'YgI40,11,w --------------------------------------------- 0{ [(IIf t . Z---IfL--- oj I t   j0iD] To 1 o IbN. tfjJj Tio~i~ To 0 -I " 1lM jlil n 43Y By A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1875 EDITION WITH ADDITIONAL ILLUSTRATIONS INTRODUCTION by REMBERT W. PATRICK FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE 6 REPRINT SERIES University of Florida Press GAINESVILLE, 1964 A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1875 EDITION WITH ADDITIONAL ILLUSTRATIONS INTRODUCTION by REMBERT W. PATRICK FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE &-REPRINT SERIES University of Florida Press GAINESVILLE, 1964 A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1875 EDITION WITH ADDITIONAL ILLUSTRATIONS INTRODUCTION by REMBERT W. PATRICK FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE 6 REPRINT SERIES University of Florida Press GAINESVILLE, 1964  Floridian Facsimile & Reprint Series 1964 FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 18175 EDITION WITH ADDITIONAL ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE EDITIONS OF 1873 &-' 1876 PREFACE, INTRODUCTION, e- INDEX ADDED published under the sposorsship of the RAY SUTTON MCGEHEE FOUNDATION of the JACKSONVILLE. PAPER COMPANY NEW MATERIAL COPYRIGHT © 1964 BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS STATE INSTITUTIONS Or FLORIDA Library of CoIY-s Catalog Caod No. 64-66300 LITHOPINTED BY DOUGLAS PRINTING CO., INC. BOUND BY UNIVERSAL-DIXIE BINDERY JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Floridiana Facsimile & Reprint Series 1964 FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1875 EDITION WITH ADDITIONAL ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE EDITIONS OF 1873 R- 1876 PREFACE, INTRODUCTION, &- INDEX ADDED published unsder the sponorship of the RAY SUTTON McGEHEE FOUNDATION Rf the JACKSONYILLE PAPER COMPANY NEW MATERIAL COPYRIGHT © 1964 BOARD Or COMMISSIONERS STATE INSTITUTIONS Or FLORIDA Library of CoR.U-s Catalog Caod No. 64-66300 LITHOERINTED RY DOUGALAS PRINTING CO., INC. ROUND BY UNIVERSAL-DIXIE BINDERY JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Floridian Facsimile & Reprint Series 1964 FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1875 EDITION WITH ADDITIONAL ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE EDITIONS OF 1873 &- 1876 PREFACE, INTRODUCTION, t, INDEX ADDED published un~der the sposorship of the RAYr SUTTON MCGDEHEE FOUNRATIRN sf/the JACKSONVILLR PAPER COMPANY NEW MATERIAL COPYRIGHT © 1964 BOARD OE COMMISSIONERS STATE INSTITUTIONS OE FLORIDA Libraro1,f Co,,REI-EO Catalog Cord No. 64-66300 LITHOPRINTER RY DOUGLAS PRINTING CO., INC. BOUND DY UNIYERSAL-DIAIE BINDERY JACKSONVIL.LE, FLORIDA  EDITORIAL PREFACE. EDITORIAL PREFACE. EDITORIAL PREFACE. THE decade after the Civil War was an era of growth for Florida. White Floridians looked askance at the Republicans in state offices, and they feared that the influx of Negro homesteaders might make their state solidly Republican in politics and overwhelmingly Negro in population. However, the conservative white people recaptured political control in 1877. Even before that date wealthy Northerners had discovered the attractive- ness of the state as a winter vacation land. Invalid and semi-invalid were finding comfort in Florida, and along with the sick came pleasure-seekers, speculators, and settlers. Transportation companies and hotels were quick to capitalize on this interest. To further their economic well-being they printed attractive brochures and em- ployed writers to guide more tourists into Florida. One of the earliest and most successful of these books was Rambler's "Guide to Florida." Subsidized by advertisers and evidently published to emphasize the comforts of boat travel, the book was an immediate success. The first edition of 1873 was followed by others in 1875 and 1876. The second edition was two pages longer than the first, but identical through the first 130 pages. The format was changed in the third edition, which because of smaller type was not as readable as the earlier editions. THE decade after the Civil War was an era of growth for Florida. White Floridians looked askance at the Republicans in state offices, and they feared that the influx of Negro homesteaders might make their state solidly Republican in politics and overwhelmingly Negro in population. However, the conservative white people recaptured political control in 1877. Even before that date wealthy Northerners had discovered the attractive- ness of the state as a winter vacation land. Invalid and semi-invalid were finding comfort in Florida, and along with the sick came pleasure-seekers, speculators, and settlers. Transportation companies and hotels were quick to capitalize on this interest. To further their economic well-being they printed attractive brochures and em- ployed writers to guide more tourists into Florida. One of the earliest and most successful of these books was Rambler's "Guide to Florida." Subsidized by advertisers and evidently published to emphasize the comforts of boat travel, the book was an immediate success. The first edition of 1873 was followed by others in 1875 and 1876. The second edition was two pages longer than the first, but identical through the first 130 pages. The format was changed in the third edition, which because of smaller type was not as readable as the earlier editions. THE decade after the Civil War was an era of growth for Florida. White Floridians looked askance at the Republicans in state offices, and they feared that the influx of Negro homesteaders might make their state solidly Republican in politics and overwhelmingly Negro in population. However, the conservative white people recaptured political control in 1877, Even before that date wealthy Northerners had discovered the attractive- ness of the state as a winter vacation land. Invalid and semi-invalid were finding comfort in Florida, and along with the sick came pleasure-seekers, speculators, and settlers. Transportation companies and hotels were quick to capitalize on this interest. To further their economic well-being they printed attractive brochures and em- ployed writers to guide more tourists into Florida. One of the earliest and most successful of these books was Rambler's "Guide to Florida." Subsidized by advertisers and evidently published to emphasize the comforts of boat travel, the book was an immediate success. The first edition of 1873 was followed by others in 1875 and 1876. The second edition was two pages longer than the first, but identical through the first 130 pages. The format was changed in the third edition, which because of smaller type was not as readable as the earlier editions.  vi EDITORIAL PREFACE. This facsimile reproduces the text of the edition of 1875. It is, however, a composite in that the best illus- trations of all the editions have been selected, and the second map, printed only in the 1876 edition, is also reproduced here. To make amends for the incorrect spellings and the absence of many first names of in- dividuals in the text, the correct spellings and first names are given in the index, which is itself an addition to the book. The University of Florida Press acknowledges its indebtedness to the St. Augustine Historical Society for the use of the various editions in reproducing this volume; Doris Wiles, Administrative Historian of the Society, was particularly helpful. The generous assistance of the Ray Sutton McGehee Foundation of the Jack- sonville Paper Company made possible the publication of Rambler's "Guide to Florida," the seventeenth volume in the Floridiana Facsimile and Reprint Series. vi EDITORIAL PREFACE. This facsimile reproduces the text of the edition of 1875. It is, however, a composite in that the best illus- trations of all the editions have been selected, and the second map, printed only in the 1876 edition, is also reproduced here. To make amends for the incorrect spellings and the absence of many first names of in- dividuals in the text, the correct spellings and first names are given in the index, which is itself an addition to the book. The University of Florida Press acknowledges its indebtedness to the St. Augustine Historical Society for the use of the various editions in reproducing this volume; Doris Wiles, Administrative Historian of the Society, was particularly helpful. The generous assistance of the Ray Sutton McGehee Foundation of the Jack- sonville Paper Company made possible the publication of Rambler's "Guide to Florida," the seventeenth volume in the Floridiana Facsimile and Reprint Series. vi EDITORIAL PREFACE. This facsimile reproduces the text of the edition of 1875. It is, however, a composite in that the best illus- trations of all the editions have been selected, and the second map, printed only in the 1876 edition, is also reproduced here. To make amends for the incorrect spellings and the absence of many first names of in- dividuals in the text, the correct spellings and first names are given in the index, which is itself an addition to the book. The University of Florida Press acknowledges its indebtedness to the St. Augustine Historical Society for the use of the various editions in reproducing this volume; Doris Wiles, Administrative Historian of the Society, was particularly helpful. The generous assistance of the Ray Sutton McGehee Foundation of the Jack- sonville Paper Company made possible the publication of Rambler's "Guide to Florida," the seventeenth volume in the Floridiana Facsimile and Reprint Series. REMBERT W. PATRICK University of Florida General Editor of the October, 1964 FLORIDIANA SERIES University of Florida October, 1964 REMBERT W. PATRICK General Editor of the FLORIDIANA SERIES University of Florida October, 1964 REMBERT W. PATRICK General Editor of the FLORIDIANA SERIES  IN TRODUC TION. INTRODUCTION. IN TRODUC TION. IN the twentieth century tourism has joined agricul- ture and industry and business as a major factor of eco- nomic production. Many villages and towns now derive most of their income from tourist expenditures. Some small countries and a few states of the United States receive more of their income from tourism than from any other single source. Among these latter is Florida. Historians have detailed the economic effects of the discovery and exploitation of the New World on the economy of Europe. In dollars, modern tourism dwarfs the value of all the trade between Spain and her colo- nies. A billion dollars' worth of gold and silver were shipped from America to Spain in the entire sixteenth century. This addition to the European supply of preci- ous metals, tremendous at the time, altered the course of history. But in the single year 1963 more than $2 billion were spent by tourists in the state of Florida. By 1960 travel on a world-wide basis amounted to $22 billion, and it had replaced wheat as the number-one industry of the world. Furthermore, every economic indicator showed that tourism in 1963 had done no more than enter upon its potential. In 1961 the Georgia Gover- nor's conference on tourism classified travel as a growth industry destined for a thirtyfold increase within a century. The contrast between the number of tourists in Flor- vii IN the twentieth century tourism has joined agricul- ture and industry and business as a major factor of eco- nomic production. Many villages and towns now derive most of their income from tourist expenditures. Some small countries and a few states of the United States receive more of their income from tourism than from any other single source. Among these latter is Florida. Historians have detailed the economic effects of the discovery and exploitation of the New World on the economy of Europe. In dollars, modern tourism dwarfs the value of all the trade between Spain and her colo- nies. A billion dollars' worth of gold and silver were shipped from America to Spain in the entire sixteenth century. This addition to the European supply of preci- ous metals, tremendous at the time, altered the course of history. But in the single year 1963 more than $2 billion were spent by tourists in the state of Florida. By 1960 travel on a world-wide basis amounted to $22 billion, and it had replaced wheat as the number-one industry of the world. Furthermore, every economic indicator showed that tourism in 1963 had done no more than enter upon its potential. In 1961 the Georgia Gover- nor's conference on tourism classified travel as a growth industry destined for a thirtyfold increase within a century. The contrast between the number of tourists in Flor- vii IN the twentieth century tourism has joined agricul- ture and industry and business as a major factor of eco- nomic production. Many villages and towns now derive most of their income from tourist expenditures. Some small countries and a few states of the United States receive more of their income from tourism than from any other single source. Among these latter is Florida. Historians have detailed the economic effects of the discovery and exploitation of the New World on the economy of Europe. In dollars, modern tourism dwarfs the value of all the trade between Spain and her colo- nies. A billion dollars' worth of gold and silver were shipped from America to Spain in the entire sixteenth century. This addition to the European supply of preci- ous metals, tremendous at the time, altered the course of history. But in the single year 1963 more than $2 billion were spent by tourists in the state of Florida. By 1960 travel on a world-wide basis amounted to $22 billion, and it had replaced wheat as the number-one industry of the world. Furthermore, every economic indicator showed that tourism in 1963 had done no more than enter upon its potential. In 1961 the Georgia Gover- nor's conference on tourism classified travel as a growth industry destined for a thirtyfold increase within a century. The contrast between the number of tourists in Flor- vii  viii INTRODUCTION. viii INTRODUCTION. viii INTRODUCTION. ida in 1963 and the number of settlers entering the American colonies of European countries in past cen- turies and decades also reveals the economic importance of present-day tourism. Approximately 200,000 Euro- peans, mostly Spaniards, settled in the New World dur- ing the sixteenth century; in 1963 more than 12,000,000 visitors spent vacations in Florida. If one relies only on the number of those who settled in the English colonies, the comparative figures are even more astonishing. In contrast to the number of tourists in Florida in 1963, only about 25,000 Puritans settled in New England dur- ing the Great Migration of the 1630's. An even smaller number of so-called Cavaliers entered Virginia in the 1650's, after the Puritans had won control of the British government. Hundreds of articles and books describe and interpret these migrations to the British colonies of North America. In contrast to this interest in colonial settlement, only a small number of writers have depicted the cause, course, and results of tourism in the modern world. The name of the first tourist is not recorded in his- tory. Perhaps he wandered no more than a few miles from the undefined boundaries of his tribal lands to see and report on the civilization of a neighboring people. In the ancient world Persians visited the city states of Greece, and citizens of Athens and Sparta went into the empires of the East. Romans traveled to all places bor- dering on the Mediterranean Sea. In the Middle Ages Marco Polo spent many years in the Orient and laten wrote for the ages of his experiences. The Age of Disa covery spawned tourists who returned to their native lands to recount their exotic adventures for their sedate fellow men. One of the first travelers in Florida was Jonathan Dickinson. Shipwrecked on the east coast of Spanish ida in 1963 and the number of settlers entering the American colonies of European countries in past cen- turies and decades also reveals the economic importance of present-day tourism. Approximately 200,000 Euro- peans, mostly Spaniards, settled in the New World dur- ing the sixteenth century; in 1963 more than 12,000,000 visitors spent vacations in Florida. If one relies only on the number of those who settled in the English colonies, the comparative figures are even more astonishing. In contrast to the number of tourists in Florida in 1963, only about 25,000 Puritans settled in New England dur- ing the Great Migration of the 1630's. An even smaller number of so-called Cavaliers entered Virginia in the 1650's, after the Puritans had won control of the British government. Hundreds of articles and books describe and interpret these migrations to the British colonies of North America. In contrast to this interest in colonial settlement, only a small number of writers have depicted the cause, course, and results of tourism in the modern world. The name of the first tourist is not recorded in his- tory. Perhaps he wandered no more than a few miles from the undefined boundaries of his tribal lands to see and report on the civilization of a neighboring people. In the ancient world Persians visited the city states of Greece, and citizens of Athens and Sparta went into the empires of the East. Romans traveled to all places bor- dering on the Mediterranean Sea. In the Middle Ages Marco Polo spent many years in the Orient and laten wrote for the ages of his experiences. The Age of Dis- covery spawned tourists who returned to their native lands to recount their exotic adventures for their sedate fellow men. One of the first travelers in Florida was Jonathan Dickinson. Shipwrecked on the east coast of Spanish ida in 1963 and the number of settlers entering the American colonies of European countries in past cen- turies and decades also reveals the economic importance of present-day tourism. Approximately 200,000 Euro- peans, mostly Spaniards, settled in the New World dur- ing the sixteenth century; in 1963 more than 12,000,000 visitors spent vacations in Florida. If one relies only on the number of those who settled in the English colonies, the comparative figures are even more astonishing. In contrast to the number of tourists in Florida in 1963, only about 25,000 Puritans settled in New England dur- ing the Great Migration of the 1630's. An even smaller number of so-called Cavaliers entered Virginia in the 1650's, after the Puritans had won control of the British government. Hundreds of articles and books describe and interpret these migrations to the British colonies of North America. In contrast to this interest in colonial settlement, only a small number of writers have depicted the cause, course, and results of tourism in the modern world. The name of the first tourist is not recorded in his- tory. Perhaps he wandered no more than a few miles from the undefined boundaries of his tribal lands to see and report on the civilization of a neighboring people. In the ancient world Persians visited the city states of Greece, and citizens of Athens and Sparta went into the empires of the East. Romans traveled to all places bor- dering on the Mediterranean Sea. In the Middle Ages Marco Polo spent many years in the Orient and laten wrote for the ages of his experiences. The Age of Disc covery spawned tourists who returned to their native lands to recount their exotic adventures for their sedate fellow men. One of the first travelers in Florida was Jonathan Dickinson. Shipwrecked on the east coast of Spanish  INTRODUCTION. ix INTRODUCTION. ix INTRODUCTION. ix Florida in 1696, he and his party traveled north to the settlement at St. Augustine. There he was received hospi- tably and sent on to his English compatriots in South Carolina. After Florida became American territory, hun- dreds of visitors from the southern states and some from the northern states inspected the recent addition to the nation. Among them were men seeking homesites and others desiring to describe the former Spanish province for readers at home. These were adventurers and jour- nalists, not tourists, but some of them settled in Florida and the reports of others stirred their fellow Americans' interest in the semitropical land. During the territorial and statehood eras a trickle of tourists entered Florida. New England's Ralph Waldo Emerson visited St. Augustine. Although never within 150 miles of Tallahassee, the moralist and minister re- corded in his journal "reminiscences" of the people and buildings in the territorial capital. His account came from conversations with residents of St. Augustine and from tourists who had actually visited Tallahassee. Other tourists gave more honest, or even less reliable, accounts than Emerson's of their sojourns in Florida. They were responsible, however, for an ever-increasing number of visitors who sought the warmth and sunshine of Florida before the Civil War. The internecine American conflict virtually eliminated civilian travel to Florida, but it sent thousands of north- ern military men into the state. After the war many of the latter returned to establish farms or engage in busi- ness enterprises. Their letters to relatives described Flor- ida's mild climate. More important were the dispatches of newspapermen reporting on conditions in the con- quered land. Interwoven with their comments on the economic and political situations were descriptions of lakes and rivers, beaches and coasts, and flora and fauna. Florida in 1696, he and his party traveled north to the settlement at St. Augustine. There he was received hospi- tably and sent on to his English compatriots in South Carolina. After Florida became American territory, hun- dreds of visitors from the southern states and some from the northern states inspected the recent addition to the nation. Among them were men seeking homesites and others desiring to describe the former Spanish province for readers at home. These were adventurers and jour- nalists, not tourists, but some of them settled in Florida and the reports of others stirred their fellow Americans' interest in the semitropical land. During the territorial and statehood eras a trickle of tourists entered Florida. New England's Ralph Waldo Emerson visited St. Augustine. Although never within 150 miles of Tallahassee, the moralist and minister re- corded in his journal "reminiscences" of the people and buildings in the territorial capital. His account came from conversations with residents of St. Augustine and from tourists who had actually visited Tallahassee. Other tourists gave more honest, or even less reliable, accounts than Emerson's of their sojourns in Florida. They were responsible, however, for an ever-increasing number of visitors who sought the warmth and sunshine of Florida before the Civil War. The internecine American conflict virtually eliminated civilian travel to Florida, but it sent thousands of north- ern military men into the state. After the war many of the latter returned to establish farms or engage in busi- ness enterprises. Their letters to relatives described Flor- ida's mild climate. More important were the dispatches of newspapermen reporting on conditions in the con- quered land. Interwoven with their comments on the economic and political situations were descriptions of lakes and rivers, beaches and coasts, and flora and fauna. Florida in 1696, he and his party traveled north to the settlement at St. Augustine. There he was received hospi- tably and sent on to his English compatriots in South Carolina. After Florida became American territory, hun- dreds of visitors from the southern states and some from the northern states inspected the recent addition to the nation. Among them were men seeking homesites and others desiring to describe the former Spanish province for readers at home. These were adventurers and jour- nalists, not tourists, but some of them settled in Florida and the reports of others stirred their fellow Americans' interest in the semitropical land. During the territorial and statehood eras a trickle of tourists entered Florida. New England's Ralph Waldo Emerson visited St. Augustine. Although never within 150 miles of Tallahassee, the moralist and minister re- corded in his journal "reminiscences" of the people and buildings in the territorial capital. His account came from conversations with residents of St. Augustine and from tourists who had actually visited Tallahassee. Other tourists gave more honest, or even less reliable, accounts than Emerson's of their sojourns in Florida. They were responsible, however, for an ever-increasing number of visitors who sought the warmth and sunshine of Florida before the Civil War. The internecine American conflict virtually eliminated civilian travel to Florida, but it sent thousands of north- ern military men into the state. After the war many of the latter returned to establish farms or engage in busi- ness enterprises. Their letters to relatives described Flor- ida's mild climate. More important were the dispatches of newspapermen reporting on conditions in the con- quered land. Interwoven with their comments on the economic and political situations were descriptions of lakes and rivers, beaches and coasts, and flora and fauna.  x INTRODUCTION. x INTRODUCTION. x INTRODUCTION. Few of them could resist contrasting the warmth and sunshine of Florida in winter to the ice and snow of the north. They also dwelt on the romantic aspects of Florida's history. The fable of Ponce de Leon's search for a foun- tain of youth was retold again and again. The tale of the Indian princess who saved the life of Juan Ortiz was compared with John Smith's account of the merciful deed of Pocahontas. The courage of Spanish conquista- dors was magnified; the savage of a bygone age was ennobled; Indian women were endowed with a primi- tive beauty; trees overhung with Spanish moss were symbols of a romantic land; and one smell of the orange blossom would send a reporter into raptures. Bunyanesque tales were exaggerated in retelling. One Floridian in the Indian River area grafted orange and grapefruit buds on a sour orange tree. For many years he harvested bushels of oranges and grapefruit from his peculiar tree. After decades of production, he trimmed the tree, leaving only a stump and the orange and grape- fruit branches. The axe, however, could not end produc- tion in the salubrious climate of Florida; juice flowed from the stumpy branches of the tree. Its owner attached faucets and sold at a penny a glass pure orange juice from one faucet and grapefruit juice from the other. Folklore transformed the mosquito from a pest to a superinsect. Nettings were no protection for sleeping humans. Large mosquitoes had hordes of miniature brothers who could slip through the closest weavings, feast on the slumbering humans, and take blood back to their large brothers. Screen doors were no serious deter- rent to mosquitoes. The strong, muscular ones pushed the small ones through the woven wire. The latter then unlatched the door to let the big mosquitoes into the house. The big ones outside grew big indeed. One Flor- Few of them could resist contrasting the warmth and sunshine of Florida in winter to the ice and snow of the north. They also dwelt on the romantic aspects of Florida's history. The fable of Ponce de Leon's search for a foun- tain of youth was retold again and again. The tale of the Indian princess who saved the life of Juan Ortiz was compared with John Smith's account of the merciful deed of Pocahontas. The courage of Spanish conquista- dors was magnified; the savage of a bygone age was ennobled; Indian women were endowed with a primi- tive beauty; trees overhung with Spanish moss were symbols of a romantic land; and one smell of the orange blossom would send a reporter into raptures. Bunyanesque tales were exaggerated in retelling. One Floridian in the Indian River area grafted orange and grapefruit buds on a sour orange tree. For many years he harvested bushels of oranges and grapefruit from his peculiar tree. After decades of production, he trimmed the tree, leaving only a stump and the orange and grape- fruit branches. The axe, however, could not end produc- tion in the salubrious climate of Florida; juice flowed from the stumpy branches of the tree. Its owner attached faucets and sold at a penny a glass pure orange juice from one faucet and grapefruit juice from the other. Folklore transformed the mosquito from a pest to a superinsect. Nettings were no protection for sleeping humans. Large mosquitoes had hordes of miniature brothers who could slip through the closest weavings, feast on the slumbering humans, and take blood back to their large brothers. Screen doors were no serious deter- rent to mosquitoes. The strong, muscular ones pushed the small ones through the woven wire. The latter then unlatched the door to let the big mosquitoes into the house. The big ones outside grew big indeed. One Flor- Few of them could resist contrasting the warmth and sunshine of Florida in winter to the ice and snow of the north. They also dwelt on the romantic aspects of Florida's history. The fable of Ponce de Leon's search for a foun- tain of youth was retold again and again. The tale of the Indian princess who saved the life of Juan Ortiz was compared with John Smith's account of the merciful deed of Pocahontas. The courage of Spanish conquista- dors was magnified; the savage of a bygone age was ennobled; Indian women were endowed with a primi- tive beauty; trees overhung with Spanish moss were symbols of a romantic land; and one smell of the orange blossom would send a reporter into raptures. Bunyanesque tales were exaggerated in retelling. One Floridian in the Indian River area grafted orange and grapefruit buds on a sour orange tree. For many years he harvested bushels of oranges and grapefruit from his peculiar tree. After decades of production, he trimmed the tree, leaving only a stump and the orange and grape- fruit branches. The axe, however, could not end produc- tion in the salubrious climate of Florida; juice flowed from the stumpy branches of the tree. Its owner attached faucets and sold at a penny a glass pure orange juice from one faucet and grapefruit juice from the other. Folklore transformed the mosquito from a pest to a superinsect. Nettings were no protection for sleeping humans. Large mosquitoes had hordes of miniature brothers who could slip through the closest weavings, feast on the slumbering humans, and take blood back to their large brothers. Screen doors were no serious deter- rent to mosquitoes. The strong, muscular ones pushed the small ones through the woven wire. The latter then unlatched the door to let the big mosquitoes into the house. The big ones outside grew big indeed. One Flor-  INTRODUCTION. xi INTRODUCTION. xi INTRODUCTION. xi ida settler took a picture of his young orange trees dur- ing the height of the mosquito season. He sent it to a friend in New York City. In reply the New Yorker wrote: "Those trees are scrubby, but the turkeys roosting in them are large and fat." These tales advertised Florida. Instead of frightening away prospective tourists, the exaggerated stories of mosquitoes, alligators, and snakes stimulated their inter- est in the exotic, semitropical land. Harriet Beecher Stowe bought land in the hope of rehabilitating her son. When her hopes turned to dust, she brought her quiet little preacher husband to spend the winters at Mandarin on the St. Johns. Her descriptive articles, printed in her home-town newspaper at Hartford, Connecticut, de- scribed the delights and difficulties of living in Florida. In the 1870's thousands of tourists were sightseeing in Florida. They arrived at the gateway city of Jackson- ville by railroad and steamer. The latter was the slower but more comfortable means of travel. From Jackson- ville the tourists traveled by railway to Starke, Gaines- ville, and Cedar Key; or they took the cars to Callahan and from there to the state's capital at Tallahassee. An even more popular excursion was up the St. Johns River by steamer to Palatka, and from there up the Ocklawaha to Silver Springs. After returning from that natural wonder, the sportsmen continued up the south-to-north flowing St. Johns to Mellonville (Sanford) where hunters found an abundance of wild animals and game birds. Fresh and sea waters around the state abounded with fish, apparently awaiting the fisherman's hook. Concurrent with this rising interest in Florida came changes in American economy that made vacations pos- sible for many people. War and peacetime profits built fortunes for Northern entrepreneurs. Managers and their assistants received sufficient salaries to enable families to ida settler took a picture of his young orange trees dur- ing the height of the mosquito season. He sent it to a friend in New York City. In reply the New Yorker wrote: "Those trees are scrubby, but the turkeys roosting in them are large and fat." These tales advertised Florida. Instead of frightening away prospective tourists, the exaggerated stories of mosquitoes, alligators, and snakes stimulated their inter- est in the exotic, semitropical land. Harriet Beecher Stowe bought land in the hope of rehabilitating her son. When her hopes turned to dust, she brought her quiet little preacher husband to spend the winters at Mandarin on the St. Johns. Her descriptive articles, printed in her home-town newspaper at Hartford, Connecticut, de- scribed the delights and difficulties of living in Florida. In the 1870's thousands of tourists were sightseeing in Florida. They arrived at the gateway city of Jackson- ville by railroad and steamer. The latter was the slower but more comfortable means of travel. From Jackson- ville the tourists traveled by railway to Starke, Gaines- ville, and Cedar Key; or they took the cars to Callahan and from there to the state's capital at Tallahassee. An even more popular excursion was up the St. Johns River by steamer to Palatka, and from there up the Ocklawaha to Silver Springs. After returning from that natural wonder, the sportsmen continued up the south-to-north flowing St. Johns to Mellonville (Sanford) where hunters found an abundance of wild animals and game birds. Fresh and sea waters around the state abounded with fish, apparently awaiting the fisherman's hook. Concurrent with this rising interest in Florida came changes in American economy that made vacations pos- sible for many people. War and peacetime profits built fortunes for Northern entrepreneurs. Managers and their assistants received sufficient salaries to enable families to ida settler took a picture of his young orange trees dur- ing the height of the mosquito season. He sent it to a friend in New York City. In reply the New Yorker wrote: "Those trees are scrubby, but the turkeys roosting in them are large and fat." These tales advertised Florida. Instead of frightening away prospective tourists, the exaggerated stories of mosquitoes, alligators, and snakes stimulated their inter- est in the exotic, semitropical land. Harriet Beecher Stowe bought land in the hope of rehabilitating her son. When her hopes turned to dust, she brought her quiet little preacher husband to spend the winters at Mandarin on the St. Johns. Her descriptive articles, printed in her home-town newspaper at Hartford, Connecticut, de- scribed the delights and difficulties of living in Florida. In the 1870's thousands of tourists were sightseeing in Florida. They arrived at the gateway city of Jackson- ville by railroad and steamer. The latter was the slower but more comfortable means of travel. From Jackson- ville the tourists traveled by railway to Starke, Gaines- ville, and Cedar Key; or they took the cars to Callahan and from there to the state's capital at Tallahassee. An even more popular excursion was up the St. Johns River by steamer to Palatka, and from there up the Ocklawaha to Silver Springs. After returning from that natural wonder, the sportsmen continued up the south-to-north flowing St. Johns to Mellonville (Sanford) where hunters found an abundance of wild animals and game birds. Fresh and sea waters around the state abounded with fish, apparently awaiting the fisherman's hook. Concurrent with this rising interest in Florida came changes in American economy that made vacations pos- sible for many people. War and peacetime profits built fortunes for Northern entrepreneurs. Managers and their assistants received sufficient salaries to enable families to  xii INTRODUCTION. xii INTRODUCTION. xii INTRODUCTION. enjoy travel. Bankers and owners of mercantile estab- lishments had surplus funds. The vacationer found a status symbol in visiting faraway places, and later telling friends of his experiences away from home. The in- dustrialization and urbanization of the United States brought tourism in their wake. At the same time steamships and railroads offered the traveler comfort and speed unknown in any preceding age. The most luxurious travel was offered on the coast- wise and river steamers. On board, passengers slept in well-appointed staterooms and strolled on wide decks. In salon and dining room they conversed with fellow vacationers. The trains were faster than steamships, but were also noisy, rough, and dirty. Short lines and varia- tions in track gauges necessitated frequent change of trains, and added the boredom of waiting to the discom- fort of moving. Meals were boxed before boarding the train, or the tourist took his chance at the tables set by boardinghouse keepers along the route. The comfort and pace of the 1870's would seem antiquated today, but almost a hundred years ago people marveled at their advanced modes of travel. Advertising stimulated the individual's desire for travel. Owners published pamphlets extolling the attrac- tions of their hotels. Railroads and steamship lines printed brochures vaunting their modern conveniences and luxuries. Businessmen paid professional writers to describe the scenery and climate of Florida, and adver- tised in guidebooks. Not all of the wealthy Americans toured Europe. The more adventurous avoided beaten paths and sought primitive Florida. Individuals looking for investment opportunities found an undeveloped region where the profit potential was tremendous. The rise of Germany and the Franco-Prussian War temporarily checked travel enjoy travel. Bankers and owners of mercantile estab- lishments had surplus funds. The vacationer found a status symbol in visiting faraway places, and later telling friends of his experiences away from home. The in- dustrialization and urbanization of the United States brought tourism in their wake. At the same time steamships and railroads offered the traveler comfort and speed unknown in any preceding age. The most luxurious travel was offered on the coast- wise and river steamers. On board, passengers slept in well-appointed staterooms and strolled on wide decks. In salon and dining room they conversed with fellow vacationers. The trains were faster than steamships, but were also noisy, rough, and dirty. Short lines and varia- tions in track gauges necessitated frequent change of trains, and added the boredom of waiting to the discom- fort of moving. Meals were boxed before boarding the train, or the tourist took his chance at the tables set by boardinghouse keepers along the route. The comfort and pace of the 1870's would seem antiquated today, but almost a hundred years ago people marveled at their advanced modes of travel. Advertising stimulated the individual's desire for travel. Owners published pamphlets extolling the attrac- tions of their hotels. Railroads and steamship lines printed brochures vaunting their modern conveniences and luxuries. Businessmen paid professional writers to describe the scenery and climate of Florida, and adver- tised in guidebooks. Not all of the wealthy Americans toured Europe. The more adventurous avoided beaten paths and sought primitive Florida. Individuals looking for investment opportunities found an undeveloped region where the profit potential was tremendous. The rise of Germany and the Franco-Prussian War temporarily checked travel enjoy travel. Bankers and owners of mercantile estab- lishments had surplus funds. The vacationer found a status symbol in visiting faraway places, and later telling friends of his experiences away from home. The in- dustrialization and urbanization of the United States brought tourism in their wake. At the same time steamships and railroads offered the traveler comfort and speed unknown in any preceding age. The most luxurious travel was offered on the coast- wise and river steamers. On board, passengers slept in well-appointed staterooms and strolled on wide decks. In salon and dining room they conversed with fellow vacationers. The trains were faster than steamships, but were also noisy, rough, and dirty. Short lines and varia- tions in track gauges necessitated frequent change of trains, and added the boredom of waiting to the discom- fort of moving. Meals were boxed before boarding the train, or the tourist took his chance at the tables set by boardinghouse keepers along the route. The comfort and pace of the 1870's would seem antiquated today, but almost a hundred years ago people marveled at their advanced modes of travel. Advertising stimulated the individual's desire for travel. Owners published pamphlets extolling the attrac- tions of their hotels. Railroads and steamship lines printed brochures vaunting their modern conveniences and luxuries. Businessmen paid professional writers to describe the scenery and climate of Florida, and adver- tised in guidebooks. Not all of the wealthy Americans toured Europe. The more adventurous avoided beaten paths and sought primitive Florida. Individuals looking for investment opportunities found an undeveloped region where the profit potential was tremendous. The rise of Germany and the Franco-Prussian War temporarily checked travel  INTRODUCTION. xiii INTRODUCTION. xiii INTRODUCTION. xiii in Europe. The frightened rich sought warmth and sun- shine at home, and found both in Florida. Advertising after the Civil War, however, was di- rected more to the ill than to the healthy. Northerners with tuberculosis were bombarded with statistics on the high death rate from consumption in their home state and the low rate in Florida. Sufferers from asthma were promised immediate relief. Every type of lung and. throat trouble was curable in Florida. The waters from sulphur springs were "efficacious in all forms of con- sumption, scrofula, jaundice, and other bilious affecta- tions; chronic dysentery and diarrhea, diseases of the uterus, chronic rheumatism and gout, dropsy, gravel, neuralgia, tremor, syphilis, erysipelas, tetter, ringworm, and itch. ..."1 Semi-invalids on rigid diets could enjoy hearty meals after a few weeks on Florida beaches, breathing the warm sea air. Publicists encouraged the sick to compare Florida with other resort areas. "One invalid, who had for years kept one jump ahead of death by wintering in various countries, reported the climate in St. Augustine better than that of any part of Europe and superior to that of the islands of the West Indies."t But as early as 1869 pleasure seekers outnumbered the ill. Ledyard Bill reported 25,000 travelers in Florida, half the number claimed by boastful Floridians, and the most numerous of these were pleasure seekers. Accord- ing to Bill semi-invalids were second, with land specula- tors and individuals contemplating settlement in the third and fourth places.t Writing under the pen name of Sylvia Sunshine, Abbie M. Brooks stated that Florida was "the spot for the jilted lover to forget his idol, and the disconsolate lady her imaginary devotee; for those fretted by the rough edges of corroding care to retire and find a respite from their struggles; the bankrupt who has been conquered in the battles of brokerage, to visit in Europe. The frightened rich sought warmth and sun- shine at home, and found both in Florida. Advertising after the Civil War, however, was di- rected more to the ill than to the healthy. Northerners with tuberculosis were bombarded with statistics on the high death rate from consumption in their home state and the low rate in Florida. Sufferers from asthma were promised immediate relief. Every type of lung and throat trouble was curable in Florida. The waters from sulphur springs were "efficacious in all forms of con- sumption, scrofula, jaundice, and other bilious affecta- tions; chronic dysentery and diarrhea, diseases of the uterus, chronic rheumatism and gout, dropsy, gravel, neuralgia, tremor, syphilis, erysipelas, tetter, ringworm, and itch ...."i Semi-invalids on rigid diets could enjoy hearty meals after a few weeks on Florida beaches, breathing the warm sea air. Publicists encouraged the sick to compare Florida with other resort areas. "One invalid, who had for years kept one jump ahead of death by wintering in various countries, reported the climate in St. Augustine better than that of any part of Europe and superior to that of the islands of the West Indies."a But as early as 1869 pleasure seekers outnumbered the ill. Ledyard Bill reported 25,000 travelers in Florida, half the number claimed by boastful Floridians, and the most numerous of these were pleasure seekers. Accord- ing to Bill semi-invalids were second, with land specula- tors and individuals contemplating settlement in the third and fourth places.a Writing under the pen name of Sylvia Sunshine, Abbie M. Brooks stated that Florida was "the spot for the jilted lover to forget his idol, and the disconsolate lady her imaginary devotee; for those fretted by the rough edges of corroding care to retire and find a respite from their struggles; the bankrupt who has been conquered in the battles of brokerage, to visit in Europe. The frightened rich sought warmth and sun- shine at home, and found both in Florida. Advertising after the Civil War, however, was di- rected more to the ill than to the healthy. Northerners with tuberculosis were bombarded with statistics on the high death rate from consumption in their home state and the low rate in Florida. Sufferers from asthma were promised immediate relief. Every type of lung and throat trouble was curable in Florida. The waters from sulphur springs were "efficacious in all forms of con- sumption, scrofula, jaundice, and other bilious affecta- tions; chronic dysentery and diarrhea, diseases of the uterus, chronic rheumatism and gout, dropsy, gravel, neuralgia, tremor, syphilis, erysipelas, tetter, ringworm, and itch . i..". Semi-invalids on rigid diets could enjoy hearty meals after a few weeks on Florida beaches, breathing the warm sea 'air. Publicists encouraged the sick to compare Florida with other resort areas. "One invalid, who had for years kept one jump ahead of death by wintering in various countries, reported the climate in St. Augustine better than that of any part of Europe and superior to that of the islands of the West Indies."2 But as early as 1869 pleasure seekers outnumbered the ill. Ledyard Bill reported 25,000 travelers in Florida, half the number claimed by boastful Floridians, and the most numerous of these were pleasure seekers. Accord- ing to Bill semi-invalids were second, with land specula- tors and individuals contemplating settlement in the third and fourth places.3 Writing under the pen name of Sylvia Sunshine, Abbie M. Brooks stated that Florida was "the spot for the jilted lover to forget his idol, and the disconsolate lady her imaginary devotee; for those fretted by the rough edges of corroding care to retire and fmd a respite from their struggles; the bankrupt who has been conquered in the battles of brokerage, to visit  xiv INTRODUCTION. xiv INTRODUCTION. xiv INTRODUCTION. and be reminded God has given us more treasures to delight us than the dross which passes from our grasp like a shadow, but which all are struggling and striving to win; the store-house of the fathomless deep, where we can contemplate that great image of eternity; 'the invisible, boundless, endless, and sublime.' "a Sylvia urged historians to meditate on the past and to reconstruct it in the peaceful atmosphere of Florida. She warned all visitors to bring ample funds to Florida. Al- though native Floridians charged only fifty cents for a square meal, Northerners, who owned or managed the best hotels, were accused by Sylvia of taking two dollars from tourists for meals. Most mysterious of all enigmas to Sylvia was the way a native found out the name and financial rating of a visitor. If the vacationer was not rich, he would not be bothered by Floridians; his only problem, Sylvia declared, was boardinghouse keepers, who had adopted the motto of "Pay as you go, or go away."' The thousands of vacationers of the 1870's foreshad- owed the millions of tourists to come in the twentieth century. Today the travelers may question the meaning of college boys and girls working at vacation resorts who lag behind the crowd at social functions and whisper: "Let the peeks go first." Peek is the colloquial name for the paying guest. Tourists may also wonder why they are referred to as "ducks." The term originated because of the preponderance of females among vacationers. These tourists are "large of bosom, broad of beam, flock- ing together, waddling amiably behind a guide, and quacking all the time."r Even in the 1870's tourists fell into three categories by those catering to them: The transient tourist, who hurried through a region or state to reach a desired loca- tion; the hopper, who stopped often to view many dif- and be reminded God has given us more treasures to delight us than the dross which passes from our grasp like a shadow, but which all are struggling and striving to win; the store-house of the fathomless deep, where we can contemplate that great image of eternity; 'the invisible, boundless, endless, and sublime.' '- Sylvia urged historians to meditate on the past and to reconstruct it in the peaceful atmosphere of Florida. She warned all visitors to bring ample funds to Florida. Al- though native Floridians charged only fifty cents for a square meal, Northerners, who owned or managed the best hotels, were accused by Sylvia of taking two dollars from tourists for meals. Most mysterious of all enigmas to Sylvia was the way a native found out the name and financial rating of a visitor. If the vacationer was not rich, he would not be bothered by Floridians; his only problem, Sylvia declared, was boardinghouse keepers, who had adopted the motto of "Pay as you go, or go away." The thousands of vacationers of the 1870's foreshad- owed the millions of tourists to come in the twentieth century. Today the travelers may question the meaning of college boys and girls working at vacation resorts who lag behind the crowd at social functions and whisper: "Let the peeks go first." Peek is the colloquial name for the paying guest. Tourists may also wonder why they are referred to as "ducks." The term originated because of the preponderance of females among vacationers. These tourists are "large of bosom, broad of beam, flock- ing together, waddling amiably behind a guide, and quacking all the time."6 Even in the 1870's tourists fell into three categories by those catering to them: The transient tourist, who hurried through a region. or state to reach a desired loca- tion; the hopper, who stopped often to view many dif- and be reminded God has given us more treasures to delight us than the dross which passes from our grasp like a shadow, but which all are struggling and striving to win; the store-house of the fathomless deep, where we can contemplate that great image of eternity; 'the invisible, boundless, endless, and sublime.' "4 Sylvia urged historians to meditate on the past and to reconstruct it in the peaceful atmosphere of Florida. She warned all visitors to bring ample funds to Florida. Al- though native Floridians charged only fifty cents for a square meal, Northerners, who owned or managed the best hotels, were accused by Sylvia of taking two dollars from tourists for meals. Most mysterious of all enigmas to Sylvia was the way a native found out the name and financial rating of a visitor. If the vacationer was not rich, he would not be bothered by Floridians; his only problem, Sylvia declared, was boardinghouse keepers, who had adopted the motto of "Pay as you go, or go away."' The thousands of vacationers of the 1870's foreshad- owed the millions of tourists to come in the twentieth century. Today the travelers may question the meaning of college boys and girls working at vacation resorts who lag behind the crowd at social functions and whisper: "Let the peeks go first." Peek is the colloquial name for the paying guest. Tourists may also wonder why they are referred to as "ducks." The term originated because of the preponderance of females among vacationers. These tourists are "large of bosom, broad of beam, flock- ing together, waddling amiably behind a guide, and quacking all the time."6 Even in the 1870's tourists fell into three categories by those catering to them: The transient tourist, who hurried through a region. or state to reach a desired loca- tion; the hopper, who stopped often to view many dif-  INTRODUCTION. xv INTRODUCTION. xv INTRODUCTION. xv ferent attractions at a number of different places; and the terminal tourist, who went directly to a predeter- mined destination for a long stay. Some states and cities were bridges to more fortunate areas where tourists re- mained for weeks and spent most of their vacation funds. From the beginning of modern tourism Florida was one of those fortunate states to which the vacationer came for an extended stay. Among the first of the postwar tourist guidebooks was Rambler's "Guide to Florida." A commercial project of the American News Company, the book was hastily written by an author who relied on two sources for his historical summary of Florida and on his own experi- ences for his descriptive tour of the state. Almost one- fourth of the book was composed of advertising by hotel, mercantile, and steamship companies. In addition to their advertising, steamship lines may have subsidized publication. The map inserted before the Frontispiece detailed the water routes in Florida. The 1876 edition contained a second map which emphasized the routes from the North to Charleston and Savannah. The author dwelt on the delightful experiences of passengers on steamers, and compared their comfort with the hard- ships endured by those who chose trains. The sales of the book, however, were sufficient to justify a second edi- tion in 1875 and a third in 1876. The latter edition was smaller in format and type than the ones of 1873 and 1875. The map of Florida drawn and engraved by Fisk and Russell of New York would win no prize in a spelling bee. Palatka was spelled correctly in the legend, but printed Pilatka on the map. Callahans, Stark, Gainsville, Newmans, Withlockoochee, and Dale were given for Callahan, Starke, Gainesville, Newnans, Withlacoo- chee, and Dade. On the map Cedar Key was correct for ferent attractions at a number of different places; and the terminal tourist, who went directly to a predeter- mined destination for a long stay. Some states and cities were bridges to more fortunate areas where tourists re- mained for weeks and spent most of their vacation funds. From the beginning of modern tourism Florida was one of those fortunate states to which the vacationer came for an extended stay. Among the first of the postwar tourist guidebooks was Rambler's "Guide to Florida." A commercial project of the American News Company, the book was hastily written by an author who relied on two sources for his historical summary of Florida and on his own experi- ences for his descriptive tour of the state. Almost one- fourth of the book was composed of advertising by hotel, mercantile, and steamship companies. In addition to their advertising, steamship lines may have subsidized. publication. The map inserted before the Frontispiece detailed the water routes in Florida. The 1876 edition contained a second map which emphasized the routes from the North to Charleston and Savannah. The author dwelt on the delightful experiences of passengers on steamers, and compared their comfort with the hard- ships endured by those who chose trains. The sales of the book, however, were sufficient to justify a second edi- tion in 1875 and a third in 1876. The latter edition was smaller in format and type than the ones of 1873 and 1875. The map of Florida drawn and engraved by Fisk and Russell of New York would win no prize in a spelling bee. Palatka was spelled correctly in the legend, but printed Pilatka on the map. Callahans, Stark, Gainsville, Newmans, Withlockoochee, and Dale were given for Callahan, Starke, Gainesville, Newnans, Withlacoo- chee, and Dade. On the map Cedar Key was correct for ferent attractions at a number of different places; and the terminal tourist, who went directly to a predeter- mined destination for a long stay. Some states and cities were bridges to more fortunate areas where tourists re- mained for weeks and spent most of their vacation funds. From the beginning of modern tourism Florida was one of those fortunate states to which the vacationer came for an extended stay. Among the first of the postwar tourist guidebooks was Rambler's "Guide to Florida." A commercial project of the American News Company, the book was hastily written by an author who relied on two sources for his historical summary of Florida and on his own experi- ences for his descriptive tour of the state. Almost one- fourth of the book was composed of advertising by hotel, mercantile, and steamship companies. In addition to their advertising, steamship lines may have subsidized publication. The map inserted before the Frontispiece detailed the water routes in Florida. The 1876 edition contained a second map which emphasized the routes from the North to Charleston and Savannah. The author dwelt on the delightful experiences of passengers on steamers, and compared their comfort with the hard- ships endured by those who chose trains. The sales of the book, however, were sufficient to justify a second edi- tion in 1875 and a third in 1876. The latter edition was smaller in format and type than the ones of 1873 and 1875. The map of Florida drawn and engraved by Fisk and Russell of New York would win no prize in a spelling bee. Palatka was spelled correctly in the legend, but printed Pilatka on the map. Callahans, Stark, Gainsville, Newmans, Withlockoochee, and Dale were given for Callahan, Starke, Gainesville, Newnans, Withlacoo- chee, and Dade. On the map Cedar Key was correct for  xvi INTRODUCTION. xvi INTRODUCTION. xvi INTRODUCTION. the town's name, but in the text the author used the in- correct form of Cedar Keys. Also interesting were the omissions of important present-day sections and cities of Florida. The area below Lake Okeechobee was not shown at all, and Daytona Beach, Orlando, and St. Petersburg did not appear. These omissions, though, are indicative of the recent development of central and south Florida and not of the ignorance of the mapmaker. Railroad lines within the state were marked. But un- less the towns and cities served by them were important areas for steamship travel, the author dismissed the rail- roads with no more than a reference. The main lines were from Fernandina to Cedar Key and from Jackson- ville to Chattahoochee. The short lines were the Tocoi- St. Augustine and the Tallahassee-St. Marks railways. Despite its name, the Jacksonville, Pensacola, and Mo- bile Railroad extended no further west than Chattahoo- chee. The Florida East Coast, Atlantic Coast Line, Seaboard Air Line, and Southern railroads were not shown because they'did not exist in the Florida of the 1870's. Other than mapping the rail routes and men- tioning them in the text, the railroads were ignored. Steamship companies were not willing to advertise their competitors. Rambler's history of Florida was limited to the period of discovery and settlement. Fifty-six pages described the territory from its discovery by Ponce de Le6n in 1513 to the revenge of Dominique de Gourgues in 1568. The remaining two and a half pages summarized the era from 1568 to 1821, the date when Florida be- came a possession of the United States. The author dramatizes the romantic past. Ponce de Leon was searching for a fountain of youth or a "Foun- tain of Rejuvenancy." The story of Juan Ortiz is told in detail. The beautiful Indian princess who saved him the town's name, but in the text the author used the in- correct form of Cedar Keys. Also interesting were the omissions of important present-day sections and cities of Florida. The area below Lake Okeechobee was not shown at all, and Daytona Beach, Orlando, and St. Petersburg did not appear. These omissions, though, are indicative of the recent development of central and south Florida and not of the ignorance of the mapmaker, Railroad lines within the state were marked. But un- less the towns and cities served by them were important areas for steamship travel, the author dismissed the rail- roads with no more than a reference. The main lines were from Fernandina to Cedar Key and from Jackson- ville to Chattahoochee. The short lines were the Tocoi- St. Augustine and the Tallahassee-St. Marks railways. Despite its name, the Jacksonville, Pensacola, and Mo- bile Railroad extended no further west than Chattahoo- chee. The Florida East Coast, Atlantic Coast Line, Seaboard Air Line, and Southern railroads were not shown because they'did not exist in the Florida of the 1870's. Other than mapping the rail routes and men- tioning them in the text, the railroads were ignored. Steamship companies were not willing to advertise their competitors. Rambler's history of Florida was limited to the period of discovery and settlement. Fifty-six pages described the territory from its discovery by Ponce de Le6n in 1513 to the revenge of Dominique de Gourgues in 1568. The remaining two and a half pages summarized the era from 1568 to 1821, the date when Florida be- came a possession of the United States. The author dramatizes the romantic past. Ponce de Leon was searching for a fountain of youth or a "Foun- tain of Rejuvenancy." The story of Juan Ortiz is told in detail. The beautiful Indian princess who saved him the town's name, but in the text the author used the in- correct form of Cedar Keys. Also interesting were the omissions of important present-day sections and cities of Florida. The area below Lake Okeechobee was not shown at all, and Daytona Beach, Orlando, and St. Petersburg did not appear. These omissions, though, are indicative of the recent development of central and south Florida and not of the ignorance of the mapmaker. Railroad lines within the state were marked. But un- less the towns and cities served by them were important areas for steamship travel, the author dismissed the rail- roads with no more than a reference. The main lines were from Fernandina to Cedar Key and from Jackson- ville to Chattahoochee. The short lines were the Tocoi- St. Augustine and the Tallahassee-St. Marks railways. Despite its name, the Jacksonville, Pensacola, and Mo- bile Railroad extended no further west than Chattahoo- chee. The Florida East Coast, Atlantic Coast Line, Seaboard Air Line, and Southern railroads were not shown because they' did not exist in the Florida of the 1870's. Other than mapping the rail routes and men- tioning them in the text, the railroads were ignored. Steamship companies were not willing to advertise their competitors. Rambler's history of Florida was limited to the period of discovery and settlement. Fifty-six pages described the territory from its discovery by Ponce de Leon in 1513 to the revenge of Dominique de Gourgues in 1568. The remaining two and a half pages summarized the era from 1568 to 1821, the date when Florida be- came a possession of the United States. The author dramatizes the romantic past. Ponce de Le6n was searching for a fountain of youth or a "Foun- tain of Rejuvenancy." The story of Juan Ortiz is told in detail. The beautiful Indian princess who saved him  INTRO DUC TION. xvii from death by burning, and later spirited him from her father's domain, thereby losing her chance to become the bride of a young, handsome chief, raises the boast that "Florida possessed a Pocahontas long before Capt. John Smith owed his life to that renowned maiden." All the Indian girls met by De Soto were alluring and beautiful. The beauty and grace of an Indian queen and her handmaidens made many an aging male of the 1870's recall the days of his courtships. By implication he could recapture the spirit of those days by spending a vacation in Florida. Dofia Isabel died of a broken heart when her husband, De Soto, failed to return from his great adventure. Many of the author's historical errors are traceable to his two sources, Fairbankst and Irving.8 The work of these pioneer historians has been corrected by modern scholars. According to the Rambler, Ponce de Leon sighted Florida on March 27, 1512-actually he saw an island of the Bahamas on March 27, 1513, and reached the coast of Florida on April 2. The author is frequently confused by Spanish names. Alvar Ninez Cabeza de Vaca is referred to as Alvar Nfiez, Nf5ez de Vaca, and Cabeza de Vaca. Pinfilo Narviez first name is spelled Pamphilo. No accent marks are given for Span- ish or French names, but this omission may have been a deficiency of printer's type instead of ignorance by the author. He, however, assumes the reader knows the first names, and many individuals are referred to only by their last names. He directs many of his appeals to the invalid. Accord- ing to him, Florida was preferable to any other place in the United States for those who suffered from consump- tion, asthma, and rheumatism. The state's climate was superior to the resort cities of France and Italy. In Flor- ida, he erroneously claimed, there was no such sudden INTRODUCTION. xvii from death by burning, and later spirited him from her father's domain, thereby losing her chance to become the bride of a young, handsome chief, raises the boast that "Florida possessed a Pocahontas long before Capt. John Smith owed his life to that renowned maiden." All the Indian girls met by De Soto were alluring and beautiful. The beauty and grace of an Indian queen and her handmaidens made many an aging male of the 1870's recall the days of his courtships. By implication he could recapture the spirit of those days by spending a vacation in Florida. Dofia Isabel died of a broken heart when her husband, De Soto, failed to return from his great adventure. Many of the author's historical errors are traceable to his two sources, Fairbanks' and Irving.8 The work of these pioneer historians has been corrected by modern scholars. According to the Rambler, Ponce de Leon sighted Florida on March 27, 1512-actually he saw an island of the Bahamas on March 27, 1513, and reached the coast of Florida on April 2. The author is frequently confused by Spanish names. Alvar N6fiez Cabeza de Vaca is referred to as Alvar Nniez, Nnnez de Vaca, and Cabeza de Vaca. Pinfilo Narviez first name is spelled Pamphilo. No accent marks are given for Span- ish or French names, but this omission may have been a deficiency of printer's type instead of ignorance by the author. He, however, assumes the reader knows the first names, and many individuals are referred to only by their last names. He directs many of his appeals to the invalid. Accord- ing to him, Florida was preferable to any other place in the United States for those who suffered from consump- tion, asthma, and rheumatism. The state's climate was superior to the resort cities of France and Italy. In Flor- ida, he erroneously claimed, there was no such sudden INTRODUCTION. xvii from death by burning, and later spirited him from her father's domain, thereby losing her chance to become the bride of a young, handsome chief, raises the boast that "Florida possessed a Pocahontas long before Capt. John Smith owed his life to that renowned maiden." All the Indian girls met by De Soto were alluring and beautiful. The beauty and grace of an Indian queen and her handmaidens made many an aging male of the 1870's recall the days of his courtships. By implication he could recapture the spirit of those days by spending a vacation in Florida. Dona Isabel died of a broken heart when her husband, De Soto, failed to return from his great adventure. Many of the author's historical errors are traceable to his two sources, Fairbanks' and Irving.8 The work of these pioneer historians has been corrected by modern scholars. According to the Rambler, Ponce de Leon sighted Florida on March 27, 1512-actually he saw an island of the Bahamas on March 27, 1513, and reached the coast of Florida on April 2. The author is frequently confused by Spanish names. Alvar Nf5ez Cabeza de Vaca is referred to as Alvar Nfiez, Na5ez de Vaca, and Cabeza de Vaca. Pinfilo Narvaez first name is spelled Pamphilo. No accent marks are given for Span- ish or French names, but this omission may have been a deficiency of printer's type instead of ignorance by the author. He, however, assumes the reader knows the first names, and many individuals are referred to only by their last names. He directs many of his appeals to the invalid. Accord- ing to him, Florida was preferable to any other place in the United States for those who suffered from consump- tion, asthma, and rheumatism. The state's climate was superior to the resort cities of France and Italy. In Flor- ida, he erroneously claimed, there was no such sudden  xviii INTRODUCTION. changes in temperature as were true of Nice and Flor- ence. On the sixty-hour voyage from New York City to Charleston, the invalid, Rambler reported, almost invari- ably improved in health. In comparison with a trip by train, from which it often required half the winter for a passenger to recover, the invalid on a steamer arrived in Florida relaxed and ready to engage in hunting and fishing. The meals on shipboard and in the hotel dining rooms were superb. Beef, mutton, and poultry from New York, fish and game from South Carolina and Florida were prepared to appeal to sophisticated palates. At the St. Johns Hotel in Palatka there were "delicious waffles, noble wild turkey (nobly served), tender lamb, adoles- cent chicken, light, sweet bread, potatoes, green pease, and other delicacies that ravished the heart and made glad the digestive apparatus.'" Few hotel proprietors and boardinghouse keepers listed their prices in the advertising section of the guide. Some merchants advertised their "segars," but T. A. Pacetti, a ''Graduated Pharmaceutist,' had cigars for sale. One drugstore sold wines and liquors, in another these liquids were mainly for medicinal purposes, and in a third only for medicinal use. B. Genover sold groceries, furniture, hardware, liquors, and "segars." Greenleaf's Museum of Florida Curiosities charged no admission, but sold "Sea Beans, mounted in every style; Alligator Heads, Alligator Teeth, carved and mounted; Orange, Royal Palm, Palmetto, Break-axe, Mangrove, and other Canes.'' In addition Daman Greenleaf adver- tised "Pink Curlew Wings, Egret and Heron Plumes; Flamingo and Fawn Plumes, Sea Shells and Coral; Alli- gator Eggs, etc., etc." Furchgott, Benedict and Company of Jacksonville claimed their establishment to be the ''most beautiful and finest Store in the State." Also in xevii INTRODUCTION. changes in temperature as were true of Nice and Fer- ence. On the sixty-hour voyage from New York City to Charleston, the invalid, Rambler reported, almost invari- ably improved in health. In comparison with a trip by train, from which it often required half the winter for a passenger to recover, the invalid on a steamer arrived in Florida relaxed and ready to engage in hunting and fishing. The meals on shipboard and in the hotel dining rooms were superb. Beef, mutton, and poultry from New York, fish and game from South Carolina and Florida were prepared to appeal to sophisticated palates. At the St. Johns Hotel in Palatka there were "delicious waffles, noble wild turkey (nobly served), tender lamb, adoles- cent chicken, light, sweet bread, potatoes, green pease, and other delicacies that ravished the heart and made glad the digestive apparatus.'' Few hotel proprietors and boardinghouse keepers listed their prices in the advertising section of the guide. Some merchants advertised their "segars," but T. A. Pacetti, a ''Graduated Pharmaceutist,' had cigars for sale. One drugstore sold wines and liquors, in another these liquids weere mainly for medicinal purposes, and in a third only for medicinal use. B. Genover sold groceries, furniture, hardware, liquors, and "segars." Greenleaf's Museum of Florida Curiosities charged no admission, but sold "Sea Beans, mounted in every style; Alligator Heads, Alligator Teeth, carved and mounted; Orange, Royal Palm, Palmetto, Break-axe, Mangrove, and other Canes." In addition Daman Greenleaf adver- tised "Pink Curlew Wings, Egret and Heron Plumes; Flamingo and Fawn Plumes, Sea Shells and Coral; Alli- gator Eggs, etc., etc." Furchgott, Benedict and Company of Jacksonville claimed their establishment to be the ''most beautiful and finest Store in the State." Also in xviii INTRODUCTION. changes in temperature as were true of Nice and Flor- ence. On the sixty-hour voyage from New York City to Charleston, the invalid, Rambler reported, almost invari- ably improved in health. In comparison with a trip by train, from which it often required half the winter for a passenger to recover, the invalid on a steamer arrived in Florida relaxed and ready to engage in hunting and fishing. The meals on shipboard and in the hotel dining rooms were superb. Beef, mutton, and poultry from New York, fish and game from South Carolina and Florida were prepared to appeal to sophisticated palates. At the St. Johns Hotel in Palatka there were "delicious waffles, noble wild turkey (nobly served), tender lamb, adoles- cent chicken, light, sweet bread, potatoes, green pease, and other delicacies that ravished the heart and made glad the digestive apparatus." Few hotel proprietors and boardinghouse keepers listed their prices in the advertising section of the guide. Some merchants advertised their "segars," but T. A. Pacetti, a ''Graduated Pharmaceutist,' had cigars for sale. One drugstore sold wines and liquors, in another these liquids were mainly for medicinal purposes, and in a third only for medicinal use. B. Genover sold groceries, furniture, hardware, liquors, and "segars." Greenleaf's Museum of Florida Curiosities charged no admission, but sold "Sea Beans, mounted in every style; Alligator Heads, Alligator Teeth, carved and mounted; Orange, Royal Palm, Palmetto, Break-axe, Mangrove, and other Canes.'' In addition Daman Greenleaf adver- tised "Pink Curlew Wings, Egret and Heron Plumes; Flamingo and Fawn Plumes, Sea Shells and Coral; Alli- gator Eggs, etc., etc." Furchgott, Benedict and Company of Jacksonville claimed their establishment to be the ''most beautiful and finest Store in the State." Also in  INTRODUCTION. xix Jacksonville, the Metropolitan Hall dealt in foreign liquors, fitted out excursion parties, offered a "Billiard Saloon" for pocket and carom contests, and rented space for "Concerts, Theatrical Representations," and other attractions. Florida hotels and springs advertised their services. The manager of Green Cove Springs enumerated the many ills cured by the healing waters of the springs. The Brock House at Enterprise appealed to invalids, tourists, and sportsmen. The Railroad House at Tocoi promised meals at any hour and "First-class beds and a 'Cuisine,' in every respect unexceptionable." The Orien- tal House at St. Augustine charged only a dollar a day for a room, European plan. Rambler's guide is an interesting introduction to the Florida of almost a hundred years ago. Although his writing does not win a place for the author among the literary men of America, the guide does help to explain the origin and rise of tourism to the status of a major contributor to the economy of Florida. NOTES. 1. Rembert W. Patrick, "The Mobile Frontier," in Journal of Southern History, XXIX (February, 1963), 5. 2. Ibid., 6. 3. Ledyard Bill, A Winter in Florida (New York, 1869), 174. 4. Sylvia Sunshine, Petalr Plucked from Sunny Climes (Nashville, 1886), 27. 5. Ibid., 169. 6. Patrick, op. ci., 14. 7. George R. Fairbanks, History of Florida (Philadelphia, 1871). Rambler is careless in copying and his quotations from Fairbanks are not accurate. For instance, the De Bry of Fairbanks becomes De Bray in Rambler's "Guide to Florida." 8. Theodore Irving, The Conquest of Florida by Hernando De Soto (New York, 1851). INTRODUCTION. xix Jacksonville, the Metropolitan Hall dealt in foreign liquors, fitted out excursion parties, offered a "Billiard Saloon" for pocket and carom contests, and rented space for "Concerts, Theatrical Representations," and other attractions. Florida hotels and springs advertised their services. The manager of Green Cove Springs enumerated the many ills cured by the healing waters of the springs. The Brock House at Enterprise appealed to invalids, tourists, and sportsmen. The Railroad House at Tocoi promised meals at any hour and "First-class beds and a 'Cuisine,' in every respect unexceptionable." The Orien- tal House at St. Augustine charged only a dollar a day for a room, European plan. Rambler's guide is an interesting introduction to the Florida of almost a hundred years ago. Although his writing does not win a place for the author among the literary men of America, the guide does help to explain the origin and rise of tourism to the status of a major contributor to the economy of Florida. NOTES. 1. Rembert W. Patrick, "The Mobile Frontier," in Journal of Southern History, XXIX (February, 1963), 5. 2. Ibid., 6. 3. Ledyard Bill, A Winter in Florida (New York, 1869), 174. 4. Sylvia Sunshine, Petalr Plucked from Sunny Climes (Nashville, 1886), 27. 5. Ibid., 169. 6. Patrick, op. cit., 14. 7. George R. Fairbanks, Hissory of Florida (Philadelphia, 1.871). Rambler is careless in copying and his quotations from Fairbanks are not accurate. For instance, the De Bry of Fairbanks becomes De Bray in Rambler's "Guide to Florida." 8. Theodore Irving, The Conquest of Florida by Hernando De Soto (New York, 1851). INTRODUCTION. xix Jacksonville, the Metropolitan Hall dealt in foreign liquors, fitted out excursion parties, offered a "Billiard Saloon" for pocket and carom contests, and rented space for "Concerts, Theatrical Representations," and other attractions. Florida hotels and springs advertised their services. The manager of Green Cove Springs enumerated the many ills cured by the healing waters of the springs. The Brock House at Enterprise appealed to invalids, tourists, and sportsmen. The Railroad House at Tocoi promised meals at any hour and "First-class beds and a 'Cuisine,' in every respect unexceptionable." The Orien- tal House at St. Augustine charged only a dollar a day for a room, European plan. Rambler's guide is an interesting introduction to the Florida of almost a hundred years ago. Although his writing does not win a place for the author among the literary men of America, the guide does help to explain the origin and rise of tourism to the status of a major contributor to the economy of Florida. NOTES. 1. Rembert W. Patrick, "The Mobile Frontier," in Journal of Southern History, XXIX (February, 1963), 5. 2. Ibid., 6. 3. Ledyard Bill, A Winter in Florida (New York, 1869), 174. 4. Sylvia Sunshine, Petals Plucked from Sunny Climes (Nashville, 1886), 27. 5. Ibid., 169. 6. Patrick, op., cit., 14. 7. George R. Fairbanks, History of Florida (Philadelphia, 1871). Rambler is careless in copying and his quotations from Fairbanks are not accurate. For instance, the De Bry of Fairbanks becomes De Bray in Rambler's "Guide to Florida." 8. Theodore Irving, The Conquest of Florida by Hernando De Soto (New York, 1851).  FaOTuPxxecEc. .E ON THE ST. JOHN'S. FRoNhXCEr.- ,E ON THE ST, JOHN'S, WINTER'HARRIET HEECHER STOWE WINTER HARRIET HEECHER STOWE RESIDENCE RESIDENCE FROXTTBPRacR. .E ON THE ST. JOHN'S, WITRHARRIET HEECHER STOWE RESIDENCE  To To To 1 0 I . I . 4 w By) " MBAR By " NMBI Rll NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN NEWS COMPANY, NASSAU STREET, NEW YRK. 1875. NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN NEWS COMPANY, NASSAU STREET, NEW TORK. 1875. NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN NEWS COMPANY, NASSAU STREET, NEW TORE. 1875.  Entoredt aoodiog to Aot of Congress, tn the year 1873, by EDWARD 0. JENKINS, 1. the Offloo of the librarian of Congroos, at Wasbiogion, D). C. Entered aroordiog to Aot of Congress, In tbo year 1878, by EDWARD 0. JENKJINS, la the Offier of the Librarian of Congross, at Wasbbngton, D. O Entered acordiog to Aot of Coagesos, In te yoe 1873, by EDWARD 0. JENKINS, 1a the Othie of the libraeton of Congrors, at Wahiogeon, D.CO  CONTENTS. Florida-Its Discovery. . .e 7 De Ayllon-Nlarvacz--Nunrz Dr Vas. 11 Dr N~araz-152 . . . 13 Hcernanado De Solo. .20 . 1 Don Traiaian Do Lana-l55.9 . 41 The Dagnenot Sctlemir s-l-1563 . . 42 Do Gourges. .5 2 Florida ; Its Geography and Climate, etc. . . 60 Climate. 63 . . R flow to Reach Florida.. 65 Charleston . . . . . . 60 Objects of Interrt.. 73 Savannah . 78 Fernandiaa. .8 5 St. Joha'a River. . .. . 86 Jackonvile.. 87 St. John's River. . o. 5 Mandarin. . .. 91 flihernia. .92 . . 5 Magnolia .9. 2 Croon Cove Springs 92 Picolata. . . .. 93 Voc l ... 94 Orange Mine. . .. 94 Palatka . . . .. 94 Enterpsrirase.. 97 htelola . . . . 99 Sanford. . . . . 100 St. Aungstinr. . . . 1023 Oklawaha River, . . . . . 116 CONTENTS. Floeida-Its Discovery. Do Ayllon-haevaco--Nonre Do Var.. Do Narvac-12.. Htemado Do Solo. Don Tristaa Do Lana-l5.5. The Hugnenot Sctllmcnts-1563 Dr Goorges. Florida ; dts Geography and Climate, etc. Climate. flow to Reach Florida.. Charleston Objects of Ineea Savannah. Fernandina. St. Jobh'. River. Jaekaonville. St. John'a River. Mlandarin. . Hibemia. Magnolia. Geon Cove Sprtngs Picolata. Toeoi. Orange MIt.. Palata. Enterprise. Mhlronville. Sanford. St. Augiastine. Onklawaha River, 13 20 41 52 63 65 73 78 85 86 87 906 91 02 66 92 93 .94 94 94 97 99 100 102 116 CONTENTS. Florida-Its Discovery. De Ayllon-Nfarvaca-Nnez De Vaca. De Rorva-152.. Hernoado Do Soso. Dion Tristan Dc Lan-l55.. The Hunguenot Sclolemenla-136l Do Goorges. Florida ; Isb Geography and Climate, etc. Climate.. How to Reanli Florida. Charleston. Objects at Interert. Savannah.. Fernandina. St. John's Ricer. Jackovile.. St. John's River. Mandarin.. Hihernia.. Magnolia. Geen Cove Springs Finolata. Orange MIr.. Palatka. Rnterrie. Mloanvile.. Sanford. St. Angnatiae. Ocklawaha Riser, 13 20 42 60 63 65 85 73 78 85 86 87 00 91 923 92 92 93 94 94 94 97 99 100 103 116   GUIDE TO FLORIDA. FLORIDA-ITS DISCOVERY. HAD Christopher Columbus, on leaving the Island of San Salvador, proceeded Westward, he would have ultimately discovered the coast of Florida; for the Gulf Stream, then an unknown power, would have swept him to the Northward-the difference of Latitude re- quired for the purpose. But, influenced by the description of the natives, of a land of wealth bearing to the southward, he directed his prow thither, and brought up on the coast Cuba. Thus was reserved to one of Colum- bus' companions, (Juan Ponce de Leon,) the honor of the discovery of the peninsula; a most romantic incident of History. In 1512, the brave old soldier, Ponce de (7) GUIDE TO FLORIDA. FLORIDA-ITS DISCOVERY. HAD Christopher Columbus, on leaving the Island of San Salvador, proceeded Westward, he would have ultimately discovered the coast of Florida; for the Gulf Stream, then an unknown power, would have swept him to the Northward-the difference of Latitude re- quired for the purpose. But, influenced by the description of the natives, of a land of wealth bearing to the southward, he directed his prow thither, and brought up on the coast Cuba. Thus was reserved to one of Colum- bus' companions, (Juan Ponce de Leon,) the honor of the discovery of the peninsula; a most romantic incident of History. in 1512, the brave old soldier, Ponce de (7) GUIDE TO FLORIDA. FLORIDA-ITS DISCOVERY. HAD Christopher Columbus, on leaving the Island of San Salvador, proceeded Westward, he would have ultimately discovered the coast of Florida; for the Gulf Stream, then an unknown power, would have swept him to the Northward-the difference of Latitude re- quired for the purpose. But, influenced by the description of the natives, of a land of wealth bearing to the southward, he directed his prow thither, and brought up on the coast Cuba. Thus was reserved to one of Colum- bus' companions, (Juan Ponce de Leon,) the honor of the discovery of the peninsula; a most romantic incident of History. In 1512, the brave old soldier, Ponce de (7)  8 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. Leon, was Governor of Porto Rico. He had carved his way to glory and wealth, but never- theless aspired to equal Columbus in renown, and for that purpose fitted out an expedition. It was whilst discussing the subject with his followers, and arguing as to the course to be pursued, that an Indian Cacique narrated to them a wonderful story; that, not many leagues away, towards the setting sun, there existed a land of great riches, and exceeding all others in beauty of scenery. But, what was most extraordinary, it possessed a mar- vellous fountain, whose waters had the power to renew youth and give vigor to those who bathed in or drank them. Ponce de Leon had witnessed such wonder- ful things in his several voyages, that he was prepared to give credence to the most exager- ated accounts. "What if it should prove true?" soliloquized the old warrior, as he listened to the inter- preter. "And why should it not be? Have I not already discovered marvels, which in my youthful days I would have deemed impossible 8 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. Leon, was Governor of Porto Rico. He had carved his way to glory and wealth, but never- theless aspired to equal Columbus in renown, and for that purpose fitted out an expedition. It was whilst discussing the subject with his followers, and arguing as to the course to be pursued, that an Indian Cacique narrated to them a wonderful story; that, not many leagues away, towards the setting sun, there existed a land of great riches, and exceeding all others in beauty of scenery. But, what was most extraordinary, it possessed a mar- vellous fountain, whose waters had the power to renew youth and give vigor to those who bathed in or drank them. Ponce de Leon had witnessed such wonder- ful things in his several voyages, that he was prepared to give credence to the most exager- ated accounts. "What if it should prove true?" soliloquized the old warrior, as he listened to the inter- preter. "And why should it not be? Have I not already discovered marvels, which in my youthful days I would have deemed impossible 8 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. Leon, was Governor of Porto Rico. He had carved his way to glory and wealth, but never- theless aspired to equal Columbus in renown, and for that purpose fitted out an expedition. It was whilst discussing the subject with his followers, and arguing as to the course to be pursued, that an Indian Cacique narrated to them a wonderful story; that, not many leagues away, towards the setting sun, there existed a land of great riches, and exceeding all others in beauty of scenery. But, what was most extraordinary, it possessed a mar- vellous fountain, whose waters had the power to renew youth and give vigor to those who bathed in or drank them. Ponce de Leon had witnessed such wonder- ful things in his several voyages, that he was prepared to give credence to the most exager- ated accounts. " What if it should prove true?" soliloquized the old warrior, as he listened to the inter- preter. "And why should it not be? Have I not already discovered marvels, which in my youthful days I would have deemed impossible  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 9 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 9 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 9 as this? Ponce de Leon will, in giving to the world a rejuvenating fountain, be entitled to greater renown than those who merely gave wealth and continents to their sovereigns." An expedition of three vessels was imme- diately fitted out and set sail from St. Germain, Porto Rico, in March 1512. Ponce de Leon directed its course to the Bahamas. He vis- ited the various localities where the fountain might be, but his search proved fruitless. Island after island was explored, and the waters tasted and bathed in, yet the desired effect was not produced. Nothing daunted, the brave soldier steered to the Westward; and, on Palm Sunday, the Pascua Florida of the Spaniards, (27th March, 1512) he dis. covered land ahead-a land of such magnifi- cent vegetation and variety of flowers, that he gave to it the name it continues to bear- Florida. On April 2, 1512, Ponce de Leon disem- barked a little to the northward of St. Augus- tine, planted a cross, and took possession of the country in the name of his sovereign. He then turned his attention to the search for the 1* as this? Ponce de Leon will, in giving to the world a rejuvenating fountain, be entitled to greater renown than those who merely gave wealth and continents to their sovereigns." An expedition of three vessels was imme- diately fitted out and set sail from St. Germain, Porto Rico, in March 1512. Ponce de Leon directed its course to the Bahamas. He vis- ited the various localities where the fountain might be, but his search proved fruitless. Island after island was explored, and the waters tasted and bathed in, yet the desired effect was not produced. Nothing daunted, the brave soldier steered to the Westward; and, on Palm Sunday, the Pascua Florida of the Spaniards, (27th March, 1512) he dis- covered land ahead-a land of such magnifi- cent vegetation and variety of flowers, that he gave to it the name it continues to bear- Florida. On April 2, 1512, Ponce de Leon disem- barked a little to the northward of St. Augus- tine, planted a cross, and took possession of the country in the name of his sovereign. He then turned his attention to the search for the 1* as this? Ponce de Leon will, in giving to the world a rejuvenating fountain, be entitled to greater renown than those who merely gave wealth and continents to their sovereigns." An expedition of three vessels was imme- diately fitted out and set sail from St. Germain, Porto Rico, in March 1512. Ponce de Leon directed its course to the Bahamas. He vis- ited the various localities where the fountain might be, but his search proved fruitless. Island after island was explored, and the waters tasted and bathed in, yet the desired effect was not produced. Nothing daunted, the brave soldier steered to the Westward; and, on Palm Sunday, the Pascua Florida of the Spaniards, (27th March, 1512) he dis covered land ahead-a land of such magnifi- cent vegetation and variety of flowers, that he gave to it the name it continues to bear- Florida. On April 2, 1512, Ponce de Leon disem- barked a little to the northward of St. Augus- tine, planted a cross, and took possession of the country in the name of his sovereign. He then turned his attention to the search for the 1*  To GUIDE TO FLORIDA. "Fountain of Youth;" and, in its absence, gold and precious stones. He found neither, and two months later returned to Porto Rico. In spite of his want of success, De Leon made a brilliant report of the value of his discovery, and was rewarded by the Crown with the title of Adelentado, or Governor of Florida; in return for which he agreed to conquer and colonize it. This, however, he did not appear in any particular hurry to do; as it was not until nearly ten years later that he again set out for the peninsula. In the meantime, several explorers had vis- ited its shores and described it as a vast con- tinent, and not an Island as he supposed it to be. At this time, Cortez was in Mexico ; and the reports of his conquests and spoils incited Ponce de Leon to put on foot a second expe- dition, in the hope of meeting with a like suc- cess. He sailed, therefore, with two vessels; but no sooner had he landed in Florida, than he was attacked by the natives with such fierceness that, after a severe conflict, the Spaniards were compelled to re-embark and return to Cuba. Ponce himself received a to GUIDE TO FLORIDA. "Fountain of Youth;" and, in its absence, gold and precious stones. He found neither, and two months later returned to Porto Rico. In spite of his want of success, De Leon made a brilliant report of the value of his discovery, and was rewarded by the Crown with the title of Adelentado, or Governor of Florida; in return for which he agreed to conquer and colonize it. This, however, he did not appear in any particular hurry to do; as it was not until nearly ten years later that he again set out for the peninsula. In the meantime, several explorers had vis- ited its shores and described it as a vast con- tinent, and not an Island as he supposed it to be. At this time, Cortez was in Mexico ; and the reports of his conquests and spoils incited Ponce de Leon to put on foot a second expe- dition, in the hope of meeting with a like suc- cess. He sailed, therefore, with two vessels; but no sooner had he landed in Florida, than he was attacked by the natives with such fierceness that, after a severe conflict, the Spaniards were compelled to re-embark and return to Cuba. Ponce himself received a to GUIDE TO FLORIDA. "Fountain of Youth;" and, in its absence, gold and precious stones. He found neither, and two months later returned to Porto Rico. In spite of his want of success, De Leon made a brilliant report of the value of his discovery, and was rewarded by the Crown with the title of Adelentado, or Governor of Florida; in return for which he agreed to conquer and colonize it. This, however, he did not appear in any particular hurry to do; as it was not until nearly ten years later that he again set out for the peninsula. In the meantime, several explorers had vis- ited its shores and described it as a vast con- tinent, and not an Island as he supposed it to be. At this time, Cortez was in Mexico ; and the reports of his conquests and spoils incited Ponce de Leon to put on foot a second expe- dition, in the hope of meeting with a like suc- cess. He sailed, therefore, with two vessels; but no sooner had he landed in Florida, than he was attacked by the natives with such fierceness that, after a severe conflict, the Spaniards were compelled to re-embark and return to Cuba. Ponce himself received a  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 11 wound, from the effects of which he died, soon after reaching the Island. His epitaph was : "In this sepulchre rest the bones of a man who was a Lion by name, and still more by nature." DE AYLLON-NARVAEZ-NUNEZ DE VACA. SHORTLY after the death of Ponce de Leon, Diego Miruelo, the captain of a small Span- ish vessel, being driven by stress of weather to the coast of Florida, received from the na- tives,in traffic, a quantity of gold and silver. With these he returned to St. Domingo ; and the accounts he gave of the country he had visited caused much excitement on the Island. At that time there was, in St. Domingo, a company engaged in gold mining, at whose head was a distinguished young nobleman named Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon. This gen- tleman, as will be seen, was possessed of keenness and a daring spirit. De Ayllon, fearing, no doubt, his annual statement for the year 1521, would make but a sorry figure, owing to the scarcity of labor GUIDE TO FLORIDA. II wound, from the effects of which he died, soon after reaching the Island. His epitaph was : "In this sepulchre rest the bones of a man who was a Lion by name, and still more by nature." DE AYLLON-NARVAEZ-NUNEZ DE VACA. SHORTLY after the death of Ponce de Leon, Diego Miruelo, the captain of a small Span- ish vessel, being driven by stress of weather to the coast of Florida, received from the na- tives,in traffic, a quantity of gold and silver. With these he returned to St. Domingo ; and the accounts he gave of the country he had visited caused much excitement on the Island. At that time there was, in St. Domingo, a company engaged in gold mining, at whose head was a distinguished young nobleman named Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon. This gen tleman, as will be seen, was possessed of keenness and a daring spirit. De Ayllon, fearing, no doubt, his annual statement for the year 1521, would make but a sorry figure, owing to the scarcity of labor GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 11 wound, from the effects of which he died, soon after reaching the Island. His epitaph was : "In this sepulchre rest the bones of a man who was a Lion by name, and still more by nature." DE AYLLON-NARVAEZ-NUNEZ DE VACA. SHORTLY after the death of Ponce de Leon, Diego Miruelo, the captain of a small Span- ish vessel, being driven by stress of weather to the coast of Florida, received from the na- tives,in traffic, a quantity of gold and silver. With these he returned to St. Domingo ; and the accounts he gave of the country he had visited caused much excitement on the Island. At that time there was, in St. Domingo, a company engaged in gold mining, at whose head was a distinguished young nobleman named Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon. This gen- tleman, as will be seen, was possessed of keenness and a daring spirit. De Ayllon, fearing, no doubt, his annual statement for the year 1521, would make but a sorry figure, owing to the scarcity of labor  12 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. on the Island, determined to visit the main- land, and secure a couple of cargoes of the savages so plausibly described by Miruelo. Now, owing to the efforts of Las Casas, the Spanish crown had prohibited the enslaving of the natives of the New World. This pro- hibition, however, did not include the Caribs, who were said to be cannibals. De Ayllon, consequently, gave out that the two vessels he was fitting out were for the purpose of obtaining Caribs ; but, sailing directly to the mainland, he was driven by stress of weather and the unknown currents further to the north than he anticipated, and came to an- chor on the coast of what is now South Caro- lina, at a place called Chicora, but which he named St. Helena. Here the Indians at first fled in terror at the sight of ships and white men, whom they beheld for the first time ; but the Spaniards soon quieted their fears; and they returned, bringing presents of furs, pearls, and small quantities of gold and silver. The Spaniards gave them trinkets in return, and invited them on board their vessels, to which the 12 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. on the Island, determined to visit the main- land, and secure a couple of cargoes of the savages so plausibly described by Miruelo. Now, owing to the efforts of Las Casas, the Spanish crown had prohibited the enslaving of the natives of the New World. This pro- hibition, however, did not include the Caribs, who were said to be cannibals. De Ayllon, consequently, gave out that the two vessels he was fitting out were for the purpose of obtaining Caribs ; but, sailing directly to the mainland, he was driven by stress of weather and the unknown currents further to the north than he anticipated, and came to an- chor on the coast of what is now South Caro- lina, at a place called Chicora, but which he named St. Helena. Here the Indians at first fled in terror at the sight of ships and white men, whom they beheld for the first time ; but the Spaniards soon quieted their fears; and they returned, bringing presents of furs, pearls, and small quantities of gold and silver. The Spaniards gave them trinkets in return, and invited them on board their vessels, to which the 12 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. on the Island, determined to visit the main- land, and secure a couple of cargoes of the savages so plausibly described by Miruelo. Now, owing to the efforts of Las Casas, the Spanish crown had prohibited the enslaving of the natives of the New World. This pro- hibition, however, did not include the Caribs, who were said to be cannibals. De Ayllon, consequently, gave out that the two vessels he was fitting out were for the purpose of obtaining Caribs ; but, sailing directly to the mainland, he was driven by stress of weather and the unknown currents further to the north than he anticipated, and came to an- chor on the coast of what is now South Caro- lina, at a place called Chicora, but which he named St. Helena. Here the Indians at first fled in terror at the sight of ships and white men, whom they beheld for the first time ; but the Spaniards soon quieted their fears; and they returned, bringing presents of furs, pearls, and small quantities of gold and silver. The Spaniards gave them trinkets in return, and invited them on board their vessels, to which the  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 13 confiding natives repaired in considerable numbers. Securing them below the hatches, the Spaniards weighed anchor and set sail for home. One of the vessels foundered at sea, and of the poor captives confined on board of the other, the ancient historian says: "these Indians profited them nothing, for they all died of care and grief." De Ayllon shortly afterwards obtained from his sovereign the appointment of Governor of Chicora; he fitted out an expedition of three vessels to conquer his new dominion, landing near St. Helena. The inhabitants received him with apparent cordiality; but, after feasting his soldiers for three days, they rose upon them in the night and massacred almost the entire force ; including De Ayllon himself. DE NARVAEZ-1528. THE next expedition to Florida was con- ducted on a grander scale ; it was led by Pamphilo de Narvaez. De Narvaez, who was a distinguished soldier, had been sent by Ve- GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 13 confiding natives repaired in considerable numbers. Securing them below the hatches, the Spaniards weighed anchor and set sail for home. One of the vessels foundered at sea, and of the poor captives confined on board of the other, the ancient historian says: "these Indians profited them nothing, for they all died of care and grief." De Ayllon shortly afterwards obtained from his sovereign the appointment of Governor of Chicora; he fitted out an expedition of three vessels to conquer his new dominion, landing near St. Helena. The inhabitants received him with apparent cordiality; but, after feasting his soldiers for three days, they rose upon them in the night and massacred almost the entire force ; including De Ayllon himself. DE NARVAEZ-1528. THE next expedition to Florida was con- ducted on a grander scale ; it was led by Pamphilo de Narvaez. De Narvaez, who was a distinguished soldier, had been sent by Ve- GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 13 confiding natives repaired in considerable numbers. Securing them below the hatches, the Spaniards weighed anchor and set sail for home. One of the vessels foundered at sea, and of the poor captives confined on board of the other, the ancient historian says: "these Indians profited them nothing, for they all died of care and grief." De Ayllon shortly afterwards obtained from his sovereign the appointment of Governor of Chicora; he fitted out an expedition of three vessels to conquer his new dominion, landing near St. Helena. The inhabitants received him with apparent cordiality; but, after feasting his soldiers for three days, they rose upon them in the night and massacred almost the entire force ; including De Ayllon himself. DE NARVAEZ-1528. THE next expedition to Florida was con- ducted on a grander scale ; it was led by Pamphilo de Narvaez. De Narvaez, who was a distinguished soldier, had been sent by Ve-  14 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. lasquez, the Governor of Cuba, to Mexico, with nearly two thousand troops to supersede Cortez, whose brilliant career had excited the jealousy of the Governor. Instead of turning over the command of his three hun- dred warriors to Narvaez, Cortez, at night, fell upon his rival; and, after a short struggle, in which Narvaez lost an eye, took him pris- oner. Then almost the whole of the new comers went over to Cortez. When, subsequently, Narvaez proceeded to Spain, he was consoled by having conferred upon him the Governorship of Florida. He immediately fitted out an expedition of five vessels; and, on April 12th, 1528, landed on the west coast of Florida; near what is now called Tampa Bay. There he landed three hundred men and forty-five horses. Against the advice of some of his followers, Narvaez determined to at once penetrate the country in search of an empire which should rival Mexico or Peru. His companions had coun- selled their remaining by their ships, and coasting along the continent; but Narvaez was not to be moved ; and, after instructing 14 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. lasquez, the Governor of Cuba, to Mexico, with nearly two thousand troops to supersede Cortez, whose brilliant career had excited the jealousy of the Governor. Instead of turning over the command of his three hun- dred warriors to Narvaez, Cortez, at night, fell upon his rival; and, after a short struggle, in which Narvaez lost an eye, took him pris- oner. Then almost the whole of the new comers went over to Cortez. When, subsequently, Narvaez proceeded to Spain, he was consoled by having conferred upon him the Governorship of Florida. He immediately fitted out an expedition of five vessels; and, on April 12th, 1528, landed on the west coast of Florida; near what is now called Tampa Bay. There he landed three hundred men and forty-five horses. Against the advice of some of his followers, Narvaez determined to at once penetrate the country in search of an empire which should rival Mexico or Peru. His companions had coun- selled their remaining by their ships, and coasting along the continent; but Narvaez was not to be moved ; and, after instructing 14 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. lasquez, the Governor of Cuba, to Mexico, with nearly two thousand troops to supersede Cortez, whose brilliant career had excited the jealousy of the Governor. Instead of turning over the command of his three hun- dred warriors to Narvaez, Cortez, at night, fell upon his rival; and, after a short struggle, in which Narvaez lost an eye, took him pris- oner. Then almost the whole of the new comers went over to Cortez. When, subsequently, Narvaez proceeded to Spain, he was consoled by having conferred upon him the Governorship of Florida. He immediately fitted out an expedition of five vessels; and, on April 12th, 1528, landed on the west coast of Florida; near what is now called Tampa Bay. There he landed three hundred men and forty-five horses. Against the advice of some of his followers, Narvaez determined to at once penetrate the country in search of an empire which should rival Mexico or Peru. His companions had coun- selled their remaining by their ships, and coasting along the continent; but Narvaez was not to be moved ; and, after instructing  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 1 5 his captains to take the vessels to some con- venient harbor to await his arrival, he started on his march, in a northerly direction. Instead of finding the rich country they had fancied, the Spaniards could scarcely scrape the wherewith sufficient to keep body and soul together; whilst the natives, differing totally from those of Mexico, contested every inch of ground, with a desperation that dis- couraged and astonished the Spaniards. His- tory offers few such records of suffering as is narrated in the pages which describe the march of Narvaez through Florida. Narvaez found nothing but swamps and starvation, with hostile Indians on every hand. After losing a large number of his force by sick- ness and the arrows of the natives, Narvaez, in despair, called a council of his officers. His hopes of wealth and conquest were at an end; he sought how best to escape-from the country before they should all perish. Irving says: "To proceed along the coast in search of the fleet, or to retrace their steps, would be to hazard the lives of all. At length it was suggested that they should construct GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 15 his captains to take the vessels to some con- venient harbor to await his arrival, he started on his march, in a northerly direction. Instead of finding the rich country they had fancied, the Spaniards could scarcely scrape the wherewith sufficient to keep body and soul together; whilst the natives, differing totally from those of Mexico, contested every inch of ground, with a desperation that dis- couraged and astonished the Spaniards. His- tory offers few such records of suffering as is narrated in the pages which describe the march of Narvaez through Florida. Narvaez found nothing but swamps and starvation, with hostile Indians on every hand. After losing a large number of his force by sick- ness and the arrows of the natives, Narvaez, in despair, called a council of his officers. His hopes of wealth and conquest were at an end; he sought how best to escape-from the country before they should all perish. Irving says: "To proceed along the coast in search of the fleet, or to retrace their steps, would be to hazard the lives of all. At length it was suggested that they should construct GUIDE TO FLORIDA. I5 his captains to take the vessels to some con- venient harbor to await his arrival, he started on his march, in a northerly direction. Instead of finding the rich country they had fancied, the Spaniards could scarcely scrape the wherewith sufficient to keep body and soul together; whilst the natives, differing totally from those of Mexico, contested every inch of ground, with a desperation that dis- couraged and astonished the Spaniards. His- tory offers few such records of suffering as is narrated in the pages which describe the march of Narvaez through Florida. Narvaez found nothing but swamps and starvation, with hostile Indians on every hand. After losing a large number of his force by sick- ness and the arrows of the natives, Narvaez, in despair, called a council of his officers. His hopes of wealth and conquest were at an end; he sought how best to escape from the country before they should all perish. Irving says: "To proceed along the coast in search of the fleet, or to retrace their steps, would be to hazard the lives of all. At length it was suggested that they should construct  16 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. small barks, launch them upon the deep, and keep along the coast until they should find their ships. It was a forlorn hope, but they caught at it like drowning men. They ac- cordingly set to work with great eagerness; One of them constructed a pair of bellows out of deer skins, furnishing it with a wooden pipe. Others made charcoal and a forge. By the aid of these, they soon turned their stirrups, spurs, crossbows, and other articles of iron, into nails, saws, and hatchets. The tails and manes of the horses, twisted with the fibres of the palm-treee, served for rig- ging; their shirts, cut open and sewed to- gether, furnished sails ; the fibrous part of the palm-tree also was used as oakum ; the resin of the pine trees for tar; the skins of horses were made into vessels to contain fresh water; and a quantity of maize was secured, after hard fighting with the neighboring natives. A horse was killed every three days for pro- visions for the laboring hands and the sick." Having at length, by great exertions, com- pleted five frail barks, on the 22d of Septem- ber they embarked from forty to fifty persons 16 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. small barks, launch them upon the deep, and keep along the coast until they should find their ships. It was a forlorn hope but they caught at it like drowning men. They ac- cordingly set to work with great eagerness; One of them constructed a pair of bellows out of deer skins, furnishing it with a wooden pipe. Others made charcoal and a forge. By the aid of these, they soon turned their stirrups, spurs, crossbows, and other articles of iron, into nails, saws, and hatchets. The tails and manes of the horses, twisted with the fibres of the palm-treee, served for rig- ging; their shirts, cut open and sewed to- gether, furnished sails ; the fibrous part of the palm-tree also was used as oakum ; the resin of the pine trees for tar; the skins of horses were made into vessels to contain fresh water; and a quantity of maize was secured, after hard fighting with the neighboring natives. A horse was killed every three days for pro- visions for the laboring hands and the sick." Having at length, by great exertions, com- pleted five frail barks, on the 22d of Septem- ber they embarked from forty to fifty persons 16 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. small barks, launch them upon the deep, and keep along the coast until they should find their ships. It was a forlorn hope, but they caught at it like drowning men. They ac- cordingly set to work with great eagerness; One of them constructed a pair of bellows out of deer skins, furnishing it with a wooden pipe. Others made charcoal and a forge. By the aid of these, they soon turned their stirrups, spurs, crossbows, and other articles of iron, into nails, saws, and hatchets. The tails and manes of the horses, twisted with the fibres of the palm-treee, served for rig- ging ; their shirts, cut open and sewed to- gether, furnished sails ; the fibrous part of the palm-tree also was used as oakum ; the resin of the pine trees for tar; the skins of horses were made into vessels to contain fresh water; and a quantity of maize was secured, after hard fighting with the neighboring natives. A horse was killed every three days for pro- visions for the laboring hands and the sick." Having at length, by great exertions, com- pleted five frail barks, on the 22d of Septem- ber they embarked from forty to fifty persons  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 17 in each; but they were so closely crowded that there was scarcely room to move, while the gunwales of the boats were pressed down to the water's edge. Setting sail from this bay, which they called the Bay of Caballos, they proceeded on, for several days, to an is- land, where they secured five canoes, which had been deserted by the Indians. These having been attached to their barks enabled them to sail with greater comfort. They passed through the strait between the island and the mainland, which they called the Strait of San Miguel, and sailed onward, for many days enduring the torments of hunger and parching thirst. The skins which contained their fresh water having burst, several men, driven to desperation, drank salt water and died miserably. Their sufferings were aggra- vated by a fearful storm. At length they approached "a more popu- lous and fertile part of the coast," upon which they landed, occasionally, to procure provi- sions; and were immediately involved in bloody affrays with the natives. Thus harass- ed by sea and land, famishing with hunger, GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 17 in each; but they were so closely crowded that there was scarcely room to move, while the gunwales of the boats were pressed down to the water's edge. Setting sail from this bay, which they called the Bay of Caballos, they proceeded on, for several days, to an is- land, where they secured five canoes, which had been deserted by the Indians. These having been attached to their barks enabled them to sail with greater comfort. They passed through the strait between the island and the mainland, which they called the Strait of San Miguel, and sailed onward, for many days enduring the torments of hunger and parching thirst. The skins which contained their fresh water having burst, several men, driven to desperation, drank salt water and died miserably. Their sufferings were aggra- vated by a fearful storm. At length they approached "a more popu- lous and fertile part of the coast," upon which they landed, occasionally, to procure provi- sions; and were immediately involved in bloody affrays with the natives. Thus harass- ed by sea and land, famishing with hunger, GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 17 in each; but they were so closely crowded that there was scarcely room to move, while the gunwales of the boats were pressed down to the water's edge. Setting sail from this bay, which they called the Bay of Caballos, they proceeded on, for several days, to an is- land, where they secured five canoes, which had been deserted by the Indians. These having been attached to their barks enabled them to sail with greater comfort. They passed through the strait between the island and the mainland, which they called the Strait of San Miguel, and sailed onward, for many days enduring the torments of hunger and parching thirst. The skins which contained their fresh water having burst, several men, driven to desperation, drank salt water and died miserably. Their sufferings were aggra- vated by a fearful storm. At length they approached "a more popu- lous and fertile part of the coast," upon which they landed, occasionally, to procure provi- sions; and were immediately involved in bloody affrays with the natives. Thus harass- ed by sea and land, famishing with hunger,  18 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. their barks shattered and scarcely manage. able, these unfortunate wanderers lost all presence of mind, and became wild and des- perate. They were again driven out seaward, and scattered during a stormy night. At daybreak three of the tempest-tossed barks rejoined each other. In the best-man- ned and fastest sailer, was Pamphilo de Nar: vaez. Alvar Nunez, who had command of another boat, seeing the Adelantado making for the land, appealed to him for aid; but Narvaez replied, "that it was no longer time to help others, but that every one must take care of himself." He then steered for the land, abandoning Alvar'Nunez to his fate. After sailing along the coast for many days, Narvaez anchored one night off the land. His crew, with but two exceptions, had repaired on shore, in search of provisions. These two were a sailor and a page who were sick. In the meantime, a violent northerly gale sprung up; and the boats, in which was neither food nor water, were driven to sea. They were never heard of afterward, and thus ended the ill-fated expedition of Pamphilo de Narvaez. 18 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. their barks shattered and scarcely manage. able, these unfortunate wanderers lost all presence of mind, and became wild and des- perate. They were again driven out seaward, and scattered during a stormy night. At daybreak three of the tempest-tossed barks rejoined each other. In the best-man- ned and fastest sailer, was Pamphilo de Nar- vaez. Alvar Nunez, who had command of another boat, seeing the Adelantado making for the land, appealed to him for aid; but Narvaez replied, "that it was no longer time to help others, but that every one must take care of himself." He then steered for the land, abandoning Alvar Nunez to his fate. After sailing along the coast for many days, Narvaez anchored one night off the land. His crew, with but two exceptions, had repaired on shore, in search of provisions. These two were a sailor and a page who were sick. In the meantime, a violent northerly gale sprung up; and the boats, in which was neither food nor water, were driven to sea. They were never heard of afterward, and thus ended the ill-fated expedition of Pamphilo de Narvaez. 18 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. their barks shattered and scarcely manage. able, these unfortunate wanderers lost all presence of mind, and became wild and des- perate. They were again driven out seaward, and scattered during a stormy night. At daybreak three of the tempest-tossed barks rejoined each other. In the best-man- ned and fastest sailer, was Pamphilo de Nar< vaez. Alvar Nunez, who had command of another boat, seeing the Adelantado making for the land, appealed to him for aid; but Narvaez replied, "that it was no longer time to help others, but that every one must take care of himself." He then steered for the land, abandoning Alvar Nunez to his fate. After sailing along the coast for many days, Narvaez anchored one night off the land. His crew, with but two exceptions, had repaired on shore, in search of provisions. These two were a sailor and a page who were sick. In the meantime, a violent northerly gale sprung up; and the boats, in which was neither food nor water, were driven to sea. They were never heard of afterward, and thus ended the ill-fated expedition of Pamphilo de Narvaez.  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 19 Narvaez had embarked at a point near Ap- alachicola Bay, and set out in his frail vessels to reach the Spanish Settlements in Mexico, under the impression derived from the charts of the day, that these were nearer to him than the shores of Cuba. The truth, however, was, that the latter were scarcely four hun- dred miles distant, whilst the nearest Spanish settlement was eleven hundred miles away. This error doubtless cost him his life. At the time of his death, there remained alive about one hundred of his followers, but they gradually separated ; and, through hunger and the arrows of the natives, were reduced to four persons-Cabega de Vaca, Treasurer; Cap- tain Alonzo Castillo; Captain Andreas Doran- tes; and Estevanico, an Arabian Negro or Moor. These owed their safety to their being considered by the Indians great medicine- men. De Vaca, according to an account which he published on reaching Spain; had performed some remarkable cures, which he acknowledged surprised himself. Having spent six years with the tribe he designates as the Mariannes, De Vaca and his GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 19 Narvaez had embarked at a point near Ap- alachicola Bay, and set out in his frail vessels to reach the Spanish Settlements in Mexico, under the impression derived from the charts of the day, that these were nearer to him than the shores of Cuba. The truth, however, was, that the latter were scarcely four hun- dred miles distant, whilst the nearest Spanish settlement was eleven hundred miles away. This error doubtless cost him his life. At the time of his death, there remained alive about one hundred of his followers, but they gradually separated ; and, through hunger and the arrows of the natives, were reduced to four persons-Cabega de Vaca, Treasurer; Cap- tain Alonzo Castillo; Captain Andreas Doran- tes; and Estevanico, an Arabian Negro or Moor. These owed their safety to their being considered by the Indians great medicine- men. De Vaca, according to an account which he published on reaching Spain; had performed some remarkable cures, which he acknowledged surprised himself. Having spent six years with the tribe he designates as the Mariannes, De Vaca and his GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 19 Narvaez had embarked at a point near Ap- alachicola Bay, and set out in his frail vessels to reach the Spanish Settlements in Mexico, under the impression derived from the charts of the day, that these were nearer to him than the shores of Cuba. The truth, however, was, that the latter were scarcely four hun- dred miles distant, whilst the nearest Spanish settlement was eleven hundred miles away. This error doubtless cost him his life. At the time of his death, there remained alive about one hundred of his followers, but they gradually separated ; and, through hunger and the arrows of the natives, were reduced to four persons-Cabega de Vaca, Treasurer; Cap- tain Alonzo Castillo; Captain Andreas Doran- tes; and Estevanico, an Arabian Negro or Moor. These owed their safety to their being considered by the Indians great medicine- men. De Vaca, according to an account which he published on reaching Spain; had performed some remarkable cures, which he acknowledged surprised himself. Having spent six years with the tribe he designates as the Mariannes, De Vaca and his  20 GUIDE TO FLORIDA.. three companions, by that time fully conver- sant with the language and customs of the In- dians, set forth to attempt the task of reaching the Settlements in Mexico. Their experience in the healing art did them good service, for by it they were enabled to pass through the many tribes who occupied the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. They crossed the Mississippi, and at length reached, in safety, Mexico, from whence he returned to Spain, where he published the interesting account of his adventures. De Vaca was the first white man who traversed the Cotton States; and to him belongs the credit of the discovery of the Mississippi, and not to De Soto. Narvaez's fleet searched for the Governor during the space of a year, and then returned to Cuba. HERNANDO DE SOTO. ONE would have thought that the sad fate of Narvaez would have deterred further ex- peditions to Florida; but such was not the case, and the story of the adventures of De Vaca, fraught with sufferings, seemed only 20 GUIDE TO FLORIDA.. three companions, by that time fully conver- sant with the language and customs of the In- dians, set forth to attempt the task of reaching the Settlements in Mexico. Their experience in the healing art did them good service, for by it they were enabled to pass through the many tribes who occupied the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. They crossed the Mississippi, and at length reached, in safety, Mexico, from whence he returned to Spain, where he published the interesting account of his adventures. De Vaca was the first white man who traversed the Cotton States; and to him belongs the credit of the discovery of the Mississippi, and not to De Soto. Narvaez's fleet searched for the Governor during the space of a year, and then returned to Cuba. HERNANDO DE SOTO. ONE would have thought that the sad fate of Narvaez would have deterred further ex- peditions to Florida; but such was not the case, and the story of the adventures of De Vaca, fraught with sufferings, seemed only 20 GUIDE TO FLORIDA.. three companions, by that time fully conver- sant with the language and customs of the In- dians, set forth to attempt the task of reaching the Settlements in Mexico. Their experience in the healing art did them good service, for by it they were enabled to pass through the many tribes who occupied the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. They crossed the Mississippi, and at length reached, in safety, Mexico, from whence he returned to Spain, where he published the interesting account of his adventures. De Vaca was the first white man who traversed the Cotton States; and to him belongs the credit of the discovery of the Mississippi, and not to De Soto. Narvaez's fleet searched for the Governor during the space of a year, and then returned to Cuba. HERNANDO DE SOTO. ONE would have thought that the sad fate of Narvaez would have deterred further ex- peditions to Florida; but such was not the case, and the story of the adventures of De Vaca, fraught with sufferings, seemed only  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 21 to stimulate the adventurous spirit of the day. It was not the aspiration to glory, but the greediness of wealth which inspired those ad- venturers. They believed in a continent ex- ceeding Mexico or Peru in precious metals, and therefore sought it. When Hernando de Soto, the companion of Pizarro, announced his intention of fitting out an expedition, thou- sands flocked to his standard. Hernando de Soto belonged to one of the noblest families of Spain; he was born in 1501. At an early age, having, as an old Chronicler says, but his sword for his estate, he joined D'Avilas, who had been made Governor of the West Indies. De Soto found favor in the eyes of the latter, and, in 1531, was given com- mand of a body of men, with whom he joined Pizarro, then on his way to the conquest of Peru. Pizarro soon recognized in De Soto a leading spirit; he made him second in com- mand. Uniting prudence to valor he was ever foremost in every struggle, and invariably victorious. De Soto had the good fortune to capture the Inca, and to put to flight his forces. The con- GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 21 to stimulate the adventurous spirit of the day. It was not the aspiration to glory, but the greediness of wealth which inspired those ad- venturers. They believed in a continent ex- ceeding Mexico or Peru in precious metals, and therefore sought it. When Hernando de Soto, the companion of Pizarro, announced his intention of fitting out an expedition, thou- sands flocked to his standard. Hernando de Soto belonged to one of the noblest families of Spain; he was born in 1501. At an early age, having, as an old Chronicler says, but his sword for his estate, he joined D'Avilas, who had been made Governor of the West Indies. De Soto found favor in the eyes of the latter, and, in 1531, was given com- mand of a body of men, with whom he joined Pizarro, then on his way to the conquest of Peru. Pizarro soon recognized in De Soto a leading spirit; he made him second in com- mand. Uniting prudence to valor he was ever foremost in every struggle, and invariably victorious. De Soto had the good fortune to capture the Inca, and to put to flight his forces. The con- GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 21 to stimulate the adventurous spirit of the day. It was not the aspiration to glory, but the greediness of wealth which inspired those ad- venturers. They believed in a continent ex- ceeding Mexico or Peru in precious metals, and therefore sought it. When Hernando de Soto, the companion of Pizarro, announced his intention of fitting out an expedition, thou- sands flocked to his standard. Hernando de Soto belonged to one of the noblest families of Spain; he was born in 1501. At an early age, having, as an old Chronicler says, but his sword for his estate, he joined D'Avilas, who had been made Governor of the West Indies. De Soto found favor in the eyes of the latter, and, in 1531, was given com- mand of a body of men, with whom he joined Pizarro, then on his way to the conquest of Peru. Pizarro soon recognized in De Soto a leading spirit; he made him second in com- mand. Uniting prudence to valor he was ever foremost in every struggle, and invariably victorious. De Soto had the good fortune to capture the Inca, and to put to flight his forces. The con-  22 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. quest of Peru achieved, Pizarro would have retained De Soto with him, but the latter de- termined to return to Spain. This he did in 1536, carrying with him, as his share of the spoils of the Inca, 18,ooo crowns of gold. He appeared at the court of Charles V., sur- rounded by a splendid retinue, creating a sensation which made him the lion of the hour. His influence at court increased, and was strengthened by his marriage with Isa- bella de Bobadilla, daughter of De Aviles, one of the most powerful nobles of the kingdom. It was about that time that De Vaca brought to Spain the tidings of the fate of Narvaez. De Soto sought De Vaca; and, after listening to his narrative, hastened to the Emperor, and offered to conquer Florida at his own expense. His Majesty was gracious- ly pleased to grant the request, and conferred upon him the title of Adelantado, in addition to that of Governor of Florida and Cuba for life. As we have already said, no sooner was it known that De Soto was fitting out an ex- pedition, than thousands flocked to his stan- dard ; but he chose only the young and vig- 22 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. quest of Peru achieved, Pizarro would have retained De Soto with him, but the latter de- termined to return to Spain. This he did in 1536, carrying with him, as his share of the spoils of the Inca, 18o,ooo crowns of gold. He appeared at the court of Charles V., sur- rounded by a splendid retinue, creating a sensation which made him the lion of the hour. His influence at court increased, and was strengthened by his marriage with Isa- bella de Bobadilla, daughter of De Aviles, one of the most powerful nobles of the kingdom. It was about that time that De Vaca brought to Spain the tidings of the fate of Narvaez. De Soto sought De Vaca; and, after listening to his narrative, hastened to the Emperor, and offered to conquer Florida at his own expense. His Majesty was gracious- ly pleased to grant the request, and conferred upon him the title of Adelantado, in addition to that of Governor of Florida and Cuba for life. As we have already said, no sooner was it known that De Soto was fitting out an ex- pedition, than thousands flocked to his stan- dard ; but he chose only the young and vig- 22 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. quest of Peru achieved, Pizarro would have retained De Soto with him, but the latter de- termined to return to Spain. This he did in 1536, carrying with him, as his share of the spoils of the Inca, 18o,ooo crowns of gold. He appeared at the court of Charles V., sur- rounded by a splendid retinue, creating a sensation which made him the lion of the hour. His influence at court increased, and was strengthened by his marriage with Isa- bella de Bobadilla, daughter of De Aviles, one of the most powerful nobles of the kingdom. It was about that time that De Vaca brought to Spain the tidings of the fate of Narvaez. De Soto sought De Vaca; and, after listening to his narrative, hastened to the Emperor, and offered to conquer Florida at his own expense. His Majesty was gracious- ly pleased to grant the request, and conferred upon him the title of Adelantado, in addition to that of Governor of Florida and Cuba for life. As we have already said, no sooner was it known that De Soto was fitting out an ex- pedition, than thousands flocked to his stan- dard ; but he chose only the young and vig-  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 23 orous, such as could best endure the hard- ships and dangers of the expedition. On April 6, 1538, De Soto sailed with a fleet of ten vessels. His force consisted of a thousand men, commanded by the 61ite of the Spanish cavaliers. In the largest vessel, the "San Cristoval," a ship of eight hundred tons, was the Governor, his wife Dona Isa- bel, and his family and retinue. The fleet touched the Canary Islands and reached San- tiago de Cuba in May. De Soto remained in Cuba a year, acclimat- ing his forces and obtaining information as to the Continent he was about to visit. Indian guides from the Florida Coast were obtained, and every precaution taken to ensure the suc- cess of the enterprise. All being in readi- ness, the expedition started in May, 1539; and, on the 25th of the same month, disem- barked its thousand men and 350 horses at Tampa Bay. De Soto remained awhile in the vicinity of his landing, endeavoring to conciliate Hirrituqua, the powerful Cacique of the neighborhood. His efforts proved vain-the Chief was obdurate. This can be GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 23 orous, such as could best endure the hard- ships and dangers of the expedition. On April 6, 1538, De Soto sailed with a fleet of ten vessels. His force consisted of a thousand men, commanded by the 6lite of the Spanish cavaliers. In the largest vessel, the "San Cristoval," a ship of eight hundred tons, was the Governor, his wife Dona Isa- bel, and his family and retinue. The fleet touched the Canary Islands and reached San- tiago de Cuba in May. De Soto remained in Cuba a year, acclimat- ing his forces and obtaining information as to the Continent he was about to visit. Indian guides from the Florida Coast were obtained, and every precaution taken to ensure the suc- cess of the enterprise. All being in readi- ness, the expedition started in May, 1539; and, on the 25th of the same month, disem- barked its thousand men and 350 horses at Tampa Bay. De Soto remained awhile in the vicinity of his landing, endeavoring to conciliate Hirrituqua, the powerful Cacique of the neighborhood. His efforts proved vain-the Chief was obdurate. This can be GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 23 orous, such as could best endure the hard- ships and dangers of the expedition. On April 6, 1538, De Soto sailed with a fleet of ten vessels. His force consisted of a thousand men, commanded by the 6lite of the Spanish cavaliers. In the largest vessel, the "San Cristoval," a ship of eight hundred tons, was the Governor, his wife Dona Isa- bel, and his family and retinue. The fleet touched the Canary Islands and reached San- tiago de Cuba in May. De Soto remained in Cuba a year, acclimat- ing his forces and obtaining information as to the Continent he was about to visit. Indian guides from the Florida Coast were obtained, and every precaution taken to ensure the suc- cess of the enterprise. All being in readi- ness, the expedition started in May, 1539; and, on the 25th of the same month, disem- barked its thousand men and 350 horses at Tampa Bay. De Soto remained awhile in the vicinity of his landing, endeavoring to conciliate Hirrituqua, the powerful Cacique of the neighborhood. His efforts proved vain-the Chief was obdurate. This can be  24 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. readily understood when we know that Nar- vaez, in a transport of rage, for a trivial cause, had ordered the Cacique's nose to be cut off and his mother to be torn by dogs. Whilst attempting to negotiate with the Chief, De Soto learned that a follower of Narvaez was living with a neighboring tribe, whose chief was named Mucoso. He was greatly pleased with the news, as he fully appreciated the importance to the expedition of having as guide one who had been living in the country ten years, and who was doubt- less familiar with the language and customs of the natives. De Soto at once set about securing the person of Juan Ortiz-such was the Spaniard's name ; he accordingly des- patched his trusty lieutenant, De Gallegos, with a company of lancers, under the guid- ance of an Indian, on an embassy to the Cacique Mucoso, soliciting the release of Ortiz, and inviting the Chief to his camp, with promises of friendship and munificent rewards. In the meantime, Mucoso, learning of De Soto's arrival in the neighboring province 24 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. readily understood when we know that Nar- vaez, in a transport of rage, for a trivial cause, had ordered the Cacique's nose to be cut off and his mother to be torn by dogs. Whilst attempting to negotiate with the Chief, De Soto learned that a follower of Narvaez was living with a neighboring tribe, whose chief was named Mucoso. He was greatly pleased with the news, as he fully appreciated the importance to the expedition of having as guide one who had been living in the country ten years, and who was doubt- less familiar with the language and customs of the natives. De Soto at once set about securing the person of Juan Ortiz-such was the Spaniard's name ; he accordingly des- patched his trusty lieutenant, De Gallegos, with a company of lancers, under the guid- ance of an Indian, on an embassy to the Cacique Mucoso, soliciting the release of Ortiz, and inviting the Chief to his camp, with promises of friendship and munificent rewards. In the meantime, Mucoso, learning of De Soto's arrival in the neighboring province 24 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. readily understood when we know that Nar- vaez, in a transport of rage, for a trivial cause, had ordered the Cacique's nose to be cut off and his mother to be torn by dogs. Whilst attempting to negotiate with the Chief, De Soto learned that a follower of Narvaez was living with a neighboring tribe, whose chief was named Mucoso. He was greatly pleased with the news, as he fully appreciated the importance to the expedition of having as guide one who had been living in the country ten years, and who was doubt- less familiar with the language and customs of the natives. De Soto at once set about securing the person of Juan Ortiz-such was the Spaniard's name ; he accordingly des- patched his trusty lieutenant, De Gallegos, with a company of lancers, under the guid- ance of an Indian, on an embassy to the Cacique Mucoso, soliciting the release of Ortiz, and inviting the Chief to his camp, with promises of friendship and munificent rewards. In the meantime, Mucoso, learning of De Soto's arrival in the neighboring province  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 25 and fearing that it was his intention to con- quer the whole country, despatched Ortiz on a mission to the Governor to pray De Soto not to lay waste his whole territory, and that in return he and his people would be devoted to his service. Ortiz, highly pleased with his mission, set out, accompanied by a body of chosen warriors. They had proceeded but a short distance, when, at the edge of a forest, they suddenly came upon Gallegos and his lancers-the companions of Ortiz retreating to the woods; but Ortiz, forgetting that, with quiver at back, a bow and arrow in hand, and his head adorned with feathers, he differed but little from his companions, scorned the advice, and marched forth to meet his country- men, who, he thought, would recognize him. The Spaniards, seeing the Indians, at once charged upon them, driving them to the woods, leaving one dead upon the field. Ortiz was nearly ridden over by a trooper- he cried out lustily, " Seville," at the same time making the sign of the cross. The Spaniard reined in his horse, and learning he had found the object of thdir search, seized GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 25 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 25 and fearing that it was his intention to con- quer the whole country, despatched Ortiz on a mission to the Governor to pray De Soto not to lay waste his whole territory, and that in return lie and his people would be devoted to his service. Ortiz, highly pleased with his mission, set out, accompanied by a body of chosen warriors. They had proceeded but a short distance, when, at the edge of a forest, they suddenly came upon Gallegos and his lancers-the companions of Ortiz retreating to the woods; but Ortiz, forgetting that, with quiver at back, a bow and arrow in hand, and his head adorned with feathers, he differed but little from his companions, scorned the advice, and marched forth to meet his country- men, who, he thought, would recognize him. The Spaniards, seeing the Indians, at once charged upon them, driving them to the woods, leaving one dead upon the field. Ortiz was nearly ridden over by a trooper- he cried out lustily, " Seville," at the same time making the sign of the cross. The Spaniard reined in his horse, and learning he had found the object of their search, seized 2 and fearing that it was his intention to con- quer the whole country, despatched Ortiz on a mission to the Governor to pray De Soto not to lay waste his whole territory, and that in return he and his people would be devoted to his service. Ortiz, highly pleased with his mission, set out, accompanied by a body of chosen warriors. They had proceeded but a short distance, when, at the edge of a forest, they suddenly came upon Gallegos and his lancers-the companions of Ortiz retreating to the woods; but Ortiz, forgetting that, with quiver at back, a bow and arrow in hand, and his head adorned with feathers, he differed but little from his companions, scorned the advice, and marched forth to meet his country- men, who, he thought, would recognize him. The Spaniards, seeing the Indians, at once charged upon them, driving them to the woods, leaving one dead upon the field. Ortiz was nearly ridden over by a trooper- he cried out lustily, " Seville," at the same time making the sign of the cross. The Spaniard reined in his horse, and learning he had found the object of their search, seized  26 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. Ortiz by the arm, lifting him upon the croup of his saddle, and dashed off with him to Gallegos, who returned to De Soto in great glee with his prize. The Governor received Ortiz in the warmest manner, sympathized with his past sufferings, and at once ordered him arms, clothing, and a horse. Ortiz narrated his experience to De Soto; it was most romantic. It appeared that Nar- vaez, upon landing in Florida, sent back to Cuba, with despatches, one of his smallest ves- sels, upon which was Juan Ortiz-she imme- diately returned laden with supplies for the forces ; but by that time Narvaez had marched into the interior. The Spaniards, from their vessel, saw on shore some Indians, who pointed to a letter in the end of a cleft stick fixed in the earth. Believing it to contain instructions from Narvaez, they made signs to the Indians to bring it to them, but this they declined to do. Juan Ortiz and three companions then went to the shore in a boat; but were no sooner landed than they were in a moment surround- ed and hastened away. The crew of the ves- 26 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. Ortiz by the arm, lifting him upon the croup of his saddle, and dashed off with him to Gallegos, who returned to De Soto in great glee with his prize. The Governor received Ortiz in the warmest manner, sympathized with his past sufferings, and at once ordered him arms, clothing, and a horse. Ortiz narrated his experience to De Soto; it was most romantic. It appeared that Nar- vaez, upon landing in Florida, sent back to Cuba, with despatches, one of his smallest ves- sels, upon which was Juan Ortiz-she imme- diately returned laden with supplies for the forces; but by that time Narvaez had marched into the interior. The Spaniards, from their vessel, saw on shore some Indians, who pointed to a letter in the end of a cleft stick fixed in the earth. Believing it to contain instructions from Narvaez, they made signs to the Indians to bring it to them, but this they declined to do. Juan Ortiz and three companions then went to the shore in a boat; but were no sooner landed than they were in a moment surround- ed and hastened away. The crew of the ves- 26 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. Ortiz by the arm, lifting him upon the croup of his saddle, and dashed off with him to Gallegos, who returned to De Soto in great glee with his prize. The Governor received Ortiz in the warmest manner, sympathized with his past sufferings, and at once ordered him arms, clothing, and a horse. Ortiz narrated his experience to De Soto; it was most romantic. It appeared that Nar- vaez, upon landing in Florida, sent back to Cuba, with despatches, one of his smallest ves- sels, upon which was Juan Ortiz-she imme- diately returned laden with supplies for the forces; but by that time Narvaez had marched into the interior. The Spaniards, from their vessel, saw on shore some Indians, who pointed to a letter in the end of a cleft stick fixed in the earth. Believing it to contain instructions from Narvaez, they made signs to the Indians to bring it to them, but this they declined to do. Juan Ortiz and three companions then went to the shore in a boat; but were no sooner landed than they were in a moment surround- ed and hastened away. The crew of the ves-  GUIDE TO FLORIDA 27 sel, alarmed at the treatment of their ship- mates, and the number of the enemy in sight, set sail, leaving Ortiz and his companions to their fate. By this decoy, the Indians secured the captives required to gratify the Cacique's revenge upon the Spaniards, for Hirritriqua was smarting under the loss of his nose, and was overjoyed when the prisoners were brought before him. They were placed under a strong guard until a festival day, when one by one they were made to run the gauntlet, and in this way three of them perished miserably. Ortiz had been reserved for the last ; and the chief, to vary the entertainment, ordered him to be bound to a staging of poles, and a fire kindled under him. The first part of the order had been executed; and Ortiz, who was then but eighteen, was stripped and bound to the stake. At that moment, the beautiful daugh- ter of the Cacique, who was about the same age as Ortiz, saw the dreadful fate of the youth ; she was moved by compassion; and, throwing herself at her father's feet, begged him to spare the stranger's life. Hirritriqua granted her request; and thus Florida GUIDE TO FLORIDA 27 sel, alarmed at the treatment of their ship- mates, and the number of the enemy in sight, set sail, leaving Ortiz and his companions to their fate. By this decoy, the Indians secured the captives required to gratify the Cacique's revenge upon the Spaniards, for Hirritriqua was smarting under the loss of his nose, and was overjoyed when the prisoners were brought before him. They were placed under a strong guard until a festival day, when one by one they were made to run the gauntlet, and in this way three of them perished miserably. Ortiz had been reserved for the last ; and the chief, to vary the entertainment, ordered him to be bound to a staging of poles, and a fire kindled under him. The first part of the order had been executed; and Ortiz, who was then but eighteen, was stripped and bound to the stake. At that moment, the beautiful daugh- ter of the Cacique, who was about the same age as Ortiz, saw the dreadful fate of the youth ; she was moved by compassion; and, throwing herself at her father's feet, begged him to spare the stranger's life. Hirritriqua granted her request; and thus Florida GUIDE TO FLORIDA 27 sel, alarmed at the treatment of their ship- mates, and the number of the enemy in sight, set sail, leaving Ortiz and his companions to their fate. By this decoy, the Indians secured the captives required to gratify the Cacique's revenge upon the Spaniards, for Hirritriqua was smarting under the loss of his nose, and was overjoyed when the prisoners were brought before him. They were placed under a strong guard until a festival day, when one by one they were made to run the gauntlet, and in this way three of them perished miserably. Ortiz had been reserved for the last ; and the chief, to vary the entertainment, ordered him to be bound to a staging of poles, and a fire kindled under him. The first part of the order had been executed; and Ortiz, who was then but eighteen, was stripped and bound to the stake. At that moment, the beautiful daugh- ter of the Cacique, who was about the same age as Ortiz, saw the dreadful fate of the youth ; she was moved by compassion; and, throwing herself at her father's feet, begged him to spare the stranger's life. Hirritriqua granted her request; and thus Florida  28 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. possessed a Pocahontas long before Capt. John Smith owed his life to that renowned maiden. But Ortiz led a sorry life of it; he was made to labor like a slave, and was subjected to cruel treatment. He would have perished from starvation, had it not been for food fur- nished him by his lovely protector. One night the,Cacique's daughter came to Ortiz, and told him that her father had determined to sacrifice him at the approaching festival ; and that all her entreaties had failed to shake his determination. She added that a trusty guide would, that night, lead him to Mucozo, a neighboring chief, who loved her and sought her in marriage ; and who, for her sake, would protect him. At the appointed time, Ortiz met the guide, and was safely conducted to Mucozo, who re- ceived him warmly, and finally became greatly attached to him. His hospitable reception displeased Hirritriqua, who made repeated demands on Mucozo to give up the fugitive. The latter, nevertheless, maintained inviolate the sacred rites of hospitality, notwithstanding 28 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. possessed a Pocahontas long before Capt. John Smith owed his life to that renowned maiden. But Ortiz led a sorry life of it; he was made to labor like a slave, and was subjected to cruel treatment. He would have perished from starvation, had it not been for food fur- nished him by his lovely protector. One night the, Cacique's daughter came to Ortiz, and told him that her father had determined to sacrifice him at the approaching festival ; and that all her entreaties had failed to shake his determination. She added that a trusty guide would, that night, lead him to Mucozo, a neighboring chief, who loved her and sought her in marriage ; and who, for her sake, would protect him. At the appointed time, Ortiz met the guide, and was safely conducted to Mucozo, who re- ceived him warmly, and finally became greatly attached to him. His hospitable reception displeased Hirritriqua, who made repeated demands on Mucozo to give up the fugitive. The latter, nevertheless, maintained inviolate the sacred rites of hospitality, notwithstanding 28 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. possessed a Pocahontas long before Capt. John Smith owed his life to that renowned maiden. But Ortiz led a sorry life of it; he was made to labor like a slave, and was subjected to cruel treatment. He would have perished from starvation, had it not been for food fur- nished him by his lovely protector. One night the,Cacique's daughter came to Ortiz, and told him that her father had determined to sacrifice him at the approaching festival ; and that all her entreaties had failed to shake his determination. She added that a trusty guide would, that night, lead him to Mucozo, a neighboring chief, who loved her and sought her in marriage ; and who, for her sake, would protect him. At the appointed time, Ortiz met the guide, and was safely conducted to Mucozo, who re- ceived him warmly, and fmnally became greatly attached to him. His hospitable reception displeased Hirritriqua, who made repeated demands on Mucozo to give up the fugitive. The latter, nevertheless, maintained inviolate the sacred rites of hospitality, notwithstanding  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 29 that the hand of the lovely maiden depended on his acquiescing. Ortiz had been among the Indians nearly ten years, when De Soto made his appear- ance ; and, as it may well be supposed, he was overjoyed to rejoin his countrymen. His first act was to bring about friendly relations be- tween De Soto and his noble protector, Mu- cozo. In this he succeeded so well, that whilst the Spaniards remained in that part of the country, they were the best of friends. When, subsequently, the fleet sailed from the neigh- boring harbor, many things with which the Spaniards did not wish to be encumbered were presented to Mucozo, who found him- self abundantly provided for. It took many days for the Indians to carry to their villages, the clothing, weapons, and various stores which the Spaniards had given them. De Soto, as we have already stated, landed in Florida at Tampa Bay. From that point he took his route to the north and east, pass- ing through Ocala and Tallahassee, from whence he despatched an exploring party, which penetrated far into the interior. Hav- GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 29 that the hand of the lovely maiden depended on his acquiescing. Ortiz had been among the Indians nearly ten years, when De Soto made his appear- ance ; and, as it may well be supposed, he was overjoyed to rejoin his countrymen. His first act was to bring about friendly relations be- tween De Soto and his noble protector, Mu- cozo. In this he succeeded so well, that whilst the Spaniards remained in that part of the country, they were the best of friends. When, subsequently, the fleet sailed from the neigh- boring harbor, many things with which the Spaniards did not wish to be encumbered were presented to Mucozo, who found him- self abundantly provided for. It took many days for the Indians to carry to their villages, the clothing, weapons, and various stores which the Spaniards had given them. De Soto, as we have already stated, landed in Florida at Tampa Bay. From that point he took his route to the north and east, pass- ing through Ocala and Tallahassee, from whence he despatched an exploring party, which penetrated far into the interior. Hav- GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 29 that the hand of the lovely maiden depended on his acquiescing. Ortiz had been among the Indians nearly ten years, when De Soto made his appear- ance ; and, as it may well be supposed, he was overjoyed to rejoin his countrymen. His first act was to bring about friendly relations be- tween De Soto and his noble protector, Mu- cozo. In this he succeeded so well, that whilst the Spaniards remained in that part of the country, they were the best of friends. When, subsequently, the fleet sailed from the neigh- boring harbor, many things with which the Spaniards did not wish to be encumbered were presented to Mucozo, who found him- self abundantly provided for. It took many days for the Indians to carry to their villages, the clothing, weapons, and various stores which the Spaniards had given them. De Soto, as we have already stated, landed in Florida at Tampa Bay. From that point he took his route to the north and east, pass- ing through Ocala and Tallahassee, from whence he despatched an exploring party, which penetrated far into the interior. Hav-  30 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. ing received a favorable report as to the rich- ness of the country to the north, he pushed forward in that direction, having first sent orders to his fleet to meet him at Pensacola Bay. De Soto crossed the Savannah river, near the present site of the City of Savannah ; and entered what is now the State of South Carolina. There a pleasing incident occurred, which we can do no better than relate in the words of Fairbanks, in his " History of Florida:" "Near the Atlantic coast, in South Caroli- na, De Soto came into the territories of an Indian Queen, invested with youth, beauty, and loveliness, who is styled by the old Chronicles ' the Ladie of the Countrie.' Upon De Soto's approach, he was met by a lady ambassadress, sister of her Majesty, who de- livered a courteous speech of welcome; and, within a little time, the Ladie came out of the town in a chaire, whereon certain of the prin- cipal Indians brought her to the river. She entered into a barge, which had the sterne tilted over, and on the floor her mat ready laid, with two cushions upon it, one upon 30 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. ing received a favorable report as to the rich- ness of the country to the north, he pushed forward in that direction, having first sent orders to his fleet to meet him at Pensacola Bay. De Soto crossed the Savannah river, near the present site of the City of Savannah ; and entered what is now the State of South Carolina. There a pleasing incident occurred, which we can do no better than relate in the words of Fairbanks, in his " History of Florida: " "Near the Atlantic coast, in South Caroli- na, De Soto came into the territories of an Indian Queen, invested with youth, beauty, and loveliness, who is styled by the old Chronicles ' the Ladie of the Countrie.' Upon De Soto's approach, he was met by a lady ambassadress, sister of her Majesty, who de- livered a courteous speech of welcome ; and, within a little time, the Ladie came out of the town in a chaire, whereon certain of the prin- cipal Indians brought her to the river. She entered into a barge, which had the sterne tilted over, and on the floor her mat ready laid, with two cushions upon it, one upon 30 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. ing received a favorable report as to the rich- ness of the country to the north, he pushed forward in that direction, having first sent orders to his fleet to meet him at Pensacola Bay. De Soto crossed the Savannah river, near the present site of the City of Savannah ; and entered what is now the State of South Carolina. There a pleasing incident occurred, which we can do no better than relate in the words of Fairbanks, in his " History of Florida:" "Near the Atlantic coast, in South Caroli- na, De Soto came into the territories of an Indian Queen, invested with youth, beauty, and loveliness, who is styled by the old Chronicles ' the Ladie of the Countrie.' Upon De Soto's approach, he was met by a lady ambassadress, sister of her Majesty, who de- livered a courteous speech of welcome; and, within a little time, the Ladie came out of the town in a chaire, whereon certain of the prin- cipal Indians brought her to the river. She entered into a barge, which had the sterne tilted over, and on the floor her mat ready laid, with two cushions upon it, one upon  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 31 another, where she sat her down, and with her came her principal Indians, in other barges, which did wait upon her. " She went to the place where the Governor was, and at her coming, she made this speech : ' Excellent lord, I wish this coming of your lordship's into these your countries to be most happy; although my power be not answerable to my will, and my services be not according to my desire, nor such as so high a prince as your lordship deserveth, yet such the good will is rather to be accepted than all the treasures of the world, that with- out it can be offered; with most unfailable and manifest affection, I offer you my person, lords, and subjects, and this small service.' "After this courteous and graceful speech from the throne, it may be inferred that so gallant a cavalier as. De Soto must have re- plied in equally complimentary style. The princess caused to be presented to the Ade- lantado rich presents of the clothes and skins of the country ; and, far greater attraction for them, beautiful strings of pearls. Her Ma- jesty, after some maiden coyness, took from GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 31 another, where she sat her down, and with her came her principal Indians, in other barges, which did wait upon her. " She went to the place where the Governor was, and at her coming, she made this speech : ' Excellent lord, I wish this coming of your lordship's into these your countries to be most happy; although my power be not answerable to my will, and my services be not according to my desire, nor such as so high a prince as your lordship deserveth, yet such the good will is rather to be accepted than all the treasures of the world, that with- out it can be offered; with most unfailable and manifest affection, I offer you my person, lords, and subjects, and this small service.' "After this courteous and graceful speech from the throne, it may be inferred that so gallant a cavalier as De Soto must have re- plied in equally complimentary style. The princess caused to be presented to the Ade- lantado rich presents of the clothes and skins of the country ; and, far greater attraction for them, beautiful strings of pearls. Her Ma- jesty, after some maiden coyness, took from GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 31 another, where she sat her down, and with her came her principal Indians, in other barges, which did wait upon her. "She went to the place where the Governor was, and at her coming, she made this speech : ' Excellent lord, I wish this coming of your lordship's into these your countries to be most happy; although my power be not answerable to my will, and my services be not according to my desire, nor such as so high a prince as your lordship deserveth, yet such the good will is rather to be accepted than all the treasures of the world, that with- out it can be offered; with most unfailable and manifest affection, I offer you my person, lords, and subjects, and this small service.' "After this courteous and graceful speech from the throne, it may be inferred that so gallant a cavalier as. De Soto must have re- plied in equally complimentary style. The princess caused to be presented to the Ade- lantado rich presents of the clothes and skins of the country; and, far greater attraction for them, beautiful strings of pearls. Her Ma- jesty, after some maiden coyness, took from  32 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. her own neck a great cordon of pearls, and cast it about the neck of the Governor, enter- taining him with very gracious speeches of love and courtesy ; and, as soon as he was lodged in the town, she sent him another present, of not quite so delicate and refined a character, but no doubt considered by her of far greater value, namely, some hens. Per- ceiving that they valued the pearls, she ad- vised the Governor to send and search certain graves that were in that town, and that they should find many. They searched the graves, and there found ' fourteen measures' of pearls, weighing two hundred and ninety-two pounds, figures of various kinds-little babies, birds, etc., were made of them," reminding one of the recent excavations at Chiriqui. The people were brown, well made, and well proportioned; and more civil than the other tribes which had been met with in Florida; they were likewise well shod and clothed. The Spaniards, worried and fatigued by their tedious and fruitless marches, urged their leader to settle in the country, as the 32 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. her own neck a great cordon of pearls, and cast it about the neck of the Governor, enter- taining him with very gracious speeches of love and courtesy; and, as soon as he was lodged in the town, she sent him another present, of not quite so delicate and refined a character, but no doubt considered by her of far greater value, namely, some hens. Per- ceiving that they valued the pearls, she ad- vised the Governor to send and search certain graves that were in that town, and that they should find many. They searched the graves, and there found 'fourteen measures' of pearls, weighing two hundred and ninety-two pounds, figures of various kinds-little babies, birds, etc., were made of them," reminding one of the recent excavations at Chiriqui. The people were brown, well made, and well proportioned; and more civil than the other tribes which had been met with in Florida; they were likewise well shod and clothed. The Spaniards, worried and fatigued by their tedious and fruitless marches, urged their leader to settle in the country, as the 32 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. her own neck a great cordon of pearls, and cast it about the neck of the Governor, enter- taining him with very gracious speeches of love and courtesy; and, as soon as he was lodged in the town, she sent him another present, of not quite so delicate and refined a character, but no doubt considered by her of far greater value, namely, some hens. Per- ceiving that they valued the pearls, she ad- vised the Governor to send and search certain graves that were in that town, and that they should find many. They searched the graves, and there found 'fourteen measures' of pearls, weighing two hundred and ninety-two pounds, figures of various kinds-little babies, birds, etc., were made of them," reminding one of the recent excavations at Chiriqui. The people were brown, well made, and well proportioned; and more civil than the other tribes which had been met with in Florida; they were likewise well shod and clothed. The Spaniards, worried and fatigued by their tedious and fruitless marches, urged their leader to settle in the country, as the  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 33 climate was mild, the lands rich and produc- tive, and the coast afforded good harbors to shelter their ships. But the Governor re- plied, that he intended to seek treasures such as Atahualpa, Lord of Peru, possessed. Doubtless the country was a good one, that pearls of value abounded therein, yet there was not sufficient inducement to retain him there. And, as De Soto was firm and decided in his opinion, though giving ear to those of others, his followers acquiesced in his views. " The fair princess seems to have been ill requited for her hospitable reception of the Spaniards. Held as a hostage (for the good behaviour of the Indians, it is presumed), De Soto insisted upon her accompanying him, which she did for many days ; until, one day, turning aside into the forest upon some slight pretext, she disappeared, not without suspicion of design, as there happened to be missing at the same time one of the Spaniards, who, report said, had joined the fair princess for weal or for woe, and had returned with her to her tribe." From South Carolina, De Soto proceeded 2* GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 33 climate was mild, the lands rich and produc- tive, and the coast afforded good harbors to shelter their ships. But the Governor re- plied, that he intended to seek treasures such as Atahualpa, Lord of Peru, possessed. Doubtless the country was a good one, that pearls of value abounded therein, yet there was not sufficient inducement to retain him there. And, as De Soto was firm and decided in his opinion, though giving ear to those of others, his followers acquiesced in his views. " The fair princess seems to have been ill requited for her hospitable reception of the Spaniards. Held as a hostage (for the good behaviour of the Indians, it is presumed), De Soto insisted upon her accompanying him, which she did for many days ; until, one day, turning aside into the forest upon some slight pretext, she disappeared, not without suspicion of design, as there happened to be missing at the same time one of the Spaniards, who, report said, had joined the fair princess for weal or for woe, and had returned with her to her tribe." From South Carolina, De Soto proceeded 2* GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 33 climate was mild, the lands rich and produc- tive, and the coast afforded good harbors to shelter their ships. But the Governor re- plied, that he intended to seek treasures such as Atahualpa, Lord of Peru, possessed. Doubtless the country was a good one, that pearls of value abounded therein, yet there was not sufficient inducement to retain him there. And, as De Soto was firm and decided in his opinion, though giving ear to those of others, his followers acquiesced in his views. "The fair princess seems to have been ill requited for her hospitable reception of the Spaniards. Held as a hostage (for the good behaviour of the Indians, it is presumed), De Soto insisted upon her accompanying him, which she did for many days ; until, one day, turning aside into the forest upon some slight pretext, she disappeared, not without suspicion of design, as there happened to be missing at the same time one of the Spaniards, who, report said, had joined the fair princess for weal or for woe, and had returned with her to her tribe." From South Carolina, De Soto proceeded 2*  34 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. to Georgia, which he penetrated as far as the borders of Tennessee, but failed to find the gold which the natives of the sea-board, with the hope of getting rid of him, had stated would there be found in abundance. Turn- ing his steps to the south-west, he passed through Georgia and Alabama, and reached a point near Mobile, where news was brought that the fleet was awaiting him but a few days' journey off, in the spacious harbor of Ochuse, or Pensacola. It would have been well if the valorous Spaniard had then abandoned his hopeless enterprise, and had re-embarked his discour- aged followers, who had undergone eighteen months of hardship-well, if he had returned to Cuba, where Doua Isabel was anxiously awaiting his coming. But De Soto had de- cided never to return to his native land until he had discovered the land where wealth abounded. So, binding Ortiz, who, alone be- sides himself, knew of the proximity of the fleet, to secrecy, he directed his course to the northward and westward ; and, after a march fraught with dangers and difficulties, emerged 34 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. to Georgia, which he penetrated as far as the borders of Tennessee, but failed to find the gold which the natives of the sea-board, with the hope of getting rid of him, had stated would there be found in abundance. Turn- ing his steps to the south-west, he passed through Georgia and Alabama, and reached a point near Mobile, where news was brought that the fleet was awaiting him but a few days' journey off, in the spacious harbor of Ochuse, or Pensacola. It would have been well if the valorous Spaniard had then abandoned his hopeless enterprise, and had re-embarked his discour- aged followers, who had undergone eighteen months of hardship-well, if he had returned to Cuba, where Dona Isabel was anxiously awaiting his coming. But De Soto had de- cided never to return to his native land until he had discovered the land where wealth abounded. So, binding Ortiz, who, alone be- sides himself, knew of the proximity of the fleet, to secrecy, he directed his course to the northward and westward ; and, after a march fraught with dangers and difficulties, emerged 34 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. to Georgia, which he penetrated as far as the borders of Tennessee, but failed to find the gold which the natives of the sea-board, with the hope of getting rid of him, had stated would there be found in abundance. Turn- ing his steps to the south-west, he passed through Georgia and Alabama, and reached a point near Mobile, where news was brought that the fleet was awaiting him but a few days' journey off, in the spacious harbor of Ochuse, or Pensacola. It would have been well if the valorous Spaniard had then abandoned his hopeless enterprise, and had re-embarked his discour- aged followers, who had undergone eighteen months of hardship-well, if he had returned to Cuba, where Dofia Isabel was anxiously awaiting his coming. But De Soto had de- cided never to return to his native land until he had discovered the land where wealth abounded. So, binding Ortiz, who, alone be- sides himself, knew of the proximity of the fleet, to secrecy, he directed his course to the northward and westward ; and, after a march fraught with dangers and difficulties, emerged  GUIDE TO FLORIDA 35 from the swamps and forests of the wilder- ness, in the Spring of 1541, upon the banks of the Father of Waters, the Mecassab6, near the present site of Memphis. That year he spent exploring the country west of the Mississippi, and in April he re- turned to the river, intending to send de- spatches to the fleet, to be conveyed to Doia Isabel. But the end of the brave soldier was approaching. In the long marches through the swamps and lowlands, he had contracted a fever, which increased rapidly, and made him aware that his last hour was at hand. He prepared for death with the calmness of a soldier, appointed Louis de Alvarado to the chief command, and required his officers to take the oath to obey and serve him faithfully. This done, the dying Governor called to him his followers, of whom he tenderly took his last leave, calmly address- ing them while they wept. De Soto soon after expired.* Thus perished Hernando de Soto, the most distinguished of the many brave leaders, * Irving. GUIDE TO FLORIDA 35 from the swamps and forests of the wilder- ness, in the Spring of 1541, upon the banks of the Father of Waters, the Mecassab6, near the present site of Memphis. That year he spent exploring the country west of the Mississippi, and in April he re- turned to the river, intending to send de- spatches to the fleet, to be conveyed to Doria Isabel. But the end of the brave soldier was approaching. In the long marches through the swamps and lowlands, he had contracted a fever, which increased rapidly, and made him aware that his last hour was at hand. He prepared for death with the calmness of a soldier, appointed Louis de Alvarado to the chief command, and required his officers to take the oath to obey and serve him faithfully. This done, the dying Governor called to him his followers, of whom he tenderly took his last leave, calmly address- ing them while they wept. De Soto soon after expired.* Thus perished Hernando de Soto, the most distinguished of the many brave leaders, * Irving. GUIDE TO FLORIDA 35 from the swamps and forests of the wilder- ness, in the Spring of 1541, upon the banks of the Father of Waters, the Mecassab6, near the present site of Memphis. That year he spent exploring the country west of the Mississippi, and in April he re- turned to the river, intending to send de- spatches to the fleet, to be conveyed to Dona Isabel. But the end of the brave soldier was approaching. In the long marches through the swamps and lowlands, he had contracted a fever, which increased rapidly, and made him aware that his last hour was at hand. He prepared for death with the calmness of a soldier, appointed Louis de Alvarado to the chief command, and required his officers to take the oath to obey and serve him faithfully. This done, the dying Governor called to him his followers, of whom he tenderly took his last leave, calmly address- ing them while they wept. De Soto soon after expired.* Thus perished Hernando de Soto, the most distinguished of the many brave leaders, * Irving  36 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. whose names are honored as the discoverers and settlers of the Western World. His fol- lowers, fearing to bury him on the shore, lest the Indians should desecrate his grave, hol- lowed out the trunk of a live oak of sufficient diameter to contain the body. Therein they placed the corpse, closed its opening with planking, and at midnight conveyed the re- mains to.mid-stream, where the river was a mile in width and nineteen fathoms deep, They there committed to the deep the mortal remains of their commander. De la Vega, in his history of the expedition, says: "The discoverer of the Mississippi slept beneath its waters. He had crossed a large part of the Continent in search of gold, and found nothing so remarkable as his burial- place." Our fair readers will ask what became of the eighteen " measures" of pearls. Alas! in one of the villages where De Soto established his quarters, the natives, at night, fired the building; and it was quite as much as the Spaniards could do to save themselves, much 36 GUIDE TO FLORIDA whose names are honored as the discoverers and settlers of the Western World. His fol- lowers, fearing to bury him on the shore, lest the Indians should desecrate his grave, hol- lowed out the trunk of a live oak of sufficient diameter to contain the body. Therein they placed the corpse, closed its opening with planking, and at midnight conveyed the re- mains to .mid-stream, where the river was a mile in width and nineteen fathoms deep, They there committed to the deep the mortal remains of their commander. De la Vega, in his history of the expedition, says : " The discoverer of the Mississippi slept beneath its waters. He had crossed a large part of the Continent in search of gold, and found nothing so remarkable as his burial- place." Our fair readers will ask what became of the eighteen " measures'' of pearls. Alas! in one of the villages where De Soto established his quarters, the natives, at night, fired the building; and it was quite as much as the Spaniards could do to save themselves, much 36 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. whose names are honored as the discoverers and settlers of the Western World. His fol- lowers, fearing to bury him on the shore, lest the Indians should desecrate his grave, hol- lowed out the trunk of a live oak of sufficient diameter to contain the body. Therein they placed the corpse, closed its opening with planking, and at midnight conveyed the re- mains to.mid-stream, where the river was a mile in width and nineteen fathoms deep, They there committed to the deep the mortal remains of their commander. De la Vega, in his history qf the expedition, says: " The discoverer of the Mississippi slept beneath its waters. He had crossed a large part of the Continent in search of gold, and found nothing so remarkable as his burial- place." Our fair readers will ask what became of the eighteen "measures" of pearls. Alas! in one of the villages where De Soto established his quarters, the natives, at night, fired the building; and it was quite as much as the Spaniards could do to save themselves, much  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 37 less the pearls which, together with quan- tities of stores and equipments, were utterly consumed. De Soto died on 21st May, 1542. His suc- cessor, Louis de Alvarado, at once summon- ed a council of his officers to determine the best course to pursue. They decided to leave the country ; but how to do so with the least embarrassment was the question. One of the officers, Juan de Anasco, urged the Com- mander to push through to the frontiers of Mexico, offering to show the way. He insisted that the distance was not great; therefore his advice prevailed, and, in the early part of June, they commenced their march onward. The Spaniards had not proceeded far on their way, when they discovered that one of their number was missing; a young Cavalier of good family named Diego de Guzman. It appears that the gay Diego, in a foray, had captured a most beautiful Indian girl, with whom he at once fell most desperately in love. As this fair damsel was also missing, the Span- iards concluded the pair had gone off togeth- GUIDE T-Q FLORIDA. 37 less the pearls which, together with quan- tities of stores and equipments, were utterly consumed. De Soto died on 21st May, 1542. His suc- cessor, Louis de Alvarado, at once summon- ed a council of his officers to determine the best course to pursue. They decided to leave the country ; but how to do so with the least embarrassment was the question. One of the officers, Juan de Anasco, urged the Com- mander to push through to the frontiers of Mexico, offering to show the way. He insisted that the distance was not great. therefore his advice prevailed, and, in the early part of June, they commenced their march onward. The Spaniards had not proceeded far on their way, when they discovered that one of their number was missing; a young Cavalier of good family named Diego de Guzman. It appears that the gay Diego, in a foray, had captured a most beautiful Indian girl, with whom he at once fell most desperately in love. As this fair damsel was also missing, the Span- iards concluded the pair had gone off togeth- GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 37 less the pearls which, together with quan- tities of stores and equipments, were utterly consumed. De Soto died on 21st May, 1542. His suc- cessor, Louis de Alvarado, at once summon- ed a council of his officers to determine the best course to pursue. They decided to leave the country ; but how to do so with the least embarrassment was the question. One of the officers, Juan de Anasco, urged the Com- mander to push through to the frontiers of Mexico, offering to show the way. He insisted that the distance was not great; therefore his advice prevailed, and, in the early part of June, they commenced their march onward. The Spaniards had not proceeded far on their way, when they discovered that one of their number was missing; a young Cavalier of good family named Diego de Guzman. It appears that the gay Diego, in a foray, had captured a most beautiful Indian girl, with whom he at once fell most desperately in love. As this fair damsel was also missing, the Span- iards concluded the pair had gone off togeth-  38 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. er. To make sure that such was the case, the general summoned to him the several chiefs of the province who were in his escort, and gave them to understand that, unless the des- erter was brought to his camp, he would be led to believe the Indians had murdered him ; in which case their lives should be the penalty. The alarmed chiefs sent forth their scouts, who soon returned with the news that Guz- man was with his fair captive's father, a neigh- boring Cacique, living on the best in the land and treated with great kindness and distinct- ion. De Gallegos, who was a friend and townsman of De Guzman, wrote beseechingly to him, to remember that he was a Spaniard and a Cavalier, and not to desert his God, his countrymen, and his native land. His elo- quent appeal was returned the following day, with the indorsement, in charcoal, " De Guz- man." No other word did the young Cavalier vouchsafe to his companions in arms, but the messenger said he had no intention nor wish to rejoin the army ; whilst the Cacique sent word that his son-in-law, who had restored 38 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. er. To make sure that such was the case, the general summoned to him the several chiefs of the province who were in his escort, and gave them to understand that, unless the des- erter was brought to his camp, he would be led to believe the Indians had murdered him; in which case their lives should be the penalty. The alarmed chiefs sent forth their scouts, who soon returned with the news that Guz- man was with his fair captive's father, a neigh- boring Cacique, living on the best in the land and treated with great kindness and distinct- ion. De Gallegos, who was a friend and townsman of De Guzman, wrote beseechingly to him, to remember that he was a Spaniard and a Cavalier, and not to desert his God, his countrymen, and his native land. His elo- quent appeal was returned the following day, with the indorsement, in charcoal, " De Guz- man." No other word did the young Cavalier vouchsafe to his companions in arms, but the messenger said he had no intention nor wish to rejoin the army ; whilst the Cacique sent word that his son-in-law, who had restored 38 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. er. To make sure that such was the case, the general summoned to him the several chiefs of the province who were in his escort, and gave them to understand that, unless the des- erter was brought to his camp, he would be led to believe the Indians had murdered him; in which case their lives should be the penalty. The alarmed chiefs sent forth their scouts, who soon returned with the news that Guz- man was with his fair captive's father, a neigh- boring Cacique, living on the best in the land and treated with great kindness and distinct- ion. De Gallegos, who was a friend and townsman of De Guzman, wrote beseechingly to him, to remember that he was a Spaniard and a Cavalier, and not to desert his God, his countrymen, and his native land. His elo- quent appeal was returned the following day, with the indorsement, in charcoal, " De Guz- man." No other word did the young Cavalier vouchsafe to his companions in arms, but the messenger said he had no intention nor wish to rejoin the army ; whilst the Cacique sent word that his son-in-law, who had restored  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 39 to him a beloved daughter, was not detained by force, but remained of his own free will. The Governor, upon this, abandoned any fur- ther attempt to recover De Guzman, and re- leased the chiefs ; who, however, accompanied him to the frontier.* For many weary months, the brave little army forced its way onward to the westward, reaching the roaming grounds of the Buffalo, and beholding, in the distance, a lofty chain of mountains ! At last, despairing of ever reach- ing Mexico by that route, they reluctantly set out on their return to the Mississippi, which they reached in the Autumn of that year. Wintering in the villages they found upon the banks, and which they fortified, they set to work to build seven vessels for the trans- fer of the force. Francisco, a Genoese, who had been throughout invaluable to De Soto in building bridges, rafts and boats, superin- tended the work. He was assisted by several soldiers, who had inhabited the sea-coast of Spain. Notwithstanding their combined efforts, it was not until the early part of * Irving. GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 39 to him a beloved daughter, was not detained by force, but remained of his own free will. The Governor, upon this, abandoned any fur- ther attempt to recover De Guzman, and re- leased the chiefs ; who, however, accompanied him to the frontier.* For many weary months, the brave little army forced its way onward to the westward, reaching the roaming grounds of the Buffalo, and beholding, in the distance, a lofty chain of mountains! At last, despairing of ever reach- ing Mexico by that route, they reluctantly set out on their return to the Mississippi, which they reached in the Autumn of that year. Wintering in the villages they found upon the banks, and which they fortified, they set to work to build seven vessels for the trans- fer of the force. Francisco, a Genoese, who had been throughout invaluable to De Soto in building bridges, rafts and boats, superin- tended the work. He was assisted by several soldiers, who had inhabited the sea-coast of Spain. Notwithstanding their combined efforts, it was not until the early part of * Irving. GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 39 to him a beloved daughter, was not detained by force, but remained of his own free will. The Governor, upon this, abandoned any fur- ther attempt to recover De Guzman, and re- leased the chiefs ; who, however, accompanied him to the frontier.* For many weary months, the brave little army forced its way onward to the westward, reaching the roaming grounds of the Buffalo, and beholding, in the distance, a lofty chain of mountains! At last, despairing of ever reach- ing Mexico by that route, they reluctantly set out on their return to the Mississippi, which they reached in the Autumn of that year. Wintering in the villages they found upon the banks, and which they fortified, they set to work to build seven vessels for the trans- fer of the force. Francisco, a Genoese, who had been throughout invaluable to De Soto in building bridges, rafts and boats, superin- tended the work. He was assisted by several soldiers, who had inhabited the sea-coast of Spain. Notwithstanding their combined efforts, it was not until the early part of * Irving.  40 GUIDE TO FLORID,. July that the vessels were completed, and the preparations made for taking their de- parture. Of the gallant host that had landed with De Soto, but three hundred and fifty survived to embark on the frail vessels comprising the fleet. It started from the mouth of the Arkansas river, upon the bosom of the Fath- er of Waters-the highway, as they hoped, to their distant home. The Indians had eagerly watched the pre- parations of the Spaniards; and had sent word far and wide that their common enemies were about to depart, and thus evade the ven- geance they had hoped to wreak upon them. The tribes gathered from the surrounding country ; they harassed the Spaniards as they passed down the river; and when, at last, they reached the ocean, many had been killed by the arrows of the natives. From the mouth of the Mississippi, the Spaniards coasted along the shores of Louisiana and Texas for nearly two months, and at last reached the Spanish settlements in Mexico. Here they were warmly received by the Viceroy, De Mendozo, 40 GUIDE TO FLORIDJ. July that the vessels were completed, and the preparations made for taking their de- parture. Of the gallant host that had landed with De Soto, but three hundred and fifty survived to embark on the frail vessels comprising the fleet. It started from the mouth of the Arkansas river, upon the bosom of the Fath- er of Waters-the highway, as they hoped, to their distant home. The Indians had eagerly watched the pre- parations of the Spaniards; and had sent word far and wide that their common enemies were about to depart, and thus evade the ven- geance they had hoped to wreak upon them. The tribes gathered from the surrounding country ; they harassed the Spaniards as they passed down the river; and when, at last, they reached the ocean, many had been killed by the arrows of the natives. From the mouth of the Mississippi, the Spaniards coasted along the shores of Louisiana and Texas for nearly two months, and at last reached the Spanish settlements in Mexico. Here they were warmly received by the Viceroy, De Mendozo, 40 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. July that the vessels were completed, and the preparations made for taking their de- parture. Of the gallant host that had landed with De Soto, but three hundred and fifty survived to embark on the frail vessels comprising the fleet. It started from the mouth of the Arkansas river, upon the bosom of the Fath- er of Waters-the highway, as they hoped, to their distant home. The Indians had eagerly watched the pre- parations of the Spaniards; and had sent word far and wide that their common enemies were about to depart, and thus evade the ven- geance they had hoped to wreak upon them. The tribes gathered from the surrounding country; they harassed the Spaniards as they passed down the river; and when, at last, they reached the ocean, many had been killed by the arrows of the natives. From the mouth of the Mississippi, the Spaniards coasted along the shores of Louisiana and Texas for nearly two months, and at last reached the Spanish settlements in Mexico. Here they were warmly received by the Viceroy, De Mendozo,  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 41 who sent those who so desired to Spain, while others he took into his service. Poor Dona Isabel, the wife of De Soto, dur- ing these three years, had never ceased to send fleet after fleet to seek and carry succor to her husband, but they returned without tidings of the Governor. At length, one of her faithful captains reached Vera Cruz, in October, 1543, and there learned the death of De Soto; and that, of his brave men, but three hundred had reached Mexico alive. When this sad news reached Doia Isabel, the blow proved too great for her too bear ; and it is said she soon died ofa broken heart. 1559--DON TRISTAN DE LUNA. NOT many years elapsed before the Spanish Monarch ordered the Viceroy of Mexico to prepare another expedition for the conquest and settlement of Florida. This expedition, which consisted of fifteen hundred men, set sail, under the command of Don Tristan de Luna, in the Spring of 1559, from the port of Vera Cruz. The fleet reached Pensacola Bay GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 41 who sent those who so desired to Spain, while others he took into his service. Poor Dofia Isabel, the wife of De Soto, dur- ing these three years, had never ceased to send fleet after fleet to seek and carry succor to her husband, but they returned without tidings of the Governor. At length, one of her faithful captains reached Vera Cruz, in October, 1543, and there learned the death of De Soto; and that, of his brave men, but three hundred had reached Mexico alive. When this sad news reached Dona Isabel, the blow proved too great for her too bear ; and it is said she soon died ofa broken heart. 1559--DON TRISTAN DE LUNA. NOT many years elapsed before the Spanish Monarch ordered the Viceroy of Mexico to prepare another expedition for the conquest and settlement of Florida. This expedition, which consisted of fifteen hundred men, set sail, under the command of Don Tristan de Luna, in the Spring of 1559, from the port of Vera Cruz. The fleet reached Pensacola Bay GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 41 who sent those who so desired to Spain, while others he took into his service. Poor Doia Isabel, the wife of De Soto, dur- ing these three years, had never ceased to send fleet after fleet to seek and carry succor to her husband, but they returned without tidings of the Governor. At length, one of her faithful captains reached Vera Cruz, in October, 1543, and there learned the death of De Soto; and that, of his brave men, but three hundred had reached Mexico alive. When this sad news reached Dona Isabel, the blow proved too great for her too bear ; and it is said she soon died ofa broken heart. 1559--DON TRISTAN DE LUNA. NoT many years elapsed before the Spanish Monarch ordered the Viceroy of Mexico to prepare another expedition for the conquest and settlement of Florida. This expedition, which consisted of fifteen hundred men, set sail, under the command of Don Tristan de Luna, in the Spring of 1559, from the port of Vera Cruz. The fleet reached Pensacola Bay  42 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. in safety; but a few days after coming to an chor was entirely wrecked, together with the greater part of the supplies. This misfortune, and the unfavorable reports of the country brought to De Luna by scouting parties, which he had sent into the interior, caused the gen- eral to render such accounts to the Viceroy as to induce him to recall the expedition-not, however, before its members had suffered pri- vations which equalled those of their prede- cessors. De Luna's expedition was the last sent by the Spanish to Florida. At that time the Spaniards regarded as Florida the whole shore of the Continent, from the frontier of Mexico to the Chesapeake. We will conclude this brief history of Florida by narrating only what occurred in the peninsula which now consti- tutes the State of that name. 1562-THE HUGUENOT SETTLEMENTS. THE year 1562 marked a new era in the his- tory of Florida and of the Continent. By the withdrawal of De Luna, there was left not a 42 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. in safety ; but a few days after coming to an chor was entirely wrecked, together with the greater part of the supplies. This misfortune, and the unfavorable reports of the country brought to De Luna by scouting parties, which he had sent into the interior, caused the gen- eral to render such accounts to the Viceroy as to induce him to recall the expedition-not, however, before its members had suffered pri- vations which equalled those of their prede- cessors. De Luna's expedition was the last sent by the Spanish to Florida. At that time the Spaniards regarded as Florida the whole shore of the Continent, from the frontier of Mexico to the Chesapeake. We vill conclude this brief history of Florida by narrating only what occurred in the peninsula which now consti- tutes the State of that name. 1562-THE HUGUENOT SETTLEMENTS. THE year 1562 marked a new era in the his- tory of Florida and of the Continent. By the withdrawal of De Luna, there was left not a 42 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. in safety; but a few days after coming to an chor was entirely wrecked, together with the greater part of the supplies. This misfortune, and the unfavorable reports of the country brought to De Luna by scouting parties, which he had sent into the interior, caused the gen- eral to render such accounts to the Viceroy as to induce him to recall the expedition-not, however, before its members had suffered pri- vations which equalled those of their prede- cessors. De Luna's expedition was the last sent by the Spanish to Florida. At that time the Spaniards regarded as Florida the whole shore of the Continent, from the frontier of Mexico to the Chesapeake. We vill conclude this brief history of Florida by narrating only what occurred in the peninsula which now consti- tutes the State of that name. 1562-THE HUGUENOT SETTLEMENTS. THE year 1562 marked a new era in the his- tory of Florida and of the Continent. By the withdrawal of De Luna, there was left not a  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 43 single settlement of Europeans on the Conti- nent of North America beyond the boundaries of Mexico. That year, however, witnessed the first attempt at colonization ; and that, too, by the French. The Huguenots, wearied with struggling against persecution, were seeking homes away from their native land. Encouraged by Ad- miral Coligny, the head of the Protestant party in France, an expedition for America was fitted out, under Capt. Jean Ribaut, and sailed in February, 1562. Ribaut, with his two vessels, entered the St. John's River on the 1st of May, but remained here a short time only. He proceeded to the northward, until reaching Port Royal harbor, where he determined to found the Huguenot settlement. The site was selected upon an island, a fort erected, in which he left a small garrison, while he returned to France to obtain colon- ists and supplies for the settlement. On his arrival home, he found the Civil War at its height, which debarred his return to the suc- cor of the colony. The colonists, discouraged by the long absence of their commander, put GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 43 single settlement of Europeans on the Conti- nent of North America beyond the boundaries of Mexico. That year, however, witnessed the first attempt at colonization ; and that, too, by the French. The Huguenots, wearied with struggling against persecution, were seeking homes away from their native land. Encouraged by Ad- miral Coligny, the head of the Protestant party in France, an expedition for America was fitted out, under Capt. Jean Ribaut, and sailed in February, 1562. Ribaut, with his two vessels, entered the St. John's River on the ist of May, but remained here a short time only. He proceeded to the northward, until reaching Port Royal harbor, where he determined to found the Huguenot settlement. The site was selected upon an island, a fort erected, in which he left a small garrison, while he returned to France to obtain colon- ists and supplies for the settlement. On his arrival home, he found the Civil War at its height, which debarred his return to the suc- cor of the colony. The colonists, discouraged by the long absence of their commander, put GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 43 single settlement of Europeans on the Conti- nent of North America beyond the boundaries of Mexico. That year, however, witnessed the first attempt at colonization ; and that, too, by the French. The Huguenots, wearied with struggling against persecution, were seeking homes away from their native land. Encouraged by Ad- miral Coligny, the head of the Protestant party in France, an expedition for America was fitted out, under Capt. Jean Ribaut, and sailed in February, 1562. Ribaut, with his two vessels, entered the St. John's River on the 1st of May, but remained here a short time only. He proceeded to the northward, until reaching Port Royal harbor, where he determined to found the Huguenot settlement. The site was selected upon an island, a fort erected, in which he left a small garrison, while he returned to France to obtain colon- ists and supplies for the settlement. On his arrival home, he found the Civil War at its height, which debarred his return to the suc- cor of the colony. The colonists, discouraged by the long absence of their commander, put  GUIDE TO FLORIDA. to sea in a small pinnace which they had con- structed, in the mad hope of attempting to reach France. Fortunately they were rescued by an English vessel. Two years later, Co- ligny being again able to turn his attention to his favorite scheme of colonization, despatched three small vessels to Florida, under command of a companion of Ribaut, named Rend de Laudonniere. Laudonniere landed at the present site of St. Augustine ; but on the following day en- tered the St. John's River, where he deter- mined to found a settlement. The site chosen was at St. John's Bluff, just within the mouth of the River, where the re- mains of the works they constructed are still said to exist. Laudonniere erected a fort, which he named Fort Caroline, and from it made many excursions to the surrounding country, and seems to have kept on excellent terms with the Indians. He, however, ac- complished nothing; and, relying on receiving supplies from France, which of course did not come, the garrison was reduced to the verge of starvation. Their Indian friends got tired GUIDE TO FLORIDA. to sea in a small pinnace which they had con- structed, in the mad hope of attempting to reach France. Fortunately they were rescued by an English vessel. Two years later, Co- ligny being again able to turn his attention to his favorite scheme of colonization, despatched three small vessels to Florida, under command of a companion of Ribaut, named Rend de Laudonnidre. Laudonniere landed at the present site of St. Augustine ; but on the following day en- tered the St. John's River, where he deter- mined to found a settlement. The site chosen was at St. John's Bluff, just within the mouth of the River, where the re- mains of the works they constructed are still said to exist. Laudonniere erected a fort, which he named Fort Caroline, and from it made many excursions to the surrounding country, and seems to have kept on excellent terms with the Indians. He, however, ac- complished nothing; and, relying on receiving supplies from France, which of course did not come, the garrison was reduced to the verge of starvation. Their Indian friends got tired GUIDE TO FLORIDA. to sea in a small pinnace which they had con- structed, in the mad hope of attempting to reach France. Fortunately they were rescued by an English vessel. Two years later, Co- ligny being again able to turn his attention to his favorite scheme of colonization, despatched three small vessels to Florida, under command of a companion of Ribaut, named Rend de Laudonniere. Laudonniere landed at the present site of St. Augustine; but on the following day en- tered the St. John's River, where he deter- mined to found a settlement. The site chosen was at St. John's Bluff, just within the mouth of the River, where the re- mains of the works they constructed are still said to exist. Laudonniere erected a fort, which he named Fort Caroline, and from it made many excursions to the surrounding country, and seems to have kept on excellent terms with the Indians. He, however, ac- complished nothing; and, relying on receiving supplies from France, which of course did not come, the garrison was reduced to the verge of starvation. Their Indian friends got tired  \y a\ ca c s -aootioos st bey sea .o aa ooo o a toe. eeaoAa c o o oaooo ca aoad s eomQaNOOs e.' ocoad\y Qe c , mo. aZu io cyoAZ.oe ca sAtiess seeo tia- c o mesome ooa \om s aos ad ti e e. \yv e\s. aoa o sAoA\o ecs_ a a \o o . "Z e tay0. Lcomas eOco _ eaaaeQv co de-ts , e\\ m oa za\ycaooyyticc co aoo c.-Qe c\S o-tacer o otoe,-Qecsoo Lq Le ao. . ae sas oc Laos ou a s; oo s e\soA i As oAs -QQym to 't \s Qa c.Aac\y bea oAso ym ba c aoA -Qa-i wAa\yv oca toey\oooatics\ ac s o oos osv toeyAoooatoe. t o 4 s ooo s \ o ot oytoem as o-a s' ea ey e\osea oco \ oy ima'age tiaostea eyce\ \ o e oc o mQ ov s oas iaa Ooot oeRo a o o o@ ov a o s_ iaat O oe o \o aAo cAy i o e °ec oAa-ae Aeo \o a\ovAy ao ti oAaoe b m cbe.L'uoaoo - a a ti s omQvo oos 'm o oel eoaooo -te, aoa o s comQao oos te. o\ aa e. o\ Qe tie ma. tie.. \.tiem o\\ oaye\oev d\y .= s\ ea_ a\ e. eeot2 o QtyoAdc a vss seo .tiem o tic coaoa eeo\ a Q yo\de ta cess seot\\ e oA , o mcso oe ooa \ 'a soAco aoa ' otoe, o imesome ooa aAsoAco-rn omesV oy\\eal. oeaos b cb e e. yv Acomc hy \e , s A\svstoeA Cvos d cav e a \y eAcomea aAV \ o e s. a3e stiA\s sdcA aoa os \\o Qa ao s e, \ ece: saoe a m maae. ""\oOe aytie e: saoe -ca m \e. oA\x oyois ooaccom-Qam \o a mytoe i , masue\c oo\\x oyocs ooacc mQa . homas etcao\le. . \ i oa eQceseo \ tl a es y o e\aaeQ o eQ-te, otm \ cc\ a c iy o e, ess m 4' @oa oeaaaQ at' o eaaaeQo oo \ ecsA a e.Qc oo_ 4i@oab ,eaaQQ a \ oo \ csta e.Q imQe cs oA o o otee s_'V aeoAoA\o t- mQe e s oAov o Qoa- z S tioAoa s comAs oeaoo a oQ t\otm oo tcomQa . s co cAs ao a c' oo ea \oc oo a o b c A soa a oya\ca\yca Qy c s c o e s se aa 's o a o y a\ y a o Qy e c \ i ° v s\y o ti , Qec s c _ \ a o c a i t \ \ ec o a\ e _ es m oe.Qecsoc.oAa ozaot \\em\e_ ' coooa\ ecoecb saeo aooo\Qea ¢cace.- A- oooa\ etoe saeocaooo\Qea \ otac \e\saa .ao \ aao tie.Qetsoo . v i ea \\sa a \e\s o oe.Q s o L te vva \., 4o ecas ae. a\ o oe co s o - \,_ oe \ e, wa\ko ovt c c s \ \ m \a e.Aea oe soa es o Aaos hea it5\ a0o m \ac e, ,a aec soaZics o \- os , oe a t\ yoao s a o- s c s \N rooa o oao s oea o s eAsoA\ S sao o - y QQy o ea't aotS Qa c oey\o oa e, s oc Q o dobytiem -u e \° o e c t c i o o m Q \o a\ov\y a \o t oe. .; Sao\a m OCe aoa .\ dy \eo z. \\sas ocA\ a oeo a m m e, Y oyoes doacs m a- wQ'teseo co\ e.em oa eas tiaoa' e e. ao i yQccsooS , comQ s eoo\. o\y de, aoaF tyQecsoos , comQz eoot o\y d. eso -ce eseo veso\some.o be oes am\ eso eQ cscr s eso someo de; oes' mVeso a-mS es_ caocebotmaoyv aosaoa oe c ac A s. -aocedo .maoyac "aosaoatie - m se aoaim- 'Z oe, \o scaco otoem e aoa m- oe.c oo srac e titoemse , oeAaoa maeea, Acmeo s be-te dtot\\heAaoa m , Q\cmeots aece d o \toeAs. cmaoeoO, se emc- \.. eeecy ae tc oc aQe-cmaoco<. se \emeo .. e0c-ty -ee e. o-e aQecma QQeooae decommao Z\ eysa ca tom i0iY BAZAAR, Charleston, S. C. The largest and most beautiful collection of Rich Fancy Goods, for w,'eddipg, birthday apd floliday Prewots. Toys, Dolls, In and Out-door Games, China-Ware, Childreno's Carriages, French Confectionery Prize-hoses, Fire-Works, etc. India Rubber Goods, suck as Clothing, Nursery, Sheeting, etc. 0 foquet 0alie , ftoMd $2 up to $4 PER 8£T_ Price Lists sent on application. Orders respectfully solicited. Address FRED VON SANTEN, 285 King Street, (Opposite Mtasonic Temple.) CHlARLESTON, S,. C 1 ANCY GOO0DS AND TOjY B3AZAAR, Charleston, S. C. The largest and most beautiful collection of Rich Fancy Goods, for Weddipg, birthday apd 'Holiday Prcps Toys, Dolls, In and Out-door Games, China-Ware Children's Carriages, French Confectionery, Prize-hoses, Fire-Works. etc. India Robber Goods, such as Clothing, Nursery, Sheeting, etc. c!#oquet 0ante, , ftoMr $q up to $q5 P£R S£T_ Price Lists sent on application. Orders respectfully solicited. Address FRED VON SANTEN, 285 King Street, (Opposite Mason. Temple.) CHlARLE.STON, S. C.  PULASKI HOUSE, Johnson Square, SAVANNAH, GA., Facing South, with a Frontage of 273 Feet. S. N. PAPOT & Co., Proprietors. This well-known hotel, which has always been considered the leading hotel in Savannah, and one of the best in the South, is pleasantly located in the central portion of the city, on Johnson Square, with a southern front, which is a matter of no small importance in this climate. In consequence of the death of the late proprietor, Major W. H. WILTBERGER, the hotel has fallen into the hands of Messrs. S. N. PAPOT & Co. and the new proprietors have made many changes and im- provements. The whole house has been thoroughly painted inside and out, and otherwise renovated ; and such alterations have been made in the interior arrangements as must add to its attractions and conduce to the comfort of the guests. At this hotel every convenience is offered to the traveling public in the way of Ticket Office for all the Railroads and Steamboats; Telegraph Office, etc., and here also Sleeping- ear tickets can be procured. The table is furnished with the best meats, poultry, and game to be procured in the Boston, New York, and Baltimore markets, and our corps of cooks is unsurpassed by any in the country. If kind and courteous treatment, comfortable rooms, and a good table offer any inducements to our friends going South, either for health, pleasure, or business, we think we can safely recommend them to patronize the Pulaski during their sojourn in Savannah. S. N. PAPOT & CO. PULASKI HOUSE, Johnson Square, SAVANNAH, GA., Facing South, with a Frontage of 273 Feet. S. N. PAPOT & Co., Proprietors. This well-known hotel, which has always been considered the leading hotel in Savannah, and one of the best in the South, is pleasantly located in the central portion of the city, on Johnson Square, with a southern front, which is a matter of no small importance in this climate. In consequence of the death of the late proprietor, Major W. H. WILTBERcER, the hotel has fallen into the hands of Messrs. S. N. PAPOT & Co. and the new proprietors have made many changes and im- provements. The whole house has been thoroughly painted inside and out, and otherwise renovated ; and such alterations have been made in the interior arrangements as must add to its attractions and conduce to the comfort of the guests. At this hotel every convenience is offered to the traveling public in the way of Ticket Office for all the Railroads and Steamboats; Telegraph Office, -etc., and here also Sleeping- car tickets can be procured. The table is furnished with the best meats, poultry, and game -to be procured in the Boston, New York, and Baltimore markets, and our corps of cooks is unsurpassed by any in the country. If kind and courteous treatment, comfortable rooms, and a good table offer any inducements to our friends going South, either for health, pleasure, or business, we think we can safely recommend them to patronize the Pulaski during their sojourn in Savannah. S. N. PAPOT & CO. PULASKI HOUSE, Johnson Square, SAVANNAH, GA., Facing South, with a Frontage of 273 Feet. S. N. PAPOT & Co., Proprietors. This well-known hotel, which has always been considered the leading hotel in Savannah, and one of the best in the South, is pleasantly located in the central portion of the city, on Johnson Square, with a southern front, which is a matter of no small importance in this climate. In consequence of the death of the late proprietor, Major W. H. WILTBERGER, the hotel has fallen into the hands of Messrs. S. N. PAPOT & Co. and the new proprietors have made many changes and im- provements. The whole house has been thoroughly painted inside and out, and otherwise renovated ; and such alterations have been made in the interior arrangements as must add to its attractions and conduce to the comfort of the guests. At this hotel every convenience is offered to the traveling public in the way of Ticket Office for all the Railroads and Steamboats; Telegraph Office, -etc., and here also Sleeping- ear tickets can be procured. The table is furnished with the best meats, poultry, and game to be procured in the Boston, New York, and Baltimore markets, and our corps of cooks is unsurpassed by any in the country. If kind and courteous treatment, comfortable rooms, and a good table offer any inducements to our friends going South, either for health, pleasure, or business, we think we can safely recommend them to patronize the Pulaski during their sojourn in Savannah. S. N. PAPOT & CO.  SCREVEN HOUSE R. BRADLEY, Proprietor. Savannah, Georgia. This long and favorably known house is situated in Johnson Square, a most desirable, convenient, and pleasant location, and has just been thoroughly renovated, repaired, and repainted, and its organization in all its departments being complete. The table at all times being supplied with the best that the northern and home markets afford, which, with first-class Billiard and Bar Rooms, Barber Shop and Bathing Saloons, with polite and efficient attendants, render it a strictly first- class house, not surpassed by any in the Southern States. Those who have patronized, are assured that it is kept up to its past standard ; those who have not are invited to do so, with the assurance that every thing possible will be done for their comfort. Particular attention will be given to letters and telegrams for reserved rooms, or to securing sleeping berths in R.R. Cars, or State-Rooms on Steamers. Comfortable omnibusses and carriages from the house will be found at all arriving Steamers and Trains. Through passengers should take the Screven House Omnibusses. R. BRADLEY, Proprietor. SCREVEN HOUSE R. BRADLEY, Proprietor. Savannah, Georgia. This long and favorably known house is situated in Johnson Square, a most desirable, convenient, and pleasant location, and has just been thoroughly renovated, repaired, and repainted, and its organization in all its departments being complete. The table at all times being supplied with the best that the northern and home markets afford, which, with first-class Billiard and Bar Rooms, Barber Shop and Bathing Saloons, with polite and efficient attendants, render it a strictly first- class house, not surpassed by any in the Southern States. Those who have patronized, are assured that it is kept up to its past standard ; those who have not are invited to do so, with the assurance that every thing possible will be done for their comfort. Particular attention will be given to letters and telegrams for reserved rooms, or to securing sleeping berths in R.R. Cars, or State-Rooms on Steamers. Comfortable omnibusses and carriages from the house will be found at all arriving Steamers and Trains. Through passengers should take the Screven House Omnibusses. R. BRADLEY, Proprietor. SCREVEN HOUSE R. BRADLEY, Proprietor. Savannah, Georgia. This long and favorably known house is situated in Johnson Square, a most desirable, convenient, and pleasant location, and has just been thoroughly renovated, repaired, and repainted, and its organization in all its departments being complete. The table at all times being supplied with the best that the northern and home markets afford, which, with first-class Billiard and Bar Rooms, Barber Shop and Bathing Saloons, with polite and efficient attendants, render it a strictly first- class house, not surpassed by any in the Southern States. Those who have patronized, are assured that it is kept up to its past standard ; those who have not are invited to do so, with the assurance that every thing possible will be done for their comfort. Particular attention will be given to letters and telegrams for reserved rooms, or to securing sleeping berths in R.R. Cars, or State-Rooms on Steamers. Comfortable omnibusses and carriages from the house will be found at all arriving Steamers and Trains. Through passengers should take the Screven House Omnibusses. R. BRADLEY, Proprietor.  13M bldig & 06Ijectiof ON e D. G. AMBLER, JDEkonIte @XCHANGE, $TOCKS, WONDS, ROTES Special Attention given to Investments for Capitalists. Inltetet Iallowed ogl bepooitg. Visitors to Florida aforded every possible facility. Drafts on Northern Cities cashed on favorable terms. Every information cheerfully aforded the Tourist or Invalid as to the various Winter Resorts of Florida- routes of travel, etc., etc. Our files of Northern papers may at all times be consulted. D. 0. p k Cg $ olevin Office D. G. AMBLER, iXCHANGE, STOCKS, JONDS, 9OTES Special Attention given to Investments for Capitalists. Initefeot allowed oql bepogit5. Visitors to Florida aforded every possible facility. Drafts on Northern Cities cashed on favorable terms. Every information cheerfully afforded the Tourist or Invalid as to the various Winter Resorts of Florida- routes of travel, etc., etc. Our fles of Northern papers may at all times be consulted. D. 0. 084 41anin,& 0oIwrledft Offlce D. G. AMBLER, narkunyti. 9XCHANGE, --TOCKS, JONDS, 'OTES Special Attention given to Investments for Capitalists. Iiltefest qallowed oil Depogitg. Visitors to Florida aforded every possible facility. Drafts on Northern Cities cashed on favorable terms. Every information cheerfully afforded the Tourist or Invalid as to the various Winter Resorts of Florida- routes of travel, etc., etc. Our fles of Northern papers may at all times be consulted. D). c0. 2NI  THE THE THE $T. JAMES OTEL, (Fronting St. James Park,) Jaeksonville, Florida. OPEN FROM NOVEMBER TO MAY. HE St. James Hotel has accommodations for 300 guests. Its location is the finest in Florida. A new brick wing, io feet by 46 feet, three stories high, with spacious parlors on the first-floor, and large airy sleeping rooms with fire place in each, on the second and third floors, has been added during the past Summer. The entire house has been refurnished in first-class style with sofa-spring beds and best hair mattresses. Families and others seeking the delightful climate of Florida will find the St. James a comfortable home for the winter. J. R. CAMPBELL & J. N. ANDREWS, GENERAL MANAGERS. $T. JAMES ROTEL, (Fronting St. James Park,) aeksonvifle, Florida. OPEN FROM NOVEMBER TO MAY. HE St. James Hotel has accommodations for 300 * guests. Its location is the finest in Florida. A new brick wing, ino feet by 46 feet, three stories high, with spacious parlors on the first-floor, and large airy sleeping rooms with fire place in each, on the second and third fioors, has been added during the past Summer. The entire house has been refurnished in first-class style with sofa-spring beds and best hair mattresses. Families and others seeking the delightful climate of Florida will find the St. James a comfortable home for the winter. J. R. CAMPBELL & J. N. ANDREWS, GENERAL MANA GER. $T. JAMES fOTEL, (Fronting St. James Park,) Jacksonville, Florida. OPEN FROM NOVEMBER TO MAY. (Min HE St. James Hotel has accommodations for 300 lJL° guests. Its location is the finest in Florida. A new brick wing, i o feet by 46 feet, three stories high, with spacious parlors on the first-floor, and large airy sleeping rooms with fire place in each, on the second and third fioors, has been added during the past Summer. The entire house has been refurnished in first-class style with sofa-spring beds and best hair mattresses. Families and others seeking the delightful climate of Florida will find the St. James a comfortable home for the winter. J. R. CAMPBELL & J. N. ANDREWS, GENERAL MANAGERS.  NATIONAL HOTEL, aACEsoNvLLE. GEORGE CINLEY, PROPRIETOR. The National, recently completed is now open for the reception of guests. Its situa- tion is unrivalled, commanding a magnificent view of the St. John's River, and convenient to the steamer landings and railroad depot. Visitors will find here every comfort, large, finely furnished, and well-ventilated apartments, and an excellent table. Bath rooms, billiard room, livery stable, etc., attached to hotel. In fact, every requisite of a first-class house. GEORGE McGINLEY, Proprietor. NATIONAL HOTEL, JAOESONVILLE. EORGE C INLEY, >ROPRIETOR. The National, recently completed is now open for the reception of guests. Its situa- tion is unrivalled, commanding a magnificent view of the St. John's River, and convenient to the steamer landings and railroad depot. Visitors will find here every comfort, large, finely furnished, and well-ventilated apartments, and an excellent table. Bath rooms, billiard room, livery stable, etc., attached to hotel. In fact, every requisite of a first-class house. GEORGE NeGINLEY, Proprietor. NATIONAL HOTEL, JAGE3ON7LLM. EORGE - C 'INLEY, R OPRIETOR. The National, recently completed is now open for the reception of guests. Its situa- tion is unrivalled, commanding a magnificent view of the St. John's River, and convenient to the steamer landings and railroad depot. Visitors will find here every comfort, large, finely furnished, and well-ventilated apartments, and an excellent table. Bath rooms, billiard room, livery stable, etc., attached to hotel. In fact, every requisite of a first-class house. GEORGE McGINLEY, Proprietor.  IM ETROPOLITAN MOTEL, Jaoksenvllle FlIa. wlt of B3fik,-New 'I o1out. FLORIDA I AND tA.GENCY, Jacksonville, Flay C. L. ROBINSON, Proprietor. Attorney at Law.-Commissioner U. S. Circuit Court- Special Commissioner C. S. Court Claims.Publisher " Florida Land -Register." lMdETROPOLITAN I4OTEL, .laeksoavlllk, Fla. B3uilt of B3fi&f,-New T1hfou4aout. FLORIDA ]SAND £_VGENCY, Jacksonville, Fla, C. L. ROBINSON, Proprietor. Attorney at Law.-Commissioner U. S. Circuit Court.Special Commissioner V. S. Court Claims.Publisher " Florida Land Register." IM ETROPOLITAN HiOTEL, daoksenvlle®, Fla. wuit of Bfi61k,-New TI fouoIout. FLORIDA ]I FRBA . Constantly on hand, the largest stock in the State of ea Beans, mounted in every style; Alligator Heads, Alligator Teeth, carved and mounted; Orange, Royal Palm, Palmetto, Break-axe, Mangrove, and other Canes. Pink Curlew Wings, Egret and Heron Plumes; Fla- mingo and Fawn Plumes; Sea Shells and Coral; Alligator Eggs, etc., etc. Sole Agent for the celebrated Bahamian Shell-Work. DAMON GREENLEAF, JACKSONVILLE, Fla., DEALER IN WVatches, Clocks, jewelry, Solid Silver, PLATED WARE., Watches, Clocks and Jewelry Repaired & Warranted. HB.Ae-Q UARTERS FOR FLORIDA CURIOSITIES. Do not fail while in Florida, to visit Greenleaf's Museum of Florida Curiosities, connected with Green leaf's Jewelry Store, opposite the Market. .A 2MIS SIO.N FRBAm. Constantly on hand, the largest stock in the State of ea Beans, mounted in every style; Alligator Heads, Alligator Teeth, carved and mounted; Orange, Royal Palm, Palmetto, Break-axe, Mangrove, and other Canes. Pink Curlew Wings, Egret and Heron Plumes; Fla- mingo and Fawn Plumes; Sea Shells and Coral; Alligator Eggs, etc., etc. Sole Agent for the celebrated Bahamian Shell-Work. DAMON GREENLEAF, JACKSONVILLE, Fla., DEALER IN Watches, Clocks, jewelry, Solid Silver, PLATED WARE. Watches, Clocks and Jewelry Repaired & Warranted. H'BAl-Q UARTBRS FOR FLORIDA CURIOSITIES. Do not fail while in Florida, to visit Greenleafs Museum of Florida Curiosities, connected with Green- leaf's Jewelry Store, opposite the Market. .A DMIS SI0. FRXBA. Constantly on hand, the largest stock in the State of ea Beans, mounted in every style; Alligator Heads, Alligator Teeth, carved and mounted; Orange, Royal Palm, Palmetto, Break-axe, Mangrove, and other Canes. Pink Curlew Wings, Egret and Heron Plumes; Fla- mingo and Fawn Plumes; Sea Shells and Coral; Alligator Eggs, etc., etc. Sole Agent for the celebrated Bahamian Shell-Work.  iDRY AND i ANCY G4OODS. FURCHGOTT, BENEDICT & CO.'S BAY ,STIREET1, Jacksonvile, Fila. Branch of CHARLESTON HOUSE, 275 King St. New York Office, 86 Leonard Street. ~AMETTO ATS, Carpets and Matting, a Specialty. D~RY AND TVANCY GOODS. FURCHGOTT, BENEDICT & CO.'S TRADE IPAILACE. BAY ST'REE, Jacks8onvile, Flae. Branch of CHARLESTON HOUSE, 275 King St. New York Office, 86 Leonard Street. ~AXMETTO 4ATS, Carpets and Matting, a Specialty. RYAND IVANCY GOODS. FURCHGOTT, BENEDICT & CO.'S TRADE PAJLACE. BAY STRIIE, Jacksonvile, Flae. Branch of CHARLESTON HOUSE, 275 King St. New York Office, 86 Leonard Street. ~ALMETTO ATS, Carpets and Matting, a Specialty.  SAMUEL B. HUBBARD, JACKSONVILLE, Fla,, IMPORTER AND DEALER IN Hardware, Iron and Steel, Edge Tools, Table and Pocket Cutlery, Nails, Glue, Putty, Glass, Paints, Oils, Leather Belting, Rubber Packing, Stoves, Tinware, Crockery, Pumps LEAD AND IRON PIPE, DOORS, SASHES, BLINDS, MOULDINGS, SUGAR MILLS, EVAPORATORS, ETC. Gas Fitting, Roofing, Jobbing, and Tin mithing done to Order. SAMUEL B. U B BARD, JACKSONVILLE, Fla., IMPORTER AND DEALER IN Hardware, Iron and Steel, Edge Tools, Table and Pocket Cutlery, Nails, Glue, Putty, Glass, Paints, Oils, Leather Belting, Rubber Packing, Stoves, Tinware, Crockery, Pumps LEAD AND IROW PIKE, DOORS, SASHES, BLINDS, MOULDINGS, SUGAR MILLS, EVAPORATORS, ETC. Gas Fitting, Roofing, Jobbing, and Tin Smithing done to Order. SAMEL U. HUBBARD, JACKSONVILLE, Fla,, IMPORTER AND DEALER IN Hardware, Iron and Steel, Edge Tools, Table and Pocket Cutlery, Nails, Glue, Putty, Glass, Paints, Oils, Leather Belting, Rubber Packing, Stoves, Tinware, Crockery, Pumps LEAD AND IRO I KFE, DOORS, SASHES, BLINDS, MOULDINGS, SUGAR MILLS, EVAPORATORS, ETC. Gas Fitting, Roofing, Jobbing, and Tin mithing done to Order.  E. P. WEBSTER & CO., DRUGGISTS & APOTHECARIES, SIGN "GOLDEN MORTAR." REED'S BLOCE, BAT STREET, JACXSOXrYIzLLE, FLOMI A. Persons, visiting Jacksonville, in need of pure Drugs and Medicines, fine Brandy, Wines, and other Liquors, Fancy Goods, Toilet Articles, fine Brushes, fine Soaps, fine Eau de Cologne, Florida Water, Rose Water, Orange-flower Water, Pomades, and every thing usually kept in a first-class Drug Store,-are invited to call, and look at our stock. The Compounding of Pre- scriptions made a Specialty. Satisfaction prom- ised in all cases. E. P. WEBSTER & CO., DRUGGISTS & APOTHECARIES, SIGN "GOLDEN MORTAR." BEEB'S BLOCK, HAT STREET, JACXSOXYILLE, FLOYLIA. Persons, visiting Jacksonville, in need of pure Drugs and Medicines, fine Brandy, Wines, and other Liquors, Fancy Goods, Toilet Articles, fine Brushes, fine Soaps, fine Eau de Cologne, Florida Water, Rose Water, Orange-flower Water, Pomades, and every thing usually kept in a first-class Drug Store,-are invited to call, and look at our stock. The Compounding of Pre- scriptions made a Specialty. Satisfaction prom- ised in all cases. E. P. WEBSTER & CO., DRUGGISTS & APOTHECARIES, SIGN "GOLDENMORTAR." 3EE3'S BLOCK, BAT STREET, JACXSO YILLE, FLO2IA. Persons, visiting Jacksonville, in need of pure Drugs and Medicines, fine Brandy, Wines, and other Liquors, Fancy Goods, Toilet Articles, fine Brushes, fine Soaps, fine Eau de Cologne, Florida Water, Rose Water, Orange-flower Water, Pomades, and every thing usually kept in a first-class Drug Store,-are invited to call, and look at our stock. The Compounding of Pre- scriptions made a Specialty. Satisfaction prom- ised in all cases.  G AT HER & , nrksunvill, ,la., G 'ATHER & , arksnnvillk, .ff la., G ATHER & atksunill, finl., WHOLEBALE AND RETAIL WHOLeEBA AN BETIL WROLEBALE AND BBTAIL BOOKSELLERS & NEWgSDALERS. BOSTON, NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA AND SAVANNAH DAILY PAPERS, also all the latest MAGAZINES AND PERIODICALS constantly on hand. Parties visiting Florida can leave their subscriptions with us, for any length of time, and the same will be promptly forwarded to any point accessible by mail. GUIDE BOOKS, RAILWAY GUIDES AND POCKET MAPS in great variety. Call and examine our stock before purchasing elsewhere. BOOKSELLERS & NEWSgALERS. BOSTON, NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA AND SAVANNAH DAILY PAPERS, also all the latest MAGAZINES AND PERIODICALS constantly on hand. Parties visiting Florida can leave their subscriptions with us, for any length of time, and the same will be promptly forwarded to any point accessible by mail. GUIDE BOOKS, RAILWAY GUIDES AND POCKET MAPS in great variety. Call and examine our stock before purchasing elsewhere. BOOKSELLERS & NEWSDEALERS. BOSTON, NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA AND SAVANNAH DAILY PAPERS, also all the latest MAGAZINES AND PERIODICALS constantly on hand. Parties visiting Florida can leave their subscriptions with us, for any length of time, and the same will be promptly forwarded to any point accessible by mail. GUIDE BOOKS, RAILWAY GUIDES AND POCKET MAPS in great variety. Call and examine our stock before purchasing elsewhere.  THE OLD RELIABLE BROCK'S LINE OF STEAMERS, Jadk$Ogville agnd Ijtefpfi, e, ON THE ST. JOHN'S RIVER, FLORIDA, THE NEW AND TLE1AT PASSENGER STEAMER FLORENCE Leaves JACKSONVILLE daily (except Sundays) for PALATKA and all INTERMEDIATE PosNTS, and connecting with Steamers for ENTER- PRISE, CLAY SPRINGS, SALT LAKE, DUNN'S LAKE, and points on the OCKLAWAHA RIVER. At TOCOI with ST. JOHN'S RAIL- ROAD for ST. AUGUSTINE, sod returning to Jcksonvie same evening in time to connect with all Northern Trains. TIE FAVORITE STEAMERS "9D IfINQOlio" anid "R NTTI(" , Leave JACKSONVILLE on SUNDAtS and WEDNEStS at 9 a. m., RUNNING THROUGH To ENTERPRISE, and stopping at all principal points on the River. The Old Reputation of this Popular Line will be fully sustained, and every Comfort Guaranteed to its Patrons. JACOB BROCK, Agent, Jacksonville, Fla. THE OLD RELIABLE BROCK'S LINE OF STEAMERS, Jadkoraville ahrd Ii+rxtefpfige, ON THE ST. JOHN'S RIVER, FLORIDA, THE NEW AND 4LEGANT PASSENGER STEAMER FLORENCE Leaves JACKSONVILLE daily (except Sundays) for PALATKA and all INTERMEDIATE PoINTs, and connecting with Steamers for ENTER- PRISE, CLAY SPRINGS, SALT LAKE, DUNN'S LAKE, and points 00 the OCKLAWAHA RIVER. At TOCOI with ST. JOHN'S RAIL- ROAD for ST. AUGUSTINE, rnd returning to Jacksonville sams evening in time to connect with all Northern Trains. THE FAVORITE STEAMERS "i ATIXNTOX" axnd "1RITTI " Leave JACKSONVILLE on SUNDAs and WEDNESDAYs at 9 a. m., RUNNING THROUGH To ENTERPRISE, and stopping at all principal points on the River. The Old Reputation of this Popular Line will be fully sustained, and every Comfort Guaranteed to its Patrons. JACOB BROCK, Agent, Jacksonville, Fla. THE OLD RELIABLE BROCK'S LINE OF STEAMERS, Jadk$oAville duAu I rtefvtie, ON THE ST. JOHN'S RIVER, FLORIDA, THE NEw AND ZLEGANT PASSENGER STEAMER FLORENCE Leaves JACKSONVILLE daily (except Sundays) for PALATKA and all INTsRMEDIATE POINTS, and conoreting with Steamers for ENTER- PRISE, CLAY SPRINGS, SALT LAKE, DUNN'S LAKE, and points on the OCKLAWAHA RIVER. At TOCOI with ST. JOHN'S RAIL- ROAD for ST. AUGUSTINE, end returning to Jacksonvile same evening in time to connect with all Northern Trains. THE FAVORITE STEAMERS ")0IXNTOND 411d "RNTITI " Leave JACKSONVILLE on SUNDAss and WrErSDt at 9 a. m., RUNNING TROGH To ENTErRoB, and Stopping at all principal points on the River. The Old Reputation of this Popular Line will be fully sustained, and every Comfort Guaranteed to its Patrons. JACOB BROCK, Agent, Jacksonville, Fla.  all 1 i >dir Oip t. Johil' iivef. THE Fi T'RITE API'] SPLENIDID STEARMFR. Captain L. M. COXETTER, LEA/ES JACKESON/VILLE EVER/Y ALL JXVTERMEI/IATE LANDINGS on ifs St. JOHN'S RI!VER. The S/asrliht has recently been thoroughly overhauled, supplied with newV boilers and refurnishcd, and is ntom in splendid ot der, offering the mast agreeable nmeans of reset. ing points on the0 Hecr passen ger aomms~nodations are unsurpassed and hor table first-c/ass. Close co 0/;505eahion made' s,'ilh the Choarleston and Savannah Steamers. For ful ii/pso4/tti/f apply to GEO. R. FOSTER, Agent, Jwsonvttll tOh tNTfl, MtLLONVILLt, N'll1 jdiipg l O il ;t. JoI l>p' ive f. THE Fi TORITE .ND SPLEN DID ST- MER. Captain L. M. COXETTER, LEAVES JAC KSONVILLE E/VERY Tuedy' t) jterprt~e ALL IVTEU/MEDIATE LAN'D/LVGS on t/e S. JOHN'S RIVER. The Starlight has recently boon thoroughly overhauled, supplied witbh n/ew boilers and refurnshe, and is nom> in splrndid order, offering the mnost agreeable mooans of reach- ing points on. the tgppee Sot. joln'bS, IT~IRM ali~rd Oblawafi iver. Her passenger acconmmodations are unsurpassed, and b/er table fist-lass. Clos es ,om//snication made wilth the Charleston ana Savannah Steameros. For full i0/f/ri//olin appir to GEO. R. FOST1ER, Agent, Jacksonv~lle. all LTi~diIO orp $t. Joll' ivef. THE FAT"ORI'E A ND SPLEN~DID STIAMER. ,pI f 1irU t Captain L. M. COXETTER, LEAVES JACKESONVI LLE EVERY ALL t.V5'EVMEDIA'TE LANVDINGS on /0/ S. JOHN'S RIVER. The Starlight has recently been thoroughly overhauled supplied woith 0/Ow boilers an/d refurnished and is no,> in splendid or der, offering the most agreeable means of rech- iog points5 on the Her passenger accommoodations are u/nsurpassed, and h/er table f/rst-elass. Close commniction/ /m/ade with the ChorleIton and Savannah Steamers. Foe f//Il is/fo u/stion apply to GEIO. B. FOSTER, .Agent, Jacksonvile.  HENRY A. L'ENGLE, GRAD UA4 TED PHARMA0EUTIST, JACKSONVILLE. Go to the Corner of Bay and Laura Streets, where you will fnd a good stock of PURB AND FRESH1 DRUQS CHEMICALS, PATENT MEDICINES, PERFUMERY, TOILET ARTICLES, FINE WINES AND LIQUORS, FOR MEDLIIAL PURPOSES. Fhysician's Prescriptions accurately prepared at all hours of the day and night. HENRY A. L'ENGLE, GRAD UA TED PHA11RM1ACEUTiST_, JACKSONVILLE. Go to the Corner of Bay and Laura Streets, where you will find a good stock of PURE AND FREBSH DRUGS CHEMICALS, PATENT MEDICINES, PERFUMERY, TOILET ARTICLES, FINE WINES AND LIQUORS, FOR MDICINAL PiURPOSES. Fhysician's Prescriptions acscuratelytpreptared at all hours of the day and night. HENRY A. L'ENGLE, G R A D UA TE D ' " YJHlARM AOElUT iI Si, JACKSONVILLE. Go to the Corner of Bay and Laura Streets, wohere you will find a good stork of PUREB AND FRESHI DRUGS8 CHEMICALS, PATENT MEDICINES, PERFUMERY, TOILET ARTICLES, FINE WINES AND LIQUORS, FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSEu. Physician's Prescriptions accurately p repared at all hours of the day and night.  latendop fiou~e, GREEN COVE SPRINGS, Fla. ON THE ST. JOHN'S RIVER, @I Mhfes South of Jacksenrllle. Daily Mail and two daily Steamers from Jacksonville to Green Cove. Belonging to this house, and within son ft. of it, is the Green Cove Warm Sulphur Spring, discharging 3,000 gallons per minute, of temperature 78'. This water is highly valuable in its medicinal qualities, in the following diseases. Rheumatism-Gout-Scrof- ula - Dyspepsia-Paralysis-Neuralgia-all Nervous Affections-Erysipelas, and all Eruptive Diseases- Kidney Disorders, and General Debility. L.ge additions have been made, during the past season, to the Bathing facilities. The Baths and Dressing Rooms now occupy a space 200 ft. long by 50 ft. wide. The house is supplied with water from the Spring, by means of water power. HARRIS, APPLEGATE & CO., Proprietors. Oliteindog 1oue, GREEN COVE SPRINGS, Fla. ON THE ST. JOHN'S RIVER, @ MIes South of Jaokseonrllo. Daily Mail and two daily Steamers from Jacksonville to Green Cove. Belonging to this house, and within 1on ft. of it, is the Green Cove Warm Sulphur Spring, discharging 3,000 gallons per minute, of temperature 780. This water is highly valuable in its medicinal qualities, in the following diseases. Rheumatism-Gout-Scrof- ula - Dyspepsia--Paralysis--Neuralgia-all Nervous Affections-Erysipelas, and all Eruptive Diseases- Kidney Disorders, and General Debility. Ee additions have been made, during the past season, to the Bathing facilities. The Baths and Dressing Rooms now occupy a space ann ft. long by 5o ft. wide. The house is supplied with water from the Spring, by means of water power. HARRIS, APPLEGATE & CO., Proprietors. Oiktefdoq f4oue, GREEN COVE SPRINGS, Fla. ON THE ST. JOHN'S RIVER, 30 Ke South of jaeksornylo. Daily Mail and two daily Steamers from Jacksonville to Green Cove. Belonging to this house, and within too ft. of it, is the Green Cove Warm Sulphur Spring, discharging 3,000 gallons per minute, of temperature 78'. This water is highly valuable in its medicinal qualities, in the following diseases. Rheumatism-Gout-Scrof- ula - Dyspepsia-Paralysis-Neuralgia-all Nervous Affections-Erysipelas, and all Eruptive Diseases- Kidney Disorders, and General Debility. L.ge additions have been made, during the past season, to the Bathing facilities. The Baths and Dressing Rooms now occupy a space 20n ft. long by 50 ft. wide. The house is supplied with water from the Spring, by means of water power. HARRIS, APPLEGATE & CO., Proprietors.  Mrs. F LEMING, HIBERNIA, on the St. JOHN'S RIVER, 2B MILES ABOVE JACKSONVILLE, PRIVATE BOARDING HOUSE. A most delightful place for visitors from the North. Mrs. FLEMING, HIBERNIA, on the St. JOHN'S RIVER, 25 MILES ABOVE JACKSONVILLE, PRIVATE BOARDING HOUSE. A most delightful place for visitors from the North. Mrs. FLEMING, HIBERNIA, on the St. JOHN'S RIVER, 23 MILES ABOVE JACKSONVILLE, PRIVATE BOARDING HOUSE. A most delightful place for visitors from the North.  GREENCOVE RNS FLOR tI D A. THE CELEBRATED SULPHUR AND MINERAL SPRINGS WN. %GROPFTHS, Proprietor. These Springs are situated thirty miiles above Jackson- vifle; daily communication. GREEN COVE? SPRIGS FLORIDA. THE CELEBRATED SULPHUR AND MINERAL SPRINGS WL! Gl'.IFFJTHiS, Prop}rie-tor. These Springs are situated thirty miles above Jackson- -sille; daily commsunication. GRERN COVE SPRIGS, FLORIDA. THE CELEBRATED SULPHUR AND MINERAL SPRINGS WM. GHIFFITHS, Proprietor. These Springs are situated thirty miles above Jackson- ville; daily comimunicatlion.  H. L. H A R Tr, Proprietor. The Putnam House has during the past Summer been put in thorough order, and an addition built containing forty comfortable rooms. The favorable reputation of the house will be maintained by the present proprietors, who promise nothing shall be left undone for the comfort of their guests. H. L. HART. H. L. H A RT Proprietor. The Putnam House has during the past Summer been put in thorough order, and an addition built containing forty comfortable rooms. The favorable reputation of the house will be maintained by the present proprietors, who promise nothing shall be left undone for the comfort of their guests. H. L. HART. H. L. H A RT, Proprietor. The Putnam House has during the past Summer been put in thorough order, and an addition built containing forty comfortable rooms. The favorable reputation of the house will be maintained by the present proprietors, who promise nothing shall be left undone for the comfort of their guests. H. L. HART.  St. JOHN'S HTL 9 PALATKA, East Florida. P. & H. PETERMAN, Proprietors. This Hotel is newly furnished throughout. A fine Billiard Room in connection with house, and guests will find everything for their comfort. N. H. MORAGNE, M. D., WHOLESALE & RETAIL DRUG GIST. PALATKA, EAST FLORIDA. JAMES BURT, Real Estate Agend S. JOHN'S HOE, PALATKA, East Florida. P. & H. PETERMAN, Proprietors. This Hotel is newly furnished throughout. A -fine Billiard Room in connection with house, and guests will find everything for their comfort. N. H. MORAGNE, M. D., WHOLESALE & RETAIL DRUG GIST. PALATKA, EAST FLORIDA. JAMES BURT, Real1 Estate Agent S JOHN'S HOTEL, PALATKA, East Florida. P. & H. PETERMAN, Proprietors. This Hotel is newly furnished throughout. A -fine Billiard Room in connection with house, and guests will find everything for their comfort. N. H. MORAGNE, M. D., WHOLESALE & RETAIL D R UGGIST. PALATKA, EAST FLORIDA. JAMES BURT, Real Estat Agtent, PALATKA. EAST FLORIDA. PALATKA. EAST FLORIDA. PALATKA, EAST FLORIDA.  FOR THE The fine Steamers of the Hart Line connect at Palatka with the Charleston and Savannah Steamers, leaving on their arrival afda " Thursay ig. These boats have been put in good order and two fine new steamers added to the line, so that passengers will find on board every comfort and a good table. By this route they visit the most remarkable and most beautiful River of Florida, the celebrated Silver Spring, and the noble Lakes Harris and Eustace. Sportsmen will find game abundant on the whole route. For full information apply to R. ,. ASDANo2g 6 Agent. FOR THE The fine Steamers of the Hart Line connect at Palatka with the Charleston and Savannah Steamers, leaving on their arrival S"udY aad Thuraday Me'"ings. These boats have been put in good order and two fine new steamers added to the line, so that passengers will find on board every comfort and a good table. By this route they visit the most remarkable and most beautiful River of Florida, the celebrated Silver Spring, and the noble Lakes Harris and Eustace. Sportsmen will find game abundant on the whole route. For full information apply to R. . ARAW, A gem t. FOR THE The fine Steamers of the Hart Line connect at Palatka with the Charleston and Savannah Steamers, leaving on their arrival S adayan Thursday Ove"ng*. These boats have been put in good order and two fine new steamers added to the line, so that passengers will find on board every comfort and a good table. By this route they visit the most remarkable and most beautiful River of Florida, the celebrated Silver Spring, and the noble Lakes Harris and Eustace. Sportsmen will find game abundant on the whole route. For full information apply to R. . ADANSt Agent.  Situated six miles from Silver Springs, where a conveyance meets every boat on the Oclawaha River. This house is pleasantly situated in the flourishing town of Ocala, encircled by pine groves, and acknowledged by the faculty as one of the most desirable winter resorts for invalids. Comfortable rooms and a good table furnished at moderate prices. E. I. HARRIS, Proprietor. Situated six miles from Silver Springs, where a conveyance meets every boat on the Oclawaha River. This house is pleasantly situated in the flourishing town of Ocala, encircled by pine groves, and acknowledged by the faculty as one of the most desirable winter resorts for invalids. Comfortable rooms and a good table tarnished at moderate prices. E. I. HARRIS, Proprietor. Situated six miles from Silver Springs, where a conveyance meets every boat on the Oclawaha River. This house is pleasantly situated in the flourishing town of Ocala, encircled by pine groves, and acknowledged by the faculty as one of the most desirable winter resorts for invalids. Comfortable rooms and a good table furnished at moderate prices. E. I. HARRIS, Proprietor.  HE Brock House, beautifully situated on the shore of Lake Munroe, will be found by Invalids, Tourists and Sportsmen to combine every requisite for health, comfort, and enjoyment. The rooms are large and comfortable, and the table excellent. Splendid boating, fishing and hunting, in the immediate vicinity of the Hotel. Arrangements can be here made for con- veyances to Smyrna, Indian River, etc. JACOB BROCK, Proprietor. !HE Brock House, beautifully situated on the shore of Lake Munroe, will be found by Invalids, Tourists and Sportsmen to combine every requisite for health, comfort, and enjoyment. The rooms are large and comfortable, and the table excellent. Splendid boating, fishing and hunting, in the immediate vicinity of the Hotel. Arrangements can be here made for con- veyances to Smyrna, Indian River, etc. JACOB BROCK, Proprietor. IHE Brock House, beautifully situated on the shore of Lake Munroe, will be found by Invalids, Tourists and Sportsmen to combine every requisite for health, comfort, and enjoyment. The rooms are large and comfortable, and the table excellent. Splendid boating, fishing and hunting, in the immediate vicinity of the Hotel. Arrangements can be here made for con- veyances to Smyrna, Indian River, etc. JACOB BROCK, Proprietor.  jELLONVILLE ROUSE, M!&LONVILB. This Hotel, commanding a splendid view of Lake Munroe, offers to the traveling public excellent accommoda- tions at reasonable prices. Surrounded by Groves of Pines, its advantages for invalids cannot be surpassed. Every facility for boating, hunting, fishing, and excur- sions to the Orange Groves and Mineral Springs of the neighborhood All Steamers on the St. John's stop at the Hotel land- ing, going and coming. RAILROAD HDUSEt TOCOI. This House has been put in comfortable order, and is ready to receive permanent and transient visitors. First-class beds and a "Cuisine," in every respect unexceptionable. Meals furnished at any hour at short notice. CHARLES THOMAS, Lessee. NELLONVILLE OUSE, MELLO VIPLLB. This Hotel, commanding a splendid view of Lake Munroe, offers to the traveling public excellent accommoda- tions at reasonable prices. Surrounded by Groves of Pines, its advantages for invalids cannot be surpassed. Every facility for boating, hunting, fishing, and excur- sions to the Orange Groves and Mineral Springs of the neighborhood. All Steamers on the St. John's stop at the Hotel land- ing, going and coming. RAILROAD UGUSE, TOCOI. This House has been put in comfortable order, and is ready to receive permanent and transient visitors. First-class beds and a "Cuisine," in every respect unexceptionable. Meals furnished at any hour at short notice. CHARLES THOMAS, Lessee. NELLONVILLE OUSE, MBLONVI&LL. This Hotel, commanding a splendid view of Lake Munroe, offers to the traveling public excellent accommoda- tions at reasonable prices. Surrounded by Groves of Pines, its advantages for invalids cannot be surpassed. Every facility for boating, hunting, fishing, and excur- sions to the Orange Groves and Mineral Springs of the neighborhood All Steamers on the St. john's stop at the Hotel land- ing, going and coning. UAIL OAD HOUSE, TOCOI. This House has been put in comfortable order, and is ready to receive permanent and transient visitors. First-class beds and a "Cuisine," in every respect unexceptionable. Meals furnished at any hour at short notice. CHARLES THOMAS, Lessee.  Sul~tle J,04 FRONTING THE PLAZA AND SEA WALL. The St. Augustine Hotel, commanding a view of the bay and ocean, occupies the most desirable location in St. Augustine. The reputation of the house as a first- class family hotel will be maintained by the present proprietors, and no efort be spared to provide every comfort to the traveler. FRONTING THE PLAZA AND SEA WALL. The St. Augustine Hotel, commanding a view of the bay and ocean, occupies the most desirable location in St. Augustine. The reputation of the house as a first- class family hotel will be maintained by the present proprietors, and no efort be spared to provide every comfort to the traveler. FRONTING THE PLAZA AND SEA WALL. The St. Augustine Hotel, commanding a view of the bay and ocean, occupies the most desirable location in St. Augustine. The reputation of the house as a frst- class family hotel will be maintained by the present proprietors, and no efort be spared to provide every comfort to the traveler.  THE Magnolia Hotel ST. GEORGE STREET, St. Augustine, Florida. THE Magnolia Hotel ST. GEORGE STREET, St. Augustine, Florida. THE Magnolia Hotel ST. GEORGE STREET, St. Augustine, Florida. W. W. PALMER, - - - - Proprietor. W. W. P ALMER,- -----roprietor. (hate HO UePHTON & PILS lERP.) (Lote HO UGH Tee & PALMER.) This tao oite Hoothobs been completely Rleoe td, rbern,]l nd en. This fae aite Hlotethee been completely Rlenos ated, instcell e nd ex- trollo, sode 'P'eo prt unsrpaseed ae--oeeedosien I-c TOURISTS t rnnllc ade eeow present;unsurpaed acc ommodaioe- for TOUIIOUSTS ad 11NVA LIDS. Smopeo n d 005locily apartoees o e. The aod INVALIDS. Steegle roomes and faemily aparteaoe t salic. The -iei"is i iovery reat cunxe ioaele. TI R lo s elan e ne pon 'eieioomeer ep tsieeceptioanSbe. Tl'ieesaohianees sep00 the highest ground in the city, and commands a fine view of the ocean the highest ground In the city, and commands a flue viw oft the oean W. W. PALMER, - - - - Proprietor. (Late HO UGHTON e& PILI TE) Tis avorite Horetleos been completely Rlenoeoted, ineternatly eel en. tronlly, oed nieon peseei, oeeespaaetsed aeeomeeehssie tee TOURISTS aece IN4 ALIDS. SlopEc eeoa sS taemilp opotoecelecei.Th cei rycsieerespetsnoeptioeeble . TI y 'ieolia etse up-n the highest ground in the cily, and eammands a fina view at the onean  ORIENTAL HOUSE, Charlotte St., North of Plaza, St. AUGUSTINE, Fla. On the European Plan, $1 a day for occupying Room. This Hotel Is entirely newly furnished, is FiTer CLAs, and about two minutes' walk from Central Pier and Post Offce. Restaurant for Ladies and Gentlemen attached to Hotel. W. G. PONCE & Co., Proprietors. T. A. PACETTI, GRAD UATED PHARMA0EUTIST, St. Augustine Hotel, St. A UGUSTINE, Fla. Dealer in Drugs, Medicines, Perfumery, etc. Speci- alty-fine old Liquors, viz., Brandy, Whiskey, Wines, etc.; also, Cigars. ORIENTAL HOUSE, Charlotte 8t., North Of Plaza, St. AUGUSTINE, Fla. On the European Plan, $1 a day for occupying Room. This Hotel is entirely newly furnished, is Ftstr CLasa, and about two minutes' walk from Central Pier and Post Other. Restaurant for Ladies and Gentlemen attached to Hotel. W. G. PONCE & Co., Proprietors. T. A. PACETTI, GRAD UATED PHARMAOEUTIST, St. Augustine Hotel, St. A UG USTINE, Fla. Dealer in Drugs, Medicines, Perfumery, etc. Speci- alty-fine old Liquors, viz., Brandy, Whiskey, Wines, etc.; also, Cigars. ORIENTAL HOUSE, Charlotte St., North of Plaza, St. AUGUSTINE, Fla. On the European Plan, $1 a day for occupying Room. This Hotel is entirely newly furnished, is Frnter CLAsa, and ahout two minutes' walk from Central Pier and Pot Office. Restaurant for Ladies and Gentlemen attached to Hotel. W. G. PONCE & Co., Proprietors. T. A. PACETTI, GRADUA TED PHARMACEUT IST, St. Augustine Hotel, St. A UGUSTINE, Fla. Dealer in Drugs, Medicines, Perfumery, etc. Speci- alty-fine old Liquors, viz., Brandy, Whiskey, Wines, etc.; also, Cigars.  VLORIDA fiOUSE, St. AIgUflNfl _____HE Florida House, which all visitors to St. Aug- ustine will remember, from its agreeable location and cheerful appearance-situated on St. George's Street, has undergone most important changes the past summer. A wing has been added on St. George's St., con- taining seventy large, well-ventilated and cheerful rooms, and the whole house has been renovated and refurnished throughout. Guests will fnd the table in every way worthy of a frst-class hotel, and the proprietor promises entire satis- faction to visitors. The house will be heated throughout and gas and other conveniences furnished in every room. I. H. REMER, Proprietor. VLORIDA iOUSE, HE Florida House, which all visitors to St. Aug- ustine will remember, from its agreeable location and cheerful appearance-situated on St. George's Street, has undergone most important changes the past summer. A wing has been added on St. George's St., con- taining seventy large, well-ventilated and cheerful rooms, and the whole house has been renovated and refurnished throughout. Guests will fnd the table in every way worthy of a first-class hotel, and the proprietor promises entire satis- faction to visitors. The house will be heated throughout and gas and other conveniences furnished in every room. I. H. REMER, Proprietor. VLORIDA ROUSE, St.a A U$TIlN HE Florida House, which all visitors to St. Aug- usine will remember, from its agreeable location and cheerful appearance-situated on St. George's Street, has undergone most important changes the past summer. A wing has been added on St. George's St., con- taining seventy large, well-ventilated and cheerful rooms, and the whole house has been renovated and refurnished throughout. Guests will find the table in every way worthy of a first-class hotel, and the proprietor promises entire satis- faction to visitors. The house will be heated throughout and gas and other conveniences furnished in every room. I. H. REMER, Proprietor.  ANsI"EY & BALLAIQI) St. Georgfe St., $t' AgttrIntre DEALERS IN WATCHES, Jewelry, Clocks, Plated-V/are, Cutlery and Spectacles, Sea Shells, Sea Beans, and Alligator Teeth, HANDSOMELY C2ARVED an wO UNTED. C~orals, Bird Plnvnes, Feathers, Flowers, Pa/lm Mork, Coquina Ornaments end Walking (anes, in great variety. St. GEORGE ST., St. Augustiue, Fla. ANLY & BALLARD S't. Veorge tt. St. Augurlstine, DEALERS IN WATCHES, Jewelry, Clocks, Plated-V/are, Cutlery and Spectacles, UANOT GQQ1_I2t STATQ rR Sea Shells, Sea Beans, and Alligator Teeth, HANDSOMELY CAR VED and HOUN TED. Corals, Bird Plames, Feathers, Flowers, Polio M~ork, Coquina Ornaments and Walking Canes, in great variety. St. GEORGE ST., t. Augustitte, Fla. ASLEY& BALLAIj cif. (eor~e 8t., 1 St. Auutine', RE SLERS IN WATCHES, Jewelry, Clocks, Plated-V/are, Cutlery and Spectacles, Sea Shells, Sea Beans, and Alligator Teeth, HANDSOMELY CARVED andHONTED. Corals, Bird Plumies, Feathers, Flowers, Palm Ifork, Coqztina Ornaments and TWolking Canes, in great variety. St. GEORGE ST., St. Augustine, Fla.  D. J. L O P E Z, Drug, edicines, Chemical1s Fine Toilet Soaps, Brushes, Combs, etc. Fancy Articles, Perfumery in great variety, and pure Wines and Liquors, for Medicinal Purposes only. N. B.-Physicians, Prescriptions carefully Compound- ed. Foot of Central Wharf, opposite the St. Augustine Hotel. St. AUGUSTINE, Fla. B. GENOVAR, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN GRoURIEs & PRYrSIcNS, FURNITURE, HARDWARE, MI NES, jIQUORS, C obac , T ars, ust, .F CHARLOTTE STREET, St. Augustine, E. Fla. D. J. L O P E Z, DEALER IN. Drags, Medicins, Chemicals, Fine Toilet Soaps, Brushes, Combs, etc. Fancy Articles, Perfumery in great variety, and pure Wines and Liquors, for Medicinal Purposes only. N. B.--Physicians, Prescriptions carefully Compound- ed. Foot of Central Wharf, opposite the St. Augustine Hotel. St. AUGUSTINE, Fla. B. GENOVAR, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN FURNITURE, HARDWARE, WVINES, LIQUO RS, C oHALOT , S ears, tpes, c. CHARLOTTE STREET, St. Augustine, E. Fla. D. J. LOPEZ, DEALER In Drugs, 00dicins, Chomicals, Fine Toilet Soaps, Brushes, Combs, etc. Fancy Articles, Perfumery in great variety, and pure Wines and Liquors, for Medicinal Purposes only. N. B.-Physicians, Prescriptions carefully Compound- ed. Foot of Central Wharf, opposite the St. Augustine Hotel. St. AUGUSTINE, Fla. B. GENOVAR, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN GRtouCERIE&PRUYVSIONS, FURNITURE, HARDWARE, 'WINES, QI4IQUO RS, CHAaRLO , TTE STR , t s . CHARLOTTE STREET, St. Augustine, E. Flu.   FOR ALL POINTS NORTH CITY POINT, Capt.Fitzgerald PALATKA, MAGNOLIA, TOCOI, ONOORNA, RENNNOV0NprnNgs, JACKONVOILLE, FERNANONNA, SAVANNAH AND CHANLESTON, v ecYriuemelan orr ins Inadito 1t tee 0dvnagsnt10sese n y t he oue NNUANGHESU IAMES\H1RVOHER THROUGH TICKETS To THE NORTH Sold on Board by the Poreers, By ALL the ST-srsHir LINES and RAILROAD RODTES. By Steamers three times each week from SAVANNAH to NEW YORK. By Steamers three times each week from CHARLESTON to NEW YORK. By DAILY TRAINS from SAVANNAH end CHARLESTON, RAILROAD ROUTES VIA SAVANNAH, GEORGIA CENTRAL RAILROAD. For ell Points West vin Nashville and Louisville. Two Trains Daily. For all Pointe North, in Angnem, Colombia, Charleston and Rtclnnond. Two Trains Daily. For ell Pointe North, vin AnRnsta, Cmlmmbia, Wilorimgton and Riehmond. Two Trains Daily. For all Ponts North, As Augusta, Colnmbia, Wilmington, Norflk, Bay Line or old Dominion S. S. Co. only Train "R37LROAD ROUTES VIA CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA RAILROAD. For all Pointe West. via Naslrvillo end Lomisvllle. Two Trains Dailywo For all Pointe North, in Colnmbia, Charleston and Riohrnond T Trains Daiy NORTH EASTERN RAILROAD. For ell Points North, via Wil mingW,,, Wcldon and Richond. Two Trains Daily. For all Points North, is Wilmington, Norfolk, Bay Lim, or Old Dominion S. S. Co. Daily Train e-1- -or STATE ROOMS on the New Ynrk Steamers, and SECTIONS and BERTHS FOR ALL POINTS NORTH DICTATOR,- - Capt. VNgel CITY POINTN - Capt.FitzgeraiNN 0ALATKNA NMAGNOLIA GRE OESrngsNNN JACKN VI.NNLLE, FOONANONNA, SAVANNANDNCHARLESTON, H L N ON vcivaoria 91 013NIV1 NNUIbH IVAIONN THROUGH TICKETS TO THE NORTH Sold on Board by the Pursers, By ALL the .STEAMSr;IP LINES and RAILROAD ROUTER, By Steamers three times each week from SAVANNAH to NEW YORK, By Steamers three time. each week from CHARLESTON to NEW YORK, By DAILY TRAINS from SAVANNAH and CHARLESTON, RAILROAD ROUTESVIA SAVANNAH, GEORGIA CENTRAL RAILROAD. For all Points West, via Nashville and Louisville, Two Train, Daily For all Point, Nortb, vin Augots, Colombia, Charleston and RIII~& Two Trains aily. Fur all Pniuts North, via Auguste, Cnlnmbia, Wilmington and Richmond. Two Train. Daily, For all Fw. North, via Auag,', Cnlnmbia, Wilmington, Norfolk, Bay Line or Old Dominion S. S. Co. Daily Train, -R_41LTi0AD ROUTES VIA CHARLASTOAr, SOUTH CAROLINA RAILROAD. For all Pointe West, vln Nashville and Lonleville. Two Train, Daily. Fnr.11 Points Nrth, via Colombia, Charletm and Richmond Two Train. Daily. NORTH EASTERN RAILROAD. F I ell Pointe North, vie Wilming[mi, Weldon and Richmond. Two Trains Daily For all Points North, is Wibnington, Norfolk, Bay Line or Old Dominion S. S. Co. Daily Train. STATE ROOMS on the New York Ste.,! er,, and SECTIONS and BERTHS on the Pullman Care fur Savannah and Charleston can bcecnrad from the FOR ALL POINTS NORTH THROUGH TICKETS TO THE NORTH CITY POINT, CapN. FigraNONNILRON NNN TNVNN SANN NA 00 0ointNsIN AG N ONL O,. Nor , N AuN tClmia hretn an d chmN SAVANNA &ON OANLESTN, N NN N N N N N NON & MA NOLIA 0o 000ain , rh i uutClmi, lgN N aNd NiNhNoNdN HwoTrinsDONy N N INNBRNI , or l oneNrh s Nsa otkaWligoNrok a NUNROU NUIA OT ARLNNINA0AIROAD Foral1Pin 10etv1 01hle n OnIeISINYTw TriHsDily .aa X s, .ya ':s avs uo aud1 tiuU Ana Irv o1 - vrtz:uvf eura4 zmlod [Zlo Yuv ?JOT, N.L S a+ll ,fy ya" .ra°vluveyv a'!7 ayv a! a7uot ynrynx 7aFx: o ruo FuezunJas uo "ys7vznl .ro . aryaar-a. urvatd salt VQRIO'IJ 01 N0IISIA QH1 10111O01 1NOIISLY 1HL  FOR ALL POINTS NORTH DICTATOR Calt. Vogl CITY POINT, Capt. Fitzgerald CALATNA, MAGNOLIA, TOCO, RONERRIA, GREEN COVE Springs, JACKSONVILLE, CERNANEINA, SAVANNAH AND CHARLESTON, SNfOl X0R CIVRGE 'HN1O UIVAO NO, THROUGH TICKETS TO THE NORTH Sold on Board by the Pursers, By ALL the STEAiliSRIP LINER and RAILROAD RODTES. By Steamers three times ratio week from SAVANNAH to NEW YORK. By Steamers three times each week from CHARLESTON to NEW YORK. By DAILY TRAINS from SAVANNAH and CHARLESTON, RAILROAD ROUTES VIA SAVANNAH, GEORGIA CENTRAL RAILROAD. For ell Pointe W eat, vin Nnahville and Louisville. Two Train Daily. For all Pointe North, vio Aognam, Colnmbia, Charleston and Rlelunond. Two Trains Duly For ell Points North, via Angasta, Colnmbia, Wilmington and Richmond. Two Trains Daily. For all Points North, is Augusta, Columbia, Wilmington, Norfolk, Bay Line or Old Dominion S. S. Co. Daily Train. .RAILROAD ROUTES VIA Cf1ARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA RAILROAD. For all Pointe West, via Noe "ill' and Louisville. Two Trains Daily. Nor all Points North, vin Columbia, Chul,.lon and Richmond. Two Trains Dan" NORTH EASTERN RAILROAD. For sll Points North, is Wilmington, Weldon and Richmond. Two Trains Daily For all Points North, via Wilmigton, Norfolk-, Bay Line or Old Dominion S. Co. Daily Tram on -uO STATE ROOMS on the Nev York Steamers, and SECTIONS mrd BERTHS n the Pullman Cers for Savannah and Cbarieeton I., be secured hour the Palates by applying in good ..aeon. Attention is calleduto the de, cn lin of the va, iour Routes and Map d, a ed a y rrh :f ~ear win N ehee f sty f,,-ihed by the Agents of the Steamers: R. J. ADAMS, - - - - Palatka, C. H. BORN, - St. Augustine. JEFFREYS & BROTHER, Jacksonville. W. O JEFFREYS, - Fernandina. BRAINARD & ROBERTSON, Savannah. RAVENEL & CO., - - - Charleston. rlatoLf Yuv spat tiv;I rno a a 7 og zua ft ,Cava of Aualevnz a.r, ravuvnaznoa pnu 'r