A Century of Medicine A Century of Medicine A Century of Medicine  Dr. James Hall's gravestone in Plummessr's Cove near Mlandarin, Florida Dr. James Hall's gravestone in Plumner's Cave near Mlandarin, Florida Dr. James Hall's gravestone in Plummenr's Cove near, Mandarin, Florida  A CENTURY OF MEDICINE in Jacksonville and Duval County by WEBSTER MERRITT 1949 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA PRESS Gainesville A CENTURY OF MEDICINE in Jacksonville and Duval County by WEBSTER MERRITT A CENTURY OF MEDICINE in Jacksonville and Duval County by WEBSTER MERRITT 1949 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA PRESS Gainesville 1949 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA PRESS Gainesville  COPYRIGHT 1949 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COPYRIGHT1 91 99 t~u l f, Is P e$ xa PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE CONVENTION PRESS PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE CONVENTION PRESS PRINED I THEUNITD STTES FPAMRIC  To Elise To Blise To Blise   Preface 1N 1901, Jacksonville experienced a fire which destroyed all the records of the Duval County Medical Society and those of the Florida Medical Association as well. This dis- aster left Jacksonville in particular and Florida in general with a meager knowledge of the medical history of the city, county, and state prior to that time. The author's interest in the medical history of north- east Florida began in 1936 when he settled in Jacksonville to practice medicine. The dearth of records owing to the fire of 1901 whetted this interest into genuine enthusiasm, and the fact that his great-grandfather practiced medicine in Jacksonville during the last quarter of the nineteenth century was an added stimulus. Working under the friendly guidance of the late Mr. T. Frederick Davis, outstanding historian of Jacksonville, the author in 1944 began his quest for source material. The task of collecting and assembling the material and of constructing the record has been fascinating, never laborious. His highest hope is that all details of the work, by the test of time, will prove to be accurate and that the story itself will appeal to all types of readers. It is not possible to thank the many persons who have contributed to the collecting and assembling of the source material. In addition to Mr. Davis, notable among those Preface N 1901, Jacksonville experienced a fire which destroyed all the records of the Duval County Medical Society and those of the Florida Medical Association as well. This dis- aster left Jacksonville in particular and Florida in general with a meager knowledge of the medical history of the city, county, and state prior to that time. The author's interest in the medical history of north- east Florida began in 1936 when he settled in Jacksonville to practice medicine. The dearth of records owing to the fire of 1901 whetted this interest into genuine enthusiasm, and the fact that his great-grandfather practiced medicine in Jacksonville during the last quarter of the nineteenth century was an added stimulus. Working under the friendly guidance of the late Mr. T. Frederick Davis, outstanding historian of Jacksonville, the author in 1944 began his quest for source material. The task of collecting and assembling the material and of constructing the record has been fascinating, never laborious. His highest hope is that all details of the work, by the test of time, will prove to be accurate and that the story itself will appeal to all types of readers. It is not possible to thank the many persons who have contributed to the collecting and assembling of the source material. In addition to Mr. Davis, notable among those Preface N 1901, Jacksonville experienced a fire which destroyed all the records of the Duval County Medical Society and those of the Florida Medical Association as well. This dis- aster left Jacksonville in particular and Florida in general with a meager knowledge of the medical history of the city, county, and state prior to that time. The author's interest in the medical history of north- east Florida began in 1936 when he settled in Jacksonville to practice medicine. The dearth of records owing to the fire of 1901 whetted this interest into genuine enthusiasm, and the fact that his great-grandfather practiced medicine in Jacksonville during the last quarter of the nineteenth century was an added stimulus. Working under the friendly guidance of the late Mr. T. Frederick Davis, outstanding historian of Jacksonville, the author in 1944 began his quest for source material. The task of collecting and assembling the material and of constructing the record has been fascinating, never laborious. His highest hope is that all details of the work, by the test of time, will prove to be accurate and that the story itself will appeal to all types of readers. It is not possible to thank the many persons who have contributed to the collecting and assembling of the source material. In addition to Mr. Davis, notable among those  viii PREFACE who have made important contributions and to whom the author extends his cordial thanks are: Dr. Edward Jelks, Mr. Julien C. Yonge, Dr. Stewart G. Thompson, Dr. Mark F. Boyd, Dr. Rembert W. Patrick, Dr. R. H. McGinnis, Dr. Shaler Richardson, Mr. Richard P. Daniel, Mr. Her- bert Lamson, Miss Audrey Broward, Mrs. Gladys Derrick, Mrs. Edith B. Hill, and Miss Sarah Spears. The author is also indebted to the librarians and the personnel of the following libraries: the Jacksonville Public Library, the Florida State Library, the Library of Congress, the Library of the Florida Historical Society, the Library of the Flor- ida Medical Association, the Library of the Jacksonville Historical Society, the Library of the State Board of Health, the P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History at the University of Florida, and the Surgeon General's Office Library. WEBSTER MERRITT Jacksonville, Florida May 1, 1949 viii PREFACE who have made important contributions and to whom the author extends his cordial thanks are: Dr. Edward Jelks, Mr. Julien C. Yonge, Dr. Stewart G. Thompson, Dr. Mark F. Boyd, Dr. Rembert W. Patrick, Dr. R. H. McGinnis, Dr. Shaler Richardson, Mr. Richard P. Daniel, Mr. Her- bert Lamson, Miss Audrey Broward, Mrs. Gladys Derrick, Mrs. Edith B. Hill, and Miss Sarah Spears. The author is also indebted to the librarians and the personnel of the following libraries: the Jacksonville Public Library, the Florida State Library, the Library of Congress, the Library of the Florida Historical Society, the Library of the Flor- ida Medical Association, the Library of the Jacksonville Historical Society, the Library of the State Board of Health, the P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History at the University of Florida, and the Surgeon General's Office Library. WEBSTER MERRITT Jacksonville, Florida May 1, 1949 viii PREFACE who have made important contributions and to whom the author extends his cordial thanks are: Dr. Edward Jelks, Mr. Julien C. Yonge, Dr. Stewart G. Thompson, Dr. Mark F. Boyd, Dr. Rembert W. Patrick, Dr. R. H. McGinnis, Dr. Shaler Richardson, Mr. Richard P. Daniel, Mr. Her- bert Lamson, Miss Audrey Broward, Mrs. Gladys Derrick, Mrs. Edith B. Hill, and Miss Sarah Spears. The author is also indebted to the librarians and the personnel of the following libraries: the Jacksonville Public Library, the Florida State Library, the Library of Congress, the Library of the Florida Historical Society, the Library of the Flor- ida Medical Association, the Library of the Jacksonville Historical Society, the Library of the State Board of Health, the P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History at the University of Florida, and the Surgeon General's Office Library. WEBSTER MERRITT Jacksonville, Florida May 1, 1949  Contents Contents Contents 1 The Earliest Years 2 Dr. A. S. Baldwin 3 Jacksonville in the 1840's 4 First Epidemics in Jacksonville a 1854-A Year of Hardship 6 The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1857 7 Jacksonville Physicians of the 1850's 8 The War Between the States 9 The Post-War Period 11 Wretchedness-Growth-Progress 11 Duval County and St. Luke's Hospitals 12 Jacksonville Physicians of the 1870's 13 Yellow Fever in Fernandina 14 Yellow Fever in Jacksonville in 1877 15 Sanitation Problems 16 Water Works and Sewer System 17 The Smallpox Epidemic of 1883 18 Florida University Medical School 19 The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1888 20 Founding of the State Board of Health 1 10 17 25 30 37 42 50 63 70 79 90 99 108 118 124 131 140 146 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Earliest Years Dr. A. S. Baldwin Jacksonville in the 1840's First Epidemics in Jacksonville 1854-A Year of Hardship The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1857 Jacksonville Physicians of the 1850's The War Between the States The Post-War Period Wretchedness-Growth-Progress Duval County and St. Luke's Hospitals Jacksonville Physicians of the 1870's Yellow Fever in Fernandina Yellow Fever in Jacksonville in 1877 Sanitation Problems Water Works and Sewer System The Smallpox Epidemic of 1883 Florida University Medical School The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1888 1 10 17 25 30 37 42 50 63 70 79 90 99 108 118 124 131 140 146 1 The Earliest Years 2 Dr. A. S. Baldwin 3 Jacksonville in the 1840's 4 First Epidemics in Jacksonville o 1854-A Year of Hardship 6 The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1857 7 Jacksonville Physicians of the 1850's 8 The War Between the States 9 The Post-War Period 10 Wretchedness-Growth-Progress 11 Duval County and St. Luke's Hospitals 12 Jacksonville Physicians of the 1870's 13 Yellow Fever in Fernandina 14 Yellow Fever in Jacksonville in 1877 15 Sanitation Problems 16 Water Works and Sewer System 17 The Smallpox Epidemic of 1883 18 Florida University Medical School 19 The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1888 1 10 17 25 30 37 42 50 63 70 79 90 99 108 118 124 131 140 146 162 20 Founding of the State Board of Health 162 20 Founding of the State Board of Health   Illustrations Illustrations Illustrations Pictorial Map of Jacksonville in 18 Dr. James Hall's Gravestone Travel by Stage and Boat . . Meteorological Table . . . . Jacksonville's First Train . . Dr. A. S. Baldwin . . . . . Dr. Charles Byrne's Certificate . Dr. Charles Byrne . . . . . Corner of Bay and Ocean Streets i Near the Present Site of Riverside Dr. R. P. Daniel . . . . . Dr. J. D. Mitchell . . . . . Dr. E. T. Sabal . . . . . . Confederate Paper Money . . Report of Smallpox Hospital Signature of Dr. Holmes Steele Dr. Baldwin's Home and Office Duval County Hospital in 1915 Duval County Hospital in 1915 St. Luke's Hospital in 1888 . . Along the Border of the St. Johns Dr. Columbus Drew . . . . Home of Mr. Columbus Drew . 47 . . . Front End Paper . . . . . . Frontispiece . . . . . . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . 21 n 1842 . . . . . . . 22 Viaduct in 1843 . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . 49 . . . . . . . . 57 . . . . . . . . . . 59 . . . . . . . . . . 60 . . . . . . . . . . 65 . . . . . . . . . . 68 . . . . . . . . . . 77 . . . . . . . . . . 80 . . . . . . . . . . 84 . . . . . . . . . . 86 River in 1881 . . . . . 92 . . . . . . . . . . 93 . . . . . . . . . . 94 Pictorial Map of Jacksonville in 1847 . . . Dr. James Hall's Gravestone . . . . . Travel by Stage and Boat . . . . . . Meteorological Table . . . . . . . . Jacksonville's First Train . . . . . . Dr. A. S. Baldwin . . . . . . . . . Dr. Charles Byrne's Certificate . . . . . Dr. Charles Byrne . . . . . . . . Corner of Bay and Ocean Streets in 1842 Near the Present Site of Riverside Viaduct in Dr. R. P. Daniel . . . . . . . . . Dr. J. D. Mitchell . . . . . . . . . Dr. E. T. Sabal . . . . . . . . . . Confederate Paper Money . . . . . . Report of Smallpox Hospital . . . . . Signature of Dr. Holmes Steele . . . . Dr. Baldwin's Home and Office . . . . Duval County Hospital in 1915 . . . . Duval County Hospital in 1915 . . . . St. Luke's Hospital in 1888 . . . . . . Along the Border of the St. Johns River in 188 Dr. Columbus Drew . . . . . . . . Home of Mr. Columbus Drew . . . . . Front End Paper . . . Frontispiece . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . 21 . . . . . . 22 1843 . . . . 23 . . . . . . 49 . . . . 57 . . . . . . 59 . . . . . . 60 . . . . . . 65 . . . . . . 68 . . . . . . 77 . . . . . . 80 . . . . . . 84 5. . . . . 86 1 . . . . . 92 . . . . . . 93 . . . . . . 94 Pictorial Map of Jacksonville in 1847 . . . Dr. James Hall's Gravestone . . . . . . . Frontispiece Travel by Stage and Boat . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Meteorological Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Jacksonville's First Train . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Dr. A. S. Baldwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Dr. Charles Byrne's Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Dr. Charles Byrne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Corner of Bay and Ocean Streets in 1842 . . . . . . . 22 Near the Present Site of Riverside Viaduct in 1843 . . . . 23 Dr. R. P. Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Dr. J. D. Mitchell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Dr. E. T. Sabal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Confederate Paper Money . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Report of Smallpox Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Signature of Dr. Holmes Steele . . . . . . . . . . 68 Dr. Baldwin's Home and Office . . . . . . . . . . 77 Duval County Hospital in 1915 . . . . . . . . . . 80 Duval County Hospital in 1915 . . . . . . . . . . 84 Front End Paper St. Luke's Hospital in 1888 . . . . . . .. . . . . Along the Border of the St. Johns River in 1881 . . . . . Dr. Columbus Drew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home of Mr. Columbus Drew . . . . . . . . . . . xi 92 93 94  oi ILLUSTRATIONS DrA.W. Kight.... . ... .. ... "Sacred to the Memory of Prancis Preoton Wellford, M.D.". Dr. R. P. Daielos Origital Letter to the Mayoe of Jacksoaville Frost-Na Yetlosw Fever... .. . . ... "ThoroasMcMorray, Proprietor." .... Jackonovilte Water Works it 1880... Do. Heory (Hy) Robinsona. . ... Btrooklyn float Store.. . . ... Mr. Chartes H. Jooes.. . . ... "The Reveread" Joho Root ..... Sub-Tropicat Expoitiron. . ... Grond Unon Hotel ........ hood Ditto Hospital ........ Prod Ditto Hopita-"Shotgro Qoaraatiae" Camp Perry..... . . ... Camp Perry Hoopital.. . . ... Pomigating the Jacksonviltr Maito. Camp Carotire ..... . ... Jacksoonvilte Doeint the Epidemic of t888f Camp Mirchetl ..... . ... Retara of Yettow Fever Eefuageest Dr. J. Y. Porter .. . . . ... 96 106 til tt5 116 125 128 130 137 141 147 148 xii ILLUSTRATIONS Dr. A. W. Knittht.... . ... .. ... "Sacred to the Memory of Fraacio Preoton Wetlord, M.D.". Dr. E. P. Daniet's Originrat Letter to the Mayor of Jackosonvilte Proof-No Yetllam Fever... .. . . ... 96 106 tlt ftp "Thomao McMrray, Proprietor."... . . . . tt.11 Jackonavitte Wafr Works an ff80..... . ..125 Dr. Heaey (Hy) Eohiason.a. .. . . . . t12 Brooktya Drag Store ..... .. . . . . t13 Mr. Charles H. Jones ..... .. . . . . t13 'The Reverend" John Roost ...... . .. .. t141 Sob-Teopical Expoosfiton... .. .. ....147 Grand Unton Hotet .. ... . . . . td.14 Prod Hitts Hospitat .. ... .. .. ..150 Sand Ditto Hoopitat-"Shotgua Quarantine". . . t1 Camp Perry....... .... . . . t..15 Camp Perry Hospitalt ... .. . . . . f14 Pumigating the Jacksonville Maitso .... . . tf15 xii ILLUSTRATIONS Dr. A. W. Knaight.... . ... .. ... 'Sacred to the Memory of Prancis Prestoa Weflord, M.D.". Dr. R. P. Daniet'o Origialt Lertr to the Mayor of Jackonaville Frost--No Yettow Pever... .. .. ... "Thomao McMurray, Proprietor." .... .. ... Jackonville Water Works in 1880.. .. ... Dr. Hrnry (Dy) Rohiasron... .. ..... Brooklyn Deag Stare.... . .. .. ... Mr. Chartes H. Joaero . . . .. .. ... "The everead" John Kast . .. . . . . . . . . Sub-Tropicat Expositior .. ... .. ... Hoard Unioa Hotet Prod Ditto Hoapital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prod Mitts Hospitrt-"Shotgun Quarrosiae".. Camp Peery ..... . .... .. ... Camp PeryHospital .. . .. .. ... Fumigating she Jrcksonvilte Maits.. .. ... ph 106 ttt ftp 1t6 125 128 1305 137 141 147 148 150 f1 153 154 ftp . . . 5 . . . . . . 151 ff . . 13 ff . . 14 .t . . . t5 ftp . . . 5 tSP . . . 5 tht . . . 6 . . . . . . 161 .t 66 Crmp Carotiar.. . . ... Jacksonville During the Epidemic of ff888 Camp Mitchetll etura of Yetlow Fever eflagers... Dr. J. Y. Porter.. . . ... 158 tsp t60 t61 t66 Camp Croliae.. . . ... Jacksoaville Dufriag the Epidemic of ff888 Camp Mitchelt eturn of Yellow Fever efugees... Dr. J. Y. Prfer.. . . ... .It.. t . . 5 .tsp. . . 5 . . . . . . . 160 thi . . . 6 . . . . . . . 166 Pictorial Map of Jacksoaville in ff47 . .. Bach Ead Paper Pictorial Mp of Jackasonville to 1847 . .. Back Bad Paper Pictorial Map of Jackosonvilte ia 1847 . .. Bach Bad Paper  A Century of Medicine A Century of Medicine A Century of Medicine   1 The Earliest Years THE FIRST PHYSICIAN A T THE CLoSE of the eighteenth century, some one hundred and fifty years ago, a young physician from New England settled in Spanish Florida. He found on the St. Johns River near Cow Ford, the point of crossing where the stream is narrowest, a wild and rugged beauty not greatly different from that of today. This un- usual beauty had been described in 1773 by the great botanist, Wil- liam Bartram, as he sailed along the St. Johns: In three days after leaving Amelia, we arrived at the Cow-ford, a public ferry, over the St. Johns, about thirty miles above the bar.... I crossed the river to a high promontory of wood-land, on the west shore, and being struck with the magnificence of a venerable grove of Live Oak, Palms and Laurel ... stepped on shore to take a view of the place. Orange trees were in full bloom, and filled the air with fragrance....' The young physician who elected to settle near Cow Ford was Dr. James Hall, then in his thirties. In all likelihood he was the first bona fide American physician to practice medicine in Florida for an extended period of time. * Born in Keene, New Hampshire, on October 8, 1760, Dr. Hall had served his country during the Revolutionary War0 as a sergeant in the Third Regiment, New Hampshire Line. Many years later, he recalled some of his experi- ences during the war and wrote of them to La Fayette when that popular hero came to the United States for a visit: *Dr. Hugh Rose, "practitioner of physick," settled at St. Johns Bluff in December, 1782, having been banished from South Carolina following the Revolutionary War because of his loyalty to Great Britain. He left Florida about August, 1784.3 1 The Earliest Years THE FIRST PHYSICIAN AT THE CLosE of the eighteenth century, some one hundred and fifty years ago, a young physician from New England settled in Spanish Florida. He found on the St. Johns River near Cow Ford, the point of crossing where the stream is narrowest, a wild and rugged beauty not greatly different from that of today. This un- usual beauty had been described in 1773 by the great botanist, Wil- liam Bartram, as he sailed along the St. Johns: In three days after leaving Amelia, we arrived at the Cow-ford, a public ferry, over the St. Johns, about thirty miles above the bar.... I crossed the river to a high promontory of wood-land, on the west shore, and being struck with the magnificence of a venerable grove of Live Oak, Palms and Laurel ... stepped on shore to take a view of the place. Orange trees were in full bloom, and filled the air with fragrance... .1 The young physician who elected to settle near Cow Ford was Dr. James Hall, then in his thirties. In all likelihood he was the first bona fide American physician to practice medicine in Florida for an extended period of time.o* Born in Keene, New Hampshire, on October 8, 1760, Dr. Hall had served his country during the Revolutionary War' as a sergeant in the Third Regiment, New Hampshire Line. Many years later, he recalled some of his experi- ences during the war and wrote of them to La Fayette when that popular hero came to the United States for a visit: *Dr. Hugh Rose, "practitioner of physick," settled at St. Johns Bluff in December, 1782, having been banished from South Carolina following the Revolutionary War because of his loyalty to Great Britain. He left Florida about August, 1784.3 1 The Earliest Years THE FIRST PHYSICIAN A T THE CLOSE of the eighteenth century, some one hundred and fifty years ago, a young physician from New England settled in Spanish Florida. He found on the St. Johns River near Cow Ford, the point of crossing where the stream is narrowest, a wild and rugged beauty not greatly different from that of today. This un- usual beauty had been described in 1773 by the great botanist, Wil- liam Bartram, as he sailed along the St. Johns: In three days after leaving Amelia, we arrived at the Cow-ford, a public ferry, over the St. Johns, about thirty miles above the bar.... I crossed the river to a high promontory of wood-land, on the west shore, and being struck with the magnificence of a venerable grove of Live Oak, Palms and Laurel . . . stepped on shore to take a view of the place. Orange trees were in full bloom, and filled the air with fragrance.. . . The young physician who elected to settle near Cow Ford was Dr. James Hall, then in his thirties. In all likelihood he was the first bona fide American physician to practice medicine in Florida for an extended period of time.2* Born in Keene, New Hampshire, on October 8, 1760, Dr. Hall had served his country during the Revolutionary Wara as a sergeant in the Third Regiment, New Hampshire Line. Many years later, he recalled some of his experi- ences during the war and wrote of them to La Fayette when that popular hero came to the United States for a visit: *Dr. Hugh Rose, "practitioner of physick," settled at St. Johns Bluff in December, 1782, having been banished from South Carolina following the Revolutionary War because of his loyalty to Great Britain. He left Florida about August, 1784.3  2 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE St. Johns, East Florida October, 1824 General La Fayette-Sir, Your ... reception in the United States .. . [is] a just tribute ... to your valor and merit ... [and] to those who have shared the . . . fatigues and dangers with you in the field. At Monmouth I was in General Poor's Brigade, when we met General Lee retreating before the army in some disorder.-Gen. Poor, with his brigade was ordered by Gen. Washington forward to hold the British in play until he could form his army in order of battle. Never were orders more perfectly obeyed, and we gave check to the British Grenadiers led on by Sir Harry Clinton.... A moon- light night saved him from destruction. In 1780, I was in Col. Van Courtland's [Philip Van Cortlandt] Regiment, and Poor's Brigade.... In 1781, I was in Col. Alexander Scammell's Regiment, who joined you, shortly before the siege of Yorktown, and was mor- tally wounded; he was great in stature ... greater in mind, and .. . lamented by Gen. Washington and all the army. The 6th of October we intrenched . . . a little below Yorktown near the British outposts, not far from Governor Nelson's brickhouse. The 8th instant, we commenced a heavy firing on Lord Cornwallis. All these circumstances must be fresh in your memory. .. .I hope the next Congress of the United States will give you solid testimonies of their gratitude . . . and that [you and] your family may spend your days in a land that will love and honor you as long as the name of Washington shall be remembered.... I am almost the only soli- tary individual in East Florida that has had the honor of being under your immediate command. With all due respect, I am your most, Obedient and humble serv't, James Halls Where and when Dr. Hall received his medical education, and ex- actly when he moved to Florida is not known, but apparently he arrived during the year 1798.6 Robert Pritchard,7 the first settler on land which later became Jacksonville proper, had arrived a few years earlier, in 1791. After four years he moved his family five miles up the St. Johns to lands more protected from Indian attacks, where he planned to farm and to breed cattle. In 1800 his petition for seven hundred acres in the region known as Goodby's Lake was granted,10 and in 1803 he was further granted sixteen thousand 2 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE St. Johns, East Florida October, 1824 General La Fayette-Sir, Your . . . reception in the United States ... {is] a just tribute ... to your valor and merit ... [and] to those who have shared the . . . fatigues and dangers with you in the field. At Monmouth I was in General Poor's Brigade, when we met General Lee retreating before the army in some disorder. -Gen. Poor, with his brigade was ordered by Gen. Washington forward to hold the British in play until he could form his army in order of battle. Never were orders more perfectly obeyed, and we gave check to the British Grenadiers led on by Sir Harry Clinton.... A moon- light night saved him from destruction. In 1780, I was in Col. Van Courtland's [Philip Van Cortlandt] Regiment, and Poor's Brigade.... In 1781, I was in Col. Alexander Scammell's Regiment, who joined you, shortly before the siege of Yorktown, and was mor- tally wounded; he was great in stature . . . greater in mind, and ... lamented by Gen. Washington and all the army. The 6th of October we intrenched . . . a little below Yorktown near the British outposts, not far from Governor Nelson's brickhouse. The 8th instant, we commenced a heavy firing on Lord Cornwallis. All these circumstances must be fresh in your memory.... I hope the next Congress of the United States will give you solid testimonies of their gratitude . .. and that [you and] your family may spend your days in a land that will love and honor you as long as the name of Washington shall be remembered.... I am almost the only soli- tary individual in East Florida that has had the honor of being under your immediate command. With all due respect, I am your most, Obedient and humble serv't, James Hall5 Where and when Dr. Hall received his medical education, and ex- actly when he moved to Florida is not known, but apparently he arrived during the year 1798.6 Robert Pritchard,' the first settler on land which later became Jacksonville proper,5 had arrived a few years earlier, in 1791.9 After four years he moved his family five miles up the St. Johns to lands more protected from Indian attacks, where he planned to farm and to breed cattle. In 1800 his petition for seven hundred acres in the region known as Goodby's Lake was granted,1o and in 1803 he was further granted sixteen thousand 2 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE St. Johns, East Florida October, 1824 General La Fayette-Sir, Your . . . reception in the United States .. . [is] a just tribute ... to your valor and merit ... {and] to those who have shared the . . . fatigues and dangers with you in the field. At Monmouth I was in General Poor's Brigade, when we met General Lee retreating before the army in some disorder.-Gen. Poor, with his brigade was ordered by Gen. Washington forward to hold the British in play until he could form his army in order of battle. Never were orders more perfectly obeyed, and we gave check to the British Grenadiers led on by Sir Harry Clinton.... A moon- light night saved him from destruction. In 1780, I was in Col. Van Courtland's [Philip Van Cortlandt] Regiment, and Poor's Brigade.... In 1781, I was in Col. Alexander Scammell's Regiment, who joined you, shortly before the siege of Yorktown, and was mor- tally wounded; he was great in stature . . . greater in mind, and ... lamented by Gen. Washington and all the army. The 6th of October we intrenched . . . a little below Yorktown near the British outposts, not far from Governor Nelson's brickhouse. The 8th instant, we commenced a heavy firing on Lord Cornwallis. All these circumstances must be fresh in your memory.... I hope the next Congress of the United States will give you solid testimonies of their gratitude . . . and that [you and] your family may spend your days in a land that will love and honor you as long as the name of Washington shall be remembered.... I am almost the only soli- tary individual in East Florida that has had the honor of being under your immediate command. With all due respect, I am your most, Obedient and humble serv't, James Hal0 Where and when Dr. Hall received his medical education, and ex- actly when he moved to Florida is not known, but apparently he arrived during the year 1798.0 Robert Pritchard,7 the first settler on land which later became Jacksonville proper,0 had arrived a few years earlier, in 1791.9 After four years he moved his family five miles up the St. Johns to lands more protected from Indian attacks, where he planned to farm and to breed cattle. In 1800 his petition for seven hundred acres in the region known as Goodby's Lake was granted,10 and in 1803 he was further granted sixteen thousand  THE EARLIEST YEARS 3 THE EARLIEST YEARS 3 acres on Julington Creek, where he planned to erect a mill.1 His death about 1804, however, defeated his plans/2 Within the year his thirty-six-year-old widow, Eleanor, was married to Dr. Hall. During these early years this pioneer physician was active and influential in affairs of the community and there is evidence that he was interested in national affairs as well. There is record of his help- ing a Revolutionary War veteran obtain a pension from the United States government. His own pension was not obtained through the usual channels; hence there is little information about him in the office of the Bureau of Pensions.13 Information about Dr. Hall can be obtained by studying the records of Spanish land grants. He testified repeatedly in behalf of local persons before the board of commissioners for ascertaining claims and titles to Spanish land grants in East Florida, and he and his wife appeared many times to establish the claims of heirs to the property of Robert Pritchard.14 Mrs. Hall is sometimes referred to in the land-grant records as Eleanor Pritchard, at other times as Eleanor Hall, and at still other times as Leonor Plummer, her maiden name. James and Eleanor Hall made their home in Plummer's Cove near the village of San Antonio, later known as Monroe, and finally named Mandarin. In 1110 Dr. Hall was banished from East Florida. Fourteen years later he made an evasive report concerning that temporary banish- ment. In a letter addressed to the editor of the East Florida Herald he stated that, because he had been asked repeatedly by new ac- quaintances in St. Augustine the cause for his banishment from Florida, he was giving a "short answer" in order to prevent inquisi- tive gentlemen from troubling him thereafter. He thereupon pro- ceeded to make a statement which was not an answer to the queries, and which was anything but short. He spoke of the reign of the petty tyrants of the Spanish Government in the Territory of Florida, called attention to the fact that in all revolutions the malice, envy, and wickedness of petty tyrants fall on the great, the good, and the wise, and observed that in all great convulsions of nature the moun- tains and lofty trees of the forest suffer more than the little scrub. At length he went on to cite the necessity for St. Thomas Becket to flee for his life; the banishment of Henry, Duke of Hereford (later Henry IV), by "the tyrant Richard the 2nd"; the banishment of the dukes of Ormonde, Oxford, and Bolinbroke. He further stated acres on Julington Creek, where he planned to erect a mills His death about 1804, however, defeated his plans.na Within the year his thirty-six-year-old widow, Eleanor, was married to Dr. Hall. During these early years this pioneer physician was active and influential in affairs of the community and there is evidence that he was interested in national affairs as well. There is record of his help- ing a Revolutionary War veteran obtain a pension from the United States government. His own pension was not obtained through the usual channels; hence there is little information about him in the office of the Bureau of Pensions.13 Information about Dr. Hall can be obtained by studying the records of Spanish land grants. He testified repeatedly in behalf of local persons before the board of commissioners for ascertaining claims and titles to Spanish land grants in East Florida, and he and his wife appeared many times to establish the claims of heirs to the property of Robert Pritchard.14 Mrs. Hall is sometimes referred to in the land-grant records as Eleanor Pritchard, at other times as Eleanor Hall, and at still other times as Leonor Plummer, her maiden name. James and Eleanor Hall made their home in Plummer's Cove near the village of San Antonio, later known as Monroe, and finally named Mandarin. In 1810 Dr. Hall was banished from East Florida. Fourteen years later he made an evasive report concerning that temporary banish- ment. In a letter addressed to the editor of the East Florida Herald he stated that, because he had been asked repeatedly by new ac- quaintances in St. Augustine the cause for his banishment from Florida, he was giving a "short answer" in order to prevent inquisi- tive gentlemen from troubling him thereafter. He thereupon pro- ceeded to make a statement which was not an answer to the queries, and which was anything but short. He spoke of the reign of the petty tyrants of the Spanish Government in the Territory of Florida, called attention to the fact that in all revolutions the malice, envy, and wickedness of petty tyrants fall on the great, the good, and the wise, and observed that in all great convulsions of nature the moun- tains and lofty trees of the forest suffer more than the little scrub. At length he went on to cite the necessity for St. Thomas Becket to flee for his life; the banishment of Henry, Duke of Hereford (later Henry IV), by "the tyrant Richard the 2nd"; the banishment of the dukes of Ormonde, Oxford, and Bolinbroke. He further stated THE EARLIEST YEARS 3 acres on Julington Creek, where he planned to erect a mill.a His death about 1804, however, defeated his plans.12 Within the year his thirty-six-year-old widow, Eleanor, was married to Dr. Hall. During these early years this pioneer physician was active and influential in affairs of the community and there is evidence that he was interested in national affairs as well. There is record of his help- ing a Revolutionary War veteran obtain a pension from the United States government. His own pension was not obtained through the usual channels; hence there is little information about him in the office of the Bureau of Pensions)0 Information about Dr. Hall can be obtained by studying the records of Spanish land grants. He testified repeatedly in behalf of local persons before the board of commissioners for ascertaining claims and titles to Spanish land grants in East Florida, and he and his wife appeared many times to establish the claims of heirs to the property of Robert Pritchard.14 Mrs. Hall is sometimes referred to in the land-grant records as Eleanor Pritchard, at other times as Eleanor Hall, and at still other times as Leonor Plummer, her maiden name. James and Eleanor Hall made their home in Plummer's Cove near the village of San Antonio, later known as Monroe, and finally named Mandarin. In 1810 Dr. Hall was banished from East Florida. Fourteen years later he made an evasive report concerning that temporary banish- ment. In a letter addressed to the editor of the East Florida Herald he stated that, because he had been asked repeatedly by new ac- quaintances in St. Augustine the cause for his banishment from Florida, he was giving a "short answer" in order to prevent inquisi- tive gentlemen from troubling him thereafter. He thereupon pro- ceeded to make a statement which was not an answer to the queries, and which was anything but short. He spoke of the reign of the petty tyrants of the Spanish Government in the Territory of Florida, called attention to the fact that in all revolutions the malice, envy, and wickedness of petty tyrants fall on the great, the good, and the wise, and observed that in all great convulsions of nature the moun- tains and lofty trees of the forest suffer more than the little scrub. At length he went on to cite the necessity for St. Thomas Becket to flee for his life; the banishment of Henry, Duke of Hereford (later Henry IV), by "the tyrant Richard the 2nd"; the banishment of the dukes of Ormonde, Oxford, and Bolinbroke. He further stated  4 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE that "the great Duke of Marlborough ... was disgraced by a set of ... cowards who dared not shew their heads in the field of battle at Blenheim." He ended his communication with the modest little retort: If you are not satisfied with these great characters you may add that of your obedient humble servant of East Florida. James Hallit Then in an apparently semihumorous vein he added a postscript which appeared to have a political angle and flavor. Perhaps if Dr. Hall could rewrite his message today, he would want to make a simple, straightforward statement which would give the reason for his banishment from Florida and would permit the reader to judge the facts for himself. His letter to the editor of the Herald, however, is important for it at least permits us to glance at Dr. Hall's educational background and to have a little better under- standing of his personality. During the first quarter of a century of residence in or near the little settlement of Cow Ford, Dr. Hall practiced under Spanish Law, for Florida was under the rule of Spain. The Floridas, East and West, were ceded to the United States by Spain on February 22, 1819, by a treaty which was ratified exactly two years later, on Washington's birthday.tt The county of Duval was created in Au- gust, 1822,17 and just prior to that date, in June, the little village of Cow Ford was surveyed,18 founded as a town, and named in honor of General Andrew Jackson, the colorful provisional governor of Floridans THE FIRST PHARMACIST Jacksonville's first druggist apparently was a "Dr." Robertson. In April, 1822, some two months before the little town was founded and named Jacksonville, he bought sixty-four laths from a local concern for which he agreed to pay approximately $10. Nearly eighteen months later, he supplied the firm with drugs which were credited to his account as follows: 4 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE that "the great Duke of Marlborough . . . was disgraced by a set of ... cowards who dared not shew their heads in the field of battle at Blenheim." He ended his communication with the modest little retort: If you are not satisfied with these great characters you may add that of your obedient humble servant of East Florida. James Halls Then in an apparently semihumorous vein he added a postscript which appeared to have a political angle and flavor. Perhaps if Dr. Hall could rewrite his message today, he would want to make a simple, straightforward statement which would give the reason for his banishment from Florida and would permit the reader to judge the facts for himself. His letter to the editor of the Herald, however, is important for it at least permits us to glance at Dr. Hall's educational background and to have a little better under- standing of his personality. During the first quarter of a century of residence in or near the little settlement of Cow Ford, Dr. Hall practiced under Spanish Law, for Florida was under the rule of Spain. The Floridas, East and West, were ceded to the United States by Spain on February 22, 1819, by a treaty which was ratified exactly two years later, on Washington's birthday.an The county of Duval was created in Au- gust, 1822,17 and just prior to that date, in June, the little village of Cow Ford was surveyed,18 founded as a town, and named in honor of General Andrew Jackson, the colorful provisional governor of Florida? THE FIRST PHARMACIST Jacksonville's first druggist apparently was a "Dr." Robertson. In April, 1822, some two months before the little town was founded and named Jacksonville, he bought sixty-four laths from a local concern for which he agreed to pay approximately $10. Nearly eighteen months later, he supplied the firm with drugs which were credited to his account as follows: 4 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE that "the great Duke of Marlborough . .. was disgraced by a set of ... cowards who dared not shew their heads in the field of battle at Blenheim." He ended his communication with the modest little retort: If you are not satisfied with these great characters you may add that of your obedient humble servant of East Florida. James Hall15 Then in an apparently semihumorous vein he added a postscript which appeared to have a political angle and flavor. Perhaps if Dr. Hall could rewrite his message today, he would want to make a simple, straightforward statement which would give the reason for his banishment from Florida and would permit the reader to judge the facts for himself. His letter to the editor of the Herald, however, is important for it at least permits us to glance at Dr. Hall's educational background and to have a little better under- standing of his personality. During the first quarter of a century of residence in or near the little settlement of Cow Ford, Dr. Hall practiced under Spanish Law, for Florida was under the rule of Spain. The Floridas, East and West, were ceded to the United States by Spain on February 22, 1819, by a treaty which was ratified exactly two years later, on Washington's birthday.1t The county of Duval was created in Au- gust, 1822,17 and just prior to that date, in June, the little village of Cow Ford was surveyed,18 founded as a town, and named in honor of General Andrew Jackson, the colorful provisional governor of Floridajn THE FIRST PHARMACIST Jacksonville's first druggist apparently was a "Dr." Robertson. In April, 1822, some two months before the little town was founded and named Jacksonville, he bought sixty-four laths from a local concern for which he agreed to pay approximately $10. Nearly eighteen months later, he supplied the firm with drugs which were credited to his account as follows:  THE EARLIEST YEARS 5 2 lbs. salts 1 ounce Jalap I ounce rhubarb 4 phials Spirit of nitre Small portion of laudanum a large Phial of castor oil0 Other credits make it appear that these drugs had a market value of somewhat less than $4. MEDICAL LEGISLATION The records of the Territory of Florida show that during the earliest months of its existence the regulation of the practice of medicine engaged the attention of the officials. On September 6, 1821, one of the last ordinances issued by General Jackson during his brief tenure of office as governor conferred upon the Board of Health of Pensacola full power to regulate the practice of medicine and grant to physicians licenses to practice.21 Governor DuVal and his "council of thirteen discreet and reputable citizens" in their session of 1824 passed an act which required every person desirous of practicing as a physician or surgeon in the territory to file within the office of the clerk of the county court a diploma granted by some college or university and a certificate of moral character, or in lieu of a diploma, a certificate that the applicant had studied the science of physic or surgery for a term of two years in a college or under some reputable physician or surgeon. Any two judges of the county court could then decide whether the applicant was qualified to prac- tice medicine and could grant a license22 In 1828 an act of the council created the first medical board of the territory, whose duty it was to hold an examination at Tallahas- see once each year "for the convenience of prospective physicians and for the protection of the public." The board was made up of fifteen members: three from St. Augustine, two from Key West, three from Tallahassee, two from Gadsden County, three from Jack- son County, and two from Pensacola. It may seem surprising that not one of the board's fifteen members resided in Duval County; however, this lack of representation is understandable when it is re- called that in 1828 Dr. Hall was the only physician in Duval County and that he was in his sixty-ninth year. THE EARLIEST YEARS 5 2 lbs. salts 1 ounce Jalap 1 ounce rhubarb 4 phials Spirit of nitre Small portion of laudanum a large Phial of castor oil0 Other credits make it appear that these drugs had a market value of somewhat less than $4. MEDICAL LEGISLATION The records of the Territory of Florida show that during the earliest months of its existence the regulation of the practice of medicine engaged the attention of the officials. On September 6, 1821, one of the last ordinances issued by General Jackson during his brief tenure of office as governor conferred upon the Board of Health of Pensacola full power to regulate the practice of medicine and grant to physicians licenses to practice1 Governor DuVal and his "council of thirteen discreet and reputable citizens" in their session of 1824 passed an act which required every person desirous of practicing as a physician or surgeon in the territory to file within the office of the clerk of the county court a diploma granted by some college or university and a certificate of moral character, or in lieu of a diploma, a certificate that the applicant had studied the science of physic or surgery for a term of two years in a college or under some reputable physician or surgeon. Any two judges of the county court could then decide whether the applicant was qualified to prac- tice medicine and could grant a license.00 In 1828 an act of the council created the first medical board of the territory, whose duty it was to hold an examination at Tallahas- see once each year "for the convenience of prospective physicians and for the protection of the public." The board was made up of fifteen members: three from St. Augustine, two from Key West, three from Tallahassee, two from Gadsden County, three from Jack- son County, and two from Pensacola. It may seem surprising that not one of the board's fifteen members resided in Duval County; however, this lack of representation is understandable when it is re- called that in 1828 Dr. Hall was the only physician in Duval County and that he was in his sixty-ninth year. THE EARLIEST YEARS 5 2 lbs. salts 1 ounce Jalap 1 ounce rhubarb 4 phials Spirit of nitre Small portion of laudanum a large Phial of castor oile0 Other credits make it appear that these drugs had a market value of somewhat less than $4. MEDICAL LEGISLATION The records of the Territory of Florida show that during the earliest months of its existence the regulation of the practice of medicine engaged the attention of the officials. On September 6, 1821, one of the last ordinances issued by General Jackson during his brief tenure of office as governor conferred upon the Board of Health of Pensacola full power to regulate the practice of medicine and grant to physicians licenses to practice.0' Governor DuVal and his "council of thirteen discreet and reputable citizens" in their session of 1824 passed an act which required every person desirous of practicing as a physician or surgeon in the territory to file within the office of the clerk of the county court a diploma granted by some college or university and a certificate of moral character, or in lieu of a diploma, a certificate that the applicant had studied the science of physic or surgery for a term of two years in a college or under some reputable physician or surgeon. Any two judges of the county court could then decide whether the applicant was qualified to prac- tice medicine and could grant a license0 In 1828 an act of the council created the first medical board of the territory, whose duty it was to hold an examination at Tallahas- see once each year "for the convenience of prospective physicians and for the protection of the public." The board was made up of fifteen members: three from St. Augustine, two from Key West, three from Tallahassee, two from Gadsden County, three from Jack- son County, and two from Pensacola. It may seem surprising that not one of the board's fifteen members resided in Duval County; however, this lack of representation is understandable when it is re- called that in 1828 Dr. Hall was the only physician in Duval County and that he was in his sixty-ninth year.  6 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE JACKSONVILLE'S EARLY GROWTH Jacksonville's growth was at first disappointingly slow. In 1830, eight years after its founding, the estimated population was only one hundred, but in 1832 the town received its charter of incorpor- ation23 and began to show signs of life. During the next two or three years its population doubled. On January 1, 1835, the Jack- sonville Courier, the town's first newspaper, began publication20 and, with the exception of short suspensions,25 was published week- ly until 1839,26 when it was replaced by the East Florida Advo- cate.27 The various events and activities in Jacksonville were chronicled in the Courier, one of the most notable of which was the Fourth of July celebration in 1835. The patriotic mood of Jackson- ville's citizens at that time, ten years before Florida was admitted to the Union, is of particular interest. On Thursday, July 2, 1835, the following editorial appeared: INDEPENDENCE-The approaching Anniversary of our National Independence, will be celebrated in this place on Saturday, next, 4th inst. . Arrangements have been made for a public dinner .. which will be provided at the Court-house.... We understand that there has never been a public celebration of the kind, in this place. We welcome this as a happy opportunity to invite the young to attend and inquire into the causes of it. Although there have been "changes of flags," we believe that fathers and mothers wish their children to know that Liberty is dear, and they will be protect- ed in all lawful efforts to sustain themselves, and prosper the country in which they live. We are young as a Territory. Our resources, like those of other Territories, are as yet in their infancy. The broad field of public enterprize is comparatively untouched. The axe has not yet made the forest of thousands of acres echo with cultivating industry. . .. While our flag floats around us all should be free.... The celebration was impressive. A psalm was sung to the tune of "Old Hundred," W. J. Mills, Esq., read the Declaration of Inde- pendence, S. Eddy, Esq., sang the "Ode on Science with spirit and taste," and John L. Doggett, Esq., delivered the oration of the eve- ning in a "spirited and eloquent manner." Several visitors from St. Augustine were present, and there was an abundance of food. At the banquet there were thirteen regular toasts, one for each of the 6 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE JACKSONVILLE'S EARLY GROWTH Jacksonville's growth was at first disappointingly slow. In 1830, eight years after its founding, the estimated population was only one hundred, but in 1832 the town received its charter of incorpor- ations and began to show signs of life. During the next two or three years its population doubled. On January 1, 1835, the Jack- sonville Courier, the town's first newspaper, began publication24 and, with the exception of short suspensions,2t was published week- ly until 1839,26 when it was replaced by the East Florida Advo- cateas The various events and activities in Jacksonville were chronicled in the Courier, one of the most notable of which was the Fourth of July celebration in 1835. The patriotic mood of Jackson- ville's citizens at that time, ten years before Florida was admitted to the Union, is of particular interest. On Thursday, July 2, 1835, the following editorial appeared: INDEPENDENCE--The approaching Anniversary of our National Independence, will be celebrated in this place on Saturday, next, 4th inst. . . . Arrangements have been made for a public dinner .. which will be provided at the Court-house.... We understand that there has never been a public celebration of the kind, in this place. We welcome this as a happy opportunity to invite the young to attend and inquire into the causes of it. Although there have been "changes of flags," we believe that fathers and mothers wish their children to know that Liberty is dear, and they will be protect- ed in all lawful efforts to sustain themselves, and prosper the country in which they live. We are young as a Territory. Our resources, like those of other Territories, are as yet in their infancy. The broad field of public enterprize is comparatively untouched. The axe has not yet made the forest of thousands of acres echo with cultivating industry.... While our flag floats around us all should be free. . .. The celebration was impressive. A psalm was sung to the tune of "Old Hundred," W. J. Mills, Esq., read the Declaration of Inde- pendence, S. Eddy, Esq., sang the "Ode on Science with spirit and taste," and John L. Doggett, Esq., delivered the oration of the eve- ning in a "spirited and eloquent manner." Several visitors from St. Augustine were present, and there was an abundance of food. At the banquet there were thirteen regular toasts, one for each of the 6 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE JACKSONVILLE'S EARLY GROWTH Jacksonville's growth was at first disappointingly slow. In 1830, eight years after its founding, the estimated population was only one hundred, but in 1832 the town received its charter of incorpor- ation2s and began to show signs of life. During the next two or three years its population doubled. On January 1, 1835, the Jack- sonville Courier, the town's first newspaper, began publication24 and, with the exception of short suspensions,25 was published week- ly until 1839,26 when it was replaced by the East Florida Advo- cate.27 The various events and activities in Jacksonville were chronicled in the Courier, one of the most notable of which was the Fourth of July celebration in 1835. The patriotic mood of Jackson- ville's citizens at that time, ten years before Florida was admitted to the Union, is of particular interest. On Thursday, July 2, 1835, the following editorial appeared: INDEPENDENCE-The approaching Anniversary of our National Independence, will be celebrated in this place on Saturday, next, 4th inst. . Arrangements have been made for a public dinner . which will be provided at the Court-house.... We understand that there has never been a public celebration of the kind, in this place. We welcome this as a happy opportunity to invite the young to attend and inquire into the causes of it. Although there have been "changes of flags," we believe that fathers and mothers wish their children to know that Liberty is dear, and they will be protect- ed in all lawful efforts to sustain themselves, and prosper the country in which they live. We are young as a Territory. Our resources, like those of other Territories, are as yet in their infancy. The broad field of public enterprize is comparatively untouched. The axe has not yet made the forest of thousands of acres echo with cultivating industry.... While our flag floats around us all should be free.... The celebration was impressive. A psalm was sung to the tune of "Old Hundred," W. J. Mills, Esq., read the Declaration of Inde- pendence, S. Eddy, Esq., sang the "Ode on Science with spirit and taste," and John L. Doggett, Esq., delivered the oration of the eve- ning in a "spirited and eloquent manner." Several visitors from St. Augustine were present, and there was an abundance of food. At the banquet there were thirteen regular toasts, one for each of the  THE EARLIEST YEARS THE EARLIEST YEAES THE EARLIEST YEARS TEERIS ER THE EARLIEST YEARS CONVEYAN1CE FOR JAKSON. ILLE TOS. AUGSIE AlA AA AAA VT IE AA Ausrie Ail 00 n B.aIona an igno Aossfo akovlet CAPT. ItELIIIARD, I-, EKE KING, C..AT e. A aA A SAKKA ...n.- Jl ANIL TO ST.. AUUTIE I I0AAA T E SubOcriber lErnaOAA d VIAaAAAAA Ky$ CAPT. IEURRARD, W AIAAKAAAAAA rnoc v (uSannah CA IyAAA t.~ . Al1 A IG, A at A, AlA. CONVEY ..ANCE FROMAKAA JAKOVIL A T .AAA AOA ST. AUGSIE A AA2KAAAIAAA2 Aetr A l A AAAAA l A. A IA..AA CAPE. IIUIIEARD, VV toV AlAc A0AA .AAA ......l.laren .0ar' andAI Alcnn 0 AAAAI It.1 I. A KING TraeletJo and fromW JaonvilKe~t, by otage and tool, to 1835 origiatstate,andtheeee numteouolnteeroat. A"cotil- lion paroty" in the evKning Elosed the ceeKoWOOA.00 The Semioole WOK, which hegan in J83t, poodoced WoKe octivity in Jacksonville. Theee wOK a ohiftI in trade from the interior part of the territory, and the town become theK gatewayT foe the tKansfKr of United States troopo to the boattefeont. Mbost of the tooopo came loom Georgia via Ring'o Rood to Jacksonville, mheee they emhoehed on the St. Johno Riveo foe Foet Ring and othee foeto to the inteejor of the state. Ahoot JO3h a blockhouoe of unique deoigo moo boilt on the ootheast coree of Oceanand Monroetreeets, andesoidentsoof the eneat disteicts mooed ioto the tomn foo peotection loom the maeoud- tog Iodions who weee boooing ond pittaging the coontoyoide. The htockhouse, a ooe-room hnitding coootrocted of togo, woo perched high above the geoond on a omoll pedeotol-tihe baKe. By meooo of a ladder the townspeople coold entee thouogh a door in the floor of the hoildiog, deow the toddee op, and ctooe the dooe hehiod them. Throngh poetholeson all otsideo and to the flooe of the hlocbhouse the occupants coold project etflos ot many different angles, which enabled them to protect themselves loom attanck and also to preent todiono freom settiog firoo to the boildiog loom betom.2t Jacksonville oulfeeed to the finoociot panic ond depoeosioo which *ThusA 1oitwil ho seen that Jacksoovillc becamc te "gate city Ko Florida ome one hKndredandEhiJeenoeas ao. TreetJo and from Iactonoville, by otage and Sae, in 1835 oeiginalostate, aodthere weenumeooootontee toat. Acotl Bioo paety" in the eveoiog closed the ceoemonies.28 The Semiole Woe, which hegao to tO35, produced mrO activity to Jacksonvitle. There moo a shift in toade loom the iteoioe paet of the territoey, aod the tomo hecame the gnteway* lot the tonofee of Uoited Stateo tooopo to the hatolefeont. Mfoot of the troopo came loom Georgia via Ringos Road to Jachooville, wheoe they emhooked oo the St. Johoo River foe Foot Ring nd other fort to the interor of the ttate. Ahoot ff56 a blockhoooe of oniqoo deotgn woo bout on the noootheaot corner of OceanoadiMonroeostreets, andeidentsoof the oooal diotricto mooed into ohe ton foe protection loom the maonud- tog Iodiaoo who mete botoiog and pillagiog the countryoide. The blockchouse, a one-ooom boildiog constructed of lofgo, mos perched high above the ground on a omalt pedeotal-like hose. By meno of a tadder the townopeople could enter through a door in the floor of the hnitding, doom the lodder up, ood clooe the door hehind them. Thoogh portholeo on alt sides and io the floor of the hlockhoooe the occopaoto coold project rifleo at many diffeenot aogleo, which enabled them to protect themselves fromattack and 0100 to preveot Indiaoo froom oettiog hore to the hoilding loom below.00 Jachsonville ooffered to the financial panic and doeesono which *lThus mit til enoen that Jocksoovillc became tho "g000 oily" to Floria soeone hundred and thirteen years ago. Travef Jo aod fom JactonvlleA by otage and Soat, in 185 originalostntes,and theeee numeoustvolnoteeroat. A "cotil- Sion patty" to the evening clooed the cetemonieOK8 The Seminote Woo, which hogan in 1835, prodoced moe activity in Jachoonville. There woo a shift in trode loom the interioe poet of the territory, and the town became the gateway0 foe the oranofer of United Stateo troopo to the battefront. Mloot of the toopo came loom Georgia via Ring's Road to Jackoonville, where they embarked on the St. Johns Rivee foe Foot Ring and other fnrto in the interior of the state. Aboot 1036 a blochhoooe of uniqne deoign moo boit on the ortheaot coner of Ocean and Monoestreets,andesoidentsof the rurat diotricto mooed into the town foe protectioK loom the maraud- ing Indians who mee burniog and piltoging the countryside. The btockhouse, aone-room boilding conotructed of logo. moo perched high above the groond 0o omatl pedeotat-libe hooe. By meono of a ladder the townspeople coold enter through a door in ohe floor of the botlding, doom the ladder op, and close the door behind them. Througb portboleo on oll oides and in the floor of the blockhoooe the occopant could projectlrifles tomay diffeentngle,which enabled them to prolect themtselves from attack and also to prevent Indians loom oetting fioe to ohe building loom below.0t Jackoonville sufflered in the financial panic and depeooion which *Thus 0it hile noen that JacEksoKnvil beoome the talte clty to Florida someone hundre ndo tirteKenA ersao.  8 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE began in 1837, but the Army surgeon who that year described Jack- sonville as a miserable little place with sandy streets and a dozen scattered housesao was not given an entirely accurate picture of the town. MEDICAL PRACTICE Before any large clearings were made around Jacksonville and before there was an influx of people, apparently there was little sickness in this region.31 As early as 1833 the St. Johns River area was recognized as a healthful locality in which to live. Some of the most highly educated people of the time believed that if the settler built near the St. Johns there was less danger of disease, and that the air along the river was better in treating patients with pulmonary disorders than was that of St. Augustine32 Medicine during these early years was practiced in crude form. In Florida there were not only self-appointed physicians who pre- tended to be men of wisdom, but also many backwoodsters who "physicked" folks. Most housewives knew how to administer such drugs as castor oil, calomel, blue mass, rhubarb, and opium, as well as how to prepare remedies gathered from herbs in the woods. Tur- pentine, sulfur, spirits of niter, and paregoric, which also could be found on nearly every plantation, were considered almost as essential as clothing, cornmeal, and bacon. When home remedies failed, the doctor was summoned. He brought all medicines he thought necessary, and before leaving the bedside gave particular directions for the administration of every pill, powder, or liquid. During the years 1829 to 1833, New Ross, a typical plantation of that period, was located on the border of the St. Johns River about four miles above Jacksonville. Of the happenings on the plantation, Judge Farquhar Bethune, its owner, kept a comprehen- sive account in his diary. On Friday, April 5, 1833, he wrote, "An- drew sick." On Monday, April 8, he recorded, "Went to Jackson- ville court [-] Andrew sick," and on the following day he added, [-] at Jacksonville [-] returned before dinner with Dr. Hall [-] had Andrew bled."30 This account of the treatment of one of Judge Bethune's slaves in accordance with the medical custom of the day is the first authentic record of the practice of medicine by a physician residing in Duval County. 8 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE began in 1837, but the Army surgeon who that year described Jack- sonville as a miserable little place with sandy streets and a dozen scattered housess0 was not given an entirely accurate picture of the town. MEDICAL PRACTICE Before any large clearings were made around Jacksonville and before there was an influx of people, apparently there was little sickness in this region.31 As early as 1833 the St. Johns River area was recognized as a healthful locality in which to live. Some of the most highly educated people of the time believed that if the settler built near the St. Johns there was less danger of disease, and that the air along the river was better in treating patients with pulmonary disorders than was that of St. Augustine.3 Medicine during these early years was practiced in crude form. In Florida there were not only self-appointed physicians who pre- tended to be men of wisdom, but also many backwoodsters who "physicked" folks. Most housewives knew how to administer such drugs as castor oil, calomel, blue mass, rhubarb, and opium, as well as bow to prepare remedies gathered from herbs in the woods. Tur- pentine, sulfur, spirits of niter, and paregoric, which also could be found on nearly every plantation, were considered almost as essential as clothing, cornmeal, and bacon. When home remedies failed, the doctor was summoned. He brought all medicines he thought necessary, and before leaving the bedside gave particular directions for the administration of every pill, powder, or liquid. During the years 1829 to 1833, New Ross, a typical plantation of that period, was located on the border of the St. Johns River about four miles above Jacksonville. Of the happenings on the plantation, Judge Farquhar Bethune, its owner, kept a comprehen- sive account in his diary. On Friday, April 5, 1833, he wrote, "An- drew sick." On Monday, April 8, he recorded, "Went to Jackson- ville court [-] Andrew sick," and on the following day he added, [-] at Jacksonville [-] returned before dinner with Dr. Hall [-] had Andrew bled."33 This account of the treatment of one of Judge Bethune's slaves in accordance with the medical custom of the day is the first authentic record of the practice of medicine by a physician residing in Duval County. 8 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE began in 1837, but the Army surgeon who that year described Jack- sonville as a miserable little place with sandy streets and a dozen scattered houses3" was not given an entirely accurate picture of the town. MEDICAL PRACTICE Before any large clearings were made around Jacksonville and before there was an influx of people, apparently there was little sickness in this region.31 As early as 1833 the St. Johns River area was recognized as a healthful locality in which to live. Some of the most highly educated people of the time believed that if the settler built near the St. Johns there was less danger of disease, and that the air along the river was better in treating patients with pulmonary disorders than was that of St. Augustine.3 Medicine during these early years was practiced in crude form. In Florida there were not only self-appointed physicians who pre- tended to be men of wisdom, but also many backwoodsters who "physicked" folks. Most housewives knew how to administer such drugs as castor oil, calomel, blue mass, rhubarb, and opium, as well as how to prepare remedies gathered from herbs in the woods. Tur- pentine, sulfur, spirits of niter, and paregoric, which also could be found on nearly every plantation, were considered almost as essential as clothing, cornmeal, and bacon. When home remedies failed, the doctor was summoned. He brought all medicines he thought necessary, and before leaving the bedside gave particular directions for the administration of every pill, powder, or liquid. During the years 1829 to 1833, New Ross, a typical plantation of that period, was located on the border of the St. Johns River about four miles above Jacksonville. Of the happenings on the plantation, Judge Farquhar Bethune, its owner, kept a comprehen- sive account in his diary. On Friday, April 5, 1833, he wrote, "An- drew sick." On Monday, April 8, he recorded, "Went to Jackson- ville court [-] Andrew sick," and on the following day he added, [-] at Jacksonville [-] returned before dinner with Dr. Hall [-] had Andrew bled."33 This account of the treatment of one of Judge Bethune's slaves in accordance with the medical custom of the day is the first authentic record of the practice of medicine by a physician residing in Duval County.  THE EARLIEST YEARS 9 Dr. Hall died on December 25, 1837. His grave may be seen today on private property in Plummer's Cove between Beauclerc Road and Mandarin, about eleven miles from downtown Jackson- ville. Miss Annie Locke, chairman of the Historic Spots Committee of the Jacksonville Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, in 1924, was largely responsible for the discovery of his grave in that year. The chapter engaged a caretaker to tend the plot, but the caretaker became ill, the terrain of the land and nearby swamp changed, and again the grave was lost. On August 3, 1944, it was relocated by Mrs. Jessie R. Fritot and the author, and on August 24, after it had been restored, a photograph was taken (see frontis- piece). The inscription on the gravestone reads: Erected In Memory of James Hall, M.D. A Soldier of the Revolution Born in Keen, N. H. 8th of Oct. 1760 Died at La Grange, E. F. 25th Dec. 1837 Aged 77 Years. Dr. Hall's death on Christmas Day in 1837 left Duval County without medical attention worthy of the name. For nearly four dec- ades he had been the only important representative of the medical profession in the territory which he served. Fortunately, however, just a little less than one year later, a young physician, then only twenty-seven years of age, arrived with his bride to take up long residence in Jacksonville. He was Dr. Abel Seymour Baldwin, des- tined to become not only the town's greatest physician, but for many years its most outstanding citizen. THE EARLIEST YEARS 9 Dr. Hall died on December 25, 1837. His grave may be seen today on private property in Plummer's Cove between Beauclerc Road and Mandarin, about eleven miles from downtown Jackson- ville. Miss Annie Locke, chairman of the Historic Spots Committee of the Jacksonville Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, in 1924, was largely responsible for the discovery of his grave in that year. The chapter engaged a caretaker to tend the plot, but the caretaker became ill, the terrain of the land and nearby swamp changed, and again the grave was lost. On August 3, 1944, it was relocated by Mrs. Jessie R. Fritot and the author, and on August 24, after it had been restored, a photograph was taken (see frontis- piece). The inscription on the gravestone reads: Erected In Memory of James Hall, M.D. A Soldier of the Revolution Born in Keen, N. H. 8th of Oct. 1760 Died at La Grange, E. F. 25th Dec. 1837 Aged 77 Years. Dr. Hall's death on Christmas Day in 1837 left Duval County without medical attention worthy of the name. For nearly four dec- ades he had been the only important representative of the medical profession in the territory which he served. Fortunately, however, just a little less than one year later, a young physician, then only twenty-seven years of age, arrived with his bride to take up long residence in Jacksonville. He was Dr. Abel Seymour Baldwin, des- tined to become not only the town's greatest physician, but for many years its most outstanding citizen. THE EARLIEST YEARS 9 Dr. Hall died on December 25, 1837. His grave may be seen today on private property in Plummer's Cove between Beauclerc Road and Mandarin, about eleven miles from downtown Jackson- ville. Miss Annie Locke, chairman of the Historic Spots Committee of the Jacksonville Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, in 1924, was largely responsible for the discovery of his grave in that year. The chapter engaged a caretaker to tend the plot, but the caretaker became ill, the terrain of the land and nearby swamp changed, and again the grave was lost. On August 3, 1944, it was relocated by Mrs. Jessie R. Fritot and the author, and on August 24, after it had been restored, a photograph was taken (see frontis- piece). The inscription on the gravestone reads: Erected In Memory of James Hall, M.D. A Soldier of the Revolution Born in Keen, N. H. 8th of Oct. 1760 Died at La Grange, E. F. 25th Dec. 1837 Aged 77 Years. Dr. Hall's death on Christmas Day in 1837 left Duval County without medical attention worthy of the name. For nearly four dec- ades he had been the only important representative of the medical profession in the territory which he served. Fortunately, however, just a little less than one year later, a young physician, then only twenty-seven years of age, arrived with his bride to take up long residence in Jacksonville. He was Dr. Abel Seymour Baldwin, des- tined to become not only the town's greatest physician, but for many years its most outstanding citizen.  2 Dr. A. S. Baldwin LARGE DOSES OF QUININE A T THE TIME of the Seminole War three types of fever, described as intermittent, remittent, and congestive,' were prevalent in Florida. The congestive form was by far the most dreaded, but the remittent form, usually called "bilious remittent fever," occurred with greatest frequency. Apparently in most instances this fever was malaria The treatment of malaria in those early days was far from satis- factory. The old-fashioned "dose of bark and wine" was relied upon to a considerable extent, for quinine was almost unknown in Florida prior to the Seminole War.3 The lancet was used freely, just as Dr. Hall had used it on Judge Bethune's slave, but unfortunately blood- letting often exhausted the patients and retarded convalescence. Frequently dropsy and an enlarged spleen, not to mention anemia, were disturbing sequelae when malaria was treated by bleeding the patient. As quinine became better known, malaria became less formidable. Dr. R. S. Holmes, an Army medical officer of the Seminole War, wrote to the Surgeon General about the treatment of disease in Florida, which he characterized as usually assuming a "remittent form." He stated that when he first arrived in Florida in 1841 he gave two grain doses of quinine, but after he himself had had an attack of "congestive fever" that same year, he gave large doses, sometimes as much as eighty grains, but usually about twenty grains in a single dose.a There has been much controversy over the question of who deserves credit for first having used large doses of quinine in the treatment of malaria. Surgeon General Thomas Lawson sent a circular letter on August 14, 1843, to the medical officers of the United States Army requesting a report on their experience with 10 2 Dr. A. S. Baldwin LARGE DOSES OF QUININE AT THE TIME of the Seminole War three types of fever, described as intermittent, remittent, and congestive,' were prevalent in Florida. The congestive form was by far the most dreaded, but the remittent form, usually called "bilious remittent fever," occurred with greatest frequency. Apparently in most instances this fever was malaria.0 The treatment of malaria in those early days was far from satis- factory. The old-fashioned "dose of bark and wine" was relied upon to a considerable extent, for quinine was almost unknown in Florida prior to the Seminole War?. The lancet was used freely, just as Dr. Hall had used it on Judge Bethune's slave, but unfortunately blood- letting often exhausted the patients and retarded convalescence. Frequently dropsy and an enlarged spleen, not to mention anemia, were disturbing sequelae when malaria was treated by bleeding the patient. As quinine became better known, malaria became less formidable. Dr. R. S. Holmes, an Army medical officer of the Seminole War, wrote to the Surgeon General about the treatment of disease in Florida, which he characterized as usually assuming a "remittent form." He stated that when he first arrived in Florida in 1841 he gave two grain doses of quinine, but after he himself had had an attack of "congestive fever" that same year, he gave large doses, sometimes as much as eighty grains, but usually about twenty grains in a single dose.4 There has been much controversy over the question of who deserves credit for first having used large doses of quinine in the treatment of malaria. Surgeon General Thomas Lawson sent a circular letter on August 14, 1843, to the medical officers of the United States Army requesting a report on their experience with 2 Dr. A. S. Baldwin LARGE DOSES OF QUININE AT THE TIME of the Seminole War three types of fever, described as intermittent, remittent, and congestive,' were prevalent in Florida. The congestive form was by far the most dreaded, but the remittent form, usually called "bilious remittent fever," occurred with greatest frequency. Apparently in most instances this fever was malaria.0 The treatment of malaria in those early days was far from satis- factory. The old-fashioned "dose of bark and wine" was relied upon to a considerable extent, for quinine was almost unknown in Florida prior to the Seminole War3 The lancet was used freely, just as Dr. Hall had used it on Judge Bethune's slave, but unfortunately blood- letting often exhausted the patients and retarded convalescence. Frequently dropsy and an enlarged spleen, not to mention anemia, were disturbing sequelae when malaria was treated by bleeding the patient. As quinine became better known, malaria became less formidable. Dr. R. S. Holmes, an Army medical officer of the Seminole War, wrote to the Surgeon General about the treatment of disease in Florida, which he characterized as usually assuming a "remittent form." He stated that when he first arrived in Florida in 1841 he gave two grain doses of quinine, but after he himself had had an attack of "congestive fever" that same year, he gave large doses, sometimes as much as eighty grains, but usually about twenty grains in a single dose.0 There has been much controversy over the question of who deserves credit for first having used large doses of quinine in the treatment of malaria. Surgeon General Thomas Lawson sent a circular letter on August 14, 1843, to the medical officers of the United States Army requesting a report on their experience with 10  DR. A. S. BALDWIN 11 the drug. After the replies were received, Assistant Surgeon Charles McCormick of Fort Gamble, Jefferson County, Florida, popularly was given credit because of his report for the quarter ending Septem- ber 30, 1841. Careful study of the literature, however, reveals that large doses of quinine were used before the Seminole War.5 As early as 1825 Dr. Thomas Fearn in Alabama" and Dr. Henry Perrine,7 then living in Mississippi but later a resident of Florida, were employing large doses of the drug in the treatment of malaria. Surgeon General Lawson summed up his report as follows: The medical statistics of the army in Florida during the war would by no means afford a proper basis by which to judge the healthiness or unhealthiness of that territory; nor would their colla- tion do much more than prove that the troops suffered in an extraordinary degree, from intermittent and remittent fevers, from diarrhea and dysentery. The prominent medical feature of that war was the introduction into the army of the practice of giving quinine in large doses.... Without attempting to decide upon the originality of this practice .. it may with truth be said, that to the medical staff of the Army [in Florida] belongs the credit of having demonstrated on an exten- sive scale its safety and efficacy and of thereby having largely contributed to revolutionize the treatment of fever in this country.8 Diseases other than mataria were prevalent in Florida during the Seminole War. In 1836 measles and diarrhea were particularly annoying at Garey's Ferry (Middleburg). Three years later there was an epidemic of yellow fever in St. Augustine, and in 1841 there was another epidemic throughout most of the state, particularly in St. Joseph, Tallahassee, Pensacola, Tampa Bay, Indian Key, and Key West.- It appears, however, that no disease visited Duval County in epidemic form until the turn of the mid-century. Hookworm apparently was fairly common in this section and was known as the dirt-eating disease. A physician of central Florida described a patient with the disease in these words: "With head and body large, limbs shrivelled and deformed, eyes dull and of a bilious tinge, lips colorless and features distorted."10 The arrival of Dr. Abel Seymour Baldwinu in Jacksonville at about the midpoint of the Seminole War did not appear to be an event of great importance at that time. From the vantage point of DR. A. S. BALDWIN 11 the drug. After the replies were received, Assistant Surgeon Charles McCormick of Fort Gamble, Jefferson County, Florida, popularly was given credit because of his report for the quarter ending Septem- ber 30, 1841. Careful study of the literature, however, reveals that large doses of quinine were used before the Seminole War.5 As early as 1825 Dr. Thomas Fearn in Alabama and Dr. Henry Perrine,0 then living in Mississippi but later a resident of Florida, were employing large doses of the drug in the treatment of malaria. Surgeon General Lawson summed up his report as follows: The medical statistics of the army in Florida during the war would by no means afford a proper basis by which to judge the healthiness or unhealthiness of that territory; nor would their colla- tion do much more than prove that the troops suffered in an extraordinary degree, from intermittent and remittent fevers, from diarrhea and dysentery. The prominent medical feature of that war was the introduction into the army of the practice of giving quinine in large doses.... Without attempting to decide upon the originality of this practice .. it may with truth be said, that to the medical staff of the Army [in Florida] belongs the credit of having demonstrated on an exten- sive scale its safety and efficacy and of thereby having largely contributed to revolutionize the treatment of fever in this country.0 Diseases other than malaria were prevalent in Florida during the Seminole War. In 1836 measles and diarrhea were particularly annoying at Garey's Ferry (Middleburg). Three years later there was an epidemic of yellow fever in St. Augustine, and in 1841 there was another epidemic throughout most of the state, particularly in St. Joseph, Tallahassee, Pensacola, Tampa Bay, Indian Key, and Key West.9 It appears, however, that no disease visited Duval County in epidemic form until the turn of the mid-century. Hookworm apparently was fairly common in this section and was known as the dirt-eating disease. A physician of central Florida described a patient with the disease in these words: "With head and body large, limbs shrivelled and deformed, eyes dull and of a bilious tinge, lips colorless and features distorted."10 The arrival of Dr. Abel Seymour Baldwinl1 in Jacksonville at about the midpoint of the Seminole War did not appear to be an event of great importance at that time. From the vantage point of DR. A. S. BALDWIN 11 the drug. After the replies were received, Assistant Surgeon Charles McCormick of Fort Gamble, Jefferson County, Florida, popularly was given credit because of his report for the quarter ending Septem- ber 30, 1841. Careful study of the literature, however, reveals that large doses of quinine were used before the Seminole War.5 As early as 1825 Dr. Thomas Fearn in Alabama and Dr. Henry Perrine,7 then living in Mississippi but later a resident of Florida, were employing large doses of the drug in the treatment of malaria. Surgeon General Lawson summed up his report as follows: The medical statistics of the army in Florida during the war would by no means afford a proper basis by which to judge the healthiness or unhealthiness of that territory; nor would their colla- tion do much more than prove that the troops suffered in an extraordinary degree, from intermittent and remittent fevers, from diarrhea and dysentery. The prominent medical feature of that war was the introduction into the army of the practice of giving quinine in large doses.... Without attempting to decide upon the originality of this practice .. it may with truth be said, that to the medical staff of the Army [in Florida] belongs the credit of having demonstrated on an exten- sive scale its safety and efficacy and of thereby having largely contributed to revolutionize the treatment of fever in this country. Diseases other than malaria were prevalent in Florida during the Seminole War. In 1836 measles and diarrhea were particularly annoying at Garey's Ferry (Middleburg). Three years later there was an epidemic of yellow fever in St. Augustine, and in 1841 there was another epidemic throughout most of the state, particularly in St. Joseph, Tallahassee, Pensacola, Tampa Bay, Indian Key, and Key West.0 It appears, however, that no disease visited Duval County in epidemic form until the turn of the mid-century. Hookworm apparently was fairly common in this section and was known as the dirt-eating disease. A physician of central Florida described a patient with the disease in these words: "With head and body large, limbs shrivelled and deformed, eyes dull and of a bilious tinge, lips colorless and features distorted.'"0 The arrival of Dr. Abel Seymour Baldwin1t in Jacksonville at about the midpoint of the Seminole War did not appear to be an event of great importance at that time. From the vantage point of  12 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE today, however, it can be seen that had he gone elsewhere the history of that section of the state might have been quite different. Dr. Baldwin was born in Oswego County, New York, on March 18, 1811. Orphaned in infancy, he was adopted by an uncle in Madison County, New York, where for some time he was taught by private tutors. He was graduated from Geneva (now Hobart) College in 1834 with the Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts degrees and then studied medicine in the office of Dr. Thomas Spencer. Two years later he received an appointment as botanist in the geologic survey of Michigan, but exposure incident to camp life in that state resulted in an acute attack of rheumatic fever, which made it impossible for him to continue with the work. He returned to New York, completed his medical studies, and received the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Medicine from Geneva College in 1838. The climate in the North did not agree with him, he suffered recur- rent attacks of rheumatic fever, and the following winter he departed for Florida with his bride. He arrived in Jacksonville on December 2, 1838. It became apparent almost immediately that this versatile new- comer combined three qualities which were to make him unusual. He was studious, scientific, and practical. Because of his training in botany he was well versed in the life and growth of plants. He did fine carving on ivory and wood and also played several musical instruments. He became an active member of the St. Johns Episcopal Church and for many years was the leader of its choir. In 1839 Dr. Baldwin began to keep a record of thermometer readings, to make careful observations of the weather, and to study the climate which had restored him to health. In 1852 he became official meteorologist for the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, and in later years his records became, in large part, the basis for studies of the climatology of Florida. Their publication did much to attract great numbers of tourists to Florida each winter. On professional visits up and down the St. Johns River he began to observe the tides and currents and to study the bar at the mouth of the river. He became convinced that the closing of the Fort George Inlet would enable the waters of the St. Johns to flow into the ocean with less obstruction and would force a channel deep enough to allow the passage of larger vessels up the river to Jack- 12 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE today, however, it can be seen that had he gone elsewhere the history of that section of the state might have been quite different. Dr. Baldwin was born in Oswego County, New York, on March 18, 1811. Orphaned in infancy, he was adopted by an uncle in Madison County, New York, where for some time he was taught by private tutors. He was graduated from Geneva (now Hobart) College in 1834 with the Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts degrees and then studied medicine in the office of Dr. Thomas Spencer. Two years later he received an appointment as botanist in the geologic survey of Michigan, but exposure incident to camp life in that state resulted in an acute attack of rheumatic fever, which made it impossible for him to continue with the work. He returned to New York, completed his medical studies, and received the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Medicine from Geneva College in 1838. The climate in the North did not agree with him, he suffered recur- rent attacks of rheumatic fever, and the following winter he departed for Florida with his bride. He arrived in Jacksonville on December 2, 1838. It became apparent almost immediately that this versatile new- comer combined three qualities which were to make him unusual. He was studious, scientific, and practical. Because of his training in botany he was well versed in the life and growth of plants. He did fine carving on ivory and wood and also played several musical instruments. He became an active member of the St. Johns Episcopal Church and for many years was the leader of its choir. In 1839 Dr. Baldwin began to keep a record of thermometer readings, to make careful observations of the weather, and to study the climate which had restored him to health. In 1852 he became official meteorologist for the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, and in later years his records became, in large part, the basis for studies of the climatology of Florida. Their publication did much to attract great numbers of tourists to Florida each winter. On professional visits up and down the St. Johns River he began to observe the tides and currents and to study the bar at the mouth of the river. He became convinced that the closing of the Fort George Inlet would enable the waters of the St. Johns to flow into the ocean with less obstruction and would force a channel deep enough to allow the passage of larger vessels up the river to Jack- 12 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE today, however, it can be seen that had he gone elsewhere the history of that section of the state might have been quite different. Dr. Baldwin was born in Oswego County, New York, on March 18, 1811. Orphaned in infancy, he was adopted by an uncle in Madison County, New York, where for some time he was taught by private tutors. He was graduated from Geneva (now Hobart) College in 1834 with the Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts degrees and then studied medicine in the office of Dr. Thomas Spencer. Two years later he received an appointment as botanist in the geologic survey of Michigan, but exposure incident to camp life in that state resulted in an acute attack of rheumatic fever, which made it impossible for him to continue with the work. He returned to New York, completed his medical studies, and received the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Medicine from Geneva College in 1838. The climate in the North did not agree with him, he suffered recur- rent attacks of rheumatic fever, and the following winter he departed for Florida with his bride. He arrived in Jacksonville on December 2, 1838. It became apparent almost immediately that this versatile new- comer combined three qualities which were to make him unusual. He was studious, scientific, and practical. Because of his training in botany he was well versed in the life and growth of plants. He did fine carving on ivory and wood and also played several musical instruments. He became an active member of the St. Johns Episcopal Church and for many years was the leader of its choir. In 1839 Dr. Baldwin began to keep a record of thermometer readings, to make careful observations of the weather, and to study the climate which had restored him to health. In 1852 he became official meteorologist for the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, and in later years his records became, in large part, the basis for studies of the climatology of Florida. Their publication did much to attract great numbers of tourists to Florida each winter. On professional visits up and down the St. Johns River he began to observe the tides and currents and to study the bar at the mouth of the river. He became convinced that the closing of the Fort George Inlet would enable the waters of the St. Johns to flow into the ocean with less obstruction and would force a channel deep enough to allow the passage of larger vessels up the river to Jack-  DR. A. S. BALDWIN 13 sonville. At a public meeting in Jackoonville on Auguot 2, 1152, he was requested, by vote, to go to Washington, D. C., totecue an appropriation for inmprovement of tbe bar.00 He obtaintd two appropriations of $ 10,000 each, one for the bae ond the othee for the tighthoooe.13 After the initial success of his efforts totsecore AITOF000LOGICAL TA nLE 1x1 w1 E Cloody aad hooey.- aria ! 72 toW; lohndr ne 41 "4 X1 Wttndo orh~~. 1 doo a do G , F4 tn : o to. is 4I 14 t d . do 6ar !l tn S E os.ludo. 1:4711,1 70 SoCodndlouo fl 0 Sr Eo, Ir Iwosra toowir in ASo001 Iooima on oeloate ino..i th naiato facie that mere somn beom ofinsmbe imar tac .a h devetopment of the craity nentiudt miti iners in tepojct, n d. ny yrs othe urt-Hoe otret ep sibl for e the syte of ttie at he ht m th of th rIt toth lt of at2 wite abusn nhsmsint ahntn Dr.. Batdwi wa;tce-t1ersn DctCut_ i h tt iteistithre proet Tatthasd 0manyay 2ater the hes waroel arester- to the editor of the Floridian and Journal championing the Ftorida, Attanticuand GulfCentraltRairoad. Inoso doing he took issue with Governor Call, who had appeated so the citizens of middte Ftorida to DR. A. S. BALDWIN 13 sonville. At a public meeting in Jacksonville on Augast 2, 1112, he was requested, by vote, to go to Washington, D. C., to secore an appropriation foe improvement of the bar.00 He obtained two appropriations of $t0,000 each, one for the bar and the other far the tigbthoose.13 Alter the initial succeos of his efforts to secure atoTcOILsOLOjsCAL-TABtLE 11,t 00 rl5 j'Clory and Shnoer 7G oW h ttn ershowe.o 41 4 1 W lo. do 4' tO W1lno. dnon 01 u yd Op o. d a a W ' IS t h n.d ,,1 - S ooreeey DR AN 1 S B d.dWn 71 76! 4 7oSoIIllu.rnon 14 no' 01 75 S , E T ue shower 1:..Oo 61)o7,SE,5.Io. an se lcrsc. interes inte erjet radmany year loater hire waiagl epn oll fo the sstem oetie as, prhetmonthof the rive.0 Onth fllof112 whiuet ohes on thismsint ahntn Dr. Balwi wa fed to d rresenth Dua Contyi testt leilaue Po TAllahse onlr Janur 21h , 1113,y he moe ete tar th dtro hes lorin a.nel Journaler hminin hPoia tlenaanton GaltiCenta Raeroad tn asom dofinestookbl impnesit Govlernor Call whsemof hajee to the ciutih of idet P rdat DR. A. S. BALDWIN 13 sonville. At a pnblic meeting in Jacksnville on Angust 2, t1852, be was requested, by vote, to go to Washington, D. C., In secure an appropriation toe improvrement at the bar.00 He obtained two appropriations of $10,000 each, one for the hue and the other for the lighthouse.00 After thr initial success of his efforts tousecure OtOTE;at4O O.tCAL TABLE 4 c i do do. n' e Thtldo do. 1110 -2 5 05 tS 1 do. doo.e b.W Ef do do. 11 .LI Thudyer Sowoer. brt.,nS Etdo.I do. fNIIir7 S Ekcoplon ng sowr. 14 1 81 7 S Thnde. --S iners inteprjc,andmany years ater he as lagli epn sil fo thesysem o etisr atc th n mout ofte rier0 totetalo t112,mnt whil an ornis isintWsintn Dr DBldi w A elee to, reret Dout, Conty intett trilaue.PamTllasee ngm . Jaury 21, 1113er,,h rtalte tnto the ditormen of the Fcirdia anhJura caoning the Pmoian Atlntc fadll CentralRilrad.en In his dioin he soassuenthn Governor Call, who had appealed to the citizens of middle Plorida to  14 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE unite in promoting the construction of a railroad to connect the St. Marks and Brunswick roads. Dr. Baldwin was convinced that this route would shunt the trade of the state into Georgia.15 During his first term in the legislature he secured a charter for the Florida, Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad with a proposed right of way from Jacksonville to Pensacola. On September 1, at a meeting in Tallahassee, Dr. Baldwin, Morris Kiel, A. A. Canova, Paran Moody, J. P. Sanderson, D. S. Gardiner, F. C. Barreth, T. E. Buckman, and SCHEDUCLE OF TRAINS BY THE Florida, Atlantic end Gu:f Central RAIL ROAD. Leaves Jackrsnille daily.(Sunday excepted.1 at 8.30 P. M.. arriving at Lake City 12.30 A. F. Leaves Lake City daily, (Sundays excepted.) at 1.30 A. ML, arriving at Jacksonville 5.30 A. MI. T. E. BUCKMAN, Superintendent. July 3. 1861. Jacksonville's first train John Roberts were elected directors of the railroad;1 and on November 5, at a meeting in Jacksonville, Dr. Baldwin was elected president of the directors.1t More than three years later, in March, 1857, ground was broken for the road from Jacksonville to Alligator (Lake City), but an epidemic of yellow fever in Jacksonville interfered with the work, and there was delay. The railroad finally reached its destination on March 13, 1860, and two days later the event was celebrated by an excursion to Lake City, the name having been changed from Alligator on January 15, 1859. At a barbecue there, Dr. Baldwin and Dr. Holmes Steele addressed a large gathering. On March 21 a return excursion to Jacksonville was climaxed by a colorful cere- mony staged at the Judson House, in which Miss Louisa Holland, 14 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE unite in promoting the construction of a railroad to connect the St. Marks and Brunswick roads. Dr. Baldwin was convinced that this route would shunt the trade of the state into Georgia.15 During his first term in the legislature he secured a charter for the Florida, Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad with a proposed right of way from Jacksonville to Pensacola. On September 1, at a meeting in Tallahassee, Dr. Baldwin, Morris Kiel, A. A. Canova, Paran Moody, J. P. Sanderson, D. S. Gardiner, F. C. Barreth, T. E. Buckman, and SCIIEDULc OF TRAINS BY THE Florida, Atlantic end GuT Central RAIL ROAD. Leaves Jacksonville daily.(Sunday excepted ) at 8.so P. 1.. arriving at Lake City 12.30 A. >L Leaves Lake City daily, (Sundays excepted.) at 1.30 A. M., arriving at Jacksonville 5.30 A. M. T T. E. BUCKMAN, Superintendent. July 3. 1861. Jacksonville's first train John Roberts were elected directors of the railroad;1t and on November 5, at a meeting in Jacksonville, Dr. Baldwin was elected president of the directors.17 More than three years later, in March, 1857, ground was broken for the road from Jacksonville to Alligator (Lake City), but an epidemic of yellow fever in Jacksonville interfered with the work, and there was delay. The railroad finally reached its destination on March 13, 1860, and two days later the event was celebrated by an excursion to Lake City, the name having been changed from Alligator on January 15, 1859. At a barbecue there, Dr. Baldwin and Dr. Holmes Steele addressed a large gathering. On March 21 a return excursion to Jacksonville was climaxed by a colorful cere- mony staged at the Judson House, in which Miss Louisa Holland, 14 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE unite in promoting the construction of a railroad to connect the St. Marks and Brunswick roads. Dr. Baldwin was convinced that this route would shunt the trade of the state into Georgia.15 During his first term in the legislature he secured a charter for the Florida, Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad with a proposed right of way from Jacksonville to Pensacola. On September 1, at a meeting in Tallahassee, Dr. Baldwin, Morris Kiel, A. A. Canova, Paran Moody, J. P. Sanderson, D. S. Gardiner, F. C. Barreth, T. E. Buckman, and SCHEDULE OF TRAINS BY THE Florida, Atlantic end Gu:f Central RAIL ROAD. Leaves Jacksonville daily.(Sunday excepted ) at 8.30 P. N1.. arriving at Lake Cry 12.30 A. M. Leaves Lake City daily, (Sundays excepted.) at 1.30 A. L, arriving at Jacksonyle 5.30 A. M. T. E. BUCKMAN, Superintendent. July 3. 18t1. Jacksonville's first train John Roberts were elected directors of the railroad; 16 and on November 5, at a meeting in Jacksonville, Dr. Baldwin was elected president of the directors.17 More than three years later, in March, 1857, ground was broken for the road from Jacksonville to Alligator (Lake City), but an epidemic of yellow fever in Jacksonville interfered with the work, and there was delay. The railroad finally reached its destination on larch 13, 1860, and two days later the event was celebrated by an excursion to Lake City, the name having been changed from Alligator on January 15, 1859. At a barbecue there, Dr. Baldwin and Dr. Holmes Steele addressed a large gathering. On March 21 a return excursion to Jacksonville was climaxed by a colorful cere- mony staged at the Judson House, in which Miss Louisa Holland,  DR. A. S. BALDWIN 15 of Jacksonville, and Miss Kate Ives, of Lake City, mingled in pitchers the waters of the St. Johns River and Lake De Soto.18 In this auspicious manner was the Florida, Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad launched. Soon after Florida seceded, Dr. Baldwin offered his services to the Confederacy. He was made medical director for Florida and was stationed at Lake City throughout the War Between the States. Dr. Baldwin's two letter-books, a Medical Directory of Florida and the book of the Chief Surgeon, District of East Florida, together with his case book of the General Hospital at Lake City, are preserved in the Confederate Museum in Richmond, Virginianit Because of Dr. Baldwin's participation in the struggle for Southern independence, the United States Marshal in the District Court for Northern Florida confiscated all of his property soon after he returned to Jacksonville. Upon resuming the practice of medicine, however, he re-established himself as a successful physician. A fire soon destroyed part of "rotten row," a group of buildings on west Bay Street which had degenerated into shanties. Dr. Baldwin repur- chased his property in that region and, in 1868, prepared to builda n A group of buildings on West Bay Street, known as the Palmetto Block, which housed fourteen stores and many offices, was the resultan1 In 1874, at Dr. Baldwin's home and office located at that time on Laura and Adams streets, the Florida Medical Association was founded. Fittingly enough, he was elected to serve as its first president.2 This beloved physician, ever the public servant as well, was largely responsible for Jacksonville's excellent public water supply. When eighty-five years of age, he was elected president of the Jacksonville Board of Trade. He apparently had no mercenary interest whatever. Public spirited in the truest sense of the word, he seemed always to strive for the good of his adopted city, never for pecuniary gain. The magnificent oak trees that made Jackson- ville famous for its beauty in his declining years were a tribute to his foresight, for in 1850, nearly half a century before, he, with General Thomas Ledwith, had supervised their planting?3 Unfor- tunately, they survived him but a short time, for nearly all of them were destroyed by the disastrous fire of 1901. DR. A. S. BALDWIN 15 of Jacksonville, and Miss Kate Ives, of Lake City, mingled in pitchers the waters of the St. Johns River and Lake De Soto.1t In this auspicious manner was the Florida, Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad launched. Soon after Florida seceded, Dr. Baldwin offered his services to the Confederacy. He was made medical director for Florida and was stationed at Lake City throughout the War Between the States. Dr. Baldwin's two letter-books, a Medical Directory of Florida and the book of the Chief Surgeon, District of East Florida, together with his case book of the General Hospital at Lake City, are preserved in the Confederate Museum in Richmond, Virginia.1 Because of Dr. Baldwin's participation in the struggle for Southern independence, the United States Marshal in the District Court for Northern Florida confiscated all of his property soon after he returned to Jacksonville. Upon resuming the practice of medicine, however, he re-established himself as a successful physician. A fire soon destroyed part of "rotten row," a group of buildings on west Bay Street which had degenerated into shanties. Dr. Baldwin repur- chased his property in that region and, in 1868, prepared to build.20 A group of buildings on West Bay Street, known as the Palmetto Block, which housed fourteen stores and many offices, was the resultOa In 1874, at Dr. Baldwin's home and office located at that time on Laura and Adams streets, the Florida Medical Association was founded. Fittingly enough, he was elected to serve as its first president.aa This beloved physician, ever the public servant as well, was largely responsible for Jacksonville's excellent public water supply. When eighty-five years of age, he was elected president of the Jacksonville Board of Trade. He apparently had no mercenary interest whatever. Public spirited in the truest sense of the word, he seemed always to strive for the good of his adopted city, never for pecuniary gain. The magnificent oak trees that made Jackson- ville famous for its beauty in his declining years were a tribute to his foresight, for in 1850, nearly half a century before, he, with General Thomas Ledwith, had supervised their planting.23 Unfor- tunately, they survived him but a short time, for nearly all of them were destroyed by the disastrous fire of 1901. DR. A. S. BALDWIN 15 of Jacksonville, and Miss Kate Ives, of Lake City, mingled in pitchers the waters of the St. Johns River and Lake De Soto.18 In this auspicious manner was the Florida, Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad launched. Soon after Florida seceded, Dr. Baldwin offered his services to the Confederacy. He was made medical director for Florida and was stationed at Lake City throughout the War Between the States. Dr. Baldwin's two letter-books, a Medical Directory of Florida and the book of the Chief Surgeon, District of East Florida, together with his case book of the General Hospital at Lake City, are preserved in the Confederate Museum in Richmond, Virginiana Because of Dr. Baldwin's participation in the struggle for Southern independence, the United States Marshal in the District Court for Northern Florida confiscated all of his property soon after he returned to Jacksonville. Upon resuming the practice of medicine, however, he re-established himself r aa successful physician. A fire soon destroyed part of "rotten row," a group of buildings on west Bay Street which had degenerated into shanties. Dr. Baldwin repur- chased his property in that region and, in 1868, prepared to buildao A group of buildings on West Bay Street, known as the Palmetto Block, which housed fourteen stores and many offices, was the result.a1 In 1874, at Dr. Baldwin's home and office located at that time on Laura and Adams streets, the Florida Medical Association was founded. Fittingly enough, he was elected to serve as its first president 22 This beloved physician, ever the public servant as well, was largely responsible for Jacksonville's excellent public water supply. When eighty-five years of age, he was elected president of the Jacksonville Board of Trade. He apparently had no mercenary interest whatever. Public spirited in the truest sense of the word, he seemed always to strive for the good of his adopted city, never for pecuniary gain. The magnificent oak trees that made Jackson- ville famous for its beauty in his declining years were a tribute to his foresight, for in 1850, nearly half a century before, he, with General Thomas Ledwith, had supervised their planting.03 Unfor- tunately, they survived him but a short time, for nearly all of them were destroyed by the disastrous fire of 1901.  16 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Fot six decades, almost to a day, Os. Baldwin led the vanguard oflprogress inJacsonille. At the time ofhis deathn ecemer 8, 1898, in his eighty-eighth yeas, he was the city's mast distinguished citizen. 16 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE For six decades, almtst Is a day, Os. Baldwin led the vangnard oflprogress inJacsonill. Atthe time ofhis deathn ecember 8, 1668, in his eighty-eighth yeae, he was the city's mot distinguished citizen. 16 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Far six decades, almost to a day, Os. Baldwin led the vanunrd oflpeogress inJacksonille. At theime ofhis dathn Decmer 6, 1896, in his eighty-eighth yeas, he was the city's most distinguished citizen. Dr. A. S. Baldwin Dr. A. S. Baldwin Dr. A. S. Baldwin  Jacksonville in the 1840's DR. H. D. HOLLAND IN ADDITION to Dr. Hall and Dr. Baldwin, another outstanding physician settled in Duval County prior to 1840. He was Dr. Henry Drayton Holland,' a typical gentleman of the era and a planter as well as a physician, who was born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1806. He learned to walk under the guidance of a remarkable Negro woman named Dolly. In 1810, when her age was believed to be seventy-three, Dr. Holland's father presented Dolly with her freedom papers because of long and faithful service. She continued nevertheless to serve the family through the years, survived the loss of the father and mother, and, in addition, eight brothers and seven sisters of Dr. Holland. In 1850, when her age was asserted to be one hundred and thirteen, she was acting as a servant in Dr. Holland's home and was well known for her ability as a cook and her clearness of thought. Dolly vowed that she could remember clearly the exploits of Colonel Washington, the defeat of General Braddock, and the capture of Ticonderoga.2 Dr. Holland was graduated from the Medical College of the State of South Carolina in 18300 and moved to Camden County, Georgia, near Brunswick, where in 1831 he married Miss Ann Berrie. In late January, 1836, Dr. Holland, surgeon for a group of thirty mounted volunteers from Camden and Glynn counties in Georgia, came to Jacksonville en route to join the "Richmond Blues" of Augusta, Georgia, in their march to Fort King in central Florida (now Ocala).u The public mind had been aroused by Dade's massacre of December 28, 1835, and General Duncan L. Clinch, Commander of the United States forces in Florida, had been authorized to call for and accept troops from the adjoining states. When General Clinch became discouraged with the state of affairs in Florida and retired in the 17 3 Jacksonville in the 1840's DR. H. D. HOLLAND IN ADDITIoN to Dr. Hall and Dr. Baldwin, another outstanding physician settled in Duval County prior to 1840. He was Dr. Henry Drayton Holland,' a typical gentleman of the era and a planter as well as a physician, who was born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1806. He learned to walk under the guidance of a remarkable Negro woman named Dolly. In 1810, when her age was believed to be seventy-three, Dr. Holland's father presented Dolly with her freedom papers because of long and faithful service. She continued nevertheless to serve the family through the years, survived the loss of the father and mother, and, in addition, eight brothers and seven sisters of Dr. Holland. In 1850, when her age was asserted to be one hundred and thirteen, she was acting as a servant in Dr. Holland's home and was well known for her ability as a cook and her clearness of thought. Dolly vowed that she could remember clearly the exploits of Colonel Washington, the defeat of General Braddock, and the capture of Ticonderoga.? Dr. Holland was graduated from the Medical College of the State of South Carolina in 18303 and moved to Camden County, Georgia, near Brunswick, where in 1831 he married Miss Ann Berrie. In late January, 1836, Dr. Holland, surgeon for a group of thirty mounted volunteers from Camden and Glynn counties in Georgia, came to Jacksonville en route to join the "Richmond Blues" of Augusta, Georgia, in their march to Fort King in central Florida (now Ocala).' The public mind had been aroused by Dade's massacre of December 28, 1835, and General Duncan L. Clinch, Commander of the United States forces in Florida, had been authorized to call for and accept troops from the adjoining states. When General Clinch became discouraged with the state of affairs in Florida and retired in the 3 Jacksonville in the 1840's DR. H. D. HOLLAND IN ADDITION to Dr. Hall and Dr. Baldwin, another outstanding physician settled in Duval County prior to 1840. He was Dr. Henry Drayton Holland,' a typical gentleman of the era and a planter as well as a physician, who was born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1806. He learned to walk under the guidance of a remarkable Negro woman named Dolly. In 1810, when her age was believed to be seventy-three, Dr. Holland's father presented Dolly with her freedom papers because of long and faithful service. She continued nevertheless to serve the family through the years, survived the loss of the father and mother, and, in addition, eight brothers and seven sisters of Dr. Holland. In 1850, when her age was asserted to be one hundred and thirteen, she was acting as a servant in Dr. Holland's home and was well known for her ability as a cook and her clearness of thought. Dolly vowed that she could remember clearly the exploits of Colonel Washington, the defeat of General Braddock, and the capture of Ticonderoga.2 Dr. Holland was graduated from the Medical College of the State of South Carolina in 18303 and moved to Camden County, Georgia, near Brunswick, where in 1831 he married Miss Ann Berrie. In late January, 1836, Dr. Holland, surgeon for a group of thirty mounted volunteers from Camden and Glynn counties in Georgia, came to Jacksonville en route to join the "Richmond Blues" of Augusta, Georgia, in their march to Fort King in central Florida (now Ocala).' The public mind had been aroused by Dade's massacre of December 28, 1835, and General Duncan L. Clinch, Commander of the United States forces in Florida, had been authorized to call for and accept troops from the adjoining states. When General Clinch became discouraged with the state of affairs in Florida and retired in the 17  18 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 18 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 18 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE summer of 1836,5 apparently Dr. Holland withdrew from the fight- ing, returned to Duval County, and settled at Mulberry Grove, now Black Point on the St. Johns River, about seven miles south of Jacksonville, and the present site of the Jacksonville Naval Air Stations Sometime between the years 1842 and 1845 he moved to downtown Jacksonville and began the practice of medicine. Like his distinguished colleague, Dr. Baldwin, Dr. Holland found time to take an active part in community affairs, and it soon became apparent that he was a public-spirited citizen as well as a good physician. In 1846, as in 1835, Jacksonville and Duval County had a gala Fourth-of-July celebration. The committee in charge of arrangements was made up of prominent citizens, and Dr. Holland's name headed the list.' In 1852 Dr. Holland was elected intendant (mayor) of Jacksonville and thus became the first physician to serve as the town's chief executive.8 Under his able leadership an ordinance was passed to prevent the spread of contagious or infec- tious diseases, a board of health was organized,9 and Jacksonville was guided safely through an epidemic of smallpox1O which at first was the cause of much fear.11 During the late eighteen-fifties Dr. Holland's health failed, and he died prematurely in 1860. A TRAGIC DUEL An early Jacksonville physician who had a brief, but sensational career was Dr. J. D. Pelot. On August 4, 1840 he offered "his professional services to the citizens of Jacksonville and the inhabi- tants of the vicinity."12 He had been in Jacksonville prior to that, for on March 2 of that year Dr. Baldwin announced that he had "removed his office to the rooms recently occupied as such by Dr. Pelot."ia One night during the early eighteen-forties, Dr. Pelot and his friend, a Mr. Babcock, were drinking and playing billiards together. A controversy arose and soon one challenged the other to a duel. Rifles were chosen as weapons at 100 paces, and they agreed that the duel should be fought at Amelia Island. After ten days' practice the principals met on a cold, raw day at the appointed place, with Dr. Holland serving as Dr. Pelot's second. Each received his instruc- tions, the paces were stepped off carefully, and at the word both fired almost simultaneously. The ball from Mr. Babcock's rifle supposedly entered Dr. Pelot's abdomen and severed his spine. He summer of 1836,5 apparently Dr. Holland withdrew from the fight- ing, returned to Duval County, and settled at Mulberry Grove, now Black Point on the St. Johns River, about seven miles south of Jacksonville, and the present site of the Jacksonville Naval Air Station.n Sometime between the years 1842 and 1845 he moved to downtown Jacksonville and began the practice of medicine. Like his distinguished colleague, Dr. Baldwin, Dr. Holland found time to take an active part in community affairs, and it soon became apparent that he was a public-spirited citizen as well as a good physician. In 1846, as in 1835, Jacksonville and Duval County had a gala Fourth-of-July celebration. The committee in charge of arrangements was made up of prominent citizens, and Dr. Holland's name headed the list.. In 1852 Dr. Holland was elected intendant (mayor) of Jacksonville and thus became the first physician to serve as the town's chief executive.t Under his able leadership an ordinance was passed to prevent the spread of contagious or infec- tious diseases, a board of health was organized,9 and Jacksonville was guided safely through an epidemic of smallpox10 which at first was the cause of much fear.11 During the late eighteen-fifties Dr. Holland's health failed, and he died prematurely in 1860. A TRAGIC DUEL An early Jacksonville physician who had a brief, but sensational career was Dr. J. D. Pelot. On August 4, 1840 he offered "his professional services to the citizens of Jacksonville and the inhabi- tants of the vicinity."ia He had been in Jacksonville prior to that, for on March 2 of that year Dr. Baldwin announced that he had "removed his office to the rooms recently occupied as such by Dr. Pelot."13 One night during the early eighteen-forties, Dr. Pelot and his friend, a Mr. Babcock, were drinking and playing billiards together. A controversy arose and soon one challenged the other to a duel. Rifles were chosen as weapons at 100 paces, and they agreed that the duel should be fought at Amelia Island. After ten days' practice the principals met on a cold, raw day at the appointed place, with Dr. Holland serving as Dr. Pelot's second. Each received his instruc- tions, the paces were stepped off carefully, and at the word both fired almost simultaneously. The ball from Mr. Babcock's rifle supposedly entered Dr. Pelot's abdomen and severed his spine. He summer of 1836,5 apparently Dr. Holland withdrew from the fight- ing, returned to Duval County, and settled at Mulberry Grove, now Black Point on the St. Johns River, about seven miles south of Jacksonville, and the present site of the Jacksonville Naval Air Station.t Sometime between the years 1842 and 1845 he moved to downtown Jacksonville and began the practice of medicine. Like his distinguished colleague, Dr. Baldwin, Dr. Holland found time to take an active part in community affairs, and it soon became apparent that he was a public-spirited citizen as well as a good physician. In 1846, as in 1835, Jacksonville and Duval County had a gala Fourth-of-July celebration. The committee in charge of arrangements was made up of prominent citizens, and Dr. Holland's name headed the list. In 1852 Dr. Holland was elected intendant (mayor) of Jacksonville and thus became the first physician to serve as the town's chief executive.8 Under his able leadership an ordinance was passed to prevent the spread of contagious or infec- tious diseases, a board of health was organized,9 and Jacksonville was guided safely through an epidemic of smallpox10 which at first was the cause of much fear.11 During the late eighteen-fifties Dr. Holland's health failed, and he died prematurely in 1860. A TRAGIC DUEL An early Jacksonville physician who had a brief, but sensational career was Dr. J. D. Pelot. On August 4, 1840 he offered "his professional services to the citizens of Jacksonville and the inhabi- tants of the vicinity."12 He had been in Jacksonville prior to that, for on March 2 of that year Dr. Baldwin announced that he had "removed his office to the rooms recently occupied as such by Dr. Pelot.13 . One night during the early eighteen-forties, Dr. Pelot and his friend, a Mr. Babcock, were drinking and playing billiards together. A controversy arose and soon one challenged the other to a duel. Rifles were chosen as weapons at 100 paces, and they agreed that the duel should be fought at Amelia Island. After ten days' practice the principals met on a cold, raw day at the appointed place, with Dr. Holland serving as Dr. Pelot's second. Each received his instruc- tions, the paces were stepped off carefully, and at the word both fired almost simultaneously. The ball from Mr. Babcock's rifle supposedly entered Dr. Pelot's abdomen and severed his spine. He  JACKSONVILLE IN THE 1840'S 19 JACKSONVILLE IN THE 1840'S 19 JACKSONVILLE IN THE 1840'S 19 died amidst excitement which shook the very foundations of the little town. It was reported that Mr. Babcock moved to New Orleans where, in grief, he literally drank himself to death.14 DR. CHARLES BYRNE In 1848 another prominent physician, Dr. Charles Byrne,15 editor and builder, settled in Jacksonville for the practice of medicine. Dr. Byrne was born in Wicklow, Ireland, on April 18, 1798, but at the age of thirteen he came to the United States with his family and settled near Baltimore, where he received his undergraduate educa- tion and his degree in medicine. He began the practice of medicine in Baltimore and soon thereafter was married. A few years later his wife died, leaving him with three small children. In 1838 he moved to Florida and settled at St. Augustine.16 He was particularly active as a physician there when that city was threatened with a yellow fever epidemic in the fall of 1841.1 Several years later he purchased a fine orange grove and farm beautifully situated on the St. Johns River at the mouth of Julington Creek, about two miles from the post office at Mandarin. For a few years he lived on the plantation which he named Wicklow, but in 1848, having recognized the advantages for development which Jacksonville offered, he began the practice of medicine there and made the growing town his home. He entered into partnership with Dr. Baldwin for the practice of medicine-an association which was not terminated until his death in 1853.18 Dr. Byrne had an active mind and was able to express himself well. About 1851 he took over the editorial management of the Florida News, which was the Democratic mouthpiece for East Florida. Mr. Columbus Drew at that time was the editor of the Florida Republican, which was strongly pro-Whig in sentiment. Jacksonville thus had two of the best newspapers and two of. the best editors in the state, holding strongly divergent political views. A spirited if not sensational political war ensued, but the editors were both men of unusually good character, and their war was con- ducted on a relatively high plane. It was said of Dr. Byrne that although he was firm in the support of his convictions, there was a vein of humor flowing through his discourse which was calculated to dispel all feeling of bitterness and, on analysis, there was unmis- takable evidence of a kind heart. died amidst excitement which shook the very foundations of the little town. It was reported that Mr. Babcock moved to New Orleans where, in grief, he literally drank himself to death.00 DR. CHARLES BYRNE In 1848 another prominent physician, Dr. Charles Byrne,r5 editor and builder, settled in Jacksonville for the practice of medicine. Dr. Byrne was born in Wicklow, Ireland, on April 18, 1798, but at the age of thirteen he came to the United States with his family and settled near Baltimore, where he received his undergraduate educa- tion and his degree in medicine. He began the practice of medicine in Baltimore and soon thereafter was married. A few years later his wife died, leaving him with three small children. In 1838 he moved to Florida and settled at St. Augustine.16 He was particularly active as a physician there when that city was threatened with a yellow fever epidemic in the fall of 1841.17 Several years later he purchased a fine orange grove and farm beautifully situated on the St. Johns River at the mouth of Julington Creek, about two miles from the post office at Mandarin. For a few years he lived on the plantation which he named Wicklow, but in 1848, having recognized the advantages for development which Jacksonville offered, he began the practice of medicine there and made the growing town his home. He entered into partnership with Dr. Baldwin for the practice of medicine-an association which was not terminated until his death in 185318 Dr. Byrne had an active mind and was able to express himself well. About 1851 he took over the editorial management of the Florida News, which was the Democratic mouthpiece for East Florida. Mr. Columbus Drew at that time was the editor of the Florida Republican, which was strongly pro-Whig in sentiment. Jacksonville thus had two of the best newspapers and two of the best editors in the state, holding strongly divergent political views. A spirited if not sensational political war ensued, but the editors were both men of unusually good character, and their war was con- ducted on a relatively high plane. It was said of Dr. Byrne that although he was firm in the support of his convictions, there was a vein of humor flowing through his discourse which was calculated to dispel all feeling of bitterness and, on analysis, there was unmis- takable evidence of a kind heart. died amidst excitement which shook the very foundations of the little town. It was reported that Mr. Babcock moved to New Orleans where, in grief, he literally drank himself to deathl0 DR. CHARLES BYRNE In 1848 another prominent physician, Dr. Charles Byrne,15 editor and builder, settled in Jacksonville for the practice of medicine. Dr. Byrne was born in Wicklow, Ireland, on April 18, 1798, but at the age of thirteen he came to the United States with his family and settled near Baltimore, where he received his undergraduate educa- tion and his degree in medicine. He began the practice of medicine in Baltimore and soon thereafter was married. A few years later his wife died, leaving him with three small children. In 1838 he moved to Florida and settled at St. Augustine.16 He was particularly active as a physician there when that city was threatened with a yellow fever epidemic in the fall of 1841.17 Several years later he purchased a fine orange grove and farm beautifully situated on the St. Johns River at the mouth of Julington Creek, about two miles from the post office at Mandarin. For a few years he lived on the plantation which he named Wicklow, but in 1848, having recognized the advantages for development which Jacksonville offered, he began the practice of medicine there and made the growing town his home. He entered into partnership with Dr. Baldwin for the practice of medicine-an association which was not terminated until his death in 1853.10 Dr. Byrne had an active mind and was able to express himself well. About 1851 he took over the editorial management of the Florida News, which was the Democratic mouthpiece for East Florida. Mr. Columbus Drew at that time was the editor of the Florida Republican, which was strongly pro-Whig in sentiment. Jacksonville thus had two of the best newspapers and two of the best editors in the state, holding strongly divergent political views. A spirited if not sensational political war ensued, but the editors were both men of unusually good character, and their war was con- ducted on a relatively high plane. It was said of Dr. Byrne that although he was firm in the support of his convictions, there was a vein of humor flowing through his discourse which was calculated to dispel all feeling of bitterness and, on analysis, there was unmis- takable evidence of a kind heart.  aI y7 {i'nI 0O~/oe-I i.7 1 I Dr. Chares Byeee'o ceetifoate of attendance at te Univesity of Mocytonrrd, signed by the dean of the Facodtt, of Phyo'ick February 18, 1825 Dr. Charles Byre's cetificate of attendance at the University of Marylandoigned by the dean of the Faculty of Physick, FteNory 18, 1825 I De. Chares Byrne's ceetifcoto of otto ndane ,t the Ui ceolty, of Marytand, signed by the dean of the Focotrty of Physick, February 18, 1825  JACKSONVILLE IN THE 1840'S 21 JACKON\LLEIN TE 140' 21JACKSONVILLE IN THE 18407S 21 JCSNIL NTE14' JACKSONVILLE IN THE 1840'S Photo ot the original Solly portrait owd by~ Mrs. Austin McDonnell, Warrenton, Virginia Dr. Charles Byrec In the early eighteen-fifties he hbult a fine hlock of stares, known as the Byrne Building, on Bay Street. hetween Mtarket and Newaan steets in downtown Jacksonville. On March 1, 1853, De. Byene hoarded the steawer Caeolino for a trip North. He was said tohavehbeen inrohusttheatth and tohave showna his soal huoyant spirit. After a ferw hoots he becamne sea- sick, hegan to retch, and died soddenly of a cereheal temrworhage. His hody was token to Charteston, wheae services were held, and then was heought koch to Jacksonville for hua on Mtarch 8. On Maech 10, t853, Ste. Columhns Drew wrote. "Dr. Byrae was a man af generous feeling and sociat dispsition. He was vatuedastoneaof the hest medical practitianers in this poet of the state. He had conducted the editoeial departmoent of the Newt far a year or two post and showed unusual vigo and ability as awriter.n Photo at thr orignal Sully portrait ownred by Met. Austin McDonnell, Warrenron, Virginia Dr. Charles Byrne In the early eighteen-fifties he knit a fine Slack of stores, known as the Byrne Boilding, an Bay Street, between Mtarket and Newnan streets itt downtown Jacksnavile. On Mtarch t, t853, Dr. Byrne hoarded the steoamer Caralina loe a trip North. He wassaid tohavehbeen in robusthealth and tahae shown hissnalhouoyant spirit. After afewthours hehecamnesea- sicka, began to retch. and died saddenty of a cerehral hemorrhage. His body woo token ta Chorleston, where services were hetd, ond then wa rought back toJacksonville for burial on Starch S.On Starch 10, 1853, Ste. Columbuhs Drew wrote. ODr. Byrne was a wan of generons feelingoand social disposition. Hewavalnedoasone of the heat medical practitioners in this poet of the state. He had condncted the editoriol department of the News for a year or two past and showed unusul vigor and ability as a writer."19 Photo of the originl Sully portrait ownard Sy Mars. Austin McDonaell, Warreatoa, Virinsia Dr. Chares Byrne In the earty eighteen-fifties he buitt a fine Slack of stores, known no the Byrne Bsilding, an Boy Street, hetween -Market asd Newnan streets ins dowsntown Jacksonilte. Ona Starch 1. 1853, Or. Byrne hoarded the steamnr Carolisa for aotrip North. Hewas soid tohavehbeen in rosthealthoandtohae shown Sis usual Suoyast spirit. After a few hastes he Secame sea- sick, began toaretch,and died sddelyf a cererahemosrrhge. His body eas toaen to Charteston, where services were held, and then was broughtkback to Jacksonville foe Serial art Starch 8. On Starch t0, t853, SIr. Columbss Drew wrote: "Dr. Byrne was a stan of generaus feetingand sociat disposition. He wassoalued asaoncof the heat medicot practitioners in this part sf the stote. He had conducted the editorial department of the Newt for a year ar two past and shrowed unusualavigor and ability asa writer."la  22 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 22 CETUY O MDICNE22 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 2 ETR FMDCN 22 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Corer of Bay and Ocean streets in 1842 JACKSONVILLE AT MID-CENTURY Itis fascinating to visalize the Jacksnileof a centturyago when Florida was admitted to the Union, and to examine tame of the mote interetting aspects of its physical makeup at that time. On Bay Street atong the tiver leont in 1842 wete ane stare, one com- mission house. and three residences: Dr. Batdwin's cottage, the "Taylor Hante," occupied hy "Colonel" Boart, and Captain Wiltey's hase.'tt Dr. Ealdwin's home, in which he had his ofiie, was located on the north side of Bay Street joot west of Fine (now Main). Bit property borderintg an Pine ws a garden consisting of tow grsund, mnch in need of drainage. Actuallytherivermsth extendednup Fines tarots Forsyth, where ahbridge or canteway was built scenoss itshbordler. North ofthis pint ine was impassabtea quagmie which cold nathbecrossed untiltDuval Sreetwareached. At the lntersectionn of tPine and Dusval streets a bridge consisting of 'door sands" blown there at some remote perisod closed the naurat outlet ofta small body of water on the north side, familiarly referred to at "the pond." In 1847 Dr. Baldwin persuaded the cit y counc it to hate a ditch dng loom the pond through the done rand along Fine Streettto tteriv'rmash. To the surprise of many, the pond, which Corner of Boy and Ocean stereets in 1842 JACKSONVILLE AT MID-CEN5TURY It is fscinatingto isalize the Jacsonville f ascentury ago when Florida was admitted to the Union, and so examine tome of thet mate interesting aspects of its physical makenp at that time. On Bay Stret along the river front in 1842were onesstoteoecm mission honte, and three residences: Dr. Baldwin's cottage, she "Taylor Bonte,' occupied by "Colonel" Barr, and Captain Willey's houst.2n Dr. Baldwin's home, in which hr had his office, mat located on tlht norths sidte ot Bay Street just nest of First (now Msainr). Bit property bordering on Fine was a garden consisting of low ground, much inneed of drainage. Actually the river mrsh etended up Fines far us Forsyth, where abridge or caseway was bnilt sceross itsuhorder. North of this point inewsimpssablea qagmire which could not be crossed until Duval Street was reached. Atrthe insersectionn of Fine and Dua streets a hridge consitting of 'done sands" blown there at tome remote period cloted thse naural outlet of asmalltbody of water on the north side, familiarlyeferredtos "the pond.' In 1847 Dr. Baldwin persuaded the city council so hare a ditch dug front the pond throngh the done sand along Pine Street to the riv'ermarsh. To the surprise ofmany, the pond, whichr Corner of Bay and Ocean streets in 1842 JACKSONVILLE AT MID-CENTURY It is fascinating o visualist the Jacksnville at a century ago when Florida was admitted to the Union, and to etamine some of the mote interesting aspects of its physical maheup at thus rime. On Eay Street along the riser front in 1842 were one store, one cam- mission huse, and three residences: Dr. Baldwin's cotsage, the 'Taylor Boast." occupied by "Colonel" Butt, and Captain Willey's bonsesa0 Dr. Baldwin's home, in which hr had his office, was located onnthe nor tideuof Bay Streetfjut nest nf Fine lon Main). Bit property bordering on Fine was a garden consisting of tow grond, much in neednofdrainage. Actuallystheriermarsh extendedoup Pines fur as Forsyth, where a bridge or canseway was huls across ishorder. Northsofthis point ineas impashale-a qugmire whichcoud notbeerossedduntilDnultreet wasrechd. Atstst intersection of Fine and Duval streets a bridge consisting of 'done sands" blown there at some remote priod closed the natural outlet of a small body of water on the north side, familiarly referred to as 'the pond." In 1847 Dr. Baldwin prsuaded oh e city council to have a ditch dog from the pond through the dune sand along Fire Street to the river marsh. To the surprise of many,sthepond, which  JACKSONVILLE IN THE 1840'S 23 JACKONVLLEIN TE 1840 23JACKSONVILLE IN THE 1840'S 23JA SNVLENTH 140 JACKSONVILLE IN THE 1840'S Near the present ste of thte Riverside Viaduct nrot far fromt tire interectionmfBayad Bradtreets The region as it appeared itt 1843 had hitherto been considered a permanent body of water, was drained and soon becamse covered swith a luxuriant growth of grass which made fine pastuee foe cattle.2t Thereewereofheresigns of increased activity in Jacsonville duing that year. In May, 1847, the editoe ofithe News wrote: The advantages possessed by Ithit plate in its convenient situation, its healthiness, and its climate seem to have produced their natural effect.... M~any buildings ... have been erected and many improve- meas ... [made] for the conveniernce and beanty of the Town ... [giving] evidence of ... futre rapid growth. Many... strangers from the North who visited us last winter have avowed their intention toureturn and mabe this their placef permannt residnce..The rapid settlementof Floridahas prouced a corresponding effect in increasing the business of Jacotonville.22 An incident graphically portraying life in Jackonville at mid- century is related in a letter written Christmas Day in 1f49 by William J. L'Engle, then a boy of seventeen, who later was In study medicine and to practice for ashort time inJacsonville. He regaled his Aunt Leonis with this Christmas Eve scene: Near the preent tite of the Rivresidfe Viaduct trot foe feom tire inrtertectionr of Bay and Broadstreets The regitn at it appeared in 1843 had hitherto been considered a permanent body oi waler, was drained and soon became coveted with a luxuriant growth of geass which made fine pasture for cattle.tt There were other signs of increased activity in Jacksonville daring that year. In Mlay, 1841, the editoe of the Ntws wrote: The advantages possessed by this place in its convenient situainn, its healthiness, and its climate seem to have produced their natural effect.... Many buildings ... have been erected and many improve- ments ... [made] for thercnveniencerand beautyuof the Town ... [giving] evidenceuof ...futre rapid growth. Many ... srangers from the North who visited us last winter have avowed their intention toaretarn and make this therplace of perm anent residence.... The rapid settlement ofFlorida has produced a corresponding effectlin increasing the business of Jaclssonville.22 An incident graphically portraying life in Jacksonville at mid- cetury~ is related in t letter written Christmas Day in 1849 by W~illiam J. L'Engle, Iben a boy of seventeen, wbo later was to stndy medicine and to prtctice for a short time in Jtcksonville. He regaled his Aunt Leonis with this Christmas Eve scene: Near the present site of the Riveride Viaduct not far from the intersection of Bayand Broadttreets The regiton at it appetred in 1843 had hitherto been cottsidered a permanent body of water, was drained and soon became covered with a luxuriant growth of grass which made fine pasture fur cattlest1 Threwee ther signs of increased activity in Jacksonville during that year. In Stay, 1047, the editor of the News wrtte: The advantages possessed hy this place in its convenient stain its healthiness, and its climate seem to have produced their natural effect.... Mtany buildings ... have been erected and many improve- ments ... [made] for the convenience and beautyuof the Town .. . [giving] evidence of ... fnture rapid grwth. Masny ... strangrs from the North who visited us last winter have avowed their intention to return and make this their place of perm anent retidence.... The rapid settlement of Florida has prodnced a corresponding effect in increasing the bnsiuess of JacbsnvilleOtt An incident graphically portraying life in Jacksunville at mid- centnryiseelated in a letter written Cheistmas Day in 1849 by William J. L'Engle, thes a boy of seventeen, who later was In study medicine and to prattice for a short tinse in Jacksonville. He regaled his Ant Leonis with this Christmas Eve scene:  24 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE ... My head is full of a little incident that befell me last night. I can think of nothing else so I must tell it to you. While returning from Mr. Bryant's in company with Mr. Drew, where we had been practicing the Anthems, for Christmas, we encountered, what do you think? A huge black bear just at Mr. Reed's corner, as we turned to cross the bridge, at the causeway [Main and Forsyth]. I was not ten feet from the fellow's nose. I happened to be walking with Father's sword cane and I drew it and pursued him, but Master Bruin was too quick for me. He took to his heels, down the side walk and ran up against Cyrus Bisbee . . . and scared him half to death. We followed him until he got into the bushes back of town23 24 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE ... My head is full of a little incident that befell me last night. I can think of nothing else so I must tell it to you. While returning from Mr. Bryant's in company with Mr. Drew, where we had been practicing the Anthems, for Christmas, we encountered, what do you think? A huge black bear just at Mr. Reed's corner, as we turned to cross the bridge, at the causeway [Main and Forsyth]. I was not ten feet from the fellow's nose. I happened to be walking with Father's sword cane and I drew it and pursued him, but Master Bruin was too quick for me. He took to his heels, down the side walk and ran up against Cyrus Bisbee . . . and scared him half to death. We followed him until he got into the bushes back of town.23 24 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE ... My head is full of a little incident that befell me last night. I can think of nothing else so I must tell it to you. While returning from Mr. Bryant's in company with Mr. Drew, where we had been practicing the Anthems, for Christmas, we encountered, what do you think? A huge black bear just at Mr. Reed's corner, as we turned to cross the bridge, at the causeway [Main and Forsyth]. I was not ten feet from the fellow's nose. I happened to be walking with Father's sword cane and I drew it and pursued him, but Master Bruin was too quick for me. He took to his heels, down the side walk and ran up against Cyrus Bisbee . . . and scared him half to death. We followed him until he got into the bushes back of town.23  First Epidemics in Jacksonville A RESORT FOR INVALIDS A T MID-CENTURY, Jacksonville was known as a resort for invalid tourists. On December 25, 1849, William J. L'Engle wrote: ". . . There are more invalids in town this winter than there ever has been. All the boarding houses are full and several private families have prepared rooms to take a few.... There are no less than nine houses going up . . . and the value of real estate is increasing."t During the winter of 1849-50 nearly two hundred tourists could find no accommodations in the town.a DENGUE FEVER IN 1850 Early in the summer of 1850, Jacksonville experienced its first epidemic of disease. Familiarly referred to as bone,t bone-ache,4 broken-bone, and bilious fever,e the disease was in reality dengue fever and was characterized by severe aching and prostration of several days' duration. So extensive was the epidemic that in many families every grown person was in bed at the same time; business transactions were paralyzed temporarily, and industry suffered. The editor of the Florida News on August 24 wrote: "Owing to an epidemic form of bilious fever, familiarly termed the 'bone-ache fever,' from which hardly anyone in town has escaped, the effective force of our office force has been reduced to one apprentice ... ."7 One week later he stated that the apprentice also had contracted the fever and that compositors from the Florida Republican, furnished by Mr. Columbus Drew, worked at night in order to issue the News.s The epidemic reached its height in August and ended in late Septem- ber. Richard P. Daniel, then a medical student at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and later a practitioner in Jack- sonville, made a study of the epidemic before returning to school for 25 First Epidemics in Jacksonville A RESORT FOR INVALIDS AT MID-CENTURY, Jacksonville was known as a resort for invalid tourists. On December 25, 1849, William J. L'Engle wrote: ". . . There are more invalids in town this winter than there ever has been. All the boarding houses are full and several private families have prepared rooms to take a few. . . . There are no less than nine houses going up . . . and the value of real estate is increasing."1 During the winter of 1849-50 nearly two hundred tourists could find no accommodations in the town.2 DENGUE FEVER IN 1850 Early in the summer of 1850, Jacksonville experienced its first epidemic of disease. Familiarly referred to as bone,t bone-ache,4 broken-bone,5 and bilious fever,5 the disease was in reality dengue fever and was characterized by severe aching and prostration of several days' duration. So extensive was the epidemic that in many families every grown person was in bed at the same time; business transactions were paralyzed temporarily, and industry suffered. The editor of the Florida News on August 24 wrote: "Owing to an epidemic form of bilious fever, familiarly termed the 'bone-ache fever,' from which hardly anyone in town has escaped, the effective force of our office force has been reduced to one apprentice .. ."7 One week later he stated that the apprentice also had contracted the fever and that compositors from the Florida Republican, furnished by Mr. Columbus Drew, worked at night in order to issue the News.s The epidemic reached its height in August and ended in late Septem- ber. Richard P. Daniel, then a medical student at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and later a practitioner in Jack- sonville, made a study of the epidemic before returning to school for 4 First Epidemics in Jacksonville A RESORT FOR INVALIDS AT MID-CENTURY, Jacksonville was known as a resort for invalid tourists. On December 25, 1849, William J. L'Engle wrote: ".. . There are more invalids in town this winter than there ever has been. All the boarding houses are full and several private families have prepared rooms to take a few. . . . There are no less than nine houses going up . . . and the value of real estate is increasing."' During the winter of 1849-50 nearly two hundred tourists could find no accommodations in the town.0 DENGUE FEVER IN 1850 Early in the summer of 1850, Jacksonville experienced its first epidemic of disease. Familiarly referred to as bone, bone-ache,4 broken-bone,5 and bilious fever,t the disease was in reality dengue fever and was characterized by severe aching and prostration of several days' duration. So extensive was the epidemic that in many families every grown person was in bed at the same time; business transactions were paralyzed temporarily, and industry suffered. The editor of the Florida News on August 24 wrote: "Owing to an epidemic form of bilious fever, familiarly termed the bone-ache fever,' from which hardly anyone in town has escaped, the effective force of our office force has been reduced to one apprentice...."' One week later he stated that the apprentice also had contracted the fever and that compositors from the Florida Republican, furnished by Mr. Columbus Drew, worked at night in order to issue the News.s The epidemic reached its height in August and ended in late Septem- ber. Richard P. Daniel, then a medical student at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and later a practitioner in Jack- sonville, made a study of the epidemic before returning to school for 25  26 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE his senior yeas, and in 1851 his graduatin thesis was entitled "Diengue As It Appeased in Jachsonville in 1850."* In tater years Os. Daniel wants that the disease was characterized hy high levee accompanied hy severe aching pains in the limbhs and joints, that a sash appeased seveeat days atter the onset ti the iltness, that she shin hegan to pest severat days after the sash appeased, that the actual duation at the iness was shoes, and that recovery was slow and ontaof proportion to the shoes duation at the acute symsp- tant na Although she disease prstrated its svictinms, it canned no deatslan MALARIA IN THlE 1850'S Dosing she susmmer and falt moanths ti the tasty eighteen-fitties, these was another type of levee in Jcsonville and Dnval County which membhers at the nmedical profession descrihed as heing intermit- tent,aopen and active,srarelylformidahle, and scacely eves congessive. Mass at this leaser douhtless wan smalaria. Sante aftshe physicians of that day ohserved that amoang pesons lining teas the sites there was a high incidence at the leaser, while aong those lining along the seacoast or within the salt mareshes at the costy the incidence was law. It wasnhelieved ttat awet summnerfollowedhbya dry flalwas apt to affect the siver level, hring ahout esposure and decay of the riversgrss, and causenmoefever12 As has heen stated, Os. H. D. Holland, in 1852, hecante the tirst physician to steve as mayar at Jachsonville. He wan elected an Mtay 31 at that yeas to lilt the vacancyacreased hy she resignasian at Mte. Olives Wand.10 Ste. Caonthbus Drew wrote in the Flarida Repnlican aofsun : "InshschoaicesafD. Holand the copoation has secued that which, in one transition leant a quies lits village so a hasp censer at popalation and cowwerce, is so ntach required in its chief execative-a conthination ti the qualtis at firntss, inptyassity and puhlic spirit."14 Dr. Holland andhe citycoucilwentoto workhimmetdiately. On *ThecUiversityaofPennsylvnnianhas presevein isslihranothe thetsslo thosands oflitstarl graduates, hat that at Dr. Daniel unfortunatel has been lost islnid. Thesecold mnscriptsssrsinthe psocess oflheingsreiewed, rclassifiea, and tiled, and it is hoped than the thesis an denote leaser as is appeared in Jacksonville at that early date wilt he found. 26 A CENTURY OF MIEDICINE his seamsr yeas, and in 1851 his graduation thesis was entitled "Dengue As It Appeased in Jacksnaville in 1150.0* In ltes yeas Os. Daniel weote that the disease wan characterized hy high levee accontpanied hy severe aching pains in the timbhs and joints, that a sash appeased sevesat days sftes the onset at the illness, that she shin hegon so pest several days ates the sash appeased, that the actual duration aftshe illness was shoes, and that recovery was sow and oat at proportion to the shaDt duation at the acute sywy- tosat.1t Altohaghthe disease prsateod itsvictins, itcaased no deaths.tt MALARIA IN THE 1850'S Dariog the suntner and fll ntonths at the early eighsteen-filties, there was another type at levee it Jackasonville tand Duval Coanty whichntenthers ofthentedical profession descrihed asheig interit- lent, open and active, rarely laontidahle, and scascely eves congestive. Mst at this levee doahbtless was malasia. Sante aftshe physicians at that day ohserved that antong pesnas living nets the sites these was a high incidence aftshe levee, while amntog those living along she seacoast as within the salt ntarshes at thne cauty the incidence wan tow. Itwashbelieved thatoawetasummeflloawdbynadrylfall was apt so affest the sites level, hring aout esposure and decay at the riversgrss, and causentorelsve.1t As has heen staled, Os. H. 0. Holland, in 1152, hecawe she tint physician to nests as mayoe at Jachsnvill. He was elected an Slay 31 at that yeas so lilltshe vacancy created hy the resignation at Ste. Olives Wood.t Ste M. Colunthas Drew meats in the Florida Repalican at Jane 3: "In the choice of Os. Holland ohs corporationshas secured that which, in one leansition leant a quiet little village to a bsy. ceases at popuaioni and commersce, is so mash required in its chief ssscntive-o- conthination at the qaties at fismnss, iwpartiality and puhlic spirit"1 Os. Holland and the city concil went to wash intnediately. On *ThesUnivesty oflPesylnahoasservedinisibrahta he thssof thaoadsaofis easty graduates, hot shotat ofDr. Daniel unortusnately has Sect lotorslid. Thesenoldnmanscips arein the ptocens athbeisg reviewed, reclandiied, and tiled, and it is hoped thnt thn thesis as dsngue hostr as it appeared inJcsoanille atthat earlydateswilhetaaand. 26 A CENTURY OF MIEDICINE his seemsr yeas, and is 1851 his geaduotion thesis was entitled "Dengue As Is Appeated is Jacksonville is 1505"* In loses years Os. Daniel wrote that the disease was chasacterized hy high fetes accompanied hy settere aching pains is she linths and joints, that a sash appeased several days ates the onset at the illness, that the shin hegan so peel sevesal days atter the sash appeased, that the actal duaion at the illness was short, and that recovery was stow and oat at praoortion to she short duration at the taute symp- saws.0t Although the disease prsated its victints, is catted no deaths55 M1ALARIA IN THE 1850'S Daring she nommee and toll months at the early eighteen-fifties, thereewasoanotheetypeaoffeversin Jacksonvilleoand Duval Couty which membhers at the medical profession descrihed as heing internti- tent,aopen andaciv,aey foridale,ondscacely eve congestive. st at this levee douhtless was malaria. Saws at the physicians at that day ohserved that amntog peesons living nets she sites these wan a high incidence at the fetes, white tang those living along the seacoastsorwithin the salt mashes of she cauty the incidence was law. Itwashbelievedlthat awet summerfollowedhby adyfall was aptstoaffectthesiversevel,hbingabot esposureand decayaof she riversgrass,oandcausewmoe eve.o As has heea slated. Os. H. D. Holland, in 1852, Secant he fient physician no nests as mayne at Jacksonville. He was elected ton Slay 31 of that yeas so fill she vacancy created hy she rsitnation of Ms. Olives Wood.t Ste. Columbuas Drew wrote in she Florida Repubicans oftJane 3: "InathchiceofD. Hlladheopoatinassecured that which, in one transition team a gait little village to a hoop ceates at popuaton tand commerce, is so much required in is chief executive-a combhinatios aftshe qalities at firmness, imtpartialtiy and public spirit."14 Ds. Hollaod and the cityconcil weot to wash immediately. On *ThesUivesityofPnnsylvtaahas peservedooinu iraryethesthses of thousandsao tsdaygrdates,hbuthat at Ds. Daniel unfortunotely has been lossto ilid. These oldmnuoscriptsares its the pracess ofheingtreiewed, seclassified, tand tiled, and it is hoped that she thtsison dengue fete as it appeared in Jacksonville at that early date witl he faoa.  FIRST EPIDEMICS IN JACKSONVILLE 27 FIRST EPIDEMICS IN JACKSONVILLE 27 FIRST EPIDEMICS IN JACKSONVILLE 27 June 3 they passed an ordinance to prevent the importation and spread of contagious or infectious diseases. The ordinance was divided into seven sections and provided: that it would be unlawful for any captain, mate, or pilot to bring into Jacksonville any person suffering with cholera, yellow fever, or smallpox under a penalty fine of $20 or five days' imprisonment for each person so brought and for every day each person remained within the town; that on approaching the town every vessel with a sick person on board would be required to stop outside the limits of the town and hoist a signal for a physician; that the port physician or health officer would be required to report to the intendant; and that the port physician would be paid $10 for the first visit and $5 for each subsequent visit to a ship.ns A board of health was created at a meeting of the town council on June 18. On motion of Mr. Samuel Buffington that the intendant [Dr. Holland] appoint a board of health for the ensuing year, the following were duly appointed: For the upper ward, west of Pine [Main] Street to corporation limits -Dr. A. S. Baldwin, George H. Smith, and Walter Kipp. For the upper ward, west of Pine [Main] Street to corporation Dr. Charles Byrne, George A. Turknett, Sr., and Morris Kiel. For the Eastern and Lower Ward, from Market Street to Hogan's Creek-Dr. J. S. Murdoch, J. E. Townsend and Joseph A. Barbee.16 At this same meeting, the new cemetery (now called the Old City Cemetery, located on Union Street), which was a gift of Captain Charles Willey to the town, was accepted with thanks, and Captain Willey was offered a lot of his choice. On July 16 the cemetery was named "Willey Cemetery."17 On July 2 the committee for locating public wells selected the lower end of Laura Street and urged that the wells be made available as soon as possible s SMALLPOX IN 1852 This unusual concern about health and sanitary measures indi- cated that there was disease in Jacksonville of undue proportion, but not one word appeared in the local daily papers which would reveal its nature. Since panic and disruption of business were likely to occur when the general populace learned of an epidemic, local health June 3 they passed an ordinance to prevent the importation and spread of contagious or infectious diseases. The ordinance was divided into seven sections and provided: that it would be unlawful for any captain, mate, or pilot to bring into Jacksonville any person suffering with cholera, yellow fever, or smallpox under a penalty fine of $20 or five days' imprisonment for each person so brought and for every day each person remained within the town; that on approaching the town every vessel with a sick person on board would be required to stop outside the limits of the town and hoist a signal for a physician; that the port physician or health officer would be required to report to the intendant; and that the port physician would be paid $10 for the first visit and $5 for each subsequent visit to a ship.55 A board of health was created at a meeting of the town council on June 18. On motion of Mr. Samuel Buffington that the intendant [Dr. Holland] appoint a board of health for the ensuing year, the following were duly appointed: For the upper ward, west of Pine [Main] Street to corporation limits - Dr. A. S. Baldwin, George H. Smith, and Walter Kipp. For the upper ward, west of Pine [Main] Street to corporation Dr. Charles Byrne, George A. Turknett, Sr., and Morris Kiel. For the Eastern and Lower Ward, from Market Street to Hogan's Creek-Dr. J. S. Murdoch, J. E. Townsend and Joseph A. Barbee.1n At this same meeting, the new cemetery (now called the Old City Cemetery, located on Union Street), which was a gift of Captain Charles Willey to the town, was accepted with thanks, and Captain Willey was offered a lot of his choice. On July 16 the cemetery was named "Willey Cemetery."0 On July 2 the committee for locating public wells selected the lower end of Laura Street and urged that the wells be made available as soon as possible.n SMALLPOX IN 1852 This unusual concern about health and sanitary measures indi- cated that there was disease in Jacksonville of undue proportion, but not one word appeared in the local daily papers which would reveal its nature. Since panic and disruption of business were likely to occur when the general populace learned of an epidemic, local health June 3 they passed an ordinance to prevent the importation and spread of contagious or infectious diseases. The ordinance was divided into seven sections and provided: that it would be unlawful for any captain, mate, or pilot to bring into Jacksonville any person suffering with cholera, yellow fever, or smallpox under a penalty fine of $20 or five days' imprisonment for each person so brought and for every day each person remained within the town; that on approaching the town every vessel with a sick person on board would be required to stop outside the limits of the town and hoist a signal for a physician; that the port physician or health officer would be required to report to the intendant; and that the port physician would be paid $10 for the first visit and $5 for each subsequent visit to a ship 15 A board of health was created at a meeting of the town council on June 18. On motion of Mr. Samuel Buffington that the intendant [Dr. Holland] appoint a board of health for the ensuing year, the following were duly appointed: For the upper ward, west of Pine [Main] Street to corporation limits - Dr. A. S. Baldwin, George H. Smith, and Walter Kipp. For the upper ward, west of Pine [Main] Street to corporation Dr. Charles Byrne, George A. Turknett, Sr., and Morris Kiel. For the Eastern and Lower Ward, from Market Street to Hogan's Creek-Dr. J. S. Murdoch, J. E. Townsend and Joseph A. Barbee1 At this same meeting, the new cemetery (now called the Old City Cemetery, located on Union Street), which was a gift of Captain Charles Willey to the town, was accepted with thanks, and Captain Willey was offered a lot of his choice. On July 16 the cemetery was named "Willey Cemetery.'", On July 2 the committee for locating public wells selected the lower end of Laura Street and urged that the wells be made available as soon as possible.18 SMALLPOX IN 1852 This unusual concern about health and sanitary measures indi- cated that there was disease in Jacksonville of undue proportion, but not one word appeared in the local daily papers which would reveal its nature. Since panic and disruption of business were likely to occur when the general populace learned of an epidemic, local health  28 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE authorities and newspaper officials usually withheld sensational news of this character. A current St. Augustine newspaper, however, reported that smallpox was causing great excitement in Jacksonville, that panic was rife among the people there, and that the town was quarantined.1n The manner in which the smallpox epidemic began is of consider- able interest. In the reminiscences of several old citizens, recorded by Mrs. W. M. Bostwick and furnished the author by Mr. T. Frederick Davis, it is stated that a smallpox epidemic occurred in 1853, several years after the epidemic of broken-bone fever.O There is an error of one year in this date, but the circumstances of the epidemic appear to be correct.* Mr. J. W. Bryant, a prominent lawyer of the town, had gone to Georgia on legal business and had been exposed to smallpox. Upon his return to Jacksonville he was taken ill at the Buffington House, where many friends visited him before the character of the disease was recognized.21 Other patrons of the Buffington House soon contracted the infection, sporadic cases appeared throughout the town, and eventually the disease became fairly general among Negroes as well as among the white population.22 On August 19 Dr. Byrne announced that he had received "a supply of fresh, genuine vaccine matter from the Maryland Vaccine Institute" and that he was prepared to vaccinate all who desired it-the poor, free of charge.23 The epidemic was moderately se- vere, and many of the afflicted were badly pitted, but judging by the information available it would appear that the disease was brought under control in a reasonable length of time24 It is greatly to Dr. Holland's credit and was decidedly to the advantage of the town's residents that health measures were instituted promptly. In April, 1853, Dr. Holland retired as intendant, and his place was taken by the Reverend Mr. Isaac Swart, in some respects a peculiar man, but one, nevertheless, who was active. Jacksonville's first hospital, described later, was constructed under his direction. On May 3 the city council passed an ordinance which provided for a *It is gratifying to find that in most instances the reminiscences of these old citizens are accurate and dependable. Mr. T. Frederick Davis in his evaluation of their reports has presented as historical data only material that was agreed upon by two or more old citizens. Without these data the historical knowledge of early Jacksonville would be meager. 28 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE authorities and newspaper officials usually withheld sensational news of this character. A current St. Augustine newspaper, however, reported that smallpox was causing great excitement in Jacksonville, that panic was rife among the people there, and that the town was quarantined.19 The manner in which the smallpox epidemic began is of consider- able interest. In the reminiscences of several old citizens, recorded by Mrs. W. Mt. Bostwick and furnished the author by Mr. T. Frederick Davis, it is stated that a smallpox epidemic occurred in 1853, several years after the epidemic of broken-bone feveran There is an error of one year in this date, but the circumstances of the epidemic appear to be correct.* Mr. J. W. Bryant, a prominent lawyer of the town, had gone to Georgia on legal business and had been exposed to smallpox. Upon his return to Jacksonville he was taken ill at the Buffington House, where many friends visited him before the character of the disease was recognized.t Other patrons of the Buffington House soon contracted the infection, sporadic cases appeared throughout the town, and eventually the disease became fairly general among Negroes as well as among the white population.22 On August 19 Dr. Byrne announced that he had received "a supply of fresh, genuine vaccine matter from the Maryland Vaccine Institute" and that he was prepared to vaccinate all who desired it-the poor, free of charge.23 The epidemic was moderately se- vere, and many of the afflicted were badly pitted, but judging by the information available it would appear that the disease was brought under control in a reasonable length of time.24 It is greatly to Dr. Holland's credit and was decidedly to the advantage of the town's residents that health measures were instituted promptly. In April, 1853, Dr. Holland retired as intendant, and his place was taken by the Reverend Mr. Isaac Swart, in some respects a peculiar man, but one, nevertheless, who was active. Jacksonville's first hospital, described later, was constructed under his direction. On May 3 the city council passed an ordinance which provided for -a *It is gratifying to find that in most instances the reminiscences of these old citizens are accurate and dependable. Mr. T. Frederick Davis in his evaluation of their reports has presented as historical data only material that was agreed upon by two or more old citizens. Without these data the historical knowledge of early Jacksonville would be meager 28 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE authorities and newspaper officials usually withheld sensational news of this character. A current St. Augustine newspaper, however, reported that smallpox was causing great excitement in Jacksonville, that panic was rife among the people there, and that the town was quarantinedle The manner in which the smallpox epidemic began is of consider- able interest. In the reminiscences of several old citizens, recorded by Mrs. W. SI. Bostwick and furnished the author by Mr. T. Frederick Davis, it is stated that a smallpox epidemic occurred in 1853, several years after the epidemic of broken-bone fever.20 There is an error of one year in this date, but the circumstances of the epidemic appear to be correct.* Mr. J. W. Bryant, a prominent lawyer of the town, had gone to Georgia on legal business and had been exposed to smallpox. Upon his return to Jacksonville he was taken ill at the Buffington House, where many friends visited him before the character of the disease was recognized.21 Other patrons of the Buffington House soon contracted the infection, sporadic cases appeared throughout the town, and eventually the disease became fairly general among Negroes as well as among the white population.22 On August 19 Dr. Byrne announced that he had received "a supply of fresh, genuine vaccine matter from the Maryland Vaccine Institute" and that he was prepared to vaccinate all who desired it-the poor, free of charge.23 The epidemic was moderately se- vere, and many of the afflicted were badly pitted, but judging by the information available it would appear that the disease was brought under control in a reasonable length of timere It is greatly to Dr. Holland's credit and was decidedly to the advantage of the town's residents that health measures were instituted promptly. In April, 1853, Dr. Holland retired as intendant, and his place was taken by the Reverend Mr. Isaac Swart, in some respects a peculiar man, but one, nevertheless, who was active. Jacksonville's first hospital, described later, was constructed under his direction. On May 3 the city council passed an ordinance which provided for a *It is gratifying to find that in most instances the reminiscences of these old citizens are accurate and dependable. Mr. T. Frederick Davis in his evaluation of their reports has presented as historical data only material that was agreed upon by two or more old citizens. Without these data the historical knowledge of early Jacksonville would be meager.  FIRST EPIDEMICS IN JACKSONVILLE 29 FIRST EPIDEMICS IN JACKSONVILLE 29 port physictan, whoswasotohbeelectedoannually. Do. Htollaodows elected Jackonville's fiest poet phyoiciao, defeatong Do. XV. J. L'Eogle, who had just begun the peactice of omedicine to Jackon- FOUNDING OF THE DUVAL COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY The Flori do Republican pobtished us Msy 19, 1853, the flowiug significant notice: "The physitians of DuvaltCounty aee reqoes ted to mseet in Jackonville o Wednesday evenitng, nest, the 25th toot. st the office of Dr. L'Engle, tor the purpose of oegantztogoa county omedicat associstto."26 The oeettng woo held on shot dote, on osoociation woo forsed, sod it wsas nuased "Doval County Medical Society." Do. Joho S. Moedoch woo etected the floss poesideot of the society, Do. W. J. L'Engle the first secretary, sod Do. Etchaod P. Daoiel the Gert tresoeo.2 Do. A. S. Bsldwio,28 s charter membee, woo targety respoosibte foe the fouodiog sod oegantzation of theuociey.Ou Drs. H. D.Holtaodand J. G. Dellweeolso chrtee membees.30 ThoeewetwotimportantsphystcianstinJachsonvdlesat shot sime, Do. J. D. Mitchell and Do. D. C. Ambtee, who prohobly wereenotchsrteremembers of the society. The Duval County Medical Society thus wos hoes in the Repubti- 0a0 Buitding on Boy Street at the southwest cusses of Musket on May 25, sf55. So foe s the author hot hoes abte so deteewine, there was no other county medicat society in the stole of Ftorida untit after the close of the Ware Between the States.* *Thescscamhi Cunoty MediclSocity, Floria'sosecod,uws fuded port physician, whowasstoe eectedsanuly. Dr.Hottund was elected Jackonvilte's Soost poet physician, detesting Do. XV. J. L'Engle, who hod just begn the practice of medicine in Jackon- FOUNDING OF THE DUVAL COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY The Florids Repubicau puhlished on May 19, t853, the foltuwing signiticantenotice: "The physicians of Duval County see requestedo noons is Jacksonville on Wednesday evenng, nest, the 25th inst. at the office of Do. 'Engle, toe the purpose of oeganizing a county medicastasociation. "26 The meeting was held on thus dote, on associationuwas forsed, sod it was ousted "Dusvol County Medical Society." Do. John S. Moedoch woo elected she first psesident of she society, Do. WV. J. L'Engle she fiost secretary, ond De. Richaod P. Doniel the fioss Ioessuoee.20 Do. A. S. Bstdwtn,28 a charter member, was largely responsible fns the founding sod organization of thetsocietyo9 Drs. H.D. Hollandand J. G.Dell weelso chater sesshess.00 Theoeoweootwo impotnt physiciansin Jcksonvilteuat shot time, Do. J. D. Mitchelt asd Do. D. C. Amhlee, who peroaly werotucharoeoomembes of the society. The Dovol Connty Medicol Society thus woo born in the Republi- con Building on Boy Sorees at the southwest coner of Market on May 25, t853. So tue as the author has Sees abte so determine, thero ws so othee county medical society is she state of Flooida ntit oftee the ctose of she Woe Between she Sstots.* *The Escnmbia Couoty Medicot Society, Florida's secood, woo tounded FIRST EPIDEMICS IN JACKSONVILLE 29 portsphysician, who wastoheelectedonul. Dr. olond was elected Jackonvilte's fint punt physicion, detesting Do. WV. J. L'Engle, who hod jest boguu the posctice of medicine is Jackon- FOUNDING OF THE DUVAL COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY The Florido eploican published us May 19, 1853, tho tottowing significost notice: 'The physicians uf Dnuvot County see requested so meet in Jchonville onXXWednesday evesing, sees, the 25th inst. ot the office of lDf. L'Engle, foe tho purpose of oganizing aocounoy medicsl association."2n The meeting woo held on thas date, on association woo formed, sod it woo namod "Duvaol County Medical Society." Do. Johs S. Muedoch woo etected she fiost poesident of she society, Do. WV. J. L'Engle the Berst secretoar', oud De. Richord P. Daniet the fist toessutee.27 Do. A. S. Botdwis,28 a charter membee, woo targely responsible too the founding and organization of she society.29 Des. H. D. Hollond and J. G. Delt weoe atso chaoser membeso Thereewerestwoimportant physiciansoinJcksounviltet shot time, De. J. D. M~itchel and De. H. C. Ambhter, who peohohly were not charteo ssmeers of the society. The Douta County Medical Society thus woo hoon in the Repuhti- cas Building on Boy Stooet at the southwest cooner of Markeet on Slop 25, 1853. So far os she oushor hot beon shin to deseomin, theoe woo no other county medical society in the state of Flosido ntil after the ctose of the Woe Between the Stoles.0 *The Esmbia Coonty Modicst ocietoy, ltoridos weoed, woo founedd  5 1854- A Year of Hardship 7 ILLNESS AT THE MARKET Ix 1853 Jcksnillewn gowingtnpidlyend wsbecomhngna pronpeeros little town. On June 23 Me. Cotlumbos Deew wtote: In 1848 there wno but one saw mnill ndjncent to the ton. Now there ore nolessothan fourteen. .. . The demndo of these tor tenn- poetingnnawedtnntbeeeequieeome threeehunded veselnyenr.... Since 1850 the town hen douobled in population and tine also..Thin in the state of things without pianh, toil or even good commoon roado though n pianh tend too seventy milesowestwaed it nowounder con- stouction. If the plnce hns hecome thin impoetant denpite disnd- vantages and without these aids whnt meay it become when possessed of them?0 In Juty the city concil decided to temove the nmarket houne, locatedeatthe foot ofOcean Street,andobidnanew oe. The oiginnl honne hod heen hoilt fetea meet marhet aout 1840, hot hod served no a market foe Sboth nmeat and fish often the oeigintl fish menhet hod Seen trnsfoemed into a jait .3 The Ocean Street maeket, ditty. odoroun, nd insanitnry, hod become e liahitity to the health of the coemunity, nd the hntcheet frequently went ill. The "marhet commeittee" contracted with n Mn. Bathee in huild e new etenhel,4 nd not tong afterwnrd the stalls were needy to be "ltn"5 to August the city council mode no change in the Booed of Health encept to appoint Dr. H. D. Holland to taet charge of the middle weed. Hensucceeded Ut. Chatlen Byrne, who hod died on Marech t.t On the tent day of the year en editoriat in the Floeida Nenon tnted: "The closing year hasnbeen one of pence, genteeal prosperity end plenty end it in hoped that the yeao 1854, at its clone, wilt presoent 5 1854 -A Year of Hardship ( ILLNESS AT THE MARKET liv 1853 Jacchnovillewasngrnwing tepidly nd won becominga prosperous little ton. On June 23 Ste. Columbun Urew wrote: In 1840 there wen bet one new mill edjacent to the town. Now there not on lent thaon fouteen. .. The demnds of these foe trans- portingnnawednuhber eqieomthee hnded veseayer... Since 180 the town hot douhled in poputetion nd tine also..Thin in the stte of things without plank, raiS or even good common roads though a planko toed fot seventy milen westwaod in non- nder con- structon. If the ptnce hen become thin impootant despite dined- vantagenand without thesetids whet may it become when possessed of them?0 to July the cit y conc it decided to remove the marhet house, tocatedoatthe fontnofOceanoStreet,and to buidanew one. The original houte hod been beuilt totea meet moree aboot t840, hot hod served on a marhet foe both meet and fish often the oiginal fsh market hod been trnoomed into a jnil.3 The Oceen Stoeet marhet, ditty, odoousn, end insenitany, hod become a tiability o the health of the community, and the hotcheon freqentty wete ill. The "market committee" contracted with a Mr. Barbee to build a new marhet,' end not long afterward the tnln wer-e needy to be "let."t In August the city council mode no change in the Boned of Health encept to appoint Ur. H. D. Holland to tnakn charge of the middte weed. H e succeeded Dt. Chanlen Byrne, who hod died on Marech t.6 On the toot day of the year on edioreial in the Florida Neon toted: "The cloing year bee been one of pence, generat prosperity and ptenty end lin i hoped that the year to5d, at ito ctose, itO pennent 05 1854 -A Year of Hardship ( ILLNVESS .tT THE MARKET 1110 1053 Jacchnville wet growing tepidly end oven becominga prosperous tittle town. On Joune 23 Ste. Columbus Otew wote: to 1848 oheoe won boo one now ifl adjecent to the town. New there one no less then fourteen... -. The demands of thene foe teens- potting towed lumber require noe threehundred vessesneye... Since 1850 the town hen doubted in popolation end tine nine..Thin in the tentt of things without plank, teil on even good common roads though aoptanh toed foe seventy milen westward in now under coo- ntnuction. f the piece hen become thin important despite dined- vantages end wihout these eidn whet tony St become when possessed of them?0 In. July oh e city council decided to oemove the market boone, locatedeatthe footof Ocentrneeadetobuideanew one. The original hoone hod been befilt fetea meet marhet about t840, hoe hed netted no emaret fot both meet end fsb often the originl fish maoket hod been trnsfornmed into a jeff.3 The Ocen Stteet maehet, ditty, odoroes, and insnitary, bed hecome a liability to the heath of the community, end the butchern foequently mete Stl. The "morhet committee" contendted with n te. Banbee to hoild a new menhtt,4 nd not long afteoward the stalln went needy to he "let. t In August the city concil mode no change in the Board of Health except to appoint Dt. H. D. Helloed to take charge of the middle wend. Hetsccended Ut. Chartes Byne, who hod died on Stench 1.0 On the lent day of the year en editorial in the Florida Neon toted: -The closng year hasbeen one of pence, genel properity end plenty nd it in hoped then the year 1854, at its clone, wilB peent  1854-A YEAR OF HARDSHIP 31 the same happy result .. .7 Such was not to be the case, unfor- tunately, for 1854 was to be a year of fire, sickness, and sorrow. SCARLET FEVER AND SMALLPOX Late in March, scarlet fever became prevalent in Jacksonville. There is a tradition that the disease was introduced by sailors from a boat on which a member of the crew was sick. Little Ally Dell, who was taken down to the boat yard by her nursemaid, is supposed to have played with the sailors. A few days later she was taken desperately ill and in late February died in the lap of Mrs. Mary Turknett, who nursed her. A diagnosis of scarlet fever was not made until her body was prepared for burial, and the skin was seen to be peeling. The skirt which SMrs. Turknett wore when she shrouded little Ally's body was not worn again until one month later, whereupon scarlet fever broke out in her family.s This tradition is of interest, but in whatever manner the disease began, the Turknett family received a devastating blow, for five sons, Elliot, Louis, Charles, Robert, and Alex, died between April 2 and April 19. Four died within three days,n and two were buried from the same bier o The gravestones in the Old City Cemetery today are a witness to this tragedy. About the time that scarlet fever began to spread, an epidemic of smallpox developed. While these two epidemics were in progress, a huge fire broke out on April 5, which destroyed much of the town, including both newspaper buildings.1" The Florida Republican got out a special edition the following day and then did not publish again until June 15, while the Florida News did not appear until July 8.12 Consequently, there was little local news coverage during that important period. On April 23 a sensational letter, written in Jacksonville and later published in a Tallahassee newspaper, stated that scarlet fever was "still rife and doing its work of death"; that 49 cases of smallpox and varioloid had been reported to the mayor by physicians on that day; that the disease was scattered in every direction; and that sanitary measures which were being advised were too late.13 Several weeks later, in mid-May, Mr. Columbus Drew and Dr. Baldwin made statements which were published in the same Talla- hassee newspaper which carried the sensational story. Mr. Drew, after admitting that "several papers of the country" had mentioned 1854-A YEAR OF HARDSHIP 31 the same happy result. .. "7 Such was not to be the case, unfor- tunately, for 1854 was to be a year of fire, sickness, and sorrow. SCARLET FEVER AND SMALLPOX Late in March, scarlet fever became prevalent in Jacksonville. There is a tradition that the disease was introduced by sailors from a boat on which a member of the crew was sick. Little Ally Dell, who was taken down to the boat yard by her nursemaid, is supposed to have played with the sailors. A few days later she was taken desperately ill and in late February died in the lap of Mrs. Mary Turknett, who nursed her. A diagnosis of scarlet fever was not made until her body was prepared for burial, and the skin was seen to be peeling. The skirt which Mrs. Turknett wore when she shrouded little Ally's body was not worn again until one month later, whereupon scarlet fever broke out in her family.s This tradition is of interest, but in whatever manner the disease began, the Turknett family received a devastating blow, for five sons, Elliot, Louis, Charles, Robert, and Alex, died between April 2 and April 19. Four died within three days,n and two were buried from the same biero The gravestones in the Old City Cemetery today are a witness to this tragedy. About the time that scarlet fever began to spread, an epidemic of smallpox developed. While these two epidemics were in progress, a huge fire broke out on April 5, which destroyed much of the town, including both newspaper buildings.11 The Florida Republican got out a special edition the following day and then did not publish again until June 15, while the Florida News did not appear until July 8.12 Consequently, there was little local news coverage during that important period. On April 23 a sensational letter, written in Jacksonville and later published in a Tallahassee newspaper, stated that scarlet fever was "still rife and doing its work of death"; that 49 cases of smallpox and varioloid had been reported to the mayor by physicians on that day; that the disease was scattered in every direction; and that sanitary measures which were being advised were too late13 Several weeks later, in mid-May, Mr. Columbus Drew and Dr. Baldwin made statements which were published in the same Talla- hassee newspaper which carried the sensational story. Mr. Drew, after admitting that "several papers of the country" had mentioned 1854-A YEAR OF HARDSHIP 31 the same happy result. .. "7 Such was not to be the case, unfor- tunately, for 1854 was to be a year of fire, sickness, and sorrow. SCARLET FEVER AND SMALLPOX Late in March, scarlet fever became prevalent in Jacksonville. There is a tradition that the disease was introduced by sailors from a boat on which a member of the crew was sick. Little Ally Dell, who was taken down to the boat yard by her nursemaid, is supposed to have played with the sailors. A few days later she was taken desperately ill and in late February died in the lap of Mrs. Mary Turknett, who nursed her. A diagnosis of scarlet fever was not made until her body was prepared for burial, and the skin was seen to be peeling. The skirt which Mrs. Turknett wore when she shrouded little Ally's body was not worn again until one month later, whereupon scarlet fever broke out in her family.s This tradition is of interest, but in whatever manner the disease began, the Turknett family received a devastating blow, for five sons, Elliot, Louis, Charles, Robert, and Alex, died between April 2 and April 19. Four died within three dayst and two were buried from the same bier 1 The gravestones in the Old City Cemetery today are a witness to this tragedy. About the time that scarlet fever began to spread, an epidemic of smallpox developed. While these two epidemics were in progress, a huge fire broke out on April 5, which destroyed much of the town, including both newspaper buildings.1 The Florida Republican got out a special edition the following day and then did not publish again until June 15, while the Florida News did not appear until July 83 Consequently, there was little local news coverage during that important period. On April 23 a sensational letter, written in Jacksonville and later published in a Tallahassee newspaper, stated that scarlet fever was "still rife and doing its work of death": that 49 cases of smallpox and varioloid had been reported to the mayor by physicians on that day; that the disease was scattered in every direction; and that sanitary measures which were being advised were too late 13 Several weeks later, in mid-May, Mr. Columbus Drew and Dr. Baldwin made statements which were published in the same Talla- hassee newspaper which carried the sensational story. Mr. Drew, after admitting that "several papers of the country" had mentioned  32 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE the remarkable fatality in one family due to scarlet fever, asserted that the disease had "visited" only a few families and had not spread to an alarming extent. Dr. Baldwin asserted at that time, May 15, that there was no severe case of smallpox in town; that there were perhaps ten or twelve cases of varioloid; and that the sensational letter, in citing a specific number of persons involved, probably was less than 10 per cent accurate.tt On June 15 the editor of the Florida Republican, in the first paper issued following the fire, quoted "reports of physicians," to show that there had not been more than twelve deaths from scarlet fever and not more than fifteen deaths from smallpox. It was stated that the diseases had assumed a prevailing form prior to April 10, that on June 15 there was no scarlet fever and only one case of smallpox, and that the patient with smallpox was confined to a hos- pital in the outskirts of the town1t FIRST PUBLIC HOSPITAL This hospital, Jacksonville's first, was called the City Hospital.* In the council chamber on July 18, 1854, the Reverend Isaac Swart made the following report: The Intendant to whom was entrusted the duty of purchasing a lot and causing suitable buildings to be erected thereon for a City Hospital respectfully begs leave to report: That he bought of Colonel I. D. Hart, one lot for one hundred dollars to which he added another by gift; a deed of both lots, five and six, in square ninety- eight, is hereby presented to the council for its inspection. Upon the North East corner of said square, bordering on Julia Street, he has caused to be erected two buildings--one of which is fifty feet long by twelve feet wide; the other twenty-two feet long by seventeen feet wide with a chimney of brick.-It is hoped these buildings will be sufficient for years to come. He submits for your examina- tion and approval, the various accounts and vouchers for the expense of this enterprise, amounting to $498.45. I. Swart, Intendant. Approval was expressed as follows: *There was, however, a military hospital located in Jacksonville during the early part of the Seminole War. That hospital, of which a Dr. Andrew Welsh was in charge, was destroyed by fire on December 17, 1837.6 32 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE the remarkable fatality in one family due to scarlet fever, asserted that the disease had "visited" only a few families and had not spread to an alarming extent. Dr. Baldwin asserted at that time, May 15, that there was no severe case of smallpox in town; that there were perhaps ten or twelve cases of varioloid; and that the sensational letter, in citing a specific number of persons involved, probably was less than 10 per cent accuratet On June 15 the editor of the Florida Republican, in the first paper issued following the fire, quoted "reports of physicians," to show that there had not been more than twelve deaths from scarlet fever and not more than fifteen deaths from smallpox. It was stated that the diseases had assumed a prevailing form prior to April 10, that on June 15 there was no scarlet fever and only one case of smallpox, and that the patient with smallpox was confined to a hos- pital in the outskirts of the townt FIRST PUBLIC HOSPITAL This hospital, Jacksonville's first, was called the City Hospital.* In the council chamber on July 18, 1854, the Reverend Isaac Swart made the following report: The Intendant to whom was entrusted the duty of purchasing a lot and causing suitable buildings to be erected thereon for a City Hospital respectfully begs leave to report: That he bought of Colonel I. D. Hart, one lot for one hundred dollars to which he added another by gift; a deed of both lots, five and six, in square ninety- eight, is hereby presented to the council for its inspection. Upon the North East corner of said square, bordering on Julia Street, he has caused to be erected two buildings-one of which is fifty feet long by twelve feet wide; the other twenty-two feet long by seventeen feet wide with a chimney of brick.-It is hoped these buildings will be sufficient for years to come. He submits for your examina- tion and approval, the various accounts and vouchers for the expense of this enterprise, amounting to $498.45. . Swart, Intendant. Approval was expressed as follows: *There was, however, a military hospital located in Jacksonville during the early part of the Seminole War. That hospital, of which a Dr. Andrew Welsh was in charge, was destroyed by fire on December 17, 1837.1 32 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE the remarkable fatality in one family due to scarlet fever, asserted that the disease had "visited" only a few families and had not spread to an alarming extent. Dr. Baldwin asserted at that time, May 15, that there was no severe case of smallpox in town; that there were perhaps ten or twelve cases of varioloid; and that the sensational letter, in citing a specific number of persons involved, probably was less than 10 per cent accurate14 On June 15 the editor of the Florida Republican, in the first paper issued following the fire, quoted "reports of physicians," to show that there had not been more than twelve deaths from scarlet fever and not more than fifteen deaths from smallpox. It was stated that the diseases had assumed a prevailing form prior to April 10, that on June 15 there was no scarlet fever and only one case of smallpox, and that the patient with smallpox was confined to a hos- pital in the outskirts of the town.1t FIRST PUBLIC HOSPITAL This hospital, Jacksonville's first, was called the City Hospital.* In the council chamber on July 18, 1854, the Reverend Isaac Swart made the following report: The Intendant to whom was entrusted the duty of purchasing a lot and causing suitable buildings to be erected thereon for a City Hospital respectfully begs leave to report: That he bought of Colonel I. D. Hart, one lot for one hundred dollars to which he added another by gift; a deed of both lots, five and six, in square ninety- eight, is hereby presented to the council for its inspection. Upon the North East corner of said square, bordering on Julia Street, he has caused to be erected two buildings-one of which is fifty feet long by twelve feet wide; the other twenty-two feet long by seventeen feet wide with a chimney of brick.-It is hoped these buildings will be sufficient for years to come. He submits for your examina- tion and approval, the various accounts and vouchers for the expense of this enterprise, amounting to $498.45. I. Swart, Intendant. Approval was expressed as follows: *There was, however, a military hospital located in Jacksonville during the early part of the Seminole War. That hospital, of which a Dr. Andrew Welsh was in charge, was destroyed by fire on December 17, 1837.6  1854-A YEAR OF HARDSHIP 33 The special committee to whom was referred the report of the Intendant begs leave to report that they have examined the same, and find them correct and recommend their approval. They further recommend that the thanks of this council be tendered his honor, the Intendant, for the prompt and efficient manner in which he has acted. George W. Cole S. N. Williams)' VIOLATION OF THE QUARANTINE When a severe epidemic of yellow fever broke out in Savannah, Georgia, during the summer of 1854, the residents of Jacksonville, having just suffered because of two contagious diseases which they believed were brought to the town by travelers, determined to estab- lish a strict quarantine against their neighboring city. Accordingly, in late August the city council adopted an ordinance whereby pas- sengers from Savannah were not permitted to come to Jacksonville until a ten-day period had elapsed from the time of their leaving that city. The ordinance further provided that the quarantine officer at Dame's Point should board all Savannah steamers and inspect them. None was to be allowed to proceed without a certificate from him. Captain Shaw of the Gaston was served with a notice of the ordi- nance, and a similar notice was mailed to Captain Nicholas King of the Welaka. On August 27 the Welaka arrived near Jacksonville with many more passengers than usual, indicating that some were fleeing from the epidemic in Savannah. After the gangplank had been lowered and the passengers were preparing to come ashore, Mr. F. C. Barrett, Jacksonville's intendant, inquired of Captain King if he had received the notification of the town's quarantine regulation, and upon learn- ing that he had, announced that the ordinance was in effect. Captain King immediately ordered that the mail, which was then being unloaded, be returned to the ship and stated that if no passengers were allowed to debark, the city would receive no mail or freight from his boat. There was an exchange of words, whereupon the captain proceeded up the river. The Welaka was soon overtaken by a small boat, and several passengers who were to have landed in Jacksonville were brought back to town by friends. On the follow- ing day these passengers were summoned before the intendant and 1854-A YEAR OF HARDSHIP 33 The special committee to whom was referred the report of the Intendant begs leave to report that they have examined the same, and find them correct and recommend their approval. They further recommend that the thanks of this council be tendered his honor, the Intendant, for the prompt and efficient manner in which he has acted. George W. Cole S. N. Williams.O VIOLATION OF THE QUARANTINE When a severe epidemic of yellow fever broke out in Savannah, Georgia, during the summer of 1854, the residents of Jacksonville, having just suffered because of two contagious diseases which they believed were brought to the town by travelers, determined to estab- lish a strict quarantine against their neighboring city. Accordingly, in late August the city council adopted an ordinance whereby pas- sengers from Savannah were not permitted to come to Jacksonville until a ten-day period had elapsed from the time of their leaving that city. The ordinance further provided that the quarantine officer at Dame's Point should board all Savannah steamers and inspect them. None was to be allowed to proceed without a certificate from him. Captain Shaw of the Gaston was served with a notice of the ordi- nance, and a similar notice was mailed to Captain Nicholas King of the Welaka. On August 27 the Welaka arrived near Jacksonville with many more passengers than usual, indicating that some were fleeing from the epidemic in Savannah. After the gangplank had been lowered and the passengers were preparing to come ashore, Mr. F. C. Barrett, Jacksonville's intendant, inquired of Captain King if he had received the notification of the town's quarantine regulation, and upon learn- ing that he had, announced that the ordinance was in effect. Captain King immediately ordered that the mail, which was then being unloaded, be returned to the ship and stated that if no passengers were allowed to debark, the city would receive no mail or freight from his boat. There was an exchange of words, whereupon the captain proceeded up the river. The Welaka was soon overtaken by a small boat, and several passengers who were to have landed in Jacksonville were brought back to town by friends. On the follow- ing day these passengers were summoned before the intendant and 1854-A YEAR OF HARDSHIP 33 The special committee to whom was referred the report of the Intendant begs leave to report that they have examined the same, and find them correct and recommend their approval. They further recommend that the thanks of this council be tendered his honor, the Intendant, for the prompt and efficient manner in which he has acted. George W. Cole S. N. Williams.'- VIOLATION OF THE QUARANTINE When a severe epidemic of yellow fever broke out in Savannah, Georgia, during the summer of 1854, the residents of Jacksonville, having just suffered because of two contagious diseases which they believed were brought to the town by travelers, determined to estab- lish a strict quarantine against their neighboring city. Accordingly, in late August the city council adopted an ordinance whereby pas- sengers from Savannah were not permitted to come to Jacksonville until a ten-day period had elapsed from the time of their leaving that city. The ordinance further provided that the quarantine officer at Dame's Point should board all Savannah steamers and inspect them. None was to be allowed to proceed without a certificate from him. Captain Shaw of the Gaston was served with a notice of the ordi- nance, and a similar notice was mailed to Captain Nicholas King of the Welaka. On August 27 the Welaka arrived near Jacksonville with many more passengers than usual, indicating that some were fleeing from the epidemic in Savannah. After the gangplank had been lowered and the passengers were preparing to come ashore, Mr. F. C. Barrett, Jacksonville's intendant, inquired of Captain King if he had received the notification of the town's quarantine regulation, and upon learn- ing that he had, announced that the ordinance was in effect. Captain King immediately ordered that the mail, which was then being unloaded, be returned to the ship and stated that if no passengers were allowed to debark, the city would receive no mail or freight from his boat. There was an exchange of words, whereupon the captain proceeded up the river. The Welaka was soon overtaken by a small boat, and several passengers who were to have landed in Jacksonville were brought back to town by friends. On the follow- ing day these passengers were summoned before the intendant and  34 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE fined.18 One of the passengers, a prominent citizen, refused to pay his fine and was placed in jail; but eventually he changed his mind and was liberated. The editor of the Florida News wrote that it was repugnant to have to take such extreme measures, but that it was the verdict of the authorities, concurred in by the citizens, that the town ordinance must be enforced.1" When the Welaka returned from Palatka that night and was brought up to the wharf, the same orders were repeated. Again the mail was withheld. The town marshal was ignored when he went on board to serve a warrant for the arrest of Captain King for vio- lating the quarantine. When the intendant went on board, the cap- tain was said to have "applied violent and abusive epithets" in his denunciation of the town authorities. Accordingly, on the following night, August 29, in response to a call posted on the streets, a large number of indignant citizens met at the courthouse, and a committee of ten, consisting of Drs. A. S. Baldwin, J. G. Dell, H. D. Holland, Messrs. Samuel Buffington, W. K. Cole, Rodney Dorman, Samuel Fairbanks, Thomas Ledwith, George Mooney, and Isaac Swart, found that Captain King had not complied with the Jacksonville quarantine laws, and that his refusal to deliver the mails was totally wrong and arbitrary. In view of these conclusions the committee resolved, first, that the meeting ap- proved of and would sustain the action of the town authorities, and second, that they regarded the course pursued by Captain King in not delivering the mails to be a flagrant outrage. It was further resolved that the intendant be requested to write Captain King to come to Jacksonville to answer for violation of the town's ordinances, and that if the captain refused, the intendant was authorized to take such legal steps as would bring him to a judicial account. On September 3 the Welaka docked at Jacksonville, Captain King presented a certificate of health from the quarantine officer at Dame's Point, and, the quarantine time having been reduced, pas- sengers who had not been in Savannah for five days were allowed to debark. The mail, however, was withheld. When the ship returned from Palatka on the following night, Captain King persisted in his refusal to deliver the mail, stating that he was acting under instruc- tions.O There was a widespread protest on the part of the townspeople. Learning from the Charleston Mercury of August 30 that there were 34 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE fined.uu One of the passengers, a prominent citizen, refused to pay his fine and was placed in jail; but eventually he changed his mind and was liberated. The editor of the Florida News wrote that it was repugnant to have to take such extreme measures, but that it was the verdict of the authorities, concurred in by the citizens, that the town ordinance must be enforced.19 When the Welaka returned from Palatka that night and was brought up to the wharf, the same orders were repeated. Again the mail was withheld. The town marshal was ignored when he went on board to serve a warrant for the arrest of Captain King for vio- lating the quarantine. When the intendant went on board, the cap- tain was said to have "applied violent and abusive epithets" in his denunciation of the town authorities. Accordingly, on the following night, August 29, in response to a call posted on the streets, a large number of indignant citizens met at the courthouse, and a committee of ten, consisting of Drs. A. S. Baldwin, J. G. Dell, H. D. Holland, Messrs. Samuel Buffington, W. K. Cole, Rodney Dorman, Samuel Fairbanks, Thomas Ledwith, George Mooney, and Isaac Swart, found that Captain King had not complied with the Jacksonville quarantine laws, and that his refusal to deliver the mails was totally wrong and arbitrary. In view of these conclusions the committee resolved, first, that the meeting ap- proved of and would sustain the action of the town authorities, and second, that they regarded the course pursued by Captain King in not delivering the mails to be a flagrant outrage. It was further resolved that the intendant be requested to write Captain King to come to Jacksonville to answer for violation of the town's ordinances, and that if the captain refused, the intendant was authorized to take such legal steps as would bring him to a judicial account. On September 3 the Welaka docked at Jacksonville, Captain King presented a certificate of health from the quarantine officer at Dame's Point, and, the quarantine time having been reduced, pas- sengers who had not been in Savannah for five days were allowed to debark. The mail, however, was withheld. When the ship returned from Palatka on the following night, Captain King persisted in his refusal to deliver the mail, stating that he was acting under instruc- tions. a There was a widespread protest on the part of the townspeople. Learning from the Charleston Mercury of August 30 that there were 34 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE fined.1 One of the passengers, a prominent citizen, refused to pay his fine and was placed in jail; but eventually he changed his mind and was liberated. The editor of the Florida News wrote that it was repugnant to have to take such extreme measures, but that it was the verdict of the authorities, concurred in by the citizens, that the town ordinance must be enforcede9 When the Welaka returned from Palatka that night and was brought up to the wharf, the same orders were repeated. Again the mail was withheld. The town marshal was ignored when he went on board to serve a warrant for the arrest of Captain King for vio- lating the quarantine. When the intendant went on board, the cap- tain was said to have "applied violent and abusive epithets" in his denunciation of the town authorities. Accordingly, on the following night, August 29, in response to a call posted on the streets, a large number of indignant citizens met at the courthouse, and a committee of ten, consisting of Drs. A. S. Baldwin, J. G. Dell, H. D. Holland, Messrs. Samuel Buffington, W. K. Cole, Rodney Dorman, Samuel Fairbanks, Thomas Ledwith, George Mooney, and Isaac Swart, found that Captain King had not complied with the Jacksonville quarantine laws, and that his refusal to deliver the mails was totally wrong and arbitrary. In view of these conclusions the committee resolved, first, that the meeting ap- proved of and would sustain the action of the town authorities, and second, that they regarded the course pursued by Captain King in not delivering the mails to be a flagrant outrage. It was further resolved that the intendant be requested to write Captain King to come to Jacksonville to answer for violation of the town's ordinances, and that if the captain refused, the intendant was authorized to take such legal steps as would bring him to a judicial account. On September 3 the Welaka docked at Jacksonville, Captain King presented a certificate of health from the quarantine officer at Dame's Point, and, the quarantine time having been reduced, pas- sengers who had not been in Savannah for five days were allowed to debark. The mail, however, was withheld. When the ship returned from Palatka on the following night, Captain King persisted in his refusal to deliver the mail, stating that he was acting under instruc- tions2a There was a widespread protest on the part of the townspeople. Learning from the Charleston Mercury of August 30 that there were  1854-A YEAR OF HARDSHIP 35 ninety-two deaths in Savannah during the previous week and sixty- seven deaths during the week prior to that, the town council deter- mined to enforce the "five day quarantine."21 Popular Captain Charles Willey was sworn as a United States carrier, and mail for Middleburg. Mandarin, and Magnolia was delivered on the steamer Mount Pleasant a2 Upon determining that the boundaries of Jacksonville, fixed by enactment of the legislative council in 1842, included the entire width of the St. Johns River, and acting under authority of the town char- ter which granted the council power to guard against the introduction of infectious diseases by regulating the approach of vessels into the waters of the town, the authorities forbade Captain King to bring his vessel from Savannah up the St. Johns River past Jacksonville. Fore- seeing that the captain would further disregard orders, the town coun- cil requested the intendant to take forcible steps to prevent infraction of the quarantine laws and regulations. Volunteers were enrolled, and a company was formed to act as a posse to aid the town officials. A battery, consisting of a "twenty- four and a brass six-pounder," was installed on a bluff in an open lot bordering on the river, between Foster and Stevens' mill and Mooney and Gookins' foundry. The port physician was sent to Dame's Point to warn Captain King that if he attempted to pass Jacksonville in his ship he would be fired upon. Another messenger was sent to Mayport to warn any passengers who might be on board. Mr. Bisbee of "Bisbee and Canova," agents for the Welaka, went down the river and urged the captain not to try to pass Jacksonville. The captain's reply to the port physician was, "You have done your duty, but I am bound for Palatka." At eight o'clock on Sunday morning, September 17, the volunteers assembled, established a military camp, planted sentries, and manned their batteries. A lookout was posted on the dock to announce the approach of a steamboat by discharging his musket. The day passed quietly, but at sunset the report of the lookout's musket was heard, and soon smoke from the approaching steamer was visible. When it could be seen that the steamer was the Welaka, the batteries were manned, and the port fires were lighted ready for discharge. As the steamer came abreast of the battery, a blank cart- ridge was fired to bring her to, but the boat continued on its way. The guns then were shotted, and the volunteers began to fire upon 1854-A YEAR OF HARDSHIP 35 ninety-two deaths in Savannah during the previous week and sixty- seven deaths during the week prior to that, the town council deter- mined to enforce the "five day quarantine."21 Popular Captain Charles Willey was sworn as a United States carrier, and mail for Middleburg, Mandarin, and Magnolia was delivered on the steamer Mount Pleasant.'22 Upon determining that the boundaries of Jacksonville, fixed by enactment of the legislative council in 1842, included the entire width of the St. Johns River, and acting under authority of the town char- ter which granted the council power to guard against the introduction of infectious diseases by regulating the approach of vessels into the waters of the town, the authorities forbade Captain King to bring his vessel from Savannah up the St. Johns River past Jacksonville. Fore- seeing that the captain would further disregard orders, the town coun- cil requested the intendant to take forcible steps to prevent infraction of the quarantine laws and regulations. Volunteers were enrolled, and a company was formed to act as a posse to aid the town officials. A battery, consisting of a "twenty- four and a brass six-pounder," was installed on a bluff in an open lot bordering on the river, between Foster and Stevens' mill and Mooney and Gookins' foundry. The port physician was sent to Dame's Point to warn Captain King that if he attempted to pass Jacksonville in his ship he would be fired upon. Another messenger was sent to Mayport to warn any passengers who might be on board. Mr. Bisbee of "Bisbee and Canova," agents for the Welaka, went down the river and urged the captain not to try to pass Jacksonville. The captain's reply to the port physician was, "You have done your duty, but I am bound for Palatka." At eight o'clock on Sunday morning, September 17, the volunteers assembled, established a military camp, planted sentries, and manned their batteries. A lookout was posted on the dock to announce the approach of a steamboat by discharging his musket. The day passed quietly, but at sunset the report of the lookout's musket was heard, and soon smoke from the approaching steamer was visible. When it could be seen that the steamer was the Welaka, the batteries were manned, and the port fires were lighted ready for discharge. As the steamer came abreast of the battery, a blank cart- ridge was fired to bring her to, but the boat continued on its way. The guns then were shotted, and the volunteers began to fire upon 1854-A YEAR OF HARDSHIP 35 ninety-two deaths in Savannah during the previous week and sixty- seven deaths during the week prior to that, the town council deter- mined to enforce the "five day quarantine."1 Popular Captain Charles Willey was sworn as a United States carrier, and mail for :Middleburg, Mandarin, and Magnolia was delivered on the steamer Mount Pleasant.22 Upon determining that the boundaries of Jacksonville, fixed by enactment of the legislative council in 1842, included the entire width of the St. Johns River, and acting under authority of the town char- ter which granted the council power to guard against the introduction of infectious diseases by regulating the approach of vessels into the waters of the town, the authorities forbade Captain King to bring his vessel from Savannah up the St. Johns River past Jacksonville. Fore- seeing that the captain would further disregard orders, the town coun- cil requested the intendant to take forcible steps to prevent infraction of the quarantine laws and regulations. Volunteers were enrolled, and a company was formed to act as a posse to aid the town officials. A battery, consisting of a "twenty- four and a brass six-pounder," was installed on a bluff in an open lot bordering on the river, between Foster and Stevens' mill and Mooney and Gookins' foundry. The port physician was sent to Dame's Point to warn Captain King that if he attempted to pass Jacksonville in his ship he would be fired upon. Another messenger was sent to Mayport to warn any passengers who might be on board. Mr. Bisbee of "Bisbee and Canova," agents for the Welaka, went down the river and urged the captain not to try to pass Jacksonville. The captain's reply to the port physician was, "You have done your duty, but I am bound for Palatka." At eight o'clock on Sunday morning, September 17, the volunteers assembled, established a military camp, planted sentries, and manned their batteries. A lookout was posted on the dock to announce the approach of a steamboat by discharging his musket. The day passed quietly, but at sunset the report of the lookout's musket was heard, and soon smoke from the approaching steamer was visible. When it could be seen that the steamer was the Welaka, the batteries were manned, and the port fires were lighted ready for discharge. As the steamer came abreast of the battery, a blank cart- ridge was fired to bring her to, but the boat continued on its way. The guns then were shotted, and the volunteers began to fire upon  36 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE the ship in earnest; but it was growing dark and what damage was done could not be accurately determined. That night it was report- ed that the engineer had been wounded and that he had been carried ashore to the residence of Dr. Ashurst near Phillips' Point.2a An extra edition of the Florida News was issued the next day, and there was great excitement in the town. On that evening when she returned from Palatka, the Welaka was not fired upon. A resident of the town went out on the river in a small boat and learned that one of the balls had struck the steamer, had passed through the ladies' salon, and had wounded one of the stewards.24 The editor of the Savannah Georgian condemned Captain King for his actions, but at the same time expressed the opinion that the Jacksonville authorities had no right to close the St. Johns River to the Savannah boats. In Palatka, however, an indignation meeting was held by a group of citizens who expressed their views on what they called an outrage committed against the steamer Welaka.ts Nevertheless, Captain King must have come to terms for Dr. E. S. Gaillard, writing in the Charleston Medical Journal and Review of September, 1855, commented: This place [Jacksonville] is one of the great resorts among the northerners in winter and it has so far sustained an untarnished reputation. The authorities are, in their administration, orthodox and strict contagionists, and during the summer of 1854, became conspicuous in an open declaration and maintenance of their rela- tive views.2t 36 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE the ship in earnest; but it was growing dark and what damage was done could not be accurately determined. That night it was report- ed that the engineer had been wounded and that he had been carried ashore to the residence of Dr. Ashurst near Phillips' Point.Oa An extra edition of the Florida News was issued the next day, and there was great excitement in the town. On that evening when she returned from Palatka, the Welaka was not fired upon. A resident of the town went out on the river in a small boat and learned that one of the balls had struck the steamer, had passed through the ladies' salon, and had wounded one of the stewards.24 The editor of the Savannah Georgian condemned Captain King for his actions, but at the same time expressed the opinion that the Jacksonville authorities had no right to close the St. Johns River to the Savannah boats. In Palatka, however, an indignation meeting was held by a group of citizens who expressed their views on what they called an outrage committed against the steamer Welaka.as Nevertheless, Captain King must have come to terms for Dr. E. S. Gaillard, writing in the Charleston Medical Journal and Review of September, 1855, commented: This place [Jacksonville] is one of the great resorts among the northerners in winter and it has so far sustained an untarnished reputation. The authorities are, in their administration, orthodox and strict contagionists, and during the summer of 1854, became conspicuous in an open declaration and maintenance of their rela- tive views.?5 36 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE the ship in earnest; but it was growing dark and what damage was done could not be accurately determined. That night it was report- ed that the engineer had been wounded and that he had been carried ashore to the residence of Dr. Ashurst near Phillips' Point.as An extra edition of the Florida News was issued the next day, and there was great excitement in the town. On that evening when she returned from Palatka, the Welaka was not fired upon. A resident of the town went out on the river in a small boat and learned that one of the balls had struck the steamer, had passed through the ladies' salon, and had wounded one of the stewards.24 The editor of the Savannah Georgian condemned Captain King for his actions, but at the same time expressed the opinion that the Jacksonville authorities had no right to close the St. Johns River to the Savannah boats. In Palatka, however, an indignation meeting was held by a group of citizens who expressed their views on what they called an outrage committed against the steamer Welaka.2t Nevertheless, Captain King must have come to terms for Dr. E. S. Gaillard, writing in the Charleston Medical Journal and Review of September, 1855, commented: This place [Jacksonville] is one of the great resorts among the northerners in winter and it has so far sustained an untarnished reputation. The authorities are, in their administration, orthodox and strict contagionists, and during the summer of 1854, became conspicuous in an open declaration and maintenance of their rela- tive views.0"  6 The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1857 GOOD WATER AND SOFT DRINKS BETWEEN the eventful year of 1854 and the tragic year of 1857 the health of the community apparently was good. Physicians realized that a good water supply was important to the health of the people, but no water works system had been con- structed, and the means of supplying good drinking water in ad- equate quantity was an unsolved problem. Public wells built at the lower end of Laura Street at Bay, between the residences of Mr. Kipp and Mr. Bisbee, supplemented privately owned wells and fur- nished most of the drinking water for the townspeople. In a few instances there were cisterns. Rain water taken from cisterns was filtered through an unglazed, cone-shaped vessel set in a frame, cone end down, and allowed to fall, a drop at a time, into a smaller vessel underneath, called a monkey. This water was clear and, when cold, was considered a luxury.' Although Dr. John Gorrie, who lived in Apalachicola, had invent- ed an artificial ice machine in 1850,2 artificial ice was not yet avail- able in Florida for commercial purposes. Ice was brought to Jack- sonville in sailing vessels from the North, but seldom could be ob- tained. Soda fountains were almost unknown during that period.* Lemonade and tamarind water were the principal soft drinks. Tamarinds, a species of bean grown in the tropic islands, were placed in a pitcher; hot water was poured over them and allowed to cool. This decoction, to which no sugar was added, had a semiacid taste and was considered healthful.' *On April 21, 1840, a local paper announced that "Dr." M. S. Hyams had constructed a soda fountain in Jacksonville. Apparently his business was not successful.a 37 6 The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1857 GOOD WATER AND SOFT DRINKS BETWEEN the eventful year of 1854 and the tragic year of 1857 the health of the community apparently was good. Physicians realized that a good water supply was important to the health of the people, but no water works system had been con- structed, and the means of supplying good drinking water in ad- equate quantity was an unsolved problem. Public wells built at the lower end of Laura Street at Bay, between the residences of Mr. Kipp and Mr. Bisbee, supplemented privately owned wells and fur- nished most of the drinking water for the townspeople. In a few instances there were cisterns. Rain water taken from cisterns was filtered through an unglazed, cone-shaped vessel set in a frame, cone end down, and allowed to fall, a drop at a time, into a smaller vessel underneath, called a monkey. This water was clear and, when cold, was considered a luxury.' Although Dr. John Gorrie, who lived in Apalachicola, had invent- ed an artificial ice machine in 1850,2 artificial ice was not yet avail- able in Florida for commercial purposes. Ice was brought to Jack- sonville in sailing vessels from the North, but seldom could be ob- tained. Soda fountains were almost unknown during that period.* Lemonade and tamarind water were the principal soft drinks. Tamarinds, a species of bean grown in the tropic islands, were placed in a pitcher; hot water was poured over them and allowed to cool. This decoction, to which no sugar was added, had a semiacid taste and was considered healthful.4 *On April 21, 1840, a local paper announced that "Dr." M. S. Hyams had constructed a soda fountain in Jacksonville. Apparently his business was not successful 3 6 The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1857 GOOD WATER AND SOFT DRINKS BETwEEN the eventful year of 1854 and the tragic year of 1857 the health of the community apparently was good. Physicians realized that a good water supply was important to the health of the people, but no water works system had been con- structed, and the means of supplying good drinking water in ad- equate quantity was an unsolved problem. Public wells built at the lower end of Laura Street at Bay, between the residences of Mr. Kipp and Mr. Bisbee, supplemented privately owned wells and fur- nished most of the drinking water for the townspeople. In a few instances there were cisterns. Rain water taken from cisterns was filtered through an unglazed, cone-shaped vessel set in a frame, cone end down, and allowed to fall, a drop at a time, into a smaller vessel underneath, called a monkey. This water was clear and, when cold, was considered a luxury.' Although Dr. John Gorrie, who lived in Apalachicola, had invent- ed an artificial ice machine in 1850,2 artificial ice was not yet avail- able in Florida for commercial purposes. Ice was brought to Jack- sonville in sailing vessels from the North, but seldom could be ob- tained. Soda fountains were almost unknown during that period.* Lemonade and tamarind water were the principal soft drinks. Tamarinds, a species of bean grown in the tropic islands, were placed in a pitcher; hot water was poured over them and allowed to cool. This decoction, to which no sugar was added, had a semiacid taste and was considered healthfulA *On April 21, 1840, a local paper announced that "Dr." M. S. Hyams had constructed a soda fountain in Jacksonville. Apparently his business was not successful.3 37  38 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE The year 1857 will long be remembered as the year of the great pestilence. The residents of Jacksonville frequently had encounter- ed reverses during these early years, but never had they been called upon to undergo the horrors that were to be their lot in the summer and fall of 1857. During the early summer, which was hot, rainy, and murky, "the pond" between Jacksonville and LaVilla, about where Broad Street now is located, was first divested of its forest and undergrowth, and the sun was allowed to shine upon the morass. Excavation for a railroad was made from Bay Street west, and a track was thrown up across the border of the partially drained little body of water.5 In August, soon after this change, a malignant grade of yellow fever broke out on the border of the pond and spread along the span of McCoy's Creek, which was a dirty, stagnant little stream of water flowing through a low, marshy area. Dr. W. M. Bostwick, a prominent dentist in Jacksonville, remem- bered in later years that the disease started at Mr. Nathan Vaught's house, which stood on a bluff just east of the intersection of Bay and Broad streets, and that it had been brought to Jacksonville by Mr. Vaught on his return from a trip to St. Marys, Georgia,* where an epidemic was raging.O Dr. Bostwick's account probably is accu- rate, but some medical authorities then and later believed that the disease had originated in the soil that had been disturbed during the summer. Until the true method of transmission of the disease became known, people were cautioned not to "stir" the soil during the summer months.- After the Vaughts, the McFall family became afflicted, and then the disease spread to the Currys, who lived close by on the banks of the creek. Residents of Jacksonville went out to this locality, then well beyond the limits of the town, to nurse the sick.5 Soon the contagion spread, and by August 24 it had assumed true epidemic proportions.5 Most of the residents fled from Jacksonville, leaving not more than five hundred persons in town. Grass grew up in the deserted streets, the steamers would not dock, and Jacksonville was isolated from the world. Except for one drugstore, there was an entire suspension of business. This drugstore, founded in 1856 by Mr. E. P. Webster, was located at the corner of Bay and Ocean *One authority believed later that the disease was brought to Jacksonville by smugglers from Havana, Cuba.e 38 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE The year 1857 will long be remembered as the year of the great pestilence. The residents of Jacksonville frequently had encounter- ed reverses during these early years, but never had they been called upon to undergo the horrors that were to be their lot in the summer and fall of 1857. During the early summer, which was hot, rainy, and murky, "the pond" between Jacksonville and LaVilla, about where Broad Street now is located, was first divested of its forest and undergrowth, and the sun was allowed to shine upon the morass. Excavation for a railroad was made from Bay Street west, and a track was thrown up across the border of the partially drained little body of water.5 In August, soon after this change, a malignant grade of yellow fever broke out on the border of the pond and spread along the span of McCoy's Creek, which was a dirty, stagnant little stream of water flowing through a low, marshy area. Dr. W. M. Bostwick, a prominent dentist in Jacksonville, remem- bered in later years that the disease started at Mr. Nathan Vaught's house, which stood on a bluff just east of the intersection of Bay and Broad streets, and that it had been brought to Jacksonville by Mr. Vaught on his return from a trip to St. Marys, Georgia,* where an epidemic was raging.0 Dr. Bostwick's account probably is accu- rate, but some medical authorities then and later believed that the disease had originated in the soil that had been disturbed during the summer. Until the true method of transmission of the disease became known, people were cautioned not to "stir" the soil during the summer months.- After the Vaughts, the McFall family became afflicted, and then the disease spread to the Currys, who lived close by on the banks of the creek. Residents of Jacksonville went out to this locality, then well beyond the limits of the town, to nurse the sick.- Soon the contagion spread, and by August 24 it had assumed true epidemic proportions.0 Most of the residents fled from Jacksonville, leaving not more than five hundred persons in town. Grass grew up in the deserted streets, the steamers would not dock, and Jacksonville was isolated from the world. Except for one drugstore, there was an entire suspension of business." This drugstore, founded in 1856 by Mr. E. P. Webster, was located at the corner of Bay and Ocean *One authority believed later that the disease was brought to Jacksonville by smugglers from Havana. Cuba.6 38 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE The year 1857 will long be remembered as the year of the great pestilence. The residents of Jacksonville frequently had encounter- ed reverses during these early years, but never had they been called upon to undergo the horrors that were to be their lot in the summer and fall of 1857. During the early summer, which was hot, rainy, and murky, "the pond" between Jacksonville and LaVilla, about where Broad Street now is located, was first divested of its forest a unudergrowth, and the sun was allowed to shine upon the morass. Excavation for a railroad was made from Bay Street west, and a track was thrown up across the border of the partially drained little body of water.5 In August, soon after this change, a malignant grade of yellow fever broke out on the border of the pond and spread along the span of McCoy's Creek, which was a dirty, stagnant little stream of water flowing through a low, marshy area. Dr. W. M. Bostwick, a prominent dentist in Jacksonville, remem- bered in later years that the disease started at Mr. Nathan Vaught's house, which stood on a bluff just east of the intersection of Bay and Broad streets, and that it had been brought to Jacksonville by Mr. Vaught on his return from a trip to St. Marys, Georgia,* where an epidemic was raging.0 Dr. Bostwick's account probably is accu- rate, but some medical authorities then and later believed that the disease had originated in the soil that had been disturbed during the summer. Until the true method of transmission of the disease became known, people were cautioned not to "stir" the soil during the summer months.s After the Vaughts, the McFall family became afflicted, and then the disease spread to the Currys, who lived close by on the banks of the creek. Residents of Jacksonville went out to this locality, then well beyond the limits of the town, to nurse the sick.9 Soon the contagion spread, and by August 24 it had assumed true epidemic proportions.00 Most of the residents fled from Jacksonville, leaving not more than five hundred persons in town. Grass grew up in the deserted streets, the steamers would not dock, and Jacksonville was isolated from the world. Except for one drugstore, there was an entire suspension of business00 This drugstore, founded in 1856 by Mr. E. P. Webster, was located at the corner of Bay and Ocean *One authority believed later that the disease was brought to Jacksonville by smugglers from Havana, Cuba.n  THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1857 39 streets 12 Mr. Webster, affectionately called "Dr." Webster by the people of Jacksonville, kept his store open throughout the epidemic and furnished medicine and supplies free of charge to those who were unable to pay. Physicians and members of the clergy, aided by a few courageous citizens, remained to nurse the sick, to dispense food and clothing, and to bury the dead.na Some families suffered greatly. All twelve members of the Mott family had the disease, and nearly all of them died. The Turk- nett family, which had lost five sons in the scarlet fever epidemic of 1854, lost the father of the family and another son as the result of yellow fever.a The Reverend W. W. Bours, rector of the Episcopal Church and one of Jacksonville's best-loved citizens, returned from his vacation in New York in September as soon as he learned of the epidemic. On the boat with Mr. Boors were Dr. and Mrs. Baldwin, who also had been in New York during the summer. Mrs. Baldwin, who had served as a helpmate and constant companion during Dr. Baldwin's early years in Jacksonville, contracted the disease and died on October 415 Mr. Boars visited the sick daily, became ill during his ministrations, and succumbed on November 2.1a On October 26 there was an early frost17 which, it was hoped, would bring the epidemic to an end, but these hopes were in vain, In late November Mr. W. W. Moore, editor of the Florida Republi- can, fled to Tallahassee and reported that "the sickness had not abated in Jacksonville" and that "several of the leading citizens were lying extremely low."18 The freeze of November 20 controlled the mosquitoes, and soon the epidemic vanished. On December 7 Dr. J. D. Mitchell wrote to the editor of the Florida News: I am happy to inform you and your numerous patrons that the Yellow Fever which has been prevailing here to an alarming degree since August 24, has entirely disappeared. I would say to all who have been staying away on account of the epidemic that our town has never been in a more healthy condition than at the present time. Absentees are returning and business which has for the last three months been almost entirely suspended has put on a more cheerful andlively appearance.t9 It was reported that approximately six hundred persons in Jack- THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1857 39 streets 2 Mr. Webster, affectionately called "Dr." Webster by the people of Jacksonville, kept his store open throughout the epidemic and furnished medicine and supplies free of charge to those who were unable to pay. Physicians and members of the clergy, aided by a few courageous citizens, remained to nurse the sick, to dispense food and clothing, and to bury the dead 1t Some families suffered greatly. All twelve members of the Mott family had the disease, and nearly all of them died. The Turk- nett family, which had lost five sons in the scarlet fever epidemic of 1854, lost the father of the family and another son as the result of yellow fever.t5 The Reverend W. W. Bonrs, rector of the Episcopal Church and one of Jacksonville's best-loved citizens, returned from his vacation in New York in September as soon as he learned of the epidemic. On the boat with Mr. Bonrs were Dr. and Mrs. Baldwin, who also had been in New York during the summer. Mrs. Baldwin, who had served as a helpmate and constant companion during Dr. Baldwin's early years in Jacksonville, contracted the disease and died on October 4.15 Mr. Bours visited the sick daily, became ill during his ministrations, and succumbed on November 2.1 On October 26 there was an early frost17 which, it was hoped, would bring the epidemic to an end, but these hopes were in vain. In late November Mr. W. W. Moore, editor of the Florida Republi- can, fled to Tallahassee and reported that "the sickness had not abated in Jacksonville" and that "several of the leading citizens were lying extremely low."18 The freeze of November 20 controlled the mosquitoes, and soon the epidemic vanished. On December 7 Dr. J. D. Mitchell wrote to the editor of the Florida News: I am happy to inform you and your numerous patrons that the Yellow Fever which has been prevailing here to an alarming degree since August 24, has entirely disappeared. I would say to all who have been staying away on account of the epidemic that our town has never been in a more healthy condition than at the present time. Absentees are returning and business which has for the last three months been almost entirely suspended has put on a more cheerful and lively appearance.19 It was reported that approximately six hundred persons in Jack- THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1857 39 streets12 Mr. Webster, affectionately called "Dr." Webster by the people of Jacksonville, kept his store open throughout the epidemic and furnished medicine and supplies free of charge to those who were unable to pay. Physicians and members of the clergy, aided by a few courageous citizens, remained to nurse the sick, to dispense food and clothing, and to bury the dead 3 Some families suffered greatly. All twelve members of the Mott family had the disease, and nearly all of them died. The Turk- nett family, which had lost five sons in the scarlet fever epidemic of 1854, lost the father of the family and another son as the result of yellow fever.t The Reverend W. W. Bours, rector of the Episcopal Church and one of Jacksonville's best-loved citizens, returned from his vacation in New York in September as soon as he learned of the epidemic. On the boat with Mr. Bours were Dr. and Mrs. Baldwin, who also had been in New York during the summer. Mrs. Baldwin, who had served as a helpmate and constant companion during Dr. Baldwin's early years in Jacksonville, contracted the disease and died on October 4.15 Mr. Bours visited the sick daily, became ill during his ministrations, and succumbed on November 2.16 On October 26 there was an early frosts which, it was hoped, would bring the epidemic to an end, but these hopes were in vain. In late November Mr. W. W. Moore, editor of the Florida Republi- can, fled to Tallahassee and reported that "the sickness had not abated in Jacksonville" and that "several of the leading citizens were lying extremely low." . The freeze of November 20 controlled the mosquitoes, and soon the epidemic vanished. On December 7 Dr. J. D. Mitchell wrote to the editor of the Florida News: I am happy to inform you and your numerous patrons that the Yellow Fever which has been prevailing here to an alarming degree since August 24, has entirely disappeared. I would say to all who have been staying away on account of the epidemic that our town has never been in a more healthy condition than at the present time. Absentees are returning and business which has for the last three months been almost entirely suspended has put on a more cheerful and lively appearance.19 It was reported that approximately six hundred persons in Jack-  40 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE sonville had the disease and that one hundred and twenty-seven diedan This high mortality rate, almost 20 per cent, was much greater than that of yellow fever epidemics which were to occur later. In Jacksonville, as in other cities of the South, facts relating to an epidemic were concealed as long as possible, for many felt that it was better to suppress the truth than produce a panic. Newspapers refused to admit the presence of an epidemic until it was impossible to ignore or deny iten Nevertheless, the inaccurate and misleading editorials written during the epidemic by Mr. Joseph F. Rogero, editor of the Florida News, are disconcerting. The tone of the edi- torials indicates an intent to protect the business interests of the town and to promote tourist trade rather than a desire to present the facts. In his issue of the Florida News of September 26, about one month after the epidemic had assumed alarming proportions, Mr. Rogero wrote: We have taken pains to make very general inquiry in reference to the sickness in town. We have seen all the physicians and are assured that our city and its environs are free from disease. Our worthy mayor, C. C. Gibbs, has for the last ten days made daily visits to all portions of the city and has added his endorsement to the above. Our friends abroad may rest assured that the reports of great mortality and sickness are fabulous. There is not now a serious case of illness here....22 On October 10 Mr. Rogero stated: Circumstances over which we have no control compel us to issue the News this week short of matter. Our office has for the last month been sorely afflicted by sickness.... There are a few alarm- ists in our midst who seem determined at any cost to our town's property to induce the belief both at home and abroad that we have yellow fever among us. . . . The opinion of the united medical faculty of the town and that of gentlemen familiar with the appearance of the disease . . . permits us to say that there is not, nor has there been a case of yellow fever in Jacksonville. ...23 No issues of the Florida News are available after this date until December 12, when Mr. Rogero, in an entirely different vein, ad- mitted the truth: 40 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE sonville had the disease and that one hundred and twenty-seven died.ne This high mortality rate, almost 20 per cent, was much greater than that of yellow fever epidemics which were to occur later. In Jacksonville, as in other cities of the South, facts relating to an epidemic were concealed as long as possible, for many felt that it was better to suppress the truth than produce a panic. Newspapers refused to admit the presence of an epidemic until it was impossible to ignore or deny it1 Nevertheless, the inaccurate and misleading editorials written during the epidemic by Mr. Joseph F. Rogero, editor of the Florida News, are disconcerting. The tone of the edi- torials indicates an intent to protect the business interests of the town and to promote tourist trade rather than a desire to present the facts. In his issue of the Florida News of September 26, about one month after the epidemic had assumed alarming proportions, Mr. Rogero wrote: We have taken pains to make very general inquiry in reference to the sickness in town. We have seen all the physicians and are assured that our city and its environs are free from disease. Our worthy mayor, C. C. Gibbs, has for the last ten days made daily visits to all portions of the city and has added his endorsement to the above. Our friends abroad may rest assured that the reports of great mortality and sickness are fabulous. There is not now a serious case of illness here.... 22 On October 10 Mr. Rogero stated: Circumstances over which we have no control compel us to issue the News this week short of matter. Our office has for the last month been sorely afflicted by sickness. . . . There are a few alarm- ists in our midst who seem determined at any cost to our town's property to induce the belief both at home and abroad that we have yellow fever among us. . .. The opinion of the united medical faculty of the town and that of gentlemen familiar with the appearance of the disease . .. permits us to say that there is not, nor has there been a case of yellow fever in Jacksonville. 23 No issues of the Florida News are available after this date until December 12, when Mr. Rogero, in an entirely different vein, ad- mitted the truth: 40 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE sonville had the disease and that one hundred and twenty-seven died.2t This high mortality rate, almost 20 per cent, was much greater than that of yellow fever epidemics which were to occur later. In Jacksonville, as in other cities of the South, facts relating to an epidemic were concealed as long as possible, for many felt that it was better to suppress the truth than produce a panic. Newspapers refused to admit the presence of an epidemic until it was impossible to ignore or deny it.00 Nevertheless, the inaccurate and misleading editorials written during the epidemic by Mr. Joseph F. Rogero, editor of the Florida News, are disconcerting. The tone of the edi- torials indicates an intent to protect the business interests of the town and to promote tourist trade rather than a desire to present the facts. In his issue of the Florida News of September 26, about one month after the epidemic had assumed alarming proportions, Mr. Rogero wrote: We have taken pains to make very general inquiry in reference to the sickness in town. We have seen all the physicians and are assured that our city and its environs are free from disease. Our worthy mayor, C. C. Gibbs, has for the last ten days made daily visits to all portions of the city and has added his endorsement to the above. Our friends abroad may rest assured that the reports of great mortality and sickness are fabulous. There is not now a serious case of illness here. 22 On October 10 Mr. Rogero stated: Circumstances over which we have no control compel us to issue the News this week short of matter. Our office has for the last month been sorely afflicted by sickness. . . . There are a few alarm- ists in our midst who seem determined at any cost to our town's property to induce the belief both at home and abroad that we have yellow fever among us. . . . The opinion of the united medical faculty of the town and that of gentlemen familiar with the appearance of the disease . . . permits us to say that there is not, nor has there been a case of yellow fever in Jacksonville. . . .3 No issues of the Florida News are available after this date until December 12, when Mr. Rogero, in an entirely different vein, ad- mitted the truth:  THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1857 41 THE YELLOW FEVEE EPIDEMIC OP 1857 41 Afler a suspension of a few weeks it affords us pleasnee to once again doll one beaven and woke one generons patrons a very low bow. Theie indulgence is fuy appreciated and we will endeavor sn thelfutureeto makelthem our accustomed weekly visits-and will also make every effotloe en dereourselvesmoethan ensersaining- Every vestige of Ike epidewic whick boo Ion Iwo wonts caged wink suck malignity and unabated fatalisy bus as loon disappeared... Hoeing tke pass Iwo weeks we have been in tke enjoyment of deligkt- ful spring-libe weanken. ... The effecs of skis boo not been as many bad leaned, to cause Ike awful epidewic In cage in onr midst again. By ynone can suck weather as we ace now being blessed witk be mane flly enjoyed than by tkose that one recovering mrom attacks of Ike disease. Heaven grant tkat tkose who kave passed tkrougk Ike "fiery mernace" of Ike deadful scsurge may be folly restoned In tkein former slate of healtk, and long live so lobule Ike genial nd balmy air wick whick they ace as present being blessed. Jacksonville is atpresent askealthy asiteverwa. Ourncitizenswkouabsented skemoelves during Ike peevalence of tke epidemic, have nearly nall returned nd every northern steamer is bringing hisker Ike kealtk seeking invalid as well no numerons otkee strangers whose missions ae eitker skose of business on pleaonne.20 Toward Ike end of December Me. Eogero mooed tke Floeida Neon so Fernndina and in tke liest issue from tkee, early in February, 1858, wrose tkan it was difficols no collect kis thoughts sufficiently no gel upon paper an edisorial suck us migkt be expected of kim. He repoeted Ike beaning sea kreeze so eshilarusing and the ring of tke kammer and trowel, Ike blowing of Ike steam wkistles, nd Ike univeesal bustle so exciting tkat be tkought Fernandina surely would becnme in a few years Ike wool important loon in Flocidaul5 Alfcer a suspension of a lew weeks it affords no pleasure In once again doll one beavee and make nun generoas patrons a vecy low boo. Tkeir indulgence is fulp appreciased and we wilt endeavor in tke funare In make them one acnossomed weekly visis-aud wdll also make every effoet to render ourselves moon than entertainiug- Every vestige al tke epidemic wkich boo fnc two montho ragcd wish suck malignisy and unabated fatalisy kas as lass disappeared.. Doeing Ike past Iwo weeks we base been in Ike enjoymest of delight- ful spring-like weatker. ... The client al tbis boo not keen as many bad leaned, to cause Ike awfl epidemic In cage to one midst again. By none can such weather as we ace now being blessed witk be more fully enjoyed skan by those that ace recoverilug lerin attacks of Ike disease. Heaven grant sbus those who kave passed through Ike "fiery funace" of Ike dreadfl scourge may be fulyp restored to skein former slate of health, and long live no inhale tke genial and balmy ale milk which they ace as pesent being blessed. Jacksonville is atpresentlas heathyas it everwas. Ourecitizenswhonksnted themselves during Ike prevalence of Ike epidemic, knee nearly all returned and evecy northeen steamer is brioging kithee Ike kealth seeking invalid as well as numerous otker strangers whose missions are eithee thosc of business on pleasuce.2n Towaed Ike end of Decemkeer Mc. Eogero moved Ike Floeida Nes In Fernandina and in Ike Berss issue from thee, early in February, 1858, weote shat in was difficuls In calledt his shoughts sufficienly In get upon popes an editnrial sack no might be espected of kim. He repoeted Ike beaning sea breeze so exhilarating and the eing of Ike kammer and teowel, Ike blowiog ofltke steam whistles, and Ike universalkbustle soexciting thathetoght enandina suely wold become in a leo ycars tke moot important sown in Floeida.15 THE YELLOW FEVEE EPIDEMIC OP 1857 41 Allen a snspension of a leo weeks it affords no pleasuce In once again doll one beaver and make onr generno pateons a very low bow. Tkeir indulgence is fully appreciated nd we will endeavor in thelfutureto makethemaour accusomdweeky visis-andowll also make every effors so ender ourselves oce than entetaining- Every vestige of Ike epidemic whickho an on w monts caged milk sock malignity and naubated fatality boo at loon disappeared.. Hoeing Ike pool too weeks we have keen in Ike enjoyment of delight- fl spring-like weathee. . .. Tke clfect of skis boo non keen as many bad feared, no canoe Ike nob1l epidemic so cage in one midst again. By none can snch weatkereaswe arenowobeiogkbeed withke mane bully enjoyed than by those sbus ace ecovering mrom attacks of Ike disease. Heaven grnt shot shose who have passed thrnugh Ike "fiery fuenace" of Ike deadful scourge may be bally restored In skein former state of health, nd long live In lobule Ike genial and balmy ale wink which they ace at present being blessed. Jacksonville isuatpresentasbhealthy as iteverwas. Ourecitinensowhoabsented themselves during Ike prevalence of Ike epidemic, have nearly all etuorned and every nortkern seamer is bringing hisher Ike health seeking invalid as well as umerous other stcaogecs wose missions ace either those o1 business on pleasuce24O Toward the end of Decembec Mil. Rogero moved tke Floeida News In Fernandina and in Ike Birst issue from shee, early in February, 1151, wrnte that it inns difficult no collect his thoughts sufbiclently In gel upon paper an editorial sock as might be enpected of kim. He reported tke beaning sea beezne so exhilarating and Ike clog of Ike hammer and trowel, tke blnwing of Ike steam wkistles, and Ike universal bnstle so enciting sbus be thought Fernandina snrely would become in a leo years Ike moon important loon in Floeida.25  7 Jacksonville Physicians of the 1850's DR. J. S. MURDOCH THE LIVES of Jacksonville physicians who participated in the medical activities of the eighteen-fifties are of much interest. Dr. John Smith Murdocha the first president of the Duval County Medical Society, was born in Frederick, Maryland, November 9, 1818. He was graduated from the Medical College of South Caro- lina, March 30, 1839, and was awarded a medal for special profi- ciency in obstetrics. Dr. Murdoch felt that this was a somewhat doubtful honor, for obstetrics then was largely in the hands of mid- wives, and to be known as an obstetrician was not a mark of dis- tinction. He did not display the medal, but later, in his practice, did stress proper care of the expectant mother and more adequate attention at the time of delivery. His interest in this branch of medicine made him a pioneer in Florida who helped raise obstetrics to its rightful place as one of the important medical specialties. In November, 1842, Dr. Murdoch married Miss Emma Wallace of Columbia, South Carolina, where he lived until 1850. He did not entirely approve of slavery; consequently he owned only a few house servants. When he decided to move to Florida, he offered freedom to each slave who wished to remain in Columbia. In Novem- ber, 1850, he arrived in Jacksonville. Some time later he made his home on the south side of Forsyth Street between Liberty and Washington. On March 25, 1853, Dr. Murdoch was honored by being elected the first president of the first county medical society in Florida.2 Although he had a flourishing practice, he had time to participate in affairs of civic interest and importance. Among other activities, he presided at a meeting of Jacksonville citizens to prepare a celebration for July 4, 1853. Representative citizens attending the meeting were: 42 7 Jacksonville Physicians of the 1850's DR. J. S. MURDOCH THE LIvES of Jacksonville physicians who participated in the medical activities of the eighteen-fifties are of much interest. Dr. John Smith Murdoch,' the first president of the Duval County Medical Society, was born in Frederick, Maryland, November 9, 1818. He was graduated from the Medical College of South Caro- lina, March 30, 1839, and was awarded a medal for special profi- ciency in obstetrics. Dr. Murdoch felt that this was a somewhat doubtful honor, for obstetrics then was largely in the hands of mid- wives, and to be known as an obstetrician was not a mark of dis- tinction. He did not display the medal, but later, in his practice, did stress proper care of the expectant mother and more adequate attention at the time of delivery. His interest in this branch of medicine made him a pioneer in Florida who helped raise obstetrics to its rightful place as one of the important medical specialties. In November, 1842, Dr. Murdoch married Miss Emma Wallace of Columbia, South Carolina, where he lived until 1850. He did not entirely approve of slavery; consequently he owned only a few house servants. When he decided to move to Florida, he offered freedom to each slave who wished to remain in Columbia. In Novem- ber, 1850, he arrived in Jacksonville. Some time later he made his home on the south side of Forsyth Street between Liberty and Washington. On March 25, 1853, Dr. Murdoch was honored by being elected the first president of the first county medical society in Florida.0 Although he had a flourishing practice, he had time to participate in affairs of civic interest and importance. Among other activities, he presided at a meeting of Jacksonville citizens to prepare a celebration for July 4, 1853. Representative citizens attending the meeting were: 7 Jacksonville Physicians of the 1850's DR. J. S. MURDOCH THE LIvES of Jacksonville physicians who participated in the medical activities of the eighteen-fifties are of much interest. Dr. John Smith Murdoch,t the first president of the Duval County Medical Society, was born in Frederick, Maryland, November 9, 1818. He was graduated from the Medical College of South Caro- lina, March 30, 1839, and was awarded a medal for special profi- ciency in obstetrics. Dr. Murdoch felt that this was a somewhat doubtful honor, for obstetrics then was largely in the hands of mid- wives, and to be known as an obstetrician was not a mark of dis- tinction. He did not display the medal, but later, in his practice, did stress proper care of the expectant mother and more adequate attention at the time of delivery. His interest in this branch of medicine made him a pioneer in Florida who helped raise obstetrics to its rightful place as one of the important medical specialties. In November, 1842, Dr. Murdoch married Miss Emma Wallace of Columbia, South Carolina, where he lived until 1850. He did not entirely approve of slavery; consequently he owned only a few house servants. When he decided to move to Florida, he offered freedom to each slave who wished to remain in Columbia. In Novem- ber, 1850, he arrived in Jacksonville. Some time later he made his home on the south side of Forsyth Street between Liberty and Washington. On March 25, 1853, Dr. Murdoch was honored by being elected the first president of the first county medical society in Florida.2 Although he had a flourishing practice, he had time to participate in affairs of civic interest and importance. Among other activities, he presided at a meeting of Jacksonville citizens to prepare a celebration for July 4, 1853. Representative citizens attending the meeting were: 42  JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1850'S 43 "C. Drew, Dr. J. G. Dell, Dr. H. D, Holland, A. A. Canova, S. Buffington, J. A. Barbee, J. H. H. Bours, H. E. W. Clark, Dr. William L'Engle and John Clark."a Dr. Murdoch's account book for 1857 lists the names of 198 persons who consulted him that year, many of whom were prominent citizens of Jacksonville.0 It is pleasing to note that the names of John, James, and Laurens Turknett are listed and that each had apparently recovered from his illness. This information permits the conclusion that all the Turknetts did not lose their lives during the scarlet fever epidemic of 1854 and the yellow fever epidemic of 1857. In 1858 Dr. Murdoch was elected intendant of Jacksonville. A little less than one year later, while he was still in office, the title of the chief executive was changed to mayor; hence Dr. Murdoch held the distinction of being Jacksonville's last intendant. During his administration many old ordinances were revised and republished, and many new ones were passed. Stricter regulation of quarantine to prevent the spread of contagious diseases was established, and the penalty for violation was increased markedly.0 Dr. Murdoch was a man of charming personality who showed evidence of much mental activity and energy. He was sociable, had strong ties with his friends and at times, like many others, gave vent to his emotions. On October 10, 1860, while in a state of depression following strenuous physical and emotional activity, he took his own life with a pistol.0 His body was buried in the City [Willey] Cemetery. Less than one month later, on November 9, Jacksonville lost by death its distinguished and beloved Dr. H. D. Holland. Dr. Holland's casket was carried by his slaves to the Willey Cemetery for burial and at a much later date was moved to the Evergreen Cemetery.7 Thus within the space of one month Jacksonville lost two of its most valuable physicians and influential citizens, Dr. Holland some- what more than fifty-four years of age and Dr. Murdoch not yet forty-two. DR. W. J. L'ENGLE Dr. William Johnson L'Engles was born in St. Augustine, Florida, July 25, 1832. He was graduated from the University of Penn- sylvania School of Medicine in 1853, choosing for his thesis JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1850'S 43 "C. Drew, Dr. J. G. Dell, Dr. H. D. Holland, A. A. Canova, S. Buffington, J. A. Barbee, J. H. H. Bours, H. E. W. Clark, Dr. William L'Engle and John Clark."3 Dr. Murdoch's account book for 1857 lists the names of 198 persons who consulted him that year, many of whom were prominent citizens of Jacksonville.' It is pleasing to note that the names of John, James, and Laurens Turknett are listed and that each had apparently recovered from his illness. This information permits the conclusion that all the Turknetts did not lose their lives during the scarlet fever epidemic of 1854 and the yellow fever epidemic of 1857. In 1858 Dr. Murdoch was elected intendant of Jacksonville. A little less than one year later, while he was still in office, the title of the chief executive was changed to mayor; hence Dr. Murdoch held the distinction of being Jacksonville's last intendant. During his administration many old ordinances were revised and republished, and many new ones were passed. Stricter regulation of quarantine to prevent the spread of contagious diseases was established, and the penalty for violation was increased markedly. Dr. Murdoch was a man of charming personality who showed evidence of much mental activity and energy. He was sociable, had strong ties with his friends and at times, like many others, gave vent to his emotions. On October 10, 1860, while in a state of depression following strenuous physical and emotional activity, he took his own life with a pistol.0 His body was buried in the City [Willey] Cemetery. Less than one month later, on November 9, Jacksonville lost by death its distinguished and beloved Dr. H. D. Holland. Dr. Holland's casket was carried by his slaves to the Willey Cemetery for burial and at a much later date was moved to the Evergreen Cemetery.r Thus within the space of one month Jacksonville lost two of its most valuable physicians and influential citizens, Dr. Holland some- what more than fifty-four years of age and Dr. Murdoch not yet forty-two. DR. W. J. L'ENGLE Dr. William Johnson L'Engles was born in St. Augustine, Florida, July 25, 1832. He was graduated from the University of Penn- sylvania School of Medicine in 1853, choosing for his thesis JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1850'5 43 "C. Drew, Dr. J. G. Dell, Dr. H. D. Holland, A. A. Canova, S. Buffington, J. A. Barbee, J. H. H. Bours, H. E. W. Clark, Dr. William L'Engle and John Clark."0 Dr. Murdoch's account book for 1857 lists the names of 198 persons who consulted him that year, many of whom were prominent citizens of Jacksonville.4 It is pleasing to note that the names of John, James, and Laurens Turknett are listed and that each had apparently recovered from his illness. This information permits the conclusion that all the Turknetts did not lose their lives during the scarlet fever epidemic of 1854 and the yellow fever epidemic of 1857. In 1858 Dr. Murdoch was elected intendant of Jacksonville. A little less than one year later, while he was still in office, the title of the chief executive was changed to mayor; hence Dr. Murdoch held the distinction of being Jacksonville's last intendant. During his administration many old ordinances were revised and republished, and many new ones were passed. Stricter regulation of quarantine to prevent the spread of contagious diseases was established, and the penalty for violation was increased markedly. Dr. Murdoch was a man of charming personality who showed evidence of much mental activity and energy. He was sociable, had strong ties with his friends and at times, like many others, gave vent to his emotions. On October 10, 1860, while in a state of depression following strenuous physical. and emotional activity, he took his own life with a pistoL.6 His body was buried in the City [Willey] Cemetery. Less than one month later, on November 9, Jacksonville lost by death its distinguished and beloved Dr. H. D. Holland. Dr. Holland's casket was carried by his slaves to the Willey Cemetery for burial and at a much later date was moved to the Evergreen Cemetery.0 Thus within the space of one month Jacksonville lost two of its most valuable physicians and influential citizens, Dr. Holland some- what more than fifty-four years of age and Dr. Murdoch not yet forty-two. DR. W. J. L'ENGLE Dr. William Johnson L'Engles was born in St. Augustine, Florida, July 25, 1832. He was graduated from the University of Penn- sylvania School of Medicine in 18553, choosing for his thesis  44 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE "Anaesthesia," a subject which was beginning to thrill the medical world with its possibilities.9 Soon after graduating Dr. L'Engle came to Jacksonville, where he opened his office for the practice of medicine in the Republican Building.l In this office on March 25, 1853, the Duval County Medical Society was founded, and he was elected its first secretary.t1 Dr. L'Engle practiced in Jackson- ville only a few months, after which he moved to St. Marys, Georgia. He married Miss Margaret Saunders of Raleigh, North Carolina, on April 3, 1854. On August 28, 1856, Dr. L'Engle was appointed Assistant Surgeon in the United States Army, was made health officer, and was placed in charge of the Marine Hospital at Key West. After a short time he was transferred to the West Coast of the United States, where he remained for about six months, and then was ordered back East. On October 10, 1858, he was cited for his "unremitting attention to and skillful treatment of both soldiers and citizens" during a severe epidemic of yellow fever at Fort Moultrie, South Carolina. His citation stated that he had qualities which could not fail to win the admiration and the esteem of every officer and soldier of the Fort Moultrie command.t5 Dr. L'Engle was on duty in Texas when that state seceded from the Union. He was transferred with other officers and troops to Fort Jefferson, where, on April 30, 1861, he resigned from the United States Army. After being detained at Fort Jefferson for a short while, he was allowed to leave the post to await the acceptance of his resignation. Proceeding almost immediately to Montgomery, Alabama, Dr. L'Engle offered his services to the Confederate States, and from there he left for Pensacola to obtain two Negroes at Fort Pickens. Upon arrival he felt feverish and ill. On May 11 a physician was summoned who wrote a prescription calling for, among other things, % grain of morphine, but the pharmacist by mistake compounded the prescription with 20 grains of that drug. After taking nearly all of the prescription in broken doses, Dr. L'Engle became violently ill; three physicians were called who succeeded in reviving him temporarily. Upon learning that he had taken nearly 20 grains of morphine instead of /2 grain he is said to have "folded his hands together" and remarked, "I am a dead man then." On May 13, two days after his tragic death, Dr. L'Engle was commissioned to serve as Surgeon in the Army of the Confederacy. 1 44 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE "Anaesthesia," a subject which was beginning to thrill the medical world with its possibilities.9 Soon after graduating Dr. L'Engle came to Jacksonville, where he opened his office for the practice of medicine in the Republican Building.1" In this office on March 25, 1853, the Duval County Medical Society was founded, and he was elected its first secretary.11 Dr. L'Engle practiced in Jackson- ville only a few months, after which he moved to St. Marys, Georgia. He married Miss Margaret Saunders of Raleigh, North Carolina, on April 3, 1854. On August 28, 1856, Dr. L'Engle was appointed Assistant Surgeon in the United States Army, was made health officer, and was placed in charge of the Marine Hospital at Key West. After a short time he was transferred to the West Coast of the United States, where he remained for about six months, and then was ordered back East. On October 10, 1858, he was cited for his "unremitting attention to and skillful treatment of both soldiers and citizens" during a severe epidemic of yellow fever at Fort Moultrie, South Carolina. His citation stated that he had qualities which could not fail to win the admiration and the esteem of every officer and soldier of the Fort Moultrie command 1 Dr. L'Engle was on duty in Texas when that state seceded from the Union. He was transferred with other officers and troops to Fort Jefferson, where, on April 30, 1861, he resigned from the United States Army. After being detained at Fort Jefferson for a short while, he was allowed to leave the post to await the acceptance of his resignation. Proceeding almost immediately to Montgomery, Alabama, Dr. L'Engle offered his services to the Confederate States, and from there he left for Pensacola to obtain two Negroes at Fort Pickens. Upon arrival he felt feverish and ill. On May 11 a physician was summoned who wrote a prescription calling for, among other things, % grain of morphine, but the pharmacist by mistake compounded the prescription with 20 grains of that drug. After taking nearly all of the prescription in broken doses, Dr. L'Engle became violently ill; three physicians were called who succeeded in reviving him temporarily. Upon learning that he had taken nearly 20 grains of morphine instead of % grain he is said to have "folded his hands together" and remarked, "I am a dead man then." On May 13, two days after his tragic death, Dr. L'Engle was commissioned to serve as Surgeon in the Army of the Confederacy.t 44 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE "Anaesthesia," a subject which was beginning to thrill the medical world with its possibilities.9 Soon after graduating Dr. L'Engle came to Jacksonville, where he opened his office for the practice of medicine in the Republican Building.10 In this office on March 25, 1853, the Duval County Medical Society was founded, and he was elected its first secretary."5 Dr. L'Engle practiced in Jackson- ville only a few months, after which he moved to St. Marys, Georgia. He married Miss Margaret Saunders of Raleigh, North Carolina, on April 3, 1854. On August 28, 1856, Dr. L'Engle was appointed Assistant Surgeon in the United States Army, was made health officer, and was placed in charge of the Marine Hospital at Key West. After a short time he was transferred to the West Coast of the United States, where he remained for about six months, and then was ordered back East. On October 10, 1858, he was cited for his "unremitting attention to and skillful treatment of both soldiers and citizens" during a severe epidemic of yellow fever at Fort Moultrie, South Carolina. His citation stated that he had qualities which could not fail to win the admiration and the esteem of every officer and soldier of the Fort Moultrie command.nu Dr. L'Engle was on duty in Texas when that state seceded from the Union. He was transferred with other officers and troops to Fort Jefferson, where, on April 30, 1861, he resigned from the United States Army. After being detained at Fort Jefferson for a short while, he was allowed to leave the post to await the acceptance of his resignation. Proceeding almost immediately to Montgomery, Alabama, Dr. L'Engle offered his services to the Confederate States, and from there he left for Pensacola to obtain two Negroes at Fort Pickens. Upon arrival he felt feverish and ill. On May 11 a physician was summoned who wrote a prescription calling for, among other things, % grain of morphine, but the pharmacist by mistake compounded the prescription with 20 grains of that drug. After taking nearly all of the prescription in broken doses, Dr. L'Engle became violently ill; three physicians were called who succeeded in reviving him temporarily. Upon learning that he had taken nearly 20 grains of morphine instead of /2 grain he is said to have "folded his hands together" and remarked, "I am a dead man then." On May 13, two days after his tragic death, Dr. L'Engle was commissioned to serve as Surgeon in the Army of the Confederacyrn  JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE i850'S 45 DR. J. G. DELL Dr. James Gadsden Dell was born November 30, 1825.11 About his early life little information is available. In March, 1853, he was appointed collector of customs for Jacksonville15 and in the same month he became a member of the founders' group of the Duval County Medical Society.10 On September 20, 1857, after a trip North, Dr. Dell returned to Jacksonville on a steamer in apparent good health. While preparing to retire that night, he was seized with faintness and died almost instantaneously with what physicians pronounced "a heart attack." An editorial in the Florida News stated: "In the death of Dr. Dell Jacksonville has lost one of its most enterprising citizens, the democrats one of their strong rods and the Internal Improvements projected for this section one of its strongest supporters."17 DR. R. P. DANIEL Dr. Richard Potts Daniel,18 son of James M. and E. Jaqueline H. Daniel,* was born in Pineville, Charleston District, South Carolina, August 19, 1828. Soon after Richard's birth his father moved to Columbia, South Carolina, to take charge of the Male Academy in that city, and it was there that the boy received the first impressions of his childhood. In later years he wrote with feeling that his mother sang "those dear old Scotch melodies while she played on the queer old spindle legged piano" and that his father played the flute and could dance "Fischer Hornpipe" splendidly. One of Dr. Daniel's earliest recollections was of riding behind his father on a horse" ... tied on with a handkerchief for I was a very small boy . .. when I was almost four, I remember being lifted upon the bed . .. to look at a brand new little baby brother, Jacquelin-he .. . was a twin.t When very young, Richard fell from a fence and fractured his right collar bone. In later years he wrote: " ... they must have been careless about my recovery-because I have been left handed through my life-a serious inconvenience to say the least." Young *Formerly E. Jaqueline H. Murdoch, mother of Dr. John Smith Murdoch. tColonel J.J. Daniel, later an important figure in the medical history of Duval County. JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1850'S 45 DR. J. G. DELL Dr. James Gadsden Dell was born November 30, 1825.11 About his early life little information is available. In March, 1853, he was appointed collector of customs for Jacksonville-t and in the same month he became a member of the founders' group of the Duval County Medical Society.16 On September 20, 1857, after a trip North, Dr. Dell returned to Jacksonville on a steamer in apparent good health. While preparing to retire that night, he was seized with faintness and died almost instantaneously with what physicians pronounced "a heart attack." An editorial in the Florida News stated: "In the death of Dr. Dell Jacksonville has lost one of its most enterprising citizens, the democrats one of their strong rods and the Internal Improvements projected for this section one of its strongest supporters."17 DR. R. P. DANIEL Dr. Richard Potts Daniel,18 son of James Ml. and E. Jaqueline H. Daniel,* was born in Pineville, Charleston District, South Carolina, August 19, 1828. Soon after Richard's birth his father moved to Columbia, South Carolina, to take charge of the Male Academy in that city, and it was there that the boy received the first impressions of his childhood. In later years he wrote with feeling that his mother sang "those dear old Scotch melodies while she played on the queer old spindle legged piano" and that his father played the flute and could dance "Fischer Hornpipe" splendidly. One of Dr. Daniel's earliest recollections was of riding behind his father on a horse" ... tied on with a handkerchief for I was a very small boy ... when I was almost four, I remember being lifted upon the bed ... to look at a brand new little baby brother, Jacquelin-he .. . was a twin.-t When very young, Richard fell from a fence and fractured his right collar bone. In later years he wrote: " ... they must have been careless about my recovery-because I have been left handed through my life-a serious inconvenience to say the least." Young *Formerly E. Jaqueline H. Murdoch, mother of Dr. John Smith Murdoch. tColonel J. J. Daniel, later an important figure in the medical history of Duval County. JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1850'S 45 DR. J. G. DELL Dr. James Gadsden Dell was born November 30, 18250 About his early life little information is available. In March, 1853, he was appointed collector of customs for JacksonvilleO and in the same month he became a member of the founders' group of the Duval County Medical Societyl On September 20, 1857, after a trip North, Dr. Dell returned to Jacksonville on a steamer in apparent good health. While preparing to retire that night, he was seized with faintness and died almost instantaneously with what physicians pronounced "a heart attack." An editorial in the Florida News stated: "In the death of Dr. Dell Jacksonville has lost one of its most enterprising citizens, the democrats one of their strong rods and the Internal Improvements projected for this section one of its strongest supporters."17 DR. R. P. DANIEL Dr. Richard Potts Daniel,8 son of James M. and E. Jaqueline H. Daniel,* was born in Pineville, Charleston District, South Carolina, August 19, 1828. Soon after Richard's birth his father moved to Columbia, South Carolina, to take charge of the Male Academy in that city, and it was there that the boy received the first impressions of his childhood. In later years he wrote with feeling that his mother sang "those dear old Scotch melodies while she played on the queer old spindle legged piano" and that his father played the flute and could dance "Fischer Hornpipe" splendidly. One of Dr. Daniel's earliest recollections was of riding behind his father on a horse" ... tied on with a handkerchief for I was a very small boy ... when I was almost four, I remember being lifted upon the bed ... to look at a brand new little baby brother, Jacquelin-he .. . was a twin.t When very young, Richard fell from a fence and fractured his right collar bone. In later years he wrote: " ... they must have been careless about my recovery-because I have been left handed through my life-a serious inconvenience to say the least." Young *Formerly E. Jaqueline H. Murdoch, mother of Dr. John Smith Murdoch. tColonel J. J. Daniel, later an important figure in the medical history of Duval County.  46 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Richard was every inch a boy. On one occasion ". .my step- brother, John,* ... was building a pigeon house. I kept meddling with his tools although he charged me not to do so-finally whilst trying to chop with a spade I chopped one of my great toes off it merely hanging by the skin on sole of foot.... It grew together all right...." Richard's father was a strict disciplinarian and used the hickory rod freely on both Richard and the boys of the academy. Neverthe- less, Mr. Daniel was a talented teacher, tireless in both mind and body, and was popular with the boys. Richard attended high school in Columbia and after graduating began to teach in the schools. Early in the year 1847 his father decided to move South. Leaving a comfortable home in Columbia, the family set out for a rough and primitive section of Florida. In later years Dr. Daniel wrote: I was about ... eighteen years old and preceded the rest by a few weeks-coming on ahead with a wagon and four or five negro men to prepare things somewhat. Mother and the smaller children, as well as an aunt ... rode in the family coach. Father had rented from Captain Wm. Haddock a small farm in Nassau County in the fork of the Mills' and Thomas' creeks, which two, united, form Nassau River. . . . The farm was some twenty-two or three miles northwest of Jacksonville .. . a clearing of ten or twelve acres in the midst of a magnificent virgin forest of yellow pine, which then covered most of Duval and Nassau Counties, held a little group of shanties . . . the living house was a log pen with rough piazzas front and rear. . . . The floor was of great wide boards cut from logs with a whip saw ... clapboards were the shingles ... and formed the weather-boarding.... The chimney was built of mud and sticks with a huge fireplace that one could sit inside of when there was only a small fire. A hole about eighteen or twenty-four inches, cut in a log near the chimney, served as a window outside of which was a rough, swinging shutter with wooden hinges. Mrs. Daniel was an invalid with a chronic cough. She found life on the frontier hard, but never complained. The rough, free living *Dr. John Smith Murdoch. 46 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Richard was every inch a boy. On one occasion ". . . my step- brother, John,* .. . was building a pigeon house. I kept meddling with his tools although he charged me not to do so-finally whilst trying to chop with a spade I chopped one of my great toes off it merely hanging by the skin on sole of foot.... It grew together all right ..." Richard's father was a strict disciplinarian and used the hickory rod freely on both Richard and the boys of the academy. Neverthe- less, Mr. Daniel was a talented teacher, tireless in both mind and body, and was popular with the boys. Richard attended high school in Columbia and after graduating began to teach in the schools. Early in the year 1847 his father decided to move South. Leaving a comfortable home in Columbia, the family set out for a rough and primitive section of Florida. In later years Dr. Daniel wrote: I was about ... eighteen years old and preceded the rest by a few weeks-coming on ahead with a wagon and four or five negro men to prepare things somewhat. Mother and the smaller children, as well as an aunt ... rode in the family coach. Father had rented from Captain Wm. Haddock a small farm in Nassau County in the fork of the Mills' and Thomas' creeks, which two, united, form Nassau River.. . The farm was some twenty-two or three miles northwest of Jacksonville ... a clearing of ten or twelve acres in the midst of a magnificent virgin forest of yellow pine, which then covered most of Duval and Nassau Counties, held a little group of shanties . the living house was a log pen with rough piazzas front and rear. . . . The floor was of great wide boards cut from logs with a whip saw . .. clapboards were the shingles . .. and formed the weather-boarding.... The chimney was built of mud and sticks with a huge fireplace that one could sit inside of when there was only a small fire. A hole about eighteen or twenty-four inches, cut in a log near the chimney, served as a window outside of which was a rough, swinging shutter with wooden hinges. Mrs. Daniel was an invalid with a chronic cough. She found life on the frontier hard, but never complained. The rough, free living *Dr. John Smith Murdoch. 46 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Richard was every inch a boy. On one occasion ". . . my step- brother, John,* .. . was building a pigeon house. I kept meddling with his tools although he charged me not to do so-finally whilst trying to chop with a spade I chopped one of my great toes off it merely hanging by the skin on sole of foot.... It grew together all right... ." Richard's father was a strict disciplinarian and used the hickory rod freely on both Richard and the boys of the academy. Neverthe- less, Mr. Daniel was a talented teacher, tireless in both mind and body, and was popular with the boys. Richard attended high school in Columbia and after graduating began to teach in the schools. Early in the year 1847 his father decided to move South. Leaving a comfortable home in Columbia, the family set out for a rough and primitive section of Florida. In later years Dr. Daniel wrote: I was about ... eighteen years old and preceded the rest by a few weeks-coming on ahead with a wagon and four or five negro men to prepare things somewhat. Mother and the smaller children, as well as an aunt ... rode in the family coach. Father had rented from Captain Wm. Haddock a small farm in Nassau County in the fork of the Mills' and Thomas' creeks, which two, united, form Nassau River. . . The farm was some twenty-two or three miles northwest of Jacksonville .. .a clearing of ten or twelve acres in the midst of a magnificent virgin forest of yellow pine, which then covered most of Duval and Nassau Counties, held a little group of shanties . . . the living house was a log pen with rough piazzas front and rear. . . . The floor was of great wide boards cut from logs with a whip saw . . . clapboards were the shingles . . . and formed the weather-boarding..... The chimney was built of mud and sticks with a huge fireplace that one could sit inside of when there was only a small fire. A hole about eighteen or twenty-four inches, cut in a log near the chimney, served as a window outside of which was a rough, swinging shutter with wooden hinges. Mrs. Daniel was an invalid with a chronic cough. She found life on the frontier hard, but never complained. The rough, free living *Dr. John Smith Murdoch.  JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1850'S 47 held charm for young Richard, and in later years he wrote with considerable warmth and feeling, describing the primitive life: The ... people in this sparsely settled region lived simply and roughly ... but never wanted ... or went into debt . . . all had cattle and hogs (some sheep). In the woods cane, corn, and sweet potatoes gave sugar, syrup, cornbread and hominy ... a small patch of long- staple cotton ginned on a simple roller handpin and picked by hand too, gave enough cash to buy their coffee, simple clothing and other outside needs . .. cattle always represented a cash asset, too.. . Everybody ground their corn for meal or grits at home-either with a small pair of stones set upon a block and worked by hand or with a small steel mill also turned by hand. Mr. Daniel, aided by a crew of Negroes, did the logging, which was tedious and risky work, while Richard, assisted by his brother, worked zealously in the fields making the crop. Toward the end of the summer the boys were stricken with malaria and were seriously ill. Mr. Daniel, concluding that this life was too rigorous, moved his family into Jacksonville in the fall of 1847 and rented a small cottage which stood on Market Street at the corner of Duval-many years later the site of the Telfair Stockton residence. This location, now in downtown Jacksonville, was then in the heart of a pine grove in which wire grass and cockspur abounded. There was an occasional narrow boardwalk; the streets were sandy; the houses were scatteredt9 Becoming interested in medicine, Richard studied in the office of Dr. H. D. Holland and in 1848 entered the Medical College of South Carolina at Charleston. In 1849 he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia, where he was graduated on April 5, 1851, choosing for his thesis, "Dengue As It Appeared in Jacksonville in 1850." Returning to his home to practice medicine, Dr. Daniel was elected the first treasurer of the Duval County Medical Society.20 In the fall of 1854 Dr. Daniel was commissioned Assistant Surgeon in the United States Navy and was assigned to the frigate Columbia, then lying in the Navy Yard near Pensacola. En route from Virginia, where he had been visiting relatives, Dr. Daniel passed through Augusta, Georgia, and Birmingham, Alabama, where epidemics of yellow fever were raging, and was actively exposed to the disease in JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1850'S 47 held charm for young Richard, and in later years he wrote with considerable warmth and feeling, describing the primitive life: The . . . people in this sparsely settled region lived simply and roughly .. .but never wanted ... or went into debt . . . all had cattle and hogs (some sheep). In the woods cane, corn, and sweet potatoes gave sugar, syrup, cornbread and hominy. .. a small patch of long- staple cotton ginned on a simple roller handpin and picked by hand too, gave enough cash to buy their coffee, simple clothing and other outside needs . . . cattle always represented a cash asset, too.. . Everybody ground their corn for meal or grits at home-either with a small pair of stones set upon a block and worked by hand or with a small steel mill also turned by Sand. Mr. Daniel, aided by a crew of Negroes, did the logging, which was tedious and risky work, while Richard, assisted by his brother, worked zealously in the fields making the crop. Toward the end of the summer the boys were stricken with malaria and were seriously ill. Mr. Daniel, concluding that this life was too rigorous, moved his family into Jacksonville in the fall of 1847 and rented a small cottage which stood on Market Street at the corner of Duval-many years later the site of the Telfair Stockton residence. This location, now in downtown Jacksonville, was then in the heart of a pine grove in which wire grass and cockspur abounded. There was an occasional narrow boardwalk; the streets were sandy; the houses were scattered.tl Becoming interested in medicine, Richard studied in the office of Dr. H. D. Holland and in 1848 entered the Medical College of South Carolina at Charleston. In 1849 he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia, where he was graduated on April 5, 1851, choosing for his thesis, "Dengue As It Appeared in Jacksonville in 1850." Returning to his home to practice medicine, Dr. Daniel was elected the first treasurer of the Duval County Medical Societyaon In the fall of 1854 Dr. Daniel was commissioned Assistant Surgeon in the United States Navy and was assigned to the frigate Columbia, then lying in the Navy Yard near Pensacola. En route from Virginia, where he had been visiting relatives, Dr. Daniel passed through Augusta, Georgia, and Birmingham, Alabama, where epidemics of yellow fever were raging, and was actively exposed to the disease in JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1850'S 47 held charm for young Richard, and in later years he wrote with considerable warmth and feeling, describing the primitive life: The . . . people in this sparsely settled region lived simply and roughly ... but never wanted ... or went into debt ... all had cattle and hogs (some sheep). In the woods cane, corn, and sweet potatoes gave sugar, syrup, cornbread and hominy . . . a small patch of long- staple cotton ginned on a simple roller handpin and picked by hand too, gave enough cash to buy their coffee, simple clothing and other outside needs .. .cattle always represented a cash asset, too.. . Everybody ground their corn for meal or grits at home-either with a small pair of stones set upon a block and worked by hand or with a small steel mill also turned by hand. Mr. Daniel, aided by a crew of Negroes, did the logging, which was tedious and risky work, while Richard, assisted by his brother, worked zealously in the fields making the crop. Toward the end of the summer the boys were stricken with malaria and were seriously ill. Mr. Daniel, concluding that this life was too rigorous, moved his family into Jacksonville in the fall of 1847 and rented a small cottage which stood on Market Street at the corner of Duval--many years later the site of the Telfair Stockton residence. This location, now in downtown Jacksonville, was then in the heart of a pine grove in which wire grass and cockspur abounded. There was an occasional narrow boardwalk; the streets were sandy; the houses were scattered 1n Becoming interested in medicine, Richard studied in the office of Dr. H. D. Holland and in 1848 entered the Medical College of South Carolina at Charleston. In 1849 he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia, where he was graduated on April 5, 1851, choosing for his thesis, "Dengue As It Appeared in Jacksonville in 1850." Returning to his home to practice medicine, Dr. Daniel was elected the first treasurer of the Duval County Medical Society0o In the fall of 1854 Dr. Daniel was commissioned Assistant Surgeon in the United States Navy and was assigned to the frigate Columbia, then lying in the Navy Yard near Pensacola. En route from Virginia, where he had been visiting relatives, Dr. Daniel passed through Augusta, Georgia, and Birmingham, Alabama, where epidemics of yellow fever were raging, and was actively exposed to the disease in  48 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE each of these cities. This was Dr. Daniel's first contact with yellow fever, but he did not contract the disease until later. He arrived safely in Pensacola and reported for duty on the frigate. Ordered to St. Thomas Island a few weeks later, his ship reached that destination about the first of February, 1855. After sailors had been allowed shore leave, it was discovered that a malignant type of yellow fever was prevalent on the island. In the course of a few days two or three cases of fever occurred among the crew, whereupon urgent orders were issued for the ship to sail for Norfolk, Virginia. The uncertainties incident to weather at that time of the year made the voyage tedious. Nearly every day a member of the crew died of yellow fever and was buried at sea. Dr. Daniel was at great disadvantage in treating the patients properly for the man-of-war was crowded, the quarters were poorly ventilated, and he could not get competent nursing help. Many years later he wrote: We had an old "Son-of-a-Gun" of a Fleet Surgeon who seemed imbued with the therapeutic ideas of the eighteenth century in regard to the treatment of yellow fever and went recklessly on shovelling in scruple doses of calomel with other drastic and depleting measures regardless of direful results. Providentially, I myself was not taken ill with the fever until the morning of the day we anchored in Chesa- peake Bay; and a few hours afterwards I was carried ashore to the Naval Hospital at Portsmouth where, under the kind and judicious care of the Surgeon in charge at that place, I was but mildly illaa After Dr. Daniel recovered from his illness he was assigned to the San Jacinto, a flagship in the United States Navy. On October 25, 1855, the ship set sail and for forty-four months did not return to the United States. During a major portion of this time Dr. Daniel sailed the seas of the Orient. "A Medical Journal" with notes on the voyage of the San Jacinto written by Dr. Daniel is in the possession of his nephew, Mr. Richard P. Daniel of Jacksonville. This record shows an orderly, careful observation of the sick on board the vessel and offers entertaining reading to the layman as well as to the physician .22 In 1859 Dr. Daniel resigned from the United States Navy and during the summer of that year returned to Florida. With the exception of three years spent in serving the army of the Confed- eracy, he devoted his long life to the practice of medicine in Jackson- 48 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE each of these cities. This was Dr. Daniel's first contact with yellow fever, but he did not contract the disease until later. He arrived safely in Pensacola and reported for duty on the frigate. Ordered to St. Thomas Island a few weeks later, his ship reached that destination about the first of February, 1855. After sailors had been allowed shore leave, it was discovered that a malignant type of yellow fever was prevalent on the island. In the course of a few days two or three cases of fever occurred among the crew, whereupon urgent orders were issued for the ship to sail for Norfolk, Virginia. The uncertainties incident to weather at that time of the year made the voyage tedious. Nearly every day a member of the crew died of yellow fever and was buried at sea. Dr. Daniel was at great disadvantage in treating the patients properly for the man-of-war was crowded, the quarters were poorly ventilated, and he could not get competent nursing help. Many years later he wrote: We had an old "Son-of-a-Gun" of a Fleet Surgeon who seemed imbued with the therapeutic ideas of the eighteenth century in regard to the treatment of yellow fever and went recklessly on shovelling in scruple doses of calomel with other drastic and depleting measures regardless of direful results. Providentially, I myself was not taken ill with the fever until the morning of the day we anchored in Chesa- peake Bay; and a few hours afterwards I was carried ashore to the Naval Hospital at Portsmouth where, under the kind and judicious care of the Surgeon in charge at that place, I was but mildly ill.0 After Dr. Daniel recovered from his illness he was assigned to the San Jacinto, a flagship in the United States Navy. On October 25, 1855, the ship set sail and for forty-four months did not return to the United States. During a major portion of this time Dr. Daniel sailed the seas of the Orient. "A Medical Journal" with notes on the voyage of the San Jacinto written by Dr. Daniel is in the possession of his nephew, Mr. Richard P. Daniel of Jacksonville. This record shows an orderly, careful observation of the sick on board the vessel and offers entertaining reading to the layman as well as to the physician.00 In 1859 Dr. Daniel resigned from the United States Navy and during the summer of that year returned to Florida. With the exception of three years spent in serving the army of the Confed- eracy, he devoted his long life to the practice of medicine in Jackson- 48 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE each of these cities. This was Dr. Daniel's first contact with yellow fever, but he did not contract the disease until later. He arrived safely in Pensacola and reported for duty on the frigate. Ordered to St. Thomas Island a few weeks later, his ship reached that destination about the first of February, 1855. After sailors had been allowed shore leave, it was discovered that a malignant type of yellow fever was prevalent on the island. In the course of a few days two or three cases of fever occurred among the crew, whereupon urgent orders were issued for the ship to sail for Norfolk, Virginia. The uncertainties incident to weather at that time of the year made the voyage tedious. Nearly every day a member of the crew died of yellow fever and was buried at sea. Dr. Daniel was at great disadvantage in treating the patients properly for the man-of-war was crowded, the quarters were poorly ventilated, and he could not get competent nursing help. Many years later he wrote: We had an old "Son-of-a-Gun" of a Fleet Surgeon who seemed imbued with the therapeutic ideas of the eighteenth century in regard to the treatment of yellow fever and went recklessly on shovelling in scruple doses of calomel with other drastic and depleting measures regardless of direful results. Providentially, I myself was not taken ill with the fever until the morning of the day we anchored in Chesa- peake Bay; and a few hours afterwards I was carried ashore to the Naval Hospital at Portsmouth where, under the kind and judicious care of the Surgeon in charge at that place, I was but mildly ill After Dr. Daniel recovered from his illness he was assigned to the San Jacinto, a flagship in the United States Navy. On October 25, 1855, the ship set sail and for forty-four months did not return to the United States. During a major portion of this time Dr. Daniel sailed the seas of the Orient. "A Medical Journal" with notes on the voyage of the San Jacinto written by Dr. Daniel is in the possession of his nephew, Mr. Richard P. Daniel of Jacksonville. This record shows an orderly, careful observation of the sick on board the vessel and offers entertaining reading to the layman as well as to the physician.- In 1859 Dr. Daniel resigned from the United States Navy and during the summer of that year returned to Florida. With the exception of three years spent in serving the army of the Confed- eracy, he devoted his long life to the practice of medicine in Jackson-  JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1850'S 49 ville. Later pages of this history will bring out in more detail the life and activity of Dr. Daniel. Born seventeen years after Dr. Baldwin, he survived his senior by almost the same number of years. At the time of his death in 1915, in his eighty-seventh year, Dr. Daniel was recognized as the outstanding leader of the medical profession in Duval County. During the eighteen-fifties Jacksonville was preparing for a phenomenal growth. Few then realized that the town would become the chief port and railroad center of the Southeastern seaboard. Its growth and development, however, were to be seriously delayed by the War Between the States. JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1850'S 49 ville. Later pages of this history will bring out in more detail the life and activity of Dr. Daniel. Born seventeen years after Dr. Baldwin, he survived his senior by almost the same number of years. At the time of his death in 1915, in his eighty-seventh year, Dr. Daniel was recognized as the outstanding leader of the medical profession in Duval County. During the eighteen-fifties Jacksonville was preparing for a phenomenal growth. Few then realized that the town would become the chief port and railroad center of the Southeastern seaboard. Its growth and development, however, were to be seriously delayed by the War Between the States. JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1850'S 49 ville. Later pages of this history will bring out in more detail the life and activity of Dr. Daniel. Born seventeen years after Dr. Baldwin, he survived his senior by almost the same number of years. At the time of his death in 1915, in his eighty-seventh year, Dr. Daniel was recognized as the outstanding leader of the medical profession in Duval County. During the eighteen-fifties Jacksonville was preparing for a phenomenal growth. Few then realized that the town would become the chief port and railroad center of the Southeastern seaboard. Its growth and development, however, were to be seriously delayed by the War Between the States. Dr. R. P. Daniel Dr. R. P. Daniel Dr. R. P. Daniel  8 The War Between the States DR. HOLMES STEELE IN FLORIDA the year of 1860 was one of agitation, unrest, and half- hearted military preparation. On October 26, Dr. Holmes Steele of Jacksonville wrote to the Floridian and Journal in Tallahassee: Gentlemen: I desire through the columns of your paper as a central organ reaching . .. more portions of the state perhaps than any other, to make a suggestion which I think opportune. . . . I have been gratified to notice, in various portions of the state during the past year, that there have been several volunteer companies organized and equipped, both of infantry, cavalry, and artillery. First among them stands "The Jacksonville Light Infantry." As the honored chief of this gallant corps I would invite the attention of the com- missioned officers and of the rank and file of all volunteer companies of the state of the propriety of associating in a volunteer battalion and applying to the ensuing legislature for a charter under which to organize and which shall grant to the battalion the privilege of electing its own officers . . . to give it activity, vigor and efficiency. The great advantages of such an organization . . . are too prominent and suggestive to require specification at my hands.... The times, gentlemen, are ominous; and while viewing the signs, let us "in peace prepare for war" for though no evil may come, yet it is the imperative duty of the state to arm... . Holmes Steele, Captain Jacksonville Light Infantry.t Dr. Steele was a physician who had wide interests. He was born in Charleston, South Carolina, about 1820, and after graduating from medical school he joined the faculty of the Oglethorpe Medical Col- lege where he served as professor of obstetrics for about five years.u Dr. Steele interested himself in national as well as local affairs of 5s 8 The War Between the States DR. HOLMES STEELE AN coRIDA the year of 1860 was one of agitation, unrest, and half- hearted military preparation. On October 26, Dr. Holmes Steele of Jacksonville wrote to the Floridian and Journal in Tallahassee: Gentlemen: I desire through the columns of your paper as a central organ reaching . . . more portions of the state perhaps than any other, to make a suggestion which I think opportune. ... I have been gratified to notice, in various portions of the state during the past year, that there have been several volunteer companies organized and equipped, both of infantry, cavalry, and artillery. First among them stands "The Jacksonville Light Infantry." As the honored chief of this gallant corps I would invite the attention of the com- missioned officers and of the rank and file of all volunteer companies of the state of the propriety of associating in a volunteer battalion and applying to the ensuing legislature for a charter under which to organize and which shall grant to the battalion the privilege of electing its own officers . . . to give it activity, vigor and efficiency. The great advantages of such an organization ... are too prominent and suggestive to require specification at my hands.. . The times, gentlemen, are ominous; and while viewing the signs, let us "in peace prepare for war" for though no evil may come, yet it is the imperative duty of the state to arm... . Holmes Steele, Captain Jacksonville Light Infantry.' Dr. Steele was a physician who had wide interests. He was born in Charleston, South Carolina, about 1820, and after graduating from medical school he joined the faculty of the Oglethorpe Medical Col- lege where he served as professor of obstetrics for about five years.a Dr. Steele interested himself in national as well as local affairs of 50o 8 The War Between the States DR. HOLMES STEELE IN FLORIDA the year of 1860 was one of agitation, unrest, and half- hearted military preparation. On October 26, Dr. Holmes Steele of Jacksonville wrote to the Floridian and Journal in Tallahassee: Gentlemen: I desire through the columns of your paper as a central organ reaching . . . more portions of the state perhaps than any other, to make a suggestion which I think opportune. . . . I have been gratified to notice, in various portions of the state during the past year, that there have been several volunteer companies organized and equipped, both of infantry, cavalry, and artillery. First among them stands "The Jacksonville Light Infantry." As the honored chief of this gallant corps I would invite the attention of the com- missioned officers and of the rank and file of all volunteer companies of the state of the propriety of associating in a volunteer battalion and applying to the ensuing legislature for a charter under which to organize and which shall grant to the battalion the privilege of electing its own officers . .. to give it activity, vigor and efficiency. The great advantages of such an organization . .. are too prominent and suggestive to require specification at my hands.... The times, gentlemen, are ominous; and while viewing the signs, let us "in peace prepare for war" for though no evil may come, yet it is the imperative duty of the state to arm... . Holmes Steele, Captain Jacksonville Light Infantry.1 Dr. Steele was a physician who had wide interests. He was born in Charleston, South Carolina, about 1820, and after graduating from medical school he joined the faculty of the Oglethorpe Medical Col- lege where he served as professor of obstetrics for about five years. Dr. Steele interested himself in national as well as local affairs of 50  THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 51 governnments In July, l85t, soon alter he arired in Jacksonville, this versatile leader hecame editoe af the Jacksontter Standrd, a demacratic newspaper which began pablicatira dneing that month.t In April, 1159, he was elected mayor and later that same wrath was wade captain ol the Jacksoaville Light Infantry when it was rgan- izedon April S0. That Dr. Steele was physician. editor, mayor, and captain. Sara after hecoming mayr he stimulated the city Board a1 Health late activity. Garbage red sewage disposal hecame mate adeqate, lime was used ware freely tn disinfect the steets, and many line shade trees were planted.5 On July 4, 1159, the Jacksonsilte Eight Infantry held its tierst street parade. The etahorate uniforms-ceats of hire clash wish three rams at hears buttons dawn the leant, treaters at white, and high capsrwthpompons-were clorfl* The company marched tram the Armory, then an the nrth side at Bay Street hetween Hogan and Julia, to the country, aot where Florida Arenue new is located, lee target practice. Besides Dr. Steele ether weBl-karma residents enrolled in this vrlunteer organizatsion stee Messrs. T. E. Buckman, S. Buffington, J. J. Daniel, Aristides Doggett, L. I. Flem- ing, and 0. L. Keene.t Dr. Steele's letter of Octeher 26, 1860, stating that the times were ominous and that it was the imperstive duty at the state to arm, thaws the trend at that day. Altr the national election at Novemher 7, the Floridian at Tallahassee voiced the common senti- ment at Flrida when it declared: "Lincoln is elected. There is a beginning at the end. Sectionalism has triumphed. What is In be *even yeas ltr, in tuty, tart, at a meeting when each msembes at the rnfartry mart hare had vivid memrires af the war, the style at the uniformst wsasresised with an emsphasiston changc at sates teem bire toerey. '..The-tifrmntortbetloftdar reyijarnithtgrreetolarsandrcuffsrn thecorat,andatgreean stedontheotersidesroftherats. Thecoatsstf the oftarers and noecomwssioedr officrs to bear .t he tnsdania at sash -..Ahbarc etthattobe 4inhesthtghiterrnrwtharimtw21/, inches wid; to eloopedup ra the rightsddwitharglttar,adecontatina black osrchetathrrtlume;and thaetheldevicerofthercomanarca iat weath enclosint the leaters J.L.I. in ahite metal, beneath which war the late art9. The officert hats to ..-. hare the tree adetuwe -... on the lett side inttead a1 thereight."6 THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 5t prment.5 In July, 1818, sara alter he rnted in Jacksonvllte, this vrsaeile leader became editr at the Jacksonville Standard, a democratic newspaper which hegan puhlication daring that month.' In Aped, lOSS, he was elected mayr and later that same month war made captain at the Jacksonville Light Infantry when it was rgan- lard en April 30. That He. Steele was physician, editor, mayer, and raptain. Seen after becoming mayor he stimulated she city Beard at Health late artisty. Grbhage and sewage disposal became mere adeqate, limewasausedmoefreely to disinfect the streets, and many line shade trees were planted.t Ha July 4, 1159, she Jacksonville Eight tnfantry held its tierst street parade. The elaborate uniforms-coass at hlre clash with threerowstafhratsshattonsadownthefrnt,erasers oftwhite,and high caps with pompons-werretlrtul.t The rompany marched team the Armory, then an the nrth tide at Bay Street hetween Hogan and Julia,. to she country, ahout where Florida Avenue arm is treated, tar larger practice. Besides Dr. Steele ether well-known residents enrtlled in this volunseer organiation were Messes. T. E. Buckman, S. Buffington, J. J. Daniel, Aristides Doggett, L. I. Flem- ing. and 0. L. Keene.a Dr. Steele's letter at Ocsoher 26, 1860, seating that the timer were eminent and that it was the imperatire duty at the state to arm, thaws the trend at that dry. Altr the nation at election at Nosember 7, the Floridian at Tatlahassee voired the commonrseni- menteottFlrida when itdclared:"Lincrlnais eecte. Therrisa heginning aftshe end. Sectionalism has triumphed. What is to be *eern years errer, is July, s866, at a meeting rwren errs wmmbr aftshe infantry mat hare ad rinid memories of tire wr, the stle of the uniforms watsresedrwith antemrhasisronehangeoflortefrom bluert re. -..Thecuniform trherofarkhgeeiransnwithgreenrorrandlcuffsn thercoatran aagrenstriperdownhe outersdes ofthepans. Thecoassot thrierstad noncmmissioed offic-re to hear . . . the insignia at rash -..Ahbacfetthat torbe4ichs high inthcrownwithsbim 2% inchesawide; to betlooped up on the right sideswith a arlt star, and contain a black oastrhfeathr pum; adtohave thrrdeetofthtecopanycatglt mint5 eclosing she ltters J.L.I. is white metat, heneath which was the date sass. The offierr hats to ..- hare she leap and plawe .. o n she hift tile atstend aftshe riaht "a THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES St governmens .a In July, 1851, sara alter he attired in Jacksonvile, this versatile leader became elites af.tshe Jacksreactlle Standard, a democeatic newspaper which began publication daring that msnth.a In April, 1159, he mar elected mayer and later that tame. wrath was wade captain of she Jacksonille Light tnfantey when it was organ- rzed en Apedl SE Thus Dr. Steele was physician, tdiree, mayer, and captain. Soonaftrbecomingwayrhetimated she city Bard at Health ita activity. Garbage and sewage dispoal became mere adeqate, lime was used mare freely tn disinfect the streets, and many tine shade trees were planted. On Juty 4, 1159, the Jacksonille Light tnfansry held hrs first stees parade. The elahorate unifrms-coats of hint clash with shee rams at heats hasteons dawn the leant, treaters a1 white, and high capstwith pompns-wee clrfuln. Thercompany marched Item she Arwory, then an she north tide at Bay Street hetween Hogan and Julia, to ths erratey, about where Florida Arrante arm is treated, tee target practice. Besides Dr. Steele ashes well-known residents entalled in this eolnteer organization were Mlesters. T. E. Barkwan, S. Buffington, J. J. Daniel, Arissides Doggett, L. I. Flew- ing,randt5. L. eene.t' Dr. Steele's lesser of October 21, 1860, stating that the times stee ominous and that it mar she imperative duty aftshe state Is arm, thawsa the trend at that day. Alter the national election at Noember 7, she Flaridian at Tallahassee eoiced she common setr- mentsfrlrida when itdectared: Lincoln iseected. Thereris a beginning ot the rend. Sectionalirm has stimphed. What is to be *Stevenyeas later, in July, tart, at a weetine when each mewher of the infantrywmust Sac, had vivid memories aftshe ary te stybe at the uniforms w-astreisedwith ansemphasiseoncbange at aoria tram hire to gey. ... The uniform to bestf dasrk reyjanswith reecolart and cafts on the at nd a gren tripeldownthe outresdes ofthe pants. Thecoassof she officersan seonrcomwissioned ofetrsto brear . . . the ensiemiat efarl -. Ahback tthatrt e inches highinhcrownrwithabim2% inchra mside; to he looped up n therigdabsder with a gilt sar, and cantata a Slacstrich feathertlum;adtohave thresdeiceofthcompanycargit wrtncoseiengthecleters J.LItinbwieetal, bneath which was theate sass. The offictrs bats to ... hare she tree eel plane .. o n the left side inseandoftheright"'  52 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE done? We say resist."s Governor Madison S. Perry, in his message to the state legislature, recommended secession. A few members of the legislature took an active part against secession, but their efforts were futile. Florida withdrew from the Union on January 10, 1861. Very soon thereafter the Jacksonville Light Infantry, having offered its services to the governor, became the first company which the state accepted officially.9 Detachments from the company were sent without delay to the mouth of the St. Johns River to erect fortifications, and appeals were made to Jacksonville citizens to furnish slave laborers to help with the work.10 At Fort Marion in St. Augustine four cannons were put on log carts and hauled to the beach at Mayport, where they were installed on a high dune west of the "Run." Here a fort was built of palmetto logs and named, in honor of its captain, Fort Steele. Above the fort floated two handsome flags; the flag of the Confederacy, presented that year by Mrs. Bena Coker,"1 and the company's battle flag, made and presented the preceding year by "the ladies of Jacksonville."12 The battle flag, like the first state flag of 1845, was inscribed "Let Us Alone." By April, 1861, the full personnel of the company had assembled for duty at Fort Steele, and on August 10 was officially mustered into the Confederate service as Company A, Third Florida Infantry. In November Dr. Steele was transferred from the command of the company, which he had led since the time of its organization, to the Medical Department of the Confederate Army,1a where he served with distinction until the end of the war. The Jacksonville Light Infantry remained at Fort Steele until a Federal squadron approached in March, 1862. Confederate authori- ties, having decided not to defend Jacksonville, ordered the guns spiked at the fort and transferred most of the members of the com- pany to Cedar Keys. During the war Jacksonville was occupied four times by Federal troops, only to be evacuated promptly after each of the first three occupations. This frequent change from Confederate to Federal, then back to Confederate control, was most embarrassing to the "Loyal Citizens of the United States" and caused general confusion. The third Federal occupation of Jacksonville took place on March 10, 1863, by the first and second regiments of South Carolina Volun- teers, Negroes commanded by white officers. Immediately after 52 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE done? We say resist." Governor Madison S. Perry, in his message to the state legislature, recommended secession. A few members of the legislature took an active part against secession, but their efforts were futile. Florida withdrew from the Union on January 10, 1861. Very soon thereafter the Jacksonville Light Infantry, having offered its services to the governor, became the first company which the state accepted officially.n Detachments from the company were sent without delay to the mouth of the St. Johns River to erect fortifications, and appeals were made to Jacksonville citizens to furnish slave laborers to help with the work.10 At Fort Marion in St. Augustine four cannons were put on log carts and hauled to the beach at Mayport, where they were installed on a high dune west of the "Run." Here a fort was built of palmetto logs and named, in honor of its captain, Fort Steele. Above the fort floated two handsome flags; the flag of the Confederacy, presented that year by Mrs. Berna Cokern and the company's battle flag, made and presented the preceding year by "the ladies of Jacksonville."12 The battle flag, like the first state flag of 1845, was inscribed "Let Us Alone." By April, 1861, the full personnel of the company had assembled for duty at Fort Steele, and on August 10 was officially mustered into the Confederate service as Company A, Third Florida Infantry. In November Dr. Steele was transferred from the command of the company, which he had led since the time of its organization, to the Medical Department of the Confederate Army,13 where he served with distinction until the end of the war. The Jacksonville Light Infantry remained at Fort Steele until a Federal squadron approached in March, 1862. Confederate authori- ties, having decided not to defend Jacksonville, ordered the guns spiked at the fort and transferred most of the members of the com- pany to Cedar Keys. During the war Jacksonville was occupied four times by Federal troops, only to be evacuated promptly after each of the first three occupations. This frequent change from Confederate to Federal, then back to Confederate control, was most embarrassing to the "Loyal Citizens of the United States" and caused general confusion. The third Federal occupation of Jacksonville took place on March 10, 1863, by the first and second regiments of South Carolina Volun- teers, Negroes commanded by white officers. Immediately after 52 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE done? We say resist."t Governor Madison S. Perry, in his message to the state legislature, recommended secession. A few members of the legislature took an active part against secession, but their efforts were futile. Florida withdrew from the Union on January 10, 1861. Very soon thereafter the Jacksonville Light Infantry, having offered its services to the governor, became the first company which the state accepted officially.t Detachments from the company were sent without delay to the mouth of the St. Johns River to erect fortifications, and appeals were made to Jacksonville citizens to furnish slave laborers to help with the work.O At Fort Marion in St. Augustine four cannons were put on log carts and hauled to the beach at Mayport, where they were installed on a high dune west cf the "Run." Here a fort was built of palmetto logs and named, in honor of its captain, Fort Steele. Above the fort floated two handsome flags; the flag of the Confederacy, presented that year by Mrs. Bena Coker,11 and the company's battle flag, made and presented the preceding year by "the ladies of Jacksonville."2 The battle flag, like the first state flag of 1845, was inscribed "Let Us Alone." By April, 1861, the full personnel of the company had assembled for duty at Fort Steele, and on August 10 was officially mustered into the Confederate service as Company A, Third Florida Infantry. In November Dr. Steele was transferred from the command of the company, which he had led since the time of its organization, to the Medical Department of the Confederate Armyt3 where he served with distinction until the end of the war. The Jacksonville Light Infantry remained at Fort Steele until a Federal squadron approached in March, 1862. Confederate authori- ties, having decided not to defend Jacksonville, ordered the guns spiked at the fort and transferred most of the members of the com- pany to Cedar Keys. During the war Jacksonville was occupied four times by Federal troops, only to be evacuated promptly after each of the first three occupations. This frequent change from Confederate to Federal, then back to Confederate control, was most embarrassing to the "Loyal Citizens of the United States" and caused general confusion. The third Federal occupation of Jacksonville took place on March 10, 1863, by the first and second regiments of South Carolina Volun- teers, Negroes commanded by white officers. Immediately after  THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 53 landing from boats, in which they had come up the St. Johns River, the Federal troops began erecting fortifications to guard the Florida, Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad at its Jacksonville terminus. The Confederate troops, under the command of General Finegan, were stationed near the railroad several miles west of Jacksonville. On the day following the landing of the Federal forces, Dr. James S. Meredith, serving as surgeon in the Confederate forces, was killed. On March 17 nearly all the women and children of Jacksonville were removed from the town, met by a Confederate escort under flag of truce, and transported to safety in Lake City. Thereafter heavier and more frequent skirmishes occurred. In order to increase the efficiency of the Confederate force, Lieutenant T. E. Buckman,* by an ingenious plan, created a railroad battery. A cannon was mounted on a flat car, and the car was attached to a locomotive. This battery could be run down the railroad track within range of Jacksonville, the Federal fortifications bombarded, and the battery then promptly withdrawn. This railroad battery, commanded by Mr. Francis Sollee of Jacksonville, became celebrated for its effec- tiveness and in the following year played an important role in the battle of Olusteen On March 22 and 23 the Eighth Maine and the Sixth Connecticut regiments arrived in Jacksonville to support the South Carolina regi- ments. Dr. J. D. Mitchell, who had practiced medicine in Jackson- ville for about eight years prior to the war, was surgeon of the Eighth Maine. Dr. Alfred Walton was also a medical officer of this regiment. DR. WALTON'S DIARY Dr. Walton wrote in his diary: Wednesday, March 25, 1863.... At 3:30 this morning the rebels came down on the railroad and opened on the town with an 8-inch rifle gun. The first shot went through an unoccupied house next to our medical headquarters and exploded; turning us all out in a hurry. Just as I got out of doors the second one broke over our heads; the third one struck the roof of a house where a Union man and his wife were sleeping.... The shell passed through the side *Grandfather of the late, beloved Dr. Thomas E. Buckman of Jacksonville (1891-1945). THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 53 landing from boats, in which they had come up the St. Johns River, the Federal troops began erecting fortifications to guard the Florida, Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad at its Jacksonville terminus. The Confederate troops, under the command of General Finegan, were stationed near the railroad several miles west of Jacksonville. On the day following the landing of the Federal forces, Dr. James S. Meredith, serving as surgeon in the Confederate forces, was killed. On March 17 nearly all the women and children of Jacksonville were removed from the town, met by a Confederate escort under flag of truce, and transported to safety in Lake City. Thereafter heavier and more frequent skirmishes occurred. In order to increase the efficiency of the Confederate force, Lieutenant T. E. Buckman,* by an ingenious plan, created a railroad battery. A cannon was mounted on a flat car, and the car was attached to a locomotive. This battery could be run down the railroad track within range of Jacksonville, the Federal fortifications bombarded, and the battery then promptly withdrawn. This railroad battery, commanded by Mr. Francis Sollee of Jacksonville, became celebrated for its effec- tiveness and in the following year played an important role in the battle of Olustee. On March 22 and 23 the Eighth Maine and the Sixth Connecticut regiments arrived in Jacksonville to support the South Carolina regi- ments. Dr. J. D. Mitchell, who had practiced medicine in Jackson- ville for about eight years prior to the war, was surgeon of the Eighth Maine. Dr. Alfred Walton was also a medical officer of this regiment. DR. WALTON'S DIARY Dr. Walton wrote in his diary: Wednesday, Starch 25, 1863.... At 3:30 this morning the rebels came down on the railroad and opened on the town with an 8-inch rifle gun. The first shot went through an unoccupied house next to our medical headquarters and exploded; turning us all out in a hurry. Just as I got out of doors the second one broke over our heads; the third one struck the ro of a house where a Union man and his wife were sleeping.... The shell passed through the side *Grandfather of the late, beloved Dr. Thomas E. Buckman of Jacksonville (1891-1945). THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 53 landing from boats, in which they had come up the St. Johns River, the Federal troops began erecting fortifications to guard the Florida, Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad at its Jacksonville terminus. The Confederate troops, under the command of General Finegan, were stationed near the railroad several miles west of Jacksonville. On the day following the landing of the Federal forces, Dr. James S. Meredith, serving as surgeon in the Confederate forces, was killed. On March 17 nearly all the women and children of Jacksonville were removed from the town, met by a Confederate escort under flag of truce, and transported to safety in Lake City. Thereafter heavier and more frequent skirmishes occurred. In order to increase the efficiency of the Confederate force, Lieutenant T. E. Buckman,* by an ingenious plan, created a railroad battery. A cannon was mounted on a flat car, and the car was attached to a locomotive. This battery could be run down the railroad track within range of Jacksonville, the Federal fortifications bombarded, and the battery then promptly withdrawn. This railroad battery, commanded by Mr. Francis Sollee of Jacksonville, became celebrated for its effec- tiveness and in the following year played an important role in the battle of Olustee.50 On March 22 and 23 the Eighth Maine and the Sixth Connecticut regiments arrived in Jacksonville to support the South Carolina regi- ments. Dr. J. D. Mitchell, who had practiced medicine in Jackson- ville for about eight years prior to the war, was surgeon of the Eighth Maine. Dr. Alfred Walton was also a medical officer of this regiment. DR. IWALTON'S DIARY Dr. Walton wrote in his diary: Wednesday, March 25, 1863.... At 3:30 this morning the rebels came down on the railroad and opened on the town with an 8-inch rifle gun. The first shot went through an unoccupied house next to our medical headquarters and exploded; turning us all out in a hurry. Just as I got out of doors the second one broke over our heads; the third one struck the roof of a house where a Union man and his wife were sleeping.... The shell passed through the side *Grandfather of the late, beloved Dr. Thomas E. Buckman of Jacksonville (1891-1945).  54 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE of the house and imbedded itself eight feet in the ground without exploding. . .. Several of us dug out the shell and found it to be an eight-inch rifle of English manufacture. They got seven of these shells into the town before our gunboats got a range on them, when they beat a retreat.. . After guard mounting this morning four companies of the Eighth Maine, three of the Sixth Connecticut, and three of the negro regiment started out to tear up the railroad track to prevent the rebels from getting near enough with their steam gun to shell us. We had a four-inch rifle gun mounted on a small flat car and shoved it by hand.... When four miles out we began to tear up the track, and just then the rebels made their appearance down the track with an engine and a large eight-inch gun on a flat car, and they at once opened on us. The first shot struck in the center of track just short of where Captain McArthur and myself stood, exploded, and a large piece of the butt of the shell ricochetted to the right, making a high curve, cut off the top of a tall pine tree, and fell into the ranks of Company I, Eighth Maine, who were marching in four ranks by right shoulder shift on a piece of plank road. It struck the musket barrel of Thomas Hoole of Brunswick, Me., taking off his head and scattering the fragments all about. Passing to the next rank it took off the arm and partially tore out the bowels of Joseph Goodwin of Lyman, Me. He lived two hours. Passing to the next rank it took off the leg below the knee of another man. I soon had the ambulance corps at work picking up every fragment of flesh, hiding the piece of shell under the plank road, turning over all the planks that had blood on them, and scattering soil over the spot. We very quickly obliterated all signs of anyone being hurt.... We got to the town at 3 P.m. with no further loss.t A few days later preparations were made to withdraw the Federal troops from Jacksonville for the purpose of taking part in operations against Savannah and Charleston. Plans for the evacuation had been shrouded in secrecy for Federal protection had been promised the "Loyal Citizens of the United States," and the residents of Jack- sonville had been told that the Federal troops would occupy the city for the duration of the war. Again Dr. Walton wrote in his diary: Saturday, March 28, 1863.... At 9 A.M. some of the boys set fire to the Catholic Church, and it (together with parsonage, all fur- nished) was destroyed. Two other houses were also burned before the fire was put out. Our surgeon, Dr. Mitchell, formerly lived in 54 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE of the house and imbedded itself eight feet in the ground without exploding. . .. Several of us dug out the shell and found it to be an eight-inch rifle of English manufacture. They got seven of these shells into the town before our gunboats got a range on them, when they beat a retreat.. . After guard mounting this morning four companies of the Eighth Maine, three of the Sixth Connecticut, and three of the negro regiment started out to tear up the railroad track to prevent the rebels from getting near enough with their steam gun to shell us. We had a four-inch rifle gun mounted on a small flat car and shoved it by hand. . .. When four miles out we began to tear up the track, and just then the rebels made their appearance down the track with an engine and a large eight-inch gun on a flat car, and they at once opened on us. The first shot struck in the center of track just short of where Captain McArthur and myself stood, exploded, and a large piece of the butt of the shell ricochetted to the right, making a high curve, cut off the top of a tall pine tree, and fell into the ranks of Company I, Eighth Maine, who were marching in four ranks by right shoulder shift on a piece of plank road. It struck the musket barrel of Thomas Hoole of Brunswick, Me., taking off his head and scattering the fragments all about. Passing to the next rank it took off the arm and partially tore out the bowels of Joseph Goodwin of Lyman, Me. He lived two hours. Passing to the next rank it took off the leg below the knee of another man. I soon had the ambulance corps at work picking up every fragment of flesh, hiding the piece of shell under the plank road, turning over all the planks that had blood on them, and scattering soil over the spot. We very quickly obliterated all signs of anyone being hurt.... We got to the town at 3 P.M. with no further fos.1 A few days later preparations were made to withdraw the Federal troops from Jacksonville for the purpose of taking part in operations against Savannah and Charleston. Plans for the evacuation had been shrouded in secrecy for Federal protection had been promised the "Loyal Citizens of the United States," and the residents of Jack- sonville had been told that the Federal troops would occupy the city for the duration of the war. Again Dr. Walton wrote in his diary: Saturday, March 28, 1863. . .At 9 A.M. some of the boys set fire to the Catholic Church, and it (together with parsonage, all fur- nished) was destroyed. Two other houses were also burned before the fire was put out. Our surgeon, Dr. Mitchell, formerly lived in $4 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE of the house and imbedded itself eight feet in the ground without exploding.... Several of us dug out the shell and found it to be an eight-inch rifle of English manufacture. They got seven of these shells into the town before our gunboats got a range on them, when they beat a retreat.. .. After guard mounting this morning four companies of the Eighth Maine, three of the Sixth Connecticut, and three of the negro regiment started out to tear up the railroad track to prevent the rebels from getting near enough with their steam gun to shell us. We had a four-inch rifle gun mounted on a small flat car and shoved it by hand.... When four miles out we began to tear up the track, and just then the rebels made their appearance down the track with an engine and a large eight-inch gun on a flat car, and they at once opened on us. The first shot struck in the center of track just short of where Captain McArthur and myself stood, exploded, and a large piece of the butt of the shell ricochetted to the right, making a high curve, cut off the top of a tall pine tree, and fell into the ranks of Company I, Eighth Maine, who were marching in four ranks by right shoulder shift on a piece of plank road. It struck the musket barrel of Thomas Hoole of Brunswick, Me., taking off his head and scattering the fragments all about. Passing to the next rank it took off the arm and partially tore out the bowels of Joseph Goodwin of Lyman, Me. He lived two hours. Passing to the next rank it took off the leg below the knee of another man. I soon had the ambulance corps at work picking up every fragment of flesh, hiding the piece of shell under the plank road, turning over all the planks that had blood on them, and scattering soil over the spot. We very quickly obliterated all signs of anyone being hurt.... We got to the town at 3 P.m. with no further loss.15 A few days later preparations were made to withdraw the Federal troops from Jacksonville for the purpose of taking part in operations against Savannah and Charleston. Plans for the evacuation had been shrouded in secrecy for Federal protection had been promised the "Loyal Citizens of the United States," and the residents of Jack- sonville had been told that the Federal troops would occupy the city for the duration of the war. Again Dr. Walton wrote in his diary: Saturday, March 28, 1863.... At 9 A.M. some of the boys set fire to the Catholic Church, and it (together with parsonage, all fur- nished) was destroyed. Two other houses were also burned before the fire was put out. Our surgeon, Dr. Mitchell, formerly lived in  THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 55 this city, and at the breakinsg out of woe, he sored some valuable paintings at a plantation of his about theee mites ant. The doctor andmysetfwith tt0smen, wentloutto getkem..We saw-alaege oombee of cattle hat did not coofiscate any as we ace to lease town in the mooning... Sunday, Mooch 29, 1863: eforee we weee eeady to embaek the hays began to set f iee to the city, and soon we had so horey op foe tke smoke was getting eathee ncomfoetable..On my way down [I] eon into St. John's Church, and groping through the smoke and fiee I took from the altar atlarge gilt booed prayer book with this inscription as the covee 'St. John's Episcopal Chuech, Jacbsonville." Faether down on Macbet Streset Icntered a buening budlding that appeared so be some bind of office (probably she cleek's office) and fromobhe tableser desk t took a manusceipt map of the city of Jack- sonville.* Faetber down I saw some negro soldiers setting lice, and loom their songs and shooting they appeared to be booing a good time..Wecgot awaylfrom the wharflat 8 A.M0..and the tastI saw of she city of Jacksonville swere the flames loom tke towers of St. John's Church.t JACKSONVILLE BURNED The bucning of Jacksonville was desccibed by she Vow YorS Tribuecorrespondent, under date of Mooch 28,1 05 flowos: There most hase been some undestanding among the incendiaries with regard to the conflagration. As eight o'clock the flames boost loom conceal buildings in diffecena pacts of the city, and no a later hoor asl mace were Sered. The wind lbhen ease so a stiff gale, and *This probabty to tbe mop at toss wbich woo prosented so she Jacbsonvilte Free Pobtic Library by Mc. G. D. Aeroy. tlo 1893 Sc. Waton nose, "The poayer hoof above opoken of has. boos retedsundeste fsoowing ircumnses: WhensoIwas atedingsthoemdical college at Brusoick, Maine, in 1866,0 I oonedl witS so Episcopal family, andf while there sloe psor of sloe St. Jobs Chuchb seas traeing through Noew Engtandfsobiciting fundstoeebuibfsbeobcuc. IOtoldhimnI adofundso oparebut soles hereturedo ...0 Iouold pesent hio in sbomethoinghe would appeciate. Io Ise toBagorfortthe bookoad ans eturs pesoented it ts hint,nmuctsoissuprse. Sotroughy coficaingpopesitya tas tm thc St. Joho's Church loss its preroloh. Andsnows eturnsovackoonviletheolodnmapwhichIlesavebhadian m posoeosion for thirty yeses. Os all probability there is so other loke it is :Morch 29 is probably tbe correc dose. THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 55 thiscity, and at thebeaking out of woo, ho stored same valuable paintings at a plantation of his about thee miles sac. The doctor and myself, with 150 men, west ot to get them.... W~e sawn large number of cattleobutdid ntconfiscate any as no ace to leave town in thecmorning. .. Sunday, Mooch 29, 1163: Bfore we were ready to embark Ike boys began to sot flee to tke city, and soon we bad to bonry op foe the smoke was getting oathe ccuncomfortable..On my way down [I] eon into St. John's Church, and groping ohrough the smoke and fire Itook from she oboer a lare gilt bound prayer book with skis inscription on the caoer 'St. John's Episcopal Church, Jacksonville." Farther down on Macbet Strees I enstered a burning building that appeaoed to be same kind of office fprobably the clock's office) and from the table sor desk I took a manuscript map of the city of Jack- sonville.* Farther dawn I sow some negro soldiers setting flee, and from their songs and shouting they appeared Is be baving a good .ie..Weogot awayfrom tbewharflat8 .. ..and the last I saw of the city of Jacksonville were she Slamos loom the towers of St. John's Church.i JACKSONVILLE BURNED The bouing oiJcsonsille was described by theNew Yook Toibune corcespondent, under date of Mack 28,1 as fllo's: Thoco most base been same understanding amng she incendiaries withcegard to the conflagration. At eight o'clock the glames boost loom sevecal buildings in diffeent poets of the city, ond at a loter hone still move were fiood. The wind then case to a stiff gale, nd *This psobably is tbe map of t859 wbbch wcoo presented to tbe Jacksovill Fee Public Liboary by Mo. G. D. Aocerly. !tn 1055 Ho. Waltoo'rote: "Tihe peayer bosh aboce spoken of boo been returned under tho following circunmstances: Whebn losas attending the medical college at Brunswick,Maine, in 1866,ly oomed witb as Episcopal family, sod obdle tbeoe Soe pastor of the iSt. John's Cburcb was travelbog througb Naew ngland soblicn foods Is rebuild bhe cbhurch. I sold lin I bad so funds so space, but oboen lie returned ... would pesent bin withb sonmething be weould apprecite.I soulstoBanor or eobok,andsonbisceturn presented itto bin,nmuhoob issuprise..Slothoughbmy cofisagpopesiy ahttm shc SI. Jobs's Churcol boo is prsyer boob. And coo I redurn ts Jacksonville she old nap wh~ich I hace bad in ny posssion foe thirty yeses. In all probbily thbe is no otber loce it is IMachb 29 is probabls tbe caoect dose. THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 55 this city, and at the breaking oat of woo, he stored some valuable paintings at a plantation of his shoot thee miles out. The doctor and myself, with 150 menwent out to get them. esawa large number of cattle but did not confiscate any as we see to leave town in the mooning... Sunday, March 29, 18b3: efooe we were roady to embark the boys hogan to set lice Is the city, and soon we hod to huory up foe the smoke was getting oathe unoscomfortable..On my way down [I] eon into St. John's Chuech, and gasping therough the smoke and fire I task loom the sht a lare gilt bound prayer book with this inscription on the caoer "St. John's Episcopal Chuoch, Jackonville." Fartber down on Market Steeot I entered a booning hoilding that appeared to be same kind of office (probably the clock's office) and feamothe table ordesk I took a manuscript map of the city of Jack- sonville.* Farthee dawn I saw same negro soldiors setting lice, and from theirsongs and shoting they appearecoabechavingsagood tame..Wegot away from tewhaf atb .M.... and thelst I sawaof the city of Jacksonsille were the flames loom the tancers of So. John's Church.fi 1JACKSON VI LEE BURNED The burningof Jcksonvillewas dscribedby teNewe York Tnibune coreospondent, under date of Mooch 2b,l as foos: There most base keen some onderstanding among the incendiareis with regard to the conflagration. At eight o'clock the flamoa burst loom soveal buildings in different parts of the city, and at a laloer base still mace wero hored. The wind then case Is a still gale, and *Tbis probably is the nap aoss ob5wicb was presented so the Jacksonille tine Public Library by Mr. G. D. Ackeody. ,In t893 tire Waton nose "Toe prayer book above opoken of loss bees returnedsunderthe followingcircumstances:lWhenoI'wsatteding thecndica college at Bruswisob, Maine, is 1866, I oomed weith as E~piscopal family, sod wile tloore the pastoe of bhe St. Jobs's Chuch was treveding througho New nglandoliciting fundsoeebildte cuc. Iltoldhim Ibhdno funds to spare, butswenebeturneed...Isold peenthib ithbnsotinglohewold appreciate. losn so Bangorvfor the bosh, and ans obeturn peented it to him,nmuhoo h isosupise. So through my confiscabing propensity as tloat time bhe St. Jobs's Churchb boo bos prayor book. AndnoweleeretuntoJcsonvclleste otdnmpwichoIlhavelhadinmy possessos foe tbirty yeses. Is all probabily bherebis nooher lk it is tMarch 2s is eroabbly' the correct dase.  56 A CENTURY OF .MEDICINE the torch of the incendiary became unnecessary to increase the fire. .I am now writing on the deck of the fine transport ship, The Boston. From this upper deck the scene presented to the spectator is one of most fearful magnificence. On every side, from every quarter of the city, dense clouds of black smoke and flame are bursting through the mansions and warehouses. A fine south wind is blowing immense blazing cinders right into the heart of the city. The beautiful Spanish moss, drooping so gracefully from the long avenues of splendid old oaks, has caught fire, and as far as the eye can reach, through those once pleasant streets nothing but sheets of flame can be seen, running with the rapidity of lightning to the tops of the trees and then darting off to the smallest branches. The whole city . , . is being lapped up and devoured by this firey blast... . Is this not war, vindictive, unrelenting war? Have we gotten up to the European Standards?17 Happily, the correspondent had obtained an exaggerated view of the fire. General Finegan, from a position on the river not far from Jacksonville, discovered that the city was on fire and that the transports were being loaded with Federal troops. He hurried into the town, arrived just after the departure of the last gunboat and was able to extinguish the fire in some valuable buildings. About six city blocks were burned over, and approximately twenty-five build- ings were destroyed by the fire. DR. J. D. MITCHELL Dr. J. D. Mitchell,ls to whom Dr. Walton referred in his diary, was born in Maine on March 10, 1823. He entered Harvard Uni- versity in 1846 and was graduated in 1850. After practicing in St. Stephens, New Brunswick, he came to Jacksonville in 1852. Dr. Mitchell was a man of unusual force and character. His political views so differed from those of his fellow physicians in Jacksonville that at first he was not chosen to take part in activities of organized medicine in Duval County. Nevertheless, in spite of this wide differ- ence of opinions, none questioned his veracity. He was active in the fight to conquer the yellow fever epidemic of 1857 in Jacksonville. In 1862 he volunteered his services to the Union Army, soon was placed in charge of the General Hospital at Beaufort, South Carolina, and in the fall was made surgeon of the Eighth Maine Volunteers. It was as surgeon of the Eighth Maine that he returned to Jackson- 56 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE the torch of the incendiary became unnecessary to increase the fire. . . .I am now writing on the deck of the fine transport ship, The Boston. From this upper deck the scene presented to the spectator is one of most fearful magnificence. On every side, from every quarter of the city, dense clouds of black smoke and flame are bursting through the mansions and warehouses. A fine south wind is blowing immense blazing cinders right into the heart of the city. The beautiful Spanish moss, drooping so gracefully from the long avenues of splendid old oaks, has caught fire, and as far as the eye can reach, through those once pleasant streets nothing but sheets of flame can be seen, running with the rapidity of lightning to the tops of the trees and then darting off to the smallest branches. The whole city . .. is being lapped up and devoured by this firey blast... . Is this not war, vindictive, unrelenting war? Have we gotten up to the European Standards?17 Happily, the correspondent had obtained an exaggerated view of the fire. General Finegan, from a position on the river not far from Jacksonville, discovered that the city was on fire and that the transports were being loaded with Federal troops. He hurried into the town, arrived just after the departure of the last gunboat and was able to extinguish the fire in some valuable buildings. About six city blocks were burned over, and approximately twenty-five build- ings were destroyed by the fire. DR. J. D. MITCHELL Dr. J. D. Mitchell,18 to whom Dr. Walton referred in his diary, was born in Maine on March 10, 1823. He entered Harvard Uni- versity in 1846 and was graduated in 1850. After practicing in St. Stephens, New Brunswick, he came to Jacksonville in 1852. Dr. Mitchell was a man of unusual force and character. His political views so differed from those of his fellow physicians in Jacksonville that at first he was not chosen to take part in activities of organized medicine in Duval County. Nevertheless, in spite of this wide differ- ence of opinions, none questioned his veracity. He was active in the fight to conquer the yellow fever epidemic of 1857 in Jacksonville. In 1862 he volunteered his services to the Union Army, soon was placed in charge of the General Hospital at Beaufort, South Carolina, and in the fall was made surgeon of the Eighth Maine Volunteers. It was as surgeon of the Eighth Maine that he returned to Jackson- 56 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE the torch of the incendiary became unnecessary to increase the fire. .I am now writing on the deck of the fine transport ship, The Boston. From this upper deck the scene presented to the spectator is one of most fearful magnificence. On every side, from every quarter of the city, dense clouds of black smoke and flame are bursting through the mansions and warehouses. A fine south wind is blowing immense blazing cinders right into the heart of the city. The beautiful Spanish moss, drooping so gracefully from the long avenues of splendid old oaks, has caught fire, and as far as the eye can reach, through those once pleasant streets nothing but sheets of flame can be seen, running with the rapidity of lightning to the tops of the trees and then darting off to the smallest branches. The whole city . .. is being lapped up and devoured by this firey blast... . Is this not war, vindictive, unrelenting war? Have we gotten up to the European Standards?17 Happily, the correspondent had obtained an exaggerated view of the fire. General Finegan, from a position on the river not far from Jacksonville, discovered that the city was on fire and that the transports were being loaded with Federal troops. He hurried into the town, arrived just after the departure of the last gunboat and was able to extinguish the fire in some valuable buildings. About six city blocks were burned over, and approximately twenty-five build- ings were destroyed by the fire. DR. J. D. MITCHELL Dr. J. D. Mitchell,1r to whom Dr. Walton referred in his diary, was born in Maine on March 10, 1823. He entered Harvard Uni- versity in 1846 and was graduated in 1850. After practicing in St. Stephens, New Brunswick, he came to Jacksonville in 1852. Dr. Mitchell was a man of unusual force and character. His political views so differed from those of his fellow physicians in Jacksonville that at first he was not chosen to take part in activities of organized medicine in Duval County. Nevertheless, in spite of this wide differ- ence of opinions, none questioned his veracity. He was active in the fight to conquer the yellow fever epidemic of 1857 in Jacksonville. In 1862 he volunteered his services to the Union Army, soon was placed in charge of the General Hospital at Beaufort, South Carolina, and in the fall was made surgeon of the Eighth Maine Volunteers. It was as surgeon of the Eighth Maine that he returned to Jackson-  THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 57 ville when the city was occupied for the third time, and it was then that he went to his plantation, accompanied by Dr. Walton, to recover the valuable paintings which he had stored there at the outbreak of the war. In 1864 he was made surgeon of the well- known Thirty-First Maine Regiment, with which he served until THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 57 ville when the city was occupied for the third time, and it was then that he went to his plantation, accompanied by Dr. Walton, to recover the valuable paintings which he had stored there at the outbreak of the war. In 1864 he was made surgeon of the well- known Thirty-First Maine Regiment, with which he served until THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 57 ville when the city was occupied for the third time, and it was then that he went to his plantation, accompanied by Dr. Walton, to recover the valuable paintings which he had stored there at the outbreak of the war. In 1864 he was made surgeon of the well- known Thirty-First Maine Regiment, with which he served until Dr. J. D. Mitchtll Dr. J. D. Mitell Dr. J. D. Mitchell the end of the war. In 1865 he returned to Jacksonville, resumed the practice of medicine, and lived to enjoy the sincere esteem and admiration of his medical colleagues. At the time of Dr. Mitchell's death in 1893, Dr. Daniel delivered an impressive eulogy before the Duval County Medical Society. Dr. Mitchell's two sons, Neal and Sollace, were prominent physicians in Jacksonville at the turn of the century. the end of the war. In 1865 he returned to Jacksonville, resumed the practice of medicine, and lived to enjoy the sincere esteem and admiration of his medical colleagues. At the time of Dr. Mitchell's death in 1893, Dr. Daniel delivered an impressive eulogy before the Duval County Medical Society. Dr. Mitchell's two sons, Neal and Sollace, were prominent physicians in Jacksonville at the turn of the century. the end of the war. In 1865 he returned to Jacksonville, resumed the practice of medicine, and lived to enjoy the sincere esteem and admiration of his medical colleagues. At the time of Dr. Mitchell's death in 1893, Dr. Daniel delivered an impressive eulogy before the Duval County Medical Society. Dr. Mitchell's two sons, Neal and Sollace, were prominent physicians in Jacksonville at the turn of the century.  58 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 58 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 58 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE DR. D. C. AMBLER Two other physicians of this period were Dr. D. C. Ambler and Dr. E. T. Sabal. Dr. Ambler, probably the oldest physician in Jacksonville at the outbreak of the war, was a dentist as well as a doctor of medicine. He was born about 1800 and came to Jackson- ville about 1845.-9 Like other Duval County physicians, Dr. Ambler was a versatile man. Not only a physician and dentist, he was an inventor as well. Among his inventions are porcelain artifi- cial teeth and several devices for the sewing machine. Also, he is said to have contributed a means of separating cotton-seed oil from the gummy product of the seedaO Dr. Ambler made his permanent winter home in Jacksonville in 1846, but following the outbreak of the war he sought refuge in Lake City. On March 10, 1865, Judge J. M. Daniel,* also a refugee from Jacksonville, wrote to Major General Samuel Jones of the Confederate Army: Dr. D. C. Ambler ... intends making application to be permitted to cross the lines and to pass for a time out of the Confederate States. . His only son, Wm. Griffith Ambler [Daniel Griffith Ambler] became a member of Captain Dickison's Company in its first forma- tion.... The father and son are owners of funds and property in New Berlin, N. Y. to a large amount.... For the purpose of securing this property and transferring it to the Confederacy the father desires to pass . . . to Jacksonville, and from there to avail himself of such opportunity as may present itself to get to Canada - communicate with his friend in New Berlin-have his property converted into exchange on England ... invest in material for railroads (so much needed here) ship to Nassau ... and trust to running the blockade. .. Dr. Ambler is long past the age of military service, and his course has been such as to give me assurance of his loyalty-while the manly, gallant and loyal conduct of his son cannot but add strength to this assurance.'r It is not known whether this mission was attempted, but probably not, for the war ended soon. Dr. Ambler died in 1866. His son, Mr. DR. D. C. AMBLER Two other physicians of this period were Dr. D. C. Ambler and Dr. E. T. Sabal. Dr. Ambler, probably the oldest physician in Jacksonville at the outbreak of the war, was a dentist as well as a doctor of medicine. He was born about 1800 and came to Jackson- ville about 1845.9 Like other Duval County physicians, Dr. Ambler was a versatile man. Not only a physician and dentist, he was an inventor as well. Among his inventions are porcelain artifi- cial teeth and several devices for the sewing machine. Also, he is said to have contributed a means of separating cotton-seed oil from the gummy product of the seed Dr. Ambler made his permanent winter home in Jacksonville in 1846, but following the outbreak of the war he sought refuge in Lake City. On March 10, 1865, Judge J. M. Daniel,* also a refugee from Jacksonville, wrote to Major General Samuel Jones of the Confederate Army: Dr. D. C. Ambler ... intends making application to be permitted to cross the lines and to pass for a time out of the Confederate States. . His only son, Wm. Griffith Ambler [Daniel Griffith Ambler] became a member of Captain Dickison's Company in its first forma- tion.... The father and son are owners of funds and property in New Berlin, N. Y. to a large amount. ... For the purpose of securing this property and transferring it to the Confederacy the father desires to pass . . . to Jacksonville, and from there to avail himself of such opportunity as may present itself to get to Canada-communicate with his friend in New Berlin -have his property converted into exchange on England .. . invest in material for railroads (so much needed here) ship to Nassau ... and trust to running the blockade. .. Dr. Ambler is long past the age of military service, and his course has been such as to give me assurance of his loyalty-while the manly, gallant and loyal conduct of his son cannot but add strength to this assurance.05 It is not known whether this mission was attempted, but probably not, for the war ended soon. Dr. Ambler died in 1866. His son, Mr. DR. D. C. AMBLER Two other physicians of this period were Dr. D. C. Ambler and Dr. E. T. Sabal. Dr. Ambler, probably the oldest physician in Jacksonville at the outbreak of the war, was a dentist as well as a doctor of medicine. He was born about 1800 and came to Jackson- ville about 1845.19 Like other Duval County physicians, Dr. Ambler was a versatile man. Not only a physician and dentist, he was an inventor as well. Among his inventions are porcelain artifi- cial teeth and several devices for the sewing machine. Also, he is said to have contributed a means of separating cotton-seed oil from the gummy product of the seed.an Dr. Ambler made his permanent winter home in Jacksonville in 1846, but following the outbreak of the war he sought refuge in Lake City. On March 10, 1865, Judge J. M. Daniel,* also a refugee from Jacksonville, wrote to Major General Samuel Jones of the Confederate Army: Dr. D. C. Ambler - .. intends making application to be permitted to cross the lines and to pass for a time out of the Confederate States. . - His only son, Wm. Griffith Ambler [Daniel Griffith Ambler] became a member of Captain Dickison's Company in its first forma- tion.... The father and son are owners of funds and property in New Berlin, N. Y. to a large amount.... For the purpose of securing this property and transferring it to the Confederacy the father desires to pass . . . to Jacksonville, and from there to avail himself of such opportunity as may present itself to get to Canada-communicate with his friend in New Berlin-have his property converted into exchange on England .. .invest in material for railroads (so much needed here) ship to Nassau .. . and trust to running the blockade. .. Dr. Ambler is long past the age of military service, and his course has been such as to give me assurance of his loyalty-while the manly, gallant and loyal conduct of his son cannot but add strength to this assurancean It is not known whether this mission was attempted, but probably not, for the war ended soon. Dr. Ambler died in 1866. His son, Mr. *Father of Dr. Richard P. Daniel. *Father of Dr. Richard P. Daniel. *Father of Dr. Richard P. Daniel.  THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 59 D. G. Anobler, lived in Jacksonville for eoany yeaes followiog the war and becamoeoneof DvlConty's bes-knon citien.* THE WAE BETWEEN THE STATES 59 D. G. Aoobler, lived in Jacksonville foe eoany yeors following the wae and became oneof Dval Cony'sbes-known ciiens.* THE WAE BETWEEN THE STATES 59 D. G. Amblee, lived in Jacksnville foe many years following the woo and becamoeone of Dval Cony'sbetknown citien.* Dr. E. 7'. Sobol DR. E. T. SABAL Dr. Emily Talvande Sabol00 woo born in Augusto, Georgia, Novembee 20. 1835. He woo grodooted from the Long Islond Medi- cat College in Brooklyn, New York, and come to Jacksonville in *Mr. Anmbloer, exe0utor of the estate of Dr. Bnldoin after the ltter's deoth in 1000, foood lodge Behoo's Diarcy o1 10200to 1003 ood Do. Baldwin', meteoorologiclobsoervotioosoot Jacksonvill datinghoackoo 1839omngethe papersolthe estate. necogoizing tho voloe of these recoros, Me. Ambler pesetnted thom to Mr. Aleoondeo J1. Mitchelt of the Uoited Stotes Wenther Boreno in Jacksonville. In 1001 Me. Mitchell gave theso rocoods to the Florida Historicaltoie, ondthoy now mayheohobed in the Library ofthe Society at St. Augustine. Dr. A. T. Sobol DR. E. T. SAfBAL Dr. Emily Talvonde 5050100 woo boon io Angusta, Georgia, Novemhee 2S, 1835. He woo graduafod loom the Long Island Medi- cat College in Brooklyn, New York, ond come to Jacksnville in *Mr. Amhle, 000c0000 of the 000a00 of Dr. Baldwin after She lnatt' denth in 1000, found jodge Bethneo's Diary of t1820 So 103 and Do. Boldwnin's meteorological obsgervations at Jacksonoillo doting back So 0000 among the papers oftheestnto. Recognizing tho vatue oft heso rocords, Mo. Anhleo pesegntod them to Mo. AlexandeJ.Mitcheltof theUnitdoStatesWeaher Booenu in Jackonveille. In to3t Mo. Mitcell gave these oecordstoo the Flooida HistolSociety, and they non mao e bervooed intheLibrary ofthe Society at St. Augustine. Dre. E. T. Sabol DR. E. T. SABAL Do. Emile Talvande 50am012 wos Soon in Auguota, Georgin, Novembher 20, 1035. He wan groduoted loom the Long Inland Medi- cot College in Broklyn, New York, ond come to Jacksonville in *Mr. Amble, execuor of the est010 of Do. Baldwin aft She ltter's denth in 0008, bound judge Bethune'n Dinty of 1020 o 0033 nd Do. naldwin's meeologial obsevationat Jacksonville datinghbach o 1839among the papers of the estate. ecognizing the value of oheste rocord, Mr. Ambler presented thmtooMr.Alexander J. MitchelloheUnitd Sta~t Weather Bureau in Jacksonvil11. In t93t Mr. Mitchell gave these rcorodo to She Florida Historical Society, and theynow mayneo bervedinhe ibrarof the Society aS St. Agunstin.  60 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 1859. Soon after the outbreak of the war Dr. Sabal offered his services to the army of the Confederate States and in July, 1861, was sent to the fighting front in Virginia. At the close of the war he resumed the practice of medicine in Jacksonville, where he lived for the remainder of his life. A charter member of the Florida Medical Association in 1874, he was elected president in 1889.23 At the time of his death on October 11, 1907, Dr. Sabal was one of the' best-known physicians in Northeast Florida2 TEN CENTS yI c . p _ cksonville, . --1862 Confederate paper money, Bank of St. Johns, 1862 Army surgeons during the war were greatly handicapped by lack of supplies. Little or nothing was known of aseptic technique, and ether and chloroform, though used prior to the war, apparently were not available to the army surgeons of Florida. Important drugs such as quinine and morphine had to be smuggled through the Federal lines. In the Florida Room of the Confederate Museum at Richmond, Virginia, there is a pretty doll, with brown hair and blue eyes, named Nina. During the war the little body was filled with morphine and quinine, the head was tied on with tapes underneath the dress, and the drugs were smuggled through the Federal lines to the Confeder- ate forces. Nina belonged to General Patton Anderson's small niece 60 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 1859. Soon after the outbreak of the war Dr. Sabal offered his services to the army of the Confederate States and in July, 1861, was sent to the fighting front in Virginia. At the close of the war he resumed the practice of medicine in Jacksonville, where he lived for the remainder of his life. A charter member of the Florida Medical Association in 1874, he was elected president in 1889.23 At the time of his death on October 11, 1907, Dr. Sabal was one of the' best-known physicians in Northeast Florida.24 T E N CENTS o cksonville, -1862 Confederate paper money, Bank of St. Johns, 1862 Army surgeons during the war were greatly handicapped by lack of supplies. Little or nothing was known of aseptic technique, and ether and chloroform, though used prior to the war, apparently were not available to the army surgeons of Florida. Important drugs such as quinine and morphine had to be smuggled through the Federal lines. In the Florida Room of the Confederate Museum at Richmond, Virginia, there is a pretty doll, with brown hair and blue eyes, named Nina. During the war the little body was filled with morphine and quinine, the head was tied on with tapes underneath the dress, and the drugs were smuggled through the Federal lines to the Confeder- ate forces. Nina belonged to General Patton Anderson's small niece 60 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 1859. Soon after the outbreak of the war Dr. Sabal offered his services to the army of the Confederate States and in July, 1861, was sent to the fighting front in Virginia. At the close of the war he resumed the practice of medicine in Jacksonville, where he lived for the remainder of his life. A charter member of the Florida Medical Association in 1874, he was elected president in 1889.23 At the time of his death on October 11, 1907, Dr. Sabal was one of the' best-known physicians in Northeast Florida v T E N CENTS !y cc w ccnksonville, .' /-1862 Confederate paper money, Bank of St. Johns, 1862 Army surgeons during the war were greatly handicapped by lack of supplies. Little or nothing was known of aseptic technique, and ether and chloroform, though used prior to the war, apparently were not available to the army surgeons of Florida. Important drugs such as quinine and morphine had to be smuggled through the Federal lines. In the Florida Room of the Confederate Museum at Richmond, Virginia, there is a pretty doll, with brown hair and blue eyes, named Nina. During the war the little body was filled with morphine and quinine, the head was tied on with tapes underneath the dress, and the drugs were smuggled through the Federal lines to the Confeder- ate forces. Nina belonged to General Patton Anderson's small niece  THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 61 and later was treasured by all the family. In March, 1923, the doll was presented to the Confederate Museum by "James Patton Ander- son, Jr. and Margaret Bybee Anderson" of Palatka, Florida.25 DR. BALDWIN'S RECORDS Among the scarce medical records of the war period which are available today are those of Dr. A. S. Baldwin. Soon after he offered his services to the Confederacy, he was transferred from Duval County to Lake City, where he served as Chief Surgeon for East Florida. As early as September 15, 1862, a large group publicly thanked him for his efforts at the General Hospital.2 On February 6, 1865, in Lake City, he became Medical Director of the General Hospitals for Florida and Quitman, Georgia. His letter, case, and account books are preserved in the Confederate Museum at Rich- mond. The case book reveals that the medicines most commonly used in the hospital at Lake City were morphine, Dover's powders, quinine, tonic iron, and whiskey. One of the most popular prescrip- tions was: Sulphate of quinine gr. XVIII Tonic Iron gr. LX Whiskey oz. II Water oz. II Mix and give wineglassful every three hours. The account book reveals the wholesale cost of food and supplies during that critical period: Surgeon A. S. Baldwin in charge of General Hospital Lake City, Florida In account with the Confederate States. Hospital fund expended for the week of March 15 to 21, 1865 To balance on hand last account current $4,382.14 27 doz. eggs @ $2.50 per doz. 67.50 7 chickens at $3 21.00 4' bushels of potatoes @ $5. 22.50 11/ lb. lard @ $2.50 28.75 3 pkgs. envelopes @ $6. 18.00 2 tin pans @ $30. 60.00 2 gallons whiskey @ $125. 250.00 467.75 THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 61 and later was treasured by all the family. In March, 1923, the doll was presented to the Confederate Museum by "James Patton Ander- son, Jr. and Margaret Bybee Anderson" of Palatka, Floridane DR. BALDWIN'S RECORDS Among the scarce medical records of the war period which are available today are those of Dr. A. S. Baldwin. Soon after he offered his services to the Confederacy, he was transferred from Duval County to Lake City, where he served as Chief Surgeon for East Florida. As early as September 15, 1862, a large group publicly thanked him for his efforts at the General Hospital.2e On February 6, 1865, in Lake City, he became Medical Director of the General Hospitals for Florida and Quitman, Georgia. His letter, case, and account books are preserved in the Confederate Museum at Rich- mond. The case book reveals that the medicines most commonly used in the hospital at Lake City were morphine, Dover's powders, quinine, tonic iron, and whiskey. One of the most popular prescrip- tions was: Sulphate of quinine gr. XVIII Tonic Iron gr. LX Whiskey oz. II Water oz. II Mix and give wineglassful every three hours. The account book reveals the wholesale cost of food and supplies during that critical period: Surgeon A. S. Baldwin in charge of General Hospital Lake City, Florida In account with the Confederate States. Hospital fund expended for the week of March 15 to 21, 1865 To balance on hand last account current $4,382.14 27 doz. eggs @ $2.50 per doz. 67.50 7 chickens at $3 21.00 4% bushels of potatoes @ $5. 22.50 11% lb. lard @ $2.50 28.75 3 pkgs. envelopes @ $6. 18.00 2 tin pans @ $30. 60.00 2 gallons whiskey @ $125. 250.00 467.75 THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 61 and later was treasured by all the family. In March, 1923, the doll was presented to the Confederate Museum by "James Patton Ander- son, Jr. and Margaret Bybee Anderson" of Palatka, Florida.ns DR. BALDWIN'S RECORDS Among the scarce medical records of the war period which are available today are those of Dr. A. S. Baldwin. Soon after he offered his services to the Confederacy, he was transferred from Duval County to Lake City, where he served as Chief Surgeon for East Florida. As early as September 15, 1862, a large group publicly thanked him for his efforts at the General Hospital.a On February 6, 1865, in Lake City, he became Medical Director of the General Hospitals for Florida and Quitman, Georgia. His letter, case, and account books are preserved in the Confederate Museum at Rich- mond. The case book reveals that the medicines most commonly used in the hospital at Lake City were morphine, Dover's powders, quinine, tonic iron, and whiskey. One of the most popular prescrip- tions was: Sulphate of quinine gr. XVIII Tonic Iron gr. LX Whiskey oz. II Water oz. II Mix and give wineglassful every three hours. The account book reveals the wholesale cost of food and supplies during that critical period: Surgeon A. S. Baldwin in charge of General Hospital Lake City, Florida In account with the Confederate States. Hospital fund expended for the week of March 15 to 21, 1865 To balance on hand last account current 04,382.14 27 doz. eggs @ $2.50 per doz. 67.50 7 chickens at $3 21.00 4% bushels of potatoes @ $5. 22.50 11% lb. lard @ $2.50 28.75 3 pkgs. envelopes @ $6. 18.00 2 tin pans @ $30. 60.00 2 gallons whiskey @ $125. 250.00 467.75  62 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE During the spring of 1865, the hospital authorities paid $1 per pound for soap, $5 a gallon for vinegar, $1 a quart for milk and buttermilk, 50 cents a package for matches, $6 for a bottle of ink, and $5 a pound for butter.7 Thus it is apparent that the value of Confederate paper money in Florida had become greatly inflated toward the end of the war. 62 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE During the spring of 1865, the hospital authorities paid $1 per pound for soap. $5 a gallon for vinegar, $1 a quart for milk and buttermilk, 50 cents a package for matches, $6 for a bottle of ink, and $5 a pound for butter.7 Thus it is apparent that the value of Confederate paper money in Florida had become greatly inflated toward the end of the war. 62 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE During the spring of 1865, the hospital authorities paid $1 per pound for soap, $5 a gallon for vinegar, $1 a quart for milk and buttermilk, 50 cents a package for matches, $6 for a bottle of ink, and $5 a pound for butter.7 Thus it is apparent that the value of Confederate paper money in Florida had become greatly inflated toward the end of the war.  9 The Post-War Period THE RETURN HOME DURING the War Between the States, apparently no bona fide physician remained in Duval County to care for the civilian popula- tion. There was much illness, and there were untold hardships. Soldiers coming home on furlough often brought the common con- tagious diseases with them and were likely to spread lice and scabies among those whom they met. Following the war there was a great influx of people into Jackson- ville. Some were refugees and soldiers who were returning to their homes, while others were newcomers who felt that Jacksonville, because of its strategic location, offered opportunity for the future. Unfortunately, the city was prostrate. Much of the property had been destroyed, and accommodations were most inadequate. The streets and yards were strewn with garbage and trash, and the crowding together of people in dirty tenements resulted in an increase and spread of disease. In the early fall of 1865 a rumor arose that there was yellow fever in Jacksonville. Apparently, however, this rumor was quelled when the Florida Union published, on October 7, "a testimony of physicians" that the city was relatively healthy despite the unfavorable circumstances.e By late fall, eight physicians had taken up the practice of medicine in Jacksonville. Times were hard, and collections were poor. On November 4 these eight men called a meeting of the Duval County Medical Society and resolved that while they were "willing to do the work of charity and administer to the truly indigent," they were not willing to treat those persons who were "able yet too lazy and dishonorable to make effort to pay their physicians." They further resolved that they would report delinquents at the regular meetings of the society and that no member of the society would treat a de- 9 The Post-War Period THE RETURN HOME D URING the War Between the States, apparently no bona fide physician remained in Duval County to care for the civilian popula- tion. There was much illness,. and there were untold hardships. Soldiers coming home on furlough often brought the common con- tagious diseases with them and were likely to spread lice and scabies among those whom they met. Following the war there was a great influx of people into Jackson- ville. Some were refugees and soldiers who were returning to their homes, while others were newcomers who felt that Jacksonville, because of its strategic location, offered opportunity for the future. Unfortunately, the city was prostrate. Much of the property had been destroyed, and accommodations were most inadequate. The streets and yards were strewn with garbage and trash, and the crowding together of people in dirty tenements resulted in an increase and spread of disease. In the early fall of 1865 a rumor arose that there was yellow fever in Jacksonville. Apparently, however, this rumor was quelled when the Florida Union published, on October 7, "a testimony of physicians" that the city was relatively healthy despite the unfavorable circumstances.' By late fall, eight physicians had taken up the practice of medicine in Jacksonville. Times were hard, and collections were poor. On November 4 these eight men called a meeting of the Duval County Medical Society and resolved that while they were "willing to do the work of charity and administer to the truly indigent," they were not willing to treat those persons who were "able yet too lazy and dishonorable to make effort to pay their physicians." They further resolved that they would report delinquents at the regular meetings of the society and that no member of the society would treat a de- 9 The Post-War Period THE RETURN HOME DURING the War Between the States, apparently no bona fide physician remained in Duval County to care for the civilian popula- tion. There was much illness, and there were untold hardships. Soldiers coming home on furlough often brought the common con- tagious diseases with them and were likely to spread lice and scabies among those whom they met. Following the war there was a great influx of people into Jackson- ville. Some were refugees and soldiers who were returning to their homes, while others were newcomers who felt that Jacksonville, because of its strategic location, offered opportunity for the future. Unfortunately, the city was prostrate. Much of the property had been destroyed, and accommodations were most inadequate. The streets and yards were strewn with garbage and trash, and the crowding together of people in dirty tenements resulted in an increase and spread of disease. In the early fall of 1865 a rumor arose that there was yellow fever in Jacksonville. Apparently, however, this rumor was quelled when the Florida Union published, on October 7, "a testimony of physicians" that the city was relatively healthy despite the unfavorable circumstances.' By late fall, eight physicians had taken up the practice of medicine in Jacksonville. Times were hard, and collections were poor. On November 4 these eight men called a meeting of the Duval County Medical Society and resolved that while they were "willing to do the work of charity and administer to the truly indigent," they were not willing to treat those persons who were "able yet too lazy and dishonorable to make effort to pay their physicians." They further resolved that they would report delinquents at the regular meetings of the society and that no member of the society would treat a de-  64 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE linquent until he had made a satisfactory settlement with his physician. The resolutions were published repeatedly in a local paper and were signed by A. S. Baldwin, M.D., president; Holmes Steele, M.D.; E. T. Sabal, M.D.; H. G. Vaughn, M.D.; George H. McPherson, M.D.; J. A. S. Todd, M.D.; M. J. Murphy, M.D.; and R. P. Daniel, M.D., secretary.a SMALLPOX Toward the end of the year smallpox made its appearance. On January 17, 1866, the city council, meeting in the council chamber, adopted the following resolution: Whereas, the smallpox is prevailing to some extent among the colored people within the corporation, now for the purpose of pre- venting the further spread of disease and of improving the general sanitary condition of the city, be it Resolved, that the several ward committees of the city be required to visit their respective wards and compel the inhabitants to thor- oughly and efficiently police their property and take such measures as necessary . . . and that the afternoon of January 18 be set apart for this duty. H. H. Hoeg, Mayor.3 On February 7 Dr. Daniel relieved Dr. Mitchell as health officer in charge of the smallpox hospital. There were twenty-five patients with smallpox confined at that time to the hospital, probably the one mentioned in a previous chapter, which was built on block 98 in 1854. On May 7 there were ten patients in the hospital,' and on June 4, the date of the last report that is available, there were five.t Apparently the disease disappeared gradually. It has been said that part of the work undertaken by the Freed- men's Bureau was vaccination against smallpox and that thousands of Negroes in Florida received the preventive treatment.6 The Florida Union, a Jacksonville newspaper owned and edited by Mr. J. K. Stickney, whose views for the most part were Northern and ardently Republican, published an editorial written by him in the fall of 1865 on the evils of the Freedmen's Bureau, which bears considerable weight. After examining newspapers from New Orleans, Mobile, Montgomery, Nashville, and Macon, Mr. Stickney declared: 64 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE linquent until he had made a satisfactory settlement with his physician. The resolutions were published repeatedly in a local paper and were signed by A. S. Baldwin, M.D., president; Holmes Steele, M.D.; E. T. Sabal, M.D.; H. G. Vaughn, M.D.; George H. McPherson, M.D.; J. A. S. Todd, M.D.; M. J. Murphy, M.D.; and R. P. Daniel, M.D., secretary.2 SMALLPOX Toward the end of the year smallpox made its appearance. On January 17, 1866, the city council, meeting in the council chamber, adopted the following resolution: Whereas, the smallpox is prevailing to some extent among the colored people within the corporation, now for the purpose of pre- venting the further spread of disease and of improving the general sanitary condition of the city, be it Resolved, that the several ward committees of the city be required to visit their respective wards and compel the inhabitants to thor- oughly and efficiently police their property and take such measures as necessary . .. and that the afternoon of January 18 be set apart for this duty. H. H. Hoeg, Mayor.a On February 7 Dr. Daniel relieved Dr. Mitchell as health officer in charge of the smallpox hospital. There were twenty-five patients with smallpox confined at that time to the hospital, probably the one mentioned in a previous chapter, which was built on block 98 in 1854. On May 7 there were ten patients in the hospital,4 and on June 4, the date of the last report that is available, there were five.5 Apparently the disease disappeared gradually. It has been said that part of the work undertaken by the Freed- men's Bureau was vaccination against smallpox and that thousands of Negroes in Florida received the preventive treatment.s The Florida Union, a Jacksonville newspaper owned and edited by Mr. J. K. Stickney, whose views for the most part were Northern and ardently Republican, published an editorial written by him in the fall of 1865 on the evils of the Freedmen's Bureau, which bears considerable weight. After examining newspapers from New Orleans, Mobile, Montgomery, Nashville, and Macon, Mr. Stickney declared: 64 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE linquent until he had made a satisfactory settlement with his physician. The resolutions were published repeatedly in a local paper and were signed by A. S. Baldwin, M.D., president; Holmes Steele, M.D.; E. T. Sabal, M.D.; H. G. Vaughn, M.D.; George H. McPherson, M.D.; J. A. S. Todd, M.D.; M. J. Murphy, M.D.; and R. P. Daniel, M.D., secretary.t SMALLPOX Toward the end of the year smallpox made its appearance. On January 17, 1866, the city council, meeting in the council chamber, adopted the following resolution: Whereas, the smallpox is prevailing to some extent among the colored people within the corporation, now for the purpose of pre- venting the further spread of disease and of improving the general sanitary condition of the city, be it Resolved, that the several ward committees of the city be required to visit their respective wards and compel the inhabitants to thor- oughly and efficiently police their property and take such measures as necessary . . . and that the afternoon of January 18 be set apart for this duty. H. H. Hoeg, Mayor.t On February 7 Dr. Daniel relieved Dr. Mitchell as health officer in charge of the smallpox hospital. There were twenty-five patients with smallpox confined at that time to the hospital, probably the one mentioned in a previous chapter, which was built on block 98 in 1854. On May 7 there were ten patients in the hospitalt and on June 4, the date of the last report that is available, there were five.5 Apparently the disease disappeared gradually. It has been said that part of the work undertaken by the Freed- men's Bureau was vaccination against smallpox and that thousands of Negroes in Florida received the preventive treatment.t The Florida Union, a Jacksonville newspaper owned and edited by Mr. J. K. Stickney, whose views for the most part were Northern and ardently Republican, published an editorial written by him in the fall of 1865 on the evils of the Freedmen's Bureau, which bears considerable weight. After examining newspapers from New Orleans, Mobile, Montgomery, Nashville, and Macon, Mr. Stickney declared:  THE POST-WAR PERIOD 65 These papers are loll of mattee to show the wretched operations of the Freedhmen's Bureau and the evil influences it to exerting on the south eru negeo. Good order among our negro popuation teems to depend in a great measure upon the removal of this organization from the south, for though well designed, many of its agents peevert its legitimate operations and atre converting it into an engine of mischief. S S - - / THE POST-WAR PERIOD 65 These papers ace full of matter to show the wretched operations of the Freedmen's Bureau and the evil influences it is exerting on the southernunegro. ood ordercamong ourenegro populationoseems to depend ina geat masueupon thecremoval of this ogaiztion from the south, for though well designed, many of its agents pervert its legitimate operations and are converting it into an engine of mischief.? 5- /y S ;- ,a/ /n THE POST-WAR PERIOD 65 These papers ace fall of matter to show the wretched operations of the Preedmen's Bureau and the evil influences it is eerting on the soother ere. Good order among our nero popultion seems to depend in a great measure upon the removal of this organizaton from the tooth, f or though welt designed, many of its agents pervert its legitimate operations and ace converting it into an engine of mischief.t ad S - - ,ar oAc a ad /cO O am'-tCic 4; t o onv a 1 /D 2-Z.acicaL/ ee ar/C/p 4; Ct4;alcrt _!/ ;- 7;4jdz~C_.a~' ~72~ /pA/r//a~ovrao /~ d . e 5 aa /D - 4 4;/araaa l 7 C - vt 6/C ' t-r io f/i cr CHOLERA! Asiatic cholera, one of the most fearful and dreaded of alt diseases, mode itn appearaoce in Jachonville doting the lute summer of t866.* Efforts were mode to conceal its pretence, hot rumors which hegan to fly son represented the dinette as heing wrse thou the facts indicated. Authorities finally admitted that a contagion was presnt and thatonnSunday, Septemer9,rleven new cses appered and *The statemet that chotera never hs insaded Plorida it itt totnded. The disasure istown to have hers pretest in Pernandina, Apaahicola, sod Rev Wear many years print to its visitation to Jacksonville.s CHOLERA!~ Asiatic cholera, one of the most fearful and rceaded of ott diseases, made its appearance in Jacksonville during the lte summer of 1t66.* Efforts were made to conceal its presence, hut rumors which hegan to fly soon represented the disrate as heing worse than the facts indicated. Authorities finally admitted that a contagirn was present and that on Sunday, Septemher 9, eleven new cater appeared and *The sattement that chotera sever ts invaded Plorida is ill founded. The distort ia known to have Seen pereen in Permandina, Apatachicola, and Rey Wear many years print to its visiafton in lacksonvitc.n CHOLERA! Asiatic chnlra, one of the most fearful and dreaded nf all diseases, made its appearance in Jacksonville daring the late summer of 1866.* Efforts were made to conceal its presence, hot rumors which began tonflysooneresented thedisease asheing woers han the facts indicated. Authorities finally admitted that a contagion wan present and thatnSunday, Septemher9, elvennew cases appeared and *The statemernt ehat chotera never haa inaded Ftorida it itt foanded. The dismase it known to Sure Scen proesn in Pernandina, Apatacicota, and er Wet many cers priot to its visitation in Jatcsonvill.8  66 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE three deaths occurred, but they maintained that the disease was not present in epidemic form.- Fifteen years later, a supposed authority stated that the disease occurred in 1868, that a Negro woman took the contagion from Jacksonville to Cedar Keys, gave it to all the members of her large family, and started an epidemic. He further stated that the first case in Cedar Keys occurred on a Friday, and that on the following Sunday there were twenty-two deathsO This authority probably was mistaken in the dates and in the actual number of deaths which occurred at a specific time, but his state- ment that the disease was spread from Jacksonville to Cedar Keys probably is true. It would appear that the epidemic made its appear- ance on Way Key Island, near Cedar Keys, on Saturday, September 8, 1866, and that on the following day ten deaths occurred. The epidemic raged so fearfully among the lumbermen that all the mills had to be shut down, and soon Cedar Keys was so nearly deserted that hardly enough people remained to bury the dead. Jacksonville suffered a great deal, but not nearly so intensely as did Cedar Keys. On September 29, the Jacksonville Union, after informing its readers that rumors had exaggerated the severity of the disease, admitted that the contagion had been present on a scale sufficient to excite apprehension and prevent visitors from coming to the city. The paper declared that no person with cholera had been found in that locality during the preceding ten days, that the health of the general populace was good, and that the "country people" might come to the city once again without fearur MORE ABOUT DR. STEELE Soon after the war Dr. Steele was living on the northeast corner of Pine (Main) and Monroe streets, the present site of the Clark Building.t2 He was elected to represent Duval County in the Senate13 and during the session of 1866 introduced a bill to establish a state medical board, a bill to revise quarantine regulations in Jacksonville, an act to provide artificial limbs to maimed soldiers, an act to regulate the sale of poisons, and a bill to create a fund for the benefit of orphans of Florida soldiers killed in battle.14 In April, 1866, he was elected mayor of Jacksonville for a second term,* and in April, 1867, was chosen to succeed himself. *First Term 1858-59. 66 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE three deaths occurred, but they maintained that the disease was not present in epidemic form.t Fifteen years later, a supposed authority stated that the disease occurred in 1868, that a Negro woman took the contagion from Jacksonville to Cedar Keys, gave it to all the members of her large family, and started an epidemic. He further stated that the first case in Cedar Keys occurred on a Friday, and that on the following Sunday there were twenty-two deaths.tt This authority probably was mistaken in the dates and in the actual number of deaths which occurred at a specific time, but his state- ment that the disease was spread from Jacksonville to Cedar Keys probably is true. It would appear that the epidemic made its appear- ance on Way Key Island, near Cedar Keys, on Saturday, September 8, 1866, and that on the following day ten deaths occurred. The epidemic raged so fearfully among the lumbermen that all the mills had to be shut down, and soon Cedar Keys was so nearly deserted that hardly enough people remained to bury the dead. Jacksonville suffered a great deal, but not nearly so intensely as did Cedar Keys. On September 29, the Jacksonville Union, after informing its readers that rumors had exaggerated the severity of the disease, admitted that the contagion had been present on a scale sufficient to excite apprehension and prevent visitors from coming to the city. The paper declared that no person with cholera had been found in that locality during the preceding ten days, that the health of the general populace was good, and that the "country people" might come to the city once again without fear.11 MORE ABOUT DR. STEELE Soon after the war Dr. Steele was living on the northeast corner of Pine (Main) and Monroe streets, the present site of the Clark Building t2 He was elected to represent Duval County in the Senate13 and during the session of 1866 introduced a bill to establish a state medical board, a bill to revise quarantine regulations in Jacksonville, an act to provide artificial limbs to maimed soldiers, an act to regulate the sale of poisons, and a bill to create a fund for the benefit of orphans of Florida soldiers killed in battle.t In April, 1866, he was elected mayor of Jacksonville for a second term,* and in April, 1867, was chosen to succeed himself. *First Term 1858-59. 66 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE three deaths occurred, but they maintained that the disease was not present in epidemic form.t Fifteen years later, a supposed authority stated that the disease occurred in 1868, that a Negro woman took the contagion from Jacksonville to Cedar Keys, gave it to all the members of her large family, and started an epidemic. He further stated that the first case in Cedar Keys occurred on a Friday, and that on the following Sunday there were twenty-two deaths.10 This authority probably was mistaken in the dates and in the actual number of deaths which occurred at a specific time, but his state- ment that the disease was spread from Jacksonville to Cedar Keys probably is true. It would appear that the epidemic made its appear- ance on Way Key Island, near Cedar Keys, on Saturday, September 8, 1866, and that on the following day ten deaths occurred. The epidemic raged so fearfully among the lumbermen that all the mills had to be shut down, and soon Cedar Keys was so nearly deserted that hardly enough people remained to bury the dead. Jacksonville suffered a great deal, but not nearly so intensely as did Cedar Keys. On September 29, the Jacksonville Union, after informing its readers that rumors had exaggerated the severity of the disease, admitted that the contagion had been present on a scale sufficient to excite apprehension and prevent visitors from coming to the city. The paper declared that no person with cholera had been found in that locality during the preceding ten days, that the health of the general populace was good, and that the "country people" might come to the city once again without fear." MORE ABOUT DR. STEELE Soon after the war Dr. Steele was living on the northeast corner of Pine (Main) and Monroe streets, the present site of the Clark Building.2 He was elected to represent Duval County in the Senate1 and during the session of 1866 introduced a bill to establish a state medical board, a bill to revise quarantine regulations in Jacksonville, an act to provide artificial limbs to maimed soldiers, an act to regulate the sale of poisons, and a bill to create a fund for the benefit of orphans of Florida soldiers killed in battle" In April, 1866, he was elected mayor of Jacksonville for a second term,* and in April, 1867, was chosen to succeed himself. *First Term 1858-59.  THE POST-WAR PERIOD 67 Two years earlier, in September, 1865, Dr. Steele had become associate editor of the Florida Union.05 That fall he had a vigorous feud with the editor of the Jacksonville Herald. The political views of the two men were strongly divergent, and it was obvious that they did not like each other. Dr. Steele's style and his ability to express himself in a vitriolic manner are illustrated in this battle of words. The editor of the Herald, who would not reveal his identity, had written: Dr. H. Steele, formerly of the recruiting service in the rebel army, has become associate editor of the Union. The animus of the last issue of that paper affords an illustration of the couplet: A man convinced against his will Is of the same opinion 'still. In reply, Dr. Steele wrote in the Florida Union: Your facts like your philosophy and politics are conceived in dark places, and consequently are brought forth in error. The Associate Editor of this paper begs to decline "the soft impeachment." He was not "formerly of the recruiting services in the rebel army" as the "people of Florida" whom you are striving, in true missionary spirit to enlighten, very well know. He did not stay in the rear to send others but went himself and took "a front place in the picture, near the flashing of guns." Not having been "convinced" either with or "against his will" he pleads guilty of being "of the same mind still" upon all subjects where principle was involved. But yet those ques- tions being settled by a force to which he yields, he has set them to rest forever, and having by oath asserted that purpose, and given in an honest adhesion and allegiance to the Federal Government, none but those whose moral infamy fits them for perjury can raise the shadow of a question as to his loyalty, either by assertion or insinua- tion? 1 On another occasion Dr. Steele wrote an editorial entitled, "The Jacksonville Herald and Its Fuglemen," in which he flayed his rival editor in these words: The astute editor of this "Hybrid" sheet produced last week a very learned literary contribution on the "Press of Florida", which is as profound in its analytical force as it is chaste in its style and tropes. In treating of the history and character of the Herald, how- THE POST-WAR PERIOD 67 Two years earlier, in September, 1865, Dr. Steele had become associate editor of the Florida Union.00 That fall he had a vigorous feud with the editor of the Jacksonville Herald. The political views of the two men were strongly divergent, and it was obvious that they did not like each other. Dr. Steele's style and his ability to express himself in a vitriolic manner are illustrated in this battle of words. The editor of the Herald, who would not reveal his identity, had written: Dr. H. Steele, formerly of the recruiting service in the rebel army, has become associate editor of the Union. The animus of the last issue of that paper affords an illustration of the couplet: A man convinced against his will Is of the same opinion 'still. In reply, Dr. Steele wrote in the Florida Union: Your facts like your philosophy and politics are conceived in dark places, and consequently are brought forth in error. The Associate Editor of this paper begs to decline "the soft impeachment." He was not "formerly of the recruiting services in the rebel army" as the "people of Florida" whom you are striving, in true missionary spirit to enlighten, very well know. He did not stay in the rear to send others but went himself and took "a front place in the picture, near the flashing of guns." Not having been "convinced" either with or "against his will" he pleads guilty of being "of the same mind still" upon all subjects where principle was involved. But yet those ques- tions being settled by a force to which he yields, he has set them to rest forever, and having by oath asserted that purpose, and given in an honest adhesion and allegiance to the Federal Government, none but those whose moral infamy fits them for perjury can raise the shadow of a question as to his loyalty, either by assertion or insinua- tion01 On another occasion Dr. Steele wrote an editorial entitled, "The Jacksonville Herald and Its Fuglemen," in which he flayed his rival editor in these words: The astute editor of this "Hybrid" sheet produced last week a very learned literary contribution on the "Press of Florida", which is as profound in its analytical force as it is chaste in its style and tropes. In treating of the history and character of the Herald, how- THE POST-WAR PERIOD 67 Two years earlier, in September, 1865, Dr. Steele had become associate editor of the Florida Union15 That fall he had a vigorous feud with the editor of the Jacksonville Herald. The political views of the two men were strongly divergent, and it was obvious that they did not like each other. Dr. Steele's style and his ability to express himself in a vitriolic manner are illustrated in this battle of words. The editor of the Herald, who would not reveal his identity, had written: Dr. H. Steele, formerly of the recruiting service in the rebel army, has become associate editor of the Union. The animus of the last issue of that paper affords an illustration of the couplet: A man convinced against his will Is of the same opinion still. In reply, Dr. Steele wrote in the Florida Union: Your facts like your philosophy and politics are conceived in dark places, and consequently are brought forth in error. The Associate Editor of this paper begs to decline "the soft impeachment." He was not "formerly of the recruiting services in the rebel army" as the "people of Florida" whom you are striving, in true missionary spirit to enlighten, very well know. He did not stay in the rear to send others but went himself and took "a front place in the picture, near the flashing of guns." Not having been "convinced" either with or "against his will" he pleads guilty of being "of the same mind still" upon all subjects where principle was involved. But yet those ques- tions being settled by a force to which he yields, be has set them to rest forever, and having by oath asserted that purpose, and given in an honest adhesion and allegiance to the Federal Government, none but those whose moral infamy fits them for perjury can raise the shadow of a question as to his loyalty, either by assertion or insinua- tion.1t On another occasion Dr. Steele wrote an editorial entitled, "The Jacksonville Herald and Its Fuglemen," in which he flayed his rival editor in these words: The astute editor of this "Hybrid" sheet produced last week a very learned literary contribution on the "Press of Florida", which is as profound in its analytical force as it is chaste in its style and tropes. In treating of the history and character of the Herald, how-  68 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE ever, a modest diffidence which we applaud, confined him to that pe- riod of its existence when we [Dr. Steele] . . were its conductor, and of course, forbade him to mention aught of its brilliant history since it passed into the hands of the mongrel crew of miscegenators, from whose moral putrefaction a phosphorescent light has been shedna Signature of Dr. Holmes Steele, March 2, 1867 In March, 1867 Dr. Steele withdrew as associate editor of the Florida Union. In the correspondence column of the Savannah News and Herald the following note, dated March 17, appeared: .. It is with regret that I inform your readers of the withdrawal of Dr. Steele from the editorial department of the Florida Union. The loss of this polished gentleman and accomplished scholar will be seriously felt by his world of friends, who so much admired the bold and independent course he has pursued since the close of the late unhappy war, in defense of that which he believed to be due from a nation of people who boasts of one of the best governments under the sun. Dr. Steele was educated in the school that taught states rights principles, and for a number of years has been a decided advocate of democratic doctrines. The Doctor was bitterly opposed to the Sherman Military bill and could not consent to support a measure that brought his own head to the block and at the same time disenfranchised so large a number of his most cherished friends. Consequently he withdraws from the Florida Union, and wishes our common country well18 On May 7, 1867, Dr. Steele died. A letter from Jacksonville, dated May 8, and published in Tallahassee, under "Correspondence of the Floridian," stated: You have probably ere this . . . heard of the death of our honored Mayor, Holmes Steele, who is also known to your community as the 68 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE ever, a modest diffidence which we applaud, confined him to that pe- riod of its existence when we [Dr. Steele] . . were its conductor, and of course, forbade him to mention aught of its brilliant history since it passed into the hands of the mongrel crew of miscegenators, from whose moral putrefaction a phosphorescent light has been shed 1 Signature of Dr. Holmes Steele, March 2, 1867 In March, 1867, Dr. Steele withdrew as associate editor of the Florida Union. In the correspondence column of the Savannah News and Herald the following note, dated March 17, appeared: .. It is with regret that I inform your readers of the withdrawal of Dr. Steele from the editorial department of the Florida Union. The loss of this polished gentleman and accomplished scholar will be seriously felt by his world of friends, who so much admired the bold and independent course he has pursued since the close of the late unhappy war, in defense of that which he believed to be due from a nation of people who boasts of one of the best governments under the sun. Dr. Steele was educated in the school that taught states rights principles, and for a number of years has been a decided advocate of democratic doctrines. The Doctor was bitterly opposed to the Sherman Military bill and could not consent to support a measure that brought his own head to the block and at the same time disenfranchised so large a number of his most cherished friends. Consequently he withdraws from the Florida Union, and wishes our common country weld On May 7, 1867, Dr. Steele died. A letter from Jacksonville, dated May 8, and published in Tallahassee, under "Correspondence of the Floridian," stated: You have probably ere this .. .heard of the death of our honored Mayor, Holmes Steele, who is also known to your community as the 68 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE ever, a modest diffidence which we applaud, confined him to that pe- riod of its existence when we [Dr. Steele] ... were its conductor, and of course, forbade him to mention aught of its brilliant history since it passed into the hands of the mongrel crew of miscegenators, from whose moral putrefaction a phosphorescent light has been shed.t Signature of Dr. Holmes Steele, March 2, 1867 In March, 1867, Dr. Steele withdrew as associate editor of the Florida Union. In the correspondence column of the Savannah News and Herald the following note, dated March 17, appeared: .. It is with regret that I inform your readers of the withdrawal of Dr. Steele from the editorial department of the Florida Union. The loss of this polished gentleman and accomplished scholar will be seriously felt by his world of friends, who so much admired the bold and independent course he has pursued since the close of the late unhappy war, in defense of that which he believed to be due from a nation of people who boasts of one of the best governments under the sun. Dr. Steele was educated in the school that taught states rights principles, and for a number of years has been a decided advocate of democratic doctrines. The Doctor was bitterly opposed to the Sherman Military bill and could not consent to support a measure that brought his own head to the block and at the same time disenfranchised so large a number of his most cherished friends. Consequently he withdraws from the Florida Union, and wishes our common country well.1t On May 7, 1867, Dr. Steele died. A letter from Jacksonville, dated May 8, and published in Tallahassee, under "Correspondence of the Floridian," stated: You have probably ere this ... heard of the death of our honored Mayor, Holmes Steele, who is also known to your community as the  THE POST-WAR PERIOD 69 THE POST-WAR PERIOD 69 Senator from this district. His death occurred at half past nine A.M. yesterday morning. He had been disabled by sickness for the past two months but was about the house a day or two before his end. He was, however, in his weak condition again prostrated and died from congestion of the brain and other attendant symptoms. The following are the resolutions of Council, passed last evening: Resolved . . . The members of the Council will wear the usual badge of mourning for thirty days. Resolved, that the council room be draped in mourning for the space of thirty days. Resolved, that the merchants of the city, out of respect for our late esteemed Mayor and fellow-citizen be requested to close their stores and places of business during the afternoon from two to seven o'clock P.M. Wednesday, May 8, 1867. P. S. At the time of writing this postscript, all the stores on Bay Street are closed in compliance with the request of the city council in respect to the memory of Dr. Steele. No distinction is made in this observance. The colors of the United States Steamer in port here are at half mast... .1 The war and the confiscation of a large part of his property left Dr. Steele very much in debt at the time of his death.tt His wife, Rebecca, who had to support their young daughter, Tallulah, appar- ently liquidated the estate, including his medical books and instru- ments, in order to pay his debts.t 1 Dr. Steele is buried in the Old City Cemetery with a small, undated marker over his grave. The record book of burials indicates that his grave is Number 3, Lot 56, Section 2, but gives no other information2 Physician, state senator, thrice mayor of Jacksonville, editor, captain of the Jacksonville Light Infantry, and colorful figure during the War Between the States, Dr. Steele today is unhonored and almost unknown. Senator from this district. His death occurred at half past nine A.M. yesterday morning. He had been disabled by sickness for the past two months but was about the house a day or two before his end. He was, however, in his weak condition again prostrated and died from congestion of the brain and other attendant symptoms. The following are the resolutions of Council, passed last evening: Resolved . . . The members of the Council will wear the usual badge of mourning for thirty days. Resolved, that the council room be draped in mourning for the space of thirty days. Resolved, that the merchants of the city, out of respect for our late esteemed Mayor and fellow-citizen be requested to close their stores and places of business during the afternoon from two to seven o'clock P.M. Wednesday, May 8, 1867. P. S. At the time of writing this postscript, all the stores on Bay Street are closed in compliance with the request of the city council in respect to the memory of Dr. Steele. No distinction is made in this observance. The colors of the United States Steamer in port here are at half mast.. .. The war and the confiscation of a large part of his property left Dr. Steele very much in debt at the time of his death.tt His wife, Rebecca, who had to support their young daughter, Tallulah, appar- ently liquidated the estate, including his medical books and instru- ments, in order to pay his debts.t1 Dr. Steele is buried in the Old City Cemetery with a small, undated marker over his grave. The record book of burials indicates that his grave is Number 3, Lot 56, Section 2, but gives no other information2 Physician, state senator, thrice mayor of Jacksonville, editor, captain of the Jacksonville Light Infantry, and colorful figure during the War Between the States, Dr. Steele today is unhonored and almost unknown. THE POST-WAR PERIOD 69 Senator from this district. His death occurred at half past nine A.M. yesterday morning. He had been disabled by sickness for the past two months but was about the house a day or two before his end. He was, however, in his weak condition again prostrated and died from congestion of the brain and other attendant symptoms. The following are the resolutions of Council, passed last evening: Resolved . . .The members of the Council will wear the usual badge of mourning for thirty days. Resolved, that the council room be draped in mourning for the space of thirty days. Resolved, that the merchants of the city, out of respect for our late esteemed Mayor and fellow-citizen be requested to close their stores and places of business during the afternoon from two to seven o'clock P.M. Wednesday, May 8, 1867. P. S. At the time of writing this postscript, all the stores on Bay Street are closed in compliance with the request of the city council in respect to the memory of Dr. Steele. No distinction is made in this observance. The colors of the United States Steamer in port here are at half mast... an The war and the confiscation of a large part of his property left Dr. Steele very much in debt at the time of his death.tt His wife, Rebecca, who had to support their young daughter, Tallulah, appar- ently liquidated the estate, including his medical books and instru- ments, in order to pay his debts.t1 Dr. Steele is buried in the Old City Cemetery with a small, undated marker over his grave. The record book of burials indicates that his grave is Number 3, Lot 56, Section 2, but gives no other information2 Physician, state senator, thrice mayor of Jacksonville, editor, captain of the Jacksonville Light Infantry, and colorful figure during the War Between the States, Dr. Steele today is unhonored and almost unknown.  10 Wretchedness - Growth- Progress A WAR-TORN TOWN VowARD the end of the eighteen-sixties Jacksonville was struggling valiantly against adversities. In January, 1869, Mr. J. F. P. Le- Baron, a visitor from New England, wrote in his diary: Bay Street has quite a business appearance. Brick fronts and fine looking stores. Some druggist stores that would compare favorably with any in Boston. . .. Large live oaks grow in the center of the streets in groups and singly.... But with the exception of one or two streets the city looks very shabby.... The sand is ankle deep in the streets and there is very little brick side walk ... mostly plank. The houses are mere shells ... and are put up very quick and cheaply.... Mostly what is called "balloon frames" and a great many of them are going up. Also large numbers of little cabins for negroes on the outside of town.. . . It is astonishing what hovels human beings will live in. I allude to the negro shanties. Actually over 3/4 of them are worse than a respectable N. E. Farmer would consign a pig to. . . . Some contain only one room in which live a whole family, in dirt and misery. Then again there are some neat and even tasty cottages in which the better class of blacks dwell, but they are exceptions. The depot . . .is not over 10 ft. square and only the ticket master occupies it. There is no protection from the rain. There is no baggage master. At the steam boat landing there is no covered wharf or warehouse.... I walked down by the military Camp today. It is situated in the southern outskirts of the place on the w. bank of the St. Johns.... It is altogether the pleasantest part of the place.. . There is I should think, about 200 men stationed here and quite a village has grown up round the barracks, probably composed mostly of soldiers' families. I found also, in travelling around the place, a small, desert- ed, burying ground in the middle of where two streets met.* The *Probably the old burial grounds of the St. Johns Episcopal Church. In 1853 Dr. Baldwin, secretary of the church, announced that there would be no 70 10 Wretchedness- Growth- Progress A WAR-TORN TOWN OWARD the end of the eighteen-sixties Jacksonville was struggling valiantly against adversities. In January, 1869, Mr. J. F. P. Le- Baron, a visitor from New England, wrote in his diary: Bay Street has quite a business appearance. Brick fronts and fine looking stores. Some druggist stores that would compare favorably with any in Boston. .. . Large live oaks grow in the center of the streets in groups and singly.... But with the exception of one or two streets the city looks very shabby.... The sand is ankle deep in the streets and there is very little brick side walk . . . mostly plank. The houses are mere shells ... and are put up very quick and cheaply.... Mostly what is called "balloon frames" and a great many of them are going up. Also large numbers of little cabins for negroes on the outside of town.. . It is astonishing what hovels human beings will live in. I allude to the negro shanties. Actually over 3/4 of them are worse than a respectable N. E. Farmer would consign a pig to. . . . Some contain only one room in which live a whole family, in dirt and misery. Then again there are some neat and even tasty cottages in which the better class of blacks dwell, but they are exceptions. The depot ... is not over 10 ft. square and only the ticket master occupies it. There is no protection from the rain. There is no baggage master. At the steam boat landing there is no covered wharf or warehouse.... I walked down by the military Camp today. It is situated in the southern outskirts of the place on the w. bank of the St. Johns.... It is altogether the pleasantest part of the place.. . There is I should think, about 200 men stationed here and quite a village has grown up round the barracks, probably composed mostly of soldiers' families. I found also, in travelling around the place, a small, desert- ed, burying ground in the middle of where two streets met.* The *Probably the old burial grounds of the St. Johns Episcopal Church. In 1853 Dr. Baldwin, secretary of the church, announced that there would be no 10 Wretchedness - Growth- Progress A WAR-TORN TOWN TOwARD the end of the eighteen-sixties Jacksonville was struggling valiantly against adversities. In January, 1869, Mr. J. F. P. Le- Baron, a visitor from New England, wrote in his diary: Bay Street has quite a business appearance. Brick fronts and fine looking stores. Some druggist stores that would compare favorably with any in Boston. . . . Large live oaks grow in the center of the streets in groups and singly.... But with the exception of one or two streets the city looks very shabby.... The sand is ankle deep in the streets and there is very little brick side walk ... mostly plank. The houses are mere shells ... and are put up very quick and cheaply.... Mostly what is called "balloon frames" and a great many of them are going up. Also large numbers of little cabins for negroes on the outside of town.. . It is astonishing what hovels human beings will live in. I allude to the negro shanties. Actually over 3/4 of them are worse than a respectable N. E. Farmer would consign a pig to. . . . Some contain only one room in which live a whole family, in dirt and misery. Then again there are some neat and even tasty cottages in which the better class of blacks dwell, but they are exceptions. The depot ... is not over 10 ft. square and only the ticket master occupies it. There is no protection from the rain. There is no baggage master. At the steam boat landing there is no covered wharf or warehouse.... I walked down by the military Camp today. It is situated in the southern outskirts of the place on the w. bank of the St. Johns. . . . It is altogether the pleasantest part of the place.. . There is I should think, about 200 men stationed here and quite a village has grown up round the barracks, probably composed mostly of soldiers' families. I found also, in travelling around the place, a small, desert- ed, burying ground in the middle of where two streets met.* The *Probably the old burial grounds of the St. Johns Episcopal Church. In 1853 Dr. Baldwin, secretary of the church, announced that there would be no 70  WRETCHEDNESS-GROWTH-PROGRESS 71 tombs were torn down, evidently for the brick which were carried off. The monuments were defaced and overturned and altogether it was a most desolate sight.... I wandered on and found the regular cemetery* which I think without exception the worst looking I ever saw. Weeds and grass were most luxuriant and had choked the walks and avenues ... a negro was cutting the weeds and hoeing ... the paths. . . . Things look dreadfull . . . but one must remember that the place is just emerging from a civil war, that has been carried into the very homes of the citizens. Jacksonville has been tossed about like the shuttlecock, first in one partie's hands and then in the other. . . . No wonder that business was paralized and the place looks wretched. . . . The people seem to accept and make the most of the condition. I am somewhat surprised in the negro. He is shrewder and more of a man than I had supposed, so lately freed from bondage. He knows enough to charge good prices for his labor. 50 cts. to carry a trunk from the boat to the hotel, about 1000 feet. .. The young ones, "piccamimies," run loose in the streets and are in everybody's way but t noticed that they were not saucy like the Irish children. . . . Cows and their calves also run loose in the streets .. .and as a general thing they are poor and tired looking. Milk at this season is rare. . . . Mules are the principal beast of burden... . Lumber is cheap here especially the Florida pine and "light wood." ... Carpentry is very brisk.... I think one could live cheaper here than in our New England cities. Beef 7 ets. per pound, sweet potatoes 75 cts. per bushel. Butter is high 60 ets. a lb. Bread 10 cts. a loaf. .. Oranges at the store for 1 & 2 cts. each. . . . Board at hotels from $3.00 per day to $2.00.4 In 1869 there were other signs of "dreadfull" conditions in the city which had suffered so intensely during the war. The jail was in worse condition, perhaps, than the graveyards. An inquest held on the body of a prisoner on October 6, revealed that he had come to his death as a result of imprisonment in the jail of Duval County. Not long before that Dr. G. Troup Maxwell, city physician, had declared: The badly ventilated cells, in which are crowded prisoners of every color, age, sex and conditions, are calculated to originate further burials on grounds belonging to the church.e It will be remembered that the church was burned in 1863.0 *Old City Cemetery. In 1852, named Willey Cemetery.0 WRETCHEDNESS-GROWTH-PROGRESS 71 tombs were torn down, evidently for the brick which were carried off. The monuments were defaced and overturned and altogether it was a most desolate sight.... I wandered on and found the regular cemetery* which I think without exception the worst looking I ever saw. Weeds and grass were most luxuriant and had choked the walks and avenues ... a negro was cutting the weeds and hoeing .. . the paths. . . . Things look dreadfull . . . but one must remember that the place is just emerging from a civil war, that has been carried into the very homes of the citizens. Jacksonville has been tossed about like the shuttlecock, first in one partie's hands and then in the other. . . . No wonder that business was paralized and the place looks wretched. . . . The people seem to accept and make the most of the condition. I am somewhat surprised in the negro. He is shrewder and more of a man than I had supposed, so lately freed from bondage. He knows enough to charge good prices for his labor. 50 ets. to carry a trunk from the boat to the hotel, about 1000 feet. .. The young ones, "piccamimies," run loose in the streets and are in everybody's way but 1 noticed that they were not saucy like the Irish children.... Cows and their calves also run loose in the streets .. and as a general thing they are poor and tired looking. Milk at this season is rare.... Mules are the principal beast of burden.... Lumber is cheap here especially the Florida pine and "light wood." .. . Carpentry is very brisk.... I think one could live cheaper here than in our New England cities. Beef 7 cts. per pound, sweet potatoes 75 ets. per bushel. Butter is high 60 cts. a lb. Bread 10 cts. a loaf. .. .Oranges at the store for 1 & 2 cts. each.... Board at hotels from $3.00 per day to $2.00.4 In 1869 there were other signs of "dreadfull" conditions in the city which had suffered so intensely during the war. The jail was in worse condition, perhaps, than the graveyards. An inquest held on the body of a prisoner on October 6, revealed that he had come to his death as a result of imprisonment in the jail of Duval County. Not long before that Dr. G. Troup Maxwell, city physician, had declared: The badly ventilated cells, in which are crowded prisoners of every color, age, sex and conditions, are calculated to originate further burials on grounds belonging to the church? It will be remembered that the church was burned in 1863.2 *Oid City Cemetery. In 152, sasmed Wi'Oey Cemeterty.3 WRETCHEDNESS-GROWTH-POGESS 71 tombs were torn down, evidently for the brick which were carried off. The monuments were defaced and overturned and altogether it was a most desolate sight.... I wandered on and found the regular cemetery* which I think without exception the worst looking I ever saw. Weeds and grass were most luxuriant and had choked the walks and avenues ... a negro was cutting the weeds and hoeing ... the paths. . . . Things look dreadfull . . . but one must remember that the place is just emerging from a civil war, that has been carried into the very homes of the citizens. Jacksonville has been tossed about like the shuttlecock, first in one partie's hands and then in the other.. . No wonder that business was paralized and the place looks wretched. . . . The people seem to accept and make the most of the condition. I am somewhat surprised in the negro. He is shrewder and more of a man than I had supposed, so lately freed from bondage. He knows enough to charge good prices for his labor. 50 cts. to carry a trunk from the boat to the hotel, about 1000 feet. .. The young ones, "piccamimies," run loose in the streets and are in everybody's way but I noticed that they were not saucy like the Irish children. . . . Cows and their calves also run loose in the streets .. and as a general thing they are poor and tired looking. Milk at this season is rare.... Mules are the principal beast of burden.... Lumber is cheap heere especially the Florida pine and "light wood." .. . Carpentry is very brisk.... I think one could live cheaper here than in our New England cities. Beef 7 cts. per pound, sweet potatoes 75 cts. per bushel. Butter is high 60 cts. a lb. Bread 10 ets. a loaf. .. Oranges at the store for 1 & 2 cts. each. . . . Board at hotels from $3.00 per day to $2.00.4 In 1869 there were other signs of "dreadfull" conditions in the city which had suffered so intensely during the war. The jail was in worse condition, perhaps, than the graveyards. An inquest held on the body of a prisoner on October 6, revealed that he had come to his death as a result of imprisonment in the jail of Duval County. Not long before that Dr. G. Troup Maxwell, city physician, had declared: The badly ventilated cells, in which are crowded prisoners of every color, age, sex and conditions, are calculated to originate further burials on grounds belonging to the chutch. It will be remembered that the church was burned in 1863 *Old City Cemetery. In 1852, named Willey Cemetery.3  7.2 A CENTURY OF MIEDICJNE diseases.... I have ntever seen a building ... so obssnious . .. as Daval Csnnty Jail.n Nut until sispyears later was the city absle Is lesy a three-msill tan for she corstructisra at a new jail.t SIGNS OF GROWTH AND PROGRESS Despise wresehed csndisisns in the war-tssn tawn, however, dis- tinctssigns oflgrowthand iwpravewentwereeginningsaoappear.tIn she laster half aftshe yeas 1866, a board sf tade was fsunded-,t and durnsg 1868, when Mre. E. A. Feenanader was secretary, its wewbers were surprisingly active. Or. Baldwin, a newber sf she bsard, wade eepeated reconmwendations for inmpeovewent at the Sr. Johns Bar and served an a cowmmittee ts antline and present the agri- cultural andI cawmmercial advantages at the Jacksonville regian 10 Canstractive activityon thr part of she board at trade continard tar sverat years. On January 1, 1869 the St. Jawes Hotrl, destined as becoase sue aftshe msl fawus hotels in the entire South, was oyened ts the public. In February a note in she newspaper told at plans tar another harel, the lawn's seventh,nn and with she turn at the decade there were ahnndant signs oflgaowthuand prgess. The Meachanics' Fire Comspany, in 1870, received a new straw tire engine weighing 3,00pundsandecapableaofthrowing alarge streamof watee200tfeelaaarateaof S0 gallnsperwinte. Thisawas the first steamwfire engineuo tsind inleid.a A new icehuse, erected by Mte. SI. 98. Drew in 1871, was declared Is be the best structureaofitshind suthuofNew Yr. Coveingan areastfl2500 square teat andI having a capacity at 1,600 tans, the ice house offeredl awmeansntfpreservingtaaod,ahuoon tohe people's healt. Thas sawe year a lfine wharf" and "new depot" were cornpleted by the Florida Central Railroad, and the Floeida Unian announced plans tar Flue- ida's Seast daily paper.t1 Tbe census at 1870 reported nearly seven *There is record al a board at trade in Jackrsnille as early as t856, of which Dr. Throdore Hlarridge war preaident s s hare it as evidence that itfunctioned forwmor than a short perid of time. The Chamher of Cars- wecerasnwehknowitutday,uwasanotfonded util184.n IThe Tallahassee Sentinel was brsuad daily tar a~ short prod during she 1870 tegislativsetrioa, hat apparently as regular daily paper had yes appeared 72 A CENTURY OF MIEDICINE diseases.... I have never seen a bulding ... so obnoxious ...a Duvat County Jaitl Not until six years later was the city abte to levy a three-milt tan tar the constrnctionaof a new jailsn SIGNS OF GROWTH AND PROGRESS Despite wretched conditions in the war-tarn lawn, however, dis- tinctlsigns oftgrowth and impravemeantwerehbeginningatoappear.ln the latter halt at the year 1866, a board at trade was taunded7* and daring 1868, when Ste. E. A. Fernandez was secretary, its wewbers were snrprisingly active. Dr. Baldwin. a wewber ot the baed, wade repeated recomwendations tar iwprovvnment at the St. Johns Bar and served onacommitee Is outline and present the agri- cabaretl and commwercial advantages at the Jacksonville ragian.-5 Constructive activity an the part at the boaed at trade continued tar several years. On January 1, 1869 she St. James Hatal, destined Is becowe are ti the nmost tawous hotels in the easie Soth, was spared to the public. Ia February a note in the newspaper tld at plans tar another hotel, the town's seventht and with the turn at the decade thereewere abundant signsatfgrwh and prgess. The SMechanics' Fire Cowpany, in 1870, received a new straw tire engine weighing 3,500 pounds and capable aftahrowing a large streaw at seater 200 tart at a rate at 250 galouns per winute. This was the first steamsfireaengineaofitshindlinleid.v A new ice house, erected by Mte. At. Wr. Drew in 1871, was declared to be the best structureuofitsbkind southstfNew Yr. Covering an area at 2,500 square teat and having a capacity at 1,600 tans, the ice hase altered awmeansatfpreservingtaood,ahuaonatothe pepl'shealh. That sawe year a 'tine whart" and 'new depot' were cowpleted by the Florida Central Railroad, and theFloida Unionr announced plansfor Flor- ida's Ber daily papar.taa The census at 1870 reported nearly seven *Thereis recrasd al a baed at trada is Jacksonville s catty at tart, at which IDr. Theodore Harridgews presidrnt,st he hre it no evidence thar itfunctionedtformore than a shoraeriddftiwe. TheChambrofCom- mecat we haney it today, was eat founedd until 1884.0 tTheTallahaurae Sentinelwas istuad daily torathort period during the tu70 legislativa session, bus apareasly as tegular dadly paper had yet appaed 72 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE diseases.... I have never seen a building ... so obnoxius..a Duval County Jail.t Not until six years later was the city able Is levy a three-willtIax torathe constructionofatanew jails SIGNS OF GROWTH AND PROGRESS Despite wretched conditions in the war-tarn lawn, however, dis- tinct signs at growth and imsprovement were beginning Is appear. In the latter halt at the year 1866, a bard of trade was founded-,* and during 1860, when Ste. E. A. Fernaadez was secetary, its msewbers were sarprisingly active. Dr. Baldwin. a wewber at the baed, wade repeated recowmnrndations tar iwprovewent at the St. Johns Baa and served an a cowmmittee Is antline and preset the agri- cnltural and comrasecial advantages at the Jacksonville raglan t0 Constructive activity an the putt at the board at trade continued tar severaltyears. On Janaaryt1,l16teSt. JamsHtel, desinedato become one at the least tamous basalt in the entire Soth, was opened ts the public. In Febrnary a note in the newspaper tld of plans tar anorher horel, the lawn's seventh,"~ and with the turn aftshe dacadelthereereabundantrsigns oftgrowth andprgess. The Mlechanics' Fire Cowpany, in 1810, received a new straw tire engine weighing3,500 punds and capableaofthroawing alarge streawaof watea200ofertat aaratlo20 gallns perwinte. Thisewas the tirst straw tire engine at its hind in Fiurida.12 A new ice house, erected by Ste. AI. WI. Draw in 1871, was declared to be the best .strucrneofatskind southaofNw York Covering an area at 2,500 square teat and having a capacity ot 1,600 tans, the ice house soafred awmansaofpreservingtfood,a boon tohe peple's health. That sawe year a "tine wharf" and 'new depot" were cowpleted by the Florida CentralRailroad, and the Floida nion announced plansfor Flo- ida's Earst daily paper.7t53 Tbe census at 1870 reported nearly seven *Thre is record al a boaed aftades in Jacksonille at early as tart, at u-blab Dr. Theodore Drarer'dge was presidean bar there is as evidene sham itlunctionedlforwmrethan arshortperiodaof ime.TheChamberrofCom- mecat w now is today, was rat founded until 1884.0 fThe Talahansee Sentinel uabatssed daily tarsa shams pediod during she 1870 legislative session, bar appstruntly as regular daily paper had yes appeared  WRETCHEDNESS-GROWTH-PROGRESS 73 WRETCHEDNESS-GROWTH-PROGRESS 73 thousand inhabitants, and Hawk's Directory for that year listed nineteen physicians who were practicing in the city.n R. E. LEE General Robert E. Lee's visit to Jacksonville in 1870 was a social event without parallel. Today, the city's oldest residents still enjoy retelling some of the incidents told by their parents and grandparents. General Lee's health had not been good for several years. As early as 1863, following a throat infection, he had had a heart attack which apparently was acute pericarditis. During the winter of 1869, he began to notice pain in his chest and difficulty in breathing when he exercised, probably due to angina pectoris and strain on the left side of the heart.* In March, 1870, his physicians recommended that he visit a Southern climate as soon as possible. That month he set out on a six-week tour which carried him through the Carolinas and Georgia into Florida. General Lee, few will deny, was the most popular hero the South has ever produced. When the editor of a Gainesville newspaper learned that the General was on his way to Florida, he declared that the mere announcement of the fact would send a thrill to the hearts of thousands. He stated that the reverence, honor, and regard which Southern people held for General Lee would not be evinced by shouts of crowded assemblages, but by the kindling of their eyes when his name was mentioned and by the earnest tones of their voices when they breathed "God Bless General Lee."0 At four o'clock on Wednesday afternoon, April 13, 1870, the Nick King arrived at the Jacksonville wharf bearing the General and his daughter, Agnes. As soon as the gangplank was lowered, a committee consisting of Colonel J. J. Daniel, Colonel J. P. Sanderson, and Mr. L. I. Fleming, attorneys, Dr. G. Troup Maxwell, city physician, and Mr. H. T. Baya, a grocer, stepped aboard, followed by a crowd which soon filled the boat beyond capacity. One by one, with uncovered head, each of the eager throng, after being introduced *That was before the days of blood pressure determinations, but the Gen- eral's florid complexion and the details of his final illness make it appear that he had both high blood pressure and hardening of the arteries. thousand inhabitants, and Hawk's Directory for that year listed nineteen physicians who were practicing in the cityt R. E. LEE General Robert E. Lee's visit to Jacksonville in 1870 was a social event without parallel. Today, the city's oldest residents still enjoy retelling some of the incidents told by their parents and grandparents. General Lee's health had not been good for several years. As early as 1863, following a throat infection, he had had a heart attack which apparently was acute pericarditis. During the winter of 1869, he began to notice pain in his chest and difficulty in breathing when he exercised, probably due to angina pectoris and strain on the left side of the heart.* In March, 1870, his physicians recommended that he visit a Southern climate as soon as possible. That month he set out on a six-week tour which carried him through the Carolinas and Georgia into Florida. General Lee, few will deny, was the most popular hero the South has ever produced. When the editor of a Gainesville newspaper learned that the General was on his way to Florida, he declared that the mere announcement of the fact would send a thrill to the hearts of thousands. He stated that the reverence, honor, and regard which Southern people held for General Lee would not be evinced by shouts of crowded assemblages, but by the kindling of their eyes when his name was mentioned and by the earnest tones of their voices when they breathed "God Bless General Lee."5 At four o'clock on Wednesday afternoon, April 13, 1870, the Nick King arrived at the Jacksonville wharf bearing the General and his daughter, Agnes. As soon as the gangplank was lowered, a committee consisting of Colonel J. J. Daniel, Colonel J. P. Sanderson, and Mr. L. L Fleming, attorneys, Dr. G. Troup Maxwell, city physician, and Mr. H. T. Baya, a grocer, stepped aboard, followed by a crowd which soon filled the boat beyond capacity. One by one, with uncovered head, each of the eager throng, after being introduced *That was before the days of blood pressure determinations, but the Gen- eral's florid complexion and the details of his final illness make it appear that he had both high blood pressure and hardening of the arteries. WRETCHEDNESS-GROWTH-PROGRESS 73 thousand inhabitants, and Hawk's Directory for that year listed nineteen physicians who were practicing in the city.n R. E. LEE General Robert E. Lee's visit to Jacksonville in 1870 was a social event without parallel. Today, the city's oldest residents still enjoy retelling some of the incidents told by their parents and grandparents. General Lee's health had not been good for several years. As early as 1863, following a throat infection, he had had a heart attack which apparently was acute pericarditis. During the winter of 1869, he began to notice pain in his chest and difficulty in breathing when he exercised, probably due to angina pectoris and strain on the left side of the heart.* In March, 1870, his physicians recommended that he visit a Southern climate as soon as possible. That month he set out on a six-week tour which carried him through the Carolinas and Georgia into Florida. General Lee, few will deny, was the most popular hero the South has ever produced. When the editor of a Gainesville newspaper learned that the General was on his way to Florida, he declared that the mere announcement of the fact would send a thrill to the hearts of thousands. He stated that the reverence, honor, and regard which Southern people held for General Lee would not be evinced by shouts of crowded assemblages, but by the kindling of their eyes when his name was mentioned and by the earnest tones of their voices when they breathed "God Bless General Lee."15 At four o'clock on Wednesday afternoon, April 13, 1870, the Nick King arrived at the Jacksonville wharf bearing the General and his daughter, Agnes. As soon as the gangplank was lowered, a committee consisting of Colonel J. J. Daniel, Colonel J. P. Sanderson, and Mr. L. L Fleming, attorneys, Dr. G. Troup Maxwell, city physician, and Mr. H. T. Baya, a grocer, stepped aboard, followed by a crowd which soon filled the boat beyond capacity. One by one, with uncovered head, each of the eager throng, after being introduced *That was before the days of blood pressure determinations, but the Gen- erars florid complexion and the details of his final illness make it appear that he had both high blood pressure and hardening of the arteries.  74 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE to the General, joyfully shook his hand. The committee then escorted General Lee to the upper deck of the ship where he could stand in plain view of the large crowd which remained on shore. His appear- ance was greeted just as the editor of the Gainesville newspaper had predicted it might be: A hush fell over the crowd. The Jacksonville Union reported: Not a word was spoken; not a cheer was uttered, but the very silence of the multitude spoke a deeper feeling than the loudest huzzas could have expressed.16 The committee, the St. James Hotel, the Price House, and other hotels invited General Lee to visit the city, and Hartridge and Liv- ingston offered the services of a fine carriage. The General, however, having made plans to continue his voyage up the St. Johns, declined the invitation and after a stay of little more than half an hour, departed from Jacksonville amidst reluctant goodbyes. Upon her return voyage the following day the Nick King docked at Jacksonville at 4 P.m., not to sail until 3 o'clock the next morning. The "Committee of arrangements" met the General and escorted him to the residence of Colonel Sanderson located at the northeast corner of Ocean and Forsyth streets.* A large number of ladies and gentlemen met the General there, following which he took a drive about the city. At 10 o'clock he returned to the boat where he met many more people who had not seen him at the afternoon reception. A writer for a local paper reported that General Lee looked worn and feeble during his visit, but that he seemed to be enjoying his trip. The General declared that he had felt much better after leaving Savannah on the voyage south. Everyone hoped that Florida's balmy climate would play an important role in restoring his health. The beneficial effect which the climate might have played, however, probably was more than counteracted by the strain of the trip, for everywhere crowds met the popular hero and entertained him with gala receptions. On October 12, 1870, one of the greatest men of the modern era died quietly in Virginia, the result of what appears to have been hardening and occlusion of the cerebral arteriesls *Colonel Sanderson's residence was one of the few brick homes in Jackson- ville at that time.17 74 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE to the General, joyfully shook his hand. The committee then escorted General Lee to the upper deck of the ship where he could stand in plain view of the large crowd which remained on shore. His appear- ance was greeted just as the editor of the Gainesville newspaper had predicted it might be: A hush fell over the crowd. The Jacksonville Union reported: Not a word was spoken; not a cheer was uttered, but the very silence of the multitude spoke a deeper feeling than the loudest huzzas could have expressed.5 The committee, the St. James Hotel, the Price House, and other hotels invited General Lee to visit the city, and Hartridge and Liv- ingston offered the services of a fine carriage. The General, however, having made plans to continue his voyage up the St. Johns, declined the invitation and after a stay of little more than half an hour, departed from Jacksonville amidst reluctant goodbyes. Upon her return voyage the following day the Nick King docked at Jacksonville at 4 P.m., not to sail until 3 o'clock the next morning. The "Committee of arrangements" met the General and escorted him to the residence of Colonel Sanderson located at the northeast corner of Ocean and Forsyth streets.* A large number of ladies and gentlemen met the General there, following which he took a drive about the city. At 10 o'clock he returned to the boat where he met many more people who had not seen him at the afternoon reception. A writer for a local paper reported that General Lee looked worn and feeble during his visit, but that he seemed to be enjoying his trip. The General declared that he had felt much better after leaving Savannah on the voyage south. Everyone hoped that Florida's balmy climate would play an important role in restoring his health. The beneficial effect which the climate might have played, however, probably was more than counteracted by the strain of the trip, for everywhere crowds met the popular hero and entertained him with gala receptions. On October 12, 1870, one of the greatest men of the modern era died quietly in Virginia, the result of what appears to have been hardening and occlusion of the cerebral arteries *Colonel Sanderson's residence was one of the few brick homes in Jackson- ville at that time.17 74 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE to the General, joyfully shook his hand. The committee then escorted General Lee to the upper deck of the ship where he could stand in plain view of the large crowd which remained on shore. His appear- ance was greeted just as the editor of the Gainesville newspaper had predicted it might be: A hush fell over the crowd. The Jacksonville Union reported: Not a word was spoken; not a cheer was uttered, but the very silence of the multitude spoke a deeper feeling than the loudest huzzas could have expressed.10 The committee, the St. James Hotel, the Price House, and other hotels invited General Lee to visit the city, and Hartridge and Liv- ingston offered the services of a fine carriage. The General, however, having made plans to continue his voyage up the St. Johns, declined the invitation and after a stay of little more than half an hour, departed from Jacksonville amidst reluctant goodbyes. Upon her return voyage the following day the Nick King docked at Jacksonville at 4 P.M., not to sail until 3 o'clock the next morning. The "Committee of arrangements" met the General and escorted him to the residence of Colonel Sanderson located at the northeast corner of Ocean and Forsyth streets.* A large number of ladies and gentlemen met the General there, following which he took a drive about the city. At 10 o'clock he returned to the boat where he met many more people who had not seen him at the afternoon reception. A writer for a local paper reported that General Lee looked worn and feeble during his visit, but that he seemed to be enjoying his trip. The General declared that he had felt much better after leaving Savannah on the voyage south. Everyone hoped that Florida's balmy climate would play an important role in restoring his health. The beneficial effect which the climate might have played, however, probably was more than counteracted by the strain of the trip, for everywhere crowds met the popular hero and entertained him with gala receptions. On October 12, 1870, one of the greatest men of the modern era died quietly in Virginia, the result of what appears to have been hardening and occlusion of the cerebral arteries *Colonel Sanderson's residence was one of the few brick homes in Jackson- ville at that time.17  WRETCHEDNESS-GROWTH-PROGRESS 75 FOUNDING OF THE FLORIDA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION During the early eighteen-seventies it became more and more obvious that there was need for medical organization in the state and for a representative body of physicians who would govern equitably the affairs of medicine. Realizing this need, the Duval County Medical Society, in November, 1873, sent out a call to the other medical societies and to individual members of the profession through- out the state. As a result of this call, the Florida Medical Association was founded in Jacksonville on January 14, 1874.19 The meeting was held in the home and office of Dr. A. S. Baldwin on the northeast corner of Adams and Laura streets. Dr. George W. Betton of Tallahassee was elected temporary chairman, and Dr. F. P. Wellford was appointed temporary secretary. Drs. R. P. Daniel and R. B. Burroughs, appointed as a committee on credentials, reported the following present, and advised that they should be considered members of the convention: Columbia County Medical Society.- Dr. T. W. Carter, Dr. M. M. T. Hutchingson. Duval County Medical Society.-Dr. A. S. Baldwin, Dr. R. P. Daniel, Dr. F. P. Wellford. Leon County Medical Society.-Dr. G. W. Berton, Dr. R. B. Burroughs. Marion County Medical Society.-Dr. T. P. McHenry.* Nassau County Medical Society.-Dr. E. G. Clay. St. Johns County Medical Society.-Dr. J. Peck. On motion of Dr. Baldwin an organization was effected under the title of "The Medical Association of the State of Florida." The constitution and by-laws of the Medical Association of Georgia were adopted until a suitable substitution could be provided at the next annual meeting. Dr. Betton, the temporary chairman, appointed Drs. R. B. Bur- roughs, E. G. Clay, and R. P. Daniel to nominate permanent officers for the association. Their report was as follows: President.-Dr. A. S. Baldwin of Duval County. First Vice-President.-Dr. G. W. Betton of Leon County. Second Vice-President.-Dr. Robert Harri- *Dr. McHenry lived in Newnansville, then in the northern part of Alachua County, but now abandoned. There was no Alachua County Medical Society then and Gainesville, having been founded about 1854, was still a very small town. WRETCHEDNESS-GROWTH-PROGRESS 75 FOUNDING OF THE FLORIDA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION During the early eighteen-seventies it became more and more obvious that there was need for medical organization in the state and for a representative body of physicians who would govern equitably the affairs of medicine. Realizing this need, the Duval County Medical Society, in November, 1873, sent out a call to the other medical societies and to individual members of the profession through- out the state. As a result of this call, the Florida Medical Association was founded in Jacksonville on January 14, 1874.19 The meeting was held in the home and office of Dr. A. S. Baldwin on the northeast corner of Adams and Laura streets. Dr. George W. Betton of Tallahassee was elected temporary chairman, and Dr. F. P. Wellford was appointed temporary secretary. Drs. R. P. Daniel and R. B. Burroughs, appointed as a committee on credentials, reported the following present, and advised that they should be considered members of the convention: Columbia County Medical Society.- Dr. T. W. Carter, Dr. M. M. T. Hutchingson. Duval County Medical Society.-Dr. A. S. Baldwin, Dr. R. P. Daniel, Dr. F. P. Wellford. Leon County Medical Society.-Dr. G. W. Betton, Dr. R. B. Burroughs. Marion County Medical Society.-Dr. T. P. McHenry.* Nassau County Medical Society.-Dr. E. G. Clay. St. Johns County Medical Society.-Dr. J. Peck. On motion of Dr. Baldwin an organization was effected under the title of "The Medical Association of the State of Florida." The constitution and by-laws of the Medical Association of Georgia were adopted until a suitable substitution could be provided at the next annual meeting. Dr. Betton, the temporary chairman, appointed Drs. R. B. Bur- roughs, E. G. Clay, and R. P. Daniel to nominate permanent officers for the association. Their report was as follows: President-Dr. A. S. Baldwin of Duval County. First Vice-President.-Dr. G. W. Berton of Leon County. Second Vice-President.-Dr. Robert Harri- *Dr. McHenry lived in Newnansville, then in the northern part of Alachua County, but now abandoned. There was no Alachua County Medical Society then and Gainesville, having been founded about 1854, was still a very small town. WRETCHEDNESS-GROWTH-PROGRESS FOUNDING OF THE FLORIDA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION During the early eighteen-seventies it became more and more obvious that there was need for medical organization in the state and for a representative body of physicians who would govern equitably the affairs of medicine. Realizing this need, the Duval County Medical Society, in November, 1873, sent out a call to the other medical societies and to individual members of the profession through- out the state. As a result of this call, the Florida Medical Association was founded in Jacksonville on January 14, 1874.19 The meeting was held in the home and office of Dr. A. S. Baldwin on the northeast corner of Adams and Laura streets. Dr. George W. Berton of Tallahassee was elected temporary chairman, and Dr. F. P. Wellford was appointed temporary secretary. Drs. R. P. Daniel and R. B. Burroughs, appointed as a committee on credentials, reported the following present, and advised that they should be considered members of the convention: Columbia County Medical Society.- Dr. T. W. Carter, Dr. M. M. T. Hutchingson. Duval County Medical Society.-Dr. A. S. Baldwin, Dr. R. P. Daniel, Dr. F. P. Wellford. Leon County Medical Society.-Dr. G. W. Beston, Dr. R. B. Burroughs. Marion County Medical Society.-Dr. T. P. McHenry.* Nassau County Medical Society.-Dr. E. G. Clay. St. Johns County Medical Society.-Dr. J. Peck. On motion of Dr. Baldwin an organization was effected under the title of "The Medical Association of the State of Florida." The constitution and by-laws of the Medical Association of Georgia were adopted until a suitable substitution could be provided at the next annual meeting. Dr. Betton, the temporary chairman, appointed Drs. R. B. Bur- roughs, E. G. Clay, and R. P. Daniel to nominate permanent officers for the association. Their report was as follows: President.-Dr. A. S. Baldwin of Duval County. First Vice-President.-Dr. G. W. Betton of Leon County. Second Vice-President.-Dr. Robert Harri- *Dr. McHenry lived in Newnansville, then in the northern part of Alachua County, but now abandoned. There was no Alachua County Medical Society then and Gainesville, having been founded about 1854, was still a very small town.  76 A CNTURY OF MEICIN ton* oflNassauCounty. SecetreandTeaer.-De. F. P. Well- toed of Duval County. The repoet of the commeittee on petrtanent orgaization woat adopted, oed the officers nomihnoted weee elected eunanimoosly fee the ensuing yeae. The ossociation 'oat coiled to oedee hy itstfieel presbdent. lDf. Boldwino, wta addessed the body eloquently. On teotion, the officees of the society weee oppoioted to peepate a constftution and hy-lowe toe preetaton at ohe ext accnuat meet- fag. Preetident Baldtwin teat authoeized to appoint delegatet to the Ameeican Medfcal Assocfiafion and he teat empotereed to telect the time and place foe the next annual meeting of the socfety. The foltlowing weee nomsiated and ounainmoosly elected chaetee memersee of the association: Pernandioa.-De. J. D. Pattet. Joch- tonafile-De. Columtbus Deo, De. J. D. Peenandez, De. E. T. Sabal. Do. A. J. Wakefield. NewnavilleDe. J. H. Williacmt. Palatka.-De. J. C. Hill. St. Augusttnee-De. Andewt Andeeon, Do. Lewis Pocetti, De. Williatm Shine. Tallahaosee-De. J. M. Cato, De. A. L. Radeiph, De. J. H. Randolph. De. Richaed flaedee.20 The tecond meeting of the asociation wat held fa Jacktonvilleon0 Pebruary 11 and 18, 1815. The constitution and by-lows, presented hy the ofticees of the atsociation and adopted as a twhole with little change, were engeosed andsigced byteembers peset. Aeticte II of the Cocstitutioc of the Ploida Mhedical Asociation reads as follows: "The object of this Associatioe shall be to orgaeite the Medical Asociation theoughout the State ie the moot eludcent mnnaer, to promoeeunioharmony and goad feeling acmong aloe cmembers, to establisht and maintain a htigh statndard of professional acquirement and ethics, and to inspire interest and zal foe the culti- vationeofcmedicaltcience adliterture." Byntmiintaiig thisthigh objective sicce its fcoding, the aetociatioc has peeved itself to he 00 outstantding oeganizaolion and has played a mor eole he the maintenanace afthae practice at medicine 10 Floeidaon 00 highly ethical basis. Thraugh the yeasithas beeneaell-oheeved fact that the associatonachaseeceived the interest and consistent support of the ottading physiciacs at the state. *olillowing bit comination, De. Darrdton, on motion lrom the flostr, moo elecedeamemberofteasoaio. tDr. Gatdener, 'oe amname eat spelled tatitodsy, Gatdener, Gaeder, and Gatdinet, daed in tale. Noetecotd at hit hame city it available. 76 A CETURYVOF MICIE sac* of NassauoCounty. SeceetaeyandTea000000.-Do.F P Well- food at Duval County. The report at the committee 00 permacect oganization was adopted, and the officees nominated were elected unanimously foe the ensuing yeae. The assoaciation was called to ordee by iee fleet peesident, De. Baldwin, who addressed the body eloquectly. On motioc, the ofticees of the eociety weee appointed to prepate a constitution and by-Iowa foe peesentation at the ext annuat meet- leg. Peesident Baldwie was authoeized to appoint delegates to the American Mfedical Associations and he was empowered to select the time and place foe the cext annual meeting of the tacity. The following weee cominated and unonimously elected chaetee membhers of the association: Peenandica.-De. J. D. Palmee. Jack- sonville-De. Columbus Drew, Do. J. D. Fernandez, De. E. T. Sabal, De. A. J. Wahefield. Newnacsvile-De. J. H. Williams. Palatka-De. J. C. Hilt. So. Augustie-Dr. Andeew Anderson, Do. Lewis Pacetti, Do. William Shine. Tallahassee.-Do. J. M8. Caec, Do. A. L. Randolph, Do. J. H. Randolph. Do. Richard (iaedne.t0 The second meeting of the association was hold ic Jackonville 00 Pebecaey 11 and 18, 1811. The cocsthtution and by-laws, preeeted by the officers of the association and adapted as a whole with tittle change, were engeossedand signedhbythe members pesect. Aticle It of the Cocstitotioc of the Floelda Mfedical Associatioc reads as follows: "The ohject of this Aseociation shall be to ogantize the Meldical Association throaughot the State in the most efficient manner,toopromoteeunion, harmoy andgoodfeeling among the membees, to establish and maintain a high standard of profesiocal acquireemntandethic,oandto inspire interestoandazealtforthoculi- vation oftmedical scientceandliteatuee." Bypmaintainingothis high objective siboe its foending, the associatioc has provod itself to be atn outstanding organization and has played a maor eole ic the maictecance of the practice of medicine in Floidaon 00a highly ethical batis. Through the years ithohsbena wel-osoerved factnthatthe associatiochas eceived the interest andconseistetsupport of the outstanding physicians of the slate. *otllowing hit nominatioc, Do. Htarrison, ont motion lrom the float, moo eated a maemher of the association, tDe. Gardener, mwto came coo tootled vnrioutly, Gaodcoot, Garodner, ted Gardiser, died in 1075. Noorecord at bit homeccitycisaaable. 76 A CETURY OF MEDICINE can* ofNassauConty. Secreetaryand Treasurer.-Do.F P Welt- food of Duval County. The repert of the committee 00 peomacent organization 'oat adopted, and the officers comicated wee elected unanimaously foe the oetuig year. The astociation was called to order hy its fiost pesident, Do. Baldwin, who addessed the body eloqently. On motion, the officers of the society wote appointod to prepare a coestitutioc aed by-laos foe preseetation 00 the coot ancuat meet- in0g. President Baldwin was authorized to appoint delegates to the Americac Mhedical Aetociatioc and he was empowoered to select the tioe and place foe the neat annual meeting of the society. The fotlowiog wete nominatod aed unanimously elocted charter membersof theossociation: Fernandina.-Dr. J. D.Palme. Jack- sonvile-Dr. Columbus Drew, Do. J. D. Fernandez, Do. P. T. Sahal, Do. A. J. Wabefield. NewnansvileDr. J. H. Willams. Palatka.-Dr. J. C. Hill. St. Aegostlnee-Do. Andrew Anderon, Do. Lewis Pacotti, Do. William Shine. Tallahassee-D. J. M8. Coon, Do. A. 1. Randolph, Do. J. H. Randolph. Do. Richard Gaodceo.t0 The second moeting of the association was held in Jacksaoilleon Fehruary 11 and 18. 1875. Theoconstitution and by-lawos, presected by the officers of the association and adopted as a whale with little change,ooere engroed and sigcod bythememersepesect. Articte ft of the Cocstitucon of the Plorida Mhedical Association eads as follows: "The object of this Associatioc shall he to organize the Medical Association atoughout the Stole ic the most officilent maccoo, to promote union, harmony and good feeling among the moehbers, to establish and maintain a high standard of professional acquieent and ethics, and toaispieiterest and zeal foe the colti- vationof medicaltecionce and litertue." Bytmaintaining thisehigh objective sico its founding, the association hoe proved itself to be 00 ottading organizatioc and hoe played a major tote in the mtenteance of the practice of medicine in Plorida 00 0 highly ethical hoofs. Throgh the years it hashbeenawel-obsereod fact that the assocaton hasereceivd theointerest andecsistent spport of the outstanding physiciacs of the slate. *ofllowsing hit cominatioc, tDe. Hatriton, on motion lom the floot, mat elected amemhbeafthe atsocdatioc. tDe. Gardenter, whote came moo selled taosly, Gardeer, Gardnet, and Gardineo, Sled in 1075. Na tecord at hit home hety it availahle.  WRETCHEDNESS-GROWTH-PROGRESS 77 On the evening of the first day of the meeting, Dr. John P. Wall of Tampa presented an interesting and well-prepared paper on "Preventive Medicine." This paper is not available now, but appar- ently was the substance of an article published in the Semi-Tropical WRETCHEDNESS-GROWTH-PROGRESS 77 On the evening of the first day of the meeting, Dr. John P. Wall of Tampa presented an interesting and well-prepared paper on "Preventive Medicine." This paper is not available now, but appar- ently was the substance of an article published in the Semi-Tropical WRETCHEDNESS-GROWTH-PROGRESS 77 On the evening of the first day of the meeting, Dr. John P. Wall of Tampa presented an interesting and well-prepared paper on "Preventive Medicine." This paper is not available now, but appar- ently was the substance of an article published in the Semi-Tropical Dr. A. S. Baldwein's home and office, where tee Florida Medical Association was founded in 1874 for October, 1875, in which Dr. Wall proposed the establishment of a "State Board of Health."" The actual founding of the Florida State Board of Health did not take place until fourteen years later, in 1889, and then primarily because of the Jacksonville yellow fever epidemic of the preceding year. On the second day of the meeting, Dr. Baldwin delivered the annual address, entitled "The Climatology of Florida." The subject matter made it apparent that a great deal of observation and pains- taking recording had gone into the work. When the address was published in the Proceedings of the Florida Medical Association, it occupied thirty-seven pages. Dr. A. S. Baldwin's home and office, w here the Florida Medical Association was founded in 1874 for October, 1875, in which Dr. Wall proposed the establishment of a "State Board of Health."21 The actual founding of the Florida State Board of Health did not take place until fourteen years later, in 1889, and then primarily because of the Jacksonville yellow fever epidemic of the preceding year. On the second day of the meeting, Dr. Baldwin delivered the annual address, entitled "The Climatology of Florida." The subject matter made it apparent that a great deal of observation and pains- taking recording had gone into the work. When the address was published in the Proceedings of the Florida Medical .Association, it occupied thirty-seven pages. Dr. A. S. Baldtin's home and office, where fte Florida Medical Association was founded in 1874 for October, 1875, in which Dr. Wall proposed the establishment of a "State Board of Health."05 The actual founding of the Florida State Board of Health did not take place until fourteen years later, in 1889, and then primarily because of the Jacksonville yellow fever epidemic of the preceding year. On the second day of the meeting, Dr. Baldwin delivered the annual address, entitled "The Climatology of Florida." The subject matter made it apparent that a great deal of observation and pains- taking recording had gone into the work. When the address was published in the Proceedings of the Florida Medical Association, it occupied thirty-seven pages.  78 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Dr. Baldwin was elected president of the association for a second term; Dr. R. B. Burroughs of Tallahassee was elected first vice- president; Dr. John P. Wall of Tampa, second vice-president; Dr. F. P. Wellford of Jacksonville, secretary; and Dr. M. M. T. Hutch- ingson of Lake City, treasurer. The second session of the Florida Medical Association was adjourned to meet in Tallahassee for its next session on the third Tuesday in January, 1876.2a 78 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Dr. Baldwin was elected president of the association for a second term; Dr. R. B. Burroughs of Tallahassee was elected first vice- president; Dr. John P. Wall of Tampa, second vice-president; Dr. F. P. Wellford of Jacksonville, secretary; and Dr. M. M. T. Hutch- ingson of Lake City, treasurer. The second session of the Florida Medical Association was adjourned to meet in Tallahassee for its next session on the third Tuesday in January, 1876.22 78 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Dr. Baldwin was elected president of the association for a second term; Dr. R. B. Burroughs of Tallahassee was elected first vice- president; Dr. John P. Wall of Tampa, second vice-president; Dr. F. P. Wellford of Jacksonville, secretary; and Dr. M. M. T. Hutch- ingson of Lake City, treasurer. The second session of the Florida Medical Association was adjourned to meet in Tallahassee for its next session on the third Tuesday in January, 1876.2  11 Duval County and St. Luke's Hospitals WHEN the need for medical organization in the state became apparent during the early eighteen-seventies, the necessity for better hospital facilities in Jacksonville and Duval County likewise became evident. During this period the Duval County and St. Luke's hospitals were founded. THE DUVAL COUNTY HOSPITAL* The site of the "old" Duval County Hospital, tracts 27 and 28, in a subdivision of northeast Jacksonville known as Oakland,t was purchased by the Duval County Commissioners on June 4, 1870.t One thousand dollars was specified as the monetary consideration in- volved.3 Early in the seventies the following buildings were con- structed: a wooden building which served as a hospital ward, a brick building which was used as an asylum, a small "double-roomed" build- ing called the dead and wash house, and several small one-story buildings, including a kitchen and a chicken house. In 1877 a new and more spacious one-story building was erected and called "the new hospital."4 Thus, it will be seen that in 1877 there were three buildings available for the reception of patients. The group of build- ings as a whole was called "the Duval County Hospital and Asylum" and sometimes was referred to incorrectly as "the County Poor House."5 No records were kept for the Hospital and Asylum up to March, 1876, but from March 1 to December 31 of that year there were thirty-one admissions and nine deaths.t When the county commis- *Renamed "Duval Medical Center," June 23, 1948.1 tToday the original property is situated at the corner of Jessie and Franklin streets,. 79 111 Duval County and St. Luke's Hospitals WHEN the need for medical organization in the state became apparent during the early eighteen-seventies, the necessity for better hospital facilities in Jacksonville and Duval County likewise became evident. During this period the Duval County and St. Luke's hospitals were founded. THE DUVAL COUNTY HOSPITAL* The site of the "old" Duval County Hospital, tracts 27 and 28, in a subdivision of northeast Jacksonville known as Oakland,t was purchased by the Duval County Commissioners on June 4, 1870.0 One thousand dollars was specified as the monetary consideration in- volved.3 Early in the seventies the following buildings were con- structed: a wooden building which served as a hospital ward, a brick building which was used as an asylum, a small "double-roomed" build- ing called the dead and wash house, and several small one-story buildings, including a kitchen and a chicken house. In 1877 a new and more spacious one-story building was erected and called "the new hospital."4 Thus, it will be seen that in 1877 there were three buildings available for the reception of patients. The group of build- ings as a whole was called "the Duval County Hospital and Asylum" and sometimes was referred to incorrectly as "the County Poor House. " No records were kept for the Hospital and Asylum up to March, 1876, but from March 1 to December 31 of that year there were thirty-one admissions and nine deaths.t When the county commis- *Renamed "Duval Medical Center," June 23, 1948.1 iToday the original property is situated at the corner of Jessie and Franklin 11. Duval County and St. Luke's Hospitals W HEN the need for medical organization in the state became apparent during the early eighteen-seventies, the necessity for better hospital facilities in Jacksonville and Duval County likewise became evident. During this period the Duval County and St. Luke's hospitals were founded. THE DUVAL COUNTY HOSPITAL* The site of the "old" Duval County Hospital, tracts 27 and 28, in a subdivision of northeast Jacksonville known as Oakland,t was purchased by the Duval County Commissioners on June 4, 1870. One thousand dollars was specified as the monetary consideration in- volved.0 Early in the seventies the following buildings were con- structed: a wooden building which served as a hospital ward, a brick building which was used as an asylum, a small "double-roomed" build- ing called the dead and wash house, and several small one-story buildings, including a kitchen and a chicken house. In 1877 a new and more spacious one-story building was erected and called "the new hospital."' Thus, it will be seen that in 1877 there were three buildings available for the reception of patients. The group of build- ings as a whole was called "the Duval County Hospital and Asylum" and sometimes was referred to incorrectly as "the County Poor House."5 No records were kept for the Hospital and Asylum up to March, 1876, but from March 1 to December 31 of that year there were thirty-one admissions and nine deaths.t When the county commis- *Renamed "Duval Medical Center," June 23, 1948.1 tToday the original property is situated at the corner of Jessie and Franklin streets. 79  80 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE sioners came into office about January 1, 1877, it was said that the county was "burthened" with a large number of pensioners for whom the outlay of money was unnecessarily great. In the Hospital and Asylum an average of eight patients was being maintained and for their care a superintendent received a monthly salary of $45, a phy- sician $25, and a cook $10. The county commissioners discontinued "outdoor relief," Dr. C. J. Kenworthy was placed in charge of the Hospital and Asylum, and Dr. Columbus Drew was engaged as the 80 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE sioners came into office about January 1, 1877, it was said that the county was "burthened" with a large number of pensioners for whom the outlay of money was unnecessarily great. In the Hospital and Asylum an average of eight patients was being maintained and for their care a superintendent received a monthly salary of $45, a phy- sician $25, and a cook $10. The county commissioners discontinued "outdoor relief," Dr. C. J. Kenworthy was placed in charge of the Hospital and Asylum, and Dr. Columbus Drew was engaged as the 80 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE sioners came into office about January 1, 1877, it was said that the county was "burthened" with a large number of pensioners for whom the outlay of money was unnecessarily great. In the Hospital and Asylum an average of eight patients was being maintained and for their care a superintendent received a monthly salary of $45, a phy- sician $25, and a cook $10. The county commissioners discontinued "outdoor relief," Dr. C. J. Kenworthy was placed in charge of the Hospital and Asylum, and Dr. Columbus Drew was engaged as the Plates furnished she author by Mr. James T. Pate Wards for male patients and patients with tuberculosis Duval County Hospital in 1915 "County Physician." A Mr. Wright served as superintendent. In December, 1877, the per capita cost was reduced from $8 monthly per patient for attendants alone, to $3.73 monthly per patient for total maintenance.0 An editorial on the Hospital and Asylum appeared in a local paper during the fall of 1877. The style is so quaint and the subject matter of such interest that the editorial is presented here almost in its entirety: On last Sunday [October 7, 1877] a reporter of the Sun and Press visited the above institution to ascertain in what condition it is, and what improvements have lately been made. On approaching by the Oakland Road, past the graveyard, the old building which formerly and still fulfills the conditions of an asylum, comes in sight first; to the rear of this . . . is the old hospital ward; back of this is the double-roomed building called wash and dead house; east of the asylum, ... but further back from the road, is the new hospital, while Ptates furnised the author by Mr. James T. Pate Wards for male patients and patients with tuberculosis Duval County Hospital in 1915 "County Physician." A Mr. Wright served as superintendent. In December, 1877, the per capita cost was reduced from $8 monthly per patient for attendants alone, to $3.73 monthly per patient for total maintenance.0' An editorial on the Hospital and Asylum appeared in a local paper during the fall of 1877. The style is so quaint and the subject matter of such interest that the editorial is presented here almost in its entirety: On last Sunday [October 7, 1877] a reporter of the Sun and Press visited the above institution to ascertain in what condition it is, and what improvements have lately been made. On approaching by the Oakland Road, past the graveyard, the old building which formerly and still fulfills the conditions of an asylum, comes in sight first; to the rear of this . . . is the old hospital ward; back of this is the double-roomed building called wash and dead house; east of the asylum,... but further back from the road, is the new hospital, while Plat, furnished tae autr by Mr. James T. Pate Wards for male paticnts and patients with tuberculosis Duval County Hospital in 1915 "County Physician." A Mr. Wright served as superintendent. In December, 1877, the per capita cost was reduced from $8 monthly per patient for attendants alone, to $3.73 monthly per patient for total maintenance.t An editorial on the Hospital and Asylum appeared in a local paper during the fall of 1877. The style is so quaint and the subject matter of such interest that the editorial is presented here almost in its entirety: On last Sunday [October 7, 1877] a reporter of the Sun and Press visited the above institution to ascertain in what condition it is, and what improvements have lately been made. On approaching by the Oakland Road, past the graveyard, the old building which formerly and still fulfills the conditions of an asylum, comes in sight first; to the rear of this . . . is the old hospital ward; back of this is the double-roomed building called wash and dead house; east of the asylum.... but further back from the road, is the new hospital, while  DUVA aOUN AN ST. LUKE'S mannIA 81 DUVA COUNTY AND n. LUE'S HOwnIALS ma DWAL COUNTY ANm ST. LUKE' HOSPTS m1 H11811181PRO JANAR .81818,OJAUR 31 1878 HOSPITAL1 FROMANARY118718O3ANAR8 1 1878 HOSPITAL FRO JAUAY11 18778T JANUARY1,11878 VaIlvulr H artDisease ...I .... .. I Valvular Heart ises .....1.......1 1 1 Valvular HeartDises ...... ..... 1 1 E pilep sy ....... I......... ...... .... E pilep sy . ..... ..... ....... E pilep sy .8 ....... ..... ... 1 Fever, Remit118nt .... .... .... 18 11 1881 Fevr, 1111881 .. 16 18 1 Fever. Remttnt......1 . .81.... . . ... 16 18 1 Fever,1Intermittnt .. ...... 16 14 2 Fever, Intermittent1 . . ..... ..........16 14 2 Fever,1Inerittnt.....8....81... . . . . 4 2 Fever, Typh-malar1al1.............. ..... 18eve, Typholaalll. ..........3 1 Feve, Typh-maHlal ....... .... 3 2 1 Pne moi ... .......... ... ..8 3 1 2 Pnemoi ........ ........... ...... . . . . .8 1 2 Pneumonia . . . . . . 3 1 2 General Deility . ......... ........... . 4 3 1 GenerallDebility . .... 4 3 1 GenerallDebility .......... 4 3 1 Inflammation8 of 1he Br .11 ....8 ....... . 1 1 Inf1lammation 81 the Brain .. ...... 1 1 Inflammation81 of the Brain .....8 ... 1 Bronchitis ...... ......... .... ..... . . 1 1 Bronchii8 ....... .. .... ..... 1 1 Bronchitis1 ......... ..... ..... . . . 1 I Abscess o tlheLiverl ..... ...... ..... . 1 1 Abses1o7 te1 ivr1..11.......1......... 1 I Abscess1ofltheLiver .. ..... ..... 1 1 Con1gstion1of8the8 ivr....8....1 2 2 Congestion8 of t8he8Liverl...... ........ . 2 2 Con1gstin of he Live ..... .... 2 8 Eczmaofth Fet.......... ...... .. 1 1 Eczma of the Feet . . ........ . 1 8 Eczema of theFeet . . . . .......... ......1 1 Acute M eldi1 ....... ... .... .... 1 1 AcutelM etiis ..... ..... ...... 1 1 Acute8M etritis . . . . .1 .... ...... Phthisis Pulonli ........ . .1 13 2 10 1 Phthisis Pulonais .......1...........13 2 10 1 I7Phthisi Pulmais..881....12.......13 2 10 1 8cr1f1l11.... ........ ............. . . . 1I 1 88181811 ........ .... ....... . . . 1 1 88181u11 . . ..... 1 1 C1hronic Bright's 0ieae18111.... 2 2 116ro8ic Brigh81 Dieae111118 . .... 2 2 C1hronic Bright's Disease8 . . . .8... ...... C1hronic Parl ysi ..... .... .... 3 1 8 C1honicPal ysis . .... ........ 3 1 2 Chronic Palysis 3 1 8 07ium8 ab 1161 ...... ..... ..... . . 1 1 01881 Ha118611 ...... ....... 1 1 01881 118618 . . . ...... . 1 1 Ascies............... ...... .... . . . . 1 1 Ascits8........... ..... ......... . 1 1 A1e8 ..il ....... ...... ... . . . . . 1 1 C1hronicRheumat8ism .... ..... ... 3 2 1 Chronic heum tim .... ...... 3 2 1 Chronic heumat1ism ..... ..... 3 2 1 M~rsl S ........ .... 1 1 Mar8 m s ....... ...... ....... . . . . 81 1 Marasmus 1...... ... Dog 3118 ..... . .............. 1 1 Dog Bit ....... . . ...... ....... . 1 1 1183 Bill 1......... 1 Fractures 3 1 Fractures1........ ..... ......_3 1 Fra818181 3 1 Ulcr188 .....1. . . . . . 3 2 8 1U1ce81 ..... .. _.. 2 2 1 Ul18811 3 2 1 Syp61111 13 8 4 4 Syp ils76 .......... 13 1; 3 4 Syphs116 ........ .. .... 1.3 5 4 8 08831888 f th Le68.gs 1 1 Gangene8oftheLegs ........ ........ 8 1 08838888 o tlhe Legs. . .... . .... 8 1 C1i18178817888 . .... ................. . . 2 1 1 Carie1s 788 o B ne... ..... ........ 2 1 1 Caries11 8 ofB n ...... ... .... 2 1 1 1178828 Tesi81118181 ....... . . . . . .... .. . . . . .11711y1ti Testicls...1 ....81...... 1 1 1171118 Tesic1l ....... .... ....... 1 1 Gonorrhea8...... ..... ............. . . 1 1 081811688 ....... 1 1 088818618 ... ..... _... 1 1 Urethallticture . . . . . . . 1 Urethl Str81icture. 2 1 1 Uret~hralSticture 2 1 1 Perineal Abscess ...71.....88.....1I81erna Abses18 .....1....... 1 1 Perin8a1 Abscs .....81....1...... . . . 1 1 11108181 2 2 111148181......... .. ......... . 82 2 111118181.... .... 2 2 Pr81ap188 11811 . . . . 1 1 Pro1171us Uteri .. .... 1 1 718117181 Utei1181....1 I Pregnancy ..... . .... .. 8 1 711388887 .... . . ....... 1 1 Pregnancy 8..... ....1 7 014 Age ..... ...... ..... .... . . . 4 1 3 Old Age ....._ 4 1 3 Old Age . ...... 4 1 3 Injies roi C rs ......81.....18.... 2 1 1 Injiesi8 from81 Cars .... .......... . 82 1 1 Injuries fom ars1 .....1 . . 2 1 1 114 68 23 17 114 68 28 17' Total  82 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE between these two is the well and both house, and buck of this agan the kitchen and outbuildings, which include a chicken house-ott . . one-story hnildiugs. Aerond these county buildings, a suitable fence is now being pus up, which beeps ot the hogs and resteains the inuates loom tubing extended moths. The osylum bus hoda cheap veoandoh pus up on the sooth side .. and bus been ctop- boaeded . .. to keep ot the eain..Inside it is divided into 4 oedinaoily sized snos-the 2 largerof which use the mole and female woods, . .. the other 2 eooms she Superintendent's anda goentsalsoeeuum. Altheseoroomsnaeekeptoinas cleantyocucodition as possihle..The inmates hee,oneing quesioned, saidthey hod good food with good treatment, and shots appearance mould indicate it. ... Theoldbhospital wardisuastctureo.wthd4 oomsandsup- plied with tight and ventilation by 4 dunes, hue windows use now being ploced in ouch aportment. One of these sowms is the syphilitic wood, 2will he used us sleeping snos ... and the 4th is the provision room,mwhee s flour, ricehominy, sugar, crackers, coffee, ton, onions, buttes, 1usd, oult, heel and posh and osher groceries loom Holbrookh's in variety nd q~uantity sufficient to show shut all the inmtes of the plucehnveognodtfood,nasindeed theyuallndmit. The deandd ash house* is a new buitding aout t5 feel squaee and supplies what bus been needed thee. The wetl-house is also divided into 2 sowms, one of which contans she now well, with its fusce pump and tee less of hose, and the other a bathing tub and other aids to ceaonliness. The kitchen hoose bus 2 ros, t of which is the kitchen proper, which woo kept in a coop cleanly condition and hose is the Sunday dinnesfornaltheowell ones consisting ofoajoint ofmeatmwithsice pudding. The now hospitat holding, occupied 3 weeks, is f5 lest tong by 22 wide, with an 8 tool verandah all around it, while inside the ceilings aee 14 feet high. It is divided into two woods-mule and femalo- which use separated by ohn nesse's room and the dispensary; the whole inserior, even to she beds with their moss matresses and white covertets being clean, sweet and airy us any housekeeper would desire. No communicatin is sllowed between these woods, 000 betweensthe hospilotnndoasylum,withoutuapermit from the superin- tendent, Ms. Wright. The bitt of fore too those in the hospitat is, *The name 'dead and mush house" is siking hut, nevertheless, appropriate. It woo the ocuom in. showe dues always so nosh the bodies 01 the doad-some- times wish csenony. Ms. Zephaniah EKine, who died aount thirty youts prior to thin pesiod, ditootsd in his will thus his body hbe excused loom she usual indiscreet forwalities and parade of washing."9 82 A CENTURY OF MEDICtNE between these two is the welt and hath house, and buck of chit again the kitchen nd outbuildings, which include a chicken house-ott ... one-stssy buildings. Arund these county buildings, a suitable fence is now being put up, which keeps out the hugs nd rstrsains the inuates loom Inking extended moths. The asylum bus buda cbeap verandh put uponntheosouth side ... and hasbeen clap- boardd ... tohkeoutel rin... tInsidoit isdivided ino4 ordinriy sieddrooms-te 2tlargeonfwhichare theomalead femleward, ...thenthers2rosw theSpeintndent'sandna general storeosom. Atl those soows use kept in us clenly a condition as possible..Theoinmateshere,onhbing qestioned,said they bud good food with good treatment, nd their appearance would indicate it.... Theoold hospitluwad isaotrctue.wth4soomsand sup- plied with light and ventilation by 4 doors, hot winows use now betng ptnced in ouch apaetwenl. One of those sowms in the syphititic wood, 2will be used us steeping snows... and lbs 4thisthepoision sowm, whose is flons, sins, hominy, sugao, crachkers, coffee, ton, unions, buttes, 1usd, solo, beef and posh and other goceries teem Holbrook's in variety nd quantity sufficient to show shun all she inuates of the place havegood food,uasindeed theynallndmi. The deandwash house* isoa new budlding ahout 15 feet square and topplies what bus been needed these. The well-house it also divided into 2 sowms,on of which contains the newmwell, with its force pomp and 150 foot of hose, and the other a hulking tub and other aids to ceantiness. The kitchen house hot 2 sowms, 1 of which is the kitchen proper, which woo kept in a nosy cteanly condition nd hess is the Sunday dinerstfo lthoeel ones consistingfnajointuofwonatwithice podding. The now hospital buitding, occupied 3 weeks, is ft foot tong by 22 wide, with on 8 foot verandah oll aond it, while inside the ceilings use t4 fool high. ft is divided into two woods-mute nd femate- which use separated by the noose's room nd she dispensary; the whole interior, even to the beds with themr moss muttresses and white coverlets being sten. sweet and airy us any housekeeper woultd desire. No communication is atlowed between those moods, nor between the hospital and asylum, without a permit loom the superin- tendent, Ms. Weight. The bitt of fuss foe those in the hospital is, *The name "dead and mush hootse" is striking hot, nensrtheloss, aeptoetiate. t woo she csom in. shose dons always to wash she hodiss of she deodomne- limos with cesemony. Ms. Zephaniah Kingsley, who died aot to hiety yents pros to this perod, dioectod in his wilt thus his body hbe excused fsom the usual inditotest fosmaltis and parade of washing"9 82 A CENTURY OF MEDtCtNE between these two is the well and bush hous, nd buck of this again lbs kitchen nd outbuildings, which inctude a chicken house-alt ... one-story buitdings. Around these conty buitdings, a suitable fence is now being pot up, which hoops out the bogs and ostoains the inuates loom tubing extended walks. The osylum bus hoda cheap verandah pot op on the south side ... and bus been ctap- boardd ... toeep outterin. t nsideoitis divided io 4 ordinariyosizedsrooms-the2 larer of which use the mute and femaleowards, ...thether2 oos theSpeintendent'snandna generat storeoom. Allthoese sowms use kept innas cteanly a condition us possibte..The innates hose, on being questioned, said they bud good food with good treatment, nd their appeaoance mould indicate it.... Thesotdhspbtlwardisuastrctue.wthd4 oomsand sup- plied with tight and ventlationhbydndoos, hot windows use now being plnned in each apartment. One of those sowms is she syphilitic mood, 2 wilt be used no stooping ros ... nd the 4th is she provision snowm, whose is flone, sine, hominp, sugae, crackers, coffee, ten,. onions, butter,tlard, salt,beefnnd porkndthegrocisfomHlbook's in variety nd quantity sufficient so show thus all she enmotes of the ptacehavesgoodfood,nas indeed they tllodmit. Theodeaondwash house'* is a new building about 15 feet squaoe nd suptlies what bus been needed those. The mol-boone is atso divided into 2 sowms, one of which contains the new well, with its lose pump nd 151 toes of hose, and the other a bushing sub and other aids to cleanliness. The kitchen house bus 2 sowms, 1 of which is the kitchen proper, which won kept in a nosy ctounty condition and hose is the Sunday dinerfuor lthemwel ones consisingfnajointuofmeatmwithice pudding. The new hospitaltbholding, occupied 2 weeks, is f5 foot lung by 22 wide, with an 8 foot verandah all arond it, while inside the ceilings use t4 toot high. tt is divided into two moods-mule and female- which use separated by tho nuse's rooin and the diopensary; the who interios, even to the beds with their moss mosttresses nd wbite coverlets being clean, sweet and airy us any housekeeper mould desite. No communication is allowed between these wards, nos between the hospital nd asytum, withut a peomit from she superin- tendent, Me. Weight. Tbe bdtl of fuse foe those in the hospital is, *The name 'dead and moth hsuse" it striig hut, noverthees, sppropriate. It moo she cusinm in showe daps always to wash she bodies of the dead-ome- smoes wish ceremony. Ms. Zophasiah Eingsley, who died about thirtn vents lron to this pesiod, dieted in his nill thus his bode "he escused trom the sunt indiscooet formals and parade of wsohing."9  DUVAL COUNTY AND ST. LUKE'S HOSPITALS 83 of course, better than for the asylum inmates, and the order left by Dr. Drew for a patient, comprised milk, rice, chicken broth, etc., which shows that nourishing food is considered a necessary adjunct to this department. In front of this building the ground has been laid down with Bermuda grass and a pleasant lawn will be the result soon.... The work of reconstruction at this institution has been carried out by Dr. C. J. Kenworthy, of the County Commissioners, who is working at itan a labor of love and deserves recognition for the good he has accomplished. ...1 Christmas dinner at the Hospital and Asylum in 1877 was a great event.n The following appeared in a local paper on the last day of the year: If those who liberally responded when called upon for donations to a Christmas feast for the people living in a county asylum, could have been present and seen the joy of those people they would have been a thousand times repaid.... The table was spread in the female ward of the hospital, and around it were gathered the inmates-to the number of about thirty-and a few invited guests. At the head of the table sat County Commissioners Kenworthy and Francis ... and at the foot Dr. C. Drew, physician to the institution.... There was roast beef, turkey, chicken, chicken pie, boiled ham, and other meats; vegetables of all kinds; an enormous plum pudding, cakes, ice cream and coffee. After dinner several resolutions were handed up by inmates, one of these thanking the people of Jackson- ville for their goodness of heart in providing this feast, and another .. complimentary to the Superintendent, Dr. C. J. Kenworthy and the physician, Dr. C. Drew, for their courtesy, kindness and sym- pathy during the year past. The resolutions being disposed of, some nuts, raisins and candy were distributed, and tobacco and cigars given out. The rules were generally suspended and every person enjoyed himself in whatever he liked.* ... As it is the close of the year in which much has been done *Nearly sixty years later, on April 18, 1936, when Dr. R. B. McIver was president, the staff gave another "Hospital Dinner." On this occasion Dr. R. H. McGinnis, after thirty-five years of gratuitous service, was honored at the time of his retirement. A plaque, upon which a profile of Dr. McGinnis had been mounted, was presented by Dr. J. Knox Simpson, chief of the Depart- ment of Surgery, and was accepted on behalf of the hospital by Mr. Frank E. Jennings, chairman of the Welfare Board.na DUVAL COUNTY AND ST. LUKE'S HOSPITALS 83 of course, better than for the asylum inmates, and the order left by Dr. Drew for a patient, comprised milk, rice, chicken broth, etc., which shows that nourishing food is considered a necessary adjunct to this department. In front of this building the ground has been laid down with Bermuda grass and a pleasant lawn will be the result soon.... The work of reconstruction at this institution has been carried out by Dr. C. J. Kenworthy, of the County Commissioners, who is working at it as a labor of love and deserves recognition for the good he has accomplished ....10 Christmas dinner at the Hospital and Asylum in 1877 was a great event" The following appeared in a local paper on the last day of the year: If those who liberally responded when called upon for donations to a Christmas feast for the people living in a county asylum, could have been present and seen the joy of those people they would have been a thousand times repaid.... The table was spread in the female ward of the hospital, and around it were gathered the inmates-to the number of about thirty-and a few invited guests. At the head of the table sat County Commissioners Kenworthy and Francis .. . and at the foot Dr. C. Drew, physician to the institution.... There was roast beef, turkey, chicken, chicken pie, boiled ham, and other meats; vegetables of all kinds; an enormous plum pudding, cakes, ice cream and coffee. After dinner several resolutions were handed up by inmates, one of these thanking the people of Jackson- ville for their goodness of heart in providing this feast, and another .. complimentary to the Superintendent, Dr. C. J. Kenworthy and the physician, Dr. C. Drew, for their courtesy, kindness and sym- pathy during the year past. The resolutions being disposed of, some nuts, raisins and candy were distributed, and tobacco and cigars given out. The rules were generally suspended and every person enjoyed himself in whatever he liked.0 . . . As it is the close of the year in which much has been done *Nearly sixty years later, on April 18, 1936, when Dr. R. B. McIver was president, the staff gave another "Hospital Dinner." On this occasion Dr. R. H. McGinnis, after thirty-five years of gratuitous service, was honored at the time of his retirement. A plaque, upon which a profile of Dr. McGinnis had been mounted, was presented by Dr. J. Knox Simpson, chief of the Depart- ment of Surgery, and was accepted on behalf of the hospital by Mr. Frank E. Jennings, chairman of the Welfare Board.12 DUVAL COUNTY AND ST. LUKE'S HOSPITALS 83 of course, better than for the asylum inmates, and the order left by Dr. Drew for a patient, comprised milk, rice, chicken broth; etc., which shows that nourishing food is considered a necessary adjunct to this department. In front of this building the ground has been laid down with Bermuda grass and a pleasant lawn will be the result soon.... The work of reconstruction at this institution has been carried out by Dr. C. J. Kenworthy, of the County Commissioners, who is working at it as a labor of love and deserves recognition for the good he has accomplished... o Christmas dinner at the Hospital and Asylum in 1877 was a great event.t" The following appeared in a local paper on the last day of the year: If those who liberally responded when called upon for donations to a Christmas feast for the people living in a county asylum, could have been present and seen the joy of those people they would have been a thousand times repaid.... The table was spread in the female ward of the hospital, and around it were gathered the inmates-to the number of about thirty-and a few invited guests. At the head of the table sat County Commissioners Kenworthy and Francis ... and at the foot Dr. C. Drew, physician to the institution.... There was roast beef, turkey, chicken, chicken pie, boiled ham, and other meats; vegetables of all kinds; an enormous plum pudding, cakes, ice cream and coffee. After dinner several resolutions were handed up by inmates, one of these thanking the people of Jackson- ville for their goodness of heart in providing this feast, and another .. complimentary to the Superintendent, Dr. C. J. Kenworthy and the physician, Dr. C. Drew, for their courtesy, kindness and sym- pathy during the year past. The resolutions being disposed of, some nuts, raisins and candy were distributed, and tobacco and cigars given out. The rules were generally suspended and every person enjoyed himself in whatever he liked.* ... As it is the close of the year in which much has been done *Nearly sixty years later, on April 18, 1936, when Dr. R. B. McIver was president, the staff gave another "Hospital Dinner." On this occasion Dr. R. H. McGinnis, after thirty-five years of gratuitous service, was honored at the time of his retirement. A plaque, upon which a profile of Dr. McGinnis had been mounted, was presented by Dr. J. Knox Simpson, chief of the Depart- ment of Surgery, and was accepted on behalf of the hospital by Mr. Frank E. Jennings, chairman of the Welfare Board.a2  r- r 6 y , .+ s "'*t t .t f . J : q Sey S , r - .,u ,t 8, + s f , v Ph, graph furnished the author by Dr. R. B. McIver Photograph furnished the author by De R. B. Mrlver Photograph furnished the author by Dr. R. B. McIver Administration Building Ward for female patients Administration Building Ward for female patients Administration Building Ward for female patients Duval County Hospital in 1915 Duval County hospital in ]915 Duval County Hospital in 1915  DUVAL COUNTY AND ST. LUKE'S HOSPITALS 85 for the institution, it seems fitting to say something about the im- provements inaugurated and carried to a successful ending. A ma- jority of our readers will remember the filthy hovel for it deserved no better appellation which passed for a county poorhouse two or three years ago.... The difference between the place then and now is as distinct and broad as the difference between hell and heaven. In the first place the ground was cleared of all rubbish ... plowed, set with Bermuda grass, and no lawn in the city is smoother or looks better. A substantial fence was built and whitewashed. The two old buildings were thoroughly purified, fitted with good glazed windows and blinds; whereas before, the only openings were the doors.... The cemetery connected with this institution has been fenced and put in good order. Each grave is numbered, and an entry of all the known particulars concerning the deceased is made in the hospital record. How was it before? The dead were buried, to be sure, among the pines and saw-grass, no distinguishing mark to the grass, and the cattle grazed and hogs rooted above them... 13 In the late eighteen-seventies and early eighteen-eighties the institution grew little. In 1883, when every case of smallpox in and around Jacksonville finally was assigned to the Duval County Hos- pital, the epidemic, which had gotten out of control, was promptly curbedna Though in 1884 the accommodations were more adequate, still they were exceeded by the demand for admission. That year the buildings were identified as being situated on high ground in Oak- land, a half mile north of the fairgrounds. The broad verandahs and abundant foliage, flowers, and vines were pictured as giving the institution a homelike appearance, and the buildings were described as being clean and well ventilated. The annual operating cost was $4,000, of which $1,200 was furnished by the United States govern- ment because of the marine patients who were hospitalized there.1 From 1885 to the late eighteen-eighties, Dr. H. Robinson served as superintendent, without pay, while Dr. Drew served as the attend- ing physician, with a small salary designed to reimburse him for the medicine he furnished the sick. Sister Mary Ann of Saint Joseph's Convent made frequent visits to the institution and was loved by all.tt DUVAL COUNTY AND ST. LUKE'S HOSPITALS 85 for the institution, it seems fitting to say something about the im- provements inaugurated and carried to a successful ending. A ma- jority of our readers will remember the filthy hovel for it deserved no better appellation which passed for a county poorhouse two or three years ago.... The difference between the place then and now is as distinct and broad as the difference between hell and heaven. In the first place the ground was cleared of all rubbish .. . plowed, set with Bermuda grass, and no lawn in the city is smoother or looks better. A substantial fence was built and whitewashed. The two old buildings were thoroughly purified, fitted with good glazed windows and blinds; whereas before, the only openings were the doors.... The cemetery connected with this institution has been fenced and put in good order. Each grave is numbered, and an entry of all the known particulars concerning the deceased is made in the hospital record. How was it before? The dead were buried, to be sure, among the pines and saw-grass, no distinguishing mark to the grass, and the cattle grazed and hogs rooted above them... .13 In the late eighteen-seventies and early eighteen-eighties the institution grew little. In 1883, when every case of smallpox in and around Jacksonville finally was assigned to the Duval County Hos- pital, the epidemic, which had gotten out of control, was promptly curbed.1t Though in 1884 the accommodations were more adequate, still they were exceeded by the demand for admission. That year the buildings were identified as being situated on high ground in Oak- land, a half mile north of the fairgrounds. The broad verandahs and abundant foliage, flowers, and vines were pictured as giving the institution a homelike appearance, and the buildings were described as being clean and well ventilated. The annual operating cost was. $4,000, of which $1,200 was furnished by the United States govern- ment because of the marine patients who were hospitalized there.ut From 1885 to the late eighteen-eighties, Dr. H. Robinson served as superintendent, without pay, while Dr. Drew served as the attend- ing physician, with a small salary designed to reimburse him for the medicine he furnished the sick. Sister Mary Ann of Saint Joseph's Convent made frequent visitso the institution and was loved by all.1 DUVAL COUNTY AND ST. LUKE'S HOSPITALS 85 for the institution, it seems fitting to say something about the im- provements inaugurated and carried to a successful ending. A ma- jority of our readers will remember the filthy hovel for it deserved no better appellation which passed for a county poorhouse two or three years ago.... The difference between the place then and now is as distinct and broad as the difference between hell and heaven. In the first place the ground was cleared of all rubbish ... plowed, set with Bermuda grass, and no lawn in the city is smoother or looks better. A substantial fence was built and whitewashed. The two old buildings were thoroughly purified. fitted with good glazed windows and blinds; whereas before, the only openings were the doors.... The cemetery connected with this institution has been fenced and put in good order. Each grave is numbered, and an entry of all the known particulars concerning the deceased is made in the hospital record. How was it before? The dead were buried, to be sure, among the pines and saw-grass, no distinguishing mark to the grass, and the cattle grazed and hogs rooted above them. .1 In the late eighteen-seventies and early eighteen-eighties the institution grew little. In 1883, when every case of smallpox in and around Jacksonville finally was assigned to the Duval County Hos- pital, the epidemic, which had gotten out of control, was promptly curbed.a Though in 1884 the accommodations were more adequate, still they were exceeded by the demand for admission. That year the buildings were identified as being situated on high ground in Oak- land, a half mile north of the fairgrounds. The broad verandahs and abundant foliage, flowers, and vines were pictured as giving the institution a homelike appearance, and the buildings were described as being clean and well ventilated. The annual operating cost was $4,000, of which $1,200 was furnished by the United States govern- ment because of the marine patients who were hospitalized there.s From 1885 to the late eighteen-eighties, Dr. H. Robinson served as superintendent, without pay, while Dr. Drew served as the attend- ing physician, with a small salary designed to reimburse him for the medicine he furnished the sick. Sister Mary Ann of Saint Joseph's Convent made frequent visits to the institution and was loved by all.16  86 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 86 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 86 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL During the autumn and early winter of 1872, two invalid tourists died on the streets of Jacksonville. The cause of their death was traced to the lack of rooms in the crowded hotels and to the fact that there were no hospital beds available for sick nonresidents of Duval County. The people of Jacksonville were moved by the deaths of these two travelers, but left the correction of the evil to the ingenuity of three generous and far-sighted women, Mrs. Theodore ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL During the autumn and early winter of 1872, two invalid tourists died on the streets of Jacksonville. The cause of their death was traced to the lack of rooms in the crowded hotels and to the fact that there were no hospital beds available for sick nonresidents of Duval County. The people of Jacksonville were moved by the deaths of these two travelers, but left the correction of the evil to the ingenuity of three generous and far-sighted women, Mrs. Theodore ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL During the autumn and early winter of 1872, two invalid tourists died on the streets of Jacksonville. The cause of their death was traced to the lack of rooms in the crowded hotels and to the fact that there were no hospital beds available for sick nonresidents of Duval County. The people of Jacksonville were moved by the deaths of these two travelers, but left the correction of the evil to the ingenuity of three generous and far-sighted women, Mrs. Theodore St. Luke's Hospital in 1888 Hartridge, Mrs. Aristides Doggett, and Mrs. J. D. Mitchell. Early in 1873, these ladies formed a charitable society, which was named the "Relief Association of Jacksonville."* The purpose of the Association was to locate suitable places for the accommodation of sick and destitute travelers. Within a short while, however, the de- mand for such accommodations became so great that the ladies determined to establish a "hospital." In February, 1873, the society held a fair. Funds netted by the fair, when added to contri- butions made by citizens and tourists, provided a sum sufficient to pay the rent of a small two-room building.? This building was *Known also as the "Ladies' Benevolent Society."17 tReferred to in the first annual report as small apartments.18 Location in Jacksonville unknown.19 St. Luke's Hospital in 1888 Hartridge, Mrs. Aristides Doggett, and Mrs. J. D. Mitchell. Early in 1873, these ladies formed a charitable society, which was named the "Relief Association of Jacksonville."* The purpose of the Association was to locate suitable places for the accommodation of sick and destitute travelers. Within a short while, however, the de- mand for such accommodations became so great that the ladies determined to establish a "hospital." In February, 1873, the society held a fair. Funds netted by the fair, when added to contri- butions made by citizens and tourists, provided a sum sufficient to pay the rent of a small two-room building.s This building was *Known also as the "Ladies' Benevolent Society."17 tReferred to in the first annual report as small apartments.n Location in Jacksonville unknown.9 St. Luke's Hospital in 1888 Hartridge, Mrs. Aristides Doggett, and Mrs. J. D. Mitchell. Early in 1873, these ladies formed a charitable society, which was named the "Relief Association of Jacksonville."* The purpose of the Association was to locate suitable places for the accommodation of sick and destitute travelers. Within a short while, however, the de- mand for such accommodations became so great that the ladies determined to establish a "hospital." In February, 1873, the society held a fair. Funds netted by the fair, when added to contri- butions made by citizens and tourists, provided a sum sufficient to pay the rent of a small two-room building.t This building was *Known also as the "Ladies' Benevolent Society."17 ,Referred to in the first annual report as small apartments.ut Location in Jacksonville unknown.19  DUVAL COUNTY AND ST. LUKE'S HOSPITALS St opened on Motch 11, 1873, and woo nanoed St. Luke's Hospitalt* On Octohee 16, 1873, the St. Lnke'o Hospital Association woo oeganized.. Elected hy the asoociotion weee two preoidento, Met. Hastridge and Met. Magrodes; floe vice-peesidents, -Met.. Buens, Met. Doggett, Met. Peck, Met. Mtitchell, and Met. Greetey; and a teceetay andtreatureer,Mitssyeetand.2a The small two-room hospital was operated only dating the wintee monhs and was devoted enietytochaity. Ito charitiesowere extended to people loom alt sections and of all creeds. Foety-two pa- tients weee adnmitted foe treasmens dosing the first wintee atone, while somtewhat msore than two hundred received teatment daring its list three winter seasons, 1873-74, 1874-75, and 1875-76. Doeing the first yeae a tot on the coenet of Maehet and Casoline streets was poechased foe $600, and plans were deawn foe a new hoilding hy Me. F. Leede. Sufficiens lands weee not availahle, howevee; hence consteuction of the new huilding had to he post- poned. Fairs hedeach wintee forethe snpport of the hospitaltwere color- fl and wets soppoeted actively hy Jacksonville residens and soneiss. Neatly $2,000 wos nested in 1874-75 and appeoximasely 81,800 in 1875-76. Althoogh she association lot $681 in the Freedmen's Bank when it failed in June, 1878, and althoogho only a small amount of shot sum was eventually recovered, shot tame month Captain A. J. Ease of Boston donated $1,080.00 to the winter of 1875-76, construclion was begon on a brick building somewhat wore than tixsp feet in length and ilty feet in width. In Match, 1876, as is neared completion, the bnilding woo *There it nook anttest todaoy overtohs dotes ofthse toondiogs of St. Loke's and Duao Coonty' Hntpitals. Informatioc which ohs author hot acailable indicates tat t. Lots's not foanded Oist. On December 31, 1077, onaril inuatocal paeroined toaosanding iprovemmtssinheDalCuntoy Hotspitol, and referred so it as having teen a filty hov'el which tasted tot coasts ypoonus tno as shres years pror to shot time. That would scem so esoablish the toot that St. Lotte's nos founded at an actuat hnspptal pritr toothefounding offDlaCo u~nty Hospitl. Onthe othehand the firot- stacding medical reports to appear froam she two hospitals usese issuedl from Dual Couty~ Hospital in 1077 and lrom St. Lots's in 1000. The tratk is that ohse too insditutotns nets estahlished at aot th ostame time, rendereda most inpotant service to the citizens . fadly Jaoonvouille, and antedoted by many yeas other otdtanding hospitals. DUVAL COUNTY AND ST. LUKE'S HOSPITALS 87 opened an Match 11, 1803, and was named St. Luke's Hospitalt On Octohet 18, 1073, the St. Luke's Hospital Association woo organioed. Elected by the association mess two presidents, Met. Hartridge and Met. Magruder; fite vice-presidents, Moe. Burns, tMes. Doggett, Met. Peck, Met. itckhell, and Met. Gteeley; and a secretaty and tresurer, Mitt Freelaond.-" The small two-roomhospital woe operated only during the winter monthsoandwasodevoted entirelytochaity. Itstcharities were essended so people lenom all tectious and of alt creeds. Fatty-two pa- tients mete admitted foe sreatment doting the fist winter atone, white somewhat mote than two hundred received treaotment doting its fist thee winter seasons, 1873-74, 1874-75, and 1875-78. Duringthe fist yearaootn the coner of arketand Caroine steets was purchased Ins $800, and plant wets dramo toe a new huilding by Mtt. F. Leeds. Suficient foods wets not available, howevet; hence construction of she new huilding hod so he post- poned. Fairs held each winter for she support of she hospital wets colns- ful and wets supported actively by Jacksonville residents and toursts. Neatly $2,000 woo netted in 1814-OS and opproximately $1,500 in 1875-76. Although she association tot $687 in she Preedmen's Bank when it failed in Jane, 1874, and although only a small amount of that sum was evenunally recovesed, that same month Captain A. J. Eats of Boston donoted 31,000.00 In ohs winser of 1875-76, construction woo hegun on a brick building somewhat nose thou sixty feet in lengths and fifty feet in width. In Match, 1878, as ft neared completion, she buildiong was tThere is moth interest today over she dotes tf the foundinas at St. Luke's and Ducal County Hospitals. Informaton which ohs authot has avalabhlo indioastshot St. Lake's was founded fioe. On Decembter 31, 1055, anaril in a local yaper painted to otstanding improvements in the Duvad Coasts Hospial, andrefrredto it ashavingbeenaofthyhovelhih passedtfot tattoo, pooous to otra years pdiortothatstme. That would seen so estahlish ohs taco tat So. Lake's was ftounded as on actual hospital prior tothefounding ofDualCount Hospitol. Onutheothehandsthe fistout- standing medical report to appear from she two hospiots west istood loom Dual County Htospital in tots and from St. Lotte in 1882. The tasth is shot ohese too institutions noe esstbished at about the same time, rendereda motimyortantusecicecoothectzens. ofteaoJcsonvile,ad ntedated hb' many yeses other outanding hospitals. DUVAL COUNTY AND ST. LUKE'S HOSPITALS 87 opened 00 Match 11, 1873, and was named St. Lake's Hospital.t On Octoher 16, 1873, the St. Loke's Hospital Association woo orgonized. Electedhbytheoasscitionweetwo peidents, Ms. Hartridge and tMes. Magruder; five vice-presidents, Mres. Butns, Mres. Doggets, tMes. Peck, Met. Mitchell, ond Met. Greeley; and a secretary and teasurer, Mitt Peeelond.0 The small twa-stain hospist was operated only dosing she winser monthsond was devotedenielytyoachaity. Itsscharities were extended topeople ftom allsectionsoandofoallceeds. Forty-two pa- tients mess admitted Ins teatmens dosing she fistwinter aonoe, white somewhat mass than two hundred teceived teatment dosing its list thee winter seasons, 1873-74, 1874-75, and 1875-76. Doting the first yeas a lot on she corner of Martet and Caroline stees was purchased lot $600, and plant mess dran foe a new building by tMe. F. Leeds. Sufficient fuode wets not available, however; hence consruction of the new building had to he post- poned. Fairs held each winter foe she support of she hospital wets colas- tot and mee suppossed actively hy Jacksonville sesidents and souriss. Neurly $2,000 was netted in 1874-75 und approsimiately $1,500 in 1078-76. Although the association lost $887 in the Freedmen's Bank when it failed inuJune, 1874, and although olyoa small amount of that sum was esentually recovered, that some month Captain A. J. East of Boston donated $1,000.21 In she winter of 1875-76, constructin woo begun an a brick building somewmhat mote than sissy lest in length and fifty lees in width. In Mtarch, 1876, 05 it neared completion, the huilding woo 'There is mach interest today over the dates of tte foundings at St. Late's sod SDuta County Hospiots. Informaton which ohs author hoe availatle indicates that St. Late's woo foanded Otto. Os Statutes ot, 1877, onaril ia total popes pointed so otstanding impovtoments in she Dutal Cionty Hospia, adsefered titashaving beenafthy hovelwthhpasedfora counto poorhouse own o os toeeyats prior so that Owme. That would tem tosabishhefctsthat t.Luk'swasoludedosna ctualhospitalpor tothesfoundingtofDal Countttopita. Onthestherhandthe fistaou- standingmedical tspots to appest loom the two tatpitos wete ssuted lom Dual County Hospit in 1057 and team 0t. Late's in 1002. Thttt is shot ohse two istitutions wone established as about ohs some sins, rendered a most important settle to the citizens at early Jackonille, and atedated by mansyteats otheos tanding hospitals.  88 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE said to have marble basins in every room with hot and cold water and gas equipment "all over." Unfortunately, on July 22, 1876, just before it was ready for occupancy, the building was destroyed by fire which was thought to have been incendiary in origin. The location of the hospital was changed from Market and Caroline streets, following the fire, to the west side of Palmetto Street between Monroe and Duval, in East Jacksonville. The sale price of the old land, $800, was used to purchase the new, and $6,000 received from insurance on the burned building, was made available for the construction of another brick building, which housed the hospital until the present building in Springfield was occupied in 1914. There were a few residents in East Jacksonville who felt that the hospital would be against their interests. The following strange notice appeared in a local paper in June, 1877, but what group or body was responsible for the pronouncement is not known: East Jacksonville, Florida May 25, 1877 Resolved, that our secretary request the insurance agents residing in the city of Jacksonville to withhold policies of insurance upon the building about to be erected in our village by the trustees of "St. Luke's Hospital" because it is ruinous to our interests and may be disastrous to the health of ourselves and families. Signed. H. Ml. Moody, Secretary.00 Construction of the building was begun in the late spring of 1877, but was interrupted somewhat by the yellow fever epidemic of that year. The unusual amount of illness in the city, however, impressed people with the need for a hospital. The building, completed at a cost of somewhat more than $6,000, was opened to the public in December, 1878. Since that time St. Luke's Hospital has served the people of Jacksonville uninterruptedly. For the years 1878-79 the officers and members of the board were quaintly listed as follows: "Presi- dent, Mrs. Alex. Mitchell; Vice-President, Mrs. A. Doggett; Treas- urer, [Mrs.] Jos. D. Mitchell; Secretary, Mrs. Doctor Hartridge; Matron, Mrs. Wilkinson. The Board of Directors consist of the Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer."as In 1882 the associa- 88 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE said to have marble basins in every room with hot and cold water and gas equipment "all over." Unfortunately, on July 22, 1876, just before it was ready for occupancy, the building was destroyed by fire which was thought to have been incendiary in origin. The location of the hospital was changed from Market and Caroline streets, following the fire, to the west side of Palmetto Street between Monroe and Duval, in East Jacksonville. The sale price of the old land, $800, was used to purchase the new, and $6,000 received from insurance on the burned building, was made available for the construction of another brick building, which housed the hospital until the present building in Springfield was occupied in 1914. There were a few residents in East Jacksonville who felt that the hospital would be against their interests. The following strange notice appeared in a local paper in June, 1877, but what group or body was responsible for the pronouncement is not known: East Jacksonville, Florida May 25, 1877 Resolved, that our secretary request the insurance agents residing in the city of Jacksonville to withhold policies of insurance upon the building about to be erected in our village by the trustees of "St. Luke's Hospital" because it is ruinous to our interests and may be disastrous to the health of ourselves and families. Signed. H. M. Moody, Secretary.'0 Construction of the building was begun in the late spring of 1877, but was interrupted somewhat by the yellow fever epidemic of that year. The unusual amount of illness in the city, however, impressed people with the need for a hospital. The building, completed at a cost of somewhat more than $6,000, was opened to the public in December, 1878. Since that time St. Luke's Hospital has served the people of Jacksonville uninterruptedly. For the years 1878-79 the officers and members of the board were quaintly listed as follows: "Presi- dent, Mrs. Alex. Mitchell; Vice-President, Mrs. A. Doggett; Treas- urer, [Mrs.] Jos. D. Mitchell; Secretary, Mrs. Doctor Hartridge; Matron, Mrs. Wilkinson. The Board of Directors consist of the Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer."0a In 1882 the associa- 88 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE said to have marble basins in every room with hot and cold water and gas equipment "all over." Unfortunately, on July 22, 1876, just before it was ready for occupancy, the building was destroyed by fire which was thought to have been incendiary in origin. The location of the hospital was changed from Market and Caroline streets, following the fire, to the west side of Palmetto Street between Monroe and Duval, in East Jacksonville. The sale price of the old land, $800, was used to purchase the new, and $6,000 received from insurance on the burned building, was made available for the construction of another brick building, which housed the hospital until the present building in Springfield was occupied in 1914. There were a few residents in East Jacksonville who felt that the hospital would be against their interests. The following strange notice appeared in a local paper in June, 1877, but what group or body was responsible for the pronouncement is not known: East Jacksonville, Florida May 25, 1877 Resolved, that our secretary request the insurance agents residing in the city of Jacksonville to withhold policies of insurance upon the building about to be erected in our village by the trustees of "St. Luke's Hospital" because it is ruinous to our interests and may be disastrous to the health of ourselves and families. Signed. H. M. Moody, Secretary.22 Construction of the building was begun in the late spring of 1877, but was interrupted somewhat by the yellow fever epidemic of that year. The unusual amount of illness in the city, however, impressed people with the need for a hospital. The building, completed at a cost of somewhat more than $6,000, was opened to the public in December, 1878. Since that time St. Luke's Hospital has served the people of Jacksonville uninterruptedly. For the years 1878-79 the officers and members of the board were quaintly listed as follows: "Presi- dent, Mrs. Alex. Mitchell; Vice-President, Mrs. A. Doggett; Treas- urer, [Mrs.] Jos. D. Mitchell; Secretary, Mrs. Doctor Hartridge; Matron, Mrs. Wilkinson. The Board of Directors consist of the Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer."23 In 1882 the associa-  DUVAL COUNTY AND ST. LUKE'S HOSPITALS 89 tion was reorganized, and its first constitution was adopted. Mrs. Alexander Mitchell served as first president of the board after the reorganization, while the first staff was composed of Drs. J. D. Mitchell, R. P. Daniel, E. T. Sabal, W. A. Spence, J. D. Fernandez, A. J. Wakefield, and Neal Mitchell. Homeopathic phy- sician members of the staff were Drs. P. E. Johnson and H. R. Stout. Dr. Malvina Reichard, Jacksonville's first woman physician, that year was appointed superintendent and resident physician. On June 10, 1885, its first charter was granted. The board of directors for 1886-87 increased Dr. Reichard's salary with "great pleasure," realizing that no monetary value could be placed upon her service, and stating that St. Luke's accomplishments had been largely due to her knowledge of and fitness for the work, and her faithful devotion to St. Luke's every interest.aa In 1887, when the first large wing was added to the building, the members of the medical and surgical staff were: Drs. R. P. Daniel, president, Neal Mitchell, secretary, J. D. Mitchell, A. J. Wakefield, W. L. Baldwin, and C. J. Burroughs. On August 22, 1888, the hos- pital was taken over by the Jacksonville Board of Health, with Dr. J. D. Fernandez in charge and Dr. P. J. Stollenwerck as assistant. Many people were cared for there during the yellow fever epidemic of that yearns DUVAL COUNTY AND ST. LUKE'S HOSPITALS 89 tion was reorganized, and its first constitution was adopted. Mrs. Alexander Mitchell served as first president of the board after the reorganization, while the first staff was composed of Drs. J. D. Mitchell, R. P. Daniel, E. T. Sabal, W. A. Spence. J. D. Fernandez, A. J. Wakefield, and Neal Mitchell. Homeopathic phy- sician members of the staff were Drs. P. E. Johnson and H. R. Stout. Dr. Malvina Reichard, Jacksonville's first woman physician, that year was appointed superintendent and resident physician. On June 10, 1885, its first charter was granted. The board of directors for 1886-87 increased Dr. Reichard's salary with "great pleasure," realizing that no monetary value could be placed upon her service, and stating that St. Luke's accomplishments had been largely due to her knowledge of and fitness for the work, and her faithful devotion to St. Luke's every interestas In 1887, when the first large wing was added to the building, the members of the medical and surgical staff were: Drs. R. P. Daniel, president, Neal Mitchell, secretary, J. D. Mitchell, A. J. Wakefield, W. L. Baldwin, and C. J. Burroughs. On August 22, 1888, the hos- pital was taken over by the Jacksonville Board of Health, with Dr. J. D. Fernandez in charge and Dr. P. J. Stollenwerck as assistant. Many people were cared for there during the yellow fever epidemic of that year.2 DUVAL COUNTY AND ST. LUKE'S HOSPITALS 89 tion was reorganized, and its first constitution was adopted. Mrs. Alexander Mitchell served as first president of the board after the reorganization, while the first staff was composed of Drs. J. D. Mitchel. R. P. Daniel, E. T. Sabal, W. A. Spence, J. D. Fernandez, A. J. Wakefield, and Neal Mitchell. Homeopathic phy- sician members of the staff were Drs. P. E. Johnson and H. R. Stout. Dr. Malvina Reichard, Jacksonville's first woman physician, that year was appointed superintendent and resident physician. On June 10, 1885, its first charter was granted. The board of directors for 1886-87 increased Dr. Reichard's salary with "great pleasure," realizing that no monetary value could be placed upon her service, and stating that St. Luke's accomplishments had been largely due to her knowledge of and fitness for the work, and her faithful devotion to St. Luke's every interest.24 In 1887, when the first large wing was added to the building, the members of the medical and surgical staff were: Drs. R. P. Daniel, president, Neal Mitchell, secretary, J. D. Mitchell, A. J. Wakefield, W. L. Baldwin, and C. J. Burroughs. On August 22, 1888, the hos- pital was taken over by the Jacksonville Board of Health, with Dr. J. D. Fernandez in charge and Dr. P. J. Stollenwerck as assistant. Many people were cared for there during the yellow fever epidemic of that year.nn  12 Jacksonville Physicians of the 1870's BEGINNING OF THE WATER WORKS J ACsoNvILLE'S GROWT, which began in earnest soon after the war, continued during the early eighteen-seventies with only a tem- porary set back due to a financial panic which swept the country in 1873. The "Old Citizen,"* writing for the Tri-Weekly Sun esti- mated that in 1875 there were twelve thousand peoplet in the town.n In November, 1874, a few of the townspeople formed an associa- tion called "The Jacksonville Water Works." An editorial in a local paper stated that these citizens were about to confer an inestimable boon upon the public at large, for it was planned to have pipes run- ning through the streets of the city, better protection against fire, fountains in public places, and hotels with faucets in every room.- The editorial might have added that the water works would serve not only the people's convenience, but their health as well. This step was the beginning of the well-known Jacksonville Water Works. In March, 1876, a "Citizen's Meeting" was held to discuss the "water supply" of Jacksonville. Dr. Baldwin was ap- pointed president of the meeting, and Dr. W. M. Bostwick, a den- tist, secretary. A commission of seven taxpayers was appointed to pursue the matter further. This commission, composed of Dr. A. S. Baldwin, Mr. N. K. Sawyer, Mr. John Clark, Dr. C. J. Kenworthy, Mr. C. Oak, Colonel J. J. Daniel, and Mr. S. B. Hubbard, de- clared that it was "absolutely necessary to furnish the city with an abundant supply of pure water."3 *The "Old Citizen," whose identity has never become known, wrote of Jack- sonville's history between the years 1850 and 1875. This history was published in the Tri-Weekly Sun in five installments, each of which covered a five-year period. tThis figure is probably somewhat high. 90 12 Jacksonville Physicians of the 1870's BEGINNING OF THE WATER WORKS eIACjsoNvLcwE's GoWTH, which began in earnest soon after the war, continued during the early eighteen-seventies with only a tem- porary set back due to a financial panic which swept the country in 1873. The "Old Citizen,"* writing for the Tre-Weekly Sun esti- mated that in 1875 there were twelve thousand peoplet in the town.n In November, 1874, a few of the townspeople formed an associa- tion called "The Jacksonville Water Works." An editorial in a local paper stated that these citizens were about to confer an inestimable boon upon the public at large, for it was planned to have pipes run- ning through the streets of the city, better protection against fire, fountains in public places, and hotels with faucets in every room.a The editorial might have added that the water works would serve not only the people's convenience, but their health as well. This step was the beginning of the well-known Jacksonville Water Works. In March, 1876, a "Citizen's Meeting" was held to discuss the "water supply" of Jacksonville. Dr. Baldwin was ap- pointed president of the meeting, and Dr. W. Mt. Bostwick, a den- tist, secretary. A commission of seven taxpayers was appointed to pursue the matter further. This commission, composed of Dr. A. S. Baldwin, Mr. N. K. Sawyer, Mr. John Clark, Dr. C. J. Kenworthy, Mr. C. Oak, Colonel J. J. Daniel, and Mr. S. B. Hubbard, de- clared that it was "absolutely necessary to furnish the city with an abundant supply of pure water."3 *The "Old Citizen," whose identity has never become known, wrote of Jack- sonville's history between the years 1850 and 1875. This history was published in the Tri-Weekly Sun in five installments, each of which covered a five-year period. i This figure is probably somewhat high. 90 12 Jacksonville Physicians of the 1870's BEGINNING OF THE WATER WORKS sACKSoo vILLE'S GR0wTH, which began in earnest soon after the war, continued during the early eighteen-seventies with only a tem- porary set back due to a financial panic which swept the country in 1873. The "Old Citizen,"* writing for the Tri-Weekly Sun esti- mated that in 1875 there were twelve thousand peoplet in the town.' In November, 1874, a few of the townspeople formed an associa- tion called "The Jacksonville Water Works." An editorial in a local paper stated that these citizens were about to confer an inestimable boon upon the public at large, for it was planned to have pipes run- ning through the streets of the city, better protection against fire, fountains in public places, and hotels with faucets in every room.0 The editorial might have added that the water works would serve not only the people's convenience, but their health as well. This step was the beginning of the well-known Jacksonville Water Works. In March, 1876, a "Citizen's Meeting" was held to discuss the "water supply" of Jacksonville. Dr. Baldwin was ap- pointed president of the meeting, and Dr. W. SI. Bostwick, a den- tist, secretary. A commission of seven taxpayers was appointed to pursue the matter further. This commission, composed of Dr. A. S. Baldwin, Mt. N. K. Sawyer, Mr. John Clark, Dr. C. J. Kenworthy, Mr. C. Oak, Colonel J. J. Daniel, and Mr. S. B. Hubbard, de- clared that it was "absolutely necessary to furnish the city with an abundant supply of pure water."3 *The "Old Citizen," whose identity has never become known, wrote of Jack- sonville's history between the years 1850 and 1875. This history was published in the Tri-Weekly Ssn in five installments, each of which covered a five-year period. tThis figure is probably somewhat high. 90  JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1870'S 91 JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1870'S 91 JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1870'S 91 SANITATION IN 1876 Sanitation in Jacksonville, reported to be good in the fall of 1874,4 deteriorated in 1875 and 1876. Indeed, the year 1876, from the standpoint of the people's health, was one of foreboding and seemed to point to the misfortune which was to overtake the city the following year. It will be remembered that the old market at the foot of Ocean Street had been removed in 1852 because it had become a menace to the public health. After the war a small, two-story brick building was built over the water at the foot of Ocean Street. Through a hole in the floor of this building the butchers discarded scraps of meat and debris into the water below. Because of insufficient current or tide, the refuse remained about where it fell and disin- tegrated.' The insanitary condition of the market and the unpleas- ant odor associated therewith became notorious. The butchers fre- quently were ill. On one occasion a contagion of alarming severity developed, the origin of which, it was thought, could be traced to the market.t Thenceforth this contagion was known as "market fever." Conditions finally became so bad that in 1876 this market likewise was condemned and ordered torn down. In February of that year the "Old Citizen" wrote: What reminiscences linger around the old market building and how many spirits of gaunt grunters-lean, lank, long-haired and, wedge-shaped bodies-are now hovering around that crumbling public edifice as it goes down under the stalwart arms of day labor- ers? And the dying echoes of a Saturday night's closing scene, when the "odds and ends" of the week were sold to the anxious and eager citizens of Hansontown and La Villa for a song ...-still linger in the memory and make the scene redolent of perfume.... Good-bye, old building, with all thy good and bad reminiscences. When beckon- ing ghosts along the moonlight shade invite our steps, the old citizen as he passes the vacant lot will muse.0 On April 29 the mayor issued a proclamation establishing a quarantine station for Jacksonville near the mouth of the St. Johns River,t and in May an ordinance was issued defining the duties of the Jacksonville Board of Health and giving it more authority.- The members of the Board of Health at this time were Mayor L. SANITATION IN 1876 Sanitation in Jacksonville, reported to be good in the fall of 1874,4 deteriorated in 1875 and 1876. Indeed, the year 1876, from the standpoint of the people's health, was one of foreboding and seemed to point to the misfortune which was to overtake the city the following year. It will be remembered that the old market at the foot of Ocean Street had been removed in 1852 because it had become a menace to the public health. After the war a small, two-story brick building was built over the water at the foot of Ocean Street. Through a hole in the floor of this building the butchers discarded scraps of meat and debris into the water below. Because of insufficient current or tide, the refuse remained about where it fell and disin- tegrated.t The insanitary condition of the market and the unpleas- ant odor associated therewith became notorious. The butchers fre- quently were ill. On one occasion a contagion of alarming severity developed, the origin of which, it was thought, could be traced to the market.0 Thenceforth this contagion was known as "market fever." Conditions finally became so bad that in 1876 this market likewise was condemned and ordered torn down. In February of that year the "Old Citizen" wrote: What reminiscences linger around the old market building and how many spirits of gaunt grunters-lean, lank, long-haired and wedge-shaped bodies-are now hovering around that crumbling public edifice as it goes down under the stalwart arms of day labor- ers? And the dying echoes of a Saturday night's closing scene, when the "odds and ends" of the week were sold to the anxious and eager citizens of Hansontown and La Villa for a song ...-still linger in the memory and make the scene redolent of perfume.... Good-bye, old building, with all thy good and bad reminiscences. When beckon- ing ghosts along the moonlight shade invite our steps, the old citizen as he passes the vacant lot will muse.' On April 29 the mayor issued a proclamation establishing a quarantine station for Jacksonville near the mouth of the St. Johns River,0 and in May an ordinance was issued defining the duties of the Jacksonville Board of Health and giving it more authority.9 The members of the Board of Health at this time were Mayor L. SANITATION IN 1876 Sanitation in Jacksonville, reported to be good in the fall of 1874,4 deteriorated in 1875 and 1876. Indeed, the year 1876, from the standpoint of the people's health, was one of foreboding and seemed to point to the misfortune which was to overtake the city the following year. It will be remembered that the old market at the foot of Ocean Street had been removed in 1852 because it had become a menace to the public health. After the war a small, two-story brick building was built over the water at the foot of Ocean Street. Through a hole in the floor of this building the butchers discarded scraps of meat and debris into the water below. Because of insufficient current or tide, the refuse remained about where it fell and disin- tegrated.t The insanitary condition of the market and the unpleas- ant odor associated therewith became notorious. The butchers fre- quently were ill. On one occasion a contagion of alarming severity developed, the origin of which, it was thought, could be traced to the market.a Thenceforth this contagion was known as "market fever." Conditions finally became so bad that in 1876 this market likewise was condemned and ordered torn down. In February of that year the "Old Citizen" wrote: What reminiscences linger around the old market building and how many spirits of gaunt grunters-lean, lank, long-haired and. wedge-shaped bodies-are now hovering around that crumbling public edifice as it goes down under the stalwart arms of day labor- ers? And the dying echoes of a Saturday night's closing scene, when the "odds and ends" of the week were sold to the anxious and eager citizens of Hansontown and La Villa for a song . . .-still linger in the memory and make the scene redolent of perfume.... Good-bye, old building, with all thy good and bad reminiscences. When beckon- ing ghosts along the moonlight shade invite our steps, the old citizen as he passes the vacant lot will muse. On April 29 the mayor issued a proclamation establishing a quarantine station for Jacksonville near the mouth of the St. Johns River, and in May an ordinance was issued defining the duties of the Jacksonville Board of Health and giving it more authority.- The members of the Board of Health at this time were Mayor L.  92 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 92 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 92 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Along the border of the St. Johns River at the foot of Julia Street, in 1881 McConihe, Mr. J. H. Burton, Dr. A. W. Knight, and Dr. C. J. Kenworthy. Dr. N. J. Fogarty was sanitary inspector. In mid-June the following letter, addressed to the editor, appeared in the Tri-Weekly Sun: What particular sanitary duties are assigned the corps of long- nosed hogs which now roam our streets? What have the mules and cows which infest the western part of the city to do with the fire department? How much salary do they get for ringing their bells at night? Is there a city compost pile being erected just north of Hogan's Bridge on Pine Street for the manufacture of guano? We see a dead dog added to the noxious pile of refuse clothing from the city Hospital. By what authority does the city of Jacksonville pre- sume to haul its dead horses and filth into the growing and prosper- ous suburb of Springfield? We want to know and intend to find out, if the thing continues. Citizens -r Shortly afterward, three and one-half columns on the front page of a local paper pleaded with the citizens to be more cleanly, and warned them that an epidemic might occur which would seriously cripple Jacksonville and hurt its future as a health resort. The article was signed by the members of the Jacksonville Board of Health." The city came through the summer and fall danger period, however, without serious mishap. The City Directory for 1876 lists thirty physicians living in Jacksonville,12 many of whom, apparently, were homeopaths and Along the border of the St. Jobns River at the foot of Julia Street, in 1881 McConihe, Mtr. J. H. Burton, Dr. A. W. Knight, and Dr. C. J. Kenworthy. Dr. N. J. Fogarty was sanitary inspector. In mid-June the following letter, addressed to the editor, appeared in the Tri-Weekly Sun: What particular sanitary duties are assigned the corps of long- nosed hogs which now roam our streets? What have the mules and cows which infest the western part of the city to do with the fire department? How much salary do they get for ringing their bells at night? Is there a city compost pile being erected just north of Hogan's Bridge on Pine Street for the manufacture of guano? We see a dead dog added to the noxious pile of refuse clothing from the city Hospital. By what authority does the city of Jacksonville pre- sume to haul its dead horses and filth into the growing and prosper- ous suburb of Springfield? We want to know and intend to find out, if the thing continues. Citizens.u Shortly afterward, three and one-half columns on the front page of a local paper pleaded with the citizens to be more cleanly, and warned them that an epidemic might occur which would seriously cripple Jacksonville and hurt its future as a health resort. The article was signed by the members of the Jacksonville Board of Health.t The city came through the summer and fall danger period, however, without serious mishap. The City Directory for 1876 lists thirty physicians living in Jacksonville,12 many of whom, apparently, were homeopaths and Along the border of the St. Johns River at the foot of Juria Street, in 1881 McConihe, Mr. J. H. Burton, Dr. A. W. Knight, and Dr. C. J. Kenworthy. Dr. N. J. Fogarty was sanitary inspector. In mid-June the following letter, addressed to the editor, appeared in the Tri-Weekly Sun: What particular sanitary duties are assigned the corps of long- nosed hogs which now roam our streets? What have the mules and cows which infest the western part of the city to do with the fire department? How much salary do they get for ringing their bells at night? Is there a city compost pile being erected just north of Hogan's Bridge on Pine Street for the manufacture of guano? We see a dead dog added to the noxious pile of refuse clothing from the city Hospital. By what authority does the city of Jacksonville pre- sume to haul its dead horses and filth into the growing and prosper- ous suburb of Springfield? We want to know and intend to find out, if the thing continues. Citizensur Shortly afterward, three and one-half columns on the front page of a local paper pleaded with the citizens to be more cleanly, and warned them that an epidemic might occur which would seriously cripple Jacksonville and hurt its future as a health resort. The article was signed by the members of the Jacksonville Board of Healths The city came through the summer and fall danger period, however, without serious mishap. The City Directory for 1876 lists thirty physicians living in Jacksonville,12 many of whom, apparently, were homeopaths and  JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1870'S 93 eclectics. Of these thirty, the biographies of Drs. Baldwin, Daniel, Mitchell, and Sabal have been presented to the reader. Three oth- ers, Drs. Columbus Drew, A. W. Knight, and C. J. Kenworthy, are notable for their leadership and influence during this period. JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1870'S 93 eclectics. Of these thirty, the biographies of Drs. Baldwin, Daniel, Mitchell, and Sabal have been presented to the reader. Three oth- ers, Drs. Columbus Drew, A. W. Knight, and C. J. Kenworthy, are notable for their leadership and influence during this period. JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1870'S 93 eclectics. Of these thirty, the biographies of Drs. Baldwin, Daniel, Mitchell, and Sabal have been presented to the reader. Three oth- ers, Drs. Columbus Drew, A. W. Knight, and C. J. Kenworthy, are notable for their leadership and influence during this period. Dr. Columbus Drew DR. COLUMBUS DREW Dr. Columbus Drew13 was born in Richmond, Virginia, on De- cember 3, 1846, the eldest son of Mr. Columbus Drew who had brought his family to Jacksonville in 1848 and established a news- paper called the Florida Republican. The family home was built on _Monroe Street at the corner of Laura. When only fourteen years of age, Columbus, Jr., joined the Confederate forces and served as a drummer boy. In 1865, he began the study of medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Baltimore, from which he was graduated four years later. Dr. Drew Dr. Columbus Drew DR. COLUMBUS DREW Dr. Columbus Drewsv was born in Richmond, Virginia, on De- cember 3, 1846, the eldest son of Mr. Columbus Drew who had brought his family to Jacksonville in 1848 and established a news- paper called the Florida Republican. The family home was built on Monroe Street at the corner of Laura. When only fourteen years of age, Columbus, Jr., joined the Confederate forces and sererd as a drummer boy. In 1865, he began the study of medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Baltimore, from which he was graduated four years later. Dr. Drew Dr. Columobus Drew DR. COLUMBUS DREW Dr. Columbus Drew13 was born in Richmond, Virginia, on De- cember 3, 1846, the eldest son of Mr. Columbus Drew who had brought his family to Jacksonville in 1848 and established a news- paper called the Florida Republican. The family home was built on Mlonroe Street at the corner of Laura. When only fourteen years of age, Columbus, Jr., joined the Confederate forces and served as a drummer boy. In 1865, he began the study of medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Baltimore, from which he was graduated four years later. Dr. Drew  94 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE returned to Jacksonville in 1870, entered the practice of medicine, and made his permanent home there. In 1874 he married Miss Maria T. Carr of St. Augustine. Dr. Drew became a charter mem- ber of the Florida Medical Association in 1874. He was chosen to serve as city physician in 1876 and physician in charge of the Duval County Hospital in 1877. 94 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE returned to Jacksonville in 1870, entered the practice of medicine, and made his permanent home there. In 1874 he married Miss Maria T. Carr of St. Augustine. Dr. Drew became a charter mem- ber of the Florida Medical Association in 1874. He was chosen to serve as city physician in 1876 and physician in charge of the Duval County Hospital in 1877. 94 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE returned to Jacksonville in 1870, entered the practice of medicine, and made his permanent home there. In 1874 he married Miss Maria T. Carr of St. Augustine. Dr. Drew became a charter mem- ber of the Florida Medical Association in 1874. He was chosen to serve as city physician in 1876 and physician in charge of the Duval County Hospital in 1877. Photograph furnished the author by Mrs. Karl Bardin Home of Mr. Colnmbus Drew in 1852, Monroe Street at Laura Dr. Columbus Drew, then a child, is pictured in the center of the group During the early eighteen-eighties, Dr. Drew studied approxi- mately nine hundred fever-stricken patients whom he saw in Jack- sonville and Duval County. He recorded at the bedside of each patient the date of attendance, sex, age, race, disease, residence, length of residence in the state, and result of the illness. His chief objects were to determine the percentages of the cases of fever due to malaria and "phthisis," respectively, and to ascertain the propor- tionate number of residents and nonresidents affected by each dis- ease. The rather detailed and technical report of his studies is recorded in the Proceedings of the Florida Medical Association for 1882 and 1883. Photograph furnished the author by Mrs. Karl Bardin Home of Mr. Clumbnus Drew in 1852, Monroe Street at Laura Dr. Columbus Drew, then a child, is pictured in the center of the group During the early eighteen-eighties, Dr. Drew studied approxi- mately nine hundred fever-stricken patients whom he saw in Jack- sonville and Duval County. He recorded at the bedside of each patient the date of attendance, sex, age, race, disease, residence, length of residence in the state, and result of the illness. His chief objects were to determine the percentages of the cases of fever due to malaria and "phthisis," respectively, and to ascertain the propor- tionate number of residents and nonresidents affected by each dis- ease. The rather detailed and technical report of his studies is recorded in the Proceedings of the Florida Medical Association for 1882 and 1883. Photograph furnished the author by Mrs. Karl Bardin House of Mr. Colunbus Drew in 1852, Monroe Street at Laura Dr. Columbus Drew, then a child, is pictured in the center of the group During the early eighteen-eighties, Dr. Drew studied approxi- mately nine hundred fever-stricken patients whom he saw in Jack- sonville and Duval County. He recorded at the bedside of each patient the date of attendance, sex, age, race, disease, residence, length of residence in the state, and result of the illness. His chief objects were to determine the percentages of the cases of fever due to malaria and "phthisis," respectively, and to ascertain the propor- tionate number of residents and nonresidents affected by each dis- ease. The rather detailed and technical report of his studies is recorded in the Proceeding's of the Florida Medical Association for 1882 and 1883.  7 4 / 7 7; 7; / 4 7 44 ~ 44 47; ~ it ;it 41$ 74 $4 4 Cs; G 4 7 d d S y ~t 7 l a/ 4 44,4, 1 6 4 / K 7; / 7 7 7; 4' 7 ~1 7/ 4/ 7; 7; 7 7; 77 4 4 S 7; 4 7;'  .. ; a. > v a 4 $ . . _a Z5 1.._ : ~~- - Z-  JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1870'S 97 Becoooe of ponr heolth, De. Kenworthy left New Yeek foe Aus- tralio in 1853, settled in the colony of Victorio, ood temaioed thee nice yeoto. Up on netunieg to the United Stoteo, he oettled in Beveely, New Jersey. He woo inteeoted in eoploeotfon ond teovel, ond ofter exploring the sootheeteen poetion of Florida, he reported hio trovelo befoee the weetiog of the Florido Medical Atoociotioo in ff75 andwaoelectedoanhooraryoebere.Laterthat yea, because of hit wife's pooe health, he woved to Jackoonville. The woekofteconotouction offteDovol Connty Hotpitoloond Asylow loegely one caeried ot by hito. In ff77 he hod foBl change of thotinotitotion. Honing becomse active as an honoay mnembhee of the Floeido Mledicol Aseociation, he woe elected o regolae memer in 1877. In 1880 he delivered befoee the ossociation an eighty- poge addeso on the clintote of Florida, which lotee woe publiehed in potophlet faorm. Thot oame yene he woo elected prsident of the asso- ciotion and alone that thme was also elected prestident of the Dovol Coonty Mtedical Society. De. Kenwoethy huilt a heaotiful howe on the coenee o nMareteand Duvaltroeets, and livedstheeuntilaot t889. Following thit peniod, all leoce of hint hot been lnst. ANNUAL M1EETING OF THE FLORIDA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The fouthb session of the Florido Medical Association wet in Jocksonville nn ApeSl t8, ff770 lie. 'T. I. Folmee of M~onticelln, the president, caoled the meeting to order and referred briefly to moattes oftmedical ineeestthoughout thette. Htespoke of the greaot need foe a state booed of health and expesosed the hope that the state goveenment would soon authorize its. estoblishmnent. The preesident's onnoal addeess. entitled "Medicol History of Florida," woo deliveed on the evening of the fleet day. Do. Falnmer had come to Florida in 1829 and hod obseeved the state in its eaoly develop- mental peeitd. The histoical factonhich hepesentednaeeef a getterol rthee than a specfic notore, bet theee is material in the hit- toes-which the reetdee of today will find interesting. In the aboence of Dr. John P. Wall of Tamnpa, chairman of the commtittee on the State Booed of Health, Dr. R. D. Murtay pee- *Theo shied seeeion wet ie Tallahsocsee ontoo tauai1, t57O.18 JACKSONVILLE FHYStCIANS OF THE 1870'S 97 Becaose of pooe heatlth, Do. Kenwothy left New Yorl Inn Ant- ttalea in 1853, settled in the colony of Victorin, and remaeined thee nine yeaes. Up on retuneing to the United Statee, he tettled in Bevely, New Jersey. He wosinterested in eploeationondltavel, and tfter exploeing the southwesteen poetion of Florido, he repotted hit teavels befote the meeting of the Floeida Medical Asociation in 1875 and was elected anhonoaywmemee. Lotter that year, becaune of his wife's pete health, he wooed to Jochonville. The wool of reconstenction of the Doval Coonty Hospital ond Atyloet laegely was cartied eat by him., In 1877 he hod fell charge of that inttution. Having hecotne octive as an honoeaey wewber of the Florida Mledical Association, he woo elected a regular wembee in 1877. In 1880 he delivered hefote the association an eighty- page tddess on the cliwate of Florida, eshich Ilet was published in pamophlet foew. Thatsawepyearehewa eleced president of the asso- ciation and aboutthatsiwessas alsoeelected president ofthe Dval Couney Mledical Society. Do. Kenonthby bilt a beattiful heone en the cornee of Market andtDuval streets,nd lived theteeuntil abot 1889. Following this peoiod, all toace of himt hoe been loot. ANNUAL AMEETING OF THE FLORIDA AMEDICAL ASSOCIAT ION The footh session of she Florida MedicalAsesociationwmetin Jacksonoille on ApeSl 18, f877. De. T. M1. Falwee nf Molnticello, the president, called the meeting to order nd referred briefly to watters of wedical inteests thetoughaut the state He spohe of the great need foenastatehboardtfhealth and expretsed the hope that she etate goveenment weonld sootn authorize its establishmeent. The peesident's anneal addets. entitled "Medical Histoey of Florida," was deliered on the eveningeof the fiestday. Do. Palwer had come to Floeida in 1829 and had abseoved the state in its earty develop- wentat period. The historical factsowhich he ptesentedareeof a geneeal eathen than a specific nature, bet there is mateeial in the hit- tepy swhich she reader of today will find intetesting. In the absence of Do. John P. Wall of Tamopa, chairman of the ceomittee en the State Boned of Health, Do. R. D. Mueray pee- *The slird teesin woet tee Tallahassee on anao I5, 1870.00 JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OF THE 1878'S 87 Because et poorehealth, De. Kenworthy left New Yooh fee Ant- tenlin in 1853, settled in the colony of Victoeia, nd emoained thene nine years. Upon rturning so the United Stases, he settled in Beveety, New Jeey. He was inteestedin eploration andtrve, nd after exploring the southestern pension of Florida, he neported his trooes hefore the meeting of the Florida Mtedical Association in 1875 ond ons elected an honorary member. Latter than year, because of his wife's poet health, he moved to Jacksonville. The woreof reconsteuction of the Dueval County Hospital and Aspluw laogely was caeried oet by himo. In 1877 he had fnll change of that institetioe. Havieg hecoeme active as an honorarp wewber of the Florida Mledical Associatioe. he was elected a regular mewber in 1877. to 1880 he deliveed befoe the associaione an eighty- page addeess on the climate of Florida, which later coo published in pawphlet foew. Thatsamepyearehe was elected presideneeof the asso- ciation and oboes that tinmewas also elected pesident of the Deval Coentp SMedical Society. Do. Knwoethy bedst a beatifol howe en the coener of Market and Decal treeets, and lined tere nntil about 1888. Follno-ing this peeiod, all trace of hits has been tot. ANNUAL MELETING OF THE FLORIDA MJEDICAL ASSOCIATION Tihe fourth tession of the Floeida SMedical Association en in Jacksonville on Apedl 18, f877.* Ds. T. 1I. Palnter of Moenticello, the prensideet, called the emeeting to order and referred briefly to msattees of emedical ieterest throughout the state. He spoke of the greatoneed foraetesbnoard of healthand expessedthe hepeshat she cease goveenment sounld teen authorize its establishmnen. The peesident's anneal tddress, eetitled M 3edical Hisory of Florida," was5 delivered en the evening of the fiost day. Dt. Palwee had come so Florida in 1829 and had obseeved the state in its eaely develop- nmentalpeiod. The hisstoical facts which hepesentedareeof a geneaaheesthaaspecific natere,out theeiswaterial inthe his- tone which the reodee of today wilt find inetesting. In the absence of Do. John F. Wall of Tamepa, chaierman eel the committee en the State Boned of Health, De. R. D. Mureray pee- *The thirdsoession wet in Tallheeo n Jeasor 18, es76.18  98 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE sented the committee report. He also read Dr. Wall's oration, "Modern Medicine," a plea for the prevention of disease by the removal of its cause. Dr. Baldwin presented an account of the yellow fever epidemic of 1857 in Jacksonville, and on the second day of the meeting gave a paper entitled "Artificial Disinfection." He wondered if the "new" methods of producing artificial ice might be used in killing germs and combating disease. Following the reading of this paper, a com- mittee was appointed to study disinfectants and disinfection. The report of the committee on nominations was adopted, and the officers elected were: president, Dr. F. P. Wellford of Jacksonville; first vice-president, Dr. John P. Wall of Tampa; second vice-president, Dr. J. M. Perry of Waldo; secretary, Dr. Joseph Y. Porter of Key West; and treasurer, Dr. A. L. Randolph of Tallahassee. After plans were made to meet in Jacksonville in April, 1878, the meeting was adjourned.1- 98 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE sented the committee report. He also read Dr. Wall's oration, "Modern Medicine," a plea for the prevention of disease by the removal of its cause. Dr. Baldwin presented an account of the yellow fever epidemic of 1857 in Jacksonville, and on the second day of the meeting gave a paper entitled "Artificial Disinfection." He wondered if the "new" methods of producing artificial ice might be used in killing germs and combating disease. Following the reading of this paper, a com- mittee was appointed to study disinfectants and disinfection. The report of the committee on nominations was adopted, and the officers elected were: president, Dr. F. P. Wellford of Jacksonville; first vice-president, Dr. John P. Wall of Tampa; second vice-president, Dr. J. M. Perry of Waldo; secretary, Dr. Joseph Y. Porter of Key West; and treasurer, Dr. A. L. Randolph of Tallahassee. After plans were made to meet in Jacksonville in April, 1878, the meeting was adjourned.19 98 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE sented the committee report. He also read Dr. Wall's oration, "Modern Medicine," a plea for the prevention of disease by the removal of its cause. Dr. Baldwin presented an account of the yellow fever epidemic of 1857 in Jacksonville, and on the second day of the meeting gave a paper entitled "Artificial Disinfection." He wondered if the "new" methods of producing artificial ice might be used in killing germs and combating disease. Following the reading of this paper, a com- mittee was appointed to study disinfectants and disinfection. The report of the committee on nominations was adopted, and the officers elected were: president, Dr. F. P. Wellford of Jacksonville; first vice-president, Dr. John P. Wall of Tampa; second vice-president, Dr. J. M. Perry of Waldo; secretary, Dr. Joseph Y. Porter of Key West; and treasurer, Dr. A. L. Randolph of Tallahassee. After plans were made to meet in Jacksonville in April, 1878, the meeting was adjourned.19  13 Yellow Fever in Fernandina UNREST AND FEAR IN 1877 1N 1877 poor sanitation in the city again became the concern of the health authorities and of many Jacksonville citizens. Before a meeting of the Jacksonville Board of Health on January 24, Dr. A. W. Knight, city health officer, made the following report: ... Our sewerage system is very imperfect and inadequate. The water closets in a majority of cases are in a deplorable condition. The rear of all the buildings on the river side of Bay Street need immediate attention. The whole line of Hogan's Creek is fast be- coming a hot bed of disease. Our City Market is getting into a condition to give us trouble as soon as the warm weather sets in. The use of the backyards of some of the stores as a camping ground for the farmers as they come in for trade, is very objectionable. The mud flat near the railroad depot is in the same condition as last year. Sufficient care has not been taken to have all dead animals car- ried far enough outside the city limits. Too much garbage has been deposited within the city limits. Our supply of good . . . drinking water is still deficient. These evils are accumulating daily and unless great care is taken to put our whole city in a better sanitary condition before summer sets in . .. we may look for a repetition here of the terrible scourge which devastated our sister cities [Savannah and Brunswick] in 1876.1 On July 19, someone who signed himself "O. Mire" wrote to a local paper: ... There are too many foul smelling pots in Jacksonville and its surroundings; . .. there are too many rank weeds growing in the streets; too many watermelon rinds and other garbage festering in the sun-breeding foul miasma. Hogs, cows, geese and other 99 13 Yellow Fever in Fernandina UNREST AND FEAR IN 1877 N 1877 poor sanitation in the city again became the concern of the health authorities and of many Jacksonville citizens. Before a meeting of the Jacksonville Board of Health on January 24, Dr. A. W. Knight, city health officer, made the following report: ... Our sewerage system is very imperfect and inadequate. The water closets in a majority of cases are in a deplorable condition. The rear of all the buildings on the river side of Bay Street need immediate attention. The whole line of Hogan's Creek is fast be- coming a hot bed of disease. Our City Market is getting into a condition to give us trouble as soon as the warm weather sets in. The use of the backyards of some of the stores as a camping ground for the farmers as they come in for trade, is very objectionable. The mud flat near the railroad depot is in the same condition as last year. Sufficient care has not been taken to have all dead animals car- ried far enough outside the city limits. Too much garbage has been deposited within the city limits. Our supply of good . . . drinking water is still deficient. These evils are accumulating daily and unless great care is taken to put our whole city in a better sanitary condition before summer sets in ... we may look for a repetition here of the terrible scourge which devastated our sister cities [Savannah and Brunswick] in 1876.1 On July 19, someone who signed himself "O. Mire" wrote to a local paper: ... There are too many foul smelling pots in Jacksonville and its surroundings; . . . there are too many rank weeds growing in the streets; too many watermelon rinds and other garbage festering in the sun-breeding foul miasma. Hogs, cows, geese and other 99 13 Yellow Fever in Fernandina UNREST AND FEAR IN 1877 IN 1877 poor sanitation in the city again became the concern of the health authorities and of many Jacksonville citizens. Before a meeting of the Jacksonville Board of Health on January 24, Dr. A. W. Knight, city health officer, made the following report: ... Our sewerage system is very imperfect and inadequate. The water closets in a majority of cases are in a deplorable condition. The rear of all the buildings on the river side of Bay Street need immediate attention. The whole line of Hogan's Creek is fast be- coming a hot bed of disease. Our City Market is getting into a condition to give us trouble as soon as the warm weather sets in. The use of the backyards of some of the stores as a camping ground for the farmers as they come in for trade, is very objectionable. The mud flat near the railroad depot is in the same condition as last year. Sufficient care has not been taken to have all dead animals car- ried far enough outside the city limits. Too much garbage has been deposited within the city limits. Our supply of good . . . drinking water is still deficient. These evils are accumulating daily and unless great care is taken to put our whole city in a better sanitary condition before summer sets in . . . we may look for a repetition here of the terrible scourge which devastated our sister cities [Savannah and Brunswick] in 1876.1 On July 19, someone who signed himself "0. Mire" wrote to a local paper: ... There are too many foul smelling pots in Jacksonville and its surroundings; .. .there are too many rank weeds growing in the streets; too many watermelon rinds and other garbage festering in the sun-breeding foul miasma. Hogs, cows, geese and other 99  to0 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE animals perambuolote or treets wtith freedom cod Ohio at o oboe when twe should be atert to preent the fntooduction of death-dealing pestilence. cti foot oboe no one woitl diopote, ohot theee cre moecssof fevereinoureplacelhanbhavebeenkownforyearsoond it bhooes us to toke every peeccotion to preeeee the heatthfuli- nteotofourecity. illttourBoard offHealthbousoeitelf cnd co cs the health of our city demacnds?a The Jacksonville Booed of Heath woo otready aroused, hot health octet cod toos. manoy imes viotated, ofteo could not ho en- foeced. Anewtboard of healh hadeeogaized onApil 233 cod had meocrepectedly. Atootmeetiog of theboard on the eight of Joty 4. Do. Bctdwin, Do. Schat, cod Do. Bostwiok hod beeo appoiot- od to confer ebbh the city aotorney cod "Judge Baker" to determiefe whother the poesident hod power to fimpose fioot for violtons of the tlows laid down by the booed.0 to mid-August anorcdioacc relatiog 00 pubtic health toot published in a toeal pcper. Tweoty-five octet foe the preventon of ditsee were tioted, cod it woo stoted that the octet wootd be strictly onforoed.0 Earty in the suwoor Do. Daniet ouopected oboe there waore maltaria than neeal in East Floida cod, at sumomer advanced, ho oeceived from teeny ecotions along the So. Johns River retiabte re- ports which confirmed his o topiciooo.t There woo. however, no srosilesin Jacksonville, altohough obere wre ruorso cod whispersotooheontrary. to corly Auguot, Do. Baldwin, chairman of the health commttee of the Jacksonville Booed of Heathb, wrote to Do. Daniel, president of the Duval Counoy Medictl Society: Deco Sie: Thee boo appeaoed in one of toor city papert a otatement that the health of oor city waso unusuoily hod during the mncth of Juty just poot. Such reports coo calcutated to Of000e our place, if they should have teeth for their foundation, cod if not tone should he promtly corrected. Theoecooded otatitico show quiteasml mortaclity, to wit: ten deatbs in all, and of theoe onty tie were re- ported at being totidento of the city. Oer population it ectimated to be at teaot 13,300; the death rate foe July theoefore, it only one death in ,000 of oor populaticon.. and would seoc volumes in faor of the heabltuness of our city. 100 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE animao peoambutate 000 0000000 with fteeoodm cod this at a time when we should he afoot to ptovent the introduction of death-deating petilence... loti a foot thot no one wilt diopuo, that there coo moroocaoet offeverein ourplacethan haveheennownfcoryearsoad it bhooovet no to take every poecaution to preteove the healthful- nessofeourocity.. WillnotouroBcoardof ealhousoeitelf ond act astbhhlhcof ourooit demands?z The Jacksonville Booed of Health woo atready arousoed, hot health rules cod laws, many timesvioted, often could not ho on- foeced. A new board of healthhadhbeenoorganized on Agedl 233 cod hadwmetrpeatedly. Atawmeeting of the booed n the night of Juty 4, Do. Baldwin, Do. Sachat, cod Dt. Bootwick hod boon appoint- ed to confer with the city atorney cod "Judge Baker" to deoerwine whethee the president had power to iwmpose fioot for violaoiots of the tawo laid down by the bcod.' to wid-August an odinance relating to public health woo pubtished in a focal papee. Twenty-live rulet lot the prevention of ditoaoe were fitted, cod it woo toted that the roles woold ho otrictly eofotced.,0 Eooty in the sumer Do. Daniel suspected oboe there woewoe walaoia tban cocci in Boot Florida cod, aoo suwmmer advanced, be received free omany sections along the So. Johns Rivet reliahle re- perts which confirmeod his suscpicions.r There woo, however, o srosilesin Jaconville, altouogh ohero were tuors cod whiopero to oho conteaoy. to early August, Dr. Baldwin, chairwan of the health cowmoittee of the Jacksonville Board of Heat, wrote to Do. Daniel, president of the Decal Counoy Medical Soccieoy: Deco Sio: Thre boo appeared in one of our city papers a otatemoent that the health of one city woo uncoually hod doting the wcntb of July jut pool.. Snob reports coo calculated to injure one place, if obey should hate troth for theft foundation, cod if not true soulcd he promwptly coreoted. The recorded ototitico ohow quiefo sal mactality, to wit: ten deatht in aft, cod of theoe only oft were re- ported at being residents of the city. Oer populatfon it eotiwated to ho 00 boost 10,330; the death octo foe July thereore, it only one death in 1,000 of oor population ..- cod would seoc volumes in favor of the healthfuless of our city. to0 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE aniwalt peoambhote one streets with freedow cod ohio 00 0 tiwe when we thould ho olert to poovent the introducoion of death-dealing pestilence. oti foot that no ooe wilt ditpute, that there arc moecssof feerein ourplacethan havehbeoenkown foroyearstand it behoovot 00 to tabe evety pecaution to preserve the healthful- netof ourociy.. OWlnot ourBoardcfHealh ouseoitself and actoas the health of ourccity demands?2 The Jacksonville Booed of Health woo clceody crouoted, boo health rules cod laws, wany timnes violated, often could not be on- foecedl. A newboard of health hdbeenorgnizedconAild233 ond hod wet repeatedly. Atowooeting of the booed on the night of July 4, Do. Baldwin, Dr. Sabal, cod Dr. Bostwick hod been appoint- ed to confeo with the city attorney cod "Judgo Baker" to deterwine whether the presideet hod powee to impose fineo foe violctons of the lawo baid down by the board.' In wid-Augut on ordinace elating to public health woo published in a bootl paper. Twenty-five rclet for the prevention of dieaoe were lited, cod it woo toted oh at the ruleo would be stoicty enfooced.0 Booty in the summr Do. Daniel tuspectod that theoe was more malaria Oboe usuol in Boot Flcridooand, co sumwer advanced, ho eeived frow many sections aong the St. Johns River reliable re- pert which confitowed bit totpioiont.a There woo, however, no serios illness in Jacksonville, althoufb thre weoe rmtro cod whispeos to the contoary. In early Auguet, Dr. Boldwin, ohoirman of the health comwitee of the Jackoonville Bocrd of Health, wrote to Do. Daniel, president of the Duval Cocunt: Medical Society: Deco Sir: Theoe boo cppecred in one of one city paprst a staoewent that thc heclth of our city wcs unusually hod during the wonth of July just pat. Such reportsare coalcloted to injure our place, if obey thould have tooth for their foundation, cod if not 0r00 should be prowptly ocoected. The recorded stcoiotics sooe quiteasml mortaitoy, to wit: ten deaobo in all, cod of these only oit worere pooted at being residents of the city. Dec popoulion it ettiwoted to he 00 boost 10,000; the deaoh rote foe July therefooe, it only one death in t,000 of one populotion .. . and would speaktvolumes in faor of the healthfuness of our city.  YELLOW FEVER IN FERNANDINA 101 Have you or the other members of the medical society . . . knowledge of any such unhealthfulness as has been anonymously reported? Dr. Daniel replied: ... I am authorized by all the membersno our society with whom I have been able to meet . . . to state . .. that the amount of sickness during the month referred to was small ... the very low death rate as reported by yourself, will sufficiently prove the absence of any specially grave type of fever... Fernandina, however, was beginning to have serious difficulty at this time, and for her the season was to be disastrous. Early in August there were frequent rumors of a high incidence of fever of a serious nature there, but the reports were promptly denied by the Fernandina health authorities.s THE HEALTH OFFICER'S REPORT In late August Dr. Knight was sent to Fernandina to make an investigation. On August 31 he wrote to Mr. T. A. Wilson, mayor pro tempore of Jacksonville, and Mr. T. S. Eells, president of the Jacksonville Board of Health: Gentlemen: In compliance with your orders I visited ... Fernan- dina, arriving there on the night of the 29th inst. I immediately conferred with the mayor of the city and health officer, Dr. Pope. On Thursday, 30th with Dr. Pope I visited all of his patients and in company of Dr. Pope and Dr. Palmer [J. Denham Palmer] assist- ed in making a post mortem examination of a little boy who died the day before. We then examined every portion of the city. There were three deaths previous to my arrival.... The cases on hand were evidently bilious, remittent fever as decided by the con- current opinion of Drs. Pope, Palmer and myself.... On the western side of the city west of Centre Street is a swampy place with ditches all obstructed and in a fearful condition. The present sickness is confined to that locality. There is abundant cause there of fever of a very malignant type and about 25 persons are sick . . . some with grave symptoms. Now in view of the above facts, I would ask the Board of Health to carefully consider all measures necessary to be taken of a precau- tionary character to prevent any contagious disease from being im- ported into our city.- YELLOW FEVER IN FERNANDINA 101 Have you or the other members of the medical society . . . knowledge of any such unhealthfulness as has been anonymously reported? Dr. Daniel replied: ... I am authorized by all the members of our society with whom I have been able to meet . . . to state . .. that the amount of sickness during the month referred to was small ... the very low death rate as reported by yourself, will sufficiently prove the absence of any specially grave type of fever....7 Fernandina, however, was beginning to have serious difficulty at this time, and for her the season was to be disastrous. Early in August there were frequent rumors of a high incidence of fever of a serious nature there, but the reports were promptly denied by the Fernandina health authorities.s THE HEALTH OFFICER'S REPORT In late August Dr. Knight was sent to Fernandina to make an investigation. On August 31 he wrote to Mr. T. A. Wilson, mayor pro tempore of Jacksonville, and Mr. T. S. Fells, president of the Jacksonville Board of Health: Gentlemen: In compliance with your orders I visited . .. Fernan- dina, arriving there on the night of the 29th inst. I immediately conferred with the mayor of the city and health officer, Dr. Pope. On Thursday, 30th with Dr. Pope I visited all of his patients and in company of Dr. Pope and Dr. Palmer [J. Denham Palmer] assist- ed in making a post mortem examination of a little boy who died the day before. We then examined every portion of the city. There were three deaths previous to my arrival.... The cases on hand were evidently bilious, remittent fever as decided by the con- current opinion of Drs. Pope, Palmer and myself.... On the western side of the city west of Centre Street is a swampy place with ditches all obstructed and in a fearful condition. The present sickness is confined to that locality. There is abundant cause there of fever of a very malignant type and about 25 persons are sick . . . some with grave symptoms. Now in view of the above facts, I would ask the Board of Health to carefully consider all measures necessary to be taken of a precau- tionary character to prevent any contagious disease from being im- ported into our city.0 YELLOW FEVER IN FERNANDINA 101 Have you or the other members of the medical society. . . knowledge of any such unhealthfulness as has been anonymously reported? Dr. Daniel replied: .. I am authorized by all the members of our society with whom I have been able to meet ... to state ... that the amount of sickness during the month referred to was small ... the very low death rate as reported by yourself, will sufficiently prove the absence of any specially grave type of fever. .. 7 Fernandina, however, was beginning to have serious difficulty at this time, and for her the season was to be disastrous. Early in August there were frequent rumors of a high incidence of fever of a serious nature there, but the reports were promptly denied by the Fernandina health authorities.8 THE HEALTH OFFICER'S REPORT In late August Dr. Knight was sent to Fernandina to make an investigation. On August 31 he wrote to Mr. T. A. Wilson, mayor pro tempore of Jacksonville, and Mr. T. S. Eells, president of the Jacksonville Board of Health: Gentlemen: In compliance with your orders I visited . .. Fernan- dina, arriving there on the night of the 29th inst. I immediately conferred with the mayor of the city and health officer, Dr. Pope. On Thursday, 30th with Dr. Pope I visited all of his patients and in company of Dr. Pope and Dr. Palmer [J. Denham Palmer] assist- ed in making a post mortem examination of a little boy who died the day before. We then examined every portion of the city. There were three deaths previous to my arrival.... The cases on hand were evidently bilious, remittent fever as decided by the con- current opinion of Drs. Pope, Palmer and myself.... On the western side of the city west of Centre Street is a swampy place with ditches all obstructed and in a fearful condition. The present sickness is confined to that locality. There is abundant cause there of fever of a very malignant type and about 25 persons are sick . . . some with grave symptoms. Now in view of the above facts, I would ask the Board of Health to carefully consider all measures necessary to be taken of a precau- tionary character to prevent any contagious disease from being im- ported into our city.t  102 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE QUARANTINE The Jacksonville Board of Health met immediately and quar- antined against Fernandina on September 1, whereupon much excite- ment ensued. The people of Fernandina were indignant because the quarantine interfered with business activity; they protested, and a controversy began.10 On September 4, a letter from Dr. Palmer to Dr. Sabal appeared in a local paper strongly denying that there was yellow fever in Fernandina and inviting Dr. Sabal, Dr. Wellford, and Dr. Daniel to inspect the city. Dr. Kenworthy had recently made a visit to Fer- nandina and had reported that there was no yellow fever there.11 The controversy became bitter. Editorials appeared,12 one of which, addressed to the public in the form of a letter, explained the reason for the quarantine and stated that after the next meeting of the Jacksonville Board of Health, Dr. Knight would probably be sent to make another inspection of Fernandina. The second trip was not necessary. On September 7, at 7:30 P.M., the Fernandina health officer, Dr. Pope, and Mayor Ridell officially notified the president of the Jack- sonville Board of Health that there was yellow fever in Fernandina.00 Following this notification, the local Board of Health received due appreciation. An editorial in a local paper stated that the board's action had been all that could have been desired and that the people would thenceforth support it cordially in all its proceedings. On September 8 Jacksonville quarantine officers were stationed at Callahan, Kings Road, and White House with instructions to stop all travelers from Fernandina. Likewise, officers were stationed on the Nassau River at Turner's Ferry, Broward's Ferry, Yellow Bluff, and Holmes' Mill, and quarantine also was ordered at the "Haul Over." One sanitary inspector was appointed for each ward and was ordered to report to the city health officer at noon and at 8 P.M. daily.14 On September 10 Mayor Wilson issued the following proclama- tion: Whereas I have official information that yellow fever prevails to an alarming extent in the city of Fernandina; and whereas the Board of Health of the city of Jacksonville have established a quar- antine.... Therefore any person or persons coming from Fernandina 102 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE QUARANTINE The Jacksonville Board of Health met immediately and quar- antined against Fernandina on September 1, whereupon much excite- ment ensued. The people of Fernandina were indignant because the quarantine interfered with business activity; they protested, and a controversy began.10 On September 4, a letter from Dr. Palmer to Dr. Sabal appeared in a local paper strongly denying that there was yellow fever in Fernandina and inviting Dr. Sabal, Dr. Wellford, and Dr. Daniel to inspect the city. Dr. Kenworthy had recently made a visit to Fer- nandina and had reported that there was no yellow fever there."0 The controversy became bitter. Editorials appeared,00 one of which, addressed to the public in the form of a letter, explained the reason for the quarantine and stated that after the next meeting of the Jacksonville Board of Health, Dr. Knight would probably be sent to make another inspection of Fernandina. The second trip was not necessary. On September 7, at 7:30 P.M., the Fernandina health officer, Dr. Pope, and Mayor Ridell officially notified the president of the Jack- sonville Board of Health that there was yellow fever in Fernandina." Following this notification, the local Board of Health received due appreciation. An editorial in a local paper stated that the board's action had been all that could have been desired and that the people would thenceforth support it cordially in all its proceedings. On September 8 Jacksonville quarantine officers were stationed at Callahan, Kings Road, and White House with instructions to stop all travelers from Fernandina. Likewise, officers were stationed on the Nassau River at Turner's Ferry, Broward's Ferry, Yellow Bluff, and Holmes' Mill, and quarantine also was ordered at the "Haul Over." One sanitary inspector was appointed for each ward and was ordered to report to the city health officer at noon and at 8 P.M. daily.14 On September 10 Mayor Wilson issued the following proclama- tion: Whereas I have official information that yellow fever prevails to an alarming extent in the city of Fernandina; and whereas the Board of Health of the city of Jacksonville have established a quar- antine. ... Therefore any person or persons coming from Fernandina 102 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE QUARANTINE The Jacksonville Board of Health met immediately and quar- antined against Fernandina on September 1, whereupon much excite- ment ensued. The people of Fernandina were indignant because the quarantine interfered with business activity; they protested, and a controversy began.t0 On September 4, a letter from Dr. Palmer to Dr. Sabal appeared in a local paper strongly denying that there was yellow fever in Fernandina and inviting Dr. Sabal, Dr. Wellford, and Dr. Daniel to inspect the city. Dr. Kenworthy had recently made a visit to Fer- nandina and had reported that there was no yellow fever there. The controversy became bitter. Editorials appeared,12 one of which, addressed to the public in the form of a letter, explained the reason for the quarantine and stated that after the next meeting of the Jacksonville Board of Health, Dr. Knight would probably be sent to make another inspection of Fernandina. The second trip was not necessary. On September 7, at 7:30 P.M., the Fernandina health officer, Dr. Pope, and Mayor Ridell officially notified the president of the Jack- sonville Board of Health that there was yellow fever in Fernandinar Following this notification, the local Board of Health received due appreciation. An editorial in a local paper stated that the board's action had been all that could have been desired and that the people would thenceforth support it cordially in all its proceedings. On September 8 Jacksonville quarantine officers were stationed at Callahan, Kings Road, and White House with instructions to stop all travelers from Fernandina. Likewise, officers were stationed on the Nassau River at Turner's Ferry, Broward's Ferry, Yellow Bluff, and Holmes' Mill, and quarantine also was ordered at the "Haul Over." One sanitary inspector was appointed for each ward and was ordered to report to the city health officer at noon and at 8 P.M. daily.14 On September 10 Mayor Wilson issued the following proclama- tion: Whereas I have official information that yellow fever prevails to an alarming extent in the city of Fernandina; and whereas the Board of Health of the city of Jacksonville have established a quar- antine.... Therefore any person or persons coming from Fernandina  YELLOW FEVER IN FERNANDINA 103 who shall evade the quarantine officers and shall come . . . into Jacksonville without a certificate from the quarantine officer stating that they have remained in quarantine the time required by the Board of Health, will be punished by a fine not exceeding fifty dollars, or imprisonment for not more than sixty days.1 One week later, at another meeting of the local Board of Health, a "picket guard" was organized, twenty to serve by day and forty to serve at night, and a "picket boat" was established at Commo- dore's Point16 In October, when the weather became disagreeable, the men who were serving picket-guard duty were subject to exposure. Dr. Ken- worthy's suggestion that whiskey rations might be beneficial to the guards brought forth the following amusing note: WHISKEY ON PICKET The kind offer of Dr. Kenworthy to contribute toward a fund that should secure whiskey rations for the picket guard during the wet disagreeable weather . . . has drawn out a strong expression of opinion from almost every man in Town and such diversity of senti- ment was never known before. One thinks it a splendid idea, while another is sure to denounce it. While one man asserts that four ounces of whiskey are most ample, others maintain that sixteen would be far more appropriate. Some would prefer their whiskey straight, while others declare that an addition of quinine would be a decided improvement. The great majority who have performed picket duty see no very serious objection in wetting their whistles when they find themselves wet completely through, but the Good Templars and Sons of Temperance express their partiality for hot, strong coffee every time.17 In mid-September the epidemic in Fernandina was assuming such proportions that the local health officers, physicians, and relief organizations there could not cope with their problems. It became necessary for that city to call for help, whereupon Jacksonville, which had been the first city to quarantine against her, became the first to render her aid in the form of supplies.s DR. F. P. WELLFORD In answer to the call to physicians for aid in the catastrophe, Dr. Francis Preston Wellford,19 president of the Florida Medical Asso- YELLOW FEVER IN FERNANDINA 103 who shall evade the quarantine officers and shall come . . . into Jacksonville without a certificate from the quarantine officer stating that they have remained in quarantine the time required by the Board of Health, will be punished by a fine not exceeding fifty dollars, or imprisonment for not more than sixty days." One week later, at another meeting of the local Board of Health, a "picket guard" was organized, twenty to serve by day and forty to serve at night, and a "picket boat" was established at Commo- dore's Point.'6 In October, when the weather became disagreeable, the men who were serving picket-guard duty were subject to exposure. Dr. Ken- worthy's suggestion that whiskey rations might be beneficial to the guards brought forth the following amusing note: WHISKEY ON PICKET The kind offer of Dr. Kenworthy to contribute toward a fund that should secure whiskey rations for the picket guard during the wet disagreeable weather . . . has drawn out a strong expression of opinion from almost every man in Town and such diversity of senti- ment was never known before. One thinks it a splendid idea, while another is sure to denounce it. While one man asserts that four ounces of whiskey are most ample, others maintain that sixteen would be far more appropriate. Some would prefer their whiskey straight, while others declare that an addition of quinine would be a decided improvement. The great majority who have performed picket duty see no very serious objection in wetting their whistles when they find themselves wet completely through, but the Good Templars and Sons of Temperance express their partiality for hot, strong coffee every time." In mid-September the epidemic in Fernandina was assuming such proportions that the local health officers, physicians, and relief organizations there could not cope with their problems. It became necessary for that city to call for help, whereupon Jacksonville, which had been the first city to quarantine against her, became the first to render her aid in the form of supplies.1- DR. F. P. WELLFORD In answer to the call to physicians for aid in the catastrophe, Dr. Francis Preston Wellford,1e president of the Florida Medical Asso- YELLOW FEVER IN FERNANDINA 103 who shall evade the quarantine officers and shall come . . . into Jacksonville without a certificate from the quarantine officer stating that they have remained in quarantine the time required by the Board of Health, will be punished by a fine not exceeding fifty dollars, or imprisonment for not more than sixty days.15 One week later, at another meeting of the local Board of Health, a "picket guard" was organized, twenty to serve by day and forty to serve at night, and a "picket boat" was established at Commo- dore's Point.16 In October, when the weather became disagreeable, the men who were serving picket-guard duty were subject to exposure. Dr. Ken- worthy's suggestion that whiskey rations might be beneficial to the guards brought forth the following amusing note: WHISKEY ON PICKET The kind offer of Dr. Kenworthy to contribute toward a fund that should secure whiskey rations for the picket guard during the wet disagreeable weather . . . has drawn out a strong expression of opinion from almost every man in Town and such diversity of senti- ment was never known before. One thinks it a splendid idea, while another is sure to denounce it. While one man asserts that four ounces of whiskey are most ample, others maintain that sixteen would be far more appropriate. Some would prefer their whiskey straight, while others declare that an addition of quinine would be a decided improvement. The great majority who have performed picket duty see no very serious objection in wetting their whistles when they find themselves wet completely through, but the Good Templars and Sons of Temperance express their partiality for hot, strong coffee every time.17 In mid-September the epidemic in Fernandina was assuming such proportions that the local health officers, physicians, and relief organizations there could not cope with their problems. It became necessary for that city to call for help, whereupon Jacksonville, which had been the first city to quarantine against her, became the first to render her aid in the form of supplies.18 DR. F. P. WELLFORD In answer to the call to physicians for aid in the catastrophe, Dr. Francis Preston Wellford,19 president of the Florida Medical Asso-  104 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE clation, volunteered his services, and on September 22 left Jackson- viille for Fernandina never toretun.*' Dr. Wellford was keen in Fredericksbneg, V'irginia, on Septem- bee 12, 1829. W2ellford was an aid and well-known name in i- ginia. As a yoush Feancis was said en have had a "delicase consti- suceo." He eeceived his Bacheloe of Aces and Masser of Aces de- greesfrom Pinceton nivesity, and in 1852 was gradatied lernm the Cniveesity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. As a soegean with ihe arwy of the Confedesacy, Dr. Welifoed served in a teeritary whivh cascaded lernm the Potamac Eivee into the state of Gcorgia. Foliowing the woe he foand his bortany dissi- paled, his family scatteced. and his health beohen. In the fail of 1820 he came so Jacksonville and thencefoeth wade shoe city his homne. Dr. Weifford, one of the foondees nicthe Flosida Medical Aeso- elation, was elected ies first secretasy in 1874, an office which he held foe two yeaes. In 1877 he was elected peesident of she associa- Dn September 24, 1820, soon alter Dr. Wellford's aeeival in Fee- sandina, Captain Geossmn of that city wrote: "Do. Weillfoed, who sonnobly volunteeredto comeo ouraid, is hardatworh..His cheerysilecand pleasantevoiceching consist and hope in masy a patient."552 On Septemere 30, Dr. Wellfoed weote so De. Daniel in Jackson- ville: Deae Doctoe: I am theed alicer lacer fifty visits today. He. Mactin and . .. I ae the only active helpees peofessionally, the oehees lerm sickness and...navidale cases being eliminatcd..Isam heartyand well and on thec principle of "naught aee being is danger' ant beightec and beisher than half Ike people here. Don't think I am eithee reckless as boastfol. I appeciate life as moss hat, thank Dad, I appeciate somseshing higher still than mere physical existence. When yen kneel down at night to slfcer shanks lee preent aoes and futue good inmploe, ask foe me shoe God hless that immoetal heartswhich will susvivcthcgrave,and if yaorprershgrantedlI care nee how soon the summons may cornesa *On September 10, a petitonkhad keen peented to the Jacksonville nosed at Healh asking permission for Dr. Wellford to visit Fernandina sod rtr 104 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE elation, volunteered his services, and on Septemer 22 left Jackson- ville foe Feenandino nevee toeturen.* Dr. Wcllford was been in Fredecicksburg, Vieginia, on Septem- bee 12, 1829. Wellfoed woe an old and well-known name in Vie- ginia. As a youth Francis was said en kave had a "delicate cosei- lotion." He rceived his Bochelos of Acts and Master of Asts de- gees leam rincceton University, and in 1152 was gradateed beam she Univeesity of Pennsylvania School of Mledicine. As a suegeon with she aemy of the Confedeeacy, Dr. Wellfoed seved in a tecreitory which cascaded lernm the Potomac Eivec inta the state of Geoegia. Following she woe he baund his foetunc dissi- pated, his family scatteed, and his health broken. to she foil of 1870 he came so Jacksonville and thencefoeth made that eity his home. Dy. Wellford, one of she founders of she Floeida Medical Asso- ciation, woo elected its fleest secretarey is 1874, on affice which he held foe two yeses. In 1877 he woo elected president of the associa- tion. On Septembee 24, 1802, aon after Dr. Wellfoed's orrival in Fee- nandina, Captain Geossman of thac city messy: "De. Wellford, who so nobly volunteeed tocome to ouraid, is hardat work..His cheery smile and pleasant voice being comfoet and hope so manya patient."21 On Septembher 30, De. Wellford wrote to Dr. Daniel in Jackson- ville: Denr Doctos: I am tired alter navyr fifty visits today. Dr. Macsin and ... I see the only active helpees profcssionally, she othees beam sickness and ...nvoidblcaoses beingceliminted...I am heartyond well and on she principle of "naught ne'er being in dangee" am brigherc and hriskee than half she peaple hee. Don's think I ow either reckless or boastful. I appreciote life as mast hot, shank God, I appeciate something highee still than mere physical esistence. When pan kneel down at sigks so offerthanks forepresent favors and blasre good imploe, ask foe me shoe Dad bless shot immostal heart which will suevive she grave, sod if pane prayer he granted I care not how saon the summons moy come.oa *On Septeme,sa etitonhdhbeen yrstetd to the JsonileslBcoard at Health asking permision for De. Wellford to visi Feandina and return 104 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE cision, volnecered his sesvi~ces, and on Scptcmbcer 22 left Jackson- ville lee Feenadina never toetusn.* De. Wellford was hoes in Fredericksbusg, Viegisia, on Sepemr- bee 12, 1829. Weliford was an old and well-known came in Vis- ginio. As a youth Francis was said In hove hod a "delicate consti- lotion.' He rceived his Bachelor of Aces and Masser of Aets de- grees from Princeton Univessity, and in 1852 was graduated fsom she Univeesity of Pennsylvania School of Medicinc. As a suegeon with the aemy of she Confcdceracy, De. Wllford served in a teseitosy which cascaded fsom she Potomaoc Rivee into she stale of Geosgia. Following she woe he bound his fortune dissi- patcd, his farnily scatereed, and his health heoken. In thc fall of 1870 he came to Jacksonalle and thencefosth made shoe city his home. Dy. Wellford, one of she foundcers of the Florida M~edical Asso- ciation, was elected ice first secretaoey in 1874, an office which he held foe iwo yeses. Is 1822 he was elected president of tke associa- lion. Os Septcmbcer 24, 1877, soon slicer Dr. Wellford's arrivol in Fee- nandisa, Captain Grossman of that city weote: "Dr. Wetifoed, who sonobly volunteeedto comesto ouraid, is hardatwok -..Hit cheeysmileand pesant voice being comfoet ad hope to manya paoent"21 Dn September 30, Dr. Wellford wrsote to Dr. Daniel in Jackson- ville: Deae Doctre: Iam tieed after oer fifty visits today. Dy. Martin and .. I see the onty actiae helpers professionally, she othess team sickness and...naoidablecases beingcheinaed..I am heartyand well and on she principle of "aught ne'er being in dangec" am beighter sand brisker than half the people hee. Don's chink I am eithee seckless or bostfal. I appeciate life as woest has, shank God, I appeciote something highee still than mere physical caistence. When pan hovel down as nighc In slicer shanks foe peent favoes and futuee good imploe, ash foe me that Dad bless thai immoetal heart which will survive tegcave, andif yourpeayerbe granted I caenot how soon she summons may come.002 *On Seepteer 10, a peeition kad beon peented so thy Jacksonville nosed of Health asking pemission lot De. Wellored so aidet Fenandina sod rtursn  YELLOW FEVER IN FERNANDINA 105 It may be that Dr. Wellford was beginning to feel ill when he wrote this letter, for the following night, October 1, he went to bed with fever.23 A few days later the Duval County Medical Society sent to his bedside Richmond Kinloch, a Negro experienced in nurs- ing patients with yellow fever.24 On October 5 Dr. Starbuck and Mayor Riddell wrote to Dr. Daniel: "Dr. Wellford is in a very criti- cal condition this morning. Everything that science and friendship can suggest is being done for him."Oa2 On October 10, at ten o'clock in the morning, Dr. Wellford died. That afternoon funeral services were conducted at St. Peter's Church in Fernandina while the bells of the churches tolleda6 He was buried in Fredericksburg, Virginia.2 Mr. U. Sinclair Bird, secretary of the Fernandina Sanitary Com- mission wrote: Our hearts were drawn to him by the sweet attraction of his gentle and tender kindness . . . he excited our admiration and grati- tude by his eminent skill and intrepid devotion. Jacksonville could not have sent us a nobler gentleman, a purer man, a more skillful physician. a At a special meeting of the Duval County Medical Society on October 12, the following resolutions were adopted: His courtly gentleness and modesty of manner, his kindly yet high toned ethics in all his professional relations, his unselfishness in everything that related to friendship or duty alike ever marked him as one endowed with all these attributes of head and heart which unite to make the accomplished physician and Christian gentleman. Resolved, third, that as a mark of esteem his name be kept on our roll and called at each meeting. Jno. D. Fernandez Secretary, Duval County Medical Society.29 The following year, at its regular meeting, the Florida Medical Association honored signally its dead president.a3 For his stricken neighbors, Dr. Wellford had sacrificed his life.. after giving his professional services to the sick of Captain Joseph Smith's family, but the petition had been refused.2 YELLOW FEVER IN FERNANDINA 105 It may be that Dr. Wellford was beginning to feel ill when he wrote this letter, for the following night, October 1, he went to bed with fever.23 A few days later the Duval County Medical Society sent to his bedside Richmond Kinloch, a Negro experienced in nurs- ing patients with yellow fever.24 On October 5 Dr. Starbuck and Mayor Riddell wrote to Dr. Daniel: "Dr. Wellford is in a very criti- cal condition this morning. Everything that science and friendship can suggest is being done for him.'2a On October 10, at ten o'clock in the morning, Dr. Wellford died. That afternoon funeral services were conducted at St. Peter's Church in Fernandina while the bells of the churches tolled.an He was buried in Fredericksburg, Virginia.n Mr. U. Sinclair Bird, secretary of the Fernandina Sanitary Com- mission wrote: Our hearts were drawn to him by the sweet attraction of his gentle and tender kindness . . . he excited our admiration and grati- tude by his eminent skill and intrepid devotion. Jacksonville could not have sent us a nobler gentleman, a purer man, a more skillful physician.2 At a special meeting of the Duval County Medical Society on October 12, the following resolutions were adopted: His courtly gentleness and modesty of manner, his kindly yet high toned ethics in all his professional relations, his unselfishness in everything that related to friendship or duty alike ever marked him as one endowed with all these attributes of head and heart which unite to make the accomplished physician and Christian gentleman. Resolved, third, that as a mark of esteem his name be kept on our roll and called at each meeting. Jno. D. Fernandez Secretary, Duval County Medical Society.29 The following year, at its regular meeting, the Florida Medical Association honored signally its dead president.ao For his stricken neighbors, Dr. Wellford had sacrificed his life. after giving his professional services to the sick of Captain Joseph Smith's family, but the petition had been refused.2 YELLOW FEVER IN FERNANDINA 105 It may be that Dr. Wellford was beginning to feel ill when he wrote this letter, for the following night, October 1, he went to bed with fever.23 A few days later the Duval County Medical Society sent to his bedside Richmond Kinloch, a Negro experienced in nurs- ing patients with yellow fever.24 On October 5 Dr. Starbuck and Mayor Riddell wrote to Dr. Daniel: "Dr. Wellford is in a very criti- cal condition this morning. Everything that science and friendship can suggest is being done for him."2t On October 10, at ten o'clock in the morning, Dr. Wellford died. That afternoon funeral services were conducted at St. Peter's Church in Fernandina while the bells of the churches tolled.26 He was buried in Fredericksburg, Virginia.27 Mr. U. Sinclair Bird, secretary of the Fernandina Sanitary Com- mission wrote: Our hearts were drawn to him by the sweet attraction of his gentle and tender kindness . . . he excited our admiration and grati- tude by his eminent skill and intrepid devotion. Jacksonville could not have sent us a nobler gentleman, a purer man, a more skillful physician.s At a special meeting of the Duval County Medical Society on October 12, the following resolutions were adopted: His courtly gentleness and modesty of manner, his kindly yet high toned ethics in all his professional relations, his unselfishness in everything that related to friendship or duty alike ever marked him as one endowed with all these attributes of head and heart which unite to make the accomplished physician and Christian gentleman. Resolved, third, that as a mark of esteem his name be kept on our roll and called at each meeting. Jno. D. Fernandez Secretary, Duval County Medical Society.29 The following year, at its regular meeting, the Florida Medical Association honored signally its dead president.o For his stricken neighbors, Dr. Wellford had sacrificed his life. after giving his professional services to the sich of Captain Joseph Smith's family, but the petition had been refused.20  106 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 15 ETR O EIIE106 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE SAGERED SACRED 106 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE SAGRESD FRANCIS FRESTON WELLFDRD. H. D., FRANCIS FRESTON WELLFDRD. H. D.. FRANCIS PRESTDN WELLFDRD. H. D., "DD REAL THE SICE." "GO HEAL THE SICK," "DO HEAL THE SIGK," EFFECTS OF THE EPIDEMIC IT FEENANDINA It it difficult Is himagine the hardships which Jacksonville's neigh- boring city encuntered durigthe sumerand fallflf77. On Ocobher 2111t was ansnounced that eight hundred fatuities there were helpless,tt while a few days later Dr. Blackhurnt repueled that the fever was at a standstill swung the while popalation hecause there was "no aterial foritstowork o."t A censas of Fernandina taken aboutlamonthearlier,on eptem- her 28, thawed that sal. of a pupulation of sixteen hundred, mosre *A s-uteetr physican frw the Midwest who, contrary to mst rhysidias, gaveana mcine. RHrbeicvd inugod nursingadid"tiulans" ad advised heepisg the patirnt's bsdy at as even trwpetttur.3 "On Octobser 24 is had been tannounced that yellan frsver had truzed the Nents pspultiaa.'tt EFFECTS OF THE EPIDEMIC IT FERNANDINA It is difficult to imagine she hardships which Jacksonville's neigh- horing city rncoauntred during the summwer and fllS sf1871. On Octuher 21 it was annunced that right hundred families there were helplestO3 while a few days later Dr. Blakhurn* aeported that the fever was at a standstill among the white population hecause there was "no material four it to wash ant A census of Fernandinaltakenabout anmoth ealier,anSeptems- her 28, shswed that ant of a population of sixteen hundred, snare *Avolunter physivian trust tha Midwest whoa, contrarv to watt physicians, gavernoedicine. Hedeieved ingoodaurdsgadwild "imuslts" tand advised keeping the easiest's body at at even temperature t2 tOOctobera2itkhadhbenanuncead that yellfverrhadnsidnrthe Nears pouslatiaa.3l EFFECTS OF THE EPIDEMIC IT FEENANDINA It is difficult Is imagine she hardships which Jacksonville's neigh- horing city encuntered durig the summuerandfallofl1877.On Octoher 27 is was annaunced shut eight hundred families there were helpless,t5 while a few days laser Dr. Iflackhurn* repuesed that the fever was as a standstill amang the white populasion hecause there was "nomaterialforeitutowork n." A census of Fernandinatakernaboutsanmonth ealier,aoneptemt- br28,showed thatutf a pplatinf sixeenhundred, mre *A valunteer phy-sican framta he Midwest who, castrarte Ist physicians, gavensmdiin. Hfehdeievrdingod nusing andid "rstmlnts" ad advised hecping she pataen's hody at as eves srutprratur.lt t~n October 24 it had hes announced shut yelow lever had seized tha Nears pavalalisuat3  YELLOW FEVER IN FERNANDINA 107 YELLOW FEVER IN FERNANDINA 107 than eleven hundred had the fever. There were ninety-four deaths, a mortality rate of about 5% per cent of the total population. Among the white people the mortality rate was about 16 per cent, whereas among the Negroes it was less than 1 per cent. Physicians and nurses came from many parts of the United States to lend aid, and contributions from widespread areas to the relief fund amounted to more than $26,000. Nevertheless, suffering was intense. The epidemic left the people of the town almost destitute while business, which depended chiefly on shipping, was utterly prostrate.34 than eleven hundred had the fever. There were ninety-four deaths, a mortality rate of about 5% per cent of the total population. Among the white people the mortality rate was about 16 per cent, whereas among the Negroes it was less than 1 per cent. Physicians and nurses came from many parts of the United States to lend aid, and contributions from widespread areas to the relief fund amounted to more than $26,000. Nevertheless, suffering was intense. The epidemic left the people of the town almost destitute while business, which depended chiefly on shipping, was utterly prostrate.34 YELLOW FEVER IN FERNANDINA 107 than eleven hundred had the fever. There were ninety-four deaths, a mortality rate of about 5% per cent of the total population. Among the white people the mortality rate was about 16 per cent, whereas among the Negroes it was less than 1 per cent. Physicians and nurses came from many parts of the United States to lend aid, and contributions from widespread areas to the relief fund amounted to more than $26,000. Nevertheless, suffering was intense. The epidemic left the people of the town almost destitute while business, which depended chiefly on shipping, was utterly prostrate.04  14A Yellow Fever in Jacksonville in 1877 (7APPREHENSION AND FOREBODING WHAILEccL the people of Fereoodinameesufferfeg fotenoely doefng the sotmmer ond foil of ff77, the reoideoto of Jachsoovie mete farfog somewvhotbettee. Itmfwi be remembered that it Aogott the lootl hetith oothorftfeo mode a opecfol effet to dfspei theft feet, hot despfite veehol ted meitten declaeatiots that theee tote to unusual amount of sficess ineJckonvfie, tumots to the contetey persfeted. At atmosphete of foeeodfeg ted oppeehensfoe teemed to peevtde the tome. Ot Septemhee 10 the cfey Booed of Hfealth tedeted etch physiciat to calf 1if consution two tor moee memhees of the Duval County Medfcal Socfety hefote mahing a dfognosfs of a suspfcfious case of fevee.t Ahbot mfd-Septemhee, the socfety feeteucted oil physicians to repotepromptly every case of fever to thepesident of the socfety, ted tequested thee he fnturne make a dofly repoet to the pesidet of the Booed of Heel th foe the enlfghtenment of the pubhic. Accoed- fngly, ont Septemhee if, the followfog tepoet appeteed ft a local ptper: City Health Repoet Jtchoneville, Septemhee 17, f:30 te. Hoe. T. S. Eelie, Pesifdet BordofHealth Sfr: Cod ee tecenelton of Dtval Coty Medfcal Socfety, thot theft preesident sould . .. mahe a dtfty eeport to the puhtfc, through yet, to it whethee toy ti the memhers of thfs socfety hoot fod it theft peacice, ot hoot toy hnomledge of toy case sfmuling o yellow levee I woold respectfully teport tote op to this dole. Yote ohedientoservat R. P. Daniel Petident, Dtval Couty Mfedical Societyt 14i Yellow Fever in Jacksonville in 1877 APPREHENSION AND FOREBODING WHLEe the people of Fernandina mete suffering intensely during the summee tod foil of 1877, the reeideots of Jtchooville tote ftring sometwhot hetter. It will he rememhered tht it August the loeef hetlth atehoritefe mtde a specitl effet to dispel theft fete, hot despite veehal ted meitten decltoations thee there woo to unusual emout of sichness it Jachsonville, etmors to the conteaty persisted. At tmosphere of forehoding ted apprehension teemed to pervade the lown. On September 10 the city Booed of Health ordered teach physfcian to cell it cosutation two te mote memhers of the Dtvel Cotnty Mtedicol Society hefore mahing a diagnotit of a suspicious case of fevee.' Ahout mid-Septemhee, the tociety intructed oil physcianst to 00po0t promptly every case of levee to the petident of the tociety, ted requested thee he it tote motko adaily repoet to the poesident of the Booed of Hetlth foe the enlightetment of the puhlic. Accoed- ingly, ton Septemhee 1f, the followinog 007001 appeated it oa City Hetlth Repoet Jachsonville, Septemhee 17,f8:30e.me. Hoe. T. S. Ete, Petident Booed of Hetlth Sit: Codter recent resolution of Dovel Cotnty Medical Society, thee theft preetident ehould . .. motto a doily tepoet to the puhiic, thetugh yet, to to whether toy ti the memhers of this soiety hove feted it theft peaceice, tor hove toy hnomledge of toy cate simulating yellow levee Imwould respectfully tepoet tote op to this dote. Vote ohedienteeeevant R.P. Daiel Petident, Otto1 Cotnty Medical Societyt 14 Yellow Fever in Jacksonville in 1877 APPREHENSION AND FOREBODING Vy~HtEtc the people of Fernandina mete suffering itensely during the tummer ted fell oi f11.7 the residets of Jachsonville mete forig seomhat hetter. It wilt he rememhered thee it August the loeel health tuthoritiet mode a special effet to diepel their fete, hoe despite verhal ted written declaeatiots that there tote to unusual emoute of tichkne it Jachsonvile, rtmots to the coteay pertieted. At atmosphere of foeboding ted apprehension teemed to pervade the tome. OneSepemher 10 the cityBoaoefHelh odered echphycian to colt ineconsultation to ormoe memhbe of the Hovel Coty Medical Society Seloe making a diagnotis of a toepicious coot of leveers Ahbot mid-Septemher, the tociety instrected all physiciant to repot promptly every caeof fever to the pesident of the society, ted reqestted that heftn tote mahe a doily repote to the pestident of the Booed of Hetlth foe the elightenment of the pubhic. Accord- ingly, ton Septembher 17, the folloming teport appeated it a tooal City Hetlth Repote Jackteonville, Septemher 17, f:30 tP. Hoe. T. S. Belle, Pestidot Booed tf Healh Sit: Cod er recent reeolution of Hovel Couty Mtedicl Society, that theft prtesident shold ... moako a doily tepot to the pubhic, ehrtough yet, to to wheehee toy of the memhees of this tocity hove feted it theft peactice, ot hove toy kowledge of toy coot timulating yellom fever I mould tespectfully rteot tote op to this dote. Vote ohedietosevant R. P. Daniel Peeident, Hovel Coty Mledical Societyt  YELLO\V FEVER IN_ JACKSONVILLE IN 1877 109 This tepees swss repeated in substanee and issaed as a balletin in a local paper nearly every day up to and including Novembher 10.3 Despise these effoets, hoseevee, hastness acisiy in Jacksonville cantinaed is decline. On Octoee 9 she tfollawing "docamnt," in- tended fse pahlication in the Philadelphia newspapers, seas forward- ed as Mt. W. S. Boyd. she mayar ei Jacksonville, n-ha a-as ill in Philadelphia: Ta the Pahlic This is ta cessify shas theei lno contagious an infections disease existing in the shty at Jacksonvilte, Floeida -. that shee has net heen a ease at cellon levee at seything resesahling a ease oi vellon feee this teases ..-. aed that the city is in alt eespects healthy. That. S. Fells Thea. A. Willson Fees. Boardaof MayorePeotems Health oi Jaeksanville YELLOW FEVER IN JACKSONVILLE IN 1977 109 This tepees wsas repeated in sahstance and isued as a hulletin in a local paper nearly eery day up to and including November 10.3 Despite these etiaets, honever, husiness activity in Jacksnville eontinued to decline. On Oetohee 9 she fattaning "document." in- seeded fae pahication in she Philadelphia nenspapees, seas foeward- ed ta Mre. WV. S. Boyd, the nayar at Jacksanville, twha seas ill in Philadelphia: Ta the Puhlic This is to certify that these isaaocoatagious oe inetiaas disease existing in she city at Jacksaneille, Flosida .. t hat thete has eat heen a case at yelaow fevee oe anything resembhliag a case at yeltsow levee this season ... and that she city is ha all eespects healthy. YELLOW FEVER IN JACESONVILLE IN 1877 109 This- eeport teas repeated in suhstance and issued as a hulletin in atlocal papee nearly eveey dayaup toand inclading Noeere1.3 Despite these efforts, howsevee, husiness aesieisy in Jacksonville continuedsaodecline. On Octohet9ahetfollowingdcument,"in- tended tee puhlication in she Philadelphia nenwspapees, was forared- ed toa- Me. WV. S. Boyd, the mayoe at Jacksonville, who seas ill in Philadelphia: Ta she Pahlic This is as certife that theee is no contagious oe inflectious disease existing in the city of Jaeksonville, Florida -... that theee has net heen a case at yellsow levee as anything eesemblting a caseofylw levee this season ... and that she city is in all respects healthy. Thos. S. Fells Fees. Bard of Health at Jacksnville A. W. Enight. M1.D. Health Otticee City oi Jacksons-slle That. A. W~illson Mayse Peatems R. F. tDaniel, M.D. Peesident, Datval Coanty Medical Society Thea. S. Eells Fet. Baed of Health at Jacksonville A. 99. Enight, M.D. Health Otficee City at Jack-tensille Thea. A. Willson Mayan Frosem R. F. Daniel. M.D. Pesident, Decal Cases: Medical Socity A. W. Enight, M.D. Health Olfices City at Jacksonv-ille R. F. Daniel, M,1. President, Decal County _Medical Society Jas. BI. Crabtree Sec'y and Clerk ofiCouncil} The city aathorities and health ofticials st-tn prohahly protesting lea loudly. Eight as tease illnesses reseashling yeillow levee had appeared inJacksonville andherenss-sufficientrason tee the eamsee that sene heing circalated. On Octohes 27 she first appiles case at yeltsow feter accented, and a tesw days tater she patient died. Folloning that date she disease hecamse common, and deaths soc- catted teeqeentle.-' When is hecame apparens that shee teas an unusal asont at tees in Jacksonville, same memhers at the nmedical psofession flt that the puhtic should he informed. Jest as ia 1997, howvever, the health ofticials, nenspaper editors, and hasiness men aftshe city n-ere eageetosvoid apanic. Hence no pubhic statement seas made. On Novemee 10 she daily health hnlletin seas disconsinued, the reasse given as she public heing "the cant change and present health aftshe city" A few days tater, honever, these members of she medical pression sehoelt that the tenth should no longer he wish- Jas. B. Crsantee Sec'y and Clerk at Council} The city aushorisies and health otficials mete prohahly protesting tea loudly. Eight en mane ilesses teemhling yellow levee had appeared in Jacksonville, and shere n-as sufficient reason tan the rumors thsatwerehbeingccated. On October 27 the fiss typical case at yellow- levee accented, and a ten days taster the patient died. Fattening that date she disease hecasme common, and deaths oc- curredt treegently5 When is hecanme appaett that shee n-as an uenusal asents of levee in Jacksonville, tame memhers aftshe medical profession Inlt theat she puhlic should he intformed. Jest as in 1917, howevee, the health otticials, newspaper editos,. and husiness seen at the city mete eageetoavoidsapanic. Hence nopuhlicsatatementnwsad. On Novemee 10 she daily health hulletin seas disconsinued, she reason given an the public heing "the cant change and grent healh at the city."o A ten days tate., howeves, these nmemhers aftshe medical protession seho tell that she tasth shoald na longer he nith- Jas. B. Cabhtree Sec's' and Clerk ofiCasecittr The clay asthorities and health officiala ntere peoabhy protesting tea loadly. Eight an mane illnesses resnemhling yello- fever had appeared in Jacksonvile,and thereas suficiennt rasn forthe sens thaa n-ere heing cisculted. On Octoee 27 she first typical case oftyellow tee- accented, andalfew days leater the patient died. Fattening that date she disease Secant scommon, and deaths oc- netted frequetdy. W~hen is hecame apparnt that these seas an unuesa amont of tever in Jacksonvile, same semers aftshe medical profession telt that she pahblic shoald he intormed. Jet as in 1897, howeever, she health offictals, nenepapee editoss, and husiness teen aftshe city mete magen ta avoid apanic. Hence nopubhic statementnwas made. On Novemher 10 the daily health hulletin seas discentinued, she reason given tn the public heing tat cast change and present health at the cityn" A ten days taster, Easeet, these memhers aftshe medical protession weho telt that the tenth should eno longer he weith-  110 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE held from the public prevailed. To Mayor Boyd, who had returned to Jacksonville, Dr. Daniel wrote the following letter: Jacksonville Nov 14"1877. Hon. W. Stokes Boyd Mayor & President Board of Health Sir: Within the last two weeks a number of cases of fever have oc- curred in and around the city, principally in the western suburb, on the south side of the Pond, and in the neighborhood of The Waverly House; several of these have proved fatal. Drs. Mitchell, Sabal, Knight, Holt, Fernandez and myself have all had one or more cases. Our duty to the authorities, the community and ourselves, com- pels us to recognize the undoubted features of yellow fever in these cases. We have conscientiously withheld this fact from the public up to this time, earnestly hoping and trusting that the late period of fall would have given us such a temperature ere this as would have stamped out all fevers; and feeling that a few additional days of exposure would, by no means, jeopardise the health and lives of this community as much as would the probable panic and its consequences if our convictions had been made public. And now, whilst we have no right to withhold the truth, we still sanguinely hope that a very few additional days of risk will carry us out of danger. Respectfully R. P. Daniel President Duval County Medical Societyt PANIC In the same issue of the paper in which this letter was published, Mayor Boyd inserted a bulletin addressed to the citizens of Jackson- ville, requesting them to remain quietly at home and not to become panic-stricken.? Words of caution and warning, however, were of no avail. Almost immediately there was much excitement on the street, and it was estimated that within thirty-six hours nearly eight hundred people left the city by boat and train.t 110 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE held from the public prevailed. To Mayor Boyd, who had returned to Jacksonville, Dr. Daniel wrote the following letter: Jacksonville Nov 14"1877. Hon. W. Stokes Boyd Mayor & President Board of Health Sir: Within the last two weeks a number of cases of fever have oc- curred in and around the city, principally in the western suburb, on the south side of the Pond, and in the neighborhood of The Waverly House; several of these have proved fatal. Drs. Mitchell, Sabal, Knight, Holt, Fernandez and myself have all had one or more cases. Our duty to the authorities, the community and ourselves, com- pels us to recognize the undoubted features of yellow fever in these cases. We have conscientiously withheld this fact from the public up to this time, earnestly hoping and trusting that the late period of fall would have given us such a temperature ere this as would have stamped out all fevers; and feeling that a few additional days of exposure would, by no means, jeopardise the health and lives of this community as much as would the probable panic and its consequences if our convictions had been made public. And now, whilst we have no right to withhold the truth, we still sanguinely hope that a very few additional days of risk will carry us out of danger. Respectfully R. P. Daniel President Duval County Medical Societyt PANIC In the same issue of the paper in which this letter was published, Mayor Boyd inserted a bulletin addressed to the citizens of Jackson- ville, requesting them to remain quietly at home and not to become panic-stricken.8 Words of caution and warning, however, were of no avail. Almost immediately there was much excitement on the street, and it was estimated that within thirty-six hours nearly eight hundred people left the city by boat and train. 110 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE held from the public prevailed. To Mayor Boyd, who had returned to Jacksonville, Dr. Daniel wrote the following letter: Jacksonville Nov 14"1877. Hon. W. Stokes Boyd Mayor & President Board of Health Sir: Within the last two weeks a number of cases of fever have oc- curred in and around the city, principally in the western suburb, on the south side of the Pond, and in the neighborhood of The Waverly House; several of these have proved fatal. Drs. Mitchell, Sabal, Knight, Holt, Fernandez and myself have all had one or more cases. Our duty to the authorities, the community and ourselves, com- pels us to recognize the undoubted features of yellow fever in these cases. We have conscientiously withheld this fact from the public up to this time, earnestly hoping and trusting that the late period of fall would have given us such a temperature ere this as would have stamped out all fevers; and feeling that a few additional days of exposure would, by no means, jeopardise the health and lives of this community as much as would the probable panic and its consequences if our convictions had been made public. And now, whilst we have no right to withhold the truth, we still sanguinely hope that a very few additional days of risk will carry us out of danger. Respectfully R. P. Daniel President Duval County Medical Societyt PANIC In the same issue of the paper in which this letter was published, Mayor Boyd inserted a bulletin addressed to the citizens of Jackson- ville, requesting them to remain quietly at home and not to become panic-stricken. Words of caution and warning, however, were of no avail. Almost immediately there was much excitement on the street, and it was estimated that within thirty-six hours nearly eight hundred people left the city by boat and train.  itix /r- BL 1Z t6'/c ' Lv-, LtrrziLCLJ I ye2~th Dr R.P.Daniel' origina ltter to th oMaor of Jackonvoillo 1877 ofo Jacksonvlle, 187 0 -ytA- K,/7 oy Dr.-7 R.P ailsoiia etrt h ao oJaol e ,o #4 187  112 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Mr. George E. Jordan of the Florida Minstrels caught the spirit of the occasion. To the air of "On the Road to Brighton" he sang the following song: Don't ax me to stop for nuffin; 'se guine aboard de boat; See how my eyes are sticking out; my heart's clar up my froat; I've seen a heap of 'truble,' boys, in dis sad world ob care, But nuffin hab I seen to match this yaller fever scare. Chorus: It's mighty curious, somehow, but den it am a fac Dat dis yer whole community wid crazy folks am packed; Dey trembles at a whisper, kaze dry smells it in de air, And guine de odder side of Jordan, on a yaller fever scare. De Mayor's proclamation didn't do a bit of good, Kase all de oldest citizens was breakin for de woods; You neber seed so many folkses at the Duval County Fair, As run aboard de steamboats in the yaller fever scare. You done orter seen de plunder packed out dar on de wharf Belonging to de folkses dat was guine for de Norf! In Florida 'de Lan ob Flowers, dey claimed a mighty share, But der stock, you see, was all for sale-in der valler fever scare. 2nd Chorus: It's mighty curious, somehow, but den it am a fac, Dat dis yer whole community wid funny folks is packed; An suppose you ax the question, dey'll one and all declare Dat dey nebber got excited on de yaller fever scare.o 112 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Mr. George E. Jordan of the Florida Minstrels caught the spirit of the occasion. To the air of "On the Road to Brighton" he sang the following song: Don't ax me totop for nuffin; I'se guine aboard de boat; See how my eyes are sticking out; my heart's clar up my froat; I've seen a heap of 'truble,' boys, in dis sad world ob care, But nuffin hab I seen to match this yaller fever scare. Chorus: It's mighty curious, somehow, but den it am a fac Dat dis yer whole community wid crazy folks am packed; Dry trembles at a whisper, kaze dey smells it in de air, And guine de odder side of Jordan, on a yaller fever scare. De Mayor's proclamation didn't do a bit of good, Kase all de oldest citizens was breakin for de woods; You neber seed so many folkses at the Duval County Fair, As run aboard de steamboats in the yaller fever scare. You done orter seen de plunder packed out dar on de wharf Belonging to de folkses dat was guine for de Norf! In Florida 'de Lan ob Flowers dey claimed a mighty share, But der stock, you see, was all for sale-in der yaller fever scare. 2nd Chorus: It's mighty curious, somehow, but den it am a fac, Dat dis yer whole community wid funny folks is packed; An suppose you ar the question, dey'll one and all declare Dat dey nebber got excited on de yaller fever scare.lo 112 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Mr. George E. Jordan of the Florida Minstrels caught the spirit of the occasion. To the air of "On the Road to Brighton" he sang the following song: Don't ax me to stop for nuffin; I'se guine aboard de boat; See how my eyes are sticking out; my heart's clar up my froat; I've seen a heap of 'truble,' boys, in dis sad world ob care, But nuffin hab I seen to match this caller fever scare. Chorus: It's mighty curious, somehow, but den it am a fac Dat dis yer whole community wid crazy folks am packed; Dey trembles at a whisper, kaze dey smells it in de air, And guine de odder side of Jordan, on a yaller fever scare. De Mayor's proclamation didn't do a bit of good, Kase all de oldest citizens was breakin for de woods; You neber seed so many folkses at the Duval County Fair, As run aboard de steamboats in the yaller fever scare. You done orter seen de plunder packed out dar on de wharf Belonging to de folkses dat was guine for de Norf! In Florida 'de Lan ob Flowers, dey claimed a mighty share, But der stock, you see, was all for sale-in der yaller fever scare. 2nd Chorus: It's mighty curious, somehow, but den it am a fac, Dat dis yer whole community wid funny folks is packed; An suppose you ax the question, dey'll one and all declare Dat dey nebber got excited on de yaller fever scare/lo  YEuLOWnvmacom m FEVE INovva~inxvuii JAKSNVLL INcinajazuua m 187 13YLOasEsI AKOVLEI 87 1 ELWFVRI ACSNIL N17 1 CONCUSSION On Norember 16 Colonel L. A. Harden, a citizen of Jachoonoille ewho wao apparently wnithoot ociencific training, appeared before the Board of Heatth and recomooended concussonas a meano of eradicar- tog yetfowo front from the city. He nor granted permfooion to pot his rhery to test, and that samte evening stoe cityswas concorted: ..Abnur 7tear. threswere fourexsploions,each of S0 poundo of tpowoder, swhich had been placed in the muod near "the prond." At 8P.m. he [Colonel Harder] commrenced tiring nest of Cedar Street charges oftrlbs.neach,i2eerynminut. Tbeaerento beconinued antSl sunrte. The smokehreatedwasvry dense, andbe Coonel fretls happy over theresolr of his exprrimeot, and brtirors that there soll bre otre yerlon feor casrs bere.' Later it soas rrported that soeore n-ho ws opyosrd tocconcoosion had spihed the 12 pounder belonging to Colooel Haedee.ra The author has hero infoermed that this concossing of Jaoceon- sileoas deraaized ovr the eadio on a national hookup in 1944, hot appareonty the facts sore portrayed sonsewohat inaccorately. The eventnwasimortant, ice it furnirhed one of the earliest tests of the concussionrtheory. "Hardee's Theory of Concossion"swas pesnted in 1869 in seoral Soth ern nenwspaprs. In 1810 Colonel Haedee corresoponded with lie. Troop Maxsoell, formerly a professor of Obstetrics anti Diseases of Women and Children at Oglethonpe Medical Ccllege in Savacnah, Georgia, and their correspondence ws published in she Savannah NVent. Colonel Hordee claimed that concussin comind wih "sulfuricacid, gas and oone" generated feom the combostion of gunposoder would hilt all parasitic fife at nightswhenotheairowasl"homid andaified." He qootedfrom Lcrd Bacon to ypove --thor the sevre ringing of hells in dense and popu- lous cities dissipated pestilent air.'"M Apparently concussicn had been used in various forms in China chiefly ra diri roeil spirits three rhourand years before; in Soth Ameica in 1851; and in the Neso Orleans epidemic of yellom froer in 1853. SMns. H. K. Ingram of Nashville, Tennessee,swhen ayoungsomn- an, intrested herself in medical sobjects. She planned to study CONCUSSION On Naovember l6 Colonel L. A. Harder, a citizen of Jacksnoile whobas apparently soirhout scientific training, appeared before the Boaedof Health andecommended concossion as ameanscofradicat- ing yelloso leoner from the city. He soas granred permission to pot his theory to trot, and that sante-eoening the city soas ccncussed: ... Abcot7e..hereerefoueplosions, each of50ponds of posodr, sohich had been placed to the mod near "she pond." At 8P.M. he [Colonel Harder] conmenced firingnwest of Cedar Street chargeoftrlbs.eachl2oeveymint. Theseoweetohbecaotinoed ontil sonrise. The smoke ceated woasvery denre, andhe Colonel feels happy ovr the resulr of his eapriment, and belieoea that there soill he no me ellow feover cases herer" Later it wsoar eported that sometne soho wsoa opposed rtocossion had spiked the 12 pounder belronging ra Colonel Hardeera The autor hbas been informed chat this concussing at Jackston- villeswas dramotized ovr the eadio onoanaional hookup in 1984, bnt apparetly the facts sore pcrrayed ssmewohar inaccurately. The eoent woas important, foe it furnished tone of rhe earliesr tests of the contortion theory. "HardeesTheory of Concunmion" wsoa presenred in 1869 in seoral Sothrnne-spaper. to 1810 Colonel Handee corresponded with Dr. Troup Maxwenll, formerly a professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children ar Oglerhoepe Mtedical College in Saoannah, Georgia, and their ccrrespcndence wsoa published in the Savannah Nerws. Colonel Hardee claimed that cossicon ccmhinedswith "sulfuric acid, gas nd crone" generated teor the combustion of gunpcowder sould hilt alt parasitic lif e at nightswhen the airwasb"huoid andaified." Hecquctedfrcm Lord Bacon to yroear "that the score ringing of hefts in dense and papa- tans cties dissipared pestilenc airra Apparnotly ccncussion had heo osed in vaemous forms in China chiefly to diri oil spirits three thoosand years before; in Sooth America in 1851; and in the Ne' Orleans epidemic of yellowo feoen in 1853. Mlrs. H. K. Ingram nf Nashoille, Tennessee, wohen a yugwm an, intnerrtd herelf innmedical suject. She plannedrtostudy CONCUSSION- On Novembr 16 Colonel L. A. Harder, a citien of Jacksnille wcho wsoa apparently woithour scientific teamning, appeared befoe the Boaed of Health and reccommended concnmion as a means of eradicat- ing yellow movr fecom the city. He wsoa granted permission to pot his therysrostes, andshatsame eening thcity'as concussed: ..About 1P~m. thereswere iconr explosions, each of 5O ponds of pcowder, wohich had been placed in the mod near "the pond." At 8 Prm. e [Colonel Haree] commented firing west of Cedar Stees chargesaoft1% bseach,.2eey mint. Thesesweentche coninued ntil snria. Theasmokecreatedswasvrny dense, andrhe Coonel fretls happy ovr the renut of his experimen, and believes that thre soill he o mane yellow fever cases hee." Later it soas repoeted that someone woho wsoa opposed toaconcussion had spihed the 12 paounder belonging to Calonel Harder.0t The author has hero infoemed that this concussing of Jackson- vlewsdramatized amer the radio on anaional hoop in 1944, has apparently the facts sore portrayed somewohat inaccurately. The eero woas importan, for it fuenished one of the earliest tests of the concuasion theary. "Harden's TherofcConcussion"swas pesened in 1869 in seoveral Soothernn nespapers. In 1810 Colonel Harder coeresponded woith Dr. Troup Mlaxwell, farmerly a peafessor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children at Oglethoepe Mledical College in Sarannsh, Georgia, ond theie coresrpondence wsoa published in the Savannah Nenta. Colanel Hardee claimed that concussion combined soith "sulfuric acid, gas and ozone' genrated from the contbustion of guanposoder wouold hilt ofl1 parasitic life at nightwhensthe airwaar"homid anderacified." Heqauote romLod Bacon to prove "that the score ringing of hells in dense and popu- tans cities dissipated pestilentai.r Apparently concussion had been need in vrious iorms in China chiefly In deive off coil spirits three thonsand years hefore; in Sooth America in li5t: ond in the Neso Orleans epidemic of yellow feor in 1853. SMrs. H. K. Ingram of Nashville, Tenssee,swhen ayongwom- aitrested herself in medical subjects. She planned to randy  114 A CENTURY OF EDICINE medicine, but it was difficult for a woman to gain admission to a medical school in those days. In 1873 she observed that it was a common practice for Negroes in Nashville "to clear a room of mos- quitoes by exploding a little gunpowder on a shovel in the middle of the room. . . . The insects were killed by the rushing together of the columns of air, into the vacuum thus formed, the rebound against the wall and the repetition of .. . bruising blows.... They were killed by the mechanical force of concussion." She reasoned that if mosquitoes could be killed in this manner, smaller insect life like- wise could be destroyed. After some research, she presented her theories to medical authorities and gained considerable recognition. Apparently she was the first woman ever to address the American Association for the Advancement of Science when, in 1877, she pre- sented a paper entitled "Atmospheric Concussion As a Means of Disinfection.14 It is unfortunate that Mrs. Ingram did not devote herself to the mosquito angle of the problem instead of going on to theories of "smaller insect life." On November 23, 1877, along with many uninspired statements, there appeared in a local paper under "Stray Notes" the following astute and pertinent observation: "There are several resident mos- quitoes that did not refugee."15 No one at that time had any justi- fied suspicion that mosquitoes were the vector of yellow fever. Carlos Finlay of Cuba, dubbed queer and impractical, had not yet performed his experiment which indicted the mosquito. Not until 1900, twenty-three years later, was the mosquito identified as the agent which spreads the disease. On Thanksgiving Day, November 29, the people of Jacksonville had reason indeed to give thanks, for toward evening the weather grew cold; during the night the temperature continued to fall, and on the following morning there was a freeze-a clear-cut, longed for, health restoring freeze. The spirit and animation of the townspeople on that occasion were captured by the following editorial which appeared on Saturday morning, December 1: THE FREEZE No happier smiles ever illumined the faces around a Christmas table than shone Friday morning upon the countenance of every- body in town. Bay Street was astir bright and early, the boys pulled down the store shutters with a brisk vim, every shopkeeper stepped 114 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE medicine, but it was difficult for a woman to gain admission to a medical school in those days. In 1873 she observed that it was a common practice for Negroes in Nashville "to clear a room of mos- quitoes by exploding a little gunpowder on a shovel in the middle of the room. . . . The insects were killed by the rushing together of the columns of air, into the vacuum thus formed, the rebound against the wall and the repetition of ... bruising blows.... They were killed by the mechanical force of concussion." She reasoned that if mosquitoes could be killed in this manner, smaller insect life like- wise could be destroyed. After some research, she presented her theories to medical authorities and gained considerable recognition. Apparently she was the first woman ever to address the American Association for the Advancement of Science when, in 1877, she pre- sented a paper entitled "Atmospheric Concussion As a Means of Disinfection."14 It is unfortunate that Mrs. Ingram did not devote herself to the mosquito angle of the problem instead of going on to theories of "smaller insect life." On November 23, 1877, along with many uninspired statements, there appeared in a local paper under "Stray Notes" the following astute and pertinent observation: "There are several resident mos- quitoes that did not refugee."15 No one at that time had any justi- fied suspicion that mosquitoes were the vector of yellow fever. Carlos Finlay of Cuba, dubbed queer and impractical, had not yet performed his experiment which indicted the mosquito. Not until 1900, twenty-three years later, was the mosquito identified as the agent which spreads the disease. On Thanksgiving Day, November 29, the people of Jacksonville had reason indeed to give thanks, for toward evening the weather grew cold; during the night the temperature continued to fall, and on the following morning there was a freeze-a clear-cut, longed for, health restoring freeze. The spirit and animation of the townspeople on that occasion were captured by the following editorial which appeared on Saturday morning, December 1: THE FREEZE No happier smiles ever illumined the faces around a Christmas table than shone Friday morning upon the countenance of every- body in town. Bay Street was astir bright and early, the boys pulled down the store shutters with a brisk vim, every shopkeeper stepped 114 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE medicine, but it was difficult for a woman to gain admission to a medical school in those days. In 1873 she observed that it was a common practice for Negroes in Nashville "to clear a room of mos- quitoes by exploding a little gunpowder on a shovel in the middle of the room. . . . The insects were killed by the rushing together of the columns of air, into the vacuum thus formed, the rebound against the wall and the repetition of ... bruising blows.... They were killed by the mechanical force of concussion." She reasoned that if mosquitoes could be killed in this manner, smaller insect life like- wise could be destroyed. After some research, she presented her theories to medical authorities and gained considerable recognition. Apparently she was the first woman ever to address the American Association for the Advancement of Science when, in 1877, she pre- sented a paper entitled "Atmospheric Concussion As a Means of Disinfection."14 It is unfortunate that Mrs. Ingram did not devote herself to the mosquito angle of the problem instead of going on to theories of "smaller insect life." On November 23, 1877, along with many uninspired statements, there appeared in a local paper under "Stray Notes" the following astute and pertinent observation: "There are several resident mos- quitoes that did not refugee."15 No one at that time had any justi- fied suspicion that mosquitoes were the vector of yellow fever. Carlos Finlay of Cuba, dubbed queer and impractical, had not yet performed his experiment which indicted the mosquito. Not until 1900, twenty-three years later, was the mosquito identified as the agent which spreads the disease. On Thanksgiving Day, November 29, the people of Jacksonville had reason indeed to give thanks, for toward evening the weather grew cold; during the night the temperature continued to fall, and on the following morning there was a freeze-a clear-cut, longed for, health restoring freeze. The spirit and animation of the townspeople on that occasion were captured by the following editorial which appeared on Saturday morning, December 1: THE FREEZE No happier smiles ever illumined the faces around a Christmas table than shone Friday morning upon the countenance of every- body in town. Bay Street was astir bright and early, the boys pulled down the store shutters with a brisk vim, every shopkeeper stepped  YELLOW 11151I ZJACUKSONIL I 1i77 115 YELLOW FEVER I JACKONVILLE Il87 115 YELLW 15VER I JACKSONIDLLE IN 1877 1ll The Florida Union._ Mlnday, Decmber8,,3 1877. FROSI No Yellow Fever. day, ad itbh..been cmld eiunc. lhe sink-' mold .nap kh., o cntie dhaepp...d. Daring acuveeion Neeterday ith his hoo h yr ewr nford that1the heilaogheoidthcfelk:t esenlleho btr.eondogosr ootibse a uecrspdashed lo engm thet hatend gad th ej iatt imets and peopl geed eachi the et mwith heeyogaoaio theiyv Thhoem.hitr tdrayaod sosieotadyarinlo thimnertrvlyooo theloingay fAlg and peaa. Lokg 000oe[tJheoou ricer the waer~ spakled san tiplenm h The Florida Union._ 31nd.,c. Dcmber 3. 1877. FROST.- No Yellow Fever. dupoda.bc t ftttfrot ind c a t .b ambwinh has. premll.d her beor htne b cold .nrp tht. now entily dis.pp.erd. Dnring, no nr..lainn ,.t.,d.y w1ith bis honor lb. Stpyer, we n,, inormed that tb. helth of111 Il, .1y e ne,,r bette. 5, re- spon o fit non 'rnoe 1' lngr',n. and leuers k, h1.. cnn 111.0 . idii.t 'c peat twno o thee .inply till t,'l,wing.All well. Lon, whenIIyondcer...weIclnu wlel~y ay the cheerily along theoidewalks; even the horses and wagons, omnibuses and mole carts dashed along the hardened ground with exhilarating impret, and people greeted each othr with hearsty congratalations and a jolly "good morning." There was an infection of joy all ovr thechty. Thekhotel, hitherto drearyvandso silentandvearninglfor the mint er travel, ran op their gay flags and pennants. Looking ever the [St. Johns] river she wnter sparkled and ripplrd in she TheFloridaUnion. Mlnday, D.,,ember 3. 1877. [ROST. No Yellow Fever. Tnodtcl t Front teb inayo We ilaudobu TIO;r.lt ointr. ctbzns.' dupn,fr-bthat fmitad .ine h, . le- cold .tn.p h'. non .e'lirnlp dis.pp.ecrd. Durig s --'1e.Ilior sca.mdq.11 wit10, honote 1 5.'.c wn were informendlithtbth heallk 81 Ike ecl0 w., 81cr bette'. iere-' spns w Ithe numtt-rnIt. lerrn lnd letter.! .imnply the tllowrin;o ''Al nell (.omle wlrn yondcescc,tfor'e&nr-o]cie.y them' choeerily along the sidewalks; even the horses and wtagons, omnibuses and mole cadts dashed along the hardened grond with eohilatating impetus, and people greeted each other with hearty congratlations and ajolly "good morning." There was an infection of joy all ayer the city. The hotels hitheroadreay andso silentiand yearning for the winter travel, ran op their gay flogs and pennants. Looking over the [St. Johns] river the water sparkled and tippled in the  116 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE JAC KSON VILL-E SALE JIV R i TABLE NOS. 23 ~>30 NEWNAN STREE-r THOMAS McMURRAY, PROPRIETOR "Tom McMurray way drive his double best the whole length of Bay Street on a dead runo and he saot be molested with o fine." clear, crisp, cold moruing air. For the first time people aretoday wearing warm overcoats, and wives and umaids are frisking about the stores, with a crimson bloom on their cheeks, haltfwolffled in shawls andcomtforters. The greatsglass windows of the fashionale sops fairly glistened this msorning lihe mirrors, as we strided down Bay Street, at an early hone, with fingers tingling in the sharp air... These is no doubt about is. It woo a freeze. The cold, dry air of yesterday blowing from the west and northwest had dried up all mofsture, and these was therefore, no appearance of frost; hot whereer there happened to be any moistore in the toil it was frozen to ice... The signal office repors that the mercury went down to 1t6 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE JACKSONVILLE l } JACKSONVILL © 116 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE SALE LIVELY STABLE SAL IERY STABE '-.5 - i-I b'> ,NOS. 23 e, 30 NEW/NAN STREET ITHOMAS MCMURRAY, PROPRIETOR. "Tom McMurray may drive his double heal the whole length of Bay Street on adead ron and he shout be moleoted with a fine." cleor, crisp, cold morning air. For the first lime people are today wearing warm overcoats, and wives and maids are frisking about the stores, with a crimson bloom on their cheeks, boll muffled in shawls and comforters. The great glass windows of thefahionableshops fairly glistened this morning like mirrors, as we strided down Bay Street, at an early hoar, with fingers tingling in the sharp air.. There is nodoubtlaboot it. Itlwas afreeze. The cold, dry air of yesterday lowing from the west and northwest had drerd op all moisture, and there was threfore, no appearance of trust; but wherever shere happened to hr any moistue in the soil it was lessen to ice. . .. The signal office reports that the mercury went down tn ..NOS. 23 fP~ 30 NEWNAN STEE[T THOMAS McMURRAY, PROPRIETOR. "Tom McMurry maydiehidoublebethe wholelength of Bay Slreos ad deru an dheshantlbenmolested with a fine." clear, crisp, cold morning air. For the first time people are today wearing warmovnercoas, and wives and maids are fsking aboot the stores, with a crison bloom on their cheeks, half muffled in shawls and comforters. Thergreat glass windows of thefashionale shops fairly glistened this morning like mirrors, as we srided down Bay Street. at an early boor, with fiogrs ti~ngling in she sharp air.. There isno doubtabout it. It wosa freeze. The cold, dry air of yesterday blowing from the west and northwest had dried up all moisture, and thre was therefore, no appearance of frost; bat wherener thre happened to be any moistare in the soil it was frozen so ice. .. . The signal office reports that the mercury went down In  YELLOW FEVER IN JACKSONVILLE IN 1877 117 31 degrees. . . . At the Windsor Hotel the thermometer showed 28 degrees. . . . At the St. James, Mr. Campbell reports his instrument at 31. .. . At any rate it was cold-shivering cold-and the bright lightwood fires in one's breakfast room gave a most cheerful and agreeable glow.... Cocktails, that insidious appetizer, were in eager demand from the very break of day, and some of our citizens, con- scientious ones, who regard a liquor shop to be worse than a yellow fever epidemic, were observed slyly emerging from Togni's and Farenbach's-at the two extremes of Bay Street-out of the way of the more busy centre, fearing to boldly enter Lord Lyman's pa- latial resort in the broad gaze of a crowded thoroughfare. Better than all, the Duval County Medical Society are in a condition of endemic ecstatics. They are rejoiced that their conscientious scruples will trouble them no more. Mr. Eells . . . the inventor of the procla- mations, was rosy with delight this morning, and is preparing a manifesto for tomorrow crowded with exultation. ... Pipesmokers may now fill up with a general relish, and Tom McMurray may drive his double best the whole length of Bay Street on a dead run and he shant be molested with a fine. Welcome home ... penitent prodi- gals. Let the air ring with shouts, for "Johnny Comes Marching Home."t- YELLOW FEVER IN JACKSONVILLE IN 1877 117 31 degrees.. .. At the Windsor Hotel the thermometer showed 28 degrees.... At the St. James, Mr. Campbell reports his instrument at 31. . . . At any rate it was cold-shivering cold-and the bright lightwood fires in one's breakfast room gave a most cheerful and agreeable glow. . . . Cocktails, that insidious appetizer, were in eager demand from the very break of day, and some of our citizens, con- scientious ones, who regard a liquor shop to be worse than a yellow fever epidemic, were observed slyly emerging from Togni's and Farenbach's-at the two extremes of Bay Street-out of the way of the more busy centre, fearing to boldly enter Lord Lyman's pa- latial resort in the broad gaze of a crowded thoroughfare. Better than all, the Duval County Medical Society are in a condition of endemic ecstatics. They are rejoiced that their conscientious scruples will trouble them no more. Mr. Bells . . . the inventor of the procla- mations, was rosy with delight this morning, and is preparing a manifesto for tomorrow crowded with exultation. . .. Pipesmokers may now fill up with a general relish, and Tom McMurray may drive his double best the whole length of Bay Street on a dead run and he shant be molested with a fine. Welcome home ... penitent prodi- gals. Let the air ring with shouts, for "Johnny Comes Marching Home."t0 YELLOW FEVER IN JACKSONVILLE IN 1877 117 31 degrees. - . . At the Windsor Hotel the thermometer showed 28 degrees. - . . At the St. James, Mr. Campbell reports his instrument at 31. .. . At any rate it was cold-shivering cold-and the bright lightwood fires in one's breakfast room gave a most cheerful and agreeable glow.... Cocktails, that insidious appetizer, were in eager demand from the very break of day, and some of our citizens, con- scientious ones, who regard a liquor shop to be worse than a yellow fever epidemic, were observed slyly emerging from Togni's and Farenbach's-at the two extremes of Bay Street-out of the way of the more busy centre, fearing to boldly enter Lord Lyman's pa- latial resort in the broad gaze of a crowded thoroughfare. Better than all, the Duval County Medical Society are in a condition of endemic ecstatics. They are rejoiced that their conscientious scruples will trouble them no more. Mr. Eells . .. the inventor of the procla- mations, was rosy with delight this morning, and is preparing a manifesto for tomorrow crowded with exultation. .. Pipesmokers may now fill up with a general relish, and Tom McMurray may drive his double best the whole length of Bay Street on a dead run and he shant be molested with a fine. Welcome home ... penitent prodi- gals. Let the air ring with shouts, for "Johnny Comes Marching Home."  15 Sanitation Problems THE NUMBER of cases of yellow fever in Jacksonville during the epidemic of 1877 approximated one hundred and fifty,t but the actual number of deaths during this period is unknown.e Twenty-two are said to have died between November 15 and 30.3 In reality, Jacksonville suffered much less than Fernandina. That city truly experienced a disaster, whereas in Jacksonville the outstanding fea- ture of the epidemic was the disruption of organized activity because of fright and panic. After the freeze, resumption of business was accomplished in a short time, and, inasmuch as most health officers in those days believed that the disease was spread by poor sanitation, the townspeople immediately set out to make major sanitary im- provements. Drs. Baldwin, Sabal, and Hartridge, the health com- mittee of the Board of Health, were assigned to study the local causes of disease and to recommend measures for their eradication.4 At a meeting of the Board of Health on December 3, Dr. Bald- win read a report which dealt with drainage and sewerage. At the outset, he called attention to the river front and suggested that a bulkhead be built along Bay Street, after which the space left between the natural bank and the bulkhead could be filled. Next, he directed attention to "the pond," which lay in La Villa at the western limits of the city. Actually "the pond" was a swamp bounded by Forsyth, Church, Clay and Jefferson streets, in a small area of which water stood at a depth of several feet." He called it an "unsightly and stagnant morass," pointed out that it was in about the same condition as in 1857 when yellow fever began there, and made recommendations for draining it. He then presented for examination the unhealthful Pine Street sewer, traced its history, discussed its topography, and told why it was inadequate. Finally, he called attention to Hogans Creek, whose crooked channel was choked with a rank growth of water plants, trash, and garbage, and 118 15 Sanitation Problems THE NUMBER of cases of yellow fever in Jacksonville during the epidemic of 1877 approximated one hundred and fifty,' but the actual number of deaths during this period is unknown. Twenty-two are said to have died between November 15 and 30.a In reality, Jacksonville suffered much less than Fernandina. That city truly experienced a disaster, whereas in Jacksonville the outstanding fea- ture of the epidemic was the disruption of organized activity because of fright and panic. After the freeze, resumption of business was accomplished in a short time, and, inasmuch as most health officers in those days believed that the disease was spread by poor sanitation, the townspeople immediately set out to make major sanitary im- provements. Drs. Baldwin, Sabal, and Hartridge, the health com- mittee of the Board of Health, were assigned to study the local causes of disease and to recommend measures for their eradication.4 At a meeting of the Board of Health on December 3, Dr. Bald- win read a report which dealt with drainage and sewerage. At the outset, he called attention to the river front and suggested that a bulkhead be built along Bay Street, after which the space left between the natural bank and the bulkhead could be filled. Next, he directed attention to "the pond," which lay in La Villa at the western limits of the city. Actually "the pond" was a swamp bounded by Forsyth, Church, Clay and Jefferson streets, in a small area of which water stood at a depth of several feet." He called it an "unsightly and stagnant morass," pointed out that it was in about the same condition as in 1857 when yellow fever began there, and made recommendations for draining it. He then presented for examination the unhealthful Pine Street sewer, traced its history, discussed its topography, and told why it was inadequate. Finally, he called attention to Hogans Creek, whose crooked channel was choked with a rank growth of water plants, trash, and garbage, and 118 15 Sanitation Problems T HE NUMBER of cases of yellow fever in Jacksonville during the epidemic of 1877 approximated one hundred and fifty,t but the actual number of deaths during this period is unknown. Twenty-two are said to have died between November 15 and 30. In reality, Jacksonville suffered much less than Fernandina. That city truly experienced a disaster, whereas in Jacksonville the outstanding fea- ture of the epidemic was the disruption of organized activity because of fright and panic. After the freeze, resumption of business was accomplished in a short time, and, inasmuch as most health officers in those days believed that the disease was spread by poor sanitation, the townspeople immediately set out to make major sanitary im- provements. Drs. Baldwin, Sabal, and Hartridge, the health com- mittee of the Board of Health, were assigned to study the local causes of disease and to recommend measures for their eradication.4 At a meeting of the Board of Health on December 3, Dr. Bald- win read a report which dealt with drainage and sewerage. At the outset, he called attention to the river front and suggested that a bulkhead be built along Bay Street, after which the space left between the natural bank and the bulkhead could be filled. Next, he directed attention to "the pond," which lay in La Villa at the western limits of the city. Actually "the pond" was a swamp bounded by Forsyth, Church, Clay and Jefferson streets, in a small area of which water stood at a depth of several feet." He called it an "unsightly and stagnant morass," pointed out that it was in about the same condition as in 1857 when yellow fever began there, and made recommendations for draining it. He then presented for examination the unhealthful Pine Street sewer, traced its history, discussed its topography, and told why it was inadequate. Finally, he called attention to Hogans Creek, whose crooked channel was choked with a rank growth of water plants, trash, and garbage, and 118  SANITATION PROBLEMS 119 told of its contamination by sewage from dwellings, yards, slaughter houses, and the jail. Dr. Baldwin stated: . . . Active measures should be taken to effect a . .. removal of these pestiferous sloughs, before another summer's sun shall . .. set them into fermentation to brew an installment of telluric and atmos- pheric contamination... . In a prophetic tone he concluded the report thus: .. It is ... warrantable to draw upon the future by taxation for aid in carrying out a necessary improvement whose benefits are to last after the present and succeeding generations have passed off the stage. . . . However much opposed the majority of the voters may have been to bonding the city . . . no such objection can be alleged against . . . assistance for an improvement which has for its sole object the preservation of the health . . . the prolongation of life . .. and . . . the good reputation and future prosperity of our city. . . . From what is known of the geological formation underlying the city . .we may reasonably expect . . by carrying our boring below the rocks which form the bed of the river . . . to reach streams which do not have any connection with the river ... and thus furnish flowing wells. Following this presentation by Dr. Baldwin, an informal meeting of citizens was held on December 5. Those present included: "Messrs. Wheeler, Eells, Koopman, Dzialynski, Tibbitts, Bostwick, and Hartridge of the aldermanic board; Drs. Baldwin, Robinson, and L'Engle of the medical fraternity; Col. Daniel, Capt. E. M. L'Engle, Mr. Bentley, T. E. Buckman, and other citizens."7 Colonel J. J. Daniel submitted a plan which proposed that a "Board of Public Works for Duval County" be organized without bonding the city, but his plan encountered legal difficulties. At a joint meeting of the city council and county commissioners on Decem- ber 10, it was agreed that the immediately necessary improvements recommended by the health committee would be made,t and shortly thereafter a "bond election" was announced for January 15, 1878. Jacksonville had issued bonds in 1857 in order to help finance the Jacksonville, Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad. Although these bonds had not been repudiated following the War Between the States, SANITATION PROBLEMS 119 told of its contamination by sewage from dwellings, yards, slaughter houses, and the jail. Dr. Baldwin stated: ... Active measures should be taken to effect a ... removal of these pestiferous sloughs, before another summer's sun shall . .. set them into fermentation to brew an installment of telluric and atmos- pheric contamination... . In a prophetic tone he concluded the report thus: . It is ... warrantable to draw upon the future by taxation for aid in carrying out a necessary improvement whose benefits are to last after the present and succeeding generations have passed off the stage.. . However much opposed the majority of the voters may have been to bonding the city . . . no such objection can be alleged against . . . assistance for an improvement which has for its sole object the preservation of the health . . . the prolongation of life ... and . .. the good reputation and future prosperity of our city. .. From what is known of the geological formation underlying the city .. .we may reasonably expect . .. by carrying our boring below the rocks which form the bed of the river . .. to reach streams which do not have any connection with the river . . . and thus furnish flowing wells. Following this presentation by Dr. Baldwin, an informal meeting of citizens was held on December 5. Those present included: "Messrs. Wheeler, Eells, Koopman, Dzialynski, Tibbitts, Bostwick, and Hartridge of the aldermanic board; Drs. Baldwin, Robinson, and L'Engle of the medical fraternity; Col. Daniel, Capt. E. M. L'Engle, Mr. Bentley, T. E. Buckman, and other citizens."t Colonel J. J. Daniel submitted a plan which proposed that a "Board of Public Works for Duval County" be organized without bonding the city, but his plan encountered legal difficulties. At a joint meeting of the city council and county commissioners on Decem- ber 10, it was agreed that the immediately necessary improvements recommended by the health committee would be maden and shortly thereafter a "bond election" was announced for January 15, 1878. Jacksonville had issued bonds in 1857 in order to help finance the Jacksonville, Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad. Although these bonds had not been repudiated following the War Between the States, SANITATION PROBLEMS 119 told of its contamination by sewage from dwellings, yards, slaughter houses, and the jail. Dr. Baldwin stated: ... Active measures should be taken to effect a ... removal of these pestiferous sloughs, before another summer's sun shall . .. set them into fermentation to brew an installment of telluric and atmos- pheric contamination... . In a prophetic tone he concluded the report thus: . It is ... warrantable to draw upon the future by taxation for aid in carrying out a necessary improvement whose benefits are to last after the present and succeeding generations have passed off the stage. . . . However much opposed the majority of the voters may have been to bonding the city . . . no such objection can be alleged against . .. assistance for an improvement which has for its sole object the preservation of the health . . . the prolongation of life ... and . . . the good reputation and future prosperity of our city. .. From what is known of the geological formation underlying the city . . .we may reasonably expect . .. by carrying our boring below the rocks which form the bed of the river . . . to reach streams which do not have any connection with the river ... and thus furnish flowing wells. Following this presentation by Dr. Baldwin, an informal meeting of citizens was held on December 5. Those present included: "Messrs. Wheeler, Eells, Koopman, Dzialynski, Tibbitts, Bostwick, and Hartridge of the aldermanic board; Drs. Baldwin, Robinson, and L'Engle of the medical fraternity; Col. Daniel, Capt. E. M. L'Engle, Mr. Bentley, T. E. Buckman, and other citizens." Colonel J. J. Daniel submitted a plan which proposed that a "Board of Public Works for Duval County" be organized without bonding the city, but his plan encountered legal difficulties. At a joint meeting of the city council and county commissioners on Decem- ber 10, it was agreed that the immediately necessary improvements recommended by the health committee would be madet and shortly thereafter a "bond election" was announced for January 15, 1878. Jacksonville had issued bonds in 1857 in order to help finance the Jacksonville, Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad. Although these bonds had not been repudiated following the War Between the States,  120 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE they had not been paid, and many people questioned the propriety of issuing more bonds for any purpose. For several weeks the "bond issue" became the chief topic of conversation and the subject of many editorials.u On election day the electorate cast 625 votes for and 159 votes against the measure.e Some 0250,000 in twenty- year, 8 per cent Sanitary Improvement Bonds were issued, and ex- penditure of the money was consigned to the Sanitary Bond Trus- tees: Dr. Baldwin, chairman, Dr. T. Hartridge, Mr. S. B. Hubbard, Mr. M. W. Drew, and Colonel J. J. Daniel, secretary. Mr. R. N. Ellis was engaged as "Engineer and Superintendent."11 Without waiting for the bonds to be issued, work was begun promptly on draining "the pond," covering the immense garbage pile at the head of Newnan Street, and clearing Hogans Creek.nO On April 20, 1878, an article of historical significance appeared in a local paper telling of the drainage of "the pond": THE MAIN SEWER COMPLETED-PRESENT APPEARANCE OF "THE POND" The laying of the main sewer through Clay Street was completed last evening.... The main pipe extends from the river to Church Street and near its head Dr. Baldwin has constructed a large reservoir on one of his lots, the water accumulation there to be used in flush- ing the sewer. In the center of the pond or reservoir there is a small square piece of land rising two or three feet above the water upon which the doctor proposes to construct a greenhouse. The lot in which the reservoir is located will be fenced in and cultivated.* The changes wrought by the sanitary improvement operations are wonderful and to be appreciated must be seen. Where once was wet, boggy land, it is now dry and level and "the pond" is almost a thing of the past. The old resident who occasionally strolls out to this interesting part of the city is struck with the change and invari- ably regales the younger listener with stories of the duck shooting he used to enjoy in this locality. . ..11 On April 25 there appeared the following account of the clearing of Hogans Creek: *This reservoir, located north of Adams Street between Clay and Cedar, became known as Dr. Baldwin's fish pond. Later it was decorated with trees and bamboo and was used by Dr. Baldwin in his leisure hours.13 120 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE they had not been paid, and many people questioned the propriety of issuing more bonds for any purpose. For several weeks the "bond issue" became the chief topic of conversation and the subject of many editorials.- On election day the electorate cast 625 votes for and 159 votes against the measurest Some $250,000 in twenty- year, 8 per cent Sanitary Improvement Bonds were issued, and ex- penditure of the money was consigned to the Sanitary Bond Trus- tees: Dr. Baldwin, chairman, Dr. T. Hartridge, Mr. S. B. Hubbard, Mr. M. W. Drew, and Colonel J. J. Daniel, secretary. Mr. R. N. Ellis was engaged as "Engineer and Superintendent."O Without waiting for the bonds to be issued, work was begun promptly on draining "the pond," covering the immense garbage pile at the head of Newnan Street, and clearing Hogans Creekos On April 20, 1878, an article of historical significance appeared in a local paper telling of the drainage of "the pond": THE MAIN SEWER COMPLETED-PRESENT APPEARANCE OF "THE POND" The laying of the main sewer through Clay Street was completed last evening.... The main pipe extends from the river to Church Street and near its head Dr. Baldwin has constructed a large reservoir on one of his lots, the water accumulation there to be used in flush- ing the sewer. In the center of the pond or reservoir there is a small square piece of land rising two or three feet above the water upon which the doctor proposes to construct a greenhouse. The lot in which the reservoir is located will be fenced in and cultivated.* The changes wrought by the sanitary improvement operations are wonderful and to be appreciated must be seen. Where once was wet, boggy land, it is now dry and level and "the pond" is almost a thing of the past. The old resident who occasionally strolls out to this interesting part of the city is struck with the change and invari- ably regales the younger listener with stories of the duck shooting he used to enjoy in this locality... .4 On April 25 there appeared the following account of the clearing of Hogans Creek: *This reservoir, located north of Adams Street between Clay and Cedar, became known as Dr. Baldwin's fish pond. Later it was decorated with trees and bamboo and was used by Dr. Baldwin in his leisure hours.3 120 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE they had not been paid, and many people questioned the propriety of issuing more bonds for any purpose. For several weeks the "bond issue" became the chief topic of conversation and the subject of many editorials.t On election day the electorate cast 625 votes for and 159 votes against the measure.st Some $250,000 in twenty- year, 8 per cent Sanitary Improvement Bonds were issued, and ex- penditure of the money was consigned to the Sanitary Bond Trus- tees: Dr. Baldwin, chairman, Dr. T. Hartridge, Mr. S. B. Hubbard, Mr. M. W. Drew, and Colonel J. J. Daniel, secretary. Mr. R. N. Ellis was engaged as "Engineer and Superintendent."L Without waiting for the bonds to be issued, work was begun promptly on draining "the pond," covering the immense garbage pile at the head of Newnan Street, and clearing Hogans Creek.12 On April 20, 1878, an article of historical significance appeared in a local paper telling of the drainage of "the pond": THE MAIN SEWER COMPLETED -PRESENT APPEARANCE OF "THE POND" The laying of the main sewer through Clay Street was completed last evening.... The main pipe extends from the river to Church Street and near its head Dr. Baldwin has constructed a large reservoir on one of his lots, the water accumulation there to be used in flush- ing the sewer. In the center of the pond or reservoir there is a small square piece of land rising two or three feet above the water upon which the doctor proposes to construct a greenhouse. The lot in which the reservoir is located will be fenced in and cultivated.* The changes wrought by the sanitary improvement operations are wonderful and to be appreciated must be seen. Where once was wet, boggy land, it is now dry and level and "the pond" is almost a thing of the past. The old resident who occasionally strolls out to this interesting part of the city is struck with the change and invari- ably regales the younger listener with stories of the duck shooting he used to enjoy in this locality. .. . On April 25 there appeared the following account of the clearing of Hogans Creek: *This reservoir, located north of Adams Street between Clay and Cedar, became known as Dr. Baldwin's fish pond. Later it was decorated with trees and bamboo and was used by Dr. Baldwin in his leisure hours.13  SANITATION PROBLEMS 121 SANITATION PROBLEMS 121 SANITATION PROBLEMS HOGANS CREEK Between Market and Pine [Main] the stream was in a wretched condition, being nearly choked with all sorts of rubbish.... [Here] the water course is lined on either side with a dense growth of under- brush. Large trees that stood upon the banks were felled, it is said, 15 years ago across the stream* and allowed to remain, forming an imperfect dam. This has served to catch and hold the vast amount of rubbish that has found its way into the creek, a good portion of its city scavengers' gatherings, in some previous years, it is alleged, having been dumped into the creek at Pine Street. This stream was, years ago, used for rafting logs, and among the debris was found 8 large mill logs. The mass was in a horrible condition, and gave off a most offensive smell whenever stirred by the tools of the laborers. In fact work had to be suspended in order to let the men go out to fresh air.... 2 of the men were taken sick and had to be removed to the jail and the city physician was called. At present from Pine Street to the river there is an open channel... 15 In May the Board of Sanitary Trustees made a settlement with Captain A. J. Bentley for the work near "the pond" and at the head of Newnan Street. The total cost was said to have been about $14,000. The cost of the preliminary clearing of Hogans Creek was only $200, for the work was performed by county convicts.1 FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE FLORIDA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The Florida Medical Association met in Jacksonville April 16-18, 1878.17 The meeting convened in the "spacious and elegant rooms" of the newly built Florida Yacht Club on Bay Street at the foot of Market. The president's chair was draped in mourning and deco- rated with floral pieces. Dr. T. Mi. Palmer of Monticello was select- ed to preside, and as a mark of respect to the memory of the late president, Dr. F. P. Wellford, the meeting was adjourned almost immediately until midafternoon. When it reconvened, resolutions and eulogies were offered, and after a report by a special committee of the Duval County Medical Society, the following resolution was adopted by the association: *Probably by Union soldiers to allow them to get horses and wagons across the stream. HOGANS CREEK Between Market and Pine [Main] the stream was in a wretched condition, being nearly choked with all sorts of rubbish.... [Here] the water course is lined on either side with a dense growth of under- brush. Large trees that stood upon the banks were felled, it is said, 15 years ago across the stream* and allowed to remain, forming an imperfect dam. This has served to catch and hold the vast amount of rubbish that has found its way into the creek, a good portion of its city scavengers' gatherings, in some previous years, it is alleged, having been dumped into the creek at Pine Street. This stream was, years ago, used for rafting logs, and among the debris was found 8 large mill logs. The mass was in a horrible condition, and gave off a most offensive smell whenever stirred by the tools of the laborers. In fact work had to be suspended in order to let the men go out to fresh air.... 2 of the men were taken sick and had to be removed to the jail and the city physician was called. At present from Pine Street to the river there is an open channel... .5 In May the Board of Sanitary Trustees made a settlement with Captain A. J. Bentley for the work near "the pond" and at the head of Newnan Street. The total cost was said to have been about $14,000. The cost of the preliminary clearing of Hogans Creek was only $200, for the work was performed by county convicts.1 FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE FLORIDA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The Florida Medical Association met in Jacksonville April 16-18, 1878J7 The meeting convened in the "spacious and elegant rooms" of the newly built Florida Yacht Club on Bay Street at the foot of Market. The president's chair was draped in mourning and deco- rated with floral pieces. Dr. T. M. Palmer of Monticello was select- ed to preside, and as a mark of respect to the memory of the late president, Dr. F. P. Wellford, the meeting was adjourned almost immediately until midafternoon. When it reconvened, resolutions and eulogies were offered, and after a report by a special committee of the Duval County Medical Society, the following resolution was adopted by the association: *Probably by Union soldiers to allow them to get horses and wagons across the stream. HOGANS CREEK Between Market and Pine [Main] the stream was in a wretched condition, being nearly choked with all sorts of rubbish.... [Here] the water course is lined on either side with a dense growth of under- brush. Large trees that stood upon the banks were felled, it is said, 15 years ago across the stream* and allowed to remain, forming an imperfect dam. This has served to catch and hold the vast amount of rubbish that has found its way into the creek, a good portion of its city scavengers' gatherings, in some previous years, it is alleged, having been dumped into the creek at Pine Street. This stream was, years ago, used for rafting logs, and among the debris was found 8 large mill logs. The mass was in a horrible condition, and gave off a most offensive smell whenever stirred by the tools of the laborers. In fact work had to be suspended in order to let the men go out to fresh air.... 2 of the men were taken sick and had to be removed to the jail and the city physician was called. At present from Pine Street to the river there is an open channel. . . , In SMay the Board of Sanitary Trustees made a settlement with Captain A. J. Bentley for the work near "the pond" and at the head of Newnan Street. The total cost was said to have been about $14,000. The cost of the preliminary clearing of Hogans Creek was only $200, for the work was performed by county convicts.16 FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE FLORIDA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The Florida Medical Association met in Jacksonville April 16-18, 18781 The meeting convened in the "spacious and elegant rooms" of the newly built Florida Yacht Club on Bay Street at the foot of Market. The president's chair was draped in mourning and deco- rated with floral pieces. Dr. T. MI. Palmer of Monticello was select- ed to preside, and as a mark of respect to the memory of the late president, Dr. F. P. Wellford, the meeting was adjourned almost immediately until midafternoon. When it reconvened, resolutions and eulogies were offered, and after a report by a special committee of the Duval County Medical Society, the following resolution was adopted by the association: *Probably by Union soldiers to allow them to get horses and wagons across the stream.  122 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE RESOLvED, that a committee of three be appointed to take such steps as they may deem necessary, to erect a suitable monument to the memory of our late friend and brother, F. Preston Well- ford, M.D. The Key West Medical Society, however, recommended that a scholarship be established in a "respectable medical school" and that it be known as the Wellford Scholarship. This recommendation was referred to the special committee which had just been appointed. On the morning of the second day of the meeting, Dr. Daniel read a paper on the yellow fever epidemic in Jacksonville during 1877, displayed a map of the city showing the infected districts, and presented reports from Drs. Drew, Fernandez, Knight, Mitchell, and Sabal. Dr. Daniel concluded that the disease was of local origin, and this opinion was shared by Drs. Drew, Fernandez, Mitchell, and Sabal. Drs. Baldwin and Knight, however, believed that the disease had been introduced into Jacksonville from Fernandina. Dr. Daniel's paper was followed by that of Dr. C. W. Horsey, which was a report of the epidemic at Fernandina. The chairman of the committee on nomination of officers reported as follows: for president: Dr. R. D. Murray of Key West; for first vice-president: Dr. A. L. Randolph of Tallahassee; for second vice- president: Dr. C. W. Horsey of Fernandina; for secretary: Dr. Joseph Y. Porter of Key West; and for treasurer: Dr. J. D. Fer- nandez of Jacksonville. The report was adopted, and the officers nominated were declared duly elected. On the evening of the second day the annual oration, "Go Heal the Sick," was delivered by Dr. Kenworthy to a large audience at the Yacht Club. The president's table, draped in mourning, held a tray of beautifully arranged white flowers, on each side of which stood a large bouquet. Upon the chair behind the table hung a wreath of white roses and oleanders. These flowers were given and arranged by Mrs. Daniel, Mrs. Fernandez, and Mrs. Kenworthy.'s On the third and last day of the meeting, with President Murray presiding, Dr. Sabal read a letter from Dr. J. P. Wall of Tampa, who advised that a "State Sanitary Association" be formed. Much time was devoted to the discussion of yellow fever. The committee on the State Board of Health was instructed to continue its labors and the committee on Incorporation was asked to prepare an Act of Incorporation for the association. 122 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE RESOLvED, that a committee of three be appointed to take such steps as they may deem necessary, to erect a suitable monument to the memory of our late friend and brother, F. Preston Well- ford, M.D. The Key West Medical Society, however, recommended that a scholarship be established in a "respectable medical school" and that it be known as the Wellford Scholarship. This recommendation was referred to the special committee which had just been appointed. On the morning of the second day of the meeting, Dr. Daniel read a paper on the yellow fever epidemic in Jacksonville during 1877, displayed a map of the city showing the infected districts, and presented reports from Drs. Drew, Fernandez, Knight, Mitchell, and Sabal. Dr. Daniel concluded that the disease was of local origin, and this opinion was shared by Drs. Drew, Fernandez, Mitchell, and Sabal. Drs. Baldwin and Knight, however, believed that the disease had been introduced into Jacksonville from Fernandina. Dr. Daniel's paper was followed by that of Dr. C. W. Horsey, which was a report of the epidemic at Fernandina. The chairman of the committee on nomination of officers reported as follows: for president: Dr. R. D. Murray of Key West; for first vice-president: Dr. A. L. Randolph of Tallahassee; for second vice- president: Dr. C. W. Horsey of Fernandina; for secretary: Dr. Joseph Y. Porter of Key West; and for treasurer: Dr. J. D. Fer- nandez of Jacksonville. The report was adopted, and the officers nominated were declared duly elected. On the evening of the second day the annual oration, "Go Heal the Sick," was delivered by Dr. Kenworthy to a large audience at the Yacht Club. The president's table, draped in mourning, held a tray of beautifully arranged white flowers, on each side of which stood a large bouquet. Upon the chair behind the table hung a wreath of white roses and oleanders. These flowers were given and arranged by Mrs. Daniel, Mrs. Fernandez, and Mrs. Kenworthy.t On the third and last day of the meeting, with President Murray presiding, Dr. Sabal read a letter from Dr. J. P. Wall of Tampa, who advised that a "State Sanitary Association" be formed. Much time was devoted to the discussion of yellow fever. The committee on the State Board of Health was instructed to continue its labors and the committee on Incorporation was asked to prepare an Act of Incorporation for the association. 122 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE RESoLVED, that a committee of three be appointed to take such steps as they may deem necessary, to erect a suitable monument to the memory of our late friend and brother, F. Preston Well- ford, M.D. The Key West Medical Society, however, recommended that a scholarship be established in a "respectable medical school" and that it be known as the Wellford Scholarship. This recommendation was referred to the special committee which had just been appointed. On the morning of the second day of the meeting, Dr. Daniel read a paper on the yellow fever epidemic in Jacksonville during 1877, displayed a map of the city showing the infected districts, and presented reports from Drs. Drew, Fernandez, Knight, Mitchell, and Sabal. Dr. Daniel concluded that the disease was of local origin, and this opinion was shared by Drs. Drew, Fernandez, Mitchell, and Sabal. Drs. Baldwin and Knight, however, believed that the disease had been introduced into Jacksonville from Fernandina. Dr. Daniel's paper was followed by that of Dr. C. W. Horsey, which was a report of the epidemic at Fernandina. The chairman of the committee on nomination of officers reported as follows: for president: Dr. R. D. Murray of Key West; for first vice-president: Dr. A. L. Randolph of Tallahassee; for second vice- president: Dr. C. W. Horsey of Fernandina; for secretary: Dr. Joseph Y. Porter of Key West; and for treasurer: Dr. J. D. Fer- nandez of Jacksonville. The report was adopted, and the officers nominated were declared duly elected. On the evening of the second day the annual oration, "Go Heal the Sick," was delivered by Dr. Kenworthy to a large audience at the Yacht Club. The president's table, draped in mourning, held a tray of beautifully arranged white flowers, on each side of which stood a large bouquet. Upon the chair behind the table hung a wreath of white roses and oleanders. These flowers were given and arranged by Mrs. Daniel, Mrs. Fernandez, and Mrs. Kenworthy.tm On the third and last day of the meeting, with President Murray presiding, Dr. Sabal read a letter from Dr. J. P. Wall of Tampa, who advised that a "State Sanitary Association" be formed. Much time was devoted to the discussion of yellow fever. The committee on the State Board of Health was instructed to continue its labors and the committee on Incorporation was asked to prepare an Act of Incorporation for the association.  SANITATION PROBLEMS 123 SANITATION PROBLEMS 123 Dr. J. Y. Porter of Key West offered the following resolutions: RESOLVED, by the Florida Medical Association, that there shall be three trustees appointed ... to be known as the Trustees of the "Wellford Fund." RESoLVED, that in honor and commemoration of the noble life and sacrificial death of our late President ... a fund be established for the purpose of perpetuating his name and aiding needy students of medicine. ... RESOLVED, that the beneficiaries be residents of this state and really deserving and needy and that when a sufficient amount is attained a scholarship be secured in a reputable medical college, preferably the one which gave our late President his medical degree. Dr. Murray strongly favored these resolutions, whereupon they were referred to the committee on the erection of a monument.* Before the meeting was adjourned, Jacksonville was designated as the meeting place for the third Tuesday in April of the following year, 1879. *Unfortunately, no monument was erected and no scholarship was estab- lished. At the meeting in 1879, Drs. Baldwin, Daniel, and Kenworthy reported that they had met with little success in raisina funds.19 Dr. J. Y. Porter of Key West offered the following resolutions: RESOLVED, by the Florida Medical Association, that there shall be three trustees appointed . . . to be known as the Trustees of the "Wellford Fund." REsOLvED, that in honor and commemoration of the noble life and sacrificial death of our late President . . .a fund be established for the purpose of perpetuating his name and aiding needy students of medicine. ... RESoLVED, that the beneficiaries be residents of this state and really deserving and needy and that when a sufficient amount is attained a scholarship be secured in a reputable medical college, preferably the one which gave our late President his medical degree. Dr. Murray strongly favored these resolutions, whereupon they were referred to the committee on the erection of a monument.* Before the meeting was adjourned, Jacksonville was designated as the meeting place for the third Tuesday in April of the following year, 1879. *Unfortunately, no monument was erected and no scholarship was estab- lished. At the meeting in 1879, Drs. Baldwin, Daniel, and Kenworthy reported that they had met with little success in raising funds.19 SANITATION PROBLEMS 123 Dr. J. Y. Porter of Key West offered the following resolutions: RESOLVED, by the Florida Medical Association, that there shall be three trustees appointed . . . to be known as the Trustees of the "Wellford Fund." RESOLVED, that in honor and commemoration of the noble life and sacrificial death of our late President .. .a fund be established for the purpose of perpetuating his name and aiding needy students of medicine. . RESOLVED, that the beneficiaries be residents of this state and really deserving and needy and that when a sufficient amount is attained a scholarship be secured in a reputable medical college, preferably the one which gave our late President his medical degree. Dr. Murray strongly favored these resolutions, whereupon they were referred to the committee on the erection of a monument.* Before the meeting was adjourned, Jacksonville was designated as the meeting place for the third Tuesday in April of the following year, 1879. *Unfortunately, no monument was erected and no scholarship was estab- lished. At the meeting in 1879, Drs. Baldwin, Daniel, and Kenworthy reported that they had met with little success in raising funds.1o  16 Water Works and Sewer System PROBLEMS CONFRONTING THE SANITARY TRUSTEES D URING the summer of 1878, Jacksonville's Sanitary Trustees be- gan to consider how they could carry out the remainder of the plan for better sanitation in the city. The United States was suffering from a financial depression, and there was little or no demand for Southern securities. Charleston and Savannah had either repudiated or heavily discounted their city bonds, and Jacksonville, while still recognizing her $50,000 bond issue of 1857, had not been able to pay the interest. Mr. M. W. Drew and Mr. S. B. Hubbard went to New York, Boston, and other cities in the North to negotiate a new bond issue, and spent several months in the effort without success. In the fall of 1878 the trustees advertised for bids to construct a water works. They received several bids from responsible contractors, but all were based upon payment largely in cash. Finally, after much negotia- tion, the trustees concluded a contract with Dr. S. A. Cloud of Philadelphia, in which he agreed to construct a water works and a system of sewers, and to dredge Hogans and McCoy's creeks for $200,000 payable in city bonds.' Inasmuch as there was no suitable spring or stream near Jack- sonville which could furnish an adequate supply of water, it was necessary to sink experimental wells. A location was chosen in Springfield north of Hogans Creek near Panama Road, now Main Street. After several pipes were sunk in the rock and the tests proved to be satisfactory, a seven-acre tract of land in that region, now Water Works Park, was purchased from Robinson and Bostwick for $3,300 in bonds. The contractor began work in June, 1879, 124 16 Water Works and Sewer System PROBLEMS CONFRONTING THE SANITARY TRUSTEES D URING the summer of 1878, Jacksonville's Sanitary Trustees be- gan to consider how they could carry out the remainder of the plan for better sanitation in the city. The United States was suffering from a financial depression, and there was little or no demand for Southern securities. Charleston and Savannah had either repudiated or heavily discounted their city bonds, and Jacksonville, while still recognizing her $50,000 bond issue of 1857, had not been able to pay the interest. Mr. M. W. Drew and Mr. S. B. Hubbard went to New York, Boston, and other cities in the North to negotiate a new bond issue, and spent several months in the effort without success. In the fall of 1878 the trustees advertised for bids to construct a water works. They received several bids from responsible contractors, but all were based upon payment largely in cash. Finally, after much negotia- tion, the trustees concluded a contract with Dr. S. A. Cloud of Philadelphia, in which he agreed to construct a water works and a system of sewers, and to dredge Hogans and McCoy's creeks for $200,000 payable in city bonds.' Inasmuch as there was no suitable spring or stream near Jack- sonville which could furnish an adequate supply of water, it was necessary to sink experimental wells. A location was chosen in Springfield north of Hogans Creek near Panama Road, now Main Street. After several pipes were sunk in the rock and the tests proved to be satisfactory, a seven-acre tract of land in that region, now Water Works Park, was purchased from Robinson and Bostwick for $3,300 in bonds. The contractor began work in June, 1879, 124 16 Water Works and Sewer System PROBLEMS CONFRONTING THE SANITARY TRUSTEES DtURING the summer of 1878, Jacksonville's Sanitary Trustees be- gan to consider how they could carry out the remainder of the plan for better sanitation in the city. The United States was suffering from a financial depression, and there was little or no demand for Southern securities. Charleston and Savannah had either repudiated or heavily discounted their city bonds, and Jacksonville, while still recognizing her 850,000 bond issue of 1857, had not been able to pay the interest. Mr. M. W. Drew and Mr. S. B. Hubbard went to New York, Boston, and other cities in the North to negotiate a new bond issue, and spent several months in the effort without success. In the fall of 1878 the trustees advertised for bids to construct a water works. They received several bids from responsible contractors, but all were based upon payment largely in cash. Finally, after much negotia- tion, the trustees concluded a contract with Dr. S. A. Cloud of Philadelphia, in which he agreed to construct a water works and a system of sewers, and to dredge Hogans and McCoy's creeks for $200,000 payable in city bonds.' Inasmuch as there was no suitable spring or stream near Jack- sonville which could furnish an adequate supply of water, it was necessary to sink experimental wells. A location was chosen in Springfield north of Hogans Creek near Panama Road, now Stain Street. After several pipes were sunk in the rock and the tests proved to be satisfactory, a seven-acre tract of land in that region, now Water Works Park, was purchased from Robinson and Bostwick for $3,300 in bonds. The contractor began work in June, 1879, 124  WATER WORKS AND SEWER SYSTEM 125 WATER WORKS AND SEWEFR SYSTEM 125 WATER WORKS AND SEWER SYSTEM 125 Jacksonpille ttWat Ifork's aft itso-r contetcton v, 1s8 and an July 6, 1880. the completed praject was accepted by the teas- tees. On that day the watee woehs was pat in opetation swith one handeed cansamers participoating. The tetal cast was slightty mote than $100,000.' Sueveys and plant were wade in this toe the constractiont at sewees, and actual work washeguninNovembher. 1879. Thettoaog- raphyofa the city msade it necessary to haild the main sewers at Cedar, Pine, Mtarket. and Catherine streets tanning teem north to south so that they wouldemopty into theie. Laterat sewees teensingeast and west connected with the main sewees at a sean- hale. Consteuction was of viteifited teera-cotta pipe, eight to twenty- Ieee inches in diametee, and the entiee tength at the system was taidt to he appeoxitmately seven and one-halt noites.3 The woerk was completed at a case at approximately $70,000 and was accepted hy the trustees in Aprit, 1880. The dredging at Hogant Creek was hegun in 1880 and was prac- tically completed, at a cast at ahout $17,000, in the opting at 1881. The dredging at MctCoy's Creek was hegun somewhat later. Jacks,,,nile Ilater Ioeko aficer ito cotsotruction tio 1820 and on July 6, 1880, the completed project was accepted hy the teas- teen. On that day the water workos was put in opoeation weith one hundred consusmern participating. The total cast was slightly emore thee $188800.2 Sureys and plans wnere wade in 1878 tat the construction al sewes and actualsworkswashbegun inNoemhe, 1879. The topog- raphty ot the city sade it necessaty to build the tate sewers as Cetdar, tine, Msarket, and Cathetine ntretets runntng tram north to sooth so that they would empty into the river. Lateral sewers running east andnwest connectedswith thetnmain sewes at aman- hole. Construction was at vitritied terra-cotta pipe, eight to twenty. loot inches in diameter, and the entire length at the system was said toheapponimately seven and one-halftmiles. The worh was completed at a cast at approximotely 878,800 and u-as accepted by the trustees in Aptil, t8ll. The dredgingaofHogansCeek washbegunain 1880and was pac- tically completed, at a cast at ahout $17,888, in the storing at 1881. The dredging at Mcoay's Creek was hegue soewhat latter. Jockoso leto iteok after its cnttrction is 80 and an July 6, 1880, the completed project was accepted hy the tree- lees. On that day the water works was pat in opration with one hundred cottsumets psarticipating. The total cost toas slightly mate than $180,00.2 Surveys and plane swete wade in 1878 toe the constrotction at swrand actualtwork was hegun in Novembeo, 1878. The topog- raphy of the city made it necessary to build the main sewers at Cedar, P'ine, Maroket, and Catherine steets tanning trees northt to south so that they would empty into the riser. Lateral sewers runntng east and west connected with the main sewert at a man- hole. Construction was at vitrified terra-cotta pipe, eight In twenty- toot inches in diameter, and the entire length at the systetm was sald to he approximately steren and one-halt miles.3 The otk was completed at a cost of approximatels 578,000 and was accepted by the trustees in April, 1881. The dredging at Hogans Cteek was begn in 1888 and swas prac- tically completed, at a cost of about $11,000, in the spting at 1811. The dredging of MScCoy's Creek was begun somewhat latter.  126 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 126 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 126 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE SIXTH ANNUAL SESSION OF THE FLORIDA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The Florida Medical Association met at Odd Fellows Hall in Jacksonville on April 15, 1879. Dr. R. D. Murray, the president, gave the annual address, which was a report on "The Condition of the Profession" in Florida during the year 1878. Dr. Baldwin, of the committee on the State Board of Health, reported on the failure of the bill to become a law. A request from Colonel L. A. Hardee, of concussion fame, for permission to appear before the association in order to present some facts relative to the cause and prevention of yellow fever, was tabled. On the second day of the meeting Dr. Kenworthy presented a paper on the "Germ Theory of Disease," a subject which was beginning to engage the serious attention of medical men of that day. The committee on nomination of officers reported: for President -Dr. R. P. Daniel of Jacksonville; for first vice-president-Dr. J. P. Kimball of St. Augustine; for second vice-president-Dr. N. D. Phil- lips of Gainesville; for secretary-Dr. A. L. Randolph of Tallahassee; and for treasurer-Dr. J. D. Fernandez of Jacksonville. The nomina- tion of Dr. Randolph for secretary was not affirmed by acclamation, whereupon Dr. J. Y. Porter of Key West was nominated from the floor. The amended report then was adopted, and the officers nominated were declared elected. Two amendments to the constitution were made, one of which provided for a "Librarian in the rostrum of officers." The Duval County Medical Society was appointed "custodian of the books of the Association," and Dr. Kenworthy was elected Librarian.* The association was adjourned to meet in Jacksonville in April of the following year0 Four prominent physicians of this period who were to play im- portant roles in the county's medical activities during the years just ahead were Drs. J. D. Fernandez, Neal and Sollace Mitchell, and Henry Robinson. *Twenty-two years later all of the association's records were destroyed in the Jacksonville fire.4 SIXTH ANNUAL SESSION OF THE FLORIDA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The Florida Medical Association met at Odd Fellows Hall in Jacksonville on April 15, 1879. Dr. R. D. Murray, the president, gave the annual address, which was a report on "The Condition of the Profession" in Florida during the year 1878. Dr. Baldwin, of the committee on the State Board of Health, reported on the failure of the bill to become a law. A request from Colonel L. A. Hardee, of concussion fame, for permission to appear before the association in order to present some facts relative to the cause and prevention of yellow fever, was tabled. On the second day of the meeting Dr. Kenworthy presented a paper on the "Germ Theory of Disease," a subject which was beginning to engage the serious attention of medical men of that day. The committee on nomination of officers reported: for President -Dr. R. P. Daniel of Jacksonville; for first vice-president-Dr. J. P. Kimball of St. Augustine; for second vice-president-Dr. N. D. Phil- lips of Gainesville; for secretary-Dr. A. L. Randolph of Tallahassee; and for treasurer-Dr. J. D. Fernandez of Jacksonville. The nomina- tion of Dr. Randolph for secretary was not affirmed by acclamation, whereupon Dr. J. Y. Porter of Key West was nominated from the floor. The amended report then was adopted, and the officers nominated were declared elected. Two amendments to the constitution were made. one of which provided for a "Librarian in the rostrum of officers." The Duval County Medical Society was appointed "custodian of the books of the Association," and Dr. Kenworthy was elected Librarian.* The association was adjourned to meet in Jacksonville in April of the following years Four prominent physicians of this period who were to play im- portant roles in the county's medical activities during the years just ahead were Drs. J. D. Fernandez, Neal and Sollace Mitchell, and Henry Robinson. *Twenty-two years later all of the association's records were destroyed in the Jacksonville fire.4 SIXTH ANNUAL SESSION OF THE FLORIDA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The Florida Medical Association met at Odd Fellows Hall in Jacksonville on April 15, 1879. Dr. R. D. Murray, the president, gave the annual address, which was a report on "The Condition of the Profession" in Florida during the year 1878. Dr. Baldwin, of the committee on the State Board of Health, reported on the failure of the bill to become a law. A request from Colonel L. A. Hardee, of concussion fame, for permission to appear before the association in order to present some facts relative to the cause and prevention of yellow fever, was tabled. On the second day of the meeting Dr. Kenworthy presented a paper on the "Germ Theory of Disease," a subject which was beginning to engage the serious attention of medical men of that day. The committee on nomination of officers reported: for President -Dr. R. P, Daniel of Jacksonville; for first vice-president-Dr. J. P. Kimball of St. Augustine; for second vice-president-Dr. N. D. Phil- lips of Gainesville; for secretary-Dr. A. L. Randolph of Tallahassee; and for treasurer-Dr. J. D. Fernandez of Jacksonville. The nomina- tion of Dr. Randolph for secretary was not affirmed by acclamation, whereupon Dr. J. Y. Porter of Key West was nominated from the floor. The amended report then was adopted, and the officers nominated were declared elected. Two amendments to the constitution were made, one of which provided for a "Librarian in the rostrum of officers." The Duval County Medical Society was appointed "custodian of the books of the Association," and Dr. Kenworthy was elected Librarian.* The association was adjourned to meet in Jacksonville in April of the following year.5 Four prominent physicians of this period who were to play im- portant roles in the county's medical activities during the years just ahead were Drs. J. D. Fernandez, Neal and Sollace Mitchell, and Henry Robinson. *Twenty-two years later all of the association's records were destroyed in the Jacksonville fire.4  WATER WORKS AND SEWER SYSTEM 127 DR. J. D. FERNANDEZ Dr. John Domingo Fernandez was of Spanish descent. His grandfather, Domingo Fernandez, a native of Castile, Spain, came to Amelia Island and established a plantation where later the town of Fernandina was founded and named for him. Dr. Fernandez was born in Jacksonville on June 19, 1848, soon after his family moved there. In 1870 he was graduated from the Medical College of Vir- ginia. Upon his return to Florida, after spending a few months at Mandarin, he moved back to Jacksonville, where a few years later he was married to Miss Louise Sanford Douglas. Dr. Fernandez served both as secretary and as president of the Duval County Medical Society. In addition, he was treasurer of the Florida Medical Association from 1878, and secretary and treasurer from 1890 until the time of his death many years later. He guided the association through difficult years when disorganization was threatened, and for a brief time he did so almost singlehandedly. His untiring efforts, his ability as an organizer, and his widespread popularity contributed largely to the sustaining of organized medi- cine in Florida. At the time of his death, on December 15, 1913, Dr. Fernandez had a wide circle of friends and was loved by all who knew him. DRS. NEAL AND SOLLACE MITCHELL Dr. Neal Mitchell- was born in Jacksonville, Florida, on Oc- tober 21, 1855. He received his preliminary education at Lapham Institute and his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees from Amherst College. In 1880 he was graduated from the Long Island Medical College with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. After serving for a short time at Bellevue Hospital, he returned that same year to Jacksonville and entered the practice of medicine with his father, Dr. J. D. Mitchell, who was in ill health. Dr. Neal Mitchell was active during the epidemic of smallpox in 1883 and, as president of the Duval County Board of Health, he played an important role in the city and the county during the epidemic of yellow fever in 1888. His younger brother, Sollace, born in 1858, became associated with him in the practice of medicine in 1886. During the eighteen-nineties each had a large, flourishing WATER WORKS AND SEWER SYSTEM 127 DR. J. D. FERNANDEZ Dr. John Domingo Fernandez was of Spanish descent. His grandfather, Domingo Fernandez, a native of Castile, Spain, came to Amelia Island and established a plantation where later the town of Fernandina was founded and named for him. Dr. Fernandez was born in Jacksonville on June 19, 1848, soon after his family moved there. In 1870 he was graduated from the Medical College of Vir- ginia. Upon his return to Florida, after spending a few months at Mandarin, he moved back to Jacksonville, where a few years later he was married to Miss Louise Sanford Douglas. Dr. Fernandez served both as secretary and as president of the Duval County Medical Society. In addition, he was treasurer of the Florida Medical Association from 1878, and secretary and treasurer from 1890 until the time of his death many years later. He guided the association through difficult years when disorganization was threatened, and for a brief time he did so almost singlehandedly. His untiring efforts, his ability as an organizer, and his widespread popularity contributed largely to the sustaining of organized medi- cine in Florida. At the time of his death, on December 15, 1913, Dr. Fernandez had a wide circle of friends and was loved by all who knew him. DRS. NEAL AND SOLLACE MITCHELL Dr. Neal Mitchell7 was born in Jacksonville, Florida, on Oc- tober 21, 1855. He received his preliminary education at Lapham Institute and his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees from Amherst College. In 1880 he was graduated from the Long Island Medical College with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. After serving for a short time at Bellevue Hospital, be returned that same year to Jacksonville and entered the practice of medicine with his father, Dr. J. D. Mitchell, who was in ill health, Dr. Neal Mitchell was active during the epidemic of smallpox in 1883 and, as president of the Duval County Board of Health, he played an important role in the city and the county during the epidemic of yellow fever in 1888. His younger brother, Sollace, born in 1858, became associated with him in the practice of medicine in 1886. During the eighteen-nineties each had a large, flourishing WATER WORKS AND SEWER SYSTEM DR. J. D. FERNANDEZ Dr. John Domingo Fernandez was of Spanish descent. His grandfather, Domingo Fernandez, a native of Castile, Spain, came to Amelia Island and established a plantation where later the town of Fernandina was founded and named for him. Dr. Fernandez was born in Jacksonville on June 19, 1848, soon after his family moved there. In 1870 he was graduated from the Medical College of Vir- ginia. Upon his return to Florida, after spending a few months at Mandarin, he moved back to Jacksonville, where a few years later he was married to Miss Louise Sanford Douglas. Dr. Fernandez served both as secretary and as president of the Duval County Medical Society. In addition, he was treasurer of the Florida Medical Association from 1878, and secretary and treasurer from 1890 until the time of his death many years later. He guided the association through difficult years when disorganization was threatened, and for a brief time he did so almost singlehandedly. His untiring efforts, his ability as an organizer, and his widespread popularity contributed largely to the sustaining of organized medi- cine in Florida. At the time of his death, on December 15, 1913, Dr. Fernandez had a wide circle of friends and was loved by all who knew him. DRS. NEAL AND SOLLACE MITCHELL Dr. Neal Mitchellt was born in Jacksonville, Florida, on Oc- tober 21, 1855. He received his preliminary education at Lapham Institute and his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees from Amherst College. In 1880 he was graduated from the Long Island Medical College with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. After serving for a short time at Bellevue Hospital, he returned that same year to Jacksonville and entered the practice of medicine with his father, Dr. J. D. Mitchell, who was in ill health. Dr. Neal Mitchell was active during the epidemic of smallpox in 1883 and, as president of the Duval County Board of Health, he played an important role in the city and the county during the epidemic of yellow fever in 1888. His younger brother, Sollace, born in 1858, became associated with him in the practice of medicine in 1886. During the eighteen-nineties each had a large, flourishing  128 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE practice. Their home, where their offices were located, was on F~orsyh Street at the corner of Julia; foe many yeaesoitwasoaland- mark in the city. Dr. Neal Mitchell's death in 1911, after a nine- year illness, and Dr. Sollace Mitchell's death a few yeats earlier, i 1907, left an unusnolly large grasp of devoted and loyal patients. 128 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE practice. Theft home, where theft offices were located, was on ForsythStreet at the cornee of Julia; for manyyearsoitwasealand- mark in the city. De. Neal Mitchell's death in 1911, after a nine- year illness, and De. Sollace Mitchell's death a few years earlier, in 1907. left an unusu ally large geoap of devoted and loyal patients. 128 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE practice. Their home, whee their offices were located, was on Forsyth Streertathe corner of Julia; for many years it was aland- mark in the city. Dr. Neal Mitchell's death in 1811, after a nine- year illness, and Dr. Sollace Mitchell's death o few years earlier, in 1901, left an unusoually large group of devoted and loyal patients. Dr. H, ;py (Hy) Robison Dr. H,;:;., (Hys) Rabinont Dr. H fci, (Hy) Robison DR. HENRY ROBINSON On March 6, 1838, Dr. Henry (Hy) Robinont was horn io central Europe. W~hen two yaroldhbewas adopted byanunclr who moved to the United States to become a farmer in Sonth Caro- lina. Upon gradnation from Ike University of Pennsylvaoia School af Medicine in 1861, Dr. Rokinson returoed so Sooth Carolina. en- listed as a private, end served first as a hospital steward and later as an assistant surgeowiththe rank of captai. to 1863 he was DR. HENRY ROBINSON On Mtarch 6, 1838. Dr. Henry (Hy) Robinsont was bortn in central Europe. When two yearsoold hewaseadoptedhbyanoucle who moved to the United States to become a farmer in South Caro- lina. Upon graduation from tke Univs-eity of Pennsylvania School ef Mtedicioe in 1861, Or. Robinson returned to Sooth Carolina, en- listed as a private, and served first as a hospital steward and later asan assistant surgeon with theerank of captain. In 1863 he was DR. IHENRY ROBINSON On Starch 6, 1838, Or. Henry (Hy) Robinson- was horn io centralEutrope. Wheatwoyears old hewas adoptedhby anouncle who moved so the United Staers to become a farmer in Sooth Caro- lina. Upon gradoation from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine io 1661, Dr. Rohinson retrned to Sooth Carolioa, en- listed as a private, and served first as a hospital steward and later asan ssistantsunrgeon with the rank of captain. In 1863 heswas  WATER WORKS AND SEWER SYSTEM 129 ordered by General Beauregard to Florida to organize the Confed- erate hospital at Marianna. After the war, Dr. Robinson was married to Miss Margaret Amelia Dickson of Marianna and began practicing medicine there. In June, 1868, he moved to Jacksonville, where he became active in civic and municipal affairs. He was superintendent of the Duval County Hospital and Asylum, and as chairman of the Board of County Commissioners, he was active during the smallpox epidemic of 1883. He was elected mayor of Jacksonville in 1891 and he held many other civic offices as well. Dr. Robinson, small of stature but large of intellect and spirit, was affectionately known to his many friends as "Hy" Robinson. At the time of his death on November 9, 1918, in his eighty-seventh year, he was recognized as an outstanding leader in the city he had adopted fifty years before. WATER WORKS AND SEWER SYSTEM 129 ordered by General Beauregard to Florida to organize the Confed- erate hospital at Marianna. After the war, Dr. Robinson was married to Miss Margaret Amelia Dickson of Marianna and began practicing medicine there. In June, 1868, he moved to Jacksonville, where he became active in civic and municipal affairs. He was superintendent of the Duval County Hospital and Asylum, and as chairman of the Board of County Commissioners, he was active during the smallpox epidemic of 1883. He was elected mayor of Jacksonville in 1891 and he held many other civic offices as well. Dr. Robinson, small of stature but large of intellect and spirit, was affectionately known to his many friends as "Hy" Robinson. At the time of his death on November 9, 1918, in his eighty-seventh year, he was recognized as an outstanding leader in the city he had adopted fifty years before. WATER WORKS AND SEWER SYSTEM 129 ordered by General Beauregard to Florida to organize the Confed- erate hospital at Marianna. After the war, Dr. Robinson was married to Miss Margaret Amelia Dickson of Marianna and began practicing medicine there. In June, 1868, he moved to Jacksonville, where he became active in civic and municipal affairs. He was superintendent of the Duval County Hospital and Asylum, and as chairman of the Board of County Commissioners, he was active during the smallpox epidemic of 1883. He was elected mayor of Jacksonville in 1891 and he held many other civic offices as well. Dr. Robinson, small of stature but large of intellect and spirit, was affectionately known to his many friends as "Hy" Robinson. At the time of his death on November 9, 1918, in his eighty-seventh year, he was recognized as an outstanding leader in the city he had adopted fifty years before.  ?wned by Dr. N. ylbster on Cai Riverside Avenel at Ledla Broo6(rri. Uru; Store owned by Dr. N. A, bst, on Co, Street (now Riverside Avenue) at Leilla  117 The Smallpox Epidemic of 1883 IN JACKSOaNVILLE and Duval Coanty, the years 1880, 1881, and 1882 appear to have beta uneventfal froat the starndpoint of pablic health.' Trhe following yeae, howevee, peaved ta he quite different. In Janaay, 1883, the editoe of a local paper aated that Jackson- ville'stdriaking water wasrheing taken romaHogaasCeekb. He de- clared that the watee war "ahsalately harrihie" and "disracefal" toacitytat waspayingaonmah fae decent din." Having ex- pressed himselferatherefeely antltatascoeandhbeintghkeyedtoa high pitch, he cantiaaed: ...Lookiag athwart Bay hteet yester- day mtethoaght I heheld wad. Nat in little dats r speckt, bar wad in its tplendid eatieety . .. all eamheacing, weltering, witheeiag, paeridge-resewhling wad. And I sigheda" Apparently the editae felt rather strangly that the recently cowpteted water waeks and sanitaey iwprovements ia the city left sawething ta he desired. The health autharities, being at the sawe opinion, tarn began a ceen-up carapaign, hat their elftrts weee ineffectual.' The prevailing direare dueing. the wiater war influenza af a art very virlnent type, hat in March a loathsowe and dreaded, diseare wade itsaappearaneinJacksanville. Swallpoa! The veryaondaof the nameseewedtoachange the atwaspheeeofithe city. O~n Aprill7 a note written to a lacat paper suggested that "kaowing the actual factsrineregard tathe recent outbreak ofasmallpoxrinJacksronvile woatdhbelaearoeeassringrthaathe wild adalarwigruaors thataebeingtownabraadcast." It also decried thet"eneless panic" ti the citizena. That warning, reveetl physicians, a few wewheers of the city coanciland a handfal of "citizens" wet at Dre. Calaumhas Drew's office and recowwended that a special weeting a1 the Jackonvile Board of Health he called tar that day. Thir graup, having hecawe 17? The Smallpox Epidemic of 1883 IN a JACKSONVIccE and Davat Coanty, the year. 1880, 1881, and 1882 appear to have been aneventful lernm the standpaint al pahic health.' The following year, howevee, proved to be qaire different. In January, 1883, the editr of a local papr noted that Jachata- ville's drinking water war heing taken feaw Hagano Creek. He de- claeed that the water war "abtolutely hoerihle" and "disracefal" toacity that waspayirgromchiaer'decentdrink." Having er- preesed hiwselfratherrfrely onrthatscarerand being keyedtoa high pitch, hr candinued: ...Looking athwart Bay Street yester- day werhoaght I beheld wad. Nat in little data ar specks, hat wad in itsplndid entirety . .. allembracing; weltering, withering, poreidge-resembling wad. And I sighed."' Apparently the editor felt rather strongly that the eecently caompleted waler warks and sanitary imprarewents in the city left something to be desited. The health authoritieo, being of the samwe apinion, soon hegan a clean-np cawpaign, bat their efaorta were ineffectaal.t The prevailing disease daring the winter war influenza of a not very vieulent type, hat in Martch a loathome and dreaded disease wade itsrapparance inJackonville. Swallpar! The veryrsoandrof thernamerreewedtochangerheataphereafbe ciy. On Aprill7 a note written ta a lacal papee suggested that "knowing the actual Inets in regard to the recent outbeak af swallpox in Jacksonville would befarwmore reassuring thanrthewild andalarignrors thatrareheingrownhroadcast." Italsoadecried ther"eneless panic" ti the cilmzent. That warning, reveral physicians, a few wewbers af the city cancil, and a handful of "citizens" wet at Dr. Columbus Drew's alfike and recawwraded that a special wetting ti the Jacksonville Bard of Health he called far that day. Thir groap,. having hecawe 11 The Smallpox Epidemic of 1883 INa JACKSONVIcLE and Dual Contv, the years 1880, 1881, and 1112 appear to have he en aneventfal frow the oraadpint of pahlic health.' The following year, however, prayed ta hr qaiae different. In January, 1183. the ediror of a local paper noted rhat Jackon- vile' drinking water war being taken feow Hogans Creek. He de- clared that the water war "ahsalately horrible" and 'disracefl"l toacity thatwaspayingrawamch foredecet dink." Having ex- pressed hiwself rather freely an that scoe and hieing keyed to a high pitch, he continaed:.. Lathing athwart Bay Street petter- day wethought I beheld wad. Nat in little dts or specko, hat wad in itsplendidnrety. . . allbracing,elering,wiherng, parridge-resewhling wad. And I sighed."t Apparently the editar felt rather strangly that the recently cowpleted water warks and ranitary iwprovemetar tin the city left soweohing to be desired. The health antorioier. being af the sawe opinion, rota began a clean-ap campaign, hat their efforts were ineffectual.t The prevadling direare dating the wintr war influenra of a not very virlent type, bat in March a loathsowe and dreaded disease wade itsaappearance in Jacksnville. Swallpax!- The veryrsound of thernaweseewed tochangetheratwosphreofte city. On Aprill7 a notewrittenrtoalocal papernggestedrhat '"knawing the actual facts in egard to the recent outhreak of swallpox in Jacksonville woald be far ware reassaring than the wild and alarwing ruwors that are bingtswnhradcast." It also dcried ther neaoless panic" ti the citiaens. That warning, several phyician, a few wembers of the city coancil, and a handful of "citizens" wet no Dr. Columbus Drew's office and recowwended that a special wetting of the Jacksonville Board of Health be called far that day. This grup, baring becowe  132 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 132 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 132 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE indignant over the failure of the Florida Times-Union to publish a report of Dr. A. W. Knight, the health officer, further recommended that if the paper persisted in its refusal to publish the report, the Board of Health print it in circular form and distribute it throughout the city. Accordingly, the special meeting of the Board of Health convened that evening at the office of Dr. William L. Baldwin, son of Dr. A. S. Baldwin, with the president, Dr. Neal Mitchell, presid- ing. Dr. Hy Robinson, the chairman of the Duval County Com- missioners and superintendent of the Duval County Hospital and Asylum, read a letter from Mr. Charles Jones, the editor of the Florida Times-Union, in which the editor explained that the decision not to publish the health officer's report had been made during his absence from the city, and offered to publish any material furnished by the health officer. This letter seemed to satisfy those present, and the plan to print and distribute circulars was abandoned. Dr. Knight then gave in summary form an official report on the disease. About mid-March, apparently a sick Negro sailor from New Orleans 1bad stopped at a tenement house on the southwest cor- ner of Cedar and Forsyth streets. Several Negroes who had visited the tenement, before his illness had been recognized as smallpox, had contracted the disease. Immediately, Dr. Robinson had had a Pest House constructed on the grounds of the Duval County Hospital and Asylum about a mile and a half from downtown Jacksonville, and all persons with smallpox had been removed there. At the time of Dr. Knight's report on April 7, twenty-five cases of the disease had occurred among the Negro population, and six patients had died. Before this meeting was adjourned, the members of the city Board of Health issued a statement advising vaccination of all "unprotect- ed" persons, and reassuring the public that there was no need for alarm.4 For the benefit of those who were unable to pay, "vacci- nating depots" were established in Brooklyn, East Jacksonville, La Villa, and Hansontown, as well as at the council rooms in the heart of the city.t Several prominent physicians met with the Board of Health on April 11 to hear Dr. Knight report that he had placed yellow quaran- tine flags upon every house where smallpox was present, but that he had found as a general rule the flags were being disregarded. indignant over the failure of the Florida Times-Union to publish a report of Dr. A. W. Knight, the health officer, further recommended that if the paper persisted in its refusal to publish the report, the Board of Health print it in circular form and distribute it throughout the city. Accordingly, the special meeting of the Board of Health convened that evening at the office of Dr. William L. Baldwin, son of Dr. A. S. Baldwin, with the president, Dr. Neal Mitchell, presid- ing. Dr. Hy Robinson, the chairman of the Duval County Com- missioners and superintendent of the Duval County Hospital and Asylum, read a letter from Mr. Charles Jones, the editor of the Florida Times-Union, in which the editor explained that the decision not to publish the health officer's report had been made during his absence from the city, and offered to publish any material furnished by the health officer. This letter seemed to satisfy those present, and the plan to print and distribute circulars was abandoned. Dr. Knight then gave in summary form an official report on the disease. About mid-March, apparently a sick Negro sailor from New Orleans heid stopped at a tenement house on the southwest cor- ner of Cedar and Forsyth streets. Several Negroes who had visited the tenement, before his illness had been recognized as smallpox, had contracted the disease. Immediately, Dr. Robinson had had a Pest House constructed on the grounds of the Duval County Hospital and Asylum about a mile and a half from downtown Jacksonville, and all persons with smallpox had been removed there. At the time of Dr. Knight's report on April 7, twenty-five cases of the disease had occurred among the Negro population, and six patients had died. Before this meeting was adjourned, the members of the city Board of Health issued a statement advising vaccination of all "unprotect- ed" persons, and reassuring the public that there was no need for alarm.4 For the benefit of those who were unable to pay, "vacci- nating depots" were established in Brooklyn, East Jacksonville, La Villa, and Hansontown, as well as at the council rooms in the heart of the city. Several prominent physicians met with the Board of Health on April 11 to hear Dr. Knight report that he had placed yellow quaran- tine flags upon every house where smallpox was present, but that he had found as a general rule the flags were being disregarded. indignant over the failure of the Florida Tisnes-Union to publish a report of Dr. A. W. Knight, the health officer, further recommended that if the paper persisted in its refusal to publish the report, the Board of Health print it in circular form and distribute it throughout the city. Accordingly, the special meeting of the Board of Health convened that evening at the office of Dr. William L. Baldwin, son of Dr. A. S. Baldwin, with the president, Dr. Neal Mitchell, presid- ing. Dr. Hy Robinson, the chairman of the Duval County Com- missioners and superintendent of the Duval County Hospital and Asylum, read a letter from Mr. Charles Jones, the editor of the Florida Times-Union, in which the editor explained that the decision not to publish the health officer's report had been made during his absence from the city, and offered to publish any material furnished by the health officer. This letter seemed to satisfy those present, and the plan to print and distribute circulars was abandoned. Dr. Knight then gave in summary form an official report on the disease. About mid-March, apparently a sick Negro sailor from New Orleans lfad stopped at a tenement house on the southwest cor- ner of Cedar and Forsyth streets. Several Negroes who had visited the tenement, before his illness had been recognized as smallpox, had contracted the disease. Immediately, Dr. Robinson had had a Pest House constructed on the grounds of the Duval County Hospital and Asylum about a mile and a half from downtown Jacksonville, and all persons with smallpox had been removed there. At the time of Dr. Knight's report on April 7, twenty-five cases of the disease had occurred among the Negro population, and six patients had died. Before this meeting was adjourned, the members of the city Board of Health issued a statement advising vaccination of all "unprotect- ed" persons, and reassuring the public that there was no need for alarm.4 For the benefit of those who were unable to pay, "vacci- nating depots" were established in Brooklyn, East Jacksonville, La Villa, and Hansontown, as well as at the council rooms in the heart of the city.- Several prominent physicians met with the Board of Health on April 11 to hear Dr. Knight report that he had placed yellow quaran- tine flags upon every house where smallpox was present, but that he had found as a general rule the flags were being disregarded.  THE SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC OF 1883 133 He cited several instances in which the flags had been pulled down and people had passed in and out of the the houses indiscriminately. Accordingly, he had conferred with Mayor Dancy and had recom- mended that special policemen be appointed to guard each house that was quarantined.6 On April 13 it was noted in a local paper that vigorous methods to stamp out the disease were being employed. Mayor F. F. L'Engle of La Villa, a colorful figure who held strong opinions, assigned men with "heavily loaded double-barrelled shotguns" to guard the quar- antined houses and instructed them to shoot the first person who attempted to violate the quarantine.t THE PEST HOUSE To add to the excitement, uncertainty, and confusion during that time, one of the nurses from the Pest House who had resigned her position came into the city and began circulating rumors about the lack of bedding and equipment necessary to the comfort of the patients. She told of the leaky roof and general inadequacy of the hastily constructed building. People feared that she might be ex- posing residents of the city to smallpox, whereupon Mayor Dancy brought the problem before the Board of Health. Dr. Knight ex- plained that the woman had had smallpox and that before being allowed to leave the Pest House she had been required to bathe in a disinfectant and make an entire change of clothing. On April 20 an editorial appeared in the Times-Union titled "Stop the Panic Mill": ... [The epidemic] has cost the city thousands of dollars. The visitors at first attached but slight importance to it; but seeing the panic of the citizens, they came to the conclusion that something serious was impending and the usual spring movement northward took the dimensions of a rush. Not only was the hotel season abridged by two weeks or more, but business in every department was paralyzed and the customary channels of trade left empty. The prosperity of the city has suffered a check the effects of which will be felt until next winter. . ...9 The editor did not realize that much worse was yet to come. Quarreling, bickering, and interference were to be the order of the season. THE SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC OF 1883 133 He cited several instances in which the flags had been pulled down and people had passed in and out of the the houses indiscriminately. Accordingly, he had conferred with Mayor Dancy and had recom- mended that special policemen be appointed to guard each house that was quarantined.5 On April 13 it was noted in a local paper that vigorous methods to stamp out the disease were being employed. Mayor F. F. L'Engle of La Villa, a colorful figure who held strong opinions, assigned men with "heavily loaded double-barrelled shotguns" to guard the quar- antined houses and instructed them to shoot the first person who attempted to violate the quarantine.' THE PEST HOUSE To add to the excitement, uncertainty, and confusion during that time, one of the nurses from the Pest House who had resigned her position came into the city and began circulating rumors about the lack of bedding and equipment necessary to the comfort of the patients. She told of the leaky roof and general inadequacy of the hastily constructed building. People feared that she might be ex- posing residents of the city to smallpox, whereupon Mayor Dancy brought the problem before the Board of Health. Dr. Knight ex- plained that the woman had had smallpox and that before being allowed to leave the Pest House she had been required to bathe in a disinfectant and make an entire change of clothing.t On April 20 an editorial appeared in the Times-Union titled "Stop the Panic Mill": . [The epidemic] has cost the city thousands of dollars. The visitors at first attached but slight importance to it; but seeing the panic of the citizens, they came to the conclusion that something serious was impending and the usual spring movement northward took the dimensions of a rush. Not only was the hotel season abridged by two weeks or more, but business in every department was paralyzed and the customary channels of trade left empty. The prosperity of the city has suffered a check the effects of which will be felt until next winter. . . 9 The editor did not realize that much worse was yet to come. Quarreling, bickering, and interference were to be the order of the season. THE SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC OF 1883 133 He cited several instances in which the flags had been pulled down and people had passed in and out of the the houses indiscriminately. Accordingly, he had conferred with Mayor Dancy and had recom- mended that special policemen be appointed to guard each house that was quarantined.t On April 13 it was noted in a local paper that vigorous methods to stamp out the disease were being employed. Mayor F. F. L'Engle of La Villa, a colorful figure who held strong opinions, assigned men with "heavily loaded double-barrelled shotguns" to guard the quar- antined houses and instructed them to shoot the first person who attempted to violate the quarantine.? THE PEST HOUSE To add to the excitement, uncertainty, and confusion during that time, one of the nurses from the Pest House who had resigned her position came into the city and began circulating rumors about the lack of bedding and equipment necessary to the comfort of the patients. She told of the leaky roof and general inadequacy of the hastily constructed building. People feared that she might be ex- posing residents of the city to smallpox, whereupon Mayor Dancy brought the problem before the Board of Health. Dr. Knight ex- plained that the woman had had smallpox and that before being allowed to leave the Pest House she had been required to bathe in a disinfectant and make an entire change of clothing.t On April 20 an editorial appeared in the Times-Union titled "Stop the Panic Mill": .. [The epidemic] has cost the city thousands of dollars. The visitors at first attached but slight importance to it; but seeing the panic of the citizens, they came to the conclusion that something serious was impending and the usual spring movement northward took the dimensions of a rush. Not only was the hotel season abridged by two weeks or more, but business in every department was paralyzed and the customary channels of trade left empty. The prosperity of the city has suffered a check the effects of which will be felt until next winter. .. The editor did not realize that much worse was yet to come. Quarreling, bickering, and interference were to be the order of the season.  134 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 134 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 134 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE ACCUSATIONS On April 21 there appeared another editorial which accused the health authorities of having taken a man and woman suffering with smallpox to the house of a Mr. St. John for medical care, heedless of the fact that a Mr. Hoey living next door had seven small children. When Mr. Hoey complained, the editorial stated, the health authori- ties denied that the couple had smallpox.1 The following day a notice in the paper stated that the patient with "varioloid," reported at Mr. St. John's house, had been removed several miles from the city. It was signed by Dr. Neal Mitchell, president, and Dr. A. W. Knight, secretary, of the Board of Health. Also on April 21, Dr. Robinson felt called upon to defend the medical profession against the attack of a citizen whose critical article had been published on that day. By way of reply, he wrote: A sensational story was published today about the pest house. If the writer had had the courtesy to ascertain all the facts con- nected therewith from the proper authorities he could have obtained all the information necessary. It is true that the pest house was hastily constructed because haste was necessary. It was built of plain pine lumber, located in the pine woods on the only lands the county owns and as nigh as possible removed out of all danger to others. As soon as a competent physician could be had ... Dr. W. H. Babcock took charge of it.... All was and is being done possible to make it as comfortable a place as the circumstances will permit, regardless of cost.. . When gentlemen [who] to the neglect of their own business devote their time and attention to . . . relieving their fellow creatures without pay ... and actually run the risk of contracting the disease themselves . . . are condemned without a hearing . . . a morbid desire for sensation totally inexcusable [is implied]. If the critics desire the facts, I will be pleased upon application, to take them out to the pest house myself and give them every opportunity to judge for themselves. H. Robinson, M.D., Chin. Board Co. Commissioners1t Amid the confusion, accusations, and counteraccusations there appeared to be, on the part of some, a general laxness and indiffer- ence to the orders of the health department. In consequence, the ACCUSATIONS On April 21 there appeared another editorial which accused the health authorities of having taken a man and woman suffering with smallpox to the house of a Mr. St. John for medical care, heedless of the fact that a Mr. Hoey living next door had seven small children. When Mr. Hoey complained, the editorial stated, the health authori- ties denied that the couple had smallpox.lo The following day a notice in the paper stated that the patient with "varioloid," reported at Mr. St. John's house, had been removed several miles from the city. It was signed by Dr. Neal Mitchell, president, and Dr. A. W. Knight, secretary, of the Board of Health. Also on April 21, Dr. Robinson felt called upon to defend the medical profession against the attack of a citizen whose critical article had been published on that day. By way of reply, he wrote: A sensational story was published today about the pest house. If the writer had had the courtesy to ascertain all the facts con- nected therewith from the proper authorities he could have obtained all the information necessary. It is true that the pest house was hastily constructed because haste was necessary. It was built of plain pine lumber, located in the pine woods on the only lands the county owns and as nigh as possible removed out of all danger to others. As soon as a competent physician could be had ... Dr. W. H. Babcock took charge of it... .All was and is being done possible to make it as comfortable a place as the circumstances will permit, regardless of cost.. . When gentlemen [who] to the neglect of their own business devote their time and attention to . . . relieving their fellow creatures without pay . .. and actually run the risk of contracting the disease themselves . . . are condemned without a hearing . . . a morbid desire for sensation totally inexcusable [is implied]. If the critics desire the facts, I will be pleased upon application, to take them out to the pest house myself and give them every opportunity to judge for themselves. H. Robinson, M.D., Chin. Board Co. Commissioners" Amid the confusion, accusations, and counteraccusations there appeared to be, on the part of some, a general laxness and indiffer- ence to the orders of the health department. In consequence, the ACCUSATIONS On April 21 there appeared another editorial which accused the health authorities of having taken a man and woman suffering with smallpox to the house of a Mr. St. John for medical care, heedless of the fact that a Mr. Hoey living next door had seven small children. When Mr. Hoey complained, the editorial stated, the health authori- ties denied that the couple had smallpox.o The following day a notice in the paper stated that the patient with "varioloid," reported at Mr. St. John's house, had been removed several miles from the city. It was signed by Dr. Neal Mitchell, president, and Dr. A. W. Knight, secretary, of the Board of Health. Also on April 21, Dr. Robinson felt called upon to defend the medical profession against the attack of a citizen whose critical article had been published on that day. By way of reply, he wrote: A sensational story was published today about the pest house. If the writer had had the courtesy to ascertain all the facts con- nected therewith from the proper authorities he could have obtained all the information necessary. It is true that the pest house was hastily constructed because haste was necessary. It was built of plain pine lumber, located in the pine woods on the only lands the county owns and as nigh as possible removed out of all danger to others. As soon as a competent physician could be had ... Dr. W. H. Babcock took charge of it. . ..All was and is being done possible to make it as comfortable a place as the circumstances will permit, regardless of cost.. . When gentlemen [who] to the neglect of their own business devote their time and attention to ... relieving their fellow creatures without pay ... and actually run the risk of contracting the disease themselves . . . are condemned without a hearing . . . a morbid desire for sensation totally inexcusable [is implied]. If the critics desire the facts, I will be pleased upon application, to take them out to the pest house myself and give them every opportunity to judge for themselves. H. Robinson, M.D., Chm. Board Co. Commissioners0 Amid the confusion, accusations, and counteraccusations there appeared to be, on the part of some, a general laxness and indiffer- ence to the orders of the health department. In consequence, the  THE SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC OF 1883 135 health authorities became stricter in an attempt to enforce the health laws. Two Negro preachers, who disobeyed orders and held church services at night, were arrested and "brought up" for punishment "according to law." Later, a local physician, who left a patient with smallpox and mingled with people on the street without "prop- erly fumigating himself," was called before the mayor and fined $25 and costs12 On April 23, at a meeting of the Board of Health, Dr. John H. Livingston was elected public vaccinator and was instructed "to visit every house and vicinity, to examine all white and black persons and to vaccinate everyone who had not been successfully vaccinated."1a Despite increased vigilance and campaigns to arouse the public, compulsory vaccination did not prove to be practicable. STATISTICS AND CONTROVERSY About that time Dr. Neal Mitchell, because of a reported 50 per cent mortality among the patients with smallpox, thought that he should make an explanation to the public. He cited a 30 per cent mortality rate reported at Riverside Hospital in New York City and explained that in Jacksonville, since there had not been systematic vaccination as there had been in the North, and since the mortality rate is higher among Negroes than among white people, the 50 per cent mortality rate was not excessive. This explanation, however, failed to have the desired effect. On April 25 a strongly worded editorial which appeared in the Times-Union criticized the statistics cited by Dr. Mitchell and stated that the mortality rate in a large first-class hospital of the North was 3 per cent, not 30 per cent. Soon a controversy began in earnest between citizens and some of the members of the Board of Health, on the one hand, and citizens and the editor of the Times-Union, on the other. As is often the case in controversy, it is difficult in this dispute to judge which side was right and which was wrong. Unfortunately, in this instance there was much bitterness. Many statements and accusations were made that must have been regretted later. For example, on April 25 an article appeared in the Times-Union from which the following is quoted: The Board of Health has published a bloodthirsty communica- tion in which they threaten that if criticism of their methods does THE SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC OF 1883 135 health authorities became stricter in an attempt to enforce the health laws. Two Negro preachers, who disobeyed orders and held church services at night, were arrested and "brought up" for punishment "according to law." Later, a local physician, who left a patient with smallpox and mingled with people on the street without "prop- erly fumigating himself," was called before the mayor and fined $25 and costs.a2 On April 23, at a meeting of the Board of Health, Dr. John H. Livingston was elected public vaccinator and was instructed "to visit every house and vicinity, to examine all white and black persons and to vaccinate everyone who had not been successfully vaccinated."13 Despite increased vigilance and campaigns to arouse the public, compulsory vaccination did not prove to be practicable. STATISTICS AND CONTROVERSY About that time Dr. Neal Mitchell, because of a reported 50 per cent mortality among the patients with smallpox, thought that he should make an explanation to the public. He cited a 30 per cent mortality rate reported at Riverside Hospital in New York. City and explained that in Jacksonville, since there had not been systematic vaccination as there had been in the North, and since the mortality rate is higher among Negroes than among white people, the 50 per cent mortality rate was not excessive. This explanation, however, failed to have the desired effect. On April 25 a strongly worded editorial which appeared in the Times-Union criticized the statistics cited by Dr. Mitchell and stated that the mortality rate in a large first-class hospital of the North was 3 per cent, not 30 per cent. Soon a controversy began in earnest between citizens and some of the members of the Board of Health, on the one hand, and citizens and the editor of the Times-Union, on the other. As is often the case in controversy, it is difficult in this dispute to judge which side was right and which was wrong. Unfortunately, in this instance there was much bitterness. Many statements and accusations were made that must have been regretted later. For example, on April 25 an article appeared in the Times-Union from which the following is quoted: The Board of Health has published a bloodthirsty communica- tion in which they threaten that if criticism of their methods does THE SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC OF 1883 135 health authorities became stricter in an attempt to enforce the health laws. Two Negro preachers, who disobeyed orders and held church services at night, were arrested and "brought up" for punishment "according to law." Later, a local physician, who left a patient with smallpox and mingled with people on the street without "prop- erly fumigating himself," was called before the mayor and fined $25 and costs.1 On April 23, at a meeting of the Board of Health, Dr. John H. Livingston was elected public vaccinator and was instructed "to visit every house and vicinity, to examine all white and black persons and to vaccinate everyone who had not been successfully vaccinated."13 Despite increased vigilance and campaigns to arouse the public, compulsory vaccination did not prove to be practicable. STATISTICS AND CONTROVERSY About that time Dr. Neal Mitchell, because of a reported 50 per cent mortality among the patients with smallpox, thought that he should make an explanation to the public. He cited a 30 per cent mortality rate reported at Riverside Hospital in New York City and explained that in Jacksonville, since there had not been systematic vaccination as there had been in the North, and since the mortality rate is higher among Negroes than among white people, the 50 per cent mortality rate was not excessive. This explanation, however, failed to have the desired effect. On April 25 a strongly worded editorial which appeared in the Times-Union criticized the statistics cited by Dr. Mitchell and stated that the mortality rate in a large first-class hospital of the North was 3 per cent, not 30 per cent. Soon a controversy began in earnest between citizens and some of the members of the Board of Health, on the one hand, and citizens and the editor of the Times-Union, on the other. As is often the case in controversy, it is difficult in this dispute to judge which side was right and which was wrong. Unfortunately, in this instance there was much bitterness. Many statements and accusations were made that must have been regretted later. For example, on April 25 an article appeared in the Times-Union from which the following is quoted: The Board of Health has published a bloodthirsty communica- tion in which they threaten that if criticism of their methods does  136 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE not stop, they will in their individual capacity "prove dangerous." If they are any deadlier in their individual capacity than they are collectively we had all better migrate at once.t0 After Mr. F. F. L'Engle, in defending the Board of Health, used strong language which was interpreted by the editor of the Times- Union to imply a personal threat of violence, the controversy became even more bitter and personal. On April 26 the editor wrote: Having taken a reef in his blustering, Mr. F. F. L'Engle submits one or two points which we are willing to consider. He proposes to agree with us that it is rather late in the day in this good city of Jacksonville to attempt to silence legitimate public criticism by threats of personal violence, but intimates that the point is, what constitutes "legitimate criticism"? . He suggests that Mr. Jones [the editor] has had experience enough with the people in this latitude to realize that they some- times resort to personal violence to "punish" those who may happen to disagree with them. We may add that the people in this latitude have had experience enough with Mr. Jones to know that his course cannot be influenced in the slightest degree by either the perpetra- tion of personal violence or the threat of it. For most of the gentlemen . . . of the Board of Health we have as cordial respect as has Mr. L'Engle, and as high an apprecia- tion of the thankless and disinterested service they are rendering to the community. We respectfully suggest to these gentlemen that our mild strictures have done them less damage in the minds of thinking citizens than has the intemperate language of their self-con- stituted defender. It is regrettable that Mr. L'Engle's remarks are not on record also, thus making it possible to analyze the controversy more ob- jectively. Elsewhere in the paper on April 26, the editor wrote in a more boastful mood: The Board of Health have dried up and the wind has given them a ride. They have crawled into their hole and pulled the hole in after them. They are an echo, a reverberation, a current of air which sigheth through an empty bunghole-and the bunghole is not a very good bunghole either. But the bunghole is all that remains. And the bunghole wishes it had never been unbunged 15 136 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE not stop, they will in their individual capacity "prove dangerous." If they are any deadlier in their individual capacity than they are collectively we had all better migrate at once.00 After Mr. F. F. L'Engle, in defending the Board of Health, used strong language which was interpreted by the editor of the Times- Union to imply a personal threat of violence, the controversy became even more bitter and personal. On April 26 the editor wrote: Having taken a reef in his blustering, Mr. F. F. L'Engle submits one or two points which we are willing to consider. He proposes to agree with us that it is rather late in the day in this good city of Jacksonville to attempt to silence legitimate public criticism by threats of personal violence, but intimates that the point is, what constitutes "legitimate criticism"? . He suggests that Mr. Jones [the editor] has had experience enough with the people in this latitude to realize that they some- times resort to personal violence to "punish" those who may happen to disagree with them. We may add that the people in this latitude have had experience enough with Mr. Jones to know that his course cannot be influenced in the slightest degree by either the perpetra- tion of personal violence or the threat of it. ... For most of the gentlemen . . . of the Board of Health we have as cordial respect as has Mr. L'Engle, and as high an apprecia- tion of the thankless and disinterested service they are rendering to the community. We respectfully suggest to these gentlemen that our mild strictures have done them less damage in the minds of thinking citizens than has the intemperate language of their self-con- stituted defender. It is regrettable that Mr. L'Engle's remarks are not on record also, thus making it possible to analyze the controversy more ob- jectively. Elsewhere in the paper on April 26, the editor wrote in a more boastful mood: The Board of Health have dried up and the wind has given them a ride. They have crawled into their hole and pulled the hole in after them. They are an echo, a reverberation, a current of air which sigheth through an empty bunghole-and the bunghole is not a very good bunghole either. But the bunghole is all that remains. And the bunghole wishes it had never been unbunged.1t 136 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE not stop, they will in their individual capacity "prove dangerous." If they are any deadlier in their individual capacity than they are collectively we had all better migrate at once.04 After Mr. F. F. L'Engle, in defending the Board of Health, used strong language which was interpreted by the editor of the Times- Union to imply a personal threat of violence, the controversy became even more bitter and personal. On April 26 the editor wrote: Having taken a reef in his blustering, Mr. F. F. L'Engle submits one or two points which we are willing to consider. He proposes to agree with us that it is rather late in the day in this good city of Jacksonville to attempt to silence legitimate public criticism by threats of personal violence, but intimates that the point is, what constitutes "legitimate criticism"? . He suggests that Mr. Jones [the editor] has had experience enough with the people in this latitude to realize that they some- times resort to personal violence to "punish" those who may happen to disagree with them. We may add that the people in this latitude have had experience enough with Mr. Jones to know that his course cannot be influenced in the slightest degree by either the perpetra- tion of personal violence or the threat of it. ... For most of the gentlemen . . . of the Board of Health we have as cordial respect as has Mr. L'Engle, and as high an apprecia- tion of the thankless and disinterested service they are rendering to the community. We respectfully suggest to these gentlemen that our mild strictures have done them less damage in the minds of thinking citizens than has the intemperate language of their self-con- stituted defender. It is regrettable that Mr. L'Engle's remarks are not on record also, thus making it possible to analyze the controversy more ob- jectively. Elsewhere in the paper on April 26, the editor wrote in a more boastful mood: The Board of Health have dried up and the wind has given them a ride. They have crawled into their hole and pulled the hole in after them. They are an echo, a reverberation, a current of air which sigheth through an empty bunghole-and the bunghole is not a very good bunghole either. But the bunghole is all that remains. And the bunghole wishes it had never been unbunged.o  THE SMALLPOX Y" IDE JIC OF 1883 137 THE SMALPOX EPIEMIC OF 883 137THE SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC OF 1883 137TH SMLPXEIMCOF18 THE SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC OF 1883 Mr. Chataes H. Janets, editor of the- Florida Times-Unons, 1883 On April 28, by way of humorously criticizing the memtbers of the Board of Health tat allegedly nat gaing clater than hailing dit- lance af the Pest House on Daval County Hospital lands when they wade thefrtolan of inspection. the editot wrote: "Goodmoning, Dr. Babcoc" ...oaman over in ernandina eard tomeonetsay. The voice seemedlto conme from the Amelia Rivee. It was the Jacksonville Board of Health visiting the pest housent6 In early MIay there was a sharp decrease in the number of cases of smallpos reported, business began to revive, and there was gen- erally anai ofoptimist.no On Mayl19,lhowever, thetemnperature fell to 57°, several days of cool weather followed, and there was a sharp increase in the diteatent8 An atticle in the newspapet on Mtay 23 slated that the smallpox specter had defied the Board of Health, Me. Cshaeles HI. Jones,,, editoe of Iho Plorida Times-Union, 1883 On April 28, by way of humorously criticizing the members of the Board of Health foe allegedly not going closer than hailing dis- tance of the test Hoante an Duval County Hospital lands when they made theft tout of inspection, the editot wrote: "Goodnmoning, D.Babcocb". . .aman over in Fernandina heard sameone say. The voice stemed to come from the Amelia Eiver. It was thseJacksonville Board of Healtht visiting list pest honse.n In eatly MIay thete was a sharp decrease in the numbet of eases of snmallpox repotted, business began to revive, and there was gtn- etally an ale of optinoism.17 On May 19, however, the tempterature fell to 57', severol days of cool weather followed, and there was ashatp increase in the diteasean An article in the newspaper on May 23 staled that the smallpox specter had defied the Board of Health, Me. Charles H. Jo;,,, editor of the Florida Timeo-Uinion, 1883 On April28, by wayof hmorously coriscizing themembers of the Board of Health fat allegedly not gaing closer than hailing dis- tance ofthe PestHoseon DualConty Hospital lands when they made theft tosut of inspection. tht editor wrote: "oodtmorning,Dr. Babcoc"... anman over in Fernandina heard someone say. The voice seemed to come from the Amelia River. t was the Jacksonville Board of Health visiting the pest house 16 In early May therewas a sharp decrease in the number of cases of smallporeported, business begans to revise, and there was gen- rally an air of optimism.'r On Mtay 19. however, the temperatne fell to 57', sevral days of coot weather followed, and thre was a. sharp increase in the distant.'t An article in she newspaper an May 23 stated that the smallpos spectr had defied the Board of Health,  138 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE that there was a prospect of its continuing until fall, that the citi- zens of Jacksonville were threatened with bankruptcy, that the dis- ease had stalked unbidden into the homes of the best citizens, and that it was time to speak plainly and act firmly. A mild panic occurred following this announcement, and there was much confusion. Many suggestions were made by well-mean- ing citizens for cleaning the city, and a group calling themselves "aroused citizens" organized for this purpose. Among the proposals was one that all patients with smallpox be moved to the Cuban House, a building in the country about two miles from Springfield.19 ADEQUATE VACCINATION AND HOSPITALIZATION Dr. Livingston was unable to determine who had been vaccinated, and the Board of Health had insufficient funds with which to oper- ate. On May 25 Dr. A. S. Baldwin, seventy-two years of age at that time, attended a combined meeting of the Duval County Medi- cal Society and the Jacksonville Board of Health. Compulsory vaccination was strongly recommended for everyone in Jacksonville, vaccinated or unvaccinated, and members of the Duval County Medical Society offered their services free of chargean Dr. Robin- son reported on May 30 that the Board of Duval County Commis- sioners had voted to move all the patients at the Duval County Hos- pital and Asylum to buildings at the Fairgrounds and to tender to the Board of Health all buildings at the Duval County Hospital and Asylum for use in the emergencya1 This offer was readily accepted, and on June 3 it was reported that all the patients who had been confined to the Pest House had been transferred to the County Hospital.- Following this move, all smallpox suspects were taken to the County Hospital immediately. END OF THE EPIDEMIC By mid-June, about three months after it began, the epidemic was virtually at an enda A great number of people had been vaccinat- ed and about 180 had contracted the disease. Approximately 60, or one third of those afflicted, had died. In late June, the Board of Health extended thanks to Mrs. Anna Bishop Knight, wife of Dr. A. W. Knight, for her heroic services during the epidemic. When 138 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE that there was a prospect of its continuing until fall, that the citi- zens of Jacksonville were threatened with bankruptcy, that the dis- ease had stalked unbidden into the homes of the best citizens, and that it was time to speak plainly and act firmly. A mild panic occurred following this announcement, and there was much confusion. Many suggestions were made by well-mean- ing citizens for cleaning the city, and a group calling themselves "aroused citizens" organized for this purpose. Among the proposals was one that all patients with smallpox be moved to the Cuban House, a building in the country about two miles from Springfield.t t ADEQUATE VACCINATION AND HOSPITALIZATION Dr. Livingston was unable to determine who had been vaccinated, and the Board of Health had insufficient funds with which to oper- ate. On May 25 Dr. A. S. Baldwin, seventy-two years of age at that time, attended a combined meeting of the Duval County Medi- cal Society and the Jacksonville Board of Health. Compulsory vaccination was strongly recommended for everyone in Jacksonville, vaccinated or unvaccinated, and members of the Duval County Medical Society offered their services free of chargeta Dr. Robin- son reported on May 30 that the Board of Duval County Commis- sioners had voted to move all the patients at the Duval County Hos- pital and Asylum to buildings at the Fairgrounds and to tender to the Board of Health all buildings at the Duval County Hospital and Asylum for use in the emergencya1 This offer was readily accepted, and on June 3 it was reported that all the patients who had been confined to the Pest House had been transferred to the County Hospitala2 Following this move, all smallpox suspects were taken to the County Hospital immediately. END OF THE EPIDEMIC By mid-June, about three months after it began, the epidemic was virtually at an endre A great number of people had been vaccinat- ed and about 180 had contracted the disease. Approximately 60, or one third of those afflicted, had died. In late June, the Board of Health extended thanks to Mrs. Anna Bishop Knight, wife of Dr. A. W. Knight, for her heroic services during the epidemic. When 138 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE that there was a prospect of its continuing until fall, that the citi- zens of Jacksonville were threatened with bankruptcy, that the dis- ease had stalked unbidden into the homes of the best citizens, and that it was time to speak plainly and act firmly. A mild panic occurred following this announcement, and there was much confusion. Many suggestions were made by well-mean- ing citizens for cleaning the city, and a group calling themselves "aroused citizens" organized for this purpose. Among the proposals was one that all patients with smallpox be moved to the Cuban House, a building in the country about two miles from Springfield. ADEQUATE VACCINATION AND HOSPITALIZATION Dr. Livingston was unable to determine who had been vaccinated, and the Board of Health had insufficient funds with which to oper- ate. On May 25 Dr. A. S. Baldwin, seventy-two years of age at that time, attended a combined meeting of the Duval County Medi- cal Society and the Jacksonville Board of Health. Compulsory vaccination was strongly recommended for everyone in Jacksonville, vaccinated or unvaccinated, and members of the Duval County Medical Society offered their services free of charge.20 Dr. Robin- son reported on May 30 that the Board of Duval County Commis- sioners had voted to move all the patients at the Duval County Hos- pital and Asylum to buildings at the Fairgrounds and to tender to the Board of Health all buildings at the Duval County Hospital and Asylum for use in the emergency.01 This offer was readily accepted, and on June 3 it was reported that all the patients who had been confined to the Pest House had been transferred to the County Hospital?.2 Following this move, all smallpox suspects were taken to the County Hospital immediately. END OF THE EPIDEMIC By mid-June, about three months after it began, the epidemic was virtually at an end3 A great number of people had been vaccinat- ed and about 180 had contracted the disease. Approximately 60, or one third of those afflicted, had died. In late June, the Board of Health extended thanks to Mrs. Anna Bishop Knight, wife of Dr. A. W. Knight, for her heroic services during the epidemic. When  THE SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC OF 1883 139 THE SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC OF 1883- 139 three members of her family became ill and were confined to the Pest House, Mrs. Knight volunteered her services there and remained until the epidemic was brought under control. The "ladies of the City of Jacksonville" presented a silver water pitcher and goblets to Mrs. Knight and a gold watch to Dr. Babcock as memorials to their efforts at the Pest House.aa In a report on "The Late Epidemic," made to the Board of County Commissioners in September, Dr. Robinson paid special tribute to the citizens of Jacksonville who, under the leadership of Colonel J. J. Daniel, organized as an aid society and assisted the board. He added that the ladies composing the Woman's Relief Society worked day and night without stint in money or time to assist the officials.tt The efforts of these citizens far outweighed the bickerings and acrimonious exchanges among some of the lead- ers. During the epidemic, valuable experience in organization was gained and important lessons were learned which later were to be of great usefulness. three members of her family became ill and were confined to the Pest House, Mrs. Knight volunteered her services there and remained until the epidemic was brought under control. The "ladies of the City of Jacksonville" presented a silver water pitcher and goblets to Mrs. Knight and a gold watch to Dr. Babcock as memorials to their efforts at the Pest House.24 In a report on "The Late Epidemic," made to the Board of County Commissioners in September, Dr. Robinson paid special tribute to the citizens of Jacksonville who, under the leadership of Colonel J. J. Daniel, organized as an aid society and assisted the board. He added that the ladies composing the Woman's Relief Society worked day and night without stint in money or time to assist the officials.00 The efforts of these citizens far outweighed the bickerings and acrimonious exchanges among some of the lead- ers. During the epidemic, valuable experience in organization was gained and important lessons were learned which later were to be of great usefulness. THE SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC OF 1883 139 three members of her family became ill and were confined to the Pest House, Mrs. Knight volunteered her services there and remained until the epidemic was brought under control. The "ladies of the City of Jacksonville" presented a silver water pitcher and goblets to Mrs. Knight and a gold watch to Dr. Babcock as memorials to their efforts at the Pest House.a In a report on "The Late Epidemic," made to the Board of County Commissioners in September, Dr. Robinson paid special tribute to the citizens of Jacksonville who, under the leadership of Colonel J. J. Daniel, organized as an aid society and assisted the board. He added that the ladies composing the Woman's Relief Society worked day and night without stint in money or time to assist the officialso The efforts of these citizens far outweighed the bickerings and acrimonious exchanges among some of the lead- ers. During the epidemic, valuable experience in organization was gained and important lessons were learned which later were to be of great usefulness.  18 Florida University Medical School THE PROSPECTS for a school of medicine in Florida today awaken interest in a sham attempt of more than sixty years ago to organize a medical institution for the state. At Tallahassee, in 1883, Florida University was founded by the Reverend Dr. John Kost and a board of regents. The original plans were that the University should con- sist of six colleges, but in the first annual announcement only the Medical College and the Literary College received attention. It seems apparent that the Medical College was uppermost in the minds of the regents: The literary college is endowed by act of Congress. The medical' is founded on the capital of an incorporated stock company, with a capital of $60,000.00, and authority to increase to the amount of $80,000.00. Ten per cent and over, as provided by law, has been paid in ($6,180.00) and has been expended for appliances; and thus the medical college has a fine anatomical museum; a museum of natural history and comparative osteology, besides chemical ap- paratus. By compact with the literary department (West Florida Semi- nary) one of its two buildings has been appropriated to the medical college. This is a commodious brick edifice, situated on an elevated site in the western part of Tallahassee, with ample grounds, shaded by a grove of native pines. The building is of fine architectural appearance, with a frontistyle of stately white columns supporting an entablature and gable above the second story. The building con- tains two large lecture halls, and eight additional rooms of con- venient sizes, well suited for the medical department, with its mu- seums and apparatus. The literary department retains its other buildings, situated more centrally in the city, and reposing behind a grove of live oaks. It is of ample capacity for all the necessities of the college.t The calendar issued for 1884-85 contains this statement: 140 18 Florida University Medical School THE PRoSPECTs for a school of medicine in Florida today awaken interest in a sham attempt of more than sixty years ago to organize a medical institution for the state. At Tallahassee, in 1883, Florida University was founded by the Reverend Dr. John Kost and a board of regents. The original plans were that the University should con- sist of six colleges, but in the first annual announcement only the Medical College and the Literary College received attention. It seems apparent that the Medical College was uppermost in the minds of the regents: The literary college is endowed by act of Congress. The medical' is founded on the capital of an incorporated stock company, with a capital of $60,000.00, and authority to increase to the amount of $80,000.00. Ten per cent and over, as provided by law, has been paid in ($6,180.00) and has been expended for appliances; and thus the medical college has a fine anatomical museum; a museum of natural history and comparative osteology, besides chemical ap- paratus. By compact with the literary department (West Florida Semi- nary) one of its two buildings has been appropriated to the medical college. This is a commodious brick edifice, situated on an elevated site in the western part of Tallahassee, with ample grounds, shaded by a grove of native pines. The building is of fine architectural appearance, with a frontistyle of stately white columns supporting an entablature and gable above the second story. The building con- tains two large lecture halls, and eight additional rooms of con- venient sizes, well suited for the medical department, with its mu- seums and apparatus. The literary department retains its other buildings, situated more centrally in the city, and reposing behind a grove of live oaks. It is of ample capacity for all the necessities of the college.t The calendar issued for 1884-85 contains this statement: 140 18 Florida University Medical School THE PROSPECTs for a school of medicine in Florida today awaken interest in a sham attempt of more than sixty years ago to organize a medical institution for the state. At Tallahassee, in 1883, Florida University was founded by the Reverend Dr. John Kost and a board of regents. The original plans were that the University should con- sist of six colleges, but in the first annual announcement only the Medical College and the Literary College received attention. It seems apparent that the Medical College was uppermost in the minds of the regents: The literary college is endowed by act of Congress. The medical is founded on the capital of an incorporated stock company, with a capital of $60,000.00, and authority to increase to the amount of $80,000.00. Ten per cent and over, as provided by law, has been paid in ($6,180.00) and has been expended for appliances; and thus the medical college has a fine anatomical museum; a museum of natural history and comparative osteology, besides chemical ap- paratus. By compact with the literary department (West Florida Semi- nary) one of its two buildings has been appropriated to the medical college. This is a commodious brick edifice, situated on an elevated site in the western part of Tallahassee, with ample grounds, shaded by a grove of native pines. The building is of fine architectural appearance, with a frontistyle of stately white columns supporting an entablature and gable above the second story. The building con- tains two large lecture halls, and eight additional rooms of con- venient sizes, well suited for the medical department, with its mu- seums and apparatus. The literary department retains its other buildings, situated more centrally in the city, and reposing behind a grove of live oaks. It is of ample capacity for all the necessities of the college.1 The calendar issued for 1884-85 contains this statement: 140  FLORIDA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 141 The facilities possessed by the College for affording instruction in all branches of Medicine are exceeded by very few in this country. Besides a very full Faculty of men experienced not only in teaching but also in long medical and surgical practice, there are also the most ample material appliances. FLORIDA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 141 The facilities possessed by the College for affording instruction in all branches of Medicine are exceeded by very few in this country. Besides a very full Faculty of men experienced not only in teaching but also in long medical and surgical practice, there are also the most ample material appliances. FLORIDA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 141 The facilities possessed by the College for affording instruction in all branches of Medicine are exceeded by very few in this country. Besides a very full Faculty of men experienced not only in teaching but also in long medical and surgical practice, there are also the most ample material appliances. "The Reverend" John Kost, "A.M., M.D., LL.D." This "very full Faculty" apparently was composed of almost all the practicing physicians of Tallahassee and later seemingly of men not identified with organized medicine.0 John Kost, A.M., M.D., LL.D., a much more visionary than practical man, became dean of the Medical College as well as chancellor of the University. Pro- fessorships listed under "Medical Faculty" were "Theory and Practice and Medical Clinics," "Surgery-Operative and Orthopedic, and Surgical Clinics," "Anatomy," "Obstetrics, and Diseases of Women and Children," "Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacy," "Chemistry and Botany," and "Gynecology, Histology and Medical Jurisprudence." The only requirements for admission to the school were suitable age, good morals, and the payment of fees. Such a policy was justi- fied by the statement that "Medical Lectures are useful to all per- "The Reverend" John Kost, "A.M., M.D., LL.D." This "very full Faculty" apparently was composed of almost all the practicing physicians of Tallahassee and later seemingly of men not identified with organized medicine.0 John Kost, A.M., M.D., LL.D., a much more visionary than practical man, became dean of the Medical College as well as chancellor of the University. Pro- fessorships listed under "Medical Faculty" were "Theory and Practice and Medical Clinics," "Surgery-Operative and Orthopedic, and Surgical Clinics," "Anatomy," "Obstetrics, and Diseases of Women and Children," "Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacy," "Chemistry and Botany," and "Gynecology, Histology and Medical Jurisprudence." The only requirements for admission to the school were suitable age, good morals, and the payment of fees. Such a policy was justi- fied by the statement that "Medical Lectures are useful to all per "The Reverend" John Kost, "A.M., M.D., LL.D." This "very full Faculty" apparently was composed of almost all the practicing physicians of Tallahassee and later seemingly of men not identified with organized medicine.0 John Kost, A.M., M.D., LL.D., a much more visionary than practical man, became dean of the Medical College as well as chancellor of the University. Pro- fessorships listed under "Medical Faculty" were "Theory and Practice and Medical Clinics," "Surgery-Operative and Orthopedic, and Surgical Clinics," "Anatomy," "Obstetrics, and Diseases of Women and Children," "Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacy," "Chemistry and Botany," and "Gynecology, Histology and Medical Jurisprudence." The only requirements for admission to the school were suitable age, good morals, and the payment of fees. Such a policy was justi- fied by the statement that "Medical Lectures are useful to all per-  142 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE sons; and on this principle all may attend. Graduation in this institution depends entirely upon merit.... But it must not be un- derstood that this college will ever afford 'easy' graduation, or allow anything to be done to lower the proper grade of the physician." The cost of attending the school for one term was estimated to be $160. "The Medical requirements" of candidates for graduation were ... such as may be obtained by three years' reading, on the several medical branches, under a competent preceptor; and the attendance of two full courses of lectures; the latter should be in this college." Upon each successful candidate was to be conferred, not the cus- tomary degree of Doctor of Medicine, but a "University Medical Degree," and this by vote of the Board of Regents. The college opened on the last Wednesday of October and closed on the first Wednesday of March each year. Thus a student who had spent three years reading medicine could graduate after taking formal instruction for a period of time equal to approximately one college semester. The summary in the Calendar for 1884-85 gives the student enroll- ment of the University. In the College of Medicine and Surgery, one student from Leon County, one from Key West, one from Georgia, and five from Michigan were enrolled. Of those from Michigan, three, perhaps all five, came from Kalkaska, presumably attracted because of personal relationships with a member or members of the faculty.0 On February 16, 1885, the state legislature approved "An Act Recognizing the University of Florida," which validated a State Board of Education plan for consolidation of the educational insti- tutions of the state: Section 1. That the Florida University ... be recognized as the University of the State, and to be known as the University of Flor- ida; Provided, there shall be no expense incurred by the State by reason of this Act. Section 2. That the University continue under its present organi- zation and officers until such further action be taken by the State Legislature as the case may require.a At its annual meeting in the spring of 1885, the Florida Medical Association went on record as not approving of the Medical Depart- ment of the University of Florida as it was organized in Tallahassee. 142 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE sons; and on this principle all may attend. Graduation in this institution depends entirely upon merit.... But it must not be un- derstood that this college will ever afford 'easy' graduation, or allow anything to be done to lower the proper grade of the physician." The cost of attending the school for one term was estimated to be $160. "The Medical requirements" of candidates for graduation were ... such as may be obtained by three years' reading, on the several medical branches, under a competent preceptor; and the attendance of two full courses of lectures; the latter should be in this college." Upon each successful candidate was to be conferred, not the cus- tomary degree of Doctor of Medicine, but a "University Medical Degree," and this by vote of the Board of Regents. The college opened on the last Wednesday of October and closed on the first Wednesday of March each year. Thus a student who had spent three years reading medicine could graduate after taking formal instruction for a period of time equal to approximately one college semester. The summary in the Calendar for 1884-85 gives the student enroll- ment of the University. In the College of Medicine and Surgery, one student from Leon County, one from Key West, one from Georgia, and five from Michigan were enrolled. Of those from Michigan, three, perhaps all five, came from Kalkaska, presumably attracted because of personal relationships with a member or members of the faculty.0 On February 16, 1885, the state legislature approved "An Act Recognizing the University of Florida," which validated a State Board of Education plan for consolidation of the educational insti- tutions of the state: Section 1. That the Florida University ... be recognized as the University of the State, and to be known as the University of Flor- ida; Provided, there shall be no expense incurred by the State by reason of this Act. Section 2. That the University continue under its present organi- zation and officers until such further action be taken by the State Legislature as the case may require.4 At its annual meeting in the spring of 1885, the Florida Medical Association went on record as not approving of the Medical Depart- ment of the University of Florida as it was organized in Tallahassee. 142 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE sons; and on this principle all may attend. Graduation in this institution depends entirely upon merit.... But it must not be un- derstood that this college will ever afford 'easy' graduation, or allow anything to be done to lower the proper grade of the physician." The cost of attending the school for one term was estimated to be $160. "The Medical requirements" of candidates for graduation were ... such as may be obtained by three years' reading, on the several medical branches, under a competent preceptor; and the attendance of two full courses of lectures; the latter should be in this college." Upon each successful candidate was to be conferred, not the cus- tomary degree of Doctor of Medicine, but a "University Medical Degree," and this by vote of the Board of Regents. The college opened on the last Wednesday of October and closed on the first Wednesday of March each year. Thus a student who had spent three years reading medicine could graduate after taking formal instruction for a period of time equal to approximately one college semester. The summary in the Calendar for 1884-85 gives the student enroll- ment of the University. In the College of Medicine and Surgery, one student from Leon County, one from Key West, one from Georgia, and five from Michigan were enrolled. Of those from Michigan, three, perhaps all five, came from Kalkaska, presumably attracted because of personal relationships with a member or members of the faculty.3 On February 16, 1885, the state legislature approved "An Act Recognizing the University of Florida," which validated a State Board of Education plan for consolidation of the educational insti- tutions of the state: Section 1. That the Florida University . .. be recognized as the University of the State, and to be known as the University of Flor- ida; Provided, there shall be no expense incurred by the State by reason of this Act. Section 2. That the University continue under its present organi- zation and officers until such further action be taken by the State Legislature as the case may require.4 At its annual meeting in the spring of 1885, the Florida Medical Association went on record as not approving of the Medical Depart- ment of the University of Florida as it was organized in Tallahassee.  FLORIDA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 143 On May 20, Dr. R. P. Daniel offered the following resolution be- fore the association, which was approved: Resolved, That it is the sense of the Florida Medical Associa- tion that it does not consist with the promotion of medical educa- tion and the best interests of the profession that any medical college should be instituted or encouraged in Florida at this time, and that the members of this Association will use their influence towards di- recting students of medicine to some of the many colleges of estab- lished reputation and reliability beyond the limits of this State. How long the Florida University existed cannot be determined. Almost from the start the University as a whole had no existence except in name.t The Medical School was moved to Jacksonville in the fall of 1885. An advertisement in the issues of the Florida Medical and Surgical Journal for December, 1885, and January, 1886, stated: Medical Department of the University of Florida. This institu- tion, formerly located in Tallahassee, Florida, is now removed to Jacksonville, and will be organized for the present session on an entirely new basis. For particulars address this journal.t The medical faculty in Jacksonville, of which Dr. T. 0. Summers was dean, was said to have consisted of eight professors and one demonstrator.s Dr. R. B. Burroughs of Jacksonville was listed as professor of Clinical Medicine and Diseases of Children. An editorial in the Florida Medical and Surgical Journal for December, 1885, cited the action of the Florida Medical Association in the preceding spring, referred to Dr. Daniel's resolution, and continued: . Some physicians of Florida did believe and ... do now be- lieve that if there is any one state in the Union where medical educa- tion should find a nidus for development that state is Florida. . . Now we are free to admit that under the organization of the Medical Department of the State University, which previously ex- isted, the state medical society was obliged to stand aloof and touch not the unclean thing. Irregulars, homeopaths et id omne genus, had possession, and no one holding allegiance to honorable medicine could lend a mongrel concern of that character any moral or professional FLORIDA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 143 On May 20, Dr. R. P. Daniel offered the following resolution be- fore the association, which was approved: Resolved, That it is the sense of the Florida Medical Associa- tion that it does not consist with the promotion of medical educa- tion and the best interests of the profession that any medical college should be instituted or encouraged in Florida at this time, and that the members of this Association will use their influence towards di- recting students of medicine to some of the many colleges of estab- lished reputation and reliability beyond the limits of this State.5 How long the Florida University existed cannot be determined. Almost from the start the University as a whole had no existence except in name.0 The Medical School was moved to Jacksonville in the fall of 1885. An advertisement in the issues of the Florida Medical and Surgical Journal for December, 1885, and January, 1886, stated: Medical Department of the University of Florida. This institu- tion, formerly located in Tallahassee, Florida, is now removed to Jacksonville, and will be organized for the present session on an entirely new basis. For particulars address this journal.t' The medical faculty in Jacksonville, of which Dr. T. O. Summers was dean, was said to have consisted of eight professors and one demonstrator.8 Dr. R. B. Burroughs of Jacksonville was listed as professor of Clinical Medicine and Diseases of Children. An editorial in the Florida Medical and Surgical Journal for December, 1885, cited the action of the Florida Medical Association in the preceding spring, referred to Dr. Daniel's resolution, and continued: ... Some physicians of Florida did believe and . .. do now be- lieve that if there is any one state in the Union where medical educa- tion should find a nidus for development that state is Florida. . . . Now we are free to admit that under the organization of the iMedical Department of the State University, which previously ex- isted, the state medical society was obliged to stand aloof and touch not the unclean thing. Irregulars, homeopaths et id omne genus, had possession, and no one holding allegiance to honorable medicine could lend a mongrel concern of that character any moral or professional FLORIDA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 143 On May 20, Dr. R. P. Daniel offered the following resolution be- fore the association, which was approved: Resolved, That it is the sense of the Florida Medical Associa- tion that it does not consist with the promotion of medical educa- tion and the best interests of the profession that any medical college should be instituted or encouraged in Florida at this time, and that the members of this Association will use their influence towards di- recting students of medicine to some of the many colleges of estab- lished reputation and reliability beyond the limits of this State. How long the Florida University existed cannot be determined. Almost from the start the University as a whole had no existence except in name.s The Medical School was moved to Jacksonville in the fall of 1885. An advertisement in the issues of the Florida Medical and Surgical Journal for December, 1885, and January, 1886, stated: Medical Department of the University of Florida. This institu- tion, formerly located in Tallahassee, Florida, is now removed to Jacksonville, and will be organized for the present session on an entirely new basis. For particulars address this journal.s The medical faculty in Jacksonville, of which Dr. T. O. Summers was dean, was said to have consisted of eight professors and one demonstrator. Dr. R. B. Burroughs of Jacksonville was listed as professor of Clinical Medicine and Diseases of Children. An editorial in the Florida Medical and Surgical Journal for December, 1885, cited the action of the Florida Medical Association in the preceding spring, referred to Dr. Daniel's resolution, and continued: ... Some physicians of Florida did believe and - . . do now be- lieve that if there is any one state in the Union where medical educa- tion should find a nidus for development that state is Florida. . . Now we are free to admit that under the organization of the Medical Department of the State University, which previously ex- isted. the state medical society was obliged to stand aloof and touch not the unclean thing. Irregulars, homeopaths et id omne genus, had possession, and no one holding allegiance to honorable medicine could lend a mongrel concern of that character any moral or professional  144 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE support. But as it stands today it is entirely in the hands of regular men and will be turned over bodily to the State Medical Association in its management. It is proposed to organize out of it a great training school of medicine such as does not exist in this country-no diploma mill, but a graded system of medical education to prepare students for the higher study, in other words, a gymnasium, in which students can re- ceive a thorough training in the groundwork of medicine.... ... There are Richardson, and Battey, and Campbell, and Kin- loch, and Eve, and Briggs, and others known to medical fame as Southern men; and then there are those who have left the South with fame already made, as the immortal Sims, simply because of this failure to recognize Southern talent in Southern homes. In Florida today there are men who are progressive and are willing to take hold of any measure that looks to advancement, and who will form a centre of crystallization about which will gather, in due time, all the grander and nobler elements of the profession throughout the State. With malice toward none and with charity toward all, we declare that the Medical Department of the State of Florida, now freed from all taint of irregularity and under the control of honorable medicine, will appeal to the State Medical Association so strongly for support that its necessity will be admitted, the claims fully recognized and. its success permanently assured. The Florida Medical Association at its annual meeting in 1886, however, did not approve." Some time later that year the Medical Department of the University of Florida ceased to exist. The Florida Medical and Surgical Journal, edited by Drs. T. O. Summers, C. H. Mallett, and Neal Mitchell, and published in Jack- sonville monthly from November, 1885, to April, 1886, should not be confused with the Journal of the Florida Medical Association, which did not begin publication until 1914. At the meeting of the Florida Medical Association in 1886, some of its members, by motion duly seconded, tried to make the Florida Medical and Surgical Journal the official organ of the association, but after deliberation, the majority of the members voted for a substitute motion which simply com- mended the Journal to the "patronage of the Physicians of the state." At its meeting in 1887, the secretary announced that this periodical had been taken over by the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal and that subscribers to the Florida Journal were entitled to the New Orleans Journal.l 144 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE support. But as it stands today it is entirely in the hands of regular men and will be turned over bodily to the State Medical Association in its management. It is proposed to organize out of it a great training school of medicine such as does not exist in this country-no diploma mill, but a graded system of medical education to prepare students for the higher study, in other words, a gymnasium, in which students can re- ceive a thorough training in the groundwork of medicine.... ... There are Richardson, and Battey, and Campbell, and Kin- loch, and Eve, and Briggs, and others known to medical fame as Southern men; and then there are those who have left the South with fame already made, as the immortal Sims, simply because of this failure to recognize Southern talent in Southern homes. In Florida today there are men who are progressive and are willing to take hold of any measure that looks to advancement, and who will form a centre of crystallization about which will gather, in due time, all the grander and nobler elements of the profession throughout the State. With malice toward none and with charity toward all, we declare that the Medical Department of the State of Florida, now freed from all taint of irregularity and under the control of honorable medicine, will appeal to the State Medical Association so strongly for support that its necessity will be admitted, the claims fully recognized and its success permanently assured. The Florida Medical Association at its annual meeting in 1886, however, did not approve.- Some time later that year the Medical Department of the University of Florida ceased to exist. The Florida Medical and Surgical Journal, edited by Drs. T. 0. Summers, C. H. Mallett, and Neal Mitchell, and published in Jack- sonville monthly from November, 1885, to April, 1886, should not be confused with the Journal of the Florida Medical Association, which did not begin publication until 1914, At the meeting of the Florida Medical Association in 1886, some of its members, by motion duly seconded, tried to make the Florida Medical and Surgical Journal the official organ of the association, but after deliberation, the majority of the members voted for a substitute motion which simply com- mended the Journal to the "patronage of the Physicians of the state." At its meeting in 1887, the secretary announced that this periodical had been taken over by the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal and that subscribers to the Florida Journal were entitled to the New Orleans Journal00 144 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE support. But as it stands today it is entirely in the hands of regular men and will be turned over bodily to the State Medical Association in its management. It is proposed to organize out of it a great training school of medicine such as does not exist in this country-no diploma mill, but a graded system of medical education to prepare students for the higher study, in other words, a gymnasium, in which students can re- ceive a thorough training in the groundwork of medicine.... ... There are Richardson, and Battey, and Campbell, and Kin- loch, and Eve, and Briggs, and others known to medical fame as Southern men; and then there are those who have left the South with fame already made, as the immortal Sims, simply because of this failure to recognize Southern talent in Southern homes. In Florida today there are men who are progressive and are willing to take hold of any measure that looks to advancement, and who will form a centre of crystallization about which will gather, in due time, all the grander and nobler elements of the profession throughout the State. With malice toward none and with charity toward all, we declare that the Medical Department of the State of Florida, now freed from all taint of irregularity and under the control of honorable medicine, will appeal to the State Medical Association so strongly for support that its necessity will be admitted, the claims fully recognized and its success permanently assured. The Florida Medical Association at its annual meeting in 1886, however, did not approve.0 Some time later that year the Medical Department of the University of Florida ceased to exist. The Florida Medical and Surgical Journal, edited by Drs. T. O. Summers, C. H. Mallett, and Neal Mitchell, and published in Jack- sonville monthly from November, 1885, to April, 1886, should not be confused with the Journal of the Florida Medical Association, which did not begin publication until 1914. At the meeting of the Florida Medical Association in 1886, some of its members, by motion duly seconded, tried to make the Florida Medical and Surgical Journal the official organ of the association, but after deliberation, the majority of the members voted for a substitute motion which simply com- mended the Journal to the 'patronage of the Physicians of the state." At its meeting in 1887, the secretary announced that this periodical had been taken over by the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal and that subscribers to the Florida Journal were entitled to the New Orleans Journal .o  FLORIDA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 145 In the spring of 1888, Dr. Kost was made state geologist and director of the newly founded Experiment Station and Agricultural College at Lake City. He received favorable publicity at that time, but in the summer of that year he was accused of irregularities in the operation of the institution. A prominent physician, Dr. George Troup Maxwell, formerly a professor at the state Agricultural Col- lege, filed charges against Dr. Kost whose resignation was requested. Dr. Kost made an attempt to justify his actions and sent several articles to a Jacksonville paper for publication. It seemed, however, that his actions had not been entirely above reproach. With the acceptance of his resignation, Dr. Kost stepped out of the somewhat artificial limelight which he had enjoyed in Florida for several years.11 FLORIDA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 145 In the spring of 1888, Dr. Kost was made state geologist and director of the newly founded Experiment Station and Agricultural College at Lake City. He received favorable publicity at that time, but in the summer of that year he was accused of irregularities in the operation of the institution. A prominent physician, Dr. George Troup Maxwell, formerly a professor at the state Agricultural Col- lege, filed charges against Dr. Kost whose resignation was requested. Dr. Kost made an attempt to justify his actions and sent several articles to a Jacksonville paper for publication. It seemed, however, that his actions had not been entirely above reproach. With the acceptance of his resignation, Dr. Kost stepped out of the somewhat artificial limelight which he had enjoyed in Florida for several FLORIDA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 145 In the spring of 1888, Dr. Kost was made state geologist and director of the newly founded Experiment Station and Agricultural College at Lake City. He received favorable publicity at that time, but in the summer of that year he was accused of irregularities in the operation of the institution. A prominent physician, Dr. George Troup Maxwell, formerly a professor at the state Agricultural Col- lege, filed charges against Dr. Kost whose resignation was requested. Dr. Kost made an attempt to justify his actions and sent several articles to a Jacksonville paper for publication. It seemed, however, that his actions had not been entirely above reproach. With the acceptance of his resignation, Dr. Kost stepped out of the somewhat artificial limelight which he had enjoyed in Florida for several years.1"  19 The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1888 ELLOW FEVER, which reached epidemic proportions in Key West during the spring of 1887, apparently was brought to that city by emigrants from Havana. In order to control the contagion and prevent its spread, a refuge camp was built at Egmont Key near the mouth of Tampa Bay. Fruit smugglers, however, brought the disease direct from Key West to Tampa, and from there it was spread to Plant City and Manatee. The Jacksonville health authori- ties quarantined against Key West and Tampa in June, and Duval County's excellent health record for that year was maintained.' SOCIETY FEVER In January, 1888, an unusual fever made its appearance in Jack- sonville. Physicians were unable to identify the disease, but inas- much as it occurred chiefly among the well-to-do and often among those who dissipated, the illness became popularly known as "society fever." Dr. R. P. Daniel, who treated or saw in consultation about forty-five, or half the total number of patients, described the signs and symptoms in detail. The onset of the disease as a rule was gradual and was ushered in by malaise, occipital headache, and low back pain. Gastrointestinal distress was a prominent symptom, but two outstanding features of the illness were: (1) a relatively slow pulse rate when compared with the degree of elevation of the tem- perature; and (2) a tendency to relapse. Dr. Daniel observed one patient whose pulse rate was only sixty, but whose temperature was 103', and he reported that seven eighths of his patients suffered a relapse in early convalescence. Several physicians believed that in some instances they were dealing not with "society" but with yellow fever. Analysis today, however, makes it appear that the disease was an unusual form of typhoid fever. By spring this peculiar ill- ness was a thing of the past. 146 19 The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1888 ELLOW VEVER, which reached epidemic proportions in Key West during the spring of 1887, apparently was brought to that city by emigrants from Havana. In order to control the contagion and prevent its spread, a refuge camp was built at Egmont Key near the mouth of Tampa Bay. Fruit smugglers, however, brought the disease direct from Key West to Tampa, and from there it was spread to Plant City and Manatee. The Jacksonville health authori- ties quarantined against Key West and Tampa in June, and Duval County's excellent health record for that year was maintained.1 SOCIETY FEVER In January, 1888, an unusual fever made its appearance in Jack- sonville. Physicians were unable to identify the disease, but inas- much as it occurred chiefly among the well-to-do and often among those who dissipated, the illness became popularly known as "society fever." Dr R. P. Daniel, who treated or saw in consultation about forty-five, or half the total number of patients, described the signs and symptoms in detail. The onset of the disease as a rule was gradual and was ushered in by malaise, occipital headache, and low back pain. Gastrointestinal distress was a prominent symptom, but two outstanding features of the illness were: (1) a relatively slow pulse rate when compared with the degree of elevation of the tem- perature; and (2) a tendency to relapse. Dr. Daniel observed one patient whose pulse rate was only sixty, but whose temperature was 103', and he reported that seven eighths of his patients suffered a relapse in early convalescence.' Several physicians believed that in some instances they were dealing not with "society" but with yellow fever. Analysis today, however, makes it appear that the disease was an unusual form of typhoid fever. By spring this peculiar ill- ness was a thing of the past. 146 19 The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1888 YELLOW vER, which reached epidemic proportions in Key West during the spring of 1887, apparently was brought to that city by emigrants from Havana. In order to control the contagion and prevent its spread, a refuge camp was built at Egmont Key near the mouth of Tampa Bay. Fruit smugglers, however, brought the disease direct from Key West to Tampa, and from there it was spread to Plant City and Manatee. The Jacksonville health authori- ties quarantined against Key West and Tampa in June, and Duval County's excellent health record for that year was maintained.' SOCIETY FEVER In January, 1888, an unusual fever made its appearance in Jack- sonville. Physicians were unable to identify the disease, but inas- much as it occurred chiefly among the well-to-do and often among those who dissipated, the illness became popularly known as "society fever." Dr. R. P. Daniel, who treated or saw in consultation about forty-five, or half the total number of patients, described the signs and symptoms in detail. The onset of the disease as a rule was gradual and was ushered in by malaise, occipital headache, and low back pain. Gastrointestinal distress was a prominent symptom, but two outstanding features of the illness were: (1) a relatively slow pulse rate when compared with the degree of elevation of the tem- perature; and (2) a tendency to relapse. Dr. Daniel observed one patient whose pulse rate was only sixty, but whose temperature was 103', and he reported that seven eighths of his patients suffered a relapse in early convalescence.0 Several physicians believed that in some instances they were dealing not with "society" but with yellow fever. Analysis today, however, makes it appear that the disease was an unusual form of typhoid fever. By spring this peculiar ill- ness was a thing of the past. 146  THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1888 147 About that te rantata were circulated that yellow levee teat again prevalent in Sooth Floeida, and in eaely Apeil Dr. A. We. Knight, secretary of the Duval County Booed of Health, weat tent to the Tampaarea on atoureofinpection. He. Knight fond no evidence of an epidemic, bat he tepoeted that there was "feve"ti Plant City and thatadeathsohad nccuered there that oeason asa reeutot he feve. Thiserepotwasonot madepubhic, butin mid- Apeil He. Neal Mitchell, preoident of the Duval Coanty Boned of Health, wrote en Surgeon General J. B. Hamilton giving him asm maey of the tepoet and ashing him foe advice. It appears that the Surgeon Geneal gave infotmation to the peess, which latee adveroely affected commece and tourist travel in leida. At thetrequest of oveenor Petty, the otate teeaouee madealerip to Plant City, and on Apeil 30 he wrote a letter in the latin of a teport which appat- ently woo designed to quiet eawaes.ar Doeing the late speing and eaely sumemer af 1888, there seemed no veal reason lot the restidents of Jacksonville to become alaemed. The season was atime ofgaiety, and life cntinuedvery much as usual. The Sub-Teopical Enpositin had closed a saccessful season on Apedl 78. A popular escurson by hoot, with a basset picnic at THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1888 147 About that time rumoes were circuated that yellow levee woo again prevalent in Sooth Florida, and in natty Apeil He. A. WV. Knight, seceetaty of the Duval County Bard of Health, was aenl tonthe Tampa areaon a tourf inspection. He. Knight found no evidence of on epidemic, bet he reported that thete woo lfevee" in Plant. City andthat deaths had occunred there that season as a reeoltnlfthelfever. Thiserepot was notmadepnblic, butia mid- Apeil He. Neal Mitchell, president of the Daval County Booed of Health, weote to Snegeon Genetal J. B. Hamilton giving him a sum- mary of the tepoet and asking him foe advice. It appearo that the Suegeon Geneeal gave information to she peess, whith lotter odveesely affected commetcenandtoueiot travel in Floida.3 Aethetrequest of Goveenoe Petty, the state teasurer made ateip to Plant City, and onnApril 30hewrote aleterin teformf aeprtwhich appa- ently was designed to quietlnnmes.4 Dneing the late speing and early onummer of 1888, thee seemed no teal reason foe the residents of Jacksonville so become alarmed. The season wasoasime of gaiety, and life continued vety much as asual. The Sub-Tenpical Esposition had closed aosuccessful season on Apeil 20. A poplar excursion by boat, wish a basket picnic at THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIIC OF 1888 t47 About that time eumoes went circutoted that, yellow levee was again prevalent in Sooth Florida, and ins early Apeil He. A. W. Knight, secretaty of the Huval County Booed of Health, was sent tosthe Tampa areaenntoureof inspection. He. Knight foand no evidence of on epidemic, bat he repoeted that there was 'levee" in Plant Citynand thatdeatshohad occarred these that season as a resut ofthe feve. Thisereportswao not madepahlic, bntin mid- Apeil He. Neal Mitchell, peesident of the Huval County Board of Health. wrote to Surgen General J. B. Hamilton giving him a sum- mary oftheereportoandasing himfordvice. Itappears that the Snegeon Geneeal gave infoemasion to the peess, which latee adveesely affectd commereeandsntouisfttavel in Fltida.3 At theerequestsof oveenoe Petty, the state teasner wade a trip to lant City, and an ApeSl 30 he weose a leeter in the faorm of a tepoet which appat- ently was designed to qaiet tamaes.0 Dating the late spring and early summer of 1888, therte teemed novrealeanson foreteesidentsnofJacsonvleto becmealamed. The seasonnwao a time of gaiety, and le cotinued very mnch as nonal. The Sub-Teopical Esposition had closed aonuccesofat seaoon nApril20. A popnlar escursinaby boat,withbasket picnicnt Sub-Tropicat L+ osition Sab-feopicol dinponitian 0nub-Tropicat ExpositionSn-oiclEpatn Sub-Tropical Exposition  143 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Green Cove Springs, andereturn bymoonlight was nevent of May Day. The Jacksonville and Mtayoet Railroad nas nearing cont- yletiott, and Pablo Beach, the new seaside treot, was alive with vacationitt.5 Then canme the terrible blow. Late in July ylo 14S A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Green Cove Springs, and return by noonlight was an event of May Day. The Jactksonvtie and Mayotailroadtas neaingcomn- pletien, and P'ablo Beach, the newn teaside reeort, wtas alive with vacatieninte.t Thee catne the tereibte elon. Late in July yellowe 148 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Green Cave Springs, and return by mooenlight was ant event at May Day. The Jacksnveille end Mayport Raileoad wnern com-te peteon, and Fable Beech, lbhe newn teatide treeot, even alive with vacetiettit.e Then catne the teerible blent. Late in July ylo Geae.d Uttian He-, Geand U ')in Hotel (eend CIatn Hoel fevertappeared in the city, end in August assutned alaenting pro- portionssoeeapidly that the wnhole ttation even shocked and cnn- cerned. Jackesonville was enteing the peeiodeofits geatetdiate. By tall the lay ntterly penetrteen INYVA SION On the night at July 28, On. Neat Mitchell was called tn tee a yae eel as ill at the Geand Union Hotel, net tar leant the doctot's home. The yatient, Mrl. R. 0. AtcCormick, had came to Jacksonville feen Flent City, by way nf Tamepa, and was ill upon arrival. ThefllowtingtmorningDr. J.Y.FPorter, aguest fromtKey Went, and Or. C. J. Kenwoethy, Jacksoenville's health officee, new the patient in consultlation weith De. Mitchell. A diagtnosis at yellowt levee appeared in the city, and int Augnst attained alartming yea- poetionsnsotapidly that the wehole nation tees shocked and can- ceened. Jacksoanviletwas enteringtheypeeiodeofits geatet diate. By tall the lay utterly ptostratesn INVA,-SIONY On the night of July 28, Dr. Neat Mitchell teat called Ia teea peltient nwhe teat ill at the Geend Union Hotel, net tee team the declares hotne. The patient, Me. R. 0. McCoemic, had came to Jacksonville team Ilntat City, by way at Tampa, end nas ill upon anrieal. Thetfollowing morningDr.J. Y. Porter, aguest fromnKey Went, and De. C. J. Kenworthby, Jacknonvilte's health otficer, new the paltient in consnltation with Dr. M~itchell. A diagnosis at yelinw tever aepared in the city, end in Angust annumed alaeming ieee- poetions en tepidly that the wahole nation wee shockeed end can- ceened. Jacksonvile wasentering the periodaofitsgretet diate. By tell the lay ntteely peoatte.n fI1VASIONY On the night at July 2t, De. Neat Mtitchell wee called to seea patient mba wee ill at the Drand Union Hotel, net tee teem the doctores home. The patient, Mre. R. D. MceCotmic, had came tn Jacksoenville team Plent City, by nay at Tampa, end wat ill npon aeeival. The following morningDr. J.Y. Poer, agesatefrmKey Went, and Dr. C. J. Kenawoethy, Jacksonville's health otficee, eatw the patient in consulation with De. M~itchell. A diagnosis at yellow  teveetasmade, atncthe patett waoent tothe and HlcsHospital. This proved to be the first authentic case of yellow fever in the eptdemic ef 1888. Although the Booed of Health antottnced that Mt. McCoettioho filest was sporadic, alot immtediately teeralf ttther peopfe were tuspected of hatiog the dictate antd they too were teat to Saocd Hillots* The threat of an epideotic ft the pat had cot a pattero of feat, aod naow that ofl1 too fatmiliat patteen hegao to tahe shape agafn. At ft deeloped, fahraset of teatsotance, liketwise all too famofliar, woe heard again. A brief note in the daffy paper oo August 1ladvised: "Keep cleat, circulate to lies and feat to evil." Aother 00 August 2tremarked onthetfinetwtheradthgoodpiitsofhe popl, adding: 'Cleatlinest ft ntxt to godlinoe-tha's ethat wahoo Jack- sooocilleosecore of lea lotott.''tt PANIC AND FLIGHT Unortuneately, hotever, the cityts immtoediate locte was foe loom secue. On Augose 8, wohen the health aathoritiesoonoanced that foot new' cotta of yellow fever had hoot reporedc i0 the city, feat aodanetty gaceo'ayto paoic. On Autgostt9,wheo fieadditional cases eee reported aod at the oet day, whoen the Duvatl Couty Booed of Health anounced that the dictate toot acsnming epidewic proportions, cartiagts, deayt, and wagooc laden with people ostamed towarod the depot and the docks tohile every outgoing toaint and steamer toot crowded heyond capacity.tt The puhlic toads wete coogested with people, someona foot, others int conveyances. Mooy had no particolar detitatiot in miod, hat watt were fleeing orth aod westthrough Wycoss andJesup, Georgia,hbyhetfew oues which rewaioed openstO Scoot, howecer, ofigid quatantitte woo estahlished agaiase the refu- geesofrowJacksonville,ondwmanylfound itocessary taotvlfrow place to place io starch of shelter. Ac 00 exawple of the hyteria which prevaildd the people of Waycrosstefutsed to lot Jacheoocille resideotspassthrooghhhir towo eveohinllcked tailroad coot at a *Fortuately the tand Hull Hospital hod been conotructed criot to tO8t tot at Jacksonville. A foty-fooat paviio andt otther buildingsee acoddecd. Later tte hospit 0-at said to hate 'coot' ceptrate buildings tand '-tvo-at fevterwas wade, oad the patent tot toot to the Saod Hillt Hotpital. Tlhspoedtobethe firtathetic case oflylflo feetoi the eptdewtc of 18ff. Although the Booed of Health anntootnced that Mrl. M~cCormick's illoestas otspotadic, almoct iwwediately seotoal other people watt tospected of having the dictate and they too were toot to Saod Hille.t0 The thereat of at epidemic an the pat had cot a pattern of feat, aod toto that all too familiat patternt began to take ehape agait. At it developed, phrases of toasstane, likewise all too fawiliat, wr heard agait. A href tote it the daily payee at August 1 advised: 'Keep clean,. circolate to lies atd feat oo toil." Atother at August 2 remarked ton the Stne weather aned the good spitits of the people, oddity: "Cleanlioessitonextto godlinesst-that's what wahoo Jach- sontvillesocecure of its future."J00 PANYIC AND FLIGHT Untfortunately, however, the city's iwmmediate fotoe woe foe frow sce. Ot August 8, whet the health authoriies anouonced that foot tow cotta of yellow foote had heent reported it the city, feat andotoietygavetwayto panic. OnaAogustt9,whentfivetadditional casestwere reported and at theonext day, whet the Daval County Booed of Health attnotnced that the disease woo assumineg epidemic propotioos, carriages, drayand wagonsldencoith peopletreawed toard the depot and the docks while every otgoing tain and steawer toot crootdod beyotd capacty." The puhlic roads wert congested with people, sowe on foot, otheots in caoveyances. Maony hod nto particular destinoatiot fin wind, hu oesct were fleeineg oroth aod wetthoghWaycross and Jesup, Gorgia,byehe few oues whichtremained optt.0 Soot, haover, tigid quartief wos estahlished against the tefu- geesfroom Jacksoonv-ille, and wanypfound it necesoary to tootvel frow place to place fo sarch of shelter. As at eoowple of the hysteria which prevailed, the people of Waycroos rtfated to lea Jacksonv'ille residentstpass through theft town toot in locked railroad coot ata *orotutely the toed Hille Hotspit toad hoot costructed pror to toot intheineoodsto anooelevated tractaof land ahboutthree anod one-halfles north of Jacksocvite. A toty-toot paviltot cod othec tbutldings awcot addedct. Laterothehosital was said thavt wncty epaateobuildingstad seveal TH YELOW FEVER EPIDfhI 018IN 149 00000 woe wade, and the patietwat toot to the Saod Hiles Hospeedl Thsprovedtohbethefirtathentic casetofyllow feveet the epidemtic of 18851 Alehoagh the Board of Health atnounedo that Mft. MecCornmick's illntess woo sporadic, almcost imediately aevetol other people mete tuspeced of having the dictate and they too mee toot to Sated Hills.s*0 Thethret ofan epidmic ithtpast had stapatternof loot, and tam that off too familiat patertn hegat to take chape agait. At it deceloped, phraset of teatsotance, likewise all too famtiliarter beard again. A brief note in the daily papee at August Iadised: "Keep clean, circtlate to fiet and loot to coil." Another ont Aogost 2 renarkdon thtfineweatherand the goodaspiritsaofthepope, additg: "Cleaoliness it not to godliness-that's what tmakes Jack- sao'villeoasecoree lea itst.'tt PANIC AND FLIGHT L'forotunately, however, the city's immediate futurt woe far-fomt secure. OntAugust,whete h athathortieseanoucedhat fourte 0w cotta of yellow levee hod heen repooted it the city, loot atdtofiety gaveowayytopaic. Ot Auguos ,when fiveodditoanl casesaweoeoreportedotnd on thettttday',when theDual Conty Booed of Health attoatced that the dictate n-at asumitg epidemic ppo~tieots, catriaget, droa, atd wago lade tot'h people ostaned towatd the depot and the docks while every otgaog tait and steamer woo crowded heyottd aaaiy1 The puhlic roadt mete congested with people, tome at loot, thers in conveyances. Many hod to particulat destinton it mitd, hotat moot r fleeing orth and wettthrogh Wycrao and Jesup,Georgia, b he fewotest which remained apen"0 Soot, howeer, rigid quatatine mat etahlished agoant the refu- gees from Jackonvlle, and manyfound it necesary to trattI from place to place an search of theleo. At ate etample of the hysteria which pevailed, the people of Wa'ycossorefused to lee Jacksonville esidents pass through theft town octet it locked railroad coot ata *Foaatuntcl te Sand HlOt Hotpitat toO hoot conestotected prior to 18t8 factoe pintwodeo an oleated trntact olndoasout to ant n-aOf tolt' northttfJckonville.Aoty-footalononottherha ilingo coot sadded. Loterc thc hospital a aeidto tee tasty sepayte buaidings and cecoa  ' ITV ' _ - +X> . , rF d , sa7"Y r u a I , f- ,u a* ,i. 5 " I s '1 Y t }a. c a h tF 1r> r",ji "., 7:i 1 !" .. a A Y f- 4 Sand Hills Hospital Sand Halls Hospital Sand Hills Hospital  "Shtu Quratie "Shtgu Qut  152 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE highrate of speed, and they threatened to taor o the railroad tracks if necessary to isoate theomselves fro the segees.-0 JACKSONVILLE A UXILIA RE SANITA RY ASSOCIAITION In Jacksonille the Board of Tratde, the city coutncil, and the coun- tycotawissioners hcld a joint tmeeting with the Board of Health on Aagase 10, aad on the following day plians were sabmitted foe or- ganiarion of the JacksonvilleAuxiiary Sanitary Association. Accord- ingly, the association war organized on Aagust 13, with Colonel J. J. IDaoiei as president, lMr. Chariot S. Adamso as secretary, and Mt. Hewey A. L'Engle astresrr It is difficutlt to apyreciate the fufi wrth rod eotraordinary color of this asoociation daring the ereorgency. Experience ia foater eyidcomics had shown that the health aothorfties of rho cityan contyhadhbeen hamperedhbyfeely esyressed criticismeof ciizeos, whoocewererising theft eight of freedow of syeech. it is troe, hot who store often acting upon unreliahle infrormation anti with a got- tial or enire omisunderstanding of the sitaatfon. A few farsighted citiaensrsawsthe necesityftoroganiaed coopterioihothe helth aathrities in ordeo that inforeation reight he disseominated equally, that each group wight he actuated hy the sawe wotive, and that the crisis wight ho nmet with unhty and wore effectiveness. To recite the accowplisthwents of the Jachsonville Sanitary Asso- clarion world bte a long rod difficult tohk. Its report, pubhished the followifag year, covers note than three hundred yages. Handicayyed at first osilack of futnds, andilaterhy the illness anti death of mrany of its personneel, the associaiono perfrwed aremarable work. A widespread guarantine againso Jachsonrsille in moid-August left onlyaono avenue of escape. CampPerry,onothehbluffsof the St. Marys Riverot fotymilesnrthofJcsonvilfle, toot opened on Augnst 22. This detention cawp at liest offered sery meager, evcn priwitive, accotmodations, hat every refurgee brow Jacksonv-ille was requre ooosay thefor elriniayshbefrehessorwasslo tetasel farther. Slowy peopeopreferredtoesposeohewselves tothe disese in Jacksonrville rather than to hrsve the hardships afforded by a leahy teat, yoor ford, insufficient hedding, and no hosyital facilities. Although towns and cities throughot the United Staler estah- 152 A CENTURY OF MEDl~ICINE higherate of speed, andohey thetened troteatr-aotherilradotrachs if necessry to isolate thenoselv es front the refogees. .0 JAICKSONVCILLEI AUXILIARY SANtITAIRY ASSOCIA TIDY In Jacksonvillethe Bordof Tradethecity council, andthe coun- ty commissioers held a joint meeting with the Bord of Herlth or August 10, and on the fodlowing day piano were submeitted borora- ganiation oi the Jachonvoie Anuxiiry Sanitry Associationa. Ascort- ingfy, the association was organized on August 13, with Coleonel J. J. Dafniet as prtesident, Mle. Charleo S. Adorer or secretary, and Mo. Henry A. L'Engle as treasrr. t is difficult to appreciate the fall towth and extraordinarf'trlute of this association doting rho ewergency. Experience in fre eyfdemeics had shown that rho health autharities of rho city and countychad Seen hampered by freely exyressed criticisms of cutier-s, whossere eercising theft eight of freedomeof speech, it is true, hoe who wore often acting rpon unreliahle inforreation and with a pr tial we entire misunderotanding of the situation. A lets farsightedi ciliaens sate the necesstity for rganized cooyeration with the heaoh authorities in rdeo that information reight he dissoeninated ecqually, thaoteach grouprmightoheactuated b hs am mhot o tive,oandothatthe crisis right he wet with ralty and wore effectiseness. To recit rho accompyiishmeents of the Jacksonille Sanitary Asso- ciationwould hc a long and difficult rash, Its report. pubhished rhe following year, covers wore than three hundred yages. Handicaypsed atofirtby laof funds,and lterhbyehe illness andldeathalotmny of its porsonnel, the association performoed a remarokable work. A widespread quarantine against Jacksonville in meid-August hift onlysonetavenueof ecape. Camp Perry, onteohluffsrof the St. Mlarys Riser ahbo fortytniles orth of Jachsonville, was opened ron Augustl22. This detention campathfrtlofferedsverymeager, een primitise, accommnodatfons, hot esery refugee brore Jacksonville oar required to stay there foe ten days hefre he was allowed to teasel farther. _Ay peopeyprefered trxpsrethemsetsothedisase in Jacksonviflit oatheor than toraeve rho hardshiys afforded hy a leahy root. poor lood, insufficient hedding, and no hosfpital facilities. Altourgh towns rand cirier throughout the United Stoles estah- 152 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE high rate of syeed, and thes-threatened o tear a the railroad trachs if necessary to isolate themnselses hrow rhe refugees.-t 1JACK50NVEILLE AUCXILIARYF SANI TARY A SSOCIA TIDY In Jachksonv-ille rho Bord of Trade, the city concil, and the corn- IF commissiners held ajointrmeeting withthe Board of Heathaon August IS, and an rhe follrosing doss glans were snhbnitted for or- ganizationofothe JachsonilleAuiiaryhanitary Association. Accord- logic, the association was rganized on August 13. with Colonel J. J. Daniel or preident, Mr. Charles S. Adores as secretary, and Mt. Henry A. L'Engle as treasurer. Ir is dlifficult to aypreciate rho foil orth and exrordeinry taint of this association dating rho ereergency. Erperience in formr epidemics had shown that rho health outhorioies oi the city roof countshadbeen hameperedhbyfreelyepressed criticismeofcitizns, who wete exrecising theft right of freedomn of speech, it is true, hoe who wore oore acting uyon unreliahble infoormation and with a pat- riot or entire reisunderstanding of the situation. A few farsightedf citizens row the necessity far rganioed cooyeration wsith the health auethorities in ordber that inforreon night be dissereinteod equally, that each gouep might he acruated hy rho saree motise, and that the crisis reight he woo with roity and mre effectiveness. Tr recite rho accaomplishreents of rho Jacksonville Sanitary Asot cirto ould he along and difficult rash. Its rort. ynhlished the following year, coersoreothanthrehundred pges. Handicassyed at first by faco of bonds. and lat hy the fibrness. anti doath of worry sliers poersonel, the association prforeed a remarkable woofs. A wideryread quaranoine againso Jachsonville in moid-August left onlyrone avenueofsca. CampPery,on thehluffs ofthe S. MaorsRiver ahbo forty milesorthof Jachsonsille, wasaopenedron Augusto22. This detention camp atfirstafferedsveryeger, een priretive, accoreredations, St evety tefugee hrow Jaccksonville toa- required t tay there fortendyshefore hewsallwed rotravcf frthet. Mlanty yeople preferred to exost hoemselves to rho disoaso in Jacksronville oathero than so hrsve the hardshiys afforded hya leahy tent poor ford, insufficienot hedding. rod no hospital facilitiet. Although earns and cities throghout the United Stares estah-  THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1888 THE YELLOW EVER EFIFIEI C OF 1888THE YELLOW FEVER EFIDEMIC OF 1888 15ITEsLLWF:REFOlICOF18 5 THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1888 ls: Cott Pc;, .otpor lished rigid qttrtinte againstt Jacksonvfie, tttntt of themwr prtompt tffer trotter and suppies. At first the city autthorities refused to acept outsdead, utate,erwhe tcaeeesarty for thtemto trtequ~est help ftromo the counttt to rhtge, they were mtet woithoan overtwhelintgrespottse. TheJaksonvtille AuiirytSantary Assrcitiontevedotaog ttther thirngs, as the agencty wrhich provided food oatd work fot the people. Neatlt ttto hundrtredrthrousandreely rtonsrof foodowere issued,oandno one wasoenicedwork. An adultraotfor oneorweek consritedoftopounds of bon, three poundsiofmeal, theepounds of gritsrtne pinofrmolassesrone-half poundfof sl. one-fourthtounrd of coffee, one-half poundiof sutgar, atnd one batSf stop. The issuancce of rartio andi the providing of johs didi match to burildl the mrorole of the people durintg the long monoths of thte sumetre ted foil. With the exception of the ftncfdents rohich followed the ororthat the unitedlStates Goveerrment hodetoeywtch Negroes coutld ohtofo withoot effort. foiriy good discipine wooman toie S c o too the wrorkers. lofted rigid quraotirte agaiott Jackonville maooy of themee perofpt to offer mooey ted suppliies. At first the cify oothoeites refusedi to occept totside oid loos lotter, wen ft hecoame ecessory for thtemtto requrethelptfrotothercoutntryt large, they woerermtoe wfith ott ovetwhelmineg response. The Jacksoovlle Auxiliory Sanitary Asrociation servedi,amn otherthings, ostheogencywhich prtoeidedi food aed woth for the poeole. Neorly tohunrteed thousandltweeklyeoations of foodrere issuredand no oneowastdentied wrk. Andlt ation for one eek consifstedlof twooundsttlofbacotn,three pountdsttfomeltheepouds of gefts.oe oftnt ofrmolasses. one-half poundfofsat, oefouthoundto oficoffee. one-half pound of sugar, and one hor of sooap. Thefirsuonce of rationsoanddthe peoridigof jtbhtdidmuch to hbuild the moorale of the peoptle during the loeg months of the sumrtee aool foil. With the exceptfon of the fncidents whfch followed the rector thot the United Stotes Governentrt had trot roetor whlich Negroes torrid ohbtain withoute effort. fafir goon diocipline tasootn tainedi a toc the woorkers. , trpfeey lishedrigefid quaeontine against Jacksooille, manty of themor promopt to offer moneyto ood stupplie. At first the city authhorities reusedlttoacceptfrotideoaid,hbttlater.hentecametrecessary rethemttoequesthelp feomtthe couratlage, they tore mtet wfthlaoerwehelmtingespoe. The JachsonvilleAuxiliary Santry Asociafotoervedionrg otther things, as the agencyrrwhich prootidedl loodnd wodrotk for the peolel.Nely two hudrdthousandweely eations of foodee issedandno ne asdenifedowork. on duttrrotionforoe woeek consisted of tro pounds of haontttrhrepoundsofomel, theepoundts of grits tooe pier of molasses, one-half pound of salt. one-forth pountdt of coffee. ocr-hoff potted orf sogae, and one hot of soop. The issuanece of rtons ando the providing of johs did tooch to burild the moralte of the people dinfg the tong months of the sumomer tari foil. With the exceptfoe of the fncidrents whfch followood the rormor that the Uted Storer Governmenet hod sent toeyo wich Negres could otrif wifthout effort. fairly good dliscfplinre rasoin tained aotoctheoworeer.  154 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 154 CETUR OF EDIINE154 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE14 ACETROFEDIN 154 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE Cea p Perr Hospital PH1YSICIANS' AND N URSES' B UREA U A committee of the Jacksonville Auxiliary Sanitary Association, known as the committee as Nurses and Medical Attentisn, was or- ganized during she early pars of she epidemic. Its bureau, located on Bay Street, attempted to furnish physicians and norses far those in distress. Eleven local physicians" and seventeent fron t aher cilsies served with the bureau, white Drs. Neal Mitchell, R. F. Daniel, A. S. Baldwin, A. WV. Knight, and C. J. Kenworthy played important roles in executive and advisory capacities. Dr. D. 51. Echemendia served as chief of the disinfecting corps. Dr. W. L. Baldwin, before be had the opportunity so serve, became ill and died an September 3,uke thirty-seventh victim of the disease. Somewhat more than eifht *Drs. C. J. Burr0ougs, F. H. Curser. G. F. Centcr. A. T. Cuncr, A. If. Darnes, J. D. Fernandcez, A. W. Knight, Gorgeu C. Matthews, Sottace Mitchelt, P. J. Stottenwrck, and Norman Wehster. t Most importass istbis rgrou asD.. Y. Porter of KeytSWest, whom forgers General Hamilton placed is chsarge of governmetals rtief.55 Camp Perry Hdospital PHYSICIANS' AND NURSES' BUREAU A committee of the Jacksonville Ausiliary Sanitary Association, known as the committee an Nueses and Medical Attention, was or- ganised daring the early part of the epidemic. Its bureau, located an Bay Street, attempted so farnish physicians and nurses foe those in distress. Eleven local physicians* and seventeent from asheor cities served with the boreau, while Des. Neal Mtitchell, R. P. Daniel, A. S. Baldwin, A. WV. Knight, and C. J. Kenworthy played important roles in executive and advisory capacities. Dr. D. At. Echemendia served as chief of the disinfecting corps. Dr. WV. L. Baldwir, before hr had the opporionity to serve, became ill and died an September 3, the thirty-seventh victim of the disease. Somewhat more than right *Drs. C. J. Burroughs, F. H. Carses. G. F. Center, A. T. Courser, A. H. Darnsr, J. D. ernandeu, A. W. Knight, George C. Matthews, fotlacr Mitchelt, P. J. Stolenwerrk, und Norman Webhter. tMost importnt inthis uroup was Dr. J. Y. Poretr ot tKry st, wom Saugos General Hamilton, placed in charge o1 govrmental rlief.Oa Camp Perry Hlospital PHYSICIANS' AND NURSES' B UREA U A committee of the Jacksonville Auxiliary Sanitary Association, known astshe committee on Nooses and Mfedical Attention, was or- ganiaed duringthe early part of the epidemic. Its burea, located an Bay Street, attempted to furnish physicians and nurses for those in distress. Eleven local physicians0 and seventeent from other cities served with the bureau, while Drs. Neal Mitchell, E. P. Daniel, A. S. Baldwin, A. W. Knight, and C. J. enorthy played important roles inrsxecutiveand advisory capaciies. Dr. D. 1. Echemendia served at chief of the disinfecting carps. Dr. W. L. Baldwin, before he had the opportnity so serve, became ill and died an September 3, the thirty-seventh victim of the disease. Somewhat more than eight *Drls. C. 5. Bursoaugss, F. H5. Curses, G. F. Center. A. T. Cuzner, A. H. Darncs, J. D. Frnande, A. W. Knight, George C. Matthews, Sollace Mitchell, P. J. Sttlrenwck, and Norman Webster. tMost importantinttis group cas D.J. Y. orter ao eyWest, whom fSureo General Hamilton placed incharge ofgovrnmetal rif.O  THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1888 155 hundred nsrses were enrslled by the bsseau, less than see fsurth sftwhsmweelcalesidentts. Despite effststsshtainacclimated and epeenced nussese,eaty becamse illsend alagesnumbe wee fsund is be itscomspeteet. TREA TMEN'T There was musch discassisn svee she pespee leatment lee the patienst wish yellsw levee. Os. H. E. Sisat. prsbably she best-knsws hseopsthic physician is Jacksstviile duriep that day, msade preeat claitms for bsmespathy. Acontite, belladonta, sasd eecuey west his remeedies lee she levee, while silives nitrate, sulphuric acid, ted aeseicweeehis "sheet aechorssiehlacks'sosit." A decoctisesof watermelse seeds, Is which a little pie had beet added, he thoaght 'acted esceedieply well as a dietetic," wbile braedy aed champapse were hishbest stimulanttslforcllapse ad cttvalescesce.it It sthe early fail, the Baed si Health recomtmeeded the fsollowinp: Die a bet mesard lest bath with the patiet ie a chair ueder a blaeket lee 18 mieutes. Aftee dryiep ueder the blaeket place the piatieinbed withht waterbotles. Dive 5lpraiesslfcaloelaso adelas ted tee-hall this sweat to a child. After 3 as 4 beets pive a doseeof castes ol erssalts, iles waste drinks of staee tea t. Afier the medicie acts, pive a% teaspooeeli of Nitse it seal wales every 2hours,and aneemasifecssay. Givsalittlebrady, whiskey as chatepapee if she paient is very weak. Give 3 tahie- spoonfuls of beef as chicken heath as greantd discouage effoess as veesit Dbisapparenteeowthatlbsseyphysicians whassetsredpasodttesinp and supportive cats lee their patientsaobtaied the best rsats frete treatmtent, wheestihose wkotweakenedtheirsptiets whstrong medicies ted drsaic we asses obtained the poorest rsetse. Had it beet possihle it these days to admieistes solutions ef placate ted sahe letssvseously durinp the peeled alikhe patient's tases, abs ill- ness it many instances proably would have beet shortened ted the mertality sate mealsly lowered. Masty well-meaniep people soupht as help wish suppestioes dur- inp she emepgeecy, ted soe ef iheir suppestions west piven a tsial. As early as Aepusa 12, a letter frow "Rey Wester" inferwed the people that yellow levee was "killed eel" it Rey West she pecedinp THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1811 135 hundred tases wets seeroled by the basest, less than see foustk of whom wets local residets. Despise efforts as obaie accliwated and epeenced nurses,senyhbecameillsandsalarpesumherwee fotnd as be incotepeteet. TREA TMENYT These was wash discussi'at ovec she proper teattenet lee the patsent with yellow levee. Ds. H. R. Stsu, probably the hesa-keowe howeopathic physicist it Jacksonville duriep that day, wads pret clise lee hoeoepathy. Acoeite, belladonna, ted mercury west his rewedies las tbs levee, while silver eitrate, selpheric acid, ted arsenicwereehis "sheetaechorsinback vowi." A decoctioneof waterwelee seeds, as wbich a little pit had beet added, he thoupht "acted exceedinply well as a diuretic," while braedy ted chatepape wets his bet stimulants lee collapse ted ceevshesseese.tt It lbse early Pail, the Boaed of Healtb recomtended she flloewinp: Give a hat mstasrsd last hash with lbs patient ins s hahr ueder a blaeket lee 15 wintes. After dryiep ueder tke hlanet place lbs pellet it hed with hal watts kettles. Give 5 prsies ef calomel as adults ted see-hall this ateount to a child. After 3 as 4 hates pive a dose of caso il or esalts, latsr waste drinks of oranpe leaf ta. Afses she medicie eels, pive '% teaspooeful of Nitee it seal watts eveyl2hours,tandaeemaetifecessay. Givesahittle brady, whiskey as chamspapne if the pallient is vety weak. Dive 3 table- spoonfuls of heel as chicken heath as grel ted discourape efforss is veteit.5o Itisapparent now that those physicias whasetsredpgoodnurinp ted supportive catse okteir paietsobtined she best tesuts frow treatment, whereas these who weakened their patients with stroep teedicinesand drsticwmeasures obtaied thepoes esuds. Had it beet possible intose days is adwitister solutiost oP plecose ted stie inrenuslty duriep the peeled of the pellet's tases, the i- test it testy intansces probably would have beet shorttened ted she mortality sale waterially lowered. Mleep well-meanengp peeple soepht is kelp with seppestions dur- lap she eterency, and soe of their suppestioes west piven a trial. At early at Aupust 12, a leases from "Key W~ester" informed she people that yellow levee was "killed eat" it Key Wst she peceding THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1188 155 hundred tases wets seeroled by the basest, less that see fourth of whew west loal resideets. Despite ePfosto isobtain acclimted ted experienced tases, many becawe i teds asp arenuber were foued to he iecempetent. TREA TMENT These was teach discession eves Ike proper teatwent lee Ike patient with yellow levee. Ds. H. R. Sisal, prsbahly the bet-known hoeotpathic physicist it Jacksonville durinp that day, see pret clims lee homeopathy. Acoeite, belladona, ted ercury west his remeedis lee the levee, white silver titesis, tulphuic acid, sand arsenic weeskis"sheetanchorsineblckvoi." A decoctintof watterselon seeds, to which a little pie had beet added, he thoupht "acted exceedieply well as a diuretic," while brandy ted chamspapne west his best stiiwantes lee collapse ted ceevolesceeceets Ineaks early fll, the Baed of Health recomended the fllhowiep: Give a has mussard Peel bath wtl the patient its s hale ender a blanket los 18 mainutes. After dryinp under she blanet place the patientinebed withkhotwterbotle. Give 5pgrinseofcaomel to adalts ted ate-hall ibis aottoI a skild. Alter 3 tt 4 hoses pive a dose o castes elser salts, iles waste drinks oP oranpe leal sea. Afaer the wedicie acts, pie % teaspooeful of Nutse it cash wvater eerylk oursandseaetemaifecessay. Givea littlhe ady, whitkey oe chatepapne ithe paient is vety weak. Give 3 table- spoonfuls of heel as chicken heath as gruel sand discourape seeots ito eaoiltt It it apparent taow that thotsephysiciasswha ssetsred peed nursinp ted supportive case for theie patients obtained the bet resulas frote treamet,wheeassewhoeweaeneedtheirpaients withstronp medicinestand drsticteeasuessobtained thepooest rsts. Halli beet possible inthose days as adteiister sluiones oP placate sand stie ietrsvenously durinp she peeled oP she patiet's teauses, the i- test in many insances probably would have beet shortened sod the teortaitay sate teaterially lowered. Mleep well-weeninp people soupht to help with suppesions doe- it1 the ewerpeecy, and sate oP aheir suppestions west piven a trial. As early as Aupest hi, a letier frow "Rep WXester" ienfoteed tke people ihat yellow' levee wet "hilled sat" it Rey West she preceding  156 A CENTURY OP'MEDICINE sumesre by keepineg tae end pitch flees buerning throughout the city everyenight.tt Not long afterwardtsmenwereeatssorkbinJackso- svit hindlineg husge flees of pinse aed tee to peelfy the ale at night. Another attach toes mtade upons the disease by tiites toasty cannonas. The experimensts of ti7l had stat bees consvincing to she people. assd msany still believed thee hacteeia cauld be "concussed." Its the meniea geeeal cleats-sti campaign twes launechedlimhee seas beoadcast,ssecldisinfiectansts sseecusediereely,hbutthecepideesicsoly isceeasedhis alreadyrapidtesps. Uefsertnaelysafae as isenows. noscsscereeeiostswas masde tsdestroy suppliescofatificially stored swatetswherecthosansdsofssmssquitses doblessseebeedig. All outgoing msail team the city toes shoeoughly fumeigased. Tso stations. see neae W~ayceoss, Geergia. aed the sthee at La Villa ie the sabuebsof Jackssovlle, handledaameazingeamosnesefmil. The Wasycross statise elsee is said Is have distributed 2,500,000 pieces, each sofs-blab had so be heedled fosasimes. Despite this psecau- tise, the asshssities at he. Asgustsine refasedl Is accept mall meatter frsmsJackssnville andtsomeohetows is the state wousld nst alsew sterchaedise of eel bled Is cose ito theie communities fesos the cleactedar. General P. E. hpinee, fsemee Treasuer si the Uelled Stases,tt so had ice three yeersbeent livineg he retireenee at "Camsp Cars- lie. his scean feces lodge at Pablo Beach (see Jacksonville Beachi1 wotoe as amusing sittes to a frend ie the fells offf88. It is reeproduced here almsost is its ensicesy becase is illusteates so wl she esasperasioe of stee of the people oosr the fsumigatioe of the seeds aed presents suchb a. ueique picture of Jackesoille's outlying reginsduebsgthosestryingemonths: Pablo Beach. Plorida October 21st. 1888 Johe J. Long, Esq. Montpelier, Veermont. Mly deer hie: Yase very bled, and highly ieterestieg lettee of the 1tsh aed 15th instant, came here se the evesnleg befose lass. punched as fell of hales as is youe Doeax sieve. aed smselling of hellfire aed berimstone. We associate swith all kinds oi people who go up to the City sooty day. we hey our supplies that came feces the City dadly. and 156 A CENTURY OP MEDICINE summer by keepieg tee aed pitch flees huening theoughoet she city eveeyenight1t5 Not long afeeeaedeneeatworkieJacsoe- ville kiedlieg hope flet of pine and tes ts peeify the ale as eight. Anothrsattacsasemadeuponthe disease by iing maey cenos. The experimeetsofc 1677 had stat bees convincing to the people. and saey still believed that bactesia cceld he "cncussed." Is the sseantimsageeralclean-up campaigntwas laanched, limessas broadcast, aed disinecants woere ued freely, bet the epidemic only inceassed its already tepid tesspo. Unforutesly, so ice as is Lease, socccsted sliest seas made to dlestroy suspplies of artificially slted water whess thousaeds of mosqutehssdoubtlsswerebeeding. All ousgoing mail ifrom the city toas thoroughly fumigated. Tea statioss see ear Waycross, Geoegie, and the other at La Villa is the suburbs of Jackesodvile, haedled as amazing aesount of tait. The W~aycrss statics aloe is said to have disteibuted 2,560,000 pisces, each of shich had to he handled ices times. Despise this precau- slats, the asuthorities at St. Augustiee refused to accepst mail mattes item Jackscovile, aed same other tames he the state would not allow serchandiose of aey bled to come lets their coemmunities from the infectedar. Gheneral P. E. hpiner, fosmee Tesuer of the Celled heaesset who bed for thee years beent hlvig he retirement at "'Camp Cats- lie." his can froet ledge at Pahlo Beach (eats Jackesoille Beach) ,t sre as emusieg lessee to a fieed ie the tall of 15ff. It isreproduced herealmstsineits entirety becase it illustratessswll the exsperatioe of same of she people eves the fuesigatioe of the seeds asd presents tech a ueiqe pictere of Jacksoille's outlting segioneduringthosetryieg amoeths: Pablo Beach. Plotida ctches 21st 1586 Johe J. Loeg, Raq. Monpeslier, Vermoe. Mt dear his: Vase very bled, sod highly ineresting lessees1f the 12th ced 15th lessees, came bee oe she eveehng heest os panched as full of hales as is yosr Doeax sieve, and smsellieg of hellfirse and heimsoe. We associate sohh all kieds of people toago epc so he Coty every day, we bay our supplis chat came lernm she City dels, and 156 A CENTURY OP MEDICINE summer by heeping tee aed pitch fies beurning throughout the city everyenight.'0 Nsteloegafterswardensweeeatswotki Jacsoe- ville kindling bags flees of pie aed tar so pusify the etc as eight. Aeother attach toes made apse she disease by firing mane canns. The experiments oi 1877 had stat bees convincieg to the people, and steep stitl believed that basteria could be ceacssed." Ie she meentime a geeral clan-u tp campacigs wsaunsched,. limewa broadcast anddisinfectserusesd frecly, butte pdemscasly incseased its aleady tepid tempo. Cnfortessely, so far as is beams, so coecerted effet toes made to dtestroy ssspplies of artificiallsored sates sbets thosands of mosquishdoubtlssee beedig. All oesgoieg mel feas the city wstchoroughly fumeigated. Tea sttseoe ear Wayceoss, Georgia, and she ashes as La illa is the subsurbs of Jacksovile, handled ae asmazing amosnt of mail. The Wascrss station atones is said to have distribeted 2,500,000 pisces, each of tohich hod so he haedled face slates. Despise this precau- hasn, the aethorities at ho. Augstineefesed tosaccept sl mattes feces Jackosovile, aed some ther toss inl the stats wousld eas altos erchandise of anybkind so come lets their commenties teem she infiectedar. Geersal P. P. Spiner, foemer Treser of the Celted healeo~tt she bed foe shreseyersbeen hlvig is retiremet at "Camsp Cea- lie" his oeae feast lodge at Pablo Beach (eno' Jacksoille Eseach( e wroeet an assesieg lttes so a frend ie she tall ef this. Is is reprodeced bee clost ie its ensirety becaese is illustrates so wnell she exsopeeatioe of sose of she yeople ayes the iumigetioe of she stalls and pesens sech a uneiqe pictue of Jacksoneilles outlying segiossdurintg shoe trying monts: Pablo Beach. Plorida ctches 21st till Johe J. Long, Esq. Moespelier, Vermoet. ilo fees his: Vase very hied, aed bigh5 ineressing lessee of she 12th aed 15th instant. came here as she eveeing before less. penched as tell of hales as is yoer Doeax sieve, and smellieg of hellie and brimstoe. We associate wtoih alt kinds of people who go ep to the City every day. we bey ass supplies shoe cams feas the City deity, aed  THE VFLLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1- 8 157TEYELWFEREIECOFii 15THYLOW EER PDECOF18 TI!I. YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1 - 157 THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1 Forigat ig ths Ja, kIocille ;ils at Ifay( oss, Georgia weteceieadreadto dily Jkoville Nespapes. None of all of these are either punched full of holes cot huve they fums of fise and sulphutr Elown through themt. And yet, cost after twtelve wceeks of yellowt fev'er ins the City, swe hee use all Ieee frost ft. But, cost, let u cleuu fetter comes here fromtshe pose uir of t he GreenuMountains of Vercmoct uand the cursed fools at tlse fumcigating station seiue it, puch it so thur itis alcmost ilegible, ued thee ipumti antuhearable slink lno it. If the foot killer hut got through swith Ekiling democrats in Vet- motnt,Iswish yououded himto Jcsonvt~ilehe ois dl eeded there. Fttegotss the JackoocMllc *sos at It aycross, Georgia stereceive and reacd tsto dully Jacksonville Nespapers. Noe of all of these use either punched foil of holes cue hue they lous of lie and sulphur blostn through thenm. And yet, cost after tstelvesteekos of yellost fetes in the City, swe hete use ail lree frost it. But, cost, let auclean leer comte hese fescm the puss air of ohs Green Mlountains of Vermtont, and the corsed fouls us the fumsigating station seize it, punch it so that ft is ualmost illegihle, and then potmp an unbearable slick lets it. If the foul killer hut got throufh sth killing demtocrats ic Ves- stunt, Istish you stould seed hin tso Jackonville hr is sidly nreeded there. Fostautg th, Juchocsille s stoi at iucoss, Georgia twereceive andread ttodily Jcksonilie Netsppers. None ofuall of these ore either punched foil of holes cue hae they fumtes of fle andsulpthbostrough tem. And yet, ostftertteletees of yellost feter 10 the City, ste htere are oil free froms it. Bot, cost, ltl a clean letter costs hess frost the pore air of the Green Mountains of Vermtont, and the cussed fools at the fumtigating station seize it, puoch it so thut illis almsts illegihle, and then pumup anrhnearable stick into it. ffthe foolkillerehasgot thoughtith killigdeocats lo Ver- msont, Istish you wuld send him to Jacksonville he is sadly needed these.  158 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE We had hoped that the yeltlow levee had lost its hold, no far as the loot theee days hefnee yesteeday, the nowhee of new eases had eon down to 36- 29 -27, hot yesterday they ran op tn 50 again. The weather here, foe ten continouns days has heen jnst perfect. dd degrees heing the lowest, and 82° the highest in all that time. We iwprove Ohio heautiful weather, hy drives op & down one heautiful beach... . 158 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE We had hoped shot the yellow fevee had lost its hold, as foe as the last three days hefore yesterday, the nnwher of new cases had eon down to 368-29 -27, hot yesterday they ton np to 510 again. The weather here, for ten contsinuous days has heen jnst perfect. 44 degrees heing the lowest, and 82' the highest in all that tiwe. We iwprove this heautiful weather, hy dtives op & down one heautifl beach... . 158 A CENTURY OF MIEDICINE We hod hoped that the yellow fever had lest its hold, as foe as the last theee days hefre yesteeday, the nuwhee of new cases had ran down to 38-29-27, has yesterday they ran op so 50 again. The weather here, foe tea continuous days has heen jot perfect. 441 degrees heir1 the lowest, and 82' the highest in all that tiwe. We iwprove this heantiful tweather, hy drives np & down our heautiful beach.... Today, we will .. dine -... on venizon and wild turkey-we had seatrousnd teal forhreakfas. Gawe is veryplenty, and we just live on it, andn Donax soup. Therhunters fear to go tothe City, sotheir gawe coweshere. Eor several weeks we tent twn pails nfonaxssoup theCity,everyworing. There isno end of the shells new, ...- and none sire nf the soap. I ow writing this in that sawn place between the tents, where weoused toos ad chat. I hope wemay do so again err long. Bus, wind pan, don't you cowe here, or to Jacsoenville, until after a hard least. Severl havecehback toonsoonand paidthepenly wih their lives. ..Of all those who go so the City every morning, hat retun hereentevening not onehashbeen tahen downwith the fve. Iagreerwith you, we are going to lick the rascals ot of theie hoots-see ifwe don't. Tendewy love toLizzie, nd accept atone- ances of continuedresteew foryonrselflfrowyor fiend. Today, we will . .. dine . .. on venizon and wild tnrhey-we hadsea routand ealforheakfas. Gawe isvery plenty,oand we justslivernit,oandnDnax sop. The hnnteslferogn tnhe City, sotheir gawecowesthee. For several weeks we sent two pails ofiDonax soup tnthe Ciy,verywmorning. There is noend ofthe shells now,. ... and none tire nf the stoup. owa writing this in that sawe place hetwseen the tents, where werused to sitand chat. I hopewewmaydoo agnere long. Bat, wind you, don't you cowe here, nr to Jacksnville, until alter a hoed feost. Seveal havecmehbach too ssooad pidhepenlty wih their lives. ..Of all those who go to the City every woening, hot retan hereeatevening notnone hashbeentaken down with thefever. Iagtee with you, we ate going to lich the rascals eat of their hbots-seeifwe don't. Tenderwmyloveto Lizie,ond ccept assor- ances of continued esteewlforyourelflfromwyourftiend. Spinnernt Today, we will . - dine -... on venizn and wild turkey-we had sea troutand tealfrbeakfst. Gamwrisvery plenty, andwe jnst livennit, and on Doaxoup. The hunters feaetogoto the City, so their gawe cowes here. Foe several weehs we teat two pails of Donnax stoup to the City, every wotning. Thre is no end of the shells new,. ... and none tie of the sonp. I ow writing this in that sawe place hetween the tents, where we used toos andechat. t hope we way do so again err long. Hot, wind you, don'tyou come here, or to Jacksonville,ntil after a hard feast. Several have cowe hock too soon and paid the penalty with their lives. ..Of all those who go to the City every worning, hot return here atevening not onehaskbeen taken down with the fever. I gree with you, we are going In lick the rascals out of their hoots-see if wedn't. Tendewy loveto Lizie,oandaccept astor- ances ofcntinued esteemwfor yourselffromwyour friend. Spianerat  THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1888 159 THEYELOWFEEREPIEMC F 188 15 TH VLLlY EVR PIDMI O 188 59THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1888 159 THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1888 159 Bongfir- ;~ Jacksonville darg the epidemric- of 1888 Bay Street looking west St. Luke's Hospital A FORLORN CITY By fall Jacksonville had became indeed a desolate spat. A census compiled bya house-t-house anvass during early Septemobershowed that the papulation had been rednced feats approximately twenty thaasand taabaua foarteen thousaad,aofwhamanly forthusand were white. Later that mnth, daring tar week altar, nearly one thoasandanew cases at levee and seventy deaths werereparted. Mstl of the people were entirely without resoarces. Stores and residences were deserted, business was utterly demoralized, and at night an an- canny stillsess which settled tes the city was brokes osly by the occasinal rattleaof adeath cart. Unless it was absolately necessary, nne wentutf dors between sunsetuand sssrise. Finatly it was drcidrd to depopulate the city. In September the United States Govrnmest had provided a train with free transpor- tation feats Jacksonville as Hendertsntille, North Carolina, ane at teveral cities that welcamed yellow fever refugees, hnt the trip had prayed to be a fiasco. Later in the fall camps of refage were Bonfires in Jacksonvi lie during Ike epidemic of 1888 Bay Street looking west St. Luke's Hospital A FORLORN CITY By fltl Jacksonville had become indeed a desolate spat. A cenas compiled by a house-ta-hoause cantvass daring early September thawed that the population had been reduced tram approxintely twrnty thoanad toabout fourteen thousand, ofwham onlyfar thand were white. Later that moath, during ane week alane, nearly ane thousaand new cases at fever and seventy deaths were reported. Moast oftthe people were entirelywitbautrsorces. Stores and residences were desrted, business was atterly demoralized, and at night anun canny stillness which settled aces lbs city was braken only by the occasionalattletofa death cart. Untless itwas absltely necessay, noaone wentaoutafdors between sunset and aunarise. Finally it was decided to depopulate the city. In Septembes the United States overnment had provided a traint with free transpor- tation feats Jacksonville to Hendersonvitle, Nortb Carolina, one at several cities that welcomed yellow fever refagees, but the trip had prayed to he a fiasct. Later in the fall camps at refnge were Bonfires in Jacksonville during the epidemic of 1888 Bay Street looking west St. Luke's Hlospital A FORLORN CITY By fall Jacksonville had become indeed a detolate spat. A census campiled by a house-ta-htuse canvass during early Septembee showed that the population bad been reduced trom approsimately twenty thousand toaut fourteen thousand, at whumaonly ftur thousand werr while. Later that manth, daring one weeks altne, nearly one thousand new casesaoffever and seveny deaths were repred. Stost af the peple were entirely withutresuces. Stores and residences were deserted, business was ntterly demoralized, and at night an un- canny stillness which settled avee thecifly was broken only by the accasinal rattle oftadeath cart. Unless it was abolutely necessary, naaone wenttofdoosbetweenasset and sanrise. Finally it wan decided to depopulate the city. In September the United States Government had provided a train with free transpar- tatian tram Jackasville to Hendeesonville, North Carolina, one tf several cities that welcamed yellow fever refugees, bat the trip had prayed so be a fiasco. Later in the fall camps of refuge were  160 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE lb ACENuRYOF EIINE1 EIR F IDN 0 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE 160 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE The li fet Ho'r established near Jackonv ill, and the peopln were urged to go there. The first. Camp Howard, built an Moncrief Creek, did not becoume popular. but Canny Mitchell. named fat Dr. Neal Mitchell and located Inver rmiles west of the city, was ready far occupancy in Octobee. About four-hundred persons wnre cared forand ony one death rwts reported thre. THE TURN Octoher proved to be the turning yoint at the epidewic. Durtng the final weetk at that month there wre nearly live hundred nts caret of inner ast thirty-seven deaths, rrhreas during the tact we both nerw caret and deaths anne reduced hy a little oner half. Like- wire, during the tart week at October, there mat an ayprectable decline in the number who needed aid. On the night of Norrmber 25, the temperatumre fell to thinty-two degrees, and thereafter Ike epidemic was nirtually at an rnd. Thanks- giving war nat as happey an ocusion to l8ft ar it bad been in 1877, hownever. for thecity had suffered a much mare devastatitng rxppie- Tde Nlitct't lora, ertablirhed near Jacksonville, and the people wean urged to go there. The first, Camp Hownard, built on Monacrief Creek, did not becomer popular, hue Camp Mitchell. rnared tor Dr. Neal Mtitchell and locatedrseven milesrwest of the city, was ready for occupanrcy ire October. About four hundred prsounswere cared fur, andaonlyaone death was reported thre. THE TURN Octobr pasted to be the tanning paint of the epidemic. Oaring the firstrveekof that moth thereawre nrly five hunedred nraw curer of fever and thirty-reven deaths.whreas daring the last reek bath new cases and deathr were reduced by a little aver half. Like- wise, during tbe last week of October, thre war an uppreci'able decline in the number who needed aid. On the night of November 25, the temperatre fell to thirty-twoa degrees,. and therenaftr the epidemic roar virtually al an end. Thankr- gining mar rat ar happy an occasion in 1888 at it had seen in 1877, howeer, for thecitybhaduffred auchmre dvastaing expri- Ths Ilithell Harac established near Jacksonvill, and the people wre urged as go there The first, Camp Howard. bailt on Materiel Creek, did rue became ppulear, bat Camp Mitchell, namaed fur Dr. Neat Mitchell and located terra mites west of the city, war ready foe occupancy tee Octobr. About fourehundred prsonsawerecaed for, and oalyaone death war reported there. THE TURN October pruned to be the turning paint of tbe epidemic. During the first week of that monthb tereren nearly fivebaundred new cares of fever and thirty-saven deaths. whreas during the lart toeb both new cares and deathr were redmuced by a little aver half. ikoe- were, daring the lurt reek at October. there war an appreciable decline in the number rwho needed aid. On the aight of Nonember 25, the tempratuere fell to thirty-twno degrees, and therafter the epidemic war virtnally at an end. Thanks- giving war not at happy an occasion in 1888 ar it had been in 1877, however, for thecityad ufferedamch mre dvatating epri-  THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1888 161 ence. Nearly five thousand had contracted the disease, and more than four hundred had died.* At the close of the epidemic the sup- plies which the Jacksonville Auxiliary Sanitary Association had on hand were distributed among the local charitable institutions, and funds amounting to approximately $25,000 were deposited in local banks to be used to aid people who might suffer from similar dis- asters in the future. THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1888 161 ence. Nearly five thousand had contracted the disease, and more than four hundred had died.* At the close of the epidemic the sup- plies which the Jacksonville Auxiliary Sanitary Association had on hand were distributed among the local charitable institutions, and funds amounting to approximately $25,000 were deposited in local banks to be used to aid people who might suffer from similar dis- asters in the future. THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1888 161 ence. Nearly five thousand had contracted the disease, and more than four hundred had died.* At the close of the epidemic the sup- plies which the Jacksonville Auxiliary Sanitary Association had on hand were distributed among the local charitable institutions, and funds amounting to approximately $25,000 were deposited in local banks to be used to aid people who might suffer from similar dis- asters in the future. Return of yellow fever refugees to Jacksonville on the Steamer Iroquois December 15 was set as the date when the refugees were allowed to return, and on that day several hundred arrived home. On De- cember 16, an editorial in a local paper stated that the returned refugees had been in town hardly an hour when "the Bay" (Bay Street) put on its old time air of life, and by nightfall the street scenes were indeed inspiriting. The editor voiced the general sen- timent of the people when he wrote: "Jacksonville is good enough for us.... We've seen them all and we're satisfied."21 *For exact numbers, see Margaret C. Fairlie, "The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1888 in Jacksonville," Florida Historical Quraterly, XIX (October, 1940), p. 108. Return of yellow fever refugees to Jacksonville on the Steamer Iroquois December 15 was set as the date when the refugees were allowed to return, and on that day several hundred arrived home. On De- cember 16, an editorial in a local paper stated that the returned refugees had been in town hardly an hour when "the Bay" (Bay Street) put on its old time air of life, and by nightfall the street scenes were indeed inspiriting. The editor voiced the general sen- timent of the people when he wrote: "Jacksonville is good enough for us. . . . We've seen them all and we're satisfied."21 *For exact numbers, see Margaret C. Fairlie, "The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1888 in Jacksonville," Florida Historical Quraterly, XIX (October, 1940), p. 108. Return of yellow fever refugees to Jacksonville on the Steamer Iroquois December 15 was set as the date when the refugees were allowed to return, and on that day several hundred arrived home. On De- cember 16, an editorial in a local paper stated that the returned refugees had been in town hardly an hour when "the Bay" (Bay Street) put on its old time air of life, and by nightfall the street scenes were indeed inspiriting. The editor voiced the general sen- timent of the people when he wrote: "Jacksonville is good enough for us.... We've seen them all and we're satisfied."Ot *For exact numbers, see Margaret C. Fairlie, "The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1888 in Jacksonville," Florida Historical Quraterly, XIX (October, 1940), p. 108.  20 Founding of the State Board of Health THE EPIDEMIC of yellow fever in Jacksonville during 1888 brought the state board of health issue squarely to a head. For more than thirteen years, members of the Florida Medical Association had been attempting to persuade the state legislature to establish this board.* DR. WALL'S PLEA In 1875, at the second annual meeting of the Florida Medical Association, Dr. John P. Wall of Tampa presented a paper on pre- ventive medicine in which he stated: The duty of preserving the health and lives of its citizens from the causes of disease is as incumbent on the state as is that of sup- pressing rapine and murder. .. . One has no adequate conception of how much of the sickness and consequently death, are preventable. ... Several of the states have already established Boards of Health and it is highly important that they should. . . . The question of pub- lic hygiene, like that of quarantine, is too important to be left exclu- sively to the optional control of local authorities.... The state should establish a Board of Health . . . whose duty should be to investi- gate the causes of sickness and recommend such measures as may likely prove useful in abating them.... The time is fast hastening when the preservation of the public health will become one of pri- mary consideration in all enlightened governments.' So far as the author can determine, Dr. Wall's was the first strong voice to be raised in favor of a state board of health. Thus, *As early as 1873 a halfhearted attempt to organize a state board of health was made when a Senator Howe introduced a bill in the legislature asking for an appropriation of two hundred dollars. 162 20 Founding of the State Board of Health THE EPIDEMIC of yellow fever in Jacksonville during 1888 brought the state board of health issue squarely toa head. For more than thirteen years, members of the Florida Medical Association had been attempting to persuade the state legislature to establish this board.* DR. WALL'S PLEA In 1875, at the second annual meeting of the Florida Medical Association, Dr. John P. Wall of Tampa presented a paper on pre- ventive medicine in which he stated: The duty of preserving the health and lives of its citizens from the causes of disease is as incumbent on the state as is that of sup- pressing rapine and murder. . .. One has no adequate conception of how much of the sickness and consequently death, are preventable. . . . Several of the states have already established Boards of Health and it is highly important that they should.... The question of pub- lic hygiene, like that of quarantine, is too important to be left exclu- sively to the optional control of local authorities.... The state should establish a Board of Health . . . whose duty should be to investi- gate the causes of sickness and recommend such measures as may likely prove useful in abating them.... The time is fast hastening when the preservation of the public health will become one of pri- mary consideration in all enlightened governments.' So far as the author can determine, Dr. Wall's was the first strong voice to be raised in favor of a state board of health. Thus, *As early as 1873 a halfhearted attempt to organize a state board of health was made when a Senator Howe introduced a bill in the legislature asking for an appropriation of two hundred dollars. 162 20 Founding of the State Board of Health HE EPIDEMIC of yellow fever in Jacksonville during 1888 brought the state board of health issue squarely to a head. For more than thirteen years, members of the Florida Medical Association had been attempting to persuade the state legislature to establish this board.* DR. WALL'S PLEA In 1875, at the second annual meeting of the Florida Medical Association, Dr. John P. Wall of Tampa presented a paper on pre- ventive medicine in which he stated: The duty of preserving the health and lives of its citizens from the causes of disease is as incumbent on the state as is that of sup- pressing rapine and murder.... One has no adequate conception of how much of the sickness and consequently death, are preventable. . . . Several of the states have already established Boards of Health and it is highly important that they should.... The question of pub- lic hygiene, like that of quarantine, is too important to be left exclu- sively to the optional control of local authorities.... The state should establish a Board of Health . . . whose duty should be to investi- gate the causes of sickness and recommend such measures as may likely prove useful in abating them.... The time is fast hastening when the preservation of the public health will become one of pri- mary consideration in all enlightened governments.' So far as the author can determine, Dr. Wall's was the first strong voice to be raised in favor of a state board of health. Thus, *As early as 1873 a halfhearted attempt to organize a state board of health was made when a Senator Howe introduced a bill in the legislature asking for an appropriation of two hundred dollars. 162  FOUNDING OF THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH 163 though not generally having received credit, Dr. Wall might be called the father of the Florida State Board of Health.' On the day follow- ing the presentation of his paper, the members drafted a bill for the establishment of a state board of health, and Dr. Wall was appointed chairman of a committee to present the bill to the legislature. The following year he wrote: The time is surely coming when preventive medicine shall have reached such a degree of perfection that the occurrence of epidemic disease will be felt as a gross reproach to the community which it assails.... It is very evident that it is our duty to do all we pos- sibly can to advance sanitary science and impress its importance o the public mind.... We have occupied the undignified position too long of merely subsisting on the misfortunes of our fellow-men. It is time for us to rise to a higher plane as philanthropists in our efforts to improve the health of the people by removing the causes of dis- eases. Thus only can we fulfill the highest functions of our calling.t DELAY At the meeting of the Florida Medical Association in 1876, Dr. R. D. Murray of Key West reported that strenuous efforts had been made during the 1876 session of the legislature to pass the state board of health bill, that it had passed to the third reading, and that it had then been postponed indefinitely by a vote of twelve to eleven. He stated that the apparent reason for the bill's postpone- ment was the request for an appropriation of $1,500, but that the real reason was the legislators' ignorance of the value of a state board of health.4 At the meeting of the association in 1879, Dr. A. S. Baldwin reported that a request for an appropriation of $2,500 had caused the bill to fail in the legislature that year.0 He stated that the legislators were of an economical turn and would listen to no new project which required expenditure of funds. During the following ten years members of the Florida Medical Association urged repeatedly that a state board of health be organized. Notable among these were the retiring presidents: Dr. T. M1. Palmer in 1877, Dr. R. P. Daniel in 1880, Dr. J. P. Wall in 1885, Dr. N. D. Phillips in 1886, and Dr. J. W. Hicks in 1888.6 As early as 1869 the legislature had passed an act repealing the law of 1853 and regulating quarantine by providing for a board of FOUNDING OF THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH 163 though not generally having received credit, Dr. Wall might be called the father of the Florida State Board of Health.0 On the day follow- ing the presentation of his paper, the members drafted a bill for the establishment of a state board of health, and Dr. Wall was appointed chairman of a committee to present the bill to the legislature. The following year he wrote: The time is surely coming when preventive medicine shall have reached such a degree of perfection that the occurrence of epidemic disease will be felt as a gross reproach to the community which it assails.... It is very evident that it is our duty to do all we pos- sibly can to advance sanitary science and impress its importance oil the public mind.... We have occupied the undignified position too long of merely subsisting on the misfortunes of our fellow-men. It is time for us to rise to a higher plane as philanthropists in our efforts to improve the health of the people by removing the causes of dis- eases. Thus only can we fulfill the highest functions of our calling.3 DELAY At the meeting of the Florida Medical Association in 1876, Dr. R. D. Murray of Key West reported that strenuous efforts had been made during the 1876 session of the legislature to pass the state board of health bill, that it had passed to the third reading, and that it had then been postponed indefinitely by a vote of twelve to eleven. He stated that the apparent reason for the bill's postpone- ment was the request for an appropriation of $1,500, but that the real reason was the legislators' ignorance of the value of a state board of health.0 At the meeting of the association in 1879, Dr. A. S. Baldwin reported that a request for an appropriation of $2,500 had caused the bill to fail in the legislature that year.5 He stated that the legislators were of an economical turn and would listen to no new project which required expenditure of funds. During the following ten years members of the Florida Medical Association urged repeatedly that a state board of health be organized. Notable among these were the retiring presidents: Dr. T. 51. Palmer in 1877, Dr. R. P. Daniel in 1880, Dr. J. P. Wall in 1885, Dr. N. D. Phillips in 1886, and Dr. J. W. Hicks in 1888.0 As early as 1869 the legislature had passed an act repealing the law of 1853 and regulating quarantine by providing for a board of FOUNDING OF THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH 163 though not generally having received credit, Dr. Wall might be called the father of the Florida State Board of Health.0 On the day follow- ing the presentation of his paper, the members drafted a bill for the establishment of a state board of health, and Dr. Wall was appointed chairman of a committee to present the bill to the legislature. The following year he wrote: The time is surely coming when preventive medicine shall have reached such a degree of perfection that the occurrence of epidemic disease will be felt as a gross reproach to the community which it assails.... It is very evident that it is our duty to do all we pos- sibly can to advance sanitary science and impress its importance or the public mind. . . . We have occupied the undignified position too long of merely subsisting on the misfortunes of our fellow-men. It is time for us to rise to a higher plane as philanthropists in our efforts to improve the health of the people by removing the causes of dis- eases. Thus only can we fulfill the highest functions of our calling.3 DELAY At the meeting of the Florida Medical Association in 1876, Dr. R. D. Murray of Key West reported that strenuous efforts had been made during the 1876 session of the legislature to pass the state board of health bill, that it had passed to the third reading, and that it had then been postponed indefinitely by a vote of twelve to eleven. He stated that the apparent reason for the bill's postpone- ment was the request for an appropriation of $1,500, but that the real reason was the legislators' ignorance of the value of a state board of health.0 At the meeting of the association in 1879, Dr. A. S. Baldwin reported that a request for an appropriation of $2,500 had caused the bill to fail in the legislature that year. He stated that the legislators were of an economical turn and would listen to no new project which required expenditure of funds. During the following ten years members of the Florida Medical Association urged repeatedly that a state board of health be organized. Notable among these were the retiring presidents: Dr. T. Ml. Palmer in 1877, Dr. R. P. Daniel in 1880, Dr. J. P. Wall in 1885, Dr. N. D. Phillips in 1886, and Dr. J. W. Hicks in 1888.6 As early as 1869 the legislature had passed an act repealing the law of 1853 and regulating quarantine by providing for a board of  164 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE health at each port, which consisted of the mayor, a port inspector, and a port physician. Ten years later, in 1879, an act to create a uniform system of quarantine was passed. That year Governor Drew, because of the yellow fever epidemic of 1877 in Fernandina and the interruption of business throughout a large part of Florida, recommended state control of the quarantines. In 1881 Governor Bloxham made the same recommendation and urged that a state board of health be organized. In 1885 the framers of the state constitution inserted these words: "The legislature shall establish a state board of health and also county boards of health in all coun- ties where it may be necessary." The only action taken, however, was the act passed at that session which provided for county boards of health. At the meeting of the Florida Medical Association in the spring of 1888, Dr. R. B. Burroughs, chairman of a committee appointed by Dr. Phillips in 1886, reported interference from another member of the association, requested that the committee be discharged, and tendered his resignation as a member of the association. Feeling ran high and spirited discussions followed. Since it did not appear pos- sible to persuade the legislators to establish more than an inadequate state board of health, Dr. Wall in a committee report ventured the opinion that organized county boards of health would be more effi- cient and at that time would better serve the need of the people. He reminded those present that the founding of a state board of health was no longer the concern of the association since it had become the duty of the legislature to take that important step. Apparently Dr. Wall had become discouraged by the association's long-continued but futile efforts. Dr. Daniel, however, renewed his pleas for a state board of health, added his voice to that of the president, Dr. Hicks, and was able to secure passage of the following resolution: Resolved, that the President of this Association be requested to appoint a Committee of three members to prepare a memorial to the Governor and Legislature, at its next session, urging the impera- tive importance of organizing a State Board of Health... . Drs. Daniel, C. J. Burton, and F. H. Caldwell were appointed members of this committee.0 164 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE health at each port, which consisted of the mayor, a port inspector, and a port physician. Ten years later, in 1879, an act to create a uniform system of quarantine was passed. That year Governor Drew, because of the yellow fever epidemic of 1877 in Fernandina and the interruption of business throughout a large part of Florida, recommended state control of the quarantines. In 1881 Governor Bloxham made the same recommendation and urged that a state board of health be organized. In 1885 the framers of the state constitution inserted these words: "The legislature shall establish a state board of health and also county boards of health in all coun- ties where it may be necessary." The only action taken, however, was the act passed at that session which provided for county boards of health. At the meeting of the Florida Medical Association in the spring of 1888, Dr. R. B. Burroughs, chairman of a committee appointed by Dr. Phillips in 1886, reported interference from another member of the association, requested that the committee be discharged, and tendered his resignation as a member of the association. Feeling ran high and spirited discussions followed. Since it did not appear pos- sible to persuade the legislators to establish more than an inadequate state board of health, Dr. Wall in a committee report ventured the opinion that organized county boards of health would be more effi- cient and at that time would better serve the need of the people. He reminded those present that the founding of a state board of health was no longer the concern of the association since it had become the duty of the legislature to take that important step. Apparently Dr. Wall had become discouraged by the association's long-continued but futile efforts. Dr. Daniel, however, renewed his pleas for a state board of health, added his voice to that of the president, Dr. Hicks, and was able to secure passage of the following resolution: Resolved, that the President of this Association be requested to appoint a Committee of three members to prepare a memorial to the Governor and Legislature, at its next session, urging the impera- tive importance of organizing a State Board of Health... . Drs. Daniel, C. J. Burton, and F. H. Caldwell were appointed members of this committee.0 164 A CENTURY OF MEDICINE health at each port, which consisted of the mayor, a port inspector, and a port physician. Ten years later, in 1879, an act to create a uniform system of quarantine was passed. That year Governor Drew, because of the yellow fever epidemic of 1877 in Fernandina and the interruption of business throughout a large part of Florida, recommended state control of the quarantines. In 1881 Governor Bloxham made the same recommendation and urged that a state board of health be organized. In 1885 the framers of the state constitution inserted these words: "The legislature shall establish a state board of health and also county boards of health in all coun- ties where it may be necessary." The only action taken, however, was the act passed at that session which provided for county boards of health. At the meeting of the Florida Medical Association in the spring of 1888, Dr. R. B. Burroughs, chairman of a committee appointed by Dr. Phillips in 1886, reported interference from another member of the association, requested that the committee be discharged, and tendered his resignation as a member of the association. Feeling ran high and spirited discussions followed. Since it did not appear pos- sible to persuade the legislators to establish more than an inadequate state board of health, Dr. Wall in a committee report ventured the opinion that organized county boards of health would be more effi- cient and at that time would better serve the need of the people. He reminded those present that the founding of a state board of health was no longer the concern of the association since it had become the duty of the legislature to take that important step. Apparently Dr. Wall bad become discouraged by the association's long-continued but futile efforts. Dr. Daniel, however, renewed his pleas for a state board of health, added his voice to that of the president, Dr. Hicks, and was able to secure passage of the following resolution: Resolved, that the President of this Association be requested to appoint a Committee of three members to prepare a memorial to the Governor and Legislature, at its next session, urging the impera- tive importance of organizing a State Board of Health... . Drs. Daniel, C. J. Burton, and F. H. Caldwell were appointed members of this committee.?  FOUNDING OF THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH 165 ACTION AT LAST Thus, at the time of the Jacksonville yellow fever epidemic in 1888, prospects for a state board of health were not yet bright. The catastrophe that befell Jacksonville, however, crystallized senti- ment, and an overwhelming demand for action arose from people throughout Florida. Early in the year 1889, Governor Fleming called a special session of the legislature for the purpose of estab- lishing a state board of health and entered a forceful plea for it. The act creating and providing for a state board of health for Florida was passed, and on February 20 was approved by Governor Fleming. The members appointed by the governor to serve on the board were Dr. R. P. Daniel of Jacksonville, Mr. William B. Hender- son of Tampa, and Mr. W. K. Hyer of Pensacola. They met in Talla- hassee on March 11, and after taking the oath of office, elected Dr. Daniel president and Mr. Hyer temporary secretary. The members then unanimously elected Dr. J. Y. Porter of Key West to fill the position of state health officer and secretary, and chose Jacksonville for the home of the Board of Health.n DR. J. Y. PORTER Dr. Joseph Yates Portern already a colorful figure at that time, was destined to play the major role in the development of Florida's public health system for nearly three decades. Born in Key West on October 21, 1847, Dr. Porter received his preliminary education in New Jersey and was graduated from Jefferson Medical College with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1870. He served for nineteen years as assistant surgeon in the United States Army, where he had unusually valuable experience in the management of yellow fever epidemics. Reports on his detailed studies of the Key West epidemics of yellow fever in 1875 and 1878 are available in the library of the State Board of Health, and his invaluable services during the Jacksonville epidemic of 1888 are a matter of record. Dr. Porter was a forceful man with a somewhat vitriolic tempera- ment which not infrequently caused him to engage in controversy. At the meeting of the Florida Medical Association in 1888, he took exception to Dr. C. J. Kenworthy's paper entitled "Yellow Fever Lessons." His comments, published in the Proceedings of the asso- FOUNDING OF THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH 165 ACTION AT LAST Thus, at the time of the Jacksonville yellow fever epidemic in 1888, prospects for a state board of health were not yet bright. The catastrophe that befell Jacksonville, however, crystallized senti- ment, and an overwhelming demand for action arose from people throughout Florida. Early in the year 1889, Governor Fleming called a special session of the legislature for the purpose of estab- lishing a state board of health and entered a forceful plea for it. The act creating and providing for a state board of health for Florida was passed, and on February 20 was approved by Governor Fleming. The members appointed by the governor to serve on the board were Dr. R. P. Daniel of Jacksonville, Mr. William B. Hender- son of Tampa, and Mr. W. K. Hyer of Pensacola. They met in Talla- hassee on March 11, and after taking the oath of office, elected Dr. Daniel president and Mr. Hyer temporary secretary. The members then unanimously elected Dr. J. Y. Porter of Key West to fill the position of state health officer and secretary, and chose Jacksonville for the home of the Board of Health.0 DR. J. Y. PORTER Dr. Joseph Yates Portern already a colorful figure at that time, was destined to play the major role in the development of Florida's public health system for nearly three decades. Born in Key West on October 21, 1847, Dr. Porter received his preliminary education in New Jersey and was graduated from Jefferson Medical College with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1870. He served for nineteen years as assistant surgeon in the United States Army, where he had unusually valuable experience in the management of yellow fever epidemics. Reports on his detailed studies of the Key West epidemics of yellow fever in 1875 and 1878 are available in the library of the State Board of Health, and his invaluable services during the Jacksonville epidemic of 1888 are a matter of record. Dr. Porter was a forceful man with a somewhat vitriolic tempera- ment which not infrequently caused him to engage in controversy. At the meeting of the Florida Medical Association in 1888, he took exception to Dr. C. J. Kenworthy's paper entitled "Yellow Fever Lessons." His comments, published in the Proceedings of the asso- FOUNDING OF THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH 165 ACTION AT LAST Thus, at the time of the Jacksonville yellow fever epidemic in 1888, prospects for a state board of health were not yet bright. The catastrophe that befell Jacksonville, however, crystallized senti- ment, and an overwhelming demand for action arose from people throughout Florida. Early in the year 1889, Governor Fleming called a special session of the legislature for the purpose of estab- lishing a state board of health and entered a forceful plea for it. The act creating and providing for a state board of health for Florida was passed, and on February 20 was approved by Governor Fleming. The members appointed by the governor to serve on the board were Dr. R. P. Daniel of Jacksonville, Mr. William B. Hender- son of Tampa, and Mr. W. K. Hyer of Pensacola. They met in Talla- hassee on March 11, and after taking the oath of office, elected Dr. Daniel president and Mr. Hyer temporary secretary. The members then unanimously elected Dr. J. Y. Porter of Key West to fill the position of state health officer and secretary, and chose Jacksonville for the home of the Board of Health.8 DR. J. Y. PORTER Dr. Joseph Yates Porter,o already a colorful figure at that time, was destined to play the major role in the development of Florida's public health system for nearly three decades. Born in Key West on October 21, 1847, Dr. Porter received his preliminary education in New Jersey and was graduated from Jefferson Medical College with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1870. He served for nineteen years as assistant surgeon in the United States Army, where he had unusually valuable experience in the management of yellow fever epidemics. Reports on his detailed studies of the Key West epidemics of yellow fever in 1875 and 1878 are available in the library of the State Board of Health, and his invaluable services during the Jacksonville epidemic of 1888 are a matter of record. Dr. Porter was a forceful man with a somewhat vitriolic tempera- ment which not infrequently caused him to engage in controversy. At the meeting of the Florida Medical Association in 1888, he took exception to Dr. C. J. Kenworthy's paper entitled "Yellow Fever Lessons." His comments, published in the Proceedings of the asso-  Dr. J. Y. Porter i his home at Key West, after mansy ,ears' service with the State Board of Heatth Dr. J. Y. Porter ins his home at Key West, after many years' aereice with the State Board of Hleatth D. J. Y. Porter ino his home at Key West, after asany years' aervice with the State Beard of Health  FOUNDING OF THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH 167 ciation for that year, leave no doubt in the reader's mind about Dr. Porter's opinion of the paper and of Dr. Kenworthy himself. After twenty-eight years of pioneer service with the State Board of Health, Dr. Porter retired in 1917 at the age of seventy, but he continued to maintain an active interest in people and civic affairs until his death in 1927. In the July, 1925, to January, 1926, issues of the Journal of the Florida Medical Association, there was pub- lished a series of articles, written by Dr. Porter, entitled "Looking Backward over Fifty Years of Health Work in Florida." During that period of service, the health of the people was immeasurably improved, for there had been a transition from medieval to modern methods in the practice of medicine and surgery. NEW FLORIDA The question often has been asked: When did old Florida end and new Florida beginl In the sense of the greatest good for the greatest number, the change came toward the end of the nineteenth century with the winning of a war against the so-called microbes. In old Florida, people believed that the hot summer climate was responsible for disease, visitors did not remain after the first warm spell of spring, and capital would not make investments for year- round operations. Through the medium of the State Board of Health, however, general knowledge of the cause and prevention of disease was disseminated, typhoid fever and malaria were brought under better control, smallpox was reduced to a minimum, and yel- low fever literally was banished from the state. Of those pioneer physicians in old Florida who helped win that war against disease, members of the medical profession today are justly proud. FOUNDING OF THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH 167 ciation for that year, leave no doubt in the reader's mind about Dr. Porter's opinion of the paper and of Dr. Kenworthy himself. After twenty-eight years of pioneer service with the State Board of Health, Dr. Porter retired in 1917 at the age of seventy, but he continued to maintain an active interest in people and civic affairs until his death in 1927. In the July, 1925, to January, 1926, issues of the Journal of the Florida Medical Association, there was pub- lished a series of articles, written by Dr. Porter, entitled "Looking Backward over Fifty Years of Health Work in Florida." During that period of service, the health of the people was immeasurably improved, for there had been a transition from medieval to modern methods in the practice of medicine and surgery. NEW FLORIDA The question often has been asked: When did old Florida end and new Florida beginlo In the sense of the greatest good for the greatest number, the change came toward the end of the nineteenth century with the winning of a war against the so-called microbes. In old Florida, people believed that the hot summer climate was responsible for disease, visitors did not remain after the first warm spell of spring, and capital would not make investments for year- round operations. Through the medium of the State Board of Health, however, general knowledge of the cause and prevention of disease was disseminated, typhoid fever and malaria were brought under better control, smallpox was reduced to a minimum, and yel- low fever literally was banished from the state. Of those pioneer physicians in old Florida who helped win that war against disease, members of the medical profession today are justly proud. FOUNDING OF THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH 167 ciation for that year, leave no doubt in the reader's mind about Dr. Porter's opinion of the paper and of Dr. Kenworthy himself. After twenty-eight years of pioneer service with the State Board of Health, Dr. Porter retired in 1917 at the age of seventy, but he continued to maintain an active interest in people and civic affairs until his death in 1927. In the July, 1925, to January, 1926, issues of the Journal of the Florida Medical Association, there was pub- lished a series of articles, written by Dr. Porter, entitled "Looking Backward over Fifty Years of Health Work in Florida." During that period of service, the health of the people was immeasurably improved, for there had been a transition from medieval to modern methods in the practice of medicine and surgery. NEW FLORIDA The question often has been asked: When did old Florida end and new Florida begin?lo In the sense of the greatest good for the greatest number, the change came toward the end of the nineteenth century with the winning of a war against the so-called microbes. In old Florida, people believed that the hot summer climate was responsible for disease, visitors did not remain after the first warm spell of spring, and capital would not make investments for year- round operations. Through the medium of the State Board of Health, however, general knowledge of the cause and prevention of disease was disseminated, typhoid fever and malaria were brought under better control, smallpox was reduced to a minimum, and yel- low fever literally was banished from the state. Of those pioneer physicians in old Florida who helped win that war against disease, members of the medical profession today are justly proud.   Notes THE EARLIEST YEARS 1. Mark Vant Doren, ed., The Travels of Wiltliam~ Bartr-21m (unab8i2ge2 etion; Maty-Masius, 1928), pp. 82-83. 2.78 The188ho has been, unable828 818inda8288887fan American physician wh88 practice2 medicine1 in St. Augustine pri88 to 1888, a it is thought that probably t881e8was8n8882in West Florida prior1to1he ntet hcenturh S. Wilbur 118nr7 Siebert, Loyalists it East Flot-idt (DeLand, 8928), II, 105-8. 4. Inscription8 on t88 gravestone o8 James, H1l1, M.D.. Plummer8's 7ove, nea88 Mandarin, Florida. 5.81t. Augustine1 East Florida Herald, 0818881 30, 8824. 2. The 8188or4c11 Rec8121 881887, "Spanish Land Gran1s 18 P1orida" (Talla- 888888, 1981), V, 138. Mimeographed. 7. 1822, IV, 221-22. 8.18bid., p. 223. 9.T. Frederick Davis, History3 of Jacksonville, Florida and Vicinit (Jackson- 8818e, 1828), p. 48. 10.711121 The,2 88888rica Reod8ureo. cit., 8,8880. 11. 18id., pp. 255-56. 12. 8822., p. 258. 1813.,8 88818882 otane by Mrs. Jessie R. Frito1, Jacksonvill, Fl18428,188om the "08882d 818188 Pension Records." 84. The 1111288881 18888828 888888, 84. 838., 1, I8, 118, IV, 882 V. 15. St. Augustne East 81822da 8888212, 0888818 16, 1828. 118 181888 888ihe 88888 auho 7b Mt. T. Frederick 0188, Jacksonville, Flord. 17. 2888 of)888 Tertorial 788882l, 8822. 18. Wanton8 S. Wtbb, td., Webb's Historica, Intral 882 88912482881l Florida (New1 Vttk, 1888), Patt I, p. 116. 18. Jacksonville Florda Times-Union and 728888n, 3888887 8, 1888. 28. Un822888882 ledget 28 tht P. K. Y88g8 Library tf Pltrida Histtty. 21. Pensacola 81822288n, September8 18, 1881. 22.18Rowl882 1. Rttitk, Memoirs of 888rida (Atlanta, 8982), 11, 116. 23. Act No. 78, 18918181188 C888882 8488 the Trrtoy of Fl88228, 8188888 88 1838 24. Jac888888188 Cour2er, 3888887 28, 1835. 28. St. Augutine 81822da 8888882, 3888887 18, 1838. 28.88188218888n 88882882 8812 tht 8188s 88 881 P. K. Y88g8 1288887 81 Fl1rida 87. 3888888vi18 East 888,228 Advocate, September 7, 1839. 28. 18888888288 Courier, 3817 2 and 9, 8835. Notes 7888888 I THE EARLIEST PEARS 1. Matk V8n 08888, ed., The Travels 8) Wiliam, 88888821 (8888822782 8228188; M8cy-Masiu8, 1328), pp. 82-83. 2. Thetho 8188888888888818888882888888288187anyAm82888 physici8 2188 p81882882 me822c188 i8 St. Augus8tn priorto 80088, 182 88288888988ht8888 prtbably 88881 2181 8888 18 Wet1 P1orida prito 88,tthetetb 8888887. 3. Wilbur 888887 8288888, 18588818s it East 8188228 (D81882, 8988), 88, 105-8. 8. Inscription 88 888 g888888888 tf 381288 Hal, M.D., P88ummer8s 7888, 8888 8. St. August2ne Eat 882222a 8888882, 0818888 37, 1828. 8. The Hs1282881 18888828 888887, Sp8888 LandGrnt 838882 Florida (Talla- 818888, 8821), V, 137. Mimeo8graphed. 7.88bid., I7, 221-22. 8. 1822., p. 223. 9.T. Frederick 0888, 1istory of 1888888828l, Flor2d and Vicinity (Jackson- vi8l8, 1928), p. 28. 18. 78e Historical Records 888887. op. cit., 1, 288. 81. 1822., pp. 255-56. 12. 1812., 8- 258. 13.8828ormation 88882882 b7 Mtt. Je8888 18. Prittt, 38888888288e, Plotida, 88821 the "Un888288ta818Pe8s88n888c828." 12. Th8 Historical 18888828 888887, 84. ci8., 8, 88, 111, IV, 882 V. 88. St. Augustine East 882222a 8888882, 088888, 88, 8824. 16.01 188888 888ihe t 18888ho by Mt. T. Frederick Davis, Jacksonvill, Florid. 17. 2888 of)the Terrtoia C888n8888, 1822. 18. Wanton S. Webb, t2., Webb's 8828188288, 182888888l 882 Braphical88 Flor28 (New Yor8, 1888), Part 8, p. 889. 18. 38888888818e Florida Times-Union 282 728888n, 3888887 1, 8887. 2.Unidetifiedledge 18n8 the88 P. K. Vong8 Library of Plorida 11288887. 21. Pensacola Floridian, September8 88, 1828. 22.18821888 H8. Re8288, Memoirs 2) 818,222 (Atlanta, 1982), I8, 118. 23. A28 No. 78, Le8s188288 7888883 88888e Tertory 83888228d, 888288n 88 8838 24. Ja8888888288 Courie, 3888887 29, 1838. 28. St. Augustine 8188228 8888212, 3888887 88, 1838. 28.1888821,828 88882882 88821 88e 8988s of the P. K. XYouge 1888887 88 P88rida 87. 38888888288e 8a21 8128228 22828888, Septemtber 7,81838. 28. 122ks2288288 728288r, 3817 2 a82 8, 8838. Notes 7888888 I 1. Mark Van Doren, ed., T88 Travels 8) William B8artram 888822982e edition; Macy-Masius, 1828), pp. 82-83. 2.78euto 88888 bee8 888888888 t 28,888282887fan American physician who pract2c82 218228288 28 St. A89888288 prior 8o 1888, 882 it is 8888988 8888 98888817 88888 was8 8888 in West P888228 prior to t nineteenth cent888. 3. Wilbu Henry 8288888, Lo8388818 in East 8828222 7081882, 8928), I1, 188-8. 4. Inscript2on 888888888881888ne88f312188 1188, M.D., P18212188s 7888, 8888 5.St. A89888288 East 882228a 8888882, 0888888 38, 8824. hasse, 8828), V, 137. Mimeographed. 7.1822d., IV, 228-22. 8.1822., p. 223. 9.. Frederick8Davi,Histry8 o Jacksonville,8Flordaan P2ci88t (Jackson- 8288, 8828), p. 48. 10. 7T 11818282a 18888828 881887, op. 88t., 8, 288. 88. 1822., pp. 288-88. 82. 1822. p. 288. 13.1Information 8882882d8by Mrs.3Jessie8. Fritot, 3188888888l, Florid, f821 14. 788 118882881l 18888828 888887, 84. 28t., 1, I8, 888, IV, 882 V. 88. St. Au8988888 East 888228a 8888282, 0888888 88, 8828. 16. Data 88888882d the 28888887y Mr. 7. P88282ic8 08818, 3888888828l, 11822da 17. Acts 8)88 Pthe88 7888883l ouci,81822. 18. Watont~ 8. Webb, 82., Webb's 8881282821, 18288822a 882 82988482881l 888228a (Ne8w Vork, 1888), Part 8, p. 116. 19.3888 8 888228ll Ford Times8-Union 282 79288e, January8,890. 28.8U81288828182 882988 28 188 P. K. Yonge 1288887 88 P888228 11288887. 21. Pensaco1a 81222228n, September8 18, 1821. 22.18Rowland1.888288, Memoirs 8)818228d (Atl8888, 8882), 88, 118. 23. 288 No. 78, 1898182288e 728nci2 2f888 Territory 2] 882228a, 8888288 881832 24. Jac888888l88 78828,r, 3888887 29, 1838. 28. 88. Augustine 8888228 Her8al2, Ja88887 10, 1835. 28.888288 8818882io 88821ne 888m 8188 88le 888th P. K. Y8898 1288887 of Florida 27. 38888888918e 8281 882222a 22888888, 8898821888 7, 1838. 28. Jacksonville 72828er, 3887 2 182 9, 1838.  170 NOTES TO PAGES 7-11 28.TN. Fredsrick Davis, istory of Borly Jocksonill, Florida (Jaohkoonille, 1911), pp. 64, 65. 38.J. Rhett Moto, M.D., "Life is Camp and Field." Prom~ Chaopter XV' of ohs unpublished maouscript is the library 81 ohs St. Auogottine Hoistorisal Socoiety. 31. Thomsot M. Pa~lmers, M.D., "Msdisal Histoory'o1 Florida," Proseedings o~f ths Florida Medicalt Associationo, Sssionof 81878. 32. "Diory of Rohsrt Raymosd Resid," 1833-35; notsterd August 12, 1833. Into hs lihrory of ohs So. Ausgstiss Hfistorical Soisty. 33. 'Juodge P. Bethunst Ditty," 1829-33, is Ohs lihrary of ohs Florida Hlistorical Soisty. i. E. S. Ga811004, M.D., "Mdictl Toopography of Florda," Choslson Medicol Journal 2and Resioeo, XI, Josnuoty, 1856. 2. Robot Edods Littls, M.D., "Remar~kts o hs Citeos, Disoast, etc., o Middls Elorid, Porticutlarly Gd se County," Americano fooursol of Ohs Medicol Soienoso, X, Juoly, 1843. 3. Thoomos M. Palmeso, M.D., "Medical Hoisory of PFloida," op. sit. 4.R. S. Hf~oes, M.D, Remarks on Ohs Use of Quinine int Forida and on Molario aod tst Influence ho That StDD," Amessican Jourssof sfths Medical Scieoces, XII, Ocsoher, 1846. 5. B.Dowsler,M.D, "itoicloand CiticalRsearcshesto theOrtiginoft Loogs Doses of ohs Sulfate of Quodiin," New Oleas Medical and Surgical Joornol, XVII (1860-61), 83-95. 6. Thomsono Mscowao, M.D., A Procticol Treaoise on Ohs Moot Comono Diosoe of tfs Sooth (Philodelphia, 1848), ps. 18. 7. Henry Perrine, M.D., "Fever Treated wth Largs Doses of Sulfate of Quin- hot, its Adams ounty01, 0000 Notcheo, Miss.," Philodslphio Jousoal of Modi- sot ond Physical Ssiencseo, IV, onow sries XIII (l8l6) 36-41; Edotrd Jolks, M.D., "Do. Henry Perrios," fournaol of Ifs Floidao Medical Assosiono, XX (Apri1, 1834), 459-63. 8. "Stotistical Retpost on ohs Sickneoso oand Mostolity in ohs Armty of ofho United Stots, Coompilod (somtOhs Reosd of tho Sorgsons Gooosal's Offios, Embracingot a Period of Sixteent Years, fromo Janoary, 1839 to Januoary, 1033," Sso. Eo. Dos. No. 86, 34th tong., tt toot. (1855-56). 9. T. Psederisk Dot-it, 'Digst of Plorido Motsrial is Nis Rester, 1f11- 1048," 1838 (mascrsipt i t hs library of Mr. T. Fredericko Dav'is); Pestoolo Gozetts, August 0, ff841; Gsorgs Aogotins, Hiotory of Yelloso Fovor, News Oleoant, 1808. 10. Rohsrt Edond Litfls, M.D., op. off., pp. 88-73. ftP . Pool Brown, Tho Book of focsooosiloe (Poughkseptis, N. Y., 0885), pp. 040-41; Jacksovlle Florido Times-Unio, Decsembhs 8, 0898; T. Frsdsrick 170 NOTES TO PAGES 3-11 28. T. Frsderich Davi, History of Early fookoonvils, Florido (Jacksoovil, 1811), p. 14, 65. 30.J. Rhstt Mtt, M.D., 'Lifo 10 Coomp 804 Pisld." Pos Chates XV of ohs onpohlithed manscriopt io ohs library of Ohs St. Aoguotios Historicl 31. Thomoot M. Palmoer, M.D., "Mdical Histooy ot Plotids," Prosoodingo of tse Flor-ida Msdicol Asociaio, Sossion 8001878. 32. 'Ditty of Rohsrt Raond~ Rsid," 1833-38; note enstsrd Augustt 12, 1833. Iths lihotoy of ohs St. Aooostioe Hisooihal Sosisty. 33. "Jodgs P. Bsthon's Diary," 0829-33, is oho lihbrary of the Plorida Historical Society. i. E. S. Gaollood, M.D., "Msdicol Topogoaphy ot Florida," Choolson Msdicof Journal anod Resisw, XI, J00480y, 1856. 2. Rohsot Edmonds, Littl, M.D., "Rsemaoks oo ohs Clisoat, Dfooass, et., of Middls Plorida, Particularly Godsdso Coooty," Amoericoo foosoot of tho Mdiol Scienseo, X, Joty, 1848. 3. Thomsso M. Palsoer, M.D., 'Medioal History of Plorido." op. cit. 4.R. 8. Holms, M.D., "Remaoohs on ohs U~se of Qoioioe is Florida ood on Malorio ond Its Ifoltonos to Thot Stoto," Amersicao Joournal of tho Mdicol Sisoce, XI, Dcobh, 1848. 5.k. Dowler, M.D., "Hfistorihol ood Crditia Rsesorchs into ohs DOrigin of Loogs Doses of ths Solfote of Quiineo," New Orleas Medical and Surgical foossal, XVII (1860-61), 83-95. 6. Thom8pson MGowanos, M.D., A Practical Treatise on ths Moot Coson Dioeosso of tho Sooth (Phladlphi, 1848), p. 15. 7. Henry Perinet, M.D.,"ee sTra~tesd with Large Doses of Solfats of Quin- ins, it Adams Cootsy, nsar Notohso, Mis.," Philodslphio footrtot of Medi- sot 404 Physca ,Sncs, IV, neow sris XIII (ff21) 38-41; Edwaood Jsfht, M.D., Dr. Henroy Porrioe," Journal of the Flor-ida Medical Asociatio, XX (April, 0834), 459-63. 8. "Statistica Ropost on t Sicknss osd Mortality it ftpe Armsy of ohs United Stotes, Comtpiled fsomotohs Reosd of tho Sot-goot Genorolos Office, Ebracinght a Pot-fod of Siotsos Yeaos, (soso January, 1839 to fanuary, 2035," Sso. Es. Dot. No. 80, 34th 00ong, Ott tots. (1855-56). 8. T. Frederihk Daofo, 'Digot of Plorido Matsriol to Nilot Resters, 1011- 1849," 1939 (mascrsoipt intohs lihrary of M. T. Frederich Das) ; Pensacola Gaztte, Agst 7, 0041; Gseorgs Augstio, History of Yellow Feser, ew Orleoot, 1808. to. Robot Edmondt Littls, M.D., op. sf0., pp. 18-04. 11.8S. Pool Brownt, Tho Book of Jacooonsille (Poughhstps, N. Y., 0885), pp. 148-51; Jaonvoo-il Fl1orida Timeso-Unoion, Decemoher 8, 0808; T. Poedeoick 110 NOTES TO PAGES 711 08.TN. Fredorick Daos, istory of Eoarly Jackonvill, Flosido (Jaocosonvll, 1808), pp. 84, 65. 80.7. Rhett Mott, M.D., 'Lits io Cosop sod Field." Pos Chapor XV of ohs oopolished soaoosoript is ohs lihoary of ohs So. Augousioe isoiol Soiety. 31. Thosos M. Polsoeo, M.D., 'Medisl History of Plorida," Prsoseediogs of thes Plosido Medicol Asoooiaotioo, Session 08 1878. 832. "Diary of Rohoot Raysosd Reid," 1033-3); 080e eotsoed Aogust 10, 1833. Is ohs lihosos of ohs Sot Augusid iostodool Sodsty. 33. 'Jodgs P. Beohones Diaoy," 1829-33, is ohs lhorao' of ohs Flordo Hisordool Soiety. L. . Gallood, M.D., "Mediool Topography of Flooida," Charlstoo Medical fouronal ood Boiew, XI, January', 1856. 0. Robot Edonds Littfe, M.D., 'emsorks 80 ohs Clsoots, Disoase, st., of Middle Plorida, Portioolarly pGoddsen00800ty," Asooocos fournol of ohs Mdiol Sncs, X, Joly, 1848. 3.Thooas M. Polsoeo, M.D., "Medical Histoop of Fordao," op. oht. 4. R. S. Hfolmso, M.D., "Remaorkson the Ohse of Qoinioe in Florida sod o Mlotia and Itt toflosocs ho Thof Sltst," Ameroiooo Jout-nal of tho Mdical Sohenceo, XII, DOctobo, 0848. 5.B. Dowolso, M.D, "itoridoal ood Cdrioocl Resoarches itot ho Origio of Looge Doss of tho Solfote of Qoiis," Soew Orleaso Mdicol tnd Sorgicol foouroal, XVII (1060-81), 83-88. 6.Thosono Mcowaon, M.D3, A Practical TrosN on the Most Comoo Diosoasoo of thot Sooth (Philodlphi, 1048), Is. 15. 7.Henry Peroine, M.D3 "Pot-so Toeoted woith Lorge Dsoses of Solfote of Qoin- in, io Adas Coooty, 0000 Natoheo, Mis.," Pilad2e18hoa foot-sal of Medi- cal and Phoyscal Sciens, IV, neseriesd XIII ff08) 36-41; Edwaood Jolkt, M.D., "Do. Henoy Petoino," foosool of ohs Florida Medhcal Asooition, XX (ApriH, 0838), 408-83. 0. "Statihsta Reot on thss Shckoeos osd Mortaoity is slt-e At-sy of ohs Uited Stats, Compiled (soo tOhs Rscorsd of tho Surosos Gensrao'o Office, Embracsing a Posiod of Sixtees Ysaro, (soot fasoasy, 0834 to foooary, 2833," fS. Ex. Dos. No. 98, 34th song., lot Iseso. (l855-tO). 0.TN. Poederiok Dot-s, 'Digest of Plotido Moteriol it Nihos Reghsteo, 1811- 1849," 1939 (maonoscriptin Ohs library of M. N. Foedsoick Daoit) ; Pentsola Gazestte, Aogot 7, 1040; Geoogs Aogotio, Hisosy of ellow Pt-sot, Noew Oleant, 1800. 00. Robsot Edsondt Littp. M.D., op. sit., pp. 65-74. 110.8S. Pool Browno, Tho Book of facsonville (Poughkseppie, N. V., 1885), pp. 148-51; Jacksonville Plot-ida Timso-Union, Doscsohes 8, 188; T. Poodooick  NOTES TO PAGES 13-1911 171 Davis, History of Early Jacksonville, Florida, pp. 76-78; a184 James Esgate, Jacksonville, the Metropolis of Florida (Boston1, 1885), pp. 93-95. 12. 1acksonille Florida Republican, Noeme 17, 1852. 13. Ibid., Decotmber 9. 1852. 14.A. S. 81813716, M.D., "St. John's Bar," The Semi-Tropical, II (Jne 18,6), 15. Jasonlle lord Re188pu~b8la, February 18, 1853. 16. 1bid., Septemober 15, 1853. 17. Jacksonv8ile Florida News, November65 12, 1853. 18. 0838 L. Keene1, "Jacksonville, Fifty-FiveYears Ago, ReclIectionls of a Vet- 111," Jacksonville Metropli, Decemlber 12, 1868. 18.Letr 1717 om the1lb House Regent, the Confederates Museuml, Richmonld, Vir- gi831, to Joseph P. Marron, 3ib1ar1an, Jacksonville Public Library,. 20.01Ol Citizen," Jacksonvi8le Tri-Weekly Son, 3anuar5 28, 1876. 21.5C. A. Rohrabache, Live Town and3 Pross Men of Florida (Jackson- ville, 1887), pp.186-88. 22. Proceedings of11 the Forid Medical Association, 3Januar1 14, 1874. 23. T. Frederick Davis, Hisor7 of Jacksonville, Florida7 and Vicinity, p. 95. 51887111 I JACKSONVILLE IN' THE 1840'S 1.11Interview'with Mtt. J. H. 11urroughs, Jacksonvi'1e, Fl81331, 38g811 7, 1888. 0. 3acksonville Florida Repu8blica, Editorial, June 28, 1858. 3. Lttero the absuthor f1871 Ms. Everett 5. 8mith, registr1r of lbs Medical 5188171 7116 8111 Stat 8711 51818818lin, October 24, 184. 4. Jasonvsille Courier, February 4, 1836. 5.0G. R. Pairbanks, Hlisory of Florida (Jacksonville, 18713, p. 288. 6. Florida Historica1 ecords 881ve5, "Invenstory 181 lbs Miscllanos Fise If Court Papers, St. J81118 57o1815, Florida" (Jacksovlle1, 1840), II, P-Z 811. 7.31acksnille 41181, June8 21, 1848. 8. Jacksonville7 Florida Republica, Ap7i1 8, 1882. 9.18bid.,June 10 1184 July 1, 1852. 1. "Reminiscenes7of5Ol 101Citizens,"tcordedb5Mrs.W. M.Bstwick7,Manu1- scriptllfurnished ths aothor by Mr. T. Frederick Davis, Jacsovlleib, F1orida. Referred4 to hereafter as "Remin1itsences of 014 Citizens." 11. St. Augstines Anciet 5371, August 8, 10, and 14, 1852. 12. Jacksonv8ille PallFlorda Advocate Septsembss 1, 1888. 13. Ibid., April 1, 1147. 14. T. Frederick Davi, Hisr Iof Jacksonville, Flor4da atd Vicinity, p. 83. 15. Rowland H. Rstkck, op. cit., II, p. 155. 16. Jastovlle Floridat Nesl, Obituaty by A. S. 1111371i1, M.D., March 12, 1853; 1111e1 to tbs authot frotm Mrs. Autin McDonnll, Warrenton1, Virginia, February 21, 1848. 17. St. Augustines Florda Htsal, 1184 Southern Democrat1, Ju153 SIn11 Novest- bes 5, 1841. NOTES TO PAGES 13-18 171 Davis, History of ElyJackonlles,Foid, pp.76-78; ad James1Egat, Jacsonvlles, tse Metropol of Florida 311o15o1, 1885), pp. 93-95. 12. 3ackovlle81 Florida epublica, NIoember 17, 1852. 14. A. S. Baldwin31, M.D., "St. John's 1121," Pbs Semi-3Tropica, II (J1181, 1876), I5. 31ck18188487 Flor4da Popubboca, February 13, 1853. 18.1134., Sepltmber 16, 1833. 17. Jacksonville Florida Noew, Novem17ber132, 1153. 18. Ots L. Keene8, "Jacksovl5les, Fifty-ive Volts Ago, 11e1ollecti181 of a st- eran," Jacksonvslle Metropoli, Decem7bert 12, 1908. 18. Letters 1f0om thbous Reg118 en18, tbe Confedelate Museum, Ribchmon, Vit- 731831, to Josepb P. Marron, Librarian, Jaonville311 Poblic Libraos. 20.01 561611818ze," Jacksonville T54-Wteekl 318n, 11188187 23, 1876. 21.C. A. RohrabbcerLv Towns 50185 0Progresive Mesn of Florida 3(116kson. vil1e,1887), pp. 8i-88. 22. Psoceedis of thbsFlorida Medical Associaio, 11818a10 14, 1874. 23. T. Frederick Da111, Histosy of Jacksonville, Florida and Vicinity, 7.895. 1. Interview7 with Mtt. J. IH. Burroughs, Jacbsonville, Florida, August 7, 1884. 2. Jacksonville Florida Repulbsla, Editorial, J1818 20, 180. 3. Let1t 17 lbs author7 from Mr. Everett L. 871i11, 177611111 of the Medical Co88771 of tho 81ta1e of South 511o8181, 0111677 24, 1644. 4. Jaoovlle6 Courie, Fobruary 4, 1836. 5.0G. R. Fairban1k, History of P10rida (Jacksonvi3le, 1871), p. 283. b643 6118474 Historica 88117Suve, "Invesntoty of tht Miscellanous Pilt of 518511 Papers, St. 3186181575181, Flrida" (Jacksovlle6, 1848), II, P-Z 511. 7.31061018vi17e3News, J2187 26, 1846. 8. Jacovlle86 F10r3da Repu8bca, Aptil 1, 1832. 9. Ibid., J118711184 31815ul 1, 1852. 10. "Reminiscences3 0of 561617181en," recorded by Mrs. W. M. Bostwick6, Manu- 11471t furnished the author by Mr. T. Frederick D1813, Jacksonville, Florid. Ref7117d to heeter 177 "Rmiis8 ne '8 o417787 f Old Citizttns" 11.81. Au71811611 Ancient City, Augst 8, 10, and 18, 1852. 12. Jacksonvi8le Eaot Florida Advocat, September1 1, 1148. 13. Ibid., April 1, 1840. 14. T. Prederick Davi, istosy of Jacksonville, Florida an4 Viciity, p. 83. 161. Jacksonville7 Florda News, Obituary by A. 8. B34l713, M.D., March 12, 1853; 1l11te1 tt autbor fromt Mtt. 4811318 McDonnell, Warrenton, Virginfi, February 28, 1848. 17. St. Augustine Florida Herald, and Solukhern Democrat, July 30 1184 Novem1- bes 5, 1111. NOTES TO PAGES 13-15 171 01761, History of Early Jasonv0sill, FPorid, pp. 76-78; a1nd17 Ja1e321ate Jacksonvilse, ths Meooio of Plorida (Boston, 1885), pp. 93-33. 12. Jaconvt'ill Florida Popublican, Novem~ber 17, 185'. 13. 1633., Decem1ber 9, 1832. 14.3A. S. Baldin76, M7.0., "St. Jobhn'7 Ba11," Tho Soemi-Tr'opicl, II (3J187, 1b76), 15. Jasonv~3il Florida epublian, February 16, 1833. 18. Ibid., September1 15, 1855. 17.3Jacksonvi2e Florida N718, November7 12, 1853. 1. Ots5. Kotn, "Jacksonv1ille, Pifty-PFi Yeso Ago, ecol8lctons of a Vet- 71218," Jacksonville0 Metropolis, Decs7mber 12, 1908. 18. Lettest 11071 tbe 0ouse 8777181, lbs 50061371161 Museum1, Richmond1, Vit- 7g183,1 3177 Jsp. Marron, Librarian8, 31761o117380 Pu6Iic' Library-. 20.0Old Cit1zen," Jacksonvile Tr4-Weekly 307, 31870115 26, 1876 21.5. A. Rohbacobo, Livo Town, and Pr'ogressive Met of Flord, (Jackson- vilse, 1807), pp. b6-88. 22.Proceedings of 117 Florida Medical Asociation, 310010' 13, 1874. 23. T. Prederic6 018vis, Hi3soy of Jacksonville7, Flosida a71d Vicinit, p. 88. JACKSONVILLE IN THlE 1840'S 1.Ineve 1 with11181 Mss. J. H. Buttoughs, Jacksonvill, Florid, August 7, 1944. 2. 31acksonvil Plorid2 Rspublica, Editoria, June 28, 1858. 3. Lsttsr to the authot 61071 Ms. Everet1 L. 8mi16, 713411111 of tbs Medical 5781eg7 of lbs State of Soutb 5110871a, 0110671 24, 1848. 4. Jo1tlt'3 5018475, Fsbruary 4, 1856. 5.0G. R1. Fairbanks, Histosy of Florida (Jaconlle~l, 1871), p. 233. 61. Florida Historical 11e1o141 8181ve7, "Inv771or5 oftheb Miscellnous Pil7 181 Cour1 Ptpott,81. J06181 5C18715, Floridt" (Jacksonill, 1848), II, P-Z 511. 7.31Jacksonvi1le37710, 35187 2i, 1846. 8. Jacksonville Flosida Repubbsla, April 8, 1852. 9. Ibid., 31817 1017 andJul 1, 1852. 10."Reminiscences of 0ld 0471181s,0 re701374 by Mr. W. M. Bost71616, Manu-8 sc0ipt furished the author by Mr. T. Frederick Davis, Jacksonvill, Florid. Referred to 117771ft71 as "Rem1in8iscences of 014 54871181." 11.81t. Augustine 4716111 City, Auggttt 8, 10, 1184 14, 1852. 12. Jackovlle41 Paot Plorida Ad7072t, 8771718671 1, 1840. 13. I634., Aptil 1, 1840. 14. T. Pre47406018avis,0613475y of Jacksovill, Florida atd Vicinity, p. 88. 15.80Rowland 0. Rtriok, o. cit., II, p. 116. 161. Jacksonville7 Florda News, Obhttay by A. S. Baldwin3,, M.D., Maroh 12, 1853; sf171r to 1117 au1tho1 11771 Ms. Astin Mc80onneIl, Warrenton1, Virgin8i, February 01, 1848. 17. S1. Augstines Florda Herald, 1184 301111771 D77107r11, July 30 ood Novem7- 1171 5, 1141  172 NOTES TO PAGES 19-28 18. Jack1snvill Florida Newss, May 21, 1853. 19. Jacsonville1 Florida Repsublican, Marchb 17, 1853. 20..JabcksvlseWeely Florida Usin,ss note fsreiiscence fssom tbs edhtor of lbs Palatka Herad, Jssns 9, 1877. 21. Jacsksonvil Daily Sn and4 Pres's, A. S. Baldwsin, M.D., "Repsst of Health Comittee," Decemsber 5, 1877. 22. Jacsksossille es, May 7, 1847. 23. Excerspt frsmst letter writen by Williams Jshssss 'Engle 85o hisfaher's siste, Leosis L'Egle, ons December 25, 1885. Tbs original letter is inbsh possessinf Mrs. C. W. Campsloacsonill,Florid. Assopy wsfur- nished the autbss by Mr. Ricshard P. Dassiel, Jacsonvssil, Plssida. CssssTEs IV FIRST EPIDEMICS IN JACKSONVILLE 1. Willisam Jshsss L'Engls, letter to his fathe'ss sister, Lsssis L'Esgls. A copy ws furnished thes author by Mr. Richard P. Daniel, Jacksonvlle, 2.bHymansEstmans, ltters wrsitten tsrss Jasonvs'sille, Florida, Nsosssbss 5, 1857. Is th lIibsssy sf lbs Flosida Htstssical Society. 3. Jacbksnvlse Florida Republican, Ssptsssbss 28, 1857. 4. Jackssonvlle Nes August 24, 1857. 5. "emsiniscences sof7 Oldiizss," sp. sit. 6. Jasovslle Flsrida Repsblicss, Asgst 1, 1850. 7. Jacksossille Nsews, Asgst 24, 1850. 8. Ibid., Asugst 31, 1850. 9. Lsttsss ts tbs asthss fssom Ds. Willias Peppes, dsan sf lbs Unsiversity sf Pennsylvansia Schosl sf Msdicise, Augst 14 and Septsember 13, 1844. 10. R. P. Dasiel, M.D., "Cssanssus Disesss," Psocssdisgs sf/ths Florida Msdi csl Assssiatios, Session sf 1887. 11. "eminiscsscss o8f7 Oldissses," op. cit. 12. Ricbssd P. Danisl, M.D., Gssr Ma~larial Pssss," as addrsss dslivssed bsfoss thesDsvaltCsstyMdicaSoity bous 187. Thessigisnaslmscrsst wsfusnisbsd tbs autbss by Mr7s. R. D. May, Jasbsssills, F1orida. 13. Jacsonvssise Flosida Repsblicas, Aprit 8 and Juss 3, 1852. 14.1Ibid., Jsss 3, 1852. 15.18bid, Jsss 17, 1852. 16.1Ibid., Julty 1, 1852. 17.1Ibid., July 22, 1852. 18. Ibid., Jusly 8, 1852. 18. St. Augsstine Asciest City, Asgst 8, 17, and 18, 1852. 20. "eminiscecs ofI Dld Citisss," sp. cit. si.R. P. Dasiel, M.D., "Cstansoss Disses," sp. sit. 22. T. Frsdsrisb Dssis, istosy 'sf Jacktsonvlle, Ploida and Vicisiy, p. 58. 23. Jackbonville Florida Rspsublisas, Asgst 19, 1852. 24. "eminiscssnses of Old Cissses," 8p. sit. 172 NOTES TO PAGES 19-28 18. Jacsovlleb Florida Nes, Msy 21, 1853. 1t. Jasonvslls Florida Repubbica, Massb 17, 1853. tbhe Palatka Hssrald, Jsns t, 1877. 21. Jacsonville Daily Ssn and Prss, A. S. Baldw'is, M.D., Rspsst o1 Hlthb Committees," Dsecesbss 5, 1877. 22. Jasonssslt Nes, May 7, 1t47. 23. Exetssp from a lttsr wssittsst by William~ Johsbsns L'Englets is b ate'sls ,sise, Lsosss L'Esgls, 'ss Ds'sssbss 25, 1849. Tbs orsiginasl lsttesis inbsh possessionofiMss. C. W.CamspsofJsss visl,loid. Assopy wsssur- sisd tbe ssutso by Ms. Ricbasd P. Daniel, Jacsvllet, Ftssida. CHAssTER' IV FIRST EPIDEMICS IN JACKSONVILLE 1. Wittiam Josbont L'Esgts, ltss to bis fasts sster, Lssonis ILEngls. A sspywssfssrnisdsb ssesbsso by Ms. Ricbasd P. Dsaniel, Jacsonvilsslt, 2. Hlyssss Eastman,, less's writtss fsrom Jacsssvill, Ftssida, Nosvssbss 5, 1857. Inth lib'sabsry of sb's Ftsrida Historicst Stcisty. 3. Jacsbonville Florida Republicsan, Ssptssmbss 26, 1857. 4. Jacsonvisslse Nsews, August 24, 1857. 5. "Rsmiiscenss 81 Otd Citisss," sp. sit. 6. Jacsbsnvsits Florida Rsputbsssa, Asgsts 1, 1857. 7. Jacsonvlls Nsess, Aust~s 24, 1837. 8.1Ibid., Asgst 31, 1857. 9. Letterss to tbs astbos lssom Ds. Wissia Psepps, deanso th Unbsrsitly of Pennslylvania Scbhool of Msdicines, Asgust 14s'sd Sspltmbss 13, 1944. sI.R. P. Daniel, M.D., "Cutaneous Disass," Psosesdinsfth /lsor'sids Msd- caslAssscisto,Ssssisnsof 1887. 11.'"Remiiscencess ofsld Ciizens,op.sci. 12. Ricbhasd P. Danisl, M.D., "Oss Malarial Pssss, an addrss delivsssd bsfoss lbs Duval County- Medistl Society about 7877. Tbs osiginsl mascrissspt 5811 furshebd lbs autbor by Mss. R. D. Msy, Jacsonvill, Plosid. 13. Jacbsonville Flosidas Repu~blican, Apsil 8 and Ills 3, 1852. 14. 1844., Jusns 5,1852. 15. Ibid., Junes' 17, 1852. 18. Ibid., July 1, 1852. 17. Ibid., Jssly 22, 1852. 18. Ibid., 7817 8, 1852. 19. bt. Ausgsisss Ascisst City, Asgst 8, 10, sssd 14, 1852. 27. "Rseminiscssses ofI Old Citisssns," op. cit. 22. T. Fssdsrisb Dais, Histssy of Jacsotville, Florida an4 Piity, p. 58. 23. Jasonville1 Flsrida Repusbla, Augst 19, 1852. 24. "Reminilscences of Old Citissns," opI. cit. 172 NOTES TO PAGES 78-28 18. Jackbonvi2k Flosids Nsews, Msy 21, 1853. 19.Jasonvssille Plosids Rspsbbscas, Mastb 17, 1853. 20. Jasonvi'slle Weekly Floidas Usio, nots of8 remiiscencfro sthe ebditor of lbs Pabltk Hessald, Jssne t. 1877. 21. Jasonvtsslk Daily Sun and Prss, A. 8. Badwsis, M.D., "eport of Hlth Cssittees," Dsesembss 5, 1877. 22. Jasonvsislle Nest, Msy 7, 1847. 23. Excerspt fsrom a ltte wttens by Willisas Josss L'Ensglets his fatbs's ssse, Lessis L'Esngle, son Dsssembss 25, 1847. Tbe original lettss is ins tbs psseslsonofMr. C. W.Cap ofJ as onvile, F lord. A'copyswaslfss- nshebd lbs austbor by Ms. Risbhasd P. Daniel, Jacsvlles~, 818441a. FIRST EPIDEMIICS IN JACKSONVILLE 1. Witltsas Jobssss L'Esgls, letter to bis father's siste, Lsosis L'Esgls. A cospy was fursheb'd lbs autbor by Ms. Rbbhasd P. Da187l, Jacsbonil, 2. Hyman2 Ea'stmans leters'siss's fsrsm Jacbsksovls, Plsrda, Nssse'bss 5, 1857. In tbhe library of lbs Plosdas Hisorica Society. 3. Jass n'vil PFlosidas Republicans, Septsember 27, 1832. 4. Jacsonsille NeCs, Asgst 28, 1857. 5. "Remsscencse's of 81d Cisksens," op. sit. 6. Jacsbonville1 Florids Rsepublicas, Asgst 1, 1850. 7. Jasons'sle Nsews, Ausgst 24, 1857. 8.174id., Asugst 31, 1857. 9. Lets s's lbs author fr'som Dr. Williams Peppe, dets's 'th sb's vrsitdy of Pennssylvaia Scbhool ofI Medicise, Aust 14sand Septemsber 13, 1544. 10. R. P. Daniel, M.D., "Cutaneousl Diseses," Psssesdisgs of lbs Florida Msdi- caslAssociatio, Sssions'sf 1880. 11. "esiisse'ces 'sf Old Citizsns," 'sp. sit. 12. Richbard P. Dsaniel, M.D., "Ou's' Malasial ever," an address delisersd bsfsrs lbs Dsvsl Cou'snty Msdical Socety sb'sst 1878. Nb's oiginl manu1script was furnished tbs authors by Mrs. R. D. May, Jacsonville8, Fl18441. 13. Jacksonvi1lePllsida Republicas, Apil 8 and Jtne 3, 1852. 14. 1bid., Jun'se 3, 1857. 15. Ibid., Jsss 17, 7852. 16. Ibid., Jsly 1, 1852. 15.1884., July 42, 1852. 18.1Ibid., July 8, 1852. It. St. Augstbne Assient City, Augst 8, 10, and4 74, 1852. 27. "Remisiscences of O14 Citizsss," op. cit. 2sFR. P. Da1i81, M.D., "Cutaneous Disesess," 81. 41t. 22.. Frsdsricb Dais, Hbisoy of Jssksssnvill, Flida and Vicisity, p. 98. 23. Jacbsonville Florida Rspsublicss, Ausgst 19, 1852. 24. "Remisiscsences of 014 Citizenss," op. cit.  NOTES TO PAGES 29-36 173 NOTES TO PAGES 29-36 173 23. Jaksovlle Florida Republican, Moo 12, 1833. 26.1Ibid., Mop 19, 1833. 27.1882., July 14, 1833. 21.8S. Pau1 Browno, op. cit., p. 130. 29. Jacksonll Florida Times-Unon and Citizen, Doocember 9, 1131. 30. Rowlanod 0. Roriok, op. cit., II, 133; R. P. Doniel, M.D., [So Address], Transactions of theFlorida Medical Asocoiatioo, X, 1310, pp. 6-10. 31... Ctlr,Hitoy of loriaPastad Present (Chicago & NewYork, 1923),1, 310; Rowoland If. Rooiok, op. oil., It, 134. 1. Jacksoovllo Plorida Repoblicoo, Juoo 23, 1833. 2. Jackonviloe Florida News, Juily 30, 1033. 3.CT. Foodeojok Daols, Hisory of Jacksoooille, Florida and Vicinity, pp. 333, 4. Jacksoovile Flor8da Republioa, August 8, 1833. 5. Jackonvioelorida82 Noewo, Novoomboo 5, 1853. 6. Jacksonville Floria Repulican, Septoember 1, 1853. 7. Jaoksonillo Floria eoo, Deooemboo 31, 1833. 8.T. Frederick Davis, Hisooy of Jacokosoille, 2olord an icinity, p. 102. 9. Reord book of the O12 CSty Cemetery, oonfirmed by inscriptionon t0ho 10. "eminiscences of 012 Citlzens," op. cit. 11. Jookonvloe Floria Repulican, 00100 e281100, ApriO 6, 1353. 12. Newsopaper fles 20 tbe Library of Congress. 13. Tollohaseeoorda an2210od Jouroo0, Mop 0, 1133. 14.1Ibid., Mop 07, 1854. 13. Jackooville Floria Republicoo, Juone 15, 1830. 16. Talloboosee Plorhdion, Doooooboo 23, 1830. 17. Jocksooile lord New121s,, July 23, 1134. 18. Jackonvile lorida82 Ropolico, August 31, 1854. 13. Jacksonvle Florido Noews, Septoember 3, 1058. 20. Jacksonville Florida Repoblican, Septem0ber 7, 1850. 21. Jacksonvolle Florida Noe's, extra edition, Septemober 18, 1830, reprinted 80 Augost 0ues2ng, What Io Yellow Fever? ... (Jacksonvlleo, 1808), pp. 33-30. 22.Jackonvlle Ploria Neows, Septem~ber 7, 1304. 23. 1882., ext01 odition, Septemober 18, 1830. 24. 1882., Septemober 01, 1034. 25. 1bi2., Septemober 30, 1833. 20. P. S. Gallard, M.D., "Mediool Topogrophy o1 Plorida," Charleston Medical Jour0al aod Reviewo, X (Septemober, 1833), 050-57. 28. Jookonvleo Ploridao Republico, May 12, 1053. 26. 1882., May 15, 1853. 27. 1882., Joly 14, 1853. 28.8S. Pool Broown, op. cit., p.0150. 03. Jacksoovile Flora Tims-Uion and Citize, Decemober 3, 1838. 30. Rowoland 1H. eohk, op. cit., It, Ill; R. P. Danilt M.D., [An Address], Transoctiono of the Flooida Medical Asootion~o, X, 1910, pp. 6-10. 31.10. G. Coler, History of Floria Pool ond Preoent (Chcgo k Noew York, 1023), I, 380; Rowlaond If Rorick, op. oht., It, 134. 1.Jacksoovlle Florhdo Republicon, Juoe 03, 1853. 0. Jookonoile Floria Noeo, July 30, 1853. 3. T. Poodorick Davis~, Hbsoroy of Jookosonvill, Florida ood Vicinity, pp. 330, 4. Jakoolle Florido Republican, Aooost 8, 1133. 5. Jooksonvile Floriao Coop, Novem0ber 5, 1853. 8. Jacksooville Plorido Repoblican, Soptemober 1, 183. 7. Jockoooole Florida ews, Dooooobor 31, 1013. 8.T. Poederick Davis, Hisory of Jacksoovlle, Floria and Vhiiy, p. 100. 3. Reood book of tbo Old Cloy Cooootory, oofirmod by inscriptonoon 00e 00000010000. 10. Remoiniscences of Old Citizons," op. oil. 11. Jackooville Florida Ropublican, extra edition. Spoil 6, 1834. 12. Noooopopooero flo inboh Liboary of Congres. 13. Tallahasseo Floridioo ood Jourool, Mop 0, 1834. 14. 1bid., Moy 27, 1834. 15. Jookonoille Floorida Ropubliooo, Jooo 13, 1850. 16. Tallahasoeo Floridioo, Doeceobor 23, 1837. 17. Jaokooollo Florido Nooo, Joly 03, 1850. 18. Jaoksoovlle Florido Republioao, Aogost 31, 1834. 19. Jacbsoooille Plooido 00009 September0 3,1834. 20. Jacooovllo Florido Republicoo, Septemober 7, 1854. 21. Jacksoooille Floria ewo, eotra edition, Sepooemboo 18. 1834, ropriotod io 20g000 Buesing, Whot Io Yeow, Fooor? ... (Jaookooovlle, 1808), pp. 53-38. 00. Jacksoonvllo Florido Noows, Septoember 7, 1014. 23. 1082., extra edition, Septoember 18, 1054. 24. 1882., Septoembor 21, 1850. 23. 1882., Soptoember 30, 1858. 26.0E. 8. Goillood, M.D., "Mediool Topogrophy of Plorida," Charlestoo Medicol Joooool oa Review, X (Sepooembe, 1855), 656-57. NOTES TO PAGES 29-38 173 25. Jacksovloe Florida Republiooo, Moy 10, 1833. 26. 18i2., TMay 13, 1813. 27. 1882., Joly 14, 1813. 28.8S. Pool rowo, op. oht., p. 130. 03. Jaoksoovlle Floria Timeso-Union ood Citizen, Doeooobor 3, 1838. 30. owlood HI. Rohock, op. oh., II, 155; E. P. Danoel M.D., [An Addooes, Transactions of th lorida22 Modicol Asooiotioo, X, 1310, pp. 6-10. 31.0H. G. Cotlor, isory of Floria Pool ood Preooot (Chocao & Neo Yook, 1323), 1, 380; Rowoland H1. Rooiok, op. oh., II, 154. 1. Jaoksooolle Plorida Republicao, Jooe 23, 1833. 2. Jockosovloe Plorida N004, Joly 30, 1833. S.T. Poedoriok Doois, History of Jackooovllo, Floria ood Vicioiy, pp. 330, 4. Jookooovillo Florido Republicoo, 2ugus1 8, 1553. 5.oocksoovile Plorido News, Novoomboo 3, 1853. 6. Jaokooonvllo Florido Repoblioao, Septoember 1, 1853. 7.Jaokoooolo Floria Noew, Doooeober 31, 1853. 8.T. Poodoriok Doois, Hisoroy of Jooksonvill, P/orida aod Vicinit,p. 102. 9.eord book of obo O12 City- Coeoetooy, oofirmeod by inscriptionsontho 15. "Roeminiscenos of Did Citizeoo," op. oil. 11. Jacksoovlle Ploria Ropobliooo, ex1ra editioo, Apoil 0, 1313. 12. -Noospopoork flo oboth Libraoy of Coogress. IS. Tallobassoo Floridiao ood Jo00102, Mop 6, 1854. 14.1Ibi., Mop 00, 1054. 13. Jookooolo Plorido Ropuliooo, Jooo 15, 1854. 16. Tallahassoo Ploriia, Dooom0or 23, 1837. 07. Jacosooolle Florido Newoo, Joly 29, 1834. 18. Jookooovilo Plorida Ropoliooo, August 31, 1050. 10. Jookooilo Florao 4ew0, September 9, 1834. 20. Jaoksooville Florido Ropuliooo, Sopooember 7, 1854. 21. Jocksonoollo Ploria eoo, ootra edition, Septemober 18. 1854, ropoioted io Aogoot Boohong, Whol Oo Yollow Fever?... (Jooksoovllo, 1808), pp. 53-56. 02. Jookooovllo Plorido Sow,, Soptoomboo 7, 1354. 23. Ibid., ootoo edition, Septoember 18, 1850. 20. 1082., Septoember 21, 1854. 25. 1bid., Septembor 30, 1854. 26. E. S. Goillard, M.D., "Modiool Topogrophy of Plorido," Chorleotoo Modiool Joooool ood Roview, X (Septemb0er, 1855), 638-57.  174 NOTES TO PAGES 37-43 174NOTS O PGE 3743174 NOTES TO PAGES 37-43 14NTST AE 74 174 NOTES TO PAGES 37-43 CHAPTER VI THE PYELLOW 000ER EPIDEMIC 770 1857 1. "Rem~iiscence of 014 Citizens," op. cit. 2. Edward8 7481s, M.D., "Dr8. Jo88 08,1131," Annals8 of Meicaol History, III (1731), pp. 387-90. 3.Jacksonville East Florida Advocate, April 21, 1840. 4. "Rem~iniscence of O14 CitizensI," 17. cit. 5.'"Report of Health8 Committee," Jacksonville Daily Sun and Press, Decem1ber 5, 1877. 6. George Augustin, History of Pellow 08818 (Newo 0411an1, 1988), p. 887. 7.T. Frederick Da114, History o7 Jacksonville, Flor4da and Vicinoity, p. 107. 8. "Relport of 181al1h Committee," op. cit 9.T. Froderick Davois, Hi44015 of Jacksonville, Florida 0an4 Vicbiiy, p. 105. 10. Jacksonville Florida Ne8s, Decem8ber 12, 1857. 1.01 0383118ize," op. cit., January8 25, 1878. 12. Jaconlolelord Repu0184,blican, F181u113 4, 1817. 13.08 "Old38tize," op. oit., 71118111y 25, 1876. 14. Reood book of the O14 Cipy Cemetery, 0808310184 by inscriptions on the 15. Jacksoooile Floridao Times-Uni1on 7 and 35818e, Decemober 9, 1888. 16. Savanonab Re14888801, Novemober 9, 1857. 17. T. Fooderiok D1131, 10301013 of Jacksonville, Flor340 ond Vicinity, p. 105. 18. Tallabassee Floridian ond Journal, Novemobeo 28, 1857. 19. Jaonvilooe Flor340 N1e.s, Decoember 10, 1857. 20.01 "O88811ze,' op. oit., Januarp 05, 1878. 21. 50,r4003 Meica~l 4880c30ti0n Tranoootions, VII 51854), 3423 De1 Bow's Re11318, XV 318537), 783; andl Mootbo Caolyn' Mitchell, "Helth~ 1184 tbo Meicaol P18181e00ion 181t Lower'oou15, 1845-1860," Jour801 of 308181111 7730t01y, X (Noember, 1944), 408. 00. 7acksonville Flor3da 71ws, Septemober 26, 1857. 23.1834., 0880881 18, 1857. 24.1Hid., Deceomber 12, 185 7. 25. Foroaodioa Florido Ne1w0, Fobooaoy 10, 1888. JACK2SNVILLE 0PYSCIANS 770 THE 1850'S 1.Intervieows wiob Miss M88401 Wallaoo, Jacksonville, Fl10i41, August 11an December8 11, 1844; T. 0114eri88 Davi8, Hi88ory of Jacksonville, Florida and Vicinity, p. 91; Row1land H. Rerick, op. oit., It, 155; and Ja0818nv081e Florido Republicon, Januoor' 13, 1883. 0. Jackosol Flordo Republican, July 14, 1853. 3.1Jacks1oil 0781340 N'owo, Joly 0, 1853. CHAoTER VI 1. "Roominisce00es of Old Citooens," 8p. cit. 2. Edward4 7018% M.D., "Dr. Johnbor8888" Aoo77o of Meicaol 7730108y, IDI (1831), pp. 387-30. 3. 78888818770e Roitl0or4do 44880011, April 21, 1848. 4. "Reminiscencesof 014 Ciizons," op. ci8. 5. "Roport of Health Committee1," Jacksonville Daily 701 an04 Preos, December1 5, 1877. 0. George Augustio, History of Pollow Feoor (Noe' Olan, 1903), p. 877. P.T. Frederick Davis, History of Jacksonville, Florida and Vicinit, p. 105P S. "Report of 141488 Com0101tt1e," op. oil. 9.T. Frederick Davis, Histooy of Jacksoonvile,0Flod oand PViiy, p. 105. 10. Jacksovlle Florida New,,s, £00801811 121857. 11. "084 Ci830111," op. cil., 3000103 25 1876. 12. 71081810380e F/orida Ropublican February 4, 1887. 13.01 "Oditizoo," op. oil., 3080011 23, 1876. 14. Reord ibook o theOlCity Cemetery, c 0omd by irpio n on the 15. 7808188878l Flod Tim0118io a010d itien Decemoe 8300109, 1898. 16. Savannah Relpublicon, 38,vember 9, 1881. 17. T. 00040408k Davis, History of Jacksoonville Flod andl Viiiy, p.188. 18. Tallhassee Floridio ond Jo00004 Novebe 008828, 1887. 19. 3acks88008)0 Florida Nes Deco83100180 12, 1857. 20.01 "Old 8ioiz," op. oit. 388001y 5, 1878. 21. Aoaooiooa Medoil Association Tranaons, 988 (1854), 542; Do Bows Rooiew,. XV (1853), 293 184 Martha Camolvn Mitchll, "181188 1114 8811 Modical Profession in tho Loo'er South, 1845-1800," Jourool of Southoro History, X7 3770000180, 18443, 828. 22. Jacksonville Florida Nso, 81e010181r 00, 1830. 23. 1834., 0c1o8e, 10, 1857. 24. 8834., 831010181 12, 1837. 25. Fernandlinaord 44wsoo, February 10, 1888. JACKSONVILLE 077Y71831ANS OF THE 1850'S 1.108n8erviews01388 Mi Madge Wallace, Jaconville1, Flo8441, August 11 and 831000180 11, 1844; T. Frederick Davis, 7788013 of Jacksonville, Florda oand V3iciy, p. 91; Rowland HI. Rerick, op. cit., II, 155; and4 Jaconville8 Floridao Re1u888081, Januar1y 13, 1853. 2. Jaconviloe11or834 Republican, July 14, 1853. 3. Jacksonv'ille Florida News, July 2, 1853. 2. Edward Jolks, M.D., "Do. Jobn orrie4," Annoos of Modicol 1History, III (1331), pp. 387-90. 3. Jackonville East Flor4do A4080088, 77p41l 21, 1848. 4. "Reminiscences0 of 014 Citizens1," op. cil. 5. "Report of 180488 Committee7," Jackosovle Daily 7811 804 0810.8, De0080180 5, 1877. 8. Georgeo Augusin, 77308085 of Poloow Fovoo (New0 0O1leans, 1909), 0. 887. 7. T.Frederick Dav88. Hiory of Jacksonville, Fl4ord and Vicinity', p.105. 8. "Reort of 18a888 Co801018ee," op. ci8. 9.T. Frodoriok 838831, 7788085 of Jacksonv0ille, Fl4ordan Voicinity8, p. 183. 10. JacksonvilFlord 80448 718ce8000180 10, 1858. 11. "014 Cit13011," op. oil., 7888118, 75, 1878. 12.7110811808ll8 Floida Ropublica, Febouary 4, 1857. 13.01 "Old3itiz," op. cit., January 23, 1888. 14. Reord ok 88 88h88 Old Pip' Cemeteooy, 000180104 by inscriptions 88 tho 13.7Jacksonvil8 Flordb Times0-Union andl Citihn, De0000181 9, 1888. 10.810811118 Republicon, November1 9, 1857. 17. T. Frodeoick 831108, 7788085 of Jacksonvile,Flod oond Vicinity, p. 105. 18. Tallahassoe Floridion ood Journal, Novem1ber 28, 1850. 19. Jacksonville Florido News8, Decoember 12, 1830. 20.014l Citizen," op. 8i8., 7111011r8 25, 1878. 21.301040011n3Medical Asociation Transactions, V11 (1854), 542; Do 770'8 Reoioew, XV (1853), 393; andl Martha Caro1l11 MitchblI, "Heooth 1114 the Modical 0181811381 in theowe Sou1t881, 1845-1860," Jlouooal of 728181111 History, X (Novem1ber, 1388), 408. 22.71J88ks0nvleFloidao Ne888 Septem1ber 20, 1857. 23. I8)4., Otobo, 18, 1857. 24. 18id., Dec01018r112, 18507. 25.0011118114301Fl8044a 7788, February 10, 1838. JACKSOILLIEE P77078831ANS 80 THE 180'S 1.11Interviews witb Mill Madge Wallace, 7108181183110, F1orida, 778881811 andl 830000180111, 1344; T. Frederick 831i8, Hisory of Jacksoonvillk, Florida oond PViiiy, p. 81; Rowl1811 H. Rerick, op. cit, II, 153; 8114 Jacksonville Floidao Ropublicoo, Januarly 13, 1833. 2. Jaonvoillo Florida Ropublico, July 18, 1853. 3. Jaonville lord 8840so July 2, 1853.  NOTES TO PAGES 43-48 175 NOTES TO PAGES 43-48 175 4.499un book ofDr. John S. Murdoch, 1857,194 4 furnished th 9atorb Ms Flor4da Times-9nion, Januay 21, 1912. 6. Fe ndn Ea94 Floridia, October 11, 1969. 7.1 Intervew wi8 Mrs. J. H. BuroghsJacksonville,Florid, Aug9st17, 1944. 8.9Interviews 9798 Misl 0ertrude L'Fngl8, Jacksonvil. Flor49. Decem9ber 11 and 19, 1944; "William9 7989999 L'Engle, M.D., U. S. A." written by 8is daughter,. Mrs9. L5ne 479919 Barnett, Jacksonille, 799ri4a. The original manuscrip,inhe possessionofMrs. C. W.Cap,9was9copiedby Miss Ger- trade9 1'Engle, and 189 copy was1 f9rn14he4 the a91hor by Mr. 748hard F. 1D499e1, JacksonilIe. Flo9454. 9. Lette 19 18e aut16or fro Dr. liliam~ Fyppey, 49an of 9he University of Pennylvania11 School of Medicine, 59799e9899 13, 1944. 19. 59cks1999199 Ff9454a New9, April 49, 1953. 11.916991 7acsoni 49 Flrd Reubian 99l 14. 1999. 12. United State Army OrdersNo. 33, Fort Moultrie, 9 Sout 9Carl9n, October1 99, 1499. A 9999py 499689 48nihe 99489 89ho 91y 11iss4 Gerrue919gl, 13. Hooal S. R. Mallory, 191499 wri11ten FnPensacol, Ff9449a, May 29, 1991, to 49919i9 5989 179919e 59989999699e St. 194n4 Mi599r, 999999519ti49, J419 17, 9961. 19 969 98949r 99 469 Antiquaria 994919y, Worcester, Massa- 14.19999199 Infrmaio t89999e919 9989998999 91e 5ncito ntetmsoeo. 0. Dyll 19 169 014 C919 49eme1999, Jacksonville, Ff9459a. 15.5Jacksonvi1le Ff99559 Repulican, March 29, 1199. 16.79999491d H. 71596k, op. cit., I1, 199. 19. 59919999499e Ff9449a 89ew2, 9999999899 99, 1993. 18. Autobiographicl 999199i11 095999ver519y95 P99n9y19a9ia A999995 1959999at699 949499a 99496991 99999999591 49994894d 189 991899 89 131. Wil9iam 797791, dean 9118 1199941 91vrst 7997199 998999ani 91oo of Medicine) "Biographical Material o Dr. Dan99149 F9mily and Autobiography of Dr. 1ani9l's Ea94y Life" (original manuscrpt furnished the 9au9691 by M199. R. D. Ma9y, Jack- so999699, Ff9441a); 9441999 44599914d 811999 189 119949 499919 9194i999 99ciet9 by Dr. Richard. Daniel, 189 retirin presid4991 59999a9' 7 1902 Fl1rida). 19. 788194d F. Da19i91, M.D., "99999 Recollection 91 My Ea449 154e 994 Ja998 99o94179991 Pe 9999. A 91189999the 1nuscrpt9wasfurnised9theauthorby Mrs9.1 .D a n hrsn r RD. May,5Jacksonvill, Ff9449a. 29. 5996999949l Florida Re9ub6i999, July 14. 1993. 21.7RichardP. Daniel, 9113., "Notes on Yellow Fe1999 19448499918911994va 499919 Meickl 994919., 99919996991, 19. Manuscript in t8y 1589919 91 22.4Idem, "_A Medical 599994l." 169 99591991 99199941199 9999 19998894d 169 aut6or by Mr. Richard P. Daniel, Jackso99949. 719449a. 4. Account b99k 91 Dr. 5989 S. Mu9r49ch, 1857, 199959694 189 991891 89 91599 5.94 99459999199916999999998941994119990147999"Ol 14ecord," Jacksonville 769449a 41999,-['io9, 599999y 91, 1919. 6. 7ernan4ina 8991 Ff944599n, 0919891 11, 1969. 7.99Interview 9966 Mrs. J. H. 799199989. J99899999199, 799449a, August 7, 1944. 8.1999 99516iew 9159, 1199994 17944e'Egl, 54981999999e, Ff9449a, 119919969 11 194 19, 19441 "99111599 5989999 L'7994, M.D., U'. S9 A. 99959999 by 859 49996999. Mrs. 1191 479ngl Bar9911, 59989999il99, Ff9444a. The 9495991l manus99491, 19 the possession of Mr. C. W. 49999, 99a9 copied by Miss Ger- 1,449 479991e, 194 9699999 191959894rnshe thy 999699 89 Mr. 7596994 7. 09954l, 5998999959e, 799449a. 9.19999919189991899th19999om1D. Willi499 799999. 4119 91 189 1395999419 of 79999199919a S98999 91 Medicine. 9999999691 19. 1994. 10. 5416999519899549 Flria91w, April 23, 1993. 11. Ja9989999169 899444a R9p99li999, J991 14. 1193. 14449 9nite9 States 01499 OrdrsNo 33, 7911 Moultrie, 99918 Carolina, 0999899 199 1999. A 9999 999 1u1959894 969 991691 89 Miss 0949941e L'79919, 599899995999, Ff99549. 13.1H99999699 9. 7. Mallory, 99491r 99111119 in 799919914, Ff9449a, May 29, 1991, t9 4499499 5999 179ng99, J99899999119 St. J9492 Mirror9, e9111 9411599. 5919 17, 1999. 198699996 t99949 994999 teAtiurinSoit, Worcester, Massa- 14.199999 99899aio 19999 969m 99t9942 99crpto 169 1998199 99bson of9. G. 099l i9 189 Old 451y 499991999, 59969999199e, 919444a. 15. Jack99999919 F99954,a Republican, 91,996 29, 1999. 16.79owland4H. 79498k, 95. cit., 1, 155. 12. 59989999499e Ff9449a N999, 9991199699 26, 1919. 19. 4919859919985999 ma911449 19 095999495y of Pensyvai 9999959 Infor515999999 99929949 (99599919 99499999191 141959614 169 491691 by Dr. WSiIam9 799999, dean 91 th9 Uni9499419 99 Pennsylvan1a 996999 99 91944199); "Biographical Materia of Dr. Daniel's Family and Autobiography 91 Dr. Daniel's Ea149 Life" 99499919l manuscript furnis194 the author by Mr. R. D1. May, Jack- 9999969e, Ff9449a); 9441999 499599994 891991 189 139999 499919 Medical Society8b Dr.RichardP. Danil, thertringpresident,5Januar 7, 1902 (9495919l 994nu9c9i91 furnished the author by Mrs. R. D1. May,5Jacsonll, Ff9449a). 19. 746994d P. 119949, M.D., "9Some 79949994999n 91 Mly Early 1519 994 5128- 9999199799999l." A99 copy 8of9te 9manuscrpt 9was9funished1t99author8b Mrs. R. D3. May 994891999o, Mr. R. D. May', Jacksonville, 719449a 29. 599899995999 Ff9449a Re9ub98929, J999 94, 1993. 29. 788114d P. 1119999, 91.11., "Nte 99 Yllow 71991," re94 691919 169 119999 494919' 91941999 9991919', 9199999619 5, 995. 91994991591 19 169 9161999 99 22.1Idem, "A Medical ora. The original 999919 1999p 199a6s funihd 9h 991891 by 911. 7596114 P. Daniel, 5996999139l9. Florida. NOTES TO PAGES 43-48 175 4.Acon 999999 899 99r. 5969 9. 91914998, 9999, 9999is894 969 999691 by Miss Florida T5999,-99599, J999999y 21, 1912. 6.79ernand1na 8999 Ff9954199, 0919891 11, 1869. 7.19911959i9w9948h9199. J. H. 791999969. 5998so999611, Ff9444a, August99,94. 8.1999er9iews9w9th 91s9 09919449 179919, Jacksonvill, 799444a, 119999989 11 an4 19, 1994; "William 5989999 L'Emdey, M.13., U. 9. A." 9941199 by 84s 49998199, 9119. 1599 199999e 9999911, 719899991999, 7999549. 189 91191949 11949 17994l, 9941899999p 9929 furnished 981 921899 by Mr. 7198994 P. 119954. Jacksonville, Fl99449. Penn9ylvania 998999 91 919459199, 9991999899 13, 1944. 19. 59989999699e Ff9449a 5999,4994l29,119. 11.599cksonvi1le Ff99549 Republican, 5499 99, 1993. 12.49 919199 States 094999der No. 39, 7991 91oultrie, 99418 4199li94. 09t9899 96, 9999. A 9999' 9999 199919894 189 991699 by 91999 09911449 17994l, Jacksonvi199, 7991949. 93. Honorabl 9. 7. Mallory9,letter9written99n799199999, 799,149, 9199 27, 9961, 99 4199199 5969 479999, 5998s9991991 S9. J9699 9159999, 99119 e4i9ion, July 17, 1861. In9the9lbrary9ofteAntquarian Society, Worcester,9Mass9- 14.1919 94899aio 91999 fro9 th99919 99crpto 969 999999 tob9on of5. 0. 1199 i9 161 1194 4119 499999999, 5998999989l, 799r549. 15. 5998999944l Ff99149 Re95969999, 914998 94, 9999. 16.79Row994dH. 71498k, 95. 9it., II, 199. 17. 59989999419e Ff9449a News, 9999999899 26, 1999. 9994991r (original 999999 99991989 989ihe 99189 auh9b Dr. Will1iam 7999pe9, 4999 99 969 Un95991969 99 Pennsylvania School 91 919459599); "91991198499l Ma119419 of Dr,. Daniel's Family 294 Autobiography 91 Dr. 1199449s Early 1ife" (original manuscript furnished the author by 911. R. D. May9, Jack- so999499, Florida); addes 199vre 4999999 89991 189a 119999 49991d919194 S9oiey by Dr.Richard. Danie,hthetrig president,Januay7 902 (9491999l 99a9999ri99 furnished the 991899 by Mrs4. R. 11. Ma99, Jacksonvile, Flori49). 99. 7998194 P. 11191l, 91.11., "99999 Recol9ect199s 99 My 7949y 441e 994 5998- 9999647999eopl." A4copy9oflthe9manuscrpt9waslfurnished9he aut8orby 919.7R.11.919y194699999n.R.11. May,5Jacksonvill, 74449d. 29. Ja9989999619 Ff9444a Re95999999, 5999 14, 1199. 29. RihadP.Dnl MD, " Noe 91o4n 5999999 Fe89 , 949599 99999999 9999 Du969 author by Mr. Richard P. 119949, Jacksonville, Flria  176 NOTES TO PAGES 50-62 CHAPTER0 VIII 1.Fernandin East Floridian, November, 17, 1860. 2. Jacsnil Florida8 Union, 242, May 18, 1867. 3.18 Corrsponenc of th8 Savannah 7New8 a84 Herald, Jacksonville, 7Flori4a, March 17, 1868, quoted in2 t68 Tallahasse Semi-Weekl0y Floridian,, March6 22, 1867. 0. Tallahassee8 7lor64ian and Journal, July 31, 1858. 5.Jacksonvile Sltandard, May 82, 1859. 6. Jacksonille Florida Union8, July 84, 1866. 7.T. Frederick Davis,, History of Jacksonville, Florida and4 Viciniy, pp. 458, 8. Tallahassee Floridian, November2 10, 1860. 9.7. Frederick Davis, Hi6sto85 of7 Jacksovlle, Florida and4 Vicinity, pp. 116, 10. Jacsonviles 01. Jo6hn8 Mirror-, Moy 7, 88681. IL. Ibid., ext1ra e46it2on, 7uly 87, 1861. l2.T. Frederick Davis, Hisor8y of Jaonville4, Florida and Vicinit,p. 459. 13. Soldiers, of Fl4ord 68 168 Seminole26Indian, Civi0 084 Spanish American,2, Was (Tallahassee:2 Board 81 State Institutions8, 19037, p. 102. 14.7T. Frederick Dav-is, istory of Jacksonville5, F10ri40 oand 76cini15, p. 129. 18. Jacksonville Flor4do Times2-Union,, "D3iary of Dr. AIfred Walton," 0088ober 30, 1892. 17.ANew ork2, Tribune8, April 8, 1863. 14. Waon28 8. Wsbb, e4., Webb's Historical,0,Industriala08 Bioapica Florida, Part 8, p. 116; Proceedings2of the6F71044a MedicaI Association60,, Sessionof8 1893; Rowland2 H8. Rerick, op. ci0., II, 156; 1nd "Diary of 1Dr. Joseph D3. Mitchel," 1882-83, 68th lbrary of 86,2 Florida Historical Society, S8. Au- 0811688, 71lo8648. 19. ooksonville Florida2 Uni60n, May 8, 8506. 20.PRowlan4 H. Reriok, op. cit., p. 156. 21. Letter from88 1udge J. M. Daniel1, Labs City,7Florida,1t Maor Samuel, Jo,28, March 10, 8865. A 0007 ws 108868624 lbs 121688 by Mr. Richar4 P. 131ni61, 31268088246e, 710441a. 22. Letter 1884 biographical 168826 6888868684 lbs autoro by Mrs. He5887 R1212, 7116808882018, Florida, Marcob5 81948. 23.78886, 27ocedins 7882640lrid Medical Ass,2ciatio8, 184 0884 1890. 24.acsn e F12688824 71244 m78e2,-Un86,28, 0018688 82, 8907. 25. Vis48 of tbs 108688 12 lbs C0881,2,28,28 Museum8,, Richmond,2, Virginia6,, Au2gust, 26.7TallahasseeFlorida Sentine8l, 0Oc8ober2 14, 1862. 27. Letter, 211e,2,084,2000088boo868,2A.8. Baldwin,, M.D., medcal 4director of the General Hospitals for8 7108640 and4 Quitman0, Ge808g81, 688 868 Con,- 62428412 Museum,8, Richmond8, V1ir1inia. 176 NOTES TO PAGES 50-62 C8808808 VIII THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 1.7Fernandina4East Boor78446, November2 10, 1860. 2. Jacksonville F18ri40 Union28, May 18, 1868. 3. Corres1pondence of t68 Savannah,2 News 2an4 24er214, Jacksonville0, Flor6da, Marsh 17, 1867, q,22124 688 the Ta1lahassee Semi-Weekly Floridian, March 22, 1867. 4.788,2611188 Florid4628 284 J29u8881, Ju1y 31, 1888. 5. Jacksonville0Standar, May 18, 1859. 6.7,Ja688onvi10e78,244da118688, 7017 14, 1866. 7.T. Fresesick Da,2i6, History 87 10268888846e, 718864,2 0884 Vicinit, pp. 458, 8.7T1l6ahassee7Flor6dian, November 10, 1860. 9.T. Frederiok Davis,24648ory87ofJacksnvll, Flod 28476268845y,07p.116, 10. Jacksonville0 S8. Johno Mirror, Moy 7, 1861. 11.8Ibid., extra, 240ition, 7Ju12 17, 1861. 12.7T. 7,84,2240k 13,226, 2462t88r8 oJacksonvill, 708640a 084 76688655, p. 429. 13.9,08 87788ie40 of 182id in8thee061884688ia, Civ18 an70860is Amer,26can War2, (Tal0ahassee: Boaof Stat 01,28t18tut,2ons, 1003), p. 122. 14.7T. Frederick Davis2, Hi6188y of 1Jacksonville, Fl6od 084 Vicinity, p. 129. 15. 73868882012e Florida 76ime,-786888, 136187 of Dr.11884d Walton," 081to688 37, 1853. 12. Ns or 886i48088, Apri1 8, 1863. 18. Waon8 S. Webb, 24.. Web's 116is8to,18ica2,2884tralan Biographical 71o,240 7,2,1 I, p. 116; Proceedin~gs of the Flor4da Medical 488,240088n, Se,4,2n 81 1893; Rowland H1. Resick, op. 20t., If, 156; and8 "Diary of Dr8. Joseph D3. Mitchel," 1852-53, 68 862 068087y 81 t6e 718,041 1368884011 8828887, St. Ao- 40886888, F18,264,. 19. Jacksonville 70,28632 18688, May 5, 1866. 20.P0Rowland61. Resiok, op. 41t,2p. 156. 21. Letter from,, 7udge 7. M. 13,2ie6, Lobs City, 718,641, 18 Maorf Samuel2 788888, 018882 17, 1808. A 28112 was8 10,880684 868 a,286,2 by Mr. Richar4 P. Daniel1, 780688882247, 71,2448. 22. Letter 0884 biographical 162406 10,2880684 862 8,21688 by M. H1enry Ruele, Jac068882416 Florida, Marh,,2 31948. 23.788228468858 of 168 Florida, Medial 4,2,28260t628, 1870 1884 1880. 04. Jack,8sonvll Flor4da Times8-Union, 0288628 13, 1507. 28. Vi64t of 862 021688816 tothe1Confederate Museum,, Richmond, Virginia, 60484t, 26. Tallahassee Florida 3588868824 Otobeo 18, 1860. 27.6Letter, 8182, 1884 12888,288 book, 88 A. 5. 18al4wi6, M.D., medical2 40888888 of 8 the 8, General 1 108ial for 4, 1884id andQuitman, Georgia6, in8 the Con,- 184,2,218 Museum2,, Richmond88, Virginia. 176 NOTES TO PAGES 50-62 THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 1. Fernan4ina East lori44688 November2 10, 1860. 2. Jacksonville Florida Un868, May 18, 1867. 3.11Correspondence of 86e 80av18881 02ews 084 Heral, Jacksonvill, Fl1rida, March 17, 1867. 988804 688 862 7,6106881882 Semi-Weekly Floridia, Marchb 22, 1867. 4.688 71844608se 0884dia 1,218801na, 7,287 31, 1858. 5. 1Jacksonville 08ondar4, May 12, 1883. 6.71068888800lleoFlod Union2, 7017 11, 1866. 7.7. 78848486k Da8vis, History 87 108128888808, Florida an4 7668865y, pp. 488, 8. 71110601888 718446,288, 08228868, 10, 1860. 9.T. FrederickDavi, History 87108022820ill, Fl64ord an 088476 ,8,81116, 10.7006888600ll St. Johns, Mirrorl May 7, 1861. 11.8064d., ex8,0 e4686888, 7,217 17, 1861. 12.7. Fred4r4c6 13820, History 87 Jacksonville, Florda 0884 Vicinity, p. 459. 13. Soldiers 87of48 862id in288,6,2ino184688a, 1164l 884 570868h 48884888n Was (Tallahassee: 88,284 88 888882 Institut8on, 19027, 8. 102. 80.7T. Fredesiok Davis, 24618825 87 Jacksonville, 71,2440 2884 764805t, p. 120. 18. 1acksonville Flor4ida Times2,-Union,, "Diory of 13,. Alfrsd Walton," 0218628 32, 1833. 17.0880 7288 Tribunes, April 8, 1863. 16. Wanton, S. Wsbb, 24., Webb'sHitrcl 116884204 1840846,8 Biographical 71844d,, Part 1, p. 116; Proceedings1 of t8e Florida Medical Association2,, Session8 of 1893; Rowland H. Reric, op. 70t., II, 858; and "Diary 88 Dr,. 78se76 D. itchll," 1852-33, 68th libayo 1t17286 Florid4a Historicol Society8, St. Au- 19. 712680882868 Flor442 Un8607, Ma7 5, 1890. 260. Roland H. Rerick, op. 48t., p. 186. 21.1118 88888r from4udge7. M. 138801, 11,26 1147. 718441a,18o Major 818804 70821, March 18, 1868. A co7880 8,28662 lbsihe 801688ho by Mr. R1261,4 7. 138864, 71268888217e, Fl6od. 22.1124,68an biogra1phical8sketchfurnished4the1authorby Mr. HenryRacl, 70261886012, 718,640, Marchb 5, 1008. 23.78Proceedings 87868e78,22642 Medical A88276086,28, 1870 and 1888. 24. 7106808606 712440a Ti6me8,-Unio,2n, 0288688 13, 1007. 25. V6868 8186 11868 10ho 868 theConfederate Museum, Richmond8, Virginia, Augu,28 26. 7011ah88822 71,28640 32786881, 0888688 14, 1162. 27.1Let24,0s,88,0841288988868868884.5. Ba4dwi8, M.D., 88846,64622402o 81 868 General2 Hospitals 188 7184488 and 00088888, 248882i6, 68 lbs Co88- 18428,218 Museum, Richond8, V6846868.  NOTES TO PAGES 63-69 177 NVOTES TO PAGES 63-69 177 NOTES TO PAGES 63-69 177 CHAPTER7 IX THE POSTWAR PERIOD 1.7Jacksonville Florida3Union, October 7, 1765. 3.1663,, Noeme 77, 1869. 3.777acksonvi7le7Florida6Times, January 35, 186. 4. R. P. Daniel, M.D., "Report of Smallpox 1ospital," May 7, 7666. Te, manscip was7 furnished7 the author by Mrs. R. D. May, Jacksonville, 5. acksonville Florida Un7ion, June 7, 1866. 6.W. W. Davis, Civil War and Reconstruction 6in Florida (New Vork, 79137, pp. 366, 377. 7. 73,ksovE7, PFlorida Unio62, 0217677 26, 1866. 8. Baltimore Niles Weekly Register, 32777 22 and3 7377 77, 1633; Jacksonville Florida Republican, Fe6bruary 17, 1673; and3 "United3 Statesv. Macom7b" (case fife in6, the73 677o77d7 SupemCur, State 176737y, Talla6hassee, Florida). 9. Talhse Semi,7-Weekly Flor3dian, September,, 14, 7666. 10.773, JeromeCochra, M.D., "Sketches, of Yellow3 Fever, on, 7t,, 07lf Coast of Florida,' Transactions7 of77the Medical Association, of Alabama,, 7777. H1.Jacksonville, PUnion, 677p7em6er 29, 1666, 777770 in, Tallahassee, Semi-Weekly Floridian, 0777677 2, 1766. 12. Plat of cty of Jacksonville, Lot no. 13 in73 Sqar7n. 24, in the, Jacksonville Pub17licLbrary. 73. Tallahassee, Semi,,-Weekl6y Floridian, January 7, 1777. 14. Journal o7 76he Proceedings7 o777 the,7 Seat 76f the7 General7 Aseml of6th November77 14, 3307. 16. Jacksonville P7703da 73nion,, September, 37, 7867. 16. I760., 07776er77, 7765. 77. 1663., 6O7t6ber 14, 7765. 18. Corres3pondence 7776 theSavannh News23 and,373l, March 77, 7767, 937770 in 76e Tallahassee Semi6-Weekly Flor0dia, March 22, 1767. 73. Talhse Semi-Weekly Floridian, May 17, 1767. 27. Probation, 3136 the Es7t 03737 Hometeele7, File no. 7776, Courthouse7, 7376- 21. Letter 7from, Miss Audrey Broward, Research 077p337373t, Jacks37v37,, Public Library, 727677376ll, Fl7700a, April 33, 7346. 22. Record 6736 3776 01eOl City Cemetery, 736y Board 76 077776, 7726777726777, Florida. 73377772 IX THE POSTWAR PERIOD 1.3Jacksonville773orid7377733, 077767r 7, 1365. 2. 1763., N37773677 17, 1365. 3. 3Ja6ks73vil77 Plorida Times, 3733337 25, 7336. 4.7R. P. 07nie0, M.D., "Report 77 Smallpox Hospital," May 7, 1366. The 73737773777 w37 furnished 76,, 337677 by Mrs,. R. 0. May, Jacks737i477, 5.777cksonville730ori737763on, 3333 9, 1866. 6. W. W. Davi, Civil War an Reconstruction 0n Florid (New Yor, 1973), pp. 374, 377. 7.376777 Jacsonill Floid633o, 0ctober 26, 7665. 8.7Baltimor Niles Weely Register-, 7337 22 a30 7777 13, 7633; Jacksonvil77 P73033a Republican, February 17, 7753; and "Uted,, States v.Maob (case file 67 16he 7777637 67737737 77373, 63777 Li67737, Tallahassee7, 777776037. 3.Talhse Semi3-Weekly Floridian, 77777736er 74, 1766. 10.373 JeromeCochra, M.D., 66777677s of Y3777ow 777777 77 767 0376 Coast of7 Fl77ida," Transactons 37 767 Medical A3320776377 o7 3737337, 1771. 11. 13762337477e 733633, 6777773677 29, 166, 933770 6in Tallahassee Semi-Weekly Flor0dia, Oct7677 2,77766. 13. Tallahassee Semi-Weekly Flori36a7, January 7, 7367. 14.13Journal of7th Proceedigs 2776 37337 Seat 767 0737e General Aseml of7th State- of Florda 31 the 2773 Session of 767 Fourteenth G7en7r37 3277em67y egun 3773 11773 at 767 73a767t76 in theCiy 37 Tallahassee on Wednesda3y, 3Novem7er 14, 266. 15.73Jacksonville773o33d7336377, 67777736er 37, 1363. 76. 1763., 077767r 7, 1763. 17. 1663., 0O3767,, 14, 1765. 18.7337737 77767ondnc 67737 the3 Savnna New77n7eal, March, 77, 187, q7777d i3 the Tal76ahass37 Semi-Weekly Flor0dia, March 22, 1867. 13. Tallahassee7 Semi-Weekly Plor0dia, May 14, 1767. 27.7,367673n 77the 777t7,, 76 Hol773s 677377, File 77. 7376, 073ur167777, Jack- 21.1Letter f373 Miss A73777 Browned, Research De77073737, Jack67337lle P3676c Library7, Jackson77777, 777or607, April7 37, 7936. 22. Rec333 6776 of t6he 073 Cit7y 7377377777, Cit7y Bor 31 Heal76, Ja7763337ll, THE POSTWAR PERIOD 1.7JacksonvillePF2o3ida3762,,, Oc7o677 7, 165. 2.1Ibid., Noeme 77, 167. 3.7Jacksonvi6le Fl2r63a T6375, January 25, 7766. 4.7R. 7. Da3760, M.D., "~Report of Smallpox 1777767a7," Ma37 7, 7776. The 7337373377 was fu3330673 76,, 737677 by Mrs. 7. D. Ma37, 73767737077, 5.7JacksonvillePF3or3da('3633, 77777 9, 7766. 6.W. W. Davis 7607l War7 a3nd 3 3367 P0037utininFord (New Y776, 1373), pp. 373, 375. 7.77JacksonvillP7Florida3Un633, 0ct367r 23, 7365. 8.7Balt7more Niles Weekly Registe, 7337 22 an3 7777 73, 7333; Jacksonvi073 P73037a Republican, 7F6br7ar7 17, 7773; an3 "United,, States3. Macomb6" (ca7se 76776 in 77370 F 37orida Supr 3333ur, S3337 Library, Tallahassee7, 77776337. 9.Talaae Semi-Weekly Floridia, 6777773673 73, 7766. 10.7733ro7e7Cochran, M.D., '667t7677 of Ye7733 Fever on t6,, Gulf Cos of 773rid7," Transactions7 37763e Medical A373c376377 77 Alabama, 7777. 11. 13767337677e 7377637, 67777736er 29, 7766, 973774 in7 Ta7776377e7 Semi6-Weekly Floridian, 07767er 3,73866. 12. 7 Pla of 7 cit of7Jackonvill, 1ot77o. 16 in 33 Sqar 7n. 24, in the Jacksonville 13. Talhse Semi-Weekly Flor3dia, January 6, 7367. 14. J337337 37767e Proceedings 3776 37337 37767e 67373 t0767 37nra Asebl7h State of Florid at the 2nd373 Sesio of7 the73 FouteethGenra Assembl7y November7 14, 366. 15.77acksonvillePFlorida3U0io, 677777367r 37, 7765. 16. 1663., 07736777 7,77865. 77. 1663., 0ct367r 14, 7765. 78. 7337773777373737 36 767 777777736 News and Herald, March 17, 7767, q73te4 in 767 Tallahassee Semi6-Weekly Floridian, March 22, 1667. 19. Talhse Semi-Weekly Floridia, 37a7 73, 7367. 27.77333 77767io 7773 th7 Es37737 637777sStel, 74,e no. 1916, Courthouse7, 7776- 21.1Letter7,373 Miss Audtey Browar, Research Department, Ja77673376le 7u6777 Librar,7, J77677576777, 773,637, Apri7 33, 7946. 27. Record book 7776 theOl City Ce7737337, City 7oa30 of 177766, 777ks773i077,  178 NOTES TO PAGES 71-79 178NOTS O PGE 7179178 NOTES TO PAGES 71-79 18NTST AE 17 178 NOTES TO PAGES 71-79 CHAPTER X WRETCHEDNESS-GROWTH-PROGRESS 1. Jacksoonvile Florida Repulicano, March 3, 1813. 2. "Diaroy of Alfred Walton, M.D.," Jackonvoile Plorida Time-Union, October 23, 1893. S. Jacksoovlle Florida Republican, July 22, 1852. 4. "Diaryyof JhnFranciP Pah Learn,"7 January 2and , 1869, in he Jacksoonville Poblic Library. 5. Tollahassee Weekly Floriian, October 12, 1877. 6.1Ibid., Otober 5, 1875. 7. Jacksoovillo Ploridt Uni8on,, isstos 1866-68; Jakonvilef Tri-Weekly Sa, January7 29, 1876. 8.T. Frederick Davois, Hisory of Jackonvill.e, Florida and Viinity, p. 432. 9.8S. Paul~ Bownop. cit,7p.69. 10. Jacks8oville Plorida Unon~, Juneo 11. 1878. 11. Tallahassee Woolly Floridian, February 23, 1899. 12.16bid., Septem8ber 27, 1870. 1S. 1081., February 14, 1677. 14. 97. M. 141wk1, M.D.], Jackonvoille City. Directory aod Busiesso Adverotier foo 1870, Jacksonville, 1877. 15. Gainesvflfe Newo Doa, qoted in Talla1h111ee Woolly Floridiano, Apoil 19, 1870. 16. Jacksonville Union, April 14, 1870, quotod io Talfahassee Weekly Floriiano, ApriO 19, 1870. 17. Interviewo wtohf Mr. Richood P. Dooil, Jacksonville, Florida, January. 16, 18. Dougl Sout16a10 Foroooao, R. N. Loo: A Biogooaphy (Noew Yook, 1940),1I, 522-25; Tallahassee Weelly Ploridian, October 18, 1870. 10. Proceedings of the Ploridao Medical Asociatio, January 14, 1874. 20. Ibid., 7100807 14, 1874, 88s1i88 of 1874, Session of 1878, 1an4 Session of 21. Tlo Soemi-Tropical, I, Otober, 1875. 22. Poooliogo of the Floridat Meical Asocoiaotion, Session of 1015. DUVPAL COUNTY AND ST. LUE'S HOSPITALS 1. Miootes of tho Duvalo. Counoty Welffaoe Boarod, 1948. 2. R. H. Mc~ioois, M.D., "The Du8al County Hospital," oircao 1925, in the library of tle atohor. 3. Jackoovilo Forida Timeso-Union, Aprif 12, 16, anol 1f, 1938. 4. Jaonvilolef Doily Soun andl Prots, Octobeo 11, 1877. 5. Jacksoooviloe Tri-Weolly Sun, May 4, 1876. 6. Reort of tSe Superionoonoent, "Theo Counoty's Pooo," Jacksonvi01e Doily Soo andlPress, January75, 1878. WRETCHEDNESS-GROWTH-PROGRESS 1. Jackooville Ploorida epubican, Maooh 3, 1853. 2. "iaoy of Alffoed Waltoo, M.D.," Jockoovillo Ploridat Timeoo-Unioo, Otoboo 23, 0893. 3. Jackonville PFolod Ropoblocao, Joly 22, 1052. 4. "Diaoy of Joho Franois Patch Laon," January 2 aond 5, 1869, io tho Jackonville Puoblic Liboraoy. S. Tallahassoe Woolly Floriio, Octoboo 12, 1859. 6. Ibid., Ootobeo 5, 1875. 7. Jackooille Ftorida Unio, isooeo 1866-68; Jacksonviloe Tri-Weekly Suo, January. 29, 1070. 8.T. Frederick Daviso, Hittory of Jacksonville, Folooan Picinity, p. 432. 9.8S. Paul Brown, of. tit., p. 69. 10. Jaoolooollf Florida Unoioo, Juoe 11, 1808. 11. Taflhassee Weeooly Foridia, Febooooy 23, 1869. 12. 108d., Septemobeo 27, ff77. 13.1Ibid., Februaroy 14, 1870. 14. 18. M. Hawoko, M.D., Jacksoovillo City Diooctooy tool Buosnos Advertiser foo 1870, Jaoksooville, 1070. 10. Gainosville Nooo Eoo, quotod 80 Talahassee Woolly Floriiano, Apoil 19, 1070. 16. Jacksoooillo Uoioo, Spril 14, 0870, quoted 80 Tallahasseo Wooly Floridian, Apoil 19, 1870. 17.Interiewo wth Mo. Rlichaod P. Daniel, Jacksoovlle, Floridao, January 16, 10. Doolasouthl 8886Freomaon, R. N. Loot A Bioraphy (Newo Yook, 1940), IV, 522-25; Talahasoee Woolly Plorltidia, Oct8b01 18, 1870. 19. Pooeodiogo of tho Ploridao Moeiocol Asooitioo, Jaooaoy 14, 1074. 20.1Ibid., Ja89107 14, ff74, Sessioo of 1874, Soosioo of 1870, aod 8011800 of 21. The Soemi-Toical, I. Ocobohr, 1078. 22. Pooeediogo of tho Plorida Modical Asocia~tioo, Soosioo of 1075. DUTAL COUNTT AND ST. LUKE'S HOSPITALS 1. Minteoo of tho D8019 Coooty Weloffaro Boarod, 1948. 2. R. H. Mc~ioois, M.D., "Tho Duval Coooty Hospita," oiooa 1925, in tho library of tho 180600. S. Jacksoovlle Ftlod Timeso-Unio, Apoif 12, 16, 104 18, 1936. 4. Jacksoovlle Daily Soo anol Preoo, Octohoo 11, 1077. 5. Jacosoooillo Tri-Weekly 380, Mlao 4, 1070. 6. Repoot of the Supoointeodont, "The Coooty'o Polor," Jacoonooillo Doily Son andlPres,7January 5, 1878. CooAPoEo X WRETCHEDNESS-GROWTH-PROGRESS 1. Jaonvooille Plorda Republicao, Marooh 3, 1893, 2. "Diaoy of Afrood Wltoo, M.D.," Jaokooille Plorida Timeos-Unioo, Octoboo 23, 1093. 3. Jackonvie Fooida Republica, 7917 20, 1052. 4. "Diary of John FrancisPatch0 LeBaon," 7000100 2and 5, 1869,finfhe Jacksooille Public Liboary. 5. Tallahassee Wooly Flooia, Ocobho 12, 1869. 6.1Ibi., Octobeo 5, 1005. 7. faoonooille' Plordo CUnioo, issoos 1066-60; Jackooilo Tri-Weeoly Soo, Janoaoy 29, 1076. 8.T. Frodooick Daois, list ooy of Jackooooill, Ploida tool Vicioity, p. 332. 9.8S. Paul 800000, of. cit., Is 69. 00. Jackooitleor920a1 Uoioo, 7980 11, 1860. 11. Tallabaosoo Woelly F'loriiao, Pebruaory 23, 1869. 12. 168d., Septembher 20, 1070. 13.1081., Feboouory 14, 1070. 14. [J. M. Hawksb, M.D.], Jacksoonville City Diooctooy tool Busiooos Advertiser foo 1000, Jacksoovllo, 1870. 15. GainooviOle Noeo Er, qotod 80 Talahassoe Wooly Ploridio, Aprl 19, 1870. 18.Jalolooollo Uoioo, Apri0 Of, 0870. 990704 io Tallahassee Woolylortoiao, Spril 19, 1870. lC.Itooioeo toith Mr. Riohaod P. Dooilo, Jacksonville, Florida, Jaouooy 16, 18. Douglaso Sooohhoil Freeman0, R. E. Loot A Biografhy (New0 Yool, 1940),8IV, 522-25; Tallahassee Weely Ploridiao, Ocobhr 18, 1870, 19. Pooooings of the Plooida Meicol Asocoiatioo, Janoooy 14, 1874. 20.1Ibid., 1108107, 14, 1074, Sossioo of 1874, 801480n of 1808, aod 801480n of 20. The Sool-Tropita, I, Ootoboo, 1879, 22. Procoeedings of tho Ploridao Moditol Asocitfioo, 8essi00 of 1875. DUVAL COUNTY AND ST. LUKE'S HOSPITALS 1. Minuteoo of the Doval Coully Weliaro Boaod, 1941. 2. R. H. Mo~ini, M.D., "Tho Dtuval Couoty Hospital," 06002 1925, to lbe library of 86e a91600. S. Jaonvoollf Flod Timeso-Unioo, April 12, 16, tool 18, 1938. 4.Jaokooile Doily Suo aod Proos, Octoboo 11, 1877. 5. Jaconvilef Ti-Woolly 58n, Moy 4, 1876. 6. Repoot of tho Superintendent, "Tho Coooty'o Poor,' Jacksovlke Doily Soo anol Proess, Januaroy 5, 18ff.  NOTES TO PAGES 80-93 179 7. Jaksonv7ile Dai4y 37un a874 Press7, Deeme 7, 1877. 8.1884., Jaur 7, 1878. 8. Philip 8. May, "Zepha7iah Kin7gsley, Nonconformst,,," Florida Historical1 Quarterly7, XXIII, January.7, 195. 17. Jacksonv7ille Daily Sun1 7an3 Press, October 11, 1877. ii. Ibid., Decem7ber1 27, 1877; and3 Jacksonille Weekly Plorida U777on, 0777em777 31, 1877. 12.37acksonville Plorida Times~-Union, .April 12, 16, and4 18, 1538. 13. Jacksonville 1We787y Florida Union7, Dec77mber731, 1877. 14.31acksonvillePFlorida Time-Union, 3877 3, 14, 775, 7773 18, 1883. 15. Wanton8, S. Webb, e4., Webb's H8istorical, Industrial, and4 Biograpical Florida, Pa7t I, p. 125. 18. 3James, Esgate, op. cit., p. 87; Wanton S. Webb, Webb's Jacksonville Direc7- 7t773 7886 (Jacksonvtille and Newt XYttk, 1878), p. 277; ibid. (Jacksonville, 1889), p. 288; and, Richard's Jacksonville (38ckson7ill7, 1887), I, 21. 17. Mrs. Ar7744777 Doggett, "Si. Luke's Hospital," The Semi-Troical, II (1878), 159, 160. 18. Firt7 Annual. 18778rt 81 the7 Direc8tresses of 87. 787e's Hos7pital (undated7), i7 787 off7ice o7 Mr. W. E. Arnold3, superintendent of St. Luke't Hospita1. 27. Jac7ksonvil7e T4i-Weekly Un42on, 888877r 28, 1873, 4173d by T. Frederick Davis4, History1 of Jacksonville, Florida and3 Vicinity, pp. 424, 425. 21.37Annual 1877877, St. Luke's Hospital. 22.38Jacksonvill11Da7by387n2774 Press, June7 24, 7877. 23. Wanton7, S. Webb, Webb's 32,87on77477 Directory, 1878-9, New, York8, 178. 24.4877n777 Repots, St. Luke7's 1o8p7677. 25.0874777s S. Adams,1, Report3 7o78 the 777, Jacksonvill 377747r7Santar Associat4ion7, 7) Jacksonville, Florda, pidemici 7) 1888 (Jacksonville7, 1889), p. 23. JACKSONVILLE PH YSICIANS OP THE 18763S 1.3Jacksonville Tri-Weekly Sun7, Pebruary 77, 7176. 2.38Jacksonville3New S3uth, Se,8i-Weekly, 08787771 277, 7874. 3. Jacksonvi4lt Tt-i-Weekl7y 3871, March 778, 18767. 4.37Jacksonville 77ew 3out7, Semi-Weekly, November77, 31 874. 5.T. Frederick Davis, History7 of17Jacksonvile, P7lo783278 andiciiy, p. 331. 6.31acksonville Ti-Weekly 37un, 31778271 25, 1876. 7. Ibid., February7 177, 1878. 8.1Ibid., Ma7y 2, 1877. 9.1Ibid., May 11, 1876. 10.1Ibid., 3877 17, 176. 117.Ibid., June120,718768. 12. Wanton77 8. Webb, Webb8's Jacksonville4 Dirtory- 1876-7 (New8 Yorkt, 78718), p. 161. 13.17Interviews77478 Mrs,. Kar3 Bardin7, Mr1s,. Rosa777Bostwick7,0r.1Russel De,77 NOTES TO PAGES 80-93 179 7.37776777777744 Da7y 3Sun and3 Press, December7 7, 7177. 77. 1883., 377777771 5, 17178. 9. Philip S. May, "Zephaniah1 Kingsley4, Nonconformist84," Florida Historical Quaterly7, XXIII, Jan77777, 195. 10.3JacksonvilleDaily 377n 7773 Prss 0ctober 11, 787 7. 11. 1883., 077777777,27, 1877; 77773378618vi787 Weekly Florid,7 Union7, December7 37, 1877. 72. Jacksonville7 P7lori37 Timtes-Union7, Apri1 12, 78, 8773 18, 1538. 13.37Jacksonvi71le Weekly Florida 0718ion, 07ecember731, 77877. 14.3Jacksonville Florida3 T8imes-Uni8on,, 37777 3, 74, 77, 7777 18, 7883. 771. Waton S. Webb, e3., Webb's Historical7, 1713str,7l487 7713phca Fl8orida11,43, 7117 L, p. 125. 16.377 Ja77s7777t, op. 74t., p. 80; Wanton7 S. Webb7, Webb's Jac7sonvil47 Direc- 7to77 1886 (37776177vi778 7777 New, Y7777, 7886), p. 277; 8883. (Ja76kso77il41, 1885), p. 298; 77773Ri877771's Jacksonville7 (Jacksonville1, 7887), I, 21. 17. Mrs. Aristides oggett, ". L7777s Hospital7," The Semi8-Tropical, II (7878), 1159, 1871. 187. First8nnualRepor of1 7878 Directresses o1 St. Luke't Hospit4l (undated3), 677 7777 88877e 771 Mr. WI. 7. 3rno1d, superinttendent of St. 1867's Ho7pi477. 20. Jacksonvil777e TP4-Weekly Union7, 087877r 21, 1873, cited by T. Frederick Davis)7, Hi487ry 7) Jacksonville7, Florida 7773 74cinity, pp. 424, 475. 21.47Annual Reports, St. Luke's Hospi471. 22.37J76ksonvi78171Da4ly3871 777 Press, 38717 24, 1877. 23. Want7on S. Webb, Webb's Jacksonville7 Director,71878-9, New7 Y717, 7778. 24.4181 Annua78eport, St. Luk6's 1H7178777. 25. Charles5.Ada,8Report7of7the7Jacksonvtl7ehAuxiliySanitay Associatio,, of1Jacksonville, Plorida, Epide774 77 7888 (Jacksonville0, 17779), p. 23. CHAPTER8 XII JACKSONVILLE PHYSICIANS OP PHEl 1870'S 1.3Jacksonville Tri-Weekly Sun7, February, 1, 176. 7. 3777777777778 New, South1, Sem7i-Weekly, 077,77e, 27, 7874. 3.38J67777777817 TP-Weekly 3777, March 14, 1876. 4.387677777n8117e7New 3Sout7, Semi8-Weekly, November, 4, 1874. 5.7. Frederic 07774, 11477717 of Ja7k7771ill7, P77rida and Vicinity, 7. 331. 6.3Jacksonville Tr4-Weekly1 3771, 387777871 25, 1878. 7.1883d.. February 17, 1878. 8.1Ibid., May 2, 7178. 9.1Ibid., May 11, 177. 18.1883d., 37777 17, 171. 11. 1883., 37777720, 1878. 12. Wato S. Webb, Webb8's Jacksonville Directory1876-7 (New' Y8r7, 1878), p. 187. 1.77nterviews7wit8 Mrs. Karl1 Bardin7, Mrs. Rosa1 Bostwick4, Dr. Russell Dean, NOTES TO PAGES 80-83 130 07Jckonville 11477137771773 Pres,,December 7, 7877. 8.Ibid., Januaryt 71, 1878. 77. Philip S. Ma7y, '2778877887 1K8778l17, Nonconformist81," Plorida Historical 9778777711, XXIII, 377787717, 1945. 1.7Jacksonvill17Daily 3877 8773 Pres, Octobe71 11, 1877. 771.8883d., D7e7ember7 27, 1S77; 7777 Ja76777777707 77e81ly Florda 071877, December7 37, 7177. 12.38Jacksonvi1lePFlor32aPTimes-Union77, April 82, 16, and3 18, 1538. 13.38677 8 Jacksnvill PWeekly Florda ,nio, 077777777 31, 887 7. 14.3Jacksonvile Plorida Times,-Union7,, 3877 3, 14, 171, 8773 177, 18773. 85. Want7on S. Webb, ed., 7788', Historical,7, 1713827ialan 77134 ra7ph48878 PFlorida, Part7 I, p. 725. 778.387771 Esg777, 74. ci., p. 877; 77777787 S. Webb, Webb's Jasonville477 Dire1,- 77717886 378677777817e 7777 New1 York, 1886), p. 2717; 8783. 3866177777817, 7885), p. 258; and32Richard's Jacksonville7 (Jacksonvi7le,1,7887), 1,821. 17. Mrs. 4418377707777get7, "S7. Luke's Hospit878," The Sem-Tropic77, HI (1874), 78. F8rs7 Annual, 18777771 8877 017767,7778777771f St. Luk6777 Hospit7al (77773877), 177 787 778477 81 Mr. W. E. 47777l3, 1877147777737777 88 St. Luke's 118pi744. 20.3886ksonvile Tr-Week7s U7787n, 0777777, 21, 1873, 7473d by T. Frederick 0774, History of 12787771770,,, P77rida 2773 Vi8ci87ty, pp. 424, 423. 21. 4777748 Re777711, 8t. Luke8's 077777788. 22.387acksonville1Daily3877 871 Press, J7777 24, 1877. 23. Want7on S. Webb, Web8b's Jacksonville7 Directoy,7,1,878-9, New7 York, 1778. 24.47Annual1877or7, St. Luke's 1H77p7487. 25.07harles 9.437771, Rep742717 the8 Jacksonville Auxiliary1 377767871 Associatin,7, 7) Jacksonville, Plorida, pidemic8 7) 1888 (Jacksonvil7e177885). p. 23. JACKSONVILLE7 PHYSICIANS3O THE P1707'S 1.38Jacksonvil8e TP4-Weekly 3777, February71, 1876. 2.38Jacksonville77New South1, Semi-WeekIy, 08c77777 21, 1874. 3.3Jacksonvil1e Pr-Weekly7 3Su7, March 74, 77876. 4.31Jacksonville7N77 South, S7emi-Week1y, November1 4, 7874. 5.T. Frederick 0854,147771yo7)17787777718, Flor8777 andVcinit, 8. 351. 6.Jacksonville Tri-Weekly 3877, 3871877y 27, 1777. 7.1Ibid., February8 770, 178. 8.1883d., May 2, 1878. 97. 1883., Ma7y 11, 1878. 10.1Ibid., 37777 87, 1876. 11.1Ibid., 3877720, 1878. 772. Wanton77 S. Webb, 7eb887 1Jacksonville Director7y 1876-7 (New' York, 1876), p. 881. 13.1,Interviews with Mrs. Karl3 188t3, Mrs. Rosa8 Bostwick, Dr. Russell Dean,,  104 NOTES TO PAGES 95-103 Mos. Graemeo Drew, Do> lHorace Drew,> Mos. Hlorace Drew, Sr, Do, Edward JelksDr. W. J. Knue,and Do; R. H. McGinnois; Rhowland H. Rerick, op. cil., I, 515; Wantono S. Webb, ed., Webb's Hisorical, Iodustrial aood Biographoical Florida, Pool 1, p. 140; Wanton S. Webb, Webb's Jacksovloe and Coosolidated Directooy (Jacksonville and Newo Yook, 1887), p. 88; H. G. Cutlor, op. cil., If, 100; Proceedingo of the Florida Medical Asocida- tion, January 14, 1004; and ibid., Sessionso of 1001, 1002, 1003, and 1004. 14. Jockonville Florida Timeso-Unioo, Decemober 14, 1022. 15. Wanton S. Webb, ed., Webb's Hlisoical, Industrial and Biograpical Florida, Part 1, p. 155; Southern Hisorical Asocoiation, Meomoirs of Georgia (Atlan- ta, 10051, II, 986; P. D. Gold, Hisory of Duval Couonty, Florida (So. Ao- gustine, 1000), p. 360; letefrom oo Mo. Royoood D. Koight, Jockoovillo, Plooldo, August 15, 1944; letter fromo Moo. Alboota nigho Rogers, Birmoing- hoom, Alobamao, Septemobor 0, 1044; letteo fromo Mo. Eugone H. Knoight, irmoinghamo, Alaboama, Noooooboo 4, 1047; ond tho fie of the Too-Weolly Sun, theo Daoily Sun and Press, aod oho Floidao Timeso-Unoioo, Jackosovilo, 16. Poceedings of bho Florida Medical Asocoiation, Session of 1040. 17. Wanton S. Wobb, od., Webb's Hisorocol, Induotrial and Biographical Florid, Paof I, p. 155; Joames Eogate, of. oit., p. 110; Proceedigsofothedlod Medical Asocioatio, Sessions of 1074, 1000, 1011, 1a14 1000; and Jaokon- villeo Doily Suo anoo Poeos. 10.Pooodiogo of the Flooida Medical Asocoiaotion, Seooion of 1004. 19. Ibid., Session of 1877. 1. Jaoksonvillo Daily Plooida Unoion, Januooy 00, 0477. 0. Jaokonvillo Daily Soo ood Prooo, Job; 00, 1077. 0. Jackonviloe Daily Plooida Uoioo, Apoil 24, 1077. 0. Jacksonville Daily Sun and Preso, Joly 0, 1007. 4. Ibid., Aogoosl 15,1877. i. R. P. Dooiel, M.D., "Roport oo Yeowo Fever in Jackonvoille, Florida, ho 1077,", Poeoediogo of the Florida Medioal Asocoiatioo, Session of 0070. 7. Jackonvolle Daily Sao oood Preos, Augusot 10, 1077. 8. Ibid., August 194an440, 1077. 9. Ibid., Septemober 1, 0077. 10. Ibid., Septemobeo 5, 1077. 11. Ibid., Septemober 0,1077. 12. Ibid., Septemobeo 5 and 7, 1077. 13. Ibid., Septoembeo 0, 1077. 14. Ibid., Septeberbo 4,1077. 15.1Ibid., Septemober 11, 1077. 1i.fIbid., Septemobeo 10, 1077. 17. Jacksonvolle Wookly Flordo Uoioo, Ootober 0, 1077. 10 NOTES TO PAGES 95-103 Mrs. GraemeoDew,D.lHoraceoDrew,oMrs.HoraceoDrew,oSr, Dr.Edwarod fdlko, Do. W. J. Knauer, and Do. R. H. Mc~innis; Rowland H. Rerick, op. oil., I, 515; Wanton S. Webb, od., Woebo' dHisorical, Iodustrial and Biographical Florda, Pool I, p. 140; Wanton S. Wobb, We'bb'o Jacksoovloe and Conoolidateod Dioectooy (Jackonille and Neow Yook, 1007), p. 88; H. G. Cutleo, of. cil., II, 100; Proceedings of the Plorida Medical Asocia- tion, 0100007 14, 0074; and ibid., beono of 0001, 1000, 1013, and 1004. 14. Jockonville Florda Tiomes-Uiono, Deceooobor 14, 1400. 15. Wanton S. Webb, od., Webb's Hfisorical, Iodustiaol aod Biographical Flordao, Port 1,0p. 100; Southern Hisoricaol Asocdotion, Memoooirs of Gorgia (Atlan- 00, o895), II, 000; P. D. Gold, Hisory of Duval Coobty, Floido (So. Ao- gustine, 14701, p. 367; letter fomo Mo. Rayon~od D. Knight, Jackonvoill, Flooida, Auguot 15, 1444; lottoo fomo Moo. Albooto night Rogooo, iooing- hooo, Alabamoo, Septoember 5, 1044; Iotteo fomo Mo. Eugene H. night, irminghamo, Alobamoa, Noovooboo 4, 1941; ood oko fileo of the Tri-Weekly Sun,othe Doily Soo aod Preso, and the Plorda Times-oUnliono, Jocksonvillo, 16. Poooedingo of the Flordo Modical Asociatioo, Seoodon of 1040. 17. Waono S. Webb, od., Webbos Hisorioal, Iodootrdol ood Biographical Flordao, Poot I, ps. 155; Jaomoo Esgat, of. oil., p. 110; Poceediogo of bho Florda Medioal Asociation, Sessions of 1074, 1876, 0077, and 1000; and Jackoon- vhiol Daily Sun and Press. 10.Pooodiogo of bho Floida Medical Asociation, Seooioo of 1076. 14. Ibid., boosioo of 1077. 3. Jockonvoille Daily Flordao Uoion, Apoil 000 1077. 4. Jacksoovllo Daily Sun aod Preos, July 0, 1077. 5. Ibid., August 15, 1077. 6. R. P. Doniel, M.D., Repoot 00 Vollooo Poooo in Jaonvooille, Florida, in 1077,' Poceeodiongo of lhe Florida Medical Asociation, boosioo of 1070. 7. Jockonvflle hDil Suo aod Press, Auguot 16, 1077. 8. Ibid., August 10 and 30, 1077. 0. Ibid., Septemoboo 1, 1877. 00. Ibid., Septemobeo 0, 1077. 11. Ibid., Septemober 4, 1477. 10. Ibid., Septembro5oad 7, 1077. 10. Ibid., Septemober b, 1077. 14. Ibid., Septemober 9, 1077. 15. Ibid., Septoember 11, 1077. lb. Ibid., Septeboero 10, 1077. 17. Jackonvioloe Woolly Flooido Uoioon, Ocobero 0, 0077. 180 NOTES TO PAGES 95-173 Mrs.DGraomeoDrew, Dr.HoraceDrewMrs. HoraceDrewo.,D. Edwarod Jelks, Do. W. J. Knauer, and Do. R. H. Mc~innis; Rowoland H. Rerick, op. oht., I, 515; Waooono S. WobS, od., Wobb's Hlisorical, Industrial aod Biograpicl Flordo, Pool I, p. 140; Wanon S. Webb, Webb' Jacksoville aod Conolibdated Directory (Jockosovlle and Newo Nook, 1000), p. 00; H. 0. Cutler, of. obt., I1, 170; Poceeodingo of the Plorda Modicol Asocia- tion, Januaory 10, 1074; oood ibid., Seooiono of 1001, 1400, 1004, and 1004. 14. Jacksoovlle Flordao Timoes-Union, Deocember 14, 1402. 15. Wanton S. Wobb, od., Wobbos isorical, Iodustrial aod Biographical Florid, Podt I, p. 145; Southeorn Hisorical Asocoiation, Memoirs of Gorgia (Atlbo- ta, 1000), II, 986; P. D. Gold, Hisory of Duval Coooty, Florda (St. ho- gusoino, 1000), IT 060; letteo flomo Mo. Rayoond D. Knight, Jackonvibl, Plordo, Augoost 05,144; Ietteo fom Moo. Alkoota Knigho Rogooo, Bioroing- hamo, Alakbamo, Septemober 5, 1444; letteo fomo Mo. Eogooo H. Koightl, iomioghoam, hloboama, Noveomobeo 4, 1447; and tho filoo of the Tri-Weekly Suno, tho hDiy boo aodoreso, ond tho Flordao Timeoo-Uoioo, Jackonvoile, 16. Poceediogs of lhe Flooida Medical Asociatio, booboon of 1040. 17. Wanton S. WobS, ed., Woebo' Histoical, Industril aod iographical Flordao, Paoo I, p. 100; Joomoo Eogolo, of. oht., p. 118; Poceedingo of lbe Florida Medical Asoitio, Seosionso of 1070, lO7P, 1077, and 1000; and Jackson- vllo Daily S00 and Pross. 10.Tooodiog of the Florida Medical Asociaiono, Seosion of loop. 10. Ibid., Seooioof 01077. 1. Jacksovllo hoily Florida Unoio, Jaooay 25, 1077. 0. Jaokonville Daily Suo ood Press, Joly 20, 0077. 3.Jaokosovloe haily Florda Uoioo, Apoil 04, 1077. 4. Jookonville holy Suo aod Prooo, Job; 0, 1077. 5. Ibid., Auguot 10, 1077. 6. R. P. Daniel, M.D., "Reoroon00 Yelow Peoeo in Jackosovll, Hlordo, in 0077,", Poceediogs of th loribda Medical Asoiation, Sesoion of 1070. 7. Jacksovloe holy Suo and Preoo, Auguot 1b, 1077. 0. Ibid., huguot 00 anod 30, 1077. 0. Ibid., Septoember 1, 1077. 10. Ibid., Sopteboero 0, 0477. 11. Ibid., Septoember 4, 1077. 10. Ibid., Septemober 5 and 7, 0077. 13. Ibid., Sopteombeo 0, 0077. 14. Ibid., Soptembeo 4,00877. 15. Ibid., Septoember 11, 1077. 16. Ibid., Sopooembeo 10, 1077. 17. Jackonoille Woolly Florda Uniono, Octobeo b, 1077.  NOTES TO PAGES 103-113 181 18. Jacksonville Daily Sn, and Pres, September7 18, 1877. 19. Wanto S. Webb, 11e78'1 Jacksonville 8ir77171876-7 (New7 York, 1876), p. 141; Jacksonville Dily Sun1 and Press, 071887r19 and 14, 1177; 1etter 17 vania School of Medicine, September 13, 1944; letter to the aut187r from1 t8e Reverend Mr. £ichar4 G. 1Urban, rector ofSt. Peter's Church, Fer17an- 4917, Florida, 87e1111871 17, 1944; 7an4 Proceedings o) the Florida Med4cal Associatio, Se114ons of 1876 and4 1877. 20. Jacksonville Dily Sun1 and4 Press, 81e111787r 11, 1177. 21. Ibid., September1 79, 1177. 22. Ibid., 4pri1 18, 1178. 23. Ibid.. 0717871 2, 1877. 24. Ibid., 0717871 4, 1877. 79. Ibid., 0717871 8, 147 7. 26.1Ibid., 0717871 11, 1877. 27. Lete to 187 171871 119om 181 £7711774 Mr. Richard 0. Urban, rector of St. Peter's Church, Fernandina, Flor4da, Se1tem871 17, 1844. 28. Jacksonville 0749y 911 274 Press, 0717871 12, 1877. 29. Ibid., 0717871 14, 1877. 30.1Ibid., April1 17 174 18, 1878. 31. Ibid., 0717871 27, 1877. 32.1Ibi4., 0717871 31, 1877. 33. 1844., 0717871 24, 1877. 34. Ibid., 0De7em81, 8, 1877; Appleton's An77a1 Cyclopoedia 774 Register of Important1 Events)4 of7he71a 1877 (New1 York, 183), new series II, 288, 1.3Jacksonvill Daily S777114 Press, "Th Board of1171 He 71487 esio," Sep- 77,1971 11, 1477. 2. Ibid., September1 18, 1877. 3.1Ibid., 8771717871 19, 20, 21. 25, 88, 27, 21, 29, an4 30; 071o871 2, 3, 4, 9, 6,9,,10,11, 14, 19, 17, 14, 79, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 87, 24, 774 89; November1 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 8, 8, 174 18. 4.1Ibid., 0October 9,71877. 9. R. P. Da7714, M.D., "Report17 77lo 041817 in71 Jacksonvil,4 Florida, in 787711 op. c41., 8719487 84 1878. 6.3714 Jaksnvll 9711y 7114an Press, Novembe1 1, 1877.. 7.0Originl1lettr1of0D. R. P. Daniel t Mayor W1.Stokes £874, November7114, 1877, 47 187 2481ary 71 Mr. £478114 P. Da7181, Jacksonville7, Fl1rida. 8.Jacksonville Dai4y 991 714 Press, November1 16, 1877. 9. Ibid., 887717871 17, 1877. 10. 1834.. November1 71, 1477. 71. 1044.. N97717871 17. 1877. NOTES TO PAGES 103-173 181 18. 37781817017e 878ly Sun 774 Press, 871717871 18, 1877. 19. Wato S. Webb, Webb's 177497n11217 Directory 1876-7 (New7 0718, 1878), p. 141; Jacksonville aily Sun andPress,0October9 ad 41, 1477311117118t 187 771891 41817 Dr. Wi1lliam Pepper, 4718 71 181 University 71 Pennsyl- 71147 School 79 Medicine, 8771717817 13, 1944; 171111818 1787 11817hr ro 187 71871774 Mr. Richard 0. 018711, 177171 78 St. Peter' C84178, Fernan- 44111, Florida, 81e1717871 18, 1844; and4 P77c774i771 of the Flor447 Medical Association, Se714771 of 1876 174 1877. 20. Jacksonvil27 88419 971 714 Press1, 87e1717871 11, 1877. 21.1Ibid., 87e1717811 29, 1477. 22.1Ibid., Apri1 18, 1878. 23. 1044., 0717871 2. 1877. 24. 1744., 0718871 4, 1877. 25. 1844., 0718871 4. 1877. 26. 1bid., 0717871 11, 1877. 27.171188 178871 4181 187 £1771774thRveen Mr. £478114 0. Urban, 178881 of St. Peter's 887178, Fernandina,7 Flrida, 87e1717817 18, 1944. 28. Jacksonvile 8747y 9711 7114 P7r8.,, 0718871 12, 1897. 29. 1844., 0788811 14, 1877. 30.1Ibid., Apri1 17 784 18, 1878. 31. 1bid., 0718811 27. 1877. 32.1Ibid., 0718871 31, 1877. 33. 1844., 0718871 24, 1877. 34. 1844., 07e7ember 8. 1677; Appl772112 3111187 Cyclop77447 8114 Register o) 1174772777 8771124 8)84 1781ea 1077 (N717 Vork, 1803), new1series 11, 298, 18EL5£' 80184 IN JACKSONV"ILLE IN 1877 1.3Jacksonvile0Daily1Sn7and8Pres,48 £8714711171882116717177ssio," Sep- 1717878 11, 1477. 2. 4844., 8771717871 18, 1477. 3.Ibid., 8778717811 19, 28, 21, 25, 28, 77, 24, 29, 1114 30; 0718871 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 9, 10, 11, 14, 19, 19, 14, 22, 21. 23, 24, 79, 24, 27, 78,1174 32; Novem1ber 12, 3, 5, 4, 8, 9, 784 18. 4.1Ibid., 0718871 9, 1828. 5. R. P. 077172, M.D., 77ep811 811 0727717 Fever7 inJacksonvi1l, Florida, in 187,' 74. c47.. Session of 1878. 6.378ck7onvill80Da981 7114an Press, November, 11, 1877. 7.0Origina1711tte81o011. R. P. 07744l t7 Mayor W. 818871 £8y4, November1 14, 1877, in 887 148171y of Mr. £918814 P. 07144l, Jacksonvil, Florida. 8. Jacksonville0D4il9711n7114 Press, November1 19, 1877. 9.1Ibid., November, 17, 1877. 11. 1044.., November177. 1877. NVOTES TO PAGES 103-113 181 18. Jacksonvi07 8747y 9111 774 Press, 87e1717871 18, 1877. 19. Wanton1 S. Webb, Webb's Ja7748211748 Directory1876-7 (New8 York, 1874), p. 141; Jacksonvlle1Dail7Sun7andPress,0October97and14, 1877317117118t 187 778881 11181 Dr. Wi11liam Peppe, 4717 of 187 U747711417 71 Pe711y1- 77737 School of Med4iin, 87e1117871 13, 1944; letter 18 th7 171887 41817 dina. Florida, 87e1717871 18, 1977; an4 Proceedings of8 the7447id Medicl 3887741a4211, 87148711 71 1477 7114 1877. 20. 377817770ll 8742y 9811714 Press, 8771717871 11, 1877. 71. 1044., 87e1717871 29, 1847. 22. 1444., Ap711 14, 1878 73. 1044., 0712877 2, 1877. 24. Ibid., 0717871 7, 1877. 25. 1044., 0788877 8, 1877. 26. 1044., 0788871 11, 1887. 27. Letter to t87 778871 from 187 £77717114 Mr. £478714 0. U1877, 177871 84 St. Pete's Church, Fernandina1 Florida, 8771717871 12, 1944. 28. 3778897748l 87ily 977 7114 Press, 0718871 12, 1887. 79. 1844., 078887, 17, 1877. 30.1Ibid., April 17 7n18, 1874. 31. Ibid., 0717871 77, 1877. 32. Ibid., 0717871 31, 1887. 33. 1844., 0718871 24, 1877. 34. I844., 077717e874, 1887; Appleton's A11n471 842477447 2114 £7g42177 of 1174277811 Events284 ofth7Yar1877 (717 York, 1443), 77ew8111471 II, 298, 18ELL1W FEVER IN JACKSONVILLE IN 18877 1.Jacksonville Daily 9411 7n4 Press, "The7Boardof1 Healt4in8Sessio," Sep- 8717871 11, 1877. 2. Ibid., 87e8717871 18, 1877. 3.1Ibid., 87e7717877 19, 20, 21, 25, 74, 27, 28, 29, and4 37; 0Octob7r 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10,11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 28, 21, 23, 24, 25, 29, 27, 28, 774 37; November7 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 8, 9, 7n10. 4.1Ibid., 0788877 8, 1878. 5. R. P. 071144. M.D., -"£77811 87 Vellow PFever1 inJackonvill, Florida, in 7877," 74. cit., 87114711 81 1878. 6.Jacksonvile 12745 9711 7114 PressI, November1 11, 1877. 7.0Origial11ete17 o Dr0.. P.Danilto8M yor W. Stokes£By, N ovember114, 1877, 17 187 081ra17 84 Mr. £478114 P. 077471, 3778187vill, Fl1rida. 8. Jacksonville 0aily 9811 7114 Press, November1 16, 11877. 9. 1044., November, 17, 1877. 10.1Ibid., November7 21, 1877. 11. 1044.. November7177, 14877.  182 NOTES TO PAGES 113-127 12. Jacksonvill Oaily Sun1 lnd Press, Novembert 27, 1877. 13. "The Concussion T7888r7." Jac1ksonville Florida Times-Union, 3June 27, 1883. 14. Ibid., Jun19I, 1883; Jacksonvlille Daily Sunt and Press, September8 13, 1877. 18.Ibid., November8 21, 1877. 16. Ibid., 08e888888 1, 1877. 711888E1 XV SANITATION PROBLEMS 1.R. P. DaielI, M.D., "Reporto ello Fever, 1888 38acksonvile, FlidaI, inl 1877," op. cit., Session8o 878. of3the Florida Medical Association, Session of1187. 3. Annual11 Repors, St. Luke's Hospitl. 4.3Jacksonville Daily Sunt and Press, December8 5, 1877. 5. Ibid., Decem11ber 4, 1877. 6.T. Frederick11 Davis, History of Jacksonv8ille, Foida1 and iciity, p. 99. 7.3Jacksonville DOly Sun1 and Press, 08e81mb8818, 1877. 8.1814., Decem1ber 11, 1877. 9. bid., issues of December1, 1877, and 3J811117, 1878. 10. Ibid., 3anuar16I, 1871. 11. Repots of the Trustees1 837f theSanitar Improvement81 Bon4s If t City of Jacksonvil, PFlor4da, 3817 1, 1881, to March 14, 1883. Referred to here- 11ter as Report If T8rus8e8s. 12. Wanton S. Webb, Web's Jacksoille Directory, 1882 (NewI York, 1882), p. 15. 13.Interview wttih Mrs. J. HI. Burroughs, Jacksonville8, 1181181, August 7, 1844. 14. Jacksonville Daily Sun and Press, April 20, 1878. 15. Ibid., April 25, 1878. 16. Ibid., May 8, 1878. 17. Proceedings If the Ploida Medicl Asia,1tio, 88e11811 of 1878. 1S. Jacksonville1 Daily Sun1 lnd Press, April 14, 16, 18, 1181 18, 1878. 18. P8I81ding8 of18 PheFloida Medical Assoc1itio, 881881n 81 1877. 711881111 XVI WATER WORKS AND SEWER SYSTEM 1. Report 83 Trustees1. 2.7T. Frederick Davis, Oistory of Jacksonville, Ploida 284 Vicinit, pp. 320-22. 3. Penci1ed 8888 by t88 en1gineer, M. R. N. 188i,111 Report If Trutees. 4. Proceedigs of lt Floida1 Medicl Association, 88181111 of 1802. 5. Proceedings If 681 PFlori11 Me~dicl Associa1ti, 881s1118 of 1878. 6.2Journal If 188 Florida Medical Associationt, Vol1. I, NI. 1, J1117, 1864; Rowland11 H. eick, o3. cit., ,8527; 1118 Wan1ton S. Webb, ed., Web' istorical, Industrial lnd Biographicl Florida, 1Part I, p. 143. 182 NOTES TO PAGES 113-127 12. Jacksonvi8le Dily Sun1 and Press, November1 27, 1877. 13.78 "The1111 ConusionThor," Jacksonvi8le F11184da Times-Unin, June8 20, 1883. 14.1Ibi., June 18, 1883; Jacksonville1 Dily 3Sun ltd Pr8ess, Septem8ber 13, 1877. 15. Ibid., November8 28, 1871. 16. Ibid., December8 1, 1877. SANITATION PROBLEMS 1. R. P. Dani81, M.D., "Report 811 Ye11low 18888 in1 Jacksonvill, F1ori8a, in 1877,", op. it., Session1 of11878. 2. Charles 3. Kenworlthy, M.D., "The 08188 781817 11 of81118s," Proc8eding of the Floitda Medical Association, 811888n 811878. 3. Annal1 epIot, St. Lutke's Hospital. 4. Jacksonvi11e 01111y Sun1 lnd Press, Decembe583, 1877. 5. Ibid., 08e888818 4, 1877. 6.T. 11118888k Davis, History of Jacksonvlle, Florida lnd Viity, p. 88. 7. Jacksonville Oily S111 1111 Press, Decem8ber 8, 1877. 8. Ibid., 018188888 11, 1877. 9. Ibid., issues of 011188888, 1877. 1118 Jan81111, 1878. 18. Ibid., 3111111y 18, 1878. 11. Rep~ot of18 the188 Irseef the Sanitary Improvemen8tt Bonds1 of1 the Cito Jacksonville, Florida, 3u17 1, 1881, to March 14, 1883. Referred to h1811- afera Report If Trustees1. p. 15. 13.11Interview 8811 Mts. 3. H. Burrou1ghs, Jacksonville, F111881, A114111 7, 1844. 14.31Jacksonvill18Dai18 Sun 2114 Press, Apri1 20, 1878. 15. Ibid., AprtO 28, 1678. 18. Ibid., May 8, 1878. 17. Proceedings 23f8 the1Ford Med17cal Association, 81881111 of 1878. 18. Jac1ksonvi1le Oily Sun1 and4 Press, April 14, 16, 18, 1118 18, 1878. 18. Proceedings of/thy Florida Medicl Associatio, 81181111 of 187i. WATER WORKS AND SEWER SYSTEM . Report of Trustees1. 2. T. 11181888k Davis, History of Jacksonville, Florida lnd Vicinity, pp. 320-22. 3.7Penciled1note by the engineet, Mr. R. N. Elli, in1 Report of Trustees1. 4. Procetdings If 888 Florida Medicl Association, 8818811 8f1802. S. Procedigs If 188 Poida Medical Associatio, 81181111 of 1879. 6. Journal If the Floida Medical Assocition11, Vo8. 1, No. 1, 311l7, 1914; RolanI1d H1. Reic~k, op. cit., I, 727; 1118 Wanton S. Webb, 88., Webb's Historica, In41111ia1 ltd Biographical Ploida, 1a81 1, p. 143. 182 NOTES TO PAGES 113-127 12. 3Jacksonville Oily 3S1n atd Press, November1 27, 1877. 13.7"Th Concussion T88887," Jacksonvile Florida Times-Uni, 31111 20, 1883. 14. Ibid., 38118 19, 1883; Jac8ksonville1 Daily 3118 lnd Press, Septem8bet 13, 1877. 15. Ibid.. Novem8ber 28, 1877. 16. Ibid., 088188818 1, 1877. 1. R. P. D11187, M.D., "elpot o Yello Fe1ver n181 Jacktonville, Flo8881, in1 1877," If. cit., Session 1111878. 2.7Charles3. enot88hy, M.D., "The 01888 788o17 of 0111111," Proceedings of1 the For4d Medicl Assoclit, Session of 1879. 3.41Annua1 epot, St. Luke's Hos1pita. 4. 31acksonvti1le Dily 311n 284 Press, Dec18mber 5, 1877. S.Ibid., 088888818 4, 1877. 6.T. Frederick 01811, History of Jacksonville, Florda a8n4 Vicinity, p. 99. 7. Jacksonvie Oily 5118 ltd Press, 01111888881, 1811. S.Ibid., 018888888 11, 1877. 9. Ibid., 811111 ot 088188888, 1877,111 311111187r, 1878. 10. Ibid., 3Januar1t 16, 1871. Jacksoille, F1lida, July 1188 tr14 188 3.11 Referred1to1 here- after as1 Repo281 If Trustees. 12. WantonI S. Webb, Webb's Jacksonville Di881to8y, 1882 (New8 Yotk, 1882), p. 18. t3. In1ervi18 8888 Mtt. 3. HI. Burrou1ghs, Jacksonvill, 118881, Augut 7, 1844. 14. Jacksole8 Oaily SInn and Press, April 20, 1878. 18.Ibid., Aptil 28, 1878. 08. Ibid., May 8, 1878. 17. Proceedings of the Florida Mdicl Associaioni, Settiotn of 1878. 18.31881811818l Dily 3118 and Press1, Aprl 14, 18, 18, 1114 19, 1878. 08. P1178841111 o3f4 the1Forid Medicl Assoiat4io, Session of 1879. 71111P181 XVI WATER WORKS AND SEWER SYSTEM 1.Report of Trustees1. 2..Frederick0Davi, History If Jacksoille8, Florid and Viciity,p.320-22. 3.1Penciled1note by 181 114111181, Mr. R. N. 108i,111 Report of Trustees. 4. Proedins of thIlorida4 Medicl Association, 8818811 of 1802. 5. Ptr'ceeing of 118 1188411 Medial Associatio, 8818811 of 1878. 6.1Journa8 If the Flor8da Medical Associatio, Vol. I. NI. 1, 31117, 1914; 0118801180. Rerick, op. 88t., I, 827; 1111 Wanton1 S. Webb, IN., Webb's istoricl, Industrial 1184 Biographial Florida, Patt 1, p. 143.  NOTEl TO PAGES127-142 183 7.Rowan 431 Rerick, op3 ci. ,630,631;,Wanton4S Webb, ed. We3b's Historica, Industrial an3 Biographical Plorida, Part I, p. 160; P. D. odd, op. cit, p. 323, 324; and Proceedigs of the Florida Medica Associatio,, Sessio of 1908. 8. Jacksonville Florida Times-CUnion, November4 10, 1924; and inomto 18rnished the4 4u164r by Mrs. Jessie Robinson4 Fritot, Jacksonvile, Florida. THE SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC OP 188.3 1.Jacksonville Dily Flor3da Unio, Dec44mber 2 and184, 1881, 841 Januar4y 1, April 4, and1 0c1o614 1, 1662. 2. Jacksonville Florida Da21y Times, January 31, 1883. 3. Jacksonv1il Florida Times4-Union, March 5, 1883. 4. Ibid., Aprl 8, 1883. 5.1Ibid., April 10, 1883. 6. Ibid., April 111and12,41883. 7. Ibid., April 83, 1883. 8.1Ibid., A44i3 14, 1883. 9.16bid., April 24, 1883. 10. 1683., April 21. 1883. 11. Ibid., April 22, 1883. 12.1Ibid., 3441 8, 1843. 13. Ibid., Aprl 24, 1443. 18. Ibid., April 25, 1883. 13. Ibid., Aprl 48, 1883. 16. Ibid., A1ri4 28, 1883. 14. Ibid., May 6, 1983. 18. Ibid., May4 19, 22, and 23, 1883. 18. Ibid., May 23 841 41, 1883. 20. 1833., May 31, 1843. 21. Ibid., May 31, 1863. 22. Ibid., 3441 3, 1843. 23. Ibid., 3444 14, 15, 4814 14, 1443. 24. Ibid., 3841 24, 1883; 341444 to 464 884644 11441 Mrs. .A164441 Knight Rge,,4 September4 5, 1944, Birmin46141, A1labam. 35. Jacksonille Flori3a Tim414-Unio, 84114em644 0, 1843. PLORIDA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL lE.- FirstAnnua Announcement 4f Florid2 University,94uotedi1.0. Cutle, op. cit., 1, 248, 229. 2. Florida Medical 441 34143143 Journal, December, 1883. 3. C. L. Crow1, 114or11 University (1843)," Flori34 Historical 04401119y, XV, 0844644, 1936. MOTES TO PAGES 127142W 183 7.Rowland1HRerikop6 ct. I, 6830,631; Wanton . W ebb4,e., We'bb Histor3cal, 113483,321 243 Bio41438043 Flor3da, Part I, p. 168; P. 11. Gold, 43. cit., p. 323, 324; 143 Proceedings 43 181 Florida Meical Associat,3i, 8.3Jacksonvi1lePFlor3daPTimes-Union, November, 14, 1823; a41 i4844411tio4 furnished1 461 184641 by Mrs. Jessie Robinson Frit44, 3111418413311, F1413d4. 1.Jacksonville Daily Florida Union, De11141644 an 4148, 1881, 8443 J444114 1, Apri1 4, 441 Oc44611 1, 1882. 2.336813 Packsnvill Florid Daily 314814anury31, 1883. 3.34acksonvi1le3Flor4dP8Times-Unio, March 0 1883. 4.1Ibi., April 8, 1843. 5.Ibid., Apri3 10, 1963. 6. Ibid., Aprl 11 and 12, 1883. 7. Ibid., April 13, 1483. 8.1Ibid., April 14, 1883. 9.1Ibid., April 20, 1943. 14. Ibid., ApriO 21. 1883. 11. Ibid., April 22, 1883. 12. Ibid., 3841 8, 1443. 13. Ibid., April1 34, 1893. 14.16bid., April 25, 1483. 13. Ibid., Apri3 26, 1493. 16. Ibi., Apri0 29, 1983. 17. Ibid., May 6, 1893. 18.1Ibid., May 19, 22, a41 23, 1883. 13. 1883., May 33 and 26, 1983. 30. Ibid., May 26, 1983. 21. Ibid., May 31, 1843. 22. Ibid., 3441.3, 1893. 23. Ibid., 384e134, 30, 1443 18, 1883. 24. Ibid., 3841 28, 1848314446 441641 1oth,441rro Mrs. 03141441 K48464 R84144, 9444141644 5,1944, Birmin4gham, 01464411. 25. Ja81s144104 PFlorda Pimes-043i, September4 3, 1883. PLORIDA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 1.PFirs Annual Announcement of Florida Universit, quoted0 in1. G. Cutle, 83. cit., I, 228, 330. 2. Florida Medical3 441 u814041 Jo81441, 111814161, 1860. 3. C. L. Crow, "Florida University 31483)," Florida Historical Quarterl,4 XV, 0144614, 1036. NOTESITO PAGE 117-142 183 7.Rowland 444 H.Rrcop i.1,630,631;Wanton S. Webb,4ed.1368b Historica, In34,3,343 and Biographical P14,334, Part I, p. 164; P. D1. 0411, op. ci., p. 323, 324; and Proceed8432 43 884 P14,334 Me138121 Associatio, 911844n 481908. 8. Jacksonvil1e P34,334 PTimes-Union, November1 10, 1924; and 34844411144 184431611 164 4441444 by M4,. 31411e Robinson, Fritot, Jacksonvill, Flrid. CHAPTER4 XVII 1.38141 Jaksnvll Daily 4 0404dUio, December,42,and 18, 1881,4and January 1, 0pri1 4, and O844614 1, 1882. 2.34acksonvillePF4,3i8 Daily Times, 314414y 31, 1943. 3.31848 Packsnvi4 Flordaime-Union4, Ma4446 9, 1443. 4. 16id., Apil 4, 1840. 5. 1833., Aprid 10, 1843. 6.1681., April 11 a41 12, 1983. 7.1683., April 13, 1883. 8.1633., 0p433 34, 1493. 9.1Ibid., Aprl 30, 1883. 10.1Ibi., April 21, 1883. 11. 1843., Ap440 32, 1943. 12.1Ibid., 3844 8, 1883. 13. 1883., April 34, 1883. 13. Ibid., April 29, 1883. 15. 1883., April 36, 1883. 16. Ibid., 0403l 24. 3443. 14. Ibid., May 5, 1883. 19. Ibid., Ma4y 10, 22, 441 23, 1883. 19. Ibid., May4 20 141 26, 1893. 20. 1683., May 26, 1843. 21. 1683., Ma4y 31, 1493. 22. 1581., 3844 3, 1893. 23. Ibid., 3444 19, 13, a41 18, 1893. 24. Ib83., 3444 39, 144331446 141684 14441athr ro Mrs. Alberta K43464 Roger,4 9444441141 5, 1944, Bi44184g644, 43461414. 23. Jacksonvil0e Plorida Times-Union, Se4ptember4 4, 1489. CHAPTER, XVIII PLORIDA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 1.02 344r41 Annual4,,4 Anoncmn of3 Florda1nivesit, quoted in, H. G1. Cutler, 23. cit., 1, 224, 240. 2. Florida Medicaland3Surgical4Jurnal,4Decembe, 188. 3. C. L. Crow, "Florida University 318833," Plorid4 Historical Quarterl, X9, 01881441, 1036.  184 NOTES TO PAGES 142-155 4."AniAct Rogniingthe Uitverity of Floridat," ActsoandtResioltons Adoptedy by thy Legislttrte if Ptoiita tat Its 13th Systion, t8yy, Chapter 3663, p. 1tS. 5. Priceydtngs of tht Ftlorida Meditcat Asocioatioy, 1885. 6. Caitalyou of thetloida Stity Coolegy, 1903-tO0, p. is; Geyog Gaty Busht, Hitorty if Edtuyatitot ttt Fltrda (Washington, D. C., t8t9f, p. 42. 7. Floit-da Medttttt andt Surgicat Jtoutrttt, Ditctmbtr, 1885; thit., 1886. 8. Pithis Mydtytat Directory, 1809, quitid tin tilttertithe ituthort trom the 0. Priteedings if thy Etoitda Myeditil Attytcittitn, t886. tO. Ibtd., 1881. it. Jiackisovi Ptiidt Wiehly Timesi, May 23, t88. CHiAPTER XIX THE YELLOW YEVTEE EPIDEMIC OP t888 1. "Ripiit it Surgeon-Geneiat J. B. Hailton," Washiigtii, Ditrtict it Ci- tttibi, Meictil Niews, Noveiiihi 10, 1888; J. B. Hailton, M.D., Surggein heniral, Uited States Maitet Hoispitil Sirvice, Invited Guist, "Oti Hittory- it thi Eptdeict it Yettlow Fyver it Fltiida," Transtionsy of the MeJdicalt Soieyty if Viginia, lith Siilion, October 23-26, i888; and Jichson- ilte Fltida Timest-Unioi, May 24 iid Jute 24, 1iii. 2. Prioidiigs if the Ftorida Medicat Assocyiati, Sesston it 1888. 3. Jacsonilltt Fltidai Weehty Timys, May to and 17, 1888. 4.1Ibid., May 3, 1888. 8. Jacksonille Fltida Times-Unito, Apr4i ii ad 88, 1888. 6harlesi S. Adamis, id., epio if thi Jiiksoiiile Auiliy Saitary Atto- ca ioof Jacksonile, Ptorida, . .. Jacksonvilte, 1880, pasim. 2. Jioph Y. Pirter, M.D., "Looking Backward Over Fifty Yeatt it Health Witk int Flortid," rpited tfrom thy Jiournat if thi Florda Medicit Asso- ciatio, XII, Jity, 1425, t8 Jauartiy, 8826; Jaconiile Fltida Timesy-Uion, August 9, 1888. 8. Jachsonille Fltida Times-ionii, Jily 31, 8888. 9. Elihi Burritt, Experince in, a Strie City (Jaoiltt, 1888Sf, p. 3. 10. Jaoillett Floidda Times-Unioi, Agusttlad 2, 1808. 11. Ibid., Augustt 10, 1888. 12. Ibid., Auigust 11, 8888. 13. T. Fredeitckt Davit, History o'f Jackonille, Floida and Viciity, p..180. 14.Charles S. Adamiti. t.i 15. H. R. btiit, "The Epidemic it Yeltow Fevt it Jacksonvill, Floidai, in 1868," North Ameicanio Journal if Hotmeoipthy, V, 18600; idyem, "A Homeoi- pith on Yeliow Fevir," Thei Scitificy Amerdi fAugut 2, 1890), p. 68. 16. Jacksoniohle Ploridi Timest-Uion, Sepitmber 27, 1888; Margaiet C. Faiih, "Thte Ylloiw Fevt Epideiof it88i in Jacksoniile," Florda Hisoioal Quaterly, XIX, Octohet, 194i. 184 NOTES TO PAGES 142-155 4. An Ait Reiogniing the Untiversty it Ftloi," Actts.n Resolutions Adopted by the Legilturey of Fliida it Itt 13t8 Sessiio, 1883, Chapter 3663, Is. 816. 5. Piroceedig if thi Floida Midical Assoiaitiont, 1880. 6. Ctaloogiy if thy Florida State Colege, 1903-190, p. 13; Gorge Gary Bush, Histoiy of Edication in Floida (Washingto, D. C., 18801, p. 47. 7. Fliida Mydical and Surgical Jtournatol, Decembhit, 8885; ibid., 1880. 8.Pol' Mydical Dirtiory, t889, qiited in aitteritoithe athori ftrit the secritiry it thi Atticant Midil Assdocii. 9. Proyeings if thi Flordai Myedia Assoiyaiot, 18i6. 10.1Ibid., 188i. 18. Jaonille Floida Withly Ties, May 24, 1888. 1. "Report of Surgion-Geniral J. B. Haltoniu," Washinito, Distrit of Co- lutibia, Mtdical Nesit., Nioiembhi 80, 8888; J. B. Haltiton, M.D., Siurieon Genetil, United Sotae Marit Hosital Situhi, Invuited Giist, "Outline History iftihi Epideici it Yellotw Fivir in Florida," Tastitonoif thi Mydicail Soity of Virghni, 19th Session, Oitiher 23-26, 1088; and Jiohsoi- iile Floidi Times-ioni, May 24 and Jini 24, 1882. 0. Proeedings if thy Floida Meldical Asocoihtion, Sessioi it 1i8i. 3. Jaonille Ploida Weekly Thites, May10 an d 82, 1888. 4.1Ibid., May 3. 1i88. 5. Jaiksonvile Ploida~ Timets-Uiott, April 12 and 10, 1888. 6. Charlis S. Adamstt, id., Riport! if the Jackonviille Auiiariy Satarty Asso- ciation of Jaovilley, Plorid, . .. Jachsonvili, 1800, paim~t. i. Joseph P. Poteit, M.D., "Loohitg Biahkword Over Fifty hear it Health Woth in Floida," reprinted fromt the Joirnal if thy Floridai Medicalt Aso- cit-ion, XII, Jity, 1925, to 2auarty, 8026; Jiahksonilei Flordai Timeti-Union, August 0, 1888. 8.fJacshillett Florida Timesy-Unioyi, Jily 38, 1888. 0. Elihu Birritt, Expiencesin a Stricken City fJacksonill, 1888), p. 3. 10. Jachsoniloi Floida Thie-Union, Augtust ad 2, 1888. it. Ibid., Auiut 10, 1888. 12. Ibid., Augustt 11, 1888. 13. T.Frideick Dhis~, Hitory if Jaovilet, Florda and Viciiity, pt. 18i. 14. Charlis S. damii, if. it. 1f. H. R. Stout, "Thu Epideiofi Yeliiw Fiterit i Jickhoiilt, Flitida, 88 1888," NVoth Amerdian Journalt of Hltoeothy, V, 1890; idemi, "A Homoii- pith oi Yelloi Fever," Phi Scitifit- American (Auiust 2, 1890), p. 68. 86. Jackhonilli Florida Time-ioniy, Septembehi 27, 1808; Mariyrti C. Faiie, "Thy Veliow Fiver Eideic of 18688 iihckonille," Plorda Htitoical Quarterl, XIX, Ocobeh, 8230. 164 NOTES TO PAGES 142-155 4.)"Andit ReogndizingthlUiverity oftFlori,"Actsand Resotiions Adoptid by. thy Legislature if Floida at Its 0306 Siosioi, 100, Chapt 3003, p. 116. 5. Poceydingot f thy Floidao Medical Assioitio, 1865. 6. Catalogie if lt Ployri Stt College, 1903-10, p. 83; Gorgi Gaty Bith, History of Edioitiiy it loidai (Washington, D. C., 188i), p. 47. 2. Plorida Mediycal and Surit-i Joirna, Diectmhi, 188y; ibid., 8886. 6. Polk's Medical Directiry, 1880, quotid 88in altteri ti thi author frtmti hi tstctety ifthi Ameicani Medical Associaio. 0. Proceidings if tho Flida~ Midical Asoiatioi, 1886. tO. Ibid., 1887. 11. Jacksovil Plidi Wyekly Times2, May 24, 1888. THlE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC OP 0005 1. "Repitt it Surgeon-General J. B. Hamilto," Wathhit, DistrOict ofCo- lumbtia, Medictl Neii, Novemberu 1, 1008; J. B. Hamiltot, M.D., Sorgeoi Geneial, United Stat Marine Hositl Sitvic, Inited Guet, "Duti History of thi Epideicti if Yeltuw Feveoin Flitida," Tratsactiots of the Me~dical Society of Virgii, 19th Sitsioi, Ocoberi 23-26, 1888; and Jiihson- vilie Plordai oTie-Untion, May 24 ant Juii 28, 1881. 2. Proceiidigo if the Flordao Me~dical Asoiation, Sesston it 1088. 3. Jaovillet Florda Witkly Titmeo, May 10 and 12, 1886. 4. Ibid., Miy 3, 800. 5. Jaoniii Floida YTie-Untio, Aprit 82 and 18, 8888. 6. Charlesi. Adamst, id., Repio if the Jackonille Auxoiiy Saitary Asoo- oiattion of Joachsovle, Flordao, . .. Jaoili, 1800, pussimt. 2. Joseih P. Piteit, M.D., "Loohhng Backhward Ovet Fifty Yeitt it Hetith With in Floid," teprinted fromthi Jiorna of the lorda Medioal Asoo- ciatiot, XII, fill, 8000, to Jaiiiro, 1006; Jacoillet Floidi iTttes-Uion, Augist 0, 8888. 8. Jaihsonvile Florido Times-Unio, fill 31, 1888. 8. tiho Buitlt, Eopeiencies in trickeni City ffonillei, 1888f, p. 0. 10. JacoilOe Floidao Timot-Unio, August toas. 2, 1888. 18. Ibid., .8800s8 10, 1888. 12.1Ibid., Augist 11, 1888. 13. T. Fredeickh Davs, Hisory of Jaconvoill, Plorda and Vitinity, p. 180. 14. Chirlis S. dams, ip. it. 15. H. R. Stout, "Thy Epidemic of Yelttlioi Feet Jachsonvllei, Flidi, 88 1688," NortS Aieioan Jouiial of Hometopthyu, V, 180, iem, "A Hlomeo- pith on Yeliow Fievit." Phi Scienific Ameitcan fAogust 2, 1890f, p. 68. 16. Jaoile Flordi Tie-Unio, September 20, 1888; Margarit C. Fairli, "Thi Yellow Fevt pideic it 1888 in Jaconivill," Florida Hitorical Quaterly, XIX, Octohit, 8230.  NOTES TO PAGES 156-167 185 NOTES TO PAGES 156-167 185 17. Jacovllef Florida Times-Union, August 12, 1888. 18.S. Faul Browno, op. oil., p. 144. 19.FII Pablo Beah Beez, June 2, 1818. In the library of 161 author. 20. Lette to John J. Long, Esquire, Montpelier, Vermont, from General F. E. Sp1inner, Pablo Beach, Ff0ri21, October 21, 1888. In the Archives1 of the Jacksonvil0e Historical Society. 21. Jacksonvifl Floida Times-Unio, December1 16, 1818. FOUNDING OF THE STATE BOARD OF HEAETH 1.Theo Semi-Tropical, I (October, 1875), 63-70; Proceein~gs of tho Florida1 Medical Association, Sessi0n of 1175. 2. Webste MerittII M.D, "A History of Medicine in Duval Coonly," Journal of the Ff11ida Medioal Asoooiation, XXXII (September1, 1015), 305-9. S. Proooedings of tho Florida Modioal Asociation, Session of 1876. 4.1Ibid. 5.10bid., 81113o1 of 1879. 0.103id., Sessions of 1811, 1880, 181, 1810, and 1888. 7. 103d., Sessio1 of 1888. 8. "Presdent's Report to His Excellonoy, Governor F. P. Fflem30g," May 5, 1890, First Annual Report of the Sfa11 Board of Hoofltf of Forida, 1890. 9.1Ibid.; Proceedings of (ho Flooida 3Medi0af Asociation, Sessi00 of 1161; copies of "Reports of Yellowo Fevor Epidei n13 Koey Wosf, Novemober S0, 1105, and 0001em60r 31, 1878," by Josooh Y.~ Porter, M.D.; 32d01, "Looking Backward over Fifty Years of Health Work in Florida," Journl of the Forida Medical Asooiation, XII, July, 1925, to January, 1926; and Wil-~ l101 R. Warren, M.D., "Dr. Joseph Vatel Porter," 3534., XIII (May, 1027), 10. T. Frederick Davis, "Short Taflks," fackonville Floidao Times-Unio, 7011 29, 1940. 17. Jaconviole Florida Times-Uni3on, August 12, 1888. 18.S.Fooul 810ow1, op. oht., p. 144. 19. Fab1o Beach 8reeze, Jone 2, 1888. Io tho li61ar5 of 161 au1601. 20. Letterlto folio J. Long, Esquire, Montlpier, V0101001, 0001 Gene114 P. B. Spinner, Pablo Boach, Ff0441a, O1106e1 21, 1888. Io t60 Archives of the Jooksonville 0610110ffl Sooiety. 21.. Jaonville30 Ff0132a Times1-Unio, Decembher 16, 1881. 1. Tho Semi-Tropica, I 30010601, 1875), 63-70; Poeoedings of t8e Floridao M11230a1 Associatio, 001ffion of 1875. 2.Webster Merritt, M,.D, A 1H301ory of Medicine 10 D0v01 County." Journl of 10e Ff1421a Medi2al Asociation, XXXII (Septemberl, 1945), 305-9. S. Proceedingo of the Florida Modical Asooatio, Session of 1110. 5.1Ibid., 0111300 of 1879. 6. 1032., Sessions of 1877, 1810, 1115, 1100, and 1888. 7.1Ibid., 011600n of 1888. 8. "Presdents Report to Hi6 Excllency, 00001001 F. P. Fleming," May 5, 1800, Fill) 2110a1 Roport of (ho Sta01 B0012 If Health of Florid, 1195. 9.1Ibid.; Poceedings of tho Ff01320 Me6'dical Asoooation, 011600n of 1888; copies of "Reports of Yellow Feoer Epidemic in ey Welf, Novemober 30, 1875, and 000101601 31, 1878," 6y Joseph V. Porter, M.D.; 02101, "Looking Backwarld o0er Fifty Years of Health Work in Ff01321," Journal of the Florida Medical Asooiation, XII, Joly, 195, to January, 1521; and Wi2- 8i01 R.1Wa1re0, M.D., "Dl. Joseph Yates Ff1011," ibi2., XIII (May, 152ff, 10. N. Ffe411306 0av31, "S6011 'Ff1ks," Jacksonvil1e Florida T00mes-Uion I, June 29, 1540. NOTES TO FAGES 156-167 185 17. Jacksonville Florida Timesf-UnonI, August 12, 1888. 18.0S. Pool 80ow0, op. oit., p. 144. 19. Pablfo Boaoh Bree11, Jone 2. 1808. In 160 l661a15 of 161 101600. 20. Letteroto folio 7. Long, Ff5u311, Montpelier, 00101001, 11001 8100113 F. E. Spinner, Pablo Beaoh, Florida, October 21, 1011. In t6e Archves of the 21. Jacksonvil1e Florida Times-U'nio, 15e01mb6r 10, 1811. CHAPTER XX FOU'NDI NO OF THE .STATE BOARD OF HEALTH 1.The Semfi-Tropica, 1 (0000611, 1055), 63-70; Proceedings of (ho Ff0r421 M112300l Association, 0011100 of 1875. 2. Webster Merritt, M.D., "A History of Meii io Duval Counto," Journal 0) tho Florida 2212ca5 Associatio, XXXII (Septembe, 195), 305-9. S. Poceedings of 081 F01321 Meldical Asoiooio, Session of 1876. 5.1832d., Session of 1870. 6.1Ibid., Sessions of 1877, fo8, 1185, 1886, ood 1888. 7.1Ibid., Session of 1888. 8. 'President' Reporto His ExceFlolency, G0001001 F. P. Ff001300." May 5, 1150, First Annuol Roport of t81 Stalo Boord of Heaoth of Flordao, 1190. 9.1632d.; 1'roceedings of the Florido Me~dicl Asociatio, Ses1ion of 1850; copies oh "Roports of Yellow Fover Epidemic io ey Wolf, Novem1ber SO, 1875, and 0101em611 31, 1878," by Joseph X'. Porter, M.D.; 32001, "Looking Backward over Fifty Years oh Health Work Sn Florida," JournalI of the Flordao Medical Asocitiono, XII. Juo, 1525, to 7101010, 1006; 112 Wil- 13iam B. War11e0, M.D., "Do. Joseph Sf1e1 Porter," 3032., XIII (May, 1927), 10.TN. Frederick Davis, "Short Taolks," Jacksonille Flordao T0mes-Uno, Jone 29, 1040.   Bibliography MANUSCRIPTS DIARIES Bethune, Judge F. "Diary," 1829-33, in the library of the Florida Historical Society, St. Augustine, Florida. Le Baron, John Francis Patch. "Diary," 1869, in the Jacksonville Public Library, Jacksonville, Florida. Mitchell, Joseph D., M.D. "Diary," 1852-53, in the library of the Florida Historical Society, St. Augustine, Florida. Reid, Robert Raymond. "Diary," 1833-35, in the library of the St. Augustine Historical Society. Walton, Alfred, M.D. "Diary," Jacksonville Florida Times-Union, October 23 and 30, 1893. LETTERS Broward, Miss Audrey, Research Department, Jacksonville Public Library, Jacksonville, Florida. Letter to the author, April 30, 1946. Daniel, Judge J. M., Lake City, Florida. Letter to Major Samuel Jones, March 10, 1865. Copy furnished the author by Mr. R. P. Daniel, Jacksonville, Florida. Daniel, R. P., M.D., Jacksonville, Florida. Letter to Mayor W. Stokes Boyd, November 14, 1877. In the library of Mr. R. P. Daniel, Jacksonville, Florida. Eastman, Hyman. Letter written from Jacksonville, Florida, No- vember 5, 1850. In the library of the Florida Historical Society, St. Augustine, Florida. House Regent, the Confederate Museum, Richmond, Virginia. Letters to Mr. Joseph F. Marron, Librarian, Jacksonville Public Library, Jacksonville, Florida. Knight, Eugene H., Birmingham, Alabama. Letter to the author, November 4, 1947. Knight, Raymond D., Jacksonville, Florida. Letter to Mr. R. P. Daniel, Jacksonville, Florida, August 15, 1944. L'Engle, William Johnson, Jacksonville, Florida. Letter written to his father's sister, Leonis L'Engle, December 25, 1849. Original letter in the possession of Mrs. C. W. Camp, Jacksonville, Florida; 187 Bibliography MANUSCRIPTS DLARIES Bethune, Judge F. "Diary," 1829-33, in the library of the Florida Historical Society, St. Augustine, Florida. Le Baron, John Francis Patch. "Diary," 1869, in the Jacksonville Public Library, Jacksonville, Florida. Mitchell, Joseph D., M.D. "Diary," 1852-53, in the library of the Florida Historical Society, St. Augustine, Florida. Reid, Robert Raymond. "Diary," 1833-35, in the library of the St. Augustine Historical Society. Walton, Alfred, M.D. "Diary," Jacksonville Florida Times-Union, October 23 and 30, 1893. LETTERS Broward, Miss Audrey, Research Department, Jacksonville Public Library, Jacksonville, Florida. Letter to the author, April 30, 1946. Daniel, Judge J. M., Lake City, Florida. Letter to Major Samuel Jones, March 10, 1865. Copy furnished the author by Mr. R. P. Daniel, Jacksonville, Florida. Daniel, R. P., M.D., Jacksonville, Florida. Letter to Mayor W. Stokes Boyd, November 14, 1877. In the library of Mr. R. P. Daniel, Jacksonville, Florida. Eastman, Hyman. 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Letters to the author, August 14 and September 13, 1944. Racle, Mrs. Henry, Jacksonville, Florida. Letter to the author, March 5, 1948; biographical sketch of Dr. E. T. Sabal, her father. Rogers, Mrs. Alberta Knight, Birmingham, Alabama. Letter to the author, September 5, 1944. Smith, Everett L., registrar of the Medical College of the State of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Letter to the author, October 24, 1944. Spinner, General F. E., Pablo Beach, Florida. Letter to John J. Long, Esquire, Montpelier, Vermont, October 21, 1888. In the Archives of the Jacksonville Historical Society, Jacksonville, Florida. Urban, Reverend Richard G., rector of St. Peter's Church, Fernan- dina, Florida. Letter to the author, September 10, 1944. MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS Baldwin, A. S., M.D. Letter, case, and account books, in the Con- federate Museum, Richmond, Virginia. Barnett, Lina L'Engle. "William Johnson L'Engle, M.D., U.S.A." Manuscript. Copy furnished the author by Mr. R. P. Daniel, Jacksonville, Florida. Daniel. R. P., M.D. Address delivered before the Duval County Medical Society, January 7, 1902. Manuscript furnished the author by Mrs. R. D. May, Jacksonville, Florida. . "Biographical Material of Dr. Daniel's Family and Auto- biography of Dr. Daniel's Early Life." Manuscript furnished the author by Mrs. R. D. May, Jacksonville, Florida. . "Report of Smallpox Hospital," May 7, 1866. Manuscript in the library of the author. Daniel, Richard P., M.D. "A Medical Journal." Manuscript in the library of Mr. Richard P. Daniel, Jacksonville, Florida. -. "Notes on Yellow Fever." Manuscript, September 5, 1905, in the library of the author. 188 BIBLIOGRAPHY copy furnished the author by Mr. R. P. Daniel, Jacksonville, Florida. Mallory, Honorable S. R. Letter written in Pensacola, Florida, May 27, 1861, to Captain John L'Engle, in the Jacksonville St. Johns Mirror, extra edition, July 17, 1861. In the library of the Anti- quarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts. McDonnell, Mrs. Austin, Warrenton, Virginia. Letter to the author, February 28, 1949. Pepper, William, M.D., dean of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Letters to the author, August 14 and September 13, 1944. Racle, SIrs. Henry, Jacksonville, Florida. Letter to the author, March 5, 1948; biographical sketch of Dr. E. T. Sabal, her father. Rogers, Mrs. Alberta Knight, Birmingham, Alabama. Letter to the author, September 5, 1944. Smith, Everett L., registrar of the Medical College of the State of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Letter to the author, October 24, 1944. Spinner, General F. E., Pablo Beach, Florida. Letter to John J. Long, Esquire, Montpelier, Vermont, October 21, 1888. In the Archives of the Jacksonville Historical Society, Jacksonville, Florida. Urban, Reverend Richard G., rector of St. Peter's Church, Fernan- dina, Florida. Letter to the author, September 10, 1944. MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS Baldwin, A. S., M.D. Letter, case, and account books, in the Con- federate Museum, Richmond, Virginia. Barnett, Lina L'Engle. "William Johnson L'Engle, M.D., U.S.A." Manuscript. Copy furnished the author by Mr. R. P. Daniel, Jacksonville, Florida. Daniel, R. P., M.D. Address delivered before the Duval County Medical Society, January 7, 1902. Manuscript furnished the author by Mrs. R. D. May, Jacksonville, Florida. . "Biographical Material of Dr. Daniel's Family and Auto- biography of Dr. Daniel's Early Life." Manuscript furnished the author by Mrs. R. D. May, Jacksonville, Florida. . "Report of Smallpox Hospital," May 7, 1866. Manuscript in the library of the author. Daniel, Richard P., M.D. "A Medical Journal." Manuscript in the library of Mr. Richard P. Daniel, Jacksonville, Florida. . "Notes on Yellow Fever." Manuscript, September 5, 1905, in the library of the author. 188 BIBLIOGRAPHY copy furnished the author by Mr. R. P. Daniel, Jacksonville, Florida. Mallory, Honorable S. R. Letter written in Pensacola, Florida, Stay 27, 1861, to Captain John L'Engle, in the Jacksonville St. Johns Mirror, extra edition, July 17, 1861. In the library of the Anti- quarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts. McDonnell, Mrs. Austin, Warrenton, Virginia. Letter to the author, February 28, 1949. Pepper, William, M.D., dean of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Letters to the author, August 14 and September 13, 1944. Racle, Mrs. Henry, Jacksonville, Florida. Letter to the author, March 5, 1948; biographical sketch of Dr. E. T. Sabal, her father. Rogers, Mrs. Alberta Knight, Birmingham, Alabama. Letter to the author, September 5, 1944. Smith, Everett L., registrar of the Medical College of the State of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Letter to the author, October 24, 1944. Spinner, General F. E., Pablo Beach, Florida. Letter to John J. Long, Esquire, Montpelier, Vermont, October 21, 1888. In the Archives of the Jacksonville Historical Society, Jacksonville, Florida. Urban, Reverend Richard G., rector of St. Peter's Church, Fernan- dina, Florida. Letter to the author, September 10, 1944. MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS Baldwin, A. S., M.D. Letter, case, and account books, in the Con- federate Museum, Richmond, Virginia. Barnett, Lina L'Engle. "William Johnson L'Engle, M.D., U.S.A." Manuscript. Copy furnished the author by Mr. R. P. Daniel, Jacksonville, Florida. Daniel, R. P., M.D. Address delivered before the Duval County Medical Society, January 7, 1902. Manuscript furnished the author by Mrs. R. D. May, Jacksonville, Florida. . "Biographical Material of Dr. Daniel's Family and Auto- biography of Dr. Daniel's Early Life." Manuscript furnished the author by Mrs. R. D. May, Jacksonville, Florida. . "Report of Smallpox Hospital," May 7, 1866. Manuscript in the library of the author. Daniel, Richard P., M.D. "A Medical Journal." Manuscript in the library of Mr. Richard P. Daniel, Jacksonville, Florida. . "Notes on Yellow Fever." Manuscript, September 5, 1905, in the library of the author.  BIBLIOGRAPHY- 189 * 'Oar Molarial Fevee.' Monoscript, 1876, furniohed the aothoe by Mrs. R. D. Moy, Jockoonville, Plorida. SSante Recollectins of My Boric Life and Jacksoncille Peo- ple." Manooceipt fueniohed the author by Met. R. D. May aod bee non, Me. R. D. May, Jacksonville, Florida. Dalts, T. Feederick. "Digeol of Ploeido Moteriol 10 Niles Fegioter. 1111-1149." Moeotcript, 1939, in the libraryaof Mr. T. Feederick Doric, Jocktooville, Floeida. Mc~innis, F. H., M.D. "The Docol County Hospital, circa 1925." Maonoocript in the libeary of the ootboe. Minooteo of the Decal Cooety W~elfare Booed, 1948. Motte, J. Rhett, M.D. 'Life fe Canmp and Field." Manuscript ie the liheary of the Ploeida Hisorical Society, St. Aeguetine, Flerda. Macdock, John S. Account hook, 1891, in the likeaey of Mliss Sledge W~allace, Jacksonville, Florida. Poeter, Joseph Y., MlD. 'Repocts of Yellow Pecec Epidemic in Key W3ett, Nocembee 39, 1815, and Decembkee 31, 1971." Mlanuocript in the Floeida State Booed of Health Likrary, Jachsonville, Flori do. Record Book of the Otd City Cenmetery. Monusceipt in the filee of the City Booed of Health, Jacktonville, Plorida. Confieroed by insceiptions on the geavesoenet. "Reminincences of Old Citioene," recorded by s. WX. Mt. Botwick. Mtanuscript furnished the autor by Mr. T. Frederick Davie, Jack- sonville, Florida. Unidentified ledgee in the P. K. Ycnge Library of Plorida Hittory, the Unicereity of Florida, Gainetville, Flerida. Univcroity of Pennoyfvania Alnueni Inforatineon circular. Original manueccipt fueniohed the authee by Dr. Williamt Peppec, dean ef the Schoel of SMedicine, Univeroity of Pennsylvaeia. OccIcIAL RECoaee Ace MISCELLcEcOcS SOUCEc Ace Ne. 70, Legislotive Council of the Teritory of Florida, Seotioe of 1132. Acta of the Tereitorial Conci, 1922. "An Act Recognizing the Unicersity of Florida.' IAt and Resolu- fiono Adopted by eke Legislatne of Florida at lta 1308 Seosfon, 1885, chap. 3663, p. 116. Plorida Mieterical Fecords Seacey. "Incenoty of the Mliscellaneous Pile ef Conco Papecs, St. John's Coenty, Florida." Vol. ItL Jack- soncille, Florida, 1940. Minmeographed. BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 Ge SOrtalarial Pecee." Maonooceipt, 1976, furnithed the author by Met. F. D. May, Jacksoncille, Florda. __." Some Recollections of Sly Early Life and Jackonville Peo- ple." SManuscript fornisked the authoe by Msla. F. D. Slay and bee ton, Me. R. D. SMoy, Jacksoncille, Plorida. D3acis, T. Peederick. "Digetoef Flerida Mlateeial ie Nilet Regiser, 18f1-1f49." Mlanooceipt, 1939, in the libeary of SMr. T. Frederick Davie, Jacksoncille, Plerida. Mlc~innit, F. H., 91.0. "The Decal Coenty Hospital, circa 1929." Mlanescript in the libracy of the autor. Mtinutes ef the Docal County Welfae Beaed, 1949. Matte, J. Rhtt, M.D. 'Life in Camp and Field." Manoscript in the libeary of the Plorida Historical Society, St. Augustine, Floeida. Muradech, John S. Accono hook, 1897, in the library of Mite Mledge Wallace, Jacksoncille, Florida. Portr, Joseph Y., M.D. 'Faeote of Yellnow Pecee Epidemic in Key Wes, Nocember 30, 1879, and Decembee 31, 1819." Maenuscript in the Floeida State Booed of Health Libeacy, Jacksonville, Floerida. Recoed Bank of the Old City Cemetery. Maonuscript in the filet of the City Board of Health, Jacksonvitle, Plorida. Canfirmed bc inscriptions on the geoceetones. "Reminiscences of Old Citioens," recorded by Mrs. W. ML Bostwick. .Mansceipt furnished the anther by Ste. T. Frederick Dacis, Jock- snville, Florida. Unidentified ledgee in the P. K. Yonge Lihrary of Florida Hietoey, the Uniceesity af Ploeida, Gainescille, Plorida. Univeroity of Pennsyfvania Alumni lnformationecicular. Original manuscript fnanished the anther by De. Williem Pepper, dean of the School of Medicine, Unicersioy of Penesylcania. OFCccAL RECORDS tAND MSCEANEacOcS SOUCES Act NYo. 79, Legiofaeive Concil of thec Territory of Florida, Sestion of 1832. Acre of tke Territoriaf Conci, 1f22. "An Act Recognizing the Unicersityaof Ploeida." Acts and esolu- tions Adopted Sy eke Legislatnrc of Fforida of leo 13tk Session, 1f85, chop. 3663, p. 116. Floeida Hietorical Recoeds Survey. "Inventory of the Mliscellaneous File af Canal Papers, St. John's Conty, Floeida." Vol. II. Jack- sonvilfe, Florida, 1940. Mimeogeaphed. BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 "One Malariol Pevee." Manuscript, 1f76, furnished the author by Men. K. 0. Slay, Jacksonville, Plotida. . Some Recollectins of SMy Early Life and Jacksonille Peo- ple." Mlanoecript furnished the anther by Msl. K. D. Stay and bee non, Ste. F. D. Slay, Jacksoncille, Plorida. Davie, T1. Predetick. 'Diget of Florida Mtaterial in Niles Regietee, 1811-1849." Mannscript, 1939, in the libeary of Ste. T. Prederick Davie, Jacksonville, Plorida. Mtc~innis, F. H.. M.D. "The Decal County Hospital, cieca 1929." Mtanuscript in ohe library of the anther. Minutes of tke Decal Contey W3etfaae Booed, 1946. SMotte, J. Rheot, M.D. "Life in Camp and Pild." Maennsceipt in the likrary of the Florida Histarical Society, St. Augnetine, Floeid. SMurdoch, John S. Account honk, t85l, in the libraey of ss Sledge Wallace, Jacksonville, Florida. Poetee, Joseph Y., S.D. "Repoets of Yellow Peacer Epidemic in Key Weot, November 30, t85, and December 31, 1878." Maonusceipt en the Florida State Booed of Health Library, Jacksonville, Florida. Record Book of the Old City Centery. Mlanusceipt in the filet of the Cily Board of Health, Jacksnville, Flarida. Confiamed by inscriptions en the gravestones. 'Reminiscences of Old Citizens,' recoeded by SMre. W. 51. Botwick. Maenuscript furnished the anther by Ste. T. Frederick Dalts, Jack- sonville, Florida. Unidentified ledger in the P. K. Yonge Library of Florida Hietocy, Ike Cnivereity of Floeida, Gaineeville, Florida. Univreity of Pennsyyl'ania Afumni Information circular. Original nmanueceipt furninhed Ike author by IDr. Wiliam Pepper, dean of the School of Mledicine, University at Penneylvani. OceIcIAL RECORnS Ace SCELcLANEOUeS SOUCEc Act NYo. 70, Legiofative Council of tke Teeeitoey of Florida, Setoion of 1832. Ados of the Territorial Councif, 1822. "An Act ecogniaing the Univeroily of Plorida." Acts and Resolu- tiono Adapted hy Ike Legiofature of Florida at Ifto 13th Seooion, 1889, chop. 3663,9p. 116. Florida Hitorical Records Survey. 'Inventoey of the Mliscellaneno File of Canal Papero, St. John's County, Plorida." Vol. II. Jack- sonville, Floeida, 1940. Mlimeographed.  190 BIBLIOGRAPHY Inscription on the gravestone of James Hall, M.D., Plummer's Cove, near Mandarin, Florida. Inscription on the tombstone of J. G. Dell in the Old City Cemetery, Jacksonville, Florida. Inscriptions on the gravestones of the Turknett family in the Old City Cemetery, Jacksonville, Florida. Journal of the Proceedings of the Senate of the General Assembly of the State of Florida at the 2nd Session of the Fourteenth General Assembly Begun and Held at the Capitol in the City of Tallahas- see on Wednesday, November 14, 1866. Kingsley, Zephaniah, died 1843. Will, destroyed in the fire of 1901; copy in the transcript of the record of the case of Kingsley v. Broward, 19 Fla. 722. Plat of the City of Jacksonville. Lot No. 1 in Square No. 24. In the Jacksonville Public Library, Jacksonville, Florida. "President's Report to His Excellency, Governor F. P. Fleming," May 5, 1890, in First Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Florida, 1890. Report of St. Luke's Hospital Association, 1873-1894. In the office of Mr. W. E. Arnold, superintendent of St. Luke's Hospital, Jack- sonville, Florida. Reports of the Trustees of the Sanitary Improvement Bonds of the City of Jacksonville, Florida, July 1, 1881, to March 14, 1883. Statistical Report on the Sickness and Mortality in the Army of the United States, Compiled from the Records of the Surgeon Gen- eral's Office, Embracing a Period of Sixteen Years, from January 1839 to January 1855. Sen. Ex. Doc. No. 96, 34th cong., 1st sess. (1855-56). Steele, Holmes, Probation of the Estate of. File No. 1916, Court- house, Jacksonville, Florida. United States Army Orders No. 33, Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, October 10, 1858. United States Pension Records. "United States v. Macomb." Case file in the Florida Supreme Court, State Library, Tallahassee, Florida. Boos Adams, Charles S., ed. Report of the Jacksonville Auxiliary Sanitary Association of Jacksonville, Florida, Covering the Work of the Association during the Yellow Fever Epidemic, 1888. Jackson- ville: Times-Union Print, 1889. Appleton's Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of 190 BIBLIOGRAPHY Inscription on the gravestone of James Hall, M.D., Plummer's Cove, near Mandarin, Florida. Inscription on the tombstone of J. G. Dell in the Old City Cemetery, Jacksonville, Florida. Inscriptions on the gravestones of the Turknett family in the Old City Cemetery, Jacksonville, Florida. Journal of the Proceedings of the Senate of the General Assembly of the State of Florida at the 2nd Session of the Fourteenth General Assembly Begun and Held at the Capitol in the City of Tallahas- see on Wednesday, November 14, 1866. Kingsley, Zephaniah, died 1843. Will, destroyed in the fire of 1901; copy in the transcript of the record of the case of Kingsley v. Broward, 19 Fla. 722. Plat of the City of Jacksonville. Lot No. 1 in Square No. 24. In the Jacksonville Public Library, Jacksonville, Florida. "President's Report to His Excellency, Governor F. P. Fleming," May 5, 1890, in First Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Florida, 1890. Report of St. Luke's Hospital Association, 1873-1894. In the office of Mr. W. E. Arnold, superintendent of St. Luke's Hospital, Jack- sonville, Florida. Reports of the Trustees of the Sanitary Improvement Bonds of the City of Jacksonville, Florida, July 1, 1881, to March 14, 1883. Statistical Report on the Sickness and Mortality in the Army of the United States, Compiled from the Records of the Surgeon Gen- eral's Office, Embracing a Period of Sixteen Years, from January 1839 to January 1855. Sen. Ex. Doc. No. 96, 34th cong., 1st sess. (1855-56). Steele, Holmes, Probation of the Estate of. File No. 1916, Court- house, Jacksonville, Florida. United States Army Orders No. 33, Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, October 10, 1858. United States Pension Records. "United States v. Macomb." Case file in the Florida Supreme Court, State Library, Tallahassee, Florida. BoOsr Adams, Charles S., ed. Report of the Jacksonville Auxiliary Sanitary Association of Jacksonville, Florida, Covering the Work of the Association during the Yellow Fever Epidemic, 1888. Jackson- ville: Times-Union Print, 1889. Appleton's Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of 190 BIBLIOGRAPHY Inscription on the gravestone of James Hall, M.D., Plummer's Cove, near Mandarin, Florida. Inscription on the tombstone of J. G. Dell in the Old City Cemetery, Jacksonville, Florida. Inscriptions on the gravestones of the Turknett family in the Old City Cemetery, Jacksonville, Florida. Journal of the Proceedings of the Senate of the General Assembly of the State of Florida at the 2nd Session of the Fourteenth General Assembly Begun and Held at the Capitol in the City of Tallahas- see on Wednesday, November 14, 1866. Kingsley, Zephaniah, died 1843. Will, destroyed in the fire of 1901; copy in the transcript of the record of the case of Kingsley v. Broward, 19 Fla. 722. Plat of the City of Jacksonville. Lot No. 1 in Square No. 24. In the Jacksonville Public Library, Jacksonville, Florida. "President's Report to His Excellency, Governor F. P. Fleming," May 5, 1890, in First Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Florida, 1890. Report of St. Luke's Hospital Association, 1873-1894. In the office of Mr. W. E. Arnold, superintendent of St. Luke's Hospital, Jack- sonville, Florida. Reports of the Trustees of the Sanitary Improvement Bonds of the City of Jacksonville, Florida, July 1, 1881, to March 14, 1883. Statistical Report on the Sickness and Mortality in the Army of the United States, Compiled from the Records of the Surgeon Gen- eral's Office, Embracing a Period of Sixteen Years, from January 1839 to January 1855. Sen. Ex. Doc. No. 96, 34th cong., 1st sess. (1855-56). Steele, Holmes, Probation of the Estate of. File No. 1916, Court- house, Jacksonville, Florida. United States Army Orders No. 33, Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, October 10, 1858. United States Pension Records. "United States v. Macomb." Case file in the Florida Supreme Court, State Library, Tallahassee, Florida. BooKs Adams, Charles S., ed. Report of the Jacksonville Auxiliary Sanitary Association of Jacksonville, Florida, Covering the Work of the Association during the Yellow Fever Epidemic, 1888. Jackson- ville: Times-Union Print, 1889. Appleton's Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of  BIBLIOGRAPHY 191 BIBLIOGRAPHY 191 BIBLIOGRAPHY 191 the year 1877. New series, Vol. II. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1888. Augusrin, George. History of Yellow Fever. New Orleans: Searcy & Plaft, 1909. Brown, S. Paul. The Book of Jacksonville. Poughkeepsie, New York: A. V. Haight, 1895. Buesing, August. What Is Yellow Fever? Its Origin, Prevention and Remedy, Whether It Is Contagious. Jacksonville: Florida Uno Book and Job Rooms, 1878. Burnitt, Elihu. Experienceooin a Stricken City. Jacksonville: River- side Art Fublishing Ca., 1888. Buo, George Gory. History of ducation in Florida. Washington: Government Printing Oflie, 1889. Catalogue of the Florida Stole College, 1903-4. Cutler, H. G. 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History of Florida Post end Pesent. 3 Vals. Chi- cago-New York: The Lewis Publishing Co., 1923. Davis, T. Frederick. History of Early Jacksonville, Florida. Jack- sonville: H. &W.WB.Drew Co., 1911. istory of Jacksonville, Florida and Vicinity. Jacksonville: The Florida Historical Society, 1925. Davis, W. W. Cior War and Reconstruction in Florida. New York: Columbia University Peess, 1913. EsgaGe, James. Jacksonville, the Metropolis of Florida. Boston: Win. G. J. Ferry, 1888. Fairbanks, H. R. History of Florida. Jacksonville: Columbus Drew, 1071. Freeman, Douglas Southhall. R. B. Lee, A Biography. Vol. IV, New York: Chaeles Scrikner's Sony, 1940. Gold, P. D. Hitory of Duval County, Florida. St. Augustine: The Recard Co., 1928. Hawks, J. M., M.D. Jacksonville City Directory and Business Ad- vertiser for 1870. Jacksonville: Florida Union Book and Job Of- fice, 1870. McGown, Thompson, M.D. A Praicel Treatise on the Most Com- mon Disaes of the Sooth. Philadelphia: 1849. Memoirs of Georgia. Vol. II. Atlanta: Southern Historical Asso- ciation, 1898. Polk's Medical Directory, 1889. In the files of the American Medi- cat Association. Rerck, Rowland H. Memi s ofF rid. Vols. I and I. Atlanta: Sothern Historical Association, 1902. Richard's Jackonvidle. Vol. I, 1887. Jacksonville: John R. Rich- aeds & Co., 1886.  192 BIBLIOGRAPHY Rohssbashes. C. A. Live ToseeanedProgressive Meneof Floida. Jacsonvi//e: Timtes-Un/on Psinting sod Publishisg House, 1887. Siebeet, William Heuey. Loyalists in East F/acids. Vol. II. He- Loud: The Floe/do State Hiotoejcal Society, 1926. So/dies of F/acids jet the Semuinole Indian, Civil aetd Spsetish Ateei- cant Wacs. Tallshassee: Booed of blate Iuot/easiono, 1903. "Spanish Laud Grauto /n Floe/do." The Hiotorccl Recurdo Sarvey. Volt. 1,11, II, IV, sod V. Tal/ahase: State Libeary Baed, 1940 (Vo/s. I aud II) oud 194/ (V's/s. 1II, IV, sod V/. Vau Doen, Mask, ed. The Tease/s of Wi/biass Bac/catm. Unabeidged edit/set. New X'ork: Macp-Mat/ut, 1928. Webb, Wautoet S., ed. Webb's Hlistscica/, Ietdustria/ seed Biographi- cal/F/orida. PatLI New York: W.S. Webb & C., 1885. .Webb's Jasonslet/ and Cosolisdated Diceceory, 188/. Jack- sasnvi/e ad New York: Wantoet S. Webb, Compiser, /88/. .Webb's Jacbksonsil/e Directscy, 18/6-7. New York: W. S. Webb & Co., tb/b. Ibid., 18/8-9. Nsw Yoeb: W. S. Webb & Cs., 18/8. Ibid., 1882. New Yorh: Webb Beos. & Cs., 1882. Ibid., 1886. Jacktason/le ad New York: W. S. Webb, Compi/ee, 1886. Ibid., 1889. Jacksonsi//e ad New Yoek: WV. S. Webb, Cost- piles, /889. AuTecLES eN PsEODICALSt Asse NEwSPAPERS Ba/dw/n, A. S., MOD. Obisuarp. Jacktoncil/e F/ac/ds News, Morch 2, /853. "Report of lHes/th Commttee," Jacksonville Daily Suet antd Press, December 5, 187/. ' St. Jobuts Bar," The Semi-Trspica/, II, June, tb/b. "Tbe BoaedsfHealthinbSssio," JckonvsilleDiySun aetdPcess, September 11, 18/7. "Tbe Conussion Tbeory," Jacksonsi/Ie Florida Times-Uetioet, Jue 28, /883. "The Couty's Pose," Joac/Bnvle Daily Sunt and Pcess, Jauarey 5, 1878. Cochraue, Jeroms, M9.D. "Sketchet of Ye/low Feces o athee Ga/b Cost of P/se/do," Traetsactionts sf tie Medical Assciatiset sf A/a- bows, 1881. Ceruw, C. L. "Flsrida U/veesty (/883/," F/acids istorical Quar- tec/v NV, Octobee, /936. 192 BIBLIOGRAPHY RohababeCA. Lit's Townes and Pcogcssise Meet of Florida. Jackonvi//le: Timesc-Union Pr/nt/ug seed Publ/shing Hoss, 1b87. S/ebert, W/1/iam Heunry. Lsyalists in Foa/t Flsrida. Vol. IIL Os- Laud: The P/se/do State Hitori/cal Soc/sty, 1926. Soldiecs of Flocida iet the Semietole Intdiaet, Cisil aetd Spaetish Ameci- caet Wacs. Tal/ohassee: Booed at S/ste lust/toe/out, /903. "Spani/tbLandGrants inFlorida." TbelHistorical Recordtsesurvy. Vos. I, II, III, IV, setd V. Ts/labassee: State Library Board, /940 (Volt. I and II) seed /941 (Volt. III, I1V, and V). Vant Doren, M9ask, ed. The Tcavels of William Fareoam. Unabsidged ed/t/on. New York: Malcy-Masius, 1928. W~ebb, Wantont S., ed. Webb's Historical, Ietdustrial setd Bisgcaphi- cal/Flocida. PareeL New York:W. S.Webb &C., t885. .Webb''s Jacksaosvile setd Cosolidated Dirctory, 18/7. Jack- toucil/c ad New Yosb: XWaton S. Webb, Compiler, /88/. .Wabba Jacksoetville Dicectocy, /8/6-7. New Yoeb: WV. S. Webb & Co., 18/b. ____ Ibid., 18/8-9. New Yosk: W. S. Webb & Co., 18/8. .___Ibid., /882. New York: XWebb Bes. & Co., 1882. ____Ibid., /886. Jackonuile sod New York: W. S. Webb, Camp/lee, 1886. ____ Ibid., 1889. Jacksonvcille sod New York: WV. S. W~ebb, Cow- p//es, 1889. ARTICLS IN PERIODICLANDNESPoAPESs Baldwint, A. S., M9.D. Ob/tuary. Jacksonille F/sc/do NYews, Maotch 2, 1883. ___ "Repart of Health Cowwbttee," Jacksonville Daily Suet antd Press, December 8, 187/. . St. Jobhn's Bar," The Sewi-Tcopical, II, Juete, 18/6. "The Board ofHealthbinbession," JacksonvlleDily Sunand Pes, beptetmbee 11, 18/7. "Tbe Concussion Theosy," Jacksonc/lle Florida Tiwes-Cetioet, June 28, 1883. "The Couty's Pass," Jacksonvcille Daily Son aetd Pess, Jauary 8, 1878. Cochrane, Jerome, M.D. "Sketches of Yellow Feces set the Golf Coast of F/acids," Transactisons of the Medical Association of A/a- bows, /88/. Crow, C. L. 'Flor/da Uicers/ty (1883)," Florida Historical Quac- terly, TXV, October, 1936. 192 B/BLIOGRAPHY Robrabacher,.C. A. LivcTaownsoetd Progcessive Mentof Flor/da. Jacktsonvi/e: T/wes-Unon Pr/nting setd Pub/ishng Hoss, /88/. b/sheet, Wi/lisw Henry. Loyalists iet East F/acids. Vol. II. Os- Loand: The P/as/do Stole itoreical Society, /926. So/diers of F/acids it the Sewienole Indian, Cicil aetd Spaetish Aweci- caet Woes. Ta//abatse: Booed of State Intitut/ont, /983. "Span/sh LandGrants intFloida." The Hittorical Recssedturcey. Volt. I, IH, III, IV, antd V. Tal/shassee: State L/braey Booed, 1948 (Volt. I and I) sand /941 (Volt. III, IXV, seed V(. You Doses, Mlack, ed. The Tcsve/s of Wi/bowm Barteaw. Unabr/dged ediio. New X'ork: Macp-Mlat/as, /928. XWebb, Wanton S., ed. Webb's Historcial, Industrial aetl Biographi- ca/ Facids. Part I. New Yoek: WV. S.XWebb& Co., 1888. .t'ebb'o Jaonllet/ seed Coetsolidated Directocy, /88/. Jock- tonile and New Yoek: Wanton S. Webb, Compiler, 188/. .Webb's Jacbsonsille Directscy, 18/6-7. New York: W. S. W~ebb & Co., /8/b. Ibid., /8/8-9. New York: WV. S. Webb & Cs., /8/8. Ib/d., 1882. New York: WXebb Beat. & Co., 1882. .Ibid., 188b. Jacksonvcille seed New York: W. S. Webb, Cowpilee, 1886. Ibid., /889. Jackssonville aud New Yosk: W2. S. Webb, Com- p/icer, 1889. ARTICEcSoIN PERIODIcCS AND NEtSPAPESs Baldwiet, A. 8., 51.0. Obituary. Jacksonville Florida NVews, Macb 2, 1893. ' Repass 0/ Health Cowwittee," Jacksuceille Daily San antd Press, Decewbee 8, 182/. '8"S. John's Bar," The Semei-Tropica, II, Jueta, 18/b. "The BardsofHealhinesso," JcksonilleDaiy SuntandlPess, Septewbes 11, /87/. "The Conuss/ion Theoep," Jacksonvi/1le F/sc/la Tiwes-Cetion, Jue 28, 1883. "The Couty's Pass," Jacksonviflle Daily Sun seed Pess, Januarsy 8, 1878. Cocbrane, Jerawe, 19.0. 'Sketches 0/ Y's//sw Feces se tshe Go/f Coast of lorida," Tanactiontsof theMedical Association f A/a- bows, 1861. Crow, C. L. "P/se/la Unier/esity (1883)," Florida Histscical Quac- terly, XXV, Os/abcs, 1938.  BIBLIOGRAPHY 193 Daniel, R. P., M.D. An address. Transactions of the Florida Medi- cal Association, X, 1910. ."Cutaneous Diseases," Proceedings of the Florida Medical Association, Session of 1880. . "Report on Yellow Fever in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1877." Proceedings of the Florida Medical Association, Session of 1878. Davis, T. Frederick. "Short Talks." Jacksonville Florida Times- Union, June 29, 1940. Doggett, Mrs. Aristides. "St. Luke's Hospital," The Semi-Tropical, II, 1876. Dowler, B., M.D. "Historical and Critical Researches into the Origin of Large Doses of the Sulfate of Quinine," New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, XVII, 1860-61. Fairlie, Margaret C. "The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1888 in Jack- sonville," Florida Historical Quarterly, XIX, October, 1940. Gaillard, E. S., M.D. "Medical Topography of Florida," Charleston Medical Journal and Review, X, September, 1855, and XI, Janu- ary, 1856. Hamilton, J. B., Surgeon General. "Outline History of the Epidemic of Yellow Fever in Florida," Transactions of the Medical Society of Virginia, 19th Session, October 23-26, 1888. Holmes, R. S., M.D. "Remarks on the Use of Quinine in Florida and on Malaria and Its Influence in That State," American Jour- nal of the Medical Sciences, XII, October, 1846. Jelks, Edward, M.D. "Dr. Henry Perrine," Journal of the Florida Medical Association, XX, April, 1934. . "Dr. John Gorrie," Annals of Medical History, III, 1931. Keene, Otis L. "Jacksonville, Fifty-five Years Ago, Recollections of a Veteran," Jacksonville Metropolis, December 12, 1908. Kenworthy, Charles J., M.D. "The Germ Theory of Disease," Proceedings of the Florida Medical Association, Session of 1879. Little, Robert Edmonds, M.D. "Remarks on the Climate, Diseases, etc., of Middle Florida, Particularly Gadsden County," American Journal of the Medical Sciences, X, July, 1845. May, Philip S. "Zephaniah Kingsley, Nonconformist," Florida His- torical Quarterly, XXIII, January, 1945. Merritt, Webster, M.D. "A History of Medicine in Duval County," Journal of the Florida Medical Association, XXXII, September, 1945. Mitchell, Martha Carolyn. "Health and the Medical Profession in the Lower South, 1845-1860," Journal of Southern History, X, November, 1944. Old Citizen. Jacksonville Tri-Weekly Sun, January 29, 1876. BIBLIOGRAPHY 193 Daniel, R. P., M.D. An address. Transactions of the Florida Medi- cal Association, X, 1910. ."Cutaneous Diseases," Proceedings of the Florida Medical Association, Session of 1880. . "Report on Yellow Fever in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1877." Proceedings of the Florida Medical Association, Session of 1878. Davis, T. Frederick. "Short Talks." Jacksonville Florida Times- Union, June 29, 1940. Doggett, Mrs. Aristides. "St. Luke's Hospital," The Semi-Tropical, II, 1876. Dowler, B., M.D. "Historical and Critical Researches into the Origin of Large Doses of the Sulfate of Quinine," New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, XVII, 1860-61. Fairlie, Margaret C. "The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1888 in Jack- sonville," Florida Historical Quarterly, XIX, October, 1940. Gaillard, E. S., M.D. "Medical Topography of Florida," Charleston Medical Journal and Review, X, September, 1855, and XI, Janu- ary, 1856. Hamilton, J. B., Surgeon General. "Outline History of the Epidemic of Yellow Fever in Florida," Transactions of the Medical Society of Virginia, 19th Session, October 23-26, 1888. Holmes, R. S., M.D. "Remarks on the Use of Quinine in Florida and on Malaria and Its Influence in That State," American Jour- nal of the Medical Sciences, XII, October, 1846. Jelks, Edward, M.D. "Dr. Henry Perrine," Journal of the Florida Medical Association, XX, April, 1934. . "Dr. John Gorrie," Annals of Medical History, III, 1931. Keene, Otis L. "Jacksonville, Fifty-five Years Ago, Recollections of a Veteran," Jacksonville Metropolis, December 12, 1908. Kenworthy, Charles J., M.D. "The Germ Theory of Disease," Proceedings of the Florida Medical Association, Session of 1879. Little, Robert Edmonds, M.D. "Remarks on the Climate, Diseases, etc., of Middle Florida, Particularly Gadsden County," American Journal of the Medical Sciences, X, July, 1845. May, Philip S. "Zephaniah Kingsley, Nonconformist," Florida His- torical Quarterly, XXIII, January, 1945. Merritt, Webster, M.D. "A History of Medicine in Duval County," Journal of the Florida Medical Association, XXXII, September, 1945. Mitchell, Martha Carolyn. "Health and the Medical Profession in the Lower South, 1845-1860," Journal of Southern History, X, November, 1944. Old Citizen. Jacksonville Tri-Weekly Sun, January 29, 1876. BIBLIOGRAPHY 193 Daniel, R. P., M.D. An address. Transactions of the Florida Medi- cal Association, X, 1910. . "Cutaneous Diseases," Proceedings of the Florida Medical Association, Session of 1880. . "Report on Yellow Fever in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1877." Proceedings of the Florida Medical Association, Session of 1878. Davis, T. Frederick. "Short Talks." Jacksonville Florida Times- Union, June 29, 1940. Doggett, Mrs. Aristides. "St. Luke's Hospital," The Semi-Tropical, II, 1876. Dowler, B., M.D. "Historical and Critical Researches into the Origin of Large Doses of the Sulfate of Quinine," New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, XVII, 1860-61. Fairlie, Margaret C. "The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1888 in Jack- sonville," Florida Historical Quarterly, XIX, October, 1940. Gaillard, E. S., M.D. "Medical Topography of Florida," Charleston Medical Journal and Review, X, September, 1855, and XI, Janu- ary, 1856. Hamilton, J. B., Surgeon General. "Outline History of the Epidemic of Yellow Fever in Florida," Transactions of the Medical Society of Virginia, 19th Session, October 23-26, 1888. Holmes, R. S., M.D. "Remarks on the Use of Quinine in Florida and on Malaria and Its Influence in That State," American Jour- nal of the Medical Sciences, XII, October, 1846. Jelks, Edward, M.D. "Dr. Henry Perrine," Journal of the Florida Medical Association, XX, April, 1934. . "Dr. John Gorrie," Annals of Medical History, III, 1931. Keene, Otis L. "Jacksonville, Fifty-five Years Ago, Recollections of a Veteran," Jacksonville Metropolis, December 12, 1908. Kenworthy, Charles J., M.D. "The Germ Theory of Disease," Proceedings of the Florida Medical Association, Session of 1879. Little, Robert Edmonds, M.D. "Remarks on the Climate, Diseases, etc., of Middle Florida, Particularly Gadsden County," American Journal of the Medical Sciences, X, July, 1845. May, Philip S. "Zephaniah Kingsley, Nonconformist," Florida His- torical Quarterly, XXIII, January, 1945. Merritt, Webster, M.D. "A History of Medicine in Duval County," Journal of the Florida Medical Association, XXXII, September, 1945. Mitchell, Martha Carolyn. "Health and the Medical Profession in the Lower South, 1845-1860," Journal of Southern History, X, November, 1944. Old Citizen. Jacksonville Tri-Weekly Sun, January 29, 1076.  194 BIBLIOGRAPHY "Old Records," Jacksonville Florida Times-Union, January 21, 1912. Palmer, Thomas M., M.D. "Medical History of Florida," Proceed- ings of the Florida Medical Association, Session of 1878. Perrine, Henry, M.D. "Fever Treated with Large Doses of Sulfate of Quinine, in Adams County, near Natchez, Miss.," Philadelphia Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences, IV, new series XIII, 1826. Porter, Joseph Y., M.D. "Looking Backward over Fifty Years of Health Work in Florida," Journal of the Florida Medical Asso- ciation, XII, July, 1925, to January, 1926. "Report of Health Committee," Jacksonville Daily Sun and Press, December 5, 1877. "Report of Surgeon-General J. B. Hamilton," Washington, District of Columbia, Medical News, November 10, 1888. Stout, H. R. "The Epidemic of Yellow Fever at Jacksonville, Florida, in 1888," North American Journal of Homeopathy, V, 1890. . "A Homeopath on Yellow Fever," The Scientific American, August 2, 1890. Warren, William R., M.D. "Dr. Joseph Yates Porter," Journal of the Florida Medical Association, XIII, May, 1927. PERIODICALs American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1845 and 1846. American Medical Association Transactions, 1854. Annals of Medical History, 1931. De Bow's Review, 1853. Florida Historical Quarterly, 1936 and 1940. Florida Medical and Surgical Journal, 1885. Journal of the Florida Medical Association, 1914, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1934, and 1945. Journal of Southern History, 1944. Medical News, 1888. New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, 1860 and 1861. North American Journal of Homeopathy, 1890. Philadelphia Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences, 1826. Proceedings of the Florida Medical Association, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1890, 1893, 1908, and 1910. The Scientific American, 1890. The Semi-Tropical, 1875 and 1876. Transactions of the Medical Association of Alabama, 1881. Transactions of the Medical Society of Virginia, 1888. 194 BIBLIOGRAPHY "Old Records," Jacksonville Florida Times-Union, January 21, 1912. Palmer, Thomas M., M.D. "Medical History of Florida," Proceed- ings of the Florida Medical Association, Session of 1878. Perrine, Henry, M.D. "Fever Treated with Large Doses of Sulfate of Quinine, in Adams County, near Natchez, Miss.," Philadelphia Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences, IV, new series XIII, 1826. Porter, Joseph Y., M.D. "Looking Backward over Fifty Years of Health Work in Florida," Journal of the Florida Medical Asso- ciation, XII, July, 1925, to January, 1926. "Report of Health Committee," Jacksonville Daily Sun and Press, December 5, 1877. "Report of Surgeon-General J. B. Hamilton," Washington, District of Columbia, Medical News, November 10, 1888. Stout, H. R. "The Epidemic of Yellow Fever at Jacksonville, Florida, in 1888," North American Journal of Homeopathy, V, 1890. . "A Homeopath on Yellow Fever," The Scientific American, August 2, 1890. Warren, William R., M.D. "Dr. Joseph Yates Porter," Journal of the Florida Medical Association, XIII, May, 1927. PERIoDICALs American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1845 and 1846. American Medical Association Transactions, 1854. Annals of Medical History, 1931. De Bow's Review, 1853. Florida Historical Quarterly, 1936 and 1940. Florida Medical and Surgical Journal, 1885. Journal of the Florida Medical Association, 1914, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1934, and 1945. Journal of Southern History, 1944. Medical News, 1888. New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, 1860 and 1861. North American Journal of Homeopathy, 1890. Philadelphia Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences, 1826. Proceedings of the Florida Medical Association, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1890, 1893, 1908, and 1910. The Scientific American, 1890. The Semi-Tropical, 1875 and 1876. Transactions of the Medical Association of Alabama, 1881. Transactions of the Medical Society of Virginia, 1888. 194 BIBLIOGRAPHY "Old Records," Jacksonville Florida Times-Union, January 21, 1912. Palmer, Thomas M., M.D. "Medical History of Florida," Proceed- ings of the Florida Medical Association, Session of 1878. Perrine, Henry, M.D. "Fever Treated with Large Doses of Sulfate of Quinine, in Adams County, near Natchez, Miss.," Philadelphia Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences, IV, new series XIII, 1826. Porter, Joseph Y., M.D. "Looking Backward over Fifty Years of Health Work in Florida," Journal of the Florida Medical Asso- ciation, XII, July, 1925, to January, 1926. "Report of Health Committee," Jacksonville Daily Sun and Press, December 5, 1877. "Report of Surgeon-General J. B. Hamilton," Washington, District of Columbia, Medical News, November 10, 1888. Stout, H. R. "The Epidemic of Yellow Fever at Jacksonville, Florida, in 1888," North American Journal of Homeopathy, V, 1890. . "A Homeopath on Yellow Fever," The Scientific American, August 2, 1890. Warren, William R., M.D. "Dr. Joseph Yates Porter," Journal of the Florida Medical Association, XIII, May, 1927. PERIODICALS American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1845 and 1846. American Medical Association Transactions, 1854. Annals of Medical History, 1931. De Bow's Review, 1853. Florida Historical Quarterly, 1936 and 1940. Florida Medical and Surgical Journal, 1885. Journal of the Florida Medical Association, 1914, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1934, and 1945. Journal of Southern History, 1944. Medical News, 1888. New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, 1860 and 1861. North American Journal of Homeopathy, 1890. Philadelphia Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences, 1826. Proceedings of the Florida Medical Association, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1890, 1893, 1908, and 1910. The Scientific American, 1890. The Semi-Tropical, 1875 and 1876. Transactions of the Medical Association of Alabama, 1881. Transactions of the Medical Society of Virginia, 1888.  BIBLIOGRAPHY 195 BIBLIOGRAPHY 195 BIBLIOGRAPHY NEWSPAPERs Ancient City, St. Augustine, Florida. Daily Florida Union, Jacksonville, Florida. Daily Sun and Press, Jacksonville, Florida. East Florida Advocate, Jacksonville, Florida. East Florida Herald, St. Augustine, Florida. East Floridian, Fernandina, Florida. Florida Daily Times, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Herald, St. Augustine, Florida. Florida News, Fernandina, Florida Florida News, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Republican, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Sentinel, Tallahassee, Florida. Florida Times, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Times-Union, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Times-Union and Citizen, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Union, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Weekly Times, Jacksonville, Florida. Floridian, Pensacola, Florida. Floridian, Tallahassee, Florida. Floridian and Journal, Tallahassee, Florida. Gazette, Pensacola, Florida. Jacksonville Courier, Jacksonville, Florida. Jacksonville Metropolis, Jacksonville, Florida. Jacksonville Standard, Jacksonville, Florida. Jacksonville Union, Jacksonville, Florida. New Era, Gainesville, Florida. News, Jacksonville, Florida. News and Herald, Savannah, Georgia. New South Semi-Weekly, Jacksonville, Florida. New York Tribune, New York, New York. Niles Weekly Register, Baltimore, Maryland. Pablo Beach Breeze, Pablo Beach, Florida. Republican, Savannah, Georgia. St. Johns Mirror, Jacksonville, Florida. Semi-Weekly Floridian, Tallahassee, Florida. Southern Democrat, St. Augustine, Florida. Tri-Weekly Sun, Jacksonville, Florida. Tri-Weekly Union, Jacksonville, Florida. Weekly Florida Union, Jacksonville, Florida. Weekly Floridian, Tallahassee, Florida. NEWSPAPERS Ancient City, St. Augustine, Florida. Daily Florida Union, Jacksonville, Florida. Daily Sun and Press, Jacksonville, Florida. East Florida Advocate, Jacksonville, Florida. East Florida Herald, St. Augustine, Florida. East Floridian, Fernandina, Florida. Florida Daily Times, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Herald, St. Augustine, Florida. Florida News, Fernandina, Florida Florida News, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Republican, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Sentinel, Tallahassee, Florida. Florida Times, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Times-Union, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Times-Union and Citizen, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Union, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Weekly Times, Jacksonville, Florida. Floridian, Pensacola, Florida. Floridian, Tallahassee, Florida. Floridian and Journal, Tallahassee, Florida. Gazette, Pensacola, Florida. Jacksonville Courier, Jacksonville, Florida. Jacksonville Metropolis, Jacksonville, Florida. Jacksonville Standard, Jacksonville, Florida. Jacksonville Union, Jacksonville, Florida. New Era, Gainesville, Florida. News, Jacksonville, Florida. News and Herald, Savannah, Georgia. New South Semi-Weekly, Jacksonville, Florida. New York Tribune, New York, New York. Niles Weekly Register, Baltimore, Maryland. Pablo Beach Breeze, Pablo Beach, Florida. Republican, Savannah, Georgia. St. Johns Mirror, Jacksonville, Florida. Semi-Weekly Floridian, Tallahassee, Florida. Southern Democrat, St. Augustine, Florida. Tri-Weekly Sun, Jacksonville, Florida. Tri-Weekly Union, Jacksonville, Florida. Weekly Florida Union, Jacksonville, Florida. Weekly Floridian, Tallahassee, Florida. NEWSPAPERS Ancient City, St. Augustine, Florida. Daily Florida Union, Jacksonville, Florida. Daily Sun and Press, Jacksonville, Florida. East Florida Advocate, Jacksonville, Florida. East Florida Herald, St. Augustine, Florida. East Floridian, Fernandina, Florida. Florida Daily Times, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Herald, St. Augustine, Florida. Florida News, Fernandina, Florida Florida News, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Republican, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Sentinel, Tallahassee, Florida. Florida Times, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Times-Union, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Times-Union and Citizen, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Union, Jacksonville, Florida. Florida Weekly Times, Jacksonville, Florida. Floridian, Pensacola, Florida. Floridian, Tallahassee, Florida. Floridian and Journal, Tallahassee, Florida. Gazette, Pensacola, Florida. Jacksonville Courier, Jacksonville, Florida. Jacksonville Metropolis, Jacksonville, Florida. Jacksonville Standard, Jacksonville, Florida. Jacksonville Union, Jacksonville, Florida. New Era, Gainesville, Florida. News, Jacksonville, Florida. News and Herald, Savannah, Georgia. New South Semi-Weekly, Jacksonville, Florida. New York Tribune, New York, New York. Niles Weekly Register, Baltimore, Maryland. Pablo Beach Breeze, Pablo Beach, Florida. Republican, Savannah, Georgia. St. Johns Mirror, Jacksonville, Florida. Semi-Weekly Floridian, Tallahassee, Florida. Southern Democrat, St. Augustine, Florida. Tri-Weekly Sun, Jacksonville, Florida. Tri-Weekly Union, Jacksonville, Florida. Weekly Florida Union, Jacksonville, Florida. Weekly Floridian, Tallahassee, Florida.   Index Index A LLIGATOR (now Lake City), 14 Ambler, Dr. 0. C., 29, 58-59 Amelia, Island,, 19, 127 Anderson,, Dr. Andre,,y 76 Anesthetic=s, 60 Artificial ice, 37, 98 A,,hurst, Dr,., 36 BABCOCK, Dr. 9.H., 134, 137, 13 Baldwin,, Or. A.6., 18, 19,2,2729 31, 32, 34, 39, 39, 61, 64, 7711, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 97, 93, 98, 100, 118-19, 129, 122, 1293n, 198, 194, 163; address11 2on climatology1, 77; 66119119691111 421,, 211, 11-16; cia 892l117 s894921 by, 12-13; as1alegi- 2a121, 13; tltter b11116121, 15; re11 ,,,ds 21, 61; wife8, 2912, 39 BaIdwin, Or. 99. L., 89, 132, 194 Bay Stree,,t, is 1892, 22 Bethune,, Judge Farquhtr, 8, 59n, BeltonDr. Gor,,ge,,S 75 Bostwick1, Os. W. M., 31, 99, 100, 119 Buck,,,,,, 0Dr. Thoma,,s E., 93n, Buckman11,, L9i11t111111 T. E., 14, 99 C. J. Burroughs, 89, 154 Burrou11ghs1, Dr. B. B., 75, 78, 143, 164 Burt2,, 0Dr. C. J., 184 Byrne,, 0Dr. Charles, 19-21, 27, 48, 39 cCALOWELL, 131. F. H., 164 "Camssp Caroline,"y 156, 194 Camsp Mitchell, 162 CamspFPerry, 173-94 Care,, Dr. J. M,76 Carter,, Dr. F. H., 75 Carver, Os. T. 99., 154n Cedar, Keys. See Cholssra Cemeterssy, 210911a1 Countty Hospital1 1111 Asy1lum,, 85; Evesgressn, 43; Old City (snow, Wil1ley), 27, 93, 69, 71n,; 81. Johns, Episco,,pal chursch bursial gsouns,s790 Censu~s, 96 1879, 72, 73; of 1888, 159 Centes, Os. G. F., 194n, Choleras,, 65, 69,n; 68 Cedar Keys, 99; Civil 9911, 50-62; Federalt 111111011691 of1 Jacksonvlle, 4114117 1611, 52, 539; physicians during thy, 63; se 116 anesthetic11s 411411g thy, 60; 1911 econom,,,y dursing thy, 61, 62 9217, 0Dr. E. G., 75 Cloud,, Ds. S. A.. 124 113-14, 156 Confelderate hospitalI, 129 Cow ,Ford, 1, 4 Cuz,,,DrO.. ., 1154n ID ANIEL, Colonels J. J., 4711, 51, 73, 119, 120 Daniel, Ds. Richard P., 29, 26, 29, 38, 49, 84, 79, 89, 93, 190, 122, 104, 199, 198, 109, 122, 123n,, 126; biogsraphi- cal1 data, 1149-49; wife6 11,122 011111s. Os. A. H., 194 Dell, 0Dr. J. G., 29, 43, 45 Dengue, fever,, epidemic9 to, 211 1850, 29-26, 47 Disinf6,,ctants, Os. Baldw,,in's paper1 211, 98; 9u11 of, 1199 oggetts, Ms. 414st4111, 86-87, 88 01118, Colums,61, 21. 24, 25, 26, 99, 91, 43 Dsrew,, Or. Col1umbus, 76, 79, 80, 19, 69, 122; biographical 4181 811, 93-95; 111961 of6, 96 Osrew, Os. HIorstce, 99 Druggist, firsst 9,, Jacksonville, 4 ALLIGATOR (now1 Lake, City), 14 Amblert, Os. 0. C., 2988-59 Amelia6 16l114, 116, 127 Andeson,, Ds. Andrewt, 76 Anesthetics;11, 69 Artiicil 911e, 37, 96 Ashurstt, Os., 36 B BOKD.W.H,134 i37, 13 31, 32, 36, 39, 49, 611, 64, 7211, 72, 75, 76, 77, 76, 90, 93, 98, 199, 118-19, 1122, 122, 123.,, 138, 154, 193; 114411111 118 1119911111114, 77; biographical 41111 on1, 11-16; cli991- 191267111114911 by, 12-13; 111111le4is- 111141111,61; wifet of,12, 39 Bal148i,, Os. 99. L., 89, 132, 154 Bay Stsseet, 911 1142, 22 Bethune,, Judge, Farquhhar 8, 599s Belto,,1Dr. Gorget W.75 Botwick, Os. 99. M., 38. 90, 120, 119 Buckmatn,, Ds. Thomas11 E, 5311 Buckman1,, Lieutenant11 T. E., 114, 93 C. J. B,,sroughs, 89, 194 Burroughs, Os. B. B., 79, 78, 143, 164 Burton, 0Dr. C. J. 1164 Byrne, Dr. Char4,es, 19-29, 27, 28, 39 C ALOWELL, Os. F. H., 164 "C1199 Carol,6ne," 1S6, 158 Camtp MitchelI, 169 OsnD. J. M., 76 Carters, Dr,. F. H., 19 Carver,,, Or. T. 99., 154n, Cedar, Ksys. See Cholera,, Ceme6try,2 at Duval1Cunty-Hospital tand AsyIlum,, 15; Evertgreen,, 43; Old City 711211 Wiley), 27, 43, 69, 71n,; St. Johns Episcopal1 c1hurch burial grounds, 7911 Census111, of1 1879, 72, 73; 1f18 188, 119 Centers, Os. 0. F., 154,, Cholera, 69, 65n,; is Cedtr Keys, 66; Civil Was, 50-62; Federatl occupationS91 119 Jacktsonvlle 4dusing thy, 92, 93; phytsiians 4during thy, 63; uste of 1111111112 dluring thy, 67, 62 CIay, Os. E. 0., 79 CIo9d, Dt. S. A., 124 Concuss11ion1, 91111m9211196 disici ons1191, 113-14, 1199 Confesderte hostpital, 129 Cow ,Ford, 7,4 C1111111, D. A. T., 194n IDANIEL, 911911111 J. J., 45n,, 51, 73, 119, 129 Daiel1, Os. Bichard F., 29, 26, 29, 48, 49, 64, 75, 69, 93, 199, 102, 194, 104, 178, 109, 122, 129,,, 126; biographi- c1119data12n, 45-49; wife1111, 122 019911s, Os. A. H., 194 Detl, Os. J. G., 29, 63, 45 Dengue fever,, 116id41mc1 116, 911 1890, 25-26, 47 Disinftantts, Os. BaIdwi's1 p11011 on1, 91; uste 118, 133 oggstt, Mrs. Atistides, 86-67, 66 011,,,, 9112119b111, 21, 24, 29, 26, 39, 31, 43 01119, Os. Columtbus1, 76, 78, 19, 83, 85, 122; biographical dat11 on1, 93-95; 19981 of, 94 09919, 0r. Horace, 95 Druggist fist in Jacksonville, 4 Index ALLIGATOR (11111 Lake City), 14 1111 A1191111, 89; Evergtreen,, 49; Ambler,, Os. 14. C., 29, 58-59 074 9ity (11111 Wiltey), 27, 43, 69, 49912i1 Island, 14, 127 7111; St. J26811 Episcopalt church, Andeson,,, 0Dr. Andrew1, 76 bursial grounds4, 798 Anethetics, 69 Cen1sus, of1 1177, 72, 73; 94 1868, 1159 Artificial 9911, 37, 98 Center, Os. 0. F., 1964n Ashurs, Dt., 36 9624111, 95, 65t; i11 Cedar, Keyt, 66; BABCOCK, Os. 99.0H., 134, 137, 139 JCivil 1111 491911 thy62 92,ra 53;paio Baldw-in, Os. A. S., 18, 119, 22, 27, 29, ofhacysisit,, 411 ri9 the 52, 1113;2 31, 32. 34, 39. 49, 61, 64, 70n,, 72, p,,hsicas during the, 6; useto 75, 76, 77, 78, 90, 93, 96, 190, 111111914sgt,6,2 118-19, 129, 1211, 1123n,, 138, 194, 91 ZO. E. 0inin 75 ,1,6 163; 114411111 on 116191112111y, 77; Cla,, Os S A. 126 bigrpicldaaon 1-6;cim- Cttoud , r 1 S. A,11 11624 ,f~,s tol9ogy studies by, 12-139; 11111 lsgh- 113-14, 156 121117 13;1letterhbooks1of,115;1rec- Confdetet1 hosp10t,129 ord,4t61; wife81,,6 12, 39 911196111, 1, 4 Barstram, Will1iam, 1 Bay Street, 911 1642, 22 Bsthunet, Judgt Farsquhars, 8, 591n A IL 1181 4 91 1 3 Belton9, 0r. George1 W, 75 A ILCooeJ..,4n5173 Bostwick, Os. 99. M., 36, 90, 199, 119 1119, 129 B9116911,, Os. Thoma9,s E, 5311 01111911, Os. Bicharsd P., 25, 26, 29, 48, Buckman11, Lietenantt T. E., 04, 53 39, 64, 75, 89, 93, 100, 102, 104, 105, C. J. Burtroughs, 89, 154 101, 109, 122, 123n,, 126; biographi- Bursroughs, Os. B. B., 74, 78, 143, 164 1119111 1111o, 43-49; 19911110, 1122 Burton, Dr. 9. J,1164 0111969 Dr. A. H1., 054 Byrnes, Os. 94111211, 19-21, 27, 28, 30 Dell 0Dr. J. 0., 29, 43,645 Denguet ftves, epidetmic 91, 911 1850, 25-26, 47 4.5 0911911111111111111, Os. Baldwin's4 p11611 111, CsALDWELL, Os. F. HI, 064 98; 9911 of, 133 "Camp6 Caroline,," 196, 198 oggett, Ms. Arstids, 86-87, 88 9219p Mitchell, 060 011111, Co1lumbus, 21, 24, 25, 26, 30, 91119 Persry, 153-54 31, 43 91111, 0Dr. 4. M., 76 0Dr19, Ds. Co499m111, 76, 79, 80, 83, Carster, Dr. F. H., 75 49, 122; biographicaI data on1, 9Ca1ver, Ds. T. 99., 154n 9-95; 19411 114, 94 9114111 es. See Cholest 01119, Os. Horatcs, 94 Cemetery10. at 04uv41 County, 0811p4111 Dru1ggist,7first1in1Jacksonvisle, 4 197 197  INDEX I N D X 1 9 INDEX19INE 198 INDEX Drugs, during the Civil War, 60, 61; the dll Nina, 1an4 the smugg5ing5 of, 60-61; ear1y use1 of, 5, 8; fatal prescription1 of, 44, in1 treatment1 of yellow1 fever, 48, 156 Duval1 County Hospital 5614 A1718um, 79-85, 76n, 126, 138; dead an4 was1h 688se, 76, 86, 82n; Dr. Col- umbus1 Drew's "Report 161 Cases1 of Di46seae" trea114 at, 81; Pest House6, 132, 163, 136, 137, 138, 136 Duval1 County6 Medical 8Sciey, 29, 42, 45, 47, 67, 63-64, 75, 95, 67, 105, 108, 117, 121, 122, 126, 127, 138 EI CHEMENDIA, Dr.. 13. M., 164 Evils, T. S., 608, 106, 116 FEARN, Dr. Thoms 138118 6 5 106, 110, 122, 126, 127, 154; wsife of, 127 Fernandina, 41, 65n1, 76, 106, 118, 122, 137, 164; health 8188116' report on1, 101; 11und14 154 n11114, 127; quarant61ned 1gainst, 162. 618 Ye1- P111r. 611 Den1gue, Malaril, "Mar- ket," 611411t, "Socie1y," Typhoid, Pinlay, Carlos6, 114 Fills in Jacksonville, in 1854, 61; i 1863, 54-55; is 1601, 126n First Publ47 Hspital (City HspitlI), Florida Medi 4118ci81125, 103-108, 105, 127, 142-46, 162, 162, 164, 165; charter 111116r6 of, 06; fi166 an- n811 meeting11o8, 121-23; first1meet- ing of, 76-76; 8ou686 1111s861 of, 67-66; s11854 1111055 of, 76-78; sixt6 ses1ion 81, 126; 86ir4 611si85 of, 67s F1orida 81161 88164 of He11186, 77, 97, 122, 126, 163-64, 166, 167; found- ing of, 162-65 Fl86146 University7 Medical School, Freedmens Bur6181, 64, 65 F11161, of16857, 39; 88 1877, 114-17 Fumigat6ion. 611 Spinn6r, 015e1a1 F. P., 664 Waycrsls, Georgia G AILLARD, Dr6. P. S., 36 Oainesville, 74, 75n 02141567, 1D6. Richard, 76, 761 Gor141, Dr6. John, i511818, o1 an arti- 81i1111 111761111n, 37 H AL ]ALL, Dr6.111111, 5,817; b16561761- cal 4165861, 1-4; 41118 81, 6; 11611 7674s18515 inFlorid, 1; 1168158, 3 1116101116, Surgeon 01611611 J. B., 147, 1116461, Colonel1 L. A., 113, 626 11a646166, Dr6. Robert, 75-76, 76n 111rt6i441,13. Theodor, 72n, 118, 116, 126,11i16 81, 86, 87, 88 Hendsonville01, North Car1lina, 154 y111111 115-11 11184161, 156 Hisks, Dr. 3. W., 163, 164 1101, 136. J. C.. 76 118g1an 136116, 66, 118-19; 120-21, 124-25, 131; 11186ring 88, 121 Hol65an4, Dr6. H. 13., 26, 28, 26, 30, 34, 43, 47; biographil 4188861, 17-18; 11161 sf, 17 11161111, Ds. 16. S., 16 116, 136. P. A., 116 Horsey, 136. C. W., 122 118616big666, 16. M. M. T., 75 II NORAM, Mrs. 11. J., 113-14 JCSN ACKSON, General Andrew1, 4, 5 Jacksonville, 6186661681118, 7; bound- Dr6ug1, d8411g t6 131711 Was, 60, 61; 666 dsll Nisa, and 661 smuggling5 sf, 60-61; 661617 us61 sf, 5, 8; fata1 711116176665 of, 44; in 161ea61161 of 7611811 81111, 48, 156 Duval County Hos176111614 Asylum1, 79-85, 766, 626, 138; 4184 and 11116 661111, 76, 80, 82n; 136. Col- umbus111Drew's "Re1por6 81Ca111188 13111861," 6111664 16, 81; 7116 11ouse, 132, 133, 134, 137, 136, 136 1381a1 County Medicl 6811167, 26, 42, 45, 47, 67, 63-64, 75, 95, 67, 165, 168, 117, 121, 122, 126, 127, 136 ISCHEMENDIA, Dr6. 13. M., 164 0161ll, T. S., 10, 10, 116 Ferde, 13r. Jon i ng, 76, 86, 105, 116, 122, 126, 127, 154; 11181 168, 127 Fernandina1, 41, 651, 76, 168, 118, 122, 137, 164; healt6 61111166s 667811 118, 161; 68811464 and named4, 127; quarant61ned 1gain11, 162. 311 Ye11- Feve. See 1311516, Malarial, "Mar- 616," 818416, "887ie67," 57761614, Pill ow388, 1 Fires 161 Jacksonvill, is 1864, 31; is 1863, 54-55;i19061, 126n First Pub6111 1186pi611 (City Ho8spital), Florida Medical1 Association5, 103-104, 106, 127, 142-43, 162, 163, 164, 165; 1656661 11111616 o1, 76; fif66 1an- nual1 11118111 of, 121-23; first 11611- ing 68, 75-76; 888166 11141611 of, 97-98; 1116614 meeting sf, 76-78; 616166 61661161 of, 626; third 1664861 68, 977s Plorida 88166 82854 66 Healt6,77, 97, 122, 16, 163-64, 167, 167; 188614- in1g sf, 162-65 Florida 13611111467 Medical Sc68o1, PFreedmen's 856115, 64, 63 Freez, sf 1157, 36; sf 1677, 114-17 PFumigatio. 611 Spinner1, 06161a1 P. E, 264 Wycrss, 01166561 G AILLARD, 136. E. S., 36 Gasville11, 74, 7361 Gar641111, Dr. 1Richar4, 76, 76s 06641, 131. John1,1inventor6 ofanari ficia1 ice 111116161, 37 H AL lALL, Ds. Ja116s,35,17; bio6graphi- c81 data sn, 1-4; 41166 88, 6; 8616t physician is Florid, 1; 61311 of, 3 115114616, 816141166 G611611 3. B., 147, 1116411, CoIonel L. A., 113, 126 111641166, Dr. Robe616, 75-76, 768 Hartridge, D. Theodore6, 72, 118, 116, 120; wife 68, 86, 87, 88 Hendsonville0, North 131516661, and yeflow 81116 61885116, 186 Hicks, Dr. 3. W., 163, 164 Hil1, D. 3. C.. 76 Hsgas, Cr661k, 66, 118-16; 120-21, 124-25. 131; c1ea6ing 61, 121 Hollas, 136. H. D3, 26, 68, 26, 30, 34, 43, 47; biographical data sn, 17-18; wi16688, 17 1162111, Dr6. R. S., 10 11o16, 136. P. A., 110 1111117, D. C. W., 122 Hstshinsoss, Dr. M. M8. T., 75 I NGRAM, Mss. H1. 3., 113-14 J ACKSON, 01611151 Andrew1, 4, 6 Jacksonville, blockhouse in,7; bound- Drus, during 661 Civil War., 60, 61; 661 4o11 Nisa, and t61 smugglings sf, 60-61; 1161166 uso, 5,68; fata1 prescript1on 161, 44; in 6615611156 168 7111811 11766, 48, 166 Dusal County8 11os1it11 and Asylum1, 76-65, 766, 126, 138; 4114 1114 8111h 881611, 79, 80, 82n; Dr. 1361- umbus1 Drew's "Report 81 Cases6 of 13111111," 66116114 a1, 81; Pest 118111, 132, 633, 134, 137, 036, 136 Duvl 13161618 Medical1 0oc1167, 26, 42, 46, 47, 57, 63-64, 75, 93, 67, 105, 108, 117, 121, 122, 126, 127, 168 E CHEMENDIA, 136. 13. M., 164 Fel8s, T. S., 108, 606, 110 FEARN, Dr.Thoas,11 761, 103, 110, 122, 126, 127, 184; 11i61 88, 127 Fernandina1, 41, 651, 76, 108, 116, 122, 137, 164; 661166 of14766's 617866 onI, 101; 15861414 and named1, 127; quarantined4 agaist, 102. S16 Ye4- Pever. S11 131ngu8, Malsail, "Ma11- ke66," 8756116, 81111167," Typho6i, Finlay7, 1356116, 114 Pires 161 Jacksonville, is 1854, 31; in1 1863, 54-55; is 1901, 126n Pirst Public 1181p1811 (13187 116171616), 118441a Medical Assciation, 103-104, 103, 127, 142-43, 162, 163, 164, 166; 6811111 11111616 66, 76; 0686h a61- nul meeting1of, 121-23; fi16 11616- 4616 6f, 75-76; 1816186 se641661 of, 97-98; 61,864 11114615 88, 76-78; 4686h 6114811 166, 126; 66164 s114861 sf, 67n Florida 881181 166164 of Health, 77, 97, 122, 126, 163-64, 165, 167;f18861- ing sf, 162-65 Freedme's Breau, 64, 65 P11161, of11857, 39; of 1822, 114-17 PFumigaions. 516 Spinner, General P. E., 1661 Waycross, 0116651a G AILLARD, Dr. . S., 36 0111116501, 74, 75n Gardene, 136. Richasd, 76, 76s 06666e, Dr. 38611, 151161616 ofanari ficia1 ice 11116111, 37 H ALL, Dr6.3James,5, 17; biographi- 611 4186 811, 1-4; 41886 61, 6; fisst physcian i1Florid, 1; wife1of, 3 Hamilton6, Surgeon 01111651 J. B., 147, 11a6411, Colonel1 L. A. 113, 126 Harrison, 136. Robert6, 75-76, 76s 1116661461, D. Theodore1, 721, 118, 116, 120; 16311 161, 86, 87, 88 Hendesovlle50, Nort6 131680618, and ye11low 61116 61855111, 156 Hickss, 136. 3. W., 163, 164 11l1, 136. 3. 13., 76 1185161 13516k, 66, 118-19; 120-21, 124-25, 1.61; 611561615 68, 121 Holland, 136. 11. 13., 26, 28, 26, 30, 34, 43, 47; biographica1 data on6, 17-18; wife1 o6,17 Hom111s, 136. 16. 8., 10 olt, Ds. P. A., 110 1186117, Ds. C. W., 122 Hskheigso, 16. M. M. T3., 76 I NGRAM, Mss. 11. 3. 113-14 J ACKSON, 01611686 An46111, 4, 5 Jacksonville,6blockhouse1in, 7; bsusd-  INDEX 199 I N E 1 9INDEX 199INE19 INDEX 199 aries of, 35; chare of021 c217or- ation1 of, 6; early growt1h of, 6-7; earl torit in, 12, 36; firs Amer7- icnstlri, 2-3; f6rs new11- papr i,6;1founed an n md, 4; asagatewycity. 7, 7n; im- provements rn 23; incras 2 in poplat2ion of, after the Cii War, 63; jail ondit1ons o6, 71-72; 1112162 62211 in, 37; popu1ation and 22266 rate of, 100; as a re1or1 1or62nva112s, 23; 022te2 61a11s Jacksonville Auxiliary 6223227y Asso- ciat2o, 152-53, 134 Jacksonvil7e Bord of 112a1t6, 19, 27, 31, 91-32, 33. 177. 171, 172, 173, 1742, 171, 117, 113. 118, 131-32, 133, 134, 135-38, 172, 137 Jacksonvil1e Water Worksh, 124-25. 311 Waterlsupply Jo6hnson, Dr. P. F., 63 Jones, Charles H.,72editor of1 theFlorid Times1-Union, 132, 136, 137 J21222, 012172 F., 112 K ENWORTHY, Dr. C. J., 67. 63, 92, 172, 163, 122, 1232, 126, 146, 154, 163; biographical 2212 on, 96-97; 11111 of, 37, 122 7627, Captain Nicholas, 21161e Welaka, Kimball, Dr. 5. P., 126 726461, Dr. A. W.. 63, 161, 173, 116, 122, 132, 133, 136, 137, 154; 662- g12phi2a1 2212 22, 95-96; 1110 21, 35, 138-39 722, Do. Jo61 ("The Reverend"), 140. 141, 145 L AFAYETTE, 0121121, 1, 2 Lake City G1n1111 112176121, 61 Lancet, 7122 62 1112122121 26 231211e, 17. 322 712221711675 L211-12, 6217122 02en1111 Thomas, 16, LeBaono, J. F, P., 77, 71 Lee, 0222121 726711 E., 73-74 L'Egl, F. F., 133, 135-36 L'Engle, Dr. W.J.,23, 24, 2, 2,119; biographical 2212 22, 43-44; wi611 o1, 44 Livingston, Dr. J. H., 135, 131 IW+ oCORMICE, As1161221 6217122 Charle, 11 MoCoy's 71116, 36, 124, 123 Molloooy, Dr. T. P., 73, 715n McFherson, Dr. 010171 11., 64 Malarial fever, 10-11, 27, 47, 177, 167 "Market Bover" 91 M1axwell, Do. G72171 Troup, 71-72, 73, Mdical Board, 6111t i2 Territory of F121622, 3 Medicl 11461111622, 16111 12 Territory 26 F121622, 5 Mdical 71701601, 1in 1127y y1211, 8 Mitchelo, Do. 5. D., 23, 37, 53, 54, 64, 89. 33, 117, 122, 127; 66271276672l 2112 on, 56-57; 11617 of, 16-17 Mitchel7, Dr. Neal, 13, 132, 134, 135, 134, 154, 177; 762711766111 4112 22, 127-28 Mitohell, Dr. 627171e, 127-28, 154n Murdoch, Dr. J. S., 27, 452, 462; 662- 717766011 d212 72, 42-43; 2221671 of, 45n; 11617 of, 42 Murphy, Dr. M. J.. 72 Murray, Dr. R. D., 37-91, 122, 123, 127, 173 OBESTETRICS, 42 012d Citioen," 372, 71 PACETTI, Do. L7116, 77 Pa1lmer, Do. J.0Denham, 76, 101, 172 1211s of, 35; ch671111o 211772172- 01622 of, 6; early7growth1o, 6-7; early tourists7in, 12, 36; first1Amer- ican2sett1er i7, 2-3; 1611177111- paper 67, 6; foooded ood 222212, 4; 71 2 7211227217t, 7, 72; i22- p12ovem1212 in, 23; increase population1 of, after 167 Civfi Wa21, 63;,jai, 72112616271 of, 71-72; ma21671 h2212 ino, 37; population and 22216 1217 of, 177; 112 111211r foo 6702221s, 23; 076172 611177 Weather 722222 Bn, 59 Jacksonville Auxiliary 6272017y Also- 0621622, 152-53, 154 Jooksoovlloa221 of 117276, 10, 27, 51, 91-32, 39, 177. 171, 172, 173, 104o, 176, 117, 113, 110, 131-32, 133, 134, 135-38, 152, 155 Jaoo nvil0 e Wa21e1 Wo2167, 124-25. J767227, Dr. P. 6., 63 Jooes, Charles H., editor of tho Florido Timesnon02, 132, 137, 137 571227, 002170 E., 112 K ENWORTHY, Do. C. J., 22, 13, 32, 172, 173, 022, 123o, 127, 140, 154, 163; biogoophioal doto 27, 96-97; w66e of, 97, 122 King, 7171267 N6c67102, of the Welaka , 7622626, Do. J. P., 127 776761, Do. A. 77., 99, 171, 177, 110, 122, 132, 133, 130, 147, 154; bio- graphica1 2211 77, 95-96; wi27 of, 33, 138-39 702, Dr. 5277 ("Th6e 71771172"), 147, 141, 143 L A FAYETTE, General, 1, 2 7761 7ity 0777221112176111, 71 70277t, 2se2 17 tr21122121 21 disease, 1.31 See022dlettin LeBaon, J. F. P., 70, 71 Lee, Ge77711 726711 F., 73-74 L'Engle, F. F., 133, 135-36 L'611217, Do. W7. J., 23, 24, 25, 23, 113; 667712776721 2111 07, 43-44; 22617 of, 44 L6-6ngston, Do. J. H., 135, 137 M coCORMICK, Assistan 6u17227 Charles 11 McCoy's Creek, 30, 124, 125 Mc11enry, Dr. 7. P., 73, 73n Mc7671172, Do. 070221 H1., 64 Malaria11feve, 10-11, 27, 47, 177, 17 "Maroket fever" 91 Maxwelfl, Do. Googe Troup,71-72, 73, 213, 145 Modical 727r2, 622s i7 Te7121217 of Florida, 5 MedioaI legislat1on, 16111 io Terri61ory of F121ida, 5 Medioal praotioe, io 71117 71211, 8 Miooholl, Ds. J. D., 23, 33, 53, 54, 64, 03, 33, 117, 122, 127; biographica1 2a1a 22, 56-57; wife7f,086-87 MitchelI, Dr. Nea1, 00, 132, 134, 133, 144, 153, 167; biographical 2111 211, 127-28 Mitohell, Dr. Sollaoo, 127-28, 1147 M012206, Dr. J. S., 27, 437, 467; bio- graphica1 2212 211, 42-43; 2221711 of, 45n; wif17 of, 42 Moophy, Do. M. 5., 74 Morroy, Do. R. D., 97-98, 122, 123, 127, 175 O BSTETRICS, 62 "01d 7616277," 90no, 91 P['ACETTI, Do. 771161, 76 7212271. Os. J. Denham2,76, 101, 172 2167170o, 35; charter of incorpor- 21607 of, 6; early 7221116 of, 6-7; ear17 tourists in, 12,36; first AmerI- ican7settler i7, 2-3; firt1 nws 72701 67. 6; 1027222 ood 212272, 4; 21 2 41171137 oily. 7, 7o; 622- 73277227717111, 23; 611017772 Bn popolotion of, after the Cioll 7715, 63; oail, 007226207s of, 71-72; 2221601 62217 io, 37; popolotioo 272 d7217 7117 of, 100; os 0121211t 122 1202221, 23; 77212d 612111 Weather B22222 Bn, 59 ciation1, 152-53, 154 Ja2761770217 72112 of 1172116, 18, 27, 51, 31-32, 57, 177, 171, 172, 173, 104o, 1708, 117, 113, 117, 131-32, 133, 134, 135-31, 152, 155 Jacksonvfiol Wateo Works, 124-25. 312 Wtersuopply 57611211, Dr. P. F., 89 57271, 76122711H., 72102176167h Ff2220a Timeso-Unon, 132, 136, 137 Jordao, 027172 E., 112 KENWORTHY, Do. 7. J., 80, 83, 52, 172, 173, 122, 123o, 126, 140, 254, 165; biographicaI data 211, 96-97; 11612 of, 57, 122 Flog, 7771167 Nicholas, of 162771la02, Kimball1, Dr. J. P., 127 Knigho, Dr. A. W., 99, 101, 109. 117, 122, 132, 133, 136, 147, 154; bio- graphical dota 07, 95-96; wiofe of, 95, 138-39 Fop, Dr. Joho ("The Reverend"), 7I140, 141, 145 LA FAYETTE, 07222al,1, 2 7262 Clty 0711e111 Hospital, 61 Loancot, used io treatment of disease, 17. Seeood10e261n2 7111101, Sgon 07117711 Th72221, 17, Lelaron, J. F. P., 77, 71 Coo, 0727121 706771 F., 73-74 767017, F. F., 133, 135-36 L'Eogls, Do. 0W. J., 23, 24, 25, 27, 119; biogoophical 2a1a 211, 43-44; wi117 of, 44 Lilnson, Dr. J. H1., 135, 730 M oCORMICE. Assistant Surgeon 762226s 11 Mc07077 Coeok, 30, 124, 125 M01107y, Do. '7. P., 75, 75o M07611102, Ds. 070177 H1., 64 Malarial fevor, 10-11, 26, 47, 177, 167 "Markoot fever," 91 Maxwe'll, Do. 070177 Troup7,71-72, 73, 113, 135 Medical Boood, fios 67 Ter712121770 Flori21, 3 Medillefgislation, ff111 67 '711111017 of F121627, 5 Modical praotico, 67 early pears,8 Mitchell, Dr. J. D.,27, 35, 33, 54, 64, 03, 63, 110, 122, 127; biographical data oo, 56-57; 11117 of, 86-8f Mitchol, Do. Nea1, 89, 132, 134, 135, 144, 154, 167; biographicl doto 211, 127-28 Mi610627, Dr. Sollaco, 127-28, 154o Moodoch, Do. J. S., 27, 45n, 46o; bio- graphicol dato 07, 42-43; mo21her of, 45n; woife of, 42 Moophy, Do. M. J.. 62 M0111y, Do. R. D., 97-98, 122, 103, 126, 163 O BSTETRICS, 42 "012d 721i71," 90n, 91 Pj'ACETTI, Do. 77wi66 76 Palmer1, Dr. J. 0776111, 76, 101, 162  200 INDEX 200 INEXDEXIDE Palmer1, Dr-. T. M., 90, 121, 163 Rogero, Joseph P., editoils of, o Petal, Dr. J. D., duel wit0h Babcock, t61 yelow fever epidemic of 1857, 200 INDEX Palmer1, Dr. T. M., 97, 101, 163 Pelot, IDr. J. D., duel w1ith Ba1bc,1, Perrine, Dr. Henry,, 11 Phillips, Dr. N. D., 126, 163, 164 Physician1, 0111t American, in PFlorid, inl Jacksonville, 29; 1i1s1 woman11, inl Physicians, in Duval 0County1 prior 19 1840, 17; homeo1pathic, 155; inl Jacksonville in1 16e 18193s, 42-49; inl Jacksonv6ille 11116e 1870's, 90-37; 111,63,0d011n161he9Civi9'War, 63; Physicians' 1110 Nurses1' Bu1199, 154 Pine, 911e11 911111 Main 9111e19, 1842-47, 22 Pond1, Tho, 22, 31, 110, 113, 119, 120, 12011, 121 Porter-, 0Dr. J. Y., 91, 122, 123, 126, 141, 11411; biographical 41111 o11, Pritchard, Robert-, 2-3 Q UARANTINE, 111 Jacksonville i11 1832, 21; Ordinance1 1111812 on,1,27; "picket gu1114" 1en18101em111 111, 123; against119Savannah16in 1954, 33; "16h6t8u1" 91111111111e11 of, 133; violation1 111, 31, 33-36; ope Yellow1 1,1,lIe. See 2222 Waycross, Georgia1 R ANDOLPH, 0Dr. A. L., 76, 98, 122, 411141119, Dr. J. H., 76 41ichard, 0Dr. Malvina,, 89 411911 Association1, of Jacksonvile, 86, 16n-. See1 St. Luke's Hospital "419411 of C1111 111 0811111," 1917. See01Duv0l1Count1 Hos1pita Roberts1on1, "Dr.," 9-6 Robinson1, Dr. Henry, (Hy), 99, 113, 126, 132, 134, 138, 133; biographi- ca11data6o,129-29; wife6of,129 484112, Joseph P., 14911119111 of, on 1611 9691191 111911 6e24d1199 91 1197, 40, 41 SABRAL, 0Dr. E. T., 59, 64, 76, 33, 192, 102, 119, 110, 122; biographi- 021 4211 on, 59-60 St.596111 River-, 1, 2, 7, 8, 12-13, 15; St. Luke's 041490al 111116191111 organ1- 11114, 17-89; 81110611611e of, 99; founding1 of1, 96-87; officers, 1114 em116111 of 6boa14 of, 88 91114 Hi111 Hospital, 149, 14911, 160 921191a1i01, 911 1676, 91-92;9improve- 111116161, 119, 129, 194; 914691111 29, 118-24 919111111, 012148a. See Qu112n0111 99111111 11911, 31-32 991191109 War, di61a111 4110119, 11 Sewers1,9in Jacksnvil2,1,91118-20, 124-25 Shine9, Dr. WVil1iam, 76 Simpson,, 0Dr. J. Kn1ox, 83n Smallpox1 epi4demics, 911 Jacksonville, 31, 32, 64, 131-39; Pest House93or 99069111 46, 132, 133, 134, 137, 131, 139, 167 "Society1fever," 146 991ence, Dr. W. A., 19 416411 61 the- 11141, 156-58 911111, 0Dr. 0411111, 14, 92; biograpbi- 911l 41162 on1, 50-51; 4911611, 61-63; editoria1 16699611e of1, 67-68; as mayor1of1Jacksonvi91e, 66; 11119i011 911111 a11111sentor 66; 1141 41, 69 Stollenwerck6, Dr. P. J., 69, 154n- 96291, 0Dr. H. R., 19, 136 Summers,-, 0Dr. T. 0., 143, 144 Swart1, Reverend1,1 21119, 32, 34 Typhoid fevops, 146, 167 Perrino, Dr. Henry, 11 Phillps, 0Dr. N. D., 126, 163, 190 Physiian, 69116 A111199ca1, 9n F1orida, 1 (211099l,01.111619; 81119466r, in Jacksonville9, 23; 1911111111121,911 Jacksonvi9211, 89 Physician1s, 911 02921 0221119 prior 111 1110, 17; 601110921690, 155; i Jacksonville 911 161 1850's, 42-49; 91 Jacksonville in16h1 11741s, 36-37 ; lack of, 43011416 0994ivi War, 63; l21ensing of, 5 Physicians' and4 Nurses' Bur111u,154 Pinl 961111 (now1 Mai 1610119, 1842-47, 22 Pond, The, 22, 39, 110, 113, 118, 120, 1290n, 121 9111111, Ds. J. Y., 99, 122, 123, 126, 141, 164n-; biogra1phical 4162 01, Pritchard1, RobertI, 2-3 Q UARANTINE, 911 Jacksonville1 in 1162, 21; 049inanc,1 of1 1132 211, 27; "999611 411114" enforc01ment of1, 103; against Svannah1185114, 33; "16019621" 1111214111111 of, 133; violation1, of, 31, 33-36; 212 Yellow1 11ev11. 2Sep al12, Waycross, Georgia R ANDOLPH, 0Dr. A. L., 79, 96, 122, 411114096, 0Dr. J. H., 76 41946114, 0Dr. Malvina1, 89 Re1ief Association1 41 51acksonvill1, 96, 86n1. See 91. Luke's 001900a "eport 119 01111 of 0911111," 1877. See Duval 0631119 Hospita 411641114,, 0Dr.," 5-6 4Robinson,, Ds. Henly (Hy), 99, 119, 126, 132, 134, 136, 139; biographi6- cal6data4on,128-29; wi-91 of, 123 ABOAL, 0Dr. E. T., 58, 69, 76, N3, 190, 102, 110, 118, 122; biographi9- cal data on1, 59-60 9t.526111 49941, 1, 2, 7, 8, 12-13, 15; 631 of, 12-13, 72; 121699901692,11111, 52; 9116911 66, 13 St. Luk's1 Hospita, 111442at411064211- 91114, 87-89; f9,st0charter1of, 23; 10o149114 of, 86-87; offics 1114 me111611 of 64114 of, 81 Soand 0991s 0419960l, 143, 149n-, 150 911,1411662,, 9in 1170, 91-92; improve9- 111116129, 119, 120, 124; prlblemsl of1, 118-24 Savannah1, 0141499. 31ee Quarantine, 913411t 99911, 31-32 911191141 War, 4011111s 43011g, 11 9111111,91 inJacksonvill, 118-20, 124-25 969111, Dr. Wi1lliam, 79 99119121, 0Dr. J. Knox, 1311 911199011 1994111901, 111 Jacksonvi11e, 31, 32, 64, 131-39; Pest 04911 121 9998111 of, 132, 133, 134, 137, 131, 139, 167 'Society 91911," 146 9991100, Ds. W. A., 19 Spinner,, Ge111r1l P. Eletter- on, fumi9- 418611 of lhp 11199, 156-58 961111, 0Dr. 0111111, 19, 52; 6911413969- 2114161121n, 50-51; death of, 68-69; editorial 141999911s of, 67-68; as1 mayor1 ofJacksonville, 66; 11199011 11216111111111to,169; 1191111,69 91o911,111s1,1, Dr. P. 5.. 99, 19411 Stout, 0Dr. H. R., 19, 196 Summers1, Ds. T. 0., 143, 144 911911, 419114114 1111c, 30, 34 TALLAHASSEE Medica oad Typhoid 91911, 146, 197 9911111, Ds. T. M., 37, 121, 193 Print, Dr. J. D., 490l 1106 B160406, Perrin, Dr. Henrsy, 11 Phillips, Ds. N. 0., 126, 193, 164 11 019 al, Dr. James5)91 9011t or, 92 J39012119911, 29; first1woma1,,9n Physiian, in9,Duval0ounty priorto 1140, 17; homeo1pathic, 135; i, Jacksonville 911 661 1850's, 42-49; 91151961224911911661h 1870's, 90-97; 11ck1of,441 lurip 09999iil1Wa, 63; Physicians' 1114 Nuss' 041114, 154 P9111 941111 911111 Main 9611119, 1842-47, 22 Pond4, Thp, 22, 31, 110, 113, 118, 120, 12211, 121 Porter,, Ds. J. Y., 31, 122, 123, 126, 131, 15411; 6944ra1196al data 411, Pritchard, Robert-, 2-3 Q UARANTINE, 911 Jacksonville 911 1932, 21; Ordinance4 21 1152 01,27; "pi6k1t 411114" 1,19111111111 of1, 103; 14191111 91911111h 911 1634, 33; '"sh149un" 1111419111111 of, 133; violat4on 41, 31, 33-36; see Yelow 11941. Se11 also Waycoss, G6214911 R ANDOLPH, 0Dr. A. L., 76, 99, 122, 4Rando6ph, Dr. J. H., 76 41906114, 0Dr. Malvina, 19 419911 A13o92iation of1 Jacksonville, 96, 9911. See, 9t. Luke's 04199111 "Re-port1 of 01111 of 0911211," 1977. .911 Duval 0119119 Hospitl 4261111211, 'Os.," 5-6 411694101, 0Dr. Henr1y (Dy), 83, 119, 126, 132, 134, 139, 134; biographi- c114161a011, 128-29; wife of, 129 Rogerso, 523196 P., 14914019l of, 24 161 914611 11ever19p4de119 of 1857, 42, 41 AB0AL, 0Dr. E. T., 59, 94, 76, 93, 100, 102, 110, 118, 222; bi2419969- 411 4161 411, 59-60 St.5Johns 49991, 1, 2, 7, 8, 12-13, 15; bar 21, 12-13, 72; fortificton9,s 2, 52; 9116911 of, 13 96. Luke1's 0419011l, associa9162, organ- 9414, 87-89; 6116961111129 o, 89; 143114911 41, 86-87; 41191111 1114 11111691 of 62964 of, 88 91114 Hil1 021991111, 149, 19, 190 Sanitatio, in 1274, 91-92; impr1ve- me1,1612,, 119, 122, 129; pr261lems of, 118-24 Savannah1, 01111490. 311 Quarantine1 901416t 11916, 31-32 91119,149 WIar, 4611111s 434114, 11 9111111, in Jacksonvil941, 118-20, 124-25 Shine1, Dr. Wil11iam, 79 99119124, 06. J. Knox,, 8.3n 91196194x 1994111941, 94 Jacksonville, 31, 32, 64, 131-39; Pest House1 los 99919111 119, 132, 133, 134, 137, 131, 139, 167 'Society fever,9" 146 9Sp1111, Ds. W. A., 9 9119411 of 16e mails,, 156-58 91141e, Os. Holmes1, 14, 52; biographi- caldat 4911,39-51; death64, 68-69; 1494631a 393999911s of, 67-68; as 11111911191111141r,996; wife41, 69 91o111,1111,-k, 0Dr. P. J., 69, 1541 91331, Dr. H. 4., 19, 155 93111111, 0Dr. T. 0., 143, 144 Sw-rt, 419111114 I1110, 32, 34 TALLAHASSEE Meical1 42164. Typhoid 91911, 146, 167  INDEX 201 INDEX 201 INDEX U NIVERSITY of Ff2ri41. See Fforida, University of VACCINATION, 477621TINdeot, 130, 132; a112111 smallpox2, 64, 132, 135, 131 "Varioloid," c11e1 of, 32, 134 WQ\AKEPIELID, Dr. A. J., 76,893 Wolf, Dr2. Johnf P., 70, 97, 34, 122, 164; his le717 221 7277722221 medicine, 77, 162-63 Walon, 1D1. Alf1124, diary of, 53-53 1W1r Be2,227en 420211te. See Civil Waterlsupply, in2 Jacksonill, 27, 37 Waycross, Georgia, quarant1ine7 against 21227222, 143; fumi2gation of mails1, 156, 157 Webster, "Dr." E. P., 38-39 Webster,, Dr. Norman, 130, 164 WVellford, Dr. F. F., 75, 76, 78, 98, 121, 123; biographical 4122 on2, 103-4; memorial11to, 106; volunteer work6 in Fernandina, 174-5 Welt Flor1da Seminar1y, 142 Wifley, Captain Char111, 22, 27, 35 Wil6iams, Dr. J. H., 76 1I{ALLER Fever S2a1,112 Yellow 2272r, 11, 24, 27, 167; at2temp2- ed eradication of, by ff27 and fumi- gation, 266-57; Blckbur's treat- ment1 of, 1262; 21221me2 22 treatment 21, 48; concussion of Jacksonville during, 113-24; discussion of, by 161 Ff21242 Medical Association in 1871, 122; 272422212,13, 37-41,348, 93-107, 108-17, 142-fl; 21re2222n2 of, 254. 3e7 202o Quarantine UNIVERSITY of Ff7441a. 31e Ff22141,IO Un20-7242 of VyACCINATION, 477721, 130, 133; against 12220702, 64, 132, 233, 131 "Varioloid," 70111 of, 32, 234 W AKEFIELD, 131. A. J., 70, 89 Wall, Dr. John ., 78, 37, 98, 122, 264; 77, 002-23 Walton, Dr. Al2174, 42217 of, 53-55 Wol 77222771 167 3ta121. See Civil Water supply, in Jacksofvi0l, 27, 37 Waycoss2, Ge0112a, quarantine against refugees, 143; fumigation of mai01, 136, 257 W1b61er, "Dr." F. P., 38-30 Wst27, Dr. Norman1, 130, 114 Weolfold, Dr. F. P., 73, 76, 72, 90, 121, 122; biographical 4211 on, 103-4; memorial2 to, 100; volunteer work6 in Fernan42n, 104-0 Well Ff0442a 42222101y,140 Willy, C272222 Charles, 70, 27, 33 Wil12iams, Dr. J. H1., 76 X' ALLER Fever 421re," 112 Yellow2fever, 11,214, 27, 167; 21272272- 24 eradication of, by fire 224 22umi- gation, 106-37; Blackburn's 21711- ment1 of, 1062; calomel in 4272222111 of, 42; concussion of Jacksonville doring, 113-14; di21701i21 of, by 267 Ff01242 Medical Association in 2070, 122; 7724722211, 13, 37-4l, 61, 40-107, 108-17, 146-61; 1112222721 of, 255. 3ee also Quarantine FfCC42,IONUiversity of VyACCINATION, 477001, 130, 132; aginst 12210702, 04, 232, 134, 130 "Vaooid2," cases of, 32, 134 W AKEFIELD, Dr. A. 3., 76,813 Wall, Dr. John P., 78, 77, 98, 122, 164; 77, 162-63 Walton, Dr. A12174, 4221y of, 53-55 WIr Bewe th2271 167a2227. S11 Civl Waterlsupply, in Jacksonville, 27, 37 Waycoss1, Georgia, qua1121in1 against 221ugees, 140; fum2igation 222210s 156, 157 Wobkter "Dr." E. P., 30-33 Webste, Dr. Normanl, 130, 154 WVIOford, Do. F. F., 7, 76, 78, 30, 121, 222; biographical 4212 o, 103-4; memorial1 to, 106; volunteer 22016 in Feroandina, 104-f West Ff0441a 472222117,140 Willey, C271222 Cha14e1, 22, 27, 33 Williams, Dr. J. H1., 76 7IJIALLER Fever 62ae,112 Yellow f7271, 11, 14, 27, 167; 02222272- ed 721461600o of, by 1627 and fumi2- gatonl, 156-57; Bl212660111 21702- ment1 of, 106n; 21202221 in treatment of, 44; 1012011202 of Jacksonvi4le during, 113-14; 421221si22 of, by 267 Ff11242 Medicl Association io 1070, 222; 772472222,613, 37-41, 92, 30-107,2108-17, 146-61; treatment1 of, 155. See 262o Qoaraineo