, were seen the scalps. In one uprising of the Yemassees-although they were defeated finally and driven into Florida, where they had previously sent their wives and children to the protection of their Spanish friends-it is said that four hundred of the South Caro- lina people were slain. As time goes on, too, here come some new neighbors to Florida, who of course straightway begin to fight; these are the French who have made a settlement at Mobile. De Bienville, in charge there, about 1718, lands with a party on Santa Rosa Island, captures some Spanish sol- diers, puts their uniforms on some of his Frenchmen, and, skillfully pursuing his stratagem, captures the Spanish fort at Pensacola with its commander and entire garrison, being probably assisted (so say the Spanish) by four 188 FLORIDA. fortunate as to kill the Spanish commander, Mexia, who is in charge at San Luis, together with about half of the four hundred Apalachees who are Mexia's allies. Then he has no further trouble, and he proceeds to, smite and spare not. Fort or church, arms or communion-plate-it makes no difference; all are burnt and plundered. That such things could go on down among these green woods and streams-where any man in his senses must, one would think, be drawn by the very force of nature into large labors and peaceful dreams-is to me only an- other proof that the world has not nearly enough insane asylums. Thus these neighbors, South Carolina and Florida, with their respective Indian sympathizers, continued to fare up and down for years, first one side, then the other, like so many shuttles weaving death and sorrow. Their expedi- tions and counter-expeditions were so numerous that in a meagre sketch like this one has not room even to specify their dates and commanders. On every side were heard the war-whoops, were seen the scalps. In one uprising of the Yemassees-although they were defeated finally and driven into Florida, where they had previously sent their wives and children to the protection of their Spanish friends-it is said that four hundred of the South Caro- lina people were slain. As time goes on, too, here come some new neighbors to Florida, who of course straightway begin to fight; these are the French who have made a settlement at Mobile. De Bienville, in charge there, about 1718, lands with a party on Santa Rosa Island, captures sonar Spanish sol- diers, puts their uniforms on some of his Frenchmen, and, skillfully pursuing his stratagem, captures the Spanish fort at Pensacola with its commander and entire garrison, being probably assisted (so say the Spanish) by four 188 FLORIDA. fortunate as to kill the Spanish commander, Mexia, who is in charge at San Luis, together with about half of the four hundred Apalachees who are Mexia's allies. Then he has no further trouble, and he proceeds to. smite and spare not. Fort or church, arms or communion-plate-it makes no difference; all are burnt and plundered. That such things could go on down among these green woods and streams-where any man in his senses must, one would think, be drawn by the very force of nature into large labors and peaceful dreams-is to me only an- other proof that the world has not nearly enough insane asylums. Thus these neighbors, South Carolina and Florida, with their respective Indian sympathizers, continued to fare up and down for years, first one side, then the other, like so many shuttles weaving death and sorrow. Their expedi- tions and counter-expeditions were so numerous that in a meagre sketch like this one has not room even to specify their dates and commanders. On every side were heard the war-whoops, were seen the scalps. In one uprising of the Yemassees-although they were defeated finally and driven into Florida, where they had previously sent their wives and children to the protection of their Spanish friends-it is said that four hundred of the South Caro- lina people were slain. As time goes on, too, here come some new neighbors to Florida, who of course straightway begin to fight; these are the French who have made a settlement at Mobile. De Bienville, in charge there, about 1718, lands with a party on Santa Rosa Island, captures some Spanish sol- diers, puts their uniforms on some of his Frenchmen, and, skillfully pursuing his stratagem, captures the Spanish fort at Pensacola with its commander and entire garrison, being probably assisted (so say the Spanish) by four  IISTORICAL. 189 French frigates with their guns. The prisoners are sent to Havana, according to the terms of capitulation; here the Spanish resort to treachery, seize the vessels De Bien- ville had dispatched with the prisoners, and straightway organize a party to retake Pensacola, which De Bienville had left in charge of the Sieur de Chateaugud with a gar- rison. This counter-party play their trick in turn; they deceive De Chateaugud by sending in one of their treach- erously-taken French ships under her own flag ; then sud- denly dispatch another of their own vessels and open fire; and so, after some days of negotiation, recapture their fort. But the French do not let them have it long. They retake it in 1719, and, probably considering the game not worth the candle, shortly afterwards destroy the fort and burn the town and abandon the whole business. The Spanish made another settlement on Santa Rosa Island ; though it was still some years before Pensacola was commenced. The present Pensacola is probably only about one hundred and twenty-five years old. In these days it is this same mournful fugitive slave trouble that keeps the sore festering. When the Yemas- sees come ttp foraying from Florida, any negro that has a mind joins them and finds harborage with the Spanish. The absconding debtors and escaped criminals, too, find their Texas down in Florida; and altogether there is a grievous exodus of people who. are wanted in South Carolina. In 1725 two Spanish commissioners come up and meet Governor Middleton in Charleston to settle these matters; but they do not succeed; and finally things become so intolerable that one Captain Palmer, in 1727, with three hundred militia and a party of In- dian allies, fares down into Florida and strikes the ene- mies with the arm of a long-suffering and much-injured man, burning and killing, even destroying the Yemassee HISTORICAL. 189 French frigates with their guns. The prisoners are sent to Havana, according to the terms of capitulation ; here the Spanish resort to treachery, seize the vessels De Bien- ville had dispatched with the prisoners, and straightway organize a party to retake Pensacola, which De Bienville had left in charge of the Sieur de Chateaugu6 with a gar- rison. This counter-party play their trick in turn; they deceive De Chateaugue by sending in one of their treach- erously-taken French ships under her own flag ; then sud- denly dispatch another of their own vessels and open fire; and so, after some days of negotiation, recapture their fort. But the French do not let them have it long. They retake it in 1719, and, probably considering the game not worth the candle, shortly afterwards destroy the fort and burn the town and abandon the whole business. The Spanish made another settlement on Santa Rosa Island; though it was still some years before Pensacola was commenced. The present Pensacola is probably only about one hundred and twenty-five years old. In these days it is this same mournful fugitive slave trouble that keeps the sore festering. When the Yemas- sees come up foraying from Florida, any negro that has a mind joins them and finds harborage with the Spanish. The absconding debtors and escaped criminals, too, find their Texas down in Florida; and altogether there is a grievous exodus of people who. are wanted in South Carolina. In 1725 two Spanish commissioners come up and meet Governor Middleton in Charleston to settle these matters; but they do not succeed ; and finally things become so intolerable that one Captain Palmer, in 1727, with three hundred militia and a party of In- dian allies, fares down into Florida and strikes the ene- mies with the arm of a long-suffering and much-injured man, burning and killing, even destroying the Yemassee HISTORICAL. 189 French frigates with their guns. The prisoners are sent to Havana, according to the terms of capitulation; here the Spanish resort to treachery, seize the vessels De Bien- ville had dispatched with the prisoners, and straightway organize a party to retake Pensacola, which De Bienville had left in charge of the Sieur de Chateaugue with a gar- rison. This counter-party play their trick in turn ; they deceive De Chateaugu6 by sending in one of their treach- erously-taken French ships under her own flag ; then sud- denly dispatch another of their own vessels and open fire; and so, after some days of negotiation, recapture their fort. But the French do not let them have it long. They retake it in 1719, and, probably considering the game not worth the candle, shortly afterwards destroy the fort and burn the town and abandon the whole business. The Spanish made another settlement on Santa Rosa Island; though it was still some years before Pensacola was commenced. The present Pensacola is probably only about one hundred and twenty-five years old. In these days it is this same mournful fugitive slave trouble that keeps the sore festering. When the Yemas- sees come ttp foraying from Florida, any negro that has a mind joins them and finds harborage with the Spanish. The absconding debtors and escaped criminals, too, find their Texas down in Florida; and altogether there is a grievous exodus of people who are wanted in South Carolina. In 1725 two Spanish commissioners come up and meet Governor Middleton in Charleston to settle these matters; but they do not succeed; and finally things become so intolerable that one Captain Palmer, in 1727, with three hundred militia and a party of In- dian allies, fares down into Florida and strikes the ene- mies with the arm of a long-suffering and much-injured man, burning and killing, even destroying the Yemassee  r90 FLORIDA. village of Macariz not more than a mile north of St. Augustine. In 1732 came still another neighbor of Florida's on the scene; and, of course, again began to fight. The only thing in nature which approaches these people in truculence is crabs. Bring one crab near another, on shore ; imme- diately they spit at each other, and grapple. Thus with Georgia, under General Oglethorpe. This time it was the Spaniards that commenced. They desired politely that Oglethorpe would immediately withdraw from all that portion of Georgia lying south of St. Helena's Sound, for that the same was the land of the King of Spain. General Oglethorpe refused; negotiations between Eng- land and Spain followed: no settlement; and finally in May of 1740 we find Oglethorpe, with a regiment of English regulars, a company of Scotchmen from the Alta- maha under Captain McIntosh and a few Indians, at the mouth of the St. Johns on his way to attack St. Augus- tine, forty miles below. He advances without trouble, and captures and garrisons Fort Moosa, or the Negro Fort, a sort of stockade and block-house some two miles to the north of St. Augustine which the runaways had built and had been occupying. Then planting three batteries on Anastasia Island, and blockading, as he supposes, all the inlets by which supplies could reach the Spaniards from their friends, he leisurely proceeds to bombard and starve out Monteano, who is in charge of the fort. But, as might have been expected, matters do not work well. The three officers left at Fort Moosa (Colonel Palmer and Captains McIntosh and McKay) begin to quarrel among themselves; and presently some three hun- dred Spaniards sally out, surprise the place and retake it after killing and capturing many of the garrison. More- over, the men get discontented; the weather is warm, 190 FLORIDA. village of Macariz not more than a mile north of St. Augustine. In 1732 came still another neighbor of Florida's on the scene; and, of course, again began to fight. The only thing in nature which approaches these people in truculence is crabs. Bring one crab near another, on shore; imme- diately they spit at each other, and grapple. Thus with Georgia, under General Oglethorpe. This time it was the Spaniards that commenced. They desired politely that Oglethorpe would immediately withdraw from all that portion of Georgia lying south of St. Helena's Sound, for that the same was the land of the King of Spain. General Oglethorpe refused; negotiations between Eng- land and Spain followed: no settlement; and finally in May of 1740 we find Oglethorpe, with a regiment of English regulars, a company of Scotchmen from the Alta- maha under Captain McIntosh and a few Indians, at the mouth of the St. Johns on his way to attack St. Augus- tine, forty miles below. He advances without trouble, and captures and garrisons Fort Moosa, or the Negro Fort, a sort of stockade and block-house some two miles to the north of St. Augustine which the runaways had built and had been occupying. Then planting three batteries on Anastasia Island, and blockading, as he supposes, all the inlets by which supplies could reach the Spaniards from their friends, he leisurely proceeds to bombard and starve out Monteano, who is in charge of the fort. But, as might have been expected, matters do not work well. The three officers left at Fort Moosa (Colonel Palmer and Captains McIntosh and McKay) begin to quarrel among themselves; and presently some three hun- dred Spaniards sally out, surprise the place and retake it after killing and capturing many of the garrison. More- over, the men get discontented; the weather is warm, r9o FLORIDA. village of Macariz not more than a mile north of St. Augustine. In 1732 came still another neighbor of Florida's on the scene; and, of course, again began to fight. The only thing in nature which approaches these people in truculence is crabs. Bring one crab near another, on shore ; imme- diately they spit at each other, and grapple. Thus with Georgia, under General Oglethorpe. This time it was the Spaniards that commenced. They desired politely that Oglethorpe would immediately withdraw from all that portion of Georgia lying south of St. Helena's Sound, for that the same was the land of the King of Spain. General Oglethorpe refused; negotiations between Eng- land and Spain followed: no settlement; and finally in May of 1740 we find Oglethorpe, with a regiment of English regulars, a company of Scotchmen from the Alta- maha under Captain McIntosh and a few Indians, at the mouth of the St. Johns on his way to attack St. Augus- tine, forty miles below. He advances without trouble, and captures and garrisons Fort Moosa, or the Negro Fort, a sort of stockade and block-house some two miles to the north of St. Augustine which the runaways had built and had been occupying. Then planting three batteries on Anastasia Island, and blockading, as he supposes, all the inlets by which supplies could reach the Spaniards from their friends, he leisurely proceeds to bombard and starve out Monteano, who is in charge of the fort. But, as might have been expected, matters do not work well. The three officers left at Fort Moosa (Colonel Palmer and Captains McIntosh and McKay) begin to quarrel among themselves; and presentlysome three hun- dred Spaniards sally out, surprise the place and retake it after killing and capturing many of the garrison. More- over, the men get discontented; the weather is warm,  HISTORICAL. 191 and the mosquitoes-Spaniards by bloody instinct as well as by territorial nativity-shed a great deal of English blood. This Governor Monteano appears to have been a Span- iard at once stout and stately. He keeps up an energetic defense ; in reply to Oglethorpe's demand that he sur- render his fort, he swears to defend it to the last drop of blood, "and hopes soon to kiss his Excellency's hand within its walls." He maintains a sharp look-out with small armed boats, which are very troublesome. Finally Oglethorpe hears that Monteano has just received sup- plies through Mosquito Inlet-a hole which the general had neglected to stop up; and then, after much discus- sion, abandons the siege and carries back his men to Georgia, without having acquired any very great reputa- tion as a military commander. But it was not long before Governor Oglethorpe proved himself to be really a man of many resources, who could learn by failure. For in 1742 his opponent Monteano in turn assumed the offensive, and set out from St. Augus- tine with thirty-six vessels and some three thousand men for the purpose of striking a decisive blow at the new English colony. Monteano sailed for the bar of Bruns- wick harbor, between St. Simon's and Jekyll Islands; and on arriving was stoutly resisted by batteries which Oglethorpe had placed on the shore of St. Simon's and on vessels stationed near, in a rude and hasty way. It was not long before Monteano had passed these ; but here his triumph ended. Proceeding some days afterwards to attack Frederica, where Oglethorpe had retreated, Monteano's people were so stoutly assaulted while crowded together on a narrow causeway that he was compelled to fall back with the loss of many killed and captured. A subsequent attack by HISTORICAL. 191 and the mosquitoes-Spaniards by bloody instinct as well as by territorial nativity-shed a great deal of English blood. This Governor Monteano appears to have been a Span- iard at once stout and stately. He keeps up an energetic defense ; in reply to Oglethorpe's demand that he sur- render his fort, he swears to defend it to the last drop of blood, "and hopes soon to kiss his Excellency's hand within its walls." He maintains a sharp look-out with small armed boats, which are very troublesome. Finally Oglethorpe hears that Monteano has just received sup- plies through Mosquito Inlet-a hole which the general had neglected to stop up; and then, after much discus- sion, abandons the siege and carries back his men to Georgia, without having acquired any very great reputa- tion as a military commander. But it was not long before Governor Oglethorpe proved himself to be really a man of many resources, who could learn by failure. For in 1742 his opponent Monteano in turn assumed the offensive, and set out from St. Augus- tine with thirty-six vessels and some three thousand men for the purpose of striking a decisive blow at the new English colony. Monteano sailed for the bar of Bruns- wick harbor, between St. Simon's and Jekyll Islands; and on arriving was stoutly resisted by batteries which Oglethorpe had placed on the shore of St. Simon's and on vessels stationed near, in a rude and hasty way. It was not long before Monteano had passed these ; but here his triumph ended. Proceeding some days afterwards to attack Frederica, where Oglethorpe had retreated, Monteano's people were so stoutly assaulted while crowded together on a narrow causeway that he was compelled to fall back with the loss of many killed and captured. A subsequent attack by HISTORICAL. 191 and the mosquitoes-Spaniards by bloody instinct as well as by territorial nativity-shed a great deal of English blood. This Governor Monteano appears to have been a Span- iard at once stout and stately. He keeps up an energetic defense ; in reply to Oglethorpe's demand that he sur- render his fort, he swears to defend it to the last drop of blood, "and hopes soon to kiss his Excellency's hand within its walls." He maintains a sharp look-out with small armed boats, which are very troublesome. Finally Oglethorpe hears that Monteano has just received sup- plies through Mosquito Inlet-a hole which the general had neglected to stop up; and then, after much discus- sion, abandons the siege and carries back his men to Georgia, without having acquired any very great reputa- tion as a military commander. But it was not long before Governor Oglethorpe proved himself to be really a man of many resources, who could learn by failure. For in 1742 his opponent Monteano in turn assumed the offensive, and set out from St. Augus- tine with thirty-six vessels and some three thousand men for the purpose of striking a decisive blow at the new English colony. Monteano sailed for the bar of Bruns- wick harbor, between St. Simon's and Jekyll Islands; and on arriving was stoutly resisted by batteries which Oglethorpe had placed on the shore of St. Simon's and on vessels stationed near, in a rude and hasty way. It was not long before Monteano had passed these ; but here his triumph ended. Proceeding some days afterwards to attack Frederica, where Oglethorpe had retreated, Monteano's people were so stoutly assaulted while crowded together on a narrow causeway that he was compelled to fall back with the loss of many killed and captured. A subsequent attack by  192 FLORIDA. water resulted in no better success for Monteano. At this stage of the expedition, one of those tricks which the reader of the Florida wars soon comes to expect as a matter of course turned the tide in favor of the English. Governor Oglethorpe had resolved to profit by the causeway defeat, and had disposed his forces so as to at- tack the Spanish before they recovered from the demorali- zation of it; but a deserter from his forces to the Spanish carried the news and spoiled his plan. Oglethorpe at once avenged himself upon the deserter and mystified Monteano, by bribing a Spanish prisoner to carry a letter to the deserter in the Spanish camp, purporting to be written by a friend of his in Oglethorpe's camp, and offering him a large sum if he would represent to the Spanish commander that the English force was much weaker than it really was and would lead him upon an ambush after having thus induced him to attack. The Spanish prisoner, upon arriving at his own camp, was im- mediately searched, and Monteano was thrown into a muddle of profound bewilderment by the plot and coun- terplot which arose betwixt the letter and the poor de- serter's stout denial of having any such friend as the writer of it. In this ripe moment of perplexity three vessels from Charleston, with succors for Oglethorpe, appeared, and gave the finishing stroke to Monteano's wavering resolution; he called together his forces and straightway made sail backwards to St. Augustine. A few months afterwards Governor Oglethorpe completed his triumph by marching into Florida-to the very walls almost of the fort at St. Augustine, where his men cap- tured and killed forty Spanish soldiers-and offering battle to the Spaniards at their own stronghold. They refused; and matters appear to have been much more quiet there- after for several years, except certain murderous forays of 192 FLORIDA. water resulted in no better success for Monteano. At this stage of the expedition, one of those tricks which the reader of the Florida wars soon comes to expect as a matter of course turned the tide in favor of the English. Governor Oglethorpe had resolved to profit by the causeway defeat, and had disposed his forces so as to at- tack the Spanish before they recovered from the demorali- zation of it ; but a deserter from his forces to the Spanish carried the news and spoiled his plan. Oglethorpe at once avenged himself upon the deserter and mystified Monteano, by bribing a Spanish prisoner to carry a letter to the deserter in the Spanish camp, purporting to be written by a friend of his in Oglethorpe's camp, and offering him a large sum if he would represent to the Spanish commander that the English force was much weaker than it really was and would lead him upon an ambush after having thus induced him to attack. The Spanish prisoner, upon arriving at his own camp, was im- mediately searched, and Monteano was thrown into a muddle of profound bewilderment by the plot and coun- terplot which arose betwixt the letter and the poor de- serter's stout denial of having any such friend as the writer of it. In this ripe moment of perplexity three vessels from Charleston, with succors for Oglethorpe, appeared, and gave the fiishing stroke to Monteano's wavering resolution; he called together his forces and straightway made sail backwards to St. Augustine. A few months afterwards Governor Oglethorpe completed his triumph by marching into Florida-to the very walls almost of the fort at St. Augustine, where his men cap- tured and killed forty Spanish soldiers-and offering battle to the Spaniards at their own stronghold. They refused; and matters appear to have been much more quiet there- after for several years, except certain murderous forays of 192 FLORIDA. water resulted in no better success for Monteano. At this stage of the expedition, one of those tricks which the reader of the Florida wars soon comes to expect as a matter of course turned the tide in favor of the English. Governor Oglethorpe had resolved to profit by the causeway defeat, and had disposed his forces so as to at- tack the Spanish before they recovered from the demorali- zation of it; but a deserter from his forces to the Spanish carried the news and spoiled his plan. Oglethorpe at once avenged himself upon the deserter and mystified Monteano, by bribing a Spanish prisoner to carry a letter to the deserter in the Spanish camp, purporting to be written by a friend of his in Oglethorpe's camp, and offering him a large sum if he would represent to the Spanish commander that the English force was much weaker than it really was and would lead him upon an ambush after having thus induced him to attack. The Spanish prisoner, upon arriving at his own camp, was im- mediately searched, and Monteano was thrown into a muddle of profound bewilderment by the plot and coun- terplot which arose betwixt the letter and the poor de- serter's stout denial of having any such friend as the writer of it. In this ripe moment of perplexity three vessels from Charleston, with succors for Oglethorpe, appeared, and gave the finishing stroke to Monteano's wavering resolution; he called together his forces and straightway made sail backwards to St. Augustine. A few months afterwards Governor Oglethorpe completed his triumph by marching into Florida-to the very walls almost of the fort at St. Augustine, where his men cap- tured and killed forty Spanish soldiers-and offering battle to the Spaniards at their own stronghold. They refused; and matters appear to have been much more quiet there- after for several years, except certain murderous forays of  HISTORICAL. 193 Indians, which still continued. This peaceful state was confirmed by the treaty of peace between England and Spain in 1748. In 1762, however, war broke out again, in the course of which England captured Havana. Up to this time Florida had remained of a consistent color, blood-red, as one may say-right Spanish. But she now commenced to change like a chameleon, and for some years thereafter the people must have been often in some uncertainty whether they were Spaniards, Englishmen, Frenchmen, or United States citizens. In the tripartite treaty of 1763, between England, France and Spain, the former ceded Havana to the latter in exchange for Florida. The cession was a melancholy blow, however, to the Spanish in Florida; and it is said that all but five of the Spaniards in St. Augustine hastily disposed of their pos- sessions and left the country, some of them being only prevented by compulsion from even destroying the town. A new era now dawned upon Florida, which placed in strong relief the contrasted colonial policies of Spain and of Great Britain. Upon reviewing this sketch, one re- flects with astonishment that here these Spaniards have held this magnificent country of Florida since 1512-two hundred and fifty years, and over-and nearly the entire results of their labor are the beggarly settlements at St. Augustine and Pensacola,-even these mostly consisting of soldiers and office-holders ! The English at once com- menced to infuse a more vigorous life into Florida. The country called by that name was divided into East Florida and West Florida; East Florida comprising all of the present State of Florida except that portion lying to the westward of the Apalachicola River, and West Florida embracing the country lying between the Mississippi and Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas on the west, and the Chattahoochee and Apalachicola Rivers on the east, as far 1 17 HISTORICAL. 193 Indians, which still continued. This peaceful state was confirmed by the treaty of peace between England and Spain in 1748. In 1762, however, war broke out again, in the course of which England captured Havana. Up to this time Florida had remained of a consistent color, blood-red, as one may say-right Spanish. But she now commenced to change like a chameleon, and for some years thereafter the people must have been often in some uncertainty whether they were Spaniards, Englishmen, Frenchmen, or United States citizens. In the tripartite treaty of 1763, between England, France and Spain, the former ceded Havana to the latter in exchange for Florida. The cession was a melancholy blow, however, to the Spanish in Florida; and it is said that all but fire of the Spaniards in St. Augustine hastily disposed of their pos- sessions and left the country, some of them being only prevented by compulsion from even destroying the town. A new era now dawned upon Florida, which placed in strong relief the contrasted colonial policies of Spain and of Great Britain. Upon reviewing this sketch, one re- flects with astonishment that here these Spaniards have held this magnificent country of Florida since 1512-two hundred and fifty years, and over-and nearly the entire results of their labor are the beggarly settlements at St. Augustine and Pensacola,-even these mostly consisting of soldiers and office-holders l The English at once com- menced to infuse a more vigorous life into Florida. The country called by that name was divided into East Florida and West Florida; East Florida comprising all of the present State of Florida except that portion lying to the westward of the Apalachicola River, and West Florida embracing the country lying between the Mississippi and Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas on the west, and the Chattahoochee and Apalachicola Rivers on the east, as far 1 17 HISTORICAL. 193 Indians, which still continued. This peaceful state was confirmed by the treaty of peace between England and Spain in 1748. In 1762, however, war broke out again, in the course of which England captured Havana. Up to this time Florida had remained of a consistent color, blood-red, as one may say-right Spanish. But she now commenced to change like a chameleon, and for some years thereafter the people must have been often in some uncertainty whether they were Spaniards, Englishmen, Frenchmen, or United States citizens. In the tripartite treaty of 1763, between England, France and Spain, the former ceded Havana to the latter in exchange for Florida. The cession was a melancholy blow, however, to the Spanish in Florida; and it is said that all but five of the Spaniards in St. Augustine hastily disposed of their pos- sessions and left the country, some of them being only prevented by compulsion from even destroying the town. A new era now dawned upon Florida, which placed in strong relief the contrasted colonial policies of Spain and of Great Britain. Upon reviewing this sketch, one re- flects with astonishment that here these Spaniards have held this magnificent country of Florida since 1512-two hundred and fifty years, and over-and nearly the entire results of their labor are the beggarly settlements at St. Augustine and Pensacola,-even these mostly consisting of soldiers and office-holders l The English at once com- menced to infuse a more vigorous life into Florida. The country called by that name was divided into East Florida and West Florida; East Florida comprising all of the present State of Florida except that portion lying to the westward of the Apalachicola River, and West Florida embracing the country lying between the Mississippi and Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas on the west, and the Chattahoochee and Apalachicola Rivers on the east, as far 1 17  194 FLORIDA. up as the thirty-first parallel of north latitude. In the same year-1 763-General James Grant was appointed Colonial Governor of East Florida, and appears to have at once commenced to carry out wise plans. Immigra- tion was invited; liberal grants of land were made to the soldiers in the late wars upon condition of settlement and of quit-rents after ten years, the field-officers getting five thousand acres, captains three thousand, subalterns two thousand, non-commissioned officers two hundred, and privates fifty acres, each. Books, pictures and other descriptive publications were issued and distributed ; the production of indigo and of naval stores was stimulated by offering bounties thereon; good roads were constructed (among others, the road from Fort Barrington to St. Augustine, which still remains good, and is still called "the King's road"), and every means was used to develop the country. Beresford and Spring Garden were settled; Dennis Rolle brought over a hundred English families and located a colony at a point still called Rollestown, a few miles above Pilatka, on the opposite side of the St. Johns; and Sir William Duncan and Dr. Turnbull estab- lished fifteen hundred Greeks and Minorcans, brought over from Smyrna, at a point called New Smyrna near Mosquito Inlet. This latter colony was fostered by great expenditures, and seemed likely to prosper at first in cul- tivating indigo; but quarrels arose between the settlers and Turnbull; the matter was carried into the courts, the contracts of service were rescinded, and the whole colony removed to St. Augustine, where their descendants still occupy what is called the Minorcan Quarter-that portion of the town lying next the fort. The war of the Revolution now came on, and Florida became an asylum for the tories and loyalists of Georgia and South Carolina. It is said that in 1778 nearly seven 194 FLORIDA. up as the thirty-first parallel of north latitude. In the same year-1763-General James Grant was appointed Colonial Governor of East Florida, and appears to have at once commenced to carry out wise plans. Immigra- tion was invited; liberal grants of land were made to the soldiers in the late wars upon condition of settlement and of quit-rents after ten years, the field-officers getting five thousand acres, captains three thousand, subalterns two thousand, non-commissioned officers two hundred, and privates fifty acres, each. Books, pictures and other descriptive publications were issued and distributed; the production of indigo and of naval stores was stimulated by offering bounties thereon ; good roads were constructed (among others, the road from Fort Barrington to St. Augustine, which still remains good, and is still called "the King's road"), and every means was used to develop the country. Beresford and Spring Garden were settled; Dennis Rolle brought over a hundred English families and located a colony at a point still called Rollestown, a few miles above Pilatka, on the opposite side of the St. Johns; and Sir William Duncan and Dr. Turnbull estab- lished fifteen hundred Greeks and Minorcans, brought over from Smyrna, at a point called New Smyrna near Mosquito Inlet. This latter colony was fostered by great expenditures, and seemed likely to prosper at first in cul- tivating indigo; but quarrels arose between the settlers and Turnbull; the matter was carried into the courts, the contracts of service were rescinded, and the whole colony removed to St. Augustine, where their descendants still occupy what is called the Minorcan Quarter-that portion of the town lying next the fort. The war of the Revolution now came on, and Florida became an asylum for the tories and loyalists of Georgia and South Carolina. It is said that in 1778 nearly seven 194 FLORIDA up as the thirty-first parallel of north latitude. In the same year-1763-General James Grant was appointed Colonial Governor of East Florida, and appears to have at once commenced to carry out wise plans. Immigra- tion was invited; liberal grants of land were made to the soldiers in the late wars upon condition of settlement and of quit-rents after ten years, the field-officers getting five thousand acres, captains three thousand, subalterns two thousand, non-commissioned officers two hundred, and privates fifty acres, each. Books, pictures and other descriptive publications were issued and distributed ; the production of indigo and of naval stores was stimulated by offering bounties thereon ; good roads were constructed (among others, the road from Fort Barrington to St. Augustine, which still remains good, and is still called " the King's road"), and every means was used to develop the country. Beresford and Spring Garden were settled; Dennis Rolle brought over a hundred English families and located a colony at a point still called Rollestown, a few miles above Pilatka, on the opposite side of the St. Johns; and Sir William Duncan and Dr. Turnbull estab- lished fifteen hundred Greeks and Minorcans, brought over from Smyrna, at a point called New Smyrna near Mosquito Inlet. This latter colony was fostered by great expenditures, and seemed likely to prosper at first in cul- tivating indigo; but quarrels arose between the settlers and Turnbull; the matter was carried into the courts, the contracts of service were rescinded, and the whole colony removed to St. Augustine, where their descendants still occupy what is called the Minorcan Quarter-that portion of the town lying next the fort. The war of the Revolution now came on, and Florida became an asylum for the tories and loyalists of Georgia and South Carolina. It is said that in 1778 nearly seven  HISTORICAL. 195 thousand of these persons moved there. Several ineffect- ual attempts and counter-attempts at invasion were made between Florida forces on the one side and those of Geor- gia and South Carolina on the other; but it was not until the latter part of 1778 that General Prevost moved up from St. Augustine with the Florida troops to unite in the opera- tions before Savannah. It was in this expedition that the celebrated Rory (Roderick) McIntosh figured, a redoubt- able gentleman of Scotch ancestry, whose name is con- nected by dozens of droll stories with the cities of St. Augustine, Savannah, and Charleston during these days. "I recollect seeing," says the venerable John Cowper in a letter published in White's Historical Collections of Georgia, "in St. Augustine, on some public day, Rory, Colonel McArthur, and Major Small . . . parading the streets in full Highland costume, attended by their pipers.. .. In 1777 he must have been about sixty-five years of age, about six feet in height, strongly built, (with) white frizzled bushy hair, and large whiskers (then uncommon) frizzled fiercely out, a ruddy McIntosh complexion, handsome, large, and muscular limbs. In walking, or rather striding, his step must have been four feet." Rory was keenly solicitous for the honor both of his country and of his dog. E.g., he one day makes his appearance in Savannah and calls on Cowper & Telfair, his bankers, for money to bear his expenses to Charleston. He appears unusually agitated, and Mr. Cowper, after much difficulty, elicits the outburst: "'That reptile in Charleston, Gadsden, has insulted my country, and I will put him to death.' "'What has he done?' says Mr. Cowper. "' Why,' says Rory, ' on being asked how he meant to fill up his wharf in Charleston, he replied, wit imprted Scotcamen, who were fit for nothing better!' "' With repeated persuasions the irate Scotchman was finally induced to return to his home at Mallow. HISTORICAL. 195 thousand of these persons moved there. Several ineffect- ual attempts and counter-attempts at invasion were made between Florida forces on the one side and those of Geor- gia and Scuth Carolina on the other; but it was not until the latter part of 1778 that General Prevost moved up from St. Augustine with the Florida troops to unite in the opera- tions before Savannah. It was in this expedition that the celebrated Rory (Roderick) McIntosh figured, a redoubt- able gentleman of Scotch ancestry, whose name is con- nected by dozens of droll stories with the cities of St. Augustine, Savannah, and Charleston during these days. "I recollect seeing," says the venerable John Cowper in a letter published in White's Historical Collections of Georgia, "in St. Augustine, on some public day, Rory, Colonel McArthur, and Major Small . . . parading the streets in full Highland costume, attended by their piers.... In 1777 tse must have ieen about sixty-five years of age, about six feet in height, strongly built, (with) white frizzled bushy hair, and large whiskers (then uncommon) frizzled fiercely out, a ruddy McIntosh complexion, handsome, large, and muscular limbs. In walking, or rather striding, his step must have been four feet." Rory was keenly solicitous for the honor both of his country and of his dog. E.g., he one day makes his appearance in Savannah and calls on Cowper & Telfair, his bankers, for money to bear his expenses to Charleston. He appears unusually agitated, and Mr. Cowper, after much difficulty, elicits the outburst: "'Th at reptile in Charleston, Gadsden, has insulted my country, and I will put him to death.' "'What has he done?' says Mr. Cowper. 'Why,' says Rory, ' on being asked how he meant to fill up his wharf in Charleston, he replied, wit impor/ed ScotrAen, who were fit for nothing better!l' With repeated persuasions the irate Scotchman was finally induced to return to his home at Mallow. HISTORICAL. 195 thousand of these persons moved there. Several ineffect- ual attempts and counter-attempts at invasion were made between Florida forces on the one side and those of Geor- gia and Scuth Carolina on the other; but it was not until the latter part of 1778 that General Prevost moved up from St. Augustine with the Florida troops to unite in the opera- tions before Savannah. It was in this expedition that the celebrated Rory (Roderick) McIntosh figured, a redoubt- able gentleman of Scotch ancestry, whose name is con- nected by dozens of droll stories with the cities of St. Augustine, Savannah, and Charleston during these days. " I recollect seeing," says the venerable John Cowper in a letter published in White's Historical Collections of Georgia, "in St. Augustine, on some public day, Rory, Colonel McArthur, and Major Small . . . parading the streets in full Highland costume, attended by their pipers.... In 1777 he most have been about sixty-ive years of age, about six feet in height, strongly built, (with) white frizzled bushy hair, and large whiskers (then uncommon) frizzled fiercely out, a ruddy McIntosh complexion, handsome, large, and muscular limbs. In walking, or rather striding, his step mast have been four feet." Rory was keenly solicitous for the honor both of his country and of his dog. E.g., he one day makes his appearance in Savannah and calls on Cowper & Telfair, his bankers, for money to bear his expenses to Charleston. He appears unusually agitated, and Mr. Cowper, after much difficulty, elicits the outburst : "' That reptile in Charleston, Gadsden, bas insulted my country, and I will put him to death.' "'What has he done?' says Mr. Cowper. 'Why,' says Rory, ' on being asked how he meant to filt up his wharf in Charleston, he replied, wit imported Scotchmen, who were fit for nothing better !'" With repeated persuasions the irate Scotchman was finally induced to return to his home at Mallow.  196 FLORIDA. " He was fond of dogs, .. .one in particular named Luath, which he had taught to take his back scent. He laid a considerable bet that he would hide a doubloon at three miles' distance and that Luath would find it. Luath went off on his trail and returned pant- ing, his tongue out, but no doubloon. * Treason !' cried Rory, and off he and Loath went. The log was turned over, and the dog had scratched under it. A man appeared at some distance splitting rails. Without ceremony Rory drew his dirk, and swore that he would put him to instant death unless he returned the money. The man gave it up, saying that he had seen Me. McIntosh put something under the log, and on examining had found it gold. Rory tossed him back the money. ' Take it,' said he, ' vile caitiff ! It was not the pelf, but the honor of my dog I cared for.'" One evening in Charleston, Rory marches into the house of Captain James Wallace, attended by his piper. "I am come, madam," said he to Mrs. Wallace, who was from the Highlands, " to take a cup of tea and give you a taste of our country's music !" This Rory had been in that melancholy Fort Moosa capture, hereinbefore related. During the expedition under Prevost to Savannah, just spoken of, Sunbury (in Liberty County, Georgia) was attacked. Among the Flor- ida troops before the fort, there, was Rory McIntosh. "Early one morning, when he had made rather free with 'mountain dew,' he insisted on sallying out to summon the fort to surrender. His friends could not restrain him ; so out he strutted, claymore in hand, followed by his faithful slave Jim, and approached the fort, roaring out, ' Surrender, you miscreants ! How dare you presume to re- sist his Majesty's arms?' " . .. The commander of the fort knew him, and seeing his condition forbade any one from firing on him. As Rory kept advancing, the cotm- mander, whose name was also McIntosh, and who seems to have been a man who understood how to carry a joke, " threw open the gate and said, ' Walk in, Mr. McIntosh, 196 FLORIDA. "He was fond of dogs, . .. one in particular named Loath, which he had taught to take his back scent. He laid a considerable bet that he would hide a doubloon at three miles' distance and that Luath would find it. Loath went off on his trail and returned pat. ing, his tongue out, but no doubloon. 'Treason ' cried Rory, and off he and Loath went. The log was turned over, and the dog had scratched under it. A man appeared at some distance splitting rails. Without ceremony Rory drew his dirk, and swore that he would put him to instant death unless he returned the money. The man gave it up, saying that he had seen Mr. McIntosh put something under the log, and on examining had found it gold. Rory tossed him back the money. ' Take it,' said he, ' vile caitiff! It was not the pelf, but the honor of my dog I cared for.'" One evening in Charleston, Rory marches into the house of Captain James Wallace, attended by his piper. "I am come, madam," said he to Mrs. Wallace, who was from the Highlands, "to take a cup of tea and give you a taste of our country's music !" This Rory had been in that melancholy Fort Moosa capture, hereinbefore related. During the expedition under Prevost to Savannah, just spoken of, Sunbury (in Liberty County, Georgia) was attacked. Among the Flor- ida troops before the fort, there, was Rory McIntosh. "Early one morning, when he had made rather free with 'mountain dew,' he insisted on sallying out to summon the fort to surrender. His friends could not restrain him; so out he strutted, claymore in hand, followed by his faithful slave Jim, and approached the fort, roaring out, 'Surrender, you miscreants ! How dare you presume to re- sist his Majesty's arms?''" . . . The commander of the fort knew him, and seeing his condition forbade any one from firing on him. As Rory kept advancing, the com- mander, whose name was also McIntosh, and who seems to have been a man who understood how to carry a joke, "threw open the gate and said, 'Walk in, Mr. McIntosh, 196 FLORIDA. "He was fond of dogs, ... one in particular named Loath, which he had taught to take his back scent. He laid a considerable bet that he would hide a doubloon at three miles' distance and that Luath would find it. Loath went off on his trail and returned pant- ing, his tongue out, but no doubloon. ' Treason !' cried Rory, and off he and Luath went. The log was turned over, and the dog had scratched under it. A man appeared at some distance splitting rails. Without ceremony Rory drew his dirk, and swore that he would put him to instant death unless he returned the money. The man gave it up, saying that he had seen Mr. McIntosh put something under the log, and on examining had found it gold. Rory tossed him back the money. ' Take it,' said he, 'vile caitiff! It was not the pelf, but the honor of my dog I cared for.'" One evening in Charleston, Rory marches into the house of Captain James Wallace, attended by his piper. " I am come, madam," said he to Mrs. Wallace, who was from the Highlands, " to take a cup of tea and give you a taste of our country's music !" This Rory had been in that melancholy Fort Moosa capture, hereinbefore related. During the expedition under Prevost to Savannah, just spoken of, Sunbury (in Liberty County, Georgia) was attacked. Among the Flor- ida troops before the fort, there, was Rory McIntosh. "Early one morning, when he had made rather free with 'omountain dew,' he insisted on sallying out to summon the fort to surrender. His friends could not restrain him; so out he strutted, claymore in hand, followed by his faithful slave Jim, and approached the fort, roaring out, ' Surrender, you miscreants ! How dare you presume to re- sist his Majesty's arms?' " . .. The commander of the fort knew him, and seeing his condition forbade any one from firing on him. As Rory kept advancing, the corn- mander, whose name was also McIntosh, and who seems to have been a man who understood how to carry a joke, " threw open the gate and said, ' Walk in, Mr. McIntosh,  IIISTORICAL. 197 and take possession.' ' No,' said Rory, ' I will not trust myself among such vermin, but I order you to surren- der!'" This appears to have been too much for sone of the men in the fort, and a rifle was fired at Rory, " the ball from which passed through his face," below his eyes. '' He stumbled and fell, but immediately recovered, and retreated backwards flourishing his sword. Several drop- ping shots followed, and Jim called out, ' Run, massa! dey kill you!' 'Run, poor slave,' says Rory; 'thou mayst run, but I am of a race that never runs!' " and the re- doubtable old hero got back safely into his own lines. Sunbury, which had been unsuccessfully attacked a short time before by an expedition from Florida, was this time captured, and the troops moved on and took part in the reduction of Savannah. In 1780, Governor Tonyn called the first General Assembly of the province of Florida together. Florida now seemed to have emerged upon a steady career of peaceful prosperity. The culture of indigo had succeeded admirably ; forty thousand barrels of naval stores had been shipped in 1779; turpentine was worth thirty-six shillings a barrel ; and the estimation of all the manifold agricultural capacities of the State was growing so rapidly abroad that there can be no doubt it would have received a very great accession of hard-working immigrants had not one of those sudden changes of for- tune occurred which seem for three hundred years to have made this unhappy country a mere ball of fate to be tossed about from king to king. In the year 1783 the Government of Great Britain concluded suddenly that it was worthless to retain the province of Florida. Those constituting the United States had been taken away; and even a part of Florida was already gone; for in the year 1781, De Galvez, the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, 17* HISTORICAL. 197 and take possession.' ' No,' said Rory, ' I will not trust myself among such vermin, but I order you to surren- der!'" This appears to have been too much for some of the men in the fort, and a rifle was fired at Rory, '' the ball from which passed through his face," below his eyes. "He stumbled and fell, but immediately recovered, and retreated backwards flourishing his sword. Several drop- ping shots followed, and Jim called out, ' Run, massa! dey kill you!' 'Run, poor slave,' says Rory; 'thou mayst run, but I am of a race that never runs !' ' and the re- doubtable old hero got back safely into his own lines. Sunbury, which had been unsuccessfully attacked a short time before by an expedition from Florida, was this time captured, and the troops moved on and took part in the reduction of Savannah. In 178o, Governor Tonyn called the first General Assembly of the province of Florida together. Florida now seemed to have emerged upon a steady career of peaceful prosperity. The culture of indigo had succeeded admirably; forty thousand barrels of naval stores had been shipped in 1779; turpentine was worth thirty-six shillings a barrel; and the estimation of all the manifold agricultural capacities of the State was growing so rapidly abroad that there can be no doubt it would have received a very great accession of hard-working immigrants had not one of those sudden changes of for- tune occurred which seem for three hundred years to have made this unhappy country a mere ball of fate to be tossed about from king to king. In the year 1783 the Government of Great Britain concluded suddenly that it was worthless to retain the province of Florida. Those constituting the United States had been taken away; and even a part of Florida was already gone; for in the year 1781, De Galvez, the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, I7* IhISTORICAL. 197 and take possession.' ' No,' said Rory, ' I will not trust myself among such vermin, but I order you to surren- der!'" This appears to have been too much for some of the men in the fort, and a rifle was fired at Rory, "the ball from which passed through his face," below his eyes. " He stumbled and fell, but immediately recovered, and retreated backwards flourishing his sword. Several drop- ping shots followed, and Jim called out, ' Run, massa! dey kill you!' 'Run, poor slave,' says Rory; 'thou mayst run, but I am of a race that never runs !' " and the re- doubtable old hero got back safely into his own lines. Sunbury, which had been unsuccessfully attacked a short time before by an expedition from Florida, was this time captured, and the troops moved on and took part in the reduction of Savannah. In 178o, Governor Tonyn called the first General Assembly of the province of Florida together. Florida now seemed to have emerged upon a steady career of peaceful prosperity. The culture of indigo had succeeded admirably; forty thousand barrels of naval stores had been shipped in 1779; turpentine was worth thirty-six shillings a barrel; and the estimation of all the manifold agricultural capacities of the State was growing so rapidly abroad that there can be no doubt it would have received a very great accession of hard-working immigrants had not one of those sudden changes of for- tune occurred which seem for three hundred years to have made this unhappy country a mere ball of fate to be tossed about from king to king. In the year 1783 the Government of Great Britain concluded suddenly that it was worthless to retain the province of Florida. Those constituting the United States had been taken away; and even a part of Florida was already gone; for in the year 1781, De Galvez, the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, 17*  198 FLORIDA. had attacked Pensacola-which was at that time a strong post, garrisoned with a thousand men, under General Campbell-and after a stout resistance, which was finally rendered hopeless by the explosion of a shell in the mag- azine of Fort San Michel, had captured it. Florida being thus isolated, Great Britain ceded it to Spain in 1783, by a treaty which allowed the British inhabitants of the State eighteen months to move out; and the un- happy Floridians found all their labors brought to igno- minious result. It was no small addition to the troubles of their situation that many of them, having been loyalists, could look to no very pleasant residence in the now inde- pendent States of the Union; and there was really great difficulty in finding a suitable place of refuge. Transpor- tation was provided by the Government, and the inhabitants were carried to England, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Nova Scotia, some, not loyalists, returning to South Carolina. Possession was taken by Spain, at St. Augustine, in 1784; a Spanish lethargy settled upon the land ; the fine estates of the thrifty Englishmen mouldered into decay; few settlers came in from Spain; the activity of the State was principally confined to trading with the Indians, and to foiling the desperate attempts of adventurers like William Bowles and Daniel McGirth, who were for some time moving about among the Indians and exciting them to bloody disaffections with ingenious stories against the Spanish. Those who desire to pursue further the arts and machinations of these singular men, and to learn more of the remarkable Alexander MacGillivray, who was chief of the great Creek Nation at this time, will find some in- teresting particulars of them collected in the History of Florida, by George R. Fairbanks: Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, 1871. Florida continued now for a long time a mere border- 198 FLORIDA. had attacked Pensacola-which was at that time a strong post, garrisoned with a thousand men, under General Campbell-and after a stout resistance, which was finally rendered hopeless by the explosion of a shell in the mag- azine of Fort San Michel, had captured it. Florida being thus isolated, Great Britain ceded it to Spain in 1783, by a treaty which allowed the British inhabitants of the State eighteen months to move out; and the un- happy Floridians found all their labors brought to igno- minious result. It was no small addition to the troubles of their situation that many of them, having been loyalists, could look to no very pleasant residence in the now inde- pendent States of the Union; and there was really great difficulty in finding a suitable place of refuge. Transpor- tation was provided by the Government, and the inhabitants were carried to England, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Nova Scotia, some, not loyalists, returning to South Carolina. Possession was taken by Spain, at St. Augustine, in 1784; a Spanish lethargy settled upon the land; the fine estates of the thrifty Englishmen mouldered into decay; few settlers came in from Spain ; the activity of the State was principally confined to trading with the Indians, and to foiling the desperate attempts of adventurers like William Bowles and Daniel McGirth, who were for some time moving about among the Indians and exciting them to bloody disaffections with ingenious stories against the Spanish. Those who desire to pursue further the arts and machinations of these singular men, and to learn more of the remarkable Alexander MacGillivray, who was chief of the great Creek Nation at this time, will find some in- teresting particulars of them collected in the History of Florida, by George R. Fairbanks: Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, 1871. Florida continued now for a long time a mere border- 198 FLORIDA. had attacked Pensacola-which was at that time a strong post, garrisoned with a thousand men, under General Campbell-and after a stout resistance, which was finally rendered hopeless by the explosion of a shell in the mag- azine of Fort San Michel, had captured it. Florida being thus isolated, Great Britain ceded it to Spain in 1783, by a treaty which allowed the British inhabitants of the State eighteen months to move out; and the un- happy Floridians found all their labors brought to igno- minious result. It was no small addition to the troubles of their situation that many of them, having been loyalists, could look to no very pleasant residence in the now inde- pendent States of the Union; and there was really great difficulty in finding a suitable place of refuge. Transpor- tation was provided by the Government, and the inhabitants were carried to England, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Nova Scotia, some, not loyalists, returning to South Carolina. Possession was taken by Spain, at St. Augustine, in 1784; a Spanish lethargy settled upon the land; the fine estates of the thrifty Englishmen mouldered into decay; few settlers came in from Spain ; the activity of the State was principally confined to trading with the Indians, and to foiling the desperate attempts of adventurers like William Bowles and Daniel McGirth, who were for some time moving about among the Indians and exciting them to bloody disaffections with ingenious stories against the Spanish. Those who desire to pursue further the arts and machinations of these singular men, and to learn more of the remarkable Alexander MacGillivray, who was chief of the great Creek Nation at this time, will find some in- teresting particulars of them collected in the History of Florida, by George R. Fairbanks: Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, 1871. Florida continued now for a long time a mere border-  HISTORICAL. 199 land, torn with Indian fights, and with irregular conflicts of adventuring parties and of ill-advised republican frontiersmen. In the year 1812 a party of these latter went so far as to meet in Southern Georgia and adopt a constitution, which they proposed to set up over the be- nighted inhabitants of Florida. They elected General John H. McIntosh to be head of the new republic, and Colonel Ashley commander of the army, moved down upon Fernandina, then just growing to be a place of some commercial resort, and captured the fort and garrison, with the ill-advised assistance of some American gunboats which happened to be in the harbor of Fernandina at that time under special instructions from the United States Government. They then marched upon St. Augustine; but in the mean time protests were made by the Spanish Government, followed by disavowal and recall on the part of the United States; and the new republic had to take itself out of Florida, with the loss of eight men killed by bushwhacking negroes from St. Augustine. It was during this expedition that a party of one hundred and ten men, under Colonel Newnan, of Georgia, penetrated into the Alachua country to near Lake Pithlachocco, where, in a severe battle with the Indians, under their King Payne, the latter were defeated after the exercise of much clever strategy and stout bravery by Newnan and his party. Payne is said to have behaved like a hero in this fight, and to have ridden a white horse into action, urging his men forward with consummate bravery. Bowlegs, a co-leader with Payne, kept up the fight with great vigor; and it was only after eight days, in which Newnan had been compelled to fortify and undergo a siege, that he managed to effect a retreat. During the retreat he was again attacked by the Seminoles, and lost several men. His command suffered greatly for food HISTORICAL. 199 land, torn with Indian fights, and with irregular conflicts of adventuring parties and of ill-advised republican frontiersmen. In the year 1812 a party of these latter went so far as to meet in Southern Georgia and adopt a constitution, which they proposed to set up over the be- nighted inhabitants of Florida. They elected General John H. McIntosh to be head of the new republic, and Colonel Ashley commander of the army, moved down upon Fernandina, then just growing to be a place of some commercial resort, and captured the fort and garrison, with the ill-advised assistance of some American gunboats which happened to be in the harbor of Fernandina at that time under special instructions from the United States Government. They then marched upon St. Augustine; but in the mean time protests were made by the Spanish Government, followed by disavowal and recall on the part of the United States; and the new republic had to take itself out of Florida, with the loss of eight men killed by bushwhacking negroes from St. Augustine. It was during this expedition that a party of one hundred and ten men, under Colonel Newnan, of Georgia, penetrated into the Alachua country to near Lake Pithlachocco, where, in a severe battle with the Indians, under their King Payne, the latter were defeated after the exercise of much clever strategy and stout bravery by Newnan and his party. Payne is said to have behaved like a hero in this fight, and to have ridden a white horse into action, urging his men forward with consummate bravery. Bowlegs, a co-leader with Payne, kept up the fight with great vigor; and it was only after eight days, in which Newnan had been compelled to fortify and undergo a siege, that he managed to effect a retreat. During the retreat he was again attacked by the Seminoles, and lost several men. His command suffered greatly for food HISTORICAL. 199 land, torn with Indian fights, and with irregular conflicts of adventuring parties and of ill-advised republican frontiersmen. In the year 1812 a party of these latter went so far as to meet in Southern Georgia and adopt a constitution, which they proposed to set up over the be- nighted inhabitants of Florida. They elected General John H. McIntosh to be head of the new republic, and Colonel Ashley commander of the army, moved down upon Fernandina, then just growing to be a place of some commercial resort, and captured the fort and garrison, with the ill-advised assistance of some American gunboats which happened to be in the harbor of Fernandina at that time under special instructions from the United States Government. They then marched upon St. Augustine; but in the mean time protests were made by the Spanish Government, followed by disavowal and recall on the part of the United States; and the new republic had to take itself out of Florida, with the loss of eight men killed by bushwhacking negroes from St. Augustine. It was during this expedition that a party of one hundred and ten men, under Colonel Newnan, of Georgia, penetrated into the Alachua country to near Lake Pithlachocco, where, in a severe battle with the Indians, under their King Payne, the latter were defeated after the exercise of much clever strategy and stout bravery by Newnan and his party. Payne is said to have behaved like a hero in this fight, and to have ridden a white horse into action, urging his men forward with consummate bravery. Bowlegs, a co-leader with Payne, kept up the fight with great vigor; and it was only after eight days, in which Newnan had been compelled to fortify and undergo a siege, that he managed to effect a retreat. During the retreat he was again attacked by the Seminoles, and lost several men. His command suffered greatly for food  200 FLORIDA. before getting back to Picolata, even eating alligators in their distress. Florida could not have been a pleasant place of resi- dence in these days. Some account of a singular fort which existed for several years on the Apalachicola River may illustrate the state of affairs at this time. During the war of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States, General Jackson moved down upon Pensacola and captured it by storm. Thereupon its former com- mander, Colonel Nichols, who had gotten away by water, proceeded with some British troops and friendly Indians up the Apalachicola River and caused a fort to be con- structed on a bluff of that stream at the point now known as Fort Gadsden, in which was placed a garrison of British troops and Creek Indians. This fort was intended to be used as a rendezvous and base of operations for the run- away negroes, from which they might depredate upon the neighboring border. The war of 1812 having closed, the British troops left the fort; but a negro named Garcia retained possession of it, the runaways under his lead garrisoned it, and it became a really strong point of defense to that large colony of runaway outlaws who had settled on the banks of the Apalachicola. The walls of the fort were fifteen feet in height and eighteen in breadth; it had a swamp behind, and creeks above and below it; it was armed with nine cannon and three thou- sand small arms, and had amply-stored magazines. This fort existed until 1816, when Colonel Clinch of the United States army reduced it, after a set battle with the negro garrison which opened hotly enough and would have doubtless been a troublesome piece of work for the whites had not a lucky hot shot from one of the United States gunboats exploded a magazine in the fort, causing great slaughter and demoralization among those inside. aoo FLORIDA. before getting back to Picolata, even eating alligators in their distress. Florida could not have been a pleasant place of resi- dence in these days. Some account of a singular fort which existed for several years on the Apalachicola River may illustrate the state of affairs at this time. During the war of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States, General Jackson moved down upon Pensacola and captured it by storm. Thereupon its former com- mander, Colonel Nichols, who had gotten away by water, proceeded with some British troops and friendly Indians up the Apalachicola River and caused a fort to be con- structed on a bluff of that stream at the point now known as Fort Gadsden, in which was placed a garrison of British troops and Creek Indians. This fort was intended to be used as a rendezvous and base of operations for the run- away negroes, from which they might depredate upon the neighboring border. The war of 1812 having closed, the British troops left the fort; but a negro named Garcia retained possession of it, the runaways under his lead garrisoned it, and it became a really strong point of defense to that large colony of runaway outlaws who had settled on the banks of the Apalachicola. The walls of the fort were fifteen feet in height and eighteen in breadth; it had a swamp behind, and creeks above and below it; it was armed with nine cannon and three thou- sand small arms, and had amply-stored magazines. This fort existed until 1816, when Colonel Clinch of the United States army reduced it, after a set battle with the negro garrison which opened hotly enough and would have doubtless been a troublesome piece of work for the whites had not a lucky hot shot from one of the United States gunboats exploded a magazine in the fort, causing great slaughter and demoralization among those inside. 2oo FLORIDA. before getting back to Picolata, even eating alligators in their distress. Florida could not have been a pleasant place of resi- dence in these days. Some account of a singular fort which existed for several years on the Apalachicola River may illustrate the state of affairs at this time. During the war of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States, General Jackson moved down upon Pensacola and captured it by storm. Thereupon its former com- mander, Colonel Nichols, who had gotten away by water, proceeded with some British troops and friendly Indians up the Apalachicola River and caused a fort to be con- structed on a bluff of that stream at the point now known as Fort Gadsden, in which was placed a garrison of British troops and Creek Indians. This fort was intended to be used as a rendezvous and base of operations for the run- away negroes, from which they might depredate upon the neighboring border. The war of 1812 having closed, the British troops left the fort; but a negro named Garcia retained possession of it, the runaways under his lead garrisoned it, and it became a really strong point of defense to that large colony of runaway outlaws who had settled on the banks of the Apalachicola. The walls of the fort were fifteen feet in height and eighteen in breadth; it had a swamp behind, and creeks above and below it; it was armed with nine cannon and three thou- sand small arms, and had amply-stored magazines. This fort existed until 1816, when Colonel Clinch of the United States army reduced it, after a set battle with the negro garrison which opened hotly enough and would have doubtless been a troublesome piece of work for the whites had not a lucky hot shot from one of the United States gunboats exploded a magazine in the fort, causing great slaughter and demoralization among those inside.  HISTORICAL. 201 Garcia, and a Choctaw chief who was aiding and abet. ting him, were executed after the capture ; and property amounting to two hundred thousand dollars in value is said to have been recovered in the fort. The extent of Indian depredations at this time may be gathered from the fact that in the course of the expe- dition under General Jackson in 1818 against the Semi- noles he discovered at Miccosukee " three hundred scalps of men, women, and children, most of them fresh "* In this foray General Jackson severely punished the Indians, hanging their chiefs without hesitation and even executing two Englishmen who were supposed to be instigating the Indians and supplying them with munitions of war. That portion of West Florida west of the Perdido had been already acquired by the United States, it having been ceded to France by Spain in 1795 and thus forming a part of the Louisiana purchase of 1803. The balance of Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States in the treaty of 1819, ratified in 1821, in which latter year the United States Government took formal possession. In 1822 an act of Congress consolidated Fast and West Florida into the Territory of Florida, and organized a territorial government for it. Soon afterwards the site of the former Indian settlement of Tallahassee, a place distinguished for its beautiful trees, was selected for the capital. As the rich agricultural capabilities of the State began more and more to invite immigration, the demand now became more and more urgent for the Indians to be re- moved, so that the lands might be worked in peace. These Indians, the Miccosukies and Seminoles, occupied some of the best portions of the State. The latter tribe * Fairbanks. HISTORICAL. 201 Garcia, and a Choctaw chief who was aiding and abet- ting him, were executed after the capture; and property amounting to two hundred thousand dollars in value is said to have been recovered in the fort. The extent of Indian depredations at this time may be gathered from the fact that in the course of the expe- dition under General Jackson in 1818 against the Semi- noles he discovered at Miccosukee ' three hundred scalps of men, women, and children, most of them fresh."* In this foray General Jackson severely punished the Indians, hanging their chiefs without hesitation and even executing two Englishmen who were supposed to be instigating the Indians and supplying them with munitions of war. That portion of West Florida west of the Perdido had been already acquired by the United States, it having been ceded to France by Spain in 1795 and thus forming a part of the Louisiana purchase of 1803. The balance of Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States in the treaty of 1819, ratified in 1821, in which latter year the United States Government took formal possession. In 1822 an act of Congress consolidated East and West Florida into the Territory of Florida, and organized a territorial government for it. Soon afterwards the site of the former Indian settlement of Tallahassee, a place distinguished for its beautiful trees, was selected for the capital. As the rich agricultural capabilities of the State began more and more to invite immigration, the demand now became more and more urgent for the Indians to be re- moved, so that the lands might be worked in peace. These Indians, the Miccosukies and Seminoles, occupied some of the best portions of the State. The latter tribe F Fairbanks. t*o HISTORICAL. 201 Garcia, and a Choctaw chief who was aiding and abet- ting him, were executed after the capture; and property amounting to two hundred thousand dollars in value is said to have been recovered in the fort. The extent of Indian depredations at this time may be gathered from the fact that in the course of the expe- dition under General Jackson in 1818 against the Semi- noles he discovered at Miccosukee " three hundred scalps of men, women, and children, most of them fresh."* In this foray General Jackson severely punished the Indians, hanging their chiefs without hesitation and even executing two Englishmen who were supposed to be instigating the Indians and supplying them with munitions of war. That portion of West Florida west of the Perdido had been already acquired by the United States, it having been ceded to France by Spain in 1795 and thus forming a part of the Louisiana purchase of 1803. The balance of Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States in the treaty of 1819, ratified in 18z1, in which latter year the United States Government took formal possession. In 1822 an act of Congress consolidated East and West Florida into the Territory of Florida, and organized a territorial government for it. Soon afterwards the site of the former Indian settlement of Tallahassee, a place distinguished for its beautiful trees, was selected for the capital. As the rich agricultural capabilities of the State began more and more to invite immigration, the demand now became more and more urgent for the Indians to be re- moved, so that the lands might be worked in peace. These Indians, the Miccosukies and Seminoles, occupied some of the best portions of the State. The latter tribe * Fairbanks. 1*  202 FLORIDA. was an offshoot from the powerful Creeks. (Their name is usually, but wrongly, pronounced Se'minole ; in con- versation with General Sprague, who has a thorough ac- quaintance with this tribe, I observed that he always called them Semino'lehs, making four syllables and placing the accent on the penult.) In the course of many "'talks," a proposition was made to the Indians by the United States Government, offering them strong inducements to remove to the West; and finally a treaty was made at Payne's Landing on the Ocklawaha River in 1832 by which many of the chiefs agreed that if the proposed Western country should be acceptable to a delegation which they should appoint to examine it, and if the Creeks would reunite with them, they would remove. This delegation actually visited the proposed reservation, and after spending several months in examining it came back and made a favorable report to their people. But meantime the party which had originally opposed removal had grown stronger. It in- cluded Osceola, who was exceedingly violent in his de- nunciation of the project; and the negroes (of whom it is said there were a thousand living with the Indians, some of them being very prominent persons in the councils of the savages) were also hostile to the movement. This party-feeling among the red men ran so high that in 1835 Osceola came upon the old chief Charley Emathla, who was making his preparations for removal, and killed him. This taste of blood seems to have whetted Osce- ola's* appetite. About a month afterwards he secreted * The real name of this remarkable Indian was As-se-se-ha-ho-lar. He was also called Powell. He was a brave man both in appearance and action, and was a brilliant leader. He was captured-some say inveigled-by General Hernandez in one of the ensuing campaigns, 202 FLORIDA. was an offshoot from the powerful Creeks. (Their name is usually, but wrongly, pronounced Se'minole ; in con- versation with General Sprague, who has a thorough ac- quaintance with this tribe, I observed that he always called them Semino'lehs, making four syllables and placing the accent on the penult.) In the course of many "talks," a proposition was made to the Indians by the United States Government, offering them strong inducements to remove to the West; and finally a treaty was made at Payne's Landing on the Ocklawaha River in 1832 by which many of the chiefs agreed that if the proposed Western country should be acceptable to a delegation which they should appoint to examine it, and if the Creeks would reunite with them, they would remove. This delegation actually visited the proposed reservation, and after spending several months in examining it came back and made a favorable report to their people. But meantime the party which had originally opposed removal had grown stronger. It in- cluded Osceola, who was exceedingly violent in his de- nunciation of the project; and the negroes (of whom it is said there were a thousand living with the Indians, some of them being very prominent persons in the councils of the savages) were also hostile to the movement. This party-feeling among the red men ran so high that in 1835 Osceola came upon the old chief Charley Emathla, who was making his preparations for removal, and killed him. This taste of blood seems to have whetted Osce- ola's* appetite. About a month afterwards he secreted * The real name of this remarkable Indian was As-se-se-ha-ho-lar. He was also called Powell. He was a hrave man both in appearance and action, and was a brilliant leader. He was captured-some say inveigled-by General Hernandez in one of the ensuing campaigns, 202 FLORIDA. was an offshoot from the powerful Creeks. (Their name is usually, but wrongly, pronounced Se'minole ; in con- versation with General Sprague, who has a thorough ac- quaintance with this tribe, I observed that he always called them Semino'lebs, making four syllables and placing the accent on the penult.) In the course of many "talks," a proposition was made to the Indians by the United States Government, offering them strong inducements to remove to the West; and finally a treaty was made at Payne's Landing on the Ocklawaha River in 1832 by which many of the chiefs agreed that if the proposed Western country should be acceptable to a delegation which they should appoint to examine it, and if the Creeks would reunite with them, they would remove. This delegation actually visited the proposed reservation, and after spending several months in examining it came back and made a favorable report to their people. But meantime the party which had originally opposed removal had grown stronger. It in- cluded Osceola, who was exceedingly violent in his de- nunciation of the project; and the negroes (of whom it is said there were a thousand living with the Indians, some of them being very prominent persons in the councils of the savages) were also hostile to the movement. This party-feeling among the red men ran so high that in 1835 Osceola came upon the old chief Charley Emathla, who was making his preparations for removal, and killed him. This taste of blood seems to have whetted Osce- ola's* appetite. About a month afterwards he secreted * The real name of this remarkable Indian was As-se-se-ha-ho-tar. He was also called Powell. He was a brave man both in appearance and action, and was a brilliant leader. He was captured-some say inveigled-by General Hernandez in one of the ensuing campaigns,  HISTORICAL. 203 himself near the Florida Indian Agency, and after lying in wait for some days shot down General Thompson and a companion as they were strolling and smoking after dinner. On the same day (December 28, 1835), and partly by the contrivance of this same Osceola, occurred in another part of the State a massacre which was in some particulars one of the most remarkable in history. Major Francis L. Dade of the United States army, with one hundred and thirty-nine regulars and a six-pounder, while marching on his way from Tampa to Fort King through an open pine and palmetto country near the Withla- coochee River in Sumter County was fired upon sud- denly by a band of one hundred and eighty Indians secreted in the palmetto. It is said that at the first fire nearly half the whites fell. The Indians fell back for a little while. The remainder of the command erected a hasty breastwork of pines, and in less than an hour the attack was renewed by the savages, and continued until the last man in the breastwork had fallen. After pos- sessing themselves of the soldiers' arms, the Indians left. But the measure of cruelty was not then full; for in a short time a party of negroes rode up and butchered with knife and hatchet all who were not yet dead. One man had bribed an Indian to spare him ; another successfully concealed himself and made his way to Tampa; and these two were the sole survivors. Osceola was to have been at this ambuscade ; but he was busy on this day, as we have seen, at other similar work. That such a band of savages should have been able to accomplish these results against a party of regular troops and under such circumstances shows a capacity for vigor- and imprisoned in Fort Moultrie, Charleston harbor, where he died of pure heart-break in a few weeks. HISTORICAL. 203 himself near the Florida Indian Agency, and after lying in wait for some days shot down General Thompson and a companion as they were strolling and smoking after dinner. On the same day (December 28, 1835), and partly by the contrivance of this same Osceola, occurred in another part of the State a massacre which was in some particulars one of the most remarkable in history. Major Francis L. Dade of the United States army, with one hundred and thirty-nine regulars and a six-pounder, while marching on his way from Tampa to Fort King through an open pine and palmetto country near the Withla- coochee River in Sumter County was fired upon sud- denly by a band of one hundred and eighty Indians secreted in the palmetto. It is said that at the first fire nearly half the whites fell. The Indians fell back for a little while. The remainder of the command erected a hasty breastwork of pines, and in less than an hor the attack was renewed by the savages, and continued until the last man in the breastwork had fallen. After pos- sessing themselves of the soldiers' arms, the Indians left. But the measure of cruelty was not then full; for in a short time a party of negroes rode up and butchered with knife and hatchet all who were not yet dead. One man had bribed an Indian to spare him ; another successfully concealed himself and made his way to Tampa; and these two were the sole survivors. Osceola was to have been at this ambuscade ; but he was busy on this day, as we have seen, at other similar work. That such a band of savages should have been able to accomplish these results against a party of regular troops and under such circumstances shows a capacity for vigor- and imprisoned in Fort Moultrie, Charleston harbor, where he died of pure heart-break in a few weeks. HISTORICAL. 203 himself near the Florida Indian Agency, and after lying in wait for some days shot down General Thompson and a companion as they were strolling and smoking after dinner. On the same day (December 28, 1835), and partly by the contrivance of this same Osceola, occurred in another part of the State a massacre which was in some particulars one of the most remarkable in history. Major Francis L. Dade of the United States army, with one hundred and thirty-nine regulars and a six-pounder, while marching on his way from Tampa to Fort King through an open pine and palmetto country near the Withla- coochee River in Sumter County was fired upon sud- denly by a band of one hundred and eighty Indians secreted in the palmetto. It is said that at the first fire nearly half the whites fell. The Indians fell back for a little while. The remainder of the command erected a hasty breastwork of pines, and in less than an hour the attack was renewed by the savages, and continued until the last man in the breastwork had fallen. After pos- sessing themselves of the soldiers' arms, the Indians left. But the measure of cruelty was not then full; for in a short time a party of negroes rode up and butchered with knife and hatchet all who were not yet dead. One man had bribed an Indian to spare him ; another successfully concealed himself and made his way to Tampa; and these two were the sole survivors. Osceola was to have been at this ambuscade ; but he was busy on this day, as we have seen, at other similar work. That such a band of savages should have been able to accomplish these results against a party of regular troops and under such circumstances shows a capacity for vigor- and imprisoned in Fort Moultrie, Charleston harhor, where he died of pure heart-break in a few weeks.  204 FLORIDA. ous and persistent attack on the part of the Indians which must ever remain matter of astonishment. This massacre opened the long and bloody Indian war which followed in Florida. General Clinch, who was in command in Florida, immediately called for volunteers after the Dade massacre, and defeated the Indians under Osceola and Alligator after a severe battle. He was com- pelled to abandon active operations, however, by the expiration of his volunteers' term. Meantime, General Gaines had come down from New Orleans, in the emer- gency, without waiting for orders; but General Scott, who had assumed command, appears to have treated him with the grossest discourtesy and to have managed to completely paralyze his movements. General Clinch soon retired in disgust, and General Scott's campaign resulted in nothing. The Indians were now devastating and burning the whole country east of the St. Johns be- tween St. Augustine and New Smyrna, and putting the unhappy families to the knife. Toward the latter part of the year 1836, General R. K. Call, of Florida, command- ing twelve hundred troops under General Armstrong and a small force of regulars, militia and friendly Creeks, conducted a short campaign on the Withlacoochee and defeated the Indians in one engagement; but he had to fall back for supplies, and at the end of the year the whole lower portion of the State was practically in the hands of the savages. Early in 1837, General Jessup inaugurated an active campaign upon a plan of rapid movements, designed to prevent those annoying withdrawals for the purpose of obtaining supplies which had deprived the preceding campaigns of results. He prosecuted his plan with vigor. The Indians began to ask for "talks," and in a few weeks many of them were assembled at one post or another- 204 FLORIDA. ous and persistent attack on the part of the Indians which must ever remain matter of astonishment. This massacre opened the long and bloody Indian war which followed in Florida. General Clinch, who was in command in Florida, immediately called for volunteers after the Dade massacre, and defeated the Indians under Osceola and Alligator after a severe battle. He was com- pelled to abandon active operations, however, by the expiration of his volunteers' term. Meantime, General Gaines had come down from New Orleans, in the emer- gency, without waiting for orders; but General Scott, who had assumed command, appears to have treated him with the grossest discourtesy and to have managed to completely paralyze his movements. General Clinch soon retired in disgust, and General Scott's campaign resulted in nothing. The Indians were now devastating and burning the whole country east of the St. Johns be- tween St. Augustine and New Smyrna, and putting the unhappy families to the knife. Toward the latter part of the year 1836, General R. K. Call, of Florida, command- ing twelve hundred troops under General Armstrong and a small force of regulars, militia and friendly Creeks, conducted a short campaign on the Withlacoochee and defeated the Indians in one engagement; but he had to fall back for supplies, and at the end of the year the whole lower portion of the State was practically in the hands of the savages. Early in 1837, General Jessup inaugurated an active campaign upon a plan of rapid movements, designed to prevent those annoying withdrawals for the purpose of obtaining supplies which had deprived the preceding campaigns of results. He prosecuted his plan with vigor. The Indians began to ask for " talks," and in a few weeks many of them were assembled at one post or another- 204 FLORIDA. ous and persistent attack on the part of the Indians which must ever remain matter of astonishment. This massacre opened the long and bloody Indian war which followed in Florida. General Clinch, who was in command in Florida, immediately called for volunteers after the Dade massacre, and defeated the Indians under Osceola and Alligator after a severe battle. He was com- pelled to abandon active operations, however, by the expiration of his volunteers' term. Meantime, General Gaines had come down from New Orleans, in the emer- gency, without waiting for orders; but General Scott, who had assumed command, appears to have treated him with the grossest discourtesy and to have managed to completely paralyze his movements. General Clinch soon retired in disgust, and General Scott's campaign resulted in nothing. The Indians were now devastating and burning the whole country east of the St. Johns be- tween St. Augustine and New Smyrna, and putting the unhappy families to the knife. Toward the latter part of the year 1836, General R. K. Call, of Florida, command- ing twelve hundred troops under General Armstrong and a small force of regulars, militia and friendly Creeks, conducted a short campaign on the Withlacoochee and defeated the Indians in one engagement; but he had to fall back for supplies, and at the end of the year the whole lower portion of the State was practically in the hands of the savages. Early in 1837, General Jessup inaugurated an active campaign upon a plan of rapid movements, designed to prevent those annoying withdrawals for the purpose of obtaining supplies which had deprived the preceding campaigns of results. He prosecuted his plan with vigor. The Indians began to ask for " talks," and in a few weeks many of them were assembled at one post or another-  HISTORICAL. 205 among others Osceola, King Philip and his son Coacoo- chee, near Fort Mellon-ostensibly for the purpose of car- rying out the old project of a Western exodus. A rendez. vous was appointed near Tampa, and some seven hundred had actually come in for this purpose, when early in June Osceola arrived with two hundred Miccosukies and so worked upon the intending Western emigrants that the whole party took themselves off toward the southern morasses and left General Jessup to commence over again. Which he did in the following fall with great vigor, and with a largely-increased force amounting to about nine thousand in all. These were divided into several columns and detachments, with specified districts for operation. One body of eleven hundred came from Tampa, under General Taylor, and immediately encoun- tered four hundred Indians near Lake Okeechobee. After a gallant charge, which was desperately resisted by the Indians, the latter retired ; but in all substantial results it was an Indian victory, for they lost but eleven killed and nine wounded, while the whites lost twenty-seven killed and one hundred and eleven wounded, and returned to Tampa. The other detachments captured and killed a consider- able number of Indians. Meantime, John Ross with a party of Cherokees had gone down among the Seminoles to treat with them, much to the disgust of General Jessup, who regarded the time lost from active fighting as wasted. While the Ross negotiations were pending, Coacoochee escaped through the embrasure in a cell of the fort at St. Augustine where he had been confined, and so stirred up his people upon rejoining them that the " talk" resulted in nothing. Meantime, by hook or by crook, over fifteen hundred Indians had been captured, who were transferred in May and June of 1837 to the West. is HISTORICAL. 2o among others Osceola, King Philip and his son Coacoo- chee, near Fort Mellon-ostensibly for the purpose of car- rying out the old project of a Western exodus. A rendez- vous was appointed near Tampa, and some seven hundred had actually come in for this purpose, when early in June Osceola arrived with two hundred Miccosukies and so worked upon the intending Western emigrants that the whole party took themselves off toward the southern morasses and left General Jessup to commence over again. Which he did in the following fall with great vigor, and with a largely-increased force amounting to about nine thousand in all. These were divided into several columns and detachments, with specified districts for operation. One body of eleven hundred came from Tampa, under General Taylor, and immediately encoun- tered four hundred Indians near Lake Okeechobee. After a gallant charge, which was desperately resisted by the Indians, the latter retired ; but in all substantial results it was an Indian victory, for they lost but eleven killed and nine wounded, while the whites lost twenty-seven killed and one hundred and eleven wounded, and returned to Tampa. The other detachments captured and killed a consider- able number of Indians. Meantime, John Ross with a party of Cherokees had gone down among the Seminoles to treat with them, much to the disgust of General Jessup, who regarded the time lost from active fighting as wasted. While the Ross negotiations were pending, Coacoochee escaped through the embrasure in a cell of the fort at St. Augustine where he had been confined, and so stirred up his people upon rejoining them that the " talk" resulted in nothing. Meantime, by hook or by crook, over fifteen hundred Indians had been captured, who were transferred in May and June of 1837 to the West. 18 HISTORICAL. 205 among others Osceola, King Philip and his son Coacoo- chee, near Fort Mellon-ostensibly for the purpose of car- rying out the old project of a Western exodus. A rendez- vous was appointed near Tampa, and some seven hundred had actually come in for this purpose, when early in June Osceola arrived with two hundred Miccosukies and so worked upon the intending Western emigrants that the whole party took themselves off toward the southern morasses and left General Jessup to commence over again. Which he did in the following fall with great vigor, and with a largely-increased force amounting to about nine thousand in all. These were divided into several columns and detachments, with specified districts for operation. One body of eleven hundred came from Tampa, under General Taylor, and immediately encoun- tered four hundred Indians near Lake Okeechobee. After a gallant charge, which was desperately resisted by the Indians, the latter retired ; but in all substantial results it was an Indian victory, for they lost but eleven killed and nine wounded, while the whites lost twenty-seven killed and one hundred and eleven wounded, and returned to Tampa. The other detachments captured and killed a consider- able number of Indians. Meantime, John Ross with a party of Cherokees had gone down among the Seminoles to treat with them, much to the disgust of General Jessup, who regarded the time lost from active fighting as wasted. While the Ross negotiations were pending, Coacoochee escaped through the embrasure in a cell of the fort at St. Augustine where he had been confined, and so stirred up his people upon rejoining them that the "talk" resulted in nothing. Meantime, by hook or by crook, over fifteen hundred Indians had been captured, who were transferred in May and June of 1837 to the West. 18  206 FLORIDA. General Jessup was succeeded in command by General Zachary Taylor, and that officer carried on an active cam- paign during the winter of 1838-9. It resulted in little, however. The Indians had found out wherein their true strength lay, and could not again be tempted into a set battle, confining themselves to their own peculiar system of bushwhacking in small parties. General Taylor then established block-houses at a great many points, each with mounted scouts who were always on the search in their respective districts. It is probable this plan might have been very efficient had not General Macomb been sent down at this time by the Government to have another peace " talk" with the Indians. It so happened that it was just at that time of the year when-as any one must observe in reading these Florida wars-the wily Indians were ready to " talk," to wit, in the spring, when, if they could get the whites to suspend hostilities by some show of peace, they could have an opportunity to rest awhile, draw rations, get some sort of crop raised by the squaws off in the woods, and thus recruit as it were for a renewal of hostilities whenever they got ready. So it proved in this instance. General Macomb actually issued wt sounding General Order proclaiming that the war was over, upon the strength of an agreement he had made with Halleck-Tustenuggee, Tiger-tail, and Chitto-Tustenuggee; and peaceful operations were being universally resumed, when suddenly, little more than a month afterwards, the Indians broke out more bloodily than ever, killing without mercy. It was now found so difficult not only to fight, but even to find the Indians, that over thirty blood-hounds were actually brought from Cuba, at an expense of several thousand dollars, to be employed in tracking up the in- visible red-men. But they failed, and the Indians kept up their cunning fights. 2o6 FLORIDA. General Jessup was succeeded in command by General Zachary Taylor, and that officer carried on an active cam- paign during the winter of 1838-9. It resulted in little, however. The Indians had found out wherein their true strength lay, and could not again be tempted into a set battle, confining themselves to their own peculiar system of bushwhacking in small parties. General Taylor then established block-houses at a great many points, each with mounted scouts who were always on the search in their respective districts. It is probable this plan might have been very efficient had not General Macomb been sent down at this time by the Government to have another peace 1 talk" with the Indians. It so happened that it was just at that time of the year when-as any one mast observe in reading these Florida wars-the wily Indians were ready to "talk," to wit, in the spring, when, if they could get the whites to suspend hostilities by some show of peace, they could have an opportunity to rest awhile, draw rations, get some sort of crop raised by the squaws off in the woods, and thus recruit as it were for a renewal of hostilities whenever they got ready. So it proved in this instance. General Macomb actually issued wt sounding General Order proclaiming that the war was over, upon the strength of an agreement he had made with Halleck-Tustenuggee, Tiger-tail, and Chitto-Tustenuggee; and peaceful operations were being universally resumed, when suddenly, little more than a month afterwards, the Indians broke out more bloodily than ever, killing without mercy. It was now found so difficult not only to fight, but even to find the Indians, that over thirty blood-hounds were actually brought from Cuba, at an expense of several thousand dollars, to be employed in tracking up the in- visible red-men. But they failed, and the Indians kept up their cunning fights. 2o6 FLORIDA. General Jessup was succeeded in command by General Zachary Taylor, and that officer carried on an active cam- paign during the winter of x838-9. It resulted in little, however. The Indians had found out wherein their true strength lay, and could not again be tempted into a set battle, confining themselves to their own peculiar system of bushwhacking in small parties. General Taylor then established block-houses at a great many points, each with mounted scouts who were always on the search in their respective districts. It is probable this plan might have been very efficient had not General Macomb been sent down at this time by the Government to have another peace " talk" with the Indians. It so happened that it was just at that time of the year when-as any one must observe in reading these Florida wars-the wily Indians were ready to " talk," to wit, in the spring, when, if they could get the whites to suspend hostilities by some show of peace, they could have an opportunity to rest awhile, draw rations, get some sort of crop raised by the squaws off in the woods, and thus recruit as it were for a renewal of hostilities whenever they got ready. So it proved in this instance. General Macomb actually issued as sounding General Order proclaiming that the war was over, upon the strength of an agreement he had made with Halleck-Tustenuggee,Tiger-tail, and Chitto-Tustenuggee; and peaceful operations were being universally resumed, when suddenly, little more than a month afterwards, the Indians broke out more bloodily than ever, killing without mercy. It was now found so difficult not only to fight, but even to find the Indians, that over thirty blood-hounds were actually brought from Cuba, at an expense of several thousand dollars, to be employed in tracking up the in- visible red-men. But they failed, and the Indians kept up their cunning fights.  HISTORICAL. 207 In May, 1840, Brigadier-General Armistead took com- mand, and during a terrible year, filled with tragic Indian revenges, did his best to hunt out the foe. Notwithstand- ing the blood which was flowing on all sides, continual " talks" were had with small bands of Indians, who would come in and draw rations for awhile, then disappear and levy war again. It was to have one of these " talks" that Coacoochee (Wild Cat) came in once to meet Colonel Worth, arrayed in a very remarkable dress which he had made up from the properties of some play-actors whom he had killed and plundered not far from St. Augustine a short time previously. General Armistead's command ended in 1841, when he was relieved at his own request. During the year some four hundred and fifty Indians of both sexes and all ages had been secured by various means. General Worth now took the field in command, and immediately succeeded in turning the aspect of affairs. The Indians had been in the habit of escaping from the very clutches of their pursuers, and of retiring to places thought to be inaccessible to the whites. I was told a story of their facility in these matters some days ago. During one of these campaigns a party of soldiers had surrounded an Indian in a small pool of swampy water, in such a manner that they thought it absolutely impossi- ble for him to escape. Upon a minute search, however, they were unable to find him, and abandoned the quest. Some time afterwards he was captured; and upon being asked how he had managed to escape, declared that he was lying under the very log upon which one of their party had stood, with his entire body under water except the mere tip end of his nose. Perhaps this may account for the marvelous feat recorded in the account of one of the great battles of De Soto near Ocala with King Vita- HISTORICAL. 207 In May, 1840, Brigadier-General Armistead took com- mand, and during a terrible year, filled with tragic Indian revenges, did his best to hunt out the foe. Notwithstand- ing the blood which was flowing on all sides, continual " talks'' were had with small bands of Indians, who would come in and draw rations for awhile, then disappear and levy war again. It was to have one of these " talks" that Coacoochee (Wild Cat) came in once to meet Colonel Worth, arrayed in a very remarkable dress which he had made up from the properties of some play-actors whom he had killed and plundered not far from St. Augustine a short time previously. General Armistead's command ended in 1841, when he was relieved at his own request. During the year some four hundred and fifty Indians of both sexes and all ages had been secured by various means. General Worth now took the field in command, and immediately succeeded in turning the aspect of affairs. The Indians had been in the habit of escaping from the very clutches of their pursuers, and of retiring to places thought to be inaccessible to the whites. I was told a story of their facility in these matters some days ago. During one of these campaigns a party of soldiers had surrounded an Indian in a small pool of swampy water, in such a manner that they thought it absolutely impossi- ble for him to escape. Upon a minute search, however, they were unable to find him, and abandoned the quest. Some time afterwards he was captured ; and upon being asked how he had managed to escape, declared that he was lying under the very log upon which one of their party had stood, with his entire body under water except the mere tip end of his nose. Perhaps this may account for the marvelous feat recorded in the account of one of the great battles of De Soto near Ocala with King Vita- HISTORICAL. 207 In May, 1840, Brigadier-General Armistead took com- mand, and during a terrible year, filled with tragic Indian revenges, did his best to hunt out the foe. Notwithstand- ing the blood which was flowing on all sides, continual " talks" were had with small bands of Indians, who would come in and draw rations for awhile, then disappear and levy war again. It was to have one of these " talks" that Coacoochee (Wild Cat) came in once to meet Colonel Worth, arrayed in a very remarkable dress which he had made up from the properties of some play-actors whom he had killed and plundered not far from St. Augustine a short time previously. General Armistead's command ended in 1841, when he was relieved at his own request. During the year some four hundred and fifty Indians of both sexes and all ages had been secured by various means. General Worth now took the field in command, and immediately succeeded in turning the aspect of affairs. The Indians had been in the habit of escaping from the very clutches of their pursuers, and of retiring to places thought to be inaccessible to the whites. I was told a story of their facility in these matters some days ago. During one of these campaigns a party of soldiers had surrounded an Indian in a small pool of swampy water, in such a manner that they thought it absolutely impossi- ble for him to escape. Upon a minute search, however, they were unable to find him, and abandoned the quest. Some time afterwards he was captured ; and upon being asked how he had managed to escape, declared that he was lying under the very log upon which one of their party had stood, with his entire body under water except the mere tip end of his nose. Perhaps this may account for the marvelous feat recorded in the account of one of the great battles of De Soto near Ocala with King Vita-  208 FLORIDA. chuco-how that two hundred Indians, having been driven into the lake by stress of battle, remained swimming in it for twenty-four hours. General Worth, at any rate, appears to have convinced the Indians that all places accessible to them were ac- cessible to him also, and that he could campaign in sum- mer as well as in winter. Having secured the person of Coacoochee, he used that chief to great advantage in capturing others; and managed matters so well, bringing in band after band of captives and deporting them to the West, that early in 1842 he suggested to the Govern- ment to allow the small remainder of the Indians to stay within specified limits on the extreme southern end of the peninsula. His suggestion was finally adopted, and in August of the same year he formally announced that hos- tilities had closed. About three hundred Indians remained. They, with their descendants, still carry on a peaceful life in the lower portion of Florida, supporting themselves by hunting, fishing, cattle-driving and scanty planting. Thus ended a war which had lasted nearly seven years, had taxed the resources of six or seven United States generals, and had cost the Government more than nine- teen millions of dollars. This was indeed not the last blood shed on the soil of Florida in battle. The war between the States has its record here. This is so recent that it would not be inter- esting now to detail what is still in most people's recol- lection. One cannot close this outline without reflecting upon the singular fate of this land which for three hundred and sixty years has languished, and has now burst into the world's regard as if it had but just opened like a long- closed magnolia-bud. 208 FLORIDA. chuco-how that two hundred Indians, having been driven into the lake by stress of battle, remained swimming in it for twenty-four hours. General Worth, at any rate, appears to have convinced the Indians that all places accessible to them were ac- cessible to him also, and that he could campaign in sum- mer as well as in winter. Having secured the person of Coacoochee, he used that chief to great advantage in capturing others; and managed matters so well, bringing in band after band of captives and deporting them to the West, that early in 1842 he suggested to the Govern- ment to allow the small remainder of the Indians to stay within specified limits on the extreme southern end of the peninsula. His suggestion was finally adopted, and in August of the same year he formally announced that hos- tilities had closed. About three hundred Indians remained. They, with their descendants, still carry on a peaceful life in the lower portion of Florida, supporting themselves by hunting, fishing, cattle-driving and scanty planting. Thus ended a war which had lasted nearly seven years, had taxed the resources of six or seven United States generals, and had cost the Government more than nine- teen millions of dollars. This was indeed not the last blood shed on the soil of Florida in battle. The war between the States has its record here. This is so recent that it would not be inter- esting now to detail what is still in most people's recol- lection. One cannot close this outline without reflecting upon the singular fate of this land which for three hundred and sixty years has languished, and has now burst into the world's regard as if it had but just opened like a long- closed magnolia-bud. 208 FLORDA. chuco-how that two hundred Indians, having been driven into the lake by stress of battle, remained swimming in it for twenty-four hours. General Worth, at any rate, appears to have convinced the Indians that all places accessible to them were ac- cessible to him also, and that he could campaign in sum- mer as well as in winter. Having secured the person of Coacoochee, he used that chief to great advantage in capturing others; and managed matters so well, bringing in band after band of captives and deporting them to the West, that early in 1842 he suggested to the Govern- ment to allow the small remainder of the Indians to stay within specified limits on the extreme southern end of the peninsula. His suggestion was finally adopted, and in August of the same year he formally announced that hos- tilities had closed. About three hundred Indians remained. They, with their descendants, still carry on a peaceful life in the lower portion of Florida, supporting themselves by hunting, fishing, cattle-driving and scanty planting. Thus ended a war which had lasted nearly seven years, had taxed the resources of six or seven United States generals, and had cost the Government more than nine- teen millions of dollars. This was indeed not the last blood shed on the soil of Florida in battle. The war between the States has its record here. This is so recent that it would not be inter- esting now to detail what is still in most people's recol- lection. One cannot close this outline without reflecting upon the singular fate of this land which for three hundred and sixty years has languished, and has now burst into the world's regard as if it had but just opened like a long- closed magnolia-bud.  HISTORICAL. 209 HISTORICAL. 209 HISTORICAL. zog Surely it ought to give us a great many oranges, a great many bananas, and a great many early vegetables, after having been so bloodily fertilized for such a time. Surely it ought to restore to us a great many sick men,-it has swallowed up so many well ones ! Surely it ought to give us a great many oranges, a great many bananas, and a great many early vegetables, after having been so bloodily fertilized for such a time. Surely it ought to restore to us a great many sick men,-it has swallowed up so many well ones I Surely it ought to give us a great many oranges, a great many bananas, and a great many early vegetables, after having been so bloodily fertilized for such a time. Surely it ought to restore to us a great many sick men,-it has swallowed up so many well ones! 1* 18* 1* 18*  CHAPTER XIV FOR CONSUMPTIVES. IN the course of a desperate but to all present appear- ances successful struggle with a case of consumption which had everything in its favor at the start-the prestige of inheritance on both sides and the powerful reinforce- ment of a bent student's habits-this present author finds remaining prominently in his recollection a few cardinal principles of action in this behalf which may possibly be of practical service to consumptives. In view of such a possibility, one cannot hesitate upon the sacrifice of per- sonal delicacy involved in referring to oneself. A pain that cures a pain justifies its being. And it often happens that the recommendations of a fellow-sufferer insinuate themselves into a patient's accept- ance when the injunctions of a physician fail; they come with more force, because with less formula. The gen- tlest of invalids is sometimes disheartened with the best of doctors; "it is his business to tell me these things: lege artis," one says, wearily, and turns away in apathy and neglects all the advice. First. Set out to get well, with the thorough assurance that consuption is curable. Do not allow yourself to be fobbed off with well-meant but often ill-advised reiterations of your friends that there's nothing in the world the matter with your lungs, it's only your throat, or your bronchial tubes, and the like. There is really no time for the Pickwickian methods in 210 CHAPTER XIV FOR CONSUMPTIvES. IN the course of a desperate but to all present appear- ances successful struggle with a case of consumption which had everything in its favor at the start-the prestige of inheritance on both sides and the powerful reinforce- ment of a bent student's habits-this present author finds remaining prominently in his recollection a few cardinal principles of action in this behalf which may possibly be of practical service to consumptives. In view of such a possibility, one cannot hesitate upon the sacrifice of per- sonal delicacy involved in referring to oneself. A pain that cures a pain justifies its being. And it often happens that the recommendations of a fellow-sufferer insinuate themselves into a patient's accept- ance when the injunctions of a physician fail; they come with more force, because with less formula. The gen- tlest of invalids is sometimes disheartened with the best of doctors; "it is his business to tell me these things: lege artis," one says, wearily, and turns away in apathy and neglects all the advice. First. Set out to get well, with the thorough assurance that consumption is curable. Do not allow yourself to be fobbed off with well-meant but often ill-advised reiterations of your friends that there's nothing in the world the matter with your lungs, it's only your throat, or your bronchial tubes, and the like. There is really no time for the Pickwickian methods in 2Io CHAPTER XIV FOR CONsUMPTIvES. IN the course of a desperate but to all present appear- ances successful struggle with a case of consumption which had everything in its favor at the start-the prestige of inheritance on both sides and the powerful reinforce- ment of a bent student's habits-this present author finds remaining prominently in his recollection a few cardinal principles of action in this behalf which may possibly be of practical service to consumptives. In view of such a possibility, one cannot hesitate upon the sacrifice of per- sonal delicacy involved in referring to oneself. A pain that cures a pain justifies its being. And it often happens that the recommendations of a fellow-sufferer insinuate themselves into a patient's accept- ance when the injunctions of a physician fail; they come with more force, because with less formula. The gen- tlest of invalids is sometimes disheartened with the best of doctors; "it is his business to tell me these things: lege artis," one says, wearily, and turns away in apathy and neglects all the advice. First. Set out to get well, with the thorough assurance that consuvption is curable. Do not allow yourself to be fobbed off with well-meant but often ill-advised reiterations of your friends that there's nothing in the world the matter with your lungs, it's only your throat, or your bronchial tubes, and the like. There is really no time for the Pickwickian methods in 210  FOR CONSUMPTVES. 21r consumption. Once suspecting that you have it, show to some capable physician that you are strong enough to bear the certainty of knowing the fact, and then get his honest opinion of your condition. Let it be said here that in hundreds of instances these opinions, even of the most skilled practitioners, have been proven mistaken; the methods of examination, the apparent facts revealed by them, and the humanly drawn inferences therefrom, are all three liable to divers sources of error, and there is always a large margin of doubt to be attached to the diag- nosis of even the best physician in the early stages of this disease. But the declaration of the physician being given that you have consumption, then the first cardinal principle above stated comes into play: set about curing it, and with the certain assurance that it can be cured. It is now too late for the superstition, prevalent some years ago, that consumption is an incurable disease. This writer has per- sonally seen a score of persons in active health who had seemed hopelessly ill with it years before; and the in- stances of the formation of healthy cicatrix in the lung are so numerous as to leave no doubt that many serious lesions of that organ may be repaired. Secondly. Give faithful and intelligent trial to every ap- parently reasonable mode of cure suggestedfor the disease. As has been before remarked in this book, the personal equation is almost as great an element in the phenomena of consumption as of asthma. Individual idiosyncrasies of either physical or mental temperament become fre- quently just the weights that turn the scale in favor of life or death. The effects of these personal peculiarities cannot be foreseen, and often develop themselves during treatment. Of course, it is quite out of the range of this short chapter to discuss these various modes of cure. The FOR CONSUMPTIVES. air consumption. Once suspecting that you have it, show to some capable physician that you are strong enough to bear the certainty of knowing the fact, and then get his honest opinion of your condition. Let it be said here that in hundreds of instances these opinions, even of the most skilled practitioners, have been proven mistaken; the methods of examination, the apparent facts revealed by them, and the humanly drawn inferences therefrom, are all three liable to divers sources of error, and there is always a large margin of doubt to be attached to the diag- nosis of even the best physician in the early stages of this disease. But the declaration of the physician being given that you have consumption, then the first cardinal principle above stated comes into play : set about curing it, and with the certain assurance that it can be cured. It is now too late for the superstition, prevalent some years ago, that consumption is an incurable disease. This writer has per- sonally seen a score of persons in active health who had seemed hopelessly ill with it years before; and the in- stances of the formation of healthy cicatrix in the lung are so numerous as to leave no doubt that many serious lesions of that organ may be repaired. Secondly. Give faithful and intelligent trial to every ap- parently reasonable mode of cure suggested for the disease. As has been before remarked in this book, the personal equation is almost as great an element in the phenomena of consumption as of asthma. Individual idiosyncrasies of either physical or mental temperament become fre- quently just the weights that turn the scale in favor of life or death. The effects of these personal peculiarities cannot be foreseen, and often develop themselves during treatment. Of course, it is quite out of the range of this short chapter to discuss these various modes of cure. The FOR CONSUMPTIVES. 211 consumption. Once suspecting that you have it, show to some capable physician that you are strong enough to bear the certainty of knowing the fact, and then get his honest opinion of your condition. Let it be said here that in hundreds of instances these opinions, even of the most skilled practitioners, have been proven mistaken; the methods of examination, the apparent facts revealed by them, and the humanly drawn inferences therefrom, are all three liable to divers sources of error, and there is always a large margin of doubt to be attached to the diag- nosis of even the best physician in the early stages of this disease. But the declaration of the physician being given that you have consumption, then the first cardinal principle above stated comes into play : set about curing it, and with the certain assurance that it can be cured. It is now too late for the superstition, prevalent some years ago, that consumption is an incurable disease. This writer has per- sonally seen a score of persons in active health who had seemed hopelessly ill with it years before; and the in- stances of the formation of healthy cicatrix in the lung are so numerous as to leave no doubt that many serious lesions of that organ may be repaired. Secondly. Give faithful and intelligent trial to every ap- parently reasonable mode of cure suggestedfor the disease. As has been before remarked in this book, the personal equation is almost as great an element in the phenomena of consumption as of asthma. Individual idiosyncrasies of either physical or mental temperament become fre- quently just the weights that turn the scale in favor of life or death. The effects of these personal peculiarities cannot be foreseen, and often develop themselves during treatment. Of course, it is quite out of the range of this short chapter to discuss these various modes of cure. The  212 FLORIDA. milk cure, the beef-blood cure, the grape cure, the raw- beef cure, the whisky cure, the health-lift cure, the cure by change of climate, and many more have been devised. It will be observed that none of these depend upon medi- cine. Most intelligent physicians rely nowadays upon medicines only to alleviate the immediately distressing symptoms; the curative powers of drugs, in this as in any other disease, are much doubted by many of the most eminent persons in the faculty. In taking a general view, however, of all the methods of cure mentioned above, as well as of all others not mentioned, the consumptive im- mediately discovers that one fundamental principle under- lies them all, to wit, the makingof the body as strong aspos- sible by food, drink, air, and physical development It is to this indeed that all the recommendations of the physi- cians converge, namely, that consumption is an unknown blood-poison, the only known method of counteracting which is to use such generous diet, fresh air, ameliorative appli- ances, and muscular and respiratory expansions as will bring the system to its highest state of resistive capacity. This may be considered the eleventh commandment in consumption, including all the rest. The problem is, therefore, for the consumptive to find out how best to apply this general rule practically to his own particular idiosyncrasies, habits, environment, and ability. In this connection it may be of use to mention two details of treatment. (a) There is but one beneficial method of using stimu- lants. That is, first to ascertain the prober dose (which varies indefinitely with different individuals), by experiment- ing until you have found such a quantity as neither quickens the pulse nor produces any sensation in the eyes, this quantity being usually very small; and then to take this ascertained dose at intervals of not less than one hour and a half, with 212 FLORIDA. milk cure, the beef-blood cure, the grape cure, the raw- beef cure, the whisky cure, the health-lift cure, the cure by change of climate, and many more have been devised. It will be observed that none of these depend upon medi- cine. Most intelligent physicians rely nowadays upon medicines only to alleviate the immediately distressing symptoms; the curative powers of drugs, in this as in any other disease, are much doubted by many of the most eminent persons in the faculty. In taking a general view, however, of all the methods of cure mentioned above, as well as of all others not mentioned, the consumptive im- mediately discovers that one fundamental principle under- lies them all, to wit, the makingof the body as strong as pos- sible by food, drink, air, and physical development. It is to this indeed that all the recommendations of the physi- cians converge, namely, that consumption is an unknown blood-poison, the only known method of counteracting which is to use such generous diet, fresh air, ameliorative appli- ances, and muscular and respiratory expansions as will bring the system to its highest state of resistive capacity. This may be considered the eleventh commandment in consumption, including all the rest. The problem is, therefore, for the consumptive to find out how best to apply this general rule practically to his own particular idiosyncrasies, habits, environment, and ability. In this connection it may be of use to mention two details of treatment. (a) There is but one beneficial method of using stimu- lants. That is, first to ascertain the prober dose (which varies indefinitely with dfferentindividuals), by experiment- ing until you have found such a quantity as neither quickens the pulse nor produces any sensation in the eyes, this quantity being usually very small; and then to take this ascertained dose at intervals of not less than one hour and a half, with 212 FLORIDA. milk cure, the beef-blood cure, the grape cure, the raw- beef cure, the whisky cure, the health-lift cure, the cure by change of climate, and many more have been devised. It will be observed that none of these depend upon medi- cine. Most intelligent physicians rely nowadays upon medicines only to alleviate the immediately distressing symptoms; the curative powers of drugs, in this as in any other disease, are much doubted by many of the most eminent persons in the faculty. In taking a general view, however, of all the methods of cure mentioned above, as well as of all others not mentioned, the consumptive im- mediately discovers that one fundamental principle under- lies them all, to wit, the makingof the body as strong as pos- sible by food, drink, air, and physical development. It is to this indeed that all the recommendations of the physi- cians converge, namely, that consumption is an unknown blood-poison, the only known method of counteracting which is to use such generous diet, fresh air, ameliorative appli- ances, and muscular and respiratory expansions as will bring the system to its highest state of resistive capacity. This may be considered the eleventh commandment in consumption, including all the rest. The problem is, therefore, for the consumptive to find out how best to apply this general rule practically to his own particular idiosyncrasies, habits, environment, and ability. In this connection it may be of use to mention two details of treatment. (a) There is but one beneficial method of using stimu- lants. That is, first to ascertain the proper dose (which varies indefinitely with different individuals), by experiment- ing until you have found such a quantity as neither quickens the pulse nor produces any sensation in the eyes, this quantity being usually very small; and then to take this ascertained dose at intervals of not less than one hour and a half, with  FOR CONSUMPTIVES-. FOR CONSUMPTIVES. 213 213 FOR CONSUMPTIVES-. 213 the greatest regularity; the theory being, that as the stimu- lus of the first dose decreases, its reaction will be met by the new stimulus of the second dose, the reaction of that by the action of the third, and so on, thus maintaining the system at its highest state of resistance for such periods of time as enable it to throw off the disease. The kind of stimulant to be used is simply such as is found upon experiment to be most easily digested. In most cases, pure whisky (which should always be taken without sugar or any other mixture save its own quantity of water) has been found to be the best possible form of stimulant. Most wines available to persons of ordinary means are probably hurtful. Feeble and nervous patients, who find headache produced by stimulants, should diminish the dose, even to ten drops, and take it more frequently, say every hour. Perseverance for three or four days has been found to remove the tendency to headache and give full play to the beneficial effects of the stimulant.* This treatment-by regular doses of whisky adminis- tered at intervals of from an hour to an hour and a half through each entire day from sleep to sleep-has been known to effect marvels, unaided by any other remedies save generous food and proper exercise. (b) The physical expansion of the lungs is of the greatest importance in removing congestion and preventing hemor- rhage. It can be constantly practiced without any cum- brous appliances whatever. Whether you are standing, sitting, walking, riding, or lying in bed, at any time, whenever you think of it, draw in your breath slowly until the chest is tolerably full--or, if you have a cough, until you feel that the inspiration is about to provoke it-and hold the breath so for a considerable time, then gently release it. If not painful to do so, straighten the body and put out the arms during the process. A habit of this sort once ac- * But see also the last paragraph of this chapter. the greatest regularity; the theory being, that as the stimu- lus of the first dose decreases, its reaction will be met by the new stimulus of the second dose, the reaction of that by the action of the third, and so on, thus maintaining the system at its highest state of resistance for such periods of time as enable it to throw off the disease. The kind of stimulant to be used is simply such as is found upon experiment to be most easily digested. In most cases, pure whisky (which should always be taken without sugar or any other mixture save its own quantity of water) has been found to be the best possible form of stimulant. Most wines available to persons of ordinary means are probably hurtful. Feeble and nervous patients, who find headache produced by stimulants, should diminish the dose, even to ten drops, and take it more frequently, say every hour. Perseverance for three or four days has been found to remove the tendency to headache and give full play to the beneficial effects of the stimulant.- This treatment-by regular doses of whisky adminis- tered at intervals of from an hour to an hour and a half through each entire day from sleep to sleep-has been known to effect marvels, unaided by any other remedies save generous food and proper exercise. (b) The physical expansion of the lungs is of the greatest importance in removing congestion and preventing hemor- rhage. It can be constantly practiced without any cum- brous appliances whatever. Whether you are standing, sitting, walking, riding, or lying in bed, at any time, whenever you think of it, draw in your breath slowly until the chest is tolerably full--or, if you have a rough, until you feel that the inspiration is about to provoke it-and hold the breath so for a considerable time, then gently release it. If not painful to do so, straighten the body and put out the arms during the process. A habit of this sort once ac- * But see also the l st paragraph of this chapter. the greatest regularity; the theory being, that as the stimu- lus of the first dose decreases, its reaction will be met by the new stimulus of the second dose, the reaction of that. by the action of the third, and so on, thus maintaining the system at its highest state of resistance for such periods of time as enable it to throw off the disease. The kind of stimulant to be used is simply such as is found upon experiment to be most easily digested. In most cases, pure whisky (which should always be taken without sugar or any other mixture save its own quantity of water) has been found to be the best possible form of stimulant. Most wines available to persons of ordinary means are probably hurtful. Feeble and nervous patients, who find headache produced by stimulants, should diminish the dose, even to ten drops, and take it more frequently, say every hour. Perseverance for three or four days has been found to remove the tendency to headache and give full play to the beneficial effects of the stimulant.* This treatment-by regular doses of whisky adminis- tered at intervals of from an hour to an hour and a half through each entire day from sleep to sleep-has been known to effect marvels, unaided by any other remedies save generous food and proper exercise. (b) The physical expansion of the lungs is of the greatest importance in removing congestion and preventing hemor- rhage. It can be constantly practiced without any cum- brous appliances whatever. Whether you are standing, sitting, walking, riding, or lying in bed, at any time, whenever you think of it, draw in your breath slowly until the chest is tolerably full--or, if you have a cough, until you feel that the inspiration is about to provoke it-and hold the breath so /or a considerable time, then gently release it. If not painful to do so, straighten the body and put out the arms during the process. A habit of this sort once ac- * But see also the last paragraph of this chapter.  214 FLORIDA. quired will soon develop a comfortable feeling in the chest and a freedom from oppression quite astonishing in view of the simplicity of the means used. The process itself is a better expectorant than any known to the pharmaco- poeia, and often has more efficacy in relieving the dreadful hack of the consumptive than all the drugs that can be administered, without any of their injurious accompani- ments. This gentle and constant expansion of the vesi- cles of the lung cannot be over-estimated ; every means should be devised to remind oneself of it, and even to make it pleasant. The latter has been accomplished with great efficacy by playing the Boehm flute. The operation of playing the flute-so far as it depends on the breath- involves the precise motion of the lungs which is of bene- fit to the consumptive, to wit, a full inspiration (always take care, not too full, not straining in the least) succeeded by a slow and gentle delivery of the breath. Of course an inexperienced player wastes breath at first; but with increasing skill this disappears, and the operation of play- ing becomes so gentle as to involve scarcely more violent inspirations and expirations than those which a fully healthy man makes in ordinary breathing while asleep. It is hardly necessary to add that practicing should never be carried to excess ; the least sign of fatigue should be the signal for stopping until the next day. The recommendation of flute-playing to consumptives will seem strange to some, and possibly there may be physicians who would oppose it. It has, however, been long known as beneficial; Quantz, the flute-player to Friedrich, speaks particularly of its value in this behalf. Perhaps it may be proper to add that this author knows positively and personally of most signal benefits resulting therefrom. In regard to the stimulant treatment marked (a) above, 214 FLORIDA. quired will soon develop a comfortable feeling in the chest and a freedom from oppression quite astonishing in view of the simplicity of the means used. The process itself is a better expectorant than any known to the pharmaco- poia, and often has more efficacy in relieving the dreadful hack of the consumptive than all the drugs that can be administered, without any of their injurious accompani- ments. This gentle and constant expansion of the vesi- cles of the lung cannot be over-estimated ; every means should be devised to remind oneself of it, and even to make it pleasant. The latter has been accomplished with great efficacy by playing the Boehm flute. The operation of playing the flute-so far as it depends on the breath- involves the precise motion of the lungs which is of bene- fit to the consumptive, to wit, a full inspiration (always take care, not too full, not straining in the least) succeeded by a slow and gentle delivery of the breath. Of course an inexperienced player wastes breath at first ; but with increasing skill this disappears, and the operation of play- ing becomes so gentle as to involve scarcely more violent inspirations and expirations than those which a fully healthy man makes in ordinary breathing while asleep. It is hardly necessary to add that practicing should never be carried to excess; the least sign of fatigue should be the signal for stopping until the next day. The recommendation of flute-playing to consumptives will seem strange to some, and possibly there may be physicians who would oppose it. It has, however, been long known as beneficial; Quantz, the flute-player to Friedrich, speaks particularly of its value in this behalf. Perhaps it may be proper to add that this author knows positively and personally of most signal benefits resulting therefrom. In regard to the stimulant treatment marked (a) above, 214 FLORIDA. quired will soon develop a comfortable feeling in the chest and a freedom from oppression quite astonishing in view of the simplicity of the means used. The process itself is a better expectorant than any known to the pharmaco- poia, and often has more efficacy in relieving the dreadful hack of the consumptive than all the drugs that can be administered, without any of their injurious accompani- ments. This gentle and constant expansion of the vesi- cles of the lung cannot be over-estimated ; every means should be devised to remind oneself of it, and even to make it pleasant. The latter has been accomplished with great efficacy by playing the Boehm flute. The operation of playing the flute-so far as it depends on the breath- involves the precise motion of the lungs which is of bene- fit to the consumptive, to wit, a full inspiration (always take care, not too full, not straining in the least) succeeded by a slow and gentle delivery of the breath. Of course an inexperienced player wastes breath at first; but with increasing skill this disappears, and the operation of play- ing becomes so gentle as to involve scarcely more violent inspirations and expirations than those which a fully healthy man makes in ordinary breathing while asleep. It is hardly necessary to add that practicing should never be carried to excess; the least sign of fatigue should be the signal for stopping until the next day. The recommendation of flute-playing to consumptives will seem strange to some, and possibly there may be physicians who would oppose it. It has, however, been long known as beneficial; Quantz, the flute-player to Friedrich, speaks particularly of its value in this behalf. Perhaps it may be proper to add that this author knows positively and personally of most signal benefits resulting therefrom. In regard to the stimulant treatment marked (a) above,  FOR CONSUMPTIVES 25 one finds it necessary to say that no person entertaining the least doubt as to the possibility of the stimulant habit so fastening upon him or her as to become itself a con- trolling disease should meddle with it. As between dying a drunkard and dying a consumptive no one in his senses could hesitate a moment in favor of the latter alternative. And in this instance the dilemma is not so hard as that; for there are many other methods of treatment not in- volving this form of stimulant. Thirdly. Never get in the shghtest degree wet, cold, or tired. One feels like saying, after Jean Paul, that herefrom many inferences are to be drawn, and I advise the reader to draw them. If, for example, you are a consumptive bent upon the open-air cure, and are going to the Indian River country in Florida to hunt and fish and camp out, you should provide yourself with a perfect suit of light India-rubber for head, neck, body, and feet, and a plenti- ful supply of thick flannel huntsman's-shirts to wear next the skin, no matter if it is warm ; and your party should obey your lightest whim, with the instant devotion of slaves to a tyrant, in stopping and pitching camp as soon as you announce that you are tired. If, on the other hand, you are a feeble invalid, you should beware of long journeys by rail or otherwise in cold weather, where you may be subjected to sudden changes from hot cars to cold air; and should visit Florida (e.g.) while the weather is pleasant, remaining, then, over the whole winter, until the spring is nearly become summer. The same principle will lead you to avoid, after you have reached Florida, any long journey which might involve exposure. A single half-hour in the night air, a drenching from a five-minutes' shower, a walk of half a mile beyond your strength, may undo fatally the work of long and well-employed months. FOR CONSUMPTIVES. 215 one finds it necessary to say that no person entertaining the least doubt as to the possibility of the stimulant habit so fastening upon him or her as to become itself a con- trolling disease should meddle with it. As between dying a drunkard and dying a consumptive no one in his senses could hesitate a moment in favor of the latter alternative. And in this instance the dilemma is not so hard as that; for there are many other methods of treatment not in- volving this form of stimulant. Thirdly. Never get in the slightest degree wet, cold, or tired. One feels like saying, after Jean Paul, that herefrom many inferences are to be drawn, and I advise the reader to draw them. If, for example, you are a consumptive bent upon the open-air cure, and are going to the Indian River country in Florida to hunt and fish and camp out, you should provide yourself with a perfect suit of light India-rubber for head, neck, body, and feet, and a plenti- ful supply of thick flannel huntsman's-shirts to wear next the skin, no matter if it is warm ; and your party should obey your lightest whim, with the instant devotion of slaves to a tyrant, in stopping and pitching camp as soon as you announce that you are tired. If, on the other hand, you are a feeble invalid, you should beware of long journeys by rail or otherwise in cold weather, where you may be subjected to sudden changes from hot cars to cold air; and should visit Florida (e.g.) while the weather is pleasant, remaining, then, over the whole winter, until the spring is nearly become summer. The same principle will lead you to avoid, after you have reached Florida, any long journey which might involve exposure. A single half-hour in the night air, a drenching from a five-minutes' shower, a walk of half a mile beyond your strength, may undo fatally the work of long and well-employed months. FOR CONSUMPTIVES. 215 one finds it necessary to say that no person entertaining the least doubt as to the possibility of the stimulant habit so fastening upon him or her as to become itself a con- trolling disease should meddle with it. As between dying a drunkard and dying a consumptive no one in his senses could hesitate a moment in favor of the latter alternative. And in this instance the dilemma is not so hard as that; for there are many other methods of treatment not in- volving this form of stimulant. Thirdly. Never get in the slightest degree wet, cold, or tired. One feels like saying, after Jean Paul, that herefrom many inferences are to be drawn, and I advise the reader to draw them. If, for example, you are a consumptive bent upon the open-air cure, and are going to the Indian River country in Florida to hunt and fish and camp out, you should provide yourself with a perfect suit of light India-rubber for head, neck, body, and feet, and a plenti- ful supply of thick flannel huntsman's-shirts to wear next the skin, no matter if it is warm ; and your party should obey your lightest whim, with the instant devotion of slaves to a tyrant, in stopping and pitching camp as soon as you announce that you are tired. If, on the other hand, you are a feeble invalid, you should beware of long journeys by rail or otherwise in cold weather, where you may be subjected to sudden changes from hot cars to cold air; and should visit Florida (e.g.) while the weather is pleasant, remaining, then, over the whole winter, until the spring is nearly become summer. The same principle will lead you to avoid, after you have reached Florida, any long journey which might involve exposure. A single half-hour in the night air, a drenching from a five-minutes' shower, a walk of half a mile beyond your strength, may undo fatally the work of long and well-employed months.  216 FLORIDA. Often, in traveling, one's mere delicate reluctance to ask the person in the seat ahead to close his window may cause one to sit in the draught until the terrible chill comes on which bears its result in weeks of fever and of cough. In such case either change your seat, or, if that be impossible, make the request which seems so dreadful as long as you sit and brood over it and so simple as soon as made. Finally, carry the supportive treatment herein recom- mended beyond the material into the moral. Be brave with your consumption: do not discuss it with bated breath. It is not necessary to go to the irreverent point of a certain jolly sufferer at San Antonio, Texas, who used to burst into one's room with " Halloo, , how 're your tube's* this morning?" Yet he was conducting an active business, and was faring along with considerable comfort upon something like half a legitimate allowance of lung. Probably he would not have done so if he had puled about it. Endeavor, therefore, in pursuance of this policy, to have some occupation consistent with your disease's requirements. Brooding kills. If you are near a Florida farm (e.g.), interest yourself in something that is going on there, the orange-culture, the grape-culture, the early vegetables, the banana-culture, the fig-culture, the fine tobacco culture, and the like. The field of Florida in these matters is yet so new, so untried by the resources of modern agricultural improvement, as to be full as fascinating, if one should once get one's interest aroused in it, as it was in the old days when the Spaniards believed it to be full of gold and pearls. Or you may, if you like that sort of woods-life, kill alligators and sell their teeth, as mentioned in the Jacksonville chapter of * Short for tuberdes. 216 FLORIDA. Often, in traveling, one's mere delicate reluctance to ask the person in the seat ahead to close his window may cause one to sit in the draught until the terrible chill comes on which bears its result in weeks of fever and of cough. In such case either change your seat, or, if that be impossible, make the request which seems so dreadful as long as you sit and brood over it and so simple as soon as made. Finally, carry the supportive treatment herein recom- mended beyond the material into the moral. Be brave with your consumption: do not discuss it with bated breath. It is not necessary to go to the irreverent point of a certain jolly sufferer at San Antonio, Texas, who used to burst into one's room with " Halloo, , how 're your tube's* this morning?" Yet he was conducting an active business, and was faring along with considerable comfort upon something like half a legitimate allowance of lung. Probably he would not have done so if he had puled about it. Endeavor, therefore, in pursuance of this policy, to have some occupation consistent with your disease's requirements. Brooding kills. If you are near a Florida farm (e.g.), interest yourself in something that is going on there, the orange-culture, the grape-culture, the early vegetables, the banana-culture, the fig-culture, the fine tobacco culture, and the like. The field of Florida in these matters is yet so new, so untried by the resources of modern agricultural improvement, as to be full as fascinating, if one should once get one's interest aroused in it, as it was in the old days when the Spaniards believed it to be full of gold and pearls. Or you may, if you like that sort of woods-life, kill alligators and sell their teeth, as mentioned in the Jacksonville chapter of * Short for tuberdes. 2x6 FLORIDA. Often, in traveling, one's mere delicate reluctance to ask the person in the seat ahead to close his window may cause one to sit in the draught until the terrible chill comes on which bears its result in weeks of fever and of cough. In such case either change your seat, or, if that be impossible, make the request which seems so dreadful as long as you sit and brood over it and so simple as soon as made. Finally, carry the supportive treatment herein recom- mended beyond the material into the moral. Be brave with your consumption: do not discuss it with bated breath. It is not necessary to go to the irreverent point of a certain jolly sufferer at San Antonio, Texas, who used to burst into one's room with "Halloo, - , how 're your tube's* this morning?" Yet he was conducting an active business, and was faring along with considerable comfort upon something like half a legitimate allowance of lung. Probably he would not have done so if he had puled about it. Endeavor, therefore, in pursuance of this policy, to have some occupation consistent with your disease's requirements. Brooding kills. If you are near a Florida farm (e.g.), interest yourself in something that is going on there, the orange-culture, the grape-culture, the early vegetables, the banana-culture, the fig-culture, the fine tobacco culture, and the like. The field of Florida in these matters is yet so new, so untried by the resources of modern agricultural improvement, as to be full as fascinating, if one should once get one's interest aroused in it, as it was in the old days when the Spaniards believed it to be full of gold and pearls. Or you may, if you like that sort of woods-life, kill alligators and sell their teeth, as mentioned in the Jacksonville chapter of * Short for tuberdes.  FOR CONSUMPTIVES 217 this book; or shoot herons, and collect their plumes for market-an occupation by which at least one invalid, of whom I have heard, has managed to support himself; or you might get a contract with some of the numerous col- leges in the country to supply their cabinets with stuffed birds, or fish, or botanical specimens, from Florida. Of course, if you have means which preclude the necessity of doing these things for support, you can do them for pleasure, and in applying yourself to the study of science you will soon cease to wither under that true consumptive sense that life is done with you and that you have nothing left but to die. The flute-practicing above recommended is also valuable as affording some definite occupation for each day. * * * * *' * * * * a It is now three years since the foregoing suggestions were written. To what is said concerning stimulants at (a) above, it should be added that the experience of dif- ferent individuals, and of the same individual at different times, varies very greatly as to the propriety of using them in any form. The present writer derived great benefit on two occasions-both several years ago-from pursuing the treatment recommended at (a) for about two months at each time. Upon afterwards repeating the experiment, it failed; and, since that time, he has found every kind of stimulant positively unfavorable. Perhaps in all cases where, after four days' trial, the treatment should not be found very decidedly beneficial, it should be promptly abandoned. K I9 FOR CONSUMPTIVES. 217 this book ; or shoot herons, and collect their plumes for market-an occupation by which at least one invalid, of whom I have heard, has managed to support himself; or you might get a contract with some of the numerous col- leges in the country to supply their cabinets with stuffed birds, or fish, or botanical specimens, from Florida. Of course, if you have means which preclude the necessity of doing these things for support, you can do them for pleasure, and in applying yourself to the study of science you will soon cease to wither under that true consumptive sense that life is done with you and that you have nothing left but to die. The flute-practicing above recommended is also valuable as affording some definite occupation for each day. * * * * * * * * 5 * It is now three years since the foregoing suggestions were written. To what is said concerning stimulants at (a) above, it should be added that the experience of dif- ferent individuals, and of the same individual at different times, varies very greatly as to the propriety of using them in any form. The present writer derived great benefit on two occasions-both several years ago-from pursuing the treatment recommended at (a) for about two months at each time. Upon afterwards repeating the experiment, it failed; and, since that time, he has found every kind of stimulant positively unfavorable. Perhaps in all cases where, after four days' trial, the treatment should not be found very decidedly beneficial, it should be promptly abandoned. K 19 FOR CONSUMPTIVES. 217 this book ; or shoot herons, and collect their plumes for market-an occupation by which at least one invalid, of whom I have heard, has managed to support himself; or you might get a contract with some of the numerous col- leges in the country to supply their cabinets with stuffed birds, or fish, or botanical specimens, from Florida. Of course, if you have means which preclude the necessity of doing these things for support, you can do them for pleasure, and in applying yourself to the study of science you will soon cease to wither under that true consumptive sense that life is done with you and that you have nothing left but to die. The flute-practicing above recommended is also valuable as affording some definite occupation for each day. * *' * * * * * * * * It is now three years since the foregoing suggestions were written. To what is said concerning stimulants at (a) above, it should be added that the experience of dif- ferent individuals, and of the same individual at different times, varies very greatly as to the propriety of using them in any form. The present writer derived great benefit on two occasions-both several years ago-from pursuing the treatment recommended at (a) for about two months at each time. Upon afterwards repeating the experiment, it failed; and, since that time, he has found every kind of stimulant positively unfavorable. Perhaps in all cases where, after four days' trial, the treatment should not be found very decidedly beneficial, it should be promptly abandoned. K to  CHAPTER XV. OTHER WINTER-RESORTS ON THE ROUTE TO FLORIDA. MANY invalids, consumptive, rheumatic, or asthmatic, have varied their Florida experiences by spending a part of their winter in Charleston, Augusta, Savannah, or Aiken; and there are others who, in obedience to that difference of temperament which I have before referred to as making it impossible to predict with certainty the precise shade of climate best suitable for any given indi- vidual, have found complete or partial restoration in one or other of those places without going farther South. Be- sides this, the attractions which they present in the way of comfortable lodgment, of good company, of mild climate, of various diversions, and of the facilities of established cities draw many tourists and pleasure-seekers and tired people, who without being sick nevertheless desire to flee from the rigors of the Northern climate. CHARLESTON. As one stands upon the steeple of old St. Michael's Church, a sheer hundred feet above any roofs in the neighborhood (where every visitor should stand, at his first sallying-forth into the city after arrival, for from here one may gain a complete idea of the entire environ- ment almost at a glance), and looks over the general face of the city, perhaps no impression is more prominent 218 CHAPTER XV. OTHER wINTER-RESORTS ON THE ROUTE TO FLORIDA. MANY invalids, consumptive, rheumatic, or asthmatic, have varied their Florida experiences by spending a part of their winter in Charleston, Augusta, Savannah, or Aiken; and there are others who, in obedience to that difference of temperament which I have before referred to as making it impossible to predict with certainty the precise shade of climate best suitable for any given indi- vidual, have found complete or partial restoration in one or other of those places without going farther South. Be- sides this, the attractions which they present in the way of comfortable lodgment, of good company, of mild climate, of various diversions, and of the facilities of established cities draw many tourists and pleasure-seekers and tired people, who without being sick nevertheless desire to flee from the rigors of the Northern climate. CHARLESTON. As one stands upon the steeple of old St. Michael's Church, a sheer hundred feet above any roofs in the neighborhood (where every visitor should stand, at his first sallying-forth into the city after arrival, for from here one may gain a complete idea of the entire environ- ment almost at a glance), and looks over the general face of the city, perhaps no impression is more prominent 218 CHAPTER XV. OTHER WINTER-RESORTS ON THE ROUTE TO FLORIDA. MANY invalids, consumptive, rheumatic, or asthmatic, have varied their Florida experiences by spending a part of their winter in Charleston, Augusta, Savannah, or Aiken; and there are others who, in obedience to that difference of temperament which I have before referred to as making it impossible to predict with certainty the precise shade of climate best suitable for any given indi- vidual, have found complete or partial restoration in one or other of those places without going farther South. Be- sides this, the attractions which they present in the way of comfortable lodgment, of good company, of mild climate, of various diversions, and of the facilities of established cities draw many tourists and pleasure-seekers and tired people, who without being sick nevertheless desire to flee from the rigors of the Northern climate. CHARLESTON. As one stands upon the steeple of old St. Michael's Church, a sheer hundred feet above any roofs in the neighborhood (where every visitor should stand, at his first sallying-forth into the city after arrival, for from here one may gain a complete idea of the entire environ- ment almost at a glance), and looks over the general face of the city, perhaps no impression is more prominent 218  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS 219 than the thorough gentlemanliness of it. There is nothing " loud" in sight. This gentlemanly aspect is all the more striking, in that it exhibits itself under the disadvantage of at least two very unfavorable circumstances. One is, that the houses are all turned to a dingy color-even those newly-painted-by the unusually strong quality of the sea-air which here sweeps freshly in from the near ocean. The other is, that the physiognomy of the city is so peculiar as to render it absolutely unlike that of any other city in the world within my knowledge. The houses, with their long three-storied stretches of piazzas, do not front the street, they front the sea-breeze; they are all arranged with their ends upon the street, precisely like pews in a church. I have called these disadvantageous circumstances, be- cause it is certainly a severe test of a man's gentlemanly bearing, when he preserves it intact in spite of being dressed at once rustily and unlike everybody else. But Charleston does: its air, as it stands there under the steeple of St. Michael's, is distinctly full of affable decorum; and no visitor with the least perception of the fitness of things can stay in the pleasant old city for a day or two without imbibing this sense of genial old-time dignity, to the extent of wishing that Charleston might always be, as it is, at once sober-suited and queer and delightful. Going round the balcony of the steeple of St. Michael's to the battery-side, and facing seaward: the river sweep- ing down on your right is the Cooper; that on the left is the Ashley; as the glance runs down the farther bank of Cooper River seaward, the points of land which last meet the eye represent James and Morris Islands, whose bat- teries were so famous during the war; inclosing the har- bor on the left is Sullivan's Island, on which one perceives OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 219 than the thorough gentlemanliness of it. There is nothing "loud" in sight. This gentlemanly aspect is all the more striking, in that it exhibits itself under the disadvantage of at least two very unfavorable circumstances. One is, that the houses are all turned to a dingy color-even those newly-painted-by the unusually strong quality of the sea-air which here sweeps freshly in from the near ocean. The other is, that the physiognomy of the city is so peculiar as to render it absolutely unlike that of any other city in the world within my knowledge. The houses, with their long three-storied stretches of piazzas, do not front the street, they front the sea-breeze; they are all arranged with their ends upon the street, precisely like pews in a church. I have called these disadvantageous circumstances, be- cause it is certainly a severe test of a man's gentlemanly bearing, when he preserves it intact in spite of being dressed at once rustily and unlike everybody else. But Charleston does: its air, as it stands there under the steeple of St. Michael's, is distinctly full of affable decorum ; and no visitor with the least perception of the fitness of things can stay in the pleasant old city for a day or two without imbibing this sense of genial old-time dignity, to the extent of wishing that Charleston might always be, as it is, at once sober-suited and queer and delightful. Going round the balcony of the steeple of St. Michael's to the battery-side, and facing seaward: the river sweep- ing down on your right is the Cooper; that on the left is the Ashley; as the glance runs down the farther bank of Cooper River seaward, the points of land which last meet the eye represent James and Morris Islands, whose bat- teries were so famous during the war; inclosing the har- bor on the left is Sullivan's Island, on which one perceives OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 219 than the thorough gentlemanliness of it. There is nothing "loud" in sight. This gentlemanly aspect is all the more striking, in that it exhibits itself under the disadvantage of at least two very unfavorable circumstances. One is, that the houses are all turned to a dingy color-even those newly-painted-by the unusually strong quality of the sea-air which here sweeps freshly in from the near ocean. The other is, that the physiognomy of the city is so peculiar as to render it absolutely unlike that of any other city in the world within my knowledge. The houses, with their long three-storied stretches of piazzas, do not front the street, they front the sea-breeze; they are all arranged with their ends upon the street, precisely like pews in a church. I have called these disadvantageous circumstances, be- cause it is certainly a severe test of a man's gentlemanly bearing, when he preserves it intact in spite of being dressed at once rustily and unlike everybody else. But Charleston does: its air, as it stands there under the steeple of St. Michael's, is distinctly full of affable decorum; and no visitor with the least perception of the fitness of things can stay in the pleasant old city for a day or two without imbibing this sense of genial old-time dignity, to the extent of wishing that Charleston might always be, as it is, at once sober-suited and queer and delightful. Going round the balcony of the steeple of St. Michael's to the battery-side, and facing seaward: the river sweep- ing down on your right is the Cooper; that on the left is the Ashley; as the glance runs down the farther bank of Cooper River seaward, the points of land which last meet the eye represent James and Morris Islands, whose bat- teries were so famous during the war; inclosing the har- bor on the left is Sullivan's Island, on which one perceives  220 FLORIDA. the town of Moultrieville and Fort Moultrie. In the centre-view one sees Fort Sumter, and, more inland, Castle Pinckney. On the right appears Fort Johnson. Yonder low banks of the Cooper and Ashley Rivers up which one's eye roves for a long distance from this elevated station, seem to be really in the strange Micaw- berness of things about to pour even as much wealth into Charleston as the friendly currents which run between them, or as the tributary sea itself. It is from them that the celebrated phosphate ores are being dug in great quantities; and now that the world-not only the American world, but England, France, Germany, Spain, Scotland, Ireland-has quite convinced itself of the enormous substantial value of these singular deposits as fertilizing material, no reasonable-sounding prophecy can be made concerning the ultimate extent of the trade in them from this point. The "phosphate rocks" of this region occur in the form of nodules, which are of a yellowish-gray color, emit a fetid odor when broken, and vary in size from an inch in diameter to masses weighing two hundred pounds. The deposit along the peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers near Charleston lies below the surface at a depth of from four to five feet, cropping out immedi- ately at the banks of the rivers. It is but a short time ago that the farmers along the river-banks piled up these outcropping rocks in pyramidal heaps to get them out of the way, their value being unknown. The deposit here is often from eighteen to twenty inches thick. It some- times reaches a thickness of three feet ; and is sometimes found in "pockets" several feet in width and depth. A uniform deposit of fifteen inches in depth yields six hun- dred tons to the acre; there are some now yielding a thousand tons to the acre. It is not confined to the 220 FLORIDA. the town of Moultrieville and Fort Moultrie. In the centre-view one sees Fort Sumter, and, more inland, Castle Pinckney. On the right appears Fort Johnson. Yonder low banks of the Cooper and Ashley Rivers ttp which one's eye roves for a long distance from this elevated station, seem to be really in the strange Micaw- berness of things about to pour even as much wealth into Charleston as the friendly currents which run between them, or as the tributary sea itself. It is from them that the celebrated phosphate ores are being dug in great quantities; and now that the world-not only the American world, but England, France, Germany, Spain, Scotland, Ireland-has quite convinced itself of the enormous substantial value of these singular deposits as fertilizing material, no reasonable-sounding prophecy can be made concerning the ultimate extent of the trade in them from this point. The "phosphate rocks" of this region occur in the form of nodules, which are of a yellowish-gray color, emit a fetid odor when broken, and vary in size from an inch in diameter to masses weighing two hundred pounds. The deposit along the peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers near Charleston lies below the surface at a depth of from four to five feet, cropping out immedi- ately at the banks of the rivers. It is but a short time ago that the farmers along the river-banks piled up these outcropping rocks in pyramidal heaps to get them out of the way, their value being unknown. The deposit here is often from eighteen to twenty inches thick. It some- times reaches a thickness of three feet ; and is sometimes found in "pockets" several feet in width and depth. A uniform deposit of fifteen inches in depth yields six hun- dred tons to the acre; there are some now yielding a thousand tons to the acre. It is not confined to the 220 FLORIDA. the town of Moultrieville and Fort Moultrie. In the centre-view one sees Fort Sumter, and, more inland, Castle Pinckney. On the right appears Fort Johnson. Yonder low banks of the Cooper and Ashley Rivers sip which one's eye roves for a long distance from this elevated station, seem to be really in the strange Micaw- berness of things about to pour even as much wealth into Charleston as the friendly currents which run between them, or as the tributary sea itself. It is from them that the celebrated phosphate ores are being dug in great quantities; and now that the world-not only the American world, but England, France, Germany, Spain, Scotland, Ireland-has quite convinced itself of the enormous substantial value of these singular deposits as fertilizing material, no reasonable-sounding prophecy can be made concerning the ultimate extent of the trade in them from this point. The "phosphate rocks" of this region occur in the form of nodules, which are of a yellowish-gray color, emit a fetid odor when broken, and vary in size from an inch in diameter to masses weighing two hundred pounds. The deposit along the peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers near Charleston lies below the surface at a depth of from four to five feet, cropping out immedi- ately at the banks of the rivers. It is but a short time ago that the farmers along the river-banks piled up these outcropping rocks in pyramidal heaps to get them out of the way, their value being unknown. The deposit here is often from eighteen to twenty inches thick. It some- times reaches a thickness of three feet ; and is sometimes found in "pockets" several feet in width and depth. A uniform deposit of fifteen inches in depth yields six hun- dred tons to the acre; there are some now yielding a thousand tons to the acre. It is not confined to the  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 221 Charleston peninsula, but is found-though not in a con- tinuous stratum-all the way from the Wando and Cooper Rivers, fifteen miles above Charleston, running parallel with the coast as far as to St. Helena Sound, near Port Royal. It is often exposed in the beds of streams at low tide; and one of the numerous mining companies is de- voted exclusively to collecting these river-bed riches. The nodules constituting the ore are mainly composed of phosphate of lime. Their geological history is strange and intensely interesting. The Eocene Marl " is the foundation of the whole seaboard country of South Carolina, and . . . is composed of the Santee, Cooper, and Ashley River Marls, which in the aggregate are seven hundred feet thick, and extend from North Carolina into Georgia. Before the low country of South Carolina was raised above the level of the ocean, the waves of the Atlantic beat upon the granitic hills of Edgefield, Lexington, and Richland. "The shallow water of the coast with its submarine formation of undulating sand-banks was then, as now, resting upon this surface of the great Marl formation, of Eocene age; both were below the level of the ocean, exposed to the degrading influence of its waves, and bored by Mollusca and other marine animals. " The Eocene Marl is here represented as we have found it, with its surface washed into deep cavities and holes, bored by animals just named, and honey-combed to the depth of five or six feet. This is its condition off Charleston harbor at the present time; and wherever the surface of the bed inland has been uncovered, it is found irreg- ular and broken, and the phosphate rocks show this plainly. From the coarsely honey-combed surface of this mother-bed, fragments were being continually broken off by the waves, rolled over the sand-beds, which wore off their angular edges, and finally deposited them in extensive masses in the great hollows or basins below the ocean- level. . . "We apprehend it did not require a very long time nor much fric- tion to reduce these comparatively soft lumps of Marl rock to the rounded or nodular forms they now have. Every gale drove them farther and farther upon the submarine beach, until at last they were 19* OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 221 Charleston peninsula, but is found-though not in a con- tinuous stratum-all the way from the Wando and Cooper Rivers, fifteen miles above Charleston, running parallel with the coast as far as to St. Helena Sound, near Port Royal. It is often exposed in the beds of streams at low tide; and one of the numerous mining companies is de- voted exclusively to collecting these river-bed riches. The nodules constituting the ore are mainly composed of phosphate of lime. Their geological history is strange and intensely interesting. The Eocene Marl "is the foundation of the whole seaboard country of South Carolina, and .. . is composed of the Santee, Cooper, and Ashley River Marls, which in the aggregate are seven hundred feet thick, and extend from North Carolina into Georgia. Before the low country of South Carolina was raised above the level of the ocean, the waves of the Atlantic beat upon the granitic hills of Edgefield, Lexington, and Richland. "The shallow water of the coast with its submarine formation of undulating sand-banks was then, as now, resting upon this surface of the great Marl formation, of Eocene age; both were below the level of the ocean, exposed to the degrading influence of its waves, and bored by Mollusca and other marine animals. "The Eocene Marl is here represented as we have found it, with its surface washed into deep cavities and holes, bored by animals just named, and boney-combed to the depth of five or six feet. This is its condition off Charleston harbor at the present time; and wherever the surface of the bed inland has been uncovered, it is found irreg. ular and broken, and the phosphate rocks show this plainly. From the coarsely honey-combed surface of this mother-bed, fragments were being continually broken off by the waves, rolled over the sand-beds, which wore off their angular edges, and finally deposited them in extensive masses in the great hollows or basins below the ocean- level. .. . " We apprehend it did not require a very long time nor much frie- tion to reduce these comparatively soft lumps of Marl rock to the rounded or nodular forms they now have. Every gale drove them farther and farther upon the submarine beach, until at last they were 19* OTHER WINTER-RESORTS- 221 Charleston peninsula, but is found-though not in a con- tinuous stratum-all the way from the Wando and Cooper Rivers, fifteen miles above Charleston, running parallel with the coast as far as to St. Helena Sound, near Port Royal. It is often exposed in the beds of streams at low tide; and one of the numerous mining companies is de- voted exclusively to collecting these river-bed riches. The nodules constituting the ore are mainly composed of phosphate of lime. Their geological history is strange and intensely interesting. The Eocene Marl "is the foundation of the whole seaboard country of South Carolina, and . . is composed of the Santee, Cooper, and Ashley River Marls, which in the aggregate are seven hundred feet thick, and extend from North Carolina into Georgia. Before the low country of South Carolina was raised above the level of the ocean, the waves of the Atlantic beat upon the granitic hills of Edgefield, Lexington, and Richland. "The shallow water of the coast with its submarine formation of undulating sand-banks was then, as now, resting upon this surface of the great Marl formation, of Eocene age; both were below the level of the ocean, exposed to the degrading influence of its waves, and bored by Mollusca and other marine animals. "The Eocene Marl is here represented as we have found it, with its surface washed into deep cavities and holes, bored by animals just named, and honey-combed to the depth of five or six feet. This is its condition off Charleston harbor at the present time; and wherever the surface of the bed inland has been uncovered, it is found irreg- ular and broken, and the phosphate rocks show this plainly. From the coarsely honey-combed surface of this mother-bed, fragments were being continually broken off by the waves, rolled over the sand-beds, which wore off their angular edges, and finally deposited them in extensive masses in the great hollows or basins below the ocean- level. .. . "We apprehend it did not require a very long time nor much fric- tion to reduce these comparatively soft lumps of Marl rock to the rounded or nodular forms they now have. Every gale drove them farther and farther upon the submarine beach, until at last they were 19*  222 FLORIDA. deposited in the lagoons or basins formed within the sand-reach of the coast. . .. " Professor Ansted, describing the phosphate-beds near Cambridge, England, writes-and we quote him in corroboration of our own views on this subject: * Many years ago a discovery of phosphate of lime was made in the so-called Crag-beds of Suffolk, and afterwards in the Green-sands of many parts of the southeast of England.' (This cor. responds with the Eocene or Green-sand of South Carolina.) ' The former contain beds consisting of nodules of exceedingly hard mate. rial, which, when ground, are soluble in sulphuric acid, and then form a most valuable manure.. . The nodules themselves are be- lieved to have been washed out of older rocks, also of Tertiary age.' It was, undoubtedly, so with the South Carolina phosphate-rocks." "The next great change was the upheaval of the whole seaboard country by some geological agency, and the elevation of the coast above the level of the ocean. When the sand hills and the submarine lagoons were raised, the basins contained sea or salt water, and must have been so many small salt lakes along the sea-coast, having their bottoms covered or paved with a thin layer of the nodular fragments of Marl rock. As the evaporation of the salt water progressed, what was left became day after day a stronger brine, until at last a deposit of salt ultimately formed as a crust upon the pavement of Marl rocks. And here we must remind the reader, that these nodular fragments of Eocene rocks are composed (like the mother-rock from which they had been broken off) entirely of the dead shells of marine animals, which age after age were deposited at the bottom of the ocean or Eocene sea, and finally became an immense bed or formation of Marl, inclosing throughout its great depth not only the PolydAalamours* shells, corals and corallines, but the teeth and bones of sharks and other fish, and of whale-like and alligator-like animals: such alone as live in the sea; but no remains of any land animal dave eeryet been found in it. All the remains of land animals obtained in such vast numbers are mingled with, and not imbedded in, the nodules found in the Phosphate basins; and this mingling of bones and teeth occurred in the PosT-PLEIoCENE AGE, after the elevation of the basins above the ocean level. It was in this Post-Pleiocene age" that " the Ameri- can Elephant, or Mammoth, the Mastodon, Rhinoceros, Megatherium, " Many-chambered. 222 FLORIDA. deposited in the lagoons or basins formed within the sand-reach of the coast. . . " Professor Ansted, describing the phosphate-beds near Cambridge, England, writes-and we quote him in corroboration of our own views on this subject: ' Many years ago a discovery of phosphate of lime was made in the so-called Crag-beds of Suffolk, and afterwards in the Green-sands of many parts of the southeast of England.' (This cor- responds with the Eocene or Green-sand of South Carolina.) ' The former contain beds consisting of nodules of exceedingly hard mate- rial, which, when ground, are soluble in sulphuric acid, and then form a most valuable manure. .. . The nodules themselves are be. lieved to have been washed out of older rocks, also of Tertiary age.' It was, undoubtedly, so with the South Carolina phosphate-rocks." "The next great change was the upheaval of the whole seaboard country by some geological agency, and the elevation of the coast above the level of the ocean. When the sand hills and the submarine lagoons were raised, the basins contained sea or salt water, and must have been so many small salt lakes along the sea-coast, having their bottoms covered or paved with a thin layer of the nodular fragments of Marl rock. As the evaporation of the salt water progressed, what was left became day after day a stronger brine, until at last a deposit of salt ultimately formed as a crust upon the pavement of Marl rocks. And here we must remind the reader, that these nodular fragments of Eocene rocks are composed (like the mother-rock from which they had been broken off) entirely of the dead shells of marine animals, which age after age were deposited at the bottom of the ocean or Eocene sea, and finally became an immense bed or formation of Mar, inclosing throughout its great depth not only the Polythalamous* shells, corals and comlllines, but the teeth and hones of sharks and other fish, and of whale-like and alligator-like animals: such alone as live in the sea; but no remains of any land animal ave ever yet been fandin it. All the remains of land animals obtained in such vast aumbers are mingled with, and not imbedded in, the nodules found in the Phosphate basins; and this mingling of bones and teeth occurred in the PosT-PLEsoCENE AGE, after the elevation of the basins above the ocean level. It was in this Post-Pleiocene age" that " the Ameri- can Elephant, or Mammoth, the Mastodon, Rhinoceros, Megatherium, * Many-chambered. 222 FLORIDA. deposited in the lagoons or basins formed within the sand-reach of the coast. . . . " Professor Ansted, describing the phosphate-beds near Cambridge, England, writes-and we quote him in corroboration of our own views on this subject: ' Many years ago a discovery of phosphate of lime was made in the so-called Crag-beds of Suffolk, and afterwards in the Green-sands of many parts of the southeast of England.' (This cor- responds with the Eocene or Green-sand of South Carolina.) ' The former contain beds consisting of nodules of exceedingly hard mate- rial, which, when ground, are soluble in sulphuric acid, and then form a most valuable manure... . The nodules themselves are be- lieved to have been washed out of older rocks, also of Tertiary age.' It was, undoubtedly, so with the South Carolina phosphate-rocks." "The next great change was the upheaval of the whole seaboard country by some geological agency, and the elevation of the coast above the level of the ocean. When the sand hills and the submarine lagoons were raised, the basins contained sea or salt water, and must have been so many small salt lakes along the sea-coast, having their bottoms covered or paved with a thin layer of the nodular fragments of Marl rock. As the evaporation of the salt water progressed, what was left became day after day a stronger brine, until at last a deposit of salt ultimately formed as a crust upon the pavement of Marl rocks. And here we must remind the reader, that these nodular fragments of Eocene rocks are composed (like the mother-rock from which they had been broken off) entirely of the dead shells of marine animals, which age after age were deposited at the bottom of the ocean or Eocene sea, and finally became an immense bed or formation of Marl, inclosing throughout its great depth not only the Polythalamousr* shells, corals and corallines, but the teeth and tones of sharks and other fish, and of whale-like and alligator-like animals: such alone as live in the sea; but no remains of any land animal dave everyet been foundin it. All the remains of land animals obtained in such vast numbers are mingled with, and not imbedded in, the nodules found in the Phosphate basins; and this mingling of bones and teeth occurred in the PosT-PLEIOCENE AGE, after the elevation of the basins above the ocean level. It was in this Post-Pleiocene age" that " the Ameri- can Elephant, or Mammoth, the Mastodon, Rhinoceros, Megatherium, * Many-chambered.  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 223 Hadrosaurus, and other gigantic quadrupeds roamed the Carolina forests, and repaired periodically to these Salt-lakes or Lagoons, or as they are called in Kentucky, Salt-lics; and during a series of indefi. nite ages, . .. they were first sipping brine, then licking salt, and depositing their fecal remains, and ultimately their bones and teeth, in fact their dead bodies, in these great open crawls or pens." * The marl-nodules, over which these land animals thus herded for ages, were mainly composed of carbonate of lime. Now carbonate of lime may be dissolved away and replaced by silicious matter, as in the case of these same Santee marls which are exposed near Aiken, South Carolina, as Bohrstone or Millstone-rock; or it may, when subject to the action of the phosphoric fecal discharges of animals, become changed into phos- phate of lime. Many persons have even confounded these phosphate rocks with bones, and some have imagined that the phosphatic qualities of the rock were solely derived from the great numbers of bones found associated with them. But the rock is, as has been said before, the trans- formed lime of shells, corals and corallines; and so far from owing its phosphatic nature to bones, it has been found that while fresh bones contain only about fifty-two per cent. of phosphate of lime, the bones dug up with the phosphate deposit yield ninety-two percent. of phosphate of lime, thus showing that the bones have gained from the rock, rather than the rock from the bones. What is known as the great "Charleston Fish-bed" is not the phosphate-bed ; it is the Ashley marl and sands under- lying the phosphate deposit, and contains more carbonate than phosphate. Such is the hypothesis of Professor Francis S. Holmes, of Charleston, South Carolina, a gentleman whose name * THE PHoSPHATE RoCKS oF SOUTH CARoLINA: By Francis S. Holmes. Holmes' Book House, Charleston, 187o. OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 223 Hadrosaurus, and other gigantic quadrupeds roamed the Carolina forests, and repaired periodically to these Salt-lakes or Lagoons, or as they are called in Kentucky, Salt-licks; and during a series of inden. nite ages, .... they were first sipping brine, then licking salt, and depositing their fecal remains, and ultimately their bones and teeth, in fact their dead bodies, in these great open crawls or pens."* The marl-nodules, over which these land animals thus herded for ages, were mainly composed of carbonate of lime. Now carbonate of lime may be dissolved away and replaced by silicious matter, as in the case of these same Santee marls which are exposed near Aiken, South Carolina, as Buhrstone or Millstone-rock; or it may, when subject to the action of the phosphoric fecal discharges of animals, become changed into phos- phate of lime. Many persons have even confounded these phosphate rocks with bones, and some have imagined that the phosphatic qualities of the rock were solely derived from the great numbers of bones found associated with them. But the rock is, as has been said before, the trans- formed lime of shells, corals and corallines; and so far from owing its phosphatic nature to bones, it has been found that while fresh bones contain only about fifty-two per cent. of phosphate of lime, the bones dug up with the phosphate deposit yield ninety-two per cent. of phosphate of lime, thus showing that the bones have gained from the rock, rather than the rock from the bones. What is known as the great "Charleston Fish-bed" is not the phosphate-bed ; it is the Ashley marl and sands under- lying the phosphate deposit, and contains morecarbonate than phosphate. Such is the hypothesis of Professor Francis S. Holmes, of Charleston, South Carolina, a gentleman whose name * THE PHOSPHATE ROCKS OF SOUTH CAROLINA: By Francis S. Holmes. Holmes' Book House, Charleston, 1870. OTHER WINTER-RESORTS 223 Hadrosaurus, and other gigantie quadrupeds roamed the Carolina forests, and repaired periodically to these Salt-lakes or Lagoons, or as they are called in Kentucky, Sall-licds; and during a series of indefi- nite ages, . .. they were first sipping brine, then licking salt, and depositing their fecal remains, and Ultimately their bones and teeth, in fact their dead bodies, in these great open caa or pens." * The marl-nodules, over which these land animals thus herded for ages, were mainly composed of carbonate of lime. Now carbonate of lime may be dissolved away and replaced by silicious matter, as in the case of these same Santee marls which are exposed near Aiken, South Carolina, as Buhrstone or Millstone-rock; or it may, when subject to the action of the phosphoric fecal discharges of animals, become changed into phos- phate of lime. Many persons have even confounded these phosphate rocks with bones, and some have imagined that the phosphatic qualities of the rock were solely derived from the great numbers of bones found associated with them. But the rock is, as has been said before, the trans- formed lime of shells, corals and corallines; and so far from owing its phosphatic nature to bones, it has been found that while fresh bones contain only about fifty-two per cent. of phosphate of lime, the bones dug up with the phosphate deposit yield ninety-two percent. of phosphate of lime, thus showing that the bones have gained from the rock, rather than the rock from the bones. What is known as the great "Charleston Fish-bed" is not the phosphate-bed ; it is the Ashley marl and sands under- lying the phosphate deposit, and contains more carbonate than phosphate. Such is the hypothesis of Professor Francis S. Holmes, of Charleston, South Carolina, a gentleman whose name *THE PHosPHATE ROcKs oF SOUTH CAROLINA: By Francis S. Holmes. Holmes' Book House, Charleston, 1870.  224 FLORIDA. is intimately connected not only with the first knowledge of these great deposits, but with the utilization which was made of them much later. It appears that in the year 1837 Professor Holmes, then a young student of geology, found "in an old rice-field, about a mile from the west bank of the Ashley, in St. Andrews Parish, . . . a number of rolled or water-worn nodules, of a rocky material filled with the impressions or casts of marine shells. These . . . were scattered over the surface of the land, and in some places had been gathered into heaps, so that they could not interfere materially with the cultivation of the field." He soon gathered for his own cabinet " thousands of remarkable specimens;" and some six years afterwards showed them to Mr. Ruffin, who, as State Geologist, was actively searching out localities where marls could be obtained. At that time, however, the value of phos- phate of lime does not seem to have been known even to the agricultural geologist. Mr. Ruffin was looking for carbonates of lime, or marls, which were then being earnestly recommended to farmers for fertilizing purposes; and the phosphatic nodules were dismisssd as valueless. Several years afterwards Professor Tuomey made a crude analysis of similar nodules, but found only sixteen per cent. of phosphate of lime in them. In the year 1867, however, one of these specimens fell into the hands of Dr. N. A. Pratt, who was then residing in Charleston. He discovered upon analysis that it con- tained sixty per cent. of phosphate of lime; and on con- sulting Professor Holmes and finding that he had long been acquainted with the nodules, though unaware of their great proportion of phosphatic matter, he resolved to ascertain the extent of the deposits. ... "Dr. Pratt left the next day with Mr. Lucas for Ashley Ferry, saw the rock in situ, and admitted 'it surpassed his anticipation. 224 FLORIDA. is intimately connected- not only with the first knowledge of these great deposits, but with the utilization which was made of them much later. It appears that in the year 1837 Professor Holmes, then a young student of geology, found "in an old rice-field, about a mile from the west bank of the Ashley, in St. Andrews Parish, . . . a number of rolled or water-worn nodules, of a rocky material filled with the impressions or casts of marine shells. These ... were scattered over the surface of the land, and in some places had been gathered into heaps, so that they could not interfere materially with the cultivation of the field." He soon gathered for his own cabinet " thousands of remarkable specimens;" and some six years afterwards showed them to Mr. Ruffin, who, as State Geologist, was actively searching out localities where marls could be obtained. At that time, however, the value of phos- phate of lime does not seem to have been known even to the agricultural geologist. Mr. Ruffin was looking for carbonates of lime, or marls, which were then being earnestly recommended to farters for fertilizing purposes; and the phosphatic nodules were dismisssd as valueless. Several years afterwards Professor Tomey made a crude analysis of similar nodules, but found only sixteen per cent. of phosphate of lime in them. In the year 1867, however, one of these specimens fell into the hands of Dr. N. A. Pratt, who was then residing in Charleston. He discovered upon analysis that it con- tained sixty per cent. of phosphate of lime; and on con- sulting Professor Holmes and finding that he had long been acquainted with the nodules, though unaware of their great proportion of phosphatic matter, he resolved to ascertain the extent of the deposits. .Dr. Pratt left the next day with Mr. Lucas for Ashley Ferry, saw the rock in situ, and admitted 'it surpassed his aticipation. 224 FLORIDA. is intimately connected- not only with the first knowledge of these great deposits, but with the utilization which was made of them much later. It appears that in the year 1837 Professor Holmes, then a young student of geology, found "in an old rice-field, about a mile from the west bank of the Ashley, in St. Andrews Parish, . . . a number of rolled or water-worn nodules, of a rocky material filled with the impressions or casts of marine shells. These .. . were scattered over the surface of the land, and in some places had been gathered into heaps, so that they could not interfere materially with the cultivation of the field." He soon gathered for his own cabinet " thousands of remarkable specimens;" and some six years afterwards showed them to Mr. Ruffin, who, as State Geologist, was actively searching out localities where marls could be obtained. At that time, however, the value of phos- phate of lime does not seem to have been known even to the agricultural geologist. Mr. Ruffin was looking for carbonates of lime, or marls, which were then being earnestly recommended to farmers for fertilizing purposes; and the phosphatic nodules were dismisssd as valueless. Several years afterwards Professor Tuomey made a crude analysis of similar nodules, but found only sixteen per cent. of phosphate of lime in them. In the year 1867, however, one of these specimens fell into the hands of Dr. N. A. Pratt, who was then residing in Charleston. He discovered upon analysis that it con- tained sixty per cent. of phosphate of lime; and on con- sulting Professor Holmes and finding that he had long been acquainted with the nodules, though unaware of their great proportion of phosphatic matter, he resolved to ascertain the extent of the deposits. ..."Dr. Pratt left the next day with Mr. Lucas for Ashley Ferry, saw the rock in sit, and admitted 'it surpassed his anticipation.  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 225 On the very day the doctor and Mr. Lucas were visiting the Ashley we received Ansted's book from London, on the Geology of the Cam- bridge Beds of Phosphates, giving in detail the analysis of a rock similar to that of the Ashley, and discovered some time during our Confederate War. .. . On the doctor's return from the Ashley (with Mr. Lucas) we had the pleasure of placing the book in his hands and directing his attention to the article. Several persons were present at the time, and all expressed their surprise. After stx wEEKs OF UNAVAILING EXERTIoNS in obtaining means to develop these treasures of the Ashley River, and to convince the good people of Charleston of the value of the discovery, we were obliged to resort to Northern cities for aid. Mr. James T. Welsman, of Charleston, one of the few who fully appreciated the discovery, furnished the necessary funds. Geo. T. Lewis and Fredk. Klett, Esqs., two gentlemen of Philadel- phia, immediately took the matter in hand, rewarded us both for our discovery, and furnished the capital for the first Phosphate Mining Association-' The Charleston, South Carolina, Mining and Manu- facturing Company.' " The beginning thus made was soon followed up, and company after company organized. These organizations are of two sorts: those which merely dig up and wash the ore, shipping it to various parts of the world in its crude state, and those which manufacture the ore into com- mercial fertilizers. Of the former sort are the " Charles- ton," "Coosaw," "Pacific Guano," "Marine and River Phosphate," and "Oak Point" mining companies, and the mines of Pinckney & Gregg, and of William L. Brad- ley; of the latter sort are the "Wando," "Etiwan," "Atlantic," "Soluble Pacific," and "Stono" compa- nies, and the works of J. B. Sardy. There are several other smaller mines and works besides those mentioned. Very large amounts of money are invested in the acid- chambers for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, and in the crushing and washing machinery and the like appli- ances of these works. The process is simple. The ore is dug by the pick, or, when taken from the beds of the K* OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 225 On the very day the doctor and Mr. Lucas were visiting the Ashley we received Ansted's book from London, on the Geology of the Cam- bridge Beds of Phosphates, giving in detail the analysis of a rock similar to that of the Ashley, and discovered some time during our Confederate War. . . . On the doctor's return from the Ashley (with Mr. Lucas) we had the pleasure of placing the book in his hands and directing his attention to the article. Several persons were present at the time, and all expressed their surprise. After StX wEEKS Or UNAVAILING EXERTIONS in obtaining means to develop these treasures of the Ashley River, and to convince the good people of Charleston of the value of the discovery, we were obliged to resort to Northern cities for aid. Mr. James T. Welsman, of Charleston, one of the few who fully appreciated the discovery, furnished the necessary funds. Geo. T. Lewis and Fredk. Klett, Esqs., two gentlemen of Philadel- phia, immediately took the matter in hand, rewarded us both for our discovery, and furnished the capital for the first Phosphate Mining Association-' the Charleston, South Carolina, Mining and Manu- facturing Company.'" The beginning thus made was soon followed up, and company after company organized. These organizations are of two sorts: those which merely dig up and wash the ore, shipping it to various parts of the world in its crude state, and those which manufacture the ore into com- mercial fertilizers. Of the former sort are the " Charles- ton," "Coosaw," "Pacific Guano," "Marine and River Phosphate," and "Oak Point" mining companies, and the mines of Pinckney & Gregg, and of William L. Brad- ley; of the latter sort are the "Wando," "Etiwan," "Atlantic," "Soluble Pacific," and "Stono" compa- nies, and the works of J. B. Sardy. There are several other smaller mines and works besides those mentioned. Very large amounts of money are invested in the acid- chambers for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, and in the crushing and washing machinery and the like appli- ances of these works. The process is simple. The ore is dug by the pick, or, when taken from the beds of the X* OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 225 On the very day the doctor and Mr. Lucas were visiting the Ashley we received Ansted's book from London, on the Geology of the Cam- bridge Beds of Phosphates, giving in detail the analysis of a rock similar to that of the Ashley, and discovered some time during our Confederate War. . . . On the doctor's return from the Ashley (with Mr. Lucas) we had the pleasure of placing the book in his hands and directing his attention to the article. Several persons were present at the time, and all expressed their surprise. After six wEEKS OF UNAvAILING EXERTIoNs in obtaining means to develop these treasures of the Ashley River, and to convince the good people of Charleston of the value of the discovery, we were obliged to resort to Northern cities for aid. Mr. James T. Weisman, of Charleston, one of the few who fully appreciated the discovery, furnished the necessary funds. Geo. T. Lewis and Fredk. Klett, Esqs., two gentlemen of Philadel- phia, immediately took the matter in hand, rewarded us both for our discovery, and furnished the capital for the first Phosphate Mining Association-' The Charleston, South Carolina, Mining and Manu- facturing Company.'" The beginning thus made was soon followed up, and company after company organized. These organizations are of two sorts: those which merely dig up and wash the ore, shipping it to various parts of the world in its crude state, and those which manufacture the ore into com- mercial fertilizers. Of the former sort are the " Charles- ton," "Coosaw," "Pacific Guano," "Marine and River Phosphate," and "Oak Point" mining companies, and the mines of Pinckney & Gregg, and of William L. Brad- ley; of the latter sort are the "Wando," "Etiwan," "Atlantic," "Soluble Pacific," and "Stono" compa- nies, and the works of J. B. Sardy. There are several other smaller mines and works besides those mentioned. Very large amounts of money are invested in the acid- chambers for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, and in the crushing and washing machinery and the like appli- ances of these works. The process is simple. The ore is dug by the pick, or, when taken from the beds of the K*  226 FLORIDA. streams, by powerful dredges. It is then dried, washed by machinery and shipped crude, or crushed, treated with sulphuric acid and manipulated into various forms of commercial fertilizers. This ore is rendered additionally interesting by its association with the age of pre-historic man. In the year 1844 Professor Holmes in opening a marl-pit found among these nodules, directly under the roots of a large oak, a stone hatchet and some stone arrow-heads whose forms seemed to separate them from those usually found in the Indian mounds. Soon afterwards he found a human bone projecting from a bluff and touching the phosphate stratum; but not supposing it to belong to that age he threw it away. About a year afterwards, however, he found a lower jaw-bone with teeth in the same bed and preserved it; and in 1867 Dr. Pratt and Professor Kerr discovered near the same spot parts of a human femur and tibia. There seems now to be no doubt that these remains all point to the same age with that so richly illus- trated by the discoveries in the Somme valley in France, and in Switzerland, known as the Stone Age. During Professor Holmes's investigations into this sub- ject, the circumstance revealed itself that Charleston is situated on the same geological formation with that over which London is built.* In the year 1662 his Majesty Charles II. granted a charter to Edward, Earl of Clarendon, George, Duke of Albemarle, William, Lord Craven, John, Lord Berkeley, Antony, Lord Ashley, Sir George Carteret, Sir William Berkeley, and Sir John Colleton, conveying to them * The author desires to acknowledge his obligation to the courtesy of Mr. Thomas D. Dotterer, superintendent of the Wando Company's works, for many of the facts embodied in this brief account of the Charleston phosphate deposits. 226 FLORIDA. streams, by powerful dredges. It is then dried, washed by machinery and shipped crude, or crushed, treated with sulphuric acid and manipulated into various forms of commercial fertilizers. This ore is rendered additionally interesting by its association with the age of pre-historic man. In the year 1844 Professor Holmes in opening a marl-pit found among these nodules, directly under the roots of a large oak, a stone hatchet and some stone arrow-heads whose forms seemed to separate them from those usually found in the Indian mounds. Soon afterwards he found a human bone projecting from a bluff and touching the phosphate stratum; but not supposing it to belong to that age he threw it away. About a year afterwards, however, he found a lower jaw-bone with teeth in the same bed and preserved it; and in 1867 Dr. Pratt and Professor Kerr discovered near the same spot parts of a human femur and tibia. There seems now to be no doubt that these remains all point to the same age with that so richly illus- trated by the discoveries in the Somme valley in France, and in Switzerland, known as the Stone Age. During Professor Holmes's investigations into this sub- ject, the circumstance revealed itself that Charleston is situated on the same geological formation with that over which London is built.* In the year 1662 his Majesty Charles II. granted a charter to Edward, Earl of Clarendon, George, Duke of Albemarle, William, Lord Craven, John, Lord Berkeley, Antony, Lord Ashley, Sir George Carteret, Sir William Berkeley, and Sir John Colleton, conveying to them * The author desires to acknowledge his obligation to the courtesy of Mr. Thomas D. Dotterer, superintendent of the Wando Company's works, for many of the facts embodied in this brief account of the Charleston phosphate deposits. 226 FLORIDA. streams, by powerful dredges. It is then dried, washed by machinery and shipped crude, or crushed, treated with sulphuric acid and manipulated into various forms of commercial fertilizers. This ore is rendered additionally interesting by its association with the age of pre-historic man. In the year 1844 Professor Holmes in opening a marl-pit found among these nodules, directly under the roots of a large oak, a stone hatchet and some stone arrow-heads whose forms seemed to separate them from those usually found in the Indian mounds. Soon afterwards he found a human bone projecting from a bluff and touching the phosphate stratum; but not supposing it to belong to that age he threw it away. About a year afterwards, however, he found a lower jaw-bone with teeth in the same bed and preserved it ; and in 1867 Dr. Pratt and Professor Kerr discovered near the same spot parts of a human femur and tibia. There seems now to be no doubt that these remains all point to the same age with that so richly illus- trated by the discoveries in the Somme valley in France, and in Switzerland, known as the Stone Age. During Professor Holmes's investigations into this sub- ject, the circumstance revealed itself that Charleston is situated on the same geological formation with that over which London is built.* In the year 1662 his Majesty Charles II. granted a charter to Edward, Earl of Clarendon, George, Duke of Albemarle, William, Lord Craven, John, Lord Berkeley, Antony, Lord Ashley, Sir George Carteret, Sir William Berkeley, and Sir John Colleton, conveying to them * The author desires to acknowledge his obligation to the courtesy of Mr. Thomas D. Dotterer, superintendent of the Wando Company's works, for many of the facts embodied in this brief account of the Charleston phosphate deposits.  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 227 a certain vast domain lying between the thirty-first and thirty-sixth parallels of north latitude, and running west to the Pacific Ocean, to be held in free and common socage. A second charter afterwards enlarged the grant so as to make it embrace all the territory lying between 290 and 360 30' of north latitude. For the colony which was to inaugurate a civilization in this new region the Lords Proprietors procured John Locke to draw up that famous Constitution which was the first attempt to construct a clock-work society, war- ranted, when once set going, to run till the Day of Judg- ment. Perhaps one could scarcely engage in a more fruitful inquiry than a search for the principles under- lying those prodigious contrasts which have revealed themselves between the moral excellences of some of the best men who have ever lived and the practical absurdities of their ideal projections for the benefit of society. The Repubbe which Plato devised, the Palatinate of John Locke,* and the Utopia of John Ruskin completely in- vert the qualities of their inventors and seem vicious in the precise degree that those weere virtuous. As for Locke's Constitution, it quickly proved itself wholly unsuited to the needs of its people, and was virtually disused long before it was formally abandoned. The Proprietors located a settlement at Port Royal in 167o. In 1671 the colonists removed to the west bank of the Ashley, not far above its mouth, and instituted "Old Charlestown." In 1679 the project was agitated, and in 168o carried out, of moving to the present site of Charleston, then Oyster Point-a spot which on account * See the Constitution itself: probably easiest accessible to most reade, in vol. ii. of Carroll's Hist. Coll. of South Carolina. Harper & Bros., 1836. OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 227 a certain vast domain lying between the thirty-first and thirty-sixth parallels of north latitude, and running west to the Pacific Ocean, to be held in free and common socage. A second charter afterwards enlarged the grant so as to make it embrace all the territory lying between 29* and 360 30' of north latitude. For the colony which was to inaugurate a civilization in this new region the Lords Proprietors procured John Locke to draw up that famous Constitution which was the first attempt to construct a clock-work society, war- ranted, when once set going, to run till the Day of Judg- ment. Perhaps one could scarcely engage in a more fruitful inquiry than a search for the principles under- lying those prodigious contrasts which have revealed themselves between the moral excellences of some of the best melt who have ever lived and the practical absurdities of their ideal projections for the benefit of society. The Republic which Plato devised, the Palatinate of John Locke,* and the Utopia of John Ruskin completely in- vert the qualities of their inventors and seem vicious in the precise degree that those were virtuous. As for Locke's Constitution, it quickly proved itself wholly unsuited to the needs of its people, and was virtually disused long before it was formally abandoned. The Proprietors located a settlement at Port Royal in 1670. In 1671 the colonists removed to the west bank of the Ashley, not far above its mouth, and instituted "Old Charlestown." In 1679 the project was agitated, and in 168o carried out, of moving to the present site of Charleston, then Oyster Point-a spot which on account * See the Constitution itself: probably easiest accessible to most readers in vol. ii. of Carroll's Hist. Coll of South Carolina. Harper & Bros., 1836. OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 227 a certain vast domain lying between the thirty-first and thirty-sixth parallels of north latitude, and running west to the Pacific Ocean, to be held in free and common socage. A second charter afterwards enlarged the grant so as to make it embrace all the territory lying between 29* and 360 30' of north latitude. For the colony which was to inaugurate a civilization in this new region the Lords Proprietors procured John Locke to draw up that famous Constitution which was the first attempt to construct a clock-work society, war- ranted, when once set going, to run till the Day of Judg- ment. Perhaps one could scarcely engage in a more fruitful inquiry than a search for the principles under- lying those prodigious contrasts which have revealed themselves between the moral excellences of some of the best men who have ever lived and the practical absurdities of their ideal projections for the benefit of society. The Republic which Plato devised, the Palatinate of John Locke,* and the Utopia of John Ruskin completely in- vert the qualities of their inventors and seem vicious in the precise degree that those were virtuous. As for Locke's Constitution, it quickly proved itself wholly unsuited to the needs of its people, and was virtually disused long before it was formally abandoned. The Proprietors located a settlement at Port Royal in 1670. In 1671 the colonists removed to the west bank of the Ashley, not far above its mouth, and instituted " Old Charlestown." In 1679 the project was agitated, and in 168o carried out, of moving to the present site of Charleston, then Oyster Point-a spot which on account * See the Constitution itself: probably easiest accessible to most readers in vol. ii. of Carroll's Hist. Coll. of South Carolina. Harper & Bros., 1836.  228 FLORIDA. of its situation between the Cooper and Ashley Rivers afforded better facilities and deeper water for shipping. " At our being there," says T. A.,* writing in x682 (supposed to have been Thomas Ashe) " was judged in the country a roao or 1200 souls; but the great number of families from England, Ireland, Bar- badoes, Jamaica, and the Caribbees have more than doubled that number." The extravagant descriptions of the beauty of the climate, the fertility of the soil, the grandeur of the forests, and the like, were indeed enough to draw adven- turers from many regions. T. A. wrote seductive ac- counts of even the medicinal productions of Carolina. " They have," says lie, e.g., " three sorts of the Rattle Snake Root which I have seen: the Comoas, or Hairy, the Smooth, the Nodous, or Knoted Root ; and if I do not very much in my Observations err, the Leaves of all these roots of a Heart had the exact Resemblance; they are all sovereign against the mortal Bites of that Snake too fre- quent in the West Indies. In all pestilential Distempers, as Plague, Small Pox, and malignant Fevers, it's a noble Specifick; when stung they eat the Root, applying it to the Venemous Wound: or they boyl the Roots in Water, which drunk, fortifies and corroborates the Heart, exciting strong and generous Sweats; by which endangered Nature is relieved; and the Poyson carried off and expelled." He writes similar accounts of the virtues of the am- bergris found on the shores; and, along with some sprightly tales of the Carolinian Turtles,t declares that "the Flesh is commended for a good antiscorbutique Diet, . . . and some that have been far gone in con- sumption, with the constant use of this Diet nave been thoroughly recovered and cured in 3 or 4 montns." * In "The Compleat Discovery," by T. A., " clerk on board his Ma- jestie's ship The Richmond." t See the account hreinbefore quoted from him in the " Gulf Coast" chapter of this book. 228 FLORIDA. of its situation between the Cooper and Ashley Rivers afforded better facilities and deeper water for shipping. "At our being there," says T. A.,* writing in 1682 (supposed to have been Thomas Ashe) " was judged in the country a oon or 2au souls; but the great number of families from England, Ireland, Bar- badoes, Jamaica, and the Caribbees have more than doubled that number." The extravagant descriptions of the beauty of the climate, the fertility of the soil, the grandeur of the forests, and the like, were indeed enough to draw adven- turers from many regions. T. A. wrote seductive ac- counts of even the medicinal productions of Carolina. " They have," says he, e.g., " three sorts of the Rattle Snake Root which I have seen : the Comous, or Hairy, the Smooth, the Nodous, or Knotted Root ; and if I do not very much in my Observations err, the Leaves of all these roots of a Heart had the exact Resemblance; they are all sovereign against the mortal Bites of that Snake too fre- quent in the West Indies. In all pestilential Distempers, as Plague, Small Pox, and malignant Fevers, it's a noble Specifick; when stung they eat the Root, applying it to the Venemous Wound: or they boyl the Roots in Water, which drunk, fortifies and corroborates the Heart, exciting strong and generous Sweats; by which endangered Nature is relieved; and the Poysan carried off and expelled." He writes similar accounts of the virtues of the am- bergris found on the shores; and, along with some sprightly tales of the Carolinian Turtlest declares that "the Flesh is commended for a good antiscorbutique Diet, . . . and some that have been far gone in con- sumption, with the constant use of this Diet nave been thoroughly recovered and cured in 3 or 4 montns." * In "The Compleat Discovery," by T. A., " clerk on board his Ma- jestie's ship The Richmond." t See the account hereinbefore quoted from him in the'- Gulf Coast" chapter of this book. 228 FLORIDA. of its situation between the Cooper and Ashley Rivers afforded better facilities and deeper water for shipping. " At our being there," says T. A.,* wrtning in 1682 (supposed to have been Thomas Ashe) " was judged in the country a loon or 1200 souls; but the great number of families from England, Ireland, Bar- badoes, Jamaica, and the Caribbees have more than doubled that number." The extravagant descriptions of the beauty of the climate, the fertility of the soil, the grandeur of the forests, and the like, were indeed enough to draw adven- turers from many regions. T. A. wrote seductive ac- counts of even the medicinal productions of Carolina. " They have," says he, e.g., " three sorts of the Rattle Snake Root which I have seen: the Comous, or Hairy, the Smooth, the Nodous, or Knotted Root; and if I do not very much in my Observations err, the Leaves of all these roots of a Heart had the exact Resemblance; they are all sovereign against the mortal Bites of that Snake too fre- quent in the West Indies. In all pestilential Distempers, as Plague, Small Pox, and malignant Fevers, it's a noble Specifick; when stung they eat the Rnot, applying it to the Venemous Wound: or they boyl the Roots in Water, which drunk, fortifies and corroborates the Heart, exciting strong and generous Sweats; by which endangered Nature is relieved; and the Poyson carried off and expelled." He writes similar accounts of the virtues of the am- bergris found on the shores; and, along with some sprightly tales of the Carolinian Turtles,t declares that "the Flesh is commended for a good antiscorbutique Diet, . . . and some that have been far gone in con- sumption, with the constant use of this Diet nave been thoroughly recovered and cured in 3 or 4 months." * In "The Compleat Discovery," by T. A., " clerk on board his Ma- jestie's ship The Richmond." t See the account hereinbefore quoted from him in the " Gulf Coast" chapter of this book.  OTYA'R WINTER.RESORTS. 229 And so, through ups and downs far too complicated for narration in this place; through harassments from the Stono and Westo Indians, who would possibly have quite eaten up the young colony save for the diver- sions created by the private wars between the Westoes and the Serannas; through civil seditions; through in- ternal troubles betwixt Cavaliers and Puritans, who along with their goods and household gods had brought also their old quarrels with them over the sea; through pros- perities drawn from diverse sources-now from West Indian pirates who would come into town and scatter their gold and silver about with lavish hand, the king per- mitting them so to do and even knighting one of them (Henry Morgan)-and now from accessions of Huguenots driven here by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes; through wars with the Yemassee and wars with the Span- iard; the Charleston colony fared along. Says Oldmixon (mostly redacting Archdale), describing it in 17o8: " Charles Town, the capital of this province, lies in 3o* 4o" north latitude, two leagues from the sea." . It "is a market town, and thither the whole product of the province is brought for sale. Neither is its trade inconsiderable; for it deals near one thousand miles into the continent; however, 'tis unhappy in a bar that admits no ships above two hundred tons. Its situation is very inviting, and the country about it agreeable and fruitful; the highways extremely in- viting, especially that called Broadway,* which for three or four miles make a road and walk 'so pleasantly green that,' says my author, ' I believe no prince in Europe by all his art can make so pleasant a sight for the whole year. There are several fair streets in the town, and some handsome buildings. As for public edifices, the church in most remarkable; 'tis large and stately enough; ... but the auditory begins to want room and another church.t This is dedi- cated to St. Philip.'" * Meeting Street. t The parish of St. Michael's was afterwards established. 20 OTER WINTERRESORTS. 229 And so, through ups and downs far too complicated for narration in this place; through harassments from the Stono and Westo Indians, who would possibly have quite eaten up the young colony save for the diver- sions created by the private wars between the Westoes and the Serannas; through civil seditions; through in- ternal troubles betwixt Cavaliers and Puritans, who along with their goods and household gods had brought also their old quarrels with them over the sea; through pros- perities drawn from diverse sources-now from West Indian pirates who would come into town and scatter their gold and silver about with lavish hand, the king per- mitting them so to do and even knighting one of them (Henry Morgan)-and now from accessions of Huguenots driven here by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes; through wars with the Yemassee and wars with the Span- iard; the Charleston colony fared along. Says Oldmixon (mostly redacting Archdale), describing it in 1708: " Charles Town, the capital of this province, lies in 30* 40" north latitude, two leagues from the sea." ... It "is a market town, and thither the whole product of the province is brought for sale. Neither is its trade inconsiderable; for it deals near one thousand miles into the continent; however, 'tis unhappy in a bar that admits no ships above two hundred tons. Its situation is very inviting, and the country about it agreeable and fruitful; the highways extremely in- viting, especially that called Broadway,* which for three or four miles make a road and walk 'so pleasantly green that,' says my author, I believe no prince in Europe by all his art can make so pleasant a sight for the whole year. There are several fair streets in the town, and some handsome buildings. As for public edifices, the church is most remarkable; 'tis large and stately enough; . .. but the auditory begins to want room and another church.t This is dedi- cated to St. Philip.'" * Meeting Street. t The parish of St. Michael's was afterwards established. ¢o OTIER WINTER-RESORTS. 729 And so, through ups and downs far too complicated for narration in this place; through harassments from the Stono and Westo Indians, who would possibly have quite eaten up the young colony save for the diver- sions created by the private wars between the Westoes and the Serannas; through civil seditions; through in- ternal troubles betwixt Cavaliers and Puritans, who along with their goods and household gods had brought also their old quarrels with them over the sea; through pros- perities drawn from diverse sources-now from West Indian pirates who would come into town and scatter their gold and silver about with lavish hand, the king per- mitting them so to do and even knighting one of them (Henry Morgan)-and now from accessions of Huguenots driven here by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes; through wars with the Yemassee and wars with the Span- iard; the Charleston colony fared along. Says Oldmixon (mostly redacting Archdale), describing it in 1708: "Charles Town, the capital of this province, lies in 30* 4o" north latitude, two leagues from the sea." . .. It "is a market town, and thither the whole product of the province is brought for sale. Neither is its trade inconsiderable; for it deals near one thousand miles into the continent; however, 'ts unhappy in a bar that admits no ships above two hundred tons. Its situation is very inviting, and the country about it agreeable and fruitful; the highways extremely in- viting, especially that called Broadway,* which for three or four miles make a road and walk ' so pleasantly green that,' says my author, ' I believe no prince in Europe by all his art can make so pleasant a sight for the whole year. There are several fair streets in the town, and some handsome buildings. As for public edifices, the church is most remarkable; 'tis large and stately enough; ... but the auditory begins to want room and another church.t This is dedi. cated to St. Philip.' " * Meeting Street. t The parish of St. Michael's was afterwards established.  230 FLORIDA. A later writer, in 1763, describes some lighter matters in Charleston; and appears particularly to have fallen, perhaps on some enchanted Charleston night by the water-side, into the sweet hands of certain slender and lissome ladies whom every visitor to modern Charleston will easily recognize as true ancestral types of the lithe and graceful girls that still abound there. The inhabitants of the Carolina province, he says, "are generally of a good stature and well made, with lively and agreeable coun- tenances, sensible, spirited, and exceed most people in acts of benev- olence, hospitality, and charity.. . The personal qualities of the ladies are much to their credit and advantage; they are generally of a middling stature, genteel and slender; they have fair complexions- without the help of art-and regular features; their air is easy and natural; . . their eyes sparkling, penetrating and inchantingly sweet; they are fond of dancing, a exercise they perform very gracefully; and many sing well, and play upon the harpsichord and guitar with great skill.... In summer ... riding on horseback or in chaises (which few are without) in the evenings and mornings .. . is much practiced. In the autumn, winter and spring there is variety and plenty of game for the gun or dogs; the gentlemen are not backward in the chase. During the season there is once in two weeks a dancing assembly in Charleston, where is always a brilliant appearance of lovely and well-dressed women; we have likewise a genteel play-house, where a very tolerable set of actors, called the American Company of Comedians, exhibit; and often concerts of instrumental and vocal music, generally performed by gentlemen. Madeira wine and punch are the common drinks of the inhabitants; yet few gentlemen are without claret, port, Lisbon, and other wines of the French, Spanish, or Portugal vintages. The ladies, I mention it to their credit, are extremely temperate, and generally drink water, which, in Charleston, . . is very unwholesome.. . The cotton- tree likewise grows naturally in this province, and might be of great use in clothing the poor sort of white inhabitants and the negroes" (what woud this gentleman think of the degenerate cotton-clothed people of this day who are neither the poor sort of white inhabitants nor negroes?) "if any pains were taken to cultivate it.... There are about eleven hundred dwelling houses in the town, built with 230 FLORIDA. A later writer, in 1763, describes some lighter matters in Charleston; and appears particularly to have fallen, perhaps on some enchanted Charleston night by the water-side, into the sweet hands of certain slender and lissome ladies whom every visitor to modern Charleston will easily recognize as true ancestral types of the lithe and graceful girls that still abound there. The inhabitants of the Carolina province, he says, "are generally of a good stature and well made, with lively and agreeable coun- tenances, sensible, spirited, and exceed most people in acts of benev- olence, hospitality, and charity... The personal qualities of the ladies are much to their credit and advantage; they are generally of a middling stature, genteel and slender; they have fair complexions- without the help of art-and regular features; their air is easy and natural; . . . their eyes sparkling, penetrating and inchantingly sweet; they are fond of dancing, an exercise they perform very gracefully; and many sing well, and play upon the harpsichord and guitar with great skill.... In summer ... riding on horseback or in chaises (which few are without) in the evenings and mornings .. . is much practiced. In the autumn, winter and spring there is variety and plenty of game for the gun or dogs; the gentlemen are not backward in the chase. During the season there is once in two weeks a dancing assembly in Charleston, where is always a brilliant appearance of lovely and well-dressed women; we have likewise a genteel play-house, where a very tolerable set of actors, called the American Company of Comedians, exhibit; and often concerts of instrumental and vocal music, generally performed by gentlemen. Madeira wine and punch are the common drinks of the inhabitants; yet few gentlemen are without claret, port, Lisbon, and other wines of the French, Spanish, or Portugal vintages. The ladies, I mention it to their credit, are extremely temperate, and generally drink water, which, in Charleston, . . is very unwholesome.. . The cotton- tree likewise grows naturally in this province, and might be of great use in clothing the poor sort of white inhabitants and the negroes" (what would this gentleman think of the degenerate cotton-clothed people of this day who are neither the poor sort of white inhabitants nor negroes ?) "if any pains were taken to cultivate it. . . . There are about eleven hundred dwelling houses in the town, built with 230 FLORIDA. A later writer, in 1763, describes some lighter matters in Charleston; and appears particularly to have fallen, perhaps on some enchanted Charleston night by the water-side, into the sweet hands of certain slender and lissome ladies whom every visitor to modern Charleston will easily recognize as true ancestral types of the lithe and graceful girls that still abound there. The inhabitants of the Carolina province, he says, "are generally of a good stature and well made, with lively and agreeable coun- tenances, sensible, spirited, and exceed most people in acts of benev- olence, hospitality, and charity... . The personal qualities of the ladies are much to their credit and advantage; they are generally of a middling stature, genteel and slender; they have fair complexions- without the help of art-and regular features; their air is easy and natural; . . their eyes sparkling, penetrating and inchauntigly sweet; they are fond of dancing, an exercise they perform very gracefully; and many sing well, and play upon the harpsichord and guitar with great skill.... In summer ... riding on horseback or in chaises (which few are without) in the evenings and mornings is much practiced. In the autumn, winter and spring there is variety and plenty of game for the gun or dogs; the gentlemen are not backward in the chase. During the season there is once in two weeks a dancing assembly in Charleston, where is always a brilliant appearance of lovely and well-dressed women; we have likewise a genteel play-house, where a very tolerable set of actors, called the American Company of Comedians, exhibit; and often concerts of instrumental and vocal music, generally performed by gentlemen. Madeira wine and punch are the common drinks of the inhabitants; yet few gentlemen are without claret, port, Lisbon, and other wines of the French, Spanish, or Portugal vintages. The ladies, I mention it to their credit, are extremely temperate, and generally drink water, which, in Charleston, . . . is very unwholesome.. . The cotton- tree likewise grows naturally in this province, and might be of great use in clothing the poor sort of white inhabitants and the negroes" (what would this gentleman think of the degenerate cotton-clothed people of this day who are neither the poor sort of white inhabitants nor negroes?) "if any pains were taken to cultivate it.. There are about eleven hundred dwelling houses in the town, built with  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 231 wood or brick; many of them have a genteel appearance, though generally incumbered with balconies or piazzas, and are always decently and often elegantly furnished; the apartments are contrived for coolness, a very necessary consideration." These old glimpses of ancient Charleston reveal many features which the modern visitor will not fail to recognize. Through all its reverses, British occupations as well as terrible disasters of Confederate struggles, it seems to have preserved its individuality in a marvelous degree. One observes with pleasure many signs indicating a return of the commercial importance which the city had gained before the late war. Its old West India trade, which acquired such a lucrative momentum during the Anglo-French wars, is not now so great; but it is being replaced in other ways, notably by increased shipments of lumber and naval stores, due to the new activities in these direc- tions recently inaugurated in South Carolina by the south- ward movement of lumbermen and distillers who have begun to abandon the worn-out pine-forests of North Carolina for the new and comparatively untouched dis- tricts of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Perhaps no city of equal size with Charleston has ac- cumulated so long and brilliant a list of names eminent in diverse departments of activity. Pringle, Legare, Hayne, Simons, Langdon Cheves, Crafts, Petigru, Grimke, Bre- vard, Johnson, Desaussure, Parker, Lowndes, Gadsden, among the lawyers; Dickson, Ravenel, Geddings, Bruns, Ramsay, Prioleau, Frost, Bellinger, Gaillard, Miles, among the physicians; Yeadon, Pinckney, Mor- ford, Rhett, among the editors; Bachman, Elliott; are names which occur to the hasty recollection of even a stranger, and could be largely supplemented by one fa- miliar with the town's inner history from residence in it. As for the fine old merchants, and the fine old planters, OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 23r wood or brick; many of them have a genteel appearance, though generally incumbered with balconies or piazzas, and are always decently and often elegantly fumished; the apartments are contrived for coolness, a very necessary consideration." These old glimpses of ancient Charleston reveal many features which the modern visitor will not fail to recognize. Through all its reverses, British occupations as well as terrible disasters of Confederate struggles, it seems to have preserved its individuality in a marvelous degree. One observes with pleasure many signs indicating a return of the commercial importance which the city had gained before the late war. Its old West India trade, which acquired such a lucrative momentum during the Anglo-French wars, is not now so great; but it is being replaced in other ways, notably by increased shipments of lumber and naval stores, due to the new activities in these direc- tions recently inaugurated in South Carolina by the south- ward movement of lumbermen and distillers who have begun to abandon the worn-out pine-forests of North Carolina for the new and comparatively untouched dis- tricts of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Perhaps no city of equal size with Charleston has ac- cumulated so long and brilliant a list of names eminent in diverse departments of activity. Pringle, Legare, Hayne, Simons, Langdon Cheves, Crafts, Petigru, Grimke, Bre- vard, Johnson, Desaussure, Parker, Lowndes, Gadsden, among the lawyers; Dickson, Ravenel, Geddings, Bruns, Ramsay, Prioleau, Frost, Bellinger, Gaillard, Miles, among the physicians; Yeadon, Pinckney, Mor- ford, Rhett, among the editors; Bachman, Elliott; are names which occur to the hasty recollection of even a stranger, and could be largely supplemented by one fa- miliar with the town's inner history from residence in it. As for the fine old merchants, and the fine old planters, OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 231 wood or brick; many of them have a genteel appearance, though generally incumbered with balconies or piazzas, and are always decently and often elegantly fumished ; the apartments are contrived for coolness, a very necessary consideration." These old glimpses of ancient Charleston reveal many features which the modern visitor will not fail to recognize. Through all its reverses, British occupations as well as terrible disasters of Confederate struggles, it seems to have preserved its individuality in a marvelous degree. One observes with pleasure many signs indicating a return of the commercial importance which the city had gained before the late war. Its old West India trade, which acquired such a lucrative momentum during the Anglo-French wars, is not now so great; but it is being replaced in other ways, notably by increased shipments of lumber and naval stores, due to the new activities in these direc- tions recently inaugurated in South Carolina by the south- ward movement of lumbermen and distillers who have begun to abandon the worn-out pine-forests of North Carolina for the new and comparatively untouched dis- tricts of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Perhaps no city of equal size with Charleston has ac- cumulated so long and brilliant a list of names eminent in diverse departments of activity. Pringle, Legare, Hayne, Simons, Langdon Cheves, Crafts, Petigru, Grimke, Bre- vard, Johnson, Desaussure, Parker, Lowndes, Gadsden, among the lawyers; Dickson, Ravenel, Geddings, Bruns, Ramsay, Prioleau, Frost, Bellinger, Gaillard, Miles, among the physicians; Yeadon, Pinckney, Mor- ford, Rhett, among the editors; Bachman, Elliott; are names which occur to the hasty recollection of even a stranger, and could be largely supplemented by one fa- miliar with the town's inner history from residence in it. As for the fine old merchants, and the fine old planters,  232 FLORIDA. who are associated with this city, the enumeration of them would fill a volume. Nothing can be pleasanter-in these days which one would feel strongly inclined to call de- generate did not one have unconquerable faith in the necessary continual bettering of times-than to dwell upon the confident and trustful relations existing between these old planters and merchants, the one producing, the other product-handling, and to trace their roots in the honesties and reputable dealings of many unimpeachable years of trade; and nothing can be more pitiable than that at the time when this amiable outcome of the old Southern civilization became known to the world at large, it became so through being laid bare by the sharp spasm of civil war. That was a time when all our eyes and faces were distorted with passion ; none of us either saw, or showed, true. Thrice-pitiable, one says again, that the fairer as- pects of a social state which though neither perfect as its violent friends preached nor satanic as its violent enemies denounced yet gave rise to so many beautiful relations of honor and fidelity should have now gone into the past, to remain illuminated only by the unfavorable glare of accidentally-associated emotions in which no man can see clearly. The sojourner in Charleston will find several places of interest to visit. A steamer makes excursions in the winter to the celebrated Middleton Place, where one can see the capacities of this region in the matter of large and brilliant flowers. On Sullivan's Island, the beauti- ful beach, Fort Moultrie and the grave of heart-broken Osceola are the objective-points. One must drive or stroll through Rutledge Avenue, which is the Fifth Avenue of Charleston; and Magnolia Cemetery must be seen. The quaint interior of St. Michael's, with its high box- pews and antique suggestions; the old French Protestant 232 FLORIDA. who are associated with this city, the enumeration of them would fill a volume. Nothing can be pleasanter-in these days which one would feel strongly inclined to call de- generate did not one have unconquerable faith in the necessary continual bettering of times-than to dwell upon the confident and trustful relations existing between these old planters and merchants, the one producing, the other product-handling, and to trace their roots in the honesties and reputable dealings of many unimpeachable years of trade; and nothing can be more pitiable than that at the time when this amiable outcome of the old Southern civilization became known to the world at large, it became so through being laid bare by the sharp spasm of civil war. That was a time when all our eyes and faces were distorted with passion; none of us either saw, or showed, true. Thrice-pitiable, one says again, that the fairer as- pects of a social state which though neither perfect as its violent friends preached nor satanic as its violent enemies denounced yet gave rise to so many beautiful relations of honor and fidelity should have now gone into the past, to remain illuminated only by the unfavorable glare of accidentally-associated emotions in which no man can see clearly. The sojourner in Charleston will find several places of interest to visit. A steamer makes excursions in the winter to the celebrated Middleton Place, where one can see the capacities of this region in the matter of large and brilliant flowers. On Sullivan's Island, the beauti- ful beach, Fort Moultrie and the grave of heart-broken Osceola are the objective-points. One must drive or stroll through Rutledge Avenue, which is the Fifth Avenue of Charleston; and Magnolia Cemetery must be seen. The quaint interior of St. Michael's, with its high box- pews and antique suggestions; the old French Protestant 232 FLORIDA. who are associated with this city, the enumeration of them would fill a volume. Nothing can be pleasanter-in these days which one would feel strongly inclined to call de- generate did not one have unconquerable faith in the necessary continual bettering of times-than to dwell upon the confident and trustful relations existing between these old planters and merchants, the one producing, the other product-handling, and to trace their roots in the honesties and reputable dealings of many unimpeachable years of trade; and nothing can be more pitiable than that at the time when this amiable outcome of the old Southern civilization became known to the world at large, it became so through being laid bare by the sharp spasm of civil war. That was a time when all our eyes and faces were distorted with passion ; none of us either saw, or showed, true. Thrice-pitiable, one says again, that the fairer as- pects of a social state which though neither perfect as its violent friends preached nor satanic as its violent enemies denounced yet gave rise to so many beautiful relations of honor and fidelity should have now gone into the past, to remain illuminated only by the unfavorable glare of accidentally-associated emotions in which no man can see clearly. The sojourner in Charleston will find several places of interest to visit. A steamer makes excursions in the winter to the celebrated Middleton Place, where one can see the capacities of this region in the matter of large and brilliant flowers. On Sullivan's Island, the beauti- ful beach, Fort Moultrie and the grave of heart-broken Osceola are the objective-points. One must drive or stroll through Rutledge Avenue, which is the Fifth Avenue of Charleston; and Magnolia Cemetery must be seen. The quaint interior of St. Michael's, with its high box- pews and antique suggestions; the old French Protestant  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 233 Church; the Charleston College museum, an extensive collection, owing its origin to the suggestions of the lamented Agassiz, and intimately associated with the names of Bachman, Audubon, James Hamilton Couper, the Misses Annelly, and Mitchell King; the Charleston Library, a large collection of books which has been main- tained by the Charleston Library Society since the year 1748; the antique and often renowned tombs of the old cemeteries of St. Philip's, St. Michael's, the Independent Congregationalist, Unitarian, First and Second Presbyte- rian, Baptist, German Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Trinity, and Hebrew churches; all offer inducements for the be- stowal of one's mornings. Besides these, the historic battle-grounds of Fort Sumter and of James and Morris Islands may be made the objective-points of sailing-ex- cursions; though there is really no reason why a sailing- excursion should have an objective-point, and me judice the aimless sort is your only perfect sail. A pleasant strolling-ground and meeting-place is the Battery, which is laid out in walks and adorned with trees, and commands ample water-prospects; where, if you meet a Charleston friend, you should get him to tell you the history of the beautiful chime of bells in the belfry of St. Michael's, as you pace up and down the white walks in the gentle air that comes off the near Gulf Stream. One fares well in the matter of hostelry at Charleston; the "Charleston Hotel" has long had a delightful reputa- tion among travelers. There are smaller hotels, such as the Victoria, Pavilion, and others. The "Mills House" appears to have been closed for some reason; though I believe rooms are still rented in a portion of the build- ing. There are two well-arranged street-railways. That called the "Enterprise Railway" is specially notable. 20* OZIIER WINTER-RESORTS. 233 Church; the Charleston College museum, an extensive collection, owing its origin to the suggestions of the lamented Agassiz, and intimately associated with the names of Bachman, Audubon, James Hamilton Couper, the Misses Annelly, and Mitchell King; the Charleston Library, a large collection of books which has been main- tained by the Charleston Library Society since the year 1748 ; the antique and often renowned tombs of the old cemeteries of St. Philip's, St. Michael's, the Independent Congregationalist, Unitarian, First and Second Presbyte- rian, Baptist, German Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Trinity, and Hebrew churches; all offer inducements for the be- stowal of one's mornings. Besides these, the historic battle-grounds of Fort Sumter and of James and Morris Islands may be made the objective-points of sailing-ex- cursions; though there is really no reason why a sailing- excursion should have an objective-point, and me judice the aimless sort is your only perfect sail. A pleasant strolling-ground and meeting-place is the Battery, which is laid out in walks and adorned with trees, and commands ample water-prospects; where, if you meet a Charleston friend, you should get him to tell you the history of the beautiful chime of bells in the belfry of St. Michael's, as you pace up and down the white walks in the gentle air that comes off the near Gulf Stream. One fares well in the matter of hostelry at Charleston; the "Charleston Hotel" has long had a delightful reputa- tion among travelers. There are smaller hotels, such as the Victoria, Pavilion, and others. The "Mills House" appears to have been closed for some reason; though I believe rooms are still rented in a portion of the build- ing. There are two well-arranged street-railways. That called the "Enterprise Railway" is specially notable. 20* OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 233 Church; the Charleston College museum, an extensive collection, owing its origin to the suggestions of the lamented Agassiz, and intimately associated with the names of Bachman, Audubon, James Hamilton Couper, the Misses Annelly, and Mitchell King; the Charleston Library, a large collection of books which has been main- tained by the Charleston Library Society since the year 1748; the antique and often renowned tombs of the old cemeteries of St. Philip's, St. Michael's, the Independent Congregationalist, Unitarian, First and Second Presbyte- rian, Baptist, German Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Trinity, and Hebrew churches; all offer inducements for the be- stowal of one's mornings. Besides these, the historic battle-grounds of Fort Sumter and of James and Morris Islands may be made the objective-points of sailing-ex- cursions; though there is really no reason why a sailing- excursion should have an objective-point, and me judice the aimless sort is your only perfect sail. A pleasant strolling-ground and meeting-place is the Battery, which is laid out in walks and adorned with trees, and commands ample water-prospects; where, if you meet a Charleston friend, you should get him to tell you the history of the beautiful chime of bells in the belfry of St. Michael's, as you pace up and down the white walks in the gentle air that comes off the near Gulf Stream. One fares well in the matter of hostelry at Charleston; the "Charleston Hotel" has long had a delightful reputa- tion among travelers. There are smaller hotels, such as the Victoria, Pavilion, and others. The "Mills House" appears to have been closed for some reason; though I believe rooms are still rented in a portion of the build- ing. There are two well-arranged street-railways. That called the "Enterprise Railway" is specially notable. 20-  234 FLORIDA. Its tracks, which the visitor will frequently observe curv- ing off towards the water-front, connect the principal wharves directly with the railroad depots, so affording extraordinary facilities for the shipment of cotton, rice, naval stores, and the like. Besides these more purely commercial tracks, it has a street-line proper, running via Meeting, John, Chapel, Washington, and East Bay Streets. The other street-railway is known as " The City Rail- way," and runs two lines of cars-the Rutledge Avenue line and King Street line-the former vid Rutledge Avenue, Wentworth, and Meeting Streets, the latter vid King, Calhoun, and Meeting Streets. Charleston is connected with Savannah by "The Savan- nah and Charleston" Railway; with Florence, South Caro- lina-and at that point with the Wilmington, Columbia, and Augusta Railroad, and its northern system of connec- tions-by "The Northeastern" Railway; with Columbia, Augusta (Georgia), and Camden, South Carolina, by "The South Carolina" Railway, which is notable as the first important railroad built in America. The city has an admirable graded system of public schools, with a curriculum extending from the primary studies through an entire course terminating in the Charles- ton High School and Charleston College. There is also here an old and well-known medical college. The St. Andrew Society, dating back to 1731 ; the South Carolina Society, founded in 1737, and originating in the Two Bit Club, which used to hold meetings in a house known as The Old Corner, on Broad and Church Streets; the St. George, Fellowship, German Friendly, St. Patrick, He- brew Benevolent, and Societe Francaise organizations; are all charitable associations, of great efficiency in the relief of distress. 234 FLORIDA. Its tracks, which the visitor will frequently observe curv- ing off towards the water-front, connect the principal wharves directly with the railroad depots, so affording extraordinary facilities for the shipment of cotton, rice, naval stores, and the like. Besides these more purely commercial tracks, it has a street-line proper, running via Meeting, John, Chapel, Washington, and East Bay Streets. The other street-railway is known as " The City Rail- way," and runs two lines of cars-the Rutledge Avenue line and King Street line-the former via Rutledge Avenue, Wentworth, and Meeting Streets, the latter vid King, Calhoun, and Meeting Streets. Charleston is connected with Savannah by "The Savan. nah and Charleston" Railway; with Florence, South Caro- lina-and at that point with the Wilmington, Columbia, and Augusta Railroad, and its northern system of connec- tions-by "The Northeastern" Railway; with Columbia, Augusta (Georgia), and Camden, South Carolina, by "The South Carolina" Railway, which is notable as the first important railroad built in America. The city has an admirable graded system of public schools, with a curriculum extending from the primary studies through an entire course terminating in the Charles- ton High School and Charleston College. There is also here an old and well-known medical college. The St. Andrew Society, dating back to 1731; the South Carolina Society, founded in 1737, and originating in the Two Bit Club, which used to hold meetings in a house known as The Old Corner, on Broad and Church Streets; the St. George, Fellowship, German Friendly, St. Patrick, He- brew Benevolent, and Societ6 Francaise organizations; are all charitable associations, of great efficiency in the relief of distress. 234 FLORIDA. Its tracks, which the visitor will frequently observe curv- ing off towards the water-front, connect the principal wharves directly with the railroad depots, so affording extraordinary facilities for the shipment of cotton, rice, naval stores, and the like. Besides these more purely commercial tracks, it has a street-line proper, running vid Meeting, John, Chapel, Washington, and East Bay Streets. The other street-railway is known as " The City Rail- way," and runs two lines of cars-the Rutledge Avenue line and King Street line-the former vid Rutledge Avenue, Wentworth, and Meeting Streets, the latter vid King, Calhoun, and Meeting Streets. Charleston is connected with Savannah by "The Savan- nah and Charleston" Railway; with Florence, South Caro- lina-and at that point with the Wilmington, Columbia, and Augusta Railroad, and its northern system of connec- tions-by "TThe Northeastern" Railway; with Columbia, Augusta (Georgia), and Camden, South Carolina, by "The South Carolina" Railway, which is notable as the first important railroad built in America. The city has an admirable graded system of public schools, with a curriculum extending from the primary studies through an entire course terminating in the Charles- ton High School and Charleston College. There is also here an old and well-known medical college. The St. Andrew Society, dating back to 1731 ; the South Carolina Society, founded in 1737, and originating in the Two Bit Club, which used to hold meetings in a house known as The Old Corner, on Broad and Church Streets; the St. George, Fellowship, German Friendly, St. Patrick, He- brew Benevolent, and Socidte Francaise organizations; are all charitable associations, of great efficiency in the relief of distress.  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 235 Perhaps the very sweetest name connected with Charles- ton is that of Henry Timrod, its poet, now dead. Few more spontaneous or delicate songs have been sung in these days than some of the almost perfect lyrics which appear in the published volumes of his poems. It is cer- tainly evident from these that he had not reached the full height to which his genius would have borne him. Doubtless wider association with other poets, and more of that wine of success and of praise without which no man ever does the very best he might do (though many have done amazing things who never tasted it), would have been of inestimable service to his poetic faculty. But he had a poet's genuine art withal; as witness, e.g., his deservedly popular poem of BABY'S AGE. She came with April blooms and showers; We count her little life by flowers; As buds the rose upon her cheek We choose a flower for every week. A week of hyacinths, we say, And one of heart's-ease ushered May. And then because two wishes met Upon the rose and violet, -i liked the Beauty, Kate, the Nun- The violet and the rose count one. A week the apple marked with white; A week the lily scored in light; Red poppies closed May's happy noon And tulips this blue week in June. Here end as yet the flowery links; To-day begins the week of pinks; But soon-so grave and deep and wise The meaning grows in Baby's eyes, So very deep for Baby's age- We think to date a week with sage! OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 235 Perhaps the very sweetest name connected with Charles- ton is that of Henry Timrod, its poet, now dead. Few more spontaneous or delicate songs have been sung in these days than some of the almost perfect lyrics which appear in the published volumes of his poems. It is cer- tainly evident from these that he had not reached the full height to which his genius would have borne him. Doubtless wider association with other poets, and more of that wine of success and of praise without which no man ever does the very best he might do (though many have done amazing things who never tasted it), would have been of inestimable service to his poetic faculty. But he had a poet's genuine art withal ; as witness, e.g., his deservedly popular poem of BABY'S AGE. She came with April blooms and showers; We count her little life by flowers; As buds the rose upon her cheek We choose a flower for every week. A week of hyacinths, we say, And one of heart's-ease ushered May. And then because two wishes met Upon the rose and violet, -I liked the Beauty, Kate, the Nun- The violet and the rose count one. A week the apple marked with white; A week the lily scored in light; Red poppies closed May's happy noon And tulips this blue week in June. Here end as yet the flowery links; To-day begins the week of pinks; But soon-so grave and deep and wise The meaning grows in Baby's eyes, So very deep for Baby's age- We think to date a week with sage I OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 235 Perhaps the very sweetest name connected with Charles- ton is that of Henry Timrod, its poet, now dead. Few more spontaneous or delicate songs have been sung in these days than some of the almost perfect lyrics which appear in the published volumes of his poems. It is cer- tainly evident from these that he had not reached the full height to which his genius would have borne him. Doubtless wider association with other poets, and more of that wine of success and of praise without which no man ever does the very best he might do (though many have done amazing things who never tasted it), would have been of inestimable service to his poetic faculty. But he had a poet's genuine art withal; as witness, e.g., his deservedly popular poem of BABY'S AGE. She came with April blooms and showers; We count her little life by flowers; As buds the rose upon her cheek We choose a flower for every week. A week of hyacinths, we ay, And one of heart's-ease ushered May. And then because two wishes met Upon the rose and violet, -I liked the Beauty, Kate, the Nun- The violet and the rose count one. A week the apple marked with white; A week the lily scored in light; Red poppies closed May's happy noon And tulips this blue week in June. Here end as yet the flowery links; To-day begins the week of pinks ; But soon-so grave and deep and wise The meaning grows in Baby's eyes, So very deep for Baby's age- We think to date a week with sage!  FLORIDA. 236 FLORIDA. 236 FLORIDA. SAVANNAH. On the first day of February in the year 1733 the city of Savannah, being then but a few hours old, consisted of four tents, which were sufficient for all its inhabitants and were pitched under four pine-trees near the edge of the bluff between Bull and Whitaker Streets. It appears that for a year or two previous to this date the attention of certain good and charitable gentlemen of England had been called to the fact that many unfortu- SAVANNAH. On the first day of February in the year 1733 the city of Savannah, being then but a few hours old, consisted of four tents, which were sufficient for all its inhabitants and were pitched under four pine-trees near the edge of the bluff between Bull and Whitaker Streets. It appears that for a year or two previous to this date the attention of certain good and charitable gentlemen of England had been called to the fact that many unfortu- SAVANNAH. On the first day of February in the year 1733 the city of Savannah, being then but a few hours old, consisted of four tents, which were sufficient for all its inhabitants and were pitched under four pine-trees near the edge of the bluff between Bull and Whitaker Streets. It appears that for a year or two previous to this date the attention of certain good and charitable gentlemen of England had been called to the fact that many unfortu- MADISON 5QUA5E, vULL STEE. Pate persons were languishing in the debtors' prisons of that country, and that some radical means should be adopted in order to afford new avenues of fortune to poor men and younger sons of families. The interest of these gentlemen finally took the direction of procuring a nate persons were languishing in the debtors' prisons of that country, and that some radical means should be adopted in order to afford new avenues of fortune to poor men and younger sons of families. The interest of these gentlemen finally took the direction of procuring a nate persons were languishing in the debtors' prisons of that country, and that some radical means should be adopted in order to afford new avenues of fortune to poor men and younger sons of families. The interest of these gentlemen finally took the direction of procuring a  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 237 charter from King George II., granted to them as trustees, authorizing the colonization of a tract lying between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers; and in pursuance thereof James Oglethorpe set sail from Gravesend on the 17th of November 1732 with thirty-five families, reaching Charleston, South Carolina, on the 13th of February thereafter. Receiving the most cordial assistance from the South Carolinians, the party proceeded to Beaufort, where Oglethorpe left them and went ahead with Colonel William Bull of South Carolina (whose name is perpetu- ated in Bull Street, one of the most beautiful streets in America, and the present fashionable promenade of Sa- vannah) to select a site for the city, which it had been previously determined to locate on the Savannah River. " I fixed," says Oglethorpe, writing back to the Trustees in England on the loth February, 1733, "upon a healhy situation, about ten miles from the sea. The river here forms a half-moon, along the south side of which the banks are about forty foot high, and on the top flat, which they call a bluff. . . . Upon the river-side in the centre of this plain I have laid out the town. Opposite to it is an island of very rich pasturage, which I think should be kept for the Trustees' cattle. The river is pretty wide, the water fresh, and from the key (quay) of the town you see its whole course to the sea, with the Island of Tybee, which forms the mouth of the river; and the other way you see the river for about six miles up into the country. . . . The whole people arrived here on the first of February. At night their tents were got up.. . I marked out the town and coin- mon ; half of the former is already cleared, and the first house was begun yesterday in the forenoon." It was not without some difficulty that the site was ob- tained. The Indian chief Tomochichi had here his vil- lage of Yamacraw; and it was only by the intercession of a woman with the Indians that their consent was obtained. This woman was Mary Musgrove, the half-breed wife of a white trader then residing at Yamacraw. She afterwards OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 237 charter from King George II., granted to them as trustees, authorizing the colonization of a tract lying between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers; and in pursuance thereof James Oglethorpe set sail from Gravesend on the 17th of November 1732 with thirty-five families, reaching Charleston, South Carolina, on the 13th of February thereafter. Receiving the most cordial assistance from the South Carolinians, the party proceeded to Beaufort, where Oglethorpe left them and went ahead with Colonel William Bull of South Carolina (whose name is perpetu- ated in Bull Street, one of the most beautiful streets in America, and the present fashionable promenade of Sa- vannah) to select a site for the city, which it had been previously determined to locate on the Savannah River. " I fixed," says Oglethorpe, writing back to the Trustees in England on the loth February, 1733, "upon a healhy situation, about ten miles from the sea. The ricer here forms a half-moon, along the sooth side of which the banks are about forty foot high, and on the top flat, which they call a bluff. . . Upon the river-side in the centre of this plain I have laid out the town. Opposite to it is an island of very rich pasturage, which I think should be kept for the Trustees' cattle. The river is pretty wide, the water fresh, and from the key (quay) of the town you see its whole course to the sea, with the Island of Tybee, which forms the mouth of the river; and the other way you see the river for about six miles up into the country. . . . The whole people arrived here on the first of February. At night their tents were got up.. . I marked out the town and com- won; half of the former is already cleared, and the first house was begun yesterday in the forenoon." It was not without some difficulty that the site was ob- tained. The Indian chief Tomochichi had here his vil- lage of Yamacraw ; and it was only by the intercession of a woman with the Indians that their consent was obtained. This woman was Mary Musgrove, the half-breed wife of a white trader then residing at Yamacraw. She afterwards OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 237 charter from King George II., granted to them as trustees, authorizing the colonization of a tract lying between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers; and in pursuance thereof James Oglethorpe set sail from Gravesend on the 17th of November 1732 with thirty-five families, reaching Charleston, South Carolina, on the 13th of February thereafter. Receiving the most cordial assistance from the South Carolinians, the party proceeded to Beaufort, where Oglethorpe left them and went ahead with Colonel William Bull of South Carolina (whose name is perpetu- ated in Bull Street, one of the most beautiful streets in America, and the present fashionable promenade of Sa- vannah) to select a site for the city, which it had been previously determined to locate on the Savannah River. " I fixed," says Oglethorpe, writing back to the Trustees in England on the 1th February, 1733, "u pon a healthy situation, about ten miles from the sea. The river here forms a half-moon, along the south side of which the banks are about forty foot high, and on the top flat, which. they call a bluff. . . . Upon the river-side in the centre of this plain I have laid out the town. Opposite to it is an island of very rich pasturage, which I think should be kept for the Trustees' cattle. The river is pretty wide, the water fresh, and from the key (quay) of the town you see its whole course to the sea, with the Island of Tybee, which forms the mouth of the river ; and the other way you see the river for about six miles up into the country. . . . The whole people arrived here on the first of February. At night their tents were got up.... I marked out the town and coin- mon ; half of the former is already cleared, and the first house was begun yesterday in the forenoon." It was not without some difficulty that the site was ob- tained. The Indian chief Tomochichi had here his vil- lage of Yamacraw; and it was only by the intercession of a woman with the Indians that their consent was obtained. This woman was Mary Musgrove, the half-breed wife of a white trader then residing at Yamacraw. She afterwards  238 FLORIDA. acted as interpreter, and played a romantic and varied part in the early history of Savannah.* The account of the state of Savannah in 1736, by Francis Moore, existing in the collections of the Georgia Historical Society, gives so vivid an idea of the singularly far-seeing and statesman-like principles which appear to have controlled the whole plan of laying out and govern- ing the city, that a brief extract from it cannot be unin- teresting. One may fairly call this a unique beginning of a town, as here depicted: " The town of Savannah is built of wood ; all the houses of the first forty freeholders are of the same size with that Mr. Oglethorpe lives in. . . . The houses stand on large lots sixty foot in front by ninety foot in depth; each lot has a fore and back street to it. .. . "There are several people of good substance in the town who came at their own expense, and also several of those who came over on the Charity are in a very thriving way; but this is observed, that the most substantial people are the most frugal, and make the least show, and live at the least expense.. . The industrious ones have throve be- yond expectation ; most of them that have been there three years, and many others, have houses in the town, which those that let have for the worst ten pounds per annum, and the best for thirty pounds. .. . Those who have cleared their five-acre-lots have made a great profit out of them by greens, roots and corn." From this last item it would appear that the charming market-gardens of Savannah, whose products have such reputation in New York, may claim an antique origin, in these "greens, roots and corn" which brought so much thrift to the early settlers. - All matters, civil and criminal" (continues Francis Moore), "are decided by grand and petit jurors, as in England ; but there are * Those desirous of pursuing the history of Savannah in its details will find a well-writteno" Historical Record of Savannah," published by J. H. Estill, of that city, for sale at the book-stores. 238 FLORIDA. acted as interpreter, and played a romantic and varied part in the early history of Savannah.* The account of the state of Savannah in 1736, by Francis Moore, existing in the collections of the Georgia Historical Society, gives so vivid an idea of the singularly far-seeing and statesman-like principles which appear to have controlled the whole plan of laying out and govern- ing the city, that a brief extract from it cannot be unin- teresting. One may fairly call this a unique beginning of a town, as here depicted: "The town of Savannah is built of wood; all the houses of the first forty freeholders are of the same size with that Mr. Oglethorpe lives in.... The houses stand on large lots sixty foot in front by ninety foot in depth; each lot has a fore and back street to it.. . "There are several people of good substance in the town who came at their own expense, and also several of those who came over on the Charity are in a very thriving way; but this is observed, that the most substantial people are the most frugal, and make the least show, and live at the least expense.. . The industrious ones have throve be- yond expectation; most of them that have been there three years, and many others, have houses in the town, which those that let have for the worst ten pounds per annum, and the best for thirty pounds. . . . Those who have cleared their five-acre-lots have made a great profit out of them by greens, roots and corn." From this last item it would appear that the charming market-gardens of Savannah, whose products have such reputation in New York, may claim an antique origin, in these "greens, roots and corn" which brought so much thrift to the early settlers. ." All matters, civil and criminal" (continues Francis Moore). "are decided by grand and petit jurors, as in England ; but there are * Those desirous of pursuing the history of Savannah in its details wilt find a well-written " Historical Record of Savannah," published by J. H. Estill, of that city, for sale at the book-stores. 238 FLORIDA. acted as interpreter, and played a romantic and varied part in the early history of Savannah.* The account of the state of Savannah in 1736, by Francis Moore, existing in the collections of the Georgia Historical Society, gives so vivid an idea of the singularly far-seeing and statesman-like principles which appear to have controlled the whole plan of laying out and govern- ing the city, that a brief extract from it cannot be unin- teresting. One may fairly call this a unique beginning of a town, as here depicted: " The town of Savannah is built of wood ; all the houses of the first forty freeholders are of the same size with that Mr. Oglethorpe lives in. ... The houses stand on large lots sixty foot in front by ninety foot in depth ; each lot has a fore and back street to it.. . "There are several people of good substance in the town who came at their own expense, and also several of those who came over on the Charity are in a very thriving way; but this is observed, that the most substantial people are the most frugal, and make the least show, and live at the least expense. . . . The industrious ones have throve be- yond expectation; most of them that have been there three years, and many others, have houses in the town, which those that let have for the worst ten pounds per annum, and the best for thirty pounds. . . . Those who have cleared their five-acre-lots have made a great profit out of them by greens, roots and corn." From this last item it would appear that the charming market-gardens of Savannah, whose products have such reputation in New York, may claim an antique origin, in these "greens, roots and corn" which brought so much thrift to the early settlers. "All matters, civil and criminal' (continues Francis Moore), "are decided by grand and petit jurors, as in England ; but there are * Those desirous of pursuing the history of Savannah in its details will find a well-written" Historical Record of Savannah," published by J. H. Estill, of that city, for sale at the book-stores.  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 239 no lawyers allowed to plead for him (sic): nor no attorneys to take money, but (as in old times in England) every man pleads his own cause. In case it should be an orphan, or one that cannot speak for themselves, there are persons of the best substance in the town ap- pointed by the Trustees to take care of the orphans and to defend the helpless, and that without fee or reward, it being a service that each that is capable must perform in his turn. " They have some laws and customs that are peculiar to Georgia: oneis, that all brandies and distilled liquors are prohibited under severe penalties; another is, that no slavery is allowed, nor negroes; a third, that a/l persons who go among the Indians must give security for their good behavior, because the Indians, if any injury is done to them and they cannot kill the etan that does it, expect satisfaction from the Gov- ernment, which, ifnot procured, they break out into war by killing the frst white man they conveniently can. No victuallere oralehouse-keeper can give any credit, so consequently cannot recover any debt." But the wise foresight does not stop here. To prevent the town lots from concentrating disadvantageously by inheritance, or by the designing buyings-in of rich specu- lators, " TheTrustees grant the land in tail-male, that on the expiring of a male line they may regrant it to such man, having no other lot, as shall be married to the next female heir of the deceased as is of good char- acter. . . . Each freeholder has a lot in town sixty foot by ninety foot, besides which he has a lot beyond the common of five acres, for a garden. Every ten houses make a tithing, and to every tithing there is a mile square, which is divided into twelve lots, besides roads; each freeholder of the tithing has a lot or farm of forty-five acres there. and two lots are reserved by the Trustees in order to defray the charge of the public. The town is laid out for two hundred and forty free. holds; the quantity of land necessary for that number is twenty-four square miles; every forty houses in town make a ward, to which four square miles in the country belong; each ward has a constable, and under him four tithing-men. " Where the town land ends the villages begin; four villages make a ward out, which depends upon one of the wards within the town. The use of this is, in case a war should happen, the villages without may have places in the town to bring their cattles and families inte OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 239 no lawyers allowed to plead for him (sic) : nor no attorneys to take money, but (as in old times in England) every man pleads his own case. In case it should be an orphan, or one that cannot speak for themselves, there are persons of the best substance in the town ap- pointed by the Trustees to take care of the orphans and to defend the helpless, and that without fee or reward, it being a service that each that is capable must perform in his turn. " They have some laws and customs that are peculiar to Georgia: one is, that all brandies and distilled liquors are prohibited undersevere penalties; another is, that no slavery is allowed, nor negroes; a third, that all persons who go among the Indians must give security for their good behavior, because the Indians, if any injury is done to them and they cannot kill the man that does it, expect satisfaction from the Gov- ernment, which, if not procured, they break out into war by killingthe frst white man they canveniently can. No virtualleroralehouse-keeper can give any credit, so consequently cannot recover any debt." But the wise foresight does not stop here. To prevent the town lots from concentrating disadvantageously by inheritance, or by the designing buyings-in of rich specu- lators, "The-Trustees grant the land in tail-male, that on the expiring of a male line they may regrant it to such man, having no other lot, as shall be married to the next female heir of the deceased at is of good char. acter. .. . Each freeholder has a lot in town sixty foot by ninety foot, besides which he has a lot beyond the common of five acres, for a garden. Every ten houses make a tithing, and to every tithing there is a mile square, which is divided into twelve lots, besides roads; each freeholder of the tithing has a lot or farm of forty-five acres there. and two lots are reserved by the Trustees in order to defray the charge of the public. The town is laid out for two hundred and forty free- holds; the quantity of land necessary for that number is twenty-four square miles; every forty houses in town make a ward, to which four square miles in the country belong; each ward has a constable, and under him four tithing-men. " Where the town land ends the villages begin; four villages make a ward out, which depends upon one of the wards within the town. The use of this is, in case a war should happen, the villages without may have places in the town to bring their cattles and families inte OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 239 no lawyers allowed to plead for him (sic) : nor no attorneys to take money, but (as in old times in England) every man pleads his own cause. In case it should be an orphan, or one that cannot speak for themselves, there are persons of the best substance in the town ap- pointed by the Trustees to take care of the orphans and to defend the helpless, and that without fee or reward, it being a service that each that is capable must perform in his torn. "They have some laws and customs that are peculiar to Georgia: one is, that all brandies and distilled liquor are prohibited under severe penalties; another is, that no slavery is allowed, nor negroes; a third, that all persons who go among the Indians must give security for their good behavior, because the Indians, if any injury is done to them and they cannot kill the man that does it, epect satisfaction from the Gov- ernment, which, if not procured, they break out into war by killingthe first white man they conveniently can. No victualleroralehouse-keeper can give any credit, s consequently cannot recover any debt." But the wise foresight does not stop here. To prevent the town lots from concentrating disadvantageously by inheritance, or by the designing buyings-in of rich specu- lators, TheTrustees grant the land in tail-male, that on the expiring of a male line they may regrant it to such man, having no other lot, at shall be married to the next female heir of the deceased as is of good char- acter. . . Each freeholder has a lot in town sixty toothy ninety foot, besides which he has a lot beyond the common of five acres, for a garden. Every ten houses make a tithing, and to every tithing there is a mile square, which is divided into twelve lots, besides roads; each freeholder of the tithing has a lot or farm of forty-five acres there. and two lots are reserved by the Trustees in order to defray the charge of the public. The town is laid out for two hundred and forty free. holds ; the quantity of land necessary for that number is twenty-four square miles; every forty houses in town make a ward, to which four square miles in the country belong; each ward has a constable, and under him four tithing-men. " Where the town land ends the villages begin; four villages make a ward out, which depends upon one of the wards within the town. The use of this is, in case a war should happen, the villages without may have places in the town to bring their cattles and families inte  240 FLORIDA. for refuge, and for that purpose there is a square left in every ward big enough for the outwards to encamp in. There is a ground also kept around about the town ungranted, in order for the fortifications whenever occasion shall require. Beyond the villages commences lots of five hundred acres; these are granted upon terms of keeping the servants, etc. There is near the town to the east a garden be- longing to the Trustees consisting of ten acres; the situation is delight- ful, one-half of it upon the top of the hill, the foot of which the Savannah River washes, and from it you see the woody islands in the sea. The remainder of the garden is the side and some plain low ground at the foot of the hill, where several fine springs break out." Truly an Arcadian city ! It would really seem that these broad and noble ideas which thus came like good fairies to the birth of Savannah and contributed their gifts to it have never withdrawn themselves from watching over the further growth of the city. Perhaps no town of equal age has more clearly preserved the general plans and spirit of its founders. Here the visitor of to-day still sees the wide symmetrical streets, the generous and fre- quent squares, the lavish adornment of grasses, flowers and magnificent trees, which appear to render into mate- rial form the liberal and manly tone of Oglethorpe's in- augural management; and every one acquainted with the modes of Savannah life among its best citizens will recog- nize the spirit of quiet refinement, the reserve, the absence of ostentation which Francis Moore has commemorated in the opening words of the extract above given. The residences, many of which are very beautiful, appear to withdraw themselves from observation, and to hide behind their wide piazzas and balconies which are inclosed with Venetian blinds; and one may stroll along the pleasant promenade of Bull Street, or through the alleys of For- syth Park, for a whole afternoon without encountering a lady dressed "loudly." Z40 FLORIDA. for refuge, and for that purpose there is a square left in every ward big enough for the outwards to encamp in. There is a ground also kept around about the town ungranted, in order for the fortifications whenever occasion shall require. Beyond the villages commences lots of five hundred acres; these are granted upon tenms of keeping the servants, etc. There is near the town to the east a garden be. longing to the Trustees consisting of ten acres; the situation is delight- ful, one-half of it upon the top of the hill, the foot of which the Savannah River washes, and from it you see the woody islands in the sea. The remainder of the garden is the side and some plain low ground at the foot of the hill, where several fine springs break out." Truly an Arcadian city! It would really seem that these broad and noble ideas which thus came like good fairies to the birth of Savannah and contributed their gifts to it have never withdrawn themselves from watching over the further growth of the city. Perhaps no town of equal age has more clearly preserved the general plans and spirit of its founders. Here the visitor of to-day still sees the wide symmetrical streets, the generous and fre- quent squares, the lavish adornment of grasses, flowers and magnificent trees, which appear to render into mate- rial form the liberal and manly tone of Oglethorpe's in- augural management; and every one acquainted with the modes of Savannah life among its best citizens will recog- nize the spirit of quiet refinement, the reserve, the absence of ostentation which Francis Moore has commemorated in the opening words of the extract above given. The residences, many of which are very beautiful, appear to withdraw themselves from observation, and to hide behind their wide piazzas and balconies which are inclosed with Venetian blinds; and one may stroll along the pleasant promenade of Bull Street, or through the alleys of For- syth Park, for a whole afternoon without encountering a lady dressed "loudly." a40 FLORIDA. for refuge, and for that purpose there is a square left in every ward big enough for the outwards to encamp in. There is a ground also kept around about the town ungranted, in order for the fortifications whenever occasion shall require. Beyond the villages commences lots of five hundred acres; these are grunted upon terms of keeping the servants, etc. There is near the town to the east a garden be- longing to the Trustees consisting of ten acres; the situation is delight- ful, one-half of it upon the top of the hill, the foot of which the Savannah River washes, and from it you see the woody islands in the sea. The remainder of the garden is the side and some plain low ground at the foot of the hill, where several fine springs break out." Truly an Arcadian city ! It would really seem that these broad and noble ideas which thus came like good fairies to the birth of Savannah and contributed their gifts to it have never withdrawn themselves from watching over the further growth of the city. Perhaps no town of equal age has more clearly preserved the general plans and spirit of its founders. Here the visitor of to-day still sees the wide symmetrical streets, the generous and fre- quent squares, the lavish adornment of grasses, flowers and magnificent trees, which appear to render into mate- rial form the liberal and manly tone of Oglethorpe's in- augural management; and every one acquainted with the modes of Savannah life among its best citizens will recog- nize the spirit of quiet refinement, the reserve, the absence of ostentation which Francis Moore has commemorated in the opening words of the extract above given. The residences, many of which are very beautiful, appear to withdraw themselves from observation, and to hide behind their wide piazzas and balconies which are inclosed with Venetian blinds; and one may stroll along the pleasant promenade of Bull Street, or through the alleys of For- syth Park, for a whole afternoon without encountering a lady dressed "loudly."  OTIlER WINTER-RESORTS. 241 Savannah is much frequented by Northern and Western people during the winter and spring. The hotel accom- modations are excellent; the Pulaski House, the Screven House and the Pavilion are the largest; and there are cheaper establishments, such as McConnell's and Bres- nan's, on the European plan. There are many points of interest to visit. Sailboats are always to be obtained for excursions down the river; and there is a small railway, connecting at Bolton with the street-cars, upon which one can with facility reach Thunderbolt, a noted spot on the river five miles from town where in the warm afternoons the owners of fine teams cluster on the pleasant river-bank under the trees ere turning about for the drive back to the city. A shell-road reaches to Thunderbolt which forms The Drive of Savannah and is a gay enough thoroughfare on pleasant afternoons. A road turns off to the left from this shell-road and leads to the famous old burying-place called Bonaventure, a spot about a mile from Thunderbolt which no one sojourning at Savannah should fail to visit. It was for- merly the seat of the famous old Tatnall family, but passed from their hands, and was finally purchased and converted into a cemetery. It is but sparsely tenanted, however, by the dead ; and one entering its noble avenues will scarcely see aught at first besides the arching glories of the oaks and the weird solemnities of the moss. The great boles of the trees lean and their long muscular arms bend in attitudes of profound mournfulness; the gray mosses hang, as beards hang; it is as if all the ancient prophets of the ages had assembled in solemn convoca- tion to meditate silently together upon the passing of time and the piteousness of death. On the road to Bonaventure one sees the Catholic Ceme- L 21 OTWER WINTER-RESORTS. 241 Savannah is much frequented by Northern and Western people during the winter and spring. The hotel accom- modations are excellent; the Pulaski House, the Screven House and the Pavilion are the largest; and there are cheaper establishments, such as McConnell's and Bres- nan's, on the European plan. There are many points of interest to visit. Sailboats are always to be obtained for excursions down the river ; and there is a small railway, connecting at Bolton with the street-cars, upon which one can with facility reach Thunderbolt, a noted spot on the river five miles from town where in the warm afternoons the owners of fine teams cluster on the pleasant river-bank under the trees ere turning about for the drive back to the city. A shell-road reaches to Thunderbolt which forms The Drive of Savannah and is a gay enough thoroughfare on pleasant afternoons. A road turns off to the left from this shell-road and leads to the famous old burying-place called Bonaventure, a spot about a mile from Thunderbolt which no one sojourning at Savannah should fail to visit. It was for- merly the seat of the famous old Tatnall family, but passed from their hands, and was finally purchased and converted into a cemetery. It is but sparsely tenanted, however, by the dead ; and one entering its noble avenues will scarcely see aught at first besides the arching glories of the oaks and the weird solemnities of the moss. The great boles of the trees lean and their long muscular arms bend in attitudes of profound mournfulness; the gray mosses hang, as beards hang; it is as if all the ancient prophets of the ages had assembled in solemn convoca- tion to meditate silently together upon the passing of time and the piteousness of death. On the road to Bonaventure one sees the Catholic Ceme- L 21 OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 24t Savannah is much frequented by Northern and Western people during the winter and spring. The hotel accom- modations are excellent; the Pulaski House, the Screven House and the Pavilion are the largest; and there are cheaper establishments, such as McConnell's and Bres- nan's, on the European plan. There are many points of interest to visit. Sailboats are always to be obtained for excursions down the river ; and there is a small railway, connecting at Bolton with the street-cars, upon which one can with facility reach Thunderbolt, a noted spot on the river five miles from town where in the warm afternoons the owners of fine teams cluster on the pleasant river-bank under the trees ere turning about for the drive back to the city. A shell-road reaches to Thunderbolt which forms The Drive of Savannah and is a gay enough thoroughfare on pleasant afternoons. A road turns off to the left from this shell-road and leads to the famous old burying-place called Bonaventure, a spot about a mile from Thunderbolt which no one sojourning at Savannah should fail to visit. It was for- merly the seat of the famous old Tatnall family, but passed from their hands, and was finally purchased and converted into a cemetery. It is but sparsely tenanted, however, by the dead; and one entering its noble avenues will scarcely see aught at first besides the arching glories of the oaks and the weird solemnities of the moss. The great boles of the trees lean and their long muscular arms bend in attitudes of profound mournfulness; the gray mosses hang, as beards hang; it is as if all the ancient prophets of the ages had assembled in solemn convoca- tion to meditate silently together upon the passing of time and the piteousness of death. On the road to Bonaventure one sees the Catholic Ceme- L. 21  242 FLORIDA. tery; the main cemetery of the city, Laurel Grove, lies to the northwest of the town, not far from Forsyth Park. 242 FLORIDA. tery; the main cemetery of the city, Laurel Grove, lies to the northwest of the town, not far from Forsyth Park. 242 FLORIDA. tery; the main cemetery of the city, Laurel Grove, lies to the northwest of the town, not far from Forsyth Park. AN AVENUE IN BONAVENTURE. AN AVENUE IN BONAVENTURE. One of the pleasantest strolls in Savannah, particularly One of the pleasantest strolls in Savannah, particularly in the early spring-that is, in April-is to Forsyth Park, in the early spring-that is, in April-is to Forsyth Park, along Bull Street which leads directly to it; on the way along Bull Street which leads directly to it; on the way (say, from the Pulaski House) one passes first through (say, from the Pulaski House) one passes first through AN AVENUE IN BONAVENTURE. One of the pleasantest strolls in Savannah, particularly in the early spring-that is, in April-is to Forsyth Park, along Bull Street which leads directly to it; on the way (say, from the Pulaski House) one passes first through  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 243 Johnson Square containing the Green Monument; then through Wright Square, Chippewa Square, Madison Square, and Monterey Square which contains the Pulaski Monument. Or, beginning at Bay Street-the main business thor- oughfare, parallel with the river and next to it-and walk- ing westward along Barnard Street, one passes through Ellis, St. James, Orleans, Pulaski, and Chatham Squares. Or, on the other (south) side of Bull Street, turning into Abercorn Street and walking westward, one passes through Reynolds, Oglethorpe, Lafayette, and Calhoun Squares. A good road leads to White Bluff, which is a favorite summer resort of the Savannah people, some ten miles out. This road is also much used as a fashionable drive. JAsPER SPRING, on the Augusta road two miles from town, is a spot famous in history. Every one remembers how the brave Jasper and Sergeant Newton, in casting about for a plan to rescue a lot of unhappy patriot pris- oners who were being carried by a British guard to Savan- nah to be hung, foresaw that the guard would likely stop at a certain spring for water, hid themselves in the bushes near the spring, waited until the guard arrived and stacked arms, shot the two sentinels, seized the stack of arms, com- pelled the discomfited regulars to assume the very mana- cles which they had placed upon the prisoners, and marched the whole party into the partisan camp. BETHESDA, about ten miles from Savannah, is a spot consecrated by the nobleness of man in quite a different way from the latter. Here the great George Whitfield procured a grant of five hundred acres from the Trustees for the purpose of founding an orphan-home which had been suggested to him by Charles Wesley, and, with the co-operation of James Habersham and the aid of the OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 243 Johnson Square containing the Green Monument; then through Wright Square, Chippewa Square, Madison Square, and Monterey Square which contains the Pulaski Monument. Or, beginning at Bay Street-the main business thor- oughfare, parallel with the river and next to it-and walk- ing westward along Barnard Street, one passes through Ellis, St. James, Orleans, Pulaski, and Chatham Squares. Or, on the other (south) side of Bull Street, turning into Abercorn Street and walking westward, one passes through Reynolds, Oglethorpe, Lafayette, and Calhoun Squares. A good road leads to White Bluff, which is a favorite summer resort of the Savannah people, some ten miles out. This road is also much used as a fashionable drive. JASPER SPRING, on the Augusta road two miles from town, is a spot famous in history. Every one remembers how the brave Jasper and Sergeant Newton, in casting about for a plan to rescue a lot of unhappy patriot pris- oners who were being carried by a British guard to Savan- nah to be hung, foresaw that the guard would likely stop at a certain spring for water, hid themselves in the bushes near the spring, waited until the guard arrived and stacked arms, shot the two sentinels, seized the stack of arms, com- pelled the discomfited regulars to assume the very mana- cles which they had placed upon the prisoners, and marched the whole party into the partisan camp. BETHEsDA, about ten miles from Savannah, is a spot consecrated by the nobleness of man in quite a different way from the latter. Here the great George Whitfield procured a grant of five hundred acres from the Trustees for the purpose of founding an orphan-home which had been suggested to him by Charles Wesley, and, with the co-operation of James Habersham and the aid of the OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 243 Johnson Square containing the Green Monument; then through Wright Square, Chippewa Square, Madison Square, and Monterey Square which contains the Pulaski Monument. Or, beginning at Bay Street-the main business thor- oughfare, parallel with the river and next to it-and walk- ing westward along Barnard Street, one passes through Ellis, St. James, Orleans, Pulaski, and Chatham Squares. Or, on the other (south) side of Bull Street, turning into Abercorn Street and walking westward, one passes through Reynolds, Oglethorpe, Lafayette, and Calhoun Squares. A good road leads to White Bluff, which is a favorite summer resort of the Savannah people, some ten miles out. This road is also much used as a fashionable drive. JASPER SPRING, on the Augusta road two miles from town, is a spot famous in history. Every one remembers how the brave Jasper and Sergeant Newton, in casting about for a plan to rescue a lot of unhappy patriot pris- oners who were being carried by a British guard to Savan- nah to be hung, foresaw that the guard would likely stop at a certain spring for water, hid themselves in the bushes near the spring, waited until the guard arrived and stacked arms, shot the two sentinels, seized the stack of arms, com- pelled the discomfited regulars to assume the very mana- cles which they had placed upon the prisoners, and marched the whole party into the partisan camp. BETHESDA, about ten miles from Savannah, is a spot consecrated by the nobleness of man in quite a different way from the latter. Here the great George Whitfield procured a grant of five hundred acres from the Trustees for the purpose of founding an orphan-home which had been suggested to him by Charles Wesley, and, with the co-operation of James Habersham and the aid of the  244 FLORIDA. Countess of Huntingdon, erected an institution which through many disasters was maintained for a long time. The buildings were finally destroyed by wind and fire; but a hundred and twenty-five acres of the original grant have been bought by the Union Society, a noted benevo- lent institution of Savannah, and devoted to the original purposes of the founders of Bethesda. Savannah is one of the most prosperous cities in the Union, and is a port of growing commercial importance. The great exports are cotton, lumber and rice ; and the activities incident to the handling of the large quantities of these staples which are here annually received make it a busy city in the fall and winter. It is the terminus of several railways: the Georgia Central, leading to Macon, and, by a branch running in at Millen, to Augusta; the Atlantic and Gulf, running to Albany, 'with branch at Dupont Station running to Live Oak, Florida, along which the great bulk of the annual Florida travel is transported; the Savannah and Charleston, running to Charleston, South Carolina; the Port Royal, to Port Royal and Au- gusta; and the Savannah, Skidaway, and Seaboard, to White Bluff, Isle of Hope, and Skidaway Island. There are also several lines of steamships to New York, one to Philadelphia, and one to Baltimore; a coast-line to Charleston ; one to Brunswick and the Satilla River; one to Pilatka, on the St. Johns, Florida; one to Au- gusta, on the Savannah River; and two to Darien, one of which goes on up the Altamaha and Ocmulgee Rivers as far as to Hawkinsville. An important feeder of the city is the Savannah and Ogeechee Canal, extending be- tween the Savannah and Ogeechee Rivers. The city has a notable number of benevolent institu- tions; an admirable public school system; a fine antiqua- rian association known as the Georgia Historical Society, 244 FLORIDA. Countess of Huntingdon, erected an institution which through many disasters was maintained for a long time. The buildings were finally destroyed by wind and fire; but a hundred and twenty-five acres of the original grant have been bought by the Union Society, a noted benevo- lent institution of Savannah, and devoted to the original purposes of the founders of Bethesda. Savannah is one of the most prosperous cities in the Union, and is a port of growing commercial importance. The great exports are cotton, lumber and rice; and the activities incident to the handling of the large quantities of these staples which are here annually received make it a busy city in the fall and winter. It is the terminus of several railways: the Georgia Central, leading to Macon, and, by a branch running in at Millen, to Augusta; the Atlantic and Gulf, running to Albany, 'with branch at Dupont Station running to Live Oak, Florida, along which the great bulk of the annual Florida travel is transported; the Savannah and Charleston, running to Charleston, South Carolina; the Port Royal, to Port Royal and Au- gusta; and the Savannah, Skidaway, and Seaboard, to White Bluff, Isle of Hope, and Skidaway Island. There are also several lines of steamships to New York, one to Philadelphia, and one to Baltimore; a coast-line to Charleston ; one to Brunswick and the Satilla River ; one to Pilatka, on the St. Johns, Florida; one to Au- gusta, on the Savannah River; and two to Darien, one of which goes on up the Altamaha and Ocmulgee Rivers as far as to Hawkinsville. An important feeder of the city is the Savannah and Ogeechee Canal, extending be- tween the Savannah and Ogeechee Rivers. The city has a notable number of benevolent institu- tions; an admirable public school system; a fine antiqua- rian association known as the Georgia Historical Society, 244 FLORIDA. Countess of Huntingdon, erected an institution which through many disasters was maintained for a long time. The buildings were finally destroyed by wind and fire; but a hundred and twenty-five acres of the original grant have been bought by the Union Society, a noted benevo- lent institution of Savannah, and devoted to the original purposes of the founders of Bethesda. Savannah is one of the most prosperous cities in the Union, and is a port of growing commercial importance. The great exports are cotton, lumber and rice ; and the activities incident to the handling of the large quantities of these staples which are here annually received make it a busy city in the fall and winter. It is the terminus of several railways: the Georgia Central, leading to Macon, and, by a branch running in at Millen, to Augusta; the Atlantic and Gulf, running to Albany, 'with branch at Dupont Station running to Live Oak, Florida, along which the great bulk of the annual Florida travel is transported; the Savannah and Charleston, running to Charleston, South Carolina; the Port Royal, to Port Royal and Au- gusta; and the Savannah, Skidaway, and Seaboard, to White Bluff, Isle of Hope, and Skidaway Island. There are also several lines of steamships to New York, one to Philadelphia, and one to Baltimore; a coast-line to Charleston ; one to Brunswick and the Satilla River; one to Pilatka, on the St. Johns, Florida; one to Au- gusta, on the Savannah River; and two to Darien, one of which goes on up the Altamaha and Ocmulgee Rivers as far as to Hawkinsville. An important feeder of the city is the Savannah and Ogeechee Canal, extending be- tween the Savannah and Ogeechee Rivers. The city has a notable number of benevolent institu- tions; an admirable public school system; a fine antiqua- rian association known as the Georgia Historical Society,  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 245 which has just erected a very handsome library building, and has recently come into a large bequest from the late Miss Mary Telfair ; and a number of well-built churches, particularly the Independent Presbyterian, with the lofty spire, fronting on Bull Street. The city is furnished with water-works, which supply water from the Savannah River. And lastly, its police headquarters is precisely the police headquarters which one would expect in an Arcadian city: being a plain building in a cool and shady brick court, overhung by trees, covered with climbing vines, and, to the view of the passer-by at least, as clean as a Dutch parlor. Savannah is the residence of Henry R. Jackson, a poet whose verses have been much admired by those who ap- preciate the chaste simplicities of a style of poetry which is unfortunately too much obscured by the less substantial though more dazzling productions of later schools. A fair sample of his power is the poem TO MY FATHER. As die the embers on the hearth, And o'er the floor the shadows fall, And creeps the chirping cricket forth, And ticks the death-watch in the wall, I see a form in yonder chair That grows beneath the waning light; There are the wan, sad features-there The pallid brow and locks of white. My father ! when they laid thee down And heaped the clay upon thy breast, And left thee sleeping all alone Upon thy narrow couch of rest, I know not why I could not weep, The soothing drops refused to roll, And oh ! that grief is wild and deep Which settles tearless on the soul. 2I* OTHER WINTER-RESORTS 245 which has just erected a very handsome library building, and has recently come into a large bequest from the late Miss Mary Telfair ; and a number of well-built churches, particularly the Independent Presbyterian, with the lofty spire, fronting on Bull Street. The city is furnished with water-works, which supply water from the Savannah River. And lastly, its police headquarters is precisely the police headquarters which one would expect in an Arcadian city: being a plain building in a cool and shady brick court, overhung by trees, covered with climbing vines, and, to the view of the passer-by at least, as clean as a Dutch parlor. Savannah is the residence of Henry R. Jackson, a poet whose verses have been much admired by those who ap- preciate the chaste simplicities of a style of poetry which is unfortunately too much obscured by the less substantial though more dazzling productions of later schools. A fair sample of his power is the poem TO MY FATHER. As die the embers on the hearth, And o'er the floor the shadows fall, And creeps the chirping cricket forth, And ticks the death-watch in the wall, I see a form in yonder chair That grows beneath the waning light; There are the wan, sad features-there The pallid brow and locks of white. My father I when they laid thee down And heaped the clay upon thy breast, And left thee sleeping all alone Upon thy narrow couch of rest, I know not why I could not weep, The soothing drops refused to roll, And oh t that grief is wild and deep Which settles tearless on the soul. 2at OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 245 which has just erected a very handsome library building, and has recently come into a large bequest from the late Miss Mary Telfair; and a number of well-built churches, particularly the Independent Presbyterian, with the lofty spire, fronting on Bull Street. The city is furnished with water-works, which supply water from the Savannah River. And lastly, its police headquarters is precisely the police headquarters which one would expect in an Arcadian city: being a plain building in a cool and shady brick court, overhung by trees, covered with climbing vines, and, to the view of the passer-by at least, as clean as a Dutch parlor. Savannah is the residence of Henry R. Jackson, a poet whose verses have been much admired by those who ap- preciate the chaste simplicities of a style of poetry which is unfortunately too much obscured by the less substantial though more dazzling productions of later schools. A fair sample of his power is the poem TO MY FATHER. As die the embers on the hearth, And o'er the floor the shadows fall, And creeps the chirping cricket forth, And ticks the death-watch in the wall, I see a form in yonder chair That grows beneath the waning light; There are the wan, sad features-there The pallid brow and locks of white. My father ! when they laid thee down And heaped the clay upon thy breast, And left thee sleeping all alone Upon thy narrow couch of rest, I know not why I could not weep, The soothing drops refused to roll, And oh ! that grief is wild and deep Which settles tearless on the soul. 2I.  246 FLORIDA. But when I saw thy vacant chair, Thine idle hat upon the wall, Thy book-the penciled passage where 'Thine eye had rested last of all; The tree beneath whose friendly shade Thy trembling feet had wandered forth, The very prints those feet had made When last they feebly trod the earth; And thought while countless ages fled Thy vacant seat would vacant stand, Unworn thy hat, thy book unread, Effaced thy footprints from the sand; And widowed in this cheerless world The heart that gave its love to thee- Torn like the vine whose tendrils curled More closely round the falling tree; Then, father 1 then for her and thee Gushed madly forth the scorching tears; And oft, and long, and bitterly Those tears have gushed in later years; For as the world grows cold around And things their real hue take on, 'Tis sad to learn that love is found With thee above the stars alone ! AUGUSTA. This beautiful city was laid out at the instance of the Trustees of Georgia in the year 1735, and received its name from General Oglethorpe in honor of the royal Princess Augusta, daughter of George II. Large warehouses were erected here, and the place quickly became a considerable depot for the merchandise employed in the trade with the Creeks and Chickasaws. The county in which it is situated was originally known as the District of Augusta, until 1758 when it was made "St. Paul's Parish" ; but in 1777 it was called Richmond County, after the Duke of Richmond. 246 FLORIDA. But when I saw thy vacant chair, Thine idle hat upon the wall, Thy book-the penciled passage where Thine eye had rested last of all; The tree beneath whose friendly shade Thy trembling feet had wandered forth, The very prints those feet had made When last they feebly trod the earth; And thought while countless ages fled Thy vacant seat would vacant stand, Unworn thy hat, thy book unread, Effaced thy footprints from the sand; And widowed in this cheerless world The heart that gave its love to thee- Torn like the vine whose tendrils curled More closely round the falling tree; Then, father! then for her and thee Gushed madly forth the scorching tears; And oft, and long, and bitterly Those team have gushed in later years; For as the world grows cold around And things their real hue take on, 'Tis sad to learn that love is found With thee above the star alone! AUGUSTA. This beautiful city was laid out at the instance of the Trustees of Georgia in the year 1735, and received its name from General Oglethorpe in honor of the royal Princess Augusta, daughter of George II. Large warehouses were erected here, and the place quickly became a considerable ddpot for the merchandise employed in the trade with the Creeks and Chickasaws. The county in which it is situated was originally known as the District of Augusta, until 1758 when it was made "St. Paul's Parish"; but in 1777 it was called Richmond County, after the Duke of Richmond. 246 FLORIDA. But when I saw thy vacant chair, Thine idle hat upon the wall, Thy book-the penciled passage where Thine eye had rested last of all; The tree beneath whose friendly shade Thy trembling feet had wandered forth, The very prints those feet had made When last they feebly trod the earth; And thought while countless ages fled Thy vacant seat would vacant stand, Unworn thy hat, thy book unread, Effaced thy footprints from the sand; And widowed in this cheerless world The heart that gave its love to thee- Torn like the vine whose tendrils curled More closely round the falling tree; Then, father ! then for her and thee Gushed madly forth the scorching tears; And oft, and long, and bitterly Those tears have gushed in later years; For as the world grows cold around And things their real hue take on, 'Tis sad to learn that love is found With thee above the ars alone I AUGUSTA. This beautiful city was laid out at the instance of the Trustees of Georgia in the year 1735, and received its name from General Oglethorpe in honor of the royal Princess Augusta, daughter of George II. Large warehouses were erected here, and the place quickly became a considerable depdt for the merchandise employed in the trade with the Creeks and Chickasaws. The county in which it is situated was originally known as the District of Augusta, until 1758 when it was made "St. Paul's Parish" ; but in '777 it was called Richmond County, after the Duke of Richmond.  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 247 Doubtless the proximity of the town to the Indians rendered it at first a somewhat uneasy place of residence. For example, one finds in 1756 such communications as these passing to the then Governor, John Reynolds, who had been recently appointed by the English Govern- ment, the Trustees having surrendered their charter in 1752. "AucUSTA, Saturday, lo of the clock in the morning. 12th September, 1756. "MAY IT PLEAsE YOUR EXCELLENcY,-We have, as in duty bound, sent this express on purpose, with the inclosed informations, by which you will understand that Indian blood has been. spilt, and consequently an Indian war is almost inevitable; the only thing in all probability that can prevent it is the having of the murderers secured for to make him satisfaction, for which reason we issued hue and crys everywhere to apprehend them; and in case they come by the way of Savannah, we hope care will be taken to secure them. We are afraid we can- not hold this place long without speedy assistance, which we hope your Excellency will take into serious consideration. All the settle- ments on the Ogeechee are abandoned. The fort cannot contain all the inhabitants, so that we shall be obliged to fortify some other places. We beg your Excellency would send us instructions how to act as you shall think proper. There are some head men of the Creeks, in Charlestown, or on their way thither, on whom we have had great dependence, as we designed to assure them that we will take and do justice on.the murderers and give them all the satisfac- tion they required. We wish we could hear from your Excellency before they went from this place, for which reason we hope your Excellency will dispatch the express with all haste possible. There is no match in the fort. Mr. - begs if there is any such thing in Savannah that you will send him some. And we are, with the greatest respect, your Excellency's most humble, most-obedient ser- vants, " DA. Doua.Ass, "JOHN Roe, "MARTIN CAMPBELL." OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 247 Doubtless the proximity of the town to the Indians rendered it at first a somewhat uneasy place of residence. For example, one finds in 1756 such communications as these passing to the then Governor, John Reynolds, who had been recently appointed by the English Govern- ment, the Trustees having surrendered their charter in 1752. "AUcUSTA, Saturday, 1n of the clock in the morning. 12th September, 1756. "MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY,-We have, as in duty bound, sent this express on purpose, with the inclosed informations, by which you will understand that Indian blood has been spilt, and consequently an Indian war is almost- inevitable; the only thing in all probability that can prevent it is the having of the murderers secured for to make him satisfaction, for which reason we issued hue and crys everywhere to apprehend them ; and in case they come by the way of Savannah, we hope care will be taken to secure them. We are afraid we can- not hold this place long without speedy assistance, which we hope your Excellency will take into serious consideation. All the settle- ments on the Ogeechee are abandoned. The fort cannot contain all the inhabitants, so that we shall be obliged to fortify some other places. We beg your Excellency would send us instructions how to act as you shall think proper. There are some head men of the Creeks, in Charlestown, or on their way thither, on whom we have had great dependence, as we designed to assure them that we will take and do justice on.the murderers and give them all the satisfac- tion they required. We wish we could hear from your Excellency before they went from this place, for which reason we hope your Excellency will dispatch the express with all haste possible. There is no match in the fort. Mr. - begs if there is any such thing in Savannah that you will send him some. And we are, with the greatest respect, your Excellency's most humble, most-obedient ser- vants, " DA. DOUGLAss, "JOHN RoE, "MARTIN CAMPRELL" OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 247 Doubtless the proximity of the town to the Indians rendered it at first a somewhat uneasy place of residence. For example, one finds in 1756 such communications as these passing to the then Governor, John Reynolds, who had been recently appointed by the English Govern- ment, the Trustees having surrendered their charter in 1752. "AUcuSTA, Saturday, to of the clock in the morning. lath September, 1756. "MAY IT PLEAsE YOUR EXCELLENCY,-We have, as in duty bound, sent this express on purpose, with the inclosed informations, by which you will understand that Indian blood has been spilt, and consequently an Indian war is almost- inevitable; the only thing in all probability that can prevent. it is the having of the murderers secured for to make him satisfaction, for which reason we issued hue and crys everywhere to apprehend them; and in case they come by the way of Savannah, we hope care will be taken to secre them. We are afraid we can- not hold this place long without speedy assistance, which we hope your Excellency will take into serious consideration. All the settle- ments on the Ogeechee are abandoned. The fort cannot contain all the inhabitants, so that we shall be obliged to fortify some other places. We beg your Excellency would send us instructions how to act as you shall think proper. There are some head men of the Creeks, in Charlestown, or on their way thither, on whom we have had great dependence, as we designed to assure them that we will take and do justice on.the murderers and give them all the satisfac- tion they required. We wish we could hear from your Excellency before they went from this place, for which reason we hope your Excellency will dispatch the express with all haste possible. There is no match in the fort. Mr. - begs if there is any such thing in Savannah that you will send him some. And we are, with the greatest respect, your Excellency's most humble, most-obedient ser- vants, " DA. DOUGLAss, "JOHN ROE, "MARTIN CAMPBELL"  248 FLORIDA. Perhaps one of the most spirited contests of the Rev- olutionary war occurred in the memorable siege of Augusta by General Henry Lee in May 1781 during its occupation by the British. Having seized the powder, ball, small arms, blankets, etc., which had been recently sent to Fort Galphin as presents to the Indians from the English Government, General Lee sent Major Eggleston to reconnoitre below the city and to summon it to surrender. This was done, but no reply was received. Augusta was at this time in command of one of those curious personages who float to the surface in times of war, named Thomas Browne. He is described in a Georgia Gazette of 1774 as one of "two young gentlemen lately from England." In that year he suffered great indigni- ties at the hands of the patriots. A number of the "Sons of Liberty" had called upon him to clear himself of the charge of being hostile to the cause of American freedom, and upon being defiantly informed that he did not recog- nize their right to demand any such account of him had incontinently tarred and feathered him and exposed him to the public view "in a cart from the head of Augusta to Mr. Weatherford's ;" insomuch that next day he "con- sented voluntarily" (as the Georgia Gazette naively terms it) to abjure his loyalty to the king and to support the cause of liberty. Perhaps the " voluntary" feature in this "consent" was not so apparent to Browne as to the hot patriots; at any rate we find him soon engaged in the British army. Al- ready in 1779 he had signalized his desperate obstinacy, fertility of resource and personal bravery. Colonel Elijah Clarke, advancing upon Augusta in that year for the purpose of taking it, was met by Browne-though the attack was an entire surprise to the latter-at the White 248 FLORIDA. Perhaps one of the most spirited contests of the Rev- olutionary war occurred in the memorable siege of Augusta by General Henry Lee in May 1781 during its occupation by the British. Having seized the powder, ball, small arms, blankets, etc., which had been recently sent to Fort Galphin as presents to the Indians from the English Government, General Lee sent Major Eggleston to reconnoitre below the city and to summon it to surrender. This was done, but no reply was received. Augusta was at this time in command of one of those curious personages who float to the surface in times of war, named Thomas Browne. He is described in a Georgia Gazette of 1774 as one of "two young gentlemen lately from England." In that year he suffered great indigni- ties at the hands of the patriots. A number of the "Sons of Liberty" had called upon him to clear himself of the charge of being hostile to the cause of American freedom, and upon being defiantly informed that he did not recog- nize their right to demand any such account of him had incontinently tarred and feathered him and exposed him to the public view "in a cart from the head of Augusta to Mr. Weatherford's ;" insomuch that next day he "con- sented voluntarily" (as the Georgia Gazette naively terms it) to abjure his loyalty to the king and to support the cause of liberty. Perhaps the " voluntary" feature in this "consent" was not so apparent to Browne as to the hot patriots; at any rate we find him soon engaged in the British army. Al- ready in 1779 he had signalized his desperate obstinacy, fertility of resource and personal bravery. Colonel Elijah Clarke, advancing upon Augusta in that year for the purpose of taking it, was met by Browne-though the attack was an entire surprise to the latter-at the White 248 FLORIDA. Perhaps one of the most spirited contests of the Rev- olutionary war occurred in the memorable siege of Augusta by General Henry Lee in May 1781 during its occupation by the British. Having seized the powder, ball, small arms, blankets, etc., which had been recently sent to Fort Galphin as presents to the Indians from the English Government, General Lee sent Major Eggleston to reconnoitre below the city and to summon it to surrender. This was done, but no reply was received. Augusta was at this time in command of one of those curious personages who float to the surface in times of war, named Thomas Browne. He is described in a Georgia Gazette of 1774 as one of "two young gentlemen lately from England." In that year he suffered great indigni- ties at the hands of the patriots. A number of the "Sons of Liberty" had called upon him to clear himself of the charge of being hostile to the cause of American freedom, and upon being defiantly informed that he did not recog- nize their right to demand any such account of him had incontinently tarred and feathered him and exposed him to the public view "in a cart from the head of Augusta to Mr. Weatherford's ;" insomuch that next day he "con- sented voluntarily" (as the Georgia Gazette naively terms it) to abjure his loyalty to the king and to support the cause of liberty. Perhaps the "voluntary" feature in this " consent" was not so apparent to Browne as to the hot patriots; at any rate we find him soon engaged in the British army. Al- ready in 1779 he had signalized his desperate obstinacy, fertility of resource and personal bravery. Colonel Elijah Clarke, advancing upon Augusta in that year for the purpose of taking it, was met by Browne-though the attack was an entire surprise to the latter-at the White  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 249 House, some mile and a half west of the town, and was held in check for several days through a continuous and destructive fire of artillery and sniall arms until the ad- vance of Colonel Cruger to whom Browne had sent for assistance disheartened the patriots and caused Clarke to retire from the attempt. During these days Browne was shot through both thighs and his garrison's supply of water was entirely cut off; but he continued to lead his men in spite of his wounds, and devised a supply of water-from what source I will not here detail-in the actual use of which he also led his men, thus carrying them through the siege. Colonel Clarke retired with the loss of sixty killed and wounded. Twenty-nine of these latter remained in the hands of the enemy and met a dreadful fate. Twelve of them were hung, it is recorded, on the staircase of the White House, while others were either hung or delivered over to the Indians by whom they were roasted to death. It was against such a commander that General Lee, upon finding that no reply was made to his summons of surren- der, proceeded to make his dispositions for attack. The troops of Colonel Clarke (the same who had made the unsuccessful attack here the year before), Eggleston and Pickens had been concentrated to the west of the town. The first assault was made upon Fort Grierson, which is said to have been located on the present site of the upper market in Broad Street. The fort was taken after a short struggle, and many of its garrison were killed and captured. Colonel Grierson, its commander, was mur- dered after his capture by some lawless persons among the Americans. Lee now advanced to a brick building on the bank of the river south of Fort Grierson, and proceeded to besiege Fort Cornwallis, of which Thomas Browne was in command. This fort was located very near the present site of St. Paul's Church. The besiegers OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 249 House, some mile and a half west of the town, and was held in check for several days through a continuous and destructive fire of artillery and siall arms until the ad- vance of Colonel Cruger to whom Browne had sent for assistance disheartened the patriots and caused Clarke to retire from the attempt. During these days Browne was shot through both thighs and his garrison's supply of water was entirely cut off; but he continued to lead his men in spite of his wounds, and devised a supply of water-from what source I will not here detail-in the actual use of which he also led his men, thus carrying them through the siege. Colonel Clarke retired with the loss of sixty killed and wounded. Twenty-nine of these latter remained in the hands of the enemy and met a dreadful fate. Twelve of them were hung, it is recorded, on the staircase of the White House, while others were either hung or delivered over to the Indians by whom they were roasted to death. It was against such a commander that General Lee, upon finding that no reply was made to his summons of surren- der, proceeded to make his dispositions for attack. The troops of Colonel Clarke (the same who had made the unsuccessful attack here the year before), Eggleston and Pickens had been concentrated to the west of the town. The first assault was made upon Fort Grierson, which is said to have been located on the present site of the upper market in Broad Street. The fort was taken after a short struggle, and many of its garrison were killed and captured. Colonel Grierson, its commander, was mur- dered after his capture by some lawless persons among the Americans. Lee now advanced to a brick building on the bank of the river south of Fort Grierson, and proceeded to besiege Fort Cornwallis, of which Thomas Browne was in command. This fort was located very near the present site of St. Paul's Church. The besiegers OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 249 House, some mile and a half west of the town, and was held in check for several days through a continuous and destructive fire of artillery and sniall arms until the ad- vance of Colonel Cruger to whom Browne had sent for assistance disheartened the patriots and caused Clarke to retire from the attempt. During these days Browne was shot through both thighs and his garrison's supply of water was entirely cut off; but he continued to lead his men in spite of his wounds, and devised a supply of water-from what source I will not here detail-in the actual use of which he also led his men, thus carrying them through the siege. Colonel Clarke retired with the loss of sixty killed and wounded. Twenty-nine of these latter remained in the hands of the enemy and met a dreadful fate. Twelve of them were hung, it is recorded, on the staircase of the White House, while others were either hung or delivered over to the Indians by whom they were roasted to death. It was against such a commander that General Lee, upon finding that no reply was made to his summons of surren- der, proceeded to make his dispositions for attack. The troops of Colonel Clarke (the same who had made the unsuccessful attack here the year before), Eggleston and Pickens had been concentrated to the west of the town. The first assault was made upon Fort Grierson, which is said to have been located on the present site of the upper market in Broad Street. The fort was taken after a short struggle, and many of its garrison were killed and captured. Colonel Grierson, its commander, was mur- dered after his capture by some lawless persons among the Americans. Lee now advanced to a brick building on the bank of the river south of Fort Grierson, and proceeded to besiege Fort Cornwallis, of which Thomas Browne was in command. This fort was located very near the present site of St. Paul's Church. The besiegers  250 FLORIDA. immediately commenced to push forward works of offense. On the night of the 28th Browne fell upon them violently, but was repulsed after a hard struggle; and again, on the night of the 29th. Finding no eminence or other vantage- ground on which to place their artillery, the besiegers now commenced the erection of a tower to command Fort Cornwallis, and by the evening of the 31st had brought it nearly to the height of the ramparts. Early in the night Browne was again at work actively attacking. Repulsed at one end of the line, he renewed his assault at the other, and had driven the militia under Pickens from the trenches when Handy's infantry, which had been placed in supporting distance of Pickens, came up and compelled him to retire to his fort. In this engage- ment both sides suffered heavily. Browne now endeavored to devise means for burning the tower, and to this end sent over a pretended deserter to Lee who by an artful proposition to aid in directing the fire of Lee's artillery upon the powder-magazine of the fort procured himself to be stationed for the night in the tower. The trick, however, did not succeed ; Lee's sus- picions became aroused, and he caused the deserter to be removed from the tower during the night. Meantime, Browne had fired several houses which lay within rifle-shot of his position, between the lines. But his failure to burn the tower seems to have dis- heartened Browne. To a summons of surrender made on the 31st, calling his attention to the progress of the besieging works, he had pithily replied, " Gentlemen,- What progress you have made in your works I am no stranger to. It is my duty and inclination to defend this place to the last extremity." But to a second summons made on the 3d of June, after first replying as before, he allows twenty-four hours to elapse and then signifies his 250 FLORIDA. immediately commenced to push forward works of offense. On the night of the 28th Browne fell upon them violently, but was repulsed after a hard struggle; and again, on the night of the 29th. Finding no eminence or other vantage. ground on which to place their artillery, the besiegers now commenced the erection of a tower to command Fort Cornwallis, and by the evening of the 31st had brought it nearly to the height of the ramparts. Early in the night Browne was again at work actively attacking. Repulsed at one end of the line, he renewed his assault at the other, and had driven the militia under Pickens from the trenches when Handy's infantry, which had been placed in supporting distance of Pickens, came up and compelled him to retire to his fort. In this engage- ment both sides suffered heavily. Browne now endeavored to devise means for burning the tower, and to this end sent over a pretended deserter to Lee who by an artful proposition to aid in directing the fire of Lee's artillery upon the powder-magazine of the fort procured himself to be stationed for the night in the tower. The trick, however, did not succeed; Lee's sus- picions became aroused, and he caused the deserter to be removed from the tower during the night. Meantime, Browne had fired several houses which lay within rifle-shot of his position, between the lines. But his failure to burn the tower seems to have dis- heartened Browne. To a summons of surrender made on the 31st, calling his attention to the progress of the besieging works, he had pithily replied, " Gentlemen,- What progress you have made in your works I am no stranger to. It is my duty and inclination to defend this place to the last extremity." But to a second summons made on the 3d of June, after first replying as before, he allows twenty-four hours to elapse and then signifies his 250 FLORIDA. immediately commenced to push forward works of offense. On the night of the a8th Browne fell upon them violently, but was repulsed after a hard struggle; and again, on the night of the 29th. Finding no eminence or other vantage- ground on which to place their artillery, the besiegers now commenced the erection of a tower to command Fort Cornwallis, and by the evening of the 31st had brought it nearly to the height of the ramparts. Early in the night Browne was again at work actively attacking. Repulsed at one end of the line, he renewed his assault at the other, and had driven the militia under Pickens from the trenches when Handy's infantry, which had been placed in supporting distance of Pickens, came up and compelled him to retire to his fort. In this engage- ment both sides suffered heavily. Browne now endeavored to devise means for burning the tower, and to this end sent over a pretended deserter to Lee who by an artful proposition to aid in directing the fire of Lee's artillery upon the powder-magazine of the fort procured himself to be stationed for the night in the tower. The trick, however, did not succeed ; Lee's sus- picions became aroused, and he caused the deserter to be removed from the tower during the night. Meantime, Browne had fired several houses which lay within rifle-shot of his position, between the lines. But his failure to burn the tower seems to have dis- heartened Browne. To a summons of surrender made on the 31st, calling his attention to the progress of the besieging works, he had pithily replied, " Gentlemen,- What progress you have made in your works I am no stranger to. It is my duty and inclination to defend this place to the last extremity." But to a second summons made on the 3d of June, after first replying as before, he allows twenty-four hours to elapse and then signifies his  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 251 desire to surrender. He makes several propositions which the besiegers decline, and finally has to accede to their terms; and so the siege terminates with his formal capitu- lation on the 5th of June. This Thomas Browne was afterwards convicted of forging an order from The Lords of the Treasury to Sir Charles Brisbane, Governor of St. Vincent's, requiring him to grant to Browne a large and valuable body of land in that island. The British Government had already rewarded him with thirty thousand pounds in consideration of his Revolutionary services; but, not content with this, he caused the forged order to be presented. It so happened that the lands named in the order had been granted to other parties, who had paid a large sum of money into the treasury for them. Sir Charles Brisbane asked further instructions of the Home Government; and the forgery was immediately detected. In this same month of May, just ten years afterwards, Augusta exhibited a much more pleasing concourse of sights and sounds than the bloody incidents of Thomas Browne's desperate defense. These were the processions and ceremonies in honor of the arrival of George Wash- ington, President of the United States, at that city. There are some features of these beautiful old testimo- nials of a people's hearty affection that richly merit fre- quent recital, for they cannot but present noble ideals to our young men and women. Jean Paul Richter has some- where declared that the great advantage of Greek and Roman history to young people is that in studying it they enter life as it were through a vestibule set round with large and heroic forms that must of necessity influence the mould of their lives. So much of the majesty of simple and chaste manners, so much of true knightly courtesy, reveals itself incidentally in the narration of the progress OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 251 desire to surrender. He makes several propositions which the besiegers decline, and finally has to accede to their terms; and so the siege terminates with his formal capitu- lation on the 5th of June. This Thomas Browne was afterwards convicted of forging an order from The Lords of the Treasury to Sir Charles Brisbane, Governor of St. Vincent's, requiring him to grant to Browne a large and valuable body of land in that island. The British Government had already rewarded him with thirty thousand pounds in consideration of his Revolutionary services; but, not content with this, he caused the forged order to be presented. It so happened that the lands named in the order had been granted to other parties, who had paid a large sum of money into the treasury for them. Sir Charles Brisbane asked further instructions of the Home Government; and the forgery was immediately detected. In this same month of May, just ten years afterwards, Augusta exhibited a much more pleasing concourse of sights and sounds than the bloody incidents of Thomas Browne's desperate defense. These were the processions and ceremonies in honor of the arrival of George Wash- ington, President of the United States, at that city. There are some features of these beautiful old testimo- nials of a people's hearty affection that richly merit fre- quent recital, for they cannot but present noble ideals to our young men and women. Jean Paul Richter has some- where declared that the great advantage of Greek and Roman history to young people is that in studying it they enter life as it were through a vestibule set round with large and heroic forms that must of necessity influence the mould of their lives. So much of the majesty of simple and chaste manners, so much of'true knightly courtesy, reveals itself incidentally in the narration of the progress OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 251 desire to surrender. He makes several propositions which the besiegers decline, and finally has to accede to their terms; and so the siege terminates with his formal capitu- lation on the 5th of June. This Thomas Browne was afterwards convicted of forging an order from The Lords of the Treasury to Sir Charles Brisbane, Governor of St. Vincent's, requiring him to grant to Browne a large and valuable body of land in that island. The British Government had already rewarded him with thirty thousand pounds in consideration of his Revolutionary services; but, not content with this, he caused the forged order to be presented. It so happened that the lands named in the order had been granted to other parties, who had paid a large sum of money into the treasury for them. Sir Charles Brisbane asked further instructions of the Home Government; and the forgery was immediately detected. In this same month of May, just ten years afterwards, Augusta exhibited a much more pleasing concourse of sights and sounds than the bloody incidents of Thomas Browne's desperate defense. These were the processions and ceremonies in honor of the arrival of George Wash- ington, President of the United States, at that city. There are some features of these beautiful old testimo- nials of a people's hearty affection that richly merit fre- quent recital, for they cannot but present noble ideals to our young men and women. Jean Paul Richter has some- where declared that the great advantage of Greek and Roman history to young people is that in studying it they enter life as it were through a vestibule set round with large and heroic forms that must of necessity influence the mould of their lives. So much of the majesty of simple and chaste manners, so much of-true knightly courtesy, reveals itself incidentally in the narration of the progress  252 FLORIDA. of George Washington among his people that one cannot help reproducing it, if even in briefest form. " Theiofficers having assembled agreeably to the order of yesterday" -yesterday was the 17th of May, 1791-" at eleven o'clock set for. ward, accompanied by a numerous train of respectable citizens. At the distance of five miles front town the President of the United States appeared in sight, when the procession halted, at which time he alighted from his coach, mounted his horse, and advanced with Major Jackson and the federal marshal. His Excellency the Gov- ernor" (Edward Telfair) "at the same time attended by the Secretary of the State,movedforward, and, after being announced, congratulated the President on his near approach to the residence of Government. This ceremony being ended, the procession was resumed, and the President conducted to the house provided for his reception." Then there were balls, dinners, toasts, and many fes- tivities. Observe the address of the citizens of Augusta: what beautiful English, what dovetailing clauses, what per- fect sentences compose it ! and more than this, what large sincerity, what grave manliness, what genuine yet deco- rous devotion shine out through the lucid guencies of it, as it were sands of good gold compacted at the bottom of a clear running stream ! "To THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:t "SIR,--Your journey to the southward being extended to the frontier of the Union, affords a fresh proof of your indefatigable zeal in the service of your country, and equal attention and regard to all the people of the United States. With these impressions, the citizens of Augusta present their congratulations upon your arival here in health, with the assurance that it will be their greatest pleasure, during your stay with them, to testify the sincere affection they have for your person- their sense of obligation for your merits and for your services, and their entire confidence in you as the Chief Magistrate of their country. On your return, and at all times, their best wisbes will ac- company you, while they retain the hope that a life of virtue, benevo- lence, and patriotism may be long preserved for the benefit of the age and the example of posterity." 252 FLORIDA. of George Washington among his people that one cannot help reproducing it, if even in briefest form. " Theoflicers having assembled agreeably to the order of yesterday" -yesterday was the 17th of May, 1791-" at eleven o'clock set for- ward, accompanied by a numerous train of respectable citizens. At the distance of five miles from town the President of the United States appeared in sight, when the procession halted, at which time he alighted from his coach, mounted his horse, and advanced with Major Jackson and the federal marshal. His Excellency the Gov- ernor" (Edward Telfair) "at the same time attended by the Secretary of the State, moved;forward, and, after being announced, congratulated the President on his near approach to the residence of Government. This ceremony being ended, the procession was resumed, and the President conducted to the house provided for his reception." Then there were balls, dinners, toasts, and many fes- tivities. Observe the address of the citizens of Augusta: what beautiful English, what dovetailing clauses, what per- feet sentences compose it! and more than this, what large sincerity, what grave manliness, what genuine yet deco- rous devotion shine out through the lucid guencies of it, as it were sands of good gold compacted at the bottom of a clear running stream ! "TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERIcA: "SIR,-Your journey to the southward being extended to the frontier of the Union, affords a fresh proof of your indefatigable zeal in the service of your country, and equal attention and regard to all the people of the United States. With these impressions, the citizens of Augusta present their congratulations upon your arrival here in health, with the assurance that it will be their greatest pleasure, during your stay with them, to testify the sincere affection they have for your person, their sense of obligation for your merits and for your services, and their entire confidence in you as the Chief Magistrate of their country. On your return, and at all times, their best wishes will ac- company you, while they retain the hope that a life of virtue, benevo- lence, and patriotism may be long preserved for the benefit of the age and the example of posterity." 252 FLORIDA. of George Washington among his people that one cannot help reproducing it, if even in briefest form. " Theofficers having assembled agreeably to the order of yesterday" -yesterday was the 17th of May, 1791- at eleven o'clock set for- ward, accompanied by a numerous train of respectable citizens. At the distance of five miles from town the President of the United States appeared in sight, when the procession halted, at which time he alighted from his coach, mounted his horse, and advanced with Major Jackson and the federal marshal. His Excellency the Gov- ernor" (Edward Telfair) "at the same time attended by the Secretary of the State,movedforward, and, after being announced, congratulated the President on his near approach to the residence of Government. This ceremony being ended, the procession was resumed, and the President conducted to the house provided for his reception." Then there were balls, dinners, toasts, and many fes- tivities. Observe the address of the citizens of Augusta: what beautiful English, what dovetailing clauses, what per- fect sentences compose it! and more than this, what large sincerity, what grave manliness, what genuine yet deco- rous devotion shine out through the lucid fluencies of it, as it were sands of good gold compacted at the bottom of a clear running stream ! "TO TnE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: "fSi,-Your journey to the southward being extended to the frontier of the Union, affords a fresh proof of your indefatigable zeal 'in the service of your country, and equal attention and regard to all the people of the United States. With these impressions, the citizens of Augusta present their congratulations upon your arrival here in health, with the assurance that it will be their greatest pleasure, during your stay with them, to testify the sincere affection they have for your person their sense of obligation far your merits and for your services, and their entire. confidence in you as the Chief Magistrate of their country. On your return, and at all times, their best wishes will ac- company you, while they retain the hope that a life of virtue, benevo- lence, and patriotism may be long preserved for the benefit of the age and the example of posterity."  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 253 To which the good President replies: "GENTLEMEN,-I receive your congratulations on my arrival in Augusta with great pleasure. I am much obliged by your assurances of regard, and thank you with unfeigned sincerity for the favorable sentiments you are pleased to express towards me. " Entreating you to be persuaded of my gratiude, I desire to assure you that it will afford me the most sensible satisfaction to learn the progression of your prosperity. My best wishes for your happiness, collectively and individually, are sincerely offered." The "progression of your prosperity" advanced in time; until Augusta has at length come to be one of the most important cities of the South. The visitor here is immediately struck with the breadth and beauty of the streets. Broad Street, the main busi- ness thoroughfare of the city, is one hundred and sixty- five feet in width, and nearly two miles and a fifth in length. Both above and below the immediate centre of trade it is planted with rows of magnificent trees. Greene Street, running parallel with Broad, is famed throughout the United States for its beauty. It is from one hundred and sixty to one hundred and sixty-eight feet wide. Down the centre of it runs a double row of large trees, and along each sidewalk a similar single row: the effect of which is to form a lovely greenwood aisle, passing along between two ample and high-arched ave- nues. Here in the middle of a cloudless summer-day one can promenade for more than a mile in cool and grateful shade; and the spacious flower-gardens and pleasant dwellings which border the street make it alto- gether a possession any city might envy. The granite monument in this street, in front of the City Hall, is about fifty feet in height, and was erected in x849 to the memory of the signers of the Declaration of Independence in behalf of Georgia. 22 OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 253 To which the good President replies: "GENTLEMEN,-I receive your congratulations on my arrival in Augusta with great pleasure. I am much obliged by your assurances of regard, and thank you with unfeigned sincerity for the favorable sentiments you are pleased to express towards me. " Entreating you to be persuaded of my gratiude, I desire to assure you that it will afford me the most sensible satisfaction to learn the progression of your prosperity. My best wishes for your happiness, collectively and individually, are sincerely offered." The "progression of your prosperity" advanced in time; until Augusta has at length come to be one of the most important cities of the South. The visitor here is immediately struck with the breadth and beauty of the streets. Broad Street, the main busi- ness thoroughfare of the city, is one hundred and sixty. five feet in width, and nearly two miles and a fifth in length. Both above and below the immediate centre of trade it is planted with rows of magnificent trees. Greene Street, running parallel with Broad, is famed throughout the United States for its beauty. It is from one hundred and sixty to one hundred and sixty-eight feet wide. Down the centre of it runs a double row of large trees, and along each sidewalk a similar single row: the effect of which is to form a lovely greenwood aisle, passing along between two ample and high-arched ave- nues. Here in the middle of a cloudless summer-day one can promenade for more than a mile in cool and grateful shade; and the spacious flower-gardens and pleasant dwellings which border the street make it alto- gether a possession any city might envy. The granite monument in this street, in front of the City Hall, is about fifty feet in height, and was erected in 1849 to the memory of the signers of the Declaration of Independence in behalf of Georgia. 22 OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 253 To which the good President replies: "GENTLEMEN,-I receive your congratulations on my arrival in Augusta with great pleasure. I am much obliged by your assurances of regard, and thank you with unfeigned sincerity for the favorable sentiments you are pleased to express towards me. " Entreating you to be persuaded of my gratiude, I desire to assure you that it will afford me the most sensible satisfaction to learn the progression of your prosperity. My best wishes for your happiness, collectively and individually, are sincerely offered." The "progression of your prosperity" advanced in time; until Augusta has at length come to be one of the most important cities of the South. The visitor here is immediately struck with the breadth and beauty of the streets. Broad Street, the main busi- ness thoroughfare of the city, is one hundred and sixty- five feet in width, and nearly two miles and a fifth in length. Both above and below the immediate centre of trade it is planted with rows of magnificent trees. Greene Street, running parallel with Broad, is famed throughout the United States for its beauty. It is from one hundred and sixty to one hundred and sixty-eight feet wide. Down the centre of it runs a double row of large trees, and along each sidewalk a similar single row: the effect of which is to form a lovely greenwood aisle, passing along between two ample and high-arched ave- nues. Here in the middle of a cloudless summer-day one can promenade for more than a mile in cool and grateful shade; and the spacious flower-gardens and pleasant dwellings which border the street make it alto- gether a possession any city might envy. The granite monument in this street, in front of the City Hall, is about fifty feet in height, and was erected in 1849 to the memory of the signers of the Declaration of Independence in behalf of Georgia. 22  254 FLORIDA. A pleasant drive at Augusta is to SUMMERVILLE, a fair cluster of dwellings, some of them summer resi- dences, others permanent, situated on the high sand-hills about three miles from town. The view from the brow of this eminence commands a wide scope of country in Carolina and Georgia; and the village itself presents many charming evidences of taste in noble trees, flower- gardens and gentle-looking homes. On this drive to Summerville one crosses the Augusta Canal, an important element in the industrial prosperity of the city. It was begun in 1845, and is fed from the Savannah River. It has a total fall of about forty-one feet, divided into three levels. The large manufacturing buildings which attract one's attention in crossing the canal belong to the Augusta Cotton Factory Company, one of the most prosperous organizations of the sort in America. This factory has been recently much enlarged in capacity. The water-power of the canal is applied to sundry other industrial purposes, notably to a group of flour- and grist-mills, which grind more than four hundred thousand bushels of grain annually. Some distance beyond the factory, on the Summerville road, one will observe the Augusta Orphan Asylum, a very beautiful structure built mainly upon the benefac- tions of Mr. Tuttle and of Dr. Newton. One of the hills cut through by this canal, some four miles above the city, is referred to by Charles C. Jones in a monograph on Indian Mounds as filled with evidences of having been once a much-frequented locality for the manufacture of flint arrow-heads and other stone weapons by the Indians. The same gentleman mentions a very interesting Indian mound on Stalling's Island, one of 254 FLORIDA. A pleasant drive at Augusta is to SUMMERvILLE, a fair cluster of dwellings, some of them summer resi- dences, others permanent, situated on the high sand-hills about three miles from town. The view from the brow of this eminence commands a wide scope of country in Carolina and Georgia; and the village itself presents many charming evidences of taste in noble trees, flower- gardens and gentle-looking homes. On this drive to Summerville one crosses the Augusta Canal, an important element in the industrial prosperity of the city. It was begun in 1845, and is fed from the Savannah River. It has a total fall of about forty-one feet, divided into three levels. The large manufacturing buildings which attract one's attention in crossing the canal belong to the Augusta Cotton Factory Company, one of the most prosperous organizations of the sort in America. This factory has been recently much enlarged in capacity. The water-power of the canal is applied to sundry other industrial purposes, notably to a group of flour- and grist-mills, which grind more than four hundred thousand bushels of grain annually. Some distance beyond the factory, on the Summerville road, one will observe the Augusta Orphan Asylum, a very beautiful structure built mainly upon the benefac- tions of Mr. Tuttle and of Dr. Newton. One of the hills cut through by this canal, some four miles above the city, is referred to by Charles C. Jones in a monograph on Indian Mounds as filled with evidences of having been once a much-frequented locality for the manufacture of flint arow-heads and other stone weapons by the Indians. The same gentleman mentions a very interesting Indian mound on Stalling's Island, one of 254 FLORIDA. A pleasant drive at Augusta is to SUMMERvILLE, a fair cluster of dwellings, some of them summer resi- dences, others permanent, situated on the high sand-hills about three miles from town. The view from the brow of this eminence commands a wide scope of country in Carolina and Georgia; and the village itself presents many charming evidences of taste in noble trees, flower- gardens and gentle-looking homes. On this drive to Summerville one crosses the Augusta Canal, an important element in the industrial prosperity of the city. It was begun in 1845, and is fed from the Savannah River. It has a total fall of about forty-one feet, divided into three levels. The large manufacturing buildings which attract one's attention in crossing the canal belong to the Augusta Cotton Factory Company, one of the most prosperous organizations of the sort in America. This factory has been recently much enlarged in capacity. The water-power of the canal is applied to sundry other industrial purposes, notably to a group of flour- and grist-mills, which grind more than four hundred thousand bushels of grain annually. Some distance beyond the factory, on the Summerville road, one will observe the Augusta Orphan Asylum, a very beautiful structure built mainly upon the benefac- tions of Mr. Tuttle and of Dr. Newton. One of the hills cut through by this canal, some four miles above the city, is referred to by Charles C. Jones in a monograph on Indian Mounds as filled with evidences of having been once a much-frequented locality for the manufacture of flint arrow-heads and other stone weapons by the Indians. The same gentleman mentions a very interesting Indian mound on Stalling's Island, one of  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 255 the "Thousand Islands" in the Savannah River a short distance above the city. Augusta is now, and has been in times past, the resi- dence of several persons eminent in letters. At Berzelia on the Georgia railroad a short distance from the city is the home of Paul H. Hayne, the poet. The peculiar loveliness of the yellow jessamine which covers the spring woods of this region, as well as the grace and musical flow of Mr. Hayne's own poetry, are pleasantly formu- lated in this sonnet of his to THE MOCKING-BIRD. Of all the woodland flowers of early spring, These golden jasmines, each an air-hung bower Meet for the Queen of Faery's tiring-hour, Seem loveliest and most fair in blossoming. How yonder mock-bird thrills his fervid wing And long lithe throat, where twinkling flower on flower Rains the globed dew-drops down, a diamond shower, O'er his brown head, poised as in act to sing t Lo the swift sunshine floods the flowery urns Girding their delicate gold with matchless light Till the blent life of bough, leaf, blossom, burns; Then, then outbursts the mock-bird clear and loud, Half-drunk with perfume, veiled by radiance bright, A star of music in a fiery cloud! Augusta is also the residence of the poet James R. Randall, at present editor of the Augusta Constitution- alist. Perhaps the fervent spirit of his poems has never found better expression than in EIDOLON. Ah, sweet-eyed Christ ! Thy image smiles In its Cathedral cell, Shrined in the Heaven-enamored arms Of her who never fell; OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 255 the "Thousand Islands" in the Savannah River a short distance above the city. Augusta is now, and has been in times past, the resi- dence of several persons eminent in letters. At Berzelia on the Georgia railroad a short distance from the city is the home of Paul H. Hayne, the poet. The peculiar loveliness of the yellow jessamine which covers the spring woods of this region, as well as the grace and musical flow of Mr. Hayne's own poetry, are pleasantly formu- lated in this sonnet of his to THE MOCKING-BIRD. Of all the woodland flowers of early spring, These golden jasmines, each an air-hung bower Meet for the Queen of Faery's tiring-hour, Seem loveliest and most fair in blossoming. How yonder mock-bird thrills his fervid wing And long lithe throat, where twinkling fower on flower Rains the globed dew-drops down, a diamond shower, O'er his brown head, poised as in act to sing! Lo the swift sunshine floods the flowery urns Girding their delicate gold with matchless light Till the blent life of bough, leaf, blossom, burns; Then, then outbursts the mock-bird clear and loud, Half-drunk with perfume, veiled by radiance bright, A star of music in a fiery cloud! Augusta is also the residence of the poet James R. Randall, at present editor of the Augusta Constitution- alist. Perhaps the fervent spirit of his poems has never found better expression than in EIDOLON. Ah, sweet-eyed Christ I Thy image smiles In its Cathedral cell, Shrined in the Heaven-enamored arms Of her who never fell; OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 255 the "Thousand Islands" in the Savannah River a short distance above the city. Augusta is now, and has been in times past, the resi- dence of several persons eminent in letters. At Berzelia on the Georgia railroad a short distance from the city is the home of Paul H. Hayne, the poet. The peculiar loveliness of the yellow jessamine which covers the spring woods of this region, as well as the grace and musical flow of Mr. Hayne's own poetry, are pleasantly formu- lated in this sonnet of his to THE MOCKING-BIRD. Of all the woodland flowers of early spring, These golden jasmines, each an air-bung bower Meet for the Queen of Faery's tiring-hour, Seem loveliest and most fair in blossoming. How yonder mock-bird thrills his fervid wing And long lithe throat, where twinkling flower on flower Rains the globed dew-drops down, a diamond shower, O'er his brown head, poised as in act to sing ! Lo the swift sunshine floods the flowery urns Girding their delicate gold with matchless light Till the blent life of bough, leaf, blossom, burns; Then, then outbursts the mock-bird clear and loud, Half-drunk with perfume, veiled by radiance bright, A star of music in a fiery cloud! Augusta is also the residence of the poet James R. Randall, at present editor of the Augusta Constitution- alist. Perhaps the fervent spirit of his poems has never found better expression than in EIDOLON. Ah, sweet-eyed Christ ! Thy image smiles In its Cathedral cell, Shrined in the Heaven-enamored arms Of her who never fell;  256 FLORIDA. And if my phantom eyes implore A more benignant beam, 'Tis a nepenthe I would crave For a memorial dream ! Dear Leonie! here didst tha kneel That musky summer noon, As the zephyrs kissed in ecstasy The dimpled cheeks of June- As the sunlight drifted o'er thy brow A golden wave of grace, Bright-blending with the miracles Of that angelic face. Adorably Madonna-like, By this communion rail, Thy raptured face, though rich with youth. Was spirit-lit and pale; And oh, those opulent blue eyes, Those Meccas of despair-- They, they were glorious Eden-isles Lost in a lake of prayer I Saint Leonie! I saw thee Sit Gazelle-like to the street, And pure, melodious angels led Thy dainty, tinkling feet. My rebel thoughts were petrel-winged, Attendant upon thee, Chasing thy loved and lissome shape As Arabs of the sea. Long did I love thee, delle Creole, As Gebirs love the sun, And in the temple of my soul Thou wast the eidolon ; Long did I love thee, Arle Creole, Where corsair billows rise, And where the silver planets soar In unfamiliar skies ! 256 FLORIDA. And if my phantom eyes implore A more benignant beam, 'Tis a nepenthe I would crave For a memorial dream ! Dear Leonie ! here didst thou kneel That musky summer noon, As the zephyrs kissed in ecstasy The dimpled cheeks of June- As. the.sunlight drifted o'er thy brow A-golden wave of grace, Bright-blending with the miracles Of that angelic face. Adorably Madonna-like, By this communion rail, Thy raptured face, though rich with youth. Was spirit-lit and pale; And oh, those opulent blue eyes, Those Meccas of despair- They, they were glorious Eden-isles Lost in a lake of prayer I Saint Leonie! t saw thee flit Gazelle-like to the street, And pure, melodious angels led Thy dainty, tinkling feet. My rebel thoughts were petrel-winged, Attendant upon thee, Chasing thy loved and lissome shape As Arabs of the sea. Long did I love thee, belle Creole, As Gebirs love the sun, And in the temple of my soul Thou wast the eidolon ; Long did I love thee, belle Creole, Where corsair billows rise, And where the silver planets soar In unfamiliar skies ! 256 FLORIDA. And if my phantom eyes implore A more benignant beam, 'Ti a nepenthe I would crave For a memorial dream ! Dear Leonie ! here didst thou kneel That musky summer noon, As the zephyrs kissed in ecstasy The dimpled cheeks of June- As the sunlight drifted o'er thy brow A golden wave of grace, Bright-blending with the miracles Of that angelic face. Adorably Madonna-like, By this communion rail, Thy raptured face, though rich with youth. Was spirit-lit and pale; And oh, those opulent blue eyes, Those Meccas of despair- They, they were glorious Eden-isles Lost in a lake of prayer I Saint Leonie ! I saw thee flit Gazelle-like to the street, And pure, melodious angels led Thy dainty, tinkling feet. My rebel thoughts were petrel-winged, Attendant upon thee, Chasing thy loved and lissome shape As Arabs of the sea. Long did I love thee, belle Creole, As Gehies love the sun, And in the temple of my soul Thou wast the eidolon; Long did I love thee, belle Creole, Where corsair billows rise, And where the silver planets soar In unfamiliar skies !  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 257 Dark Corcovado! did I not, With heart and soul afiame, Carve on thy broad, monarchal brow Her wildly-worshiped name- Watching the homeward ships scud by Before the nimble breeze, Till memory with them wept away Beyond the tropic seas Years, years had died and once again I saw the spires of home; Then, armed with an undying hope. I stood beneath this dome. But not within the pillared aisle, Nor by the sacred sign, Could my bewildered eyes behold The loveliness of thine. The sad November days had come, And eagerly I fled To find thee where the maidens deck The kingdoms of the dead; I found thee-yes, I found thee, love, Beneath the willow-tree- With marble cross and immortelle And one word-" Leonie I" Here lives also, engaged in the practice of law, Mr. Salem Dutcher, a writer whose strong and brilliant articles in the columns of the New York World a few years ago were often admired and quoted by those to whom his name, lost in the anonymous oblivion of the current journalistic habit, was by no means so familiar as it deserved to be. The Hon. Richard Henry Wilde, author of the cele- brated poem "My Life is like the Summer Rose," and Judge Longstreet, author of "Georgia Scenes," were once residents of Augusta. The "Gander-pulling," in "Georgia Scenes," is said to have occurred at the spot 22* OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 27 Dark Corcovado 5 did I not, With heart and soul aflame, Carve on thy broad, monarchal brow Her wildly-worshiped name- Watching the homeward ships scud by Before the nimble breeze, Till memory with them wept away Beyond the tropic seas I Years, years had died and once again I saw the spires of home; Then, armed with an nndying hope, I stood beneath this dome. But not within the pillared aisle, Nor by the sacred sign, Could my bewildered eyes behold The loveliness of thine. The sad November days had come, And eagerly I fled To find thee where the maidens deck The kingdoms of the dead; I found thee-yes, I found thee, love, Beneath the willow-tree- With marble cross and immortelle And one word-" Leonie !" Here lives also, engaged in the practice of law, Mr. Salem Dutcher, a writer whose strong and brilliant articles in the columns of the New York World a few years ago were often admired and quoted by those to whom his name, lost in the anonymous oblivion of the current journalistic habit, was by no means so familiar as it deserved to be. The Hon. Richard Henry Wilde, author of the cele- brated poem "My Life is like the Summer Rose," and Judge Longstreet, author of "Georgia Scenes," were once residents of Augusta. The "Gander-pulling," in "Georgia Scenes," is said to have occurred at the spot 22* OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 257 Dark Corcovado! did I not, With heart and soul aflame, Carve on thy broad, monarchal brow Her wildly-worshiped name- Watching the homeward ships scud by Before the nimble breeze, Till memory with them wept away Beyond the tropic seasl Years, years had died and once again I saw the spires of home; Then, armed with an undying hope, I stood beneath this dome. But not within the pillared aisle, Nor by the sacred sign, Could my bewildered eyes behold The loveliness of thine. The sad November days had come, And eagerly I fled To find thee where the maidens deck The kingdoms of the dead; I found thee-yes, I found thee, love, Beneath the willow-tree- With marble cross and immortelle And one word-" Leonie!" Here lives also, engaged in the practice of law, Mr. Salem Dutcher, a writer whose strongand brilliant articles in the columns of the New York World a few years ago were often admired and quoted by those to whom his name, lost in the anonymous oblivion of the current journalistic habit, was by no means so familiar as it deserved to be. The Hon. Richard Henry Wilde, author of the cele- brated poem "My Life is like the Summer Rose," and Judge Longstreet, author of "Georgia Scenes," were once residents of Augusta. The " Gander-pulling," in "Georgia Scenes," is said to have occurred at the spot 22n  258 FLORIDA. where now stands that same upper market which was the site of Fort Grierson and the scene of the bloody events enacted there, as hereinbefore detailed. The honorable and venerable Charles J. Jenkins, one of the fast-departing " old school" of statesmen and gen- tlemen, now lives here. Augusta is the terminus of several important railway lines. The "Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta," and "Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta," belong to the great organization known as the "Atlantic Coast Line," which, in co-operation with the Bay Line steamers from Baltimore to Portsmouth, and the fast railway line from Portsmouth to Weldon, as also with the all-rail routes north of Weldon, transports the crowds of Florida travelers every winter, via Wilmington, North Carolina, and Columbia, South Carolina, or vid Charlotte, North Carolina, and Columbia, South Carolina, to Augusta, whence the route lies by either the "Georgia Central" or "Port Royal" roads to Savannah, and thence by rail or water to Jacksonville, Florida. The "Georgia Central" connects Augusta with Macon, and with Savannah, the Augusta branch uniting with the main line from Macon to Savannah at Millen. The "Macon and Augusta" offers direct connection with Macon. The "Georgia" railroad is a trunk line from Augusta to Atlanta, with branches to Washington, Warrenton, and Athens. The "South Carolina" railroad runs to Columbia, Charleston, and Camden, South Carolina. At Granite- ville, South Carolina, ten miles from Augusta-where every traveler's attention will be attracted by the romantic nature of the surrounding country, the fine water-power, and the prosperous manufacturing appearances-the 258 FLORIDA. where now stands that same upper market which was the site of Fort Grierson and the scene of the bloody events enacted there, as hereinbefore detailed. The honorable and venerable Charles J. Jenkins, one of the fast-departing " old school" of statesmen and gen- tlemen, now lives here. Augusta is the terminus of several important railway lines. The "Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta," and "Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta," belong to the great organization known as the "Atlantic Coast Line," which, in co-operation with the Bay Line steamers from Baltimore to Portsmouth, and the fast railway line from Portsmouth to Weldon, as also with the all-rail routes north of Weldon, transports the crowds of Florida travelers every winter, via Wilmington, North Carolina, and Columbia, South Carolina, or via Charlotte, North Carolina, and Columbia, South Carolina, to Augusta, whence the route lies by either the "Georgia Central" or "Port Royal" roads to Savannah, an-d thence by rail or water to Jacksonville, Florida. The "Georgia Central" connects Augusta with Macon, and with Savannah, the Augusta branch uniting with the main line from Macon to Savannah at Millen. The "Macon and Augusta" offers direct connection with Macon. The "Georgia" railroad is a trunk line from Augusta to Atlanta, with branches to Washington, Warrenton, and Athens. The "South Carolina" railroad runs to Columbia, Charleston, and Camden, South Carolina. At Granite- ville, South Carolina, ten miles from Augusta-where every traveler's attention will be attracted by the romantic nature of the surrounding country, the fine water-power, and the prosperous manufacturing appearances-the 258 FLORIDA. where now stands that same upper market which was the site of Fort Grierson and the scene of the bloody events enacted there, as hereinbefore detailed. The honorable and venerable Charles J. Jenkins, one of the fast-departing " old school" of statesmen and gen- tlemen, now lives here. Augusta is the terminus of several important railway lines. The "Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta," and "Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta," belong to the great organization known as the "Atlantic Coast Line," which, in co-operation with the Bay Line steamers from Baltimore to Portsmouth, and the fast railway line from Portsmouth to Weldon, as also with the all-rail routes north of Weldon, transports the crowds of Florida travelers every winter, vid Wilmington, North Carolina, and Columbia, South Carolina, or via Charlotte, North Carolina, and Columbia, South Carolina, to Augusta, whence the route lies by either the "Georgia Central" or "Port Royal" roads to Savannah, and thence by rail or water to Jacksonville, Florida. The "Georgia Central" connects Augusta with Macon, and with Savannah, the Augusta branch uniting with the main line from Macon to Savannah at Millen. The "Macon and Augusta" offers direct connection with Macon. The "Georgia" railroad is a trunk line from Augusta to Atlanta, with branches to Washington, Warrenton, and Athens. The "South Carolina" railroad runs to Columbia, Charleston, and Camden, South Carolina. At Granite- ville, South Carolina, ten miles from Augusta-where every traveler's attention will be attracted by the romantic nature of the surrounding country, the fine water-power, and the prosperous manufacturing appearances-the  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 259 tracks of the South Carolina railroad and of the Wilming- ton, Columbia and Augusta come together, and run nearly side by side until they diverge just before reaching their respective bridges across the Savannah River imme- diately at Augusta. The street railway, which one notices running along Broad Street, extends to the village of Summerville, named above, and affords a pleasant and cheap method of transportation to that point. The city has excellent hotel accommodations at the "Planters'," the "Augusta," the "Globe," and the " Central" Hotels; and there are numerous private board- ing houses. Sixteen miles from Augusta, on the line of the South Carolina Railway, is AIKEN, SOUTH CAROLINA. This is a town of about two thousand inhabitants, situated on a high plateau of fmue sand, at an elevation of near seven hundred feet above the sea. It is noted for the dryness and purity of its atmosphere. Probably this arises in great measure from the peculiar soils of the vicinity. Hereabouts are found, besides the sand, ex- ceedingly fine qualities of kaolin (or porcelain clay), and these pulverized soils appear to absorb both the moisture and the impurities of the atmosphere, rendering it whole- some much in the same way that wounds are cured and foul gases absorbed by the " dry earth" process. These fine clays are of infinitely various hues, some of which are very brilliant; and quite a little industry is carried on by the small "darkies" of the region, who collect them in glass tubes and sell them to the visitors. The air of Aiken is also filled with balsamic exhalations from the great pine-forests of that region, and many are OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 259 tracks of the South Carolina railroad and of the Wilming- ton, Columbia and Augusta come together, and run nearly side by side until they diverge just before reaching their respective bridges across the Savannah River imme- diately at Augusta. The street railway, which one notices running along Broad Street, extends to the village of Summerville, named above, and affords a pleasant and cheap method of transportation to that point. The city has excellent hotel accommodations at the "Planters'," the "Augusta," the "Globe," and the " Central" Hotels; and there are numerous private board- ing houses. Sixteen miles from Augusta, on the line of the South Carolina Railway, is AIKEN, SOUTH CAROLINA. This is a town of about two thousand inhabitants, situated on a high plateau of fine sand, at an elevation of near seven hundred feet above the sea. It is noted- for the dryness and purity of its atmosphere. Probably this arises in great measure from the peculiar soils of the vicinity. Hereabouts are found, besides the sand, ex- ceedingly fine qualities of kaolin (or porcelain clay), and these pulverized soils appear to absorb both the moisture and the impurities of the atmosphere, rendering it whole- some much in the same way that wounds are cured and foul gases absorbed by the " dry earth" process. These fine clays are of infinitely various hues, some of which are very brilliant; and quite a little industry is carried on by the small "darkies" of the region, who collect them in glass tubes and sell them to the visitors. The air of Aiken is also filled with balsamic exhalations from the great pine-forests of that region, and many are OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 259 tracks of the South Carolina railroad and of the Wilming- ton, Columbia and Augusta come together, and run nearly side by side until they diverge just before reaching their respective bridges across the Savannah River imme- diately at Augusta. The street railway, which one notices running along Broad Street, extends to the village of Summerville, named above, and affords a pleasant and cheap method of transportation to that point. The city has excellent hotel accommodations at the "Planters'," the "Augusta," the "Globe," and the "Central" Hotels; and there are numerous private board- ing houses. Sixteen miles from Augusta, on the line of the South Carolina Railway, is AIKEN, SOUTH CAROLINA. This is a town of about two thousand inhabitants, situated on a high plateau of fine sand, at an elevation of near seven hundred feet above the sea. It is noted- for the dryness and purity of its atmosphere. Probably this arises in great measure from the peculiar soils of the vicinity. Hereabouts are found, besides the sand, ex- ceedingly fine qualities of kaolin (or porcelain clay), and these pulverized soils appear to absorb both the moisture and the impurities of the atmosphere, rendering it whole- some much in the same way that wounds are cured and foul gases absorbed by the "dry earth" process. These fine clays are of infinitely various hues, some of which are very brilliant; and quite a little industry is carried on by the small "darkies" of the region, who collect them in glass tubes and sell them to the visitors. The air of Aiken is also filled with balsamic exhalations from the great pine-forests of that region, and many are  26o FLORIDA. disposed to attribute much value to the effect of this atmos- pheric constituent upon the lungs. There can be no doubt of the happy results which have been secured by consumptives from visits to Aiken. A considerable number of persons from the North have found the climate so grateful that they have purchased lands here and fitted up charming residences for perma- nent occupation. The process of change which goes on in the minds as well as bodies of visitors to this singular spot is at once uniform and remarkable. At first one is greatly disap- pointed. Except to the west of the town-a locality whose beauties one does not learn till several days after one's arrival-nothing is to be seen except vague aspects of a main street two hundred and fifty feet wide, a great hotel all piazza and windows, a flat surface of whitish soil, pleasant-looking Southern homes with flower-gardens, some oaks, and many pines. Most persons, particularly those who come from romantic hill-regions, are strongly inclined to pack up their traps and flee out of the flat lands. But presently the vast tranquillities which here brood about the world (for one hears no sounds of vehicle in this soft earth); the delicious balms which come on the air out of the pines, or out of the heavens; the perfect strolls along the aimless paths that wander whitely about among unending aisles of the pines; the reverie-places and dreamy haunts in among the trickling rivulets and glens of the broken country to the west of the town ; the charm- ing gallops over level roads; the rose-gardens; the light- wood fires on cool evenings; the sense of superiority over those unhappy persons whom one has left in the Northern winter and of whom one reads in the morning telegrams as shivering in fabulous depressions of the thermometer; the healing of the lungs, the easing away of the cough, 26o FLORIDA. disposed to attribute much value to the effect of this atmos- pheric constituent upon the lungs. There can be no doubt of the happy results which have been secured by consumptives from visits to Aiken. A considerable number of persons from the North have found the climate so grateful that they have purchased lands here and fitted up charming residences for perma- nent occupation. The process of change which goes on in the minds as well as bodies of visitors to this singular spot is at once uniform and remarkable. At first one is greatly disap- pointed. Except to the west of the town-a locality whose beauties one does not learn till several days after one's arrival-nothing is to be seen except vague aspects of a main street two hundred and fifty feet wide, a great hotel all piazza and windows, a flat surface of whitish soil, pleasant-looking Southern homes with flower-gardens, some oaks, and many pines. Most persons, particularly those who come from romantic hill-regions, are strongly inclined to pack up their traps and flee out of the flat lands. But presently the vast tranquillities which here brood about the world (for one hears no sounds of vehicle in this soft earth); the delicious balms which come on the air out of the pines, or out of the heavens; the perfect strolls along the aimless paths that wander whitely about among unending aisles of the pines; the reverie-places and dreamy haunts in among the trickling rivulets and glens of the broken country to the west of the town ; the charm- ing gallops over level roads; the rose-gardens; the light- wood fires on cool evenings; the sense of superiority over those unhappy persons whom one has left in the Northern winter and of whom one reads in the morning telegrams as shivering in fabulous depressions of the thermometer; the healing of the lungs, the easing away of the cough, 26o FLORIDA. disposed to attribute much value to the effect of this atmos- pheric constituent upon the lungs. There can be no doubt of the happy results which have been secured by consumptives from visits to Aiken. A considerable number of persons from the North have found the climate so grateful that they have purchased lands here and fitted up charming residences for perma- nent occupation. The process of change which goes on in the minds as well as bodies of visitors to this singular spot is at once uniform and remarkable. At first one is greatly disap- pointed. Except to the west of the town-a locality whose beauties one does not learn till several days after one's arrival-nothing is to be seen except vague aspects of a main street two hundred and fifty feet wide, a great hotel all piazza and windows, a flat surface of whitish soil, pleasant-looking Southern homes with flower-gardens, some oaks, and many pines. Most persons, particularly those who come from romantic hill-regions, are strongly inclined to pack up their traps and flee out of the flat lands. But presently the vast tranquillities which here brood about the world (for one hears no sounds of vehicle in this soft earth); the delicious balms which come on the air out of the pines, or out of the heavens; the perfect strolls along the aimless paths that wander whitely about among unending aisles of the pines; the reverie-places and dreamy haunts in among the trickling rivulets and glens of the broken country to the west of the town; the charm- ing gallops over level roads; the rose-gardens; the light- wood fires on cool evenings; the sense of superiority over those unhappy persons whom one has left in the Northern winter and of whom one reads in the morning telegrams as shivering in fabulous depressions of the thermometer; the healing of the lungs, the easing away of the cough,  OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 26, the returning elasticity of the limbs, the new brightness of countenance;-presently all these things have their influence, and the spots which to an invalid's first im- patience were disgusting become even dear and hard to part with. Rheumatics and gouty patients resort to Aiken, as well as consumptives, and probably the number of people vis- iting here in the winter who are not invalids exceeds considerably that of the sick, many persons fleeing to this milder climate merely to escape the rigors of the Northern winter. The hotel accommodations are excel- lent; the Highland Park Hotel is under the management of the same parties who keep the Planters' Hotel in Au- gusta; and there are numerous opportunities for private board. A story called "Spring Days in Aiken," by Mr. Albert F. Webster, which recently appeared in Appletons' Jour- nal, is so evidently based upon the actual experiences of an invalid, and is withal so captivating a piece of writing, by virtue of a certain gracious, bright, tender, and grace- ful spirit which pervades it, that, in closing this brief notice of Aiken, one cannot help extracting a dainty bit from " Helena's diary." Helena is the invalid who has been brought to Aiken to win back her roses; and she is recording a journey to the home of one of the invalids who have settled near Aiken. "Day bright. No clouds. Sunlight everywhere, even in the shad- ows. Long, winding sand-road through forest. Mighty trees. Horse goes with what they call down here the Mexican lope. Modification of gallop. Jack abreast filling his mighty lungs with the piny air. "Came to B-'s place very unexpectedly. Turn in road. Saw the house before us on the right. Land quite high, because all the surrounding land is quite low. Grove of pines outsite of paling. Very cool and very like a Moorish court-yard. Green gate with bell- pull. Terrible clang that started up some dogs. Cream-colored OTHER WINTER-RESORTS- 26I the returning elasticity of the limbs, the new brightness of countenance;-presently all these things have their influence, and the spots which to an invalid's first im- patience were disgusting become even dear and hard to part with. Rheumatics and gouty patients resort to Aiken, as well as consumptives, and probably the number of people vis- iting here in the winter who are not invalids exceeds considerably that of the sick, many persons fleeing to this milder climate merely to escape the rigors of the Northern winter. The hotel accommodations are excel- lent; the Highland Park Hotel is under the management of the same parties who keep the Planters' Hotel in Au- gusta; and there are numerous opportunities for private board. A story called "Spring Days in Aiken," by Mr. Albert F. Webster, which recently appeared in Appletons' Jour- nal, is so evidently based upon the actual experiences of an invalid, and is withal so captivating a piece of writing, by virtue of a certain gracious, bright, tender, and grace- ful spirit which pervades it, that, in closing this brief notice of Aiken, one cannot help extracting a dainty bit from " Helena's diary." Helena is the invalid who has been brought to Aiken to win back her roses; and she is recording a journey to the home of one of the invalids who have settled near Aiken. "Day bright. No clouds. Sunlight everywhere, even in the shad- ows. Long, winding sand-road through forest. Mighty trees. Horse goes with what they call down here the Mexican lope. Modification of gallop. Jack abreast filling his mighty lungs with the piny air. "Came to B- 's place very unexpectedly. Turn in road. Saw the house before us on the right. Land quite high, because all the surrounding land is quite low. Grove of pines outside of paling. Very cool and very like a Moorish court-yard. Green gate with bell- pull. Terrible clang that started up some dogs. Cream-colored OTHER WINTER-RESORTS. 261 the returning elasticity of the limbs, the new brightness of countenance;-presently all these things have their influence, and the spots which to an invalid's first im- patience were disgusting become even dear and hard to part with. Rheumatics and gouty patients resort to Aiken, as well as consumptives, and probably the number of people vis- iting here in the winter who are not invalids exceeds considerably that of the sick, many persons fleeing to this milder climate merely to escape the rigors of the Northern winter. The hotel accommodations are excel- lent; the Highland Park Hotel is under the management of the same parties who keep the Planters' Hotel in Au- gusta; and there are numerous opportunities for private board. A story called "Spring Days in Aiken," by Mr. Albert F. Webster, which recently appeared in Appletons' Jour- nal, is so evidently based upon the actual experiences of an invalid, and is withal so captivating a piece of writing, by virtue of a certain gracious, bright, tender, and grace- ful spirit which pervades it, that, in closing this brief notice of Aiken, one cannot help extracting a dainty bit from " Helena's diary." Helena is the invalid who has been brought to Aiken to wits back her roses; and she is recording a journey to the home of one of the invalids who have settled near Aiken. " Day bright. No clouds. Sunlight everywhere, even in the shad- ows. Long, winding sand-road through forest. Mighty trees. Horse goes with what they call down here the Mexican lope. Modification of gallop. Jack abreast filling his mighty lungs with the piny air. "Came to B- 's place very unexpectedly. Turn in road. Saw the house before us on the right. Land quite high, because all the surrounding land is quite low. Grove of pines outside of paling. Very cool and very like a Moorish court-yard. Green gate with bell- pull. Terrible clang that started up some dogs. Cream-colored  262 FLORIDA. house, two wings, Doric facade, pillars, long windows, piazzas, etc. Oaks, pines, rose-bushes, Spanish bayonet, and so on. Clouds of leaves of splendid green rise everywhere. "Pretty mulatto-girl comes in a leisurely way around the corner, and lets us into the garden. B- and wife at door. Rapturous meeting. Biscuit and Scuppernong wine in cool, lofty parlor, and then plenty of talk. Then into garden proper. A rose-garden. Fifty kinds of roses. Circles, terraces, and bowers of roses, of all shapes, colors, and perfumes-though the perfume is not as rich as I could have wished. We look off upon a red and-yellow valley. Brown reds and pale yellows. All sand. Beyond are masses of trees, and yet they are not so massed as to be dense. The sunlight creeps down behind each one, and throws it in relief. Thus the whole wood is light and brilliant. How shall I speak of the air? - How shall I describe its effect upon me? I neither laughed nor cried, yet I willingly would have done both at the same time. It was cool, and yet it was warm. It came from the west, and yet it seemed to come from the east and from overhead and from either hand. And yet it did not seem to come at all. Still, the flowers moved, and turned upon their stems,and now and then a handful of leaves tossed upward with a rustle, and showed their white nether sides. The air seemed to be the sunlight, and the sunlight the air. Everything appeared to pause, and to say, half awake,' God be praised for this happy momentl' I stood still for quite half an hour. Jack was down below me in the distance looking at the vegetables. I fear Jack has very little sout- very littlel He went and looked over a fence with B-, and then he called up to me,' Six acres in asparagus-think of thatl' We had to pay fifty cents a bunch for some the other day. My appetite is capital. "B- lives here in safety. He has searched all over the world -at Isle of Pines, Santa Barbara, Nice, Cannes, Mentone-and has finally settled in Aiken after sone fifteen years of travel. He keeps a cellar of wine, some capital horses, and he has become an agricul. turist. He has a half-dozen neighbors who are conducting their lives in the same way, and altogether they make a very queer neighbor. hood of it. I don't think there is a pair of sound lungs among them. They seem to be barons, all ill, to be sure, but still barons. I carried back quite a ton of buds in a sort of saddle-bag. Roses bloom eleven months in the year. Home, through the pine-woods at sunset. Glorious!" 262 FLORIDA. house, two wings, Doric facade, pillars, long windows, piazzas, etc. Oaks, pines, rose-bushes, Spanish bayonet, and so on. Clouds of leaves of splendid green rise everywhere. "Pretty mulatto-girl comes in a leisurely way around the corner, and lets us into the garden. B-. and wife at door. Rapturous meeting. Biscuit and Scuppernong wine in cool, lofty parlor, and then plenty of talk. Then into garden proper. A rose-garden. Fifty kinds of roses. Circles, terraces, and bowers of roses, of all shapes, colors, and perfumes-though the perfume is not as rich as I could have wished. We look off upon a red and-yellow valley. Brown reds and pale yellows. All sand. Beyond are masses of trees, and yet they are not so massed as to be dense. The sunlight creeps down behind each one, and throws it in relief. Thus the whole wood is light and brilliant. How shall I speak of the air? -How shall I describe its effect upon me? I neither laughed nor cried, yet I willingly would have done both at the same time. It was cool, and yet it was warm. It came from the west, and yet it seemed to come from the east and from overhead and from either hand. And yet it did not seem to come at all. Still, the flowers moved, and turned upon their stems, and now and then a handful of leaves tossed upward with a rustle, and showed their white nether sides. The air seemed to be the sunlight, and the sunlight the air. Everything appeared to pause, and to say, half awake,' God be praised for this happy moment!p I stood still for quite half an hour. Jack was down below me in the distance looking at the vegetables. I fear Jack has very little soul- very little ! He went and looked over a fence with B- , and then he called up tome,' Six acres in asparagus-think of that!' We had to pay fifty cents a bunch for some the other day. My appetite is capital. "B- lives here in safety. He has searched all over the world -at Isle of Pines, Santa Barbara, Nice, Cannes, Mentone-and has finally settled in Aiken after some fifteen years of travel. He keeps a cellar of wine, some capital horses, and he has become an agricul- turist. He has a half-dozen neighbors who are conducting their lives in the same way, and altogether they make a very queer neighbor- hood of it. I don't think there is a pair of sound lungs among them. They seem to be barons, all ill, to be sure, but still barons. I carried back quite a ton of buds in a sort of saddle-bag. Roses bloom eleven months in the year. Home, through the pine-woods at sunset. Glorious!" 262 FLORIDA. house, two wings, Doric facade, pillars, long windows, piazzas, etc. Oaks, pines, rose-bushes, Spanish bayonet, and so on. Clouds of leaves of splendid green rise everywhere. "Pretty mulatto-girl comes in a leisurely way around the corner, and lets us into the garden. B- and wife at door. Rapturous meeting. Biscuit and Sceppernong wine in cool, lofty parlor, and then plenty of talk. Then into garden proper. A rose-garden. Fifty kinds of roses. Circles, terraces, and bowers of roses, of all shapes, colors, and perfumes-though the perfume is not as rich as I could have wished. We look off upon a red and-yellow valley. Brown reds and pale yellows. All sand. Beyond are masses of trees, and yet they are not so massed as to be dense. The sunlight creeps down behind each one, and throws itin relief. Thus the whole wood is light and brilliant. How shall I speak of the air? -How shall I describe its effect upon me? I neither laughed nor cried, yet I willingly would have done both at the same time. It was cool, and yet it was warm. It came from the west, and yet it seemed to come from the east and from overhead and from either hand. And yet it did not seem to come at all. Still, the flowers moved, and turned upon their stems, and now and then a handful of leaves tossed upward with a rustle, and showed their white nether sides. The air seemed to be the sunlight, and the sunlight the air. Everything appeared to pause, and to say, half awake,' God be praised for this happy moment!' I stood still for quite half an hour. Jack was down below me in the distance looking at the vegetables. I fear Jack has very little sout- very littlel He went and looked over a fence with B-, and then he called up tome,'Six acres in asparagus-think of that !' We had to pay fifty cents a bunch for some the other day. My appetite is capital. "B- lives here in safety. He has searched all over the world -at Isle of Pines, Santa Barbara, Nice, Cannes, Mentone-and has finally settled in Aiken after some fifteen years of travel. He keeps a cellar of wine, some capital horses, and he has become an agricl- turist. He has a half-dozen neighbors who are conducting their lives in the same way, and altogether they make a very queer neighbor- hood of it. I don't think there is a pair of sound lungs among them. They seem to be barons, all ill, to be sure, but still barons. I carried back quite a ton of buds in a sort of saddle-bag. Roses bloom eleven months in the year. Home, through the pine-woods at sunset. Glorious!"  GENERAL ITINERARY. THE following tables embrace the outlines of different routes from New York to Jacksonville, Florida. On or about January r, 188r, the All-Rail Route will be consider- ably shortened by completion of the road from Way Cross to Jack- sonville, thereby reducing distance ninety-four miles, and placing Jacksonville within six hours' reach of Savannab. EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TABLES OF ROUTES. A. and F.-Alexandria and Fredericksburg Railroad. A., G. and W. I. T. Co.-Atlantic, Gulf and West India Transit Co's Railroad. B. and O.-Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. B. and P.-Baltimore and Potomac Railroad. C., C. and A.-Charlotte, Columbia, and Augusta Railroad. C. and S.-Charleston and Savannah. Ga.-Georgia Railroad. Ga. Cent.-Georgia Central Railroad. J., P. and M.-Jacksonville, Pensacola, and Mobile Railroad. M. and A.-Macon and Augusta Railroad. N..E.-North-Eastern Railroad. O. D. S. S. Co.-Old Dominion Steamship Company. P.-Petersburg Railroad. P., W. and B.-Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad. Penna.-Pennsylvania Railroad. P. R. and A.-Port Royal and Augusta Railroad. R., F. and P.-Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad. R. and P.-Richmond and Petersburg Railroad. S., F. and W.-Savannah, Florida, and Western Railroad. S. and R.-Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad. W., C. and A.-Wilmington, Columbia, and Augusta Railroad. W. and W.-Wilmington and Weldon Railroad. 263 GENERAL ITINERARY. THE following tables embrace the outlines of different routes from New York to Jacksonville, Florida. On or about January a, a88, the All-Rail Route will be consider- ably shortened by completion of the road from Way Cross to Jack- sonville, thereby reducing distance ninety-four miles, and placing Jacksonville within six hours' reach of Savannah. EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TABLES OF ROUTES. A. and F.-Alexandria and Fredericksburg Railroad. A., G. and W. I. T. Co.-Atlantic, Gulf and West India Transit Co.'s Railroad. B. and O.-Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. B. and P.-Baltimore and Potomac Railroad. C., C. and A.-Charlotte, Columbia, and Augusta Railroad. C. and S.-Charleston and Savannah. Ga.-Georgia Railroad. Ga. Cent.-Georgia Central Railroad. J., P. and M.-Jacksonville, Pensacola, and Mobile Railroad. M. and A.-Macon and Augusta Railroad. N.-E.-North-Eastern Railroad. O. D. S. S. Co.-Old Dominion Steamship Company. P.-Petersburg Railroad. P., W. and B.-Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad. Penna.-Pennsylvania Railroad. P. R. and A.-Port Royal and Augusta Railroad., R., F. and P.-Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad. R. and P.-Richmond and Petersburg Railroad. S., F. and W.-Savannah, Florida, and Western Railroad. S. and R.-Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad. W., C. and A.-Wilmington, Columbia, and Augusta Railroad. W. and W.-Wilmington and Weldon Railroad. 263 GENERAL ITINERARY. THE following tables embrace the outlines of different routes from New York to Jacksonville, Florida. On or about January i, a88, the All-Rail Route will be consider- ably shortened by completion of the road from Way Cross to Jack- sonville, thereby reducing distance ninety-four miles, and placing Jacksonville within six hours' reach of Savannah. EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TABLES OF ROUTES. A. and F.-Alexandria and Fredericksburg Railroad. A., G. and W. I. T. Co.-Atlantic, Gulf and West India Transit Co.'s Railroad. B. and O.-Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. B. and P.-Baltimore and Potomac Railroad. C., C. and A.-Charlotte, Columbia, and Augusta Railroad. C. and S.-Charleston and Savannah. Ga.-Georgia Railroad. Ga. Cent.-Georgia Central Railroad. J., P. and M.-Jacksonville, Pensacola, and Mobile Railroad. M. and A.-Macon and Augusta Railroad. N.-E.-North-Eastern Railroad. O. D. S. S. Co.-Old Dominion Steamship Company. P.-Petersburg Railroad. P., W. and B.-Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad. Penna.-Pennsylvania Railroad. P. R. and A.-Port Royal and Augusta Railroad. R., F. and P.-Richmond, Fredericksbarg, and Potomac Railroad. R. and P.-Richmond and Petersburg Railroad. S., F. and W.-Savannah, Florida, and Western Railroad. S. and R.-Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad. W., C. and A.-Wilmington, Columbia, and Augusta Railroad. W. and W.-Wilmington and Weldon Railroad. 263  264 GENERAL ITINERARY. ROUTE No. x. D31967erae7 Vi,67P7,7,7., P.971 W.an ,B adP. NewYurk. D.17...77 A.an '. . ' adP. . n P,997 Savnnh.............. - A.nd., 7 ~ N.9 R E., xr6 1.97707k ...............677 C. nd S., S. F and9 W.e71 R 7l7as 5 Jaksonill ...........7..8 Dir6e ,fr797 ROUTE No. zC. N77w 77,9.. Distane. Same 9777 Rou N. zA w57776 79 Philadelphi .............. q hne e79 Live 07k997 Jacksoville. x7 Baltime ................ 9 Dt.177 e./7 779 W99796179 ............... 775NYor. Distanc977 344 Richmod............... o Sn............... 479 Weldon............. rr~ Lie 07k. ............. S9. ... .. 6z 9774 Jacksonle ........ . ..... 7 x1 677 Floene ............... ROUTE No. 3. 99r Savnnh................ o7.3Y79P97ea.P. W. d'.:ad97 O1, 9779q Jacksonvill97677e79 vi ayCos. A. an , R,9F. and P., .and P, ROUTE No. xA. C' . S 5., 5.7XeW. 698717. Sae77 9777ou9 No. r Savannah, Dirae e7/7 e thece vi Live 01, 97 Jacksonville. N 9799. Dirt77,7. Distan.7e7 o 89 Phildelphia.............769 176e Y7,9k. Di779777. 779 Balimoe ................q 977 5a77 ah................. - 779 Washington.. ....9....... 74 9777 Live 07k-..............9x77 344 Rihod.............97r6 rr63 Jacksonille .............6 3 767 P7ersbug...7........ 3 7 W Seldon............. 67 ROUTE No. a. 59 997 777797 ............... 7 b . llPeeee. P. WVandB., B.andP., 699 Floenc ................. o A. n , R,6 F ad P.R: andP. 794 Chrlstn ................ 95 P., W. andW., W. C. 1A., C. C. 979 S9797 .......77 ......... 7 and A.,Ga. Cen., S. F. andW. Rail- r-57 Jacksonvill, via Way Ce6..ex68 road7,sr.e ROUTE No. 3 A. Ne9 Y,,-k. Dirtancee. Se3 e iR77 7 s9 ~e76 89 975797.77975 ...........9... e6 then77e77. Lie O7k to Jacksoville. r86 B5ti7,e,.... .......77 9 1 i7,efr 7778 Wasie619 ...............74- New Yarke. Distane. 377 Richmond .....71 .......796b 977 Savnnh................. 367 Peter7sur. . . 3 9777 Liee 677k...e....... 77 477 Wed67 ..............7 ....7 77 r63 Jacsnil .................7£3 577 76di71777 .............. b 77 6.71777 ............ ...e79 ROUTE No. 4. 765 A,7g776................78 i en. P VadBB n . 99 Saanh...............7r37 777ee9.670..e9. x r65 Jacksonville, via Way Cros. r68 A. and F.. R.671, 397.,dP P.,W. and W., W.C. 791 A C C ROUTE No.7z A. anaA.,Ga.cen.,S.F.777 9' Ee- by P. R. and A., C.,97S.,S. F.77 a2d 777779/7.797 W.0 Raild. N7677,7. 23177,997. Dtt7ce/ 77 Phiadlpia...........j....789 96 zA7,47767gto .... ..7.....l1777 ....7 7 857 - - ............... 399 Ric mon7 ........... . ..... 5 4 9r7 97779976............... 7 r 77 W711. . .6 9977 Jt77 .............5...99..97977 . 76 ROUTE No. z B. 767 C797e,,...9..........63 667 uut 77.................77a S 77 97,R,99 7N7. 7 97 977799796, 997 Savnah.................7 tk7769 vi ELe 07k 97 Jacksonville. 9977 Jacksonville, vi7 W97y6C9799.. 769 23 264 GENERAL ITINERARY. ROUTE No. x. Dirtan~re 77,7 Pen9,7., P.7. a7d B.,7. and9P, N379 Yurk. 237777777. P., W. andW., WC677d A.,N-.E~ 9779 Jacksonle ..............983 C. 771 5., S. F, 97d W. R7i1677d9. D31977e7r,77 ROUTE No. 2 C. New, York. 1677777. 977m97 as Rout N,, 91 A9767777776. 97 97hiladlphia ........ 7 ..... 77 Cle0k 7J79771 x97 Baltmore............. 7 thece inLiv Ok t Jaksnvile 99 ~1gran ..........7.... Nz 77797. Di777777. Ri77 n ...................99 677776 . 767 9996... 739779............... .977 799 LiW ak.................6.9 ~ 599 Limin ............96 9767.... rbz77i1e.7 797 Flrec97 ......79 ....7.... ro ROUTE No. 3. 779 Chaleo 79 .....7977 .........795 9779 Jacksonville, vi Way Cross.768 A., nd ., R. F.andP., R. and ., ROUTE No. a A. C'd n S73..K7.Wx 97I7-d1, 97,77 as 97777 Nn.. Saanh Ditae 977776 x17777 96h77771 1.77 07v k 77 Jacksonville. N3, York. D3rta7r77 231,77777]777 79 Philadelphi .............799 N99 Ya779 DP177,977. r89 77771777............ 79 979 Savnnh................. - 779 Washingto............ 77...r ro87 L.e~ O7k ...............r77 3774 Ric6,771. .97 9967 Jacksovile...............983 3679etrs7799767.9.....9..... 7 3 ROUTE No. 2. 577 991i79.................. 7 Via Penna7., P. IV. and ., B. and ., 6q F'orc 199..... .... 977.. o A.7and .,96 9. d P., R. nd P , ]94 Chareso ......... 97.....q P., W. nd W, W C ad A. C. C qo Savan77 ...........7..7 and A., G. C7t., S. F, ndW. Rail- v969 Jacksonville, via W7y Cross., r68 roads.ROUTE No. 3 A. 79 P611,7179Ph5 .............7 7q67777977~i Live 07k t7 Jacksonvill7 r777 limr 979,..............793 Di779777e ,f797 777 Washingto ..............9 an 79 N77,9. D37797777 3979i776,7 ...77 ..3.........77 979 67777976................. 307 P9777969 ......7.... 7 9797o~ Live 7k ..............7r 779 99791777........ 0 699r63 Jacksovile...............793 579 Wil9,71,79.........6 9 79 6977,7 . . 7 ROUTE No. 4. 997 SJvak7 h ........................6 x 179A 79979F79R. 77and .R. and P, a x3 Jcksnvilev~ Wa Crss. r6 PW and 4.,VW7 C. 77d A.,C C ROUTE NO. z A. nd A.,Ga. Cen., . F. and . Rail- P.R CndA,(. 7779 S.. F.~7 and " D31799777. Wa69 1777977. . . .................6..g N77 York99. . 6 367anr 977979767797 ......... 77 9779 97777776.. .5.7 W1....67.........8 6 Ptrbr 9977 Jacksovile................9r67 599 WIii,79 .. 967........ b ROUTE No. z B. ]oCHbaSaea ot o . 7867 Aug9,s7................."99 t 76--,97 SAvaah .......... 779 th77677767L.999O0k [o Jaksonville. 999 Jacksonville, n 7779y Cro... r77 23 764 GENERAL ITINERARY. ROUTE No. x. 231967797/77, 77ha eP7a7, P.W. and B, B. ad P., N79 7777 237699,79. P,97767777776 ............... - A. a771 F., 96.7F. 971 P., 9. and 77 1707 . . 7 97.z979 Jacksovile...............983 C. 791 S., S. F. 771 W. Rail9 7771. 231777797 frae9 ROUTE No. 2 C. New, Yor,1. Dirtanc97. Sam 979ou No. 7 A to 9777777h, 9 M7637779 ................7 7677 777n 1i.1 Li07Ok t7 Jacksonvill. 999 977991,7...............71. Dijj.n 34479 Wasington ..................... Di- 399 R7ich9,e................97r6 97977776 aana.............. 367 79979679g7...9.........63 9977 1.77707ak..............7 479 Weldon.............. 69 579' 77lito ....9.........9r67 9764 Jacksonile .......... 77..8 699 Flrne_.............. ro ROUTE No. 3. 79 Charlesto........... 7 ...9 g97 Svan9 .....7199,..Wy777.6 A.7P.7.7P,7 9. Jaksnvll, is W..ayC,,..r o6 Ap7!PW..,,P..W . d B..ananE.OP ROUTE No. a A. C.77dd,9.F.7799.97,9777d7 67,777 as Rou N. 9 97 S9777776, Dirl--,7f 779 967e7776 via7 0i,9Ok 97 Jack77vill. New, 7779k. Di177,977. Di1.7777n79 79xx 976Pil,7pi79 .................8 176, 77,k. 231797779. 998 B77971,7777............... 9 979 97777776 ............... - 777 Washingto..............7,q 9767Liv Ua73k ...............9719 347 R97h,76,7 ......1...9..7 1 9763 Jacksovile...............987 367 P7t77976 .....,......... 7 3 77 el999 .........,........ 67 ROUTE No. o. q99 Wilint1 ................ 9 67 H.Pe.71,9P.6.771d9B.,9B.71d9P., 677 Florence..._ ... .........9 o P., W. andW., W.C. and A.,.C. 39 Savnn77, ...............7 and A., G..C77., S.97.F, ndW.911 97l-t9 J77k97771ill9.via7W75Cros.. 766 777d9. ROUTE No. 3 A. N77, Y7, 237,9 67,77 Root, No. 3 t7 Savann,7 7 r. Di 9 9761971h799617 ............789 9697797,191.177 O7k 97 Jacksonvill17. 977 W99796,79979 ........... 7 23,N 1961. 777 Rihodr6gnSvna... 599777............ 367 Pe7779967g7........... 7 3 9777 6o Live k...9..........7x3 779Wedo 991............... 67 9963 Jacksonill .................7 5796 Wilm,77gto...... 967..... b 787 Com.7 ..................979q ROUTE No. 4. 97997777776 ........... 93 777. 79..W.77,~~O 909 Jacksonville, viaWay Cross.. r68 A, and ., .9F 7,P., R. andP. P., .9.ed16., W. C.n A1,6C.6C ROUTE No. a A. 77117., G7. C979., S. F. 77d9W.977,- S7,7779 Route No. z tAngut,777h967ce 77719. by P. R. andA., C. and ., S. . P1d97i7tn7/9797 W9. R77i197a17. N7, Yor77 Dirtanre. 23tace m 77 97697d2797697..............96 ° ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 97879t71,7797 ...........3..3q N99 Y76k. Dirtanc. z76 97796779777.......... 97.. p 6 Au7gusa................. - 397 Ri9777 .....,7 .....7.....9,6 957 YV.s . ..............986 367 P9799b7,76, ..........79..z 9777 67777796............... 95 479 Weldo..............67 9977 Jacksovile.............. . 907 79, Wilmi>g,, ...... ..... . 969 ROUTE No. zB. 787 Coomia.........._......9789 67 Augs97...........9..9 z 9e~ as Route 777 7 97 Saanh 997 Savnn99 .......... . 3 9677776 L979 Oak 97 Jacksonvill. 9975 ac7ksonvill7, 7i17 Wa'y Cr757. 969 29  APPENDIX. 265 ROUTE No. 4 A. Jskoooo fro Sooot oo Roote No. o to Ooooooh, 09w Yhodk. . .itane thec ooooto/Liot 0th to Joohoonvilt. ta Bhladephioo..............B Ditantoottt 3ot Potsouoth ............. Noot York. Dirotarsce. 38o Woldot ...............o..8 99I Saoooooh .............. ott54 Wiltoiogtoo ........t..o~ ot06 Liot Otk..........h....to ]3o (booubo........ ttq..... & x15o Jaoksonille..............683 8t6 Aogootta................8 948 htoooooh. . t3t ROUTE No. 4 B. stto )aonvoooe, too woy Ctoto.. tot Stint tt Rooto No. otttoto, thotot yP. R.tokdA.,C. nd0S.,O S.ooad ROUTE No. 6 A. 0W. Rloao. OtotootRooooNo.Oto~ooototthtooot Dirtoooo .fo otti Liot 0tk to Jookhootokbo. Noo ook. DOisittoto. DtoooooooIaoo t65 Augooto ............... - Not Yook. Doiootoe. Ott ss ..Vo ..totto ........ 8 94Savna h ....tooth ........ - toot Sooooooh............... t ttoz. LiO .......... tOO.... r ttoo Jookoootilbo.............tO68Otto Jaonvill.......... to...8 ROUTE No. 4 C. ROUTE No. 6 B. SOotooooRoZtaOak toactoooth, Soooo RoteNo.6 oAthetotco ohetottobym P otoahotooo sb h Rt.tnd., C.tokd 0.,S.tF.tnd D~isotxre/fro W. Roiltoodo. N Rork. DOitnce .Dio-foottx toot Savtooth............... - Nt Rook. DOitoooo. to8t LiO 0t.h........ ...00 806 Aogooto..............- 0064 Jooktonoollo ...6..... 3 90 Yeoasse................0_ 6 53Sootootl.o........... 56 ROUTE No. 5. or Jtdotoillo, tvioWay Ctost.. t8 Rbt Poto.R .W.oaodBBtoP Raibtooko, Boy toote Sottoott, S. tod ROUTE No. 6 C. R.,W.aod W., W.C.aod A., N: . Satotto oute No. OBttooottnh, C2. ttdkS.,S. F.,tnd W. Roolroodo. then000.00 Liot Oahto Jacksonillt. Di"... froot Doirtaxoofrot oNhot YRk. Diototot,. Noo York. .Diootnc. Sq PhiladelPhit ... to.......... 8 so 9 Otoottnh............... oSS Boltimr ............... . 99 i Lv Oa .............. g 3,w Potooth............. xt O z Jackonvll....... to.....o.8 38o Woldot ....... t Ott J80 htoot 6_ Wilitto............. too ROUTE No. 7 745 Chartk.......... .....o 95 ok0VO. .S.S. C.,O.ood R., W.ond 8sa hottooth............tioo W, W.CondkA, N.-E., C.ond S., Otto Jaonvotill .............tOO8 S.F.otkdWRilhttdt. Lotot Noow ROUTE No. 5A. tYt ToodasThrdyad SOmoatooutotNo.stohtooovarhtkia Ditantoofroto Liot 0th to Jacksonvollo. Hoot Rork. DOirtoooo. .istooooofrom t~o Ptotsouth ............tio Not, YRk. DO"oot to Weldtt .... So.............8 Sso Ototototh .............. - 4Ot Wiomogton.........t..o~ toot Lito Wk.h..............o. 7 .sot Florettoo ..............trob tooo Jtohtottille............683 bo Chotbooton............... 5 Ira Savtooth...............tzoo ROUTE No. 6. So Jtohototink ro wt Wtos.. t68 Rot Ptno, P. W. odtBtRiltot, ROUTE No.7 A. Boy Ln teamet, Stt,.ttd R,W. ad W. WCtoad A.C. C.okd0 S3t. Oottt RouteNo. 7 toSotototh, Cent.,S. F. tod W. Roilrood. htotiothecviLi Okto Jbktotil. APPENDIX. 265 ROUTE No. 4 A. Dktoonoooof Sae oueNo o ootna, e ok. Diohtarzc. Sthn to Roito O.k o tostoovillh, o Philodolphit ....... to...8 Jhtto Laot 0th to Joto..............ot ..........9 Dtarotoofoo So Potoutth ............. Hoo Rook. Disoott. 38. Woldot ............ So 997 Stotooth ............. - sot Woiliogton . t.........o.. 6 toOtoot 0thW. ..............to 0973 Coubohit................. o 0000 Joohootoillo .............6 83 tOx Atgutt............. So...8 948 60000006...... ........ tat ROUTE No. 4 B. totO Joohsonillt, 0i0 Woy Ctost.. t6t Saoto to Root, No. 4,. Auguttheoto byRP.R.tond A.(.ttkd S.RtFtad ROUTE No. 6 A. W. Roiltoodo. Sootot ote No. 6t totooonnh,thtoot Ditotoot fot too LiOkht Jachototille. 85 0tttt................. - Nto. Rook. .Oioooote. Yemst .....ot .....t......~ OO 00000006 ...........- tit0000 ..J toLo 0t . .t trot Joo .....o...o.......tO8 Otto Jaonv ................ 83 ROUTE No. 4 C. ROUTE No. 6 B. SaoetsooutoooNo.4BoSaooooah, ama Rotttoteot.OtokAugutattheoto thoootoooviotothttto akottllOo . R.ond A. C.aod S.,S.RF.oad oot Rook Dioooooo. Ditaxtoo feot to h .......Oth ... to rt hgtt . . 000... zfotoik . S &o Aogootot.................0 ROUTE No. 95. Savo na Jod ............o.W.y.C...... tOO YrokPeooa., P.W.ond B.,RB.od P Ooooos By Ln taooo,h S.oa ROUTE No. 6 C. R. W.tod otW.W C.to3dA:, N.t., Soootto Rote o.6B otototth.aM1 C.oond .,0S F., oodW. Rkltoodt, thooco toit LiO 0o jotoo~koilo. DiObkceoooooo .Obbtxotfr~om Hoo Rork. DOiktooo. Hoot Rork Dkrtarsce. 00 Philadolphiat...........ootoot...h. . . tO8 Boltoto...............009 003 Lao 0th... too........... o Poroooo .... .......... . to rz Lv a............... ~ 3So Wobdot ..... ... S..o Otto Jacksonvilo.............8 stt Wilotig ....t.....t...12 Ot N.y 65o Flotot, ............. ROT No. 005 Choobotot .............. 90 1it. l.0.0. Co., . todSR.,W.tood 65a Sootooth...............tsoo W.,W. C.tnd A.,N. i.,C.odI 0., toao Jtcooltt ...............tOO8 0. F. aodkW. Railoodo. Lotoo Noo ROUTE No. A. orkTdtyt ysThtt dysrndo. StotoaotRoreNo5mSoootootth,tvia Dikrttfot Lieoot 0t Jtohooovl. Hoot Rok Disktoo,. JO,.,.,,.oom .00. toPottoh ............orho Hoo Rook Diltxct tot Weldot ...............SBo 8Sot nn 00000006 ............ tot- Wilbotoo............ . too 0030 Liot Otk...............oo 179 Flotooco...............txo8 00oo Joohootvll .............0 83 os0 Choolotot.........O..9 712 Sootooth ...t............ oo ROUTE No. 6. 88. Jtooiokb, too Way Cot,. t68 Vo- Penna, R. W. td B. Roboood, ROUTE No.7 A. SoBy Liot Sotemer, to ad B , W. tod W0 W.C ok0C.tadkA.,0G. Sootoot RotNo. ooSttotoh, Coot, S. F. ood W. Railtoodo. ohtoottook Liot Otk to Jacksontlle, APPENDIX 265 ROUTE No. 4 A. Stn to Rot eNo. oto Sotooh, ohototoo Loot 0th to Jacks.ooillo. 000. 00000 . . 0006 Liot 0o..... too.... ] toso Jaohootibo..............8 ROUTE No. 4 N. Ototoo Root, Nt. toAooota, hoo by P. R. odA., C.oaodhS,.. ad W. Rtilodo. Hoo York Dirtaxct 900 Augott ............... 0 tin ...t....oo .....0.. 08 rtt Joohtotoille......... tO...O 6 ROUTE No. 4 C. SoooooRottoNo BoSo Oo oh, ohe tot o Lio O0h to Johottoolo. Dttoxr foot HootY Rk. Dirtaxco. toot Ototooth............... - to8t LivtOth......... too..... to~t Joiotok .........00.8 ROUTE No. 5. Rok Poooo., P.W. aod B. Bookn P0. RBiltoado, Boy Liot Stotottot, 0. tod R., W tod W. W. C. aod A.,N: C. tool 0., 5. O., tool W. Bailroads. .Llkooooofoo Hoo Rork. .Diottoooo 0q Philodol~ha............ 8 tOO Bobtioot .............. 9 3O Wobdot ............... e 5oo Wilo no ........... ot Flootoot to.............. O. y00 Charso n .............o9 ROUTE No. A. Soott to Root, No. to Sttotth, toot Lito 0th to Jotlotolle. Di3katoo ofr o Hot Rork. r Diotttooo St Otootooh ROUTE No. 6. Rok'aPoooo., P.W. aooBRailod, Boy LiooeoSteaer,ttt,.taoR ,Wooad W.,W C. aookA.,C(. C. aod A.,0Go Cot, S..R odW. Boiloodo. Diotootoe from Hot Rok. Dirotrzr. 0q Phltdlohio ..............8 ooo Potsotuth. . .to 3O Woldot ................ SBo 54t Wilotiootot ............. t 6 030 Coboohit ...............o 8 9t8 koogott................ 85 948 600000.06 ......... ottO J~oooo.v il, tWay Ctoot. tOS ROUTE No. 6 A. Soototo RotetNo. 6 ttoota nh'fheoo tio toot 0Ok to Joohkol. Disotno from Hot. Rok. Dkrtoott,. toytotoeOak...h........_x tao Jaoohot ................ 83 ROUTE No. 6 B. by P0. R. and A., C.tond S S F.ood D3,0toot foo Noot YRk. Dkrtoot. StO Ahogoto.............. 9o Roottot.................. t f 993 hootooth .......... to... toot Jaoooillkb, oit Woo Cooto.. t6t ROUTE NB. 6 C. SOtototoRotot No.o6kBto Sootooh, thotot took LiO 0t 00csonvooillo. JDitnooofroo Hoot Rook. Dirktote. 953 Savattth ............... toot1 Loot 0th................. 7 Otto Joohotolb.;n ............8 ROUTE No. 7. Yea 0. D). 0. S. Co., S. aond R., W. tod W., W.C. andt, NE., C. and ., 0. P. aokW Baoado LeavooNoo Roth Tooodoyo, Thooodoyoookd So. urdays, t 3 et. x Drioototfott Hoot Rook. Dirootxo. o oPotsoth ............orho too Woldot ................o.8 t0o Wilotingto............... o 5oo Floe. ...............tioo 050 Chakleston ........... 95 soz S6oooo .................tro 88o .Jtohtottill, oft Woy Coto.. tOO ROUTE No. 7 A. 0oo to Bot, No 7 to Oooooth, oftcv1 LiO 0to 0 Jaooo ilto.  266 GENERAL ITINERARY 266 GENERAL ITINERARY. Dtrrooo omo 8go Lioo Oak................ 9 974 Jaokoo l8.. 3 ROUTE No. 8. lvio 0. D3. S. S. Co., Soo andS., W. akd WW. C. aod A., C. C. ood A., Ga Coo2,hS. F. akW. ailodk. Loooe Nat. Yoak Toaodoyo, Thoosayo and So toadays,. at 3 0.a ofPooosooouthk............... zoo Welkoo ............ So...8 000 Wihoiogtoo................ o 500 Coloombia................ 9 ~ 676 Aogosoa ..............8 80 Soaaonh ............ 30.. 976 Jaokoooillo, vio Way Looss.. ofO ROUTE No. 8 A. Soot If2oot No. 8 to Sooooh, oheooaooio Livo Gaka to Jaoksoaoille. New ofrk. Dstxe So avanno ................. gf7 Liot GOk ..............0z79 .oyo Joacosooville.............283 ROUTE No. 8 B. Same u oueoNo. a oAuoooo haoco Sy P . dA.C.adSS.Fad W. Raorooe 676 Augosa.............. Ooj Saooooah ...............0 500 Jaokoooill, tioWay Cooo r68 ROUTE No. 8 C. Saoa oo Root No. tboSoooh, thaoooo'o Lita 0tk to Jooltotill . foa Saooooah.- 990 Liot Oak................. 7 roo Joksootille............. 283 .Moo Cok Distancoo. 700 Saooooah .............. - 090 Lita Oak. .............. 000 Jaoooile .............. 3 ROUTE No. 8. v'o 0. D3. 5. 1. Co., S. aokR. nW and W.0 W. C. aod A.0 C. C. atk A., Ga. Cet.,2S. F.ood W. Rloads. Leaot Nato Ytok Totodoyo, Thooodoya aood Satooodoys,oot3 to. I Ditotooofoao Noo, Yook. .Siotoooo. rooPooaaooth.............ro 000 Waldon ................ SBo 400 Wiloiogtoo ...............o 590 Colottbio ................9~ 76 Aogosta......... .........6 BoO Saootooh ........ 000.. . 97 JaokoooiLt. vao .Woy Coss.. sf0 ROUTE No. 8 A. Soo as ROto No. 2 00 Savannaok th00C00voa Liot Oak 00 Jacksonoillo. Niooo. Diot-. NO8 S9000000k .............. - 907 Lito Oak ..............0z70 ROUTE No. 8 N. SOaouto No.Boto .gosoothoott bytP.R.adkA.,. aod 9.5. h atd W. R~ailooks. Diootoofotoo 676 Angooto ............ 76. Yeas ......o............5 8o3 Sooooaah................5 q0a Jookooo ill... ti Way Coos.. o68 ROUTE No. 8 C. Sohoooo vaoVita Oak 0t [Jackooilla. 003.....o..o.ah.r. 9 ito, Ot.. .079 0070 Jackono .......S.....o8 266 GENERAL ITINERARY Moat Yot. DSiosoa. N Cork. Dfiso~tc. eta Saanoah .............. - 8o8 Saoakh.............. - 19, Liot Oak ................079 987 Liot Ook.........079 970 Jaoksonvilla . ..... 63 0070 Jaohoksol............. 083 ROUTE No. 8. ROUTE No. 8 B. V'foO.1D.S. S. Co.,S. atdR.. W.ookd Sata oott No.2B oAoguota, theoat W~.CooAICat~hO. WyP.IR. aodSA., CaodS., .F. ad Coat.. S. F. akd W. iroaodo. Voot W. R~ailoodk. Nota Yotk Tooadayo, Thotsayo akd Dfiootc 0/too Satoodoys, 009300. t5. Not York. Dit-oa .fii:taxtooftot 676 Auoa.............. Newoorok. Diotxce 76o e o ........sat ....... 086 aNna .o.........N.....tota...... 5 aogo Weldoo ............... S o 98o Jooktoooilla, ozk Woy Croo,. o68 400 Wilooiogtoot............ .s 6o 9 Cooboio................ a ROUTE Na. 8 C. 679 Aogos........a........ St5 Saoe aa IRooto No. 8 B to Savattoh, NOb Sataooth ............ 09 ohetoe too Vit Oak to Jacksotoilo. 976 Jooksooilla. oioWoy Coss.. r60 Dsitooooo froo ROUTE No. 8 A. Noo Cok. Distoooo 8t3 Soaanoo............. Soot as IRooto No. 2 0o Satattoh, 990 Laoe Ook............... 0r7 ohtoco a Liot Oak to Jackotiloe. 0077 Jocksoooill ............. 083 CONNECTIONS OF FLORIDA CENTRAL AND J. P. AND M. RAILROADS. CONNECTIONS OF FLORIDA CENTRAL AND J. P. AND M. RAILROADS. At Jackosonville. At Live Oak. Staes the St, ohootooo t Tht Sotoatak, Florido ak Woto daily okth the toa of the FRooit Rilokoamkoaeoalosonntiokofoooall Ctotool IRakload to ood foom Otata pkoinsNooth aadW- Coo Sykongo. Hlibooio, Toooi, Pilooki Mollotoillo, Enooyoaniooomokioto Iaokioao. At oo i, a~met 000077 At Mtonticelo. too h So. Johos Raioay foo St. Aa. Stagaeooo oeots forThomasvifllo qustinoo t Pilatki toith ljot of Ookla- Geooia. wah .hotmeto Lot Silvto Spriego, Ooa a ak( hompkoo; o lsooihlinoasoogot At Tallahassee. foo Goofs aod 0000g7 Sprkago. Ahboaooh tookd of J P. akd M. Rail- At Baldwin. oak 0..-0 ho So Mooko. Tfhe A. 0. otd W. L. 1. Cootpatp'o Rilkoad mokoo lote tt iOO for At Quinay. Feooaodioo,O h aioottiilo eG oa Cked~ r Iays. dM.R.R.cne wihl AtGoinesvotleot. ooS .T. J.F[ao ISIpotootho Cottpaoy'o Railroak ooeo oaho ofoageforyotRtkoGoR gO of otao foe Hoolo, Brooksoilla atd Tampa, tod at Cokoe Kayo H ot ho At Chattahoochee. No.0 Ooboaoo. Flooik oad ot Sotomohip Lio, which ltooto Cokat Lioo of tiot soooe oteto foe Koyo Lot Tatopo, Moootoe, Kay Woot kppolacoolok Eofoolo, Foot Oioosaod Hioono ak New iOrloatt. Lolomhoo. CONNECTIONS OF FLORIDA CENTRAL AND J. F. AND M. RAILROADS. Al Jacksonville. ttaeso oho So. Johootoneot daily too h h 00 of oho Floriko Contoa Rilooa toaodfrom otto Coot Spoiogt, Hibetia, Toooi, Piloki M loogo.ll EAtrookioondototototo tahthe Stohtttfoile tfooStko.- goatioe t 0 iloohi ajok [it of Oola otoha Stoomt o Sil9300 Sykiaao Ocalo fo oaokOoga Sykoas At Baldwin. Tho A. G. aok W. I. 1'. Cottpaty'o IRi'oodokoakclooaottttoo OFooatkioo Goiteatillo oodCedot Kayo. AtoGoamoiloothoA.G. atk W. V.T. Compottos IRfak1oooeooot i of g040 foe Oala, Brtookooll St oo Tomyo, atS 00 Cokot Keyo toith oho Nato Ooloaoo. Flokida akd Haoao St-thip Loto, ahioh 70ame Cokae Koy .d Totwt Sltoto Kay Wola Hotao a NowOloo At Live Oak. Tho Soottooh, Floriko atd Wooooon Roilooak mtktsooe oaato oroto poioos Noth aok Woot. At Monticella. Stago Lin c0 onnecm foe Thommtil1e, Georgia. At Tallahassee. Ahbtoooh took of J. Poo and Ril- Al Quincy. J. P.oandM. IS.I 0700000 t kihkoio of s00ge0 foe Boothoidga,Go gi-t. At Chattahoochee. Looeieotoo foototmfo kyppolohitola, E.foLai, Foot Gaitooo Colambs. At Jacsnville. St tor the So. Johoooooo dkilywithhthettottfoht Flokkda Caoooo Rl-kdootoatdfom G-.o Coot Spoitgo, Hihteoia, Toooi, Filooki, Mtllotailla, Eoteopeito aniteeioa lookiogs. At Toooih h t.i iala frS.. aqosttne at P~iooki th Sot of cohit. tatha Stomoat fooSile Spkongo Ooala toklohohaamyot Oratoo.it hiaftago At Baldwin. Tht A. G. oak W.L. 1.Compooy'o Roiktood m kesos botoonooom foe FeAtoioo.ll sinooA.ll adCeke koyT At Gki00otill oho A. G. ook W. V.T. Compy'y Rakiltkooad om.ntsiohhoon of moagos Lot cko, Brookatollo ook Tomyo, ook at Cokat Kayo toh tht Nato Orloan. Flookda ot Hlaoaa Smeamohip Vito, thich leavta Ctoo Haooooookd Now Ooleaao. KyW At Live Oak. Tho Satooooh, Florika aok Wtoeo Rikltoad maket cosot oooo allo pain00 Nookh akd Wok At Monticeollo. Stat Liot connects Lot Thoto00illo, Gogia. At Tallahassee. A rheoootof J P. aokhl.IRal- radakoooecooafohStoakt. Al Qainoy. J.FP aokhM.IR. IS cootmotwith liot ofosagesofor BtinbidgGoegi.t At Chattahoachee. Lotofkootao aooaoom Aopalaohioolo. Eofoola, Foot Gaiaos ad Colo bs  INDEX TO INTRODUCTION. INDEX TO INTRODUCTION. INDEX TO INTRODUCTION. Adams, Henry, xxii Agassiz, Louis, xu Americas Reviewi, xxxii Americus, Georgia, xvii Anderson, Charles R., xxiu Apalachicola Riser, xxxv Asheville (Noesh Caralina), Atlansa, xi Baloimoe, xx, xxvi, xxxii, xxi, "Bee," xxvii Boy's King Arthur, xxiii Bradford, Gamaliel, xxx Brunswick, xxvii, xxviii, xxix, Carlyle, TIhoms, xiv Cedar Key, xxxv Chodd's Foed, Pennsylvania, Charleston, xiv Civil Wae, xiii, xvi, xxiii, xxxiu "Clover,' xxxi Commoager, Benry Steele, xxxii Confederate Memosrisl Addets, "Corn," xxiii, xxiv, xxvi, xxx Cushmsan, Charloote, xxiv, xxvi Day, Mary, xvii, xix 'Dove." xxvii "Evening Song," xxii Exchange Hosel, xi Faiehanks, George R., xxxui "Fieldlurho and Blaxkbieds," xx "Florida Suoday,' xxvii Foerse, Norman, xxx Fees Carolins, Feench at, xxxuii Foes Macion, xxxvii Frossars, xxvi 'From she Floss," xxii Furlsw Masonic Female Col- loge, xii Garland, Bamlin, xxxii Oilman, Daniel Coit, xxvi Glyon Counoy (Georgia), xxix Grady, Henry, xxiii, xxii Great Atlantis Coassline Railroad Company, xii, xxix Boll of Fame, xxix Bomoelk, Asger, xx Bookies, Virginia, xui I'll Take My Stand, xxx, xxxi Jacvksonville, xxxiv, xxxv, Johns Bopkins Univeroity, Key West, xxi' Adams, Benry, xxii Agesoir, Louis, xu Americas Review, xxxii Americas, Georgia, xvii Anderson, Charles B., xxix Apalachicola River, xxxi Asheville (Norsh Carolina), Aelanta, xui Baleimoe, xx, xxvi, xxuii, xxviii, "Bee," xxvii Boy's King Arthur, xxviii Bradford, Gamaliel, xxx Brunswick, xxuii, xxviii, xxix, Carlyle, Themes, xiv Cedar Key, xxxv Chadd's Fued, Pennsylvania, xxvii Charleston, xiv Civil War, xiiu, xvi, xxxiii, xxxiv "Clover," xxii Commager, Henry Steele, xxxii Confederae Memorial Address, "Csrn, xxiii, xxiv, xxvi, xxx Cushmon, Charloete, xxiv, xxvi Day, Mary, xvii, xi "Dose," xxvii "Evening Song," xxiii Exchange Hotel, xvi Fairbank, George R., xxxi "Fieldlarks and Blackbirds," xx "Florida Sunday," xxiii Foemoter, Norman, =x Fore Caroline, French as, xxxvii Foes Marion, xxii Frossart, xxviii "From she Flute," xxxii Fuelow Mosonic Female Col- lege, xcii Garland, Hamlin, xxxii Gilman, Daniel Cois, xxi'iii Glynn County (Georgia)I, xxix Grody, Henry, xxiii, xxxi Greas Aelantic Coastline Railroad Company, xii, xxxux Ball of Fame, xxux Hamerik, Asger, xx Hankins, Virginia, xvi I'll Take My Stood, xxx, xxii Jacksonville, xxxii', xxxi, ohsHopkins University, xxviii, xxix Key West, xxi' Adams, Henry, xxii Agaosiz, Louis, xv American Rei'iew', xxxii Amerisas, Georgia, xvii Anderson, Charles R., xxix Apalarhicola River, xxxv Asheville (North Carolino), Aslanta, xvi Boltimore, xx, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii, "Bee," xxvii Boy's King Arthur, xxvi Bradford, Gamaliel, xxx Brunswick, xxvii, xxviii, xxix, Carlyle, Thomas, xiu Cedar Key, xxxv Chadd's Ford, Fennsylvania, Charlmeon, xiv Civil Wee, xiii, xui, xxxiii, xxxiv "Clover," xxxi Coamager, Henry Seele, xxxii Confederate Memorial Address, "Corn," xxiii, xxiv, xxi, xxx Cushman, Charlusse, xxii', xxvi Day, Mary, xvii, xi "Dove," xxvii "Evening Song," xxii Exchange Botel, xvi Fairhanh, George R., xxxi "Fieldlarks and Blackbirds," xx "Florida Sunday,' xxiiu Ferer, Norman, xxx Foes Caroline, French as, xxxii Foes Marion, xxxi'ii Froisar, xxii "From she Flair,' xxiii Purlown Masonic Female Cr1' lege, xi'i Garland, Hamlin, xxxii Gilman, Daniel Coi, xxviii Glynn County (Georgia), xxix Grady, Henry, sxiii, xxxi Great Atlantic Coassline Railroad Company, xii, xxxix Hall of Fame, xxix Hamerik, Asger, xx Hankies, Virginia, xvi I'll Take My Stand, xxx, xxxi Jacksonville, xxxiv, xxxi, Johns Hopkins Universisy, xxi'iii, xxix Key West, xxi'  INDEX. INDEX. INDEX. IDX INDEX. Ku Klux Klan, xxiii Lake Monroe, xxxe Lanier, Clifford, xi Lee, Rabeet EK, xii, Xiii Lippincoti, J. B., xxix Lippincott'a Magazine, xii, xxii, xxie, xxui, xxxei Lang, Ellen Call, xxi Lynn (Noeth Carolina), xxix Mabinogeon, azeelil Macon, Geoegia, see, xe, xx,, xi, xix Macan Voiinteeri, xii Mdaenaechae xix Mallory, -xiiii "Marahes of Glynn," xxi, xxi ii, Mauey, Mneehew F., xxxi "Meditations of Colambin," xxiu Menhadez, Pedro, xxii Midway (Geoegia), xic Milledgeville, xii Mims, Edwin, xxxi "Macking Burd," xuii Mantgomery, Alabama, xii "New Sonth," xxxi New Ynrk, xx, xxii, xxxi Oglethoepe University, xiv, xi Oklawaha Rivee, xxic, xxxii, Paine, Thomas, xxix Parcington, Vernon Louis,, xxxiu Peabody Institute, xxi iii Peobody Libeaey, xxiii Peabndy Symphony Orchentrn, xii, xx, xxii, xxe'ii Peacock, Gibson, xxii', xxii Peecy, xxuii Philadelphia, xxi, xxxi Philadelphia Ecening Belletin, Physical Geography a/ the Sen, Poe (Edgae Allan), xcr Paine Lookout, Maer land, xii Ponce de Ledn, xxxi i Peaiicille, Alabama, xi it "Paalm of the West," xxii Ransom, John Crowe, xxxin. Recao-feaeiao, xuii, si t, xxi JRoand Table xit St. Augustene, xxii, .xxii , xxcxi, xui, xxxi i, -xxl "Si. Augastine ice April," cecriti Sc. Johns (River), xxxi San Anioni, Texas, --~ Science of English V'eixc, ciii, Sctt'le Magazine xi Scribner's Moxnthlc, xii, ciii, Second Seminole Wa, xxii, Shakeapeare one) Hix Sidney Lanier, xxxita Silvee Springs, xxiv, xx-i "Sketchnes of India," xxi Somge Highx aye and Bs- ios x/Anierieao Trot el, xxxix "Sxng of the Chattahoxchee," Soicehern Magazine six Spraguer, Colonel John T.. xxi Starke, Aubrey, xxx, .xxxi, Stedman, Edmund C., xxi "Stirrnp Cap," xxu ii Ku Klan Klan, xxiii Lake Monroe, xxxc Lanir, Cliffoed, xi Lee, Robeet E., xii, ax iii Lippincot, J. B., xxix Lippincott's Magazine, x ii, xxixxi', xxi, xxxxi Long, Ellen Call, xi Lynn (North Caeolino), xxix Mabinogeon, xxiie Macon, Georgia, xii', .xc, xuii, Macno Volanteer, xci MWaeanrxhaexi Malary, xxi iii "Macshoes of Glynn," xxi, xxuii, xxi iii xxx Money, Macchew P., xxxi "Mediations of Colombia," xx' Meondeol, Pedeoa , ,xxii Midway (Georgia), xii' Milledgeville, xii Mime, Edwin, xxxi "Mocking Bird," xii Montgomery, Alabama, xi "New Sooth," xxx i New York, xx, xxii, xxxu Ogleihorpe Univeroity, xii, xci Oklawaha Ricer, xxi,, xxxii, xxxi, xxxi Paine, Thomas, xxix Parrington, XVcroon Loui, xxii Peabody Institute, xxuiii Peabody Librnry, xxii Penbody Symphony Orchestra, xii, xx, xxi, xxii Peacock, Gibson, xxii, xxiii Percy, xxii Philadelphia, xxi', xxxi' Philadelphia Eienirig Bulletin, rPhyse 'at Geography of the Sea. Poe (Edgar Allan), xxx Paint Lookout, Maryland, xii. Ponce de Ledo, xxx'iii Pratville, Alabama, xii "Psalm of eke West,"_xxi Bantam, John Crao, xxxiii, Reconsructio, xii;, - ini, .xxii, -xxii xxii, xxxii Bound Table, xi Si. Augustine, xxixxxix, xxiz, xxxi, xxxxi, xxt, lii "St. Augustine in April," xxxei Sc, Johns (River), xxxi Sun Antoni, Texa, xix Science if E'nglixh V'erse, xi Scott's MWogaxine, ci Seribner's M'fonthly, .xi, xxiii, Second Seminole War, xxii, Shahespeare aod Hex Forerunner, cxcii Sidney Lanier, xxxi Silver Springs, xxxi, xxxi "Skeeches of India," xxi Some IHigho'oys and Bty Wtayx a/ American Tre l, xxxix "Song of the Chattahoachre," xciit, xxx Southern Magazine, xix Sprague, Colonel John T xxxi Starke, Aubrey, xxxi, xxxii, Stedmen, Edmund C., xxi "Stiraup Cop," xxii Ku Klux Klnn, =ati Lake Monroe, xxxc Lanier, Clifard, xvi Lee, Robert E., xii, xciii Lippineot, J. B., xxix Lippincott'x Magaxine, xii, Long, Ellen Call, xxrw Lynn (North Carolina), xxix Mabinogien, sxe'iie Macan, Georgia, xii, xi, xii, xi iii, xix Macon Volunter, xi Mueooeechor, xix Malry, xx'ii "Marshes ofGLynn," xxi, xxeii/ ,eviii, xxx Mury, Matthew PF, xxi "Meditutions of Colombia," xxi MnnePerMidway (Georgia) xix Milledgeville, xii) Mim, Edwin, xxxi "Macking Bird," xci i Montgomery, Alabama, xci "New Sooth," xxxi New York, xx, xxi, xxxi Oglethorer University, xiu', xi Oklawaha Ricer, xxic, xxxii, xxxx, xxxi Paine, Thomas, xxix Parington, Vernon Louis, xuii Peobody Instituce, xxi iii Peaody Library, xxi Peabody Symphony Orchestra, xii, xx, xxii, xxi ii Peacock, Gibson, xxi', xx'ii Percy, xxv ii Philadelphia, xi, xxxi Philadelphia Ecvcning Bulletin, Physieal Geographyi a/the Sea, Poe (Edgar Allan), -rx Paint Lookou, Marylaod. xui, Pause do Let, xxxi ii Peatville, Alabama, 'tit "Psalm of the Wes," xxi Banom, John Crow e, cciii, Beonrution, xi xiii, xxiid xxiii, xxixxi BRound Table, sxci St. Augustine, xxii, .xxxi,, xxx, xxxi i, xxxuaai, xxxi i "S. Augustine in April," xxxsi i S. Johus (Ricer), xxxu San Antonio, Texas, _xix Science of Englixh Verse, .xxii, Scottes .tagaie xYi Sxeibi r', Msnthls, sii xxiii, Second Seminole War, xixi, Shahespeare and Hix Forerunner, .xi Sidney Lanier, xxxi Silver Springs, xxxi, .xxxi "Skecheo of India," _x' Same Highwaoys and By-B ta a/ Amercan Traide, xxxixx "Song of the Chattahaochee," -'ai, xxx Southern 'Magazine, ax Sprague, Colonel John T., xxxi Starke, Aubrey, xxxi, exxic, Stedman, Edmund C. ,xxi "Stirrup Cup," xxii  INDEX. INDEX. INDEX. Strahan, Edward, xxxix Sunnyside, Georgia, xxiii "Sunrise," xviii, xxix, xxx "Swamp Robins," xx "Symphony," xxi, xxi',ox, xxxii Tallahassee, xxxu Tampa, xxxv "Tampa Robins," xxii Tate, Allan, xxi, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiiiB Taylor, Bayard, xxiv, xxv Thomas, Theodore, xx, xxvi Thorp, Willard, xxxi Tiger Lilies, xi "To Beethoven," x.xvii "Under the Cedarcroft Chest- nut," xxii Walker, David S., xxxvi Warren, Robert Penn, xxxi, xxxiii "Waving of the Corn," xxvii Woodrow, James, xi Strahan, Edward, xxxix Sunnyside, Georgia, xxiii "Sunrise," xxviii, xxix, xxx "Swamp Robins," xx "Symphony," xxi, xxiv, xxvi, xxxiii Tallahassee, xxxc Tampa, xxxv "Tampa Robins," xxii Tate, Allan, xxi, xxxi, xxxii, Taylor, Bayard, xxiv, xxv Thomas, Theodore, xx, xxui Thorp, Willard, xxxi Tiger Lilies, xui "To Beethoven," xxvii "Under the Cedarcroft Chest- nut," xxiii Walker, David S., xxxii Warren, Robert Penn, xxxi, xxxiii "Waving of the Corn," xxvii Woodrow, James, x Strahan, Edward, xxxix Sunnyside, Georgia, xxiii "Sanrise," xx'iii, xxix, xxx "Swamp Robins," xx "Symphony," xai, xxii, xxvi, Tallahassee, xxx Tampa, xxxiv "Tampa Robins," xxvii Tate, Allan, xxi, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii Taylor, Bayard, xxiv, xxv Thomas, Theodore, xx, xxvi Thorp, Willard, xxxi Tiger Lilies, xvi "To Beethoven," xx'ii "Under the Cedarcroft Chest- nut," xxvii Walker, David S, xxxi Warren, Robert Penn, xxxi, xxiii "Waving of the Corn," xxvii Woodrow, James, xv INDEX TO FLORIDA, INDEX TO FLORIDA. INDEX TO FLORIDA. Abe Springs, Bluff, 148 Agricultural College of Florida, 134 Aiken, South Carolina, 16; description, 259-62 Alabama, 148, 149, 182 Alachua County, 140, 143, 199 Alachua Sink, 141 Alafia River, 101, 182 Albany, Georgia, 87 Alligator (Seminole chief), 204 Alligator (Lake City), 24 Alligator teeth, products made from, 83 Ambler's Bank, 83 Amelia Island, 90, 92, 93 American Revolution, 50, 54 Anastasia Island, 47 Anclote River, 100 Anhayca, 104 Annuttelaga Hammock, 147 Apalachee, 179 Apalachee Indians, 64; military support of Spanish, 181-88 Apalachicola, 115, 148, 180 Apalachicola River, 87,148,149, 193, 200 Arctic Current, 159, 165 Armistead, General, 207 Ashley, Colonel, 199 Assapo, 63 Astor, William, 130 Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, 87, 155 Atlantic, Gulf, and West India Transit Company, 87, 91, 98, 140 Atlantic Ocean, 101, 132, 140, 143 Atsena Otie, 98 Aucilla River, 118, 119, 121 Augusta, Georgia, 16, 76; description and historical sketch, 218; railroad connec- tions to, 258 Aut, 180 Ayllon, de, 178, 179 Bache, A. D., 169 Baker County, 105 Baldwin, Abraham S., 166, 172 Baldwin, 87 Ball, Black, and Company (New York), 44 Abe Springs, Bluff, 148 Agricultural College of Florida, 134 Aiken, South Carolina, 16; description, 259-62 Alabama, 148, 149, 182 Alachua County, 140, 143, 199 Alachua Sink, 141 Alafia River, 101, 182 Albany, Georgia, 87 Alligator (Seminole chief), 204 Alligator (Lake City), 24 Alligator teeth, products made from, 83 Ambler's Bank, 83 Amelia Island, 90, 92, 93 American Revolution, 50, 54 Anastasia Island, 47 Anclote River, 100 Anhayca, 104 Annuttelaga Hammock, 147 Apalachee, 179 Apalachee Indians, 64; military support of Spanish, 181-88 Apalachicola, 115, 148, 180 Apalachicola River, 87, 148,149, 193, 200 Arctic Current, 159,165 Armistead, General, 207 Ashley, Colonel, 199 Assapo, 63 Astor, William, 130 Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, 87, 155 Atlantic, Gulf, and West India Transit Company, 87, 91, 98, 140 Atlantic Ocean, 101, 132, 140, 143 Atsena Otie, 98 Aucilla River, 118, 119, 121 Augusta, Georgia, 16, 76; description and historical sketch, 218; railroad connec- tions to, 258 Aute, 180 Ayllon, de, 178, 179 Bache, A. D, 169 Baker County, 105 Baldwin, Abraham S., 166, 172 Baldwin, 87 Ball, Black, and Company (New York), 44 Abe Springs, Bluff, 148 Agricultural College of Florida, 134 Aiken, South Carolina, 16; description, 259-62 Alabama, 148, 149, 182 Alachua County, 140, 143, 199 Alachua Sink, 141 Alafia River, 101, 182 Albany, Georgia, 87 Alligator (Seminole chief), 204 Alligator (Lake City), 24 Alligator teeth, products made from, 83 Ambler's Bank, 83 Amelia Island, 90, 92, 93 American Revolution, 50, 54 Anastasia Island, 47 Anclote River, 100 Anhayca, 104 Annuttelaga Hammock, 147 Apalachee, 179 Apalachee Indians, 64; military support of Spanish, 181-88 Apalachicola, 115, 148, 180 Apalachicola River, 87, 148,149, 193,200 Arctic Current, 159,165 Armistead, General, 207 Ashley, Colonel, 199 Amapa, 63 Astor, William, 130 Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, 87, 155 Atlantic, Gulf, and West India Transit Company, 87, 91, 98, 140 Atlantic Ocean, 101, 132, 140, 143 Atsena Otie, 98 Aucilla River, 118, 119, 121 Augusta, Georgia, 16, 76; description and historical sketch, 218; railroad connec- tions to, 258 Aut, 180 Ayllon, de, 178, 179 Bache, A. D., 169 Baker County, 105 Baldwin, Abraham S., 166, 172 Baldwin, 87 Ball, Black, and Company (New York), 44  4 INDEX. 4 INDEX. 4 INDEX. Baltimore, 157 Barnes' Sound, 154, 155 Bayport, 100 Beecher, Reverend Charles, 117 Beecher, 132 Berella, 132 Beresford, 194 Bienville, de, 188-89 Bird Island, 118 Biscayne Bay, 154, 155 Black Creek, 124 Black Point, 132 Bloxham, William D., 114 Blue Spring, 130,132 Bostrom House, 135 Bowlegs, 199 Bowles, William A., 50, 198 Brevard County, 132, 137, 151, 153 Brock House, 131 Brooksville, 36, 87, 102, 144 Brunswick, 90 Buckingham Smith Place, 44 Buck Lake, 145 Buffalo Bluff, 132 Burnham plantation, 134 Cabbage Bluff, 132 Cabeza de Vaca, 180 Cabot, Sebastian, 177 Caddoes, 51 Calhoun County, 148,149 Call, General Richard K., 204 Caloosahatchee River, 102 Canaveral, 61 Capitol building (Florida), 111 Carolinas, 169 Caribbean Sea, 160 Cedar Key: fresh water off- shore, 48, 87, 88, 89, 97, 98, 99, 100; inside passage to, 101, 102,144, 157 Cerro Gordo, 148 Charleston, 16, 54, 76, 90, 91, 143; railroad connections to, 218-20, 231-34; description and historical sketch, 234 Charleston line of steamers, 128 Charlotte Harbor, 102 Chattahoochee, 87 Chattahoochee River, 149 Chesapeake, 179 Chessawhiska River, 101 Cheyennes, 51 Chicora, 178, 179 Chitto-Tustenuggee, 206 City Hotel, 109, 111, 112 City Point (steamer), 90 Clarendon Hotel, 125 Clark, John, 136 Clear Water Harbor, 100 Clinch, Colonel, 200, 204 Coacoochee, 50, 207, 208 Colquitt, Colonel A. H., 143 Columbia, 76 Columbia County, 105, 143 Columbus, Christopher, 177 Columbus, Georgia, 149 Comanches, 51 Conch-town, 156 Consumptives, Lanier's recom- mended treatment, 210-17 Cook's Ferry, 132 Coontee, 155 Consa, 184 Coquina quarries, 47 Cordova, Fernandez de, 178 Creek tribe, 127; military sup- port of British, 187, 200, 202 Crystal River, 100, 101 Cuba, 102; cattle shipments to, 156 Cuban refugees, 156 Cuban tobacco, 117 Cucumbers, 36 Cumberland Island, 93 Cypress Lake, 151 Dade, Francis L., 203 Dade County, 132, 151, 152, 153, 154,155 Baltimore, 157 Barnes' Sound, 154, 155 Bayport, 100 Beecher, Reverend Charles, 117 Beecher, 132 Berella, 132 Beresford, 194 Bienville, de, 188-89 Bird Island, 118 Biscayne Bay, 154, 155 Black Creek, 124 Black Point, 132 Bloxham, William D., 114 Blue Spring, 130,132 Bostrom House, 135 Bowlegs, 199 Bowles, William A., 50,198 Brevard County, 132, 137, 151, 153 Brock House, 131 Brooksville, 36, 87, 102, 144 Brunswick, 90 Buckingham Smith Place, 44 Buck Lake, 145 Buffalo Bluff, 132 Burnham plantation, 134 Cabbage Bluff, 132 Cabeza de Vaca, 180 Cabot, Sebastian, 177 Caddoes, 51 Calhoun County, 148,149 Call, General Richard K., 204 Caloosahatchee River, 102 Canaveral, 61 Capitol building (Florida), 111 Carolinas, 169 Caribbean Sea, 160 Cedar Key: fresh water off- shore, 48, 87, 88, 89, 97, 98, 99, 100; inside passage to, 101, 102, 144, 157 Cerro Gordo, 148 Charleston, 16, 54, 76, 90, 91, 143; railroad connections to, 218-20, 231-34; description and historical sketch, 234 Charleston line of steamers, 128 Charlotte Harbor, 102 Chattahoochee, 87 Chattahoochee River, 149 Chesapeake, 179 Chessawhiska River, 101 Cheyennes, 51 Chicora, 178, 179 Chitto-Tustenuggee, 206 City Hotel, 109, 111, 112 City Point (steamer), 90 Clarendon Hotel, 125 Clark, John, 136 Clear Water Harbor, 100 Clinch, Colonel, 200, 204 Coacoochee, 50, 207, 208 Colquitt, Colonel A. H., 143 Columbia, 76 Columbia County, 105, 143 Columbus, Christopher, 177 Columbus, Georgia, 149 Comanches, 51 Conch-town, 156 Consumptives, Lanier's recom- mended treatment, 210-17 Cook's Ferry, 132 Coontee, 155 Coosa, 184 Coquina quarries, 47 Cordova, Fernandez de, 178 Creek tribe, 127; military sup- port of British, 187, 200, 202 Crystal River, 100, 101 Cuba, 102; cattle shipments to, 156 Cuban refugees, 156 Cuban tobacco, 117 Cucumbers, 36 Cumberland Island, 93 Cypress Lake, 151 Dade, Francis L., 203 Dade County, 132, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155 Baltimore, 157 Barnes' Sound, 154, 155 Bayport, 100 Beecher, Reverend Charles, 117 Beecher, 132 Berella, 132 Beresford, 194 Bienville, de, 188-89 Bird Island, 118 Biscayne Bay, 154,155 Black Creek, 124 Black Point, 132 Bloxham, William D., 114 Blue Spring, 130, 132 Bostrom House, 135 Bowlegs, 199 Bowles, William A., 50, 198 Brevard County, 132, 137, 151, 153 Brock House, 131 Brooksville, 36, 87, 102, 144 Brunswick, 90 Buckingham Smith Place, 44 Buck Lake, 145 Buffalo Bluff, 132 Burnham plantation, 134 Cabbage Bluff, 132 Cabeza de Vaca, 180 Cabot, Sebastian, 177 Caddoes, 51 Calhoun County, 148, 149 Call, General Richard K., 204 Caloosahatchee River, 102 Canaveral, 61 Capitol building (Florida), 111 Carolinas, 169 Caribbean Sea, 160 Cedar Key: fresh water off- shore, 48, 87, 88, 89, 97, 98, 99, 100; inside passage to, 101, 102, 144,157 Cerro Gordo, 148 Charleston, 16, 54, 76, 90, 91, 143; railroad connections to, 218-20, 231-34; description and historical sketch, 234 Charleston line of steamers, 128 Charlotte Harbor, 102 Chattahoochee, 87 Chattahoochee River, 149 Chesapeake, 179 Chessawhiska River, 101 Cheyennes, 51 Chicora, 178,179 Chitto-Tustenuggee, 206 City Hotel, 109, 111, 112 City Point (steamer), 90 Clarendon Hotel, 125 Clark, John, 136 Clear Water Harbor, 100 Clinch, Colonel, 200, 204 Coacoochee, 50, 207, 208 Colquitt, Colonel A. H., 143 Columbia, 76 Columbia County, 105,143 Columbus, Christopher, 177 Columbus, Georgia, 149 Comanches, 51 Conch-town, 156 Consumptives, Lanier's recom- mended treatment, 210-17 Cook's Ferry, 132 Coontee, 155 Coosa, 184 Coquina quarries, 47 Cordova, Fernandez de, 178 Creek tribe, 127; military sup- port of British, 187, 200, 202 Crystal River, 100, 101 Cuba, 102; cattle shipments to, 156 Cuban refugees, 156 Cuban tobacco, 117 Cucumbers, 36 Cumberland Island, 93 Cypress Lake, 151 Dade, Francis L., 203 Dade County, 132, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155  INDEX. 5 INDEX. 5 INDEX. 5 Dade Massacre, 146,204 Dancey's Landing, 127, 132 Davis, Captain John, 64 Daytona, 133,135 Dead Lakes, 149 De Luna, Tristan, 184, 185 De Soto, Hernando, 101, 104, 143, 180, 182-83 Dictator (steamer), 90 Drake, Sir Francis, 63 Drayton Island, 129 Dry Tortugas, 154 Dummitt Plantation, 134 Duncan, William, 194 Dungeness, 93 Duval, Governor William P., 117 Duval County, 105 Eagan, Dennis, 135 East Florida, 193; Indian depredations, 204 Eauclair, 130 Eau Gallis, 134 Edelano, Island of, 129 Emanuel's, 132 Emathla, Charley, 202 Enterprise, 88, 130, 131, 132 Escambia County, 97, 148 Eureka, 130 Everglades, 151-52, 154 Fairbanks, George R., 49, 104, 198 Federal Point, 127, 132 Fernandina, 62, 87, 90-93, 98, 143, 156, 199 Finegan, General Joseph, 143 Fleming's boardinghouse, 124 Flint River, 87 Florida, Territory of, 104, 117 Florida Central Railroad, 86-87, 140 Florida Fruit Growers' Conven. tion, 91 Florida Railroad, 91 Ford's, 100 Fort Barrancas, 97 Fort Barrington, road from, 194 Fort Butler Grant, 130 Fort Caroline, 57, 58, 59, 185 Fort Gadsden, 200 Fort Gates, 132 Fort George Island, 89, 90 Fort King, 203 Fort Marion, 42, 43, 46, 50, 51; plains Indians imprisoned at, 50-53 Fort Moosa, 49,90 Fort Pickens, 97 Fort Reid, 130 Fort San Marcos, 44 Fort Taylor, 156 Foster, John, 136 Franklin County, 148 Frederica, 191 Freedmen's Bureau, 67 Gadsden County, 117 Gaines, General, 204 Gainesville, 16, 36, 87, 102, 140, 143-44, 147 Galveston, 157 Galvez, Governor de, 197 Georgetown, 132 Georgia, 92, 93, 169, 182; loyalists from, 194 Germain family, 52 Gilbert, Senator Abijah, 44 Gillis, Judge Calvin, 144 Gleason, William H., 156 Gourgues, Dominic de, 62 Grand National Hotel, 69, 70, 83,84 Grant, General James, 194. Great Southern Railroad, 155 Green Corn Dance, 153 Green Cove Springs, 13, 124, 127,132 Greene, General Nathaniel, 93 Guale, 63, 92, 185 Dade Massacre, 146,204 Dancey's Landing, 127, 132 Davis, Captain John, 64 Daytona, 133, 135 Dead Lakes, 149 De Luna, Tristan, 184,185 De Soto, Hernando, 101, 104, 143, 180,182-83 Dictator (steamer), 90 Drake, Sir Francis, 63 Drayton Island, 129 Dry Tortugas, 154 Dummitt Plantation, 134 Duncan, William, 194 Dungeness, 93 Duval, Governor William P., 117 Duval County, 105 Eagan, Dennis, 135 East Florida, 193; Indian depredations, 204 Eauclair, 130 Eau Gallir, 134 Edelano, Island of, 129 Emanuel's, 132 Emathla, Charley, 202 Enterprise, 88, 130, 131, 132 Escambia County, 97, 148 Eureka, 130 Everglades, 151-52, 154 Fairbanks, George R., 49, 104, 198 Federal Point, 127, 132 Fernandina, 62, 87, 90-93, 98, 143, 156, 199 Finegan, General Joseph, 143 Fleming's boardinghouse, 124 Flint River, 87 Florida, Territory of, 104, 117 Florida Central Railroad, 86-87, 140 Florida Fruit Growers' Conven- tion, 91 Florida Railroad, 91 Ford's, 100 Fort Brrancas, 97 Fort Barrington, road from, 194 Fort Butler Grant, 130 Fort Caroline, 57, 58, 59, 185 Fort Gadsden, 200 Fort Gates, 132 Fort George Island, 89, 90 Fort King, 203 Fort Marion, 42, 43, 46, 50, 51; plains Indians imprisoned at, 50-53 Fort Moosa, 49, 90 Fort Pickens, 97 Fort Reid, 130 Fort San Marcos, 44 Fort Taylor, 156 Foster, John, 136 Franklin County, 148 Frederica, 191 Freedmen's Bureau, 67 Gadsden County, 117 Gaines, General, 204 Gainesville, 16, 36, 87, 102, 140, 143-44, 147 Galveston, 157 Galvez, Governor de, 197 Georgetown, 132 Georgia, 92, 93, 169, 182; loyalists from, 194 Germain family, 52 Gilbert, Senator Abijah, 44 Gillis, Judge Calvin, 144 Gleason, William H., 156 Gourgues, Dominic de, 62 Grand National Hotel, 69, 70, 83, 84 Grant, General James, 194 Great Southern Railroad, 155 Green Corn Dance, 153 Green Cove Springs, 13, 124, 127,132 Greene, General Nathaniel, 93 Guale, 63, 92, 185 Dade Massacre, 146,204 Dancey's Landing, 127, 132 Davis, Captain John, 64 Daytona, 133,135 Dead Lakes, 149 De Luna, Tristan, 184, 185 De Soto, Hernando, 101, 104, 143, 180, 182-83 Dictator (steamer), 90 Drake, Sir Francis, 63 Drayton Island, 129 Dry Tortugas, 154 Dummitt Plantation, 134 Duncan, William, 194 Dungeness, 93 Duval, Governor William P., 117 Duval County, 105 Eagan, Dennis, 135 East Florida, 193; Indian depredations, 204 Eauclair, 130 Eau Galli, 134 Edelano, Island of, 129 Emanuel's, 132 Emathla, Charley, 202 Enterprise, 88, 130, 131, 132 Escambia County, 97,148 Eureka, 130 Everglades, 151-52, 154 Fairbanks, George R., 49, 104, 198 Federal Point, 127, 132 Fernandina, 62, 87, 90-93, 98, 143, 156, 199 Finegan, General Joseph, 143 Fleming's boardinghouse, 124 Flint River, 87 Florida, Territory of, 104, 117 Florida Central Railroad, 86-87, 140 Florida Fruit Growers' Conven- tion, 91 Florida Railroad, 91 Ford's, 100 Fort Barrancas, 97 Fort Barrington, road from, 194 Fort Butler Grant, 130 Fort Caroline, 57, 58, 59, 185 Fort Gadsden, 200 Fort Gates, 132 Fort George Island, 89, 90 Fort King, 203 Fort Marion, 42, 43, 46, 50, 51; plains Indians imprisoned at, 50-53 Fort Moosa, 49,90 Fort Pickens, 97 Fort Reid, 130 Fort San Marcos, 44 Fort Taylor, 156 Foster, John, 136 Franklin County, 148 Frederica, 191 Freedmen's Bureau, 67 Gadsden County, 117 Gaines, General, 204 Gainesville, 16, 36, 87, 102, 140, 143-44,147 Galveston, 157 Galvez, Governor de, 197 Georgetown, 132 Georgia, 92, 93, 169, 182; loyalists from, 194 Germain family, 52 Gilbert, Senator Abijah, 44 Gillis, Judge Calvin, 144 Gleason, William H., 156 Gourgues, Dominic de, 62 Grand National Hotel, 69, 70, 83,84 Grant, General James, 194 Great Southern Railroad, 155 Green Corn Dance, 153 Green Cove Springs, 13, 124, 127,132 Greene, General Nathaniel, 93 Goale, 63, 92, 185  INDEX. INDEX. INDEX, Gulf Coast, 16, 39, 87,89, 96, 149, 152 Gulf Hammock, 144,147 Gulf of Mexico, 91, 94, 99, 100, 101, 121, 140, 143, 146, 148, 156, 160, 166, 169, 179 Gulf Stream, 66, 82, 159, 160, 164, 168 Halifax City, 133 Halifax River, 64, 132, 133, 136 Halleck-Tustenuggee, 206 Halpata Hatchee, 102 Hamburg Lake, 143 Harney, Will Wallace, 146 Hart, Colonel H. L., 101 Haulover Canal, 133 Havana, 88, 157 Hawkins, Sir John, 58 Hawkinsville, 130, 132 Hayne, Paul Hamilton, 255 Hernando County, 140, 147 Herrihigua, 181, 184 Hibernia, 124, 125, 132 Hicks, Rev. W. W., 156 Hillsboro River, 131, 132, 133 Hillsborough County, 101 Hillsborough River, 102 Hogan's Creek, 84 Hogarth's Landing, 125, 132 Holmes County, 148 Holmes Creek, 150 Homossassa, 100 Homossassa River, 101 Horse Landing, 132 Huguenots, 185 Indian art, 53 Indian Key, 157 Indian Lake, 143 Indian River, 16, 88, 131, 132, 136, 137, 155, 156 Indian River country, 12, 134, 135, 136 Indian River Inlet, 133 Indian River oranges, 79 Isabella Lake, 143 Jackson, Andrew, 67, 200, 201 Jackson, Henry R., 245 Jackson County, 103,148 Jacksonville, 16,18; description, 67-86; gateway of Florida, 86, 90, 132,156,170,172,173, 175 Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad, 86, 87, 104, 117, 140, 150 Jefferson County, 103,121 Jesup, General, 204, 206 Jesup, Georgia, 87, 155 John's Pass, 100 Jupiter Inlet, 88,133 Key Biscayne, 155 Key Largo, 157 Key West, 16, 88, 154, 155, 156, 157; temperature of, 171 King Philip's Town, 132 King's Road, 194 Kiowas, 51 Kissimmee, 151 Lafayette, Marquis de, 113 Lafayette County, 140 'Lake Apopka, 145, 146 Lake Beresford, 132 Lake Bradford, 113 Lake Bryant, 144 Lake City, 86, 87, 140, 143, 144, 146 Lake Conway, 130 Lake Eustis, 145 Lake George, 129 Lake Griffin, 144, 145 Lake Harney, 88,131, 132 Lake Harris, 101, 144, 145 Lake Iamonia, 113 Lake Istokpoga, 152 Lake Jackson, 113 Lake Jennie, 130 Gulf Coast, 16, 39, 87, 89, 96,149, 152 Gulf Hammock, 144, 147 Gulf of Mexico, 91, 94, 99, 100, 101, 121, 140, 143, 146, 148, 156, 160, 166, 169, 179 Gulf Stream, 66, 82, 159, 160, 164, 168 Halifax City, 133 Halifax River, 64, 132, 133, 136 Halleck-Tustenuggee, 206 Halpata Hatchere, 102 Hamburg Lake, 143 Harney, Will Wallace, 146 Hart, Colonel H. L., 101 Haulover Canal, 133 Havana, 88, 157 Hawkins, Sir John, 58 Hawkinsville, 130, 132 Hayne, Paul Hamilton, 255 Hernando County, 140, 147 Herrihigua, 181, 184 Hibernia, 124, 125, 132 Hicks, Rev. W. W., 156 Hillsboro River, 131, 132, 133 Hillsborough County, 101 Hillsborough River, 102 Hogan's Creek, 84 Hogarth's Landing, 125, 132 Holmes County, 148 Holmes Creek, 150 Homossama, 100 Homossassa River, 101 Horse Landing, 132 Huguenots, 185 Indian art, 53 Indian Key, 157 Indian Lake, 143 Indian River, 16, 88, 131, 132, 136, 137, 155, 156 Indian River country, 12, 134, 135, 136 Indian River Inlet, 133 Indian River oranges, 79 Isabella Lake, 143 Jackson, Andrew, 67, 200, 201 Jackson, Henry R., 245 Jackson County, 103, 148 Jacksonville, 16,18; description, 67-86; gateway of Florida, 86, 90,132,156,170,172, 173, 175 Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad, 86, 87, 104, 117, 140, 150 Jefferson County, 103, 121 Jesup, General, 204, 206 Jesup, Georgia, 87, 155 John's Pass, 100 Jupiter Inlet, 88, 133 Key Biscayne, 155 Key Largo, 157 Key West, 16, 88, 154, 155, 156, 157; temperature of, 171 King Philip's Town, 132 King's Road, 194 Kiowas, 51 Kissimmee, 151 Lafayette, Marquis de, 113 Lafayette County, 140 'Lake Apopka, 145, 146 Lake Beresford, 132 Lake Bradford, 113 Lake Bryant, 144 Lake City, 86, 87, 140, 143, 144, 146 Lake Conway, 130 Lake Eustis, 145 Lake George, 129 Lake Griffin, 144,145 Lake Harney, 88, 131, 132 Lake Harris, 101, 144, 145 Lake Iamonia, 113 Lake Istokpoga, 152 Lake Jackson, 113 Lake Jennie, 130 Gulf Coast, 16, 39, 87, 89, 96,149, 152 Gulf Hammock, 144,147 Gulf of Mexico, 91, 94, 99, 100, 101, 121, 140, 143, 146, 148, 156, 160, 166, 169, 179 Gulf Stream, 66, 82, 159, 160, 164, 168 Halifax City, 133 Halifax River, 64, 132, 133, 136 Halleck-Tustenuggee, 206 Halpata Hatchee, 102 Hamburg Lake, 143 Harney, Will Wallace, 146 Hart, Colonel H. L., 101 Haulover Canal, 133 Havana, 88,157 Hawkins, Sir John, 58 Hawkinsville, 130, 132 Rayne, Paul Hamilton, 255 Hernando County, 140,147 Herrihigua, 181,184 Hibernia, 124, 125, 132 Hicks, Rev. W. W., 156 Hillsboro River, 131, 132, 133 Hillsborough County, 101 Hillsborough River, 102 Hogan's Creek, 84 Hogarth's Landing, 125, 132 Holmes County, 148 Holmes Creek, 150 Homossassa, 100 Homossassa River, 101 Horse Landing, 132 Huguenots, 185 Indian art, 53 Indian Key, 157 Indian Lake, 143 Indian River, 16, 88, 131, 132, 136, 137, 155, 156 Indian River country, 12, 134, 135, 136 Indian River Inlet, 133 Indian River oranges, 79 Isabella Lake, 143 Jackson, Andrew, 67, 200, 201 Jackson, Henry R., 245 Jackson County, 103, 148 Jacksonville, 16,18; description, 67-86; gateway of Florida, 86, 90,132, 156,170,172, 173, 175 Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad, 86, 87, 104, 117, 140, 150 Jefferson County, 103,121 Jesup, General, 204, 206 Jesup, Georgia, 87, 155 John's Pass, 100 Jupiter Inlet, 88, 133 Key Biscayne, 155 Key Largo, 157 Key West, 16, 88, 154, 155, 156, 157; temperature of, 171 King Philip's Town, 132 King's Road, 194 Kiowas, 51 Kissimmee, 151 Lafayette, Marquis de, 113 Lafayette County, 140 'Lake Apopka, 145, 146 Lake Beresford, 132 Lake Bradford, 113 Lake Bryant, 144 Lake City, 86, 87, 140, 143, 144, 146 Lake Conway, 130 Lake Eustis, 145 Lake George, 129 Lake Griffin, 144,145 Lake Harney, 88, 131, 132 Lake Harris, 101, 144,145 Lake Iamonia, 113 Lake Istokpoga, 152 Lake Jackson, 113 Lake Jennie. 130  INDEX. 7 INDEX. 7 INDEX. 7 Lake Jessup, 88,131 Lake Kissimmee, 151 Lake Lafayette, 105,113 Lake Maitland, 130 Lake "Miami," 155 Lake Micosukee, 113, 114 Lake Monroe, 88, 130, 131 Lake Okeechobee, 16, 151, 152, 205 Lake Panasofka, 101, 145 Lake Schermerhorn, 130 Lakeview, 132 Lake Washington, 131, 134 Lake Weic, 144 Lake Worth, 155 La Salle, 186 Las Cass, 178 Laudonniere, Rend de, 55, 57-58, 60, 61,62, 185 Law's Store, 100 Little Manatee, 101-2 Live Oak, 87 Lizzie Baker (steamer), 90 Lee, Henry, 93 Lee, Robert E., 93 Leesburg, 88, 145, 146 Leon County, 103 Levy County, 98, 140 Macariz, 190 MacGillivray, Alexander, 198 McGirt, Daniel, 50,198 McIntosh, John H., 199 McIntosh, Roderick, 190, 195 McMullen's Store, 100 Macomb, General, 206 Macon and Brunswick Rail- road, 87, 155 Madison, 87, 103, 121 Madison County, 103 Magnolia, 124, 132 Magnolia Hotel, 124,126 Magnolia Point, 124 Maldonado, 183 Manatee, 96, 102 Manatee County, 96, 151, 153 Manatee River, 102 Mandarin, 124, 132 Marianna, 103, 148 Marion (steamer), 18, 22, 32, 35 Marion County, 140, 144 Marquesas Keys, 154 Matanzas Inlet, 47, 48, 49, 55 Matanzas River, 55, 136 Maury, Mathew F.: reported spring in ocean, 48; idea of Gulf Stream's shape, 82, 159; note, 160, 161, 162 Mayflower (steamer), 136 Mayport, 90 Mellonville, 88, 130, 132, 146 Menendez, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 67, 122,155 Metropolitan Hotel, 70 Miami, 56 Miami River, 155 Micanopy, 143 Miccosukee, 201 Miccosukees, 201, 205 Middleburg, 124 Middle Florida, 103 Millview, 98, 150 Milton, 148 Mieuelo, Diego, 177 Mississippi River, 159, 180, 183 Mobile, 182 Moncriefs Spring, 84 Monroe County, 56, 151, 152, 154 Monteano, Governor, 47, 191, 192 Montgomery, 150 Montgomery and Mobile Railroad, 88, 98, 150 Monticello, 103, 121 Monticello Junction, 87 Moore, Governor, raids in Spanish Florida, 186-88 Mosquito Inlet, 130, 133, 191 Mosquito Lagoon, 132, 133 Lake Jessup, 88,131 Lake Kissimmee, 151 Lake Lafayette, 105, 113 Lake Maitland, 130 Lake "Miami," 155 Lake Micossukee, 113, 114 Lake Monroe, 88, 130, 131 Lake Okeechobee, 16, 151, 152, 205 Lake Panasofka, 101, 145 Lake Schermerhorn, 130 Lakeview, 132 Lake Washington, 131, 134 Lake Weir, 144 Lake Worth, 155 La Salle, 186 Las Casas, 178 Laudonniere, Rend de, 55, 57-58, 60, 61,62,185 Law's Store, 100 Little Manatee, 101-2 Live Oak, 87 Lizzie Baker (steamer), 90 Lee, Henry, 93 Lee, Robert E., 93 Leesburg, 88, 145, 146 Leon County, 103 Levy County, 98,140 Macariz, 190 MacGillivray, Alexander, 198 McGirt, Daniel, 50, 198 McIntosh, John H., 199 McIntosh, Roderick, 190, 195 McMullen's Store, 100 Macomb, General, 206 Macon and Brunswick Rail- road, 87, 155 Madison, 87, 103, 121 Madison County, 103 Magnolia, 124, 132 Magnolia Hotel, 124, 126 Magnolia Point, 124 Maldonado, 183 Manatee, 96, 102 Manatee County, 96, 151, 153 Manatee River, 102 Mandarin, 124,132 Marianna, 153, 148 Marion (steamer), 18, 22, 32, 35 Marion County, 140, 144 Marquesas Keys, 154 Matanzas Inlet, 47, 48, 49, 55 Matanzas River, 55, 136 Maury, Mathew F.: reported spring in ocean, 48; idea of Gulf Stream's shape, 82, 159; note, 160, 161, 162 Mayflower (steamer), 136 Mayport, 90 Mellonville, 88, 130, 132, 146 Menendez, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 67, 122,155 Metropolitan Hotel, 70 Miami, 56 Miami River, 155 Micanopy, 143 Miccosukee, 201 Miccosukees, 201, 205 Middleburg, 124 Middle Florida, 103 Millview, 98, 150 Milton, 148 Miruelo, Diego, 177 Mississippi River, 159, 180, 183 Mobile, 182 Moncriefs Spring, 84 Monroe County, 56, 151, 152, 154 Monteano, Governor, 47, 191, 192 Montgomery, 150 Montgomery and Mobile Railroad, 88, 98, 150 Monticello, 103, 121 Monticello Junction, 87 Moore, Governor, raids in Spanish Florida, 186-88 Mosquito Inlet, 130, 133, 191 Mosquito Lagoon, 132, 133 Lake Jessup, 88, 131 Lake Kissimmee, 151 Lake Lafayette, 105, 113 Lake Maitland, 130 Lake "Miami," 155 Lake Micossakee, 113, 114 Lake Monroe, 88, 130, 131 Lake Okeechobee, 16, 151, 152 205 Lake Panasofka, 101, 145 Lake Schermerhorn, 130 Lakeview, 132 Lake Washington, 131, 134 Lake Weir, 144 Lake Worth, 155 La Salle, 186 Las Cases, 178 Laudonniere, Rene de, 5 57-58, 60,61, 62, 185 Law's Store, 100 Little Manatee, 101-2 Live Oak, 87 Lizzie Baker (steamer), 90 Lee, Henry, 93 Lee, Robert E., 93 Leesburg, 88, 145, 146 Leon County, 103 Levy County, 98, 140 Macariz, 190 MacGillivray, Alexander, 198 McGirt, Daniel, 50,198 McIntosh, John H., 199 McIntosh, Roderick, 190, 195 McMullen's Store, 100 Macomb, General, 206 Macon and Brunswick Rai road, 87, 155 Madison, 87, 103, 121 Madison County, 103 Magnolia, 124, 132 Magnolia Hotel, 124, 126 Magnolia Point, 124 Maldonado, 183 Manatee, 96, 102 Manatee County, 96, 151, 153 Manatee River, 102 Mandarin, 124, 132 Marianna, 103,148 Marion (steamer), 18, 22, 32, 35 Marion County, 140, 144 Marquesas Keys, 154 , Matanzas Inlet, 47, 48, 49, 55 Matanzas River, 55, 136 Maury, Mathew F.: reported spring in ocean, 48; idea of Gulf Stream's shape, 82, 159; note, 160, 161, 162 Mayflower (steamer), 136 Mayport, 90 Mellonville, 88, 130, 132, 146 Menendez, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 5, 67,122, 155 Metropolitan Hotel, 70 Miami, 56 Miami River, 155 Micanopy, 143 Miccosukee, 201 Miccosukees, 201, 205 Middleburg, 124 Middle Florida, 103 Millview, 98,150 Milton, 148 Miruelo, Diego, 177 Mississippi River, 159, 180, 183 Mobile, 182 Moncriefs Spring, 84 Monroe County, 56, 151, 152, 154 Monteano, Governor, 47, 191, 192 I- Montgomery, 150 Montgomery and Mobile Railroad, 88, 98,150 Monticello, 103, 121 Monticello Junction, 87 Moore, Governor, raids in Spanish Florida, 186-88 Mosquito Inlet, 130, 133, 191 Mosquito Lagoon, 132, 133  INDEX. INDEX. INDEX. Mount Royal, 132 Mucoso, 182 Mulberry Grove, 122, 182 Murat, Prince Achilles, 114 Music, Negro, 30 Myakka River, 102 Narvaez, Panfilo de, 179-80, 181 Natural Bridge, 116 New Britain, Connecticut, 133 Newnan, Colonel, 199 Newnansville, 87, 143 New Orleans, 88,157 Newport, 115 New Smyrna, 64, 131, 133, 134, 135, 174 New York, 91, 143, 156, 157 New York Evening Post, 137 Nichols, Colonel, 200 North Beach, 174 Norwood House, 92 Ocala, 36, 87, 102, 143, 207 Ocali, 182 Ocklawaha River, account of travels on, 16-32, 80, 101, 145, 202 Ocklawaha steamers, 145 Oglethorpe, General James, 47, 190, 191, 192 Oil Station, 115 Okahumpka, 88, 101 Olustee, 143 Onoro Hotel, 130 Orange Bluff, 132 Orange County, 140, 146, 153 Orange Grove, 130 Orange Grove Hotel, 102 Orange Hills, 127 Orange Lake, 144 Orange Mills, 132 Orange Point, 132 Orlando, 146 Ortiz, Juan, 181, 182 Osceola, 50, 202, 203, 204, 205 Palmetto hats, manufacture of, 85 Panuca, 184 Payne, 199 Payne's Landing, Treaty of, 202 Payne's Prairie, 143 Pease Creek, 102, 152 Pensacola, 18, 87, 88, 148, 150, 184, 186, 188, 189; Spanish capture of, 198 Pensacola Bay, 97, 150 Pensacola Junction, 98, 150 Pensacola and Louisville Railroad, 88, 98, 150 Perdido Bay, 150 Perdido Railroad, 98,180 Philippi's Grove, 100 Phosphate deposits of South Carolina, 220-31 Picolata, 64, 126, 132, 187, 200 Pilatka, 18, 19, 35, 88, 90, 122, 127, 128, 132, 194 Pilatka House, 128 Pine trees, products from, 77 Pioneer (steamer), 88 Plantation Key, 157 Point Penales, 100 Polk County, 153 Pollard, Alabama, 88 Ponce de Leon, 15, 53, 57, 177, 178 Port Orange, 133, 135, 136 Port Royal, 185, 186 Portsmouth, Virginia, 77 Prevost, General, 195 Punta Rassa, 88, 102 Putnam County, 140, 144 Putnam House, 127 Quincy, 87, 103, 121 Reed, ex-Governor, 91 Reed's Landing, 85 Rembert's Island, 129 Remington Park, 132 Mount Royal, 132 Mucoso, 182 Mulberry Grove, 122, 182 Murat, Prince Achilles, 114 Music, Negro, 30 Myakka River, 102 Narvaez, Panfilo de, 179-80,181 Natural Bridge, 116 New Britain, Connecticut, 133 Newnan, Colonel, 199 Newnansville, 87, 143 New Orleans, 88, 157 Newport, 115 New Smyrna, 64, 131, 133, 134, 135,174 New York, 91, 143, 156, 157 New York Evening Post, 137 Nichols, Colonel, 200 North Beach, 174 Norwood House, 92 Ocala, 36, 87, 102, 143, 207 Ocali, 182 Ocklawaha River, account of travels on, 16-32, 80, 101, 145, 202 Ocklawaha steamers, 145 Oglethorpe, General James, 47, 190, 191, 192 Oil Station, 115 Okahumpka, 88, 101 Olustee, 143 Onoro Hotel, 130 Orange Bluff, 132 Orange County, 140, 146, 153 Orange Grove, 130 Orange Grove Hotel, 102 Orange Hills, 127 Orange Lake, 144 Orange Mills, 132 Orange Point, 132 Orlando, 146 Ortiz, Juan, 181,182 Osceola, 50, 202, 203, 204, 205 Palmetto hats, manufacture of, 85 Panuco, 184 Payne, 199 Payne's Landing, Treaty of, 202 Payne's Prairie, 143 Pease Creek, 102, 152 Pensacola, 18, 87, 88, 148, 150, 184, 186, 188, 189; Spanish capture of, 198 Pensacola Bay, 97, 150 Pensacola Junction, 98, 150 Pensacola and Louisville Railroad, 88, 98, 150 Perdido Bay, 150 Perdido Railroad, 98, 180 Philippi's Grove, 100 Phosphate deposits of South Carolina, 220-31 Picolat, 64, 126, 132, 187, 200 Pilatka, 18, 19, 35, 88, 90, 122, 127, 128, 132, 194 Pilatka House, 128 Pine trees, products from, 77 Pioneer (steamer), 88 Plantation Key, 157 Point Penales, 100 Polk County, 153 Pollard, Alabama, 88 Ponce de Leon, 15, 53, 57, 177, 178 Port Orange, 133, 135, 136 Port Royal, 185, 186 Portsmouth, Virginia, 77 Prevost, General, 195 Punta Basso, 88, 102 Putnam County, 140,144 Putnam House, 127 Quincy, 87, 103, 121 Reed, ex-Governor, 91 Reed's Landing, 85 Rembert's Island, 129 Remington Park, 132 Mount Royal, 132 Mucoso, 182 Mulberry Grove, 122, 182 Murat, Prince Achilles, 114 Music, Negro, 30 Myakka River, 102 Narvaez, Panfilo de, 179-80,181 Natural Bridge, 116 New Britain, Connecticut, 133 Newnan, Colonel, 199 Newnansville, 87, 143 New Orleans, 88,157 Newport, 115 New Smyrna, 64, 131, 133, 134, 135,174 New York, 91, 143, 156, 157 New York Evening Post, 137 Nichols, Colonel, 200 North Beach, 174 Norwood House, 92 Ocala, 36, 87, 102, 143, 207 Ocali, 182 Ocklawaha River, account of travels on, 16-32, 80, 101, 145, 202 Ocklawaha steamers, 145 Oglethorpe, General James, 47, 190, 191, 192 Oil Station, 115 Okahumpka, 88, 101 Olustee, 143 Onoro Hotel, 130 Orange Bluff, 132 Orange County, 140, 146, 153 Orange Grove 130 Orange Grove Hotel, 102 Orange Hills, 127 Orange Lake, 144 Orange Mills, 132 Orange Point, 132 Orlando, 146 Ortiz, Juan, 181,182 Osceola, 50, 202, 203, 204, 205 Palmetto hats, manufacture of, 85 Panuco, 184 Payne, 199 Payne's Landing, Treaty of, 202 Payne's Prairie, 143 Pease Creek, 102, 152 Pensacola, 18, 87, 88, 148, 150, 184, 186, 188, 189; Spanish capture of, 198 Pensacola Bay, 97, 150 Pensacola Junction, 98,150 Pensacola and Louisville Railroad, 88, 98,150 Perdido Bay, 150 Perdido Railroad, 98, 180 Philippi's Grove, 100 Phosphate deposits of South Carolina, 220-31 Picolata, 64, 126, 132, 187, 200 Pilatka, 18, 19, 35, 88, 90, 122, 127, 128,132,194 Pilatka House, 128 Pine trees, products from, 77 Pioneer (steamer), 88 Plantation Key, 157 Point Penales, 100 Polk County, 153 Pollard, Alabama, 88 Ponce de Leon, 15, 53, 57, 177, 178 Port Orange, 133, 13.5, 136 Port Royal, 185, 186 Portsmouth, Virginia, 77 Prevost, General, 195 Punta Rassa, 88, 102 Putnam County, 140, 144 Putnam House, 127 Quincy, 87, 103, 121 Reed, ex-Governor, 91 Reed's Landing, 85 Rembert's Island, 129 Remington Park, 132  INDEX. INDEX. INDEX. Ribeaut, Jean, 57, 59, 60, 61, 185 Riddell House, 92 River May, 122 River of Dolphins, 55 Rolle, Dennis, 129, 194 Rollestown, 129 Robinson, Howell, 133 Robinson, Solon, 91 Ross, John, 205 Russell House, 156 St. Andrew's Bay, 149 St. Augustine: description and historical sketch of, 11, 12, 16, 39-50, 55-66; western Indians at, 51-53; mean temperature of, 65, 88, 98, 126,155,170,173, 174, 175, 177, 185, 186, 187, 190, 194; road from, 194; Minorcans at, 199 St. Gertrude, 130 St. James Hotel, 69, 70 St. Johns Bluff, 58 St. Johns House, 128 St. Johns Railway, 88, 126 St. Johns River, 16,18, 20, 57, 58, 59,68,69,80,81,88,90,91, 101, 122, 123, 130, 131, 132, 137, 140,146,151, 169 St. Johns steamboats, 64 St. Joseph's Academy, 86 St. Joseph's Bay, 149 St. Marks, 87, 116, 121, 126 St. Marks Branch Railway, 115 St. Marks River, 114,116 St. Mary's Priory, 86 Sally's Camp, 132 Salt Lake, 88, 130, 131, 132 Sand Point, 88, 136 Sanford, 132, 146 Sanford, Henry, 130 San Luis mission, 187-88 San Mateo, 132 San Mateo River, 122 San Pedro Island, mission on, 63 San Sebastian River, 44, 49, 55 Santa Maria Bay, 184, 185 Santa Rosa Island, 97, 148, 188 Sarasota Bay, 89, 97, 102 Satourioura (Saturiba), 62 Savannah, 16, 76, 87, 90, 91, 143, 218, 234; description and his- torical sketch of, 236-44; railroad connections to, 244 Scott, General Winfield, 130, 204 Second Seminole War, 202-9 Seminoles, 126, 199, 201 Seymour, General Horatio, 143 Shell Bank, 132 Signal Service Bureau, 165 Silver Spring, 35, 36, 37, 88, 112, 145 Silver Spring Run, 35, 37 Sisters of St. Joseph, 86 Smith, Buckingham, 63 Solis, de, 60 South America, 98 South Carolina, loyalists from, 178, 182, 183, 194 South Carolinians imprisoned at St. Augustine during American Revolution, 54-55 Southern Inland Navigation and Improvement Company, 155 Spain, cession of Florida by, 201 Sprague, Colonel John T., 202 Spring Garden, 194 State Land Office, 147 Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beecher, 122; residence of, 124 Sulphur spring in ocean off Matanzas, 47 Sumter County, 140, 144, 146, 203 Suwannee County, 105 Ribeaut, Jean, 57, 59, 60, 61, 185 Riddell House, 92 River May, 122 River of Dolphins, 55 Rolle, Dennis, 129, 194 Rollestown, 129 Robinson, Howell, 133 Robinson, Solon, 91 Ross, John, 205 Russell House, 156 St. Andrew's Bay, 149 St. Augustine: description and historical sketch of, 11, 12, 16, 39-50, 55-66; western Indians at, 51-53; mean temperature of, 65, 88, 98, 126, 155,170,173, 174, 175, 177, 185, 186, 187, 190, 194; road from, 194; Minorcano at, 199 St. Gertrude, 130 St. James Hotel, 69, 70 St. Johns Bluff, 58 St. Johns House, 128 St. Johns Railway, 88,126 St. Johns River, 16,18, 20, 57, 58, 59,68,69,80,81,88,90,91, 101, 122, 123, 130, 131, 132, 137, 140,146, 151,169 St. Johns steamboats, 64 St. Joseph's Academy, 86 St. Joseph's Bay, 149 St. Marks, 87, 116, 121,126 St. Marks Branch Railway, 115 St. Marks River, 114, 116 St. Mary's Priory, 86 Sally's Camp, 132 Salt Lake, 88, 130, 131, 132 Sand Point, 88,136 Sanford, 132, 146 Sanford, Henry, 130 San Luis mission, 187-88 San Mateo, 132 San Mateo River, 122 San Pedro Island, mission on, 63 San Sebastian River, 44, 49, 55 Santa Maria Bay, 184, 185 Santa Rosa Island, 97, 148, 188 Sarasota Bay, 89, 97,102 Satourioura (Saturiba), 62 Savannah, 16, 76, 87, 90, 91, 143, 218, 234; description and his- torical sketch of, 236-44; railroad connections to, 244 Scott, General Winfield, 130, 204 Second Seminole War, 202-9 Seminoles, 126, 199, 201 Seymour, General Horatio, 143 Shell Bank, 132 Signal Service Bureau, 165 Silver-Spring, 35, 36, 37, 88, 112, 145 Silver Spring Run, 35, 37 Sisters of St. Joseph, 86 Smith, Buckingham, 63 Solis, de, 60 South America, 98 South Carolina, loyalists from, 178, 182, 183, 194 South Carolinians imprisoned at St. Augustine during American Revolution, 54-55 Southern Inland Navigation and Improvement Company, 155 Spain, cession of Florida by, 201 Sprague, Colonel John T., 202 Spring Garden, 194 State Land Office, 147 Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beecher, 122; residence of, 124 Sulphur spring in ocean off Matanzas, 47 Sumter County, 140, 144, 146, 203 Suwannee County, 105 Ribeaut, Jean, 57, 59, 60, 61, 185 Riddell House, 92 River May, 122 River of Dolphins, 55 Rolle, Dennis, 129,194 Rollestown, 129 Robinson, Howell, 133 Robinson, Solon, 91 Ross, John, 205 Russell House, 156 St. Andrew's Bay, 149 St. Augustine: description and historical sketch of, 11, 12, 16, 39-50, 55-66; western Indians at, 51-53; mean temperature of, 65, 88, 98, 126, 155, 170, 173, 174, 175, 177, 185, 186, 187, 190, 194; road from, 194; Minorcans at, 199 St. Gertrude, 130 St. James Hotel, 69, 70 St. Johns Bluff, 58 St. Johns House, 128 St. Johns Railway, 88, 126 St. Johns River, 16, 18, 20, 57, 58, 59, 68, 69, 80, 81, 88, 90, 91,101, 122, 123, 130, 131, 132, 137, 140, 146,151, 169 St. Johns steamboats, 64 St. Joseph's Academy, 86 St. Joseph's Bay, 149 St. Marks, 87, 116, 121, 126 St. Marks Branch Railway, 115 St. Marks River, 114, 116 St. Mary's Priory, 86 Sally's Camp, 132 Salt Lake, 88, 130, 131, 132 Sand Point, 88, 136 Sanford, 132, 146 Sanford, Henry, 130 San Luis mission, 187-88 San Mateo, 132 San Mateo River. 122 San Pedro Island, mission on, 63 San Sebastian River, 44, 49, 55 Santa Maria Bay, 184, 185 Santa Rosa Island, 97, 148, 188 Sarasota Bay, 89, 97, 102 Satourioura (Saturiba), 62 Savannah, 16, 76, 87, 90, 91, 143, 218, 234; description and his- torical sketch of, 236-44; railroad connections to, 244 Scott, General Winfield, 130, 204 Second Seminole War, 202-9 Seminoles, 126, 199, 201 Seymour, General Horatio, 143 Shell Bank, 132 Signal Service Bureau, 165 Silver Spring, 35, 36, 37, 88, 112, 145 Silver Spring Run, 35, 37 Sisters of St. Joseph, 86 Smith, Buckingham, 63 Solis, de, 60 South America, 98 South Carolina, loyalists from, 178, 182, 183, 194 South Carolinians imprisoned at St. Augustine during American Revolution, 54-55 Southern Inland Navigation and Improvement Company, 155 Spain, cession of Florida by, 201 Sprague, Colonel John T., 202 Spring Garden, 194 State Land Oflice, 147 Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beecher, 122; residence of, 124 Sulphur spring in ocean off Matanzas, 47 Sumter County, 140, 144, 146, 203 Suwannee County, 105  INDEX. Suwannee River, 146 Tallahassee, 15, 16, 87, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111, 112, 115, 117, 121, 147, 148, 207 Tampa, 36, 88, 101,102, 143, 203, 205 Tampa Bay, 101, 104, 171, 179, 180 Taylor, General Zachary, 205, 206 Taylor County, 121 Terrasea Bay, 101 Territory of Florida, creation of, 201 Thompson, General, 203 Tiger-Tail, 153, 206 Timrod, Henry, 235 Timuqua (Tomoka), 63 Titusville, 88, 136 Tobacco, 32 Tocoi, 64, 88, 126, 132 Tolomato, 63 Tonyn, Governor Patrick, 197 Topiqui, 63 Treaty of Paris, 1763, 193 Tsalo-Papko-Hatchee River, 102 Turnbull, Doctor Andrew, 64, 134,194 Turpentine distilleries, 36 Turtle Harbor, 155 Ucheeanna, 148, 150 Uchee Valley, 150 Union House, 125 United States, cession of Florida to, 64 United States Government, 41, 42, 51, 92, 93, 113 United States Land Office, 146 United States Navy Yard, 97 Van Brunt and Brothers. 136 Vernon, 148, 150 Virginia, 169 Vitachaco, 182 Volunia, 120, 120, 132 Volusia County, 132 Wakulla Springs, 115 Walton County, 148,149 Warrington, 97 Washington, 148, 150 Way Key, 98 Wecawachee River, 101 Wekiva, 132 Welaka, 18, 122, 132 Weldon, 76 West Florida, 16, 148, 193 West Indies, 82, 98, 156 Whetstone, 132 White Sulphur Springs, 146 Whitner, Benjamin F., 131 Wild orange champagne, 85 Wiley and Putnam, travel book published by, 55 Willard, Captain A. E., 97, 102 Wilmington, North Carolina, 70, 75, 76 Windin'-blades, 28 Withlacoochee River, 101, 146, 203, 204 Woolsey, 97 Worth, General, 152, 207, 208 Yemassees, 188-89 Yonge, Henry, 133 10 INDEX. Suwannee River, 146 United States Land United States Nav Tallahassee, 15, 16, 87, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111, 112, 115, Van Brunt and Bro 117, 121, 147, 148, 207 Vernon, 148, 150 Tampa, 36, 88, 101,102, 143, 203, Virginia, 169 205 Vitachaco, 102 Tampa Bay, 101, 104, 171, 179, Vnoitia, 120,130, 1 Taylor, General Zachary, 205, Volusia County, 13 206 Taylor County, 121 Wakulla Springs, 1 Terrasa Bay, 101 Walton County, 14 Territory of Florida, creation of, Warrington, 97 201 Washington, 148, 1 Thompson, General, 203 Way Key, 98 Tiger-Tail, 153, 206 Wecawachee River, Timrad, Henry, 235 Wekiva, 132 Timuqua (Tomoka), 63 Welaka, 18, 122, 13 Titusville, 88,136 Weldon, 76 Tobacco, 32 West Florida, 16, 14 Tocoi, 64, 88, 126, 132 West Indies, 82, 98, Tolomato, 63 Whetstone, 132 Tonyn, Governor Patrick, 197 White Sulphur Spr Topiqui, 63 Whitner, Benjamin Treaty of Paris, 1763, 193 Wild orange champ Tsalo-Papko-Hatchee River, Wiley and Putnam 102 published by, 55 Turnbull, Doctor Andrew, 64, Willard, Captain A 134,194 Wilmington, Nort Turpentine distilleries, 36 70, 75, 76 Turtle Harbor, 155 Windin'-blades, 28 Withlacoochee Ris Ucheeanna, 148, 150 203, 204 Uchee Valley, 150 Woolsey, 97 Union House, 125 Worth, General, 15 United States, cession of Florida to, 64 United States Government, 41, Yemassees, 188-89 42, 51, 92, 93, 113 Yonge, Henry, 133 Office, 146 y Yard, 97 thers, 136 32 2 15 8, 149 50 101 8, 193 156 ngs, 146 F., 131 agne, 85 travel book . E., 97, 102 h Carolina, er, 101, 146, 2, 207, 208 Suwannee River, 146 Tallahassee, 15, 16, 87, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111, 112, 115, 117, 121, 147, 148, 207 Tampa, 36, 88, 101, 102, 143, 203, 205 Tampa Bay, 101, 104, 171, 179, 186 Taylor, General Zachary, 205, 206 Taylor County, 121 Terrasea Bay, 101 Territory of Florida, creation of, 201 Thompson, General, 203 Tiger-Tail, 153,206 Timrod, Henry, 235 Timuqua (Tomoka), 63 Titusville, 88, 136 Tobacco, 32 Tocoi, 64, 88, 126, 132 Tolomato, 63 Tonyn, Governor Patrick, 197 Topiqui, 63 Treaty of Paris, 1763, 193 Tsalo-Papko-Hatchee River, 102 Turnbull, Doctor Andrew, 64, 134,194 Turpentine distilleries, 36 Turtle Harbor, 155 Ucheeanna, 148,150 Uchee Valley, 150 Union House, 125 United States, cession of Florida to, 64 United States Government, 41, 42, 51, 92, 93, 113 United States Land Office, 146 United States Navy Yard, 97 Van Brunt and Brothers, 136 Vernon, 148, 150 Virginia, 169 Vitarharo, 182 Volasia, 120, 130, 132 Volusia County, 132 Wakulla Springs, 115 Walton County, 148, 149 Warrington, 97 Washington, 148, 150 Way Key, 98 Wecawachee River, 101 Wekiva, 132 Welaka, 18, 122, 132 Weldon, 76 West Florida, 16, 148, 193 West Indies, 82, 98,156 Whetstone, 132 White Sulphur Springs, 146 Whitner, Benjamin F., 131 Wild orange champagne, 85 Wiley and Putnam, travel book published by, 55 Willard, Captain A. E., 97, 102 Wilmington, North Carolina. 70, 75, 76 Windin'-blades, 28 Withlacoochee River, 101, 146, 203,204 Woolsey, 97 Worth, General, 152, 207, 208 Yemassees, 188-89 Yonge, Henry, 133 10 INDEX.