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I

THE

AJAX
OF

SOPHOCLES

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

PRESS

WAREHOUSE,

C. F. CLAY, MANAGER.
Ronb)o: FETTER LANE, E.C.
ilaSgob3: 50, WELLINGTON STREET.

l.eip ig: F. A. BROCKHAUS.
iebt Pork: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS.
18omba, anb (Talcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.

[All R'ights reserved.]

THE

AJAX
OF

SOPHOCLES
WITH A COMMENTARY
ABRIDGED FROM THE LARGER EDITION
OF

SIR RICHARD C. JEBB, LITT.D.
BY

A. C. PEARSON, M.A.

CAMBRIDGE
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

1907

QEamibgibe:
PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A.
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

PREFACE.

JN

making this abridgment of Sir Richard Jebb's edition
of the Ajax, I have endeavoured to work upon the
lines followed by Dr Shuckburgh in the case of other plays.
The matter eliminated has been chiefly the discussion of
alternative views giving reasons for their rejection, or of
critical details which are only of interest to mature scholars;
beyond this, I have sometimes omitted quotations which
are illustrative of the text but not vital for the understanding
of its meaning. In this way, though some of the material
contained in the Appendix has been worked into the body
of the notes, most of it has disappeared altogether.
It has not been thought necessary to distinguish those
additions or alterations-mostly of a trivial character-for
which I am responsible; but I ought to mention that a
change which the structure of the context seemed to require
has been made in the note on 5 o f.
Like Dr Shuckburgh, I have not found the work easy,
and can only say that I have done my best not to mar the
proportions of a commentary to which students of Sophocles
are so deeply indebted.

I

A. C. PEARSON.
April, 1907.

63630

CONTENTS.
PAGE
INTRODUCTION
MANUSCRIPTS,
METRICAL

.

.

.

ANALYSIS

.

.

.

.

vii

ETC. .

.

.

.

xxxvii

.

EDITIONS,

.

.

.

.

xxxix

.

.

xlvi

.

.

I

.

DRAMATIS PERSONAE; STRUCTURE
.

.

.

NOTES .

.

.

INDEXES

.

.

TEXT

.

.

.

.
.

.

.
.

.

.
.

51
.

194

INTRODUCTION.
§ i.

In the Iliad,Ajax, the son of Telamon, comes to Troy
from Salamis with twelve ships, and is stationed
on the extreme left of the army, at the east end

The Ajax of
the Iliad.

of the camp,-as Achilles holds the corresponding post of
honour on the right 1 . He is an independent chief,-subject
only to the allegiance which all the chiefs owe to the Captain
He has a well-recognised rank as
General, Agamemnon.
being, next to Achilles, the greatest warrior in the Greek
army 2. Gigantic in stature-taller by a head and shoulders
than his fellows-and of a massive frame, he is emphatically
the 'bulwark' of the Greek host3 . In comeliness, too, he is
second only to the son of Peleus 4 ; but 'huge Ares 'is the god
to whom he is compared; and when he is described 'with a
smile on his grim face,' it is in the joy of battle'. The
Homeric poet illustrates the qualities of his valour-both
impetuous and obstinate-by likening him, first, to a lion in
his onset, and then, when he is forced back by superior
numbers, to a stubborn ass, whom boys, with feeble but
1 /l.
IH. 7-9.
2 II. 2. 768 avapC v

av'Aly'

ciptros
LSrv

TeX

dAcbtos I 6p''AtX6)s
Alas

3 I. 3. 227 Q~XXO
'ApyTwv KE/cLaXl75 KCt evpe'Cs WIOUvM 229 EXpoLw,
7Et
EpKto 'AXatwv.
s

4 II. 17. 279.
5 I. 7. 2o8 oae6ar'
phXovpoioat rpoa~draot.

retO'

ol6o

re

reXcuptos

PXEirat "Apcs: 212

Aet6tb)vu

viii

Ajax

incessant blows, laboriously cudgel out of a cornfield 1 .
Staunch and steadfast, he never fails his friends at needwhether it be some individual comrade, such as his halfbrother Teucer, whom he protects 2, or whether he comes to
the rescue of the whole army at some crisis". In the absence
of Achilles, it is only Ajax who is a match for Hector4 . The
sevenfold shield' of Ajax is not only his characteristic attribute,
but the symbol of his service,-great in attack, but especially
signal in defence: and as the mighty shield is compared in
the Iliad to a tower, so its owner himself is elsewhere called
'a tower of strength ' to the Achaeans 6 .
The Athena of Sophocles speaks of Ajax as pre-eminent
not only for bravery but for prudence'. This is true to the
picture of him in the Iliad. Once, indeed, after he has
uttered a defiant and menacing challenge, Hector calls him 'a
blunderer, a clumsy braggarts'; in another place, however,when he agrees, at the herald's suggestion, to break off his
combat with Hector, though he was having the best of it,-his
chivalrous opponent recognises Ajax as one to whom the gods
have given, not only 'stature and might,' but 'understanding'.'
His good sense is conspicuous in the embassy to Achilles,
where he is the colleague of Odysseus and Phoenix.
It is he
who perceives when the moment has come for ceasing to press

11.

1 /.

548-562.

2

BI. 8. 266, etc.

As in the battle at the ships, when he wounds Hector (I. 14. 409 ff.);
or in the fight over the body of Patroclus (17. 281 ff.).
4 The Greek chiefs rejoice when it falls to the lot of Ajax to meet
Hector in single combat (/. 7. I82).
5 Made of seven layers of bull's hide, with a layer of metal nailed
on the top,-xdXKEOV, ElrTa36citov-as described in fl. 7. 219-223.
6 J 7. 29
i
dPWCv oTKOS ijTE 7rdpyov: Od. II. 556 (of Ajax) ro-os ydp
otv rrdpyo chr'Xco.
7 v. I I9 0ro60ro ris a& o 70r
1lp

-O1
7'

8 I.

'aIpbSorpoPo'0orepoS,
7

1

Spav

CiSEveow

Kalpta;

13. 824 Atav

9 fl. 7. 288 Atal,

aCapro67rs, fPovyCdiie.

gwrL TO' 80KE

66OSA

ys€60S
TE

oiV75

T6

I Kac 7rLVUTV.

Introduclion

ix

the inexorable hero. 'Let us go hence; for I do not think
that the end of our message can be gained by this mission.
He points out to his companions that it seems hopeless to
move Achilles at present: and then, turning to Achilles himself, he addresses him in words of frank reproach, but also of
friendly appeal and of cordial good-will 1.
One trait, however, marks an important difference between
the Homeric and the later conception.
In the play of,
Sophocles Ajax appears as one who has offended Athena by i
the presumptuous self-confidence with which he has rejected ,
divine aid in war. There is no trace of this in the Iliad.
While he is arming for the combat with Hector, he exhorts the
Greeks to pray that Zeus may help him 2 . In the battle at the
ships, after splendid deeds of valour, he retreats when he perceives, with a thrill of awe, that, for the time, the gods are
against him 3 . During the battle over the body of Patroclus,
when a thick mist has fallen on the field, his prayer for light
breathes reverent submission to the will of Zeus 4.
Such is the Ajax of the Iliad; a mighty champion of the
Greeks in their sorest need; a man of good sense and good
feeling, sparing of words, but able to speak wisely in season;
loyal to his friends; straightforward and unselfish; frankly
conscious of his strength, but placing his reliance on the help
of the gods, and yielding, even in the fiercest struggle, to
revelations of their mind.
A contest between Ajax and Odysseus for the arms of
Achilles, resulting in the defeat and suicide of Ajax, is first
mentioned in the Odyssey', where the sullen shade of the
injured hero refuses to hold converse with the victor. It was
the goddess Thetis who set her son's arms for a prize; 'the
judges were the children of the Trojans and Pallas Athena.'
.2 L. 7. I93 ff.
1 . 9. 6 24-642.
: 1. i6. Ir 9 -ypw 5'
Ai't'acs
KarC' Ovflu OV t-1/,l '1 y o-, E[I p y O v.
a
1I. 645 ff.
5 Od. If. 543-547.

4R.

Ajax

x
§ 2.

The whole passage evidently presupposes some wellknown work or works in which the contest for

ThCe Aetipis.

eLittle

the arms had been related more at length.

The

scholiast says that 'the story comes from the
Cyclic poets'.' There are two poems, and two
only, which are known to have contained that story. One is
the Aetiobpis, by Arctinus of Miletus, which may be placed
about 776 B.c. The other is the Little Iliad, which in later
antiquity was commonly (though not universally) ascribed
to Lesches, of Pyrrha, near Mitylene, and of which the
approximate date is 700 B.c.
In the Aet/ziopis, which contained the death of Achilles,
Ajax played a foremost part in rescuing the corpse from the
Trojans--an episode imitated from the fight over the body
of Patroclus in the Iliad. As to the manner in which Arctinus
conceived the contest for the arms, only two details are known.
(i) After the award, Podaleirius-the physician, skilled in
diagnosis of obscure ailments, as his brother Machaon was the
great surgeon-perceived a fierce light in the eyes of Ajax, and
a weight upon his spirit, which were the precursors of the
end:dOE X(OO/voto
3s(Ia KaI AlavTro 7Trpwro
o/

'duaTC co-'rprroroa flapvvduEvvV
7

rE vdo'r a

Arctinus described Ajax as killing himself 'about dawn"'
-doubtless on the morning after the award.
Pindar agrees with Arctinus in saying that Ajax died about
dawn-a coincidence which can hardly be accidental 4. There
is another point, however, in which it seems probable that they
(2)

1 Schol.

H on Od. I1. 547 ")
2 Schol. II. ii1. 515.

iO'ropa 'K TWV KUKXtLKWV.

3 Schol. Pind. Isthzm. 4. (3.) 58 6 -yap -r'
6

ppo

~yli

rvb

avTbv

Awitorla ypdcio

repl rby

aveohel'.

i.e.
53 d ia I Ep VvUK'rT, 'at the end of the night,'= rept
(see above, note 3).

4 Isthm. .

SpOpov

A'i'ava

zInroduclion

xi

diverged. According to Pindarl, the Greek chiefs were the
judges in the contest for the arms. This account, which
Sophocles follows, is fitted to win sympathy for Ajax, who
appears as a victim of jealousy and of ingratitude on the part
of men who had the best reason to know that he was second
only to Achilles. But the Odyssey testifies to that other version
according to which the judges were 'the children of the
Trojans and Pallas Athena.' The words of the scholiast' there
deserve attention :-'The story is from the Cyclic poets.
Agamemnon, on his guard against seeming to favour either of
the competitors for the arms of Achilles, brought some Trojan
prisoners, and asked them by which of the two heroes they
had been more injured,' etc. There is no reason to doubt
that the scholiast knew of this account as given in some poem
(or poems) of the Epic Cycle. But the Aethiopis and the
Little Iliad are, so far as we know, the only Cyclic poems to
which his allusion could refer. And in the Little Iliad the
award of the arms was decided, not by Trojan prisoners in the
Greek camp, but (as will be seen presently) by Trojan opinion
reported from Troy itself. Presumably, then, it was in the
Aelhiopis that the Trojan prisoners acted as judges.
The author of the Little Iliad seems to have worked in a
spirit quite different from that of Arctinus. The Aelhiois was
a grave epic, more in the temper of the Iliad; while the other
poem had more affinity to the Odyssey, more of the lighter
Ionian vein, and a larger element of romance. The contest
for the arms was managed in a way which indicates the desire
to avoid imitation of some earlier poet who had referred the
award to the Trojan captives. By Nestor's advice, the Greeks
send spies to the walls of Troy, in the hope that they may
overhear some Trojan comments on the rival Greek heroes.
The spies are fortunate. At that very moment two Trojan
One of them
maidens are discussing Ajax and Odysseus.
f.
Schol. HIon Od.

1 Nem. 8. 26
2

II.

547.

xii

Ajax

deems Ajax the braver, since he carried the corpse of Achilles
out of the fray. The other, inspired by Athena, reproves her;
-' even a woman can bear a burden, when it is laid on her,but she cannot fight' ;-and added, doubtless, that it was
Odysseus who had protected the retreat. The Greek chiefs,
on hearing the report of their messengers, adjudged the arms
to Odysseus'. Ajax, stricken with frenzy, made the onslaught
on the flocks and herds of the Greeks: and afterwards slew
himself 2. Agamemnon, probably by the counsel of the seer
Calchas, decreed that the body of Ajax should not receive the
customary form of funeral-i.e., should not be burned, but
should be placed in a coffin, and interred'.
Here, then, we
have two traits which are distinctive of the story as handled by
Sophocles, the onslaught of the mad Ajax on the cattle, and
the idea that, after his death, his body was liable to be treated
with some degree of penal dishonour. Both these traits, so
far as can now be judged, were peculiar to the Little Iliad.
In the other version-that indicated in the Odyssey and by
Pindar, and probably given by Arctinus-Ajax died guiltless
of offence against the Greeks, and received, like Achilles, the
spontaneous and uncontested tribute of public mourning.
1 Schol. on Ar. Eq. Io56. The first maiden said,
ydlp c'eLpe KUaL EKoEpC 6 70LT)TOS
Alas evh
qpw

Sios 'O6voeeds"
NiOEXe

IIXl6b6v, o06'

The second answered ('A0na rpovola)
yts
7rWs drecJwvP7ow ;
Kal KE

7rWi o0'KarT

JYUV7(E'OL XOo3,

K6tov P Eltrres;

1r76r KEV

VCi'p

7LrrO6?eJ

V
aXX' OiK tPlaXEO('aTO.
The last line and a half are in the text of Aristophanes. The scholiast
.
/ttKpA '
IXtlca rCETroLyrjs
designates the author as 6 T7-v'
2 Proclus, in his abstract of the Litile Iliad (Photius cod. 239) : 4Tv
O7rXwvKpitL S YVETat, Kal '0vre0s"
Ka-ra fOXtro(TV 'AOly as XacLcdvet, Al'a 6'
l
putsAavi
yev6/lCvoS 7 7re Xdlav 'Axatwv XvalveCrat Kat avTrv dvatpe'.
3 Eustathius on II. 2. 557 (P. 285): 6 r--v
tLKpizV
'IXtdi6a ypcas icaTopse
jn

ai

KCavOIU (UvvOw
VCat

TOv

Ai'avra,

T7OOvat

6pyi7Y 70TO partXd s. The intervention
Philostratus Heroic. 11. 3.

6

oirws

u
Co'pg,

St& 7v'

of Calchas is mentioned by

Introduction

xiii

§ 3. Before the age of the Attic dramatists, the Ajax
Ajax and the legend received some further developments
Aeacidae.
which were probably unknown to the Cyclic
poets.

One of these was the enrolment of Ajax among the

Aeacidae.

The Iliad bestows the name of AaK1l

on two

persons only,-Peleus, the son, and Achilles, the grandson, of
Aeacus.
The logographer Pherecydes' (circ. 480 B.c.) made
Telamon the son of Actaeus and Glauc'e, a daughter of the
Aeginetan hero Cychreus,--recognising no tie, except friendship, between Telamon and Peleus. According to another
legend, however, both Peleus and Telamon were sons of
Aeacus by Endeis 2 ('Ev8-yis = 'yyatos or E-yyEos, from the Doric
8a^ y). The cult of Aeacus, son of Zeus, had its chief seat
=
in the island called after his mother, the nymph Aegina.
Telamon and Ajax belonged to Salamis. By making Telamon and Peleus brothers, the Aeginetans linked their local
hero with the others. This engrafting of Telamon and
his son on the Aeacid stock had gained general acceptance
before the fifth century B.C. Herodotus 3 says that when the
Greeks had resolved, just before the battle of Salamis, 'to
invoke the Aeacidae as allies,' they called on Ajax and
Telamon to come to them from Salamis itself, but sent a
ship to Aegina to summon 'Aeacus and the other Aeacidae'
(i.e.,
Peleus, and his son Achilles; Phocus, and his sons Crisus
and Panopeus). The passage has an especial interest as
showing that, though Ajax had now been thoroughly adopted
into the Aeacid cult of Aegina, this had been done without
.weakening the immemorial tradition which made Salamis his
home.
I Apollod. 3. I2.§ 6.
2 Apollod. I.c.
" 8. 64 g3o* 6 0_L E-ao-Oat to'Ltt
QEOLot Ki
7,LKaXraoOat ro7- AiaKisla
'vdu X
OV2,
's &E' opt &oEe,...a,'rbO tEv eK ZaXa/A'ios At'av' "re KL
c

TeXacva e76UEKfIiOvTo,
c Ai'ytvav.

rt'i AiacOv
U

Kal 70b

aXXovs AiaKas vE'a
dr&T--ErXov

xiv

Ajax

Another addition to the Ajax legend-worthy of notice,
since Aeschylus used it-is that which made the
Ajax invulnerable.
hero invulnerable. This was borrowed from the
story of Achilles,--which, indeed, influenced at several points
the later development of the Ajax-myth: and it served also to
connect Ajax with Heracles. In Pindar's fifth Isthmian ode,
Heracles, the guest of Telamon at Salamis, prays that his host
may have a son, as 'staunch of frame' as the hide of the Nemean
lion which he himself is wearing'. From some such germ
grew the story that Ajax had been born before the arrival
of Heracles, who wrapped the child in the lion-skin, making it
invulnerable, except in one place which the hide had not
covered 2 . This legend is unknown to the Iliad3; but in
Plato's time it was generally current 4.
§ 4. Aeschylus handled the story of Ajax in a trilogy.
The first play was called '"OrXv Kpl( s, the
The trilogy
of Aeschylus.
Award of the Arms.
Welcker 5 thinks that
Aeschylus, following the Aetkiopis of Arctinus, made the
Trojan captives the judges, and omitted the onslaught of Ajax
on the cattle. On the first point we must be content to
remark that the Trojans appear as the judges not only in the
Odyssey, but also in the Heroica of Philostratus, in Quintus
Smyrnaeus, and in the Post/zomerica of Tzetzes, and it is
much less probable that they derived that version from
Arctinus than that they found it in some old writer of wider
popularity, such as Aeschylus. With regard to the general
1

slm. 5. 47 1ppnKTOV /UdC, CT-rEp T66E

8

,e uV neptirXca'raL
Vpptca

I

6-qp6s.

2 Tzetzes on Lycophron 455-461.
and schol. on v. 833.

Argument to Soph. Ai. (adfin.),

3 Thus in i/. 822 the Greeks fear that Ajax may be wounded by
23.
Diomedes.
P4 Symzp. 2I9 E (XpptAao-t) roXi tkXou 7pwroXXov ravrax, (sc.
lat.
0
wKpci7ed) ~jot6clp'p
6 AM8.

5 Ueber den Alas des Sophokles, in Rhein. Mns. for 1829, part 3, p. 53.

Introduction

xv

treatment of the subject by Aeschylus, one important fact
is certain. Ajax and Odysseus argued their respective claims
in speeches--as they do in Ovid and Quintus Smyrnaeus, and
as we know that they did in Theodectes.
It may perhaps jar
somewhat on our conception of Aeschylus-whose style, as we
know it, is so remote from rhetoric of the kind which afterwards became popular at Athens-to imagine him pitting his
two heroes against each other in controversial speeches; but
there is the trial-scene in the Eumenides to remind us how he
could treat a subject of the forensic type without loss of tragic
and heroic elevation.
The pleading of his Ajax and his
Odysseus had probably more resemblance to a controversy
in the Iliad than to such an encounter of wits as Euripides
would have provided on a similar occasion.
The second play of the trilogy was the Opjo-oaat. These
Thracian women, who formed the Chorus, were captives of
Ajax. Their function was similar to that of the Salaminian
sailors in Sophocles, to express reverence for Ajax, to mourn
with him in his unjust defeat, and especially to sympathise
with Tecmessa, a captive like themselves, and one whose
lot was to be reduced, by the hero's death, to a level with their
own2 . The suicide of Ajax was related by a messenger 3 .
Aeschylus adopted the legend already mentioned-that Ajax
was invulnerable, except at one place (in the side, according
to one account), which the lion-hide of Heracles had not
covered. The messenger told how, when Ajax first attempted
to slay himself, the sword bent against his body, 'as when
a man bends a bow.'
But anon a divine being came to him:
1 This is proved by a fragment of the "'07rXvKplOs (Aesch. frag. 175,
ed. Nauck), manifestly from a speech of Ajax, who taunts Odysseus with
being the son of Sisyphus:

AXX' 'ATLtKXia akoo XOe
r7rjo7 XTw -rot iT/lrpb'S o
"
Schol. on Soph. Ai. 134.
3 Schol. on Soph. Ai. 815 <aiv'et AiorxXo

oia'v-os,

&yelaCT0.

2

Aftavros

t' didXov

dra.yyelXas.

u

Opocats

7~r davalpeowt

xvi

Ajax

she it was who showed him the place at which he must drive
in the sword'. The simple fact that the suicide of Ajax was
narrated by an eye-witness, who could describe the circumstances attending it, at once indicates how profoundly Aeschylus must have differed from Sophocles in his treatment of
this subject. In the psychology of Ajax, as delineated by
Sophocles, we can trace the growth of those complex feelings
which imperiously required that his deed should be done in
complete security from the witness of human eye or ear, so
that he might be alone with his deliberate thoughts, and with
the gods to whom he speaks them.
The place of the 2aXaivtLaL as the third play of this trilogy,
2
and the nature of the subject, may be considered certain .
After the death of Ajax, Teucer returns to Salamis, bringing
with him the child Eurysaces (confided to his care by Ajax);
he is met with reproaches by his father, the aged and
lonely Telamon, who blames him for the death of Ajax;
and goes forth to found the new Salamis in Cyprus. With
regard to the 'Salaminian women '-the Chorus who gave the
title to the play-it is well to remember that, when the
protagonist of a Greek play is a man (as Teucer here), but
the Chorus female, this regularly denotes that a woman has
some important, though secondary, part in the action; as
Creiisa, for example, in the fon, where the Chorus is formed
The 'Salaminian women' stood (we may
by her handmaids.
conjecture) in a like relation to Eriboea, the mother of Ajax.
In the play of Sophocles the Salaminian sailors imagine the
passionate grief with which she will hear the evil tidings of her
son; and Ajax vividly expresses the same foreboding. It is
1 Schol on Soph. Ai.833 Iy5'i 8 rept adroD AloyXAos OTL KcL TO' ios
LcyrP XPWrs Tr^j
'
T O "S 7IS 'VT6ELVWP
oW1v jpos 6Mt
6eLufEv airw. Kar 7r
rptv 6h ts, kqqIJ, rapovLca 3alu/Ew
Xp5aao-Oal T' oacy.
lv&^6z'oS
EKC/id7rT6ET0 OV'MCLt/J?

see Rzhein. Mzts. (1829)
2 They were first recognised by Welcker:
pp. 56 ff.

Introdzcltim

Xvii

very possible (I think) that these passages were suggested
by the prominent place which the laments of Eriboea and her
handmaids held in the Sala iniae'.
§ 5. The award of the arms was not dramatised by
Sophocles. In his Ajax he assumes, like
The Ajax of
Sophocles.
Pindar, that the award was decided by the
Greek chiefs. For the rest, the outline of his plot is taken
from the Liltte Iliad.
The scene is laid before the tent of Ajax, at the eastern end
of the Greek camp, on the northern coast of the
Analysis of
the play,
Troad. The time is early morning. Odysseus
I. Prologue:
1-133
is scanning foot-prints on the ground,-walkfro as he does so, in perplexity. The goddess
ing to and
Athena (who is invisible, probably, to him, though seen by the
spectators) speaks to him, and tells him that she can resolve
his doubts. Ajax, whom he seeks, is within yonder tent.
And Ajax has really done the outrage of which he is suspected:
it is he who, in the past night, butchered the oxen and sheep
of the Greeks, along with the men in charge of them. His
plan had been to murder the Greek chiefs, beginning with the
Atreidae; but, just as he had reached their tents, Athena
struck him with frenzy, and turned his rage aside upon the
cattle. At this moment he is tormenting some of the animals
in his tent, fancying that they are the Greek princes. And she
will show him to Odysseus. She then calls Ajax to come
1 Both these passages in the Ajax have a noteworthy emphasis. (i) In
the first, vv. 622-634, the Salaminian sailors dwell on Eriboea's grief,
which they are merely fredicting, at a length, and with a degree of detail,
which arrest attention. (2) In vv. 850 f., Ajax, after briefly mentioning
both his parents, goes on to speak of the manner in which his mother's
sorrow will be manifested. The AicireLta of Aeschylus was probably one
of his earlier trilogies-written, perhaps, while the new lustre shed on Ajax
by the victory at Salamis was still fresh. In that case, the lyric element in
the aXaitvLeat may have been very large, giving ample scope for Kso/gO
between Eriboea and the Chorus.
J. Aj.

xviii

Ajax

forth. Odysseus is alarmed at the prospect of being confronted with this raging madman: but the goddess reassures
him; the maniac shall not see him.
Then Ajax comes out, with a blood-stained scourge in his
hand, and boasts, with wild laughter, of his triumphs. He has
killed the Atreidae, and now he is going to flog Odysseus to
death. When he returns to his task, Athena reads the moral
to her favourite. Let him beware of sinning, through pride,
against the gods, as Ajax has done. 'A day can humble all
human things, and a day can lift them up; but the wise of
heart are loved of the gods, and the evil are abhorred.'
Athena then disappears; and Odysseus departs.
The Chorus of Salaminians, followers of Ajax,-at once
sailors and warriors,-now enter. They have
Parodos:
134-200oo.
heard the rumour that Ajax is the author of the
onslaught on the cattle, and are keenly disquieted. If the
deed has really been his, he must have been driven to it
by some angry deity who demented him. But they rather
believe that it is a slander, prompted by the jealousy of the
Greek chiefs. He has been too long secluded; let him arise,
and clear his good name, which is theirs also.
At this moment Tecmessa comes to them from the tent.
She tells them that Ajax has gone mad, and has
II. First
episode:
been slaughtering cattle in the tent. Thus they
201-595.
(First Komlearn that the worst is true. In the lyric diamos

: 201-262.)

logue (kommos) which follows,
they learn further

that the frenzy of Ajax is past; he is sane again, but is plunged
in the deepest despondency.
She has just finished a detailed
account of what happened in the night-how her lord sallied
forth, how he returned, and how, while tormenting his victims,
he conversed with 'some phantom' at the tent-door-when
Ajax himself is heard calling from within. She opens the door
of the tent (i.e., the interior is disclosed by the eccyclema), and
Ajax is seen sitting amidst the slaughtered cattle.
He cries to his trusty friends to slay him; he is disgraced,

xix

Inlrodclion

and has become a mockery to his foes: this shame has
blotted out his past deeds.
In vain the Chorus
(Second
Kommos:
and Tecmessa try to comfort him. Each succes348--429.)

sive utterance makes it clearer that
he can think

of only one refuge. When at last he has said this plainlyreviewing the whole situation in which he finds himself, and
reasoning out the conclusion that nothing remains for him but
to die-Tecmessa makes her appeal.
Let him think what his
death will mean for her and for his child. His only reply is to
command that the boy shall be brought to him. This is done;
and the touching words which he then speaks (incidentally
showing his affection for Tecmessa) are words of farewell. He
charges the Chorus with his last injunctions for Teucer, who is
to see that his armour is buried with him,-saving only the
shield which his son Eurysaces (who takes his name from it) is
to keep. And Teucer shall take Eurysaces home to Telamon
and Eriboea in Salamis.---He then sternly commands Tecmessa to retire, with the child. She addresses him with
despairing entreaties; but he roughly silences her, and withdraws into the tent.
The Chorus, whose thoughts turn wistfully to Salamis,
lament how their hard lot at Troy is now
First stasimon: 596 645.
aggravated by this new and dread affliction of
their lord. They deplore his cruel fate, and imagine the grief
of his aged parents. His plight is indeed such that death
might well seem a lesser evil.
Ajax re-enters, with a sword in his hand. He had lately
III. Second
episode:

646-692.

parted from his friends with an open and stern

expression of his resolve to die.

But now his

first words announce at least
a change of mood.

Time can alter all things; and he has been softened. He is
going 'to purge his stains,' and 'to bury' his sword. He
wishes 'to avoid' the anger of Athena; and 'henceforth' he
will know how to yield to the gods--and to revere the
Atreidae. Perhaps they will soon hear that all is well with him.
b2

xx

Ajax

A discussion of this speech will be found below (§ 7).
Its effect is to throw the Chorus into a transport
of joy, to which they give vent in song, accomecrond stasimon): 693-718.
panied by lively dance. So Ajax has been
Hyporcheme

reconciled to the gods, and has forgiven the Atreidae! The
trouble is overpast!
A Messenger enters from the Greek camp. Teucer has
just returned from a foray in the Mysian upIV. IThird
episode:
lands. On his artrival, the infuriated Greeks had
719--865.
thronged around him, denouncing him as 'the
kinsman of the maniac,' and threatening to stone him. Meanwhile the Greek chiefs had met in council before Agamemnon's
tent. The seer Calchas, drawing apart from their circle, had
given a private and friendly warning to Teucer. Ajax, he
said, had incurred the anger of Athena, by proud words
formerly spoken. But her anger will pursue him for this day
only. If,
during this day, he can be kept within the tent, his
life may be saved.
On learning that Ajax has just gone out, the Messenger is
filled with dismay, which the Chorus share. They call forth
On hearing what Calchas has said, she implores
Tecmessa.
the Chorus at once to aid her in seeking Ajax. The Chorus
now leave the orchestra, in two divisions. One division goes
out on the left of the spectators, to search the coast eastward
from the camp: the other goes out on the right, to search
Tecmessa also goes forth, and the Messenger
westwards.
departs.
A change of scene now takes place-from the ground in
front of the tent, to a lonely spot on the sea-shore, fringed with
underwood. (The change of scene in the Eumenides, from
Delphi to Athens, is the only other certain instance in Greek
Tragedy.)
Ajax is seen standing near the sword which he has fixed by
its hilt in the ground.
He invokes Zeus-to save his corpse
from dishonour, by apprising Teucer: Hermes--to give him

nlroduchion

xxi

swift convoy to the nether world: the Furies-to avenge him
on the Greeks: Helios--to tell the news in his island-home:
Thanatos-to release him. Then he bids farewell to Salamis,
to Athens, to the springs, rivers, and plains of Troy : and falls
upon his sword.
The Chorus re-enter the orchestra in two bands (as they
They do not see
left it), from opposite sides.
Epiparodos:
866-878.
the body of Ajax, which is screened by the
Third
Kommos:
underwood amid which it fell. While deploring
879-973the failure of their search, they hear a sharp cry
of anguish from the copse near them. It is Tecmessa, who
has found what they sought. She will not suffer them to see
what she has seen, but covers the body with a robe.
Amid the laments which follow, Teucer hastens in: Zeus
had heard the prayer of Ajax; 'a swift rumour, as
V. Fourth
episode:
from a god,' had come to the brother. His first
974-1184.

thought is for the child that Ajax had bequeathed

to his care; and on learning that Eurysaces has been left at
the tent, he sends Tecmessa to fetch him. He then unshrouds
the corpse; his bitter grief has free course; and as he withdraws the sword from the body which it has transfixed, he
remembers that it was Hector's fatal gift.
Menelaiis now enters, and roughly tells Teucer that the
body of Ajax is to remain where it lies, unburied. Ajax was
a worse than Trojan foe; he had plotted the murder of his
comrades, who were saved only by divine interposition.
Reverence for authority shall be upheld: Ajax defied the
Atreidae while he lived, but they will dispose of him in death.
Teucer replies to the second part of the indictment-the
charge of insubordination. Ajax was an independent ally,
not a vassal of the Atreidae. In the stormy altercation which
follows, Menelaiis has the worst of it, and departs, with a hint
that he can bring force to bear.
He has just gone, when Tecmessa comes, with the child
Eurysaces, for whom Teucer had sent her to the tent. (Hence-

xxii

Ajax

forth she is a mute person.) The child is now made to kneel,
in the posture of a suppliant, by his father's body, holding in
his hand locks of hair (his own, Tecmessa's, and Teucer's), as
offerings to the dead. Teucer fears that Menelais may seek
to separate the kinsfolk from the body of Ajax by force: he
therefore places the body under this religious safeguard of a
formal ' supplication,' and invokes a solemn curse on any one
who may attempt to remove the suppliant by violence. He
then goes out, to choose a place for the grave of Ajax.
The Chorus bewail their hardships at Troy. Ajax was
once their comfort, and they have lost him.
Third
stasimon:
Would that they could pass Sunium, and greet
1I85--1222.

sacred Athens
!

Teucer re-enters hurriedly, having noticed the approach of
VI. Exodos:

Agamemnon, who appears directly afterwards.

Agamemnon reproves the presumption of Teucer
('the captive woman's son'). What, after all, was this Ajax ?
'Whither went he, or where stood he, where I was not?'
Ajax lost the arms: that is no reason why Teucer should
attack the judges. ' Sober thyself, I say;- recall thy birth;-bring hither someone else,-a freeborn man,-who shall plead
thy cause for thee before us.'
Teucer makes a scathing reply.
He reminds the king who it was that saved the ships from
Trojan fire and sword,-who it was that met Hector in single
combat. 'Were these deeds not his, who, thou sayest, nowhere set foot where thou wast not?'
As to the taunt that
he, Teucer, is disqualified by birth from being the champion of
Ajax-can the son of Atreus and Aeroph say that to the son of
Telamon and Hesione ? With Tecmessa and Eurysaces, he is
ready to die in this cause.
At this point-when nothing seems to remain but that the
Atreidae should enforce their will-Odysseus enters. He
intercedes with Agamemnon, who is ready to hear' his best
friend.' 'Ajax,' he says, ' was my bitterest foe, after I won the
arms': but 'in all our Greek host which came to Troy, I have
1223-

420.

XX11iii

Izilroduclion

seen none who was his peer, save Achilles.' Agamemnon
argues, wavers, and finally says that, though /ze will always
detest Ajax, Odysseus may do as he pleases.
The king having gone, Odysseus proffers friendship to
Teucer, and expresses a wish to take part in the obsequies.
Teucer warmly thanks him,-contrasting his noble conduct
with that of the Atreidae. He fears to accept the co-operation
of Odysseus in the actual rites, lest that should displease the
dead; but will welcome his presence as a spectator, and
his help in conciliating the army. Odysseus assents, and
withdraws.
Various tasks in relation to the funeral are now assigned to
the Chorus by Teucer. He raises the body of the hero,
directing the child to lay his hand upon it, that he too may
have a part in the office. Then Ajax is carried forth, followed
by his wife and his son, with Teucer and the Salaminian
warriors, to be laid by the Hellespont in his grave at Cape
Rhoeteum, the grave which was to be 'ever memorable among
men'.'
g 6. The first question which this play suggests is one
which must be considered before any criticism
Dramatic

unity of the

of detail can be profitably attempted-before,

indeed, even the character of the
hero himself,
as drawn by Sophocles, can be properly appreciated. How
did the poet conceive the subject of his drama as a whole?
What was the nature of the unity which he intended his work
to possess? Ajax dies at verse 865 : more than a third of the
play follows his death, and is concerned with the question as
to whether he is, or is not, to be buried.
A reader is apt to
feel that, with the suicide of Ajax, the principal interest has
disappeared. Modern criticism has suggested various apologies
for the latter part of the play the supreme importance which
the ancient Greeks attached to funeral rites, as affecting the
play.

1 The
rcTpov.

words of the Chorus in v.

1166

f., fppo-rohCrz &i,UP

7-roT
,

xxiv

Ajax

condition of the departed spirit; the advantage incidental to
the controversy between Teucer and the Atreidae, that the
merits of Ajax are triumphantly asserted; the edifying victory
of prudence and magnanimity in the person of Odysseus. All
such considerations, however, tend only to show, first, that this
part of the play would have been interesting, on general
grounds, to a Greek audience; and secondly, that it is not
irrelevant to the subject of the earlier portion. But more than
this is required, if the sequel to the hero's death is to be
justified as a matter of dramatic art. It has to be explained
how the action of the play, from beginning to end, can be
regarded as an organic whole. The idea which pervades it,
giving it unity and coherence, must be such that the death
of Ajax can be viewed, not as a catastrophe after which everything else becomes tame, but rather as a tragic event necessarily
leading to the events which follow it, so that the true climax is
reached only in that decision which rescues the corpse of Ajax
from dishonour. We must endeavour to trace this idea; or,
in other words, to find the point of view from which Sophocles
may be supposed to have regarded his own work.
The first circumstance which demands notice is the fact
that Athena visited Ajax with madness only at the moment
when he already stood, in the darkness of night, before the
tents of the Atreidae, prepared to murder them in their sleep.
He was still sane when he plotted that bloody vengeance
against them and the other chiefs. When, after his madness,
he regains his sanity, he bitterly laments, at first, that his plan
had been foiled. The award of the arms had been unjust.
But, none the less, Ajax had merited, by his murderous
design, the resentment of the Atreidae and of the Greek army.
The public feeling in the camp, on the morning after the
outrage, would have fully sustained Agamemnon in visiting
him with the extreme penalty which the usage of that age
sanctioned in regard to public enemies-the refusal of sepulture. The poet has taken care to let us know this-before the

Inroductionx

XXV

death of Ajax-by the mouth of the messenger who brings the
warning of Calchas to Teucer. The Greeks, crowding around
Teucer, threaten to stone him, guiltless as he is, merely
because he is 'the kinsman of the maniac who had plotted
against the army'.' Ajax himself, in his last speech, forebodes
that burial will be refused to him; his only prayer to Zeus is
that his body may not be cast to the dogs and birds. The
spectators are thus clearly forewarned that, after the fall of
Ajax, anger must inevitably break forth against him, menacing
him with a calamity more dreadful than death. Hence the
intervention of the Atreidae, when it occurs, appears as a
necessary consequence of what has preceded. It is the
bursting of a storm of which we have seen menacing signs,
and even heard the first distant mutterings.
As the intervention of the Atreidae has thus a strict
coherence with the earlier part of the play, so also the issue
which they raise is one which must necessarily be decided, if
the earlier action is to reach a dramatic conclusion. For Ajax,
at the beginning of the play, has been shown in the deepest
humiliation,-a maniac whom Athena exhibits, with his fatuous
boasting and his frantic laughter, for the admonition of his
successful rival. Yet this Ajax is the same to whom the
Athenian spectators, like their fathers before them, had been
taught to pay divine honours; the Ajax whose statue they
were accustomed to see in the market-place among those of
the ten heroes from whom the Attic tribes derived their
names; the mighty champion who was believed to have been
present with the Greeks at Salamis, and who, in the thankofferings awarded after the victory, was associated with Poseidon
and Athena s . In following the progress of the play, it would
be impossible for Athenians to think of him merely as a great
warrior, whose honour had been restored by his resolve to die.
They would necessarily think of him also as a sacred 'hero,' in
I Vv. ?26 ft

V Her.

8s.i u.

xxvi

Ajax

the religious sense of that word. The restoration of his honour
would not be complete, in their view, unless, at the end, he
appeared as a fitting recipient of the worship which they paid
to him. But, for such an end, it was indispensable that he
should receive funeral rites. The central point in the cult of
a 'hero' was his tomb. The offerings at the hero's tomb (or
at a 'her6on' which represented it) corresponded, in that cult,
with the sacrifices offered to the gods at their altars. The
prehistoric tumuli on the shore of the Hellespont, associated
with the names of Achilles, Patroclus, and Ajax, were regarded as the monuments which attested that those heroes
had received due sepulture, and, were, in fact, the primary
shrines of their respective cults--honoured, as such, in every
age of Greek antiquity. So when an Athenian audience heard
the Atreidae insisting that the corpse of Ajax should be 'food
for the birds by the sea,' and Teucer insisting that it should
be duly buried, the interest of the dispute for them did not
depend merely on the importance of burial as a condition of
peace for any departed spirit. The question involved much
more than that,-viz., the whole claim of Ajax to the sanctity
of a 'hero,'-one with which so many traditions of Athens were
bound up.
§ 7. Consecration as a hero is the goal to which the poet
brings Ajax; and this is to be remembered in
The suc.
cessive moods
of Ajax.

tracing the mental phases through which he

passes. On first recovering his sanity, he gives
utterance to bitter lamentation, deploring the triumph of his
foes and his own disgrace, and praying for death. Then the
resolve to die takes definite shape in his mind : he forms it
with full deliberation, after a review of the possible alternatives.
He takes farewell of his child, with a stern tenderness both
1 Ovay eyltv the ordinary term for making offerings at a grave to the
is
departed spirit, and is regularly used with reference to the cult of a hero,
I
as opposed to ONew : Her. 2. 44 7rT 4vdos40'arv6y...Odour, rk 84 rfpo
77P

Introductionz

xxvii

for him and for Tecmessa. He silences her appeals, curtly and
roughly-but the very roughness indicates that a struggle is
going on within him. Then he retires into the solitude of his
tent. After an interval, during which the Chorus chant an
ode, he comes forth again, sword in hand, and delivers a
speech, which has divided the opinions of critics'.
It was once the prevalent view that this utterance must be
regarded as deliberately and solely designed by Ajax to mislead
his hearers, Tecmessa and the Chorus. Welcker and others
maintain-what is unquestionably true-that a change of mood
has really taken place in Ajax, but think that he has no intention
to mislead his hearers: he expresses his real purpose, in veiled
language, no doubt, but it is their fault that they do not understand him. This view we may unhesitatingly reject. Ajax
deliberately deceives his hearers. The art by which he does
so, without saying anything that is not verbally true, is so
contrived as to give the spectators the kind of pleasure which
is felt in guessing a riddle. It would be a mistake to suppose
that ancient Greeks would, have seen anything unworthy or
unheroic in the use of such deception. He is resolved to
die, and to die in solitude. He also feels a real tenderness for
those whom he is leaving. He cannot part from them in
silence; nor, again, can he bring himself to speak openly, and
to part from them-as would then be necessary-by force.
He therefore veils his farewell so that it is such only to his own
mind, not to their apprehension.
When he speaks of 'yielding to the gods,' his profession is
not ironical but implies that he has come to see the folly
of the pride in which he formerly despised their help (v. 589 f.).
His words are sad, and are tinged with bitterness; still, they
are the proof that he has been chastened by the judgment of
Athena, and has learned not 'to think thoughts too high for
man.'
But what is to be said of his other promise,-' to
revere the Atreidae'? In his last soliloquy he invokes the
1Vv. 646-692.

xxviii

Ajax

Furies to punish them for his wrongs. We might be inclined
to say that here, at least, he speaks with bitter irony. And
that there is some irony in the form of the phrase, need not be
doubted. But then submission to the gods and reverence for
the Atreidae are alike enforced by him in the sublime illustration which he draws from the elemental powers of nature.
To employ imagery so solemn and so beautiful for the purpose
of pointing mere mockery would be incongruous and repulsive.
Undoubtedly Sophocles conceived Ajax as really meaning that
he would thenceforth 'revere the Atreidae'-in this sense :
that he had come to recognise his offence against social order
in failing to reverence their station, and to accept the
authoritative award of the arms without attempting to exact
vengeance.
In the final soliloquy of Ajax, his change of mood is
obscured by another sentiment which moderns might think
inconsistent with it,-viz., his fierce vindictiveness towards
those who had given the award of the arms against him
(vv. 835 ff.). To the ancients, however, such utterances would
have seemed perfectly compatible with the altered mood of
Ajax. He has come to see that he erred in his over-weening
self-reliance; he 'yields to the gods,' and acknowledges that
the office of human rulers claims respect: but he also feels implacable resentment for a wrong. 'Benefit thy friends and
hurt thy foes,' was the received Greek maxim. Now and again
a higher ethical teaching declares that the just man will not
knowingly injure any one 1 . But a man might be morally
good, in the ordinary Greek view, and also pious (Eiro-'fis),
without accepting that doctrine: Solon, who was esteemed
both, prays that he may be ' sweet to his friends and bitter to
his foes"'; Pindar, a pre-eminently religious poet, who speaks
1 E.g. Plat. Rep. I.
~
O
&pa
a 700o &t'alov OXArctrew pyo3/...oTr
dXX'o obva: in opposition to the common maxim (ib. A),
O
TOPy
6J ieXO O KCKWG.
eAXOV rotEV,
CV,
v (r
e
SLrKKaov at 3
ElV
2" Frag. 13. 5 (Bergk), Civat R yXVKP W'6
IXOLV,'xOpoio-t U rwtspov.

<IXov oi07'

xxix

Introdudion

as with the voice of Delphi, expresses a like sentiment'.
Still, in one respect the vindictiveness of Ajax must appear
monstrous; he invokes destruction, not only on the chiefs, but
on' all the host.' It can hardly be said that the army at large
were involved in the guilt of the award they had nothing to do
with it, and could not prevent or reverse it. A simpler account
of the matter seems to be that the punishment of the army
is conceived as a further penalty on the "chiefs. This would
be thoroughly Homeric. Apollo avenges his priest on Agamemnon by plaguing the whole army, just' as he might have
punished a wicked shepherd by a murrain.
§ 8. Ajax passes, then, reconciled to the gods; and so in
The divine

judgment.
Athena.

a manner suited to that event which is the real
end of the play, his accession to the order of

worshipped heroes. We may now briefly consider the nature of the divine discipline which he undergoes.
The words of the seer Calchas, reported by the Messenger",
must be taken as interpreting the poet's conception of it.
Ajax had angered Athena by certain proud words, saying that he
did not need divine aid in battle. These were casual boasts, in
seasons of elation-like that vaunt of Agamemnon, on hitting a
stag, which angered Artemis 3. Ajax was not a bad or impious
man; but he showed a pride, too great for a mortal, which
required chastisement. Athena chose the moment when a
wound to this pride had goaded him into plotting the murder
of the chiefs. She struck him with the madness in which he
slew the cattle. When the frenzy was past, there settled over
him a profound despondency which was also sent by her,
being the sequel of her visitation. If (said Calchas) he could
only be kept in the tent for that day, all would be well; the
anger of Athena would vex him for that day only. That is,
1 Pyth.
6iKaV

2. 83 ~Xov

edl

tXeLv*I

w'oOe6oo/Tat.

2 Verses 756-779.

3 See n. on Electra v. 569.

roTI 6' eXOpo'

d'

XOeyps diW X6KOLo

xxx

Ajax

the despair, which bent his thoughts on suicide, would depart
from him on the morrow. He would see that honour did not
require his death, since his frenzy had been the judgment of
the goddess; cured of his arrogance, he might give new proofs
of prudence and valour. But here destiny came in: the
message of Calchas arrived too late.
In the opening scene, where Athena holds the dialogue
with Ajax and displays his madness, her terrible irony might
at first suggest that she is a malignant goddess, exulting in the
wretchedness of her victim; but any such impression would be
soon corrected by those words of calm majesty in which she
points the moral for Odysseus. There is no trace of personal
malignity in her attitude towards Ajax. She represents the
divine power which judges human arrogance; she corrects it;
but she has justly measured the offence, and sets a corresponding limit to her chastisement. It is fated that Ajax shall
die; but the shadow of Athena's anger does not rest upon
his grave, or trouble the worship which her own people render
to him.
§ 9. Odysseus, appearing only at the beginning and at the
Odysseus.

end of the play, is the human exponent of Athe-

na's spirit. In the first scene he is engaged in a
pursuit which the goddess declares to be characteristic of him,
-the endeavour to track out Ajax, and to ascertain whether he
is the author of the onslaught on the cattle. Athena is aiding
him, and now, as ever, he is 'guided by her hand.' After
witnessing the frenzy of his foe, he at once proves himself her
true disciple by the pity which he feels, and by his quickened
sense of human nothingness. As Athena says to him, 'The
wise of heart are loved of the gods.' At the close of the
drama, when he intercedes with Agamemnon, he urges that
the career of Ajax must be judged as a whole; that he was
their greatest man after Achilles; and that the enmity against
him must not be carried beyond death. Agamemnon yields to
him: Teucer praises his magnanimity. Yet this magnanimity

Introduction

xxxi

bears the mark of being Athena's gift; it springs from high
intelligence as much as from chivalrous sentiment. Odysseus
may, in his turn, be afflicted by a god ; he, too, may come to
need a grave; and therefore he sympathises with Ajax. This
is 'to think as befits a man,'-the wise moderation which the
gods love, and which, though not disinterested, leads to
generous action. When Odysseus shrinks from confronting
the herculean maniac, this is not ' cowardice'; if Athena calls
it so, it is because he forgets her promise to protect him; what
it really indicates is his habitual reasonableness and prudence.
On the whole, the Odysseus of this play much resembles the
hero of the Odyssey (who pays a generous tribute to the sullen
Ajax in the shades 1); a resemblance which is mainly due to
the direct and ennobling guidance of Athena.
§ o0. The intervention of the Atreidae has already been
considered in its general relation to the domiTeucer and
the Atreidae.
nant idea of the play. Their scenes with Teucer
now require consideration from a different point of view, viz.,
with regard to the poetical workmanship. One aim of the
poet has evidently been to prolong the controversy sufficiently
for a gradual tension of interest. This is especially manifest in
the words of the Chorus after the exit of Menelaiis,-' A dread
strife will be brought to the trial'; words which mark the
crescendo, and prepare the way for Agamemnon. The whole
process which leads up to the climax is skilfully managed.
First, there is the scene between Teucer and Menelaiis. The
king of Sparta has those traits of harshness and arrogance
which Athenian audiences would expect in the part, and is
clearly intended to be more odious than his brother. Though
he is not the Captain General,-as Teucer reminds him,-yet
the insubordination of Ajax is the topic on which he chooses to
dwell. Ajax, he complains, would never obey him; and then
he enlarges (like Creon in the Antigone) on the public danger
of unruliness. After his angry dialogue with Teucer, he
1 Od. 11. 556 f.
2 V. 1163.

xxxii

Ajax

departs, with a hint of appeal to force. Then comes that
beautiful scene which affords a pause between the two parts of
the controversy; the child Eurysaces is brought in by Tecmessa, and placed as a suppliant by the corpse of Ajax. In
the choral ode which follows, it may be noticed that the
closing prayer-to pass beneath Sunium, and 'greet sacred
Athens '-is peculiarly suggestive at this point, when Teucer
has just encountered the Spartan, and is about to withstand
the Argive. The second chapter of the contest then begins
with the entrance of Agamemnon.
He alone can finally
decide whether burial shall or shall not be granted. Whereas
Menelaiis had resented the want of deference in Ajax,
Agamemnon takes a more vital point, and depreciates his
services. This calls forth the fine vindication of Ajax by
Teucer, in which the debate culminates. The short dialogue
which ensues between Agamemnon and Odysseus shows the
former in a comparatively favourable light, and illustrates his
superiority to Menelaiis. If he is noti gracious or generous, he
at least indicates a wish to see his duty, and is capable of
yielding to wise counsel. Thus the whole controversy concerning the burial of Ajax has variety, dramatic life, and a
gradually rising interest.
. x. A few words may suffice to characterise those minor
"Tecmessa.

persons of the drama whose principal function is

to bring the central figure into relief. Tecmessa,
the daughter of a Phrygian prince, whom the fate of war has
given to Ajax, loves him with a submissive devotion, and has
won from him a constant affection. He is 'her dread lord, of
rugged might'; standing to her in the place of country,
parents, everything; her only stay and hope on earth. She
appreciates his great qualities in their obvious aspects. His
laments, in his first despair, affright her, because they seem
alien from his nature; but she has no insight into the workings
of his mind. She is easily lulled into the belief that he has
abandoned the purpose of self-destruction, since the only

Introduction

XXXiii

distinct idea which she had connected with it was that of the
misery which it would bring upon her. When her fears are
suddenly re-awakened, she bitterly cries that she has been
To her, the one question had been whether the
'deceived.'
love that he owed her would prevail on him to live; she had
no-clear perception of any other motives, that might urge him
to die; still less could she measure their force. After his
death, her simple loyalty refuses to think of him as crushed by
his foes. It is no triumph for them, but a blank loss: the
victory is rather his: 'All that he yearned to win hath he
made his own,-the death for which he longed.' Death was
what he desired, and the gods consented; that is all that she
understands, beyond the import for herself'.
The Salaminians are the staunch followers of Ajax, true to
jealous of his good
The Chorus. him in weal or woe, and
name, which is their own. He turns to them in
his misery, as to tried friends, charging them with his last
wishes, and with his message to Teucer. But their leading
characteristic is their complete dependence on Ajax, and their
utter helplessness when his protection is withdrawn. They
are dismayed by the anger of the Greeks, and at one moment
even think of seeking safety in flight; they bewail the hardships of the camp, and pine for the delights of home. In thus
portraying them, the poet probably intended to suggest the
Homeric contrast between the passive common folk (Xot) and
the 'Zeus-nurtured' chiefs. The Salaminians contribute to
illustrate the greatness of the hero who had been their 'defence
against nightly terror and the darts of the foe'; even their
complainings, however unmeet for warriors,serve to recall the
weary stress of those ten years at Troy during which Ajax had
been the bulwark of the ungrateful Achaeans.
§ 12. It is interesting to inquire how far the influence of
the poets can be traced in such works of Greek
illustrations
from ancient
art as are concerned with the tragic end of Ajax.
Art.
A favourite subject was the actual contest
for
See vv. 961-973.

J. Aj.

c

xxxiv

Ajax

the arms. Some red-figured vases, of the fifth century B.c.
show Ajax and Odysseus vehemently disputing the possession
of the prize,--ready, indeed, to rush at each other, while their
friends on either side hold them back: Agamemnon, as judge,
stands between them. This type seems to have been created,
or at least developed, by the vase-painter Duris (c. 480 B.c.).
But an earlier form of the same subject occurs on black-figured
vases of the sixth century B.C. Here there are only the three
principal figures,-Ajax, Odysseus, and Agamemnon,-and
the &
yv for the arms approaches still more nearly to the
character of a fight. The competitors are advancing against
each other with drawn swords, while Agamemnon tries to keep
them apart. The black-figured vases prove that the original
literary source was not the '"OrXWo Kp'LT of Aeschylus,-as
the red-figured vases would have allowed us to suppose,-but
some older poem. Other works of art represent the close
of the contest. A relief on a sarcophagus found at Ostia
shows Odysseus seizing the arms which have just been awarded
to him, while Ajax, escorted by indignant friends, is retiring,
with visible fury in his eyes,-the o'[lIara dorpdrTovTa of
Arctinus'. The same moment is depicted on a vase in the
British Museum' : Athena herself presides over the court,
indicating the artist's literal interpretation of the verse in the
Odyssey (ii. 547 Wra^.E & Tpo'ov &lKaoav Kal IIaXX~ 'AOvr).
On a stone in front of the goddess are seen the ijT~oL by
which the arms have just been adjudged to Odysseus,-a
detail which recalls the language of Pindar and Sophocles,
who both speak of the award as decided by ballot".
The painters Parrhasius and Timanthes (c. 400 B.c.) are
said to have competed at Samos in an dyov ypaoLKd, the
subject of their pictures being Ajax and Odysseus contending
for the arms. But the famous picture on this subject was by
Timomachus of Byzantium (perhaps c. 300 B.C.), whose work
was directly inspired by Sophocles. It represented Ajax, as
the poet describes him, sitting among the slaughtered cattle,
1 See above, § 2.

2

No. 829.

Pind. Nelz. 8. 26: Soph. Ai. 449, 1135.

ffiroduction

XXXV

and brooding on self-destruction, in that gloomy despair which
followed his frenzy. It was kindred in conception to another
celebrated work of the same painter, Medea meditating the
murder of her children. Both pictures were at Cyzicus in the
early part of the first century B.c.; they were purchased by
Julius Caesar, and placed in the temple of Venus Genetrix at
Rome. Ovid in exile remembered both:
Utque sedet vultu fassus Telamonius iram,
Inque oculis facinus barbara mater habet'.
SI13. The date of the Ajax is unknown; but internal
evidence affords reasons for believing that, if
Date of the
play.
not the earliest of the seven plays, it is the next
oldest to the Antigone.
(1) The Parodos has the form of an anapaestic marchingsong (vv. 134-171), followed by a lyric ode (vv. 172-200),
as in the Persae, the Supplices, and the Agamemnon of
Aeschylus. This simplest type of Parodos occurs in no other
play of Sophocles, though that of the Antitgone is akin to it.
(2) Anapaests for the Chorus are interposed in the iambic
dialogue (vv. 163-1167). The only other play of Sophocles
in which this occurs is the Antigone (vv. 929-943).
(3) It has been noted by G. Wolff and others that several
words and phrases in the Ajax are Aeschylean: e.g. v. 56
I~aXo) (Pers. 426 etc.): 412 rdpot &A'ppoOot (Pers. 367):
( dprl
447 OpEVE3 &LirTpoo (P. V 673): 673 XEUKOrWOXOS
(Pers. 386): 740 ?reravw-pvov (Pers. 489 etc.). Again, the
epic ' ca (172, 954) occurs also in Pers. 633, but not-elsewhere in Tragedy; the Doric and epic plural 701 (1404), used
by Aeschylus (Pers. 584 etc.), is not elsewhere used by
Sophocles. The Persae, it will be seen, furnishes most of
these parallelisms. But such coincidences merely show that
the Ajax belongs to a period when Aeschylus had a strong
influence on the younger poet's style; and we have no means
of setting an inferior limit to that period. In so far, then, as
the language of the play has an Aeschylean stamp, it seems
1 Trislia 2. 525 f.

xxxvi

Ajax

more accurate to say that this characteristic is entirely consonant with the hypothesis of a relatively early date than to
claim it as a separate indication of such a date.
As between the Ajax and the Anitigone, the claim to priority
would rest with the Ajax, if the form of the Parodos were the
test; though the Parodos of the Anitione is also of an early
type (see n. on Ai. 134). But much more weight is due to
the fact that the An
tigone, alone of the seven plays, rigorously
adheres to the practice of Aeschylus, in never admitting the
division of an iambic trimeter between two or more speakers
(dvrXafIfj). This is no trivial detail, but a general rule of
composition which materially affected the character of dialogue. When Sophocles at last decided to relax that rule, the
result was a marked gain in lightness and rapidity at moments
when the dialogue became animated or excited. The fact
that he had made this change before he wrote the Ajax seems
clearly to indicate that the Ajax is later than the Antzgone.
14.

Aristotle's work called AtLaorKaXtat was a chrono-

logical list of tragedies and comedies produced
at Athens, the list being based on official records
contemporary in each case with the production. Similar
works were afterwards compiled by Callimachus (c. 260 B.C.)
and others. The At8aaKaXtac of Aristotle and of Callimachus
are known to have been still extant in the second century A.D.
Now, we learn from the Greek Argument to the Ajax that 'in
This is
the Didascaliae' the play was styled simply AIA'.
conclusive as to the original title; since, whether the Didascaliae meant be Aristotle's or one of the later works, in any
case the ultimate authority for the statement dates from the
In the extant manuscripts
time when the play was produced.
the title is AL'a Marr~ogoO'pos(alluding to the lash which Ajax
carries in the first scene); as it is also in the citations by
Zenobius (c. 130 A.D.), Athenaeus, and Clement of Alexandria.
We may infer from these facts that the epithet Mao-rtyoO'po
was added by some Alexandrian scholar to distinguish it from
later dramas on the same subject.
Title.

MANUSCRIPTS, EDITIONS, ETC.
I.

The Ajax exists in a slightly larger number of Mss. than
any other play of Sophocles, though the Electra
comes near it in that respect; the Oedifiuzs Tyrannius
ranks third, at a considerable interval after the first two, but far
above the rest. Those three plays were evidently the most widely
read in the Byzantine age, or perhaps from an earlier date; and
the first two were probably especial favourites for use in schools.
The most important of the Mss. referred to in the critical notes
are L = cod. Laur. 32. 9 (first half of I Ith century), and A = cod.
2712 in the National Library of Paris (13th century). Next to these
comes r = cod. Laur. 2725 at Florence, a vellum codex written in
1282 A.D. L is far the best but not the sole source of the existing
Mss. The other symbols used are to be explained as follows:LI denotes what was written by the first hand in that Ms., as
distinguished from a correction made by some other hand ; Ls, a
correction made by the first reviser and scholiast (S); LC, a correction by any later hand.
r denotes one or more of the MSS. other than L. This symbol
is used when a more particular statement is unnecessary.
The word vulgo (' vulg.') after a reading denotes the prevalence
of that reading in the manuscripts, not necessarily in the editions.
Pal. = cod. Palat. 40 at Heidelberg (14th century).
Aug. c is a paper Ms. at Augsburg.
§ 2. Several passages in the Ajax throw light on the relation
of L to the other Mss. In v. 28, where A and most
The LaurMss.

entian MS.

MSS. have the true reading, r7-v'

oni

EdKEL&v)
7r,

TE

alriav viLesl, L has rpErrEt instead of vi/pet. This is one of the
variants which make against the theory that L is the common
archetype of all the other extant miss., and we may perhaps add to
it those recorded in vv. 61 and 112.
On the other hand, in v. 45
L alone preserves Ee7rrpd6ar',where i$irpa e is the reading of the
other Miss. See also the critical notes on 232, 927, I137.

xxxviii

Ajax

The scholium in L on v. 831 preserves rrpourpirro, which
has been corrupted in the Mss. (L included) to
Scholia.
porpoTpEro. Another noteworthy scholium is that
on 636 f., where the reading of the Mss. (excepting a few
7
which exhibit the Triclinian recension) is, &s E'K arpqOa j'Ko
3.

yEVEa rroXvrr'dvov 'AXatnov.

As the metre shows, there is a defect

of - -

before rroXvrrdvov.
The scholium runs thus: 8
Evl8ev
Kari7 rarpqaS yevecLS
pwt-ror 'ICyov (XElrrEL yap 7b aporo) K.T.X. This
scholium seems to have been the authority of Triclinius for
in
inserting &apo-ror the text, where it has since kept its place.
§ 4. Few lacunae exist in the text of this play. In 936 the
Lacunae and metre shows that a choriambus (- - - -) has dropped
interpolation.
out before 0mrXv. It is probable, though not certain, that verses 384 and 95I ought to be iambic trimeters, in
which case each of them has suffered the loss of a syllable (see
notes ad loc.).
The interpolation of whole verses has occurred in four places.
(I) Verse 554 b (-rbau'7)cpOVEiV yap Kcpr-' Odvovvov KaKdov) may have
crept into the text from the margin, where it had been cited as a
parallel passage. (2) Verse 571, ptiXptL O' tLVXOl
K XW(TLO TX
KTo
3
eoi , is clearly spurious. (3) The four verses, 839-842, are re-

jected by several critics.

I hold rather with those who condemn
0r'
57v,
rdroe /ov,
may
safely be rejected. See also the critical notes on 714, 884, I190.
Besides the verses mentioned above, many others in this play
have been condemned or suspected as spurious by various
scholars; but in no one of them does the suspicion or rejection
appear well-founded.
§ 5. Besides the complete editions of Sophocles, these separate
editions of the Ajax have been consulted :-C. A.
Editions.
Lobeck's commentary (3rd ed., Berlin, 1866); the
edition, with notes chiefly critical, by Moritz Seyffert (Berlin,
I866); the edition with commentary and critical notes by G.
Wolff, revised by L. Bellermann (4th ed., Leipsic, 1887); and the
commentary by F. A. Paley (London, 188o). Mention is also due
to an edition of the Ajax, with critical and explanatory notes,
by C. E. Palmer (London, 1877), designed as a protest against
conjectural emendation.
only 841 and 842.

(4) Verse 1417, A'avror,

METRICAL

ANALYSIS.

THE lyric metres, other than anapaests, used in the Ajax are the
following. (r) Logaoedic, based on the choree (or 'trochee '), -, and
the cyclic dactyl, - -, which is metrically equivalent to the choree
(3) Dactylic, found here only in the
(2) Choreic, based on the choree.
Dochmiac,
strophe and antistrophe of the Parodos (vv. I72-192). (4)

IA---AIn the subjoined metrical schemes, the sign - denotes that the ordinary
time-value of a long syllable, commonly marked -, is increased by one
half, so that it becomes equal to -- or --: - denotes that such timeor - -. The sign > means
value is doubled, and becomes equal to
that an 'irrational'long or short syllable (ovXXai &Xoyos) issubstituted
for a short or long.
At the end of a verse, A marks a pause equal to -, A a pause equal
to -. The anacrusisof a verse (the part preliminary to the regular metre)
is marked off by three dots placed vertically, .
The end of a rhythmical unit, or ' sentence,' is marked by I. The end
of a rhythmical 'period' (a combination of two or more such sentences,
corresponding with each other) is marked by ].
If a rhythmical sentence introduces a rhythmical period without belong:or,
ing to it, it is called a rpoqy6s, or prelude (marked as rrp.) if it closes
it, an drry~6s, epode, or postlude. Similarly a period may be grouped
round an isolated rhythmical sentence, which is then called the ~eo-c86s,
mesode, or interlude.

I.

Parodos, vv. 172-200.

STROPHE.-Dactylic, in the 'Doric' form, which combines purely
, with the livelier measure, - - - dactylic sentences,
--"I- -. Such verses are also called 'dactylo-epitritic,' as consisting of
dactyls with the rrir-pros 6osrepos (- - - ) prefixed to them. The same
measure occurs in the Parodos of the Tracinizae, first strophe (vv.
94-102).

Ajax

xl

4.

-v

I -u

I-

3.

III.

I

_ !----,
I. -'
3. 1.- I -

,

Period I. consists of two verses of 6 feet each,
EPODE.--Logaoedic.
with a verse of 4 feet (a 'Glyconic ') as epode: Per. II., of two verses of
5 feet each: Per. III., of three Glyconics.

I..

III.

II.

2.

.

-1

-v

>

>

Il--

>L-->

L

A

-All

Lyrics of the First Kommos, 221---232=245-256.

S TROPHE.-Logaoedic. In Period I. each of the two verses is a
In Period III. the first and third verses
hexapody ; in II., a pentapod.
correspond with each other, each consisting of two tetrapodies (Glyconics).
The second verse consists of two tripodies (Pherecratics).

I.

I.

:

, l V

Ii.
2.

- , l

I

t

-

3.3. ,,.'

'"

l A.
I-'I-A
~

, l-

L
A
] _. ,- I
I- ll-I
I- ,,]_,.,, 1 '-1- '"l -,' I- I I-A

Metrical Analysis

xli

Lyrics of the Second Kommos, vv. 348-429.

III.

FIRST STROPHE.--I. Dochmiac dimeters. , II. A choreic (or trochaic)
verse, consisting of two tetrapodies; followed by a logaoedic tetrapody (or
Glyconic) as epode.

I.

r.

2.

: --

1-,,
v

-

-

-All

-

[At the end of the first strophe, and also of the first antistrophe, the
Chorus has two iambic trimeters, vv. 354 f.= vv. 362 f.]
SECOND STROPHE.-I. Dochmiac dimeters.
II.
Logaoedic verses,
i and 4 being tripodies (Pherecratics); 2 and 3, hexapodies.

I.

i.

,.:--,

-. ll--,

-All

[Here follow Iambic trimeters, 367-371 (str.)=382- 386 (antistr.);
v. 369 being separated from 37 by ala? alai,as 384 from 386 by icd tol Usot.]

II.

:.

'.> I .

- A

2.

-

3

-

-

l

I

I-All

[At the end of the second strophe the Chorus has two iambic trimeters,
377 f., answering to those of Tecmessa at the end of the second antistrophe,
392 f.]
THIRD STROPHE.-I. Verse i, a dochmiac: vv. 2 and 3, dochmiac
dimeters.
II.
Logaoedic.
III. Choreic, with a logaoedic tripody
IV. Choreic. V. Choreic, with a logaoedic dipody
(v. 3) as mesode.
(the versus Adonius) as epode.

I.

2.

--

-

v1--A-vl--I--

II

xlii

Ajax
II.
.,:-,
5.

III. i.

LII - '

--

-- j

.

-,,

I-,

, --

2.

-

-Alll

-A

--

I

-

-All

-

A
A:--A

-

V. s. >

-2. -,Y I -

ll

[At the end of the third strophe Tecmessa has two iambic trimeters,
f., answering to those of the Chorus at the end of the third antistrophe,
4 28 f.]
410

IV.

First Stasimon, vv. 596-645-

FIRST STROPHE.-Logaoedic in Periods I., II., and III.: choreic in
IV., with free resolution of - - into --.

I.

->-,

-

2.

->

--

2.

IV.

'.

>:

, ,,

I ->

I

-A
%l,,
o,
p

II
.

. - -

L

AI,

SECOND STROPHE.-Logaoedic, the whole Strophe forming a single
Period. Verses I, 2, and 5, 6, are composed each of two tripodies; while
each of the verses 3, 4, and 7, 8, is a single tripody. A logaoedic hexapody,
v. 9, forms the epode,

xliii

Metrica! Analysis

I -A

* 1> ~jLl(v

I.

2

3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.

-Allj

>

->1

I

-

-

I

-'

9.
Hyporcheme (serving as Second Stasimon),

V.

vv. 693-718.
STROPHE.--Logaoedic, in measures of four or six feet, variously
combined.
-, l--v l
I. I. v'--vl,

-L -

i-All

2.

3.
4.

-> i I-

5--v \jI
I

VI.

I~ l

II

Iv

-

.

i-

I -A
I --All

-Al

Lyrics of the Third Kommos, vv. 879-960.

Verses 879-914 form a Strophe, composed partly of lyrics and partly
of iambic trimeters. Verses 92.5--960 form the Antistrophe.
The correspondence of the consecutive parts, lyric and iambic, is as
follows :STROPHE.

ANTISTROPHE.

=925--936.
(a) 879-890 lyrics
891-899 trimeters (broken by exclamations)= 937-945.
(b)

900-903 lyrics

(c)

904-907 trimeters
908-914 lyrics

= 946-949.
= 950-953.
=954-960.

xliv

Ajax

The Strophe is separated from the Antistrophe by ten iambic trimeters
for Tecmessa (vv. 915-924). At the close of the Antistrophe she has
thirteen trimeters (vv. 961-973), which form a kind of epilogue to the
Kommos.
The lyric metres are dochmiac and logaoedic. The several rhythmical
periods of which the Strophe is composed, as shown below, have these
metres in the following order. Period I. Dochmiac.
II.
Logaoedic.
III. Dochmiac.
IV. Logaoedic.
V. Logaoedic.
VI. Dochmiac.
VII. Logaoedic.
(a)

879-89-So= 925-936.

2.

4.

IV.
(b)

,

--

I

IThird
2. ,,,

-All

Stasimon, V. 185,1222.
-,iI-All

,

900--903=946--949.

3. 4. -

I-> I1

1-,-

-All
-A l

(c) 908--914= 954-96o.

VI.
VII.

> I-> ,,->
'-,

[ --

A]]
A---,
a.

2. ,.,- , - ,I
,, -- , I- , i - , - - ,]]
3.
VII.

Third Stasimon, vv. II85---I122.

FIRST STROPHE.-Logaoedic.
STROPHE.-Logaoedie.
logaoedic tetrapodies (Glyconics),
Glyconic verses.

I. Two verses, each composed of two
I. Two
each composed
separated by a dipody.

II.

Two

Metrical Analysis

II.

.
I.

>

->

xlv

-l
A

--

SECOND STROPHE.-Logaoedic.
I. Glyconics, with a dipody (the
versus Adouius) as epode.
II. Verses i and 3 are composed each of two
tripodies (Pherecratics) : vv. 2 and 4 are Glyconic.

4.

II.

6.
.
2.

-

>:,

L

>- -

I- All

]
l

vyL < -,
,
i

-I

All

TA TOY APAMATO$

HPO4QIIA.

AOHNA.
OATIZETZ.
AIAZ.
XOPO2 2AAAMINION NATTO-N.
TEKMHIZA.

ArFEAOL.
TETKPOZ.
MENEAAO2.
AFAMEMNON.

According to the Iliad (2. 557), 'Ajax brought twelve ships
from Salamis'. Fifteen of his followers,-at once sailors
(vavfldrat, v. 348) and warriors (<io-mrIPEs, v. 565),-form the

Chorus. The mute persons are, the child Eurysaces and his
Paedagogus (542); the two heralds who accompany Menelaiis
(1047, cp. 1115);

two body-guards, Sopvqdpot, not noticed

in the text, but who may be supposed to attend Agamemnon
(1226); and the attendants of Teucer (see notes on 1oo
and 14 02 f.).
The following cast of the parts is generally assumed:i.

3

Pro/agonist. Ajax, Teucer.

Deuteragoist. Odysseus, Tecmessa.
Tritagonist. Athena, Messenger, Menelaiis, Agamemnon.
(Or Menelajis might be played by the Deuteragonist.) Wecklein prefers to suppose that the Deuteragozist undertook
Athena, Tecmessa, and Agamemnon; the Tritagonist,Odysseus,
Messenger, Menelaiis.
On any of these views, it follows that the part of Tecmessa,
from the moment when she re-enters at v. I168 down to
the end of the play, must have been taken by a mute person;
since, in the last scene, she is on the stage at the same time
with Agamemnon and Odysseus. She has nothing to speak
after v. 973. Similarly in the Oedipus Coloneus Ismene was
played by the Deuteragonist as far as v. 509, and by a supernumerary fiom o96 to 1555, or perhaps to the end.
2.

3.

xlvii

Dramiis Personae
STRUCTURE

i.
2.

rpdhXoos, verses 1-133.
w poSos, 134-200.

3.

rEod-68sLov

arprov,

201-262,

4.

OF THE PLAY.

(including

201-595

two

KouLot,

and 348-429).

Or~TLLov 'rp)rov,596-645.
EPOV,
646-692.
rwoELdSTov SEV
r- ~io-ov SETEPOV (in the form of a

5.
6.

ropX yja),

693-

718,
6

rELo-6 SLov rpLTov, 719--865.

7.

8.

i

rnwpoSos (866-878), followed by a Kou/s

(879-

973).
9.

EITEETSLov
'r~7Vprov,

IO.

GC-'rTdLV T'PTOV,

II.

toSos,

974-1184.
I185-1222.

1223-1420.

Another view recognises only three irrato-&0a,-the third
consisting of the whole passage from v. 719 to v. 1184. But
the re-entrance (Epzarodos) of the Chorus at v. 866, followed
by the long antistrophic kommos, forms a lyric interval
even more marked than that which is made by an ordinary
stasimon. Aristotle's definition of an racrod~cov, as the portion
of a tragedy which stands Cpar

8Xowv

XOPLKW^V /IEXW

(Poet. I2),

seems to require that we should regard the third episode as
ending at v. 865, and a fourth as beginning at v. 974.

AIA2.

J. Aj.

TA TOT APAMATOZ IIIPOZ(211A.
AOHNA.
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70 delpw A, vulg.: drelpyw L
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197 op/jr
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450 &5dcaa-ros MSS.: corr. Elmsley.
from 6arevO6vovr' either by the first hand or by an early corrector), A,
vuig.: 6rev'Elvovr r (with yp. fE7EKTEL'PoVT).
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Tap Erfurdt,
Elmsley: r' &v r: -y' h'P L, vulg.

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p o) eoo4;e 7rov
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495

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635

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Ta 8' "XX' 8ooolt
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ica
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e 0
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but is omitted by Stobaeus Flor. 78. 9 (where he quotes 550-555): del.
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6 7 &pro3 add. Triclinius:
634 avylA Bothe: d/.v[Lyara MSs.
656 4X6owcuat
649 Xal Brunek: Kcd MSS.
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679 4Ocapreos LI, r: eXOpavPTos Lc, vulg.
rtiauTLal MSS.
683 C'Tatpetas L, ulg.: fTcLrpias r.
668 Ti aiavip^ r.

~U

t~41Lc
7I

104OKAEOYE

26

'rLLa'E, TeVtKpO ', i v 1aX,
flmV,
exelv
Ik IEV evvoetv

qv aov'x
vlkv

alV/L
690

cryo ryap EZLp eKELO 071oL vOpEVTEOIc/.-E 8' A Ofp' co SpaTc, Ica\ T'

7rLOOcTOE,

XO.

97-p.

CC"''i

epoOr7, 7JEPLXaP?7

e'i

T IT\ v I

2

WI

~

Y0

1

KC61H,ZVZV 8VO-TUXCO,%) 0E60-W7/EVOV.

\ ,- Id'\

;JW

-df~

)

\vr

ay

aV

,

') dVerdcTaav.

a L7rXaryKT7 KvXXavia'

3 7ETpat9ag 71o

c

a

)

WV

CO CO

XtOVOITV~0V 695
Oeaw

xw0

ava ,cc
4 o~r/c

pot NIata Kvo)&)' opX?-7',ua aVro(ai

VVWOV

ba'iJts.

700

5 vivv
yap 4Lol jLAeEL %opevkaL
/-ot
(3' zrwep 77eaa7EWV
6 'I1apiv

vaa

w

'A'n6X-

Xov 0 AaXtO9 EVFYVCOWOTO9

7114- 7
CWTr.

0

c/LO f
Vve

e Xvo-ev

) (
8t

a 7raVTo3

aivpv aXoq

d'

705

IEVOpo.

o/LpaTCwv "Apqjs.

) LWd.

vvii av~
3

-

7rapa XeVACO~ V ivafepov weXacLL
Oodv &KcvcWv vCp , rO A la XaOiwovo9 wa 7v,
OEV
(8' ai
av
vEO-/LL raevvoVa0a

r

rav

c6

.2 viv, W Zev^,

'

cre/wv
0 '

/16yfwO-rq.

"7-kvt

Xya Xpovol

'ATPOE18av

,L

j

apa vet

6 lCOv(3v aVa&TOZJ
SbaTicalF
SX7rTTV A'a
LETaveypWo-fl
7 Ov1koD 'i'

710

v,

EVTE

n

.LE AX C7T PEOLKEWV.

705 tvvetj7 L', r: vvepl17 LC, vulg.
700 icfPts r: 1c/easL.
7-6 l\q'y6 after /capaivEL add. Mss. (om. Stobaeus Eel. Phys. x. 9.
Kad
718 Ouvoo^ r' Hermann: Ou6v i A: eW6P
24): del. Brunck.
(without r') L, vulg.: OvIU'w Triclinius.
714

AIA2

27

AITEAOX.
uvppel gtXot, To wpaWTov aryoesXat OE'Xco,
TeivJ lpo; 7rapeo-TT dvprt Mvctawv adw
XpfLUct)V .

pLeoOV

v E7-a&ro

8E Ei-pOa-LOXCNOV

a wtatv. 'Apye'otS 6pgoi.

-Ttolvra rytp 7rpoun 9

V

OV E)

~aao-oCLC~ve L'vCL~~V,
s
-c~~97pac-ov epov lcavv
-~"4

KOE

OV,7LT g eC

'Top TOV /JtavEVT0S KCL7rt3OUXeUTOV

a7TOKaXoVPT6S%, (0

S~Vvuov

C10- rev
X

is Ov.;
aTpaToV

Gavctv.

TOTOUTOP r/\Oov (oCre ctaL XepoLV
ifoq.

p t 8palovo-a 701) Dpoa0oTaTo

/et 8'

CyEPovrOv yEV

alXX' leytt At'a9
TrOv9 KvpLol

ro3

vvaXXayiI X'ov.
'ovV,

C gpdow

Tai~e;

vXof~h X~yv.

ryap 7ravTa Xp?

ve'a9
a)XXa \fpo~v^8o apnTw,
TPO7Ft .
CyKaTa c v ,l
/3UVXa9 veotLi)v
AP. tlov tov.
/3pa~e'ctv ?ey/alZS y~p c TJlh3~e r?\)v co
g.z
, ?7 c3v0 v eryc) /3pa
7r6/t7T(0P E7TCpXO. 71
e
Xpe1C; 7-,q78
mco-7ravto-ieYvo Gv
E
UTe 179
y
AP. Tolp ahsp8
7 w " 8a Tei)po
/kj
Co) 7Tjt4JKEtL, 7rplv rapcul avros- 7VX9.
XO.

XO.

02K Ev0V,

AXX

otxeTaiL

7V6O/.49,

AP.

7rp0

7

735

740

Os

Kcepto-70v Tpa7Tet9

oeoLtaP (09 Ka7aXXcLXOP X'ov.

TaVT e67Tb Td7T7 /iopta9 71oXXq

et7rFE

725

oUc aple-O&

coAewv epvo-'ra\ 8e7repatO)Ofl

a38ppcuiv

~

a Ta5avOe8l

ov27reTp~pot- ra9

To /. k

V

oveto3ETtv
ob
g 0 -~'
o'rt

fua~oVT64; ailik40omIjo-av, emT

( -Y"""
tcy~-~a
7~-~4~1"5

720

CpaT9fL'tov

7L KtXXas,

726

rpaTOu- MSS.: o-Tpar

!~,

7rXe'a,

6
ev pov ov /LavTEVETaL.

Schaefer.

4~C C6,

745

I L^ 8

XO4O KAEOYX

28

XO.
AIP.

ro-oP;

t

~' EL0

5
7rp "IpaTo4 7rap7t;

Mr;TOO&

roo-orov ol&t ,caL 'rap&)w ETvyXavov.
eI ryap

'VVE8pov ial TvpavvtioV KIKXOV
KCaXxa, bE tTaGTa9 010 'ATpLt8^V 3 'Xa
ell Xetpa TeiXKpov 8e~u\v /tXoopi'w9o
Oft(

750

WCLVe
Tta
0
ELVE KawE7rcy
aEtpa
KaTf 7pap TOv/4aV&9 TO vvvTO8

A'tavO'

i

~

Vrrr \ G-K;vato-t jkq8 a'OEVT e)
'&T

3

ex~s yap aVToi TyV E
&3aq 'AOavaq pipVt,

(LJPa
09

av,
755

OEXotL 7T0TE

Elffu tV

'e-Eov

yJ~~fl

eoy xeryomw

Tra eycp 7TEpbYtaa KapoVq?)Ta ow/laTa
DY,

v v

'7

l--P

HapEiatq 7rpo4 EOv 8v07paatav9
otv
/VTVLS,
b"'07t9 ?wopo'7ov r

7Lr7~TELV

elao-x

' f6

76o

XhaC77V E0rMTa p97 icaT aVOpwO7iOv polq.
kltVO 8 Wr OLKWV 6VOV9 40pbpiuwLev0
avoV? KcaXco9 XEY70VT09

'lraTp09.
qvepE
f
3p \
1) /v~v~re6 I
F
0 1 t4ev y~ap aiVz-ov EP'VEL' TEI)OV, S0pt

' et\ KpT-etv.
/eLV, cYVV 0ej0^'
KpaT'v
V'*tKi7rrC9 KaopOvan ?tetJa7-o-

3ovxov

6

0'

raT7ep,

0

401(; /LEV

Kav6' I0 /J)&~v cWV6poD^

/cpaTO9 KaTaiCT7o-aLT
KEI6V(l
pi IAA-

f

'flE77ot~a,

T70OaOvB EKO/ATEL

&/a9
'MAOva9,
ijv58a
TOT

TOVT

EY7

3

8 E icat

eLTa 8e TEPOV

Xe'tpa

az'TtoLwOvEt &tvov

icaO' 45,La^(

Xa

5

pxLVOOV.

E ^T5 eveXOPO'l9

3

CWMo7TaO-fV KXEO9 .

?)VlK oTpvov0a

avaooa, T0t9 aXX0UtLv
LGoT,

765

770

vLY

cotviav TpEr7tV,

App97TOV T eWro0
'ApryeLOv

8 oVroT

ve

Xa9

Eprj5eLbEtX'1

775

T0tWt0OG TOt Xo'yototv doTEpry- qoE

758 Kdv6plTc MSS.: Kav6bqra
747 irdpet Schneidewin: 740t, MSS.
v. 1. in Suidas s. v. r& ya'p (where, howfrer, the best MS. has KaPP6vflTa).
776 rotolUe rots MSS.: corr.
771 3ta' 'A6cuvap conj. Mlehihorn-

Hermann.

N

AIA!

29

aXX

7"'86

EL77"p EUTt

yevot/pEO

7et7etE pe&
o-o

t'

c
8

1)~
v

0

Evg1a( 4opa
e

a7reoTTep?7/Lea,

eb

avip Ketvol?, El

iXa

7090.

8
W 8 aicta'Fq~lqouoa, vLT/opoIryvo,
8
e7rq OpoeL.
o7rt
8'pa uoXoaoa rv

yafp EV Xpf"

VpeL

TE.

T7 '

TOiJ8

ElaoKove

A'aVTO4

2)/LtV

785

(38pag

aVUYTaTrE;

7av p0 , (0W 2 KeL SIp(a

7rpllt1 77V

%^$v,

7r

XCOhXalev;

Ai'aV709

Oapo-(

8' O8 t

w'p . 7r

)1.

8
O10lVi7p vrravXov tq ,' dE'otEvat /ikvov.
8
woii 8' 'a- \ TeDNpo9, itt
T(t XE'YEL Ta E;

r7rapeGaT EKetvo9 apTt

77?V8E8' e'4

Ataz'To9 eX7ri'e

TE.

4',tcot 'rXawa,

AP.

TOD O

TE.

o

ica awci~oa9~ ol

Cl

Fiaeov;
dvOpewro
icaO q/Lpav
avar
ov Lv qepeL.

I u, Te13pov

?)TEZT LOVTE9g Tav8p

Kat 7?79 7raXata

OV

8oo

rEW9,

E7rEpOVl? ayKcva9,

eryvwia ryap

795

)

.
Nc

X774

TOV VOT

TOpetov /JOv

T17V iV, OT aVTO)

8'

8

17770 10 'v

Cteppet.

' ya, qiXot, 7TIPc7flT avalcata
oL

790

?7Xy'), Efy(0.

7r6; PWV

ical jv Ovpaio9, OcT-TE 11
LVfWy
ti
AP. eKceLvov etpryetl TeDO9pol e? cjtETat7

xO'i

ot

TVXf,

'v TXeL etpXeV,

' aV7XiOv9

8o5

8

O,'

CO7O(

o ov
KaK?7'v.
?77raTI?7/L.V?)

XaPLTO9 6C,8E/3XfjLpvfl.

79i &vpwie r: t 'YOpwtra vuig. 799 ACavTroy Fs "eOpo conj. Blayies.
(,icJ~l
c~pa~,/ij~ertl-

/J

i. /)

Ttva.

TE.

AP.

6j

8

9vpaio9 Et7r~p EoCTlV, ol

Ar.

,ttid-

Xa g 0'--e-

dpTr'019 7rE7raV/L.EV?/V

6

TE. o'rot, Irl 077g, av
8
AP. oi'lc OL a T\) v cq v

TE.

780
iS

leeef -

Xapev

1-0

TOV7T

TrXatvav,

aV

Ka~icc aTPVTWCV,

XO.

1)
o

q'poVrra 7To-8' 6rtGTo'Xa,

Tei^/cpos !v XahTelv.
OVK 60YTLV

av

P' ' X)
Oe() 0rij ptot.

Eto-'

7L'

XO.

0

aV'roV" OVEv

T ToavO^ ff o ~U
/WVTCS

.

av~pW7rov qpo

c7-3jaT oprytV, ov /car

cMd
ai(

--t'T

XO4OKAEOYI

30

t
TreIVov; oV
oc/o , 71 8paao,
El/s Kicayo Ice
0ovo7rep

yUrov*

dX'
jr

a

8to

aOEVOw.

xwpw'eu*, EyKOViOLeV, ody 58palq dKi
8
c o'ELv OEXovra(v lio pa'k
a- -r oe7 7 Oavely
avciv.
7'8 e
opitee0r?
T

7
XO.

wpetyv TOt/Joq,

ICOV Xoy&

aXor yap epyou Kat

AL.

6 /A~v opbw yev!o-fl7KEV
cdoT
ry
Jf
7EvotT

\h etml

EU!, el

31

Xo Kat
TWp 0 /G~

3

& pov pev dvsphs

6E el (

phlvov.

ep' fe7a&.

voJv

7tLO?09

8I5

1ylf-ao-o,

'5 ata a-XoX' 3 0

ty caXoy7Eyat

"/

$vOwnv EJ1ot

'EK7opo9,

LdXLAto-ra plTv7roY x0oxrov 6' 6 pavr
Tppdie
7ircv7ye 8' do 7 ^ roXep'l
820

a-\ cLs&pfPwT7 Oryavil ,veicov49

6X'vy era 8' avOV e) w7eptoG-elXa9 Cyo,
ECVOVo-TaToV 78'
av8pL M\ TLXOv9 OaveLtY.
OVTCO

(

.LEl) eVKcQvJev*

Ec 8

TO&v8

e6icK9,

7 rp(0ro, <J Ze , Kal ycp

alro-opa e
7rpE/JOv
TeV'cpy

o ' ov pcaccph

pVt7v aryI elXov,

OEfpoura,

WTpC0o

4O

PtOO(A^

y'paq Xagev.W

KVG-\L

TOa7T

-,

825

aw

icac
3

S TaYoy1
(leEt,

C0< ALE f

a 9 7)e 7eept veoppaTry

'reWrTWr

icat pq 7rpho eXOPv

/0t

apicEov.

Tov KaTOrrTEVO6ek

7rapov

' eXwp.
7rpoplyToroo
0 7rp O'8Xq T 1 01CVOIF-I0' e'X&P.
Zo D
< Ze0, wpoorpro*
KaXd 6' 8

830
ta

ECp xpp@ E76 e icotlo-ae,
7ropgratov
vv aco-a8ao--r p icat 7aXe 7rq8 7j4are,
TXevphp? 8tappfavra

Tw5 8e ao-ryavw.
8' 8ap9ayovs de aet re rapOEiov9

cak&

ael

0' op&aca 7rraVa Tav

Ce/epv

7rpo

fporot

'Epviv g-avrwo8asg,palev

'A7pe&v

mv
1

Xvya

dly

rdwa*

O9Xorms L : OdXorres LC, vulg.-8s oredl ]s
831
L: 6s aowe6ct A: 6s 6v owre6&q r.
in L: 7rporpTlW MSS.
836 del 0' r: del 6' L, vulg.
812

from

orez68)

2,

835

7lra7,

a&p

redet6 (made
rpoorTpir schol.

Z
MAY
icab oaC a

311

KacLO-Ta ical r7avo)E'Opoug

aKov

vvapwa-etav, oorep do-opwo- e
[a roaoay7^, ri7ToPva, T(09 avt7o-/aryet
6
TO /V 0XiurcV ElKY OV& )oi ao].
7rpog
CT

o

9
0 6, /Aj 4EtcEOc 'rav8?71.ov o-TpaT-ov.

tit
zrL

ct

Eptvv;cs-

v"rmpt

-ar

840

r a',
c- TOP a6,7rv opavv 8topqXa7w~v
'HXte, 'raTp av 77V E/?7P trrav xO 6va
'ifl9,

~rL~w

X~n)Uc1w70P iVLap
6 1 u9 ov 7

ay~YetXov aTal r ctava

845

efov

7EPOVTt 7raTpt 7r 76 8voTn'ii
T77v 8 ' 6rav KX
7rov Tava,

/

?77-et

7roXE.

O.

4

/av

V eVXX

a

ev 7Tactf

ICCO/CVTOV

o

6V&

860

pryov TaVra OpxqvetlaL 1al7-1v,
TaXL

0VV

pICTEOP TO 7rpa/a

AXX

aX' ,

T1. T.

aca7E, V6 V / L p e371-ce*at poXcov
CO5
OVaTE
iCatL7o o- c v Icacet 7rpoaav8?oao 4vvv.

icat TOP

/ep a4? vtV OeXa9,
TO
&opEVUTlV 'HXLOV
71poo-EVvC7rCO)

7ravvuaro-T v
o 4E77yo0, c

17 KOV7rOT a9Csv vTpOV.
LfP7, p oticeltas 7rE ov

7?JF

aaJt-vo%, 66 wcrpcov e -Ttaq
IcXeva

^

T

'AO-?vat,

7 Wo~aloI

Kc4

jq

T

^0'
S'd~'

bv'

f36Opov,

0' oe, Iccl Ta Tpwica

A"ow
Av
E'v 'At~oV T061s

TP

o2

04i'.

v'G aTOVVOpe
IaTO6) /lv0aolat.

HMIXOPION A.
7T0V09 7rOVO) 7rOVOV 06DeIJE
,rI
,r~
7ra ryp ovic eav

86o
6v09,

vTocov

v-esta 7rpooav5, Xalpe7, c
Tta

855

o3 0faevv/pq

ac',

e'ro;

841 f. del. Bothe and Hermann.

865

1O OKAEOYI

32

6
te vOvpppa ev 'o7roS.

KOV~~1 ErioTaTa pc

870

Sov7rov ab ic ov Tvad.
B.
7poiv Le vao

HM.A.
HM. B.
HM. A.
HM. B.
HM. A.

Xo vv or

T71 o

8tlav.

v 84;

7rav e'-Ttriat
ess ovv;

eow 7rEpov vewv.

-7rXevph

,

~C

-

hr wXrxov.
7rvov 7e 7rXo009, icob IelV k
aXX oe pI 8aTl v s c~ Xov 30oXv
IcXev0ov avqp o 3 8abov 8oi 4ave.

CTap. XO.

aCv 8Ta74 pt, 7-19 1V (LtXO7TdoW

71

V

aXta8a2 v lywv 4iprvov9 cypaq,
6
71, 'O3upr ed &T a eav, i) jv&hV
3

s88o

>2

Cv
M,,,, 'a

4

Boon'-opov

5

770

6 7rXag

7

S7"--

9odpl

,

TE. Itno
12

0poi

71ivo

w

rdp

.

,

a

7T eXa

,

8pd,

o

vov avopa
po.

8oq

885

)

,

,latcpav akdaav )rowov

70V

f,

c

<ELdOv/lov e woo0

XedVO

al

o
XO.

6evov

adrot; orX .Tl

yi ye

S8

"- ,

roTa]p.,v,

,
7 ov. r r90

0

k-

ra'pavXoq Eify varov;

TE. 23 1 0 7X-Xlpwv.
XO. 14 Tr77) .ovpiXrl r7ov 80"l0opov vV/JAf71v

r6

15 Ticp'qo-o'av, Otic7t) 7q$e

TE. 16

Apa

ovcyKeiape l

dwyXc', 8XwXa, 8taver opOpqat,

.

895

Ixot.

XO. 17 T7i 8' 60Trt;
TE. 18 Aaq '68'
O

y Iv aprToW

19 IcEtTat, icpval

veorayhl,

CaoYdLaV!y

7rEpL7r7VXI9.

869 KOS6E1 Erl-TrTar7ai oce oTvPaEtV T670o conj. J.
870 16o6 bis L,
vulg. : corr. Hermann.
884 tSptl 7roragcwv add. L, vulg. : om. r.
after
940
896 ofXWK' MSS.: corr. Dindorf.
891 ibbis L: corr. Triclinius.

I

4

AIAY

XO.

qCto& e/yCw

20

42

POO-co0V*

21 w/t, I, KcaTEWrreoe9,

900

';'s

ava ,

7oSe ovvva-rav,

22

33

ra al,

23 o T-aXaIbp(ov ryt~vat.

TE.
XO.
TE.

25

XO.

28 do

T 0&TV

24

rVO'

EOYTOS'

ataEtv 7rapa.

ap e7rpaf e XEIPt 8Lo-yopo;
ev ryap01 X00v
8Xo.
aVTOr 7rp 6l 5 7-VOi

26

7rroT

rl

~

~ ~

A

~7c
~

L~UPa~~3,I1
,

ows

,c~

op a

2k~pa~c7

na~f9

~b t~z~ ~910
29

6'

67(o

po~o' 6' 7ra'VT' & pt9,

7avra

30 Kca71)/6E loa.

7ra

31 KELTat o

TE.

8vp7 j

X

aXXa

OV)TOL OCaar.

~apet KaXe

~~
L

vo-w~vvpaoq At'aq;

/

915

1tvl 7rePtrr7vXei

7ra/.k7r ) )v, re6
Ovm&cS av, oo-Ts( KIat, O1Xo9, TXatr) lX6 7rcV
T6 fotlvta
avo 7rpOq ptva, &
1TOVOWVT
a 0) obKeLwS oa71 )9 .
wXiqryyi9 jkeXavOe~v alLtk
TI

otti,
?Tov

1:7
aj

t

puao;

a&

c0 3to-yop' A

c

7r ewIap'
K up

dvT. XO.
2

a) 1213f

e/L\XE9,

0-TepEO

v

OV -rov&

p 01
a-at.

uvvyca~ap/
OLiJ)l EXeL9,

qa9, OLO (0)

Ic
Exp

920

RaocTauet "4Xv;

Tta-e

Tevvlcpoi; w,?AKta

7re7ToT

7,

0)E

4L09

OpL'Co)V TVxEP.

TaXac4, E/LeXXe9 XPW )W

925

a~p e avv-etlv cal

3 uotpav adretpeatlv 7rPwv.
"frte'Oovr
4 acvvXa
at ae
T Lr7

7a fLOt

.F~ , O
930
930

Dindorf: 0B /10t... 16 /iot L, vulg. go2 TXag]
wLgot
9 oof. COA..
go8 w tot Triclinius:
TcXas L, vulg. (w'rdXas r) : corr. Hermann.
1&"
lluacd'
921
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eXw

wavr

Katcal p

eevo-ag

-T

eXrl'oo

1380

E7rEraivo-at
7roXi.

aYp cov eXOtLO-70 'Apryi0)v aP27p

jporwMv L:

1379

AlU

3

-"

1375

dyye XXo~Ua,

aptcrot9 cpvpacotP 7rOPeIP8pOTrOVq.

2ptur' '8vaO--O,

X6ryotw

TOPW

ica\ /A/?)\v

v/1roveW

XPl7 70
TET.

aPi7p.

E0

TO r

TOO.1
OP8 ELtaL
1
0
.q)
1

13 CXO
3

alTOP OaPGPVTa
al

a, /L&pO9

Cp
Z

I373 XP-1 Dindorf: Xp
opOTdts r.
Porson, Elmsley: o6oovMss,

Mss.

3o-wj'

C

~

(
A.
cy (uc
4L 4

r
c~i

, )A

L

49

AIAtiILP
wr apEar'79Xlepat1, ov.3 6-XT wapfw
r.38e 'aV vfplpoai/
/ua,

1385

a7paTn7k)Y 0 0V7rtpO)7P1770S /LoA(01)

,Auyos

LL p-'-

Oavo'vT
(09

~

LBHI~

9

?o/37

oV

7-ao/q)S aTEp.

avTol) c/ItXE^W

'Oxi1wov 3EL'v
Tro. 7rpCo-,
W

aroti
04'
11v071 1

'Epuv9

C r'

~C ~

o4vatik 9 ?7OeX77c-anl71)

avog TE Xc
L~c

--

cat 7eTxcfop-o9

7ra7?p

Wtnl

1390

KaOVi

? W9
Ocipetav, WO-7rep JEIxo1
701 avpa Xi 9 1 atg 91c8a-Xv
avallw( .

.3, w yepctLoU

o-~

racOV [.kE\V -KV

owp~ct Aaprov

E7rLJa -eLV

70'Ov

Oa1)aO17&TOUTO

1177
Tal 3' 8

XXa

Kcat

rapI,
,

E,

8VXEPEI9 7ir0i)*
KceL Trza

v-,u/pao-e,

'395
OTpaToV

Ov.eV aXyog 6' 0 1u1 ) *
~3/ .3~ rXhha \\
7TEVT~1 71p0V1)o)
ov &
2
chn7p lca' l7/ka9g c'o-OX,
a'\ E7Ti0Tco.

OE XEtg K0/Etkl1V,

OA. AXX

970EXOV U(Eli' C' 8'
Ta& . 7ka9, eL/-l,

7TpaaTEt1)

TET. chXt

yAp

0'

XP2
7at
Tpt7rO.'

O6a'a1

7XV

a'a7 (O I (f)&XOV
e7ratpLvecT 70 OTOV.

2VV7E, TOt

adIMb2 7- vp0v

/ca/7rCToP
C7ET1

7

83 vjt'/3arov
Xov

pJ-X V O',CA

1405

cwvL/Catpo1

Eia, ' e Ktcrtuia9 a7vpwv t
7ov ilwaawov

To60.

cff 7rt

/

?rat, (TV & 7ra7pO Iy,
Oty'i

0t\O'rT7r

Eh'W~

&O

06p

O0ov

cXVE(9,
(Tvv elob
Oep/lla

-/TXISvpa\

3-cT.3 7rh7CMU'fr"

eTE tyap

410

01);p~7e9 avw Ova ao'&
[(EXav
/.Evos.
0iq

aye '7ra,.

El XO9 Ttlq

a'v?\

a34r,
7-rapetvat, oovO,
aspl 7rOVO"V T60 rrapT alyaO(Z~r
11
14

Co' S')

J. Aj.

aXX

1400

ro EKTET lT lL

"o. I e \ colXv
aX XX i -LEV KO/Co
0

pvs

a

11 1415

100KAEOYX

5,6
ico'ev'

AIAT

rCo X ov OVZ)Tvy.
c vo.]
'OT v, ITOe

-,

7

oD

[Aavrow,
XO.

?

/poroS
woXX&

&arv

18o0t3o

yviova* r7rpv 18eiv 8' o6tIS
rCWv ~LXXAOrTV,
1417

0

T 7-pad~ t.

CcvTLe
1420

Dindorf, in his ed. of 1825, was the first to reject this v.

NOTES.
Scene :--Before the tent of Ajax, at the eastern end of the
Greek camp, near Cape Rhoeteum on the northern coast of the
Troad. ODvssEUS is closely examiningfotprints on the sandy
ground. ATHENA is seen in the air (on the OcoXoyov).
According to the rule of the Greek theatre, the side of the
scene on the spectator's right represents the home-region,-in
this case, that of the Greek camp. To the spectator's left is
the region of the open country, stretching east and south from
the camp, over the plain of Troy, towards those 'Mysian
highlands' from which Teucer returns (v. 720). Aristotle
speaks of o-Klqvoypa4 ta as an invention distinctive of Sophocles
(Poet. 4). And the words in v. 4, IvOa Ta'vLw
-i7rv
c
EXet, rather suggest that the Greek camp was somehow indicated here,-perhaps with a glimpse of the Hellespont, and
of Cape Rhoeteum.
1-133 Prologue. Athena confirms the surmise of Odysseus
as to the guilt of Ajax; shows herfavourite his aflictedfoe; and
points the moral.
I

&e' Ev, followed in 3 by Kai vOv: cp. Tr. 689-691
(n.). Plato has d tiv followed by adrp
E
Ka vv (Prot. 335 D), T'p o04 Kal TOTE (Rep. 367 E).
Similarly
I. 1. 107 ff. a'Edo
TO...Ka V/V.
ApT ov, as in 380: but AaEpriov in ioi, and Aacprov in
1393. AacpTrjs is the only Homeric form (Ph. 87 n.), but

'XgprZa
piv...K0Ka

Eur., like Soph., uses all three.
2 irdpaiv TLV' ~xepav &kp o-ac, to snatch (by vigilant and
subtle craft) some means of attacking foes,-some moment
when foes can be taken at a disadvantage. For the objective
gen. exOpv, cp. Diod. Sic. 14. 80 Kastpv EVOETOy EIo V TW^v
els
i0E'a
v: for &piro-ra, Plut. Philop. 15 Lprios
vOy
KaLtpv: Xen. An. 4. 6. 11 o70T
4prytkpov opovs.. KXEJaCLT .. Ka
ap7rTo-at Odo-avras. Like the verb (rretpav T-q- wrdX wo, Her. 6.
82), rEpa often denotes an enterprise against an enemy (Thuc.
7roXEp/owv

Ajax

52
3.

20, etc.).-rpwevov with inf.: cp. Eur. Helen. 63 0prPa
/X.
ib. 545 33 tLe O 7rLTa Xaflv.

alkE/v

Athena's words are illustrated by the action of Odysseus
against Palamedes (Xen. Mem. 4. 2. 33),- by his capture of
Helenus (Ph. 6o6),-his designs on Philoctetes,-his theft of
the Palladium (Ov. Met. 13.
399),-and his nocturnal expedition
with Diomedes (II. io).
3

(KaiVaeS...VCLVTLKatS.

Each chief has his quarters at the

place on the shore of the bay where his own ships are drawn
up. The plural here is probably poetical, denoting the tent of
Ajax only, and not also those of his followers. We have the
sing. of o-K-qwv 218 and 796, the plur. at 754 and 985; and
at
R
in 754 br o
UK-va-L is precisely equivalent to o-Kv ~ rravXov

in 796. So, too, the plur. of KXLo'a in
in 1407.

192,

and the sing.

The Homeric KXW-ta was a wooden hut (II.

24. 448 ff.).

By o-Kqvr,, an Athenian in the poet's day would usually understand a tent of skins, such as was commonly used by soldiers
(Xen. An. I. 5. Io).

4 TatLv 4oXdryv. While Odysseus was stationed at the
middle point of the Greek camp, the posts of danger and
honour at the eastern and western ends respectively were held
by Achilles and Ajax,-T-o P'Eo-Xaa vas il as d'pvorav, ivopty
MrrTvvo0 KapTEL XELPWV (Il II. 8 f.).
KaL
5 KVV yr'qFOVTc: his keen scrutiny suggests a hunter; as his

sagacity suggests a hound (8). We can speak of a dog
'hunting,' but a Greek would hardly have said Kwv KVVrqyTEL..
The transition from one image to the other is natural and easy.
prTpo1p~Evov, with the eyes. In Attic the midd. is rare,
except as = 'to have measured out to one,' [Dem.] or. 34 § 37:
but it is frequent in later poetry, as Apoll. Rh. i. 724, Mosch.
2. 157.
Cp. Lat. metiri (oculis, auribus, etc.).
6 VEoxo.aKra, newly imprinted on the sandy soil.

The tent

was close to the sea (ZfaXo;, 192). Ajax had gone out in the
past night, and come back at dawn. All the footprints are
fresh; but Odysseus has to make out whether the more recent
lead to or from the tent.
can be used in an
Either ov or pg/
vov.
Vv8ov e'T oK Mi
7 E r'
indirect question introduced by dl: Plat. Gorg.462 D ipwors C
o KaXq LL 80KE ETaL: Theaet. 163 D povXo'/dEvo
pE'1oOat d. . it
oaev. The same rule holds when the indirect question is
alternative ('whether...or nol'), and the second part of it is

Noles

53

introduced by EcrT here), or by 7'. Plat. Crat. 425 B crTE
(as
Kar
TpOrOV KEaL7I E'E /", OVo OE
:-OaL:
Rep. 451 D O(Korro3CV
el IfLtLv sTpir)EL -q O1.
4KEp"EL: schol. is E0oS i~cLyct: 'brings out,' as from a labyrinth, to the desired goal. Cp. O. C. 98
,jyay' Tis
2-8'

"Xao-os, (your guidance) 'hath led me home to this grove.'

Plat.

Phaedo p. 66 B KLVVVEV- TOL (dOw'rp apawrdo TLS 6K cEpELV
Lxa.
8 KVVbS A KcaLvs. According to Aristotle, the Laconian
dogs were cross-bred with foxes (k &aXwdreaos Kat Kvvo, o

AaKOVLtKO, Hist. Anim. 8. 28, p. 607 a 3).

He describes them
as a small breed, with long nostrils and keen scent (i'o-ow o

(LaKpOL,

/LVKT1PES

OLOV

TOCV

AaKVLKW3V

KVVL

8

,(V,

OrfOPLpaVTLKa:

Gener. Anim. 5. 2, p. 78I b 9). They were the best hunting
dogs, as Pindar testifies, fr. io6: alro TaiydroLo /LEv AdKatvav
brit

O7poTl

KVa

TPEigacV

[v. 1. TPEXELV]

rUVKLVWTaTOV

EprETO7V.

The use of the feminine gender by Sophocles here may be
illustrated by Aristotle's remark,-a AdKaLvaR KVVEs al OXEtaL
E voepat TVL ppv
i
elp-t'v
y,--.e., 'of a finer intelligence'

(ib. p. 608 a 27).-Cp. Shakesp. Midsumnmer-Nigt's Dream 4.
I. 124, where Theseus says, My hounds are bred out of the
Spartan kind j ... A cry more tuneable I Was never holla'd to,
nor cheer'd with horn, | In Crete, in Sparta, nor in Thessaly.
SpwLos is nom., not gen. (from "'pts). It is true that e*ptg
occurs in Aesch. Ag. 1093, and appLVE in Xen. Cyn. 3. 2;
while E1pLvos (from tis) occurs only in late Greek. But the

form is correct in itself; such alternatives were frequent (cp.
vyoi by the side of adv , etc.);

and three points here
4,3
TV;
EVpLVo0 fPladS.
(2) The idiom, consonant with tragic style, by
which the epithet of the hound is transferred to doa'oLs: cp.
o

recommend the nominative.
Eur. H.

F. 450 ypalag ouowv..

rKT1rov
X.Epov.

(i) The order of the words

rryydg: Phoen. 135z AXE or
TYXEL

(3)The fact that P/do-L, no epithet, would
with
be somewhat weak.
9 rvyxcive: sc. (v: cp. El. 46 n.
1o o~-r4ryv LSpea- goes with X'pa; no less than with Kapa.

The hands are bathed in sweat and in blood.

Cp. El. 1422

~e
XELp
7aT'rdE
OvqX "ApEoo: Aesch. Eum. 41 a'paTr I
aTrdovTra XEpas.
II iarcracLverv, from meaning 'to glance timidly' around,
fotvia

passes into the sense of looking about anxiouslyfor someone

or something (II. 17. 115 7arvtravwv Ai'avra), and so comes to
denote restless search, as in Pind. O. I. 114 (J-KETL rwraLvE

Ajax

54
dropcrlov, 3. 22
P.

w"rrTatLVL T

7ro
pcro-. Here, the notion of

moving forward in a wary quest is assisted by do-o.
12 gpyov, opus est: 852: El. 1372 n.-ivvirL 8': here 6 =
aXXJ: Ant. 85 n.: P/. 94.-STov X6 pLv. Athena already knows
his motive (36); but this touch of divine irony is dramatically
useful by giving the cue for his statement.
rEpt
0ov r lv8' = E'oro 8 ao- rr Trov. This peri13 crwov8s
phrasis, more elegant than that with 7rotoL' 0at, ismuch used by
0
the poet; thus O ErOat -irpovotav (536),
Vr1corpocv
(O. T. I34),
a4'OV (ib. 1447), dvov (0. C. 542), PKO Xdycov (ib. 1139),
Xopo-oVrav (Ant. 151),
,vyyvow/oio l'rv (Tr. 1265).

14 3 O3yL' 'Aoivas: cp. El. 1225 C 0~#', alKOov; (n.).,X-s
Epo OEtEov: he says in P/. 134, N'K-q7' 'AOdva IloXti,
as
aC(; pOaEl. In Od. 20. 47 she says to him, avrTap dy( OEd,
'
EcqU,

8

tapLLEPE'

-7 0CE 4vXaco-aw

I EV ra'TEG-0L wrVOV.

The general sense of l7dro 7ro here
'SpO0s.
&troiroS qS
15 KCLV
is, 'far from my sight'; the question is whether this means,
(i) 'seen only at a distance,' 'dimly seen'; or (2) 'unseen.'
For the first view we may compare P/. 467, 7rXo^v ,g '
rrdrrWrov paXXov 4 'yyIO0K0I KOrrEV, 'to watch the weather near
our ship, rather than from afar.' But it
involves two difficulties.
(i) The emphasis on voice and thought--00'ypa, 0'vla,
evvaprra' o

pevt--is so strong as to imply that he does not

see her, even at a distance. (2) There can be no doubt that
she was visible to the audience. She was probably on the
0 oXoyEov,-a sort of platform, which projected from the

wings, at the back of the proscenium, and close to its upper
edge. If, then, Odysseus spoke of her as 'seen only afar,'-a
dim vision in the clouds,-the effect would be scarcely happy
for the spectators, whose eyes could measure the actual
distance between goddess and hero.
When Ajax comes forth, he, indeed, appears to see her
(v. 91, Z Xa'p' 'AOdva, K.T.X.); while to Tecmesssa she is
invisible (301). But this would not be inconsistent with
Greek belief. In Il. 22. 277 Athena restores the spear to
Achilles, yet is unseen by Hector. In 11. i. 198 she appears
to Achilles, but the others see her not.
For dlTroros as=
-'out of sight,' cp. El. 1488 (of Aegisthus)
rpdOs Ia~rorov
ro<v. It may be added that we might

suppose Athena to be invisible to Odysseus now, without
necessarily excluding the idea that she becomes visible to him
at a later moment in the dialogue.

Noes
x6

vvapwctro

4pEv

expresses the thrill of instant recognition,

as the voice falls distinctly (E/laO)
the emotion of joy.
17

55

KbSOVOS. . TVpoqVLK-S.

on his ear; it also suggests

The trumpet meant here was in

form like the Roman,-straight, gradually increasing in diameter, and ending in a bell-shaped aperture (KoWv). 'Tyrrhenian,'
a frequent epithet of the trumpet (Aesch. Eum. 567, Eur.
Phoen. 1377, Verg. Aen. 8. 526, etc.), perhaps means no more

than that the instrument was first brought to Europe by
Tyrrhenian pirates,-the Xo-roo-arrcyKTaL of Menander (frag.

incert. 399). The Tyrrheni, according to a tradition for which
Herodotus is the earliest witness (I. 94), were of Lydian origin;
and the bronze trumpet may have been a Lydian invention
(see Diet. Ant. 'Tuba').
18
lrevcos with partic. (KVKXo"vr') of the act observed, as
Xen. Cyr. 8. I. 33 i'yvwo S' ' v .. o 8
Eva oOVTE
OpYLdOLEov.. oV

as
Xa'povra. Remark Eb 2nd syll. of 3rd foot, referring to the
word before it: cp. 95, Ant. 166, 72319

Po-QLV KVKXOV-', moving round and round, going back-

wards and forwards in the attempt to make out the footprints,like a hound questing about for the scent. Cp. Ant. 226 68oC
KVKXw V qcLVTOV ELvaVaO7pO/lV.
Eur. Or. 632 Wrolorv rds' ir
avvvot& KVKXE^s ('pacing to and fro in meditation'), I 8trXY
8

/ACP&1 Vlr)q

wry

tLrTVX0OV3

10iV

68ov';

8' cyyOEv '9
dEraflotov,-i.e., made

7. 219 Alas
0cGKE0"6pt: 1
rj1TE ripyov, XXKEov,

I

9fpw o-'K
by stitching

together seven layers of ox-hide, and then covering the outer
face with plates of bronze. Cp. 576: Ovid fiet. 13. 2 clypei
dominus septemplicis Aiax.
21 f.
o-UKowov, inconceivable,-of unimaginable horror: cp.
El. 864 aoKO7ro
X'fla.-XXEL rrep&vas = a perfect (0.
'. 577 n.):
the double acc., as with 8pav, woLEv, etc. (cp. 1324).-pywrc,
instead of repeating 'XEL
7rEpdvas: cp. O. T. 54
rVo-SE' 7Y,

23

W'orTEp KparE

9sEd'Irppets

(n.).

X<o"pea : this fig. sense, with ref. to uncertainty (' to be

at sea,' as we say), belongs nowhere else to this verb, but often
to irXavarOat (Her. 6. 37, etc.; Plat. Hap. Ma. 304 c rav-

wp4at

LEV KaL aurop( acL).
24 'Odovris.
The form EXovnjs occurs in Herodotus,
Thucydides, Xenophon, and the Orators, as JOcXovv-p does in
Od. 2. 292. On the other hand 0EXovr is cited only from
T

very late writers.

In tragic iambics 01Aw was naturally pre-

Ajax

56

ferred, on metrical grounds, to 0E'Xw, though the latter occurs
in tragic anapaests (as O. :. 1303, PA/. I45).-n r41yglv, as if
the task were a yoke under which he placed himself: cp. Ph.
V.
(n.): Aesch. P V. o8 AvdyKALI
UIEL
y
1025 KXOy 74' KV YK
Taicr8' VWErEvyvpLt.
26 f. -arwar vvEt
VS.

for ZvEapl
'to slay' (properly vitb
the further notion of 'despoiling') cp. O. C. 1733, Tr. 94.
From the cognate form KaTrvapopat we have KaT~Vapes in Ant
t
woLSp.vov wrLcT'FatLS:
87I.-K XfLpbS, by a human hand.--ios

cp. fr. 873 abro^Zoiv 0'rXoto.

This instrumental dative of accom-

paniment occurs in the Iliad (as 8. 24),-sometimes with -v'v
added (as 14. 498), a form of it found also, though not often,
in later poetry (Eur. Ion 32 ar
eNv dyyEL).-rLo-rTraLs, ' overseers,' 'masters' or 'guardians' of them; as a warrior is o7rXowv
Pers. 379), and a rower, pIETM~rOv Helen
(Eur.
Cp. Eur. fr. 188. 4 (-Ka
rIwTV, 'pv yiv, O7r0t9VtoL0
JroFLa-

E7rLorTaT~7 (Aesch.

1267).

rv. The herdsmen being dead, there was no one who could
identify the assailant.
28 r&ws
TLS. The deed was found out at dawn.
rumour at once pointed to Ajax.

Common

Then the drrp (29) informed

Odysseus, who reached the tent of Ajax very soon after the
latter's return; as is shown by 296 -304 compared with
91--113.
29 TLs placed before its noun:
1163: Ph. 519.-6wdn
p, a
scout; cp. Od. 14. 261 3r7TTpa S K~T ar'KorrTLS ;TpV
vE(cTOaE :
8
Aesch. Theb. 36 (TKOoTOV E Kado Kal Ka7TOr7p rS oaRV^ I zrMra.
pa

In Aesch. Suppl. 185, however, drrTp^e are 'eye-witnesses,'the usual sense of the word in Attic prose.
30 7rrE is the acc. describing the ground traversed (as we

can say, 'to walk the earth'): cp. 845: Aesch. P.

V 708

dVpdrove ya~: Eur. Helen. 598 rao-av irXav Oelsr 7VE
a
flppapov xO~va: Callim Hymn. Dian. 193 oLTa 7ratraa
l
E Kf 9lPU VS T.
V0
v oppdvre, (as in 828), 'newly sprinkled' with blood: a comoEX

pound suggested to the poet by the frequent use of 'a,'vo in
that connection; as 11. I2. 430 -draX a-acL /oroJv I ippdcar':
Es
Pind. I. 7.50 pawv ov 4Ov re-8tov.-When thus seen, Ajax was
in the act of driving the animals that still lived to his tent:
r81,qSva describes his wild gestures of triumph.
31

P &aEL', KSXo0-crEV: the first verb refers to the announceI

ment, 'I have seen Ajax,'--the second, to a statement with
more detail,-as to the direction in which he was going, etc.

Notes

57

For historic pres. followed by aor., cp. An. 406 KaL
KcItX77rTOrRo

2r^o OpaatL

jpEO ; (n.)

assure myself about themp identify
32 a-cPavoLL ,
them, by the indications observed. Cp. Xen. Cyn. 6. 22 (of
hounds) : at S' E'rrEctv Xarrpa r Xvy,...Evo'pLaLtvoxvat, pov1
tnO1
EEva Eavra-s )yvwptovs, TaX
L. 454 /VeWT)7P

OT

L KvVE9

8~

LETaOEVdoovTra.

Oppian Cyneg.

o-7(T CVaVTO.
aVLrtXVLa

iyptL: 'as to other tracks '-viz., those of
33 ' a 8' 4K'r4
the cattle which Ajax had driven to the tent-he is bewildered.
-TOV,

as the context shows, is right (see cr. n.): he cannot

imagine who had made these tracks.
34 KLpV, adv., as I316: Eur. Helen. 479 Katlpv -yp 8E
2
XOc;: Ar. Ach. 23 do p&
laOVTE.
But ES KatPbP in I i68.r. T' obv: for otv in the first of two such clauses, cp. O. T.1o49
ErI ovi' E
ypwv E T Kav a
tCLslV.
ayv.. is 68v, 'came into the path,'-placed myself
36 f.

on the route by which Ajax must pass.-KVwaya. Though we
may conveniently render, 'A watcher friendly to thy chase,'
the dat. seems really to depend on the whole idea, McXa$
rpo'Ov/tos (a zealous

watcher in the interest of thy chase),

rather than on the adj. only; though in Xen. H. 2. 3. 40 we
have olrrpOv/lot r^ 7"
rXE yEycPtE/ot. Cp. O. C. 355 <pvXaU Si

po

1wr T TY .
Ka
(vulg. OV) w
38 4 KaC, in eager question : cp. 44, 48: El. 314 n.---rp s

KGLpbv=

Katpt'w,

O. T. 325 n.

know that': Ph. I 17 n.-a-oL, ethic dat.
s, '
7rpbs T-C,
'wherefore?' Cp. O. T 766, 1027, II44.-gEv,
3
trans., as Eur. Or. 1427 ff. rap f orpvXov avpav..
.. KVK
T7rEplU,...
orwv, 'agitating' the air with a fan.
8voUXoYLo-Tov is an epithet proper to the violence, trans39
40

ferred to the hand which wrought it; 'reasoning amiss,' i.e.
'irrational,',' insensate.'
Cp. 229 raparXIqjKT Xcpt. An exact
parallel to this active sense is afforded by Arist. Rhet. 2. 8. 4,
8
where o 7rrvaL CvtLVoL

are called

EcVXdytrot,

i.e., 'reflecting,'

'prudent.'

papvve'as, incensed, vexed, as O. T2 781: cp.

fapvs in
gen., not with XdXo alone: cp. Tr. 269
Wv IxXwv Xodov: Ph. 327 n. For the adj. 'AXLXXEdwv,
instead of
'AtXX'bs, cp. 0. T. 267 7 AapBaKEly 7ratL (n.).
S
42 tC 's: i.e., why, in that case, did he attack catte,
41

IO 1.-rXov,

catusa

rather than the men who had awarded the arms ?-erqJM-L-'rEL:
cp. 185 iv wolrvatl rrlTvwv, and 3741.- 7STVs.. Po-v, a cognate

58

Ajax

acc. (as if the verb were
fl?7l KoJ4ov EK VEW6 c9
a
a

XaTo.

43

v

ErE.fatvet): cp. Aesch. Pers. 305

0pcrpl ELvaV XePas: cp.
tEtv : so 366 &i dfdpos IE O

1092, 1315.

ir' 'ApyedoLs: ' here marks the
44 4 KlI: cp. 38 n.-s
intention of Ajax (which was frustrated): cp. Ph. 58 rrXEZ &
,s upOI OtKOV (n.).
45 K&V iwrp 4w : he would have accomplished it, too. Cp.
ipya 8
Ph. 555 KO ptodvov fovXcEcpara, I hXX' pd4Ev'. The answer
is more forcible than if the poet had written KiV &'rpae':
see on Ph. 105, El. 408.
The datives denote manner (or attendant
46 wrotcLL K.T.X.

circumstance), and refer to r8 Pfloa'XEv'...Av in 44. 'What
were these daring schemes, what was this rash confidence, with
which he planned the attack ?'-i.e., 'How could he possibly
have conceived such a mad enterprise? ' For at(r-8e combined
with Irot"acL, cp. Ph. 1204 rotor pEC rdS' 0'ro;
47 v

KT(op

K.T.X.

an answer to the last question :-he

relied on darkness, and on craft; and none shared his secret.
carme close to us: cp. Tr. 748
48 4 KN: 38 n.-rp'a,
rov 8' ZCrEde~E

rL'S p K
dVsp'L a
49 Kai 8h1, 'already':

apoTraaL; El. 295

O.

0flo0 raparrao'.

C. 31 n.-SLar-cras..

Tyt
TTpa

arXacs, tent-doors of the two chiefs, Agamemnon and
the
8
Menelatis. (Cp. Paus. 4. 19. 2 T7v UcrK-qv Tv 7phTy3 a.)
The phrase is equivalent, of course, to &o-rov o-rparydwv rdVXaLs.
721

Tparjytov, n.

But, since there were two tents and two

entrances, 8to-o-aZ is strictly the epithet of rrh;XaL,: i.e., the
literal sense is, 'two doors of chiefs.'
50 KCL ~TrS: for KaL prefixed to interrogative words, see on

O. C. 263.-Join ciE'rXe with cdvov.
51 ryd, an expression of divine majesty and power; cp.

69, 85.-83I0dpovs, hard to bear up against: her hand is heavy
upon him. Cp. 643 8r4opov arav: O. T. 87 Tr. &
p
popv, miseries.
woes of Thebes: El. 144 r ^vv

4op', i.e.,

the

52 yv6ps, opinions, beliefs,-here, the fancies or illusions
of madness. There is a certain irony in the word.
Join ris &VyKCG0TOv XcapPs with yvc 6ps : his eyes, under
Athena's spell, see his human foes in the cattle whom he slays
or torments; these fancies are the fancies of (or connected
with) his baneful joy in his imaginary triumph. For the adj.,
cp. El. 888 Od9aXe
d
cv8' drKE vptT (n.).
T
6
=rapO rovas rE; for rE
d
53 f. rrpo 'e 'wrovas=

misplaced,

Notes

59

cp. 654: 0. T. 258 n. As distinguished from herds of oxen,
7ro/Zava are flocks of sheep and goats; cp. 63, 297, 374. But
the word 7rotvat is also used more vaguely to denote both
herds and flocks (42, 300) : and in io6 we find even p Xa KaL

wotvas,

'sheep and cattle.'
a- ILKT 'r e.. povp p -a : confused, unshared, spoil-charges

of herdsmen, i.e., 'the confused droves, your unshared spoil,
guarded by herdsmen.' XdCas is a defining gen., denoting that
in which the kpovpAaTra consisted; PoVKdWv is a possessive
gen. Cp. El. 68i 'EXXa8osG I-po-x-ql' dy3vos, the pride of
Greece (possessive gen.), consisting in a festival (defining gen.):
so Aesch. Ci. 183 Kap&'ag KXVSW;vLOV XoXl (defining gen.).
O
aSM-cua : cp. I.
1. 125 dXX 7/~E v roXLAv k~ErpaOO/JEV, Ta
C8acrrat. So 146 Xourr, and 175 wravs/4ovn (n.).
55

KELPE...

hewing; as

(dVov.

KELtPEV

clvov = to

cause bloodshed

by

rv4,Xovv EXKOS= 'to inflict a blinding wound' (Ant.

972 n.), rp^oa Cfdvov= 'to deal a death-wound' (Eur. Suppl.
OXVKEp
WV
cp. 528,
1205).-Note the 7rap)x-q s in EKEtpEII12 : O. T. 370 n.-WoXVKepwv ,djvov, a slaughter of many
horned creatures, like XpdrrXaKToL... 8 o.SOL (631 ff.), d~ptrdXEIp
dy;v (935 f. n.), al'xripa crrrrov, a glory consisting in good
horses (0. C. 711 n.).

pr

aX(tcov, here in a general sense, 'hewing down';
ut throu
te
pi
iethe ts), to cleave in twain;

56 f.

Aesch. Pers. 426 Kiratov, 4ppatixov.
8
(v K.T.X. : properly, Ka'd KE OTL EV Or...,
O~
TL E
CrE:
but pcv is misplaced (as in Ph. 279 'POVra giv va, and
ib. I136 6p' /tv rdra); and o'-Te is omitted. Cp. O. T.
E
8E

cp.

299:

K05dKEL

7070ro balanced in 605 by ro70' XXo.
v xv,

603

59 ,olrOvT':

cpev4iv.

cp. Aesch. Th. 661 (boasts)

A4Aovra o~v 4olr

For the plur. vdrootL
('the throes of frenzy') cp. 338

voo pao-t: Eur. Or. 270 /avtacrLv Xvcrpo-/ao-t.

6o A'rpvvov, etaripakov. The asyndeton expresses the vehemence with which the frenzy sent by the goddess drove Ajax
onward.
06o3

Cp. Aesch. Cho. 288 Kal XiTO

Kat a' atos EK VVKTWV

1 KLVEL,TapdacELt.

pKy KCLKO. 'The toils of doom.' Cp. Aesch. Ag. I611 rT/
AtcKY
v pKEotL. Here it is the epithet KaKd which marks the
figurative sense oi 'ptrq: as dirges are V'//vo aXvpot (Eur. Ac.
KVo
447), and the eagle of Zeus is TrrT-V v (Aesch. P. V 1022).

For the similar use of other words denoting nets or toils, see on
El. 1476 dpKVU(TTOL.

6o
61 K rEL 7rE4sl: this harsh combination of sounds (as we
~L
should think it) is not rare; thus Ar. Eccl. II00 K 7t" rrct48v
Plut. 695
/L
'Ovev:
8 draXXay : Veas. 1322 vrerEL vri
8
ret&av 7rELfwO.
/ ET3 rv: [Dem.] or. 59 § 89 Er1ErEL
7rET
E
Similarly Eur. Or. 238 ws Eo-I o-': Helen. 1292 'v *vv4 yiv:
c
vot.
I. T. 1339 #Ev 7 LE
X, lo-ev implies only respite or alleviation, not cure: cp.
Kal
Thuc. 6. 12 § I a3rA vooov pEydCLXr-q 7roX"lov 8paXV' t
bqjKaxEv. Cp. Tr. 554 n.-wdcvov: the simple gen. is usual
T
.. 7. d ui-vr .
with Xwo/av: cp. Plat. Phaedr.251 C Xo
XcX

62 at, 'in their turn': cp. io88: Ant. 601.
64 av8pas=vpvOIorovs: cp. 243 8ajloV KO bEg vpoV.were his most conspicuous prizes:
GEKEpOCV, since the oxen
there is a bitter irony in the epithet.
66 f. Ka7 o-o, to thee also (as I myself have seen it): cp.
Plat. Phaed. 64 c

Ev apa

Kat

ol

vvyo80KV

arp Ka

CoL.--

Lav
8*d(,.. repLC 'will show thee openly' (instead of allowing it
to remain hidden in the tent): cp. El. 1366 al vrard o-ot
Cp. 81 7rTEpCavW;. . 18cv.-0pois,
El'ovrv, 'HXIK7rpa, o(TCa/.
Opocd.
'proclaim': cp. 785: 0. C. 597 Wra IOVTO y' 'EXXvwvY
'rbv
68-70 18 a-v44op&v SEXOU av8pa, lit., 'do not receive
(or take) the man as a calamity,' i.e., 'do not apprehend harm
from his coming.' There is a light touch of half-playful irony
in the words with which the goddess reassures her favourite.
$yE pat_ $vlAlopah yEV?7- ETat;
'E/o'to'
I 7v
Cp. Eur. Or. 138 JXX'
ai.rqs 7rotteVLvous.
Her. 6. 6i r70o yove'as o-vtxopYv TO EL0So
W
Tro 'pdovs, proleptic: cp. Ant. 791 UV Kat 8LKat aoKOV~
cpvas 'rapao-rs. Here the adj. is equiv. to aroop/aaa,-'I
will avert, and (thereby) hinder.'- &rdp5o. . eto-LBet, without I:
as etpyo takes the simple inf. in O. T. 129, Ph. 1407, Tr. 1257.
oT-os: cp. 89,
7 if.
OSl8rove, 71 /XXoo v;--c

1047:

O. C.

1627

w ov'o- oVTro

vV K.T.X.: in a peremptory call of
this kind, the acc. regularly stands first; cp. 1228, and see on
Covo-av K. .X. - aiXtaXort8as, instead of
Ant. 441 I 8n, r o iqv E
8
alXtXaXJrTwO: cp. 49, Eur. Or. 222 cLEX XEtpt (a sister's hand);
ofla-tXlao
(the bed of a king).-d&rvei0vov ,
I. A. 1306 Ava
lit. 'straightening out,' here, binding behind the back: 0. T.
1154 o-X i
rcxo0 r70~
d7roorTpd,~EL Xypas; Hor. Od. 3. 5. 2:
retorta tergo bracchialibero.
8
pa;
XvlO X7
w8', Ka'KL(TTE, Tro '
Cp. Eur. Andr. 719

poo1
0

XEovT'

X7rtEs E'VelTCLELV

pdo'xos; ('strain with cords').

Ajax fancies himself to be tying the hands of human prisoners

Noes
behind them, when he fastens the fore feet of an ox or sheep to
its hind feet. Cp. 299.
74 TC SpPs..; Odysseus is brave, but reasonably reluctant
to face a raging maniac who hates him (1336).
75

o

aiy'

VEEL ~Lras XL
SEA

&pet; lit., 'Wilt thou not be

patient in silenc', and forbear to win the name of coward?'
8
Cp. Tr. 1183 o Oao-o-ov o'laor
~" ' derorcor'oas 'Give me
d1o;
thy hand at once-disobey me not!' 0. T. 637 o Et crT
T

OIKOVS

EI /JLy

KpE'ov, KarT
oTyaT
I, KaL u-q TO
SEV arliXyos
'Come, go thou into the house...and forbear to

aoV TE,

ot -ETE;

make much of a petty grief.' The force of oV is carried on
from the first clause to the second.
8eLXLv Apei, 'win,' 'acquire,' the reputation of cowardice: cp.
,
Ant. 924 Ail 6" v
O
itaiio0 iKT7r -aO(v (n.): Eur. I. 1:
Eve/5o-'
676 Kalt &XlaV
ya~VKl
KaKqV KEKTrO~Ltaot.
The fit. midd.
apovFaL occurs in O. C. 460 o(-rT7p' cpE-O-E, and Pind. P. I. 75
Apo/Jas.. p/o-o'v. The fut. act. Aptes could mean only, 'raise
%_ -_ _-_
-

----

-7

2

5

1

thy cowardice,' in the sense, 'allow thy coward fears to rise,'a very forced one. Further, there is no other example of a fut.
act. ap<3 with '.
76 vSov ApKE -TpI[Vo)v:
8
adpKEt

for the personal constr. (instead of

aVTOV EV 0V /Z VEwv), cp. 635: Ant.
E

547 dpKE-(T

Eyd: O. T. Io6i ~XAvoooo' Eiy,.
77 Av-ip, emphatic, a man indeed; cp. 1238
8

OVK

OV '/KOVG

p' 'AXato^

av pes EWlo rXqv UdE;

0
pos ye. Odysseus refrains from replying that Ajax
78 Xe
was then sane, but now is frenzied. 'Yes,' he answers, 'my
foeman,-as he is still.' That enmity, he means, will now be
more dangerous than ever.

79 otKOv

y

;
..
X(oS qSLo-rGosThe goddess suggests the vulgar

sentiment of mankind, not as approving it, but, as it were, to
test the disposition of Odysseus; who passes it by in silence,
and afterwards repudiates it by his action.
80 4 o'L
piv: the particle merely throws a slight stress on the
pronoun: Ant. l n.
82 4povoOVT7
yYp: 'yes, for...': the yhp of assent, 0. T.
1117 n.-igiQrv with acc., as meaning 'avoid': Dem. or. 20
8

va Orr7tE K
E7cr
EVsvov
av (a phrase which occurs
also in or. 23 § 76): Plat. Phileb. p. 43 A adXh y p wOEKO
(-TIvaL
vby Xoyov Ert0EpdlAEVOV TroovoV PAota ('to elude the brunt of
S10o

ov

this argument').
83 oi8s v^'v refers to oK in 82: 'even as it is (i.e. though he

Ajax

62

is insane) thou hast no reason to fear him, since he will not
see thee.'
84 40CaXpots...

Tots Ciarots,

i.e., with eyesight as good as ever.

Odysseus forgets, or ignores, the promise of Athena that she
would avert from him the eyes of Ajax (69 f.). She now renews
the assurance in a stronger form. Ajax shall, in respect to him,
be blind.
85 SESopKda
properly implies keen, bright vision: Aesch.
Supp. 409 E8opK69 oIppa.
86 pivr&v, a crasis frequent in Attic prose (Dem. or. I § 26,
Plat. Re.p. p. 375 D, etc.).

Here

E'vTrot
expresses reflective

assent ('well, certainly'), as so often in Plato (e.g., Sopk. p. 245 B
AqOEo Tara inLETO X'yELt).-O
o
, not 0Eias,-the generalising
masc.: Aesch. Eum. 297 (ref. to Athena), 'XO ' KXEL 86 KaL
rpdorOV Av Oco'd. So Ant. 463 (o-rTL),
El. 145 (8e), 771
(r&XovTL).
88 pLE'VOL'
av. Among its many shades of meaning, the opt.

with

d'v

sometimes expresses, as here, what the speaker feels

that he must do; cp. Ant. I 08 <WS' 'X o-rEiLXotLL (n.). See
;
av
below, i86.- jeXov 8'&v, as Ph. 1278, and ib. 1239 'v.. povXdqrpv: so IEOX'with Av, ib. 427, 0. T. 1348, and tXo'Aqv av,
oa
TVXEV, to
Tr. 734. For OcXov without av, see I400.-KT'bs
be clar of the, er: cp. P.II. 504 EKTO'S
J
7rT'O TWV: ib.
r
1260.

89 ofbos: 71.-Atas. When a proper name of the 3rd
declension comes from a stem ending in avr (as Aavr), the
Attic vocative ends in is: so ®a,
aKovo-ov, Eur. I. 2 1436.
The Homeric vocative of Al'as is always Atav (a).
qs o'-vip&dXOV: there is a terrible irony in this, since he had

angered her by rejecting her aid in battle (774).
91 Ajax enters from the tent, carrying the heavy, bloodstained thong, with which he has been scourging the cattle
(241 f.). Hence the title aantyofpoos (see Introd. § 14).
92 f. 'rap cTls: cp. II 7.--rIo, ' crown,' in the fig. sense
of 'honouring with gifts': cp. El. 457 orco r Xonrbv aVTo
Svoripats
XEppo UTcE'/XLev i-av
y
v 8Apod/Ela: Ant. 431
XoaZuo...rOv VKVV (OT
tEL.Here, the word may refer more esp.

to hanging up trophies in Athena's temple (Aesch. Th. 278
Xcdvpa 8oy)V 8ovpi7rqXO' Qyvo^ts 84Pots
TEIw: cp. Again.
o1
577 ff.).--Xpots (root Xalp), spoils taken from the enemy, a
poetical word, used by Xenophon. The epithet wayXpiooLs
suggests votive gifts (&valOetara) of golden vessels.
O
94 f. KEiM marks (better than roGro would have done) the

Noles

63

somewhat abrupt change of subject. Athena treats Ajax as
one whose thoughts can be turned at pleasure in any new
direction.--Eyxos, 'sword'; cp. 287, 658, 907, Ant. 1236;
synonymous with $A1o0 (io, 231, 1034), and O44ryavov (834,
899).-Ed: cp. 18.-,rps 'Apydwv

a-rpacT,

'on ' them,-denoting

an encounter at close quarters; cp. 97.
96

p.I, where (after the negative)

b

To

94

ob would be

normal; so O. 22 1i 87 f., Ant.443, Ph. 348 f.
3
txasense seems to be, 'hast thou
97 ix~.aoas X#pc; T
used an armed hand upon them ?' The acc. X'pa is analogous,
though not precisely similar, to the cognate accusative in c-<- x
alX~~pa rde& (Tr. 355, 'to

do those deeds of arms'), and

aXEl-hs aixd-croovc (I. 4. 324), 'they will wield spears.'
98 AtavT' (instead of ~E') adds a certain majesty to the
vaunt; cp. 864: as when Achilles says (II. I. 240), 7 7ror'
'AXtXX os roO'
e
rat vtas 'AXatcv.
99 To" crbv, 'thy saying'; cp. 1401oi: but in 1313, 'thy

interest.'
1oo 0av0dvres.. 4aLpo-Owv. The grim irony is like that of
0. I. I27 3 f. CVOKOT..| aola': O. C. 1377 (they are to
die) tv' &etw
ur7ovgO 70 vTE0caVTa tEIElv (n.).

ap',
emphatic: the arms which, when Achilles was dead,
belonged by right to Ajax.
Io f. EtEV
('so far so good') marks that the speaker is
about to pass to a new point; 0. C. 1308, EL. 534, Ph. 1308.T C yap 8h : here ydp ('now') merely prefaces the question;
j= 'then,' 'in the next place.' Cp. Eur. . 22 576 71 8'
7,ER
ap EtlV;
~Xs 0-'TlKEv; Cp. 314: 0. 2. 1442 'v' '-ap"ev
I
XPta~:
Tr. 375 7ro rT dL ppdy/laTros; ib. 1145 $v/POpa' V'
'aerv.--oL, ethic dat.: 0. C. 81
flPE'-lKEV 'tv evos; (i.e.,
O
Ot

T

E/Lot YEVv'rjOPE3;

woroe o-L

'Do we find ourselves alone?') For the double question, cp.
983 f.
1o3 -rOrrkpLrrov, 'accursed '; cp. the imprecation, wTmrptflrs (Ar. Av. 1530, Thesm. 557). Others explain it, from the
sense 'rubbed down,' as 'practised in trickery,' 'knavish'
(cp. nreptr pLp.a,
Ky
.la,
etc.). Ar. Plut. 275 d ao-/Av 6s orItTpL7ros :

Here

Andoc. or. I § 99

KCV
aSo

4i4pov

W o
cr-VKOLa'ra

8
KaL 4E7r1Lr7rTOV KVLV
UO.

is acc.: cp. i 18, Ph. 444 n.

p' "'rov, sc. E'OTl: a frequent ellipse after orov (890,
O. T. 926, Ant. 318). Cp. 33-

o104
'OSvcr-a,

with synizesis: cp. Eur. Phoen. 913 oc/dxat

MEvoLK4a roTdoVE: [Eur.] Rhes. 977

rE'r7'
'AXLdXa ®ETL80s

.T.X.

Aj'ax

64

oVrCTVy, La ersary' a od noQ_4
eslantL elsewhere. It
comes from viorraToOaL as = 'to stand in the way' of a person or
thing, 'oppose,' 'resist.' For the literal sense, see Lysias or. 3
Tras
TV
U8avqVVaV EV
V0V
e TTELVK
E rr(EXT4EPrOEV' E7rt8EL 8
§ 8 E10
('when I stood up to Aim and repelled him'), ZPaXXE' /Le X0os:
for the fig. sense, Thuc. 8. 69

§

2 rv

ts EVtrLOraL rOs 7rotov/LEvo1s.

Hence in logic, evorao-ts, instantia, 'objection' (cp. Isocr.
or. 5 § 39, i'o07-rvat 70ro dpE'tgvotL).
105 41sLo-'ros, most welcome; cp. El. 929 Kar' OzKOV, r8V
8
ou

E 11qrpt

io8

voXEp4qs.
ipKe(ov cO'~ys, lit., 'a pillar of the domestic roof.'

KCOV'

As ZEis pKEdo is the god of the household (Ant. 487 n.), 9pKE'oS
U7Ery is a poetical phrase for the house. In such a phrase,
orG-Ey Could mean either (a) 'roof,' or (b) generally, 'building.'

Here, it probably means 'roof'; as is suggested by the fact
that, in Homer, I'pKoS sometimes denotes the enclosure of the
av3Xd, open to the sky (Od. 22. 442, etc.): in using

4pKEtOS,

then, as = 'domestic,' the poet may have felt that oa-yyq, tectum,
would make the sense clearer. This is also suggested by KCOV':
) I9
c
Klova ] ... os rto-icrL O-r
see Eur. H. F ioo6 rp~
&tXoppayPs 'KECTOr
KP 7rtV E7rTL. Cp. also Aesch. Ag. 897 '0rqX q
8
orYprs I orriXov rro 4pq ('of a lofty roof I A strong-based pillar';

Kennedy).

SWeas rp'(S KLov': the regular preparation for a flogging: cp.
(
TTLYOVV.
1pOS TOV KtOVCL aTOV...
"*VTE~1
Aeschin. or. I § 59 8'/aorTLyov 8~o-aVTa.
Lysias fr. 52 § 4 rdaXtv rrps rAv Kova arv

-So Plaut. Bacck. 4. 7. 24 abducite Aunc intro atque astringite ad
columna ~zfortiter.-Stv irp'O Klova expresses properly, 'to take
and bind to a pillar': cp. 240.
og9 Ppyo-rL. In v. 107 she continued his sentence; here,
feigning keener alarm, she interrupts it.
After Oave^v yap avOrv oi Tr
110 l piv &v.. IowLxOes ~iov.
w Oio (io6), we should have had rrp'tv av otxOv . But the
X
4otvtxOE'lt serves to excuse the
emphasis on /aoLY-rt 7, 7rpGrov va
presence of Odqv,-added, for the sake of greater clearness,
So in Tr. 1130 Hyllus says of
after the long interval.

Deianeira, rdOvrKEv, and then in I133 Heracles, ol'O ,* rplV ds(
$e'/gs Oavetv XEpds; where the stress on Trs ipqg
xpV ac'

similarly palliates the illogical form of the sentence.---owx0s :
atlart. Ar. AcA. 320 KacTL atvELv
Eur. Hec. 153 OLVo TO-E-op'vV
roV Ivpa TroVTV Etls OLVLKl8a.
8
a~to'ia: cp. O. T. I1153 /#9 17ra, Trps OEWV,TOy y~povrd
III
K~ 4UIXq

Notes

65

112 XCpeLv . . a-' (teCasL.
It seems best to suppose that the
constr. is llgat XalpELv o-E, 'It is my injunction that thou have
thy will in all else.' Cp. O. T. 1054 f. ;vtvIL
aP.jrrt
/LOXEtV
4L
tLEOE-0Oa: where the acc. similarly belongs to the inf. There
is no example of liEtal
rtva (instead of rtvt) WrrotErT:
though we find in Tr. 1221 Troo-oirov 8
0-'
o iEr-Kq.TrrTw, like

rtLVa T.--X CPLV. . T.XXa., to have her pleasure, i.e.,
to
have her commands obeyed, in all other things.
KEXEVW

II4 f. -ci,8' oiv: for this use of ofv with pron. and imperat.,
cp. 961 0. T 669 6 8' ov i'c: Ar. Ach. 185 oL 8' E8tJKov
KaflWV.
i. ol 8'OV foVTr(OV.-T-EP+LS ISE OOL Sp&v: the inf.
Trb

(with art. added, as oft., 0. C. 47 n.) is in apposition with
pi'pt 8 E: ' since this is thy pleasure,-even to do (thus).'

Instead of ri'p/ts Ot To 8 pa^ rdsE, the defining pron. has been
S
8
assimilated to ripqts: cp. Tr. 483 lxLaprov, Et rL r-jv ' (instead
8
of 7 ') apapdrav X/'yEr (n.).
K.T.X. : the asyndeton adds vigour to the
CSOV
XpC XELPt,
command: cp. 811 XWP4/Ev, EYKOvA/EV : 844 yE EcrO,
4 E-

s~~e-E: 988 0'O',
y7KOVEt,

O-y aKFVE.

Ov = rorTWV a : so Eur. Med. 400

116 TroVro oo

8' 4CEtLaL.

Similarly, 6o
8

EL0SoV Vlq EV

n.-prlSv, adv.:
WV E7LOrr'raotL.

The emphasis on ro-Vro warrants

the place of 8E,which often, indeed, comes third in a sentence,
or even later; cp. 169: 0. T 485 o Te XE'~O8' &ropC: Aesch.
8
3
8'
P. V. 399 8aKpVO-('-TaKTOv ar orTowV pas LVWv Eel oLEVa pE"o:
Eur. fr. 776 8ELVOV YE, ToS rirXovoV'^c roVro 8' E;'~pvrov.
II8
6pis . . 7hv.. o-Xbiv go-: cp. Io3.-'r
v OEcv t'cYiv : for
the absence of a second art., cp. 664 r /3porwv rapoityla.
1I9 f. "rMs ilqpe'O, 'who could have been found?' the
Rv
potential aor. indic. with lv: cp. Ant. 502
OOEv
KX.o
'
ajl EvKXE"oTEpOV
KarTEXoV...; Dem. or. 37 § 57
.w
EY8..
The Homeric Ajax, though not
oE rjSro a ;-7rpovo'o-TrEpos.

subtle in thought or speech, has robust good sense: as Hector
l
says (11. 7. 288), A ayi E'7EL rot 8KE 0O U'/EOO'3 TE lrlV TE I Ka'L
7TLVVl/V.

121 f. Cy, p~v: /pvmerely emphasizes the pron.: cp. 80,
455. 91wras, followed by KaCrrep and a participle; II. 24. 523
liXyc 8' /L7rI'
Ev
vW(J
KaTaKE(-OaT
L(TOJLV,
EV
L(fLEVOi
WEp.

Cp. 563-

123
nTl
a-vyK LrTVKTL : the more ordinary word would have
been -vvEVKTwrat,
but metre has prompted the double com-

pound, which recurs only in later Greek. The
Eur. Zip.
the idea of a constraining force.
J. Aj.

KarTa

adds

1389 o'a
5

66

Ajax

vptopg cr-vviyys.

Andr. 98 <rEppov TE

TbY

pyAovL "a

"ov'
0

UTVVECv7'I7Y.

124 o'8iv -b roiTroyU K.T.X.
The -w/)poo-o-vY
of Odysseus
finds similar expression at 1365 (Kat yLp a3rA 6/vOa/'
'optat).
126 Et oX'.. O.KLiv.
As unreal as phantoms; as unsubstantial as shadows. Cp. fr. 12 d'vOpo~; erre 7rvcJaI Ka'L
r
(KL
JXXow.
/LOvov, I E3oXov

128 a5-bs: as Ajax had done more than once (766-775).
Cp. Shakesp. Merck. i. i.
12
'"KOV, om,' Tr. 817.
I24 shhowing a more swelling/ort I Than my faint means would
grant continuance.-6p,, ' take upon thee,' ' assume': subjunct.
of Ist aor. r'panyv (not of 2nd aor. ' pd'Frv, which would have
1). The sense of rpopqv is usu. 'to take up' or 'take upon

lone,' rarely 'to win,' which is the regular sense of '4pdv.
130 ppL'es, 'art weighty,' ie. 'powerful': cp. Pind. NV
pElya fpLOEL~L~aKpoi, extensive,
3. 40 ovyyEVE r Tv; Eo0$t

ptaKpoO)L4S-ot

paXEcav r-pos
cp. 825: Tr. 1217 Xd
88V0s.-WXoi'ov PdOEL, store of wealth: cp. Pind. O. 13. 63 palOiv
KXapOV (
h domain ): Aesch. Suppl. 555 fpa0mXovrov xdva
'1ge':

(referring to soil): Eur. fr. 453 Elp-va PaOdrXovrT: Bacchyl.
3. 82 (CwvfpaOvrrXovrov. Indeed, flpa0; could be said (like
7r
-aXg) of a rich man: Xen. Oec. i i. Io flpad0 TE KaL Epp o1vPov

Jvpav, 'men of substance and power.'
'lcpo* vr rts;
MP
avOpWros.-KX(VL : the image is from
V
depressing the scale of a balance: I. 19. 223 ir'v KXLvoL
rdcXavra ZEVd.-K&V ycL : so PA. 866 KILVytEL Kcpa. Cp. Ant.

71

131

8' o

QiEipa: 475: Pind..P. 8. 95
cp.

tL;

(KLta

1158 TrvXy, yap

vO-rvXOvr'

V$7/v.EVoV
KaOeLXEV

133

ovap

op O O

Kal T7

daE. Eur. fr.

<d

q60EV,

/ItKp T\
Ta. s' -p

TOV EVTUXOvVTra TOd TE
KaTappL
8
420 op~ TvpadvvovS
1ta aKp0oV
r(
aXovTra,
KL\ pi' rppa
I
/EV
(
VOw.

KaKols is interpreted

by vv.

127 ff.,

and more im-

4
mediately by the contrast with robTcrc povag: it means those

who, like Ajax, are led into 8vo-a-EfEa by overweening self-

reliance or pride.
134-200

Parodos, in two main parts, viz., (I) 134-171,

the anapaestic marching-song, or parodos proper, sung by the
Chorus as they enter; (2) 172-200, the lyric ode, sung after

they have taken up theirposition in the orchestra.
This is the form of Parodos used by Aeschylus in the
Persae, the Supplices, and the Agamemnon. Nearest to this
early and simple form is that in which lyric strophes are inter-

Notes

67

mingled with anapaestic systems. A parodos of the latter type
is found in the Prometheus Vinctus, the Anligone, and the
Philoctetes.
The Chorus of fifteen Salaminian sailors enter the orchestra
from the spectator's right (as they come from their quarters in
the Greek camp). They march in three files (o-To^XOt) of five
men each. At the close of the anapaests (v. 171), they form
themselves in three ranks (v-yd) of five each, facing the proscenium.
viov. The
134 f. TeXalw6vLE rac: II. I3. 67 TEXavLov
followers of Ajax call upon him to come forth from his tent,where, for some days previously, he had remained in sullen
seclusion (194 f.),-and to refute this dire rumour of his
onslaught on the cattle. Surely it is a malignant slander. Or
is it possible that some angry deity has driven him to such
a deed? Assuredly it is abhorrent from his own nature.
aXX~cavos (defining gen.).. 3Opov, the pedestal, or firm seat,
consisting of Salamis. The island itself is the fldOpov: this is
Z
1V
Fs p OLKELa 7r 8ov I YaXacVO3, t 7rarppov
clear from 859 f.
'td'
W7
voi ~v 0 y
p6
icErtLaOpov. Just so in Ph. Iooo,
alrewtvv PldOpov, 'while I have this craggy Lemnos beneath my
feet.'
TiS A&p4Ltp1)ov
aXcLFtvos . AyXMXov: for the place of the
second epithet, see n. on 0. T. ii99 Tav yaftfdvvXa 7rapOEvov I
rov
&F
pkpidv. While r14qs Lp' would suggest to an Athenian
XPo
the narrow strait, so familiar to his sight, which divides Salamis
from the Attic mainland, the second epithet, dyXLwXov, would,
as it were, turn his eyes seaward, inviting him to look forth
from the shore of Salamis itself towards the Saronic Gulf.
Each adjective lends a touch to the picture. This is thoroughly
Greek. See, for instance, Eur. I. A. 164 ~'oXov
I rrapaKcrav /9aOov A lXs8o vaXtla, the sandy sea-shore of Aulis by
LO
the waves: Helen. 400 r' oT01a o'dvTv yXaVUK &Xd,-where

the blue expanse, the surge, and the depths beneath it (,rdvrtov)
are all suggested.
dygXaXos was properly said of a place on the sea-coast (II. 2.
640 XaXK "8a T"dTy'aXov).
Here, in the Athenian poet's mind,
it has its proper sense, for he is thinking of Salamis as a fringe
of the Attic coast.
gXov : cp. Pind. N 4. 48 A'lag aXalZv' 'XE 7rarp(av.
136 O- piav e 1rp&crov' FrLXcalpo: for the acc., expressing the
TEpa vToapoV evoXyoVTrda
object of joy, cp. Ph. I3I4 (TO1-V 7ra

68

Ajax

~
s
ros yp
Xalpovcra: Rhes. 390 Xat wP SI o' EVrTVXO^va.

o-r:

Eur. .Np.

1339

Eo1
o

OvaKOTR
qErpKE

O0

ALbs (cp. 279), suggested by his long inaction
137 f. 7rTX-qly
YL apV7TE.-taIcLVS, veheCp. 11. 12. 37 d~S der-T7 8s
(i94 f.).

ment; a word not found in II. or Od., but which occurs in
Hom. hymn. Merc. (307), and is frequent with Pindar; thus fr.
231 TrdXAa.. .ap~Erd.-XXdyos..
7.T. 8 plov... roi
51
XEKrpOV, O

8
like Tr. 791 Gvorpevvov
cp. 7o 9.- &ri
with
rrpo-fl
Z
I299 riS -', TrXpLov,

KaKdOpovs,

LKpaOwVOs:

acc. is rare; but cp. OT.T
Avs' E EWLt
LETrarpor07rh
pavta; Eur. Andr. 491 Tt~ E, 7rrnvta,
pyov.
l
z39 f. ir46pdrlL~,
a form found in I. I.
5o10 (wrEsof
Py-

b/voS), and often in Attic prose; it is emphatic (='thoroughly
scared ').-6ppLa

wArXCas,

cp. Tr. 527 alJ4LVELK
c1(OT1a3
E

since fear or anguish is seen in the eye;

TOv

O'Epa v,44as (n.).

O. C. 729 po^

LV"

I 'OPOVVEOp .
1X0opOTlra
ff. rfiS vv OLR4vq v'KTCs, thus placed at the beginning
141
of the sentence, indicates the time to which the whole following
statement refers. As the rumours began only at daylight, the
reference is, in strictness, to the moment denoted by Ela'vT'
for, lending to, our disgrace; cp. Her.
-X~a
u.-- r'L 8VO-KXEL'C,
I. 68 Er KaK,

4. 164 rd

aL
bOop7.

'rbvtraroFLav- XELLWv', the plain 'wild with horses,' i.e.,
on which great numbers of horses (out at pasture) disport
themselves. In Il. 20. 221 Erichthonius, son of Dardanus, is
described as keeping great droves of horses on the moist
meadow-lands near the lower spurs of Ida: ro0 rpto'tXLLtaL
144

rrrr ZXO KtOL OVKOXEOV70. Sophocles used the word Kapropavj (fr. 591), doubtless in a sense parallel with that of

i.e.
/Xo'ua,rj', 'abounding in fruit': and the sense which he

was
attached to XEh~Lwv trrro/Eavrj' probably XEtLdv 8s /,al'avErat
rrots rather than ev 4 k7ro /avovrat.
vXoLavEv is used

similarly by Strabo, and #vXXopavdv by Theophrastus. But
the idea of wild abundance would naturally, in this case, be
blended with that of the horsesfrisking"or galloping in freedom
on the plain. Another possible explanation would be XELtdUV
E' ( trn
rot pavovrat, 'of which horses are madly fond.'
Cp.
Theocr. 2. 48 wrrroavi 4vrdv EorT rap" 'Apdot ro 8' rLt irraoaW I
Ka 7rrzoE patWovat dv wpEa Ka Ooat m-rrroL. But this is far-fetched.
poT- KLa'XElav : a hendiadys, = for 80optAqrlra : cp.
crpaTOV wrrXto-'vov): Eur.
V TE Kal crrparov (=
8
XOLrI = a ac(TTO.
dto'XLo, 7rOrrLO
-roov.
919 ®rPaS Ka1

145 ff.

8

El. 36 dWrls

Bacch.

Notes

69

See on 53.-ovL -8pLSp., Homeric phrase (1. 4. 485, 7the
473, 20. 372). This epithet, 'flashing,' is given also to other
objects of bright metal, as a Adps8

or a

233).

r7plovs (I.

9. 123, 24.

(the
148 f.
LOVpovs: Pind. P. 2. 75 oa frOWpov iraXla
arts of slanderers) E7rET alEl pporGTv.
151 E ELo-Ta is otherwise known only from Aristotle. In
tErToo, OTaV TVXI, E-atL o
Eth. NI 7. I0 (p. II5Ib IO)
dyKparrs, it means, 'easy to persuade,' as opp. to
'nrELtoros.
But in another place (Arist. 7rp't
a'drOv ypalpjtwv, p. 969 b 22),
EV'rELorTOV OTt advdKv/ K.T.X. mean, 'it
is easy to
show,' etc. Here ebw~o-rcs will be, 'things of which it is easy
to persuade the hearer.' 'Tr.: 'specious.'

the words

152 'ros XkfLavros, not, of course, Odysseus, but simply the

man from whom 6 KXv'wV heard the story. The slander mnobiltate viget, viresque acquirit eundo (Aen. 4. 175). As it spreads
and gains in strength, the spiteful joy of each new hearer is
greater than that of his informant.
153
ILoplLt 70

rvy

KevpptOv : for the dat., cp. Her. I. 212 TptTrXEO-wLV
paro KaTvpplLo-ac: Paus. 4. 27. 3 KaOvUpt'oavrTE
O

Wv'V Ovo-ma.
T^

ALOoKO

Similarly Her. 3. 37

7

dyahXtart

KaTEEOXa-E.
154 f.

r-v.. P~EyXoV

ivyv,

those &8orPEqE4^ fao-tXEi

like

Ajax, who, in the true Homeric spirit, are conceived as /,eydOv/pot, LEyaXd vXoL above common men.--Eels with gen., like
8
3 6
E:
70ro
other verbs of 'aiming at': Ant. 1034 OEvr'ET dv p
Eur. Cycl. 51 ~{1/ow
7rErpov o-ov.
KCaT 8' Av
dTLS
o' : for the separation of Kar from its case,

cp. 969.
157 'bvTXOV0', the rich or great: Eur. Suppf. 240 0o 8'OK
aLOLtv
E- TOVS EXOVTa7 KEVTp
araTVI4OVTES /3ov..
So Ale. 57, etc.-6 ,Oovos.
Cp. Pind. N 8. 22 (of
KaKd.
0Odvos) armeratL do-IXav dEtl, XELpdoVEo-oL O K EptCEt.
, protection, garrison, for the city walls:
159 rpyovPu
3
. T. 56 s o48v EO-rLV OUTE rvpyo' OVTE vavo
i
Ep)
aOs v pdv /g
VyOLKOVYV70VoW. For fr~vEavt, 'to defend,' said with ref. to a
O. T 72 Trv/S
town, cp. 11. 6. 403 ipEro "IXlov '"EKrmp:
Cvoa 1l'v 7roXv.
i6o f. LETraexpresses alliance, and ar6, service; but there
0XOr7E Kl

is no stress on the difference of relationships.-peate', have a
fair course, be prosperous: cp. Ant. 675 7TOv 8' ipov0vvo
V
o-ag

rd roXX

ad'taO'

rEatOapxa (n.).

Ajax

70

163 -oeov yv 6lis, maxims, precepts, concerningthese things.

wpoSLS&o-KELv properly implies gradual teaching (Plat. Gorg.
p. 489 D, rrpa6rEpv /iE rpoS&tOKE), and is fitting here because

the truths are elementary.
164 f.
oLovorwv, 'so foolish,' referring to ro

avogjrov':

cp.

218, 251, 562, 929.
167-171

&XX'

STE y&p

8il... 7ri~eLa vt. &iVOL.

'We

can do

nothing without thee;-no (we are helpless), for, when they
have escaped thine eye, they chatter like flocking birds; but
(84) terrified by the mighty vulture, perchance they will suddenly
cower,' etc. Note these points :-(I)
dXX&
prefaces a confirmation of the statement just made
in a negative form (i65 o 8v o-0OEvoev) : cp. El. 307 iv otv
3
otourotOI OVTE CoWAppoVE^,
qtkat, 0 V;' Eo'E
E'iE 7rdpEo'rtv, dXX' iE
TOL KaKOL3
wo
7roX
0
a
VyKYX) Ko'
I KaL7r7 8 EVELV KaKa.
q
(2) &XX . . ydp is elliptical; 'No (we can do nothing), for'
etc.: cp. El. 223 &AX' iv y p ELVo(ofS oXO KT,.X.,'
of
speak in vain), for' etc.: Ant. I55 d X' OUE y p s

' but (let us cease), for' etc.
(3) The reading

pfyav

atlyvrwLv 8'

but (ye
XpL,
X-..

which allows
o8EroSOCcuVars,

the words /,Lyav alyvrtv to begin the clause describing the
sudden discomfiture of the foes, gives those words a signal
force and spirit.
Those who, like Nauck and Wecklein, delete VrosEloavrEs
remove the stop after dyEXaL and place a comma after alyvortdv.
Then aiyvrtdv depends on dro8pao-at supplied from drE8pav,

and dXX...yap is not elliptical.
8 r.. 8 1, epic, 'when now,' 'when at length,' Od. 2. 314

vv 8' o0' 877/LE/ya, ELUai'.- arrSpav, for drrE8pao-av (Thuc. i. 128),
like the poetical /flav, orayV, &Xav, etc.--yvrrLOv, an Homeric
image: Od. 22. 302 o 3',
8'
alyvwrol yacpIvvxEg dYKVoXELXL I
3
E pcov EOdVTE dr' pV
-O-a-t Oo'po't.-Tix' av can mean only

'perchance':

we cannot take

raxa

separately, as = 'swiftly';

~aCavis should be taken with "ri
yELv,
notwithstanding Alcaeus
fr. 27, which the poet clearly had in mind, 'iraov 'o"r' o'pvieO3
OKVV

aLETOV

RE'a7r1MV
EVVTa.

172 ij& cL

VRS

.. ; The Homeric y p

is sometimes inter-

rogative (II. 7. 446), but occurs also where there is no question
ac is interrogative in Pind. P. 9. 40, I.
(12. 164 ' jic. vv).
7. 3: but not in P. 11. 38. This 4 is not the contracted form
of the disjunctive iE (II. 6. 378 f. r...

direct questions.

), which was not used in

Notes

71

The sailors ask whether Artemis or Ares can have driven
Ajax to such a deed. In connection with their chief, the
deities of hunting and war naturally occur to them. They do
not think of Athena.
TavpowdXa= TavporrdXo : for the form, cp. Pind. 0. 3. 26
AaTro0V trrroo-da Ovydrjp: Eur. Ion 1478 ropyodr'va.
There
were two cults of Artemis, originally quite distinct. (I)The
TavpordXo3 was a goddess who rules over bulls,-one of the
numerous attributes of Artemis in her relation to wild animals:
cp. alrdXo, Tr7rorrdXos, olord'Xo. The cult of the Tauropolos
was purely Greek, and had nothing fierce or cruel about it.
(2) The cult of Artemis TavptKy (or Tavpod) had orgiastic
elements; it was of Asiatic origin, and belonged to a primitive
stage of nature-worship. The ritual was a bloody one, and in
early times involved human sacrifice. This was the Artemis
whose cult was said to have been brought to Brauron in Attica,
from the Tauric Chersonese, by Iphigeneia and Orestes.
The use of the epithet Tavporo'Xaa has been suggested by the
slaughter of the cattle: and Artemis is thought of here as a
fierce goddess. Associations derived from both the cults of
Artemis may have been blended in the poet's mind, as they
probably were in the popular thought and language of his time.
ALbs, (daughter) of Zeus: cp. 1302 Aaols80vrog. But the
art. (7})is prefixed to XAtLo 401, 450.
in
173 f. y4Xa refers primarily to the strength and loudness
of the popular rumour (i98 f.); but also suggests dread or
horror, as when impious words are called IEEYdaoL X67OL
as
(Ant. 1350). Cp. 226 o t'yais fvOoS.-paVep atdcxivas &pas:
rELOapXl

is T)7

EVrrpaea

r/yp (Aesch. Theb. 224), etc.

The

boldness is somewhat like that of O. T. 157, ' Xpvo- TKVOV
a
3
porTE
'EXr8so, ac/ I4)La.
because they were still common
.
175 iravsLovs. pos,
property, Xla ai8ao-0o: see on 54.

j 'rov, 'I ween': a phrase frequent in this play; cp.
&'&p7WTov XaPLV, on
wLVS
account of some victory (given by her to Ajax) which brought
her no Kaprd", no reward; pa. \aIEva,-ca-ra vippwv, either, it may
176 ff.

382, 622, 850, ioo8: Tr. 846.-v(K

be, because she was disappointed of spoils;

EtT"'

.8pOLS Xa-

4apoXcks, or by reason of deer-slaying after which he made
8

no W3pa to her. The general cause, denoted by vtKas . . ptv,
is divided into two special cases; (i) a victory in war;
(2) a victory in hunting.

Ajax

72

X&PLV = VlKaS . c
dKap7r'rTOv Xptv (Ant. 793 f.
e'atjQLov): cp. Eur. I. T. 566 KQaK1, ,VVcaLKag XaPLt
aXaptv drarXETO. Plat. Legg. p. 853 D V 87 XipLv ovK E~XrtXaptv
Xvyotq' av...v6/ov.-J pa: the disjunctive ' (or = ri) is rarely
thus followed by 'a. (Cp. 172 n.) For .. a-te, cp. Eur. A/c.
't rs vvpov; | 'Aylwvt'as E8pa3.-KXUTV:
ET
AUK r
V
II4
cp. the Homeric KX1UTR
TEVXEa.-+e0aJo-Oo- with gen.: cp. 1382:
vtKOS

VEtKO

&KpTCOTOV

dV8pV

Tr.

712 E vT ir EVoO17o-tLa I yVm/py.
L
cdSdpoLs.. kXcgapoMXCas: for the causal

YE
6

rpdrOEvsy

dat., cp. Tr. -1127 TroS

gaprq vots (n.). Those who retain the Ms. reading

8 potL
understand: 'deceived either by gifts of spoils (promised,
but not given), or in regard to slaying of deer.' But this is
awkward. And, in support of ,8&poLs,it should be noted that
Sophocles elsewhere also has co-ordinated a causal dat. with
a partic. (or adj.) of causal force, like ,EvO-0E^-ca here. See Tr.
239 AH. EvKTaa 0alvov,
oj
'r
iXavrEta TLOdg; Al. E XOaS ('for
a vow'). 0. C. 333 OI. 7rdrpa rrdoto't; 1~. K~L ?dov
yV
a T;lyyEXO.

~XaapoXCcLas: Artemis the huntress ('Aypor pa) was especially 'EXaasbi3dXos:

see on

"AprEtv 'Oprvyav

Xa

O. C. 1092 f., and cp. Tr. 213

apfdXov.

The causes here conjectured for her wrath remind us of her
anger with Oeneus, who had failed to render firstfruits at
harvest-tide (i. 9. 534 XcaluIvY',
o ot o rt OaXvo-ta yovv^
~ ~'). Cp. Eur. Hitp. 147 where the Chorus
dXoY j OlV

suggest that the Cretan Dictynna may be wroth with Phaedra,
as cdvi'pos

dOirov

reXadvvo

(for having failed to make holy

offerings of honey-cakes).
179 P. . ~i .. ; The reading of the Mss., ' XaXKOOWpa j
1
r
EvvXdtos, was explained by supposing that XaXKOO Opa
meant Ares, as distinguished from Enyalios. How the second
I should be corrected, is uncertain; but in favour of pi, it may
be noted that the interrogative /zr is often followed, as here, by
rts, and that its tone of tentative suggestion is just in place.
ris
r o toXa f3pporwV dEKOVTOS E avEL;I
/
Cp. Od. 9- 405 f.
/kl TLi o' aVT0v
KTEEL 80Xw
13 t/L; C. I502 /l is at'n
0.
KEpavvOg,

r

'Ev&XLos

3

pt'a I Xaa ' E'7inppaeao-a;
is in the Iliad either the War-god (2.
0/
oL3

651),

seemingly identical with Ares, or an epithet of Ares, (i7.
"Aprls ~Setvos

IvvdXo).

211

Like 'Evvd, the word is of uncertain

(possibly Thracian) origin. The mention of this deity has
a two-fold fitness here; (i) on account of the reference in 178

Notes

73

to Artemis Agrotera; for, acc. to Pollux 8. 91, the Athenian
Polemarch made annual offerings 'AprdL&s 'Aypor ipa Kat 7
'EvvaXt': (2) because in the island-home of Ajax there was a
tepdv of Enyalios, founded by Solon to commemorate the victory
by which Athens wrested Salamis from the Megarians (Plut.
Sol. 9). Further, Enyalios is here supposed to have helped
Ajax; whereas Ares usually favoured the Trojans (cp. I.
20.

38).

i8o f. liopL v
'rpJara
oo ptop4,g/v

EXv=--eu
rEcvos:
Eur. Or. 1069 Ev Fv
oXw: so Aesch. P. V 445 ptAfI rtOVTLV
dvOporrots ~Xow.-tvvo 8opbs, causal gen.: cp. 41 n., and I. I.
OVT ap
0 Y
T1 L ovO
EKa'T'/-q,.
9voO
here= 'making common cause with him,' 'allied'; cp. Eur.
8mpVtalv, J3 KOLV/l/ Xflo.-EvvVUXoLS
dAytaC
Tro. 58 rrpohs 0v
,aMXavts, by devices against Ajax in the night,-i.e., by impelling him to the nocturnal onslaught.-I tora-o, not dtioaro,
was the Attic spelling in the poet's age: see Meisterhans,
Gramm. Att. Inschr. , § 66.
183 ff. pcvoev y', by the prompting of thine own mind,if it had not been deranged by some god. The emphasis given
by ye shows that this is the meaning.
arc'
APLr-rEp&.. pas, deviating from the right course: Aesch.
P. y 883 1o(81 8pdov ,'pouat Xdv'0oeys
I rrweveart iLapyw .

Tdcrrov: the only example, except Aesch. Ag. 140, of this
rtVELV: cp. Ant. 752
form in Tragedy.-r.-rvov, instead of (orTE w
-K KLrrEVLX(v o8' E EPXEL Opao's; ('doth thy boldness run to
E

open threats?')

186 f. 'KOL
y&p v,'Will' (or 'must') 'come': cp. 88 p~Evot/L
av. The ydp here refers to a thought implied in the last
sentence:-'You would never have done this thing of your
own nature; (and if you have done it in madness, that proves
nothing against your nature,) for heaven-sent madness cannot
be helped; only, may the gods avert the evil rumour!'-i.e.,
'may it prove to be false.' [Others render:-mustkave come,
comparing O. T. 1182 Tr n7rv"T'ifeKOL o-a/j.
av
See C. R.
XIX. I50.]
Ze s..., otpos. Both gods are averters of evil, dXEetl'KKOL,
drorpdratot. But Zeus is invoked with especial fitness as

being the source of mysterious voices and rumours (I1. 250
8.
-vOa wavo aly Zyv' 'ECEOKOV 'AXato).
i88 f. tro XX0devoL. The midd. VrofldXXeo-Oa (7rat&lov)
was said of a woman who 'secretly put to her breast' the child

74

Ajax

of another, and passed it off as her own: Ar. Thesm. 564
O
UTa q
80AoX1 TEKOV(Ty9 dppEV, ET T
OvyadrpLov 7ra1pKa; avTr.
Cp. below, 481.

XO

OE

T

7r
80

(TV

Hence the metaphor
here,-'falsely suggesting' stories, laying to thy charge things
which thou hast not done.
57 rdS' o;V
KXE 1ro0VTL p.o0vs, tell crafty tales: cp. 1137: P.
KXE7rrE'OV, 'this must not be represented falsely': El.37 KXELat..
o'gayds, i.e. to effect by stealth. Also ib. 56 XAyp KE 7rTOTEV79.
and
The participle t-oaXXo'evo0 closely coheres with KX r'roUVGL,
p.ious depends on both.-oL pIydkoL P o-LXS, the Atreidae. For

the nom. in -^4, cp. El. 690o

4j

190

3
Ppag/ (n.).

supply Pfao-tLX~ (or -Evs) from the last
profligate, worthless. -ILo-vS&v.
Anticleia,

TUS K.T.X.:

clause.-dc-d.rov,

the mother of Odysseus, was said to have been with child
by Sisyphus when she married Laertes: hence Ph. 417 o0'/rroX-rq03

owgv';ov AaEpTl

, the

son of Sisyphus, bought

(with

'8va) by Laertes: see n. there, and on Ph. 625.
191 f. p.i, pL p., tvat. If p' be sound, it can be only the
acc.: an elision of /ot is impossible. And pE could be explained
only as depending on the phrase KKyv
LV
twp , as meaning,
'win an evil repute, to my injury' (trj /tE 8taflGlpay, avjrd
8tapaXX/LEvoS): cp. El. 123 ff. TaKEVs.. Ot0)yav. . AyaClvova.

But this is certainly forced; and, though the Chorus afterwards
speak of themselves as involved in their chief's peril (252 ff.),
that thought is less fitting here. For proposed remedies see cr. n.
KXLULrLS 61
pp' Xov.
The sense required is, 'keeping thy face
hidden in the tent': so that KXt-'I LG is a locative dat. The
adv. ~8' helps to suggest the idea of 'hidden.'-Lap with a
primarily as = take up the burden
(= Xopav in 181), from -rpa'uv,
of an evil name, but approaching the meaning of rpo4yv: cp.
129, Id. 14. 509 f. avSpdypt' 'AXatcLv ('paro.
193 f.

tva, the prep., with anastrophe, as = dvdo-r-yt: the
l. 9. 247 dXX' lva, El ji'ovYi yE.---SorOv.. rOTE,

hiatus as in

'wheresoever,' i.e. in whatever spot within the dwelling. ' Wheresoever thou art brooding in this pause of many days from the
battle.' The change of wror to irorl (Ritschl and others)
introduces a strange phrase,

O-qpl(~EL

rpi o-XOXg.

The simple

dat. (of circumstance) is clearly right.
195

tv opavao.v

heaven,' Whitelaw.

XMyyrv,'kindling a flame of ruin high as

Cp. Aesch. Suffl. 808 i'iE 8'

apyv

oppaviv= ovpavofr/K-: and see n. on Ant. 418.
196 f. ,'rpp p' , neut. pl. as adverb: goes abroad without

Notes

75

fear. This acc. is very often joined with verbs of motion.
See (e.g.) O. T. 883 vrrEporrTa ropEvErat: O. C. 1695 o'rot
wl
KraraT 7rr
r
TOV:
. 17. 75
K
rc 80KoWV rrrov&: Pind.
0. 7. 45 Palvet. . arTE'K/aprTa: Eur. Ph. 1740 arraplivEvr' VJXoyilEva:
Bacch. 435 o;8' &KpavO' wp0u7O-atlEV. For the hiatus at the end
of the verse, cp. 425 Xeor /LoXvr' arr 'EXXav18o.
EavlOLs, with c&
(not i, as if Doric for Evr'vioLS): so probably
Cp. Od. 19. 432 rrrnXaTr'vEoo-oa..
iov Xtpvas.
in fr. 342 EUdavE
-- pGo-~caLs: O. C. 673 XX(Oa^3 trrb fidov'-atL Il. 2I. 449
(n.):
I8r

EV KV1q1OWL

I98 f.

7rOXVrrTXOV

KcLyXUao'VTv.

VE'o0-.

Dindorf writes

KCXao'avrwv,

on

the

ground that the form KayXaim was not Attic. But the Mss.
have dVEKa"yXyao- in Plat. Rep. 337 A, and cdvaKayXLO-a3 in
Euthyd. 300 D; and there is the analogy of the Homeric
KayXaXoad.

Surely, then, there is no reason

to doubt

that

Sophocles could have used KayXd4'o if he had found it
metrically convenient.
papv&Xyra. The hiatus (cp. 196) here has the special
justification of a pause. Some editors prefer to write papcv&Xy r', which is also metrically possible. The sense is, 'fraught
wilh heavy pain' to us; the ixXyos is not the bitter indignation
felt by the Greeks.

The word occurs only here: and flapvaX-

yrj is post-classical.-o-rraKv, 'stands fixed': cp. 1084.
201-595 The first irr-ELTdov falls into two rinczialparts.
In the fist

(201-332), the hero's PZlight is made clear by the

exchange of tidings between Tecmzessa andthe Chorus,each learning
what the other has to tell. In the second part (333-595), Ajax
himself speaks with the Chorus and Tecmessa; his words foreshadow a resolve to die. The first part opens with a kommos
between the Chorus and Tecmessa (201-262); the second, with
a kommos between the Chorus and Ajax (348-429).
201 vaos apoyot, i.e., rendering service in it; Ajax addresses
them as yEvos va&s dopoybv rTXvaS (356). The Iliad (2. 557)
assigns twelve ships to Ajax.
202 yEvE&s: for the gen., cp. Plat. Prot. 316 B 'ArroXXoSapov
/R E:
x.Ov(XoVy
dr' 'EPEX ELS&v: for drr with ref. to
8
descent, cp. Ant. 193 wratwv -^v dr' Oi &rov.

vo'd, ol

Erechtheus, 6 y~gyevr (Her. 8. 55), 'whom Earth, the
grain-giver, brought forth, and Athena, daughter of Zeus,
2.
fostered' (II. 547), is representative of the Athenian claim
to be a1rod,0XOVEo. It was in his reign, acc. to Her. 8. 44, that
the folk once called Kpavao[, and then KEKport[Sat, were first

Ajax

76
named 'AOrvatol.

For 'EpEx0E^ 8 at as='AO8rva^ot, cp. Pind.

. 2. 19 KXELVcwa^'EpEXOEt

v XapLTEootv dpapap;

raLs XtrrapaZ

iv

'AOdvat,, 'having attained to the glorious honours given by the
Erechtheidae in shining Athens.' For XOovCv = aTroXOdvwv cp.
O. C. 948 n.
Salamis is in this play a kingdom independent of Athens,
but the Salaminians are of Athenian stock, and revere 'sacred
Athens' (1222) as the metropolis of their race. See Introduction, § 3.
204
9X0rqdav instead of TryXo : cp. Tr. 315 yvviVqva rav
iKEtEv (n.). It goes with roV^.. oi'KoV, not with Kq83dlEVOL.
205
)ooKpav
ls denotes the rugged, massive, untamed
strength of Ajax, and is meant to suggest a contrast with his present affliction; so 548 dpo^..vd
/LOt, 885 'dtkLOvt os, 931 odlp pov.
206 f. OoXep# (OoX,
6, mud), 'turbid,' with ref. to his
clouded mind: cp. Her. 4. 53 (of a river) PtEL TE KaOapos trapa
0oXpo^o-t. So Aesch. P. V. 885 OoXEpo 8' Xdyot rradov&o' EllK
oUTrvyvSg rrp1 KUActLV CTqy,-WOrds turbid with passion.-XELOY"L:
cp. P/h. 1194 Udvovra XELEPlP
: irr 1460
b.

'stricken': this aor., in the 'ingressive'
sense ('fell ill '), is frequent in Attic: e.g. Thuc. I. 138 8 4
voogo-as TEXEVT rTv fLov: Plat. Tinm. p. 84 c ora .. voo-rpo-,.
XELCyaopI vh.-voo-40-as,

208 f.

r( 84SiPpos eviXXLKTLaL vi

ijie '

s

ieplas;

'And what

heaviness (heavy trouble) has the past night received in exchange
for the (already grievous) fortune of the day?'
av41XX'KTaL in
a midd. sense; cp. Diod. frag. 60o EYVETro /
oa-tw-o 18toTLK'q
^
or-TT i4 -aXXaypv'
k'vl/E /jolav.
But it is doubtful whether such
a notion as otpas, rpaeom, or Kar-Tco-T o-Ew can here be supplied
with -rq,qtpt'~. The parallels adduced are such as Y E
qa,
Ev,0
~ t " y 3la, 7 rpw a, -\v OEpdElv (' in summer,' Her. I. i89),
,
7TV XELEPLVv (id. I. 202). There was indeed a tendency
V

in Greek idiom to make substantives out of fem. adjectives;
i.e. to use the fern. adj. alone, whenever the subst. (such as y ,
6~&s;, 'pa, ptotpa, 8tK') could readily be understood. And that
tendency must be considered here.
No tolerable emendation has been made. A'pElaqs, 'stillness,' though possible, is very feeble.

epLappcas (= E apdla),

which Nauck adopts, is directly contrary to the sense; for,
even before the dread rumour arose, the Chorus had been
disquieted by the long seclusion and inaction of Ajax (194 f.).
Alpop(as, without some further definition (such as -rs- 7rp~v),
would be too vague.

Notes

77

Cp. 331: 488. Similar examples
2IO 4pvy(ov TEXEav'Tvros.
confirm this reading: fr. 796 'AXOEo-8oLtav qv 6 yevvy'oa 7Inarjp:
Aesch. Th. 488 'ITrrro80ovrosoa'Xxa: Eur. Suppl. 889 IIapOevoratos, EtL0s ioXTdraToW

.

211 f. VXos, concubine,

O6evvrETle (501): being 8ovptdAXrog,
OC
Cp. Tr. 360 KP;/LOV % 'XOL XO (101').conceived a love for thee, he
0rE.. a-rpgcs AvXEL : lit., 'having
upholds thee,'-i.e., 'he is constant in his affection for thee':
XE'KTp' 'AyaiLwYov, 'constant
so Eur. Hec. I23 8d/KX YvXOV
to' her bed.

she is 8oX4A (489).

213

rdEros, 'hint,' 'give a clue': they do not yet surmise,

from her words in 205-207, with what terrible fulness of detail
she can speak.
214 f. XEy, subjunct.-Oav&rT . . to-ov: 0. C. 529 Oavarog
iv Ord.'&KOELtV. In the Creusa, fr. 332, Sophocles used
toroOavarov as = o 7ravv avEKTOV, acc. to Pollux 6. I74.
216 f. pymv1 yap: notice the ydp in two successive clauses

(El. 18o n.): here it prefaces the statement (0. 22 277 n.).iptVv, ethic dat.: El. 272.-vKTpos, adverbial: cp. 930 rivvvXa
E
Kal
aElov'
v/EorT'alE.
7. I. 497 rEplr 8' dPvp'l. The word

is irregularly placed, as if the speaker had meant to designate
Ajax by & KXELVO only, and had then added A'las: for similar
irregularities, cp. El. 693 f., n.-7reX op40sO, a somewhat rare
pass. aor.: Ph. 330 EfmEXoPfOrlv: Plat. Gorg. 473 X fla..
218ff. TowLar', introducing the ground for the statement;
cp. 164 n.-atliopa 4: cp. 95 i/3paa3
L'yXO

EV.. ;-XP

Lo ,,

with tragic pathos, since the word denoted holy sacrifices to the
gods (properly, before consulting an oracle): Aesch. Theb. 230
8
ELV. Cp. Ag. 645 7raae rdv3TO
o-0dyta KaL Xpl7pta IEO~OLV ECp'
'Epvv'wv.
221 ff. avrpos. . AyyeX'av: for the objective gen., cp. 998:
.4 Xwv (n.).-aeovos, 'fiery'; cp. io88 : Aesch.
Ant. i1 /u0o ..
Theb. 448 awowv. . X ^Aa: in v. 147 the word is applied to

a bright sword. This inflexion (instead of at'owvog) occurs
elsewhere only in Hes. Op. 361 aOova Xtsdv (Bergk's correction
of the MS. a-0o-a), where the fig. sense of the epithet is 'fierce.'
4oo- in Theognis 481, and such alternative
Cp. the dat. pl. v+
forms of the gen. as Ao-ovos, 'AKTa'vos, etc.

The v. 1. ateooros is impossible here, as in the verse of
Hesiod; it could refer only to complexion.

A&rX7rov

o08

~EVKTdv, unendurable, and yet one from which

78
there

is

no escape:

for

Ajax
o 4 as= dX'
8

ov,

cp.

El.

132,

1034.
225 '.v

ILeyXNWv

AYvciv

are clearly not the Greek chiefs (ot

EydoXo fpao-LtX,
189), but the Greek army at large. It is the
popular fury that the Salaminians are now thinking of: in 228
av o9..

7rEpt1

OavELa-

'Apj of v. 253.-KX
659 KX

ib.

ETaL

OVT p,

p

1268 KX1- EVOL

alludes to public stoning, the XLtOXEVoCrov
opwE'vcLv,
noised abroad by them: cp. Tr.

he is rumoured to be sacrificing;
TrTEPE3.

and

226 6 ~~yas LAOos: cp. 173 W UEyalAa
'drt~ (n.).0EL,
av'Et, increases by diffusing it.
8
228 wep(gavros: cp. 1311 OavEIv 7rpo 1jXwq.
229 ff.
wraparrXkKT0, frantic: Eur. H - 935 Y7Xm*w
raparrX-ryyIyvpy. The adj. is more usually -rraparjX.
Cp. 40
8
vo(-Xdyrov. . Xpa.
-vyrT0K'rTaS, Slain in a confused heap,

cattle and men together. For the non-thematic aor., cp. Tr. 38
EKTa (n.).-KEXaLvots here suggests both the dark, gleaming
metal, and the dark stains of blood upon it. Cp. Tr. 856
KEXatlva XoXa (n.).-eo-rLv, poet. plur.: cp. Pind. P. 4. 242
ApL'o LaLpaL : Eur. Ion 192 aPrat (the scimitar of Perseus).
The dat. I4EtLV,
following XEpt, defines the instrument used
(slain by the hand with the sword) : cp. 310 vvet o-vXXaplv
XEP .

Eur.

Helen.

373 OV X..vvvy

EaE oE

fLvlatr

wXha-

twMovWpas, 'guiding horses,' refers to riding in both the other
places where it occurs (Eur. Hzip. 1399, of Hippolytus; Ar.
NVub. 571, of Poseidon Hippius). Here, por~pas, closely

following Po d, must mean the herdsmen who tended the sheep
and oxen (= w-voxwv

~-ierd-rat3, 27).

Herdsmen in charge

of great flocks and herds, on a wide plain, and near a watchful
foe, might well be mounted. It is no objection-and least
of all, in an Attic tragedy-that the Homeric warriordoes not
ride.
233 f.

&pa, 'then,'

1026 : Tr. 1172, etc.-

marks her new perception: cp. 927, 934,
jXOe.
This form, not used by Aesch.,

occurs only here in Soph.; Eur. has it not only in lyrics
(Or. 813, etc.), but also in dialogue (El. 598, Tro. 374).
235 f. 'v (neut.), instead of ",, since irocavv is a 'noun of
3
multitude'; cp. O. C. io7o0
lpao-/ , Uo K.T.X. (n.).
Then
v

p.iv (sc.

7rotuvrv) follows

cp. Thuc. I. 2 § 3 7'r 7
Plov. Finally, rd 8 (sc.

Av, as it might have followed (qs:
ib. 5 Ivb 7rXE^To-OV r70
refers to ,Av.--m, 'within the

t o-r ,
tp

porTa)

NVotes

79

house,' refers to all the incidents that followed his arrival
(vvev).--wl

where they stood

ycLCas,

upon the floor;

as

distinguished from those animals which he caught up and
rent asunder.
'rXEVpOKOWMW&v,

slashing at their sides with his sword: a com(Ar.

pound like 0aXaRTTOKrrTE

237

if. Apy(woas:

Eq.

830),

[ETEWpOKOTErV

(Pax 92).

for the root ARG, denoting 'brightness,'

and its derivatives, cp. O. C. 670 n. As Ajax purposed to flog
Odysseus ( io), the ram which suffers that fate here might
naturally be identified with him. The first ram, which is
beheaded at once, might then represent Agamemnon; and
Menelaiis would here be ignored. On this view, however,
there is a discrepancy with verses 97--110, since both the
Atreidae are there supposed to be dead, while Odysseus has
still to suffer. Here one ram (Agamemnon) is slain, and the
other (Odysseus) flogged, in rapid succession.
He first shears off the
aXQlV KaL yX8o-o-cv dKpav.
238 KE
head; then, still holding it, while the carcass drops to the
ground, cuts off the end of the tongue; and next hurls both
head and tongue from him. JlKpa yXwlo-o-a can mean the
extremity, the tip, of the tongue, as in Theocr. 9. 30 drrl
yXwooa s lKpas: so in P/z. 748 &KoV rdsa is the heel.
239 f. PvrEt has the support of the Mss., not only here, but
also in Ant. 131, Tr. 780.

prr-LV,

used only in pres. and

impf., was current in Attic (Ar. Eccl 507 P;Lt'7rETE XXalvas). In
Tragedy it is nowhere required by metre; and Elmsley (on
Eur. Heracl. I50) supposes that the tragic poets used only
piTr(O. No difference of sense between tTrE'w and PlrrTW can
be clearly shown; though it has been fancied that 1 trIm"
implies the frequency or vehemence of the act (iacto as compared with iacio).
peObv avo...8 '-crs: le., making the animal stand on its hind
legs, with its forefeet lashed up to the pillar-as if they were
the hands of a human prisoner.-KLovL, lit., 'at a pillar,' a dat.
of place (cp. El. 174 n.); not, 'to a pillar' (rps Ktova, Io8).
241

[rroSiTlv

A'iv'rpa,

a leathern strap or thong, belonging

to the harness of a horse,-such as the reins of a bridle
(0.

C. 900

r-7rreV8ELv
AJro

where see Leaf).
ening the reins.'

v~-pos), or driving-reins (I.

Hesiod Scut. 308
Ajax makes a

thongs, by doubling the strap.

-Pvrqpa/aorltyoLv

aldaX(Twrov.

8

rX-j

pvra

XaXavovTER,

p/o-r-

e,

16. 475,

'slack-

a whip with two

Cp. Aeschin. or.

2§

157 Xa/3 v

Ajax

8o0

242 XLyup, Homeric: I1. 532 Ldo-Lyt XLyvpg.
ii.
8
:
8EVVCdyV Pie', like VELs8ltov vdct see on Ant.
243 f. KSCKC
v cp. O. T. 1258 XVUo-Y^vrt 8' a2d
759 8EvvcEtLs.-ScLCPo
8
8
8
aqlovve

ElKvvco-

245 ff.

4i8q
roL

TL*

OV 81E

KpLTOa.

yap alv pw^v ot

7rap1 EV EyyV'EYv.

The reading of the best Mss., both

here and in the strophe (221 f.), can be retained, if in the
strophe we make the slight change of

vS8pbs to Avipos.

If,

here, then we must also
on the other hand, we strike out -OL
change Kpa'Ta to K'paC, or else, keeping Kpa-ra, change ~SikXoo-as in
For TLV' ('each of us') cp. 416 n.
221 to iE as or 9cnlvs.
Plat.
KparT. . Kp'M'EVOv, in token of grief and shame.
Phaedo p. 117 c dyKaXvq/I/EVo a7rrEKXatov a(uavTr'v: Aeschin. or.
T7' yE 8' KaTray-XaOrTa 7raVTEXWSr , E" o01 o01 nV/JrrpEo-8j
2 § III

capitibus
Liv. 4. 12 Mfulti ex plebe spe amissa ..
ivKaXtaVTO.
:
XoWAv &pcrGL
obvolutis se in Tiberim praeciiElaverunt.-o8otv K
Yvyv: [Eur.] Rhes.
cp. Aesch. Pers. 48r o EviKOcTuov a'tpovra-.
54 (VUK7Lp

vy)v.

aLp
TrX7T) EuOaL

The verb here means, 'to

take up,' 'betake oneself to'; not 'to win,' 'secure': i.e. &pio-Oa
(a) is substituted for lpawo-ac (a) by an experiment in poetical
diction, as if the ordinary sense of winning were derived from
that of taking up for oneself For KXor&v, cp. Eur. Or. 1499
iEKXirrTOV

EK 8&0(V

ro"8a.

249 f. obv, properly the epithet of epeo-Las, is transferred
to Evybv (cp. Ant. 794 n.) : vybv ~Copats, as Aesch. Ag. 183
o~Xpta.. ~pvrov, Eur. Or. 956 rpt'rosa KaOtlov.
vat ~LEtvaL, 'to let the ship go,'-'va~, or the like, being
understood. Cp. Eur. fr.779 Kpoo-ag 8E 7rXEvpa rreppopov
I
OdXFrly-qv E6OiKEV ('he let his horses go')- ac 8' rrravr' ir'
The elliptical use of MEOt&Lat, with dat., in this
aldpo rrogrvYs.

sense, seems to be rare: but it is parallel with that of

4~/dvat

.. yXoYrT).
as = indulgere (e.g. Plat. Rep. 388 E orTay 7E0 2
251 f. roMs: 164 n.-iEpo-crovrLv, 'ply,'-properly, to ply

the oar; then, to put anything in lively motion; Ant. I58

1

rTLv

'revolving' thoughts in the mind.-SLKpa/ets 'Arpt8aL,
the two princely Atreidae: cp. 390 rov TE 8todpXa. . 8aro-nX":
O. C. 1055 ras Lo-rdXovg .. aSEX4 , i.e., the two journeying
sisters; and ib. I7 n.
252 ff. r4dpiLmL: 139 n.-XLeOdXvo-rov "Apql, a violent death
8
4
Aesch. Ag. 1616
by stoning; cp. Ant. 36 'vov.. sy JA XEUTrov.
8rt0opptk^. . XExrqo-ovg apF. When, as here, "Ap-qs stands for
Epl0orv,

J

the notion of a 'violent death,' it always, of course, implies an
Vn"A
"Apls L r rvros
'T
onslaught; as in O. C. 1679 OTq

NVotes
KVp(EV

O-BXK7TOd

81

(death in battle, or by drowning): Aesch. P. V. 860
j "ApEt a uvrwv, i.e., by the onslaught of murderous

women.
Note that a simple inf. after 4opoiLoptat usu. denotes what
one is afraid to do (Aesch.

Ch. 46

4opo0v/at 8'

Eros

7rd8

but can also denote what one fears to suffer: Plat.

EKflaXE^v),

Pkaedo p. 68

E /O/O0V'EVOLt.

8

0

. 'o 0VWV o-rEP?7

Fat.

alo-'
&rXwros, a fate such that no one can ayproach him, or
stand at his side, without being involved in his doom. The
Nemean lion is drXarov OpE' ta, Tr. 1093.
257 f. The words XaLrwpas Li-,p o-repo7rqs go with

Xf
iEa,

not

with &a's:
they stand first, because they express the foremost
thought,--viz., that the violence of his frenzy is past. 'Attended
by the lightning-flash no more, the storm in his soul is subsiding, after a sharp outburst (5a~r &#4), like the wind of the
south.' Cp. Arist. Problem. 26. 20 (p. 942 a 34)
Ev XcLArmV ~7,a'teOpts ErttV, orav EA Eyas, vE 87.
4

'

viros,

'Tray

The mood

of Ajax is now once more becoming aWptos, like the milder
south-wind; lately it was like a fierce storm from the south,
and vE4O; 8-q, dark with the clouds from which the orTepor of

his madness was flashing.
By others the words Xatkrpa a-rEp Oc7rpolrq have been joined

with 4a3,as if the sense were, 'He ceases to rage, like a south
wind that has rushed up, sharply, indeed, but without the glare
of lightnings.' Again, since Theophrastus (7rEpt a o
U)ElW v LrTov
8

Kat 7rVE UvtrTWV KL XELYqJVV KaL EV L V, II. 32,

p. 394 ed. Wimmer)

states that in autumn and winter lightning is followed by the
cessation of winds; and the more violent the thunder-storm,
the more quickly will the winds subside; -various emendations,
such as 'r'

EK

rTEpO7raS
(Mudge and others), have been suggested

in order to obtain the following sense:-'he ceases to rage,
like a south wind which, after a sharp outburst, is laid by
a thunder-storm.'
260 ff. oLKEL r
ie-,
those which one brings on himself: so
El. 215

oIKE tag ES aT'

I ErtrTEL.-rp

WpC'VTros, having acted

'at the side,' i.e., 'having had a hand in the matter,'-' having
contributed to the result.' This sense nowhere else belongs
to raparpa-ol-w; but cp. rapa&tro (Aesch.

Ci. 91o, etc.),

as = 'partly the cause.'
6IroTE(vE: lit., 'lays to' (or 'beneath') the mind: [Dem.]
or. 13 § 19 T'3a eXrl8as3 Vb/yJV V7rOTEL oV.

263 f.

J. Aj.

rwhrWavra,sc. o A'las 7r0S vOrov:

cp.

279.

The

6

Ajax

82

subject to E1vTUXEtv rather r't&a than ardv : the thought is,
is
OKW" JIt
EV-TVXOl/ EV av.
Cp. O. T. 87 XEyo yap Kat 7T 8(Tc/Op, Ed
In the omission
rTVXEV.
KarT OpOOV E'EXOOVTa, 7dVr"VT LU E
vXOt IL

of the subject to the inf., as in rr'ravratand in o70KaKoV, there
is a shade of reticence which suits the recent sense of horror in
the speaker's mind.
4poi8Sov y&p K..X.: the gen. is not absol., but depends on
Xoyos.

Cp. fr. 346 LxOov y&P

7rapEX6'vros Xd7o.

o~86Et ro

Their thought is that, if he is himself again, his value to the
Greeks will plead for pardon of his frenzy.
267 The words KOLVbS Ev KOLVOZ(L mean strictly, 'a partner
among partners,'= KOLVWOV EiV KOLtVWVO&: cp. O. T. 239 IJT' iv
OEWC EVXalTL Ur9TE Ov'uyLtv I KOLVI, rroE0oGat. Similarly kinsfolk

can be termed KOLVOt, as sharers in a common lineage (0. T.
261 n.). The iteration, KOLtv3O v KOtvot', emphasises the idea
of mutual sympathy: cp. 467 tdvos itdvotL (and 1283 uAdvo
Ldtvov), 620 a'ntXa rap' d#oXot, and n. on Tr. 613.
268
'0b..s
8'X&oov, intrans.,
'that which is double'

(cp.

1
0,,io, 'to be equal').
269 oi voorovrTEs (' though the plague is past ') suggests the

identity of their interest with that of Ajax. The figurative
sense of vor-E^V is often found in juxtaposition with the literal,
0
oVK E(TTLV
as in O. T. 60 vooG-ETE 7wivr, Ka'L vo(TOOvTE,
/,ov

flov

oorTt

voo-E.

drp.o-aea, i.e. we are worse off than before: the word is a

forcible one (cp. 384), but occurs elsewhere also where the
sense is only comparative: Ant. 17 ovrT E4rvXOvoa

paLXXov

oV"

ib. 314.
270 rc^s.. S ns. The language here expresses the musing
wonder of simple minds.
aTdroW : cp.
EV

272 f.

o0oLVw E~XE'

iv

T

EV KO.KOS = KaKOZL
KaKW
Xd4lfvos.

o1
0v

X T70: cp. I 144:

The antecedent KaKO^V
is drawn into the relative clause, though here its case is not
Her. 9. 37

707oT r

thereby affected: cp. Ant. 404 Odrrovo-avOv o- vv vTOExpov ] drEra.
274 KQdvE7rvEvr: after the actual cessation (X~9tE), a brief
space is still needed to permit dvarvo . Cp. II. 1I. 382 d&v~Uvv-

frav

KaKOTJrTO1:

and n. on O. C.

275 Instead of

KEZVOS,we

1113 f.

might have looked for aVrd": but

the former has been preferred, because it better marks the
antithesis between Ajax and his friends.-7ras, adverbial: Ph.
386 rroXtd ydp 'o-rTt traa Trv Tryov/tvwv.-XiXaratL: Tr. 1045
(avp4opas) o'ats..

EXaVrVEat

(n.).

For the emphatic perf., cp.

Notes

83

El. 64. Here it expresses that complete prostration has at once
followed the return of sanity: cp. Plat. Phiaedo p. 80D -g E vX& ..
7rraXXaTro/LEVIq TOV
277

'p' p'
=

dTO 8LWrXa.
=

8
ECVOV'
3tarWEL/OcT7TL KaLt a7rdXoXE.

OJllal7OS

o ;

O. T.

822

p'

rbvv

KaKds;

El.

614.-

Cp. I. I. 213 TIp rdoa .. Bpa: Eur. El.
10o92 81TTdos ('in double measure').-4 &irXv: Yr. 619
(Xa'pus) E$ L7rTX-q
8twrX'^.
278 ff. SE'8oLK p ..
K 9. Though i;KEL is tenable (' I fear
81s

that it certainly has come'), "K seems better, since there is still a
real uncertainty and anxiety in their minds. See on El. 580.
rcs y&p, sc. aXXo' IXEL; Normally, wos ydp follows a
negative statement, as in El. 911 Oi8 ' a@ c*v rS3 yadp; (sc.
Spaoa) : while -rw^ yap ov' follows an affirmative, as ib.
1307
oToeOa
v rddVOWVE, rr, yp ov';
The use of 7rrZcydp here is

thus peculiar, though the sense is clear.
8

iS8'V TL: Eur. Andr. 1234 P~rEv
I
1aXhAov OT~a.

8

lay : Alc. 522 o;V
v

rL

281 W'sts' 4~dv rov K.T..: O marks the point of view to
be taken: the gen. abs. presents the state of the facts as the
condition under which one's opinion must be formed. Cp.
oVs
ToV(VVot /0 aOEv 7rrpa. Eur.
v
ToLo
Aesch. P. V.760 d()
Med. I3II o OVKE oVT WV 0o-v EKVO,
pVTLtE 8'. Thuc. 7. 15
p
I a( .. TyV
o(rpartW^Lv, . /U?7 IE.EtL7T(Wv YEYEvr)iLEVOYV
OVTW
"r v
yvWd1rv EXErE. Xen. An. I. 3. 6 AS ~4o0 ov ivro O r a'v
Ka
V/LEJ, ovTW TIV yvdfrv EjXETE. See also below, 904, 98r.
282 f. 'rCs y6 .p: for ydp in question, cp. P/Z. 6i, 327, 65 r.-

Wpoo-IrracLro, as if winged to its aim by the god; Aesch. P. V.
644 (the heaven-sent trouble) oO"'v Jtot
o-XE IXa rpoo-irrro:
8
7pOUOTroT.
Eur. Alc. 420 KOVK O ) KLKOV To
From the Homeric reraro (II. 13. 592, etc.) Tragedy

borrows this non-thematic aor. (of which the active form would
be 'rryv): cp. 693. The aor. of 7rETo/aL in Attic Comedy
and prose is usu. E7IrdToqV (see Veitch, Irreg. Verbs, 2nd ed.,
p. 530): and of this we have the inf. rTE'O-Oat in O. -.
17,again in accord with Homeric precedent (II. 4. 126 E'rtrr7EIOat).
TVXascdepends on 8iXocrov.

285

KIEvos

y-p:

here

y7p

merely prefaces the narrative

(0.

T. 277n.).
aKpCLs VVKTo's, as the context shows, means here, 'at dead of
night.' The only other instance of a'KpoI so used (natural
though the use is) seems to be Theocr. 1i. 36
0vphs o, XtEra
8'
i' oUr' v OEpEL oV I
drrpy?, o XeLI.O vos L~KPW ('depth of

6-2

84

Ajax

winter').

Elsewhere

&Kpa v40 means either (i) the beginning

of night, nightfall, as in Aratus 775

qKp7
VVKTL:

or (2)

the

verge between night and dawn, as ib. 38
oKpdOL
0vvUKs.
286 X~aywriipes. These were braziers, raised on stands, in
which pine-wood was burned, at once for light and for heat
Od. 18. 307 aVTrKa
O'pE-OaL).
(Od. 19. 64 ,,Os 4tv ,8'
Xayrr-qpa 7PELS (IfTTaTV V E /EypOLOTLV, I ocpa
ElVOLEV 7rEp
8$ vXa KaKrava OlKaV, .. KaL 8aSia, LE'7/kLt(YOV.
For this mode of indicating the time, cp. Her. 7. 215 7rrEpL
Xv'XvOv &cds: Propert. 3. 8. I ad extremas. . lucernas: Aul.
Gellius 3. 2 post primam facem.
287
8

EK 1-sOU

'9yxos:

upircv: cp. Thuc. I. 15 § 2
. . OK EEo-av.-KEvcS, i.e., with no apparent
o

cp. 95.-IdSovs

(TrTpaTEt

object; cp. El. 1054 Orlpao-Oat KEV.
289 ff. The general word, &tiXros, defined by the two
is
clauses in apposition with it, o00' Vr' ayyEwV KX10 6EI, OVTE
aaX7rtLyyos Tro KXvwv. Here the double ore is more emphatic
than a double 0o 8e: with the latter,, the sense would be,
'uncalled, and not summoned,' etc.

ayyiAXo

I aXX'

av rTKX7TOs.
:
T yYEXor

Aesch.

Cp. Tr. 391 o0K
C o.

838

TKt

(c/v

Urr'

k v

oK

X'
JXX
irwepav is cogn. acc.; cp. Plat. Pa-rm. p. 135 D r7 60PI7 nV
Aps.-C-'~,Xds yos : cp. fr. 357 dczrTLYKrov wpav= /rVl vvKTra.-QKX r70s
7

w&as
Ei8al

o-CTrpa7rs.

Cp. the phrases rEpt

pCGrov

GIrvov

(Thuc. 2.

i), node concubia (Liv. 25. 9 § 8).
292 f.
pvouLEva,, decantata. 'Trite.'
Plat. Rep. p. 549 D
Ka
O
7 (T Ka 0
L
4Xovo-v aV -VvaKES
7TEp TO^V TOLOVT(V
pLvE^v. Ter. Pkorm. 3. 2. io cantilenam eandem canis.
yvvasth K.T.X.: cp. Eur. Heracl. 476 yvvatLKt yap 0L7 TE Ka
r Gr-opOVEuC I KaLXXL TTov. In Ar. Lys. 514 f. the Attic wife
ra-r'; q 8' 8s av v4p I ov
describes a like incident: rt 8 oG-o
O
MYLy7
TIywv.-KdOv: cp. fr. 61. 4 ak K6O&IJOS
Kay70
(0y-toes;
2

TE

Kat T

7r

Ea1p
rrq.

294 paOova', literally, 'having perceived' his mood.5
o-i01= ir50-y, an epic licence allowed in narrative. Cp. Hes.
Theog. 183 A ro-v-vOEV (3rd pl.).
297 KV S o'rfpcs: s/keperd dogs.--&pov is a certain emendation of EvpKEpcW, which was doubtless due to a reminiscence
of v. 64. The form EvEpos (Attic for EVEtpos), from ETpos, 'wool,'
occurs in Tr. 675 (ors E 'pov) and is proved by metre in Ar.

Az. 121. The mention of the shepherd's dogs is naturally
followed by that of the sheep.

NVoes
298 ff. -lqXE VE (a word not elsewhere found in classical
Greek) means here, 'beheaded,' by a blow on the a;Xjiv
(cervix), or hinder part of the neck.

&vc

Tprnrwv,

turning the heads of the victims upwards, so as

to expose the throats to the sword.
LEV 7rp~PTa KatL EO~cafV

Kal

8

Cp. I. i. 459 acdpvoav

EtpaV where a ypvo-av is now ex:

plained as = F-Fpvro-av, by assimilation for

'they lfted up'
the heads of the victims.-Ecrate (235), cut the o-a,-y, iugulum.
The whole neck is rpaxrlXo3, colium.-KippXLtE: see on 56.
eo-(Covs : cp. 239 ff.- o-rTE , an epic use frequent with
=Aesch. and Soph.: O. C. 343, etc.-+cs, here opposed, as
8
v3 pas is in 64, to Op(pa~s

3v-FEp,

sometimes O;c is opp. to OEd (II.

I7.

98 etc.).
301 f. 7r-Lgas, expressing the sudden rush forward, as if
towards something which had suddenly caught his attention,
adds a picturesque touch which is absent from d0rigas (' rushing
away from me'). For this sense of rdo in comp., cp.
etc.
o-KL T1- :

vrarywT,

Tecmessa, of course, followed Ajax to the door,
but Athena was invisible to her : see on i5. Ajax seemed to
speak with some phantom,-some creature of his brain.-Xdyovs
&vEITr,

began ranting: the phrase denotes the abrupt, spasmodic

manner in which his words were jerked forth. They were
wild and incoherent (21-I16). Cp. Plat. Theaet. p. I8o A
dtorEp EK
apErpa ptRarTLaKLta
aroroOEovc1. Menander 'Parrtoju&7vr
av eraKa(TLV

Ovo70

TOvS

atVLy/IaT

fr.

877 dvaorrWVTEsr
7 WrdOTv
Trorov

OYOUV;

303 A&,' 'OSvo~at : for J&pot' with dat. in this sense, cp. 340,
684: El.
80 a
J'
EJOL TVEwS.-G-( VTLOeLs y~kv wroXv, 'com-

bining,' 'mingling,' much laughter with the vaunts: cp. Aesch.

Suppl. 65
tvvr8lOy-c
8 rratS, ydpov, blends that theme with her
lament.-yawv, as in Ant. 647 : but yEwXr' below, 382, 958Eur. too uses ymXwv where it is metrically convenient (Ion 1
I72).
The form implies an Attic declension, like that of vEOd.
304 'ppLv is plainly that which he inflicts, not that which

he punishes;
usual sense of

though the latter would be suggested by the
iKTVveoOat, as in Eur. H. F. 547 ~4 7orE-KpoTro

Ovarov KTE~Lw-at'Tro ('avenge '). Here the verb means, 'inflict
in vengeance.'-KTL-'-0LT : for the spelling, see on I81.8
tev (= ~TEjiE) adds animation; see on Ant. 768 pirw, pdOVltr,
8
/E (ov -q Kar av p' ,ov.
Tr. : in kis raid.
305
4~'gas is better here than w4~gas. The regular sense

86

Ajax

of Erado-o-cvw is 'to rush at,' or
rushes in again as if to renew
hand, would be somewhat
towards the speaker.-as..
306 pLdXs irws, by some

'against'; here it denotes that he
the attack. a&i-as, on the other
awkward, since he was coming
w'yXLv: O. C I418 n.
slow and painful process, which
she cannot analyse. Plat. Prot. p. 328 D ptoyss ro EavToV
For 7-oa
(doTrEpel ovayelpas.
So pXC' word Eur. Helen. 896.
/E
[rDi KalrKEo OvV
thus used, cp. also II. 14. 104 PkaXa

dU'LQ',

'thou hast strangely moved me.'
307 &Tl-s, the havoc made by him; cp. Ant. 1260 (alluding
Tv, 'the work
to the corpse of Haemon), OvK aXXOTltV

of no stranger's madness.'
308 f.

4paELCoLs is defined by veKpWv, wrecks consisting of

corpses; and this phrase, again, by ApvEiov cdvov, corpse-wrecks
of slain sheep. Thus both the genitives here serve to define;
while in XEla..oflVKoXv

cfpovp

arUrTa (54), the first gen. defines,

and the second is possessive. Cp. 465, 616 f. The phrase
VEKpWV EpEtTLra occurs also in Eur. fr. 266. 2.
('crashes down') occurs
4p7aI
1pE4Sas: the pres. pass.
in O. C. 1462; this aor., in Arrian Anab. i. 21'. 4 (of a tower)
paE8te0as follows
,0pErO.
The fact that
o8. . XaXE<^- av
perw(oLs-that the slayer is prostrate among the slain--gives the
word a singular force and pathos.
,v,
.
3Io &wrpl. oa-vXXa tightly clutching: Plat. 7heaet. I5 E
v
oi v 8VWVTmat a7rp' TdoV XEPOV XafldOat. Cp. fr. 328. 3 7 0; yE
'XovFTraL. The word is from the root of
KEp8atVELV pW I a7Tp't
s-ph , as -='to grip' (103o n.), with the prefix a: Aesch. uses
arptya (Pers. io57). Cp. the Latin phrase mordicus tenere.
VvgL. . XEp, with the hand, by the nails; both datives are
instrumental, but one (ovvt) more closely defines the other;
see on 230 f. (XEpt .. 64Etv).
31I KaL TbY P1V TrTO 1TX-ro'To K..X. The bold order of
words is explained by i'rltTa in 312 : i.e., the thought is; ' for

one part of the time-the longest-he sat mute; then,' etc.
By separating Ov'from 7JXEo-rov, the writer obtains the same
effect

as if

he

had said, Kat 7rpwrov /LEV Kal 7 V rXELTrov

XPoVOV K..X.
312 TM SEtv'..' r,' those dread threats' (which still haunt
ST
ELV&
my memory): cp. 650, 1226: Eur. Ph. 18o 7-ov 8', 8
T-7' i~UPvfpI4EL WdXE I Karavgi; ' those dread vaunts' (of which

we have heard).
313 ,avotilv.

The optat. of the fut. Oavio is formed with

Noles

87

the modal suffix V1,like the pres. optat. of contracted verbs,
8pa-o-tyr-v, 8pqWv. Cp. Xen. Cyr. 3. 1. 14 1pol ' (opt. of fut.
pio): Platonic Eist. 7. p. 339 D taflaXot'v.
-vU4opoa
wp&y aos: cp. Ant. 1229 iv Tr
314 iv -'
tCEOdp'q3;

PZ.

174

'7errL

7rVT'

Xpeta.

(XoL, 8doracrOa are apologetic; she
315 The words KCy,
would gladly have spared him the details which his threats
constrained her to relate.
He
319 f. 'rpos yap KUKo Tre: for the prep., cp. 581, 10o7I1.
Irpos
always set forth, laid down as a rule, TroLo'8E ydove EX)ELV
avpg KaKov, jertain to him, are characteristic of him. The
words, rphs avphs KaKoo K.K-.X., are equiv. to an adverb with the
xovo-, so yo L
intrans. EELv : i.e., as we can say, ydos AvIv'pw
8
This intrans. use of 'XELV with
'XOVO-t 7pbr$ KaKOu Av po'.

phrases of an adverbial kind is frequent with Herodotus;
'ovra,
'consistilg in
VL1LKot 8ta rro7 (;ayWV t
V
e.g. 2. 91 Jyova
every sort of contest': see other examples on O. T 709.
papvXov, 'heavy-hearted,' lacking the buoyant spirit which
quickly rallies itself from despondency. Ajax was emphatically
a soldier. The word occurs nowhere else, fpapdOv/,io being the
usual term; but cp. fpapv;'pwv, and the post-classical p3apv-

Plutarch illustrates the poet's meaning when he
8
7roXXa
Ka
(Mor. p. 477 E) of men Ev 0 vppoo?
l
So Heracles says, Tr.
.
t/vaL'.. ta7ptf oVTa.
Kalt / EP
papOvyl'n
KaKOL .
OEV EC1qV
1074, aaXX' drTEVaKTOs
Lgyet the word implies authoritative exposition (as of the
r':
Kadp8LO.

speaks

sacred law by the iy-qTra), and suggests the submissive
reverence with which Tecmessa listened to her lord.
V
&dcT'lOS , . KWKVJpLT : cp. O. C. 677 AyVEloov ..
321 f.
XEtlIVWMv (n.).-w-rcrG-rvatE, groaned low; cp. El. 79 7'oocr EvoVcOdyyov.- raOpos ws
<rys.-otiv: Ant. 423 7rtKpu, OPvtLOo
adgV
PpvXW'ivos:

Hes.

Theog. 832

TaVpo,

iptpvX-.

The word

expresses deep, sullen tones, such as might come from a bull in
pain: it usually implies a sound of anger or anguish, whereas
,UVKao-Oat can denote the mere lowing of oxen.

323

viv 8' contrasts

described in 317.

his present behaviour with that

The contrast is not with

br~rTEYvaQ

(322),

as though he were now wholly silent.
Od. 4. 788 (Penelope in her anxiety for
o-QTos.
324 f.
E 7rTOs
.roO.
Telemachus) KE'LT
O'o-LTO
o awrog
1STV
o
o-LSpoKJ.Lo-V
as the dead are ot KalAOVTES, 01 KEK/1.KOTTE%,
so a-tlypoOK/X1y is one who has died by the sword: cp. Aesch.

88

Ajax

Cho. 365

8ovptKt

Tt

Xao

: lb. 889

8

LV

pOKqtya rrEXEKVKv (an axe by

which men die).
8

instead of pao-c'wv rt simply: cp. O. C.
X °
avETro: Xen. An. I. 5. 9 890
(v KIpos de
<rr78wov: Lys. or. I2
§ 90 8Xot &TEcrO-O
dg ipytO pEvot.Spro-dEv : cp. Ph. IooI Epyao-TELEs (n.).
Ar. Vesp. r68 avOpwrros
326 ws ,rL

630 de

OVT70o /Leya

327

SpCardACov,

rEXO^v

8

r

paO-ELtE

TOLt riaTis

KCKdV.

qualified by irws: something in his utterances,

which she cannot define, suggests this.

Cp. Xen. Cyr. 3. 3. 7
KS
GP'rT8L.The word
go-vXos in 325 does not imply silence; it contrasts the quietness
of his present demeanour with his former frenzy, and with the
first vehemence (317) of his grief. His occasional words,
EXE$EV

(8

rr7W

Els

To

EO-ov.--KOL

or laments (such as id /o

pot,

XyeFL

333), are in a tone which

foreshadows the worst.
328 f.

her (self-imposed) errand;

ol-TiX9lv,

OLVEp EvTXIV
EO-EX6VdeS.

60Sov^:

O.

C.

cp. El. 404

20 7rpoo-TrdXy.

Dramatic effect required that, instead of the
Chorus literally complying with this request, the interior of the
tent should be disclosed to them (346).
TEXerVa-vTos: 21o n.--~~Ptyv: on the whole it seems
3 31 f.
best to have a comma after XE'yEt~, and to take yrx'v as ethic

dat. (' to our sorrow') : though this is slightly harsh; for such
an ethic dat. ought not to stand first, but to follow some
significant
El.

27 2

word, as in

roy

216

Mkavi,

yp

dXov

r0Lv

(fktv.
the compound occurs only here.

0

KXEtLV:

a rOEIVTnrv

sLMaW4OLP0Q
o0L:

ootpdcw,

from
o^flo, meant 'to inspire,' as Apollo inspires the divine
frenzy of InVTlV or of poet; Anthol. 9. 525. 22 .0?oPflov,
Longinus 8 § 4 arrdOo
Oot/
pafovra, dIXocrTEdavov, LtXoyrlqO7
Tecmessa has just described both the
oLt/3dlCov roV Xodyovu.

recent frenzy of Ajax-which she had already pictured in
vv. 233 ff.-and his present despair.

By &8arroot&rlOlat
the

Chorus mean that a malign power has taken yermanen/
possession of his mind. The mental trouble outlasts the frenzy
(279 f.). Both &8t, and the perfect tense, serve to mark this.
By K KOis they mean his troubles in regard to the arms of Achilles.
333 t"

VOL.
pVoC

Cp. El. 77, where a similar cry (behind

the scenes) is a prelude to the heroine's entrance.
ov
334 paxxk : we understand voo-o-t, or the like.-ij o K:
the same crasis as in O. TR 555, 993, I140.--Atavros, oat(v
K.T.X.:
cp. 785 opa.. dv3' bro^t' Er-q OpOEL.

89

Notes

Trots rcXhac voo'('arL tVvoLrVL = ro^v rrXaL vvoVo0L v.:
337 f.
80 Eo'a (n.).
Vrs
for the order, cp. Ph/. I316 as. EK OE^OV I
The sense is ro^v v. a ra'XaL (vviyv, and the partic. is imperf.:

PPh. 960 n.-rwapv, being, as he is, in the presence of his own
handiwork. The implied antithesis is with what he might feel
if told of things which he had done elsewhere, but which
6
he could not see. Cp. 1131, 115 .
of the signs that he is resolved to die
wat. One
'zrat r
339 cL

is the way in which his thoughts dwell upon his son; he cannot
rest till he sees him (530-544).

The child is the heir of his

fame, and may live to clear it of the stain (556 f.). As
FLurysaces is not at once brought to him, he next cries (342),
TEKpOV KatX : Teucer is his second thought, for to Teucer he
will commit the care of his son (562).
340 f. 1~OL r XaLv': the nom. as in 8oo, El. 788, and
oft. - E p-irKes, so named from the shield of Ajax (19): cp.
574 n. The first syll. of a dactyl in the third foot is usually
either the last syllable of a word, or else a monosyllable; but
proper names are exempt from the rule.-&,4l o-o1: for the
prep., cp. 303: in 562 the sense is different.
wro wo'-' et; She had sent the child out of the tent, in charge
of servants (531-539), and now fears that he has not been

removed to a sufficient distance.
342 f. TEIKpov: the son of Telamon by Hesion' (1302),
and half-brother of Ajax, whose mother was Eriboea (569).XelXar~io-EL: he had gone to the uplands of Mysia (720), 'in
pursuit of foes' (564) to be despoiled. Cp. Thuc. i. i1 i
(the Greeks at Troy) calvovrat... rpos yE(opylav T)7 XEp0oovo0-ov
rparrdEVOL KaL X7a EV r7~9 rpo
dt ropl.' The Z/lad glances

at such predatory expeditions (e.g. I. 366; 9. 328).-Note the
light touch with which the poet accounts for the absence
of Teucer-a necessity of the plot, since Teucer might have
averted his brother's suicide.
344 f. Avoyer E: a usual form of summons, addressed to no
particular person, but to the inmates of the house generally;
Aesch. Ch. 877 &XX dvol'arE: Ter. Adefp.
4. 4. 26 aperite,
aliquis.
ait
S..X

~pot, come to a more sober mood:

cp. Ph. 1078

pdvoyrLVw.. Xdp3o: Tr. 669 f. rpoOvuLv I .. Xa#Ei.-K&Wk3' CoI.:
for this modest Kat, cp. Ph/. 192 E 7EP Kdyw; T qpovC, and n.

on Ant. 719. PX'Mlas should naturally go with K-7
p/3XEwv ir rtwL seems to occur nowhere else.

4i/otl, though

Ajax

90

346 f. SL8toCo: cp. O. T. 1287
-- rpcLyl, deeds: cp. 21.

KX VtolyE6V ib. 1295.
,Opa, and

The CKKVKXq/La is now pushed on through the central door.
It was a small stage, but large enough to allow of Ajax being
shown surrounded by some of the slaughtered animals. The
word rpa'yr in 347, and the language of vv. 351 ff., show that
the carnage was represented. The other plays in which
Sophocles has used the eccyclema are the Antigone (1294,
where see n.), and the Electra (1464 f., n.).
Ajax, sitting among his victims, and meditating his own
destruction, was the subject of a famous picture by Timomachus of Byzantium. See Introduction, § 12.
348-429 This kommos serves, like the last (201-262), as
a lyric expression of tragic pathos; after which the situation is
further developed, as in the former case, by iambic dialogue.
But in one respect this kommos differs from its predecessor.
In order to bring the mind of Ajax into fuller relief, the lyrics
are given to him alone, while the Chorus and Tecmessa speak
only trimeters.
: his first words mark the affection
3rl
vavp
348 ff. ta C(XoL
which was so deep in the rugged nature.-EPivovres: cp. O. .
35 (r~ K1CYpIyp/aLrt)
dGtiVElt.-pe vo'.,
p
the right, sound rule of
loyalty to friendship-which the Greek chiefs have forsaken.
eSo-e0 this midd. aor., cp. P. 351 n. The
p.: for
351 ff.
constr. is as in Aesch. P. V. 92 16EO-04 1' oa 7rpo3 Ooewv rroVXwo
is the bloodshed; tXikls, the storm of frenzy
by which it was caused: cp. Pind. O. I2. 11 ol 8' avtapa'
0Eds.-Ki~Lcp

3aOv 7n'/Aa7o3 EV fLLKPy 7E 8 qLELJaV
Xpodv.
The epithet goL(as, denoting the effect of the daXy
(i.e., really belonging, in sense, to KV/^~a), has a more vivid fitness
than in O. T. 24, where by 8vOWv.. 0ovtov o-dXov is meant the
pestilence.
LV'rLKVpfaovTEs

cXatL

EAXOV

dR (Spopov, 'running around' me.-KvKXIErcTL: this rare
midd. is read in Her. 8. I6, rvo L8E roto-avre TOV VE ^v
EKVKXEVVTO
S EptLX/fOLEV aviTOdV.
But in fr. 787. 2 KVKXcLTat is

pass.; and so Ellendt would take it here ('is rolled around
me ').
354 f. otr': this elision occurs in 587; Ant. 320, 1270;
Ar. Ach. 590.
dpovTr(or-s XEL.
Cp. Tr. 366
Tirrr0Iv
K
poV7(To'TrW :
Xen. Cyr. i.

heedless.'

6.

42 Lrlrr

o'

0"v

d

pov

oriros XE,

'never

be

For the pass. form of the word, cp. 8va-X'y-roV

NVoes

91

is
(40 n.). It is not easy to decide whether the subject to E'XEL
Ajax, or -ovpyov: but the usage of the adverb rather favours
the view that it is Ajax. The phrase is designedly euphemistic
and reticent.
357 valas dpoybv riXvas, helpful of the seaman's art, i.e., its
ministers: the gen., as in Aesch. Eum. 486 pwya rT-qs &K
opKw/caTa.

Cp. 201.
8

8
s
kXLov irrcPasis the best correction of &Xiov s i gpas.
The two short syllables O8 Jr- then correspond with a long

358

syllable (the first of 4ptlkvovrEs) in v. 350; as the dochmiac
?rXa'T .
metre allows. Cp. Eur. Heracl. 82 ,XAl
8s follows y'vos, as in 760 Oo-rts refers to rdpara in 758, and
in Ant. 707 ff.oo-rTL resumed by o~Lot.--~r4pas, absol.,
is
'embarked' (as in Thuc. 7. 62 § 2 Ertf'ao-ovrat), recalling the

moment when they set forth from Salamis together.-'XCo-oov :
cp. Eur. Or. 71I
rdoa o-ry ELXeitES, i.e., 'move swiftly.'
8
71 ol 7 y'
360 irqlwov&v ~wapC ovT': cp. lI. 2. 873 o4
ErnjpTKE Tr XvypOV
i XEOpov: Od. 17. 568 OVrE TL TrqXiaXos TO
y' ErrpKETEV OVTE T7 a.XXo.
Thus, though E'7apKEJV could
not mean literally 'to ward off,' epic precedent warranted
its use in an equivalent sense, which was strictly that of
bringing one help against a danger.
appealing: cp. O. T. 14, etc.: Pind. 0. 6. :22
361 A&XX,
(' come, yoke ').-For
I'lVTS,LdXXa E^ov 'VY p~ot r8oE'vos -dvv
$
fhe enclitic pEbefore its verb, cp. El. 1359 aXid ae XoYots
dirwcXXvq.--rvvCiov : a4a TOV3 /070Ts.
362 f. E ~ya ,,,:L: cp. 591.-KLKbV KKW SLoiS tKOS: SO fr.
Lv
wXoo
OTav y
OE
p
T rdvp rwv V vo7rV, KaKO
oa
74 Evraa
iao-Oa KcaK". Her. 3. 53 TI KKW 7^ KaK v t: Thuc. 5. 65
7W
l~8l: Plat. Prot. p. 340 E iP EvoV
§ 2 8tavoEJTra KaKv KCLK L(
c
a s, the anguish of the
ILE^ov To vvorylea 7rot.-'rb wia is'L

doom: cp. Ph. 765
ZEI

?7~P

o 7rqf/a..

7l,vdo-ov: Od. 3. 152 Erlt y'p

KaKOLO.
rve /7t

364 f. Opmv-v, bold, enterprising; 4'KipSLOV, stout-hearted in
facing danger; .rpuo-rov, intrepid in the critical stress of fight.
The good sense of Opavs is frequent in poetry from Homer
onwards, though in Attic prose the bad sense predominates.
366 &,dpots, fearing no harm from man;-a pathetic
epithet, which is marred by taking it as= 'not formidable'
to man. dbdpfot. . O-qBprl is not an oxymoron (as if it meant,
'wild creatures which are not wild,' 'tame beasts'): 0rpo-l is

Ajax

92

a generic term; he attacked beasts instead of men: cp. fr. 855.
12 iv Olypcl'v, iv pfpoTro'oL, Eiv OEoLs vo.
TE /IEvo TE.
XEpas: cp. II. 7. 457 d/aVpdTEpos XE^ P
y
367 otLpoL X'ros: for the gen., cp. 908 , otLdtas aT

SeLvbv
O.

C.

":

OV K.T.X.
1399 Ot/0o KEXEVO

368 8E'c-ro', as in 485: she is a 8oX'x (489).
369 o6K .KTOs; OiK IOoppOV K.T.X. It seems more probable

that in v 384 the Mss. have lost a syllable (as

p

F)

than that

Cp. O. T. 430 f.: OVK dV
here we should omit the second OLK.
O'XEOpov; oX't Oao-o-ov; ov raXtv | t/oppos o'CKoW TWV" drroo-Tpa0Et
S oppov EKVEILEt rroSa; the verse
arae; If here we read, oi KOs
becomes much tamer; while EKTbo, taken with a oppov EKVEAL6,

is positively weak.
KLKT
K'OE o Et;-&Oppov
For KTbs cp. O. T 676 ov'KOV 1 E
is probably the adv., as in Tr. 902 graw &,oppov avTrl rrarp,
El. 53 &4oppov ~o~LEV.-EKvER-E
here gives the notion, 'take

forth into other pastures.'

The analogy of Pind. N. 6. 15,

Av 7ror8a vEIxwv, would certainly point
tX'EOLV EV I1paCt8adtaVroE

to 4EM~vEEs, but we must allow for the poetical use of the middle
voice, so frequent with Sophocles. Of the midd. fut., Thuc. 4.
64 § 5 has vepo " EOa, Dem. or. 21 § 203 vEo-Oat.
8
372 ff. s, with causal force; El. 16o n.-XEp' pv pieO4K,
instead of XEPt /EO-yKa /V: for the irregular place of Plv,

8
v pa 8' o8iv'
cp. Ph. 279 opwvre pv vav..
.. PE//3Po-a,
XEpt belongs in sense
Ivroirov (instead of op^vra vaX [ Ev).
8
Ja.
to E vo-a no less than to /lEO
TOiS AXdorops: in O. C. 788 and Tr. I235 the word denotes

'avenging spirits'; here, 'accursed wretches,' as the polluted
Orestes calls himself dXadTopa (Aesch. Eum. 236).
/LhXa (Od. 9. 308).KXV'TO-S: from the Homeric KXVT
at roXloLs: I.

11. 679 ailrdXta rXar'E alyv.

This is the only

express mention of goats among his victims; but there is no
reason to think that alrdXtov could be used as merely =7roLVLtov.ep-ippvbv: suggested doubtless by Aesch. Ag. 1390
ipE1EV taKcL 0,otvaRg 8 pdo-ov.'8Euvo-ca:cp. Tr. 848 rT/yELt
8

aKp'ov

'xvav

(n.).

O
denotes the condition ('wvhen the
4
377 r' Lpyao-p~voLs: url
deed is past recall'): Aesch. Ag. 1379 E'-TT)KL 8' EvO' &rato" 7r'
XO' ots (n.).
iEtEpyao-p vots. Cp. Ant. 556 ir'dppqTrotS. . TOU, E/o
Two modes of expression are here
o y'p y4vovr' &v K.T.X.
~
it
mixed: (I) OVK aV Y'VOtO TroV70o O X W EXELV, could not come
to pass that this should not be thus. (2) oV'K 'V Y7VOLto oIroWS

Notes
0;rTO o X

E$Et,-with

080'

OVK cLV YEVOLtrO

To0',

7 o

93

the same meaning: cp. O. T. 1058 f.
F 'y;..

..

o

ckavw

TOVov
)/EVOq.

In

other words, the constr. would be plain if arws were struck out.
The irregular presence of 0ros is due to its association with
statements of impossibility in the formula oVK E'-TV O7 W

OV

(0. C. 97, El. 1479): its place is explained by the analogy of
such a sentence as O. T. 1058 oVK V EVOLTO rTOW , O70 K.T.X.,
where 70 70 is subject to 7y~voLro. The declension of o; 8~ESo-' ts-oV, as an integral equivalent for ra^s uT, similarly illustrates

the manner in which the associations of idiom could sometimes
generate anomalies in grammar.
For the sentiment, cp. Tr. 742 r yIp I ,avOEv i6s Av Bvar'
av YlEV7T0V lrOEtv; (n.).
379 f. rvO' pOv: as Philoctetes says to Odysseus, P/i. 1013
dXX'
KaK7 O' 8
tvXov f3XrovUG" EL I rvXr9 K.T.X., 'thy base
soul, ever peering from some ambush.'
KaKWV

7ravrTo

av

'pcavov: cp. Ph. 407 (of Odysseus)
Xdyov

yXoio-o"j OtydVTa KalL

KaKOV

idot 8a

yap vwv

ravovpy a.

ahlrXa, meal' (a&Xw), hence, 'a subtle knave,''fine
381
a word found only here and in 389. wratrdXk (reduplicated
from 7rdvkq) had the same senses, literal and figurative; and
raLtyrX-rla was a current term (Ar. Av. 430, Aeschin. or.
2 § 40).
In fr. 827 Odysseus is called 7ravo-0o0ov KpdTrr)pa ,
as in Ph. 927 ravovpylas I B&Ev T'VrIJ.' y6tOurrov.-For the
early repetition of aXta, in 389, cp. that of KEdOcOpa in
Ant. 76 (n.).
6
The phrase ayetv ydXoWra
382 4 ro : cp. 17 .- &yELs.
denotes frequent or continued derision, as 7 ELVKTVrOV= 'to
y
keep up a noise': Eur. Or. 182 KT1v7ov qyErET"' o*V(L crLLya K.T.X.
So v ELK y Etv, to sustain a conflict (Pind. P. 9. 33): oXO-Xv

iayELV, etc.
383

iv

i

08e.

uv

OE,

not O-Vv

T^

OE^ , is the regular

phrase when the sense is general, 'with the divine aid'; whereas
in O. . 146 cr-v ^ EWE
refers to a particular god (Apollo).
But ' OE'E often means 'the divine power' generally: e.g. frag.
adesp. 471 o yap OE JIpELOTO7 avOproet vdOw1o. And this very
phrase, Uav 7c-0,E, occurs once, at least, in a passage where

the context plainly indicates that the sense is general, viz. Eur.
fr. 490

-oVV OEWXpq
T

Tos

o4ovS

avaOrpE~E'V

I PovXEdv-a. E.

pMlv gives a light adversative force, and fitly responds to
v. 383, $\v 'W 0E? K.r.X. 'Triumph, like defeat, is the gift of
heaven.'-'Yet would that I could see him,' etc.

94

Ajax
386

8
-s: cp. El. 830 E.p2v t'y' A ~r
.Bhty py'I'
f. ipoir Trwp, a word used by Pindar,

(n.).

Eur., and
387
Herodotus. Aeacus, the grandfather of Ajax, was the son
of Zeus (I. 21. 189), so that Zeus could not properly be
called an 'ancestor' of the hero's 'ancestors.' But when the
poet wrote wrpoydvov rrpo7rdrp, it was enough for him that
it expressed the thought, 'author of my line'; he did not
trouble himself with this subtlety.-It was the nymph Aegina
who bore Aeacus to Zeus (Plat. Gorg. p. 526 E: TaV 8tKao-Tqrv
wrCs

&v.. 0vo6LL:

cp. P.

531 f. w3r v

YEVOL/L9V
(n.).

iv

389 f. SL-c-rcrpXas (found only here): see on 251
6XV-ca-as:

cp. Ph. 1163

rdhaoro-ov.

jI

pf
Lav

Cp. 927 n.

8

y

tKpaTELr.-

This

epic

licence in tragic lyrics is illustrated by their toleration of
such forms as ro'o-ov (185), /Eoo,% CIEt 157, 0. C. 1213),
(El.
rrvsetv (Ant. I1146), etc.-pCao-TLXs is well attested here.

But, so

far as Attic inscrr. are available, they indicate that the acc. plur.
from EV stems ended in -E'a, always uncontracted; while the
contraction in -E^i (not --i) was the rule from the Macedonian
age onwards. (The earliest example of rois 3paLo-tJE quoted

by Meisterhans3 , Gramm. Att. Inschr. § 57, is shortly after
307 u.c.) We must regard the acc. flaoatX
here, then, not as
an old Attic, but as a poetical form. On the other hand,
pao-tX^g was the form of the nom. plur. in the older Attic
(cp. I89).
eOvOL L KQ rUOs: cp. Aesch. Cho. 438 iELtr' yW voot o-as
oAXoav.

394 f.

O-KOTOs,

the darkness of death, as the gates of Hades

are -(TKOTO rIXa0 (Eur. Rec. i): Upepos, as in O. C. 1389 rb
V
Taprdpov IcrrTvyvv ... 'pEpo.
So, too, in II. 8. 368 it is merely
a term for 'the nether gloom' (4$ EpdpE ve
ovra), not a

definitely named region, Erebos.-<,s po(: for this limiting
force of d, cp. O. C. 20 tWkKpav... w YEovrTL: Plat. Sop/z.
p. 226 C taxE^av,

A(1E/Lol,O-KEILV.

&Xeo-re
396 f. xEro-0' p': the most probable reading; see on
414. Here the midd. means, 'take to yourselves' (and not, as
normally, 'choose'): it is thus more expressive than XErT: cp.
O. T. 887 KaKd vLV EXOTO UOtpa.
is
398 ff. yE'vos, as well as vacwv,-, governed by fis: cp. O. T.
ris Ev
oyptaLs,
rrac,
is
avXtas: ib. 1205
734 A&EX4WV Kr'
pI(.LO. For the
7rvotL: El. 7 80 oV7e VK7TO. . OVT

Notes

95

ellipse of dEl/, cp. 813 n.--px'rreLv, to look for help; cp. El. 958
E3 TtV

EX7rtl&Jv I /3;'q

'

hI
E'pOl'v;

401 f. & AL~...AEbS: cp. 450: 0. C. 623 XLAOgt 4)0If30o.XEBWpLov
should answer metrically to Ev'poVE in 420. If it be

sound, the first syllable must represent the anacrusis, which is
omitted before Ev4povEs: and the e is long, as it is in 799 and

elsewhere.
y7,i... evre. For the delib. subjunct. combined with
403 f.
fut. indic., cp. 7i. 973 T wcdOw7 r ' 8 E
;
o
;
(fevEL K.T.X. The antistrophic verses,
iLE~
405 ff. e ra
423-427 (EpP 5. .. rPOKElpat), appear sound.

On this assumption, we may conclude that the fault lies
ro'to8' 6IO0 7-EXa3.
Ta phxv k0LVEa,
10Xot,
A very slight change will restore the metre, viz. roLoto-8' for

within the words El

otor8' (for in 424 the a of ov"tva, being the last syllable of

a verse, could be either long or short, and is here long):
cp. the words of Ajax in 453 Wo'rr id
otoLLOE XEPpas aiaLa
There he points to the slain cattle around him; and
Poro^t.

so he probably does here also.

We could then understand the

sense to be: 'If those things (Tr.
aiv,
8
perish, my friends, 6,o^ Toioio-L
E,

his glories in the past)
along with (i.e., by the

slaughter of) such creatures, rEkXa , near me there.' But l'-Xas
may have been a marginal gloss (on 0tuo0),which has displaced
some other word: e.g., the poet may have written root-8'
opo~Po-rots (cp. v. 453).

Among the other readings, may be noticed:-(i) Lobeck:
rltact 8'
oi r iXaq. So Dindorf and Schneidewin, with TErX~
(2) Elmsley changes Tro^i8'
and t' iXj respectively for rEXaa.
8
8
8
O
to Trd 8' (i.e. TrdE
KK
~TrdpEOTL), and Hartung Tro^L '
o-Eflpas.
to rotailoe 8E . (3) Mekler gives ihkoto-t Troi8' I 'o0
(4) Those who believe that the antistrophic verses are corrupt
alter more boldly: so, e.g., Campbell would change 7r to rd'E and
8

ra'Xa in the strophe, and omit -TrpaTro and
dw1- in the antistrophe, retaining kiEpw. But such remedies
Troo- ' O/oV rEXas to

pass into the region of pure guess-work.
407

'addicted' to them. Her. 3. 34 tXoul'y...
The word can also denote, in a good sense, that

rpoKELte0a,

7rpoOKEto- at.

to which the attention is given, as Thuc. (i. 93 § 7) says of
Tr.: 'f I
Themistocles, Ta^ yhp vavo-t /%oXtTTra IpocIEKELTO.
have set. myself to win a madman's triunphs.'

ros, in active sense (cp. Aav-ros E'yXovg, O. TI
408 BiraX

969 n.), wielding their swords with both hands, i.e., with their

96

Ajax

utmost force.

Eur. I. T. 323

W% 8' E'MOpLEV &raXira

7roXE/x~lwv

$4r. That the word had passed into a figurative sense (in
which 8t- was merely equiv. to 'fiercely'), is indicated by
7pLrr7ATyV 7rsT
yJw v in Aesch. 7z. 985, woes hurled on one
with crushing force.
411

OvEtyv,exclamatory: Aesch. Eumn. 837

/'

TaScE.
7LraLOEv

It was common in colloquial Attic; see e.g. Ar. Vesp. 835
da'XX' '1 KopaKaS" TOLOVTOV 7p
TpELtV KVJva.
For this inf. with the
article added, see Ph. 234 4~EV 7 Kal Xaf3Ev (n.).--TXl, of what
one brings oneself to do; here, 'deigned.'
Cp. 528, T .158.
XppoeoL: probably 'paths or straits of the
'
412 rodpoL
vX''TTELV Kat
sounding sea,' as in Aesch. Pers. 367 E'KrXov

7rdpovs aXtppoOovs: meaning here the waters of the Hellespont.
His thought passes from those waters to the 'apaXa &vrp beside
them, and thence to the neighbouring woodlands. For the
form of the phrase, cp. 55 n.
413 vi4os, properly pasture simply; but associated with
trees in ll. 11. 480

iv

v/XEL O-KLEp^.

In the Lat. nemus the

notion of 'woodland' is seen dominant.
414 8h merely emphasises 8CpdOv.
prvovv ;jvra. The proper sense of
416 b&prrvods XOVra = "'
vaw vor is (i) 'recovery of breath'; or (2) = Elaror as opp. to
EK7vor~, the drawing in of breath.
Here, however, it means
Cp. Eur. Or. 421
merely rvo4, as= 'the breath of life.'
Xovat rvoat.-For TV; collective (= everyone) cp. I.
IXrTP03 oI
7
El.
VXOv
Tp&OyWEot PaLXE'O-o0.717 n.
16. 209 vOa 7LtXKtLOV -TOp
a
8
G
cp.
KaC
LJvSpLOL... a ("C: II. 2. 467 iv XEL/LOvtL Ka/lav p
417 f.
davOYldE0vrt. The Scamander, still called the Mendere, is the

most important river of the Troad. Rising in Ida, it flows
through the central plain which now bears the name of the
town Bairamitch, and thence passes northward into the plain
of Troy. On the confines between the two plains, where the
river winds in large curves through deep gorges in limestone
rocks, its scenery is striking. From the south border of the
Trojan plain to the Hellespont, the Mendere has a course of
between seven and eight miles.
420 e 4poves 'ApydoLs: as supplying them with water. So
in 863 the 7rorTaot of the plain are called rpogoqb.
vSPCL [Sh Ovs' MSr': oi~ x with subjunct. gives
421 f. o0&4KE.

a strong emphasis; cp. 83, 560.
gives an exact correspondence with Et ra plh\v
423 ff. kgEp(^
might, indeed, be compared
of
in 405. The ec'plE the NIMss.

Notes

97

178 vcTrpa Xeo, 0. C. 227 V'rEoXEo, ib. I244 KXovEovtv.
But i~pE'o was so familiar as the Homeric form that it could
easily have displaced iE'Epo here.
Xovos
Join oSrLve with ,rprroi: cp. I I75 KE 7rLVa orp-ro.ioXdvr' w'b I 'EXXv(8os: for the place of wrrd, and for the hiatus,
XE.. .ras.
KX0la
cp. Tr. 51 BOrK
This vaunt of Ajax (modified only by the half-apologetic
E7ro
EeEp 0ITya) is epic in tone; thus Achilles says of himself
(I. I8. o5), rooL Eibv oTos orts 'AXacLv XaXKox CrLTvwv: Odysseus
ILiEw, Kat /ALEV KXEOS
avOphwotoci
(Od. 9. 19), ', rao-c SOXourtyv
ovpavv KEL. Such a tone is better suited, indeed, to epos (in
which speech is sometimes little more than audible thought)
than to drama. But here, at least, as in the case of Heracles
(Tr. iioi f.), it has the excuse of being prompted by the
anguish of a sudden overthrow.
427 irP KL L: lie prostrate (323 ff.) : cp. 1059.
K
428 f. Otor..0 o8'. There can be little doubt that the o0'
of the MSS. should be ob8' here. As to the conditions under
which o1.. o~rE
was admitted in Attic poetry, see on Tr. 1058 f.
Srrws i,. (subjunct.), the indirect form of the 'deliberative'
rrs 3 ; ('how am I to allow.. ?') Cp. O. T 1367 OVK O1'
rroM o 0 fl flpovXVEUoOat Ka(,^: Dem. or. 9 § 54 oV EXO
with El.

'could have thought'; cp. i19 T?'
430 f. lv. ,e',
xv. ..r?7vpl ;-'rdvvpov here goes closely with tvvoCo-Lv, 'would
agree so significantly' with my woes. Hence in 914 he is
0'
or-v
called 8vwcrvv/og. For the verb, cp. Ar. Eq. 1232 Kal /
3
4
TOU OEOV TOS OEUL
EZ T eVVOI (TE
VXOaL TEK1rWpl
EiXEyaL poIo
o-droL, i.e., 'agree' with the description of the person mentioned
in them. For the adj., cp. Od. 7. 54 'ApjTr 8' O'vop' orIv
where
irvvov:
ib. 19. 409 rT3 8' 'OvEVrEi ovot' 'r -ErWdvvlAov:
in each case rw'vvov means that the name is signficant (the
queen was the 'desired one'; the child was to be 'a man of
wrath'). This usage of Erw;vvuos is different from that in 574.
Pindar adopts the derivation of A'ag from atET-ro: 1. 5. 53
KL vLv OPVLX
OS

aVE
vTOS KE'KXET 7

WVVUOV
Evpvptav AtavTra.

But

the association of A'la with aT at appears in the legend that a
hyacinth (on whose petals the letters AI were supposed to be
legible, Moschus 3. 6) sprang from the blood of Ajax, as it had
sprung from that of Hyacinthus: Ov. Met. 13. 397: Littera
communis mediis pueroque viroque I Inscriita esl folis; haec
nominis (Ajax), illa guerelae (the wail of Hyacinthus).
J. Aj.

7

Ajax

98

So Odysseus was associated with
io-ro-opa (Od. 1. 62 7C viI
of r'Oov o;CSo-ao, ZEi;): Pentheus, with ridvos (Eur. Bacckl. 507):

Polyneices, with ve^Kos (Aesch. TA. 577, etc.).
Such play on names did not seem to the Greeks unworthy
of grave poetry, because to them the omens conveyed by
words (dp.at, KX80dVES) were so serious.
8
s a-rka / oV3XEL Kal
432 f. KL 'LS. . KRL Tp(s : cp. Ph. 1238
prpv

cva7croX

IXV'
E-r7);

434 f. 7 vrp: Telamon, whom Heracles brought with him
to the war at Troy, as Pindar relates (IstIm. 5. 27 ff.), and
rewarded

with the hand of Hesion
(I300 ff.).--&
rpTpacL
pLo'rTE
o-as, a free poetical mode of saying, 'having

K XXL oT
~r'

won by prowess the first meed of honour.' The word KaXALt-E^Za
(properly 'prize for beauty') may have been chosen because
the prize was Hesion'e. Cp. 1300 orparov 7r
7pGr' Adptwr-Eo.-a.
437f. r6rov Tpo(as, i.e. Tpotav: a periphrasis like r'v
KtOatpdvo rdrWov (0.
. 1134).4reXOcWv, after Telamon; cp.
EirLt/Lylvo(TaL.

&PK0-cLs has here (though not elsewhere) a sense which

439
E7rapKEtv

with acc. often bears, viz., 'to furnish at need ': Aesch.

Ag. I170 LKOS~ ' OV 8f '7ITpKEo-aV. The strict meaning is then,
'having rendered no less service by the deeds of my hand.'
441-444 ro(ro~odyv y' itEQWCo'-Orce: cp. O. T2 1455 KaCTOL
oTa (and El. 332). Here the omission of ~ L adds
vigour to Ei VVv K.T.X.
EL.. KPCVELV LEXXE, 'if he had been going to award,' ' if it had

rooorodv y'

devolved upon him to award.' The imperfect (here referring
to an unreal condition in past, not in present, time) is rightly
used, because it expresses the constraint of a supposed
situation.

But in the apodosis, the aor., osK ?.V

TLS 'PCLpEV,

is

used, because the taking of the prize is an act done at a given
moment.
~wrXWv rAv v wrEpL, i.e. in a case where they were the prize.
Sophocles has 3,, suus, (epic 0's,) in O. 2 1248 (ootew), O. C.
1639 and 2Tr. 266 (Wv), ib.525 (v).
Here it is emphatic:

'his own arms,'-of which he could dispose with the best
right.
KpveLw.. Kp0roS
PL 'rEClas, to award the first place for prowess;
cp. Pind. I. 7. 5 JC/OXv. KpaTros, victory in them.
pGLappraeri
EV,
puisset; the prize due to Ajax was snatched
from him.-dvr' apo : so Aesch. P. V 467 ov'rTs aXos &vrT

oD.

Noles

99

445 f. vov 8', with ref. to a past moment ('but as it was'):
so in 450, Tr. 88, El. I334.-rcav'ropy occurs only here
as =7ravopy : cp. rravTrroXtIos as =
kW
rO
Wtrar&\lX cpE'va3.
T/. 67I
J

dvroX/Ao.

Cp. Aesch.

g'wpagav. Though rpdvtroELv oft. denotes intrigue (0. T. 125),

the phrase 7rpa-o'o-tv V t rtv ('to procure a thing for one by
7TTEtv lEV E'avroZs
intrigue') is peculiar. Cp. Plut. Pomp. 51 rp
(rTTpaTOr~T8v
7rapXpLOv K
av'rEs, 'having
24.-'ro

'YELovla3.

So id.

Arat. 2, Artox.

thrust out of account,'=

&Jn-ldo'avrE~.

The midd. is usual as='to reject' (Tr. 216); but the act.
here is not a mere equivalent for it.-Kp&'rIf: El. 689 o0K ota
8
T
^rotov8' pi Epy Kat KpTY ('deeds and triumphs ').
v3p
Aesch. P. V. 673 (Io speaking of
447 f. 8o-r&poT:OL
herself) EV0

8E / opgj Kat

pEVES 8a'pOTpo~o

I 'rav.-T'Js

1s is

emphatic: my true purpose: so 1oo r L': 442 r(v Ov.
i.e., they would have died before
OK CLv irOTE.., JLo-Tav:
they could repeat such a villainy. See on v. Ioo, 0avd'vrT. .
fy~opkac 8&Kyv means 'to decide a
batpL~odrOv. The midd.
3reptl
a~iro oi rov mqv
cause by one's vote'; Isae. or. 3 § 7 -ro
And for KCLT dXXoV (odrds cp. Plat.
OUEXXovtL
lrCoEL(T'OaL.
8tKlV
8
aVTroi.
altYxpiv LKqV KaTE'cLTaVTO
Gorg. p. 515 E oiME[la
'/ l(Tavro:
,JoLLav
has the general sense of s8K-V
Here, SIK~V E1,

but it is not directly modelled on that prose idiom; rather it is
a new poetical phrase, meaning strictly, 'get a case decided by
q ot.'

It implies that the votes against Ajax were secured by

the intrigues of the chiefs: cp. Pind. N 8. 26 f. Kpvc/iacrTL y p
8
A avaol OEpyrEvoav Xpvo~-wv 8' Atas orep770lE~
iv da/Covg 'O vo-o
rJXtov 0Odvw WraXaato-v.

450

ti
Abs..

cp.
&d: 401.

II. 8.
making ready: schol. cvirpEw oVra.
^T
374 aXkL 0V'PIV v^v vvw rrvrvE IdvvXas L rrov,.-The reading
erEivOVvovr' seems less fitting in reference to the purpose which
451

wrETvrvovr',

the goddess foiled. It rather pictures him as already in the act
of stretching forth his hand against his foes. But Athena had
not suffered him to arrive in their presence; he had only
reached their doors (49).
452

454

Xv-o(r(c8v'crov: cp. 59: fr. 855. 4 Xaro-a xa-vad.
1
A compound used in Attic prose, but
7ryyeXW^rov-

otherwise peculiar to this play; it recurs in vv. 969, 989.
455 ff. Epo pv : the particle merely emphasises the pron.:
cp. 121 n.-PCr'oL:
1Sva& oA3a'
av

cp. El. 696 ,rav 84 T- OEW^v
4vyyev (n.).

flX'drgy,

\v lox~v

7-2

Ajax

100

on

457 ff.

o-.rJs, causal.

It is needless to read pav

p'. See

EL
a7Tv; OtTLVES K.T.X. (i.e.
O. C. 263 KdLOLyE 7ro 7arT
V/EIS.--LLQo-sE
8' p.': the relative clause passes into an inde-

pendent sentence; see on O. C.424.- ESCa: for the tribrach
in the 5 th foot, consisting of a single word, cp. O. T 719
flarov' opog (n.), ib. 1496 rrarTpa 7arTp.
vavX6xovs..

460 f.

2Spas.

Cp.

Hec.

Eur.

ioi5

'AXaLt^v

vavXoot 7rEptrrvXa (the Greek camp at the ships, with its
rTLXo).-pvovs ' 'A-pe (8as (Xrrdv), i.e., leaving them bereft of
-ov^
my aid.
Eur. AMed. 52 rOw~ o td MT8&Eta XELrrEOat OEELs;

462 f. KOI Troov .. ; for Ka in questions, cp. O. C. 263 (n.),
El. 236.-For "rXAi~-E'rCL see n. on 411.
464 f. yupvbv is defined by Triv aptUTELV JTEp : cp. Ph. 31
Xa:
0. T. 57 IPruo3 JvSpv /A'
;rrov
KEVqV OK-qTLv avOpw
,VVOLKOVVTWV

J:
ET:

Ant. 445

Ei'o flapElas al-dTrgiXEV1Ocpov.

EKXE~CaS

both
orT'LaVov ('a glory-crown of which' .. ):
genitives define the quality of the o-rbavo3, but E KXEAX goes
VEKpWV. .. apVE ov
more closely with it: cp. 308 f. ipE rots
WV...

Sfr',
466 ff. AXX&d introducing another alternative, as in El.
c'pvpa o70
537 (n.).- pv1pa, their city-wall; cp. Her. 7. 223
rdEXEO.--PdvoS pdvoLS: for the doubled adj., see on 267. The

point of 1LdvoLs is that the Trojans will not have their attention
distracted by any other Greek foe.
8pCov r Xp-rqrdv: for the order of words, cp. Ar. Ach. 128
aX'

op'oal
Tt ELVt
vvEpyOV
O

Kat

plya.

The sense of SpaVyvt

alone is often similar: El. 305 n. The pres. part., not 8pdcraw,
because he would die in the act.-There was a legend, which
the poet glances at here, that Ajax, in his madness, attacked
the Trojans with success; manu restituit praelium insaniens
(Cic. Tusc. 4. 23); and that his death was caused by an arrow
from the bow of Paris.
as
TrCLUTa, in J7r. 449: but obK Eo'r simply, ib.
470 oVK -(TL
709, Ant. 289, El. 448.
471 f. 8 1Xo-,o...yyds: cp. Thuc. I. 21 § 2 SXkdCEL...EldOW
yEyEv -VXEVs : Andoc. or. 4
14 E8aO)O-mE 'Trv vtwov KaTaros
see on El. 5i8.
L E~1V y': for /l1 rot... E,
ti
e4povWv.p

('at any rate,' Lat. sane) limits, while ye emphasises the word
which it follows. Note that o roL could be used here, if the
result were viewed simply as a fact;
VoaO0'
'V ry
708' o '
ror' ESpavE^ lf

0. C. 1353 (Kovo-ag)

But p
'VOL used,
is
because the result is viewed as an aim; i.e., the relative clause
ov.

NVotes

IOI

is virtually a final clause: cp. Isocr. or. i § 49 TOtaGra TrYo'cELs
8
xysetv, C$ Wv pt7t' avro XCELpwYV
Evat OEl; U-qTE
eTOV
/ALLOVkEVOUV
I7T pt TV9
r
r
doyov rat6'vcrtv 8taflaXhs.-dc-rXyXvos, only here in this sense; but cp. KaKO-rrXayXvos (Aesch.
Th. 237), Opao-orrXayXvos~: and EVo-rXayXva [Eur.] Rhes. 192.
473 f. roi LaKOOKPO..(Cov, i.e., the normal span of life; cp.
O. T. 518 OVTroL
Ov LOt 70Toy
/LaKpaLtVO 7rdOOog.
KaCKOt'-LV.. 1pITSV 4aXX&ro-TTraL, finds no variation in respect to
his woes; for the dat. cp. OT.T 25 40tvovo-a pv K'XAv$v : Xen.
Cyr. 4. I. 8 &LE~LOat. . TraT- yvw;ua/t.
The generic negative
v is used, because o'-rtts refers to a class or type. For the
sentiment, cp. Ant. 463 o'r yap iv 7roXXo^L'tv,
Ediy Ka'KoZ
66, rG, 068' o4 KaTOavtOV KEp 80 OEpEL;
475f. rcap' )PLap 4il'pa, 'the successive' (not, 'alternate')
Xave^vL

pI9ls

'days': the series formed by placing each new day at the side
of its predecessors, as av-p rap' 'vs3pa could be said of forming
men in rank. The sense is: 'When a man's miseries are unbroken, I7 TpEP7tVE XEL jtdpa rap' jap, what power to please
him has each successive day, rpoc-eo-a (aTrv) rw^ KaT OavE V, when
it has brought him close up to death, K&VaOOcra ThO^ KaTO avELV,

and then again moved him back from death ?'
boundary-line (ypatCrp)
av WEXug I ypa7qj,/ K

Death is the

on the field of life: Eur. El. 955 rrpv,
(mors ultima
fov
70aL KrL 7 XOS KaIJAIil

linea rerum). The man who is captive to evil fortune is like a
reso-ord on the draughtboard, at one moment moved close up to
the line, and then again withdrawn from it a little; but it is
death, after all,-death and nothing else,-that awaits him (T70
-y KTOavELV).
Life has nothing in store for him; the question
is merely whether he is to die at once, or to have a short and
wretched reprieve.
wrpoo-Oes cp. Eur. I. A. 540 7rplv "A
a:
wra^8' ', v wrpoOOl
Xa3div: Hec. 368 "At/ rpoCTrLE
tO'L
i
S'xa3. The dat. 7'KarTOaviEv
is easily supplied from the genitive, which is adapted
to the nearer participle. -K&vaeO-c.
Cp. avarTOEo-Oat, to ' take
back' a move, to 'retract' an opinion (Xen. /em. I. 2 § 44,
etc.).
477 Xo,o

here = 'estimate,' ' rate of value' : cp. O. C. 1225
14K6 XoYO/
(n.).
479 'EOvrlKEvaL: for the perf., cp. 275 n.: for the sentiment,
KaXwg 7w
o V.-El. 320, y y7p &v KaX MS I O- & (avTrV,
ircvr' IKKOl
Xo'yV : cp. Tr. 876 rdvr' daK-Koa: P/. 241 oto-Oa
V at TOV aCraV~a

84 To

wray:

Aesch. Ag. 582 rrvr'

EXELt Xoyov.

Ajax

102

481 vrdpXrov, bastard: see on 188 1rrofaXX0'EvoLt.
483 f. ye jdV'ro: O. T. 442 n.-KpaTrp0cLL, aor., as the sense

is, 'to gain a victory.' Cp. 1353&vayKctCts rXls. The phrase means simply, 'a
1r-s
485
fortune imposed by cdvayKc,'-by necessity, fate; but it has
different shades of meaning according to the context. Here,
it is the fortune by which vdayKy has doomed her to be a slave;
but there is no direct reference to slavery in the words. Cp. 803Eitrep

488

733 rrp

rrwX

plya (n.).--iv

r
LVbs reO'vovros, = O-OEvovros, E TL9 EO EVE: cp. O. C.
8' irro-rapuaL -Ic'vovo-av
'KLo, E't ' EXX

8o,

7rXolV'r,

lit., amid wealth; i.e., the phrase = 'strong

and rich,' rather than, 'strong in riches.'

Cp. Aesch. Eum.

996 XalpEr' Ev atLorlato-ttL 7-oV'Tov.
490 f. p&Lo-Ac: i.e., as the immediate and visible agent of

the gods.-oLyapoiv, 'So then'-marking that she turns away
kXOSovv-Xeov: XXo3 is acc., as
from the mournful past.-r-b bvy
after a verb of motion: Eur. Phoen. 817 -4 E (vatpov Xos
7XOEv.-T'r od, acc. of respect, instead of O-OL.
In Her.
492 4eco-r(ov ALbs, the god of the domestic lo-rta'.
is
I. 44 the 'Ero-Lrtos ZEV'd the god who punishes a wrong done

to the hearth by an abuse of hospitality.
493 a-uvvXX&X0l"s: cp. Eur. Andr.
XaXOeav E

vatoLrS y/oLa

1245 'EXvw LrvaX,- where, as here, the bride became

such by the fortune of war.
X3ap-v. . iT' Xeprv: cp. Her. 9. 78 i'rawov
Eur. Phoen. 576 KXE0
TOL-o/SE.. V6' EXXA
vov XaflE.-4Cls, having yielded up: Thuc. I. 95 § 6 o'l
OVKETL EWRML
O
L ThPyO YEYOVlaV.
7
/V
496 ' y p OCvIs 0-' K.T.X. The reason for preferring Bothe's
494 f.

EELs..

rob

PCa'L

rvwvV:

4 to et is

that it brings out her thought with greater force: the
last day of his life will be the first of her misery. There is no
objection to El with the subjunctive, even in trimeters; cp.
0
O. C. r443 EL fov - o-Ep7 and see 0. 2: 198 n.
w,
cfjjs, sc. kE. For the omission of the pron. in acc., cp. Ph.
8oi lErpq-ov ('burn me'): ib. 769 'K-qXov E 8ELV (SC. ad1/):
(sc. kE): O. :. 461 Kav Xfl, EfiEv-/,tEVov.-For
ib. 1368 7ir'lkov
the sense of &/,~ ('leave me lonely'), cp. Ant. 887 a4ETE
pdvrmv, p-iy~ov: Her. 8. 70 darEVTE TV EOVTOrV dcaLV KTOV.
498 f. guvapwa o-eto-av. Ajax being now viewed as a public
enemy (1132), his property, including the 80
o'X and her son,

would be seized by the Greek chiefs.--rpojv, mode of life;
8
8
El. 183 s vr/
Pov. . 7po
: O. C. 1687
'0oto-rov Et~OLEv rpoLvy.

VNoles

103

A
500 f. KCL( TLS K.,r.X. reminiscence of II. 6. 459 ff. (where
Hector forebodes the fate of Andromache) Ka 7rorT rT7 E3IWoLV,
8
18V KaTA 8&LKpV Tav*
XO
(EKTOpO
' E UVV , O9
pLtTEfVEOKE
daEXoOat I Tpdwv
Wtro8a oV, OTE "IXovLdaClEdXovro.'--rLKpbV
wpdcfOypa. . Ep describes what will be said, not to her, but of
KXY 0EL 7PO(TOEyher; cp. Plat. Polit. p. 287 E ayoEoV 8 8
ydl/EOa (call by that name). Cp. El. 1213 o' o-o Lrpor-~)KEL
3
7v8 E 7rpoo0(OVEvE
4trLv (sc. a'Trv), i.e., to speak of him as dead.
The reference of 'rLK0bV is not only to the scornful word
OLEVVetyL,
but also to ofas XaTrpda K.T.X.
XdyoLs L&wrv, lit. 'shooting with words,'-launching taunts

like missiles. The instrum. dat. XvyOLS marks the figurative
sense of iWLrrv, just as rdome defines its literal sense in Aesch.
pXi): the object
V?7KE E11 4jp/A
ar"ov
Ag. 510 (r~-oL~ id
answering to the literal PE-rq (such as dvEt 8) is left to be
understood. Cp. Rhianus (3rd cent. B.c.) ap. Stobaeus Flor.
4. 34. 9 Ua~LKapEoTLvT E
o Oatvov lO7rTEL (by tmesis for
yov
rtdrTrEL).

Cp.

700.

502 ff. toxvOe would usu. be an 'ingressive' aor. ('became
etc. Here, however, it refers to the
powerful'), like ivdo'ao-]

past period of his pre-eminence; as the reign of a king is
summed up in retrospect by
El.

1144 (7po0f-)

p/, /Sao0-IXEo-.
Cp. the aor. in
WVpYVKEt TTrp EcTXOV:
1a/ l rT
</JoL

Tr)V EyD OL/'

where Electra looks back on a closed chapter of her life.
otas. . o-ov:
for this double relative in contrasts, cp. 923,

El. 751, Tr. 1045, etc.; Thuc. 5. 7 § 2, 7. 75 § 6.-p'eL, only
a stronger lXst,--has around her in her daily life. Cp. 503:

ELrp 795 TrpOLr. . vd-ov.
Lv: P/z.
thV K.T.X. The chief emphasis is on the clause
K.7.X.: she merely glances at the results to herself;

Tr. 817 PyKov. . v(cro709. .

504 f.
croi 8' atcrxp

K'LIL

'while I shall suffer, thou and thine will be disgraced.'-eXC,

'
vexabit, as in 756; cp. also 275.--airXP : Ajax had said that
it was aioXpdv, in such a case as his, to go on living (473).
Tecmessa wishes him to feel that it would be aLo-Xpdv to die.

But Ajax believes that Teucer's care will avert the evils which
she fears (562).
506 ff. atoisaL..

wpoXeWcov.

The participle, when used with

8
aryLrvopa
or ai~~ 0oaL, implies that the person is doing, or has
done, the act which causes shame. The infinitive implies that
2
pV
1 Ka rovTro )
he has not yet done it. Cp. Xen. Cyr. 5. I
o0K ato-Xvvo

aL XE (OV.

7'

''v

EFVTE

rap

E[LOI,

Irro&o-w,'..

ao'xv~pot/tnv av e tir v: ('I am not ashamed of saying this; but

104

Ajax

I should be ashamed to say that.') Here, rpoXEwov is more
forcible than an infinitive. Since his words pointed to a fixed
resolve (479 f.), she speaks as if he were already engaged in the
deed.
KX.qpOVXOV is not elsewhere thus used, but the fact that
a word had a technical (and prosaic) sense was no bar to
its figurative use in Attic poetry: cp. 7rpdaKTop and
8wOvvo,
(El. 953 n.). Isocr. or. 5 § 136 has the phrase E tvola..
KXqpoV

fov3

('heirs').

apara, in a good sense, as in O. C. 1445, where see n.
510 f. et is not dependent on o~IK Lp, but introduces the
protasis to ve JEs.

This is indicated by

70o0'

(513).

The clause

80-ov...ve~ets is subordinate to o'LKrLpe ra 3a r7v c'dv, as if 0o-ov
were equivalent to O7t roo-OVrTOv. Cp. Xen. Cyr. 7. 3- 14 KaToLKrtpwv r7yV yvvaLKa, OlOv
TE
UVpO3
UTEpOLTO, K1l TOV av8pC, OlCV
yvvatKRL KaraXL rW OVKET
Xp'

EMvyq,
'cies

01OTO:- Eur. Helen. 74 Oo o-', o0-ov
rpoffs, the nurture suit-orISo-Etav.-vas

able to the young: 0. C. 345 4$ rov viag I rpo0s EXIq$e (n.).
SLot
CraL, sc. plov, 'pass his life': schol. BdtEL, Pd(o-ETrat.
The midd. has this absolute sense in Hippocr. .De artic.
p. 823 7yrpoi v'-lXXa. . s8tapovrat ('they pass through life'):
Xen. Mem. 2. I. 24 GKKorov7EvoS 8LfoEt (a correction of 8tE'o).
We find also t&agOpEtv /lov or ahlva (Her. 3. 40, Eur. Helen.
io), or S&a6pEv only ([Eur.] Rhes. 982).--a-oi.. dvos: cp.
O. C. 1250 Avpwv y~ goivos: Eur. Med. 52 o-o0 dvy.
(8tolucrat), if he shall have his life
r 0pbaVLGorr-v
512
controlled by them: cp. Vrrd with the midd. ropEv'Erat in 1253 f.:
O. C. 68i OXXEt 8'.. . r' Xva.--The word 0pfavto-Trs (found
only here) = ir'rporos, ' guardian.'
jS c(Xowv (the generic kr'), of no friendly kind; for the order,
6
cp. Aesch. Eum. 903 b roa

vtK9l I

KaK-)S

rr=Korra.

Compare Andromachi's description, in her lament over
Hector, of the lot in store for her child, 't#ap 8' pavLKV
rravagAjLtKa raZ'8a r0yotLV, 'the day of orphanhood makes
a child companionless,' etc.: Il. 22. 490-498.
3ro, pres. subjunct.: this is the indirect form
514 f. 1X
of Els 'r /X6-o;
Cp. 428 d (n.).--,o-aGs. There is no
other certain instance of o-ro for aio--rdo.
The ordinary form
occurs in Tr. 881 avriTv
"8ty0TrWoE.
516 XXy ~otpa. Destiny, working through Ajax, ravaged
her country. Destiny in some other form brought her father
and mother to the grave. The poet did not wish to represent

Notes

I05

Tecmessa as living with the man who had slain her parents;
and so followed, or invented, a legend which ascribed their
deaths to a different agency. Throughout this speech, the
Homeric scene between Hector and Andromach6 is present
to the mind of Sophocles. Andromache's father had been
slain by Achilles; her mother, by the visitation of Artemis (II.
6. 414-428).
517

KCaIEXEV.

518

Iv o0-o..

. O'LK'qrOpas (proleptic), brought them low, so

that they should be dwellers, etc. After "ALSov, 0avao-fl ovs
is redundant; but cp. Tr. I6I
XX' &rrts "At8ov
00t'Cvos
olKr-qTp 7rEXot. For Oav(TtL/os said of the dead, cp. O. T. 959,
Ph. 819.
o0-o'p.L: cp.

. 2.

314

-o't yP iap
av

v (n.).

The prep. expresses that her safety is in his power,-depends
on him.-rao-', adverbial: cp. 275520 f. KjIPOi: as well as of his parents and his son.7rpooEiLvaU, of a quality or attribute; cp. 1079, Ant. 720.-rEpwrvbv
aEd 'rov wllioL: cp. Dido's words to Aeneas (Aen. 4. 316 ff.) Per
rC

conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos, I Si bene quid de te merui,
fuit aut tibi quicquam I Dulce meum, miserere. For the optat.
in primary sequence, marking the generality of the statement,
rXL T708E XP~1 KXELV (n.).
cp. 1344: Ant. 666 dAX' ovOr 0 r troELE,
522 Xpts XCLpLv ycip: Eur. Helen. 1234 XPUp ydp av&n
XdpAros E0CETo.
For the place of yap, cp. Aesch. P. V. 29

e\BS ydp K.T.X.: for that of the art., 0. T 139 EKELvov
Oswv
o KTaVWV.-TLKTOV0-:
cp. the proverb in Zenobius 3. 328 8'K y
IK'V ETLKTE
Kalt 6Xa-/3 q #flnXv.
523 f. &roppet: cp. 1267: El. 1000 n.-yvovr, cannot

'become' such, in the sense, 'cannot finally be ranked as
such.' Whatever his other merits may be, their sum will not
amount to true nobleness.
525 f. 'IXEL o' Qv. . 0XoL.' Av: the first d'v, as well as the
second, belongs to OdAot: cp. 537: 0. Z 339 n.-('S KyA,
Cp. 11. 6. 476 84TE 8 Kal TOVE yEVE' hT I 7raC8'
ov,
W 7rEp, apt7rpErWEa Tp;rEGOv: this also illustrates the use
of Ka, on which see 0. C. 53 &o-'o1a K470 (n.).
C Kdpra
But where K
527 f. K KOCpT. Here Kal = 'and.'
sc. '

.

a(0Kat Ey

replies to a question (0. C 65 and 301), the verb being understood, Ka merely emphasises ('Yea, surely'), and Kal Ktpra is
then equiv. to y KalpTa (El. 312).
,b 'ax0 o= Av TaXO: he has not yet given his command.
v
I
V
oEO
oV TO XEXO V E'pyov EKTEXELV, i.e.
Cp. Tr. 1187

io6

Ajax

XEO.--roXL , bring herself to do it: cp. 411: P/h. 481
6
"r ov, 'make the effort.' Instead of agreeing to take her advice
Xlra
('rq), Ajax replies that he will be ready to praise her obedience.
For the alliteration (7rapAiXo-rs) I112: 0. T. 37 I rvf kb
cp.
TT T oa
TtaT
EL (n..
529 &XX', in assent; cp. Ph/. 48 n.
530 ds tSwo: cp. 538. The words express his impatient
yearning.
531

y'.
KA IjL.JV 613OLcrl

The formula Ka

q'v (lit. 'and

verily') introduces a new fact or thought; as in Tragedy it
often announces a new comer (i 168). When this new fact or
thought raises a difficulty in the way of something proposed by
the last speaker, then Kal qv acquires an adversative force.
Thus here, its literal sense, 'and verily,' 'indeed,' is tinged by
the context with the sense, 'oh, but,' or 'nay, but.' The effect
of ye is to place a slight stress on j6Poo-L. The combination
Ka'L iLV..ye is very frequent with Sophocles: cp. 539: 0. T.
2901 345, 836, 987,
o004, io66: O. C. 396: Ant. 221: Ph.
660: El. 1045, 1188.
,,po'oc-s, causal dat.: the plur. as in O. T. 585 $v o'fpot-rt.
Her fears were indicated at v. 340.--gXcv-telv, lit.
'released':
i.e., allowed him to leave the tent. The midd.
means
to 'release,' 'set free,' in O. T Ioo3, Ant. 1112, Tr. 21: Xen.
The choice of the word
H- 7. I. 25 fEXv o-aV"ro ros 'Apytov.

dKXdop/at

seems to be prompted by a wish not to say more than is
implied in dPf/3ow-t, or to suggest that she had rescued the child
from a danger.

The conjecture 4gppva-ipply (Hermann) would

efface this trait of reticence: and the schol.'s phrase, Poao-8at
OXovo-a kyayov, which is quoted in its support, is merely his
expansion of ofoto-t.
533 Ph"o-oCye K.T.X.

Here ye replies to his question ('Yes,

lest. '), and qualifies the whole sentence (cp. Ant. 648 n.);
but it also adds to the emphasis on croC.
534 rp'rov ye' av iv.
For yE r70 cp. Ph. 823 n.-cptovos,
atpovt. A gen. after rrpirov is
fortune: El. 1306 Tr 7rapdo'vr
very rare, but analogous to the gen. after Jlto,: Plat. Mfenex.
p. 239 c rrp7rrOVT70

7rv
rrpatlvrTv.

535 aXX' ozv ('well, at any rate'), followed by ye (emphasising the word before it), occurs also in Ant. 84, P/. 1305,
El. 233, 1035, etc.-pK40t-L, infin. of purpose: cp. O. .198 n.
For the sense, defendere, cp. Eur. El. 1300 (rrd ) ovK 7pK'(Tarov
Kpas pEXadOpoots;

NVotes
536

ar'dveo-': for the aor., cp. El. 668

537

WS EK

Io7

n.-00ou: cp. 13 n.
rWvS': i.e., seeing that the child has been sent

away, and that Ajax approves of her precaution (536). She
wishes to divert him from the desire of seeing his son. But he
instantly recurs to it.-For AK
-TRvi, 'under these conditions,'
cp. Tr. IIo9 (n.). cs gives a limiting force (as in o;s'to, 395):
Eur. Andr. I1148 o r0'' av (
7
K 78V'
ETtT
av, dpov,
T
Oavdv.
7Sv
Thuc. 4. 17 § I s iEK 7apVov.
539 Ki piv here announces a fact which favours the last
speaker's wish, and not, as in 53 , a fact opposed to it; here,
therefore, it becomes an expression of assent.--y emphasises
1rE'as.--rpoo~wdXoLs, dat. of agent; rare, except with the perf
pass.; but cp. Ant. 1218 OLO', KX'irro/at, and ib.504 f. (n.).
540 IL os, since rC EXXEL is equiv. to pr LEXXEIW: cp.
Aesch. P. V. 627 71 8sra
/17 O) -EXXEIS
YEWoIVTKLV rb rav;wrapovoa-ay
'XELV =rapE^vat: a periphrasis like O4pav i~ov (564),
X
E

1

orTt7ov (Phz.

157).

Comes the man at thy call? The
partic. expresses the leading idea; cp. O. C. 1o38 Xopev
c7drEXEL v^v (n.).-XXLpLpLE)
Xo'dyv, unable to catch the sound
543

EpIroVrL

o.VEt^L...;

Cp. Eur. Or. 1o85
7roX
XEXl uat TrV '/A
('laggest far behind them,'-failest to comprehend
ovXEV/LrcTOv

of thy words.
3

/

them).
544 KUc 81, 'already': O. C. 31 n.
545 alpe 8&eipo. The child is led in by an attendant; Ajax
means, 'lift him' (from the ground) 'to my arms.'-apO34-L
y&p o3: for ob placed after the verb, see on Ant. 96.
This

passage recalls Il. 6. 466-470, where Hector is about to take
his little son from the nurse's arms, but the child shrinks back,
frightened

by the

helmet,-rappTo-aq XaXKoV

TE

18E

Xd0ov

1,7rrrtoxatT-qv.
546 voo-fay. . 4'vov, the adj. compounded with a word akin
in sense to the subst.; cp. Ant. 1283 VEOTOd~OLTuL 71rX'qyaOTLV.
cp. O. T. 852 o'TroL
547 SLKaCs, in a full and true sense: 8
rdv yE Aaov
d'vov
4cVEL LKal0 so pOv, i.e.
0

ror', wvae,

'properly fulfilled.'-& irarpodev is redundant, but not pointless;
the qualities derived from the father will prevail over any
weaker qualities derived YqTpdOOev.
548 f. [,Lots ..v vdpoLs, the rugged usages of a warrior
inured to the sight of bloodshed. For the adj., cp. 205 ,ooKpaTysr n. In saying vbpots rather than rpd'rovg, he speaks with
,
a certain heroic grandeur. Cp. Hor. C. 2. 15. 11 non ita

Ajax

0o8

Romuli I Praescriftum et intonsi Catonis I Auspicils veterumque norma.
rwXo8c Lvev, to break him in like a colt. The word was
familiar in Attic (Xen. Oec. 3. 10, etc.). For the metaphor
implicit in the compound verb, cp. Ant. 994 'vavKX7pes Lro'Xtv.
K&OpOLoar'Oa is passive, and avr'v (the object of -rwXoSa/uvtYv) is its subject, vo-wLv
being acc. of respect. For the

infinitives, linked by Ka, yet having different subjects, cp.
Plat. Rep. p. 359 E (X@ovov) aryv
av(ycvo7VEaro rrapaKaOqAEvotL,

Kal

8LaXe

reO aLt aVTroiF] orp o/xoov.
[sc.
rrOp

550 f. (0 warK.T.X. Paraphrased by Attius, Armorum
Iudicium fr. io, Virtuti sis par, dispar fortunis patris: and
imitated by Verg. Aen. i2. 435 (Aeneas to Ascanius), Disce,
puer, virtutem ex me verumque laborem, I Fortunam ex aliis.
r 8' &XX' gZloos: so Hector prays for Astyanax that he may
'LXlov 140 aVairoIv:
be like his father,-E8E pfy 7' a"yalOov KatL
oY
but adds the nobler prayer that men may say, 7raTpos y"'
iroXXbv a /ELWVm. (l. 6. 476 ff.)
552 f. KU(TOL. . KQ1 vv: nay, even now-while that prayer

still awaits fulfilment--the child is happier than his father, in
unconsciousness of evil.-oA6rd ye: this adverbial acc. (instead
of the ordinary genitive) with iqXo^v is unusual; but a pronoun
or neuter adj. in the acc. sometimes follows words of a like
sense, e.g. Ar. Vesp. 588
~1ort
ydp t E pdvov.. taapo.
oiS~v is best taken as acc. governed by arwco-Oeve : cp. 996:
0 1.T.
424 'XXv
k irXOo oK EiraLOc VEL KaKWv.
554 av ' 4poverV h86V: i.e., before there is any intelligent
consciousness of joy or sorrow (555).
554 b [b JL jpovev

yap

K.T.X.]

Such an unconsciousness

is an 'evil,' as excluding Tb XalpEtv, but 'painless,' as exempt
from Tb Xv e o-Oat. This verse was probably written in the
margin, as a parallel passage to v. 554, and then crept into the
text.
555 9ws, without av: so Ph. 764, Tr. 148.
o-'
Cp. I 3 65.-S
v.
556 f. tKn rpb~s T.VOTO, i.e. rp\; r\ 1taOE
rws.. 8dCELs: see on Ph. 54 f. r\v (DtXOKT7TOV OrE Ei
iKKXCtELS XEyWV.--Tpc ls suggests the
XOyoto-Yt

o7rw

77rarpo
qualities of the race; cp. Phi. 3 KpaRTLO'2TO

qv

inbred

EXXrVWV

TpaoEt. For the prodelision of the augment in the 6th foot
of the v., cp. Ant. 457 '4vd:vT Eur. Helen. 263 (Et'0c) a~o-XLov
C80

avr1

70

KTaXoV 'Xafpov.

558 TWs, 'meanwhile,' referring to the limit of time marked

NVotes

log

by v. 556. Other usages of Tcvs are: (i)
when it answers to
i'ws: Ar. Pax 32 rE'o0w ' Xa'ots -viT8 tappayEts: and (2)
when it means, 'for a time' (or, 'hitherto'), and is followed by a
clause with s or dXX4: Her. i. 82 TEo'S0
8'7. . rT os 8 K.T.X.
KO, OLS
srVc1'1aTLv, light airs, gentle breezes, such as nourish
young plants.
Lobeck quotes Dion Chrysostomus or. 12
p. 202 B TPE4
OC/EVOL T7 8t VEKEL ro
EKOVTES Co'TrEp vq'7toLL raUGE. We

TVEV

TO/

dp

EKrLppO~

YpV

might add Catull. 62. 39 ut
flos.. I Quem mulcent aurae, firmat sol, educat imber.-viav
t vXAv &4rtXXyov. Cp. Tr. 144 rT yp VEaoov
Xd owttv abroi etc. (n.). The word dT'JXXW

rotoLOW8E POfTKETat

(which in II. 13. 27
means 'to gambol') bears the sense of 'cherishing' in Hom.
8
and Pind.
ardJXXWo,
l yorr'vao't iyrps
epigr. 4. 2 vmrrtov a'i octy,
fr. 214 yXVKEiL O Kp&tV
cT
XX-ota... I Xrti.
The Homeric
form in this sense is drtrLTXXO, Od. 18. 323 ?Ta^8a 84 A drtraXXE.

XapiovIv might be acc. in appos. with fvjv only; but is
better taken as acc. in appos. with the whole sentence (see on
El.

130 7KET E/JAWV
KO/.kTTOV 7raptyv OV).

560 orobT. . pI: cp. 83, 421.
562 -rotov: cp. 164, 218, 25 i.-rvXApv, warder, guardian;
Eur. Tro. 956 (rrpywv), L T. 1227 (va&v).
: any adj.
:oKvov compounded with aprivativum
563 'Ppos

can take a genitive; and here the gen. is the more natural
8
since aOKVOS suggests the notion of d t rA.-p 'wm: form
this
occurs in Pind. N. 4. 36, and Callim. Epigr. 13 (Ka rLtv
cdvtypvy iv
/

PEV3

IXro, '7rcLa 8

Xl ov).-KEIL

stands here (as in

692 and 962) where El at would be normal, since the reference
is to an actual fact. Kal properly means 'even supposing
that': 0. T 305 n.
564 r wrs,
properly 'of distant aspect' (W4,), here merely
'distant,'

as in Ph. 216 flpo

165 n.-O0lpv

Xcov:

ryXaorbv

wodav.-otxvet:

for the periphrasis, cp. 540:

cp. El.

Ph. 839

0 payv IT?7V' &io
i'XopEv. He had gone on a foray (343) in
the highlands of Mysia (720).

565 f. aorLc-rLiips. The Salaminian followers of Ajax are
at once seamen and warriors; as Thuc. (r. § 4) says of the
1o
Greeks who went against Troy, aV-TpErat . . (TaV KatL LP/X/OLt
7rrdvTE.-XapLv, this act of kindness ; viz., care for the child.
is
567 ff. 87ws.. F.CELthe object-clause to dcyyEdXar' VTrogXv.
A final clause, h'rW s.. et,
S
would be less fitting here.'EpLpoC~ Xy . The dat. is more forcible than the acc. would
be, as it keeps the command, o'ro~ 8e~EL

,
opp,

before the

Ajax

IIO

mind; cp. Aesch. fr. 175 r7s 'AvrLKaXE~ ooov XcE oTvoS,
-,
0'-qS XETyo rot Ilqrpo.
Dem. or. 19 § 152 rEpt.. LEtOov,
Xlyo 84 (POKEOV KGl IlvXNv.
Ajax adds these words to show

that he does not mean Teucer's mother, Hesiond (1300).
Eriboea was the daughter of Alcathoiis, king of Megara : Pindar
mentions her as the mother of Ajax (1. 5. 45).
571 FE'XpLs o. This verse has three marks of spuriousness.
(i)
t'Xpt, not 1'Xpt, is the Attic form. (2) The anapaest in
the first foot is a needless harshness, when either 'o or ETr'
av was available. (3) The division of an anapaest (in the first
foot) between two words has no Sophoclean parallel except in
rAv vdo'ov: and the
rvE
Phil. 795 rbv 'loov Xpvov TrpOotTE
Philodtetes was one of the latest plays (409 B.C.).
572 f.
r' . . Orovo-': depending on o'rwo in 567. Cp.
Od. 1I. 546 (referring to the contest for the arms), EOKE 8c
rrTvta 7Tpr1qp
(Thetis), ' offered them as a prize.'--ywvt&pxca
(a
t,
word found only here) =d ywvoOer the presidents of the
games, such as the Amphictyons were at the Pythian festival.

The presidents appointed the irLlEXqTral who actually supervised the contests, such as the 'EXXavo3t4KL at Olympia. (Cp.
El. 690 n.)
Av
40' 6 X Ev @46s. Only two parallels for the place of

pd~s

HIi5pt.

are brought from classical Greek literature.
683

rdetrdXovov

Z

c0o

rroroa,

(i)

Eur.

7-vv"rwp EdA/'.
(2)
Theocr. 27. 58
uov pao.
,
Remembering the originally

pronominal sense of the art., we may hesitate to affirm that an
Attic poet could not have ventured to write

meaning, 'that destroyer of mine.'
wrote ItA-'rE
XVIJE(v

' XV/EWy

E/o,,

It is possible that the poet

s, as Schaefer conjectured: but the article,

if not indispensable, is at least very desirable here.
574 a~ d, that,-with an emphasis due to the place of the
word.-rwdvvov, ' that gives thee thy name' ; as at Athens the
i7roYVVlot were the heroes who gave names to the Attic tribes.
Cp. 430 n.
This must be interpreted
575 f. roXvpp0'o . . wrpraKos.

by the usage of the poet's day, not by Homeric practice. The
rdprae was a leathern thong, running round the inner edge of
the shield, and fixed at intervals of six inches or so by pins or
nails, so as to form a succession of loops. The name, rrdprat,
was derived from these pins (rrdprat), which could be taken

out, when it was wished to remove the
the shield for immediate use.

ardppra

and so to unfit

NVotes

III

But a loop at the edge of the shield, such as the 7rdpra
offered to the warrior's hand (Eur. [Helen. 1376 Et3aXov
Wrrdp7ratKL yEvvalay XEpa), would not suffice to give him control.
Hence the rrdprrae was combined with another contrivance,
viz., a band (of metal, or wood), placed vertically across the
inside of the shield, and furnished at the middle with an
arrangement of small bars, forming a support for the arm just
below the elbow. This band was the 6avov or oxdvy .
IrTc&o-ov= epic ErrTapdcLtoV: see n. on 19.
The second
part of the compound is a by-form of pEdaLos: cp. EvvEadolos.

The shield was the work of TvXtos,

OKVTOTO/JV

X" apto-ro9,--so

essentially was the currier's art that which it chiefly demanded
(II. 7. 220). Tychios dwelt at "YXy,-probably the Boeotian
(II. 2. 5oo). The number of seven layers of hide was probably
exceptional; in II. 15. 479 Teucer has a o-uKoS TETpaOE'XvLVOV,
i.e., with four such layers.
577 TEOJ4erasL. Here, as at II41, the fut. perf. gives a
peremptory tone. Athena uses it in Eur. I. 2. 1464 : OV KaL
rTEOa&E. practice of burying a warrior's arms with him
The
was a primitive Aryan custom; witness the swords found in
the graves at Mycenae. Sophocles in this play follows the
legend that the body of Ajax was interred,and not, as was the
ordinary practice in the heroic age, burned (cp. 166 n.). The
reference to the burial of the arms is thus perfectly fitting.
KO(V E"Lo: KOItv
is here adv.: cp. Ant. 546 /j ' ot Ov s
KOLVa.

4
579 iff- TrKTrov. -rarKTO- (*r"K-7o' , weak form of
Krr7Td,
from *pak-) is used by Her. 2. 96 (in the compound Ep-), and
by Ar. Ves. 128, of 'stopping up' holes, 'caulking,' and this
may have been its special sense. But the general sense, 'to

make fast,' occurs in Ar. Lys. 264 /ooXXoiS TE Kl KX OLpor- TL
7rpo7rXaLa 7raKTrov.
E'LO-KIqVOvs = E7rr7 r oGK-qv,
at the tent, i.e., in front of it. Cp.
Ant. 1247 9srrdXLv ydov
oeK daLwoELV, aXX' rr
lT' s
W, K.T. .
LXOCKTLO-TOv: Eur. HN F. 536 TOB 01Xv yap rras /aXXov
otKTpV aporE-vwv. For the neut., cp. Eur. El. 1035 pAPov LEV
ovV yvva^KES: O. C. 592 n. The adj. is formed from the midd.
olK71topLaL as = 'to lament' (Eur. I. 2. 486, etc.).
581 7rlKr.E: the vague word ('to close,' 'cover up')
is explained by the preceding 8<w^a rdrKTOv.
Cp. Hes. Op. 622
v)a 8' ir' rElpov Epiroat, rvKadatL E
Oolrt I -avroOEv ('pro-

tect ' it).

Ajax

II2

os rpbs t'crpot : for the prep., cp. 319.--plvEtv
irS'ds: as to
the medical use of rrw8alt, on O. C. 1194 0bIXiv rI8aZs
see
8
i~ErEOvrTat 4o-Ltv. The transition from gentle incantations to

yhp
drastic surgery is similarly implied in Tr. Iooo r-I dotcos,
t

) laropluo', o 7yv-' iyv I Xp s Z-yvOS KWTaK'?7ytEL; (n.).
ToyILvrL means here, not ErOvLOVvreT rE
LveLy, but EopLv
oap/AaKa, -= eTat
ro/ : cp. Lucian Lexihanes 4 rd o'/par' /L L
0apa'Kov.
583 f. iwpoev ayv,the eagerness expressed by 7rVKaCE O-^o(ov.

Trs 0 XLPOTErXVS

-p&o'EL

with acc., as often in Attic: Eur. HzAp. 185 o08 ' o'

dpaCTKEL 7TO rapOv (and ib. io6 ovErLs
' dPa TKEL)Ar. Vesp. 776
:
353.-6eyYf
l'Evl : cp.
dpIEOKEL : Th. 406, Ran. 103, P.
TOVrT
Aesch. P. V 311 rpaXE^$ Kal TEO17y/JEVO1 XOyov.

585

L:
p o-rw

cp. 326.-pe

is not weak, because his

wish for seclusion was not in itself disquieting.
586 KpVE=dVLKpLVE: Ant. 399 Kal KpLVE KCiLAXEXE.
587 f. OeL' 's: 354.--A irpoSois y-yv: Phl,. 773 (F)
yrvq (n.).

KTELva

590 &pKEv, to render service (439 n.).-64ELXA-s : the gods

hate him (457); he has no hope from them,-they are doing
their worst (399-403): he owes them no duty.

When Hermes

reproaches Prometheus with not wishing to conciliate Zeus,
'
X oE y' av 7rvot1L
V
the sufferer ironically answers, KaL )fJV O
avT9 Xadpt (Aesch. P. V. 985).
591 E4Pq1a ~wvc, as in 362.-The division of the verse

between two speakers (dvrtXa/f4) is here used for the first time
in the play, to mark the tension of feeling.
r
fut.
593 gVV'p E',= vyKXE 7ETE, of $vvIpyo, the Ionic form
The command is
of 'vvelpyw: but in P/h. 1407 we find e'lpo.
given to the rpderroXoL (544).
595 aLp': i.e. this new hope (if such she has) is one of

which long experience might have taught her the vanity.
Ajax is now withdrawn into the tent on the eccyclema
(doEKVKXirLTa), and the entrance is closed.

Tecmessa and her

child retire by another door into the part of the dwelling which
is supposed to represent the yvvatLKwv.

They re-enter after the

Choral ode, and are present while Ajax speaks (see 684 ff.).
596-645 First stasimnon. ist strophe, 596-608= 1st
antistr., 609-621 : 2ndstr. 622-634 = 2nd ant. 635--645597

vacs: cp. 1I. 2.

Xk(rXCwKTos (rrXr"ao),

626 v4o-ov, at vatovo-t 7rpv axd .-

not aXfrrXayKTro

(rrXa w), is right here;

Notes

I.13

the latter could mean only, 'wandering on the sea,' as in 695.
Cp. Pind. P. 4. 14 Tao-8'
aA AX
7XKTov. . ya (the island of
Thera). Aesch. Pers. 307 OaXao-a-rrXrKTOV vq(Tov A'avros.
r&rLv
.rrepCtavTos cde does not allude to the victory at Salamis,

but, for Athenian ears, would necessarily be tinged with the
thought of it.
600 WrrkaXLbs d4' o1 Xpdvos: cp. P. 493 Fv 87 waathv 14
Trov 8E80oLK

7)

I/ OL /3 f6/t
o

(n.).

If this passage cannot be restored
with certainty, at least the doubt lies within narrow limits.
Metre proves that (a) instead of L's 18atla, we require -- v,
which is given by 'I8a-ca. (b) Instead of Xytveat frole we
601-603 'ISaOa

K.T.X.

ErravXa.

-,, which is satisfied by XELtiWVt'
require -(c) Instead of E VdctL, require --we
, and EtVWaLL

may be
regarded as certain. pv&,v is a not less certain correction of
jmyv: cpr.Tr. 247 (Xpdvov) ~Epwv dvpLtO/tov. In no other
be
way can dv jptOLO~ justified.
Next, in favour of 'I8a^ta.. XEL0tpvtL' 9ravXa, let it be noted
that, if 'rravXa ('dwellings') was the genuine word, then the
corruption of

vdvWv into

pIXv

is at once explained; for

'ravXa

meant properly a fold for cattle, as in O. : 1138.
The construction then is, EV^paLaL 'I&8a^a kELwrvta '-rravXa,
'I am encamped in quarters on the fields of Ida,' ,ravYv
av4ptOpLo, 'through countless months.' For the acc. with
EVVt/aLt, cp. such phrases as 4vyb EoUat (249 n.), KE'Lat 7drTrOV
(Ph. I44 f.).

For

EVvw/xaL

with ref. to camping, cp. I.

o10.
408

Tpoowv OvXaKa( TE KraL Eval: Aesch. Ag. 559 EvvaL yap o'-av
aFw spO TElXEo-wLV I7if o-OWVLcL 2 Kt
'e ovpava^
L
p(TOL

Sophocles may have had in
mind.
60o Xpdvw, notwithstanding Xpovos in 600oo. Sophocles was
5
indifferent to the recurrence (0. C. 554 n.).
606 XmrS', the neutral 'expectation,' is here coloured by
KLKv: below, in 1382, it stands alone as=a foreboding of
KaTE~KaoOv-a passage which

evil: cp. 799 XrrltE.

607 ff.
"L: before the campaign is over.-[e, though
i.e.,
the pron. refers to the subject of the inf.: Tr. 706 n.-CVVewLV..
"Asav, as Eur. Su l. 1142 woravo 8' vvoav rv 'Atav. Cp.
KEUO
KTOI
VEKpWV rrd Ka.
O. C. 1562 i4avOLatL Tv 7ra-y
Trv CTLdWpor'ov, the god from whom mortals shrink in horror,
ov a roTrproavrat
drrdporrov (n.).
J. Aj.

cp.

O.

T.

1313

t

-KdOTOV

I

VE(

O3

ElXV

8

AjaX

114

t8qXov "ALSav : the etymology of Hades was so far forgotten
in the personification that the tautology of this phrase would
not be felt. Cp. 11. 2. 758 IIpdOoo 0Oos
-7EL'dvEVEV.
The
Homeric sense of cd82Xo is active, 'destroying' (cdavtwv):
but Hes. Op. 754 has id'rkXa as = unseen,' as here.
6Io g4ESpos was said of an athlete who 'sat by' at a match
between two other men, prepared to engage the winner (cp.
suppositicius in Mart. 5. 24. 8).

Thus in Ran. 792 Sophocles

8
proposes EiqK8 pO KaOEs E^Oat, while the two other poets contend,
and to encounter Euripides if the latter should vanquish
Aeschylus. To the Chorus (Xpdv TpvX"drvo), Ajax is an
EcESpo, as being a fresh trouble in reserve. The technical
sense of the word was so familiar (cp. Pind. N. 4. 96, Aesch.
Cho. 866) that it would be understood here without direct help
from the context.
611 Oda, as in 186 OEa vdo'-og.-vava-Xos (aXY), dwelling
gvOKO.
V
with: cp. O. T. 1205 f. irats..
612 f. A dyg,. .0ovpCw: a reminiscence of Aesch. Pers.
ge

137 ( KCra, each Persian wife) T5v aX'~Xa'Evra Oovpov Evvar67pa
rporE/aEiVa: where, as here, the midd. =' from herself.'-7piv
S Vo1~e, 'in some bygone day.'
614 ,pEVbS otop-,ras, 'a lonely pasturer of his thoughts,'-

i.e., one who nurses lonely thoughts. They allude to the
gloomy and ominous despair which has replaced his frenzy.
The ending -Pdri'
1148 opEO-tcOLTra

could mean either 1
fOO-Ko'EVOg, as in P/h.
(0O)pa), or

do'0-KWv. The latter seems best

here; his cp4v represents the flock; he is the shepherd.
Aesch. Supb.

304 ro^ov ravorryv olopfOVKXovK

lo being his sole charge.)
r

Cp.

XEYr ; (Argus,-

Simonides fr. 133 "Oo-o-a, KtOatpvd

OloO/dtOL (TKOLrta.

615 ~ p9rTcLL. Iqpi-pIat is usually pass.; but sometimes midd.
Here the pass. sense is more forcible: Ajax is himself the
6

7rEv o0.

616 f.
ypyaXEpot v.. Apers, hand-deeds of valour: both
genitives define I'pya, but XEpo^v belongs to it more closely:
VEKp^V. .o'vov.
cp. 308 f. EpEWrrlo
620 f. &,LX
rap' &rcXoLs: for the doubled adj., cp. 267 n.

7rapa with dat.= 'in their estimation': Tr. 589

80KELS rap'

t'v

o /iEPovx
eoeOaL KaK,3: Dem. or. 2 § 3 Oava
LTOrTEP
po raph rrart
voUtLEraTa.-aALa.. '~rEe, have fallen, have turned out, so as to

win no kindness.

The adj. is proleptic:

'7rEo-E

is a metaphor

from dice: cp. Pind. O. I2. Io 7roXXa' 8' avOprot rapa yvwplav

.Notes

II5

EcrEcv.-''O- g~irco-c: for the iteration, cp. 1205: fr. 686

fapN

$-VOLK,

622 ff.

evOL,
V

a-iv'rpofos

pap's

/pvS.
is strongly recommended

by metrical

reasons, for the short tikv (=the Ist syll. of KEVOov 635) is
in
very difficult to defend. For o-vivrpooos, cp. 611 vavXog, n.

8'

aXCL.. . a'pp, the day of old age; cp. Eur. Ion 720 v'av
aEpav arroXLrwv Odvot. Ar. Ran. 347 XPov'ov" 7 ET)WV
rratLv

EvLavTov~.

The use of Fp.v and 8E here is the same as in 'epanaphora,'
where the ideas represented by the formally opposed clauses
-Ep
are often closely akin; e.g. Hes. Theog. 656 Z tEv o' riot L
8

rrparl Es 7rrEpt 8'

Her. 7. 9 rWv Mo-Trd4lEOOa thv r~jv
VlalLV.
cpevoLdpos, suffering from a calamity (piOpos)

or'-t vdolyta,

iOX~lv ErLTLrd7peOa

625 f. voo-ovra

8

'

TqV

to the mind. The adv. (a somewhat strange compound) may
have been suggested by the Aeschylean JpEVvOAys (Theb. 757).
627 ff. aXXLvov, a loud, wild cry of grief, which for the
Greeks had barbaric associations; cp. Eur. Or. 1395 at'X tov
ApyXv OavdroPv
dplapot XEYovo't, ala^,
'Ao-tdLJL cOv
The mother's passionate grief will break forth in a cry
of shrill anguish,-not in more subdued and plaintive accents,
in apposition
like those of the nightingale's lament. -Il8o0s
with pvtOos: cp. Eur. H. F. 465 <rroXyv TE O'pOS d
8,cL
EaXXE
or Kapa I XE'OVTro.
For the form, cp. voc. 4a-8o0^ (Ar. Av. 679),
atLVOv
K.T.X.

XEXL 8 0^ (Ar. Av. 1411 etc.),
EKOvs acc. pl. (Tro. 1178).
630

ivTrdvous:

EtlK

acc. (Eur.

1Med. 1162 etc.),

El. 243 OeVTdVWV y0w: Ant. 1316

03UKGJWKVTOV

rdOo.
631 ff. Xep'IrXKTo0L. . SOVOWOL, the sound of beating hands:
cp. 55 rroXvKEpwV ,dcvov (n.): O. C. 1464 KT TOS.. 8tdloXoS.
634
here 'rending,' would ordinarily mean 'a
scratch'; cp. Aesch. Ch. 24 rrpEL rapyitos
otLVOLs aJjvyo^s.
The more natural word here would have been uordpay/a:
cp. Eur. Andr. 826 rrrdpay/a KodLa dOvXOV 8t' a~Uf/ta7T
TE
O,/o-o/aL:t ib. 1209 ob or7rap4optxaL K6/av.
635 Kp (O'rov .. KEOWV, the personal constr., instead of
r(TT
KEVOELVL TO: cp. O
. 1368 Kp 'O(TV yap
KpEWcToV
7V
~c-0a /u-K
V
~ V TVXo: Lys. or. 26 § 4 KpE rTTV
XELTroVpy aas: Dem. or. 4 § 34 OK01KL
,VDWV
7ra-qp aVTroV I

EL,,vyPa,

AflJXTV.

Elmsley's emendation, rap'"AtSa, is specious; for Sophocles
has that phrase in O. T. 972 and in O. C. 1572; but here he
8-2

1 16

Ajax

may have been thinking of I.

.

KEVOttQ

23. 244 Ei 0 KEV Q

T7

EyW

A

s

The personal sense of Hades easily passes into the

local; thus we have not only E~1s
'Aov (Tr. 4), but Etl 'A'Lav
(El. 833). For the simple dat., cp. El. i74 o0pav4 (n.).KEOW)V,
intrans.; as in O. T. 968 KEVOEt K(LT 8 -q y7". Ant. 911
Ev "AtSov. . KEKEUOrOLV.

6 voo-av j drv: here the adv.- 'foolishly,' i.e., insanely.
Cp. Ar. Pax 95 TL 7rEtL; Tt Ikdp v o-v ytwiaLve; Aesch. Cho.
X
288 Ka X(iToa Kl
a'1TaLoLK VKT cxv 6flo.
t
For the order of
words, instead of 6 drav voo-3v, cp. El. 792 oi Oav6vros
apriT

(n.).
ff.

d TCLp'Cs ijiKov yEVEUS ipLoTOS . .'AXaLv, lit., 'noblest
of the Achaeans by his descent ("Kv) from the line of his
636

fathers': i.e., having a prouder lineage than any other Achaean
can claim.

'Kc~V
here, going with

pLo-(ros, has nearly the same

force as (e.g.) in O. T. 1519 OEO^S ixOw-rodKW, 'I have become
most hateful to them': i.e., it denotes the outcome of an illustrious ancestry. Though <pt-ros (see cr. n.) cannot be regarded

as certain, it is better than anything else that has been suggested.
wroXvkrvev refers to warlike toils: cp. Aesch. Pers. 320
w7oXvrovov &8pv. Her. 9. 27 iv ~o^<rt TpOLKOL 7roTVOLL.
639 f. o-vvrpfos 6pyas, the dispositions that have grown
with his growth, his natural rpOroL: for the subst., cp. Ant. 355
ao-rvvOov~o
orvrporoq o

pyds (n.):

for the adj., Ph. 203 (KT1VroR)
.Tor
o
roy.
With pre8os supply do-rt: he is
not stable, constant, in respect to them (= 0VK E//EVEL alvTjr
).-

dErTLpo/Fov

4KTiS 0ILAXEL,
is conversant (with thoughts) outside of the $vrpo0boL
pya.
The expression is of the same stamp as that in Eur.
Bacch. 331 o'IKEL EO' rq/C3v, yq Opa ETrWv vo"tWv, ('dwell with
1

us, forsaking not the pale of our customs,' etc.): ib. 853 '$o 8'
'Aaovwv 70o^
povE^v.
For p~XkEt, Ar. NVub. 1399 '3
cp.
W0KatvoLs

rpadyfa-tLV KaL

8

EtLOL

643 8 40-opov: cp. 51.

O~UXELV.

0OpElEv: cp. 503, n. on 7Tp~t.
atlv (if sound) means 'life,' not merely as = 'living man,' but
in the sense of 'life-destiny': cp. Tr. 34 70roL0~7 ad;v EI 8 4Lovn
3
TE KaK 8
V
EL TO V v p' E'rLrE.
The strict meaning would
be then, 'no life-destiny which the line of Aeacus has known.'
Reiske's emendation &8wv for A) is very plausible, and may be
(A
right.
646-692 Second r~ELo68tov. Ajax comes forth from the
tent, and addresses his faithful friends. The speech translates
644 f.

1VNoes

In7

his unshaken _purpose into the terms of his altered mood; yet so as
to veil his meaningfrom the hearers,and to make them think that
not only the mood, but the turpose, is changed. (See Introduction, § 7.)
Tecmessa, who left the scene at 595, now returns, entering
on the right of the spectator§, and leading her child. Their
presence adds effect to v. 653; and Ajax addresses her at v. 684.

iEL 7r'

646 f.

K.T.X.:

the emphasis is on the power of time

to enfeeble and destroy, rather than to produce; but the first
clause serves to bring the second into relief, and is co-ordinated
with it, as in Ant. I 12 a
7'
r
Yrlcr rrapwv E
Ka'l
KXvOotL.KprTETM~L, properly, 'hides
in its own bosom' (midd.): cp.
Aesch. Cho. 127 y av.. y
r Rv7-r TLKCETEat, 'produces from
herself.' The midd. of the simple KPdVroW rare: but cp. 246,
is
and Tr. 474 Kp otuat (n.).
648 f.

oi8'

tEX1rWroV: Archil. fr.
88

Ard71orov.

Cp. Ant. 3

76
.-X

8

XorPdro iEXrTOV OU V

'is proved weak.'-SLvybs: cp. Tr. 476
SELVOVTO

TlKTELV

rOTVL

(oKET absol., 'is captured,'
aL,

EOTT.-,rEpLOKEXEtS:

0

SEwvbs tpEppos: El. 770

Ant. 475

osrpov

orr7v

EK

rEptI(KEX q (n.). Thus the associations of the word lead
naturally to his next thought.
650 f. r&d
sv', adv., 'so wondrously': cp. 312 n. rore,
olinm: cp. 1240: 1377: Ant. 391: El. 278.
7lTVP0

pag,,

ocSlpos cas, sc.

K

rapEpho

y yvE7a, supplied from

EKaprpovv.

The flpa~ is the cold bath (lacus) into which the hot iron is
plunged, and from which it receives the temper of steel. Cp.
Od. 9. 391 *W, 8W
aviP XaXKEv 7rEXEKVV /KEyav TKErapvov
R7E
Ev
qV
v&pL
Xw /7rT7/
u
,EyaXa txovra I aptao'o-V Tv
o
p
aVTE aotSlpov E KPTOS
(oiTV.
So Galen compares the tonic
effect of a cold bath on the human body with the effect of the
/3arj upon iron (Meth. Med x. 10, vol. x. 717 Kuhn), Kal yap
x.
vXJOEO

KaL TOVOV/tUEOa, K(aOa'7rEp EKELVO (iron) ErrEaLV &87rvpos

E/pTaTrrTrrTratL 7W UvXPi.
Lucr. 6. 968 umor aquae
ferrum porro condurat ab igni (i.e., 'after fire').
yevdoLEvo
4

Xv v

oCr'Ra.

The aor. is like

Er-2vioc-a

in 536 (n.): i.e., it

refers, like oiKTip, to the present, not to the time at which
Tecmessa spoke.
(Verses 594 f. suffice to prove this.)
o-r6C ('the keen edge of my temper'), standing so close to
pai 'Co84pos as, necessarily suggests the sense of a sharp, hard
edge. At the same time, it refers, in its literal sense, to the
(584)
yXro-aa rE~OryLrEvy by which his purpose was announced.
652 f. otKTLpO. , XLure naturally suggests the meaning, 'pity

Ajax

I8

8
forbids me to leave her'; cp. Od. 20. 202 OVK EXEalpaEL; v pac.. .
L(to -yE Evat KaKOTqTL.
But the words could also mean, 'I feel

pity at the thought of leaving her,' implying that he does intend
to leave her, though with pain; which would usually be oIKT po
654 ff.
- 'p6s re Xovrp&= rp~s Xovrpi rE: 53 n.-XMyeO'
AyvC-cas refers ostensibly to his washing off (with sea water) the
stains of the slaughter. Such an act might be symbolical of
purging oneself from a sin; as it is in 11. I. 313 Xaok 8'
'Arpdi
daroXvtaLlvE(rat IvoyEv
I oZ 8'
dreaEtvaYoVTo Ka't
EsXa
Xzv'ar' EfaXXov: where the meaning is that, by washing in the
sea, they cast off their stains upon it (Eur. I. 2. 1193 OdcXao-a-a
KXV4EL

7raV7a TRdVOpoJ7rWV

KaKd).

So here the thought

in the

mind of Ajax is that he will purge himself of his stains by
death. - 4kXa5ugclim
(from ieaXo-Kw)
is to be preferred to
'XgakEo-'wiaL
(from eaXEv'w). The latter would be isolated in
tragedy: Aeschylus uses
but only in the sense of averting

(XEvo-a,

(Theb. 87 etc.).

The epic aor. midd. is 'XEv4lv.

657 ff. IoXv .. vOe'
=toX\Ov E'
KE

TE

vOa, as often: cp. O. T.

796, Ph. 1466, El.

1495.-KXU, 'find,' as in O. T. 1257.
Kp ,w: cp. 899 KELTaL KpV0lL
sba rya'vy rEpLTUvX- .- cLGS,
partitive gen. with 'vOa.-ve iL,rS 5~ rCLL:cp. O. T. 1412
Kpa
r', E
/vOa7rro/r
Ed(TO O'E L: Tr. 800: El. 380, 436.
d~Td
660 &XX' cir~' K..X. So Clytaemnestra's gifts to Agamem-

non's tomb are to be laid up for her with the gods below:
KELLXL aT Tc TTa
Op O
KQTw) (El. 438).
661 ff. XELp adds a certain emphasis, as if he said, 'from
the day that this sword came into my hand.'
The exchange of gifts between the two heroes is told in
Il. 7. 303 ff.: Hector gave 'his silver-studded sword (£ 1o0
dpyvpXov), with scabbard and well-cut baldrick; and Ajax

gave his girdle bright with purple.'-ao-xov in its normal sense,
'obtained.'
664 f. I ppoT'rv rapop
L1a: for the absence of a second art.,
cp. I18.-4xOp(.v L8w
opa 86pca: cp. Menander Sent. I66 dXOpoD
7rap' dv8 p s ov 8 v err' Xpoq-cov. Verg. Aen. 2. 49 timeo Danaos

et dona ferentes.
666 f. roydp prefaces the announcement of a purpose, as
8
in Tr. 1249 Totyap roloOw: El. 29 rotylp -r uEv 6oavra 8-Xcro.

XOL 'henceforth.'
bV,
The hearers would infer that he had
renounced his purpose of suicide. But in his own thought the
phrase refers merely to the brief space before his death.--

-~b

Noes

119

Eict1bEucea, by the experience itself;

[a01o-q
eor0a, by the selfdiscipline which such an experience recommends. But the
principal antithesis is between OEoZs and 'Arpd8a, rather than
between the verbs. We sometimes find, in good writers of
this age, even synonymous verbs placed in apparent contrast,
though the real antithesis lies elsewhere: e.g. Eur. H. F.
838 ff. w av...yvg pv T5v "Hpa oCoi ~r' aMr1
0Xoo, ptdlJO
8E TOV E'/10OV.

668 TC
pi'v; quid vero? 'what then?' i.e., 'of course we
must yield.' Cp. Aesch. Ag. 672 XEyovowlv y
^
XoX oras"
o
t Ipv; (i.e., it is only natural that they should do so.) With
Plato r pyqvis frequent in assenting replies, as Phaedr.p. 229 A,
IAI. OpcS oVI EKEL
Vqd
T-JV. . 7XT avov;
. It' rv;
669 ff.
The word

the dread elemental forces of nature.
might be called the key-note of the earlier

'r& 8fLv,
8

E
v0d

part of this speech (cp. 648 f., 674): it comes readily to the
mind of the strong man, full of the thought how strength can
become weakness.
TtLpats, 'dignities,' 'prerogatives,' here, the provinces assigued

to these elemental forces in the order of nature. Plat. Ajol.
TqaZs. Cp. Troilus and
PXa^s Kat raIt XXka7
p. 35 B 'v TE rw ap
Cressida I. 3. 83 (Ulysses tracing the ill-success of the siege to
the bad discipline of the Greeks):-Degreebeing vizarded, I The
unworthiest shows as fairly in the mask. The heavens themselves, the planets and this centre Observe degree, priority and
place, I Insisture, course, proportion, season, form, I Office and
custom, in all line of order.
.70o70 pv, followed by 8E (instead of 70VTO0 &8), in O. C.
as
440 f. (n.)--v4~ojo-TLEs XECt#cVES, probably 'winters with snowy
paths,' 'snow-strewn.'
o-rflo, 'path,' is the notion present in
other like compounds; 0. T 301 opdvtd TE KacL x0OVO0"tfl
('walking the earth'): Aesch. Suppl. 1000 Ka Kvow aXa .rTEpOVTa
Kat 7rE0ocTtflp: P.
V. 791 rrpOs avroXs Xoyorras XLvooTr gL;,

'where are the paths of the Sun.'
672 a
Cavhs

KUKXOS:

weary round. For aiav-y

cp. El. 506,

where see n.
,ryXEVKOirWX: Aesch. Pers. 386 XEVKdrroXo
pa I 7r(av
yatav E EY
iSEv, where the last two words
t
suggested &4yyos.. c -XyE here,-epexegetic of l o-rat ('makes
KaTEO-XE

room for her, so that she may kindle,' etc.). As to the
ascription of white horses to deities or heroes, see on El. 706.
674 f.

KOy

wPLE,
gnomic aor., followed by the pres. XELc: cp.

120

Ajax

aX
pv oV3 T v. The dlae
S
an elemental power (like Ta 8Etva
can either vex the sea, or give it
dviwOv, has the prerogative, g/iEv
7raVEAEVL
' aPVLtCEV, OV K EOE oc (Od. 10. 22). So in 706
"Ap-qs is a giver of peace. Cp. Hor. C. I. 3. I5 (Notus), quo
non arbiter Hadriae Afalor, tollere seu fonere vult freta.
Vergil may have had Sophocles in mind when he wrote
placataque venti I Dant maria (Aen. 3. 69): but when he says,
placidi straverunt aequora venti (Aen. 5. 763), the epithet makes
all the difference (=avE-/oL X)7avrTE).
iv8', 'and among them'; i.e., the other powers of
like
nature (669). iv 8' is similarly used in O. . 27, I81,
Tr. 206.
6
'come
677 yvwo- eo-0cLa, to know,' 'learn,' with inf., as in
Ant. I089 KLLL
yvy 7pE4ELV T7V yXW"O-OTV 70-vXwrEpav.
678 'y'y': sc. yvdo-ouat: 'I, at least, will so learn.' For
this elliptical 'ymwy', cp. 1347, 1365, Tr. 1248.
679 8 'r' XOp bst
v
K.T.X. The maxim is two-edged.
tLXELV tor'o-orra is the side of it which is really in the
W1
mind of Ajax:-he dies hating the Greeks whom he had
o-TE ,s
served so nobly (839-844). But the other sideXo-ovra-is that which he wishes his hearers to conceive
as foremost in his thoughts.
Arist. Rhet. 2. 13 § 4 (old men) Karta T' v BtavTros V'ro7Ky-V
KaL /LXOUV-tIV (0
rovTE3 KatL loLv(T LV W3 ISbX . Bias,
(t7O
OVTE7
,-obot,
is said to have
of Prien'e in Ionia, one of the idra o
flourished about 550 B.c. This famous maxim is criticised in
Cic. de amic. 16. 59.
680 f. 9s T-e O'bv
(CXov: these words do not go closely with
srovpycv, but rather indicate generally the line of conduct in
this case: 'while, inrelation to a friend,' etc. Cp. Tr. 411 i
T7V6E U-q' 8KaLOs C'v: El. 24 2o-0&Ab ElS pas Y7EWS.
povuX1o-opL, as in O. T. 1077 (n.), O. C. 1289: cp. below,
825, atrv0-opcaL: O. T. 1446 7rpOUOTPEIO/iat.
El. 26 Ovkhyv drrXE0CEV,
ovK
is
7rrvEV[ldro personified as
etc. in 669). That power
rest; as Aeolus, the rad7rply

682 f.

Trots

roXXo-o-L -yp K.T.X.

This is a ground for r /LXEL'v

d pto-i~oovra, but not (directly, at least) for the converse; and
bewrays what is really uppermost in his mind. Bias, acc. to
Diogenes Laertius (i. 5 § 87), gave a similar reason,-roi4 'yap
rrXEtrTOvEVatL KaKOU3.

e'ovs..
EXErTOa,
684 if. af1. TroVTOL(-LV: cp. 303.-BLa
fulfilled in all fulness. For the ordinary meaning of & rMovs

Voes

I2I

in Attic prose, see Antiphon or. 5 § 42, where it occurs twice:
rrap v &8t -rEXovs ('present all through,' from first to last): 8t,
-rXov

ydp

/CE arrEVE

('he acquitted me throughout,'-in all his

statements). Here the stress on the notion of end, given by
S. rEdXovs rTEXE< Oat, suits the inmost thought of Ajax.
687 f. rai~&7i8~e=
aT
(Er&ug: cp. 0 T. 839 Xyov (
O.
ool raVr'.-pFoL ethic dat. (0.
LaTE,

C. 1475 n.), 'I pray you.'-- 48

'respect these wishes.'

The use of rtav is like that in

Eur. Tro. I 210 v O41Jov Tt/IOLtV.
I
ELv, probably personal (= iErtlEXeo-Oat), as in El.342
689 LI
8E' TKKTOV7T LEEIV, (n.).
KEVOv XEX7o-Oa T7
69o KEt(-'. At first sight we might desire Kei' (8Io), as

giving a better rhythm; but the slower movement of the verse
v
may here be designed.-Cp. 0. T 1458 X.' '' Pv 7P/T /o0p',
o7TtrEp EL(

IOW.

691 f. "raX' v. . trws: a formula used by Thucydides to
express a strong probability (6. To § 4, 34 § 2, 78 § 3).-

Ecr-o-ievov:

contrasted in El. 1229 with Oavvro"a: cp. ib. 59

Xoyw Oaviv I Cpyoto-L o-wOW^.
his aim here.

For

KaL

rTav

The word was thus well-chosen for

see on 563.

693-718 A joyous dance-song, vrdpXopXta , which holds the
place of the second stasimon. Strophe 693-705 = antistr.

706-718.

The effect is to prepare for the catastrophe by a contrast.
A joyous ode is introduced with a similar purpose in O. T.
io86-11o9; Ant. 1115-1154; and Tr. 633-662.
693 IpLg': for the aor., cp. 536: Ar. Eq. 696 acrr-Ov
drELXaZL,

EyEXacOa
I

OXOKOprlaLtt.

Here

poTL seems

to mean

a transportofjoy; it cannot be explained of their yearning for
the bright future of which they are dreaming. I do not know
any exactly similar use of 'pwo. Cp. Statius Teb. 1. 493
laetusque er artus | Horror iit.-vew
riav: for the form, see
on 282 7rpoo-rdraro. For the metaphor ('I soar on the wings
of joy') cp. Ant. 1307 dyvrrav ~dfp3w: Eur. Helen. 632 yEygOa,
KpTt

OpOlov

E8EtlpaI

avErrE'pwKa.

694 ff. Pan was a domestic deity to Salaminians, since one
of his reputed haunts was the islet of Psyttaleia, lying between
KvvdUovpa, a tongue of land on the E. side of Salamis, and the
Peiraeus. Aesch. mentions it (Pers. 448 f.): / 3 a', ;droplpo
vavo-tv, rvb I-Mopos I dv ly
aTEVEs, 7OVTlas
&X'TXyKTE , though separated from
cdavrO', is

aKT)'

E7rtL.-

perhaps best
taken with it, since, as merely a general epithet of the god,

Ajax

122

Cp. Ph. 760 8VT)vE.q . cOavE": ib.
828 EVa~s rvZv 'XOois (n.): 'I'heocr. 17. 66 oX/3LE K OpE yEvoLo.
KvXavias.. 8ELp'80OS. Mount Cyllend, in the N.E. of Arcadia,

it would here be less fitting.

a great isolated peak, was sacred (as his birth-place) to Hermes,
the father of Pan,-whose own birth was associated by legend
with Cyllen..-xLovoKTd rov (only here): cp. Ar. Nub. 270
-ELpaTL
'Od
vprov KOpU0v. . XtOVO)T3Kqroto: Eur. PI. 206 'r &
Cyllen' attains a height of about
vto/L6Xot I IIapvao-o^.
8ooo feet.
699 f. Os&v Xoporo' avag: the gen. OEw3v seems to be
possessive rather than partitive; i.e. the precise sense seems
to be, 'divine dance-maker of the gods,' rather than, 'among
the gods, that god who makes dances.' Pan was to rustic
Xopot, those of nymphs and satyrs, what Apollo Movo-ay'r,/F
was to the Olympians; and the province denoted by Xoporoto
here is thus limited by the context. So Pindar fr. 75 calls Pan
XopEvrav TEXIrTaTOV OEWv: and an Attic o-KoXod greets him as
oPX7TaT,

/pojFpat,

07ra8E

vV/'J/LL.

Ni$oVa: such dances as the worshippers of Dionysus-with
whom Pan is closely associated through the satyrs-hold in
his honour at Nysa. As to the various places so called, see on
Ant. 1131.
Kvo-La: such dances as the Cretan Corybantes hold at
Cnosus, the chief city of Crete, in honour of Zeus and Apollo.
Both the epithets Ntio-ta and Kvro-ta denote a character of wild
enthusiasm. Crete was the part of Hellas in which an art of
was first elaborately cultivated; and it was at Cnosus
PXrqTLKr)t
that Daedalus was said to have made the Xopo' (dancing-place)
for Ariadni (II.

18. 590 ff.).

airo8a-: 'that none hath taught thee.' Pan is the inspired
The dances will be joyous as those of
and inspiring Xoporoodo.
Nysa or Cnosus, but due to his prompting alone.
t
Lts (cp. 5oi) here denotes properly the act of putting
forth the feet or the arms in lively movement; so that iadrrrtv
opXytara means strictly, 'to dance with lively gestures.' The
musician Aristoxenus (c. 300 B.c.) mentioned the Kp-rtLKa'
opxgo-Es among those which he admired &8thTv ~rv XEpLWv
KV-p TLV (Athen. 1. p. 22 B).
701 Xopeo-GcL, aor., because a particular occasion (or act) of
XOPEVEv;
dancing is in view: but in O. T. 896 t E^t

because the sense is, 'why should sacred dances continue?'
702 f. 'IKpl(v.. irXekaywv : the island of Icaria, w. of Samos

Notes

123

and E. of Myconos, gave its name to the 'Icarian sea': II. 2.
145 rrdvrov 'IKapoLO.

Hor. C. 3. 7. 21 scoyulis surdiorIcari.

Ov. ret. 8. 229 (describing how Icarus, son of Daedalus, was
drowned) Orague caerulea,_atrium clamantia nomen, Excziuntur aqua, quae nomen traxit ab illo.
wJdayewv : the plur. as in Od. 5. 335 &X iv 7raXcdyco.For {riwp with gen., cp. Ant. 105 AtpKcaWV - p PEEOpoV toXo0vOa.
'Aw6XXhv was, like Pan, a lord of the dance; cp. Pind. fr.
v
148 PX-oqr' ayXaa a avJooyv, E pvapErp' 'ArdXXwv: fr. i16
o Motouaya yE KaXE^ XopE^o-at. But Apollo is here invited
more especially as the healer,-to crown, by his bright
presence, their joy at the recovery of Ajax.-AXLos: cp. O. T.
154 AdXLE Iatdv (n.).
ityvor-ros, 'easily recognised,' i.e., in a visible shape, 'vapyyds:
On
cp. Tr. i in.: Od. 3. 420 (Athena) ' ptot dvapy (XOE.
6
YVWrd0 and yvoUord, see on O. 7. 3 1.-SLad wavrbs, with ref. to
time (the regular sense of the phrase in Thuc.; see Classen on

§ I).
706 gXvev. ."Apgs.

I. 38

Ares, the god of bloodshed and
violent death (253 n.), is said to have 'cleared away' the
cloud of dread trouble which darkened their eyes, because
Ajax has renounced his purpose of suicide. Cp. Tr. 654
("Apr-s) E'Xvo-' br7rovov "i'pav, 'has cleared away the day of
trouble' (n.).-avbv aXos: I1. 17. 83 "EKropa 8' aivv dXos
7iKao(pdva.--&r' b d'royv: Aesch. Theb. 228 (OEbs) KaK
VEoEXV
PO.
XaXE7wa vc vrapO O//JLThV KPrnIVLEVcV
rdpa= rapEOt.-1EVKV.. &os, acc., subject to rrXadoat.
OXayXULv
.
Kal XEVKoV -qjluap VVKT3 E9K / E
For e~isEpov ,ios cp. 138 Xdyo KraKdpov (n.).-wYaXcirL with
gen., as Ph. 1327 rrEao-8oEl cvXaKO : Tr. 17 KOtT'79 ~rXa-

Cp.

709 f.

Aesch. Pers. 301

o-Orvat. -Oov describes the ship as a thing of life (velox navis),
JKVcyXwv rather as a swift vehicle over the sea (celeris): cp. Od.

7.

V-VOL- o00f0t
711 Xetwovos

34

VrErotOdrTES

KE

OtL.

(sc. ir t), = XavOLvra 7vwv : the word occurs
8
only here and in Tr. 1021 (XaOtrrovov 8' 3 vvv).
712 f. rrvO'ra 04joL' 4jvvo'. As Ajax had announced his

purpose of 'purging his stains' (655) and 'submitting to the
gods' (666 f.), the Chorus assume that he has now duly perBy E0ev 7ravOvra
formed all the rites of Ka0apLs and LRao-pdt.
O4o-/ta i:s meant, 'the ordinances of the gods, with all the
Ovo-ta 'which they enjoin'; since the ablutions of Ajax would
be followed (as the Chorus conceive) by sacrifices to the deities

Ajax

I24

whom he had offended, esp. to Athena and Artemis. There
is thus a tragic irony in W7vevra,, since a Ovotla is indeed about
to be offered.--evolct, 'loyalty' to these O'o-pta.
715 avasarov is not here 'unutterably dreadful' (as in Eur.
Ion 782), but 'not to be spoken of,' in the sense, 'not to be
affirmed as possible': cp. 648 n.
TV70oTv.
rTWV
716 4 &VkXrarv: Aesch. Suppi. 357 'e dAETX KadrpOpJ
r
717 Lercwavyvre' is prob. passive; 'has been converted
from his anger.' I cannot find an example of i
yvWrOlyv (simple
or compound) in any but a pass. sense. aYvyvo0-BO6v is regularly
pass. in Herod.; e.g. 4. 154 dvaywo-OEt,3 vr 7j TyvaLKo (cp. 6.
50; 7. 7, etc.).
Or'.
Ov~^v (cr. n.) is nearer to the Ovybov of the
718 OvILO
Mss., but the plur. never occurs in Tragedy.
The gen. depends
on LETraveyvoo-Orl as a verb of 'desisting' or ' withdrawing' from
(cp.

ETaU-rva

T1VOs).

The dat. 'Ape'8als depends on

yv-crOrl Ovxoi) as implying
I.

KaT?XXLXO)

or

vvEyve.

LECTaVE-

Cp. 774:
r

I. 283 'AXLXXLt JE .Ev XdXov : Od. 21. 377 tle OEv XaXE roo

XXoto

I TrlXe/lXy.

8
third irrtO-0Lov consists of two scenes.
The messenger from Teucer excites the fears of

The

719-865
(1) 719-814.

the Chorus and Tecmessa. (2) 815-865. The soliloquy of
Ajax, and his death.
719 r~bp,rov, adv., 'in the first place.' The omission of TtL
after dyyEXac marks the speaker's eager haste : cp. O. T. 1234 f.
/LEV
IX1u

T

'IOKa0T779

Xywv

Kapa.

V

ELo

^V

TE Kl

fLaEv,

TEOVT)KE

OELOV

720 f. Mvciv .. Kp'qlVWv. The eastern boundary of the
ancient Mysia, dividing it from Bithynia and Phrygia, is formed
by the range of Olympus, which attains a height of about
8500 ft.
The Kprlyvo, meant here are the lower spurs of
Olympus, in the region of Ida. Teucer had gone on a foray
(343 n.) to some of the upland towns or villages of the enemy.
0-Tpa kTyov, the KXLcLta of Agamemnon.
So in II. 7. 382 an
agora is held vri' rdapa -rpvv, 'Aa
vovog. He was stationed
near Odysseus, whose post, at the middle point of the naval
camp (I. It. 6), is mentioned as being near the place of
assembly, judgment, and sacrifice; 'va o-' ayopq rE 4Els e |
T
q'rlv, 7rg 8i' KWa
O5V T E EVX7 f PO
E
lo(OI Ii. 807 f.). Hence
i.o-ov here. The chiefs of the army had now met in front of
these headquarters to hold a flovX' on the deed of Ajax; while
the Xaot were gathered in &yopd around them.

Notes

125

The schol. in L illustrates the verb by two
722 KUS&ETACL.
quotations: (i) from the "A UKKO of Epicharmus: "AUvKE /Al"
V:
dsC:~E (2) from the Ifk/igeneia of
OL TV rrE)
pE(TrEpO
KVaE
L
Aeschylus: oV 70L Yvvatc'i <M^> KUVMlEo3Oat r ydp; The verb
8
having i, the noun must have been o Kvo 0 (@i).-For the dat.
of the agency, 'ApyECoLs, cp. 539-

723 f.

oa~-EXOVTL K.T.X.

They saw him coming while he

was still far off; when he drew nearer, they gathered round
him in a threatening crowd; and now, having arrived at the
he is being reviled by them. Notwithstanding the
position of 4V K KX), the poet may have meant .rpdo-oev to go
orpar4yCov,

with

paedvTs, which certainly suits the sense better than to

take it with o-rTEXovra. The order of words, though somewhat
a
awkward, is not bolder than that in Ant. 944 f. ~iXa KaiIav
aXa^3. Cp. also
opavtov ~kCos I alXXd'atL 8E@a 3 v XCaXK08ETOL3

El.1349 f., PPh. 598, II63.
vvpa(TWOV KaKO1 I
725 ipao-aov, as in Ph. 374 XOXOEl E(0B'
r70^o rao-Tv. Cp. 1244: Aesch. Theb. 382 EtVEL 8' vEleL p~ct'vdv.
Ar. Nzub. 1373 EVOB iapdTTrI woXXo^i KaK^S Kdo'TpO(TL.--VOEV
K&vev

: cp. Verg. Aen. 4. 447 adsiduis hinc atque hinc vocibus

8
8
EL
Tunditur.-o~rLs o-0' s oV : cp. O. T. 372 a 0-01o o3V
8
ox
7
'v ' OVELtLE^ rXa.
726 ff. rbv ToV) e1v~vTOS K.T.X.: the art. bv marks a quotation

heros
Os

of the phrase which they used: 'calling him ' that kinsman of
the maniac ',' etc. Cp. Xen. Anab. 6. 6. 7 i7rtXPOtc fPdXXtLV
8

KcLrWLPOUXEToV OTpawrO
d T7V.
is correct; as one could say adVayWVL-TYt rTvos. The dat.
4
o-.rpa<.r would also be tenable (cp. Tr. 668 7o^v o- v 'HpaKX E
8o prlprywv n.), and is strongly recommended by euphony.
But euphony is not a sure guide in such cases.---oOKQXOO^ TES,
in a bad sense, as usu.: Dem. or. 19 § 305 Xd'o-ropa v
ilDr? drov
r
a'7oKaXv.
,,: that he should not avail to
,S OVKQK 4cro T Ph o. . 0avt
o
save himself from dying. Cp. Aesch. P. V. 918 oi~8v yap
afd'rTo,.
For the fut.
7 tL o I r~r~Eo'
aVrp 7ar'" raapK(T
optat., cp. 313.--KTacgaveLs, carded (like wool), torn to shreds;
Eur. imitates this (Suppl. 503) 7rEPOS KaTaRavOEVTES 0ToTEoV
aas. Cp. Ar. Ach. 319 rt
wc MX(Ov, < Ldrat, I~EoI/Eroa
y
8
8
;-FOur w cp.
T
V pc TOVTOV EL OOLVtK a
le
ELVELV
q OV KaTa
TOV /EL7rrrrov,

275

aVRKaXoVVTE

TVO 7rTpO

(n.).

The swords 8 LIEWEPaCL KOXEWV, were
KOXE<^V. . (i.
drawn through (and out of) the scabbards, apvo-r&, by a sharp,
730

126

Ajax

quick pull,-i.e. with angry haste. The whole scene has been
suggested by that in the first book of the Iliad. There,
Achilles was drawing his sword-1'XKE-ro ' EK KOXEOdo /xya $6ho3
oE
-- when Athena came to him (I1. . 194): aV 8' CS KovXEOv W
fEya 6t(L0s (lb. 220).
for the partitive gen., cp.
TroO Wpo-rwdrverC:
731 f. 8pc[oVc-a
Xen. Anab. I. 3. I OVK
(Tao-av 1'vat -o rrpo'o-: Ar. Ran. I74
vrdy/EO' VLsE^S

o680.-E'v ~vv

XXXCLy1j
Xoyov..

yEpOiVwv,

by means

of the conciliatory words of elders: for the double gen.,
cp. 53 f.: for Iv, denoting the instrument, Ph. 6o iv XTra'^
orelXavrTE, ib. 1393 'v XAdyotg rrtELv.
733 f.
iLLv, ethic dat.: 0. C. 81
P')3-pKEV 'tIv
O o
ot-S KvpCOLs, i.e., Ajax himself, who is the Kvpto or 'principal
person' in this matter, as being most nearly concerned in it.
For the poet. plur., cp. Aesch. Ch. 688 (Orestes to Clytaemnestra) El 8 TvyXave I T70^ KvplOL(T( Kat 7rpoO~KOVoTLV X o'wv I OVK
oIa.
735 f. vi'cs Pov&s, his new 'counsels,' in respect of his
supposed resolve to propitiate gods and men; vioL'oV.

the new 'dispositions,'

.

7pOOLs,

the character of greater gentleness

and docility, which the resolve implies.

ykScaTRsir,"s: he has

'harnessed' the new resolve, as it were, to the new character,
brought it under the yoke of his chastened will. The word
conveys more than the idea of 'adapting' (Pindar's "'pya-tLv
vtlKacdpoLt E")KW/Ltov i EVat LEAo , N. I. 7).
It further implies
self-conquest.
737 ff. toi to4, a cry of despair.-ppasEav, predicate. 'Either
Teucer was too late in sending me, or I have been too long upon
the road,'-though he had come, of course, with all speed.
ipas.. wiERia 68'v: for the cogn. acc., cp. El. 1163 7rr0EuOEl
KEXEvOvs.
With rEA
4w, the second acc. usu. denotes the place
to whici (0. T. 7 61 dypovs 04E rr'/at).
740 XpdECs 1%-8',' this urgent matter' (as they infer it to be

from the speaker's distress). So Xptda sometimes= 'a request':
8
TvXELF;--- rEaorwVL'E
XLrapEJL
Kat TOy IIE XpEltag w
0. T. I435
crjdvov, 'scanted,' i.e., 'imperfectly done.' With Aesch. this
partic. has a personal subject, and means ' scanted of' a thing,
'insufficiently provided' with it: e.g. /opa (Pers. 490), 4odvov

(C/. 577).

741 f. & Ca : cp. O. T. 236 drav8.. I
r
K.T.X.: Xen. Cyr. I. 4. 14 a rlydpEVE eXXyEv
&a p

7' EdosIXEOarL
V.rpw.-

When verbs of motion compounded with 7rapa' mean to 'go

Notes

127

forward,' that sense comes through the notion6 of going into
the presence of others (7rap~ r va): so oi .raplov~ are those
who come forward to address the ecclesia. Teucer was anxious
'
that Ajax should not go forth into public (Iw rapnctw).
n~xy represents the 'vivid construction,' by which the

subjunct. of the 'direct discourse' can be retained, though the
principal verb is in a secondary tense. For rpty and subjunct.,
without Iv, cp. 965.
743 f. otXrar, an unconsciously ominous word.----b

i.e. the most advantageous course which he could
yp /7i TOUSKOEc1WTa
possibly take. Cp. Ant. xIx 3 U88oa 7
3
p OOYT ra ,TOY g/ ov TEE V. For To KlPStIpOTrov
j
vO/ovrrov.. yvp.ys (='purpose'), cp. Thuc. x. 90 § 2 7. . . ovVX64Cvov
.Ip&o-rov,

r).
Kal GVoVTrov T17 yvuW

Eowv
rw.. XdXOU: cp. 717 f.
746 d&4povCv, 'with intelligence' (cp. xz52): not 'with
good will,' as in II. 1. 73 (Calchas) iss pov4wv ayopiroaTo.
747 d~Ppa, as a correction of wp, is irresistibly commended
by the answer, TooVorov oITa.
i'ayvov is independent of
av
748 KKm.la

TroOvov

ot8a, as

an independent sentence is often subjoined to a relative clause:
see on O. C. 424 ' v v CXov'rat Kda'avapov'rL dpv. It is
equiv. to a participial phrase giving the ground for otSa, such as
aforr 184v : cp. Ant. 1192 7rapov lpG.
749
flpacr~wv
XL0oS [cp

v-BSpoU

KOX T p.

KiKXOV, =KUKXOU

TWyV

8

VVf. p1OVTOV

cp. 11. x 8. 503 o01S Y povr~E I J a Er ecroZ
iv i K' KXp (of judges). The Homeric ovXi consists,

not of all the chiefs, but of a select number, specially summoned:
cp. I.
o0. 195 'Apydywv
faLX~s,
ool CeKXjiao 3ovXiA.
In
ItI. io. o8 ff. the number indicated is about nine.
750 Calchas is present at this council, as he is at that
in the first book of the Iliad (II. x. 69). He knew by inspiration that, if Ajax could be kept in his tent for that one day, all
would be well. Leaving the circle of the chiefs, he went to
Teucer, who was awaiting the result in the neighbourhood.
They sat down apart (cp. 780). The messenger was near
them, and heard what Calchas said to Teucer.-otos 'A-rpiLS8v
:
SCXt cp. 464 n.
ix
P&yILp.&
752 wavro4t .ixv: Her. I. 112 Xp)LtE
iKOCva( ptv. Xen. Anab. 4. 5. i6 E8ETro arrav drdcvI r7gv Kat
753 ,tprla.

The primitive sense of the root (Fcpy) was to

Ajax

128

'press': whence come both the meanings of this verb, 'to shut
out,' and 'to shut in.' Acc. to Eustathius (p. 1387. 3) the Attic
form was epyO as i Xtow (' shut out' or 'hinder'), but etpyw
as= yKXdw; but there is no real evidence for this distinction.
IpmKTY,
,pypog, and JEpyvvy. (' shut in') are always aspirated,
but in regard to the other forms the evidence of Mss. is often
conflicting, and the practice of editors has varied. Recent
editors are generally agreed in writing etplea here, and dpyCv
in 795ijap -ropav4 i

vv roSe: the cumulative phrase marks the
seer's anxiety to impress the fact upon his hearer; it is like
o-rv07Ty p 'w 7raprjKELv.
the precise fulness of 741 f., 2v0sv
rauXov (796).-q8' &4 r' 4&v:
VUG"= OK7JVJ S
754 Wrb YK

not to release him (d4ia), and leave him to himself.
755 &Ktvov, where we might have looked for the less
emphatic afro'v, since At ra has so lately preceded; an Attic
idiom: cp. Andoc. or. I § 60 iXLV- a &NLOKXe l 8 V EVO'r
cvov,
Kat rLE poUojao-Oat ihEivov.-wor

refers to r-S' a067'T iiv: if

Ajax were let out, Teucer would nevermore see him alive.

8
The fact that Aristophanes
0iip.
756 Ali: cp. 504.-' i
uses this crasis (Av. o107r, Thesm. 76) proves that it was

familiar to Athenian ears.
lit.,
757 s ~r XMywov, as he said in the course of his statement, i.e., 'as he went on to say.' So Her. 3. I56 (Zopyrus)
'viv re,' ~44 XY,
'iyd )Lv. ..4KW .YLOrTOv d ycaOv' (' he went
on to say '-in continuation of his story. Cp. Dem. or. 18
6vetISwV
§ 51 KccQviv ctd rov Xe'yV , 'O r'V 'AXEiv;8pov $yEvlav
!l/A'
('he has said in some discourse or other').
758 wEpLcro-a Kd&vdVlr7 odLT%4rare mortals whose over-great

strength and success have made them wax too proud, so that
they no longer serve the gods with due piety. Such mortals
are dvvro,-their lives can yield no worthy fruit. Compare
the words of warning addressed to Xerxes (Her. 7. to): bp a
wra wk Kepavvo b oGkS o i cay~Edra..,cCjiE
See also v. 1077, Kiv
KOXOVuELV.
e
7rvrEpiOVTR 'v7a
8
,
TLs oWa yevy y iy a K.T.X.: and Athena's phrase in I29, plq '
r MwepXov7ra

yap 6 0bs

oyKov apy

L1ivy.

760 f. ~tms, referring to or-Lara: cp.
PXarn'tv:
JrrLs K.T.A. (n.).---#l4wv
St&KY,
Povfi, without aiv, as
KO4K (VpSF qrTL.-O. T. 1231 a 4CavWo' : O. C. 395 S vios
ovXos &arts
Jo0Xs '.l

El. I505

ro

AOCrd
i

Tr. to62 0 Xvq ia

often in poetry: cp.
2riFq : Eur. Ion 855

NotIes

129

762 f. KEZVOs 8'. All this, down to v. 779, is still what
Calchas said, as v. 780 shows.-KX^s XEyov'ros: gen. absol.
764 a rbv vvrtrL: I. I2. 210 8 TordTE ovAXvS a,; Opao-Vv
"EKTopa EcrE ?rapao-rca: 0. C. 991 iv yap p!' cdl/at povirov:
P/h. io65 /L#j /1' daVT4OVECt /-Pclv.

with the help of the gods (generally): cp. 383 (n.).
765 ao-v eOE,
767 6 pqSyv v : he who is as nought,-a mere nonentity.
Cp. 1231.

768 Kl 8(Xca KdlVoV. In 17. 17. 629 ff. Ajax says that Zeus
is manifestly on the side of the Trojans; and adds, a'XX' 'rET',
avro7lE O 4qpa
p
Ea /A~ryLV
dptrv,-i.e., without his aid. But
in these words there is no impiety-a trait foreign to the Ajax
of the Iliad: see Introduction, § i.
769 rLrCowd'aEL
KXEOS.
' Draw to,' or 'on,' oneself: so here,
'achieve.'
Cp. Aesch. Pers. 477 Toro E rX'j0os rreuprwv
v
ErrE(ozraoev, which recalls Od. i8. 73 i
o'arraov KaKOV EL.
The middle voice would seem fitter in these places: and
metrical necessity perhaps accounts for the use of the active.
771 8(as 'AOvas. The genitive, if sound, is best taken as
depending on

advrTtAVE

in the sense of dvitov XE'Yyt, 'says to

her face.'

In Phi. io65, however, this verb takes an acc. of
8
the person, Aj/%' dvto'a
VVEL I Sv: and no verb of 'accosting'
affords a parallel to such a constr. as

adVT/OVEtV rtvo3.

Other explanations are the following. (i) The poet meant
to add something to the effect of r~Tq'plo-aE rwapalveotv, but
Tv
changed the form of the sentence. (2) 'AO'vas, (viKa. . 8ar
TO
stands for a gen. absol., 'AOdvas a48smyVrl. (3) The gen.
depends on fros in 773, 'a saying about her,' like p40o.. tXwv
(Ant. I I).

The most attractive remedy is Mehlhorn's, Stav 'AeOvv, so
that the verb shall have the same constr. as in Ph. 1.c.
774 f. Tots
oXXo-LV
'Apydwov: a somewhat unusual phrase,
instead of

TvS

XXot, 'Apydo3s, or

TroS

ogo

W 'ApyEt v.
v

The dat. with rXas is rare, but cp. Pind. 0. 7. i8 'AolaR..
vao-ov zrEXag
EjLPLdX
Tlq rcXas Opovov3
ool

vaovTras: Aesch. Supp/. 208 O1Xo<2 a'v
EXELV.

lyis, 'over against' the place in the line of battle
where Ajax is stationed. Xen. Cyr. 7. I § I6 (with ref. to an
8
army arrayed for battle) Ta
r
v K/ L 7/pa E'o/OLE 0KE^. . KaX(
A
•
XV
e'
<XX a 7 ardyta (the flanks) XvrEt /E.
r
KaQ'

obroi'

4Kpfi'EL pI.

The only natural sense of these words

is, 'battle will never breakfort/.' This may mean, ' the enemy
J. Aj.

9

130
will never be able to break forth (like a torrent bursting through
a barrier), and carry confusion into our ranks.' Ajax will
suffice to stem the tide.
776 f. ToLoto-8 to. -rot suits the final comment: cp. El.984
rot wra3s sts eEpEI fpoT(^v: Aesch. Ag. 903 rotoL E TroL
vt
rotaLrd
VLV

&4t^

rpo

OOE/YpLw.

pass., 'not to be desired,' as in O. 22 228 rdo-traL
0XXo
gIv [aTrrEpyS o04&v (the only other place where it

&O-'pyf,,

7p
occurs).

The mildness of the word gives it a peculiar force
KMT lvOpwirov
cp. Tr. 745 a'tlXov. . pyov.--o
pov^v: Ant. 768 opovEl To Ix/Eov 4 KarT' ac8p' lWV.
the
C
ro-TL=: cp. 783, Ph. 422.-aTiro. or. o :pLoL:
778f.
dat. of the person is usual with criTjptos: but cp. Aesch. Ag.
I156 yCdtot . . XEOptot (XWv: Her. 2. 74 hvOpww0o .. rXjAoves.
-c(r-v OE4, qualifying the augury: cp. Eur. Mled. 915 ?roXKtv
v
Eo'
rpol Ola: Ar. Pl. 114 $tv BOE 8' dpo'raL.
E'7KE O7v
(n.).
780 6 8'.. TE^Kpos: cp. Ph. 371 6 8' EMZr 'O8vooVE'
Ees etg
8Spas, immediately on rising from his seat beside
Calchas (750 n.). No sooner had Calchas finished, than
Teucer rose, and sent the messenger, who was close by,('appalling'):

sitting among the Xaot.

(Cp. 1. 2. 96 Xa(Dv

'tCdvrov,-in

the

agora.) Some take EVjVb 'e 8pas as = 'immediately, from his
seat,'-i.e., without rising (so that he would beckon or call the
v
$ 8py~, ob 3 ' iv a'o-ot-rt
man to him): cp. . 19. 77 aVTrdOE
avaoIrrs: Od. 13. 56 (~'orrELo-av) a Tr6Ev ( E8pE'ov, 'even there as
they sat.' But in those phrases ardlVOEv helps to fix the sense:
0debs
regularly denotes the point from
whereas EK following
which the further action sets out (E1O
apX$ , EVOV EK vIOv,
'x
3
etc.). Hence EjOV e 'pas ought to mean, 'immediately after

sitting.'
Teucer sends a messenger, instead of going himself, probably because he hopes that his mediation with the chiefs may
do some good. What he dreads is simply that Ajax should
leave the tent; and a message could prevent that. He has
no cause to suspect that Ajax meditates suicide.
Xa-a--Lvw, (these mandates)
781 f. '1aTLoroXas: Tr. 493 n.-,
T
for you to observe; cp. Aesch. Suppl. 179 ativ^ /vXadat r"
r / BEXhov/vac~: and for the epexegetic inf., 0. C. 231
5ro'vov..
dVTLt8 )0V ELV.-ro"rTpAI*ELOa: 'deprived' (of the power to
'mo

obey the command); hence, 'frustrated.'
where Iocasta says, d$'a
replies, KOV

/)

oT p'qOfJ

Ui

trov

(SC.

Cp. O. T. 769 ff.,

XaOE^v I KaYo K.T.X., and Oed.
70ro

XaOEdv)..

Eur. Andr. 913

Notes
KaKTELVRa,

73"

T

(TVI

OP

"(Go
dbrEIETo;

I3I
(i.e.,

r'

KTrvat,-'pre-

vented' or 'baffled' thee).
to burn), as in Aesch.
784 f. 8 cst, pass., 'afflicted' (at'o,
Pers. 280, etc. For the act. sense, 'hostile,' which is more
frequent, see above, 365. The epic form 84o (which never
means 'wretched') is foreign to Tragedy.-yivos, 'being,'
'creature,' an epic use: II. 9. 538 (Artemis) r 8 XOoXwo-a' 4 Vrq
8^ov 7EvO loX atpa: lb. 6. 180 (the Chimaera) 8' adp' i'lv GEov
ydvos oi 8' dvOpdmrov.-Opost: 67 n.
786 gvpet.. v Xp4. The metaphor from close shaving
(Her. 4. 175 KElpOVT~ ElV XPOO)
means that the moment is
8

critical:

TEL <^V EiKLV VV
.aFpotlla

7rpaTYcL7Tv.

The razor

grazes the surface of the flesh. It would convey a different
notion if we said, 'the knife cuts to the quick.' Thus the
different image in Ant. 996, i-t .vpo^

rXs

,

is yet kindred in

purport. The dat. xpg occurs only in this phrase. Sophocles
has XP Tt in Ant. 246, Tr. 767, and the Ion. Xpot in Tr. 605Cp. yE'Xp (Od. 18. Ioo), pp (ib. 212),
i8pd (II. I7. 385), f^
('light,' Eur. fr. 534). Cp. n. on 303.
iF XaipCv TLVa: inf. of result, without JoEc: 822: Ant. 63
(n.).
Krl TVT d'KOvLtV K.T..
dpxodplko E'K KEUTcOOVWV,
787 f. Tecmessa, who, at the desire of Ajax (684), had
withdrawn into the tent (692), now re-enters, with Eurysaces
(cp. 809).
790 -rpflwv, 'fortune,' 'plight,' the usual sense of the sing.
in Sophocles (0. C. 560 n.). The word is somewhat strange,
since the message announces nothing new which has befallen
Ajax, but merely points to an imminent crisis in his fate. But
)4pov.. rpaQgv may be a reminiscence of Pers. 248 (a play of
which there are several echoes in the Ajax): KaL 4 eft
ftXY
I:
(' announces') oa4oE TL 7rP aYOs EbOXOb q KKO V KXVEL.for the aor. cp. 693 n.
791 avepwE: cp. 1154. These seem to be the only
examples of this voc. in Tragedy, as Elmsley observed.6XdXcaPEv: like Deianeira's oo-o -rEOa (Tr. 83).
792 f.

AL'avro

is governed by 7rEpL;

but, coming

im-

mediately after rpa4tv, it would necessarily strike the ear as
if opposed to -4'v o-rv: ' I do not know thy plight, but (I do

know) that of Ajax,-viz., "that, if he is abroad, I fear for him.'
It would not be well, however, to omit the comma after rpatv,
and so bind it strictly to Alavros. That slight pause helps to
prepare the ear for the coming construction with rptL.
9-2

I 32
r

Ajax

794

L
Ka

#ciAs: Eur.

qvV

p3hv in assent: cp. El. 556 KatLp v EOlbt /'.-W 8
Heracl.644 wXat yap d 8 ivovcra wv dt,/twypv

ET7jKOU

VO(TOS

CC

,VLV

7EV(T ET£7t.

795 f. e1pyeLV: 753 n.-gEGral : the only instance of this
compound, except Eur. I. T. 1468, where 4$ElE/AaL has a like
sense. The use of iK (if) with slightly intensive force in verbal
composition is characteristic of tragedy, and of Soph. in particular.
Cp. ~KrrporT0t7 Ant. 913, EEr'EXEOaL PI. 668,
iarogbOELpLv

Tr. 7 I3.--(oKVTiS

VTawvXov:

El. 1386

8

wo~T rov

4roo-rTyot (n.).

797 Kri'L -: 'by reason of what?' Here r'i with dat.
denotes cause or occasion (rather than aim, 'with a view to
what?'). Cp. El. 333 cXy< 'r ros rrapoiotv (and ib. 1230):
Ph. 174
XEt 8' 7r rravT' TO, I XPEla
0 7orapEvy.
798 f.

rivSe 8' ggoSov..

EpEw.

There is strong reason to

think that 4pE'LV is genuine, and has the sense of 'tending
towards.' For (i) Sophocles has thus used #opw in O. T7.517
o70
ib. 519 f. oZ yap Els 4 rXovv 1j b lda pLOL
a
ElS pXpyv
/pov:
t
iE'g d0pov ~pov. Cp. Her. I. io
'pEt: ib. 99
Xdyov TOVrTOV
is at7oXv^vv 4EpEL. (2) This sense precisely suits the context

here, where the apprehension is vague; Calchas had not said
how the k'o8os was to be fatal, but merely that it was to be
prevented, on pain of never again seeing Ajax alive. But

4bpEtv could not mean, 'is of fatal tendency.' Such
a fusion of h8XOpav rvat with E'pew EVl oXEOpov is impossible.
('Teucer announces that he forebodes,'
Bothe's X7r tcrLv pE'EL
W;tEL KpEtv is somewhat
etc.) strains both verbs. Enger's Xr

0XaOplav..

tame, and does not seem very probable. 6XeepCav Atuavos could
easily have come from Atmavos tis 6XEpov, if Elg had been lost
after its case is no objection, since
after -os. The place of ELg
Alavros is an attributive gen.: see 0. T. 178 n.
8ol f. 'roO OcropECov divrE)S: II. 1. 69 KaXXa ®EO-TopA 9,
ra: and
aptro.
Cp. above, 134, TEXa/dLWvtle
oiwvordorow o '
n. on O. T. 267. The name Odo-- rp is from the root OETr---,
'desire,' 'pray,' whence OEo-ccLrtEvog (Brugm. Gr. I. § 429 b):

meaning, 'one who prays to the gods.'

KaXXas is prob. from

one who ' darkly broods' on futurity (Ant. 20o n.).
atr4... cp.
,
The traditional 6-' (&re) seems right.

KaXXalVW,
8T'

Tecmessa has already heard that the ieo8o is perilous. The
new fact which she is now to learn is that 'this day' must
decide the fate of Ajax. If 44pcL be sound, the subject to it is
j ko8o (798). There is nothing harsh in this, since the oo3

Noles

I33

fpnEL..
is the matter uppermost in the minds of the speakers.
O6varov - plov then means, 'is fraught with death or life':. cp.
El. 84 r ra yap
af
wOval yE ro LEVo 4ipE.:
Ph. 109 El To'

cEpet I1
vtK:

/Xj
ib. 1042 Xr 8&rKY

rv

E'pEL.

It is possible that ,EPEI came, under the influence of
GEPEIN in 799, from OPOEI (the subject being Calchas):
but we should not be warranted in altering the text.
803 ot 'y : rare in Tragedy: in El. 674, 1115 rdaXatva is
added: but cp. Eur. Ph. 1274 o 'yw, T XdELs ;-wpdr 1 r', place
yourselves (as it were) in front of it, i.e., 'interpose between it
and me,' ' defend me from it.' Cp. Her. 9. 107 of 8 opcfxpoL o
Mato-t i 7rpoEo-rToTaV
(sC. a"ro). For the usage of rrpoor
0vat,
CS -rv7rs, the fortune impending over
see on El. 98o.-acyKClt
Tecmessa from that dvyKy, or destiny, which Calchas has
expounded. Cp. 485.
804 ff. ot jihv, the messenger, and the rrporoXot of Ajax,
who are to hasten to the camp: ot 8.. ot 84, the two divisions
of the Chorus, who are to search the coast.-TeKpov 0soXEv,
~i-are: cp. Her. I. 74 o-rrvrav... dp v v
depending on o-7
WoroO- yEoo'-Oat.
L
fo-ripovs. .. dv'rlXovs. So in Eur. Or. I258 ff. the Chorus is

divided into two jLtXpta, which, by Electra's direction, guard
respectively the east and the west side of the palace at
Mycenae:-HM.

XOpEdr',

rrtsyWr eo'O" E

O'
p\0 OV rplpov Irv8
/JEv

K-

6v3',7
rpo
4vXa'o, raV rrP0p r1Xiov /3oXa%. I HM. Katu -v 7
o-rri-pav E'p t. The Ionic form dvr-'Xtos was used in Tragedy:

so adrqEXtodry7,

even in Attic prose.

cdvOqXtos occurs first in the

the bends or
comic poet Theopompus (circ. 390 B.C.).--yKavas,
bays of the coast, as in Her. 2. 99 dyKo V is a bend of the Nile.
The acc. depends on 10vr1E(0. 2. 637 oVK E (ToV. oKOUV).7
tErt, a new finite verb, instead of an inf. tr-Edv, parallel with
,oXetv. This is a tendency of Greek idiom: cp. Ph. 216 (/3o^),
O. C. 35I (rq'yrat),
Tr. 267 (rovdE), ib. 677 (,b0lvE).
807 f. ,Txm'rbs'pWra' Vli, deceived by him. Cp. Eur. Or.
1

497 rXqyels Ovyarpdo.-She refers esp. to his words in 6846

92.-X PLros: cp. 212 (oripla dvXELt), and her words in 520 ff.4KPEPXrn1l6Av: for the assonance (after -q7raTntLEv with the end of
7)
the last v., cp. io85 f.: Ph. 121 f.: Tr. 126 5 f
809 f. ' 8pa'o-W, T KVOV; She shrinks from leaving the child,

but decides that she must, and leaves him at the tent (cp. 985),
where she rejoins him after v. 973.
SrOLmep &vo-0v. These words, implying that she has no
V

Ajax

I34

strength to go far, are significant, because she is to find the
body of Ajax near the tent (891), while the Chorus have been
vainly seeking him further off.
811 f.
cp. El.

22

4yKOovapev:
4pyoJv

adKL
q

cp. 988: Tr. 1255 (n.).--ox eSpas
K .':
" Ph. 12 aK/IjC yap ov tLaKpfbV r ( v Xd'ow.

The fear which had haunted
Verse 812 seems genuine.
Tecmessa from the moment when Ajax regained his sanity
(326), and which his words had lulled, has been revived by
the message of Calchas. The definite expression of that fear,
by O-~eV7 OavEv, is a fitting close to this scene, and prepares
for the next.
As to the diction of the verse, three points claim notice.
(i) The ye after &vSp emphasises, not that word, but the whole
8
clause, Jv 8 pa 8~ orEV7 eOavE v. Cp. Ant. 213 f., 648 f.: El.
8
It contrasts 'pa with his c-rov&4.
0. C. 1278.
1506:
generalises the statement. Cp. n. on ii6o.
(2)
o'riFiS
8
(3) The acc. eOeovTas depends on oa 2 pas dKyqR as=ovX
t8pvTrov, a constr. quite possible for poetry: cp. El. 479 f.
Opdros .. KXvOUvTav (n.).
EdLt, as in O. T. 92: Eur.
TopoLIs, without the verb
El. 796: Dem. or. 9 § 4: Plat. Polit. 277 E, and often.- pyo,
rE0r

t
10t

813 f.

the usual antithesis to Xdyp, is defined by wo8s v.
Tecmessa now leaves the scene by the entrance on the
spectator's left, leading to the open country. The Messenger,
with the servants of Ajax, goes out on the spectator's right, as
being bound for the Greek camp.
The Chorus leave the orchestra in two

thtdxptLa,

one by the

r dpo8os on the right, the other by that on the left. The withdrawal of the Chorus from the orchestra during the course of
8
a play was called lEdcTTrao- : their return, rradpo o.
The
other extant examples are :-(i) Aesch. Eum.: ~Eta'orrao-t at
8
(2) Eur. Alc.: /., 746: E.,
872.
v. 231 : i7rdrpo os at v. 299.
(3) Eur. Helen.: P/., 385: E., 515- (4) Ar. Eccl.: /p., 310:

J., 478.

A change of scene is now supposed to take place, from the
ground in front of the tent of Ajax to a lonely spot on the
sea-shore, with trees or bushes (vdrov, 892). We do not know
how this change was managed.
The only other Greek play in which a change of scene is
certain is the Eumenides, where the action begins at the temple
of the Delphian Apollo, and passes at v. 235 to that of Athena
Polias at Athens.

Noes

I35

815 Ajax is standing at the side of the scene on the
spectator's right, near the underwood which screens him when
he falls-so that his body is not at first visible to the Chorus
when they return to the orchestra, but could be seen by
Tecmessa, when she comes on the scene from the left. The
point of the sword could probably be seen by the audience.
The antithesis to 6

phv o-ayes

K.T.X. is delayed: it is given

by K 8~ T;VSE in 823. Meanwhile, the reasons why the weapon
should prove deadly have been developed in three clauses
8'--~r a 8'). Hence ' f'v o-4aycE' K.T.X.
(8<^pov LEV-lr97YE
is resumed in 823 by oirw ~vtE EvcTKEoV^U V.
ragayebs here is simply 'the slayer.' In Eur. Andr. 1134
o-ayig are sacrificial knives.
816 El' KIL Xoytisro-0aL o-XoXik lit., 'if one has leisure e'en
T
to reason about it,'-when it is Epyov dK/Ur7. He is not, indeed,
hurried now: he has secured solitude. But in a man like
Ajax, who has a deed to do, any words that delay it move
a kind of scorn, which gleams through his phrase here: cp.
852 f.

817

&8,pov
lay K.T.X.

The sword should do its work well,

because (r) it is the gift of a foe, (2) it is fixed in hostile soil,
and (3) Ajax has planted it with care.-&vSpbs: cp. El. 45
QavorTEo) (n.).-tvov, because the sword itself had been
dvSpho
a $Ivtov (661 n.). He means: 'No one ever had such cause
to rue the relationship of evia as I in the case of Hector-a foe
whom I had hated; for his gift has been my bane.' See his
words in 661-663.
819 f. WoXq9L C:" cp. 459: the soil itself is his enemy.Olydv0 = dK vq, Aeschylean (Ag. 1536). -veqKov'S,

is now read here by all edd.: cp.

VEyKqY

not VEaLKOV9,
(Horn.), vEqXtO44

(Arist.).
821 f. 'repLo-reCXas denotes merely the careful handling which
he gave to it when fixing it in the ground.-Oave v, 'so that
I should die': its E"vota will appear in his speedy death. For
the inf. of result, without dio-rE, cp. 786 n.
I
823 ff. Eio-KEVOVLEV: ' am well equipped': the preparations
are complete.-K 8 rW)v8e, in the next place: cp. 537 n.-Zev.
He invokes (i) Zeus, to apprise Teucer: (2) Hermes, to be his
guide to the shades : (3) Erinyes, to avenge him : (4) elios,
the
to give tidings at Salamis: (5)Tanatos, to bring the end.
KaL

yip aEKds: since Zeus is the ancestor of the Aeacidae

(387).--tio-ojr'L:

for the fut., cp. 681 n.

The verb takes

Ajax

136

a double acc., and Xaxezv (sc. arTd) is epexegetic inf.: cp. O. T.
(
l
oLor Y' TPp Ts EXO i~$arwv ropeiv ('that we should give
1255
it ').-pCKpv

ya (I

=

O3n.).

826 ff. iityv, ethic dat. (' I pray thee '), with imperat. (0. C.
1475).--LyyXov: the fulfilment of this prayer is related in
vv. 9 9 8 f.do-a-ci,
take in the hands, 'lift' (920).---Wrr
,rcm
rptL (cajL: cp. 899 (n.), 907: Od. I 1. 424 adroOvTKowv rrTEp
bao-yav : II. 23. 30 (pd'Es) dkit ot8 pp Iak 1tdevot.
830 r-pdpO'Xros goes closely with the datives: Her. 9. 112
Trov plao'
Kvo-2 7rpoE'aX.- Xp,
an epic word, once used (in
the plur.) by Aesch., Suyy.
pVuL
BE 7trV1/ OVK

800

KG-'v

avatvopat

' EELO'
eo

pa

KarTL-

4
7 OL.
I
Ajax forebodes that, as a public enemy, he will suffer the
doom which Achilles assigns to Hector (. 22. 354), Creon to
Polyneices (Ant. 205), and Electra to Aegisthus (El. 1487).
The Atreidae, in fact, so intended (1o64f.).
831 Too-mra ae.. -rpoo-p~rro: the constr. is the same in

Xwplots
aTOV

E EX WpMa TE)XE

KVEOOLV

TE
7 EV.
OOVOOA 7TE

Cp.

I2.

I.

4pa'o-dat, where
iv 0o- wpooTrpOO
dr t/1'day")
O. C. 50 (
= rovTwv a, and the inf. is epexegetic.
832 The sense of wopratov (= pvxoropeordv) is defined by
XOOvLov, just as in O. C. 1548 the context defines a like epithet,
'Epvy 3
7Wo0
7O
3
E v E EpIEpa OEd.
See n. there, and on Ph.
Wv

133

('Eppiy r''r,7WV).
q6

833 &o-~aico--, 'without convulsion.'

o-bas o, and a4Ev8Ovry
c
contain 8the same 8 root, denoting sudden, violent
(a sling)
movement, as o-4 avd',

o-ao ps: Brugm. Gr. II. § 627.

The

verb was often used with ref. to a convulsive death-struggle;
Eur. fr. 1020 ' 8'
1292 EdEXoat

do-Jda',~e

Aesch. Ag.
v, ovK E'Xov daraXXtaya'.
8
od d
8o-a apc/rJTWV
aoro,
TVXEv,

qy^Ka Lp a'3 7 TrX
Lr
darroppVEVTOV, olxfa
8E

VdcX(o
rdoE.
EOvcrlowv I
rlSi
'aTL, the act of throwing himself upon the sword; Eur.
Helen. 96 (of Ajax) olKEov a.r;TOV OAEC-' 7XA' ir' t t'o~.
This
8

swift act, followed by no r a aopo, is to be the means (Siv:
cp. O. Z 656) by which Hermes is to lay him to rest.
834

wrXEp&v 8appigavra.

Acc. to the legend followed by

Aeschylus in his OpjI-o-a (fr. 83), Ajax was invulnerable,
except in one spot; when he sought to fall on his sword, it
bent 'like a bow,'--until a 8 at'eJv showed him the fatal place.
See Introduction, § 3.

835 f. T& & 'e rapOvovs: ' the maidens who live for ever,
s e
and who ever behold,' etc.: Tai JdE = raE dEl O.as. For' o El

Noles
as = 0

dEL cp. O. C.
WV,

For rapOEvov,

I700

O. C. 127

dlE 6phO-as.
0'

I37

TOV Et KTa

"rav 'dalUtaLaKET

y"

(KOTOV

ELVO.

KOp V.

Here TEis clearly better than 8' (the reading

of L), as in E. Io98 f. opO T' Elao-KOVOaatEV, I pOO) 0 00L0ropoFCLEv.-p6oa~s: 0. C. 42 T i rvO' Opw'cra- Eycwt8S.
Ev

837

-Epvlvs,

an especially Athenian epithet of these
o'Xaot Ka
8C
VOv43povE
8
y
iEp' IrE,

goddesses: Eum. 1040
Ei/uval:

cp.

O.

C.

89

OEcOv

8

-CExvO^v E pav.-mrvi'roSas:

so

elsewhere the Erinys is XaXKdOrov (El. 491), KaatflrroUv (' fleet,'

Aesch. Tkeb. 791): cp. O. T. 418

~8ivros dpd.

Aesch. -Eum.

8
tod(Tbopov dav.
KwXa,
371 a~-aXp Kal T'avv pooL
839-842 K-KLO"TCKCLwvrrc*voXpos: Aesch. Tk. 552 7ravWXEt
7rayKaKW3 r 8Xotaro.

The last two of these four verses are certainly spurious, as
three things show.
(i) The poet would not have made the dying Ajax pray
that the Atreidae may die 'at the hands of their offspring,'
unless there had been some legend that they so died. But,
according to the current mythology, Agamemnon was slain by
his wife and her paramour, while Menelais and Helen passed,
without dying, to Elysium (Od. 4. 561). [As to the double
sense of aVToo-a-yrj, with ref. to one who is slain (I) by himself,
(2) by a kinsman, see on Ant. 56 aVTOKTOVOVTE.]
(2)
These two verses confuse the construction, since 'Oerr7p
eo-opcr" Z~i (sc. vvaprarOvra)refers to what precedes: while
vIR in 841 refers to 'o-rrEp.
(3) The form oXtkt70o occurs nowhere else, except as

a proper name.
TrW is not elsewhere found in Soph. or Eur.: it is, however,
used by Aesch., not only in lyrics (Tz. 484, Sufpl. 69, 670,
691), but once, at least, in a trimeter, Th. 637 4 ^
vr" Frqacrrpa
ro;dvspyqXdr'v. We should not, then, insist on r-s as a mark
of spuriousness: and Xotaro is, of course, free from objection
(0. T. 1274 yvwolaro n.).
The two verses 839 and 840 are probably genuine; because,
otherwise, the imprecation on the rra'vsqrpo arrpard (844) would
follow too abruptly on v. 838. The prayer for the destruction
of his chief foes, uttered in 839 f., leads up to the more sweeping
denunciation of the Greek army.
843 f. Tr', in urgent entreaty: 0. C. o6 (n.).-yE1Eo-0e
:
II. 20. 258 yEvo-/eO' JaXXq'Xwv XaXKPEroLV EYXEt
,-qrt.-w,avs~ov
o-rparov: cp. Ant. 7 wavs
A~p wrdXE (n.). As to this curse, see
Introduction, § 7.

Ajax

138

845 atcrv, lit. 'steep,' as the sun is said to 'climb' the sky
towards the meridian.-opavbv 8L4p~pXCLTv : Eur. Andr. Io I
7
8
(Poseidon) 'rrrrots vwv aX'ov rrlXayo1.
tp

847 XPVpo-dveov ilCav: rein o'erspreadwith gold. Cp. O. C.
693 XPvodvos 'Aopoa (n.). 'Golden'is similarly an Homeric
epithet, not only of reins, but of shoes (II. 24. 340 rrEXa..
XpVo-eta), a belt (Od. I . 6Io XpdVr4EO'.. 1EXLpadv), and a girdle

(Od. 5.231). Helbig (Das hom. Epos, p. 86) supposes that
overlaying with gold-leaf is denoted in all these cases.
849 rpo4 ,= rpt, as one's 'mother-country' is called
,
simply r-vv OpEIacrav by Lycurg. In Leocr. § 47.
r(
o-Et.
.K(WKOVTV: cp. 627 a'Xtvov..
850 f. 1
wrov : 622.- 'OcEL.
Tr. 866 XE^ TvL..
KWKVTOV.
Eur. Ph. 1350 dvdyEr' dvdyEar
-6EL.
This is Homeric: Sophocles is thinkKWKUTOV.-fV
r0Co',i
ing of the lamentation for Hector, begun by Cassandra: 11. 24.
V
ET7rETLa yEWVE TE w av KaT ar TTV: Cp. ib. 776
703 K(KvO'-V Tp
8^O
ETEVE
M*
KXa
( "LOVo
'siaTro
(after Helen's lament)
arEtpwV.

852 f.

9pyov:

The second dXXa here

12 n.-dXk'.. cXX'.

merely opposes its own clause to that which the first dXXa
introduces, as in El. 881 dXX' o

X

OppEI

XEyo -rda',dAXX'KELVOV

w3 rapovra vpv.

854 f. Ova
/EOV

OVTU7 KaTr

O
®dvaTE ®dvar, w a del KaXoVe. Ph. 797
IOXEL'V W7OTE;--K&KE = KaL iv
lap OV 8'v

"At8ov (Ant. 76, El. 356). In Hesiod Teog. 758 ff. Thanatos
and Hypnos are the sons of Night, and dwell near Hades and
Persephone.
The absence of caesura gives a more deliberate weight to
994: Ph. 1369 fa KaK^3 aVroV arXXvo-Oat
and ib. 1o : Ant. 44.
856 f. Tb vv crCXas, i.e., 'which I see now, but soon shall
8
rKa"r rov,avErk rb v^v Tr E. For
-tap
Cp. 753
see no more.'
KaI7 V.. .HXtov (instead of KaI o, 5 "HXLE), cp. 862 n.
Epov
w
.- Koitro'r'. . "(Tr
858 waviM-rcrov 8 1: cp. 992 acravroav
Ant. 808 vaTroV. . (EyyoV XEVaooTovo-arv laEov, I KVrroT aL.

<rk (lv KKE^: cp.
KaKOV,

859 f. tpbv: an epithet given to cities in respect of their
Ajax refers esp. to
cp. 1221.
Zeus and the Aeacidae. Among the shrines of Salamis in the
poet's day were those of Athena 2KLtpJ (Her. 8. 94), Enyalios
(v. 179 n.), Artemis (Paus. I. 36. I), and Ajax (ib. 35. 3).
aTpWa, since Eo-itarPdOpov is a single
irarp4 ov instead of rp
oXro-o'oxot or iYXPo o GEol:

notion: see on KUVVO. . EVp.VOS~/3do-a

(8).-P&Opov:

135 n.

Notes
861

139

Pind. fr. 76 o3 rat Xrapal Kat loor-TEavoL KaL
EXXd o ~IpEW'oLa, KXEValt 'AOavat, BatLL'dvtOV R7roXEOOV.
TI
rO'X.-K
T6
b
VT0poov
C. i o8
orao^v 'AOvat TrtLEUJardr
7
KXELVa :

IsoaL/ot,

O.
y~vos, following the voc., as in Ph. 986 7 Ayqvtla xOv Ka' Tb
7rayKprT
-9 o-EXas. With <rivrpooov we may understand 4jqtpv

rather than 'AO vats: the Athenians are kinsmen and associates
of the Salaminians,-as the latter are yEYEav XOov'wV ar' 'EpEXOEcaV (202).

862 f.

KpqVL TE

trOTCLLo

80'Ot

:

the Scamander (417), the

So Philoc-

Simois, the springs and fountains 7roXvr/iaKosY"Iy .

tetes, on leaving Lemnos (Ph. 1461): vv 8, ,' KpvaCL AVKtOV TE
7roTOV,
XE7tOEV v'p S.-K I TM' Tp. yreSla wpoo-au8 : this clause

follows the series of vocatives, and precedes their verb, as in
V 88-92 0' 8^oLaltOp

the similar passage, Aesch. P.
Ka

Toy

Travo7rT-qV KVKXOV 'HXovO

KLaXc)I
*

8

EGOE

/'

K.T.X... .

K.T.X.

rpoc^s (cp. 189 fao-rk,): the soil and the streams have
sustained his life. Ar. Th. 299 r7 KovporpO<p (i.e. 7Z r2),
Aesch. Th. 477 TpO(AE^a 7rX-poo-,t XOOVt. There was a custom

that youths on coming of age should offer a 'nurture-lock' to
rivers (Aesch. C/. 6 wrX Katov 'Iv xp OpETrrptov).
864 f. Aas. . Opoet, followed by p0e'ro-R: as Trv rrXav-qrv
Oli3rovv (0. C. 3) is followed by iE'ol (ib. 6). Cp. 427 poKELtLL after

8

v p

ToV

8

E.

Ajax falls upon his sword.-The actor Timotheus of
Zacynthus (says the scholiast) was celebrated in this scene:
v
Kalt qVXayOJL, (0 YqbOay&C aV/TO
yE -rob O r LN'a
866-878 imrr-Lrpo8o (see n. on 813 f.).

KX)70-qvat.

The

ltXdptov

which kas been searching ' the westward bays' now re-enters the
orchestra by the parodos on the spectator's right, and a moment
or two later the other 'LtXPdptov comes in at the opposite side.
866 Trrdvos w~6v wdvov: cp. n. on O. T7 175. Aesch. Pers.
1041

8

O(TLV

KLKa

V KaKWQV KaKOS.

The dialogue in

866--878 is

conducted by the two leaders of hemichoria. When Sophocles
raised the number of the tragic Chorus from twelve to fifteen,
his object was to provide a coryphaeus (distinct from the
The
ordinary choreutae), and two subordinate leaders.
technical name for these leaders of hemichoria was 7rapacrcdrat,

because they stood one on each side of the coryphaeus when
6

vyd ).
the Chorus was drawn up in ranks (KarT
869 KObS'LS..dros. The reading of the Mss. can

mean

only: 'and no place is conscious that I have learned along
with it,' i.e., 'have learned what it knows,' 'share its secret.'

Ajax

140

The constr. rlcmral /Lc oV/e a0eOv (instead of av/padvra) is
/

warranted by Ant. 1092 ff. (E'rr7orTero-Oa.. arv .. AaKECV): see
also ib. 293, El. 6 6. But the language of the verse, as it
stands, is too elliptical and obscure. I would read, KOSlSs
C4o-rrrcL oacE -uVvvacEv 'rdwos, 'and no place is conscious of his
presence.' valtv can be said of temporary presence in a place:
see 0. C. I117, where the men of Colonus are searching for
Oedipus: Opa. rti 71v; 7oro valet; Other conjectures are:ap'
(I) for irt't rara,: iclorara, ('arrests') Campbell; lw-Tra oVo

M. Seyffert;

('takes me to share its knowledge')

ElLmKTraTaL

L. D. Barnett, comparing Ant. 846: (2) for Ce
avpjxaOe^v: tLE
0-v/aflaXEv ('that I have met him') Hartung; o-4~ o'qavw

Blaydes.
870 i8o, with ref. to sound: 0. C. 1477, El. 1410.
872 iplv..vabs..
b6LLXCav= -s
TOs
ovvvavras: for the
double gen., cp. 308 f.: for the periphrasis, El. 417 Et-4iE^V
7arp SI .. by
ptav: Eur. Hfzp. I179 d0roOdrrov I 'Awov .
o4Lyvptq.

873 t ov S4; The hiatus is clearly genuine here (for the
insertion of 8' would be unfitting in this eager question); as
also in Aesch. Theb. 704 r' oev ir' v oalvoLEv XEdOptov pdpov;
See Ph. ioo n.
3

874 ecTT-PrcaL.
o-rT7/ is not found elsewhere, but LycoE
3
TO .
phron (121) has do-Tr,
875 XELSotv; Euripides has a similar phrase in Suppl. 8I8
(Adrastus) 'XEtI EXELt (sc. Tad rKva)-XO. 7ry/xtf[Tp Vy Xa'tAs
Y
fpo.

Cp. also Cycl. 683 XO...xGiEs; ('hast thou caught them?')
KY. KaKOv -E 7rpos KaKW.
876 KOS'V ds 6 +LV WXEov, lit., 'and nothing more in respect

to seeing,'-i.e., to descrying the object of our search.

For

this sense of EIs,cp. O. T 706 n.
877 f. aXX' osh liv 84, in rejecting an alternative : Tr.I128,
El. 9I3.-rTyv & 'Mov poX^v: so Eur. Or. 1258 dyte /Jv oiv
rp/lpov IrTv3' EKUVX
CW,
rV rrpb X Lov f8oXg.
oXa, like ictus
(Hor. C. 2. 15. IO), = aKTrVEs: cp. Eur. Bacch. 14 XLtoX~jrove
7rXaKac.-89 Xoi= 8-q"
a : cp. 471 n. 'He is not found to
r

have appeared anywhere along the path from the east.'

The

acc. K~eu0ov denotes the ground which the searchers have tra-

versed : the phrase is a terse equivalent for oV-ap/oD 8r0Xo^ Oavel
T70OrTjV.. KEXEVOOV EXOoiortv.

879-.-973 A KOt~kds, in which lte Chorus has both lyrics and
trimeters; Tiecmessa, trimeters only (except i t
ptot,
po etc.).

Notes

14'

Verses 879'-914 form a stroke,=antistr. 925-960. The
lyric parts of strophe and antistrophecorrespond thus: (I) 879 890 =925-936: (2) 900-903-946-949 : (3) 909-914 =
954-960. The intervals betIoeen the lyrics are filled by dialogue
between the Chorus and Tecmessa, mainly in trimeters : thus (i)
891-899 = 937--945 (2) 904-907 =950-953879 ff. rCs adv with the optat. (a&rvot, 887) expresses a wish,
cp. O. C. i ioo n.- ALC.a8&v, sons of AXtot (sea-faring men,
fishermen); poetical for dXdwov, like rra^t8E 'EXXrjvov (Aesch.
Pers. 402). We might compare TEKrTOV[c89, which occurs as a
proper name in Od. 8. II4.--Xov.. ypads: cp. 564 Opav
"X, (n.).--ivovs: the v is long here, as in O. C. 685, though

short in Ph. 848. The metre is dochmiac : cp. 926 n.
883 ff. Ij ris 'OXvrrLC Lv
Oe&v K.T.A. ' Can any Oread of the
Mysian Olympus, or any Naiad of the streams that flow into
the Hellespont, tell us where he is ?' Oeav is understood again
with rormcv ('OXvportea 8Es Oeat, " Oal 7rorat~v): for the adj.

8
co-ordinated with a gen., cp. Pind. N. 8. 2 rapOEvyo'lt[s rat&o
7' fRoca yXodpots: Eur. Med. 404 Tro^, ~ow-VEdoL~ -ros T'
'Ido'ovos ydpIot.
As to the Mysian Olympus, see on 720.Pvri~v, a general epithet of sea or river: Aesch. Ag. 1408 pvTra^
d$ ,X's: Eur. Hipp. 123 pvThv waya'.-Boorophov, of the
/Hellespont; cp. Aesch. Pers. 723, Kai 7d& dE'ErpaeEv, <orTE
Bdo-ropov KX Tcrat fyav; with ref. to the bridges of boats
made by order of Xerxes, q' Eie~;L ro^ 'EXkqlardvrov (Her. 7.
3 5).-The word tSpLs, added in L and most MsS. after 7-womTalv,

was an early interpolation, caused by the elliptical construction.
885 ff. t wroeL.. XE'a-rwv = XEVdo- Tv, Ed ro0L
Ph. 1204 140,
E 7rOEV, I 1 yEvV, ' fl/EXEOV
i.e., e roOEv rrpow4laL E'XrE (n.).
o-XTrXLC, instead of
rAXtov: so 1126
aicrXp: Eur. Or. 413 8 wd: Thuc. 5. 14 §

(= rov) XEoo
rt:
T,

7rpO7rE'arTE,

KLata: Ph. 524
4 dSvara. rbv

WaKpv irdvov. The similar phrase in Aesch P.
aXrv
. 900,
dhar-,das rrmvwv, implies the constr. acJAao-0at rdvove (as cogn.

acc.); and Sophocles may have had that in mind. But the
gen. could also be explained as equiv. to an adj. rroXVrovov:
cp. Ant. 114 XEVKYSj XLOVO 7rT76pVy (n.).--o0pC,
i aeXcuctL 8psp, ,
C
'cannot come near him (sc. 7~ Alavrt), with prospered course.'
Others take 8p4lp with WrEXaoat, 'attain to, obtain, a prosperous course.'

(Cp. Pind. O. i. 78 KPaTEL. . . rXaoov, 'bring

me to victory.')
89o dEvIrvvv, enfeebled in mind by the vdoro, distempered.

Ajax

142

5. 887 47KE 0w /EVdVO 1 Ea XaXKOLO Trvro-LV (' feeble '),the only instance of the word in the Iliad. In the phrases
dplEVV
KadpVa (Od. Io. 521, etc.), d LEvyvcv .. Ovdppov (ib. 19.
d1AEv-rvd is probably
562), the notion is 'unsubstantial.'
Cp. II.

pc'vos.-- rov

formed from

: sco.Ecrtrl: cp. 33-

891 td [oC LoL. Tecmessa,-who is not seen till v. 894,is approaching the entrance on the spectator's left, when she
descries the body of Ajax lying at the other side of the scene.
The underwood amidst which he has fallen screens the sight
from the Chorus, until they draw nearer. (Cp. 815 n.)
892 rivos Po,' K.T.X.: 'whose cry came from the wood, in
the covert near us ?' wicpavXos, having an a#Xr, near at hand;
screened from view in the neighbouring covert: -rvosrdpavXos
por = ivo rrapavXov poj. Cp. O. C. 785 dxx'
rr'dpavXov
OlKas (ME),

n.

893 t
TrXalxov ap

'X
k

ov, sc.
ya, not Al'as. P/1. 1102 ' TrXa'Lov
yW.
894 f. SovpX irrov: for the Ionic form, cp. 8oVpeLoV (Eur.
Tro. 14), y o vaTa (0. C. I607), to^vo, $EZvos, etc.-oKTc ..
a-vyKEKpaUEivv, steeped in the anguish which the lament exitalXa@ 8 o vyKEKpataL v6 (n.).
presses; Ant. 1311
896 4 xWK is now read in Aesch. Pers. i3, Soph. fr. 221;
and there is no good authority for 'X7rKa or oZ
X-Ka before

Polybius. o'XwKa, the traditional form here, is Ionic (Her. i.
189, etc.).

SL1a
ErpeaL: cp. 1198 rEpo-Ev : Tr. I104 EKrre7ropO'ql.L.
897 rt 8' o- ; O. T. 319 n.
rw
898 f. ipltv, ethic : 2 I6.--p ros voo-4ays: the same phrase

occurs in

Tr.

1130.

Cp. Ant.

1283 (70~qKE

.. )

apTlO
VEOTOlOLtT

7rX-y/i.ao-tv.
899

Kpv

Ca

:

cp. 658 Kpv' w.-RO-'yLdVW 'EPL'WTUX1S, wrapped,

as it were, round the sword; cp. Pind. N. 8. 23 (0Odvos)
TEXapvYos 8adEV vidv, cao-ydvy d'/.gtKVto-a3. Verg. Aen.
IO. 681 An sese mucrone ob tantum dedecus amens I Induat.
Tr.: 'with a sword buried and sheathed in his corpse.'
9oo ,pLoL with gen.:

908, 980:

Tr. 971.

If the first

thought of the Salaminians is, in Homeric phrase, dJrETo MEV
viorros (II. 9. 413), this is an indirect tribute to the chief
AOL
on whom their welfare depended.
vat. . 'rX S.
Cp. Ant. 871 avwov
go9
f. WQLOL, I~EVES,
KaTE
7' ov-av KarTyvapEs Me: and El. 808.
903 , -Xaatpcv yiva . We should expect either

raazpov

NVoIs

I43

yvrat, or

w TaXalOfpwv yvvrj, exclamatory, like El. 150 t0
7ravrXd4lwv Ntd/a. But the words, though addressed to Tecmessa, are in fact rather a comment upon her fate. Hence it is
conceivable that the nom. of the adjective, usual in exclamations, should here be combined with a vocative of the person,
904 6s BsE s8 xovros: cp. 281 n.: 981: Ant. 1179 Ws
ro
8' Exdvrov rdaXXa 8ovXEVELV rdpa.--atci
av, with allusion to his
name (430 f.): cp. 914 8 voWvv/,os.
go6 f. av'rbs 7rps a oo.
Cp. Ant. II76 XO. wdrEpa
vrarpTas y) rpp olKEta XEpo ; Ar. avro; 7rp0o aVTOV.-f
dp o

Xovt : the order of words is Ionic in style; cp. Her. 6. 69 Ev
ydp 0- 7 vVUKTL 7ar vatLpE
TR
opar : id. i. io8 iK ydp O r TLOF .
O
io- rjatvov. Join oL. . ~rlKT'rbv (dat. of agent, regular with verbal
adjectives in -Tro and -rEO: cp. 539). -Ka-YyopE~:
271 Ev yap

bpovo0VTro&,3 o/a

Aesch. Ag.

crov KaT-ryopEd.

wrwpLerk, in passive sense, 'on
which he has fallen':
Lobeck quotes Chrysost. OJ. vol. III. p. 85 A E"avW TO $t0
o
rEpt ELtpE, made the sword a spit for his body, i.e. transfixed

himself with his sword.
910 & paLKTro.Dindorf writes a4apKTro, as the older Attic
8
form. Attic inscriptions attest cxdpeat (420 B.c.) and Ltakdpavrt
(409 B.c.): though Stagpd4at occurs as early as 347 B.c.;
3
Meisterhans, Gramm. Att. Insc/r. § 67, 2. No instance of
&c#aprK0 is quoted from an Attic inscr., but &PpaKTro occurs
c. 29 o B.c., and often later. For the gen. *Xawv, cp. 32: El.
36 "OKEVOV .. 6 uTpaTOV.
911 KW s, in the general sense of 'dull-witted':
schol.
d;vo-O0qTO.
rv'ra, adv., as O. C. 1458 T'v 7ravT ~pwrov.
913 f. 8vo pi EXos, ' intractable,' not amenable to a guiding
hand; cp. 609 8 o-OEpa'vros: and see n. on 595.
In Arist.
Et/. Eud. 3- 7. 6 (p. 1234 a 5) the 8vo-Tpd-.Eos is the 'morose'
man, the opposite extreme to 8wp/koXd'Xog, while the EvTrpdcLXos

is the happy mean.-v-,vvos: cp. 430 f. The epithets show
a natural sequence of thought; 'intractable, and doomed to
such a fate as his name foreshadowed.'
915

7fpL rTuXE1

#C.pa,

a cloak or mantle wrapped round

him: for the adj., cp. 899.

The 4cdpo, we may suppose, has

been brought by a irpdo-roXos from the tent hard by.

The

shrouded corpse, which remains partly visible (cp. I172), is an
effigy, like that of Haemon in the Antgone (1258), and of
Clytaemnestra in the Electra (1466). The actor who played
Ajax has now to play Teucer.

Ajax

'44

wa~wr8iv is a poet. equiv. (used by Theognis and Aeschylus)
for rrd/lrrav, but is probably derived from the root of arcdota:
Weir Smyth's Ionic dialect, § 169.
917

one at least who is a friend. Kal
8
vorrrpa$a), , /tiCo0',
/~iows VvoVs EO, "
,
xot. Ion 232 ravra Oao', oa rT
E

SOTLS

emphasises
o0rTL Kal
Kat O/m1,

KGCL

Xos,

Xos: cp. Eur. H. F. 58 (j

OL/ao-tL.

,vo(rvT' &vw wpbs A~vas: a reminiscence perh. of Od. 22.
18 (Antinofis dying of a wound in the throat), aTrltKa 8' a V;9
dva ^va w
ra,is XOev I aCjtaros dv8po/A'oto: a thick jet of blood
918 f.

came up through his nostrils.
nostrils, and then issues

The blood is forced up to the

from

them.

Cp. 14II.-

EXav0av,

'darkened,' can hardly be a simple equiv. for ixav: it may
denote the darker colour which blood takes from the action of
air.-ot'KECOs cr

ys: cp. 260 olKEda rr8Or : Ant. I176 (altc0r-Erat)

7rpO3 OLKEtag XEpoq.

920 paocurdcoaEL: see on 827.
921 &KIa"' v...g dXoL seems the best correction of &K,,LcOS...
pdXoL. The phrase dK/ata /oXLV is quite permissible in poetry:
see the examples quoted on 196 f.-CiKbLCaos, t aLctlq, IdXoL is impossible: uoXot. could not stand here for /dAot a.v: see on Ant.
605 (Kar&rXOL).
922 -vyK 0apLo~raL. The double compound occurs only
here, but Eur. has KaOap/dALEt in a similar context, El. 1227
('comKdXv7rTrE
tXEa iaTEpOS 7 EwXoLS, Kada'p/OO"OV oayds

pose,' 'close,'

the wounds).

Here the sense is 'compose,'

with ref. to the laying out of the dead; cp. Ant. 900 Oa'dvas
aVrdXEt p /Pas Ey
Xovo-a KKd(Ty/Orl a: 0. C. 1602 f. (n.). The
inf. trvyKaap/o-rat stands after dKpat, av /LXot as an inf. follows
8
words of 'fitness' (Plat. Symp. i73 B 08s Etr'tsELa Kar X
tV
Kal dKov0'aL).

923 oows, though less frequent than oo

or ota, appears

sound in Ar. Vesp. 1363, and in Apoll. Rh. 4. 786.-For olos..
o~'o, cp. 557924 's . . A&tos is best taken as a heightening of o os xELs:

'how worthy art thou,' etc. This is easier than to supply <v
with ,eto (' as being worthy ').-rap x0pots, in their judgment;
620 n.-TvXe'v: El. 1469

Ka-"r' c'Eo

xr.
Opv(ov 7V

925 Xpdv ,: because, for several days, he had been brooding
over his wrongs (930 f.): cp.

193

eaKpatwvL

... oTXoX , .

The

words of Odysseus in 1336 f. also imply such an interval
between the award of the arms and the death of Ajax.

NoFes

145

926 o-repedppwv : as in Plat. Polit. p. 3 09 B -bOrEpE
q'00
3
of 7T EIt TV LV p2plaV
favIaXXov VVTELvrlOo-aS (4 o-ELv).-Ap':
233 n.
Erfurdt's insertion of ,8' before itavo-'E has been widely

is said

accepted; but L's reading gives an exact metrical correspondence, without any conjectural addition.
No one could
hesitate to prefer it, but for a doubt as to whether Tragic lyrics
could admit the form ifavJO-EcrV. The doubled o- occurs in
Od. I6. 37 3 dvv'fr-o EOa (fut. midd.): Hes. Theog. 954 dWvyoa~:
Pind. P. 12. I1 vvcrrOEV. Sophocles has &d/Xo-o-as (390), and
7rEacO-ov (Ph. 1163).

929 f.
Ka'u rw'pav.

Toa

: 164 n.7rrivvvyx KcL ,caOovT: schol. KrT VKTRa
Cp. 217 v KTEpOs (n.).
The bold use of oal'Oovra

for 1j/LEpLVd or

wravmql'pta

is interpreted and softened by the

preceding r'vvvXa.
931 ff.
l~pov, fierce: cp. 885
poet. for XE'Opd: Ph. I 37
r"'

Trv

udOviov.X
sOO8ow',
6
&Ooo00rrdv.--ov
i yVv 1rEL,

with deadly resentment. oVXt'w refers primarily to his deadly
hatred of the Atreidae, but suggests also the fatal result of his
mood. For rrdOo with ref. to an affection of the mind, cp. Ph.
899 iDXX

vO"'

8'

7

o0V8E

o70oiraOov

KvpW

(SC.

Trs dSTOpaO).

With the exception of these two passages, there is perhaps no
clear example of rrdcOo
so used before Plato.
3
934 pkyas..4v.. &pX v, lit., was potent in beginning, = o0pop^g
being analogous to that of rroXv" in such
pXE : the use of /E'ya
phrases as roXX0
3v X-V
oo-pEVO0 (Her. 9. 9I).
For dpXOv, cp.
Tr. 87 I e
Ap'
YftlV oV OuLKpWV KKWV I qpEV TO 8pov : Thuc. 2.
3
I 2 § 3 / BE
r4
prPa
vroZ "EXX-hlo EydXWV KaKJV pEL.
935 f.
Fos, used even in trimeters, 0. T. 1134, etc.APLourdXELp &yWv, like d(KV7rrovU(El.699), pt/Fa'plaro ap~XXaL
ryov
(0. C. 1062). Cp. 55 n. Tr.: a contest of prowess.

w7rXwv. defect of - ,, - before this word is proved by
The

the metre of the strophe, 89o, XX' areLEvbyVav3 pa
v

/44L XEVcorT

o'rov.

See cr. n., and cp. II. 20. 268, referring to the arms of
Achilles, xprrs yTp iEpKaKE, 8;pa OEOLO.
9KErLT. KE4atL is the classical pf. pass. of rIOyqt ('iOcELAat
T
.
being used in a middle sense). Cp. 572 f. EVX... I 0ro-ove'
'AXato^Z (n.).
ap: cp. Aesch. Eum. 135 aXyqo-ov prap v&ltKOL
938
VE[EoLV.--yevvca(,
true-hearted, loyal, like 7Evva^ov i&ros (Ph.
357).
1402), YEVva-tOL rOdoL (Eur. H. F
8\s a'" ELV. The aor. oiLfgaL
940 Kai 81s: cp. 432 K
J. Aj.

10

Ajax

I46

rdXatva(referring to each act of utterance), as in El. 788 o'qloL
vv yp oi^,$aL wrdpa: and ib.285 KXavoat.
Cp. 982 orTEva ECv,
of continued lament.
941 &ropXace4to-av..4Xov:

bereft of him : properly, arrested

by a hand which separates her from him (El. 696 o'av 84
T
OECV PXdrrTry, 8 "va&r Av 018' Av o-XSv /vye7v). For the gen.
(not found elsewhere with aropXdrrwz,,), cp. Aesch. Ag. 120
p flXap'vra XoturOOv Spo'ywv: Tyrtaeus fr. 12. 39 oV8 -r aW~T I
flXarETI v OVT

aL8oV

;OVTE
8LKY)

E'0EXEL.

to
942 8oKELV, conjecture; ,povetv, to understand, to feel, by
one's own experience: cp. O. C. 1741 ,pov,
'I know it well.'

As the Chorus had recognised Tecmessa's unique place in the
8
she
affections of Ajax (2 11 f.), so by OKE~V implies that they can

at least form some estimate of her loss.
944 f. SovXdas tvy : her old fear; 499.-otoL might be
a second exclamation; but seems better taken as causal (= drreL
EXEL.701 KpiovroL, oIa [kOt P8Eo XEVK;
Cp. 0.
o.
ooo).
E-rrudrat (500) who will be the overseers of her
o'KOTFO(, the

servile tasks (503, XarpElas).
946 ff.

c'pOL,

&vXy,rov

K.T.X.:

'in this sorrow (.r8' dXeL, lit.,

'by' it, by the mention of it), thou hast named deeds of the
Atreidae that are unutterable, -that make them ruthless': i.e.,
if they should indeed enslave thee, their act would be infamous.
&vavXy,ov, as its emphatic place shows, has a predicative force.
-~XeL does not literally mean 'lament,' though it might be so
rendered here, as in O. C. 1722 X.YETE ro7^8 d'xovg (where the
literal sense is, 'cease from this sorrowing').
i(rrq1 K.T.X. The last words of the Chorus,
950 OsK &V. a''
&XX' drelpyoL OEds, imply that the Atreidae may, after all, be
capable of such cruelty, if the gods do not hinder them.
Tecmessa replies that things could not have come to the
present pass without the help of the gods; so that it is vain
to rest hopes on them.
0-r1,
have been brought to this state: cp. Ant. 1156 oK
(v OVrTE
Ov'r' alv'o-aL'
V
vOProv pltov
xbrocov (VT i
MiTO'
piEpLtalPl,Jv 7OTE (n.).--FLu
8

T•1 E 'o rT
rTL

: cp.

3

0. 1

8,t
LVO) KaK(O

OEOv
JV

a,

3SC.

(rTaVTa, = El /At /ETaI. OEOJV

1456 o; yap aV 7ToE

v27oKoV CO-rv, L
W

Sc. 01OE6.

951 tycLv tsrpppLOE's

K..X.

The defect of a syllable in the

MSS. here is best supplied by ydp, which expresses assent: cp.
755 NE.

yap

Ov

3

3

3
ELtVO'7YE Trovtray/a TO7 voo-/flaro. 1 45IT. ELtVO
frlTOVd.-giXOos, of sorrow, as Ph. I 68 tvplov aXO0O

P.

NVoles

147

VVOLKE.-vvcrav, effected, brought about, as
qYvVeTEv ES Xov dpoyadv.

0

952 f.

P/h. 145

KOLV

V

LirOL, ' yet,'-crushing though the sorrow is: cp.
rotalVT
ap' .av/ Taov r)o-8' av 7 8 ov 3 r'TvXOLS; T
Sv
O1
T rpoT
7PO Epct EotL.-Z 1vbs i4 BtEbs: for the simple

O. C. 780 f.
SEVTOL Ka

gen. of parentage, cp. 172 dto\, 1302 Aaop'o0vro;: Ant. 824
is
y Dpvyav
av TavraXov. In 401 and 450 the art. (r)

t$VvrTEVat. rovpyov.
vpCpEL here denotes, not deeds or
954 f-. baP: 172 n.-4
words of insult, but secret exultation; hence it is joined with
KEXaWLV7wav Ovybv as an acc. 'of the inner object,' like that which
4
is often added to verbs of feeling (ye7 TE fp 6'va, Ii. 8. 559
y
Io95). KEXaLtvWrav (KEXatv', Wifr) is
TapcdocroLat 40pE'Va, Ant.
prefixed to Atod.-re E: cp. O. T. 347

not simply an equiv. for

KEXatvLdv:

the second part of the

compound suggests the dark soul which watches from its place
of concealment with malevolent joy; as Philoctetes (P1. o013)
d Et
aXErov"T
c
pt'VXwv
says to Odysseus, dAX' ) KaK/
qvXy4 etc. -The epithet 'dark,' ' black,' is often given to a mind
strongly moved by passion (esp. anger): cp. e.g. 11. 1. 103
8
cd'0 /jiXatvat 7rt'rXavr'. Here, howpL
tEeos E pEya OprEV
ever, dark malignity is implied, as by KEXWatvpwv (Aesch. Eunm.
459, of Clytaemnestra).
The form KEXatLVo;rny occurs only here, though Pind. P. i. 7
has the fem.,

KEXaLrLvIV.

. v4E'Xav.

956 wroXTrXas, much-enduring, 'patient,'-the Homeric epithet, applied with bitter irony: he has known how to work
and wait.
957 f.

For yX,

cp. 382: Ph. I125 (Ka( 7wov..)

yyEY , XEPL

Ev
XE'OV
rpovdV.-- otOS8 .. EXELV, dat. of object
radXXv r v
X,
with yeX: cp. 1042: Ar. Nub. 560 ocrtToiv rOVOL(TIr h
TovS Efpo's Iwl XatLPeT.-pJavo0yvoLS : as

palvoyLat

is said of fire,

strife, etc., so here it denotes 'frantic' griefs, but with a further
reference to their source in the ttavia of Ajax. Cp. Eur. I. A.
w
548 toatrvolv v o'orpwv (so Reiske, for pawtvudEv').
959 Sv E: for the adv. $v, cp. 1288, Ant. 85.
961 ff. ot 8' ov:

1 4 n.-KEIt. .ip, where

E

KaiL

would be

normal (563 n.).--'deo0o,
'missed him,' during the interval
between the award of the arms and his death, when he
remained in seclusion (193 f., n.). II. 6. 361 (Hector) 04p'
f
For
irattmv'iVI TpEao-', oI / y'LEO 7roOn'v drrEdvros 'XovVw.
e
the prodelision of the augment in the last foot of the v., cp.
557 TrpaOCb,
IO-2

Ajax

148

ivXpdEC 8opds, ' in the need of the spear'
'in the straits of
war': cp. 1275: Ant. 67o 8op's.. iv XEtI~(V.-Not, 'when they
need his spear.'
964 f. KK' yV LGLOrL: cp. I374 yvApy o0odv. For the
E'xCL XEPO V, Tr. 265 XEPOiLV. . X
XCv
EX
dat. Xepotv cp. El. 431

'rpiv -rs KaX= rp'V Kf(dXWOcL: the collective Lvs,as in
ELOL
rPdpOELcTL, 8vo-XEPE
TV
85 § 6 ots av E7rtLw, T"crdv
7rotov/LEVOL K.T.X.
From the primary sense of 'casting out,'
Thuc. 4.

iKdXXELw derives that of 'throwing away,' 'losing by one's own
pyv 1i5p(a KC tEL&SXavL
folly': cp. Ar. Eccl. 750 oI yhp -TONv
0oM8v

rphs
'

o

oro

voj7m

EK/3aXw.

Sophocles has this use,

with various shades of meaning, in Ant. 648 (where see n.),
0. T 611, O. C. 63T.
Nauck's Frag.
For the sentiment, cp. Mimnermus fr. i (in
Trag. 2nd ed., p.
(VTz

400ovFoatL,

829) 8ELVOL yap a3Vp' 7ra'TE S EO(7V EV KXEEL
aTrLVEOOa. Plaut. Capt. 142

KaTOavdvTa

Turn denique homnines nostra intellegimnus bona, I Quonz quae in
ot/estate habuimus ea amnisimus. Hor. C 3. 24. 31 Viru/tem
incolumem odimus, I Sublatam ex oculis quaerimus invidi.
Schol. in L: liaXXov dpol rCLKp3
966 f. 4 ~L~'r LKpbS K.T.X.
'E
T(
'KEI OLS 7XVUKV.
This is the only tenable explalTEOVqKEV
nation of the words. For the omission of plXXov, cp. Il. i.
zI7 po0Ao/' d Xav o-6 ov Ep/kpEvat 4 drroX'OaL: Her. 3. 40
/poXolaaLt.
advrca.

r

.

V0T(m8taLEpELV TOv ac-va EvaAXaO$ 7rp)o0o-uV I EVTVEELVY
o;,
No proposed substitute for ij (V, El, Kat) really

fits the sense. Her point throughout is that the death of Ajax
is no triumph for the Greeks-only a loss.
O&wvarov is in appos. with the -ara

implied (as antecedent)

by Av : as we could say,-'all that he desired he has found,the death of his choice.'
969 reyyEXWcev, as in 454, 989.- K 7
,placed after its case,
in 906. We find
as in 302, and also separated from it, like

iv

KaTr joined with a similar compound verb in El. 834 f.Ka7'
iEWEJA3lOEL.
/oi^ .. ./XLXXOV
K.rT..: the dat. is one of relation:
970 OEO-S

his death is

a matter between the gods and himself,-one in which the
Greek chiefs have no part. (' His death concerns the gods,yOvqK
not them, not them': Whitelaw.) See on El. 1152 T
iwy&
<oL. The implied meaning is that his death has been
brought about by the gods; but OEo^ishould not be taken as
a dat. of the agent (539), 'by the gods'; indeed, that sense

Notes
would be forced.
more pathetic.

149

Tecmessa's phrase is more expressive and

971 wps 'ra'r', with a command, as often; cp. io66, 1115:
Ant. 658 rrpb
ar' vLVELt A la ja vaLov: O. . 426: El.
r
8.20o, etc.,-v KEVOZS, in a case where his triumphs are KCVd,
empty, unreal: cp. Tr. 1118 of yap 'v yvot ' av o
XapEtv
0
.. XapCo- at KEVa.
rrpoOvLE^ (n.). El. 331 Ov

There is no stress on a,rors as opposed to

972 f.

The emphasis is on

oKE" E/o'Tv,

got

which is repeated in a negative

form by JXX
a.. 8to(XETat (cp. 167 n.). ' It is all loss for them;
nothing remains but the anguish which becomes my portion.'
8
974-1184 The fourth ErrEod ov consists of two scenes.
974-1039.

(i)

Teucer'slament. (2) 1040-1184.

Mfenelaiis

forbids the burial of Ajax, and Teucer defies him.
976 &irls.. hrto-KO7O (from Korrd' as = 'mark'), aimed at it,
having regard to it: schol. o4 X (apryKb
rOT9(TUVLOPOS,
CXX"
ioroXaarpvov. Cp. Aesch. Eum. 903, b7ro^a vl'y t4 KaK
ErrKorroa.
Herodotus has the literal sense, 3. 35, riva EJSE ..
OVTO)

ErtUOKOra

TO E OVTa;

poios, said here of a loud lament, denotes the bellowing of
oxen in fr. 637 tdhrXl 9o5v dvavXa Kat IaKTpta (' discordant').
Euripides applies the word to Nestor's winning eloquence, rb
'Xo9 (fr. 899).
EyXWrTroV
S
977 gvamlpov 6p', the 'face' or ' form' of a kinsman: cp.
1oo4: El. 903 o;vyOE ,LLa (n.): Ph. 171 $('rpo ov 'qA:
e
Aesch. C. 238 <' TEp7rveoV o/xa. For e~vvaqLov, cp. Ant. I
avrdcEX.OV.. Kipa, O. C. 1387 o-vyyEVL XEpl.
978 16p1rWXdqKas = 7rwpayas, 'fared': Hippocr. De morb. iI.
o'L avOpworos, 'the patient's
(TlEroXr
ov
p. 353 (Kiihn) KXLOV
state will be better.' In Aesch. Eum. 631 qrp7roX'qrlKOdTa
NEUT
odpEov

rX-or' c/ELVov, the sense is similar.
980 .P~OL K.T.X.
Cp. El. II79 0o/ot raXatvr

ipa T70 8E

981 6s 8S' Xdvo'rov : the same phrase in Aesch. Ag. 1393:
6
0E 70T ' iXOvrOs aidtEv rrdpa, and 281 n. For
so above, 904
the neut. plur. part., without subject, cp. El. 1344 TEXOV/lEIVWV
ErOLtp' iV (n.).-The division of the verse between two speakers
(dvrtXaha4) is again used, as in 591 ff., to mark strong emotion

The interruption after Xdvryov has the effect of adding emphasis
to the announcement: see on O. C. 645.
982
sudden.

irEpLo rpXs, done in passionate haste,-fierce and
-rirpXoplat often refers to anger, as in Her. 5. 33

Ajax

15o
EO7rEiPXETro

r

'ApwtoraydpY:

cp.

id.

7.

207

7TEPt7rrEPXeOdvryv

7

yvmo/L ravrry, 'being incensed' at it.
983 f. TC Y p, .. wOS.. Kupet..;
For the double question,

cp. Ioi f.985 f.
TEKVOV:

oL,ethic dat.: 733pd'vos:

referring

Eur. Andr. 570

to

rE'KvOV:

TEKVOV TE TOy8,

O'

cp. I.

22.

K.T.X.-rap

84 ckXE
0o Klato'LV,

where Tecmessa had left him at 809.
8fy1'a~rbv

clELS.

There is no other example of 3 ra as first
8

word of a verse. With Sophocles the words sometimes run on
from the end of one trimeter to the beginning of the next, as if
there were no break between the verses. See e.g. o089
9rros
Ant. 409 7raorV KoVLPV rqpaLVTE3 I KaTELtE TO I VEKVV: P/Z.
u:
;o
EXEYXELt;
263 ov 01o t
o-o orTpar7yol: O. 2. 332 71ratr'T I
The place of 8ra here is illustrated by that of wrord in O. T.
io84 ovK v $,'X0OLt1p' ETL Itro-r Xos. This virtual synaphea
of trimeters naturally occurs most often in passages where, as
here, the speech is excited or rapid.
of her young: Bion Idyll. I. 59 XP a 8'
KEvfS, 'robbed'
a KvOpta, KEVOL 3 a1Va 8LaT' "EpWrrE.

The adj. is 'proleptic':

if the child is not quickly brought, the mother will seek him
Cp. Ant. 791 8KatrLWv slK1ov
only to find that she is bereaved.
Oavov.
1p41ov
cpiEvas rapauarrg: Aesch. Pers. 298 avav8pov TrcwLv
988 f.
yKdVEL (8 1I) and r1-yKcL ivV are said, like a&ELi, to

Tecmessa, who now hurries away.

At v. I168 she returns

with her child, but only as a

irpdowrrov,

taken by a supernumerary.
KIEL VOLS

Ko)o\o

whose part is

See p. xlvi.

is bitterly added after Oavo0v^0, to mark the baseness

of the action: 'the dead--when they have fallen.'
a-jT
rr7Trrr-L"
a~~LO
Nub. 550 KOVK ETO"X/L7O
Aesch. Ag. 884 W'oTE rVyyovov , PPOTOLro'~ TOyV re~Oa

Cp. Ar.
KEL, LE
v

.

XaKTITcLa

7rXEkov.

990 f.
Kc1 p.V:
794.-- 0o e, Eurysaces, the subject of
vv. 983 if. The absence of the child does not require us to
might be personal
make ro vE neuter ('this matter'). p.'XELV

(689), but, in view of
992 f.

EtSov

fXEct,

is prob. here the impersonal verb.

Av'rdwav 8h1: cp. 858 wravo'rarov 8.-EM~L'aov.. 1rpoor-

0aXkots: the redundant phrase denotes the vehemence

of his feeling; cp. Ant. 763 U1 7' ovaaph I
OaXpo^L OpW^v.
Ev

994 f.

Brunck's conjecture,

688~v

0'

TroV1Ov rpooOtL KP

ao-v 6s8bs dvOcrao-ra 84

is specious. But the absence of caesura in
may have been intentional: see on 855-

i6ds' 0' 63iv rao,,v

A7otes
dvLao-ao- 84.

Here

15I

84 emphasises the whole phrase rrao-wv

dvo-aa-a dhL-Tra (rather than
in Ant. I 22 alpa 8 vcTuXErOTaTYV

orao-,^v
only).
KEXEEOOV

Cp. Creon's words

EprWm) T

JV
7rpEXrapXOov

o8wv;

ijv 8: 8&jemphasises the pron., as in 1029, 1o43, 1045,
and often.
996 f. 's rqo-OQd'v. On learning that Ajax had left the
tent, the Messenger and others had hastened to the camp, to
inform Teucer (804). They knew nothing as to the hero's
fate. Teucer, who had stayed near the council of chiefs in the
hope of mediating (780), then set out to seek Ajax,-going, not,
of course, to the tent itself, but to the coast near it. While
engaged in the search, he heard the rumour that Ajax was dead.
SL4KW(V expresses eager, rapid search; as the midd. 8tOKOpLa
denotes speed (El. 871).
998 3 gs, as Ajax had prayed Zeus to apprise Teucer
(826).--ov is genitive of the object (221 n.): eov, of the
subject: for the combination, cp. Thuc. 7. 34 § 6 8ta. T-v 70T
oV"ov
atrwoJltv avr owv (i.e. gOrt o atLVEfO'
Lrrwc avra, sC. Ta
vavyLta).

8L 0' 'AXaL os: Her. 9. Ioo (before the battle of Mycale)
1
8
8' o( t PIwqy.. ETEIrTQ E3 TO 0TpaTO7E oV 7rcV...l7 8E
Nt 7/_U7
8tXOE o-Ct (ethic dat.) 08E, J3 oi 'EXXe Tnrv Mapsoviov
rTTpar7TL
VL.(v EV BotoroZio' PaX~oEvot.
As to ,40/ry generally,
see on El. io66.

too-t

1000 f. 4KoSW'v phv tv, 'while yet absent' from this spot.eorar ivaov: restraining the vehemence of his grief: cp. 322.
&XV9Ov. This is said to an attendant. Tec1oo3 e',

4KK

messa left the scene at v. 989.
Ioo4 f.

face,
0'CLa,

or form; 977 n.-'XLqls W7LKpas, a gen.

of quality (cp. 616, Cpya .. cLra) : see Ant. 114 n. The corpse
of the self-slain man shows the 'cruel courage'that animated
him.
For the combination of adj. (86voO&a with gen.,
ov)
Oo rOXov.
cp. 481 f. : Ph. 72 f. OV'r E'opI49. . OVTE TO 7rpWTTO
ioo6 f. For the dat. IoL followed by the acc. (Aa&p$avra)
and inf., cp. Ant. 838 n.: Eur. YMed. 814 o-o1 8 ovyyv4py

KaK,,.
XE.'EC I T-d8' E'07, /A 7rra/(TXovov, 0) Eyo;,

ioo8 The ironical
wov ('methinks') is reinforced by
r
to-,s, which goes more closely with the adjectives ('radiant and
benign, doubtless ').-Teucer's thought is,' Telamon is, indeed,
my father no less than thine; but he will not welcome me as
a son.

Ajax

I52
IOIO f.

rcos
y&p ovx; sc. &i'Erat:

cp. n. on 278 ff.-ST

rpoWpa

(rdpEo'rL). . yeX&v, 'the man whose wont it is to wear no brighter

smile (than usual), even when he is fortunate.' pij is used, not
of, because r'y
here denotes a class or type. For this 'generic'
tpk, see 0.
. 397 n.-rc-pa.
radpEo-rt, when thus used, is
susceptible of two different shades of meaning. (i) More
often it denotes one's situation at some given moment; as in
432, vv Yp rrpEOrL KcL sL LtcELV pOl.
(2) Sometimes, as
here, it denotes a trait of character or disposition; cp. Eur.
Med. 658 Xadpwtro
(T09 XotO"' T7 P7apEOTEI OoV rtl/aLV
f,
('one
who is capable of not respecting friendship'). In this sense
rpocrE(TTL is more frequent (521 n.).
1012 f. rC Kp4lL; i.e. 'what thought, however injurious to
me, will he leave unspoken ?'--rrotov osK p^t KaKbV K.T.X.
There

should be no comma after

KaKdV:

acc. At the same time the words
the substance of the taunts.-~K 8ops
of the war-spear,' i.e. EK 80pLKT7TOV
1
r
aLXg aXWro0.
Remark that 3

p- here takes a double
dp
r'v

EK

y-EyOTr,

8

K.T.X. express
roXEiCov, 'begotten

0opO

7VVaLK0K: cp.

I228

TO\V

dK

'pv rroXp.tov, which here

means hasla bellica, would usu. mean hasta hostilis (as, e.g., in
Aesch. Theb. 216, 416).
1014 ff. KMKavSplC : a word not found elsewhere, except in
Rkes. 8I4.-a-', iXTra ' At'as : the place of the pronoun is emphatic: ' thee'-for whom I would gladly have died. -K'rT,
royal prerogatives, as in O. T. 237, Ant. 173.
1017 f. 840-opyos, naturally prone to anger :

yjp~ pa~pis,

choleric, irritable, in his old age. For this sense of f/apiS, see
on O. 7. 673.-Ajax himself felt that, if he went home disgraced, he could not confront his father (462).-'ps oiS
Olv, 'at
nothing,'-without cause: cp. 40 ph r\1; 97 I 7rpo ravra.-cts
'pLV OVJo4J.LEvos, lit. 'growing wroth unto quarrelling,' i.e., so as

to provoke a quarrel.
Iog Join O
rwcoorrbs with -ys: cp. 0.
O.
641 Y
aroro-a
arplptso, ib. 670 ygs.. arcoo'w8vat.- ,rwoppLcOoolaL, 'cast off' by
his father: cp. O. C. 1383 o-\ 8' PP
rrrTrvUrS ~E K'7
TWTp
E/PLO. The fulness of phrase is like that in 830 %4O..
rd7/ TO

9.

1020 SoXos MXyoLOwv...4av.s, 'made out, represented, in his
taunts, to be a slave.'
For avE
l,
cp. 1241 El wavraXov
cavov
dEO' dK TE;KPov KaKOl: Aesch. Ag. 593 Xvyot
roTrotQL
rrXayKTo O o
EOatLVodkYV.
The vague X6yOLro-v could mean

either (i) Telamon's words, which is perhaps the best ex-

Noles

' 53

planation: or (2) the common talk of men. Xdyoto-tv further
implies that he is 'py p XEVlEpog, and this is emphasised by &v'
MXevedpov: cp. O. T. 454 UrvX'. . EiK 8 8 OpKdTO; Kal 7"voXW
avrt
ovo\vo-tlov.
1022 rwapa. need not be taken as= rapot (like T" .. 7ravov^pya
in Ph. 448, etc.). The sense is simply, 'few helpful things,'--few resources.
1023
b0p6p.v, with irony, 'gained': Aesch. P. V. 267
dapry1ov av-ro rlvpo/Lrpv Jrovovg.
1025 f. roVss' aidXoU Kv(8OVTOs, lit., 'this gleaming

OV7-TOit

spike,'i.e., the end or point of the sword-blade, projecting through the
body of Ajax. KVOtl8WV (Kvdw, 80)ov)meant any tooth-like prong
or spike: see on Ant. 1233, where the t( ovS 8torXo' Kvo 80ovTE
are the cross-pieces of the sword-hilt.
For the apa after govE's, cp. 233 n.-tSEs, 'seest thou?'

(a rhetorical apostrophe to the corpse).

The aor. is used as in

'yvws ('thou art right').
1027 KL' OeavAv &wo0O
C-ELv.
As Heracles says of Nessus,
In Homer the
vSrd f' KTELVEV Oav'v, Tr.1163 (n.): cp. 901.
fut. 4S Gw and the aor. E40to-a always have I. The Attic poets
Tr.

1221

use VkOura with i (Aesch. Eum. 173, Soph. O. .202, etc.);
this is the only Attic example of the fut. kOio-w.
1028-1039 o(rK40Q0E...K YW
Tr8e.
The chief grounds on
which Morstadt and Nauck reject these twelve verses are as
follows :-(i) It is far-fetched and forced to compare the girdle,
by which Hector was dragged till he died, with the sword on
which Ajax fell.-The point of this objection is that Hector did
not kill himself with the girdle. But, for a poet desirous of

illustrating the maxim,

xOpwv

aJ8opa 8w&pa,

it was enough that

the girdle had been instrumental in the death of Hector, as
the sword in the death of Ajax. (2) The analogy, incomplete
as it is, is obtained only by supposing, in contradiction to the
Iliad, that Achilles, instead of slaying Hector in fight, took
him alive, and tortured him to death.-But the contradiction
is not in itself a legitimate reason for questioning that
Sophocles wrote these verses. (3)w'puOelS in v. 1030 is unintelligible; and the active /IsrXavavin v. 1037 is suspicious.-

These points are dealt with below.

Lastly, if the verses were

absent, Teucer's speech would end abruptly with v. 1027, and
the Chorus could not well say, /' rE^LVE
L0aKpa'V (1040).
1029 1?8it 7o-o8' 48mpi e Wrcipa, 'the same with which he had
and
been presented by Ajax.' 8opov^al 'rtvd rTvLt,8wpodal rTLVi

Ajax

154

L,are equally good constructions (the former being preferred
when the notion of honour is prominent); but, when Swpo/_kat
is passive, the subject is usually the gift, not the person (see,
e.g., Plat. Polit. 274 c, Tim. 47 c). Here, however, the stress
marked by J 8h is on the identity of the girdle, not of the man;
and the subject of AswpOyjr Hector.-As to the exchange of
is
gifts between Ajax and Hector, see n. on 661.
1030 rpLores..
vn ~yv, firmly bound-grizjjped from the
chariot-rail.

The senses of rpt'o are:-I. To saw. 2. In
to grind or clench the teeth. 3. To bite.
Soph. fr. 8II 801Ir/ 7 pZE r) o-rop/a. 4. To clutch tzghtly (as
7plEtv

robV
08vrac,

with the teeth). Hence arrpl~ rrpty 8a,mordicus, 'tightly' (as
,
between the teeth): see above, v. 310.
Thus rpto-OEc is forcibly used here to describe the fatal
grz of the girdle, from which Hector could not escape. I do
not think that the word was meant also to suggest that the
girdle cut into his flesh.
&dvnyoyv,
the rail which protected the front and both sides
of the chariot (hence the plur.): see on El. 746. [7tWWLKrKv,
as in
Homer I'
rot often = 'chariot': so El. 730 vavaytwv. . IrrrrtLKv,
'wreck of chariots.' Conversely a'pcaTrafor I'rwot in Eur. HZ.F 881.
1031 4KVMrET: cp. Aesch. Pers. 576 KvaLr/VotEVOL . va.

(bodies mangled by the waves dashing them against rocks).
KvaRcfU , KvRCELOV' were the older Attic forms: yvarr,
etc., with softening of K to y, came later. See Meisterhans,
Gramm. d. Att. Inschr. § 28. I.
o-r'
&W1r'vSEv (Pov. The Homeric Achilles slays Hector in
fight, and then drags the corpse (I. 22. 395 ff.). We must
not seek to reconcile this verse with Homer by writing, with
KVaTTo,

Hermann, alwv'

Evr' d7rElVev

fiov: for the parallel between the

sword and the girdle, as fatal to their respective recipients,
would fail altogether, if the girdle had not been an agent of
death to Hector, but merely of insult to his corpse. It is not
known whence Sophocles derived this version, which so strangely
mars the very climax of the Iliad; possibly from one of the
two Cyclic epics, the Aeth/iois of Arctinus or the Little Iliad
of Lesches, which related the 0rXWv KpO'S-L (see Introd. § 2).
1032 8,opEv gXOv. The form aopELd is quoted by Meisterhans from three Attic inscriptions belonging to the second half
of the 5th century B.C.: 8wpEa appears first in 403 B.c., and
does not become the predominant form till the early part of
3
the 3rd century B.C. (Gramm. § 15. 12).

A'oles

155

This would be clearer
'Owvhad preceded, but the pronoun (ryv8 e) has been
assimilated to &OpE&v by the ordinary Greek idiom (see on
O. C. 88, TravdrTv 4XEE 7ramXav).
Io34 f. 'EpwLs.. CXoiXKEarcE: so Aesch. Cho. 646 AhlKRs 8'
8
1033

if rd 8
8.

CaL
EpdE

wrps 7ro0', i.e. ro, KvdWSovros.

7yVOf7v (anvil),

lK'

Ag. 1535

8

7rpoXaXKEVEL

8' Aco-a

o
O rpVL
7 JpVXlXd

)o--yavovpyF:
7dopy 4XXapg

O77ydvato Motlpa.
KOLKEZVOV,Toy
V
o-0rpa. From 'EXcKEvo-E a verb of more
general sense, such as Elpydo'-aro, is to be supplied: cp. Her.
9
lv
7 :KvLK ^ Oltv, yXw(crav 8E 8 :
40opE'ov
q
4. Io6 o-r ya

see also n. on El. 435

7rvoacLw

'..K

VEL

KpV/IOV VLV.-8@LOVP-bS,

a general term for any artificer (Plat. Rep. 373 B TKEUw^v..rravro8
8
awrrv r/LLtovpyo).
1037 The active p qav&v occurs nowhere else in classical
Greek, except in Od. 18. 143 tPlXavd wv r a s (Apoll. Rhod. 3.
FJi/a,a solitary instance
583 erp/p a /-XavdJvreT) . Cp. II29
in Attic of the Homeric verb drTLtV. In the Thyestes (fr. 247)

Sophocles used iE/XXo as = IrnXXo/at.
1038 f. ev yvpj ,,Xc, acceptable 'in his judgment,' i.e.,
when he ponders them. Distinguish the phrase in Her. 6. 37
-qv 8 6 MtXrLd8/
KpoEo(y. dv 7VyZr Y7 yovOW, 'had won his
esteem.'
KEVOi S T EKEIva
K.T.X., an expression of settled conviction,
serving to close the speech, as in O. C. 1665, El s8 i 8 0K
4povWv XE'yv,

o K

v

7raptLprq

oLcTL /l

8

0Ko^

bpoVElv.

Milton

imitates this trait of Greek tragic style in Dalila's last words to
Samson :-' At this whoever envies or refines, I leave him to
his lot, and like my own' (Sams. 995). For the sentiment cp.
Eur. SuPPl. 466 0oo01 iv 8oKETW TaVT, E/,O1 8E 7aITva.
TELva:"
1040 pI 'EVaE 4CaKpcv : so Aesch. Ag. 1296 /iaKpav
KpOV
8
aj
ib. 916 /AaKpav yap E$TELvaS : Eur. Hec. 1177 ds 8E
TtEVO) Xoyovg.

X L
KGKOts y-'yv: the simple dat., as in 957 YEX. .. E
8 1, in the sense of ot'a 884, is very rare; Symonides

o1042 f.

(n.).-

Amorg. fr. i. 3 i rl-

pot I

8q
q84r' a(L tlEV.

1044 T6s 8' ~-rTrI avrLV'"&v8pa, instead of Tr 8' EOr'Tv dVyp
OLrw', the antecedent being attracted into the relative clause:
cp. El. 1040 Etp7Kas 3pOOS (7 r 7rpd(TKELYa(L KaK : Tr. io6o f.
o00' 'EXXS oru' dyXwao-ro o40' o
'y, yo y aV
KL6,
V LKO,,,/qV.
So in Latin, Cic. De Legg. 3. 5. 12 haec est enim, quam Scipio
laudatin libris et quam maximeprobat temperationem reijublicae.

A/ax

I56

8
1045 4~ 1, dat. of interest (where we might rather have
t6vL 7
expected the stronger o Xdpw"), as in O. C. 1673
O
woX\v .. rvov .. EIXoptLE, and ib. 508 o703 ToEKoR3-L YaIp 0I E
7rovEL TL

K.T.X.

1046 ~LaOetv o

8v' -lrE-is. Menelaiis, king of Lacedaemon

(Od. i 1. 460), is for Attic Tragedy a type of Spartan harshness
and arrogance.
In Eur. Andr. 458 he is called yopy~a
Lobeck remarks that there is no
1047 f. oVTos, o-i ov.
other instance of ,Ov4 TLwv (= iubeo) with infin. This is true;
but the construction may be defended by the analogy of XEyo
(Ph. o10), E1tov and ivvirw (0. C. 932), ai;^ (il. 1630), and
4 1l (below, II o8).
VKpbV

.

. 0G-yKOPLELV,

to aid in paying funeral rites to the

corpse.

For KO dIpELV, said with ref. to the dead, see El. I 1114.
v4wcr-as. Attic inscriptions, from the 5th cent. B.c.
1o49
onwards, show that the aor. and perf. of dvaXow regularly took
No unaugmented form (such as
the temporal augment.
av~XowAa) occurs in them. See Meisterhans3 , § 64. 21, who
dvOV
quotes Moeris, p. 23: dvyXOwAIvov 'ATTLKW9, dvaXo A
(i.e. in the KOtLV4 8 LaXEKTro).
'EXXrqVLK
The slow movement of the verse (with only quasi-caesura
after the 3rd foot) is intended to mark haughty surprise. Cp.
vOEvi OrrTELV a)', drop-qrov 7rdoAL;
7 aYP
Ant. 44
ol : this is the acc. neut. plur. (not acc. sing.
VT#
1050 SOKOO
agreeing with Xdyov), and answers the question .rvo3 XdpLv,...

the partic. having a causal force: 'I speak because these things
seem good to me,' etc.
SOKOVT L 8' (EKELFv) 8S KpaLVEL rT"rplroO: for the omission of
the antecedent in dative, cp. El. I123 8d0', jrt o-rt, rpoo-TW
Vrov L Sp,
,dvov rpoKEo'Oa.-The
v O
EbgpovrTs: Ant. 35
8
8' KEdv&:
ORU 80KOVVTa
,
full expression would be, 0KoZvVTa UEv
but in such 'anaphora' the /E',, is often omitted: cp. O. C.

0- ayWyv, I or07G-O 8' EJardvov: Ant. 906 f. (n.).
wrpodCS, sc. KEXEVELt, supplied from du4-o'was Xdyov
Cp. 800 T70 roy ' dvOp'7rov Aa0lOv; (sc. EX 7r gL).
f. A~XrCravoWES. &-eav, not J($Et,
because the sense is,

1342 orG-oW

1051
(1049).

1052

'having formed the expectation that we were bringing him (to
be) an ally,' etc.; not, ' that we should bring him.' So 799
XrrLELc

' forebodes that it tends.'
p4)pELV,

~ES seems to be rightly explained in the
t'ToZV
Triclinian scholium by
ET'rdo'vTEr , 'on trial': but the use of

1054

Notes

'57

the word is peculiar: its ordinary sense, when joined with
EpEVo-KO, may be seen in Ar. Ran. 96 ydvtpov 8E 7orot17Tv av ov X
EP0;L
o

I ]r7W iv (if you searched for one).
rv

ppvywv= Tpeov. In the Iliad, the Trojans and Phrygians
are distinct, though allied, peoples: thus Priam helps the
Phrygians against the Amazons (/. 3. i84-189).
Posthomeric Greek poets came to use ,pv'ye
as a synonym for
TpsEg, because, when Aeolian colonies were first founded in
western Mysia, the country was subject to the Phrygians (cp.
Kiepert, Anc. Geo. 66).
1055 orp1T
tIprMaVTL, as in 726 he is called iErLpovXEvrT,
His design had been against the chiefs (57 f.), the
o-rparo7.
authors of his wrong; but that wrong had also embittered him
against the whole Greek army (844).
1057 OEWvTLS: only Odysseus knows who it was.-'

:
o-~arEv

1149: O. C. 422 I'pv Karaf'ETELtav: Critias fr. I. 40 "7 v
/o oLs KaTEO*J#EoEV.
avoLcAV TE TOL'

cp.

lv'. .'T*xv, best taken as a 'cognate' acc. with
like 11. 3. 417 KaKOV O TOV O Gla, Od. I. I66 arwoX
If the words "v 68' E~'XlXEV T'XrlV stood without
KaKOV pOpOV.
1058 f.

OBadvTrE,

rv8', they could be taken as acc. in apposition with

OavovrTE

8
po~i.: but, with Triv ', such a constr. would be awkward.
wpOKEj~Ee', prostrate in death, as Aesch. Theb. 965 rpodKELOta.
Cp. above, 427.--atcrX#oT ,, most ignominious; as they

av

would have been assassinated, not slain in fight.
reflects, in fact, on Ajax.

io6o f.
Ka
_lXM&

The epithet

EvlXXagOv, changed its direction, schol. dvroTEffpE.'sheep and cattle': wro^pCva being used here

Wro'vasc,

(as in 42 and 300) in the wider sense, so as to include herds
of oxen: see 53 n.
1062 f. The acc. a3-rbv is resumed and more closely
defined by -c wSa: cp. 1149 (Pnovp after o-4, etc.): 0. 7. 819
K

71
Ta'rpooo-'
pa o-ooo-a o 3/'LVT'I Yv'''
X
"
'-'
LOtEI.
Similarly Tr. 287 f. vLv after aVrdv.
4 L. . fLeov, 'somewhere on the sand.' The
lo64
a

V
3W

Ort

phrase implies scornful indifference as to the precise place,
just as in Eur. Andr. 215 El 8' &
OpUKY}V ..
T 1
pVVOV oXE
Jv 8 pa, ' somewhere in Thrace.' Cp. I. I I. 706 dlty( TE a(T'TV
EP80oLEV

lp a\

OEo,

' about' the city, i.e. here and there in it.-

The epithet serves to call up more vividly a
XXop&v, 'yellow.'
picture of the desolate sea-shore, where the corpse is to lie
unburied. Cp. Verg. Aen. 5. 374 fulva moribundumn extendit

158

Ajax

harena. XXOpds, primarily an epithet of young verdure (XdrX),
sometimes means 'yellow' or 'yellowish'; a sense found in
the kindred Sanskrit kdris and Lat. helvus (Curt. Etym. § 197 )1/ I1. 631 LX'tXX PdV.
1o65

6PVLLo-:

cp.

830

4puf0.

KVO'

-pflPkXroS

OlVO^V

0'

,'Xwp.
io66 iwpbs

,rmTa:
971 n.-cp

s (a): cp. O. T

914

qo^

yap at'pEt OvdOv.

xo67 t. . pI '8vv0l6mIev, 'granting that we were unable.'
3
Cp. Thuc. 3. 40 § 4 El yap orT70o pOl drErqGo-av, Met av oi

aPXottE, 'assuming that they were right to revolt, your
rule would be unwarrantable.'
1069 f. XEp w7apuveVvovrrs, 'guiding him with our hands':
rv
XPEwV

cp. 542 XEPoIV EV0VVOW,said of guiding a child's steps.

' He will

be docile enough now, and will go whither our hands guide
him' (i.e., the body shall be laid where we please). Then
XEpcrlv suggests the bitter comment, '(our hands, I say,) for
our words were at all times lost upon him.' For 6rwov, as= a
VX3eZ.
time or occasion when, cp. O. T. 448 of yap 1E0' Orov /'
1071 f. KKoO irpbs idvpbs: for rpo , cp. 319. These remarks
on authority and obedience are suggested by the alleged insubordination of Ajax, who (in disregard of Homeric conditions)
is styled dv-p Slorp-s, in contrast to of E'O-Ecr^res,-i.e. the
(Cp. 945 ~4Eo-raet.)

Atreidae.

The tone of Menelaiis here

recalls that of Creon in Ant. 663-676.
'have a prosperous course.'
E'poLvT'
KcXcS
I Eu oEpdEvos iv o-rpaTr-ylas: Xen. Oecon. 5. I7
El..o 4)IEpOLE'V17' rq'l YEGoPYIaI.
1073f.

Thuc. 5.

Av,

i6 §

vOoa with subjunct. (without dv), as in 0. T- 316 ve0a
[
Xv'y. Similarly in io8i we have o'Eov. . rap-q.
,q rEr/An
a screen (Ph. ioo8 n.), a defence,
1076 4dpov wrpdpXlca,
afforded by fear,-the gen. defining that in which the defence
' dyGvo, ib. 857 iXr8wov..
consists; cp. El. 682 rpdoaXoapo-ya.c-aLtos. The schol. on 1074 quotes from Epicharmus,
'vOa so , dvra^Oa KaI al84s: cp. Plat. Euthyfpr. p. I2 B, where

Socrates quotes from Stasinus, 'va

yap

8Eo,,
'v0ca KaL alts,-

remarking that we ought rather to say, ~va p.Lv aiSd, ~0a Kal
8
EO ' o p~vrot, tva yE U03, ravTraXo al ds. The sentiment of
Menelaiis is genuinely Spartan. Plut. Cleom. 9 dwells on the

p3flos in Spartan government: rt/.Lo-tL 84 'y doPfov...
place of
'OpIOVTEF.
WrOXrEtaY / aXLt'oa O-VVEXE "cLa tpOw
-Vofv
cp. the phrases ^-crat pE'vas
1077 f. K.v e-pca yEvvj -,iy:

Notes

I59

4

C. 804), rp , (Ar. Av. 785), etc.: Her. 55.91 rOv pao-AXa
;imEwv..
flacLXE, 80dav 8 (v'oas aVgi verat. The words allude
to the stature of the 7rEXtoP
A'as (I. 3- 229), but are meant
also to be figurative; cp. Shakesp. Julius Caesar I. 2. 135
Why, man, he dot bestride the narrow world I Like a colossus,
and we petty men Walk under his huge legs.
(0.

KV
T&r il. KaKoV, =Kat Ev
(r7zo): cp. El. 1482 aXXd Lpot
rdpCE I Kav L
OStKpOV EvrEv, i.e., Ka
v Oav
0'LKp V rrap^: Dem. or.

§

8vvapltV, 7ravr"
vtfKav
(See appendix on El. 1482.)For dLw, denoting result, cp. Ant. 695 dcrr 'pywv EvKXEC0TaTWV
14 Kaq orroL TLu av, oKaLt,
2
W/EXEt, i.e., Ka a'v Tt7 7rpoo-O.

prrpoo/lO Kav

EL.
OL

1079 f. lrpdocrerLw, said of an attribute or quality: 521 n.at-Xi v ! verecundia, here virtually an equivalent of atis8, as in
,
Thuc. i. 84 § 3 aliss
8E
I/IvXta.
io8I 6wov. . wcap,

orw

poo-Vvr1l

without 'v: cp. Io74.-

cp. Plat. Apol.
o

rrXErov ETErXEt alo-X v
T
,

29 B O12K afdaaO
aL
Oat Elsvat a 0oK Ot8EV;

EoT
lv

a"V'rq

s

oi~Aerm, sc. rs:

r ErovELtT0ro,

q

70T

0o82 f. v64L4e. . Xpdvy ro . . rro-v. It seems best to take
rEaoev as representing a gnomic aor., Xpo'v WOTE" E7arr.
Cp.
Plat. Rep. 490 c (quoted by Goodwin, Moods and Tenses, § 159),

Tyov hvl
E'q~

d X1ELas OvK

LV

7rOTE. .

atLEvL
arLVT XOpOV

KaKOV

dKOXovOOc-Lat, 'when truth leads, we never could say that a

chorus of evils accompanies her' (jKoXo(OTr-Ev).
This view is
slightly confirmed by the words Ei oip wv spaoio-rav: for, if

aeo-ELv is an appeal to experience, then the mention of such a
city's transient prosperity is more fitting than if reOo-v were
a simple prediction.

[Others, who regard the gnomic aor. as

confined to the indicative mood, take re-o-vZ as referring to the
future; and consider that the words Xpdvc work help vo/tLLE to

suggest such a sense.

See Appendix on El. 442 f.]

optWov: K denotes the condition; cp. O. C. 486 E$
E
vY I orTTpvowv 8XEo-OaL.
For the neut. plur. oipwv, cp. Ar.
t

eV/

(adv.).
Lys. 550 o'pLa OErTE
ro84 ir~-,0, be firmly set, as a principle, in the State; cp.
1074 KaOGTKY.-LOL, ethic dat. ('let me see it established.')KI 8os, 'fear also'-to temper natural ' 3 pti (ro8I).
KUCpLOV,

in due season and measure; as the Eumenides say, &rO'
TO

SE1dV
E

KCLL
PEVWV

OlTKO1tEOV

E

SVELV

KOIfLEVOv

-rov
(Eum.

517).
io85 f, iv .8s6peca : the cogn. acc. with 'sopMaL, X-UE OaL,

60o

Ajax

etc., is frequent (cp. Ar. Ach. 2 f.).-oK

VCrLY-rd-ELV:

for the

spelling rEto), etc., see on 18o f. ov with inf. is normal after
a verb of saying or thinking (n. on O. 22. 455).-&v Xv ,r.E0:m:
for the assonance (parechesis) at the end of two successive
verses, cp. n. on 807 f.
1087 f. airpaXX&d, alternately; so in Her. 3. 40 ve tLXh
pr-ooov= 'with alternations of fortune' (good and evil).atocov: see on a'lovos in 222.
io8g f.
'ros t : with regard to the division of these
words between two vv., see n. on the place of 8jra in 986.ELS m4as iros, come to need funeral rites::-o-y3 is used, with
grim irony, as in such phrases as ElsdlvayKaL 7rtlrrELv (Thuc. 3.
82 § 2).
afas has its ordinary sense, rites of sepulture, as it

has also in v.
logI

f.

V7roar(TTa7jc

o 9 ; it does not stand
twoo- - -ras, after planting

Kova,

EpELOJaEtLa
,

for ria',ovq.

them like pillars (cp.
etc.); or, as we should say, after

'laying them down': the word is much more forcible than
vropfaXdv or VWroOdS.-v OevoocwLv: for iv, cp. 43 n.
The dramatic function of a Chorus required that these
Salaminian sailors, while loyal to Ajax, should recognise the
sound elerrients in the speech which they have heard. Menelaiis
has rightly condemned the Sppov which defies human laws.
But his own i;'pps menaces the laws of the gods.
1093 Lv8pes. The burning anger of Teucer is marked in
his first words by the fact that he addresses them to the
ChZorus: as Oedipus does after the speech of Polyneices (0. C.
1348), and Clytaemnestra after that of Electra (El. 612).
Lv yOvaLo-LV: the phrase is exactly parallel with
1094 ±t)sv
8
yEvrqTros used in the sense of Go-u/v( , (Tr. 61).
In 1231
q~
oi 8 v iv has a like sense. Here w8 v is 'generic,' denoting
the class of person.
og96 rou7a0' Apcap -ivovo-v .. i'-, make such erroneous stateE7r- | Koda
ments; for the cogn. acc., cp. I o07 - o-E'
rv X yoLS, in their discourse. Xo'yoL and trr are
EKEfvou1.
similarly combined in Thuc. 3. 67 § 6 Xoyot rfEGL KOOT1q VUTE%
,

'speeches adorned with fine sentiments.'
og97 f.

= OT'
t&yELV -qYE, with the inf. corresponding to an

imperf. indic., as in Tr. 70: 'that thou wast bringing him [w,en
he came hither] as an ally found by thee (Xapv).'
ogg99 a bs, spontle sua: cp. I. 17. 252 dpyaX'ov 8~ /totl o'rt
al

oKoLrtaoLOat EoKaTro

I t ..

XXdLTv

alt'OS
n

rTto.

Ioo f, wron, on what ground, in what respect?

O.

. 39

Notes
7ro rb

V

~ El craOis;

/d

'where

I6I
hast

thou

proved

thyself

a seer ?'
IioI IycLy', the reading of one MS., was doubtless no more
than a conjectural emendation; but it appears probable. ryetT'

has been defended by Erfurdt and others on the ground that

dryEr'

the elision has the effect of running the two words

O'KOOEV

together, so that they become virtually one. This is just
possible; but in tragic iambics we find no certain examples
of a precisely similar kind. (As to o-'t(atv' d'i' EXEL in Phil. 22,
see n. there.) If ya-y' was the original word, the change to
dyEr' may have been caused by failure to perceive that the
genitive ,av (for o-s) was due to attraction.
8rov, nowkere : cp. io69.-T'dvS e KoocrO-cLL, to
1103 oi8' Ao-O'
exercise authority over him. KOO-pELV is properly said of a
commander disposing his forces; II. 2. 554 KOol7cLaL Irrrwov TE
Kat avpag c(Or L8tCWTas. For Koo-/tEv with ref. to civil government,

eo-jas, an ordinance, an established

cp. Ant. 677.--&PXfi-.
right, of command.
as perf. pass. of
1v/ov,

KELTO,

7-tliOt)

0'T;E KEIEVW 7rp

had been laid down (KEi/aLt serving

cp. Thuc. 5. 105 § 2 OV"E OErVTE TAV
XPTO"
XP lEVOL.KcCL'itE 0,
' than for

him, on kis part, to rule thee': for this Ka, cp. O. C. 53 0o-'
(n.).
as
0Xo =
1105 8Xwv here can be only masc. This use of
O4LrpavTEs elsewhere occurs only in later Greek; Lobeck cit.:s
Nonnus (5th cent. A.D.) Dionysiaca 47. 482 o'Xas o'lo-rpy
yvvaKag, and Antol. Pal. 7. 679. 5 KTY taoL !pV 7roXi oXhO
3X(v
Erov <v rpi'OE K 5rrpos (by Sophronius of Damascus, circ.
oMULK&;'

630 A.D.). We are scarcely warranted, however, in assuming
that a poet of the classical age could not have ventured on
such a use. The view that oXwv is neuter (summae rerum)
is decisively condemned (i) by the direct antithesis with the
masc. dXXwv, and (2) by the absence of the article, Tr &Xa being
the invariable phrase in this sense.
1107 f.
vwep apXeas ApXE, as Agamemnon says to Achilles,
oSdviEOo-uv vao-e (II. I. I8o), and Achilles to him, a'Xoto-Lv

Mvp

I4rair'
)EtrEXXo, o y~. Cp. Aesch. Eum. 574 cva
/ y7p
"AroXXov, (Ov EXELt aLVTO ,pUIE.-TcL O-LV' 'ir I KdX4," EKELVOVS
J
:E

is a bold cognate acc. ('lash them with thy proud words');
cp. I096: O.
. 339 rr I KXVov, a. vv V T7rjv' r0Tl EL rdXLv.
t
EtTE

pt'

~ih
As,

0-b

E0' 6CTIpOS o-rp. = EJTE (TV /x1' (

~yrtv, whether the veto is thine or his.

command' (a rare use), see Pind. N

J. Aj.

,

d

For

3. 28 AIaK

'

'Aya/iE'vav

rydt as = 'to
(E

ali/t )-EVEL
II

162

Ajax

rE Moto-av

E'pewv.

Here the [rk,despite its place, belongs in

Taad") understood.-s Ta&s s 0ioo,
sense to the inf. (01EvaL Etl

I will give him due funeral rites: see on o90o.-o-'rdTa : cp.
1147: Ant. 997 ;( Ey, 'b o'v 4pta[o o-ro'rta.
the toiling Xaot, the born subjects
1112 oL rdvov woXXoi rrXE',
of Menelaiis, who are bound to endure the labours of war in
any field to which their lord calls them. Cp. Eur. Andr. 695
oV T(#4 rOVOIvvTwV
70vpyOV
gyovvat TdOE,
o
X o o-TrpanT-yr/os T7v
The
80Ko~LV ;pvvrTat,--Where o rovoVrTES are the rank and file.
Attic poets transfer the associations of their own time to the
heroic age. In picturing the followers of the Spartan king,
Sophocles may have had in mind the Perioeci and Helots who
served in the armies of their Spartan masters.
oaths sworn to Tyndareus by the suitors

: the
gpKCO

1113

T70T
yivotro Tvv8aptg KpVy,
of his daughter Helen, J'rov yvVYT
O'IXOLTO (Eur. I. A.
61).
avvatvvEvL, Et rVEK 8OWV Xa/v

In P/i. 72 Odysseus says that (unlike the other chiefs) Neopto8

lemus came to Troy, EVOpKOS OV 6E t.
8'
1114 oV-i oav : this third clause repeats the thought of
K.r.X.: on this trait of Sophoclean
the first, o yd vT 7~s ar
op

style see Ant. 465 ff. (n.).-ois IS8Elvas, those who are as
nought (/tj having its generic force),-mere ciphers. Cp. Ant.
A
V~Eva.So Eur. I.A. 371 -rob
1322 Ov oVK ovT7a XXov ¢)
7
3
8
o0iSvas: Andr. 700 o1/Tvr oVt EV, 'Her.

9. 58 o Eve

pa iETEr.

Menelaiis is attended by two heralds, their
presence marking the solemn character of his mission. So in
the Iliad the chiefs deputed to intercede with Achilles are
accompanied by two heralds (9.170), whom Eustathius (780.
46) compares to the apya wrpoo-wa of the theatre.
1116 f. dov .. a-Trpa~E4lv: the gen. is properly causal, 'turn
for it,' and is joined (here only) with the simple verb, as it is
regularly joined with dv-rpEo/pat (90), rt0o-rpE/oat (P. 599),
1115

K'pUKas.

and in Eur. _Hp . 1224 ff. with the act.
i'ws: Plat. Phaedr. 243 E 'oor~ v
cp.

ETra

3

gTP
TE
b
s E'.

.

This is

a certain correction of the traditional reading 40s, as it is also in
Ph. 1330
I361

i'o

a

EOwa-'rp &

bv
av'o

s

|Xo
rar

UE/v

apy etc., and in O. C.

ow4.

1118 o08' a, 'neither, again,'-referring to their reproof of

Menelaiis in i092.-EV KGKOts, because the friends of Ajax have

the feeling of the Greek chiefs and army against them. Cp. El.
335

vvv

8

V

r
KaKOi

OL rXv

j

80KE.
VELV

1120 6 TogdS. The name of 'bowman'

was a reproach

Notes

I63

only when it implied that the archer was not, like the hoplite,
ready to meet his foe in close fight.

It is in this sense that

I . 385), ro7rda, Xpr
],'p, K'p%
Diomedes upbraids Paris (I.
JyXa'. In Il. 13. 313 Teucer is said to be apworo 'AXatvI
Vcl'7v7.
ro$0o-vrv" but the poet adds dyaO' 8' Ka'l aVTTa&t?
.
At Athens, where the ro$7ora or city police were slaves (KOatL,

etc.), the word had acquired ignoble associations.
1121 pdvav-ov, sordid, unworthy of a freeborn man: Plato
joins fldvavo-og with avEXEV'Opo (Legg. 644 A). Cp. Arist. Pol.
8. 2 § 5 Tal. . TotaSLras rxva"" Boat Tb o
c-,a
7rapa(KEUdVoUv
L
,
V. Thus the notion at
XECpov 8taKE'crOat, favav"o'ov KaXoV/tE
the root of the word was that of some mechanical (or sedentary)
calling which interfered with efficiency in athletics or war.
Teucer might well say that his art was not fpdvavaos: Heracles
and Philoctetes were among its masters.
1122 &o-w(8': the shield of a hoplite, who wore a helmet
and breast-plate, and was armed with a pike (&8pv); while the
bowman, ranking with the light-armed troops, had no defensive
armour.
1124 rp4,EL, has in it; i.e., his valour resides only in his
words. Cp. 503 n.
1125 Bv rW4
SLKaCW,with right on my side: P. 125I 4:1v 7r
8
LtKat T7V 0'
0
oV Tap/ J8 flov.
Shakesp. Henry VI. pt II. 3.
2. 233 Thrice is he armed that hat/k his quarrel
just.
1126 8LKLa : for the plur., cp. 887 oXETXLa (n.).-KTedvavT:
E'K
as Creiisa says to her living son (Eur. Ion 500oo) ELC a
"Kovo', i.e., 'doomed thee to perish.'
1127 SE-Lvv Elras, 'a marvel truly': for yE in comment,
y'
8
cp. El. 341 Etvov ye a' oovoav rarpo oV oa ra(S
XEXleat.-Et Kai
js: here Kal goes closely with

indeed livest': so O. T. 305

E Ka Lr

KXVsELt

$v

KELVOU

5~s,

'if thou
(if indeed..): Tr.

7I d Kal roUr' 7X1q. Distinguish such instances from the
ordinary uses of El Ka ('granting that..'), as in O. T. 408
ELKat TvpavvEt.
1128 TSE 8' otxopitL.

The dat. of relation here means, 'so

far as concerns him,'-so far as his intention went; as in Ph.
1030 OvX"' ~y^v rdXat. In 970 above the similar dat. (0Eo')
has a different shade of meaning.
1129 tT(la. The verb aTttav is otherwise confined, in
classical Greek, almost entirely to the Homeric poems and
hymns.
GEobs, a monosyllable by synizesis, as OE~s normally is with
11-2
I

164

Ajax

Sophocles, when it belongs to the third foot of the trimeter;
see 489, 0. C. 964, Ph. 1o20, fr. 685.--eEos <crw eivos: for the
dat. of the agent, cp. 539 n.
1130 iEy yp &v i aqLL..; for yp in an indignant question,
cp. Tr. II124: Ar. Vesp. 1159 Y 7Yap avTXatqv..; -- E.. oK (S.
As O K Ei = veto, of can follow el: cp. O. C. 935 (n.) Pt T KOIX
E
EKwJV (=
K( V), after El ur.-7rctapv here has an indignant tone,' You come and forbid'; cp. 338 n.
1132

roi5s y' abrbs av'rro : the inserted airos emphasises the
0. C. 929 alo-XvEvS 7rdXLv ( 'v a
QVT
avTro (n.).

reflexive pron.;
-For
KCXv:

a;ToV =-avro^, see 0. 2 138 (n.), El. 285.--o6 Yap
SC. ELV Oa7rTELrV arovs. Ajax was roXE'JLos, a public

enemy, 'worse than any Trojan' (1054), in view of his intended
onslaught. Menelaiis, like Creon (Ant. 284 ff.), conceives
that refusal of burial to a 7roX'/ptos is warranted on religious
grounds.
r, 'stood forth to confront thee.' For
1133 o-o'~. .rpoi a'
7rpOO-Trvat, see on El. 98o.-Teucer parries the argument by
asking how Ajax could have been the enemy of Menelaiis,
a chief on his own side. He thus makes it a personal question
between Ajax and Menelaiis; whereas the latter had referred to
the design of Ajax against the common weal.
Menelaiis ought to have replied, 'He
II1134 ploOVvr ipto-E.
was the public foe'; but, with the maladroitness which characterises him throughout this scene, he plays into Teucer's hands
by saying, 'If he was not roXE/fUoS to me, at least he was

ixBoPc.'

1135 ~JIo-rOLos, 'making votes,' in the sense of procuring
them by a secret canvass among the chiefs. The word irpaav
used by Ajax in 446 implies some such intrigue. Cp. Pindar's
phrase,

KpvtatO-c...

gadoS,

in N

8. 26 (quoted on 447

if.).

Sophocles doubtless conceived the chiefs as voting by ijf/ot
placed in urns (cp. Aesch. Eum. 709), and this view appears in
art (Introd. § 12). The word / OKKXc7rr'-q was used in the
sense of g/oracKT-s, a 'juggler,' who causes ~, oL or balls to
disappear (Athen. p. 19 B, etc.). It is possible that Sophocles
intended Oyoorod to suggest the idea of juggling, though the
word could not be used as a synonym for 4 ObOKXE7rT .
The gen.

a0roi

depends on the phrase KXTq3
7,

/qIo9rot-lO,

or the like.
as it might depend on Xw/ 3r/9T
as,
1136 v rots SLKQGcr at their hands. iv is said esp. of
a tribunal: Ant, 459

v OfO^Moy

W(0TEtV (n.).
8ITV I 8&V

No/es

I65

'speciously.' This is clearly a case in which
1137 KaXWAS,
L has preserved a true reading which the other i~mss. have lost.
Teucer means, ' It might seem to be the judges' doing, while it
was really yours.' For KaXw in a bad sense, cp. Ant. 1047
8
(XOyov) aloXpof'
KaX8 XE(yWOT TOo K4E OVS xptv.
KXzELSCL
KCaK, commit furtive knaveries; see on 189 KXE7rTOVOL
&vav . . gPXE'aLL, tends to it, will issue in it (somewhat
II38 eAs
as in Her. I. I20 it is said of dreams, i do-OE~vF
EPXETat):
,LVL,
r
i.e. ooC: for this menacing TL, see on Ant. 751 Oavoo-' XE Tda'.
-The traditional accentuation, as seen in L and in the Aldine
edition, is 'pX -7a TLv, the ground of it being that rtLV[ is here
emphatic.

ou p &XXov, SC. EtS d'Vlav iolE'XEpat (i.e. XvrrrlOo-O'/EOa).
1140 T'vSI' o-'r'v oiYXL
OcBrrov: for the place of o.tx, cp. 1330
1139

yap

'EClV OVK

aV

EU

pOV(V.

cp. Phil. 549 'KOV(Ta
4. 2. 33 -v AcaXov..
7
oK aK K
oO, Oe.Tt. I'RyKaETO., OVXEEL; Wecklein's conjecture,
roo0' iv for roirov, is very plausible, in view of 1040 iv O-of
/pdr-w.
But To-rTov answers to -rdv3' in I040, and the stress
in dvTaKOLt, and on
in Teucer's retort falls on the avrTEOdpETat.-rfOredc4ETQL: 577 n.
I
1143 vai ~cs 4 opo- 'cLvra..brXvEv : for the inf. with art.,
(TOCXrjcav
v oVK
Pa
instead of a simple inf., cp. O. C. 442 7
1141 aX'
vaTas o're
-ros

K.T.X.:

.VTaKOV'UEL TOOTOV (S
... EV etc.: Xen.

AMem.

(and ib. 47, n.). Where E1opw^ means to urge one to do
something, the person is necessarily in the acc., as after rwedyWo,
oVTE EXET v
rrporprrw, etc. Cp. Xen. Cyr. 8. 1. 43 rTOVTOVU
TWv EXEvOplV 7rdV(ov oV 8 vOa rrapoJpca K.T.X.
+
,0ype' Cv o.VK v qEps. Note the sarcastic force of
1144 f.
the doubled &v. The dat. 4 is possessive: i.e. instead of the
oVK 7 v 4v 4Oly/ma, we have 4 oVK &v rlvpE& ,O~ya, in
simple
the sense, 'you would have found that he had not a word at
his command.'
OVELO'

Cp. O. C. 966 OVK av

e5'EpotL

EpoL aptapTtag

8

OV EV.

dXEOv.-

t'X~': Her. 9. 37 Ev roroT 7b^ KaK,
' El,a/oS:
pcrrwv: Eur. Nec. 346 8E$dav Zo'
y'
Aesch. Ch. 8 I 8KpVo 8'
The form iKpV Oqlv is not elseKPV rTOVTRa.-KPVECs.
dEL/aroS
where found in classical Greek. At a later period KprlV was

frequent (see Veitch, Gk Verbs p. 393)XEL
1146 wcra'rev 'TraptXE, sc. avrdv: cp. Ar. Niub. 422 dF
7rtXaXKE1vELV rapXOql' av. Plat. Theaet.
L
Oappwv o'VEKva TOVTV

Ajax

166
p.

8

191 A &v

rrap O/LEV

E rCTV7p (ArOpr'o'/LEV, TarcELtvWOEVT73,

13

vaVrttWvrTE

7rarTEtV T

Kal Xpy Oa

P

,

T

%
Xat

7
To a'V

Toqrrat.

-For the omission of the art. before vavTrlwv, cp. Eur. I A. 340
7 ^ 0XOVrt 8y~orIv: Ion I 167 rvy OXovr' yO7XOpow.
1148 -crIKpOVv ovS . .iKwrvEicras. Greeks gave the name of
EKE 'La to a wind caused by the meeting and breaking of
clouds: [Arist.] De Aundo (p. 394 b 18) o018 KaT pC$tV Tyv tEVOL..

EKVELat

KaXoVVTraL.

1149 ~'rv..po'v, a new acc. serving to resume 0a'KKaL 7T
oav.. 0/orda: cp. Io62 f. (arv ..
ao-a).
1151 Iv KCKs ^4
4pt"E: Aesch. Ag. I612 Avytlo8', Vf/pl(tELV
v
KaKOLYV OV (TrE/W.

1152 K~I', introducing the consequence of such v' 3pts:
0. 7. 1500 o avr oVEtt^<rOE Ka Ta Tr yaldL; Ant. 1019 K'T'

('and so,'' and therefore') ov
rrap ?
LtWV.
1153
tKEu

YvVoLKE

Opyijv =-rporov.

apW

1V 70
7

T

V

8

'xovrat Ovo-Tra

Aeschin.

or.

2

8

a XLT7h EL
a

§ 179 dvdvsp?

ol

Ka

op/v.
PYV.

1155 wro4<rLas: on the spelling, see n. to Ph. 120.-rp
aLvoV[evos. Other examples of the passive sense in futures of middle
form, from stems ending in a liquid, are Ant. 93 EX0ap E : ib.
230 aXyvvE: 0. T. 272 0OEpE^CoOat: Ph. 954 abavoivtat.

1156

SaovXo
Cp.

lvoXpov : misguided, of folly, as in Ant. 1026 (oVK)
65 0,/ot ~tpv avoXpfa fovXEvfxaTrwV.
888 8vrordrT/ov XapLv XXS^, (i.e.,

0o8' AvoXPos: ib. I2
8
1290 V'orTVE: O. T.

miserably perverse).-lrapedv here serves merely to make the
picture a little more vivid; he thus warned the man to his
face. Cp. 338.

Fe-v

have not spoken too obscurely?'
Cp. Ant. 405 ap' Ev8yX K l. o-a f
XEyo; Aesch. Ag. 269 q Trop^ XE'yw; In Teucer's parody of his
1158

vLEg[ V;

'I

(psv, num, as in 791.)

opponent's parable there is a rising tone of scorn, which the
last words accentuate.
116o wr&pa (=rradpErrt)is distinctly preferable here to rapj, (see
cr. n.). With rapi the sense would be: 'It were shameful if people
should hear that any one who may have the power to use force
is chastising only by words.' We must not be misled by the
analogy of the Latin subjunctive: qui Jossit vi uti could be
merely an allusive way of saying qui fossim vi uti: but the
Greek equivalent of qui fossim would be (iyt) Or 7erdpEOrTL,
not 4 rrapj.
In Io8i, o37rov ' pPPItELV 8 pa 0' a poAvETrL 7rap(wherever it may be allowed), the subjunctive is fitting: but not

Notes

I67

so here, where the reference is to a definite person who has
a certain power. For the optat. rd0Ootro see on 521.
II63 The anapaests serve not only to mark the exit of
Menelaiis, but also to afford a pause before the entrance of
Tecmessa at I I68. For their bearing on the date of the play,
see Introd. § I3.-PpS'pS s TLS &y<6v, a trial of strength in strife:
cp. Tr. 20 Eid aycwva. . -vJrEcrwv ,c.xg: Liv. 36. 19 in iz5so
certamine pugnae. For the place of etbefore its noun, cp. 29.
1165

KOIrETOv,

a grave dug in the earth, from

cTKrrTw

(cp.

I. 24. 797 (Hector's burial)
Kaodpq, 'fox,' also OKadxbpr).
a a ' lp' E KOtXVV Kr'rETOV OE'oav.-tiv, 'look for': Od. 8.
8
81pov, Evvda, arg.
443 ai~r0 viv ' E rw^a: Theocr. 15. 2 o'py7
1166 f. fporots rv &ECtvTo-rTov = vy
^ppoTro0
ad'EIl/JoroTv' cp.
O. C. 714 t'rroLtoLv TOyv KEO7rTpa XaXLVOV: Tr. 872 (SpOV)
TO rr1dLL70ov:
0. I. 139 EKELVOV 0 KTaVyV.-EUpComVT,
'
from evPWo, mould': an epithet applied in epic poetry to the
nether world, where all things moulder in damp, cheerless

'HpaKX

gloom:

II. 20. 65 (oiKa, the home of Hades), o-EpSaLX'
Od. I O. 512 'At&EO...8/Zov
rTE0-rvyEovoT- 0EOt rEP.
Vergil reproduces this sense (Aen. 6. 462) in his loca

EVpdEvra, r
EVpdEvra.

senta situ, the 'rough and mouldering wilderness' of the underworld. But in later antiquity a false etymology connected
EVp EL3 with Eipv : thus Oppian (circ. 18o A.D.) actually uses
the word in the sense of ' wide,' Hal. 5. 3 KdXrrov v ECVpWEVTa
OaXat
c-rs.
The legendary tomb of Ajax was shown on the coast of the
Troad near Cape Rhoeteum; Strabo 13. p. 595 7 'POL tp
Alexander the Great, on landing in the Troad, offered ivayt0lara
at the tomb of Ajax as well as at that of Achilles (Diod.
17. 17).
Ii68 f. KaL p.lv, marking the entrance of a person: 1223:
0. C. 549 (n.).F-s acVrbv KaLpV: just in time.
Tecmessa had left the scene after v. 989, in order to bring
the child Eurysaces from the tent, where he had been left when
she set forth in search of Ajax (8 o). The part of Tecmessa
is now taken by a mute person, as the deuteragonist has
presently to resume the part of Odysseus (1318).
icrov

1rmpLo'UrrXoevre,

here a general phrase

for rendering

funeral rites. Among these rites would be the washing and
dressing of the corpse (Ant. 901 XAovo-a KdKdo'0-ok-a etc.), in
which Tecmessa would naturally bear part, and the pouring of

I68

Ajax

XO4t, in which Eurysaces also would share.
o-V8E C fqT?7p I KXavcrE W7rEpLtOTEtaa:

Cp. Od.

Ant. 902

Tb

24. 292

o-byov 8up

rEptLrTAXXovo-a.

1172 (KlK&ys: an anapaest in the first foot, as in verse 1302.
This licence occurs in every play except the Antigone: it is
most frequent in the Philoctetes (Introd. Ph., p. xxx).
While the child knelt as a suppliant by the body, with his
hand upon it, the corpse could not be forcibly removed without
offence to Zeus 'IKE.OLOg. Teucer is about to go and seek
a place for the grave (1184), and he desires to secure that the
body shall not be disturbed during his absence.
1173 iff. OiKEL SE ipO'rrporpLos: cp. Aesch. Eum. 41 8pav
Xovra rpoo-rpdratov. Here OaKEL denotes a kneeling posture
(7rpoEorrc'v 1181): cp. Eur. Ph. 293 7YOvV7rETEL E8paG irpootrrrvo
o', 0. I: 2 E8 pag.. &01aETE (n.). The offerings in the child's
hands will show that he formally supplicates (rpoo-rprETrat, cp.
831) the XOOvtoL GEOL and the spirit of the dead man to avert

outrage from the corpse.

K6Las, offerings to the dead, as in 1I. 23. I35, where the
locks of hair are laid on the corpse (OpLtt 8 rvrTa viKZVV
Ka
rLT vvUcav, s drcaXXov KEtpdo/JVOL). So in El. 449 f.

Chrysothemis is told to lay locks of her own hair and her
sister's on Agamemnon's tomb,-the significance of the act
being marked by the prayer which is to follow the gift: alro^
SE Wrpoo7rtvovcra yg7OEv E-rEI/

^'/Jtv eipwyov aVb1-OV

el

EXOPOV'

In its primitive symbolism the severed hair
meant that the person from whose head it was cut devoted
himself to the dead, and (as it were) escorted him to the
shades; the gift of hair being a substitute for self-immolation
at the grave.--pL'rov, marking the completion of the lucky
number; 0. C. 7 f. at
OrdOa. Xpd'vos.
. XO
. Kal To yevvaLov
LOXELv

(453 f.).

1175

LKT1lPLOV

Olcravp6v,

'the

suppliant's store';

i.e., the

efficacy of the supplication is stored up in, resides in, these
gifts of hair, which symbolise the appeal of the IKETqy to
the spirit of the dead.
6
1177 KCKbS KLK4S, as in 1391, 0. T. 248, Ph. I3 9.-d0ai ros
4Krrd-OL XOovds, 'may he be cast out of the land, unburied': i.e.,
may he perish, and may his body then be cast beyond the
boundaries of his country. Cp. Eur. Ph. 1629 IIoXvVEtKovS
VEKVV I idKAXET7
OarTov TyO' ~DWV 'eW xOov6'.
Under Athenian
law a person put to death for treason (rpo 8oouia) or sacrilege

Notes

I69

was not to be buried in Attica (Xen. H. I. 7.
Phocion was executed in 317 B.c.,

E80~E

Kl

TO o-

22):

thus when

a ..

$op oat

(Plut. Phoc. 37). Teucer's curse is worded as if the supposed
offender were at home in Greece, and not at Troy.
OEoZ) EVXEo-'
1178 yuvoVs &ravcros: Dem. or. 19 § 71 (--o
e oXq 7rotLE a'rV
Ka'l y'VO9 KaL OKLav.
Lys. or. 12 §10 l oo-EV
I
EQXELavtav EUVT
Kal TOtS ratcOt
u7rapwoEvos.-pCtv l
vos, with

his race extirpated from the root,-i.e., may there be no
survivor to continue it. Cp. El. 765 7rpdpptov. . &E0apTra
gyvo. So Antigone and her sister are the Eo-Xairy pW(a of their
house (Ant. 599 f.). For the constr. of the pass. verb with
acc., cp. Tr. 157 8Xrov E-yypaIAEnV1t7v I vvOtaO' (n.): Xen.
An. 2. 6. I J7roTp
rqEV'rEs 7'1 KEO X3"E: Cyr. 5. 2. 32 Tpavpra
8
E7rLSrE
E/tvove.

1179 ASms: as to the breathing, see on O. T. 931.8rwo-rirrp rdv8'
T&yh4O
wrXKOv. The primary meaning of this
act was self-dedication (1173 n.), but Teucer here gives it
a further significance, suggested by the circumstances of the
moment; exactly as in II. 3. 300 the orrov&a at the truce are
turned into a symbol of death for those who break the truce,0-0' EyKE cOSao

(8

1181

Xay8ts iE'OL 0%E

OTvos.

KLVO-C'LTW : the 3rd pers. of the aor. imper. with

p4,
though somewhat rare, occurs in good prose (Plat. Apol. 17 c
3

pyEL..
9

.rpoo-7 0K7rO TW).

Cp. 1334.--'wpoow ov, kneeling beside
i

the body, 9xov (sc. avro), cling to it.

So Tr. 904

poo^-L

7pooarrrovo-a, Ph. 485 rpoY1rtrmV() oE ydovart.
II82 V'Ets 'r, the Chorus.-C&vr' AvSpov : cp. I020 80oXo..
Tvr' XEvO pov.

II83 f.
o-r'= Eo-r' av: cp. 555 E"s.. jdyOfl.-r&4ov
aEX2s1ts,
after choosing and preparing a place of burial (ri65). This
aor. of the simple piXo/pa does not elsewhere occur in a middle

sense, but EirrcEXrjeOv as an aor. middle is frequent in Attic.LJBEL K-KV rr 7VTE
SE,=

KdLV

7-/X o(Tv, though all men forbid (oK<
i3

= veto).

Cp. Ph. 443 f. Jrov | y iLEL fY/.
1185-1222 Thiird stasimon.
ist strokhe, 1185-1191
= Ist antistr., 1192-1198:
2nd str. 1199-1210
= 2nd ant.
I211-1222.

I185 viaTos should be followed by a comma (as in some
MSS.): the sense is, -ri vEatro rwOv aptO/1t ('o-rTu), i 7rOdre X $EL
ETEwv apLOuosp; 'what will be the last number (the completed
total of the years),-when will the series of the years end ?'apLO/o'd having a slightly different sense with v&aroS from that
which it bears with is rorT. This difference, together with the

170

Ajax

absence of a common predicate, is the reason against taking
the sentence as two questions combined in one (like "is WdoEv
Els avopov;).-wroXv1rX&KKrcov, 'much-wandering,' 'restless,' refers
to the toils of the campaign beyond sea; the epithet of the
men is transferred to the years; cp. Od. 17. 425 A-or~pcrt
7roXv7XdyKroL-Lv.

1187
cp. El.

1188

r&v
I66 rvy

cravcr'ov: for the art. ('that ceaseless misery'),
avvvrov
oTov EXovcrr
I
KaKWv (n.).

Sopro-o4rov, ' spear-hurling,' here = martial.'

8

opvo--

o-dys occurs nowhere else, but is related to 8opvo-o-os (for which
cp. n. on O. C. I313) as yveIv,4 to yvJvds, KOVfY7TE to KOapOL,
and it would certainly be rash to deny that metrical convenience
could have suggested such a by-form. Blaydes and Wecklein
change it to Sopvc-o-dwv, reading '3Et$' in 1195.
119o v rav espdSea Tpwtav. See cr. n. Lobeck compares
EVAPtSys (from EVpvs) with the late forms /fpaXy ys, rpaXySrs.
With regard to iv (= vdi), it should be noted that Sophocles
uses this apocope elsewhere only in compounds (cp. 416: Ant.
1275, n. on cvrpE7rov). Three of the later Mss. add veqxoEcroav
after Tpotav. Hence Wecklein, comparing fr. 5o9 N., reads av'
dvfLesEa (iv-) Tpos'av: Hermann, from the Schol. who explains
Epd
"8Y (as if EpdEvra) by r(KOTEtV~V Ka' dEpd 8r, has dv' aav
dEpWEa Tpwk'av.
1191 8~crravov 6'vELOS 'EXXCvowv,

acc. in appos. with the
vwtpIara.
sentence: cp. 559 Xaplov-qv (n.), 1210
p.
1192 aieOpa SOUVcL Yv, i.e., vanish into the depths of the
sky, as if caught up by aprvtat: cp. Eur. Or. 1375 -r^ 0yO,
givat, I roXtov alOep' dairda4cEvos y rr~vrov;-rwoX1KOLvov "ALSa :
El. 137 'At8a I 7ayKOLVOv XIvaS (n.).
1195 f. KECrOS&v p, not Paris, but an indefinite person, the
1
supposed inventor of war: cp. Tibull. i. io. I Quis fuit,

horrendosprimnus quig rotulit enses ?) Quamferus et vere ferreus
ille fuit /- ELtEv, taught: Aesch. P. V. 457 o'r 84 o-4v
dvroXas YE I T-rpwov E"EL .- KOLVbV "Ap-, 'public' warfare, in
which all the Greeks make common cause (as against the
8
Trojans): Thuc. I. 3 § i irp yap rov TpoiKV()v oV 4v ~alVrETat
7rpOd pOV

KOLI7

Epyaaa/

q

rV 'qEXXa's.

wpdyovoL rdvo . This is a parenthetic excla1197 tU dVOL
mation (cp. 173 f.): 'Alas, those warlike toils (of the man who
invented war), from which so many toils have sprung.' Cp.
the phrase in Plat. Legg. 928 E ( vpcopal. . 'XOpas 9KYOVOL.
1199
E&IVv, the wreaths, usually of myrtle (vpplva),

with which the guests at a banquet crowned their heads before

NVoles

I7I

the o-rovs8a were poured and the -roiog began: Athen. p. 685 c
8

4I

T7W3V orE0dVWV

rVOWr oa
LpoWV 7rpOTrEpOV ELOo 0S CL9 Ta
rparrias. Ar. Ac/. II145 Tuwitv oTcr6avoTaEv pO(TVcVLL.
juivy. Eur. Bacch. 376 rrapc KaLOTfTERVOt
see on a'dOcE in I30.-KvIXCKOV.
1200 PLOaLav, 'copious':
yE/Ero 7~4,

8

Kat

EVTEr
p

The KVAXL
was the commonest form of drinking-cup at Athens
1
(cp. Plat. Symp. 214 B E'r - KvXLKL XE EtV). It was usually of
earthenware (KV'XLKa KEpatLaV, Plat. Lys. 219 I), with a broad

and relatively shallow bowl (hence compared to an do-rvi,
Athen. p. 472 c), a stem, and handles (Wra) projecting horizontally from the sides. The average KV;XL seems to have
held about three KOrTXat, or between i( and Il pint.
to which 6fdLXEis added as
1201 vEpoev governs ripLV,
6
cp.
yLXE^Zv ar):
epexegetic inf., 'for me to consort with' (b
LXE^v KpEo0-odvWV
10. 72 XaX7rX' 8' 'pts a'dvOpwrots
Pind. N

(a strife with more than mortal foe is hard for men to encounter): id. I.

2.

37 a

t8oos

tv

v

do-ro Z

/AoXEv.

8
1202 avXv, the flutes played at banquets by aX-qrpSiE .TOEL 8dva.
The
-aropov : cp. Aesch. P. V. 574 KrqpdrXa0TrrOI

word usu. denotes a loud noise, as the rattling of chariots
(Aesch. Theb. 151), or the crash of thunder (0. C. 1479).
8

1203 f. 8ro-fopos, 'that wretch': cp. 1290 V'0-TrrVE.-vvXCav
rEpyLv taLLy5LV, pass the night in sweet repose.'
'to
The inf.

depends on

VE4rEv,

with

r'ipqtv

as cogn. acc.-The Homeric

laj

means, not ' to sleep,' but 'to pass the night' or ' bivouac':
aivw occurs in postsee, e.g., II. 9. 325 di'vrvov vVK-rag tivov.
Homeric Greek of the classical age only here and in Eur. Ph.
8
8
Vraorc Lcov
1537 f. sElotaL i . a ov. [Eur.] Rhes. 740 v
KOLTOV

LMEL.

eLv
Remark the repetition of rEP (after 1201): it recurs in
1216. See n. on O. C. 554.
1205 4p'-rcv 8', 4p rEv : for the iteration, cp. 621 (n.).
12o6 d dpLfVos, ' uncared for': the pass. sense occurs only
here, but may be illustrated by the use of dKrl4, which can be
either passive or active; and by the passive sense of d[EX4~ in
Xen. H. 6. 5. 41, where it means, 'neglected.'-o -os strengthens
the adj. (' thus utterly uncared for'); cp. Aesch. Theb. 1056 7yivo
XourcE 7rppIvoOEV oV',rW.
This is better than to take it as = 'simply,' as in Plat. Gorg. 506 D O1mTsJ E'K?,, like iacentes sic temere in
Hor, C. 2. II. 14.
1207 Spd6ooLs: the XE iwvtLaLt pdooot of Aesch. Ag. 560

(quoted above on 6o0

ff.).

Ajax

172
I210Io

e
vara,acc.

in appos. with the sentence: cp. I9T n.

The miseries of the nightly bivouac never allow them to forget
that they are in the dreary Troad.
1211 ff. ativ v ,xov, G. Wolff's excellent emendation of
vivvylov, brings the verse into metrical agreement with 1199.-as in 212.
1214 f. vEZ'rcaL oaruYEEP 8CVL, has been consecrated, devoted,
SC
to it; i.e., has become its victim. Cp. Eur. Ph. 947 o0'-0ro 8
8
~roXo3 (Menoeceus), 7T ' dvELEIvos rdXEt, Iavv
irarp av
EK~OW(ELEtVaV. The word dvEL LE'voS was properly said of
7 yata

Ooi1ptos,

animals which, having been consecrated to a god, were allowed
to roam at liberty in the pastures;

Her. 2. 65 rv

ra tpaL (O-7pa) Et X
kE'Oq70,

T(
-v

avEtTat

Kcraf/3dv

E E'VEKEV

koyw E15,Ta QE~a

wpriybaa: then the term was extended to inanimate things;
Plat. Legg. 761 c d rc ov JXo-o -) TEiEvos rEpt ravra avEtIEvov -.
1216
~-rCTL, will 'attend upon' me; cp. El. 1467 El 6'
EY aEt VEIkEoL (n.).
1217 ff. XaEv. Colonel William Mure remarks :-'Sopho-

cles calls Sunium a woody promontory, a description no longer
applicable. But a few stunted fir bushes, straggling over the
declivity below the temple, would seem still to vouch for its
propriety in his own age.'

(Tour in Greece, vol. II. p. 123:

I842.)

wrEo-rL wrvrov irpdo'X p': the genitive goes with
('sea-cape'): cp. Ph. 1455 7oVTrov irpoooXy. With

prrd[X
#fpa
reo-,r~ we

understand 7roryr
from rrTov. For E'r7orTafter i~r~oTrat in
1216, cp. Ant. 73, 76 (KEfooatl), 613, 618 (i;'raE).
1220 ~wVb wrXCbK ouvov : for the 6 of frr\ before 7rX, cp.
Ant. 612 -r 7-pl'v.-Sunium, the S. E. promontory of Attica, is,

in Leake's words, 'lofty, steep, and rugged on every side,
except the south-west, where there is a beach and a small bay,
with an island at the entrance' (Demi of Attica, vol. ii. p. 63).
On the highest point stood the Doric temple of Athena, built
probably about the middle of the 5 th century B.c. The modern
name of the cape, Colonna (KoXd'vais), is derived from the
remaining columns of the temple, which are of a brilliant
whiteness, the marble of which they are made being of a much
lighter colour than the Pentelic. Poseidon also was worshipped

at Sunium ($ovvLdpare, Ar. Eq. 560).
1221 f. r&s ep&cs: so Pind. fr. 75. 4 v TaL LEpate 'AOdvats.
Ar. Eq. 1319 W Ta s ZepaV 4(yyo 'AOjvat.-8w7ras.. '3poou-crwoLv,
after the optative yEvoL/Jav (1217): P/k. 324 Ovpv
dEvotro XELOpt

Notes

173

rXp<^ao

7ror,
v' at MvKvaL yvoev K.:.X.: Aesch. Eum. 297
1 7W3ros
yEVOTO K.-.X. (Sometimes, however, we find the
subjunct. after such an optative: Eur. Or. 982 UdkotL...v' ilv
Opjvoto-tvw dPfloaw.) For the custom of greeting the land to
which one comes, cp. Aesch. Ag. 503: Verg. Aen. 3. 524
Italiam laeto socil clamore salutant.
EXOO0...

Pausanias says (i. 28. 2), referring to the colossal Athena
Promachos on the Acropolis, - 70o 8 o'paTro alX~pi KLL o Xd0o~
T70

KpdvoVUg dro

~ovvlOV

7rpoor-rXV0-tV

oVn
TtV

'-

ovora.

As Leake observed (Demi I. p. 631), Cape Zoster, some miles
N.w. of Sunium, is the first point on the Attic coast from which
a voyager could possibly have caught a glimpse of the spearpoint and crest.
1223-1420 The exodos falls into three parts. I. The
scene between Teucer and Agamemnon : 122 3-1315. 2. The
mediation of Odysseus: I316-1401. 3. Preparationsfor

the burial of Ajax: 1402--end.
1223 ff. KX I.v: I 68 n.-lt v, a 'dativus incommodi,''to trouble us.'-silXos, in the personal constr. with partic., as
O. T. 673, Ph. ioT. (With Wk added, above, 326 n.)or
The notion of o-Katds here is that of headstrong
cKCLbV ., 0 T6.

perversity, unrestrained by good sense or good feeling; cp.
8
0
( OT'ov
OLK8a
Eur. fr. 290 dad yhp tv 8pa OrKatdv, IUXvp v UTEL,
Dem. or. 18 § 120 (TKat2o.. KaL dvaTLcrOEVOV^0TE Kal o(Tooo.
o
O/ro-.-KXo-wv, unbridle: Isocr. or. 12 § 96 E'7rE~XvO4 ot T/
Eur. H/iZp. io6 t ira
XE'XVKar 7O "Tra.
7trapppowao'Eo'aL K
EXaXlvov aUro/drTWv.
cTOrrdpa; Cp. Bacck. 385
TroVXV OV XV(
1226 f. o Sh: the abrupt acc., roughly calling the attention

of the person addressed, is sometimes used even without a
governing verb, as in Ant. 441 O-E 8-, o 7r)v vevovrav iE 7r8ov
p
K.T.X.-T' SBELV aq',uT, 'those terrible words': 312 n.
Kapa, I q,
- VOIWOKT'L, impune, like dKXaV'O"-T in El. 912. Cp. Ar. Ran.
178 oVK Otlpw7Eat; The adverb ends in L, not EL,as presupposing

an adj. in -os: for these adverbial forms, see n. on O. C. 1251

d(TTaKT.

[For their historical development see Monro, Hom.

Gr. g II0o.J-XaviEtV aa, like Aesch. Ag. 920 pdoatxa -rpoo'o-'
XtgIV : Ar. Vesp. 341 TOVT' ET~XdA b tapy Xgavi^v;
1228 aCl rOL: cp. El. 1445 - 70Tot, Kptvw: Ar. Av. 274
o-E
OVTro,

Oj (YE 70t.

-K
irpbs.. &ro: is usu. said of
1229 f. Tpacels = El T pad ~.-pl
parents, A1rd (as in 202) of ancestors; but cp. O. C. 571. Kao'
oTov
raTpos yEy~s.
(Ant. 192 f., n.)-KE
Kpmv
SOLWo'pLS:

Ajax

I74

166 f. 'v 8' aKpotoL fl0a
yroud had been thy strut. Eur. Ion I
roctv I KPpV aVELE (describing the proud gait of the herald).
8
7r
1231 'rE in its causal sense, = kErrt (0. T. 918 n.).-o 8v
Cv, 'being naught' (a simple statement): roc pLh
lSv.. irp,
&
'for
him who is as naught.' The only difference between the two
expressions is that the phrase with /Jpivr is, in effect, somewhat
more emphatic, and (here) more bitter, since it implies a mental
act of comparison, with the result of deciding that this particular person is no more than a nonentity. The angry king
scorns Teucer, but his bitterness is against the dead Ajax.
The phrase with o-'8v is, of course, equally applicable to the
dead (El. 244, 1129), and that with p/ sv to the living (above,
767, cp. 1275). Cp. I114 ro'; pr8val (n.).
1232 f. KOZTE o(rpaLTrYO s K.T.X. Agamemnon speaks throughout of 'us,' meaning Menelais and himself. Teucer had
implicitly acknowledged that Agamemnon was commander-inchief (1105). But he denied that Menelatis had any authority
over Ajax (i ioo), and also that either of the two Atreidae had
a right to forbid the burial (I1o9).--oirc vav4pXovs: alluding
to Teucer's denial that Ajax had sailed from Salamis at the
summons, or under the command, of Menelaiis (1o97,
IIII f.).
r
'AXaLv OtE o-o: another o;VT

is understood before 'AXatcv:
7rpayLa
7t) VELsevaLL v jI
3ovXEVoravr etc. (cp.
flovXECo-avrl pMjr' dEpyaa-tvy, i.e. (ptjrE)
O. T. 239 n.): Aesch. Ag. 532 Idta'p yap ovTre o-vvrTEXq, rTOAXt.Srop'crw: the prep. gives emphasis, as in Tr. 378 to/lvvvro.
the imperf. serves to mark the
1234 a~rbs dtpX(v ..
cp.

/L

Ant. 266 To

pcraL
pTE3

r
LTa

ErXsL:

position which Ajax was holding at the time when he was
setting forth. Similarly in Ph. 572 rp
7roov ae rdv'
arVTO
o8vOEs E4'XTEL;

the imperf. refers to the motive which was

actuating him.
1235 So5wyov, i.e., Teucer as the son of an alawr":
1020

80oXo3..

1236 iwoCov

av

cp.

l.

KE'KpCLys cdvps:

for the gen., cp. El. 317 70O

1237 wot iP&'Vro.
'roi Padvros has the better MS. authority;
in a question, however, between t and v, little weight can be
claimed for our Mss. If pLVTros meant, 'having taken his
dvro would be as correct as 7ro flEflqKOdTOS.
stand,' then 7roi 8l
But when, as here, Pfldvro is opposed to o-T(VT0o, it is very
improbable that a writer of the classical age would have used

_votes
-o-t.

rather than

,rov

I75

Cp. Ph. 833

Opa

ro

o-rdoa-,

7ro^

8t

S...
p/coEL.

1238
1239

iv8pcs, emphatic, like dv-p in 77.
f.

El. 470 7tLKpaV 80KW /E rTE
4pav
for EoKcKaEV, occurs also in

rLKpois, to our cost:

YroXVELV
ET (n.).-oypv,

rVqE

Eur. Heracl. 681, Cycl. 99. It is not found in the Homeric
poems, but may be compared with EtX7Xov0/IEV (II. 9. 49), and
lvotypev (Hom. hymn. Apoll. Pyth. 3 5o).rXow cyV
dcvas: the
objective gen. here denotes the prize: cp. 936 'rXo)v lKELt
dyv

rilpt.--rTE: 650 n.

1241 TCvwao, 'in every case,'-i.e., whenever the result of
the contest is disappointing to Teucer. Cp. Ph. 1052 VLKav yE
1T7avraTo
/LErov
Xp- v I('vv.-- avo'[e': 1o2o n.--K
TF1Kpou, on
~iOy' CaVE.
his part: cp. O. C. 51 KOK d LTo 'K
1242 KOK ipKo'EL, not try8', though Et precedes, for oK

dpKE'oE is felt rather as a statement of that which is sure to
happen, than as a hypothesis. Similarly of often stands in the
second of two clauses after 8EaV El or the like: Thuc. I. 121
6 5 ~~~ ALoY E ... OvK dLp 8 ravVo0EV.
EZ7
1243
iKEWLV . .jp 'KEv.
The antecedent to d' is aV^ra,
a cognate acc.,-'to yield in regard to' what the judges
decided: cp. O. C. II78 7ad8' ElKaMEvV: i. 172 CEKOVTC SE.
a'
1244 f. KcKOS CLXEt-TE:assail with revilings.
vd~~LETLv p~ao-ov (n.).--iv
I
8dX KEV-rlo-0': stab in
In Ant. 1030, too, KE/r7E is figurative,-meaning
a base wrong (on the dead).

to inflict
For o-rv cp. 933.-ol XXELEvoL,

ye who have been left behind in the race.
TEKVoNV XEL7rOLTO 7rpo
6

rdOeov

Cp. 724
the dark.

Kpo-LV:

Cp. Tr. 266

rv Jov

Aesch. Pers. 339 rT)7E

XE 4-

O vat taL~17.

1246 f. 4K Tc'vS8. . T^V Trpdwv, as a result of them-.-K Ta-acrLs: there may be vofoOE0T-a, but no firm establishment of
a law can come to pass. Cp. 1074: Ant. 1113 ro70 KcaOE T(Tag

v61/ovq.
1248 f.
2. 27 ' 8'L
~

TOis..

VLK(OTas:

for the pres. partic. cp. Xen. Cyr. 8.

E(hOVtEL.-E 9()"oopsv, thrust
him out of the honourable place which he has fairly won. The
fut. wO<ro occurs also in Eur. Cycd. 592, Ar. Eccl. 300.-Tois
SIr0TEv: a metaphor from rear and front rank suits the
VLKWOVT70O IEV VLKW
(LV

speaker.
1250 f.
Ajax was
3. 227).

,Xerts, 'burly,' 'big'; eipv'ivrL 'broad-shouldered.'
KE QbXV TE Ka E pyL'a d ovs (I.
'Apydwv

(oXos

Ajax

176

1252 oLt povoovTes E: for the place of E", cp. Ant. 723 Kat
AXCEyO0vOV KCXOV 7To tlavOdVELV.
EU
Erb...opercm: so Tr. 391 OVK ELwJV v7r ay/Ew
1253 f.
dX' a TrdKTro
-oLKpaS,
in contrast with
iK coJov
oropEETraL.-

Tiw

8' oloa Troi
is brought straight
into the road' (from which it has strayed): cp. Eur. Helen.
the 'large

ribs.'

0VLOv/EIvoUv

jrrrwOUv

1555

TadpELOs 8E

Cp. Ant. 477

FlktLK(o XaXLVP

KCTapTv/Va3.--OpObS, 'it

rrOV

0K

/E \

OpOO

-cravtSa 7rpo/ vaL KvTra,

'to advance straight across the plank' (into the ship).
1255 f.

'corrective,' 7T7v o1/
'7tya.
Cp. O. C. 714
So the bit for Pegasus, given
by Athena to Bellerophon, is tXrpov r7O' 7 rrctov (Pind. O. 13K
68), 4oapkaKoV 7rpadi (lb. 85).-vosv -rarKo-L: cp. Plat. Rep.
TApPaKov,

wIfrotoL-Lv T v

591 B (4

cKEo-Thpa XaXLtvv.

gvX")

ao-poo-vyv ..

K-rWoEtly.

So KTqa

is said

of

moral or mental attributes (0. T. 549, Ant. io50). TLw,
ironical, some small measure of it.
1257 f. &vpbs oVKE1 6VTOS, genitive absolute.-(KLs: cp.
El.

8

arro8oV
tdrcTL-I popcn
1158 J'VL 0CLX
1259 o
rw4povlcrLs; Cp. P/h. 1259

TE

Kal c TKaLV VwEXy.

o-o0pdvyTra ('thou
8
hast come to thy senses ').--Fp.(Ov s Et cVo-w, i.e. SokAog. In
10io68 ii-o WTE yvol cs o Et, and 0. C. 1171 EtotS' aKoowv
O.
8
wv3 '
E'0 0'6 rpooTardr11, where 3s stands for Jo-rrt, the reference
is to the person's identity; here it is to his quality (= oTos EL), as
in Eur. Ale. 640 iELsas Es AXEYXOV EOE0oV 8oE .
1260 aXXov rLv'..
.XEe40epov, some one else, who (unlike thee)
is a free man. Cp. Od. 6. 84 a/ia TV ye (with their mistress)
Plat. Gorg. 473 c TOv roXLr<^V Kal
KoV aXXat.
4roXot
Kal dkpl
EVWV.
iwV aXXOV
&oi. At Athens, as elsewhere, a slave
1261 &v'L a-o XME C'~L

had no locus standi in a law-court, and could plead to a charge
only through his master. Cp. frag. adesp. 304 (Nauck p. 897)
8
o00Xo~1rirVK,
oV
iLETET OOL Xdyov. In Plat. Gorg. 483 B
rT
incapacity for self-defence

generally (acdrs a'brp floeEtv)

is

noted as characteristic of the servile condition. Cp. O. 22
~
410 f. (n.), where Teiresias says that he is not the 80 ^oXo of
Oedipus, and therefore has the right 'o-' dVcAE$at, instead of
pleading only by Creon's mouth.
1262

o'o.. Xyovros could depend on bdeoL

as='under-

stand,' but is better taken as gen. abs., since thus we obtain
a clearer sense for oKcT-' : ' when thou beginnest to speak, my
power of comprehension ceases.'
1263 pippapov, because Teucer's mother Hesion6 was

Noles

177

Trojan.-tIwrat, a current word in Attic (Ar. Nub. 650 etc.), is
used in the sense of 'to understand' by Plato both with acc.
and with gen.
1265 4peio , monstrare, or suadere; cp. Tr. 53 p'o'aL
TO -ov, to indicate thy duty.
1266 f. s rXet& T s, 'in what quick fashion' (with what
ortovXEVWV
OVr
strange quickness): cp. O. T. 618 o'rav rTaXv
XdAOp I Xmpf^, 'when the stealthy plotter is advancing in quick
fashion.'-poTots, ethic dat., in the minds of men.-8&tappet:
said in fr. 787. 9 of the waning moon; 8tappEZ Kd7r' tkrl Ev
IEPXET t. Cp. 523 CdroppE /~vo-r'rts.'-wTpo8oo' &MXo-KETaL. Here
Xdpt 70ToOavVro3 is that grateful memory of the dead which
ought to abide in men's minds. When this memory deserts
them, it is a traitor to the dead. Cp. Ant. 46 o ydp 8V
7rpo8ovo-'

Xw'adoAat.

4irl O-LKp
Xdyowv.
In El. 415 o'ULKpOL
oyOL
mean 'few' or 'brief' words. Probably the sense here is,
'not even in brief words.' This use of d~rl with the genitive
is illustrated by two passages which Wolff has quoted; Plat.
1268

o8'

Symp. 192 C rTEpoS ETrIp XalPEL
Evvtw1v OV'O
rrtiEy/~rly
o'rov34q
8
KaO*U(
('with such great eagerness'): Dem. or. 18 § 17 0of;E
ovr" -rr' dXq0Lda OSE/Lta EtqjEdlC ('nor with any truth ').
1269 f. oZ depends on rpoZK~cs: BopC should be taken with

wpoECdvWv.
Bal'/ovov.
al~v Eiv

1271

Cp. [Eur.] Rhes. 183

v'v

rpo/3XXovr' Ev Kvfpoo-T

There is a reminiscence of the words of Achilles,
fvXV wrapaOaXd[evo rOXEWZELV (I. 9- 322).
4ppLjE'tvac,

contemptuously

flung aside: cp. Aesch.

8

Eum. 215 KiS-rpts" ' IrqoS T3 ' dirippurTat X'Y.
1273 o Jav
l.ovwEs, . . oS8v (adv.), VLKa, as we say, 're/~WvIyEVOL Kal llXw-roadmember when...': so Thuc. 2. 2 1 I
8
7rdoav : 0. TI 1134 KaTot EV
o7E
o8aX0v . . dEXa'p)WoE
vaKTa. .

o... rXrtlov.
1274 PKE' v. .

yKEKXC[LEvovS,

'shut within your lines.'

Cp.

Eur. Ph. 451 'dV 8 ElUE 8 eO TELXE(Ov = E O) TELXEWO E EWO. There,
I
as here, the genitive would probably be felt in the first instance
as a genitive of place (' at the walls,' like

ro-Xdrry.. . 7vpa, in

El. 900 f.); and the special sense required by the context
8

('within') would be suggested by the compound verb Elo-E E'W.
ipKiwV : the wall, surrounded by a fosse, which the Greeks

at Troy built to protect their ships, drawn up on the shore of
v7rEpOEv I Ev,
I/. 12. 4 TELX
the Hellespont.
'T'pov I IXaaav.
VEWY vrEp, a/Aol 8i

J. Aj.

TV rTOo-avTro

I2

Ajax

178

1275 rb plltv 6vrs: so
r. 1 107 K'V 7ro
sv 3, 'though
I am as naught.' Cp. 1231 n.-'v Tpowr Sopds, at the moment
when your battle had been turned back,-when you had been
rporas KarcpCp. Ant. 674 (dvapXta) av t'dXov 8opSI T
T7
Aesch. Ag. 1237 '~v Xs
po rl. See also 963 *
1276 f. A# j v vev. . 8,oXLoLs : ' when fire was now blazing
around the quarter-decks of the ships at their sterns (KpOOLOvv).'

routed.
pyyvvaor.

Three points should be noted.
(i) There is strong evidence that the term &X8;ta was
used in the 5th cent. B.c. to denote a raised deck, a quarterdeck, at the stern of the ship. This is clear in Her. i. 24:
Arion asks leave, o0-a'V

iv

70
fo-L

8E(SloLo-L dEo-Iac,

the officers

K
3
of the ship consent, and are then said dvaXmop-ac
Fn
p& yv
va,-leaving Arion alone on the ES"Ata. In
rpvyi

Eur. Helen.

1571,

'EXE'vr

KaOEET'

Eiv

fEootL

E8oXmOts: which is

clearly a place distinct from that where the rowers sat.
(2) tKpoLo-Lv denotes the position of the o'Xta at the
extremities, or sterns, of the ships. Sophocles may have had
in mind how the Trojans fired the ship of Protesilaiis at the
^riP t(/rEv. In II. 9.
U"7plvv
stern: Il. 16. 124 '3 T4nv Pv
yap v~rqOv a7drOo ELV aKpc
241 it is said of Hector, TTEVT
Kpv4pa,-the 'crowning ensigns' (bAao-ra, aplustria) at the
6
ta
sterns. dKpOLOLV might also mean 'topmost,'-the 8 X being

a raised deck. This, however, would suggest flames shooting
up to a great height; but it appears that the Ao;Xta stood only
about 5 feet from the ground. (See Dr E. Warre in Smith's
Dict. of Ant., 3rd ed., vol. 11 p. 211 b, art. Navis.)
S, after VEo^v, is pleonastic, if ~iXLta be explained
(3) vCLUTLKO
as above; whereas, if &XLta meant the rowers' seats, vavrtLKOI
could mean, belonging to the vav^a. But:-(i) the word

8,\Ata means 'dwellings,' 'abodes' in El. 1393, Aesch. Ch. 7 I ,
Theb. 455. Hence the distinctive epithet is intelligible to mark
the nautical sense. (2) The urgency of the danger to the
ships is an excuse for the emphatic iteration, vew^v-avTLKO-VaVT1 Ka.

The situation
1277 f.
ELS S
VCLIvTLKa
oKC'
. . TC'paWv 4wyp.
described here does not exactly correspond with anything in
the Iliad. Ajax, indeed, distinguishes himself in repulsing the
Trojans after they have come over the wall, and on one
occasion wounds their leader Hector (II. 14. 409 ff.); but this
happens before any ship has been set on fire.
Sophocles perhaps wrote from a general recollection of the

Notes

179

Iliad, without caring whether he reproduced its details. Indeed, two verses of the Iliad might alone have sufficed to
suggest the picture he has drawn,-that which says of Ajax,
Tpcas alve ve v, 07o1s
lEpot daK arTOV Vp (5. 73I), - a n d the
verse which describes Hector leading the Trojans from the
XvO-o-8,3 kXoy
Greek wall towards the ships,--' ' 3 y'
EKEXO
77E/lOVEVEL (I3. 53).
This excellent emendation of
1281 o ab ip., p~iva wro8s.
the obscure o84 crv -PvaroSt is irresistibly commended by
those very words of Agamemnon to which Teucer refers
(I237),

ro

cOlvr3os q 7rvo-

oavTo,

OVIrEp OVK Ey(O;

oVil1pvaL

rrwo has been explained: (i) 'to come and join thee' on the
field of danger. But, even if o-vfl^YvaLt ros8 could bear this
sense, Agam. could not say that Ajax had never fought on his
roXqog : which
side at Troy. (2) 'To meet' the foe, sc. o70^C
is plainly untenable.
1282 ip~yv...aVSLKa,
just in your eyes (ethic dat.): cp. O. C.
1446 adva"La yap r ao-'lv E'OTE vorTV^V: Eur. Ph. 495 roo00^ I
TOLO oa
,XotL E-V8X',
(Oo 80KE.
E'
1283 f. acrbs, 'by himself,' 'alone': cp. Ar. Ach. 504 avbro7
yap EltE E.-pvos dovov: though abrdT
has preceded, do'vos is
Ka

added to emphasise the idea of single combat: see on 267.
XcXxv TE KR&K'XEv(os: i.e., simply because, among the Greek
warriors who had offered to meet Hector, he was the one who
drew the lot; not because he had been urged to undertake the
task. XaXdv implies EKOv, since lots were drawn only for those
who had volunteered.
This combat between Hector and Ajax is told in Iliad 7.
38-312. Hector having challenged a Greek champion, nine
Greek chiefs offered themselves; lots were cast, and the honour
fell to Ajax. Hector and Ajax fought till nightfall, when they
were parted by heralds, and exchanged gifts (661 n.).
1285 ff. o

8SpaM'f'lTv

K.T.X.

The ordinary KX-pog was a

stone or a potsherd, which its owner marked (II. 7. 175
Eco-typ avTo EKa'cro).

KXpOV

Ajax did not seek to avoid being drawn

by putting in, as his KX-po;, a piece of damp earth, which
would stick to the bottom of the helmet or fall to pieces. Such
a KX7ApOs is called spar7r-r, 'a runaway,' because it eludes the
ordeal. The allusion is to the story of Cresphontes. After the
Dorian conquest of the Peloponnesus, he, Temenus, and the
heirs of Aristodemus agreed to cast lots. The first was to
have Argos; the second, Lacedaemon; the third, Messenia.
12-2

Af ax

18o

Cresphontes wished to have Messenia. He therefore put a
lump of earth, as his KX'poS, into the voting urn. It broke to
pieces, so that only the two other KX-7pI. came out. (Apollod.
2. 8. 4.)
is pL.-o

KLOeCS:

'having

cast down into the midst '-the

competitors being imagined as standing round the
PLpav,etc.
the phrases dqe yd&oov rOvat, ELI; -o
o-ov

KVV4.

Cp.

ov
KXpoS KVVE 9q, ap~& Xov
Kuv7Ss: Il. 7. 182 EK 3 EOpev
avrol, I A'avro.-CilkL KOV~uLEV: to leap lzghly. Cp. Eur. El.
860 ov3 pavtov I '1ta
48
Kov {i,ov0ca.
1288 o(rv 8' y( rwapiv. raira includes the combat with

Hector, in which Teucer, of course, had no part; but he was
the comrade of Ajax in the

r-EtXOtaX
X

(II. 15. 436 ff.), as often

on other occasions (e.g., Il. 7. 266 ff.). For o-v as adv., cp.
959.-6 8o0Xos: cp. 126o.
1290 84'rve: cp. 1203 8'o-popos.-r-wot PX'wov, 'whither
canst thou be looking ?' i.e., 'how canst thou be so blind ? 'KG'

OpodSa~s: emphasizes the verb: ' how canst thou utter the
Ktl

words?'

Cp. O. T. 1129 7roov

avpaK
Kal

Xy

Ls;

1291 f. Construe: oVK o (0-a dpXaLov II'Xora, 8, ffOv 7raTpo
-arp 7rpoivv,
ovra flppapov, pv-ya; The phrase &pXa-ov

IIE'Xo7a, 'Pelops of old,' indicates him as the founder of Agamemnon's royal house.- pyc : the term is used invidiously,
but is not incorrect. Sipylus, the legendary seat of Tantalus,
father of Pelops, was in Maeonia, afterwards called Lydia; but
Phrygia, in the older and larger sense, included that region.
(Cp. Ant. 824 where Niobe, daughter of Tantalus, is rhv
Ipvyav.)

1293 f.

0
In Her. 7. 11 Xerxes speaks of IIXog 6 pv'4.
Sv-cr-reporrov could go with (i) 'ArpEa, (2) 0e, or

(3) 8Wrvov. As the guilt of Atreus is the point, (2) is less
relevant, and (3) is perhaps best.-&80k44 Thyestes. Atreus,
seeking revenge for certain grievous wrongs, feigned to have
forgiven him, and bade him to a feast at Mycenae. There the
flesh of three of his sons was set before Thyestes. In Aesch.
Ag. i591 Aegisthus (a son of Thyestes) says: 'ArpEV rpoOi/o
Aov'XXo ?7 4 Aws raTpt
TWW, KEOVpyOV
-/luap ev'Ovus
yetv
80K V, 7rapEo(XE

a'ra 7ratSEtwv KpEWV.

1295 ff. Kpjcrols: Aeroph, daughter of Catreus, king of
Crete, a descendant of Minos. According to the legend which
Sophocles follows here, Catreus found Airoph with a paramour
(a slave), and sent her to Nauplius, king of Euboea, charging
him to drown her. Nauplius, however, spared her life, and

Notes

181

she afterwards married Atreus. The scholiast on 1297 says
that this was the story treated by Euripides in the Kpo-crat
(Nauck Trag. Frag. p. 501); with the difference, however,
that Aeroph married Pleisthenes, not Atreus. The Kpo-o-ta
was produced in 438 B.C. (Argumn. Eur. Alc.)
1296

7rcKTObv,
'imported,'

'alien';

Tr. 259 orparv..

E7raKTOV,

cp. O. C. 1525 n.: here, a paramour, as opposed to a lawful
husband.
~

riT-~as 7-waip can

mean only the father of Aerop', Catreus.

Now, according to the schol. on Eur. Or. 812, Sophocles (in a
play not named there, but which was probably the 'ATrpEv y
MvK vaiaL) somewhere described Atreus himself as drowning
his false wife. Hence it has been proposed to change arraLp
into a-' 'ArpEis (Hermann), or a-'Avi~p (Wolff). A simpler
correction would be,
o-' K o-las 7arrp. But it cannot be

assumed that Sophocles must have followed here the same
version which he used elsewhere.

gj^KEV. 80pv,
..SL

1297

'consigned her as a prey,' since he

charged Nauplius to drown her,-though the charge was not
tas. WOXE/t oLs 8'
executed.-Cp. Eur. H. F 458 E'TKOEV
EOpEclp-v I Vflpty-rada
Kwrlp/r

Ka't & Lacop v.

AXXots, traditionally explained as 'mute,' is a word of unknown origin. In Athen. 277 c this verse is quoted, and the
question is raised whether any one before Sophocles had used
the word: the answer is a quotation from a TLavopaXla (variously ascribed to Eumdlus or Arctinus), iv 8' arq lrXoTroL
XpvOrdLsrte
xOVe EXXo: with the comment, 'Xa~pe 8E
0uoKX 1

vT

'E7tlK(O

Iva&ov,

,

KVKX(0.
Cp. Aesch.
7ra'(wv T' a dLtLvrov.

Pers. 578

OcrGKXov0ra7
rrp9

,

1299 K wmrrpbs piv, as if EK 8E 1,qTrpdg were to follow, but the
constr. changes; cp. Tr. 6 q'rts rarpo /v K.T.h. (where no
8E follows).
1300 a',rLS with causal force, 'one who.. '-'r& &rp', an
adverbial cognate acc., like 7rdvr' dpt0-Eo-;s (Ant. 195).
1301 laX(L, historic pres., referring to a well-known fact
'o-aL ~v : the
(cp. O. T. 56o 'ppa: Ph. 727 0Eo 7rXad0E).antithesis is with 4'KKpLTV 8': as her birth was royal, so her

beauty marked her out to be his prize.
1302 pau-C L.a: for the initial anapaest, cp. II172.-Aouop8ovros, his daughter; cp. 172 Ate "'AprTEt (n.).
For the
anapaest in the proper name, cp. Ant. LI, O. C. 507.-Apollo

and Poseidon having been defrauded by Laomedon of their

I82

Ajax

recompense for building the walls of Troy, the sea-god sent a
dragon into the Troad. Hesiond, the false king's daughter,
was doomed to be sacrificed to the monster, when Heracles
slew it, and saved her. He, too, was cheated by Laomedon
of his promised reward (the horses given to Tros by Zeus) ; he
sacked Troy, and gave Hesione to Telamon. (1. 5. 638 ff.:
Pind. L 5. 27 ff.)
'~KKpLTOv, chosen out of the spoil, and reserved as a special
meed of honour: cp. Aesch. Ag. 954 (of Cassandra) av'rq 8 ,
8
7roXXWY3v Xplrawv

EatlpETrov

a'v60o,

oTpaTOV
^

o4py',

Edot

vvE-

O7ETO.

1304 f. ApLo-ro combines the ideas of Tv y7cvatiov and To
evyevEs: cp. 636 EK 7ra7Tpyi ?7KOWV
7EVEaL aptLOTo.
TOJS Wrps t XL'ros: cp. El.
I 125 4Y'
#A
TL
- 7roagp
aLclaTro0

(n.). Agamemnon had told Teucer to bring some free man to
plead the cause of Ajax (1260 f.). Teucer asks, 'Why should
it dishonour Ajax to have his cause pleaded by the son of
Telamon and Hesione?' For the allusive plur., cp. 734, I092.
1306 f.

ToLo-tc'

v irdvoTL KELEVOvs, 'laid low (dead), amidst

such troubles,'-i.e., self-slain, under circumstances of such
horror. For KEt/LEVOv3 cp. Ant. I 74 Kat 7T SOVEVEL; 7r' 8'O
KELtEVOs;--iOELs:

o08'

eILXGveL

cp. 1064 dt0'lXXwpv ika0ov bK 3E X9LEVO9.k
MX~yv, sc. orL JOEi^.
Agamemnon had not ex-

pressly repeated the prohibition of burial, but the whole drift
of his speech was to confirm the doom pronounced by
Menelaiis.
13o9 Xil'tas rpets, Tecmessa, Eurysaces, and himself; all
three are ready to perish in defence of the corpse. The child
is still kneeling as a suppliant beside the body, and clinging to
it (118o); his mother is near him.-u-yKEL.vovs, i.e. prostrate
in death at his side (cp. 1306).
I3Ioff. KoLdv LOL, as in Ant. 72 Oda',. KaXdV /tOL T TO
WIoto'mri avEv.-Wep7rovovLEtvj: the only instance of this compound in the middle (as rrporovov/tEva in O. T. 685 is also
unique).- wpoS
iXos: cp. 229 *7rEpltav0ros.. OavErTaL. It is better

to die in making a public protest against the wrong to Ajax,
than to fall in battle for Helen's sake.
sri
ars...j 'ro 0-ov pp"Iovos My(o; 'thy wife-or should I
y' 6
rather (ye) say, thy brother's?' Teucer speaks, with bitter
scorn, as if he did not know or care to which of the brothers
Helen belonged: at any rate, it is their war, and she is the
pretext of it.

Notes

183

For ~. . XEyy (subjunct.), cp. Aesch. Cho. 1o73 v
'rpto;
(XOE

1313
I xat

ala

rOOEVoTGr)p, |
J LpOV
ELfr0;
,roLdv, 'my interest'; cp. El. 251 r

8'
8v at

obv crrcvovo'

ToV/FOv.

3I15 av a o(: cp. 1092 Ev Oavo-,vw /ptPo-Tr.
1316 f. KLLpbv, adv. : 34 n.-The sense of gvv cov here is
shown by that of .-vXX~o-,v: i.e., the one means 'to help in tying
a knot'; the other, 'to help in loosing it.' ' If thou hast come,
not to make the tangle worse-not to embroil the feud-but to

aid in solving it.' orvvarrTELv is also said of bringing opponents
into conflict; Eur. Supyl. 479 EXA7,l fporo^ KaLKLO(TOV, y 7roXXag
r 7XE jI VViE: but here the metaphor is from a knot. Our
word 'embroil' exactly fits -vvarrrTE here, since its primary

sense is 'to entangle' or 'perplex' (embrouiller, imbrogliare).
I318 f. The conciliatory temper of Odysseus is marked
at once by the courteous form of address, dv8pes,--by the
honourable patronymic 'ArpE t8v,-and by the designation of
Ajax as a'XKt1os.
pohjv 'ATrpELSv : he had first heard the voice of Menelaiis
(who made his exit at v. i I6o), and then, after an interval, that

of Agamemnon.
1320 f. o y&p often introduces an indignant retort: Ant.
'

20 Ii.

8'

EOTL;...
-

IAN.

o1

yTp

K.T.X.-KXV'OVTES

-rdlov vOv,

o-p.v=KXVoEfV: cp. 1062 E'7L.. o-O vr:
7
is joined with
E' V. . 0pov^v.-Q&pUos

1324

8

pwv..

iv:

1330

the present tense as in
El. 347 X'yEL . . Cdpri% (' you have just been saying ').
In phrases denoting censure or disparage1323 +Xaspc.
ment, writers of the classical age regularly use the form 4Xa^pos,
not 4a^Xos: e.g., Her. 7. 10o 7 ,Aavpw3aKOELtV : Ar. Nub. 834
8
8
Kat /q
r

8

v E r/s 4Xa pov v pag ELOVg.
etv
cXapov ob8Ev.-crvp3aX

Dem. or. 20 § 13 o0K

8
otia o3V Xyoy

g g KCK, to pit taunts
against taunts, like V)v/l3XXELtv aXv, ptv (Eur. Med. 522), etc.
(rvtJLaXXEtv Xdyovs.Cp. Eur. . A. 830 aloXpov 8E' ot yvvatL
KMK&,instead of repeating
Xadpua: cp. 22 n.: O. C. I50I
EVOV.C.
EpyV dTTwv, EAIfav-s 8E- 70o
1324 7'KOUVOtv c1o-xpd: 'I had reviled him.'-8pv yp i'v
ToLa r& p"f: i.e., aE'Xph EXy pE, since Kovo-ev at~oXp implies
ey) aUtXpa kXEyov aVTov.
~XIqV XCx (cOE), so that you have actually
K
1325 ~'OM'T PX
8
been injured: cp. Aesch. Eum. 799 0 rar' 'Op&iorrv pOvra
/, ax3pa EXELV.
cra4s

Ajax

18 4
1'
1326 f. o

'
cio-rt.

.&Xd. . e04Iev : cp. Her. 7. Io04 oK

XXca 1EvoVra,.. IErLKpTELV.
So in O. 7. 241I
O9Ev depends on ab803 supplied from
rravs38
(veto) in 236.-

COv

kEvyEctv..

go

pa of funeral rites. In Ant.
without
rTCJfs AfLOLPOV, its due
1071 ipotpos (without ra^S) has this sense, the context sufficing
to define it,--aotpov, aKTELo'rov, aoV LOv VEKVV.
1329 vvp'rpEitv is Lobeck's certain correction of the Ms.
reading, gvvipe.rE*
tv. The latter would be formed from an adj.
o, which does not occur, but which would be like
VVrjpEILo
ECVpEqT/O0,, etc.
(~pEr1utv,
oar).
gvv'qpeCTtv
is formed from
5
evvqrpiE s (phr3, oarsman), a word recorded by Photius, who
explains it by o-wkovo, and compares avrrp&ri (Aesch. Theb.
XOpoo t).
283 dvTrlpa
For the metaphor, cp. Ant. 541 $viP[rrXovv (n.).
Ag. 842 the king says of Odysseus,

(EVX

In Aesch.

EL E'OLOS
t

V

O
E

o tLpaAo/pos.
1330

fOL E7CE V.
- yap IqIvo1sK 'v El) +POVmWV,SC. EL /17 EEnC7l

For the elliptical use of oi, yap, cp. O. T. 82, 3i8.-For the
place of oZK after Ed-qV,
cp. 1140.
1331

tXov -.

1ydywtros: El. 46
1333
-paXtv

EYLO-rov, as in P/h. 585 oro

pyTo-ro'. . 8opv$evowv.

t TXis: take not the heart.
7rpofpaXciv, as in 1308.

Bd

/,ot

4
I1o

Cp. 411 E7Xr, and 1384.

The definite article indicates that pla is a
1334 f. " P'.
half-personified agency, as vLKoT-L-,C also implies: 'violence'

is here the impulse which may tempt a strong man to abuse his
strength. A parallel to this use of r l occurs in a fragment
of the tragic poet Moschion (fr. 6, v. 15 in Nauck Trag. Frag.
p. 814), where he is describing the primitive life of mankind:qv 8' 0 PV VO/UO' TarELVO,
1 plta 8E (-vvpovos Ad.-raTEtv: cp.
Ant. 745 rtLxds E -ras EWV
warov.
1336 f. XOeLo-Tos, ' my worst foe,'-the active and passive
senses being blended.
1338 f.

gwsras= o&,

as in 122, where Karrp is added to

the participle.
&VmTLLLCraL', requite with indignity. The choice lies between this correction of L's OvK aV dTLLtaLaqL', and Elmsley's
oi
&TLP~LrTaL.
d~rv
The best reason for preferring dvraTLtGdo-at,

is a palaeographical one, viz., that a change of OYTAN into
OYKAN (T into K) is rather less probable than a loss of T in
OYKAN(T)ATIMAXAIM, seeing that droTLp&(
word, while dvrartdta'4 was unfamiliar.

was a familiar

Notes

I85

5

va Kp 'VT
pLr-Tov: cp. P/h. 1344 'EXX'qvmv E
9v' avp'..
See also O. . 1380 (n.), O. C. 563 (n.).
1341 wXIv 'AXLXfis. The rank of zeros ab Ac/ille secundus
(Hor. Sat. 2. 3. 193) is ascribed to Ajax in the Iliad (Introd.
§ I), and by later poets; Alcaeus fr. 48 A'av, 1Tv lptoLroV 7rd'
1340

apLorov.

'AXtXXEa : Pind. N. 7. 27 KpLTw-TOv 'AXtXXdo3s SEp.
vd
1343 rois OE<v ovs. The injury done will not be to the
senseless clay, but rather to the VprTEpot OEOl, to whom the dead

belong (Ant. I070), and to their unwritten laws, 'which live
for ever' (ib. 456). Cp. I129 f.
1344 f. rbv &roXbv vSpa is object to PXea7rrEv. Some take
rbYv ;eOXov as subject, and av8pa alone as object. But the

merit of the dead man comes into account here; cp. I355-.
t

ecvoL:

for the opt.

in general statement,

cp.

521

El..

rdOot (n.).
1346

rCk',

264 dvOB'

v dyE

1347

t~ycoy'*

adverbial cognate acc. with reppaXEias: so O. 7.
rd, d Opel 70V4L0o arpO,
Wrep/aXo/,Lat.
cp. 104.--ivK' v pEV t KXdv : i.e., while he was

a living and a sane foe. Even before his death, the demented
Ajax had won the pity of Odysseus (121).
1348

oi

cp.

y&p:

1320.-porqLv

vaLL:

rpoo-- refers

to

i4teovv: 'in addition to'-in continuation of-that former
enmity. Cp. El. 456 x8po-w a
o
Aesch. Ag. 884 wor e r Ovyyovov I /3 po-ro^o7rXEov.

" E'rnEuPr
'/vr,'vaL
v 7rE

woTa

rost.
XaKTLcTra

is propitiatory (cp. I319).-K pSEQLV OtS (L
1349 'Arpd8,s
The KEp 8 i meant are unworthy personal triumphs,-

KaXOts.

assertions of power which violate some higher law. It is in
the same sense that Teiresias replies to Creon's taunt against
the

1

cLVTtKOV yEVO

veKpo

,'-7r

K

TvpVVwv

Cp. Moschion fr. 7. I 't

i056).

aLaXPOKcEltaV 4tLX
KEpso

oK T/

TvSrc

(Ant.

ppELv

;

1350 V

6

r

vOv EM.VEEtV
ov . 'pav
OE P.SLov.

This is

the first

symptom that Agamemnon's resolve has been shaken: he feels
dimly that there is a conflict of duties. As a king, he must
uphold the common weal, and punish treason (such as Ajax
seemed guilty of). It is E sPE' to do that. But what if, in
doing so, he violates Ed-'pelra on another side,-that represented
by the Oew^v vo'ot of which Odysseus spoke (1343)?
If it is not easy for a king to see his
1351 dX' E Myovo-.

course of duty clearly, he can at least pay regard to his friends,
when they offer good advice; as Haemon says to Creon, Ka

I86

Ajax

E KaXbv T'
the plur., cp. El. 355 r

TWV XEYdYvroW

1352

KX'LV T'bV

ItavOda'vEv (Ant. 7 23).-TLPs

v4IELV

:

for

S rrpoOdL7rEtl.
7LEOK
v
4aoeXQv8pa : i.e. 'An. o-OX6b dvy'p, such as
T

thou art, ought to defer to his king, instead of seeking to overrule him.' The words seem also to glance at the alleged
see Ant. 67 n.
disloyalty of Ajax.-For Trv av TAXEL,
1353 wa-.Lr is said in a gentle and kindly tone; 'Be
content; you have the best of it,-it is your own true interest
that prevails,-when you allow yourself to be overruled by a
prudent friend.' Cp. 330, 484: Aesch. Ag. 941 KA. To^S 8'
3
0X/ OLO

YE KaL To VLKaOCLL
rtlOoV'
8-ptos TLELT; I KA.

,CXOv : for
Ar. Nub. I 87
Tv

AI.

IrpEWTEL.

I7 KL

(T V

UE VTOLr
TrpE3S

KpaTES

the gen., cp. Eur. Med. 315

VlK-qV

EKO(V

T7V8E
E/TOt.--

KpEILrdvoVW V VLKW/EVOL:

qv
o7ro v/LK3170 0 LOV.

refers to xO0pbs as well as yEvvatos. The feud
1355 TroTE
lrXoWv Kp -GTS(1337): but WOTEr
dated, indeed, only from the
means merely, 'in his lifetime.'
1356

iXXpbv

B' a cet vE'Kv;

Agamemnon's

case is now

hopeless; he has allowed Odysseus to narrow the argument
down to a personal question,-just as Teucer did with
Menelaiis (i134 n.).
1357 VLK y&p: 'Yes, for with me his worth is far more
'rs Exepas is a
potent-weighs far more-than his enmity.'
genitive of comparison, depending on the notion of superiority
in

contained

~ dp

VLK

'7oX

KpEdo-(WV

E(TTl

/oL

7rY

XOpaS.

There is no parallel for such a genitive after VLKL : but it is
quite intelligible, and seems not too bold for the poet's style.
1358

70LO 8E.

.

TEs...P po-v

: ' such men, however, are the

unstable of mankind ';-such, namely, as relent like Odysseus.
ppo r v is strongly confirmed by the exactly similar pleonasm in
O.

C.

280

jfporT^v.

f.,

4vy;qv

8

E

rol,

Cp. also Od. 17. 587

7.~p(r 7yvEo-Ot

ov yap 71r) TwE
Z
8

(oOTrbs

voo-'ov

(es KaTraOv-rqVrvT

T
poTdg.
aV pwv 8' O KE'V T7t 0Wo(
V I davE'pE K.T.X.: 23. I87
The v. 1. pporots would be an ethic dat., 'in men's judgment'
(cp. 1363).
pi
WrKTOL (from [rcrXo'o-w, to 'rush' or 'dash' in), 'impulsive,'
TXaL)
with the notion of 'inconstant': Eur. Tro. 1205 (atci
8
O(XXOT
T
XXOE I m7 w0L.
6 McIV pWrOS,
E[LrX/KT0
dv0po ir

C7

1359

KQ"L:

a8s=
='afterwards,' as in Tr. 270, Ant. 1204.--yp
o78a v v
LVETa Kat

infensi: Aesch. Cho. 234 Trovbs &XTaTrro
'LKpca
Cp. O. C. 615 T'a TEP7rva
oVTca, 7rtKpov.
Q(Aa: and above, 679 ff.
IrLKpOC,

Noles

I87

Odysseus is here replying to the taunt that he is '/vrX KTOS3,
inconstant. 'It is common enough for friendship to turn into
bitterness. When, therefore, I forget the later enmity of Ajax,
and remember only his good service, I am merely condoning
a very ordinary change.' There is also a gentle hint that
Agamemnon, who had professed so much
tLXl'a (1331), is
becoming a little 7rTKpOd.
1360 'roLoo-8'. Agamemnon retorts : 'Do you recommend,
then, friends who change as Ajax did?'-rrawvc^ with inf., as
in El. 1322, 0. C. 664f.
1361

I1nrdwetv :

Odysseus borrows the other's word in order

to parry his question.--0KXpVpd
. . iv:Xv: this phrase denotes
the stubborn fortitude of Heracles in Tr. I260 (n.).
1362 8ELXos..

cavEs,

make us appear so to men.

Cp.

1020

04Bip: 756 n. He is now ready to yield,
,avErs (n.).--r~se
and hesitates only from fear of public opinion.
1363 t1Lv ov, immo: O. T 705.--"EXXo-L, ethic dat. :
1282 (n.).

sc.
1365 ycwyE: cp. I04, I347.--v0S' OFJ.OpL,ro O8crerOat:
I shall come to that need. Cp. O. T. I158 dXX' Els rd8' ~'$EL,
sc. Els r-O
dXoOaL.
Eur. H. F. 1356 E9 roVO' tKE.oOat, 8dKpv drr'
od/LJTdrV/ flaXV.
Here ave08=K
- EKE
: cp. PA. 304 oK cvOS"'
o 7-Xo^ (= ~0EPO).
1366 q r0ve' oLoLa. Many editors place a colon after
ootLa, explaining the phrase as a proverb: 'It is always so:

every man works for himself.' This may be right; but the
somewhat homely proverb seems rather too abrupt here for
Sophocles. It is better to treat &/potL as adverbial: 'in all
things alike every man works for himself.' Even in the matter
of giving burial to another man a selfish motive enters. For
a.-C{ dat. of interest with 7rovet, cp. Eur. H. -F 388 MVKw)Vl'
as
rrov(Ovrvpavvy.

1367

W yC&p [E t

a

XXov K.T.X.

Odysseus frankly accepts the

imputation of selfishness, which helps his cause by making the
favour seem done to him. Cp. Ant. 736 lXXU yp y 'pot Xpry
E rTr8' apXEtV xOovd;
1369 ,s &v yroijols, i.e., whether you make the deed your

own, or merely consent to others doing it.

For 3s av, 'in

cp. Plat. Legg. 881 D KOXaodVTwOV arTv KaL
o7 yaXoErt: Apoll. Rhod. 2. 345 KaL
trkrya^S KaL
S( v
I/
&lS KE rWEX/,70T roJT(ETaL. Elsewhere in Sophocles de
lv = 'in order that.'- CavT X
'in every case': cp. 1241;
whatever way,'

I88

Ajax
8

Ant. 634 7raTryaX

pvrTE,

' however we act' (n.).-Xpncrrds y',

good and kind, at least,-even if only passive in the matter.
1370 aXX' 4 ye giVOL. Here dXXad= 'well,' ptvro='however,
and yE emphasizes EV. Cp. Tr. I107 dXX' E"y- ros r78' rrE.
We find a'XXa. ttiVrot in PA. 524. The combination ye Xivrot
is frequent (0. 22 442 n.).
,Wv, in the shades, as upon earth: for
AnLt. 75 (rkXElv Xovos) &v E^ p' dpEOrKEtv
8
Trot
Kar T7V EV
E. For the parataxis (= 'there, as he was
here '), cp. Ar. Ran. 82 6 8' E'KOXOS pIV Ev'O' 8' EvKOXO0 8' EKEL.
1373 xps. For Xpi, Xp, , see on Ant. 887 ElE XP?7 OBaVEv
ELT
iV rotary (ra
L
V3C ELV'ty or'ey, (where (o-ra excludes Xpr ).
t,
1372

KEt,

KGKi

KCdVOS'

cp. 855 (n.).

in El. 606 KqpvaOr IE E aravrao, ETE XPgg KacKr'V,
/
XpY is not impossible, but is so much less suitable than XPgs
that the latter may be considered certain.
Here, as

rc0r8b 'o

1376 f.

8

7rr 70o E: so Thuc. 2.

r =

2

I5

O..

wph roVrov ('formerly'): Plat. Gorg. 512 E \ 47rr' 7070'
('next ').-'dYXyyXXoCLL (midd.).. .Eta CXos, announce that I am
ready to be a friend. This use of the simple verb does not
occur elsewhere; but cp. Eur. Heracl. 53I KdyyEXXoxat
V -v
OKV, ' offer to die.'
In O. 2. 148 ayy4X1Erat (with acc.) = to
offer a thing spontaneously. The ordinary word in this sense
was drayyEXXo/Ata.-Td', olim. 650 n.-,, the older Attic form
(for Ea): 0. 22 11231379 f. gtvrovdv, in preparing and conducting the obsequies.
8
XXrE El&rv=/-qEy TrorTWo, ooa : for EXXElrro with acc.,
rav
v
8
cp. Plat. Politicus 269 c XyE ,rwq EXXElrrwv: Xen. Cyr. I. 2.
yv
14 7'v T S..
XXlrr7 TL v votLow.

--.

ltv

1381 f. dpLop-'

: the first word marks his gratitude.-Xd ourt,
8

causal dat., 'for thy words.'
7rrpE7r)

crimes.'

47ra

Cp. Tr. I127 0'o

YE 7pOOOEVy
aPTr
Thuc. 3. 98 § 5 rTo^

T70S

vots,

'in

view

7rErpayJooEvoLo

(sc. crtyav

of her
3
povcvo

0o

past
roV

'AOvat'dovs (on account of what had occurred).
o-as XrtCos, cheated me of (agreeably disappointed
1383
me in) my foreboding: cp. O. T. 1432

EArL8o

(n.), where, as here, EVrts is a dark presentiment.
5. 24 OVK

Y
foEV'T

7

/' arr&o'raorag

Xen. H. 7.

ro'80;.

1384 f. rap' l XEpO-v. He has given active help by
coming to the spot, and withstanding the resolve of the
Atreidae. The peculiarity consists in the figurative sense of
XEPoIv (= 'effectually'): but to a Greek the word would at once
suggest ipyots, as opp. to Xoyols.- TXrs: 411, 1333.--rcTapv, in

Notes

189

v
wv'TL.
. 44vppCo-U:
the
the presence of the dead: cp. 1156 n,dat. as with IrryyXav: Eur. Ph. 180 7wo 8' O'sr 8Esv& 7-8'
3

E'/VfPdEC

7XEL.

rg
1386 f. cs.. A0'-qc v, instead of s. . Xo-av, OEoX0VT~E.
Such compression is frequent, esp. after oix WorrEp (as = 'whereas'): e.g. Plat. Gorg. 522 A rCEtV7v Ka' 8L1t/v avayKLGov, o X
o'TrEp EyC

8

8

rroXX , Kal 77 ea Kat 7raVTos a7r

EvwXOVV

"mig.

ovrppdvr'ros, crazy with arrogance (cp. 1225 o-KLLO). Dem.
or. 19 § 231 (-yo'vro) PEflppoVTrjOat,they thought him crazed:
~
id. or. I8 § 243 E/PfPLOVTrqE, ETa v XEyEta; (The form i~n-

ppd0vr'qros occurs only here.)-LoXv, though a dual verb follows:
cp. Eur. Alc. 734 EPPOV aVrs X-q aVVotLK7rao-d ot .. yYpdvVV
(a
Tyx-lwyv. . Kal No v ..
(TKETE: Xen. An. 7. I. 40 rpoo-EXOdv 8
XEy0ov.-ATdTs T* X40 gvaLp os: this redundant abrdvT rT often

occurs when the mention of the other person or persons is an
is
afterthought: 0. C. 462 ar6s rEra? 0' aL8E(n.).
1389 'OXi5irov -o008': cp. Ant. 758 r'v3' "OXvprov ('by the
heaven above us').
1390 p.vF.ov: so Aesch. P. V. 516 v4aovi r' 'EpwdEV:
Etva.TE
Eum. 381 Ev/'xtavot TE Ka T lXELOt KaKOwV T IVtOVES
ACKy the avenger is here associated with the Erinys, as in Tr.
ELo
808 Av oE rrolvLxO' AWtOKrlrI wta 'EptvI~ r', and Aesch. Ag.
1432 f.
1391 f. KcLKOS KaL(S: 1177 n.--XMaLS, a modal dat. like
govas in Ant. 1oo3.
1393 ACpLTov: cp. i Aaprtov (n.). The mode of address is
honorific, like 'ArpEtly in 1349.
urn1aEwv. Odysseus cannot be allowed to
1394 if. '&ov..

touch the body, or to assist in carrying it to the grave, or to
join in pouring the Xoat at the time of interment. It is this
intimate participation which is poetically expressed by the
phrase rdOov d&rLcav.ELv.

On the other hand, he may be a spectator of the rites,
though not a participator; and he may bring with him (Ko0[gELv)
8'
any one he pleases. This is what seems to be meant by r&d

kXXa.
KaL

gv'rpacr-O"T: where it should be noted that Kat is not

'both' but emphasizes the verb,-'in all else do cooperate'-as
you wish to do.

That is, ev4/rpao-oc alludes to the request of

Odysseus in 1378 f., OWO~rTELV . . Kal

v/rrovEiv, and must there-

fore refer, in part at least, to something connected with the
obsequies.
p. 1'

aOvdVTL
K.T.X.

It might be unpleasing to the spirit of

Ajax

I9go

the dead if Odysseus were allowed to touch the body, or to
have any active part in the rites. So in El. 442 ff. the spirit
of Agamemnon is conceived as refusing Clytaemnestra's Xoal
at his grave. The wrath of Ajax against Odysseus was conceived as enduring in the world below: ot'y 8' A'lavroS .frvX*
TEXaoywvtLd8ao I vo'rVw ad#oE7cjKE (Od. I I. 543)-when Odysseus

approached.
1398 f. raxxa W&vTra: all that pertains to the funeral rites
(including the preparations described in vv. 1402 ff.). The
phrase is purposely brief and vague, to avoid a second mention
of the rai0os.-KO' l &s, in regard to us; Her. 7. 158 rd TE Kar
/fas ('as far as you are concerned'): Eur. Andr. 740 KaV. .
XotroyI/
orwcfpm(V KcOG77J/a, (TM pOV aV7L
7ETa0.
1400 &X' ~0eov piv: sc. E~etva XOLuvvO7rrTELv.
This impf.
(without Av) states a wish which has not been fulfilled; i.e.,
a wish that something were now true which is not true. It is
usually joined with pv (implying the contrast with the actual
fact): so Ar. Ran. 866 /3ovXoyrlv v o' K 1Ep.ELv 6 a 8 E ('I would
that I were not contending here-as I am'): Antiph. or. 5 § I
3
E/ ovXovAv

(1Ev,

o

avpIE,

KaOEOcrT'vat T I7.. UVUop:
av3pEI, . . T7aXyO lrphs vas

rjv

lvvaTv

TOV

XE7ELV. .

Isae. or. Io §I
. . ETlE

vvyOqi4vat.

ITOV

/lOt

3ovX'rlqv

dvp, G
This usage is

analogous to that of the impers. EBEt, XPV, etc., with inf. (0. R
256 n.).
On the other hand, 'OEXov (dpovXdav) gv (88 n.),
which is much commoner, means that the wish would have
been (or would now be) formed, if it had not been (or were
not now) vain to form it.
awLvEas: cp. Ar. Az,. 1616 EiravEL XOVTro ('assents'):
1401
Thuc. 4. 65 § 2 irratvEwca'vi-v
abr v rroto^vro -l7v Op/oXoylav.Tb -dv: cp. 99 n.
4I8 ydp K.r.X. During his brief absence from
1402 f. cAXLS*
the scene (vv. 1185-1222), Teucer has fulfilled the charge

given by the Chorus (1165), and has chosen the spot where
Ajax is to be buried. He now directs some of the Salaminian
sailors to go and dig the grave; others are to place the tripod
near it; a third detachment is to bring thither the hero's
armour from the tent. Tecmessa and Eurysaces are still
kneeling beside the corpse (117I ff.). Verses 1409 ff. mark
the moment when the body is lifted from the ground. Then it
is borne forth (probably by Teucer and one or more rpo-roXot),
the Chorus following, before they separate to their several
tasks.

INotes
7roXvs

19

4K&TercUL

Xpdvos, the delay caused by the Atreidae.
iov: Ion 625 aicva WEVEL.
EIo9
KTEVEI/
The threefold command (ol i v&XX' ot pav K.r.X.

Cp. Eur. Sup.
1403 f.
T70 8'-ple

8'. . dvSpSv 'ty) may have been the signal for some
corresponding movement on the part of the Chorus; perhaps
for the usual change from the formation in three ranks (Kvra
vyad), facing the actors, to that in three files (Kara 0rotOXovs),
preparatory to the final exit.-K&lrETov: I I65 n.
1404 ff. Tro 8'. The Doric (and Homeric)

701

occurs in

tragic lyrics (Aesch. Pers. 584 etc.), and once in a trimeter,
Pers. 424

roI
8'

W'r07E OVVOvov

style in the narrative.
'StaCMrov

K.r.X.,

where it is a trait of epic

Sophocles uses it only here.

'rpC7ro8', the caldron, supported on a high three-

legged stand. The stand was the rpirrov proper, while the
caldron was XE'P 3 , but the former term is often used so as to
Oar', olKELOS
Iv TpltrovS E 8
include the latter: Aesch. fr. I r-v
ri-v wrip irvphs or-r-tv. The fire was
cbvXadowv
~lpy, I a'E'L
kindled in a brazier under the XAPEs/.
Ap4lifrvpov...0'40-*,

place it so that the fire shall rise all round

it from beneath: cp. II.18. 348 y-io-rprlv IEVl7ptiro80s ^p
a/L~bE. .- Xorpv . . irKMLpOv: a genitive of relation; cp. Xen.
8
Cyr. 4. 6. 9 y74ov 7Gy dpada. So oLKELOS or adXXdrpth ruTvo9.6o-Cov, i.e., prescribed by piety (El. 433 n.). Cp. Ant. I201
Xo;o-avrEs yv'v Xovrpov: and ib. 90oi (n.). The caldron used
for this purpose is called Xoerpooo rptrrovg in II.I8. 346.
After the washing of the dead, unguents were usually applied
(as in the case of Patroclus, II.18. 350). Verg. Aen. 6. 218
Pars calidos latices et aina undantia flammis I Expediunt, corpusque lavant frigentis et ungunt.
K0o'ov, the armour 'under the shield,'
1408 ibv rW -raO-TSLOV
i.e. the body-armour, as the 0opae and the KyJ,Z8 E,~. Ajax had

directed that all his armour except his shield should be buried
with him (577).
8~
8
1409 f. .rwa, -cr rpdO's y': for o-, after the vocative, cp.
O. T. 1097, El. 150: for the combination U. . yE, O. T. 1030 (n.).
The emphasis of ye belongs here to the whole clause (' thou,
do
too, raise'), and not to the word cwa
pds. For other instances,
in which the stress of yE does not fall on the word next before
it, but on a whole phrase or clause, see n. on 8I2.---wrXps:

Elmsley (on Eur. Heracl. 824) held that the fem. plur. rErvpa
was not used in tragedy: here he wished to read 7rXEvph (dual),
or rXevpadv. But, as Hermann observed, this view would in-

Ajax

I92

volve some very improbable changes; e.g., in Eur. I.
a
oratcL Xaydova,
pcr
,\ayovag E13 IAEaa).
1411 ff. Tn yap

EL3 7rXcvpasl~

. 298

(where Elmsley suggested

efp[CL K.T.X. In VV. 918 f. blood was said
to be issuing from his nostrils, and from the wound. There,
vo-Wrvr'

in the phrase

&vw

7pop ~ival, the context shows that

vow means 'upward (from the lower part of the body) to the
nostrils.' Here, however, avo seems to have a more general
sense,-'upward to the surface' (whether through the nostrils,
or from the mouth of the wound). As Ajax must now have
been dead for about an hour, the thing described seems
impossible.

a-UpLyyEs,

a vague term (= 'channels'), seems to mean OXpPEs,

.a word which down to the time of Aristotle (and later) denoted
meaning the bronchiallubes.
arteriesas well as veins;-daoprjpicl
(See Append. on Tr. 1054.)
CWE 8' dvarvci

Kl
7raVTaa

EK7rVE'

In Empedocles fr. 1oo, 2 Diels
~TWrTLXtXLoL

aov

(rVptyyEC

r7EarVat, it appears from the paraphrase of
Aristotle that ovpLy7es is to be interpreted as the equivalent of
So in Apoll. Rhod. 4. 1647 rpLpty$ a't/~pLTOEOTca Kar
OpXi3,E.
o- vpdv means 'a vein.' The epithet OEppal points in the same

7r1/Xarov

KacT

Oa

pt

direction.
CXav

p.vos:

cp. Aesch. Ag. I067 rpiv aigarTypv ifap'/Eo-rOa

1414 f. ,ctoci: i.e., if he says that he is a friend, let him now
prove it.--ofo-o90o: for the form, see on Tr. 645 ro-rat.-d7Q:

of this 2nd aor. imperat. we find also £/3&a (Eur. El. 113),
(Ar. Vesp. 979), PaOt (Soph. Ph. 1196), a&TE" (0. C.
KaTdp3
1547).-7r.vT" yaCeL: cp. 910
iEVC , XWOVL Ov'qrov.
1416 KOZ

dra KO 01.
vo
If the text is sound, we must

supply wovroas, as wo indicates: lit., 'toiling for this heroic
man, and never yet (having toiled) for a worthier.' This is
a harsh kind of compression; but, as the general sense is so
clear, it might be tolerated.
4, v.] Either this verse is
1417 [AtLavroS, STr' v,'r-oE
spurious (as is now generally thought), or else both it and
verse 1416 are corrupt. If v. 1416 is a paroemiac, it cannot
be followed by a paroemiac. If, then, v. 1417 is to be retained,
v. 1416 must be made into an anapaestic 8 dimeter. But none
of the attempts at expansion (e.g. KO1 EVI rw7ro0T Erfurdt;
8
TLv Hermann) are probable, and the insertion of
V y
KO

8r before 7rw would be preferable to any of them.

Further,

NVotes

I93

v. 1417, as it stands, yields no satisfactory sense. It must
be taken in one of two ways: (i) by itself, a colon or stop
being placed after Ovrtrv:-'I speak of Ajax, in the days when

he lived': for the genitive, cp. I236. Or (2) in connexion
with v. 1416, a colon being placed after A'avrog, but no point
after OvrWv:-'and never yet (having toiled) for a worthier
man than Ajax;-I speak of the time when he lived.' (Cp.

Meleager epigr. 22 (v KaX g&HptCKXELTo, O r' jV 'TOTE.)
ME
~'p
1418 ff. '8oOa-v, by experience: cp. El. 205 ro'V3
rrarp I Oav"Trov.-S TL rpa
iEL, how he (himself) will fare: fr. 531
8
'oSTO
KarEL 7RSc M
OUK E TLV I rXv LL9 o 8~L 7-v /PEXXdOVTO)V
ray
olL XPI TIEXEO-OaL (verses which probably closed the
t

poet's Tereus).

Aj

I3

INDEXES.
I.

GREEK.

The number denotes the verse, in the note on which the word or matter is
illustrated. )( means, 'as distinguished from.'
sdrayyXXoct, 1376
&yyehXo/pat=
&yetv
ydXwra, 382
'AypoTrpa, Artemis, 178
dyXiaXos, of Salamis, I35

aywwdpxys,

572

d6ao-ros, 54
d 65, rare as=ora 8J,
1043
del Zepl followed by Ka VyV, I
dcyos, genit., 628
aiav7is,
672
A'as, etymology of, 430 f.
Alas, vocative, 89
aliMeoOat with partic., 506 f.
adt'&Xos "AL65s, 608
"Aot6s, denoting a place, 635
ali&s and Sdo, 1076
alOdpa 6va, sense of, 1192
a'Owv, iron, 147: of a man, 221
of
at'Cvos, barbaric, 627
dir6w, 515
al xo-q, as=verecundia, 1079
a,

aXhd
Cetv XdP
aidv

97

'life-destiny,' 645
"pas,= L6pVUTeo, with
cK0.,
O6X
acc., 811 f.
cKO6teLv 7tVI (= rrepi rLOS) CjS
K.-.X.,
1141
&Kpa yX ooCa, sense of, 238
&Kpas
wVUKT6s,
285
cXaro-at, fig., of doubt, 23
cXhilarope, said of men, 374
7/zqa,
381
aXcdat, fishermen, 880o
IXArXaKcKro, 597
AiippoOot rpot, 412
ciX' oci4 /vP 64, in rejecting an
alternative, 877

AXXd, in an appeal, 361 : in assent,
529

ciXXc,

in two successive clauses,

852 f.

followed by ye 1
,dvrot, 1370
1XXi,
dXX&.. yp,
elliptical, 167
&XXA a3gra, in putting an alternative, 466
dXXd with oiV ye, 535
XXos

yivr' /o00,

444

&XXos, idiomatic use of, 1260
acidpLvos, ' uncared for,' 12o6
acgev-qv6s, 890
aciuzvoas

XeU,

416

UTa-vy/ca,use
peculiar

of, 634
aCiLi, with dat., 303, 340

o#
apci'c/alov, force of prep. in,
1064
av=bvd (apocope), 1190
av, doubled, 525 f., 1144
av with i'BeXov, 88
&va=avirlOt, 193
aayKaCa rXrq, 485
dcvarrwe' with genit., 274
advarvodq, senses of, 416
vaorraEv X6yovs, 302
cdvartOivac, to move back, 476
va66a0oV, sense of, 715
a e'E0at

(Oe43),

averrd/-av, 693

r
av4Kenrog

1214

pas, 21 f.
Xapa, 52
avXwoca, not aivXcowaa, Attic, o1049
cvbp= SvOpwos, )( O0p, 64
avp, emphatic, 77, 1238
a&v-'pt0os with gen., 603
i&Opwre, voc., rare in trag., 791

1v'eXet

In dexes
avolyere, said to those within, 344

aVOL/6WKT,

1227

of folly, 1156
avdrar Letv, 3.39
dv'rXtos, instead of av'4ios, 805
vri, in rhetorical contrast (oU0Xos
P17r'
AXcvOEpov), 1020, 1182
CdrTstWvel', constr. of, 771
duetv "Atav, 607
dOKvos po~/0s, 563
dc'r5pav = &r paavr, 167
alrepyw eTloietiY (without #s), 70

AvoXpos,

arr&Xw~ly,

217

crevOvPetv (Xpas), 72

I95

(dv6pdoitv etc.), with or with
out o'6v, 27
abr6s between ro0s and arou, I 132

a7ros

abrbs, sponte sua, 1099:
1283
alris 76 KCa, 1387
abro, as=/avro0, 1132

'alone,'

aVxevi ' t, 298

c&dtvat, leave desolate, 496
a ogpot Olpcs, 366
a/paKTos and dl/apKTro, 910
c95poriTWros, 355

d&oppov, adv., 369
c b'6oyros with gen., 321

drXaros aa, 256

dr6, of descent, 202 : of parentage,
1229 : of result, 1078
aroXhaOiva with genit., 941
adooKaXEd', in a bad sense, 727
ro7rros as= ' unseen,' i5
daroppev, 523
crd6rpoos "At3qs, 607

arroXdetv

fLov,

3ciOpov ZaXajAi vos, 135

fap6veoOat, to be incensed, 41
pap'qPvXos, 319
paotXi7 s, as nom., 189: as acc., 390
icotv, cogn. acc., 42
3arw (-), 1414

paqi5,

1031

drwOEetv=ad1rtTLetv, 446
pa= p' o06; 277

&pa, force

px

'retv dLrv It, 345
3Xcdretv es 7r, to look for help to,

of, 233
apao-Oat, in a good sense, 509
dpy&rovs, 237

399

apet (fut. midd.) &etXiav, 75
7ro60oV,

d/3Vretw,

248

pya, 439

L
CpKEiV with partic. (dpK170

21

KaK'O6rXaIyXvO,
&C-rXayXvos=
goow, transitive, 40

da-od6ao-ro,

dTr
ieLV, 559
cdraOat, 269

833

dry as=' havoc,' 307
artar', 1129
av, vicissim, 62
avOts, ' afterwards,' 1359

PovX4,

the Homeric, 749
povXha5oopa, 68 1
pfpiletv =pollere, 130
fpoTWv, redundantly added, 1358
fpvXao-Oat, of a bull, 322
ycip, in assent, 82, 951
ycip, referring to an implied thought,
186
yap, in question, 282, 1130

aprirat rretpav, 2
apwyot vabs, mariners, 201

arepyqs, 776

1290
297

7VE),

76

dodXrLYKrYu dVpav, 291
Wo0Korros, 'inconceivable,'

ro,

fo07p K6WV,

apdeTKEL with acc., 584
,py (ri), from "?Opcyiv, 129, 192
"Aprs= violent death,' 254
'a
dpto-re~tV KaXXto7-re^a, 435
apKEt

for iron, 651

lia, 4, half-personified, 1334
PXdLrrev, said of a god, 456
pXdirro, genit. after, 941

drp~, 310

acpioOat KXor&v

1121

p'avos,

ycp, prefacing narrative, 285

472

ycip, as third word of clause, 522

-ycp, in TI yap 56, prefacing

a

question, ioi
-ye, emphasising a whole clause, 812,
1409: in comment, 1127
yeXv rtVt, to mock at, 957
yXov and ydXAwra, 303
e pllvrot, 483
yd ro7, 534

yevvala 66br, 938
13-2

I. Greek

196
yCevav aclW/.a, 1077

ELKELV, with cogn. acc.,

ytoos, 'creature,'

Ei A7 with aor. ind., ref. to a past
fact ('granting that.-.'), 1067
ii
understood with dlos, 399:

yyvoatL,

784

with aor. partic., 588

yoyCLo7s, Tb Kictp oV70, 743 f.
yova s,
erat,
Erg'y6v1094

yvpv6s, sense of, 464
yvvatrL

KiO6crToS rTy,

293

8diios, senses of, 784
S~= dXXl, 12
a , as third word of clause, 116
BesopKccbS, force of, 85
aet ore 6'rws 6eies, 556 f.
Srvvy
, 243
6 emphasises adj., 414, 858, 992:
or pron., 995 : whole phrase, 994
6rXot aveis, 878
GiXos with c's and fut. partic., 326
6raXo~v with partic., 471
6rlrq67-r avMp, said of Ajax, 1071
6ura as first word of a verse, 986
6aL rarobs, of time, 705
atareotLdoaOat, 332

8tappei,

fig., 1267
L'tdlrpo9cL Optves, 447
ao peoOat, degere, 511
&iaow= a full sense,' 547
'in
AK-r and Erinys, 1390
&KpareFs 'Arpei6at, 251
tolyow, 346
iraXros, 408
&rrXd ew, intrans., 268

with ETOtLOS,

1243

813

ti/Jt K7 OV= KXtW, 1320
XE
C 7roOtL TOV' = 6Xe(owv, Ei' roOL
XE oocLet,885
etpyw, fut. forms of, 593
ei'pyw and i'pyw, 753
els b /rv,in respect to it, 876
et.. rts, assimilated to the case of a
partic. (drep rwos rO&ovros), 488

intensive force in composition,
795
EK, of a condition, 537, io83
eKEI Kc tv68ise, dead or alive, 1372
i,

dKEVo,
marking a
dKEvov
instead of

new topic, 94

aOr6v, 755

exsors, 1302
sense of, 531
KVApErOaL rba, 369
eKwreL7reoCOat (midd.), 6i 2
EKtirrVe
xOoV6s, II177

,-KKptTOS,

EKX6e-OatL,

dKrpa'ooacL

(midd.), 45
iKP 6f6e,dX,
775
rKTVeoOat V pwtV,sense of, 304
&K 7-TOS, ' on his part,' 1241
EKTois 6CVL (KCaWKV), 88
cK
TWSV6, 6S, 537
icpetv, bring to one's goal, 7
6
tK XELp S, 27

dXadvetv,

&to-ral o-rparyl&es r6Xat, 49

vexare, 275, 504
'EXa9~lp6Xos, Artemis, I78
fXe(o-d pe, sense of, 396

a'

thXEtrertv

61s

iKal rpi,

432 f.

6ls r6aos, 277
aopvoodqs, 1188

o~v, with imperat.,
I14
ouvpXlrros, in a trimeter, 894
1285
KXspos,
s
apatry
Spae-iew, 326
v-XyLtoros, 40
6varpireXos, 913
awped and awpetd, 1032
awpekr0at, constructions of, 1029
dyos, ' sword,' 95
tywy', elliptical, 678
adbxta, of a ship, 1277
eOXovrs)s and OEXoVr)s, 24
Eia6Ato,
351
seev,

101

6i Kal, peculiar use of, 1127

XiooELY

r7rXcdlra,

358

with acc., 1379

OXbs,
1297
iXrio with pres. inf., o052 f.
dXiris, defined by KaK 6o6
c),
"Xwp, 830
iora, 563
Ptray, followed by Kalrep and
partic.,

122

e7rrXqicroK 1358
,
tPrroXav, to 'fare' (well or ill), 978
ti, of instrument, 732
dY, separated from its case, 90o6
6~
a
,
i
tv Xp l v e~poa t i6pvO 43: tv
tdxot Opao6s, 1315
dayewvs
)( Odew , p. xxvi, n. I
iv yv'Aq7, sense of, 1038

Indexes

I97

b&KraoTras,
I1136
ivdXXayja, middle sense of, 208

epEvbov
alplc, 376

bva, 657
bla 11 with fut. ind., 657

ep&oEtvw, fig. sense of, 251
'EpeXOSat,,=Athenians, 202

E

EvOa=(dKEcE)
dv

rXod6ry alOvetv,

488

7TLVLo'

orOlat,

EotyEV = EotK/.EV,

EravEW
t, to

519

12.39

assent to it, 1401

irai'tw, 1263
7r rtKpWV OttropePEy, 1230
i

7rtaKTr3 cV-qp, a paramour,
drr' aptoLrepd, 183
erapKEu rrV7orv,

raoio-ety )( iaa

1296

360

of, 603

Ereyyexc-v, 454
&deLvat, of attendant circumstance,
1216
irEntag,

61

451

-r' i~gepyaoop.vots, 377
ErepXO/at, to come after, 438
drev66'etv (v.l.), 451
dr'Xetv with gen., 50
g-r7 and X6yot, 1o96
ert3alivev, absol., 'embark,' 358
Eirtaivetv, with acc., 138
rt3p&,rPTros 1386
,
irrytLyvSoKw
with partic.,
irl 8voKXdoE, it, 143
for

8S

edrtrdpo0s of Chorus, 813 f.
ErM(K0O7,
senses of, 976
Eir

a0p/tKpWV X6,w7v,

7Ta
?1V, 328
oTrdrT, of a fixed principle, o1084
Eor0e/6Xwo (without dv), 1183
rTLc=[,
Eo0rt ,i
V

778
rTE
balanced by a simple

GTE, 56
0o7r
understood after 0rov, 103
-rotp0os,
without E/lAi, 813
E) as 2nd syll. of 3rd foot, 18
EadvE0os, 197
Ceepo0, 297
E60bs
Oi EGpals, 780
epvao0-at, of a camp, 603
Eeretrlros,
senses of, 151
E6iptvo,

o-etv, 305

FravXa, senses
drevr6VELv,

o8

peculiar sense of, 693
Eao60 for dio6l, 294
fpws,

'EvadXtor, 179
fgaX8wtat versus 4aXe~6o/ EIl, 656
edav6octv, 926
e¢4le'EOat, 795
'yrlyEoeOat, to expound, 320
i
rEvO31 1178
S 4 c v,
io-arao-Oai
rwa, 'avoid' one, 82

greT'

.309

EpKEIos crrdTE7,

Eo'TdrrJs, 104
E-

pE1~Eis,

nom., -=E6pt,

8

Epo'Co-aKs, after 2nd foot of trimeter, 340
CEpdS6Is,1190
EIpdE , sense and usage of, 1167
6
r/E6pos, fig. sense of, 6to
qdoSn'rtosZe6s,
492
E5 eI.t, constr. of, 112

Cb&t-ivai
rv, indulgere, 250 : to
yield up, 495
E opA/av, construction of, 1143
qv&piS~fet
with dat., 1385
gXE"y, intrans., with rp6s rPvo.,
319
gXEtpV
/touCaibv, 8o: rapovo-iav, 540:
06pav, 564: dypa, 88i
xOp-v iSwpa adpa, 665
9Xw with aor. partic., 22
eXwv, 6, the 'powerful,' 157
Fwg iOs, without av, 555
y

1268

769
-rtorTiT-s (rrot[Elewv etc.), 27
r i-ri t; 'wherefore?' 797
drilrptrros, 103

aciyX, otvia, 352

irtlrraV KXEdo,

[al-evg,
ZE6s

drq6al, medical use of, 582
9rdrovv'uos, usages of, 430, 574
Ipyov= ofus est, 12
pqo, 395

492 :

K1OLOS,

1172

Tr7elv,
peculiar use of, 1054

e rtXalpw o E6 rpdoov-rTa, 136
ErJrdoato
v ac'KO, 576
EnrriTrlp and r7-56ipY, 282

137

'OEUTLoo,

'as =1aXXopv

4..

2q, 966

eZfT, 177 f.
4 Ka, in question, 38, 44, 48
4..Xyw ; (subjunct.), in selfcorrection, 1312
7

obK, crasis of, 334

I. Greek

I98

KaLp6, adverbial, 34
KaiTOL...ye,
441

Srov, 176

ai 172
,
f6is, of a 'welcome' person, Io5
&v, 88
0qe0ov (without a&), of an unfulfilled
wish, 1400
jqKE of lineage, 636
t,
XOo', 234

?0eXov

7

ptaipjrV,

eaKe"V, said of the IK'ri-y,

1f73
OavbPreS, with a cogn. acc. (r-'vv6

435
KriXxas, etymology of, 801
KaXWI in a bad sense, 1137
KGV=KaiL dCv,elliptical use of, o078
KaXXOTE4t,

1152

KaiTd, separated from its case, 155,
969
(oX6), towards him, 1399
KaTd tLVa
Kaacav6Els, 728
of the dead, 989

KEilevO,

6rvov, 55

KEpEItV

15

1104
KE6Latl'7F7

O'orwp, etymology of, 8oi
00pitp, crasis in, 756
paolat, with inf., 2
OBoavps LKr5pLOS,
1175
I

Ov6, 954
KEVSs, as=' bereaved,' 986
Kva6os, 103
KIXw, 657

Ooav wKUV6.XCOV
VEWV, 710
6

KI CLP

OoXep s, fig. sense of, 206
Opao6s, in a good sense, 364
OpoiEY,
'proclaim,' 67
idrrret X6bots, 501 : SpX1g-ara7,

936,
OT7Olt,

KEO6Cu=perf. pass. of

6, in a general sense, 383

Gefo-rs ApX^s, 1104

- Y3?W7, IO8

pKEOV

KXE7rrtELV

1

60ovU,

189 :

KaKd,

I17

KXLVMV, to depress a scale, 131
noised abroad, 225
KyX~~ 6bneVOS,
KXpooxoS, fig., 508
700

la6etv,
1204
1ieL, of experience, 1418
1806, ref. to a sound, 870
i&vat,
with gen. ('shoot at'), 154
as
lepai, epith. of Athens, 1221
L'o, t-rE, entreaty, 843, 1oo3
in
LKEO-OatL, of coming to a certain
plight, 1365
irrop,/avis
Xetdv, 143
irwov~d,WS,

1177

i&tOat, 362

KaTevaLppo/Lat, 26

T7X~vr), 1058 f.
OEXoVr'3 and OeXovrT)S, 24

eds,

KaKWS,
KaKV

KTTC,

'orwas, 515

0

KaK,

Kdre-ro, I165

129, 192

'qp6u'qv, 248

leoXoyeLov,

KaKO

232

ihv, added picturesquely, 304

KXoIrav

700oFv, 248

KXVTa&air6ALa, 375
KVd7rTrW and yvdrrwo,
KVdIOWV, 1025

Io31

KO0tV, adv. with dat., 577
KOLVOs EV KOLVOS,

267

KOX4ELtV with 6'rq as cogn. acc., I107
KOtLdEV Trtva, to rule him, Iro
3

Kpdr7, deeds of valour, 446: royal
prerogatives, ioI6
Kp T70o 7rt6s, victory in a thing, 443
KpVELV,

to question one, 586
midd., 647

KprrTEoOatL,

Ka-yXdw and KaXcdto, 198
KaO8Up W, with dat., 153
Kal( yd)
' (I) on mypart,' 525, 1104
Kal, emphasising verb, 1290
KL, giving a modest tone, 345
Kal, in 0TTLt KLL 95XOS, 917
Kai 6)= ' already,' 49, 544
KaL Kdpra, where Kal=' and,' 527
KL tk v, usage of, 53I, 539, 794,
ii68: with ye, 531
KL 7S

.r..;50:

KCai

oiov .. ;

462

KpvE1s,

1145

K65cO1tazt, 722
KUKXEV

daTiV, 19

KUKXE0OCatL, midd., 353
KVX, the Athenian, 1200oo
KUi'ov 0fO7p, 297

Acdprp7s, other forms of the name, I
XapcLavEw alag^, 345
Xc karr^pes,
Aalp-rtos,

I

286

Indexes
atX6vpa, 93
'EptfolI
as=-'namely' (jnqprpl,
Xyow), 569
Xeywv after
r,q,etc., 757
XErqXarTv, 343
Xelas opovp1lgagra, 54
Xelreolat, to fall behind in a race,
1245
XXe~t/d&os X6ywv, 543
edxo, 'bride,' 211
XtO6Xevoros "Ap-sq, 254
X vOOr6s9 v6a"os, 452
XWcOa^, sense of, 6i

=-protasis

Xe'-y

KeVOLS yXvKis),
Ko

966

yItyw'tro 1331
'IXOs,

peOelvac

Pat,250
/eeXavOez' alga, sense of, 99
A/eXl 7Oeis in middle sense, 1183
~dhos, of a loud lament, 976
Ay and 6', where no contrast is
implied, 623 f.
/vY, emphasises pron., 8o, 121, 455
dvy,
misplaced, 56, 372
pLY,without corresponding 84, 56,
1299

pevrL&v,

of blood, 1412 f.

rotoo70s, 952
e

Iravcy-P'0O7v,

p.eridracts

egXpet, gdXpts, Attic, 571
not
680otKa,

with

subjunct.

and

indic., 278
IA",

generic, 474, 512,

Aj,
in

o101, 1094

relat. clause when it is equiv.
to a final clause, 471 f.
pgj,instead of A/d o6, 96
A/o, interrog., with L1s,
179
Ikg,

OeP E 'rG),

at

sc.

950
o, with inf. after ri

dhXet, 540
472
'py&v ouS/Y, in 6 lorjyo , obS&Uchv,
)(
etc., 1231
g~7i6' c", 6, 767
/

01TO.

-16i , d

y6Yes

ye,

I 7r,

1275

, o1, II14

/urnjp, used in metaphor, 174

A-qXavav, the active rare, 1037
vytovebeew with 7iKKa, 1273
6 S rWS, 306
180
Ao1p¢ V
vaietu, of site, 597: of (temporary)
presence in a place, 869
vadoXoXoL Gpat, 460
vaCro= -' last,' I185
820
v'EqK0Vs,
vfgos,413
ve6ppavros, 30
VtLK, peculiar genitive after, 1357
vLK~8OatL 0wv, T353
VLKWV
,
1,
I248
vLr0Tr1t 15,

670

vi6p.ot, one's usages, 548
of
vo1dcas, 207
v60s, 258
VKrEpOs,

adverbial, 2I 7

ivp 64, ref. to past time, 445

(i4r,

poet. for (ibo1,231
vpCev & XPW, 786

rX, 1220o
QyKOV apar(Oat, 129
0 before

Se, ref. to a person not present, 990
o0 'yw, rare in trag., 803

717

of Chorus, 813 f.

/IerpEOOat (midd.)=oculis meiri, 5
1A",

edra,

Eri

86

in reflective assent, 86: after

/EPViot

Oewv

rTLKpo'

Maortyoo6pos Alas, 91, p. xxxvi
LArTl7, 'insanely,' 635 f.
leya edirety, 386
yeydXat pvXal, sense of, 154
r lp
77yas wv = 0go'p0 OpXe,
s
934
ueyas, implying dread, 173, 225 f.

Ldvos, /'Xhav,

(pci

0radTra, = eL7

K9ELV,

IaKp6 TrXOVTOS,130

pXXov omitted before " (duol

I99

omitted before inf., after cielrpyw,

70
,-, with an adverbial phrase, as

oLKE
O6, self-wrought,

260, 919

oltIKTwp "ALtov, 517
'K0os,5IO f. : with
olKTipw, with
inf., 652 f.
o01', elision of ot in, 354
oiojiT7s, 6T4
oTos, causal sense, = dret roto0ro0
in
,
945
oims, rarer than ofov or oea, 923
6XdOptos, with E-, 402

6doweas, 390
oXot as= uravTes, I o10

I. Greek

200

tueXv
diKr6s,

fig. sense of, 640
'face' or 'form,' 977
Brov, with &irt understood, 103
rws, in object-clause with fut. ind.,
567 f.
BrWs, irregular constr. of, with obvx
<iS' 9XIV, 378
oros I/cu, divided between two trimeters, Io89 f.
6pa as='to look for,'
1165
opyal o6vrpoot, 639 f.
opy'5 as= rpros, 1153
6pOoOoOat, to prosper, 161

poa,

6pavwTr4s, 5 12

0s= 66s, suus, 442

instead of Sorts (taOcLv 8Sel), 1259

7traKro01,
579
raXatl

7/Adpa, old age, 623

7ra7r61551,

916

7rciv Tra Oc'duta, 712
7rad ' a]KKOas ObyOV, 479

7rar'
aX,='in any case,' 1369
rrPvrola 7-Xix-y, 752

ravrovpy6s= ravoUpyo,

7rar7-ZaLelvt,

445

II

rap with acc., denoting a series
(7rap'. a5L4P
p A~cpa), 475
rapdrrXa
rK

s, 229

rraparrpdoaetw, sense of, 261
lrrapd rivt, his estimation, 620,
in
924

7rdpavXos,

892
7rdpcort, ref. to a trait of character,
with causal force, 372
=
03OS, 7t Toaoir-os after olKTpipW, I010
rapCXel 7arraTy
510 f.
(sc. &avr6v), 1146
7rap77KELu, 742
Srtts, causal (with antecedent ue
7rap
aXotTs, 807 f., 1085 f.
understood), 457
528,
rrapicraoat, sense of, 48, 92
6orts (without tv) and subjunct., 761
7rapovalav gXetw, 540
6eE.. .3, 167

0s,

bs,

Bropos,

usage of, 1202

ob y&p...; in retort, 1320
oS yip, in conditional sentences,
where ydip='for else,' I330

o, in indirect question after di,7
ob, in question, followed by /uy2S,
75
oS, instead of pu5, after el, 1242
or
oi, placed after its verb, 545: ovS
oiXl in a clause following the

7rapchv, force of, 338
ra, adverbial, 275, 519
irepa, sense of, 2
rXas, with dative, 774

7r(TtCEIV, double acc., 738 f.
with
repi lI~pet rlreti, 828
7repltre7-s, in passive sense, 907
7reptlrrvX s Qaaydrhy, 899

7reptarepx's, 982
reptlaorXXEt' ri7-dov,
1170
7reptlav 4j Seiw, 66
verb, 1140
oa p05, with subjunct., 421 f.: 7rc-ro/lat, aor. forms of, 282
r-7rau
reSla, 30
strengthened to o67rot 560
[-t,
rqya 1h7-qs,
363
obS=
XX'
o, 222
rLKp6s, 'to one's cost,'
1239
o6 , corrupted to ore, 428
7Trr7TcEL i 7rads, IO90
o0K f 7-t TauTa, 470
rheXvpal, doubt raised as to, 1410
o0K Ci, after ei, I131
orXtos, 931 ff.

ov, in the first of two clauses, 34
4ycv, 195
o6plov, i, 1o83
o0d7, understood, 1233
o~70s, in calling to one, 71
o6Trws, strengthening an adj., 1206
o X dioarep, compressed phrases after,
1386
opcaviu' Tyv

oXavov, or Xdvrq, of shield, 575 f.
wdcos, as=' resentment,' 933

rXcvpoKolrcEV, 236

rvebTCLra KOa, 558
rot 3Xhretv ; 1290

7rotratl, senses of, 53
Frot o, with p3
)(
ja,
1237
7roXulrXayKTros, 'restless,' iI86
oroXdVovos,
ref. to war, 638

roXsdppagos, sense of, 575
irotralos 'EpAdis, 832
r6pot
alXippO90l, 412
r6bprat, of a shield, 576
7ro; 'on what ground?' I oo

Indexes
'pa&ft, 'fortune,' 790
rpcoaacwV 7i Twvt, to procure a thing
for him by intrigue, 446
7rper.u', with genit., 534
rpetv, meanings of, 1030
rp6Pfy3ia 6zr&rov, 1218 f.
rrp6byovot rvot r6vov, 1197
rrpoS&Sdo'K1,

163
6

rpotoraoOat (r xrs), 803: to confront (rti), 1133
rrpoKEatOaL, 'lie prostrate,' 427
7rpor
cirwp, 387
7rps ai'blaros, ol, I305
rrpoo-e'vat, of an attribute, 521
rpoeeLpalvetv Oavvu-rt, 1348
rpOCOKEh00CL aypatL,

407

Ka7Ocaavev), 476

?rp6s rtvt Pd/irTreV &YXOs, 95
irpbs 7w1os XetV, pertain to him, 319
rrpoaorpdro TvL'd 7r, 831
7rpoaorpratos, 1173
irpbo

av,

Tb, 'thy saying,'
interest,' 1313

leypa, sense of, 5oo

7rKtLV, 581
7rvXwp6s, 562
7r6pyos=city-walls, 159
roXoSaAPey,
549
7rOs Av with optat., 388
S7rGsycp, peculiar use of, 279
rwo, qualifying 70TovTos, 327

paxItw, 56
r

99: 'thy

o06oOw, 1414

crre66set
with acc. and inf., 804
6
o-oin ila
l,
294 : 6X'araF, 390 :
:ga1rUv0o'oe,
926
0oTdXXOcat, to set forth, 328
(TEEtv (e6by), 93
Crt3PW, 874
ar7-/a, 651
0o/ra KX6IEt, 1225
rTpaTrgylSE 7r6Xat, 49
TpaTrl-ytov, 72r1
o-TpaoVat with causal genit., i Ii6f.
6
o0vyLKaOapp6etLV (V1Kp v), 922
(0yKaTaCvyV6Vat,

7rpoorlrrev, of kneeling, I181
rpbs Ti-ra, prefacing a command,
971
7rpbs 71;
'wherefore?'
40: 7rpbs
o6v, 'without cause,' 0oi8
rrpoortLOeva (7

201

o0vyKltaTKTaV,

123

2 30

a'vyKEKpaev7,v O''KT(,
ovyKOp,,ELv

895

VEKpbV, 1047

f.

o'b d,
after a vocative, 1409
ovXAX6iev,
1317
uvpaxladv g7rrl
KaKct, 1323
ovA43^vat, probably corrupt in 1281
ovlaavOdvetv, 869

o vOEdpetv, 'to agree,' 431
ovyuop&, sense of, 68
o6v as adverb, 959
0bv 66Xqy, 1245
o0by 6le, 0-by OE@, 383, 765, 779
7T
wvvaXXo-oeoOat, force of, 493
0vvdrTret (4), 'to embroil,' 1317
o6vatXos (4),
from aluh4, 611
UVVrP1er (4) and ovy'rpTq/EP, 1329
r6vYpoos, 623, 639
o6ptlyyes
as-= XlPe , 1412
oca3di'o, 833

ITEtY, 239

V/
ca, protection, 159
P vrp, 241
Vr6s, of sea or river, 883
McaKeo6'po~, epith. of Ajax, 19
aopevvr6va, fig., 1057
oh 6i,
f 70ot, in rough address, 1226,
1228
oeuval, epith. of Erinyes, 837
orlailvolal (midd.), sense of, 32
a0LcypOKy5, 325

Ito v418at, 190
(TKat6l,

6etv 7r-, 312
TavLrrovs, 837
Tavporr6Xa and TavptKh, Artemis, 172
TraaiL )( 7oot, oo1090
71)X' t'oo 691
a
S,
re misplaced, 53, 654
reOalperat, 577
TreOlyA&d1 yXGo-ora, 584
Tda

T6evew

aclKpav,

TXElras with

1040
TEX,

T-7Xhbev = rTX0U, 204

1225

OIrKval, poet. plur.,

3

OKOTr6, a watchful

Eor6roi,

945

210

7 WS, 558

TryXwr6s,
564
TijV dV after partitive gen. roilys,
followed by rT 6d,
235

I. Greek

202

r71added to A/djev, 28o
i Au5; 668
lrtvat, to propose a prize, 573
7rEoOasorov84?v, etc., 13
rtEa, prerogatives, 67o
7r1Lav, to respect a wish, 688
71LIS vdAEtV, sense of, 1351
7t, enclitic, preceding its noun, 29,
468
71s in a collective sense (o/K 'O
aoTl,
irpiv 71rs /K/3PC1=p

965

EK/CdXWOcT),

7ts, in menacing allusion,

Ir38

'made out' to be, 1020
(avnLs,

313
9/avol-v,

'corrective,' 1255
dP~ptaKOV,
oipetv, of tendency, 799
JEptV

rt, 'to

be

fraught

with,

802

dEpefOfa

KtXWS , I073 f.
¢p' -q, sent by a god, 998
o08
r/vul, rarely= iubeo,
L
XeIV
S /tr5ovTras,
679
oXaOpa acKO6ltv, etc., r323
otvtXOEIs with blood, IIO
,
/oItaV,

of madness, 59

183
with adverb. force (raxde& 71ts pEPv6Orv,
ppelvo 6 pcw, 626
Xws rws), 1266
=ra
p1pd-yCs
as=Tpces, 1054
7rXvate, roXtpav, of bringing oneself
1wvW rtva, to command, with inf.,
to do something, 411, 528
7b dr rooe, 'henceforth,' 1376
1047 f.
#cds, opposed to 061p, 300
Tot after 7ot6o'E, 776
-ro (Doric for ol), rare in trag., 1404
rotyap, 666
xalvEtv Pga7a, 1227
XaXKIEdCe,
(said of the Fury), 1034
ro0yapoOv, 490
Xdpt Xdptv riKTEL,522
rotOUvos or 70o0o,giving the ground
Xetetdv, of madness, 207
for a statement, 164, 218, 251, 562
XEp6rXaKKLo o07rot, 63I
7olav, 582

71-

70b /PJ1g v WdV, 1275

Xpbov, 31 1
r70o6T7s, as a term of reproach, 1120o
7600rov, rare in trag., 185
70ro7rpoowr7rTo SpaC/Y, 731
70o70ro ay', answered by 6 only,
17070 rrXetorov

7by iy

670 ff.

7rpLetv,

Xp-yrJ7pta, 220
6

Xpvo vewros

nearly= Xel , 503, 644,

847
via,

r1a'd Xri'0s, 1383
evlTOEls with gen., 177
7ri~Le't and lyi
ie eoaat 61K-V, 449

+c6etv

1124

7rpirov3

Xepoiv, fig. sense of, =Upyqg, I384
6
aIVOXOw, 202
XOb 'tos-=
XXwpds, senses of, 1064
Xoporot6s, Pan, 698
XP7s, 1373

and XP/3es, 1405
of life, 499: via,

7Ppo47, mode

510 f.
r7vyXvetV without cov, 9

/ojorot6s,

1135

i0vpop,of slander, 148

71s, 841

sieLE,

of trite sayings, 292

Vlr/OOE1Y,
301
bVraLrr6Lo
K6(T/os,

1408

brreproveoOat (midd.), 1310
b7r
atogIov, 740
brropieXXtE0at Al6iovs, of slander, I88
rb6,Xr7ros, 481

1roiyE6Yvvolla with dat., 24
ro7elvetvE d066vas, 262
r76r7Tvo pciltv Xapfeiv, 494 f.
r706 7TrOS 7rope6lTOc1, 1253 f.
/Oiparo5, epithet of rprous, r404

iVetv,
with dependent clause, 794
d,6eO, fut. forms of, 1248
w;ot with genitive, 900
,
WUoKpa7lj 205
dS, ']know that..,' 39
ws, limiting (bs Cdo), 395: with dK
7rWvE, 537
ws, marking intention, 44
ws ea with subjunct., 'in whatever
way,' 1369
WorE - ds, 300
S1WC
'
iX6bvrwv, 281
YXwKa, form of, 896

II.

ENGLISH.

acc. after phrase equiv. to trans.
verb, 191 ; cognate, 42, 287, 290,
with Oabvures, Io58 f., with KOXhiew1 I107 f., with "(eo'Oat etc.,

Aeacus, descent of Ajax from, 387
Aegina, cult of the Aeacidae in,
p. xiii
Aeroph, wife of Atreus, 1295

io85; depending on oX iXpas Aeschylean diction in this play,
dKAq, 8II f.; double, with repadp. xxxv
Pewy, 22 ; in appos. with sentence,
Aeschylus, Ajax-trilogy of, p. xiv
559, 1191, 1210; in X-Xos (vv- Aet/ziopis, the epic, p. x
Ajax, the Homeric, pp. vii ff. ; etyXlov, 491; of ground traversed
mology of the name, 430 f.;
r
(as 7rn6ai Sa), 30, 878; of neut.
pron. with [rvXowv, 552; of pers.
legend that he was invulnerable,
pron., omitted, 496; of respect
834, p. xiv; legend that he was
slain by Paris, 468; tomb of,
(SEtv's Xdpas), 366; resuming a
previous acc., after an interval
1167
(fPov, after od etc.), 1149; with
alliteration, 528
ivveret ='accost,' 764; with inf., anapaest in Ist foot of trimeter,
where dat. could stand, oo007
1172; in the spurious verse 571
adj., compound, equiv. to an adj.
anapaests for Chorus, interposed in
and subst. in genitive (7roX6KePWcs the dialogue, p. xxxv
antecedent drawn into relative
6os), 55, 412, 631, 935; compound, = two distinct epithets
clause, 272, 1044; understood
(&Kparels 'Arpe?8at), 251, 389 f.;
(in dat.) before relat. pron., lo5o
compounded with word akin in
aor. combined with historic pres.,
sense to the subst. (KaKcc6povs
3'; gnomic, followed by pres.,
6
674 ff. ; imperat., 3rd pers. of,
X 70os), 138, 546, 709; as epithet
of compound phrase (PiKs a Kcipwith
I181
18,
rw&rov XCpt), 176, 249; in pro- aor. indic., 'ingressive' use of, 207;
leptic constr., 69; instead of
with a&,
potential (7s &.vVbp-Oy;),
genit. of subst. (alXaXwris Xeip),
I 19; where imperf. might be expected, 502; where we use the
71; made more explicit by an
adv. phrase (yvuubs.. diptoreitw
pres. (dryvea), 536, 693, 790, in
6dep), 464; neut. pl. as adv., 196,
a question (d&s;), 1026; with el
921; predicative force of, marked
fl, in ref. to an actual fact, Io67
by its position, 946; verbal, in
aor. inf., representing a gnomic aor.
active sense (&iraXros), 408
(rcedv), lo83; )( pres. inf., 7oI,
adv. placed after art. and partic.,
940
aor. partic., to be supplied from a
635 f.
Aeacidae, Ajax and the, p. xiii
pres. partic., 1416

204

Indexes

Apollo, averter of evil, 187; healer,
703; a god of dances, ib.
Ares, god of violent death, 706; and
Enyalios, 179
Armoruliz ltldiciutll
("Ow7rXwv KpiOl-),

6
of, 813 f. division of into -mtX ;
pia, 866 ff. ; number of, raised by
Sophocles, 866
Cnosus in Crete, 699
compound verbs, rare, 795
compression in phrases after odx
co-rep, 1386
consecration of animals to a god,

the, of Aeschylus, p. xiv
arms, buried, or burned, with
warriors, 577
Art, ancient, illustrates the Ajax1214
crasis of 4 oK, 334; ObLpP, 756
legend, pp. xxxiii ff.
cremation commoner than interment
Artemis Tauropolos and Taurica,
in the Homeric age, 577
172; Agrotera and Elaphebolos,
Cresphontes, legend of, 1285 ff.
178
Cretan dances, 699
article, single instead of double (as
curse, form of,.upon a whole family,
in
Olewy iOXav), 1n1 774,
118,
II78
1146; emphatic (7-'v aravrov
dT-av),
1187; in 6 lpaKphs
pios, Cyllend, Mount, 696
312; place of,
473; in rdetvd,
in 6 XvLEW'P 6WS,573, in Xptv..
dactyl in 3 rd foot of a trimeter,
TIKTO7Uoa, 522,
in PpOTOls TbOV 340
dances of Nysa and of Cnosus, 699
delYro-rov, 1166
1382, codative, causal, 531,
assimilation of et rTtto the case of a
ordinated with causal partic., 177 ;
partic. (etrep rtbSoOed'vowros), 488
ethic, 102, 216, 332, 733, 826,
assonance, at the end of successive
898, 1084, 1282; of agent, 539,
verses, 807 f.

asyndeton, 60, 115
Athena and Odysseus, 14, p. xxx
Athena Promachos, on the Acropolis, 1221 f.

Athens, 'sacred,' 1221 f.;
Salamis, 202
Atreus and Thyestes, 1293 f.

and

Attica, burial in, denied to certain
criminals, 1177
attraction of antecedent into relative
clause, 1044; of relative pronoun
into case of antecedent, 1379
augment, prodelision of, in 6th foot
of trimeter, 557, 962

906; of instrument, 5o0, double,
one defining the other (as Xcpl..
230 f., 31o; of interest
(as q
=o Xdpv), 1045, 1366;
of manner, 46, 1392; of place,

(l~9o'-v),
191,

240, 635;

EOmS

wiEOV7KEV),

cacophony, examples of, 61
caesura, designed absence of, 855,
994; quasi-caesura, 1049
Calchas, meaning of the name, 8o0
change of scene, 813 f.
Chorus, /erdo'rautO i'rtrdpo6os
and

I128;

of

respect (as KaKl yPv6ipats), 474,

639, 964; possessive, a peculiar
use

of,

1144;

with

verbs

of

'mocking at,'153, 957; after
6

aT bs, instead of a relative clause,

687; after a phrase
ovvE'dyw,

dead,

balance, metaphor from, 131
Bias, maxim of, 679
Bosporus, as= Hellespont, 883
burial, refused to public enemies,
830

of relation (as
970,

the,

equiv.

to

718

laying

out

of,

922;

washing of, 1405; spirits of the,
displeased by the participation of
their foes in funeral rites, 1395
deliberative subjunct. (pres.), 214;
aor., combined with fut. ind.,
403 f. indirect form of, 428, 514
;
desiderative verbs, 326, 582

Didascaliae, p. xxxvi
drinking-cup (KriXt),

1200

Duris, the vase-painter, p. xxxiv
eccyclema, 346

II.
Enyalios, 179
epithet marking fig. sense

Englisk
(ipK

KaK), 60

epithets, two, without copula,
Erechtheidae -Athenians, 202

710

Erechtheus, 202

Eriboea, mother of Ajax, 569, p. xvi
Erinyes, attributes of the, 835 ff.,
1390
Erinys forges a fatal sword, 1034
euphony, disregard of, 61
fearing, verb of, with subjunct. and
indic., 278
fern. adj., with subst. understood,
208

fut. indic., combined with delib.
subjunct., 404; of wish (PovUXuo-kat), 681
fut. middle forms with passive sense,
1155

fut. optat., 727; of qaivw, how
formed, 313
577
fut. perf. (3reTdrTat),
of
genitive absol., neut. pl. partic.,
981 ; absol., with ci', 281 ; after
adj. compounded with a privaliV1fLI, 321, 563, 9io; after
'LKa
v,
1357 ; after verbs of 'aiming at,'
154; after verbs of 'speaking
about,' 1236; causal, 41, 18o,
with o'rpqCeaOal, Ii16 f.; defining,
135, 1076, in periphrasis (r6ros
Tpoias= Tpola), 437 f., double
defining, 308 f., 465, 616 f., 872,
defining, combined with possessive, 54, 732; objective (cav6p6o
yyyTia), 221, (b'rrXov dyw2vEs),
1239; objective combined with
subjective (0eood Pd,s aov), 998;
of agent (bwTors qrardrylTi

), 807;

of parentage (At s"Apreyts), 172,
952, with art. (' Asds), 401, 450 ; of
1274 ;
WVoVu),
place (4pK0ov ykyeKX
of quality, 1oo4; of relation,
163, with dritcKapos, 1405 f. ; of
time, 141, 285 ; partitive (odrtva

gods, sometimes visible to a chosen
person, while unseen by his
companions, 15
'golden ' reins, belt, etc., 847
greeting the land to which one
comes, 1221 f.
hair, act of severing, treated as
symbolical, 1179
hair, why offered to the dead,
1174
head, to veil, in token of shame,
245
hearth, the Zeus of the, 492
Hector and Ajax fight, 1283 f.;
exchange gifts, 661; Hector's
death, io29 ff.
Helen's suitors, their oath, i 13
Hellespont, called Bosporus, 884
helmet used in balloting, 1286 f.
hendiadys (Por& KCa Xlcav),

367, 900; with rrprrov, 534

145,

749
heralds, attend on Homeric princes,
1115

Hermes rroAra -os, 832
heroes, the Greek cult of, p. xxvi
Hesione, daughter of Laomedon,
1302

hiatus at end of a lyric verse, 425;
in i Olv, 873; after a pause,
199 f.
hoplites and light-armed troops,
1122

Icarian sea, 702
Iliad, reminiscences of, 500, 516,
730, 85 , 1276 f.
imperfect, ofunfulfilled wish ('Oehov),
with av, 88, without av, 1400;
force of
in, 1234; in protasis,
followed by aorist with dv in
apodosis, 442 ff.; with av, potential (ris av be-ro;), 430
dXaa ApKdinfinitive of purpose ( 4
o0-1), 535; of result, without
Wjore, 786; aor. )( infin. pres.,
7or, 940; epexegetic, 782, 825,

orparoU), 424 f., 659, with 7ro0,
102,
with dv T
(=riv),
314;

with exclamations (ot'/ot,
etc.),

205

#rrXet

1201; exclamatory, 4II ; linked

by KCtwith another infin., though
it has a different subject, 549;
pres., representing an imperf.

Indexes

206

(6yetv = 6'rtL *yes), 1097 ; with art.,

implying 'must,' 88, I86 ; with
iri Sv, 879 ff.
order of words, irregular, 337 f*,
635, 1166

856 f., 862 f.

Pan, 694 ff.; as a god of dances,

instead of simple infin., 1 43
interpolations in this play, p. xxxviii
invocation, direct (in vocative),
combined with indirect (in acc.),
Ionic forms in trimeters, 894
iron, tempering of, 650 f.
ironical form

of vaunt

(ao'6vrs

catpeioOwO), 100oo
Justice (A Ky), as an avenging deity,
1390
Laconian hounds, 8
Laomedon, 1302

Laurentian MS., noteworthy points
of in this play, p. xxxvii
lengthening of Ist syll. in TcXEras,
210

Little Iliad, the epic, p. xi
masc. adj., referring to neut. subst.
(as rKVOV),

9 85

masc., instead of fem., in a general
statement, 86
Mastigophorus in the title, p. xxxvi
Menelatis, in Attic Tragedy, 1046
Menelatis and Helen, legends as to
their end, 839 f.
Milton, a trait of Greek tragic style
in, 1038 f.
Mysia, uplands of, 720

699 f.
Parodos, structure of the, 134 ; as a
mark of date, p. xxxv
parenthetic clause as adv. (raXatbs
ciq' o6 Xpbos=rdXat), 600
paroemiac, 1416
participle expressing the leading
idea, 543; causal, co-ordinated
with causal dative, 177; in sing.,
though a dual or plural verb
follows, 1386; instead of laTE
and infin., 185 ; irregularly placed
after noun with art., 337 f.;
passive, with acc. (kiq~1ro1vor
pi3 av), I 78; pres., in periphrasis
with ed/I, 1320; pres., instead of
aor. partic. (6 VLKCV), 1248; where

a verb is to be supplied from
a previous sentence, Io5i ; with
ai&ei<Oat, 506 f.
patronymic forms, poetical use of,
880
Pelops, 'Phrygian,' 1292
perfect, emphatic, 139; of immediate result, 275, 479
periphrasis (6b'La rrXhias), 140;
(rb6ros Tpolas), 437 f. ; with iXew,
I8o, 540, 564; with eipt and
partic.,

Naiads, 883 f.
names, proper, omens from, 430 f.
neuter adj., as predicate of a masc.
or fem. subject (qt1XoiKrtrov 'yvvs),
580
nomin. of adj. with voc. of subst.,
903
Odysseus, character of, in this play,
p. xxx
Odyssey, alludes to the contest for
the arms of Achilles, p. ix
Olympus, the Mysian, nymphs of,
883
optative, in a general statement, 52 r,
II6o, I344; with ba'rws, after
an opt. of wish, 1221 f.; with i,

1320

person, transition from

864 f.

3 rd

personal constr. in apKEL70o
76; with Kpe6i0TWV (Tal),

to 1st,
se&WV,
635

personification of winds, etc., 674
' Phrygians' as='Trojans,' 81054
pillar as a flogging-post, io
Pindar on Ajax, pp. x, xiv
plants, children compared to young,

558

plural, neuter, instead of sing., 887;
neuter, as adv., 196, 921; poet.,
for sing. (as (E147for V1os), 3, 231,
702; in alluding to one person
(70rs KUplOLs), 734
positive verb, to be evolved from
negative, 1326 f.

II.

Enzglish

207

predicative sense of adj., marked by
its position, 946
prep. separated from its case ('v),
906, and also placed after it
(Karc), 969; (eis), between two
nouns, governing both, 398 ff.
pres., historic, combined with past
tenses, 3r, i3oi ff.
prodelision of augment in 6th foot,

scene, change of, 813 f.
scholia, noteworthy points in the,
p. xxxviii
semi-chorus, use of, 866 ff.
shield, of Ajax, I9, p. viii; means
of holding the, 575
Sisyphidae, the, 19o
slaves had no locus standi in lawcourts, 1261
sounds, harsh combinations of (as
557, 962
3
proleptic constr. (Ka0EXEV . . OLK15etE1 ), 61
T7rELT'
ropas), 517; (ciopirvpov.. iee),
south wind, the, 258
steel, tempering of, 650 f.
1405 f.
pronoun assimilated to predicate
subject, different, with each of two
linked infinitives, 549; of de(7dp s se= rrep/ips 768e), 114;
in apposition with a following
pendent verb, as object of prinsubst. which defines it (a'rbv..
cipal verb (as dKcoO rod6rov oa
o/Wila), lo62 f.; relative, causal,
Xc'ye), 3 3 4 f., 351 f., 785, 1141
with antecedent understood (or5ts
subjunctive, deliberative, (pres.) 214,
= dwe/ dri ), 457; relative, plural,
combined with fut. indic., 403 f.,
after wrolvy-q, 235
indirect form of, 428, 514; in
dependent clause,after a secondary
question, double (7r y7p rats, ro0
tense, 742
~07L;), IOI f., 983, II85
Sunium, Cape, 1217 ff., I220
suppliants, the Zeus of, 1172 ; their
redundancy of phrase, 517, 898,
posture, 1173 ff.
992 f., 1358
synizesis, in '06voao-'a, 104; in Oe6s,
relative pron., double, in contrasts
489, 1129; of "ws, itI7
(as oos Cv ora rciXeL), 503; pron.,
r
synonym used, instead of repeating
masc., after a neuter noun, 358;
a word, 22

pron. or adv., without 3v, with
subjunct., (6'arLs) 761, (mws)555,
(b9va) 1074, (Srov) Io81; clause,
equiv. to a final clause, 471 f.;
clause in indirect question, referring to object of principal clause
(as

dciKoto
Torov

ola

yELt),334 f.,

technical terms poetically used,
508
Telamon, prayer of Heracles for,
p. xiv
Thanatos, as a person, 854
Thestor, the pxidrts, 8oi
Thrgssae, the, of Aeschylus, p. xv
Thyestes and Atreus, 1293 f.
Timomachus of Byzantium, his
picture of Ajax, 346, p. xxxiv
Timotheus of Zacynthus, the actor,

351 f., 785, I1141 ; clause passes
into an independent sentence, 458
repetition of words at short intervals,
not avoided, 381, 605, 1204;
of a verb, where the chief stress
is on a partic. joined with it
865
(Oavepi aurbv o'rrwo 6Xw, rrpl &p title, AMastigophorus in the, p. xxxvi
triad of clauses, Sophoclean, Ii14
owILX6Es Cii'i), I 10
Rhoeteum, Cape, 167
tribrach in 5 th foot of trimeter,
rivers as sustainers of life, 420, 863
459
Salaminiae, the,
p. xvi

of

Aeschylus,

Salamis and Athens, 202

Scamander, the, 417

tripod, supporting a caldron, 1405
Tyndareus, oath sworn to by Helen's
suitors, I 13
'Tyrrhenian,'
epith. of trumpet,
17

Indexes

208
vase-paintings, the brXo

KPITLS in,

p. xxxiv
vaunt, epic in tone, 423 ff.

women, Chorus of, when the pro-

tagonist is a man, p. xvi

verb, finite, substituted for a parti-

zeugma (eciaXKv0 with ref. to both
ee

ciple, 806; understood from a
preceding sentence, loj
Vergil imitates verses 550 f.
vocative of Atas, 89

sword and girdle), o1034
Zeus, father of Aeacus, 387; god of
the hearth, 492; sends <ptuat, 998;
protects suppliants, I 72

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AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

This book is a preservation facsimile produced for
the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
It is made in compliance with copyright law
and produced on acid-free archival
60# book weight paper
which meets the requirements of
ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper).
Preservation facsimile printing and binding
by
Northern Micrographics
Brookhaven Bindery
La Crosse, Wisconsin
2012