I L L IN OI S UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PRODUCTION NOTE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Brittle Books Project, 2009. 52.,5ol"" I 0 PA IC NNATI CI T t325.I L435S 8 c oho t I 91;i RI SPECIAL REPORT ON I MMGRATI 0N; ACCOMPANYING INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS RELATIVE TO THE PRICES AND RENTALS OF LAND, THE STAPLE PRODUCTS, FACILITIES OF ACCESS TO MARKET, COST OF FARM STOCK, KIND OF LABOR IN DEMAND IN THE WESTERN AND SOUTHERN STATES, ETC., ETC. TO WHICH ARE APPENDED TABLES SHOWING THE AVERAGE WEEKLY WAGES PAID IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND SECTIONS FOR FACTORY, MECHANICAL, AND FARM LABOR; THE COST OF PROVISIONS, GROCERIES, DRY GOODS, AND HOUSE RENT IN THE VARIOUS MANUFACTURING DISTRICTS OF THE COUNTRY, IN THE YEAR 1869-'70. BY EDWARD YOUNG, Ph. D.. CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING 1872. OFFICE. CONTENTS. I. IMMIGRATION. Page. OF......V-X who arrived in the United States during the last fifty-one years-.. xu-xIx Statements showing the numbers and nativities of alien immigrants XI who arrived at the port of New York during the last ten years.. STATISTICS AND VALUE Statements showing the numbers and nativities of alien immigrants REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. '-SPECIAL p. Statements of the occupations of immigrants who arrived in the year 1870----------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ----- -XXII-XXIV xxv Statements by customs districts of the passengers arrived in 1870-.. Advantages offered to immigrants----------------------------...xxv-XXVII 1I. PRICES AND RENTALS OF INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. LAND-THE STAPLE PRODUCTS-FACILITIES OF ACCESS TO MARKET-COST OF FARM STOCK-KIND OF LABOR IN DEMAND IN THE WESTERN AND SOUTHERN STATES AND TERRITORIES, ETC .---------MIDDLE STATES------- ------ ---- ------ ----- ------ ------ ---- ------ ---- ---- 1-200 5-25 M aryl and---------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----------West Virginia................................................. 25-112 WESTERN AND NORTHWESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES................... --.......-----Kentucky----.-.--.-.----.--.............................................-Indiana................................................................----Illinois.................................................................Michigan..............................................................65 Wisconsin ----------- ------------ ------ ------ ------ --- ------ --------- Ohio...............................----- Minnesota------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------ ------ ---- -----Iowa ---------------Missouri ------ ----- ------ -----------------------------Kansas --------------------------------------------------------- - ---- - --- --- -- - --- - ---- --- - --- -- ---- Nebraska- 13 20 25 37 46 56 73 78 83 92 96 -- - - ---- -- -- -- ---- 99 Colorado--------- ---- ------ ------ ------ ---- ------ ---- ------ ----- 107 Dakota -- ---------- 110 ---- ---- ---- ------ --------------------- ---- Idaho--------- 11 -------------------------------------- SOUTHERN AND SOUTHWESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES-------------------..112-176 Virginia --- _ -- "----- ------- - - -------- --- -- 112 .---- - North Carolina--------- ------ ------ ------ --- -- -------- ---- ----- 122,176 126 South Carolina.---- ------ ------ ---- ---- ---- ------ ---- ---- ---- ---Georgia------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ------ ------ ---- ---- ---- -----. 138 .--. .---. .--. -.-- . .---. --..--. -- -Florida -- -- --.. .--.. --. . 130 - -- Tennessee- - --------------------------------------- Arksasp------- ------ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ------ --- ---- --------------- -.-Louisana-------------------....--- 3 155 160 15 CONTENTS. IV SOUTHERN AND SOUTHWESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES-Continued. ---- -170 Texas--------------------------------------------------------- 174 New Mexico. 175 Arizona.-----------------------------------------------------PACIFIC STATES AN] TERRITORIES------------------------------------177-198 177 California--------------------------------------------------186 Oregon ------ --------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- --- -------- ---- ---. 19.5 Nevada------------------------------------------------------Oregor --- Washington----------------------------------------------- 197 III. TABLES. FACTORY LABORWeekly wages or earnings of persons employed in cotton-mills, woolenmills, paper-mills, iron-founderies and machine-shops, iron rollingmills, gas works, manufactories of musical instruments, hardware, leather, saddlery, and harness-___-------------------------201-209 209-212 -------------------------Miscellaneous occupationsMECHANICAL LABOR- Daily wages in New England, Middle States, Western States, Southern States, Pacific States, Territories-recapitulation by sections--------213-215 Miscellaneous trades in New York----------------219-221 California, (Labor Exchange)----------------------------------.. FARM _221-223 LABORand monthly wages in New England, Middle States, Western Daily States, Southern States, Pacific States, and the lation Territories-recapitu- by sections------------------------------------------.....216,218 EXPENSES OF LIVING- Cost of provisions, groceries, dry-goods, board, &c., in New England, Middle States, Western States, Southern States, Pacific States, and Territories-recapitulation by sections -------------------------- Number and nationality of emigrants arriving in United States in 1871..'231 Foreign and native population of the United States------------------232 224-230 REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. BUREAU OF STATISTICS, TREASURY DEPARTMENT, Washington, March 7, 1871. Sm: In a country like ours, possessing rich and undeveloped resources, the advent of intelligent labor has, in general, been cordially welcomed. The value of this addition to our material wealth has never been more appreciated than during the last two decades. The unexampled development of the Northwestern and Pacific States is largely owing to the influx of skilled and common labor during that period. Within the last few years, owing to the completion of the railworks of internal improvement in road to the Pacific and other the western portion of our domain, and to the abolition of the system of servile labor in the Southern States, extraordinary inducements for immigration have been presented, and the subject, always interesting, now possesses a peculiar claim on public attention. These considerations have induced me to obtain and compile information which is deemed of sufficient importance to submit to you for presentation to Congress in a special report on immigration. The subject will be presented from the two following points of view: first, the value to the country of the millions of immigrants who have arrived during the past half century; and secondly, the advantages which various sections of this country offer to those intending to emigrate. .great I. STATISTICS AND VALUE OF IMMIGRATION. The collection and compilation of the stat'stics of immigration have for several years past formed a part of the regular work of this Bureau. These data embrace the number, age, sex, nationality, and occupation, as well as the ports of arrival, of all the passengers who land on our shores or come within our borders, distinguishing aliens from citizens of the United States returning from abroad, and those intending to settle permanently, from those whom business or pleasure has induced to make temporary visits to this country. By the publication of these facts the general character and condition of the people who are thus year by year incorporated into our population may be known. Prior to the year 1820 noofficialrecords were kept of theinflux of foreign population to this country. The population of the Colonies at the commencement of the revolutionary war has generally been estimated at 3,000,000, and it is probable that as many as one-third of these were born on the other side of the Atlantic, while the parents of a large portion of the remainder were among the early immigrants. During the war the influx was in great part suspended, but at its termination the tide of immigration resumed its flow with increased activity. The number of alien passengers who arrived between the years 1790 and 1820 has been estimated by statisticians at 225,000,7to which may be added 25,000 arriving between the years 1776 and 1790, making an aggregate of 250,000 immigrants, who had transferred their allegiance to the United States before the enactment of the passenger act of March 2, 1819. Since that period the stream of immigration, measured with approximate accuracy, has been steadily flowing toward this country. Its increase-from 1820, when 8,385 alien passengers landed on our shores, of which 6,024 were from the British VI SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Isles, until 1854, when it reached the maximum of 427,833-though irregular, was on the whole rapid. Immediately previous to and during the late war the decline was marked, descending to 123,126 in 1858, and 121,282 in 1859, and to less than 92,000 in the years 1861 and 1862. After the termination of the war, however, immigration resumed its former magnitude, reaching from 249,061 in 1865 to 395,922 in 1869. In the year 1870, just closed, the arrivals during the last two quarters of the year have been diminished by the war in Europe, the whole immigration being but 378,796. To this should be added about 10,000, the estimated number who came across the Canadian frontier, either directly from the British provinces, or through them from Europe. During the entire period from 1820 to 1870, the increase of each year over the one immediately preceding, if uniform, would average about 13 per cent. The aggregate number of immigrants who arrived between October, 1, 1819, and December 31, 1870, is 7,553,865; and if the 250,000 estimated as arriving previous to the first-named date be included, the total number of aliens who have been permanently added to our population by direct immigration since the formation of the Government will reach 7,803,865. The difficulty of determining the pecuniary or material value of the foreign population who come yearly to this country is not inconsiderable, as no data are accessible by which it can be accurately ascertained. Indeed, the very attempt to do so may appear derogatory to the dignity of human nature. To regard a man merely as an automatic machine, computing his productive power, minus his running expenses, places a low estimate on a being made in the image of his Maker, and seems an insult alike to the Creator and the created. The muscular power of the laborer may be measured, but where is the meter that can mark the activity of his brain or indicate his moral force In making an intelligent estimate of the addition to the material wealth of the country by immigration, several distinct conditions should be regarded. The character of the immigrants as industrious and lawabiding citizens, their nationalities, education, and previous condition, as well as their occupations and ages, are elements to be considered when determining their value. As regards nationality, more than one-half of those who have thus far arrived in the United States come from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and from the British possessions of North America. These speak our language, and a large part are acquainted with our laws and institutions, and are soon assimilated with and absorbed into our body-politic. The German element comes next, and embraces nearly two-thirds of the remainder, being at once an industrious and an intelligent people, a large proportion settling in rural districts and developing the agricultural resources of the West and South, while the remainder, consisting largely of artisans and skilled workmen, find profitable employment in the cities and manufacturing towns. The influx of Scandinavians, who have already made extensive settlements in the Northwestern States, constitutes a distinctive feature of the movement, and though but a few years since it received its first impetus, is already large and rapidly increasing. Industrious, economical, and temperate, their advent should be especially welcomed. Asiatic immigration, whatever views may be entertained of its influence upon our industries and customs, has not yet reached such proportions as to excite alarm in the most apprehensive, and falls far short of what has been represented, never having reached in any single year the number of 15,000, forming only about 4 per cent. of our total immi. ? SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. VII gration. So small a number can easily be absorbed into our population of 40,000,000, and no injury result, if the movement be confined to vol. untary immigration. A peculiarity of the Chinese immigration is the small number of females, not exceeding 7 per cent. of the whole, a fact which seems to preclude a large increase of the pure race. The Latin nations contribute very little to our population, and the Sclavic still less, while to-day, as from time immemorial, the different branches of the great Teutonic trunk are swarming forth from the most populous regions, to aid in the progress of civilization. While a brief review of the ethnic derivation of the millions who have transferred their allegiance from the Old World to the New, exhibits a favorable result, other elements of their value to this country require consideration. The wide contrasts between skilled and unskilled labor, between industry and laziness, between economical habits and unthrift, indicates a marked variation in the capital value of the immigrant to the country. The unskilled laborers, who at once engage in subduing the forests, or cultivating the prairies, are of far more value to the country than those who remain in the large cities. Deducting the women and children, who pursue no occupation, about 46 per cent. of the whole immigration have been trained to various pursuits. Nearly half of these are skilled laborers and workmen who have acquired their trades under the rigorous system which prevails in the Old World, and come here to give us the benefit of their training and skill without repayment of the cost of such education. Nor are the farm laborers and servants destitute of the necessary training to fit them for their several duties, while those classed as common or unskilled laborers are well qualified to perform the labor required, especially in the construction of works of internal improvement. Nearly 10 per cent. consist of merchants and traders, who doubtless bring with them considerable capital as well as mercantile experience, while the smaller number of professional men and artists, embracing architects, engineers, inventors, men of thorough training and a high order of talent, contribute to our widely extended community not only material, but artistic, esthetic, intellectual, and moral wealth. With regard to the ages of these immigrants, only 25 per cent. are under 15 years of age, and less than 15 per cent. over 40, leaving upward of 60 per cent. who are in the prime of life at the time of their arrival, ready to enter at once into their several industrial pursuits. As to the proportion which subsists between the two sexes, it appears that, as might have been expected, the number of the males largely preponderates over the females. This proportion varies with the different nationalities, the females constituting, as has been stated, with the Chinese, only 7 per cent., while of the Irish it is over 45 per cent., and of the whole number about 40 per cent. Recurring to the money value of an immigrant, it may be stated that the sum of $1,000 has usually been regarded as the average worth of each permanent addition to our population, an amount somewhat too large, but yet an approximation to the true value. Mr. Rapp, one of the commissioners of emigration of the State of New York, who has given much consideration to the subject now under review, assumes the average value to be $1,125. The following extracts from his work on immigration* are pertinent to this inquiry: A prominent German statistician, Dr. Engel, of Berlin, director of the Prussian sta* Immigration and the Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New York, by Frederick Kap, one of the commissioners: New York, 1870. VIII SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. tistical bureau, in an able treatise on the price of labor, distinguishes three periods in the economic life of each man: two unproductive and one productive period. The comprises the raising and education of the individual, and continues until he first reaches his fifteenth year. It is, of course, not only unproductive, but causes considerable outlay. The second, extending from the fifteenth to the sixty-fifth year, is the productive time of life. The third comprises the unproductive years of old age after sixty-five. Dr. Engel calls the first the juvenile, the second the labor, and the third the aged period. It is only during this productive period that man is able to subsist on the result of his own labor. In the juvenile period he is dependent on the assistance of others, and in the aged period he has to live upon the accumulated fruits of the productive years. Whether or not the child in its first period lives at the expense of his parents, there must be means for its maintenance and education, and as nature does not spontaneously furnish these means, and as they cannot be provided by others without danger of impoverishment, if not replaced, they must be obtained by labor. This labor is performed during the productive period, in which the following three objects should be attained, viz : 1. The payment of the expenses incurred for the support and education of the child in the juvenile period. 2. The satisfaction of the daily wants, and the maintenance of the productive power of the individual. 3. The laying up of a surplus fund for his sustenance during the aged period. Thus the cost of the bringing up and education of a man constitutes a specific value, which benefits that country which the adult individual makes the field of his physical and intellectual exertions. This value is represented by the outlay which is necessary to produce an ordinary laborer. An immigrant, therefore, is worth just as much to this country as it costs to produce a native-born laborer of the same average ability. It is evident that the capital value which a grown-up able-bodied immigrant represents is different according to his station in life and the civilization of the country whence he comes. The wants of a skilled and unskilled laborer from the same country differ widely. Those of the Englishman are different from those of the Irishman. The German must be measured by another standard than the Mexican or South American. Their mode of life, their economical habits and practical pursuits, have little in common ; and hence the benefit to the country of their adoption varies according to their respective previous relations. It is certain, however, that each emigrant brings, independently of his personal property, a certain increase of wealth to this country, which increase is paid by the country from which he comes, and accor'dingly must be credited to it. In order to arrive at the most accurate possible estimate of this addition of wealth, it is necessary to inquire into the cost of raising and educating, in this country, a man whose means of living are wholly derived from his physical labor. Dr. Engel computes the cost of raising a manual laborer in Germany at 40 thalers a year for the first five years of his life; at 50 thalers for the next five years; and at 60 thalers from the eleventh to the fifteenth year, thus arriving at an average of 50 thalers per year, or 750 thalers in all. Assuming that in this country subsistence costs about twice as much as in Germany, I do not think I shall be far from the truth in doubling Engel's estimates, and in assuming the expense of bringing up an American farmer or unskilled laborer for the first fifteen years of his life to average 100 thalers per year, or a total of 1,500 thalers, equal to about $1,500 currency. Following Dr. Engel's estimate, an American girl will be found to cost only about half of that, or $750, for the reason that she becomes useful to the household from an early age. Allowance must be made, it is true, for the fact that about one-fifth of the emigrants are less than fifteen years old; but this is fully balanced by the great preponderance of men over women, and by thousands who represent the highest order of skilled labor. Hence I feel safe in assuming the capital value of each male and female emigrant to be $1,500 and $750 respectively for every person of either sex, making an average for both of $1,125. The opinions and deductions of so eminent a statistician as Dr. Engel are entitled to great consideration. It is with much diffidence, therefore, that the undersigned dissents from his conclusions as well as from those of Mr. Kapp. Both gentlemen, it is believed, are misled by adopting the popular maxim that an article is worth what it costs to produce it. It is true that the cost of production as an element in computing the true value should not be lost sight of; but is it not more correct to say, the value of an article is what it will bring in the market ? The almost universal law of supply and demand governs the labor as well as the produce market. It may cost the farmer of the Northwest 75 cents to produce a bushel of wheat; but if, owing to a limited demand, he obtain but 60 cents for part of his crop, and, at a later period, owing SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. IX to an unusual demand, 90 cents for the remainder, the cost of the wheat continues at 75 cents, while the value is respectively 60 and 90 cents. Velocipedes, which cost the maker $50 each, some of which were sold two years since at $75, would probably be fully valued now at $10. The extraordinary demand at the former period increased their value, while the absence of all demand at this time reduces their value to the sum which the iron and wood will bring as raw materials. So with human beings, regarded only as instruments of production. The son of a rich man, whose rearing and education cost $20,000, if not trained to usefulness, is worth far less to the community than the son of a mechanic of small income, whose whole cost has not exceeded $2,000, if the latter be a well-instructed and skilled artisan. Transport from Germany to a sparsely settled portion of the Northwest two men: the one, a healthy laborer, with limited education, costing the estimated sum of $1,500, the other, a highly educated man-an architect-but of inferior muscular development, whose money cost was $10,000. As no demand exists for fine public buildings or elegant private mansions in that locality the worth of the latter is far less than that of the former; while in one of the large cities, unless there is an over-supply of architects, his value will greatly exceed that of the other, who can do nothing mdre profitable than carry bricks and mortar for the erection of a building which is designed and supervised by the architect. But the question, what is the average money value of an immigrant ? is yet unanswered. To resolve it, other elements than those already mentioned must receive consideration. The immigrant must be regarded both as a producer and as a consumer. In treating the whole number of immigrants as producers, the non-producers must first be excluded. These consist of the very aged and the very young, and of those who are unable to labor, whether from sickness, physicalinability, or mental condition, whether in or out of charitable or reformatory institutions, and of the criminal or vicious class, whether in or out of prison. In this category may also be included those whose occupations or pursuits tend to demoralize or injure society. The social statistics of the foreign-born population being imperfect, it will perhaps be possible to estimate the productiveness of the whole by taking the earnings of unskilled laborers; offsetting the increased productiveness and earnings of skilled workmen against the unproductiveness of the classes above mentioned. The wages of laborers and unskilled workmen throughout the country average very nearly $400 per year. Assuming that the families of these men consist of four persons, we have $100 as the amount which each individual produces, and to which also he is restricted in consumption. The estimated yearly expenditures of the family of a laborer, consisting of two adults and two small children, (if any are larger it is probable that they earn something in addition,) is as follows : For tea, coffee, sugar, and other foreign goods, which pay a duty of about 60 per cent. to the Government, $60; flour, meat, and butter, about $150; rent, $50; fuel and light, $30; vegetables, $30; milk, eggs, &c., $20; leaving $60 for clothing, housekeeping goods, &c. As most of these expenditures are for articles of domestic product which pay a succession of profits, not only to the retailer, wholesale dealer, and producer, but to the transporter, the sum of these net profits constitutes the aggregate amount which this family contributes to the wealth of the country. A careful computation gives $160, which sum is the measure alike of their production and consumption. As producers and consumers, then, each is worth to the country $40 per annum, which capitalized at five per cent., gives $800 as the average value of an immigrant. SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. As a large number, especially those from Northern Europe, engage at once in the cultivation of the soil on their own account, it is desirable to ascertain the increment to the wealth of the country consequent upon their industry. This appears in the form of productive fields reclaimed from the wilderness, buildings and fences erected, agricultural implements and stock accumulated, &c. In the absence of correct data, the sum of $160 by a family of four persdns, or $40 each, is considered an approximate estimate of the yearly addition to the realized wealth of the country by such improvements. The figures of the census recently taken will doubtless show that an immense aggregate increase in the national wealth is due to this source alone. Being the result of voluntary industry and self-imposed economy, it is an iicrease which remains in the hands of the immigrants themselves, who thus contribute to the state that highest form of wealth, a sturdy, moral, intelligent, and independent yeomanry, the very balance-wheel of national machinery. Data will soon exist by which the average production will be tested. It is believed that the statistics of the census of 1870, when compiled, will exhibit the average value of real and personal estate in the Union at about $800 per capita, and the annual increase about 5 per cent., or $40. Now, while the property owned by the foreign-born population does not average $800, yet in productiveness, it is believed, they contribute their full share. It should not be forgotten, however, that these immigrants bring with them some money, estimated at $100 by Mr. Kapp, and at $80 by Mr. Wells, but inasmuch as a careful investigation was made at Castle Garden, New York, which resulted in establishing $68 as the average sum brought by alien passengers, that amount is assumed as the correct one. As the greater part, if not the whole of this sum, is required to'take the immigrant to his destination, and to support him until he becomes a producer, the amount of money which he brings with him is omitted in the foregoing estimate of his capital value. If his annual value to the country be capitalized at 6 per cent. instead of 5, and the largest estimate of money brought with him ($100) included, it would aggregate less than $800, the amount already estimated as his capital value. From the foregoing considerations, therefore, the sum of $800 seems to be the full average capital value of each immigrant. At this rate those who landed upon our shores during the year just closed, added upwards of $285,000,000 to our national wealth, while during the last half century the increment from this source exceeds $6,243,880,800. It is impossible to make an intelligent estimate of the value to the country of those foreign-born citizens who brought their educated minds, their cultivated tastes, their skill in the arts, and their inventive genius. In almost every walk of life their influence has been felt. Alike in the fearful ordeal of war and in the pursuits of peace, in our legislative halls, and in the various learned professions, the adopted sons of America have attained eminence. Among the many who rendered timely aid to our country during the late war, it may seem invidious to mention a single name, except for the purpose of illustration. In the year 1839 there arrived at the port of New York, in the steamship 1 British Queen," which sailed from the port of London, a Swedish immigrant, better known as Captain John Ericsson. What was his value to the country, as estimated on the ninth day of March, 1862 ? was it eight hundred, eight hundred thousand, or eight millions of dollars ? The following tabular statements of the nationalities, occupations, &c., of alien passengers who arrived in the United States previous to December 31, 1870, are appended: SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. XI No.* 1.-Afrom foreignby from the number of alien passengers arrived in the United statement, countries, of the commencement of. the Government to December 31, States countries, [The dates are inclusive.] 1870. ~ 1 15, -837 r ,1 I - r Tr Wlesand-------------------- Great Britain, not specified. I- Total from British Isles. 1 81, 827 - - - -94 189 1,127 8, 868 3$257 28 2,616 180 389 ... . 32 -- 17 Switzerland------------------- 1r-\ 213, 527 77, 333 544, 107 283, 191 1, 047, 763 1, 338, 093 1, 106, 976 3, 857, 850 781, 456 2, 267,500 3, 712 1,261 277,264 774, 883 36, 733 4, 500 42-2, 477 907, 780 12, 149 43, 887 40, 551 -13, 903 4, 250 20 931 3, 749 10, 769 117, 799 17, 885 9, 539 539 8, 251 77, 26-2 4, 644 1, 063 1; 1412 45, 575' 4, 821 22 2, 125 8-29 457 369 2, 379 7, 012 1, 790 429 5 31 78 16 551 105 49 277 23, 839 7, 416 6,966 2,081 12, 796 73 115 8 82 2, 671 1,055 79 35 35 37, 749 1,164 550 11590 201 7 9,398 76, 358 25, 011 4,738 9, 298 5, 074 2, 209 2,211 I-1- -- 36- -39 5 --- 7 4 -"10 36 2,486 13, 624 4, 818 6, 599 107 41, 723 3,271 44 59, 309 3, 078 449 368 64 20 5 470 284, 491 20, 152 1, 064 55 47 41 30 54 10 3 Sonth America, not specified ... 856 Cuba-------------------------Jamaica----------------------Hayti --"-------------------Porto Rico --------------------not specified...... ---------------------- 1 79 Islands--........ ------------------- 10 1 --1, 224 12,1301 3 13, 528 6 13 Bermudas---------------------Maedoira-------------------- 4 70 St. Helena..---.................- Islands---------------....... Miquelon---------------------- 271 Canary 250, 000 32, 894 2 4 250, 000 151, 824 3 10 1 7,393 4, 240 100 98 5, 205 138 28 45, 692 241 57 76 21' 155 100 15 19 5 3, 643 63 43 6. Azores......................... 54. 10 1,192 10, 660 104 44- New Zealand Islands----------------- Islands of the Pacific, not specified. 88 4, 240 100 98 ,.3, 579 57 3, 998 2 Australia Sandwich Islands-------------... Aggregate................ 27 86 15 4 14 2, 386 96 55 47 4 488 307 109, 502 2:9 208 34 4 31 11 5 191 167, 349 43 7 Paraguay----------------------- Corsica.....................---Barbary States ................. 4,038 4 41, 397 BunsAyres.----------------Bolivia -----------------------New Granada----------------.... Countries 0,398 153,928 23, 425 31,118 245, 812 61, 572 17, 278 23,214 4,695 23, 998 2,103 675 127 198 4, 045 7 35 Brazil ----------------------.... Iceland-----------------------not specified........... 100, 983 488 137 68, 059 259 81 34 4 .. 59. 7 8 3 2 Central America-------------Guiana--------------------Venezuela-----------------Peru-------------------------Chili -------------------------- Society 84, 623 12, 435 41 30 3--2 Mexico----------------------- East India 516, 192 2,700,493 iII -- - - 20 89 21 British America-------------- West Indies, Aggregate. 247, 125 936, 665 38, 331 6, 319 109, 653 32, 092 733, 434 7, 583 148, 204 146 1861 to 1870. 1 i i VL I ---. Germany ----------------------------------------Prnssia Austria--------------------Sweden and NorwayDenmark..................... Holland--------------------France ---------------------Belgium --------------------Spain------------------------Portugal----------------------Italy-----------------------Sardinia----------------------Sicily ----------------------Malta------------------------Greece ----------------------Russia---------------------Poland ---------------------Hungary--------------------Turkey .------------------China---------------------Japan------------------------India --------------------Arabia .----------...--.Syria----------------------Persia--------------------Asia, not specified------------Cape of Good Hope-----------Liberia ---. c-----------------Egypt---------------------Abyssinia................... Africa, not specified........... 11 7, 611 57, 278 198, 233 3, 180 2, 667 185 170 5, 362 74, 495 Ireland--------------------Scotland - -------------------- 1851 to 1860. 1841 to 1850. to to 1820 to 18.31 1840. 1830. Coutris.Prior Conuties.1820. 5 6, 885 63 72 29 327 2,873 52 1 6 3 3 1 189 13 8 9 16 52,777 4 4 1 290 4 11 69801 323 33 25,911 57, 260 488, 643 . . 3---------- - 5 3 12 2, 598, 214 2, 491, 451 7,803,865 2 4 713, 231 59,59,2(1, * The natives of Ireland are partly estimated on the basis of data obtained by tbo commissioners of emigration of Now York, who bave made carefnl inquiries on this subject. Isles, given above, is from official retnrns to the Bureau of Statistics The total from the British XII SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. w00 V-04COM 00 00 4)00 . t4D1) (4)4" 10 r-1 H - CJ000 co a+C0 4 . 00 CJCp 00 t- M, 0. C3 czZ H C1 CZ Ca Cooco ' n 2~ H 'M H s4. 00C t+ H H M00HC .oCD MM . .HCCC . 100000 " ' . . . . ..H0. . . . . . . 00 ... M . ~H .Cooofc4 00 at-o COCJC .1lOCCO H CM CCC H '0 'H" -1 H r- " " 00 . . . "" " " . "",a".' , . " " H r-1 . "" *t " . , . " " -C ,l.. * . CS . ". C00 ,t. 4 0 Vt ac t- CO00HtIn MCC k (M to H i COC-. ".-' ' ZI O 4. 4000 CCO M CZ ""t. CO " cc O * CC . CLC . 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" r 00 00 00 " t" " r . r r r , + t , ' cc4 . . .,tt H .... ' "O0CO"C "C-CC "... t. .'.. t t . .- .0, " " ,, t , . t C IJ0CO I.- . r r' ,,. C--HOM "" " " ". C" . H C" ,. 1t . .H I00 1 . ~ r eI VNM HC00COHCO CC H. ccCI0 C00 He' (= -v ," . CO.Ot 00 H .. , . I CMC 4 . .''1 001ICM rCO H4r '., .. . " . 4 t. . . " ,. , . .00 . . .0 0 4. k is CO 0000 .0 CO'CC -I c t--00 ' too -4 000nc0004)0c O 'O . . 0 0 0 ~ 00 'C-' CC 1 .'4 1. c GH 2 r t -- 10)) 1. t H . r . , " t , H. " .. t. 1CO . t.. . ., C t ". *1 . "N H00. ., j" . , W H " O c C e+ C CZdt "- M M Gq . , , 1 , ~cc 00-::iiL7nn:<<~nHHH," v"0" k , t " , . Mt. " r t t t t t t ( 0. SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. XIII 0004-4 " """ " " " " " ". "" t t t " .G " / 03 CC3 _ .000 . 1 0 no . X 0. 0 a. . 0 4. / . . 0. . . " " " "" r " f . . "" t / . . " " ."..4 "roof " "" . " . 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" G0et43 O " " " 4343 M4 4 -4.4 CO ~ to - m 4"3 444"343434 444443 e-4 4 r-1 V 434" C).-4 0 O. -4=CO .- i 43 "43 4-430d+343437 4 O 4 . .3 .434-.. 4 4 C v4 4 3 44 " / t 4/4t4"4"4" " / 4/ t " t " " 4t4t4/414"4t4/ " " " " " t " " " " 4 t " / 1 " " t " t 4t t / " " 1 / / 4/ " 4" 4" / t " " "": / " 0m " " 1 t /"" " " 1 / t " " " 1 / SPECIAL .04.. 10 . REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. . ea .. r , ,. 0 40 04n .1n M . . e -i . 0 e 0 0 /. // p , t t... / " * " t .. 4"0 ,1 .t..{ 0 0a 0 0 0 '0 t . .- " / t / tt , "" t . , t / .{ " . / , r y " y. '0 0 ,0 0 0 b' .f . . , " ". . . ca, ,04 'N0 '0 V0 V O~ "* . t . " " "i Z ,. ," 02 , . " . .' " . 0 . " '. '" 0 ~ I c 1" .0c *c0 :d C,:r-4 ", '04' H P4 ajgo o, 0 C'3 ooe3 a2 A 0 c e H ' 4',0 00 Ca Co " Z9 0 Q Q 4-4 C- C ~c' -k"- '0l G xv SPECIAL. REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. XVI C 0)440 0) n -000ttoM C 04 "0C) rC) C) -40) 404C) : rC 4 444 -) -1- 11,N ++ C -COC1CO C.2 ++ 0 OCX.) *4)-1M{- 0~4C4). 01CO -*1C)0?"" 1-0) 1) O 7 -i7 M 0) C) N00r-N ""I M Ir1 C CO CO' C 444) OM 0) C r 0) O " CO ) - t .IO " ". IV04, ) 4M4 O c 0 O O4O-. .4 0.CO -C0 4 " ,. r4 "-1 "4 444 " " 44:r- 444 C ' 0)004 004C1Y44O " " a*"' " . ". . " O COO4Z r COCD ,4-'4CO0CO0444)0)0C) 40 O r"-1 ' t0 = OG COif) i COL') r~ 4 4 04 CO4 4 -4N -4 . 07 4 0 .- 1 C9 . 4) 1 C *C)1-0)'40)C0Cfl0440 -40) 4) NCCD +1 t I-0 004 00)0)044- CO , .44404 4 " x 404.-CO00 C:'.01)) r-00) ?I " ,04C .0.)"4'01" " C " " " " " 4 "4 ...... CO 4 0 .. *" a . ,.1400 0 ... . CJa "OC? 4a0 C " a "1c: ! " "4" 44044 " CO 4J0 O0 C I- a)C CO (b 02 4CO C2 0000o 0)4N4C4 44 M C)C 1'*4 0 4 . 040 .4 CM r-1 ." Z- 44 4 . 4CLD .C040 04" . -0)4 N C> " " " " " . 040 " 0)CO .4 ." "-.4. " " a ". ." 0)0)4) ."04 , " " r... r.. " CO "4 44. C " "0" " 00). - " .0) " )44 010 0~ "M .4 00 C OCr . 0O 0 1- 000-X.4 "or- roI " V M40)404 C " 470 4) 47 0 0)01 d"4 4O 4440)C4 r- 00)40 0)) 4 'CO C -4 0 040) r-4 C4r-i0I4rle 4 ) )4. 0 0 4 - 0N )40" '2'O " " "4 " a " . .C,4. 44).4 0).C X" 00 )COl- COC i OeaOr0 -24 e 0 .0)-C 04r'I .44 " " O C" 4-40L 0"")" 00 ~ "."4 a "" CO " " " . " r " .if " "N 0J r 00 4 .. v L r-44 O0 "N 0z to4400 O 00 00 X- 4. rd cO 1 1- r 04 . t 10 . ".. . " . 44 ) C . -Ilt 04r 0 * " t 14 " "1: " ) ". .0" " 0 . 0)44.44 .044 " . " " 4 " ". C . . . . " " l ".. . . " " 1 1 . " " te " "" " ." 41." 4.4 " . " C 0.4"04 " ., CO "" "". . 1"4 "" . . N 44444 " 1 " t " t "p""4 . . " " " "40 " ". " " .4" t1 . *0 200 O . , . .~i C '2 4 . . 10a C C d "0)) " " 1 f f / 1:t":: " 444" .4" " 4.. Ls ")44. 0). 4 4 " 44-1-4 ."o 44444 a1 -) 0- I040)00)0 u70) Ori4-'d4 fs4" ")M444 .0 d+ CO 4 0 40-0-4 CO N.4)444 O 04 0 4 40 4 0)0)0) 404011044 1c) 0)4 t"4 4L'00))) O1 04 . " 1 f " ", . t . " . " " t ,"4 . 1" .. ."". a " " 4Q t . t . " . t4. . ! " f"4. t t lf" " .t 1 . t . f " . t .t . . . t f " "t4 . ". " . ". t . . . . " 1 " " . t 1 f " " " t " " 0 0 t 4"" ) 0m " t " ". " f " f " " 1 " " l " " " " 1 " t " t t U "H f r " t t , " 1 " " " 1 , " / / " t 1 " ! SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. .00 t*1 , 1,/ I , 1 . 1 " " 1 /" / , . / 1 / / 1 , / / , / , 1 " , , c~q 1 0~ I .0 0 N0 /0 , , cT , - (2) 1 1 , 000 / 1" , / , ," " "" , , " a , , 03 , '22c3 " , o to ~............--r 0 / . , fir / "" O r1 I , " " . ", " " , M "1 0r, 4- " ' 0lr m 00 " r .. , . " N / . ". "... " " , I,C- CL Q to 4-I C .c) r--4 , . 03 .,,- W . 's U'" r "rir+ /)4- C j-_"/ "" 4 .i r XVII K VIII SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. V1n4 401m (1.- -C O 00)0 0C'-4--idC 0Co) -4CO C4i 44 C in 'L 00 C.I. 0-4 4r4 . r-1 r1 M -1 0)4CD -V(1-11 " 1- -14) o-r M - " '4 V , -I-+ i-= -rC7C2 ' y1 "9 COV NM -4 4 + . -4OC1 + - +- -i )))))4 M ,-i (71 L7 N CM W C)- L d+ M O) o 0)t-00 0) CO 4-04vCI4344)1 0 ( -( C;)-1 00 CC-7/ 4O 0)0343144 CCaCCC rIC4 4- .0) 000~40001-CC030044)CC - M- " - - V00 1 I -. , 0)7+CoC21 44)C "0413 --. -. . C4401 - .440) -0)4 rC1 .- r- + COl0CZ) ,4 ("j44 4.- . . 3I- . -4- 0 Ii '3 C L!)c- +-cM S -i C2 J C-i- --- i 044) r CZ I-C4 WxiCz . .C.C M -i ) c c- Co 4") C2 tdW C "N "N 1- 014 .74334}+ 1 414 V.c 1NCl M -4 14044-M c7 -Y C r1 M ti 40 0 CM ') CO -44 44 C 4)4i) C) G:C2 4O-(=4W)- 4.CC4 - 0 CYG,2 4 ) ) 0 rq xO J - M 0. C .4 44)4C-4 C244p - -) 04)C4-4--iM coC2C30 -42 (4C) H ,4 -4T-4 004444 3 44C0C)4,4)C4)4,4 C-I 4- 434) -01 CC44 - C 4) 04i--41O401 7J -4)401L4)--444)C4'44-CX4 caw4 4 4 -) C")401 43 -44)4 C2 )0434 4).-4) lC Oo - ).440)-4 44.4-i4 L) 43 r) 4-4 041- r&& .4) 1 ---- , -- -44 00-1(: rM C:) C2 3 M - CC 10) -'1 t4/ " "4)) t4 1 "." 0""1" " " -- 0" . . f - -" "4" / t - . - t- .t. - / /4 t4t/ -,44t - 4 - - t "-f 4 . . t , - . 14 - / 1 1 I " , -- . 4 / - 1-"4. . , " . - . - , . ! . 14 t t I " " t 1 , " 4" .t " t " ," t 0 , A . to " .: " . . t " " . . -. . 1 . " 1 " I U QI " " .N ": . ,y. ^V . SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. co 1.14 4w 4mff 4 Lo oCOM C CS 02. .' *4CO44-0+3- C-c '1 J C'4f' CO V 4 04 0 0 "4' " N'CCO4- O'1 - GM ri . , , Cc) .' 2 C t O'Z-4C o O MCp i 4p - 44 " ''r C)' 0 q0 Cy' -l 'CC)'CO 'C '-4 ' 'CCO 4- - T4 4-4 oC9 02 ~.C CO * I'nCCO'CO" -4COCO .I 'CO '- 'C 4 , 4f) 4-D ___ ___ __ ___ ___ COC~o' ' COO~COCCOOC~o .- 4 __ ___ 'O4-' __ ___ ;:I H.'4 -4 I4-4 __ C)' 4 _t 4 44- XIX XX SPECIAL 'REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. No. 3.-A Statement, in detail, of the Nationalities of Immigrants arrived in the United States during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1870 ; also (without distinguishing sex or age) for the calendar year ended December 31, 1870. For year ended June 30, 1870. 0 Males. o Countries. Females. Total. England----------------------------------------____ 38, 108 22,851 60, 957 59, 488 Ireland*------------------------------------------- 47, 391 32, 945 80, 336 75, 544 7, 605 4, 916 12, 5;1 11, 820 574 437 1, 011 672 1, 107 4, 741 5, 848 3, 565 Scotland_-----------------------------------------__ Wales--------------------------------------------- Great Britain, not specified*--------------------------.. -94,)783 Total British Isles............................. 160, 673 151, 089 47,537 2, 084 5, 137 5,213 1, 564 403 284 1, 073 118,225 4, 424 13, 443 13,216 4, 083 1,066 1,002 3, 075 91,779 5, 283 12, 009 12,356 3, 041 970 1,039 2, 474 2,691 487 1,316 176 4,007 663 3,586 511 175 80 255 29J 2,132 759 2, 891 2, 940 20 France------------------------------------------..... 65, 890 70,688 2, 340 8, 306 8,003 2, 519 663 718 2, 002 Germany ----------------------------------------Austria-----------------------------------.._._..._ Sweden_-----------------------------------------___ Norway-----------------------------------------.... Denmark_----_-_---------------------------------___ Holland-------------------------------------------... Belgium------------------------------------------._. Switzerland--------------------------------------.... 2 ---------------------------------------------- Spain Portugal------------------------------------------... Italy---------------------------------------------- Greece --------------------------------------------Turkey .--------------------------------------- "-.. ........ ........... .....- - - 140 i -- 424 2 15,740 1 3 11,943 83 ------- -- -------------19 In 223 357 Hungary------------------------------------------.. 1-1 "----1 ..... Corsica---------------------------------------------..2 14,624 1,116 China------------------------------------------..... -----------------------------------... 46 2 Japan.-------... 15 13 766 6----------- 550 Russia --------------------------------------------Poland.- . . 22 6 907 - 2~4 Africa----------------------------------------... 1 15 5 . . .. Africa, not specified----------------------------------. 11 21, 647 Dominion of Canada_------------------------------__ 16, 261 South Prince Edward's Island------------------------------.. British 1,2015 731 157 Newfoundland--------------------------------------.. 12 11 37, 908 12 51, 278 1, 746 1, 678 458 255 284 463 33 120 461 25 1 10 8 9 12 13 3 14 9 15 British North American Provinces, not specified____-_. 176 108 105 Mexico .............----"---------------------------358 31 2 Central America------------------------------------.. 6 9 20 301 12 Columbia ------------------------------------.. New Granada......................1--------------------------11 Venezuela........................1--------------------------Guiana---------------------------------------------... 74 3-2 48 5 ' Asia not specified------------------------------------. 1 4 Brazil---------------------------------------------- 13 Chili South America, not specified---------------------------.. 36 6 2 42 4 37 848 Cuba---------------------------------------------... Hayti------------------...."-------------------------1 385 1 1,233 2 642 18 1 16 .......................... --- ". 2----------------------------2 Jamaica--------------------------------------------."1 ...... --.. _9 Porto Rico-----------------------------------------...Barbadoes---------------------......................... 538----New Providence....--.-...................... --------- 3 5 West Indies, not specified-----------------------------.. 104 314 15 8 418 ..... 442 275 167 Azore Islands--------------------------------------... 5 3 St. Helena------------------------------------------..2 3.-------------------------- 3 Bermudas ....................... 14 14 28 Australia------------------------------------------.. 12 3 East India Islands------------------------------------.9 5 8 --.--.. --.-------3 New Zealand......-..-............. 418 560 7 5 9 1 11 Countries not stated----------------------------------.. 12 10 22 22, 512 Total alien passengers---------------------------... 235, 612 151, 591 387, 203 378, 796 Deduct No. not intending to remain in United States .--------- ------------ ------------ Total immigrants---------------------------- ----------- ----------- --------- 22, 493 336, 303 * Total from the British Isles is correct. The natives of Ireland are estimated from data obtained after diligent inquiry by the New York commissioners of emigration. SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. No. 4.-Statement showing the numbers and nativities xxI of alien immigrants who arrived at the port of New York during the ten years ended December 31, 1870. [From the report of the New York Commissioners of Emigration.] Nationality. Ireland. Germany. England. Scotland. 1861. 1 1862. 11863. 1865. 1864. 1866. 11867. 11868. 11869. 32, 2.17 91, 157 89, 399 70, 462 6 ,047 65 124 27, 740 35, 002 57, 446 83, 451 106, 716 117, 591 7, 975 18, 757 23, 710 27, 286 36,186 33, 712 29, 695 3, 962 7, 30 692 1,937 1,126 4, 979 6, 315 3, 204 1, 187 1, 804 3, 246 1,303 2,0-59 2, 811 1, 194 3, 302 3, 685 1,234 3, 985 2, 513 1,652 1, 506 2, 156 1, 265 456 407 615 729 142 1, 143 540 699 1,062 659 505 1,008 88 158 22 238 583 209 4, 843 14, 529 1, 516 663 1, 370 2, 337 3, 007 444 475 591 918 1, 032 993 487 149 1, 623 195 456 186 97 157 263 210 124 202 196 224 315 214 156 246 171 256 236 283 1,526 1, 372 191 565 1, 689 727 1,087 1, 580 231 268 423 198 268 59 137 39 155 134 92 97 124 42 13 34 79 13 3 96 22 52' 40 40 77 67 77 145 37 154 46 47 93 185 33 42 35 43 28 33 17 34 92 70 56 28 13 38 3 1 9 1 3 3 41 17 49 36 15 26 4 3 7 15 2 13 10 8 6 5 2 5 22 5 8 3 6 2 10 37 15 6 3 87 12 18 44 2S 21 7 12 '25,784 27, 139 147, 5, 632 659 3, 200 France. 1, 398 Switzerland . 331 Holland697 Wales........... 93 Norway 382 Sweden. 750 Italy............_ 165 Belgium . 190 Spain ........... 165 West Indies. 612 Denmark. 43 Poland...... 67 Sardinia.---88 South America...._ 14 Portugal ..-. 11 Nova Scotia .__-_ 36 Russia..-....... 19 Canada.----45 Mexico ........... 1 Sicily...........-10 China...........East Indies ... 2 Greece .......... 5' Turkey .----Africa .... _...... Japan...........Anstralia . Central America.. ... 76, Annual total... 65, 539 Snl,~hnm~n~R. I N~ I Unknown I 66, 204 99, 605 41, 090 10, 643 2, 795 2, 999 1,247 1, 111 3, 465 23, 453 1,548 146 210 378 2, 600 598 64,168s 72. 368 38, 340 10, 731 2, 210 537 525 545 2,678 11, 549 2, 081 83 156 140 2, 441 577 102 60 119 376 27 90 34 5 23 433 34 37 57 1109 l ! Ii 306 156, 844 182, 296 R11 i 4 I 111~1 1 15 213, 686 13 14 7 5 17 4 12 38 I I 196, 352 233, 418 242, 731 1%4 1 1870. 238, 989 1 9 24 IY 2 211, 1 19C XXII SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. No. 5.-A Statement, in detail, of the Occupations of imm~igrants arrived in the United States during the Mazes. Occupations. fiscal year ended Females. Total. Males. 4 43 Chemists......... Clergymen. Dentists .... 3 551 Engineers-------Farriers.......... Lawy ers .------- 7 77 28-2 Musicians........ Naturalists. . Priests .. Reporters........ Surgeon.......... Surveyor......... Teachers........ Professions not stated Total........ 7 ---71 2 131 1, 834 278 505 9 2 7 122 1, 660 3 170 180 Tota1........ Wheelvrights.-- -- 20- L3 190 20 203 Wool sorter .-. Mechanics not stated Total ......... 43 26 8 1, 178 29 Turners ........... Weavers ......... 1 1, 557 2 10 122 1, 703 102 1 26 8 1, 178 29 1 8, 061 3 102 Tinners.......... 3 3 Carver........... Engraver......... Image-maker. Lithographer. Photographers. Artists not stated.... 180 2 3 167 12 2 3 167 12 Telegraph operator.. Architects. 7 8 7 8 180 Tanners.........-- ARTISTS. 4, 763 2 15 753 281 3 232 10 2 222 Nail-makers .. Painters .......... Pilot............. Plumhers .. _.. 3 Potters........... 5511 Printers . ... --.... 7 Puddlers..--...... 77 Rope-makers.--2819 Sad ail-makers r 3 . 232 Sawyer..........-10 Seamstresses... 2 Shipwrighsts.---Shoehinder ... _ Shoemakers.... 493 Soapmnakers .. __. 131 Spinners.........-........... 2,13-2 Stnctes.Tailors 4 43 285 Females. ITotal. 4,763 2 19 Molders.........-- Actors........... - Occupations. Miners....._-..... 1-OFESSIONAL CALLL\ GS. Physicians June 30, 1870. 8,061 59-2 31, 372 31,964 SuISCELLANEuTJS OCCU- 211 PATIONS. SKILLED WORKMEN. ............ Brokers..... . 37 2 Agents Bakers........... Barbers .......... Blacksmiths. Block-makers. Boilermakers. Bookbinders. Braziers.......... Brewers.......... Brick-makers. Butchers .......... Cabinet-makers.. Carpenters .. _. Curriers............ Cutlers........... Distillers .. _.. ...... _.... .. Dressmakers... 2, 378 3 3 103 362 3 '727 6 4, 4-21 6 6 4, 421 6 227 6 101 10 5 2 228 6 21 101 10 5 2 2 21 114 2 _. 2 Dyers............. File-makers.-.-__ Fuller ............ Furrier ........... Gilders..........___ Glaziers........... Gusmiths .... 1 1 3 Hatters ........... floe-maker.... Instrument-maker ... Iron-workers .. __. Jewelers .......... Toiners ........... Locksmiths._-_-Masons..........--Millers ......... .. Milliners.........-Millwrights ... 21 727 Caulkers.......... Chandler ......... Cigar-makers... Confectioners .. ___. Coopers ....... Divers .... 990 990 21 2, 378 3 ......... 3 9 3 36-2 3 2 2 58 2 2 58 3 409 343 13 2,190 3 409 343 258 ---- - 4. 17 _ ~ZI 1__________11 13 2, 190 218 17 4 Caterer ..... __.... . Clerks ............ consuls........... Contractors . Cooks...........Druggists.... Editors..---...... Farmers........... Firemen ._....... Fishermen.._ Gardeners . ._. Grocers ........ 1, 611 -- - - - 37 - -....- 1,611 4 101 4 66 7 51 3 35, 550 73 --- - - 51 106 35,656 22 331 __ _ . _331 6 51 2 45 2 __ Hotel-keepers. 25 _..----- Hunter............ Interpreters . . Jugglers .._......._ 'Laborers.......... Laundresses .... Lumhermen . .. Manufacturers.. Merchants...... Nuns............. Nurses..........-- 4 21 84, 220 2 6 49 7, 056 Oese------Peddlers ..... .... Refugees._._.... Rentier._....._... Sailors ........... . Servants .......... Shepherds ---.-.- _ Soldiers......... Stewardess . Students.......... Teamsters.- _ Travelers .... Total .......... 7~~1 t~'~rRmAn 11 84, 577 7 - - - - 49 17 7, 073 36 36 6 6 --- - - 16 23 23 Officers........... Operatives.---- 23 357 7 1 6 10 39 1,4-20 5, 115 23 117 49 __ _ . 1,420 _ 9,141 14,261 --- - - 23 --- - -117 1 1 _- _ _ _ 188 ---88 1 6 15 136, 058 9, 7-24145, 782 XXII' SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. 4-c.-Continued. No. 5.-Statement of the Occupation of Immigrants arrivedin United States, RECAPITULATION. Occupations. Females. Males. 278 .20 592 9, 724 12, 723 2,132 200 31,964 145, 782 16, 529. 131, 581 Professional calings----------------------------------------------------1,254 Artists-----------------------------------------------------------------180 1,372 Skilled workmen .----------..----------------..---------------------136, 0 58 Miscellaneous occupations--------------------------------------------3, 806 Without occupation---------------------------------------------------Ocuainnt.ae--------------------------6,34 Aggregate---------------------------------------------.....----233, Total. 387, 203 128, 612 54 190),596 No. 6.-A Comparative Statement of Immigration and Emigration for the four- and a half years from July 1, 1866, to December 31, i o o aa lada boo- a ,n Period. 1870, inclusive. I" 0 '8 8c , c a '22 - 5 A Q O. + E-- ion 4r3ri 3r ,er .2 0 ~RO b 0 C.4 v1 H t i 174,068 168, 094 342, 162 171, 533 339, 627 156, 615 328.,148 169, 617 326, 232 220, 274 389, 891 208, 929 429, 203 227, 856 436, 785 192.,142 419, 998 July 1 to December 31, 1866............. January 1 to Juno 39, 1867............... Fiscal year ended June __. ..... July 1 to December 31, 1867 Calendar year 1867....................... January 1 to June -- -Fiscal year ended June 30, 1868.......... July 1 to December 31, 1868 Calendar year 1868............ January 1 to Juno 30, 1869............... Fiscal year ended June 30, 1869..........-- 30, 1867.. .............. 30,1868..............- .............. July 1 to December 31, 1869.......... Calendar year 1869_..................... January 1 to June 30, 1870.............._ __ __ Fiscal year ended June 30, 1870........... July 1 to December 31, 1870 .............. Calendar year 1870_..................... _..._...._._. 1,689,128 * 139, 915 133, 548 273, 463 138, 215 271, 763 122, 598 813 269, 130, 096 252, 694 185, 933 316, 023 165, 321 351,254 189, 578 351, 899 142, 142 331, 720 25, 17, 43, 28, 353 842 193 184 46, 0-26 17, 775 45, 959 19, 312 37, 087 17,811 37, 123 26, 105 43, 916 23, 477 49, 582 40)218 63, 695 148, 715 150, 252 298, 967 143, 349 2913,601 138, 840 282, 189 150, 305 289, 145 282, 463 352, 768 182, 824 385, 287 204, 379 387, 203 151, 924 356, 303 1--l- i --- Total for 4? years ... 34,153 31, 546 68, 699 33, 318 67, 864 34, 017 67, 335 39, 521 73, 538 34, 341 73, 862 43, 608 77,7949 38, 278 81, 886 *507000 88, 278 1, 347, 346 216, 077 1, 473, 051 341, 782 5,134 21, 838 16, 242 21, 376 20, 200 36,4.58 16,530 36, 7439 17, 503 34, 033 14,8101 32, 304 917812 24, 583 125, 705 Estimated. No. 7.-A Comparative Statement of Immigrationfor the ten fiscal years from July 1, 1860, to June 30, 1870. S2 Passengers not immigrants. d8 Years ended- .? p , ° .2 H June 30, 1861-----------------------6.. June 30, 1162-------------------------Juno30, 16 216 92,375 1863------------------------155, 627 June 30, 1864-------------------------220, 251 June 30, 1863------------------------212, 972. Juno June June Juno June 3732, 30, 1866 -- -----------------29 30,1867-------------------------342, 162 30,1868-------------------------328, 148 30,1869-------------------------389,891 30, 1870------------------.-... 436, 785 Total------------------------2,717,636 U wo 2,137 25, 688 20, 314 2, 612 22, 926 69, 449. 22, 811 26, 142 31, 609 2, 756 355 696 25, 567 26, 497 32, 305 130, 060 193, 754 180, 667 132, 194, io9 731 118 060 817 33, 865 1, 794 4, 077 5, 899 10, 306 42, 523 43,195 45, 959 37, 123 330, 298, 282, 352, 498 044 088 074 15, 717 49, 582 387,203 332, 303, 288, 363, 305, 018 46, 349 351, 367 2, 366, 289 40, 39, 40, 26, 140, 528 142,665 23, 551 704 967 189 768 72,'161 - 181, 363 402, 920 2, 412, 638 XXIV SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. No. 8.-A ComparativeStatement of Immigration for the ten calendar years from 1861 to 1870, inclusive. ib-c Passengers not immigrants. 4 -4 05 Years endedo 0.0 c+' *5 Total. .8 F.1 cad 0 H -L f December31, 1861 ............... December 31, 162__R _______ December 31, 1863_..............__ 112, 605 114, 301 199, 744 221, 531 287, 390 December 31, 1864................ December December December 31,185------Dcme 1186.......___..... 31, 1866 31, 1867 ................ 359, 940 339, 627 ............... 326,7232 429, 203 419, 998 December 31, 1868................ December 31, 1870..............-Total- - - - - - - - - - - - 12, 810, 571 2, 103 2,8020 1,692 221 658 3, 651 23, 782 22, 476 23, 529 28,119 38, 338 41, 449 41,269 29, 017 33, 281 41,202 I 319, 462 22, 885 25, 296 23, 221, 28, 340 38,996 45, 100 46, 026 37, 687 43, 916 63, 695 4, 757 8, 070 10, 635 22, 493 I 57, 10 I 91, 823 91, 825 176, 215 193, 412 249, 052 318, 491 298, 358 297, 215 395, 922 378, 796 89,70 89, 005 174, 523 193, 191 248, 394 314, 840 293,601 289, 145 385, 287 356, 303 I 376, 562 i 2, 434, 009 12, 109 491, .No.9.--A Statement, by Occupations, of the number of Passengers arrived in the Uited States The for the fifty-one years ended December 31, 1870. L dates are i nclusive.] Prior to 1820. Occnpatibns. Laborers................ Fiarmners---------------Mechanics, not specified. 5, 466 *250, 000 101, 442 363, 252 250, 000 176, 473 640, 086 1, 768, 175 2, 874, 687 2, 808, 413 415 583 139 329 983 Tailors................... ............... 1, 109 175 ........ 244 793 226 Lawyers..................-- .................... Engineers .................. Teachers................. 275 199 ................... 232 179 Painters.................. Printers. ................. .... Musicians ............ Actors............. .....Hastters--- - --- - -- 140 183 137 Other occnpations.......... Occupations not stated, and without occupation... Total................ Deduct. citizens of the United ,States .................. 24, 649 I 'Aliens......--....... 526, 199 42 163, 994 2, 096 1, 559 28 805 ............ Butchers.................. Millers 1861 to Aggreg'e. 1870. 1, 672 932 569 513 432 2, 232 1, 966 107 461 1, 435 311 267 189 369 472 165 87 114 4, 004 19, 434 1, 327 341 4, 995 882 2, 937 Artists................... Masons 1860. 281, 229 6, 805 ................... Shoemakers Manufacturers 1851 to 1850. 53, 169 88, 240 56, 582 41,881 2, 571 368 8, 004 1,.143 6, 600 1,959 15,005 Clergymen..............___ Bakers 1841 to 1840. 10, 280 16.....__ Merchants. -.......... Servants.................. Miners.------..... Mariners.--............ . Clerks.............-Weavers and spinners. Physicians..............--Seamstresses, dressmakers, and milliners 1831 to 1820 to 1830. I- I 250,000 ' 164, 411 46, 388 24, 538 1,7735 6, 398 1,065 3, 303 2, 116 1, 22:1 76 65 63 1,R83 831 24 654 832 33 8 236 233 1 2, 892 527, 404, 179, 124, 21, 37, 10, 639 712 726 149 058 523 087 792 717 2,229 1,065 1, 420 92 615 108 334 336 1, 005 ,140 , 58 825 154 210 38 40 188 85 4 13, 844 211, 94,200 1,398,516 976, 579 571, 518 326, 052 91, 204 52, 204 18, 788 16, 128 3 233 3,244 140, 698 3, 495 8, 651 7, 443 8, 038 6, 159 6, 596. 8, 420 8, 037 4, 520 4, 221 6, 992 3, 754 3, 637 1, 279 3, 117 6, 766 3,)669 5, 651 4, 786 4, 563 1,40 1,545 4, 682 1, 738 2, 109 648 1, 484 512 612 268 92, 181 48, 272 20,010 14, 790 10, 353 2, 131 1,217 1,341 856 358 34, 178 969, 411 1, 544, 494 1,572,938 1 7, 972 4,801,537 54, 924 276, 473 102 913 8,1518, 334 317, 462 714, 469 - 151,824 * 40, 961 256, 880 I599,1251,713,251I2,598,2142, Estimated. 491,451 S7,803, 865 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION.XX xxv No. 10--Statement, by customs districts, of the passengers arrived in the United States during the calendar year 1870, distinguishing citizen from alien passengers, and permanentfrom transient immigrants. Passengers not immigrants. Ac PP a 0m- a. a aor Districts. 0 .ci c 4- a+ rci *13 4a 11 f0 i Boston and Charlestown............ Edgartown -------------------------------Gloucester-----------New Bedford ....-..------Providence----------------------Fairfield------------------------New Haven--------------------New York ---------------------Philadelphia--------Erie-----------------------Baltimore.----------------------- 6 19, 924 92 3 2, 494 20 689 79 76 4 Oregon......------------------------ ............................. .............. Orleans---------------------.... Detroit ............................ Champlain.--------------------------Salem and Beverly .................. ............................ 8, 465 3, 065 470 11,201 4, 268 337 1,249 565 541 758 11 1, 316 34 12, 748 6,749" 12,233 84 80 3,667- 9 19 1, 690 6 10, 416 14 . 5. 1, -. 7 3 541 6 8 936 1 198 Miami.........................-New London--------------------..... 1.-TILE ADVANTAGES 192 119 107 35 79 18 7 2 2 419, 998 8 ---27 5 192 157 107 35 18 7 739 38 18 --------- 72. 7-------- 7 --7 - 2 YI I 1 I~11 I-. I I I Aggregate-----------------.... 1 73 401 -- 41- 192 12 33 2,787 19 851 --73 73 84 70 833 64 833 64 .... 818 439 1, 421 56 12, 748 45, 166 21, 871 6, 493 4, 417 4, 800 5, 484 13, 406 3, 428 4, 080 4, 800 1, 817 84 107 Newburyport....................... 490 4 9, 348 565 12 541 45, 166 1, 203 912 928 Marblehead ........................ Portsmouth.... ....... 3 4 9, 272 60 41, 202 22, 493 .. I 63, 695 123 114 10 5 227, 182 224, 688 2, 844 416 39 1, 620 311 17 1,2620 7, 696 5, 329 4, 800 Oswego............................ 428j 105 22 416 24, 607 Cuyaho'ra------------------Milwaukee ..............---....... Chicago............................ 109 9 3 112 12 .2, 73 14,368 45, 166 30, 335 1511 --123 765 79 12 3 3 Bufaleson.Creek ..................... 833 Suaannahk......................... 21 Pevansaol-------------------------52 Genseel..------------------------4, 477 7 Pearl River......................... 8 St. Augustine............ .......... Alaska 1 1 9 22, 418 4 1, 732 Huron Passamaquoddy..................... Portland and Falmouth New 1 11 Fernandina----..--------------Texas.------................ Superior------------------------Puget Sound --------------------Willamette..................... San Francisco.................. 3,627 11 2, 158 247, 106 582 4 10, 037 644 12 544 818 2, 855 Key West--..-..........----- 1, 469 11 33, 962 11 123 118 10 - - 356, 303 i- 378, 796 OFFERED TO IMMIGRANTS BY VARIOUS SEC- TIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. If, in the foregoing review, the fact has been established that the wealth, power, and prosperity of our country have been greatly aug mented by immigration, the question naturally presents itself-what are the duties of the Government toward the immigrant, and what action does sound policy require in regard to an interest of so much national importancei? Two things seem imperatively required. of the Government: First, protection, and secondly, trustworthy information. Philanthropy alone would dictate that we do all in our power to afford the immigrant protection against improper treatment on the sea voyage hither and against imposition after his arrival; and when tr. benefits which he confers XXVI SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. upon the country are considered, this philanthropic motive is supplemented by a sense of reciprocal obligation. Moreover, as the ill treatment on shipboard and on shore to which some passengers are yet subject tends to discourage immigration, and thus deprive the country of the advantages resulting therefrom, self-interest, which is as powerful as a more elevated motive, demands that adequate protection be afforded. The passenger act of 1855 was intended to benefit those who cross the ocean inthe steerage of passenger vessels; and although since its enactment marked improvement in their comfort has taken place, yet the impositions which are still to some extent practiced upon comparatively helpless people, and the discomfort to which they are exposed, make necessary either more stringent enactments or a better enforcement of existing laws. Unexpected obstacles to the strict enforcement of the above act have been encountered in consequence of the construction given to it by its authorized interpreters. While it is to be regretted that so excellent a law has not been and perhaps cannot be strictly enforced, the hope is entertained that the efforts of the Treasury Department to procure concurrent legislation on the part of the leading nations of Europe and of the United States will be successful. While the dictates of philanthropy as well as of self-interest demand that adequate protection should be given to immigrants, the duty of obtaining and diffusing trustworthy information is equally obligatory upon the Government. Although the natives of foreign countries no longer believe the exaggerated representations which were formerly made by interested parties as to the unbounded wealth of this country-that silver and gold coin could be picked up in the streets of the large cities, and that animal food, prepared for consumption, was to be gratuitously supplied to them upon their debarkation-yet the advantages and inducements which the various portions of our country offer to intending emigrants are not so well known. With the view of affording to the immigrant such trustworthy information in regard to the several States as would guide him in making an intelligent choice of a home, the undersigned prepared and forwarded to the assessors of internal revenue in all the States west and south of Pennsylvania circulars containing the following questions: 1. Can land be purchased or rented in your district, suitable for small farms, on fav orable terms ? 2. What is the price, per acre, of small, improved farms ? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. 3. What is the price, per acre, of unimproved land, what proportion has been under cultivation, and how much, if any, is fenced ? 4. What is the yearly rent for small, improved farms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive ? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds ? 5. What are the chief articles of production, and what are the present prices of two or three of them? 6. What is the distance to a market town, a railroad station, or a steamboat landing ? 7. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber ? 8. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? 9. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation, or in progress, requiring skilled labor ? 10. Are there in your vicinity any railroads or other public works in progress, requiring common labor ? If so, how far distant? 11. If any foreign-born workmen are employed in your district, please give the preponderating nationality. 12. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land of good quality and well watered yet unoccupied ? 13. What are the prices of ordinary farm stock, sound and iin good condition, viz: Working oxen, per pair; working horses, per pair; working mules, each; milch cows, each; sheep, each; stock hogs, per pound ? SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. XXVII Replies to the above questions from the assistant assessors, in nearly every part of the Western, Southern, and Pacific States, and the Territories, have been received, and the data, as classified and compiled, entitled INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS, are presented in the following pages. This information, though not so full in regard to some States and Territories as is desirable, may in general be received with confidence. Perhaps, in some instances, those who obtained and furnished the facts have unwittingly permitted their opinions to be somewhat influenced by local attachments. Tables showing the wages paid in the several States and sections for Factory, Mechanical, and Farm labor; also, the cost of provisions, groceries, dry goods, and house rent in the various manufacturing districts of the country, are also appended to this report. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, EDWARD YOUNG, Chief of Bureau. Hon. GEORGE S. BOUTWELL, Secretary of the Treasury. INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS RELATIVE TO THE PRICES AND RENTALS OF LAND, THE STAPLE PRODUCTS, FACILITIES OF ACCESS TO MARKET, COST OF FARM STOCK, KIND OF LABOR IN DEMAND IN THE WESTERN AND SOUTHERN STATES, ETC., ETC. TO WHICH ARE APPENDED TABLES SHOWING THE AVERAGE WEEKLY WAGES PAID IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND SECTIONS FOR FACTORY, MECHANICAL, AND FARM LABOR; THE COST OF PROVISIONS, GROCERIES, DRY GOODS, AND HOUSE RENT IN THE VARIOUS MANUFACTURING DISTRICTS OF THE COUNTRY, IN THE YEAR 1869-'70. [The following information has been compiled from the returns of assistant assessors of Internal Revenue in the various collection districts of the States and Territories hereinafter named, made in response to inquiries addressed by the u:dersigned to most of them in the winter of 1869-'70; to others at a more recent date. This explanation is rendered necessary by the fact that changes in the prices of certain products, from those given in the following pages, have since occurred, especially of wheat, which has advanced, and of raw cotton, which has considerably receded.] I. MIDDLE STATES. PENNSYLVANIA, MARYLAND, AND WEST VIRGINIA. II. WESTERN AND NORTHWESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. 01110, KENTUCKY, INDIANA, ILLINOIS, MICHIGAN, WISCONSIN, MINNESOTA, IOWA, MISSOURI, KANSAS, NEBRASKA, COLORADO, DAKOTA, AND IDAHO. III. SOUTHERN AND SOUTHWESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, FLORIDA, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, TENNESSEE, ARKANSAS, LOUISIANA, TEXAS, NEW MEXICO, AND ARIZONA. IV. PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. CALIFORNIA, OREGON, WASHINGTON, AND NEVADA. I. MIDDLE STATES, PENNSYLVANIA. Area, 29,440,000 acres; population in 1870, 3,519,601. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitablefor small farms on favorable terms ? * Bucks, Lehigh, Montgomery, Berks, Susquehanna, Perry, Adams, Bedford, Warren, Clearfield, Venango, and Crawford: it can. Lancaster, Schuylkill, Blair, Montour, Columbia, Juniata, Union, Cumberland, and York: it cannot. Chester and Lebanon: not on terms that would recommend it to settlers. Carbon: reasonably so. Cambria: arable land in this part of Pennsylvania is generally held in tracts of from 100 to 200 acres. Erie: land is worth from $50 to $1,000 per acre; can be rented on favorable terms. Indiana: farms can be purchased upon reasonable terms. Beaver: not much for sale or rent; the price is high. Luzerne: the land is owned by coal operators, and a small portion thereof is farmed by hands employed by them. What is the priceper acre of small improved farms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Bucks: from $140 to $175 per acre; all under cultivation, and well fenced; good buildings. Lehigh: from $175 to $225 per acre; all arable lands are under cultivation, fenced, and have good substantial buildings; Swiss barns, and houses built mainly of hard stone. Montgomery: from $75 to $150 per acre; the greater part under cultivation; generally fenced; buildings mostly of stone and brick. Chester: from $100 to $250 per acre; all under cultivation and fenced; buildings ordinarily good; some very fine. Berks: from $150 to $200 per acre; all under cultivation, and all fenced; buildings of stone, brick, and frame. Lancaster: from $100 to $800 per acre; all under cultivation; the buildings are mostly frame and brick, modern, convenient, and comfortable. Lebanon: from $200 to $250 per acre; about nine-tenths under cultivation; very little timber; buildings of brick and stone. Schuylkill: $60 per acre. All under cultivation and fenced; buildings good. Carbon: from $40 to $75 per acre; about two-thirds under cultivation, and about three-quarters fenced; generally wooden buildings two and a half stories high. Susquehanna: from $45 to $60; about one-third under cultivation; two-thirds fenced; and quite good farm buildings. Blair: from $80 to $100; two-thirds cultivated and fenced; good frame, plank, or brick buildings. Montour: from $175 to $225 per acre; about onehalf under cultivation and fenced; ordinary frame buildings. Columbia: from $60 to $160. per acre; three-quarters under cultivation and fenced. Mostly comfortable frame buildings. 'Juniata: about $100 per acre; nearly all under cultivation and fenced; generally frame buildings. Union: $150 per acre; all fenced; buildings of stone or brick. Perry: land ranges from $50 to $150 per acre for farms of 30 to 50 acres with ordinary improvements. In limestone sections, for large farms, from $75 to $100 per acre, including timber land. Cumberland: average $150 per acre; all under cultivation and fenced; buildings excellent. York: from $30 to $100 per acre; from three-quarters to seven-eighths under * Names of counties from which returns have been received. 6 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. cultivation ; all fenced; buildings generally brick and frame. Adams: farms of from 50 to 100 acres, with small buildings, can be purchased at from $50 to $75 per acre ; farms of from 120 to 200 acres, with substantial brick or stone houses and large commodious barns, three-quarters under cultivation, with 30 to 40 acres of woodland, all under moderately good fencing; can be purchased at reasonable prices. Bedford: $25 per acre; about one-half fenced and under cultivation. Cambria: from $20 to $50 per acre; about one-half the land occupied is or has been fenced and cultivated. This being a mountainous region much land is yet in forest, and much of it never can be used for farming purposes, and is valuable only for its timber and minerals. The buildings are principally of a very primitive character, but comfortable. Warren: from $25 to $50 per acre; one-half to two-thirds under cultivation, and nearly all fenced; none but frame buildings. Erie: small farms in this division are worth from $100 to $300 per acre, and near the city are valued at $1,000 per acre, nearly all under cultivation and fenced. The buildings are generally good, frame or brick. Clearfield: $33 per acre; one-half under cultivation and fenced ; generally frame buildings. Venango: small improved farms are worth from $15 to $30 per acre; about twothirds under cultivation and fenced; generally wood buildings. Crawford: from $30 to $50 per acre. From one-half to three-quarters cleared, with ordinary farm buildings. Indiana: farms convenient to railroad, with passable buildings and fences, rate from $30 to $60 per acre; from 6 to 10 miles distant, at from $15 to $30. Beaver: from $40 to $150 per acre, according to location ; about one-half under cultivation and fenced. Wooden buildings generally. What is the price per acre of unimproved land? What proportion is cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced? Bucks: there is no unimproved land. Lehigh: no unimproved land except mountain land, which is neither fenced nor cleared. Value per acre, $5. Montgomery: the price of unimproved land from $5 to $200 per acre, according to location and quality of soil; mostly fenced. Chester: none, except a small portion of each cultivated farm remaining in woodland for the sake of the timber. Berks: no unimproved land except mountain and iron-ore land, and that varies greatly in price, from $10 to as many hundreds per acre; such land is not cleared. Lancaster: very little unimproved land except such as is only suitable for growing chestnut and sprout timber; from $100 to $150 per acre; mostly fenced. Schuylkill: the unimproved land is coal and mountain land which cannot be improved, and is worth from $50 to $500 per acre. Carbon: from $1 to $15 per acre; scarcely any cleared or fenced. Susquehanna: $40 per acre; about one-quarter cleared and fenced. Blair: mountain land from $2 to $10 per acre; not fenced and without buildings. Montour: only mineral lands, of uncertain value. Wyoming, Columbia, and Juniata: no unimproved land that can be improved. Union: none except mountain land, which sells for wood or timber lots at from $20 to $50 per acre. Perry: for good timber land from $20 to $40 per acre. Ridge land from $20 to $30; about one-quarter is cleared, and three-quarters fenced. York: from $10 to $30 per acre; none cleared, and none fenced. Adams: from $25 to $30 per acre, without buildings, under ordinary fencing; from one-half to five-sixths uncleared. Bedford: $5 per acre; none cultivated nor fenced. Cambria: it has but a nominal value, except for timber and mineral; mountain timber land can be bought at from $1 to $10 per acre. Warren: from $10 to $40 per acre; about threequarters cleared, nearly all fenced. Qlearfield: from $20 to $60 per acre; from one-quarter to one-half improved and fenced. Venango: INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 7 from $5 to $25 per acre; none cleared and none fenced. Crawford: very little such land in this region. The price would probably be from $20 to $25 per acre. Indiana and Beaver: from $20 to $50 per acre; very little fenced or cleared. Luzerne: all coal land; from $100 to $600 per acre. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds? Bucks: from $600 to $1,000 a year; when rented on shares the owner receives one-half of the crop; the renter finds stock, seed, and labor. Lehigh: the owner receives one-half of all winter grain and corn, and one-third of oats, barley, buckwheat, &c.; he keeps the farm in repair, including fence, material, fertilizers, &c. ; furnishes one-half the seed; the tenant provides stock, implements, labor, &c. Montgomery: rent about $8 per acre; on shares, owner receives one-half the product, furnishes one-half the seeds, and sometimes provides half the stock. Chester: from $300 to $500 per annum ; if on shares, the owner receives one-half of the product; sometimes provides implements and seeds, but not stock. Berks: yearly rental from $1,000 to $2,000, according to size of farm and quality of land; if rented on shares the owner gets one-half; owners rarely provide stock, implements, or seeds. Lancaster: about $13 per acre per annum for good land; generally rented on shares, the owner receiving one-half of the grain crop, he furnishing half the seeds. Lebanon: the owner gets one-half the crop, he furnishing onehalf the seeds. Schuylkill: the owner receives the value of one-half the product, after deducting the cost of implements and seeds. Carbon, Clearfield, and Venango: the owner receives one-third; provides nothing. Susquehanna: about three per cent. upon the value of farm; the owner provides one-half the seeds only, and receives half the product. Blair: the owner receives two-fifths of product, and provides nothing. Montour: the owner receives one-half the product, and furnishes half of the seeds and implements, but no stock. Columbia, Juniata, Union Perry, and Cumberland: the owner receives one-half, furnishing half the seed; York and Bedford: owner receives one-third, and sometimes two-fifths, and provides nothing. Adams, Cambria, Warren, and Erie: one-half the yield, furnishing half the seeds. Crawford: from $1 50 to 2 an acre; on shares, one-third. Indiana: the same. Beaver: onehalf the product. What are the chief articles of production, and what are the present prices of two or three of them? Articles of production. per bushel.. Wheat ........ do ...... Do .............. do-...... Do do ...... Do .............. Do----------..............- do .. .... Do..............do...... Do..............do-...... -------.............. Corn-----------..............do--...... Do ............ Do.............do do...... ... ...... $1 1 1 1 00 05 10 15 Blair, Perry, Berks, Adams, Bedford. Lebanon, Juniata, Bucks. Lancaster, Union, Indiana, York. Chester, Montour. 1 25 Bucks, Columbia, Cumberland, Beaver. 1 30 1 40 Montgomery, Lehigh, Cambria, Warren. Cleartield, Adams. 65 Adams. 75 Lancaster, Union, Perry, York. 80 Juniata. Do .............. do ...... Do..............do ...... Do........... do ...... 85 90 1 00 Do.... ....... 1 10 do ...... Counties. Prices. Lehigh, Lebanon, Cumberland, Indiana. Berks, Blair, Montour, Columbia. Bucks, Montgomery, Carbon, Erie, Clearfield, Venango, Crawford. Cambria. SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Articles of production. Prices. Oats .... per bushel.. $0 30 Do.............. do ...... 40 Do..............do ...... 42 Do..............do...... 45 Do.... .... ...... do ...... 40c. to 50c. Do.............. do ...... 50 Do.............do ...... 55 Do.............. do ...... 60 Do_..............do ...... 70 Do..............----do ...... 75 Potatoes .......... do ...... 50 Do.............do ...... 60 Do.............. do ..... 65 Do..............do ...... 70 Rye ............ do ...... 80 Do...... ........ do ...... 85 Dod.............do ...... 90 Do..............do .__ 1 00 Do..............do ...... 1 10 Do..............--do ...... 1 15 Do..............do ...... 1 20 Coal .............. per ton.. 2 50 Do.............do ...... 3 00 Iron .............. do ..... 30 00 Butter ......... per pound.. 35 Do..............do ...... 40c. to 50c. Petroleum oil ... per barrel.. 5 00 Counties. Cambria. Union, Perry, Adams. Juniata, Cumberland, Montour. Lebanon, York, Indiana, Cumberland. Susquehanna. Warren, Erie, Venango, Lehigh. Chester. Bucks, Montgomery, Beaver. Carbon. Clearfield. Adams, Lehigh, Union, Crawford, Beaver. Carbon, Montour. Berks, Erie. Bucks, Montgomery, Blair, Adams, Cumberland. Lebanon. Perry. Berks, York, Bedford. Carbon, Cambria, Beaver. Lehigh. Clearfield. Schuylkill. Luzerne. Schuylkill. Warren. Susquebanna. Venango. What is the distancd to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing? Bucks: the distance to Philadelphia market is 18 miles; to railroad station 12 miles; average distance to stations 3 miles. Lehigh: a ready home-market for everything; there is more consumed than produced. Montgomery: average distance to market 7 miles; railroads pass through the division. Chester: Westchester is a market town 6 miles distant from the farthest part of the division. Berks: Reading is a market town, and has two or three railroad stations. Lancaster: market towns and railroad stations within the district. Lebanon: the Lebanon Valley railroad runs through the county; we have six or seven railroad stations. Schuylkill: market town about 15 miles distant; railroad station 10 miles; no steamboat landings. Carbon: average about 5 miles. Susquehanna: to market town about 5 miles; railroad station 7 miles. Blair: 15 miles is the greatest distance. Montour: average, 3 miles. Columbia: we have a railroad at our very doors. Juniata: Pennsylvania Central Railroad runs through the county. Union: average distance 10 miles. Perry: from Bloomfield 5 miles to railroad and canal, at Newport. Cumberland: market towns are very near, and there are two railroads in the county. York: Hanover is a railroad town. Adams: three market towns, and principal railroad stations in the county. Bedford: 8 miles to railroad station. Cambria: market town and railroad station centrally situated. Warren: we are so near the oil region that every farm is a market, and a good one too; we are 6 miles from one railroad and 9 from another, both in this county. Erie: six miles from the extreme portion of the division. Clearfield: a railroad station in the center of the county. Venango: fifteen miles to the farthest point from railroad station. Crawford: not farther than 10 miles from any point within the county. Indiana: The Pennsylvania Railroad has a branch INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 9 to the county town, which is central. Beaver: from 1 to 10 miles; several railroad stations and steamboat landings. Luzerne: the principal trading cities for this region are New York and Philadelphia; several railroads run through Scranton, our county town. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber ? Bucks: loamy sand; timbered with oak, hickory, and chestnut; the land generally is in a high state of cultivation. Lehigh: most of the land consists of a rich heavy loam ; a limestone country, chiefly; several townships have a gravelly soil, and are not so productive. Montgomery : land generally good; timber-white and black oak and hickory, with many other kinds. Chester: quality of land first-class; oak, hickory, and chestnut. Berks: the land is limestone, generally of excellent quality; oak, hickory, chestnut, maple, and pine. Lancaster: limestone; oak, hickory, chestnut, &c.; Lebanon: limestone and some gravel; oak and chestnut. Schuylkill: poor; pine, hemlock, and oak. Carbon: land of medium quality only; timber, principally hemlock. Susquehanna: medium quality; hemlock, maple, and beech. Blair: limestone; white and red oak, chestnut, pine, and hemrock. Wyoming: nothing can be said to encourage emigration in this direction. Columbia: along the river sandy loam and gravel; back of it red shale, &c.. Juniata: limestone land; oak, timber. Union: limestone, gravel, and some red shale, and a good deal of mountain land. Perry : limestone, gred shale, gravel, and slate; -white oak, hickory, chestnut, and chesthut-oak. Cumberland: limestone, gravel, and slate; oak and chestnut. York: good limestone land; white oak, chestnut, &c. Adams: ordinary quality, mostly granite and slate; chestnut, hickory, oak, maple, ash. Bedford: limestone and slate; black and white oak, chestnut, pine. Cambria: soil generally thin and cold; white pine and hemlock in abundance; oak, cherry, poplar, ash, and chestnut in fair supply. Union: the land is mostly good, and has a great variety of timber and good water. Erie: quality diversified; gravelly, sandy, clay, and loam; hickory, oak, chestnut, hemlock, beech, maple, walnut. Clearfield: the soil is light; pine, white oak, and hemlock. Venango: the land is thin and rather poor; the timber is mostly white oak and chestnut. Crawford : clay loam; oak, birch, maple, pine, and poplar. Indiana: the quality of the land is reasonably good; in the northeast part of the county the timber is white pine, in all the rest oak. Beaver: the land is generally clay, in some places sandy; timber-oak and hickory. Luzerne: land poor and stony; timber-hemlock and pine. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Allegheny: skilled labor for the numerous glass-works, steel-works, iron furnaces, rolling-mills, and founderies, machine-shops, and other extensive manufactories in Pittsburg and vicinity. Bucks, Lehigh, Montgomery, and Cambria: farm labor. Chester: good farm labor is at all times in demand; good mechanics also required. Berks: labor is not in demand at present; in brisk times manufactories, machineshops, &c., employ nine-tenths of the laboring population. Lancaster: only a limited demand for ordinary farm labor. Schuylkill: miners and common laborers. Carbon and Montour: all kinds. Susquehanna and Blair: mechanics. Union: a few farm hands, and a great demand for female help. Perry, York, Adams, Juniata, Bedford, Indiana, Venango, and Beaver: no demand at present for any kind of labor. Cambria: miners, iron-workers, machinists, builders, and their unskilled auxiliaries. Warren : nearly every kind, at fair wages; ditchers and tile-make s are greatly needed. Erie: during the season of navigation there is a demand for common and farm labor. Clearfield: labor is required only 10 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. for lumbering during a part of the year. Crawford: mechanics and farm laborers. Luzerne: miners, common laborers, and mechanics. Philadelphia: The following is.a partial exhibit of the mauuactures of taken from the returns in the office of the city of Philadelphia, in Superintendent of the Census: 1870, Hands employed. o S Manufactures. -f o q o a a 4- Cd 674 Boots and shoes - ------------17 Boot and shoe fitters------ ----80 Brickmakers 53 Breweries---------------------391 Bakeries ..-- ---..-------. 10 Bread, cake, ice-cream, &c. -. - 139 ----------------Blacksmiths 23 Brass rounders.....---------. Cigars-----------------------345 Carriages --------------------- 118 4 Carriages, (children's) 205 ---------Carpets--------------81 Confectionary .----------. 138 Cabinet-makers----- - - - ------... -.59 Coopers .-------------Clothing ---------------------- 310 87 Carpenters and huilders 148 Carpenters....--- . -------21 Cotton mills-...---..--- .------24 Drugs and chemicals .-----. --71 Founderies, (iron) -----. ---. 21 ---Grist mills ...----------.. --- 9 - Giass t:o-rks ----------50 - .... -..--------.. Hosiery .84 Jewelers...--------------. 0 - ----Machinists--- ---------1 Machinery andituing 97 Plumhers and gas-fitters..9.. 123 ---------.. Printers--....-5 ---.....Paper mills....-- ..... ...-....... 107 Painters----------------------Pianos .-- -- -- -- -- 9 --- - -- ------13 Paints, lead, and linseed oil.... Patent edicines----------------. 27 28 ..-. Planing mill. ------------. 41 Sashes, dinors, and blinds 5 Sewing machines.- - -_.- -----Soap and candlles.---------------34 11 Sugar refineries -- - ---- -- -- ----Tinsmiths - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ----- 130 .. Woolen mills------------------- 54 Yarns--------------------------44 Total of above and all otliers. What 6, 090 2, 274, 636 57, 150 1, 814, 5100 3, 221, 4.0 768, 075 44, 70) 200, 685 383, 750 086, 040 1, 707, 497 59, 180 2, 36:1,630 266, 750 1, 767, 953 40), 47 4, 389, 114 1, 110, 500 383, 050 2, 682, 060 2, 579, 500 4, 240, 420 5917, 500 1, 220, 016 1, 627, 700 811, 8010 5, 17, 243 5, 01)0,000 2)3, 400 4, 9)74, 200 2, 35(, 000 2-28, (125 49)3,0. 0 1, 4(66, 7350 1, 403, 774 807, 8;00 8-29,7:15 700, 000 787, 600 3, 494, 0))) 598, 750 7, 149, 000 2.233, 000 205, 564,238 F- a ,u d' 215 4, 620 1, 380 6 114 88 7 2, 332 7 4 485 86 27 1, 091 1 16 45 8 505 12 275 113 160 1, 213 15 3 1, 502 14 45 379 872 3, 464 28 53 271 53 18 1, 682 5 526 73 4, 464 4, 038 18 15 1, 337 10 (58 469 1, 0:14 1, 445 34 111 589 2, 48(1------------115 1 137 560 28 727 537 7197 1, 614 42 74 6:0 31 5 3,194 1, 300-21 478 100 239 2, 119 $2,478,082 67, 748 $7, 724, 809 150, 657 2, 703,148 1, 151, 647 327, 440 298, 881 25, 040 217, 664 134, 438. 524, 168 865, 880 3, 452 1, 700, 4:36 99, 4:38 1, 006, 180 275, 278 2,032, 6:19 753, 86:1 4:8, ((4 898, 66-2 384, 008 1, 414. 227 11)7,010 552, 10 834, 870 389, 980 1, 673, 711 000 211, , 820, 285 4-0 4, 182, 050 3, 004,189 116, 340 587, 776 532, 067 2, 014, 058 2,103, 884 83, 022 7, 397, 636 601, 452 3, 004, 873 896, 284 10, 707, 008 9,180, 643 1, 601, 401 3, 476, 454 3, 877,18O 5, 295, 072 4,835, 593 1, 563, 643 3, 265, 807 1, 515, 476 4, 105, 312 5,1to, too 876, 434 691 141 3 332,2(0 6,301,597 2,444,000 547 9 9 286, 322 893, 161 173, 250 3, 431, 800 216, 410 3 2 278 326-----------------181,022 120, (145 8 103 138 221, 361) 15 6 387 395, 592 17 1 537 2 3 193, 440 3-29 892 31 3-2 1 199, 9-29 33 3 8 1, 90:1 312 5, 591, 832 1, 833, 316 1, 451, 804 671, 000 1, 6 76, 381 19, 581, 374 53 51 237, 671 930, 755 3, 183 724 1, 79:3,163 11, 204, 802 779 681 475 636, 084 4,952, 904 88, 631 23, 545 7, 356 5-2,236, 026 231, 663, 921 545 -requiring mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress skilled labor?2 Bucks : flour-mills, one cotton-mill, one paper-mill, also an iron fur. nace. Lehigh : the principal manufacturing establishments are blastfurnaces for the production of pig-ir-on, besides rolling-mills, spike-furnaces, &c. Montgomery : none of imlportance. Chester: three cotton and paper mills, agricultural-implement factories, woolen factor-ies, rollin-mill, &c. Berks : thirty-two cotton-mills, twelve hat factor-ies, two INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 11 agricultural-implement factory, founderies, machine-shops, flour-mills, furnaces, and rolling-mills. Schuylkill: rolling-mills and furnaces. Carbon: machine-shops, car-shops, grist and saw mills, &c. Susquehanna: tanneries and saw-mills. Blair: paper-mills, rolling-mills, woolen factories, furnaces and machine-shops, flour-mills, &c. Montour: rolling-mills, blast-furnaces, planing-mills, founderies, machine-shops, &c. Wyoming: no special demand for skilled workmen. Columbia: plan. ing-mills and machine-shops. Juniata: none but small tanneries and woolen factories. Union: one woolen factory, one anthracite furnace, two agricultural-implement manufactories. Perry: machine-shops for agricultural implements, founderies, planing-mills, rolling-mills, &c. Cumberland : paper-mills, founderies, forges, and furnaces. York: none. Adams: two woolen factories, one paper-mill. Bedford: none. Cambria: West Cambria Iron Works, about three thousand operatives; the Johnstown Mechanical Works, Woodvale woolen-mills, steam brick-factory, hydraulic-cement and fire-brick manufactory, and other small shops. Erie: one smelting or blast furnace, one furnace for car-wheels, two stove founderies, a number of other furnaces and machine-shops, and a large number of small manufactories of different kinds. Clearfield: three planing-mills, two founderies, and one gang saw-mill. Crawford: woolen-mills and agricultural-implement factories. Indiana: planingmills, founderies, paper-mills. Beaver: one wire and rivet factory, one large cutlery factory, one file factory, one glass-works, one shovel factory, eight founderies, two woolen-mills, six planing-mills, two agricultural-implement factories. Luzerne: two rolling-mills, five large machineshops, three boiler-shops, five large car-shops, three stove founderies, &c. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor otherpublic works inprogress, requiringcommon labor; if so, how far distant? Bucks: a railroad in progress; will pass through this division. Lehigh: one railroad under way; will run through the southern portion of the county. Montgomery: a railroad in progress, passing through this division. Chester: one railroad, within three miles, in course of construction, and two short railroads projected and surveyed. Berks: a railroad, nine miles distant, in course of construction. Lancaster: one in division four. Lebanon: one in progress, nearly finished. Carbon: various kinds of public works in progress, five miles distant. Susquehanna: one about 14 miles distant. Blair: one 8 or 10 miles distant. Montour : the Danville, Hiazleton, and Wilkesbarre Railroad, 60 or 70 miles. Cumberland: two railroads in the county. Bedford: the Connellsville Railroad, 20 miles distant. Cambria: the Connellsville Railroad. Venango: one railroad in progress, but it is well supplied with men. If many foreign-born workmen are employed in your district,please give the preponderatingnationality. Bucks: but few; they are German and Irish. Lehigh: miners of iron-ore and limestone, Irish and German; slate-quarriers, Welsh. Montgomery: German ahd Irish about equal. Berks: Irish and German. Lancaster: German. Lebanon: mostly American-born. Schuylkill: Irish, Welsh, and German. Carbon: Irish. Susquehanna: about one-third of our farmers are of foreign birth. Blair: Irish. Montour : Irish. Wyoming: Irish, ten to one. Juniata: a few Germans and Irish. Union: Welsh, furnace employes, a few. Perry: but few workmen of foreign birth are to be found in this county. Cumberland: there are not many foreigners employed. York: none. Adams: German. Bedford: Irish. Cambria: German, Irish, Welsh, and English in large numbers, in the order named. Warren: Swedes and Irish. 12 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Erie : German and Irish. Clearfield : a few Canadian French. Venango: Irish. Crawford: Irish. Indiana: German. Beaver: Irish and German about equal. Luzerne : Irish, one-half; Welsh, one-fifth; English and Scotch, one-tenth; German, one-fifth. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers,mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land of good quality and well watered yet unoccupied? Bucks: well supplied with mechanics and laborers; small farmers will find good land, good society, healthful locality, and proximity to market. Lehigh: plenty of employment for common and mechanical labor, healthful climate and good wages; the land is all taken up, therefore no opportunities for farmers are presented. Montgomery: settled many years; no special advantages to offer; laborers and mechanics can always find work; all may succeed by industry and economy; land all occupied. Chester: laborers and mechanics always in demand at good wages; markets good and well supplied; no land unoccupied. Berks: no tillable land unoccupied, and the supply of laborers of all kinds greater than the demand. Schuylkill: good advantages offered to miners, laborers, and mechanics; no land, of good quality, unoccupied. Carbon: wages for laborers and mechanics generally good; several thousand acres of land well watered, yet unoccupied; quality only middling. Susquehanna: yes. Blair: no special advantages; a great deal of mountain land, of inferior quality, unoccupied. Wyoming: good land mostly taken up. Columbia: a better market generally than New York for produce right at home, and 16 miles distant in the coal region. Juniata: no land unoccupied; supply of labor sufficient. Union: no land of good quality unoccupied; abundance of water-power in this valley, and the advantage of cheap necessaries of life. Perry : no particular advantages, except the cheapness of living and the cheapness of land, both improved and unimproved. Cumberland: labor is plenty, and the land all occupied. York: none. Adams: the same. Bedford: the only land unoccupied is mountainous. Cambria: many of our best farmers are selling their lands for their mineral value, and removing to the West. Warren: good soil, healthy climate, good markets, good schools, &c. Erie: a good market for garden products. Clearfield: none except during the lumbering season; much good land well watered yet unoccupied. Venango: this being the oil-producing district, a great deal of labor is required; there is considerable well-watered land unoccupied, but of poor quality. Crawford: not much. Indiana: lands generally occupied. Beaver: supply of labor ample; very little good land unoccupied. Luzerne: mechanics and laborers have constant employment in this district. 13 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. What is the price of farm stock, sound and in good condition CW County. Working oxen, per pair. Working horses, each, Working mules, each. 5 Bucks................. .. $180 $175 0 Lehigh ............. ......... _. 200 6 Montgornery............ 300 $200 to 250 6 Lehih t.......... ...... 25 7 Chester. ................. 200 250 8 ..... Berks... . 100 10 Lebanon.......................... 10 Schuylkill.................... Carbon................... 11 12 13 13 15 16 Adams 16 17 17 21 24 ........ 150 170 to 190 Beaver................ 100 to 150 Average............ $167 81 * 31 75 Hogsp pound. 6 150 200 $6 75 7 $80 to 140 $5 to 10 5 4 150 to 200 35 to 45 *$500 ........... 15c. 5 2 to 4 50 60 2j to 3 150 to 200 175 to 225 200 to 50 45 to 50 175 to 200 14c. ...... 1c. 12c. 200. 5 10 to 12c. 150 125 50 to 60 35 150 to 170 50 2 to 5 175 125 40 50 5 4 150 90 150 Venango.................. Indiana ........ 65 175 40 120 Warren.................. $75 250 25 to 75 ............... Clearfield........ 19 each. 150 Bedford......................0 125 Blair ................. 150 to 200 125 to 200 Cambria............... 75 to 125 150 to 200 19 Sheep, $225 125 140 Union...............150 Cumberland......................... 14 each. 150 to 250 $125 to 175 .. 150 200 150 160 Columbia........................... Juniata........ .......... 100 13 14 20 200 Susquehanna.......... $200 to 240 Wyoming ............. 150 to 200 Montour ............. .......... Milchcow, 125 125 to 175 150 to 210 120 100 125 125 ............ 125 to 175 125 to 175 40 30 to 60 30 to 50 35 21 21 to 3 3 to 5 1t 55 150 to 200 45 to 65 150 to 200 175 to 250 30 to 55 50 to 75 $167 48 $166 07 $51 48 Each.' 5 3 - 12c. 10c. 09c. tOe. loc. 07c. *$1s 00 05c. 3 13 toto 1234 2 11 to 21 $4 04 10c. 7 to 8c. 8 to lOc. 08c. lo. Second return. MARYLAND. Area, 7,119,360 acres. Population in 1870, 780,894. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitablefor smallfarms on favorable terms? * Kent, Talbot, Alleghany, Washington, Montgomery, Calvert, Anne Arundel, Prince George, Charles, St. Mary's, Queen Anne, Howard, Baltimore, and Worcester: land can be purchased or rented dn favorable terms. Cecil: there is but little land for sale that could be parceled out in small farms. Dorchester: lands are held too high. What is price per acre of small improved farms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Dorchester: average $15 to per'acre; one-half under cultivation and fenced; wooden buildings. Kent : the price is about $65 per acre; nearly all of it arable land, fenced, and with tolerably good buildings. Talbot: from $5 to $40 per acre, depending upon location, quality of soil, and description of buildings. The cleared land under fence and in cultivation, and usually from one-quarter to one-half the tract is in tbe $25 is timber ; buildings common, one-story and attic. Alleghany : from $30 to $40 per acre ; about two-thirds cleared, generally all fenced ; frame and log buildings. Washington : from $90 to $110 per' acre ; about three-quarters under cultivation, allunder fence, and buildings generally good, of log, stone, or brick. Montgomery: from $10 to $30 per acre ; one-half under cultivation ; fencing generally good. Calvert: without buildings land can be had for about $10 or $15 per acre, with buildings from $20 to $25 per acre ; generally all fenced with chestnut * Names of counties from which returns have been received. 14 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. rails. Anne Arundel: from $25 to $40 per acre; about two-thirds under cultivation; generally fenced; frame buildings. Worcester: from $20 to $30 per acre; about one-half under cultivation and fenced; ordinary frame buildings. Prince George: from $10 to $40 per acre according to location and improvements-the average may be stated at $30; most of the small farms have very good buildings; about three-fourths arable, remainder in wood; the fencing is generally good. Queen Anne: from $30 to $70 per acre; about three-quarters arable; all of which is under cultivation in alternate years. Fencing good; dwellings mostly two-story frame. Charles and St. Mary's: from $25 to $50; about three-fourths cultivated; all fenced; wooden frame buildings. Baltimore County (outside of the city :) from $80 to $300 per acre; about three-quarters of it under cultivation; mostly all fenced; buildings plain and comfortable. Howard: from $10 to $100 per acre, depending on location, quality of soil, degree of improvement, and nearness to market; about two thirds under cultivation; buildings of brick, stone, and wood, and all varieties of style and sizes. Cecil: from $40 to $125 per acre; two-thirds under cultivation and fenced; buildings substantial and good. What is the price per acre of unimproved land, whatproportion is cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? Kent: about $25 per acre; nearly all cleared and indifferently fenced. Alleghany: from $3 to $30 per acre; none cleared. Coal region will range from $400 to $1,000 per acre. Washington: from $50 to $60 per acre. Montgomery: from $10 to $20 per acre; lands that have been cleared and cultivated once,but are now grown up with pines are worth about $10. Calvert: from $5 to $10 per acre; about one-half cleared. Anne Arundel: all farms are improved. Prince George: improved lands have become greatly reduced in value in consequence of the abolition of slavery, and the complications incident thereto. The farms on the Patuxent slope, constituting what is known as the forest of Prince Gecrge, may be purchased now at an average of $30 per acre either in large or small tracts. Queen Anne: from $15 to $60 per acre; at least five-sixths of it under cultivation and fenced. Charles and St. Mary's: from $25 to $50 per acre; about two-thirds under cultivation and fenced. Baltimore: land varies from $80 to $1,000 per acre in proportion as it is contiguous to the city of Baltimore or any of the thoroughfares leading thereto; about three-fourths under cultivation and generally all fenced. Howard: from $20 to $100 per acre; all improved land; is under cultivation and fenced. Cecil: from $60 to $150 per acre; three-fourths cultivated and fenced. What is the yearly rent of small improvedfarms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds? Dorchester: from one-third to one-half the crop; the tenant provides everything. Kent: on shares, generally for one-half; the tenant furnishing stock and implements and half of the seeds. Talbot: from onethird to one-half the grain crop is the usual rent. The landlord provides no stock, implements, or seeds, except clover. Alleghany : one-third of all the crops raised. The owner does not provide stock, implements, or seeds. Washington: farms are nearly all rented upon shares, the renter furnishing all stock, implements, and seeds; the owner receiving one-half of the crop. In a few cases the owner furnishes seeds, implements, and stock, and receives two-thirds of the crop. Montgomery: on shares; the owner, furnishing implements and stock, receives one-half the crop; other- INFORMATION 15 FOR IMMIGRANTS. wise, one-third. Calvert: the same as above. Anne Arundel: the same. Worcester: one-half of the corn and one-third of the fodder and small grains raised constitute the rent, the owner furnishing nothing but fertilizers. Prince George: small improved farms are seldom rented, but large ones may be had very low. Farms of 300 acres may be rented for $1,000 or or they will be let on shares, the owner receiving onethird of their net product; the renter furnishing seeds, stock, &c. Persons holding large tracts do not object to dividing and leasing in small lparcels. Many of the large land-holders are building small houses on their lands as inducements to men of small means to cultivate them. Some farmers will furnish seeds and fertilizers, but few are willing to grant the nse of their stock. Men with a few hundred dollars capital can get good bargains. Queen Anne: land is generally rented on shares, the owner receiving one-half the corn and one-third of the wheat. Charles and St. Mary's: when owner provides nothing, one-third; when he provides stock and implements he receives one-half. land is generally rented on shares, the owner receiving one-half the product, the renter furnishing his own stock, seeds, and implements. Howard: generally on shares; the owner provides nothing and receives one-third of the crop. Cecil: farms are usually rented on shares, upon varying terms as above. What are the chief articles of production, and what are thepresent prices of two or three of them? $1,200; Baltimore: Articles of production. Wheat-per Do............ ... Do ..-........ bushel.. do...... do.- Do.-...-_do_.. Do...........do.. Do ...... do .. Do.---------do. Do------ .... Corn ---------- do. Do-.--- ----- do..-Do.-........---do Do--------do. . Do---------..do...... Do.......do.. Do---------do. Do..--.-do.. Do--------do. Do---------do...... Do---------.do Do..........do.-. D......do...Do._-------Potatoes..- Prices. ...... do...... do.. Do... _.....do._. Do.........do...... Hay--------.per ton.... Do.........do.. Do..........do-.. Peaches....per bushel..- $1 20 $1ll0to 1 35 1 2Oto 1 35 1 30 l 3Oto 1 50 1 40 1 50 1 60 70 7Oto 75 65 to 70 78 80 80 to 1 00 90 1 00 1 20 40 45 50 56 60 45 50 1 00 20 00 16 00 12 00 1 00 Countieo. Washington. Talbot.. Montgomery. Charles, St. Mary's. Calvert, Anne Arundel. Baltimore, Dorchester. Kent, Alleghany, W orcesteT. Cecil. Worcester. Washington. Talbot. Cecil. Dorchester, Kent, Baltimore, Charles, St. Mary's. Anne Arundel Montgomery. Calvert. Alleghany. Worcester. Washington. Dorchester, Baltimore. Cecil. Kent, Alleghany. Talbot. Montgomery. Alleghany. Talbot. Montgomery. Alleghany. Kent. In Howard and Prince George counties the prices are regulated by the Baltimore market. 16 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. What is the distance to a market town, railroad station, or a steamboat landing? Dorchester: we have steamboat and railroad communication from this place. Kent: from 1 to 4 miles. Talbot: there are about twenty steamboat landings in this division, no farm in Talbot County being more than 5 miles from one of them; Easton is the county town, and Baltimore the principal market; railroad communication twice each day between Easton and Philadelphia and Baltimore. Alleghany: Cumberland is the chief market, and is situated in the center of the county; the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad passes directly through the city and through the entire county; Cumberland is the terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, Pittsburg and Connellsville Railroad, Baltimore .urnpike, and National Road direct from Wheeling, West Virginia. Washington: ten miles is the greatest distance from any part of the county to a railroad station or canal; the Baltimore and Ohio, and Cumberland Valley Railroads, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal traverse the county. Montgomery: to Washington City 18 miles; railroad station at Laurel, 8 to 20 miles. Calvert: there is no point in the county more than 5 miles distant from a landing; we have no railroads or market town. Anne Arundel: we are very favorably situated as to railroad and water communication, and convenient market. Worcester : we have all these within 8 miles of all farming lands in this county. Prince George: the same as above. Queen Anne : there is no farm in the county over 10 miles from steamboat landing and railroad station. Charles and St. Mary's: from 1 to 10 miles from steamboat landings. Baltimore: Baltimore City is the principal market town, furthest point distant 24 miles; several stations of the Northern Central and Western Maryland Railroads are within this division. Howard: the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad passes through this county, having various stations within it. Cecil: the Philadelphia, Wilmington.and Baltimore Railroad runs through the center of the county, having five stations within the county; the Philadelphia Central through the northwestern part, five stations; Chesapeake and Delaware Canal runs through the southern part of the county, two landings; the Susquehanna, Elk, North-East, Bohemia, and Sassafras Rivers afford numerous points of shipment; the Delaware Railroad is used by the southeastern part of the county; average not above 3 miles to a place of shipment. What is the general quality of land, and the kind of timber ? Dorchester: about one-half sandy loam and the other half stiff clay; oak and pine timber. Kent: the soil is of medium quality, generally good; the timber is oak, pine, and hickory. Talbot: the quality of land varies; white clay and loam, with red clay subsoil, black loam and sandy; oak and pine timber and some hickory. Alleghany: limestone and slate; mountain land rocky and gravelly; pine, oak, walnut, and poplar. Washington: limestone land, and very productive in the valley lying between the Blue Ridge on the east and the North Mountain on the west; west of North Mountain the land is slate and not so productive. Montgomery: clay loam, very thin, much of it exhausted from corn and tobacco planting, before the introduction of guano and other fertilizers. Calvert: the land is light loam generally, but there are a variety of soils; the timber is oak, chestnut, poplar, and pine. Anne Arundel: the land is generally good; oak, hickory, pine, and chestnut. Worcepter: the land is light, with red clay subsoil, with oak and gum swamp lands in less abundance; pine, oak, gum, hickory, and cypress. Prince George: this county is situated between the Patuxent and Po- INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 17 tomac Rivers; the lands forming what is known as the Ridge"are alternately poor, stiff soil, gravel and sand; much of this, however, is covered with well-grown oak timber, and a good part with useless pine. The land falling toward the Patuxent is generally light marl; soil very strong and fertile, most of it arable, remainder in heavy timber, white oak, poplar, walnut, &c.; lies well for cultivation, with an abundance of fine springs of water; the western, or Potomac slope, is alternately clay, gravel, and dark loam; the latter having been, within a few years past, very remunerative; plenty of oak and pine wood. Queen Anne: the northeastern part of the county is of light soil; the soil generally is of dark loam, and easily improved; the timber consists of red oak, white oak, hickory, poplar, and ash. Charles and St. Mary's: some poor and some fertile; clay, loam, and sand; oak, chestnut, and pine. Baltimore: the quality of land is various; limestone, granite, heavy clay, and loam; timber-oak, chestnut. and hickory. Howard: good soil; timber, oak, hickory, and chestnut. Cecil: the quality of the land is good; in some portions of'the county excellent; hickory, oak, ash, walnut, poplar, beech, locust, chestnut, and cedar. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Baltimore: skilled labor, to some extent, in the various extensive manufactories of Baltimore City. Kent: white labor. Talbot : farm and mechanical. Alleghany: miners, mechanics, and common laborers. Washington: the supply is more than equal to the demand. Montgomery: farm labor is abundant; a few mechanics would find plenty of employment, such as tailors, shoemakers, masons, &c., and house servants. Calvert: all kinds of labor wanted, farm labor particularly. Anne Arundel: farm labor especially. Worcester: farm labor. Prince George: farm labor, almost exclusively. Queen Anne: farm laborers and house servants, particularly cooks. Charles and St. Mary's: farm labor. Baltimore: house servants. Howard: there is a demand for labor of all kinds. Cecil: generally, the supply is equal to the demand. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation, or in progress, requiring skilled labor ? Kent and Talbot: none. Montgomery: none of any consequence; there are three or four grist and saw mills driven by steam in the county, and quite a large number by water. Alleghany: steam saw and planing mills, boat-yards, nine large tanneries, steam cabinet and furniture factories, cement-mills, rolling-mills, blast-furnaces, machine-shops, and steam flour-mills. Washington: paper mills or factories, and machine-shops for manufacturing agricultural implements. Calvert: none other than the common water and wind mills for the purpose of grinding corn. Anne Arundel: sash and blind factory, pickling factory. Worcester: steam saw and grist mills. Prince George: few mills, except ordinary grist-mills, of which there are quite a number throughout the county; six or eight steam saw-mills of small capacity; one large flour-mill of about one hundred barrels capacity per day, not running for want of capital. Queen Anne: seven grist-mills, two saw-mills, one large woolen factory, with numerous wheelwright and carriage factories. Charles and St. Mary's: steam and water grist and saw mills. Baltimore: two cotton factories, one woolen factory, one machine-shop for building engines and railroad cars, one iron furnace, two tanneries, one iron foundery, and fourteen grist-mills. Howard: there are thirteen large flour-mills, seven cotton factories, three woolen-mills, and two curled-hair factories, employing a large number of workmen. Cecil: rolling-mills, paper-mills, cotton factories, furnaces, planing-mills, &c. 2 18 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor otherpublic works in progress requiring common labor? If so, how far distant? Kent : one railroad in progress about 8 miles distant. Talbot: one through the center of Talbot and a portion of Caroline Counties. Alleghany: Pittsburg and Connellsville Railroad now under construction; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal wharf, with a large rolling-mill capable of employing two thousand laborers. Washington: extension of Cumberland Valley Railroad to Potomac River runs through Hagerstown and the center of the county. Montgomery: there is one railroad being constructed across the county, passing about 8 miles from Sandy Spring. Calvert, Anne Arundel, and Worcester: there are none in this immediate vicinity. Prince George: the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad is in process of construction, but is well supplied with labor, as the wages have attracted many h'snds from the adjoining farms; this road, it is said, will shortly give employment to many skilled laborers, as the construction and repair shops will be located at Huntington, about 16 miles from Washington City. Queen Anne: there is one railroad under construction, which will run from the northeastern end of the county to Centreville, the shire town, a distance of 21 miles. Charles and St. Mary's: in the upper part of Charles County the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad. Howard: Baltimore and Potomac Railroad. Cecil: Port Deposit and Columbia Railroad on the east bank of the Susquehanna River; fully supplied with labor. If many foreign-born workmen are employed in your district, please give the preponderatingnationality. Kent: very few, mostly Irish. Talbot: the same. Alleghany: English, Germans, Scotch, and Irish. Washington: Irish and Germans. Montgomery: nearly all of African descent; a very few Irish and Germans scattered through the county. Calvert: there are but few foreignborn laborers; the most of them are Germans. Anne Arundel: very few foreign-born, mostly Irish and Germans. Worcester: scarcely any of foreign birth. Prince George: quite a large number, the Germans preponderating. Queen Anne: but few foreign-born, a majority of whom are Irishmen. Charles and St. Mary's: only a few foreign-born; they are principally Germans. Baltimore: Irish and Germans. Howard: Germans. Cecil: the Irish preponderate. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or smallfarmers. Is there much land, of good quality, and well watered, yet unoccupied ? Kent: there is no place that offers better advantages to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers; there is not much land unoccupied, but the farms are large, and might advantageously be divided. Talbot: there is plenty of land belonging to large tracts that can be purchased at moderate prices, ranging from $10 to $60 per acre, according to quality and location; average, about $30. Alleghany: inducements for common laborers and mechanics very good; for small farmers tolerably good; very little land unoccupied except glade land. Washington: in the western part of the county there are unimproved lands with thin soil, some of which can be bought as low as $5 per acre, and would grow fruits profitably. Montgomery: there is much land uncultivated and well watered, but of poor quality; the climate is healthy; we are from 400 to 600 feet above tide-water. Calvert: the lands have been all once occupied, but there is not sufficient labor now to properly cultivate them; our land is naturally of good quality, but has suffered from neglect; the entire county is well watered. Anne Arundel: advantages are offered to laborers and small farmers; the farms are gen- 1 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 19 erally well improved and conveniently situated in regard to both water and railroad communication with market many of the holders are anxious to rent their farms. Worcester : our vicinity seems admirably adapted to fruit and truck farming, and is of easy access to market; the waters have abundance of oysters;* the land is sparsely occupied, and there is much land that could be advantageously worked; there is no scarcity of water, and there is much wood and timber that can be profitably marketed. Prince George: the land near the bay is well adapted to the growth of fruit, and peach farms are very remunerative; the farms are contiguous to steamboat landings both on the river and bay; land can be purchased at a moderate price; to men of small means who are willing to work, Prince George County offers many inducements; much good laud is lying idle for want of thrift and a little money. Queen Anne: unskilled white laborers can always find ployment; small farmers can obtain lands on favorable terms; there are many advantages presented to capital, labor, and enterprise; there is good water-power, and timber is abundant. Charles and St. Mary's: there is a great deal of good landuncultivated, which would give employment to large numbers of agricultural laborers. Baltimore and Howard : small farmers can obtain plenty of land of good quality, and well watered, on reasonable terms. Cecil: we have advantages of railroad and water communication perhaps unsurpassed; schools, cburches, salubrity of climate, and productiveness of soil rarely equaled. W hat are theprices of ordinaryfarm stock, sound and in good condition? em- W__ ___ orking County. _ Working oxen, per pair. Rent-----..----------...-$.. horses, each. $125 - -____ $125 $6 $4 to 6 3 100 to 250 30 to 50 2 to 5 150 150 150 25 to 30 25 to 50 20 to 64 4 to 6 3 to 6 2i to 3 125 40 100 125 80...._...... 150 175 50 1-25 130 150 to 300 $100 to 150 175 100 100 100 125 125 150 to 200 175 to 200 200 Howard-----------------------200 Cecil--------------------....150 to 275 100 to 150 150 to 200 Average-----------------.$127 50 The extent of the oyster beds of each. 50 150 to 200 Dorchester----------------------80 Prince George------------------125 Montgomery--------------------175 .... , $50 150 _------------ Baltimore-----------------....150 each each. $25 to 60 $75 to 150 Calvert------------80 to 100 Anne Arundel--------50 to 75 Worcester-----------------...50 to 100 Queen Anne------------------Charles and St. Mary's mules, 250 $150 Talbot-------------------$80 to 120 Alleghany----------------------150 Washington------------- orkingSheep $150 50 $12 3 fl0e. 5 4 $6 to 10 t50. 3 to 4 $46 00 $4 40 50 to 100 60 to 90 010 t~c. $2 to 10 tl0e. t~c. 5 ------------ 150 to 200 175to 250 $157 00 35 40 ti0c. t7c.to l0c. 3 to 6 6 to 7 Sc. Mle. t6 to $12 1 8c. Maryland is about three hundred and seventy-three square miles, which, under the administration of proper laws, would give employment to twenty thousand laborers in a few years. Besides the six hundred dredging vessels averaging twenty-three tons each, there are also two thousand canoes, which, on an average, take daily about five bushels each, by tongs, for seven months in the This fleet in 1869, employed 6,885 men, independent of those engaged in the caryear. rying trade, which would probably swell the number to between nine and ten thousand oyster business. The annual product is not less than hands employed afloat in 10,000,000 bushels, worth at hands $5,000,000.-(Report of Agricultural Department, 1869.) tPer pound. licensed, the, first 20 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. WEST VIRGINIA. A.:ea, 13,025,280 acres. Population in 1870, 442,033. Can land be purchased or rented in your district, suitablefor smallfarms, on favorable terms ? "Harrison, Ohio, Calhoun, Roane, Lewis, Gilmer, and Wood: it can. Pleasants "can be purchased unimproved. Pendleton: land can be purchased; there is not much for rent. Monongalia, Barbour, Hardy, Mineral, Upshur, Randolph, Preston, Taylor, Jefferson, Monroe, Ritchie, Boone, Fayette, Raleigh, Jackson, Kanawha, and Cabell: yes. What is the price per acre of small improved farms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Harrison: from $20 to $40 per acre, with fair improvements. Ohio: small improved farms are worth $150 per acre; about four-fifths under cultivation, nine-tenths fenced, buildings good, of wood or brick; every farm of 200 acres contains good clay for making brick; lime and sandstone abound. Monroe : from $10 to $50. Calhoun, and Roane: from $6 to $10; from one-fourth to one-third under cultivation and fenced; buildings generally of inferior character, usually log. Lewis: from $5 to $50; about one third under cultivation, and at least one-half under fence; buildings of medium qual.ity. Wood : from $5 to $50 per acre; about two-fifths under cultivation and well fenced; buildings only ordinary. Pendleton :from $8 to $75 per acre; the proportion of tillable to wild lands in this county is about one to twenty-five; county rough and devoted to grazing. Monongalia: from $5 to $40 per acre; about two-thirds fenced; buildings of log or frame. Barbour: well improved farms in the best sections sell for $40 per acre; the less eligible from $5 to $20; one-third to three-fourths under cultivation and fence; buildings moderately good. Hardy: the quality varies so much that it is difficult to make an average: sells at $5, $10, $15, $20, and upward per acre for the river bottoms; farms can be had of almost any size, some with valuable buildings and many with ordinary buildings, or none. Mineral: average, $30 per acre; one-third under cultivation, about the same under fence; generally frame buildings. Upshur and Randolph : small farms can be purchased at from $10 to $12 per acre; from onefourth to one-third fenced, and under cultivation; buildings of logs. Preston and Taylor : from $10 to $20 per acre; about one-third of same under fence; buildings generally of wood, and not of good quality. Jefferson: the price per acre of small improved farms is from $50 to $100; about three-fourths under cultivation, all fenced; buildings log and frame, and in bad repair. Ritchie: about $10 per acre; from one-fourth to one-half under cultivation, with ordinary buildings. Boone: $5 per acre; one-tenth fenced and finder cultivation; wooden buildings. Fay, ette Raleigh: rough log buildings chiefly. Jackson: from $5 to $15 per acre, with from 20 to 100 acres cleared and under cultivation, some with log buildings, and some with frame buildings. Kanawha: from $25 to $100 per acre. Cabell: from $5 to $30 per acre; the larger portion unimproved. What is the priceper acre of unimproved land, what proportion is clcared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? Harrison: from $5 to $20 per acre. Ohio: none for sale; the unim. proved land belongs to and forms a part of the improved farms, the Names of counties from which returns have been received. INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 21 timber being preserved on account of its value; three-fourths of the timber land is fenced. Monroe: from $5 to $15. Calhoun and Roane: from $3 to $5 per acre; proportion of cleared land very small, with a few acres fenced. Lewis and Gilmer : from $2 to $10. Wood: from $2 to $10, mostly timbered, and not generally fenced. Pleasants : from $3 to $10. Pendleton : from 25 cents to $10 per acre, according to location and quality. Monongalia: from $1 to $20 per acre, none cleared or fenced. Barbour : from $3 to $6; but little cleared. Hardy : the greater part is mountainous, and can be purchased at from 50 cents to $5 per acre. Mineral: $8 to $10; one-fourth cleared and fenced. Upshur and Randolph: from 12. cents to $10; all mountain lands. Preston: from $1 to $6. Taylor: about $6 per acre ; but little under fence. Jefferson : from $20 to $30, the most of it cleared and fenced. Ritchie: from $2 to $8, little cleared. Boone: about $2, neither cleared nor fenced. Fayette and Raleigh: about $2 50. Jackson : from $2 to $5. Kanawha: from $5 to $15, not cleared nor fenced. Cabell: from $2 to $25, according to location. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive ? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds? Harrison: from $3 to $5 per acre; when rented on shares, the owner receives from one-third to one-half the grain, in gross. Ohio: $5 per acre is the lowest rent for grazing and tilling; near the city of Wheeling $15 to $30 per acre is paid for garden purposes; on shares one-half the product is paid, the tenant finding teams, seeds, implements, &c.; when these are provided by the owner he receives two-thirds. Monroe: owner receives one-third and furnishes nothing but the land. Calhoun and Roane : a farm of 50 or 60 acres rents for about $35 per annum; if rented on shares, the owner receives one-third; if he provide stock, implements, and seeds, he receives one-half. Lewis and Gilmer : $50; on shares from one-third to one-half the product, according as the one or the other furnishes stock, &c. Wood: but few rented farms in this county; owner receives one-third. Pleasants: owner receives one-third. Pendleton: from $5 to $12; on shares, one-half without furnishing stock, &c. Monongalia: one-third of crops. Barbour: from $50 to $100; if on shares, from one-third to one-half, according as the one or the other party furnishes stock, &c. Hardy and Mineral: one-third of grain, hay, and fruits; renter furnishing seed. Upshur and Randolph: from $30 to $50; from one-third to one-half. Preston and Taylor : the owner receives onethird; does not furnish stock, &c. Jefferson: from $2 to $3 per acre; on shares two-fifths of the crop; tenant provides all. Ritchie: onehalf; owner finding seeds, &c. Boone: if stock, &c., furnished by owner, one-half; if not, one-third. Fayette and Randolph : one-third of crop, furnishing nothing. Jackson: from $50 to $150 per year; owner receives one-third, and if he furnishes stock, &c., one-half. Kanawha: same as above. Cabell: the same. 22 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. What are the chief articles of production, and what are the present prices of two or three of them ? Counties. Articles of production. Prices. per Wheat --- bushel. do Do-----_- --- $0 80 to $1 00 1 00 Do-- --- __----do.... - Do--------do Do.---------do Do---------doDo_------do 125to Corn..........--do ___50 Do.--..-----.do----60 Do---------..do----65 Do---------do __75 Do---------- do --Do---------.do..... 0to --- Do----.----do Rye...........d....70 Do---------___do-- Do_--__.d------ Oats--------.. ----Do___---------- do.. - -__.__.do----33 Do ---------- do___ Do.-------do----50 PotatoesDo------do-----Do........--.do.._.. do----30 Do_.---------do....75 Salt_---------- do___ 35 to Hardy. Calhoun, Roane, Pendleton, Monongalia Jackson. 1 20 Harrison, Mineral, Cabell. 1 25 Ohio, Lewis, Gilmer, Pleasants. Jefferson, Fayette, Raleigh. 1 00 150 Ritchie. 1 50 Upshur, Randolph, Preston, Taylor, Boone, Fayette, Raleigh. Wood, Kanawha, Fayette, Raleigh. Calhoun, Roane, Pleasants, Jackson. Ohio, Lewis, Gilner. Harrison, Monongalia, Boone. 80 lUpshur, Randolph, Jefferson. 1 00 Hardy, Cabcll. 1 00 Pendleton. Lewis, Gilmner. 75 Jackson. 1 00 Harrison, Mineral, Preston, Taylor, Cabell 40 Calhoun, Roane. 40 Ohio, Pleasants, Monongalia. Raleigh. 45 Jackson, Lewis, Gilmer. Harrison, Upshnr, Randolph, Cabell, Preston, Taylor, Boone. Pleasants. Wood. 35 1 00 Cabell. Lewis, Gilmer, Monongalia, Jefferson. Kanawha. 25 Fayette, Petroleum is an article of extensive commerce in Wood County. Tobacco is grown in Harrison, Calhoun, Roane, Lewis, Gilmer, Ritchie, Jackson, Kanawla, and Cabell Counties. What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing? Harrison : railroad passing nearly through the center of the county. Ohio : several railroads connect in Wheeling in this county. Monroe : twenty miles to railroad. Calhoun and Roane : the county seat, Spencer, is centrally located; railroad station 40 miles; Ohio River33 miles. Lewis and Gilmer: twenty-three miles to nearest railroad station. Wood : Parkersburg, a city of 8,000 inhabitants, furnishes market for a radius of 5 to 8 miles, and a railroad runs through the center of the county. Pendleton: from Franklin to Harrisonburg, Virginia, 40 miles, on Manassas road. Monongalia : 19 miles to a railroad station ; 12 miles to a steamboat landing. Barbour : from county seat to railroad, 12 miles to 25 miles. Hardy: about 40 miles to Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Mineral: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad runs through the county ; best markets, Baltimore and Wheeling. Upshur and Randolph : home market. Buchanan and Beverly; railroad station, 28 miles. Preston: railroad passes directly through the county a distance of 30 miles. Jefferson : from 1 to 10 miles. Boone : 40 miles to the nearest steamboat landing. Fayette and Raleigh : steamboat landing in Fayette County, 40 miles from Raleigh Court-House. Jackson : this county borders on the.Ohio River for some 35 miles; some six or seven villages in the county. Kan- INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 23 awha: navigable river through the center of the county. Cabell: most distant point in the county from steamboat landing, 20 miles. What is the general quality of land, and the kind of timber? Harrison: the land is of good quality; the timber is oak, poplar, walnut, maple, beech, hickory, ash, &c. Ohio: good; the tops of the highest hills producing more and better crops than even the valleys; walnut, white and black poplar, white and yellow, oak, white, black, and red, hickory, white and black, maple, beech, &c.; pawpaw and alder in abundance. Monroe: good, but hilly; oak, poplar, sugar-maple, beech, and hickory. Calhoun and Roane: very rich and productive; all kinds of timber-white oak, hickory, walnut, poplar, sugar-maple, &c. Lewis and Gilmer: very good; timber-oak, poplar, walnut, sugarmaple, and beech. Wood: sandy soil and oak timber; some sycamore, locust, and poplar. Pleasants : hilly; white oak, poplar, walnut, sugarmaple, and beech. Pendleton: river bottoms, and limestone on the hills and mountains; pine in every variety, oak and chestnut, walnut, cherry, sugar-maple, &c. Monongalia: of good quality; timber-white oak, hickory, poplar, sugar-maple, black and white walnut. Barbour : average quality of land good; timber-poplar, sugar-maple, oak, hickory, walnut, ash, and in the mountain pine. Hardy: some of the land is very fertile, and other very poor, with almost every variety of timber, viz, oak, pine, walnut, chestnut, poplar, hickory, ash, &c. Mineral: ordinary, very mountainous; valleys very fertile; pine, oak, sugar-maple. Upshur; Randolph: good; timber-poplar, oak, chestnut, beech, and pine. Preston and Taylor: good quality ; oak and poplar, black walnut, hickory, ash, and sugar-maple. Jefferson : the general character of the land is limestone and slate-stone; the timber--oak, hickory, locust, and cedar. Ritchie: land generally good; timber-white oak and poplar. Boone: land rich and productive, but mountainous; timber in great abundance; poplar, walnut, wild cherry, sugar-maple, butternut, different kinds of oak, ash, &c. Fayette and Raleigh: white poplar, spruce pine, and white oak. Jackson: generally very productive; white oak, hickory, poplar, yellow pine in some places, beech, dogwood, walnut, black oak. Kanawha : land hilly, but the soil is good; -poplar, oak, pine, and beech. Cabell: clay and loam, very good; oak, poplar, walnut, beech, sugai maple, hickory, &c. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Harrison: all kinds from farm hands to the best mechanics. Ohiofarm labor, mining, &c. Monroe: to work on railroad. Calhoun and Roane: farm labor principally. Lewis, Gilmer, Pendleton, and Wood: the same. Monongalia: farm and mechanical. Barbour: farm labor, and a few good mechanics. Hardy: farm labor chiefly. Mineral: principally for railroad. Upshur and Randolph; there is a demand for skilled labor to develop the mineral wealth of this division. Preston and Taylor: all kinds. Jefferson: farm hands and carpenters. Ritchie: domestic. Boone, Fayette, and Raleigh: farm labor chiefly. Jackson: farm and mechanical. Kanawha: good mechanics. Cabell: all kinds. What mills orfactories, if any, are in operationor in progress,requiring skilled labor? Harrison: two grist and saw mills, and one machine-shop. Ohio, Monroe, Calhoun, Roane, Pleasants, Pendleton, Monongalia, Barbour, Hardy, Jefferson, Ritchie, Boone, Fayette, and Raleigh: none of any note. Lewis and Gilmer: several steam-mills and tanneries, but no manufacturing establishments. Wood: but few mills or factories in this county. Upshur and Randolph: grist-mills and saw-mills; no laborers needed. Preston and Taylor: four woolen-mills, two furnaces. Jack- 24 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. son: two woolen factories, ten or twelve grist-mills, two cigar manufac tories, one tobacco manufactory, one boat yard. Kanawha: woolen factories and saw-mills. Cabell: only ordinary grist and saw mills. any Are there in your vicinity any railroads or other public works in progress requiring common labor ? If so, how far distant? Harrison: Northwestern road passes through the county. Ohio: no. Monroe: yes; 20 miles distant. Calhoun, Roane, Wood, Pleasants, Pendleton, Barbour, and Hardy: none. Mineral: only the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which is laying a double track. Lewis and Gilmer: no railroads; the State is building at Weston, Lewis County, a hospital for the insane. Monongalia: two railroads in contemplation. Upshur and Randolph:, there will be soon. Jefferson : one thirty miles distant. Ritchie: one railroad running through the county town. Boone: Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, 35 miles. Fayette and Raleigh: a railroad in progress. Kanawha: one hundred and sixty miles of railroad through the county. Cabell: good prospects for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad running through the center of the county; route surveyed. If manybforeign-bornworkmen are employed in your district,please give the preponderatingnationality. Harrison: the Northwestern Railroad employ Irish on their road; some few Dutch miners in the county. Ohio: German. Monroe: not many foreign-born. Lewis and Gilmer: Irish. Wood: German. Barbour: none. Hardy: none. Mineral: Irish. Upshur and Randolph: very few, Irish. Jefferson: nine-tenths of the workmen employed are Americans. Ritchie: Irish work on the railroads. Boone: a few Irish. Jackson: but few foreigners here; some German, French, and irish. Kanawha: Germans. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, meehanics, or small farmers. Is there much land of good quality and well watered yet unoccupied ? Harrison: this county needs good mechanics and common laborers; there is some land of pretty good quality unoccupied, which is well watered. Ohio: the city of Wheeling, being a manufacturing town, affords a good market for everything the land produces; good profits are realized by farmers; renters are fast becoming owners of land; the land is all rich and well watered; all occupied. Calhoun and Roane: these counties offer superior advantages to farm laborers, or small farmers; plenty of good rich land, well watered and timbered, can be bought at cheap rates, and is peculiarly adapted to grazing stock as well as farming; fine water-power; good opening for mills, factories, &c. Lewis and Gilmer: the land is well adapted to general farming purposes, and particularly for grazing; there is at least one-half of the land of godd quality and well watered that is not permanently occupied. Wood: good land unoccupied, and generally well watered; laborers and small farmers are most needed here. Pendleton: large tracts of land of good quality, and worthy the attention of all those desiring to engage in sheep or cattle grazing; the water-power of the county is unsurpassed. Monongalia: land of good quality at low prices. Barbour: much unoccupied land can be purchased at a reasonable price; good openings for shoemakers, wagon-makers, &c. Mineral: a good deal of well-watered and well-timbered mountain land might be greatly improved. Upshur and Randolph: laborers and small farmers can do well in this division in cultivating mountain lands, which are rich and productive. Preston and Taylor : laborers and mechanics can find employment at good wages; much land of good quality, well watered, is yet unoccupied; coal and iron ore and timber in abundance. Jefferson: men of small means can 2 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 25 do as well here as in any part of the Union; the land is good and the climate delightful. Boone: abundance of good pastnre and grazing land, plenty of springs and good water-power, but great lack of good mills and machinery; the greatest abundance of cannel and nearly every other kind of valuable coal, some veins from eight to ten feet in depth; this county offers the greatest inducements to wool-growers, it is thought, of any in the United States. Fayette and Raleigh: tis section abounds in the choicest qualities of cannel, splint, and every variety of coal, and other valuable minerals, such as iron, copper, and silver; well watered with small water-courses; never-failing springs; any amount of good land for sale at low prices. Jackson: there are great inducements to small farmers; abundance of unimproved lands can be bought at a cheap rate; the climate is all that can be desired, soil productive, well adapted to grain, grass, and fruit of all descriptions. Kanawha: about 300,000 acres of unimproved land in this county. Cabell: a large amount of good land, well watered, yet unoccupied. What are the prices of ordinaryfarm stock, sound and in good condition? C'onnties. Working oxen, per pair. Couties. 1 1 2 Harrison .-----------$.150 Ohio------------------150 1Nicholas--------------100 ICalhoun and1Roane.. 125 1Lewis and Gimer . 125 1Wood--------------- $125 to 200 1Pleasants----------------140 1RIitchie--------- ------ 100 to 150 Barbour--------------l100tol150 Working mnles, each. Mileheows aH $125 $150 125 150 75 100 100 $125 to 140 100 105 100 50 to 150 $40 50 25 $20 to 30 25 to 50 40 Working horses, each, 140 150 $75 to 150 100 100tol150 100to to 150 1.50 2 Hardy----------------lO00to25O 75 to 150 80 to 150 2 Miea-------140 140 130 2 lpshur and Randolph. 100 to 150 100 to 150 100 to 150 2Preston and Taylor.... 175 100 125 to 150 2' Jefferson .. -.. 125 150 175 2 Monongalia - -_- --- ---- to 150 70 75 to 120 6o to 100 2 Pendleton-- -- --- ---- 75 to 200 75 to 150 75 to 150 3 Mason and Putnamn... 10 100 lOto 150 100 toi125 3 Boone----------------100 100 100 Fayette and Raleigh. 3 ~ 100 3 Jackson------------------125 3 Kanawha----------------100 3 Cabell---------------- 75 to 175 Average---------$134 54 Sheep, 25 to 40 30to 50 2Oto 100 30 30 to 50 40 to 50 439to 50 2o to 40 25Sto 40 30 to 40 25 125 $lto 2t$6 2 2 100 130 50 to 200 30 30 20Oto 40 1 to 1* 1 to $112 $123 771 2-11 2 to 3 2 11 to 3 1 to 11 22 to 10 1 1 to 21 11 to 2 2 25 100 100 50 to 150 secc. *80 $2 3 40--------- 100 *Pcr pound. o 41 32 2 1 to .1 to 3 $3572 $2 *lfm. 5 $5 tot$6 10 $5 tol10 to 30 5 3to20 9 tol16 8 to 15 5 10c. to 9 *8 to 10c. $4 to 10 5 to 0 t$6 $6 $4 *6 to 8c. $10 81 to 10 $6 50 IBy hundred weight. II. WESTERN AND NORTHWESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. OHIO. Area, 25,576,960 acres. Population in 1870, 2,665,012. Jan land be or rented in your district suitable for small farms purchased on favorable terms ? *Adams and Butler: yes. rally large. * Preble: the farms for rent are gene- Champaign, Highland, Fayette, Br-own, Franklin, Erie, Names of couuties from which returns have teo n1ec ivcd. 26 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Union, Marion, Richland, Ottawa, Sandusky, Lucas, Williams, Wood, Defiance, Fulton, Lawrence, Jackson, Fairfield, Muskingum, Licking. Knox, Ashland, Wayne, Medina, Holmes, Monroe, Washington, Noble, Belmont, Stark, Columbiana, Carroll, Ashtabula, and Morgan: it can. Warren, Clinton, Clarke, Greene, Madison, Richland, Perry, Lorain. Guernsey, Stark, and Summit: no. Shelby: land can be purchased on fair terms; not much to rent. Darke: there are lands for sale and also farms for rent. Highland: farms generally small and occupied by owners. Morrow : I think not. Richland: not very favorable. Huron and Sandusky: yes. Crawford: farms can be purchased; but few to rent. Seneca: the same. Pickaway: yes, in some localities. Hocking: but very little suitable for small farms to be purchased or rented. Lorain: there is no unimproved land. Meigs: not very favorable. Athens: lands are often sold, but not rented. Columbiana: but little for rent or sale. Jefferson: in limited quantity. Ashtabula: land can be bought, not rented. Jefferson, part 2d: as a general thing the lands are owned and occupied by well-to-do farmers. Trumbull: it cannot on favorable terms. Portage: rather high. Mahoning: not many farms to rent. Geauga: can be purchased, but not rented. What is the price per acre of small improved farms ? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Adams: $40 to $100 per acre. Butler: small improved farms vary in price according to locality, quality of soil, and improvements, from $50 to $150 per acre; land generally fenced, and from two-thirds to threefourths under cultivation. Montgomery: average price per acre about $100; about one-half cultivated and three-fourths fenced; buildings generally pretty good. Preble: from $70 to $80 per acre; threefourths under cultivation; all fenced; good brick or frame buildings. Warren: average price per acre, $75. Champaign: from $50 to $150 per acre; all under cultivation and fenced, with comfortable buildings. Shelby: $35 to $75 per acre. There is quite a diversity of soil, and also of improvements. Darke: from $20 to $100 per acre, with the same remark as above. Highland: average $50 per acre; one-half to twothirds cleared and under cultivation; all fenced ; comfortable frame and log buildings. Fayette: $60 to $70; three-fourths under cultivation; all fenced; principally frame buildings. Brown: $30 to $100 per acre. Buildings generally frame or brick. Clinton: $75 per acre; all fenced. Franklin: $50 to $100 per acre; about three-fourths in cultivation and fenced; mostly small frames. Clarke: the price of small well-improved farms here ranges from $80 to $100 per acre. Greene: $100 per acre; three-fourths under cultivation; all fenced; buildings generally good, the majority of them frame. Erie: $100 per acre; one-half in cultivation; all fenced; frame buildings. Madison: $60 per acre; three-fourths in cultivation and fenced; brick and frame buildings. Union: about $40 per acre; two-thirds under cultivation; nearly all fenced; buildings mainly log. Richland : $75 per acre; two-thirds under cultivation; seveneighths fenced; buildings principally wood. Morrow: from $50 to $65 per acre; from two-thirds to three-fourths under cultivation; buildings mostly frame. Marion: $45 per acre; almost all under cultivation, and all fenced; good buildings. Ottawa, $25 to $50; one-half to three-fourths cultivated and fenced ;buildings mostlyframe. Huron: $40 to $75 ; nearly all under cultivation and well fenced; frame buildings. Sandusky: $75 per acre, three-fourths improved; good fences and buildings. Crawford: from $45 to $75; three-fourths under cultivation; all under fence; from INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 27 ordinary to goods buildings. Seneca: average, $50, one-half to two-thirds cultivated; generally fenced; buildings, ordinary. Lucas: $15 to $75, according to distance from town and improvements; one-half under cultivation and fenced ; all kinds of buildings, from a log house to a brick mansion. Pickaway: from $25 to $125; much of the land is devoted to grazing, nearly all inclosed; buildings generally good. Williams: $30 to $65; about one-half under cultivation and fenced; mostly frame buildings. Wood : $15 to $30, about one-half cleared and fenced; frame buildings. Defiance: $15 to $25; about one-third under cultivation; one-half fenced; buildings generally of logs. Fulton: $35; one-half under cultivation; ordinary buildings. Lawrence: about $15 per acre; one-fourth under cultivation and fenced; buildings of logs, generally. Jackson: $25 to $50; all fenced; one-half under cultivation; buildings poor. Hocking: about $20; two-thirds fenced and under cultivation; buildings generally not very good. Fairfield: this is an old county; small farms worth from $40 to $150 per acre. Perry : $30to $100; about three-fourths cleared and fenced. Muskingum: $30 to $50; three-fourths under cultivation; about all fenced; buildings generally small, and mostly frame or log. Licking: $65; about three-fourths under cultivation, all fenced; mostly frame buildings. Knox: $20 to $50, partly improved. Lorain : $50 to $100; four-fifths of all lands in this county are cleared; nearly all fenced. Ashland: about $60 per acre; twothirds under cultivation and fenced; the buildings are frame and brick. Wayne: $50 to $150; two-thirds under cultivation, balance timber land, nearly all fenced; usually two-story frame buildings. Medina : $40 to $60; from two-thirds to four-fifths under cultivation, generally all fenced; frame buildings. Holmes: $50 to $60; one-half under cultivation; all fenced; wood buildings. Monroe: $15 to $20; from one-third to twothirds under cultivation and fenced; comfortable buildings. Meigs: hill land, $25 to $50 per acre; bottom land, $75 to $100; from one-half to three-fourths fenced and under cultivation; generally frame buildings. Washington: $5 to $200 per acre, embracing all qualities of land; more than one-half improved; buildings generally low-priced. Athens: $15 to $25 per acre; about one-half fenced and cultivated. Noble: $25 to $50; about two-thirds fenced and under cultivation; buildings ordinary. Belmont: $20 to $100, according to location, quality, and improvements. Guernsey: $30 to $45; three-fourths under cultivation, all under fence; buildings generally frame, not very good. Columbiana: about $50 per acre; about three-fourths under cultivation and fenced; buildings mostly frame. Stark: from $65 to $125: more than half under cultivation, all fenced, good frame and brick dwellings. Jefferson: about $50; one-half to two-thirds under cultivation, three-fourths fenced; buildings frame or hewed logs. Carroll: $30 to $60 for upland; valley land is worth from $100 to $125 per acre; about two-thirds under cultivation, all fenced; buildings, ordinary frame and brick. Ashtabula: $75 to $125; three-fourths to seven-eighths under cultivation, mostly all under fence; buildings fair to good. Jefferson: $40 to $100, fairly improved. Summit: $40 to $70, all fenced and under cultivation; frame buildings. Trumbull: $60 to $125; three-fourths under cultivation, all fenced; buildings of medium quality. Portage: $80 to $120 per acre; three-fourths cleared, well fenced; good buildings. Mahoning: from $40 to $100; from one-half to three-fourths under cultivation. Geauga: $30 to $50; from one-half to three-fourths under cultivation, all fenced; frame buildings. Morgan: $35 to $85; two-thirds under cultivation; good fences and buildings. 28 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. What is the price per acreof unimproved land, what proportionis cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? Adams: from $5 to $20 per acre. Butler: uncleared land commands the same price as that which has been cleared and cultivated. Montgomery: from $50 to $75 per acre, one-half of same cleared and fenced. Preble: unimproved land with good timber is worth as much as improved. Highland, Fayette, Clarke, Greene, Morrow, Richland, Huron, Crawford, Fairfield, Perry, Lorain, Wayne, Medina, Monroe, Noble, Belmont, Columbiana, Stark, Ashtabula, Jefferson, Summit, Trumbull, Portage, Mahoning, and Geauga: none of this description for sale; the uncleared land is worth as much as, if not more than, that which is cleared. Champaign: woodland from $75 to $200 per acre; there is no unimproved cleared land in the county. Shelby: $25 to $35; not much good unimproved land in the county. Darke: from $8 to $80. Brown: from $30 to $40 per acre. Clinton: $45 per acre; very little cleared. Franklin: $50; three-fourths cleared and fenced. Erie: $50. Madison: $35 per acre; three-fourths cleared and fenced. Union : $20 to $35; about three-fourths cleared; nearly all lands are fenced. Richland: $65 per acre; one-eighth is cleared, seven-eighths fenced. Marion: average, $20 per acre. Ottawa: $10 to $25 per acre; Sandusky : $30 to $60. Seneca: average, $30. Lucas: from $5 to $50. Pickaway : there is no land in this county worth under $25 per acre, and the lands are nearly all inclosed for cultivation or grazing. Williams : $10 to $25 per acre; about one-half cleared and two-thirds fenced. Wood: from $5 to $12 per acre. Defiance : $10 per acre at an average. Fulton: from $5 to $30 per acre. Lawrence: about $7. Jackson: very good can be had for $5 per acre. Hocking: average price $5. Muskingum: $25 to $40; one-fourth cleared and fenced. Licking: $50; one-fifth cleared; nearly all fenced. Knox: $10 to $15. Lorain : none unimproved. Holmes: $35 to $50. Meigs: average $15. Washington: at all prices, according to quality, &c. Athens: $10 to $20; onethird to one-half cleared and under fence. Guernsey: very little, if any, for sale; an occasional tract worth from $18 to $30 per acre. Carroll: $30 per acre if tolerably well timbered; none cleared, and none under fence. Ashtabula : $50 per acre, one-half cleared and under fence; $75 to $100 for timber land, according to quality of timber. Mahouing: very little unimproved, and it is worth more than the improved on account of the timber.' Morgan: cleared land, otherwise unimproved, from $10 to $200. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds? Adams: $3 to $15 per acre; or, if on shares, owner provides nothing, and gets one-third. Butler: owner usually receives one-half the crop, and when he furnishes stock, implements, and seeds, he receives two-thirds. Montgomery: owner receives two-fifths, tenant furnishing everything. Preble: $5 to $8 per acre, money rent; on shares, owner receives one-half when he provides stock, implements, and seeds, otherwise one-third. Champaign: $5 to $10 per acre; shares as the preceding. Shelby: $3 to $6, or two-fifths of crop, owner providing nothing. Darke: $2 to $3 per acre; if on shares, two-fifths of crop is the usual rate, lessee furnishing everything. Highland: $3 to $6 per acre; on shares, owner receives one-third, and furnishes stock, seeds, &c. Fayette: $5 per acre, or one-half of the corn in the stack; one-third of the small grain in the bushel. Brown: $5 to $10 per acre for cleared land; tobacco INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 29 land, housing, and sticks furnished at $15 to $25 per acre; on shares, the usual rent is one-third to one-half the crop, the renter furnishing his own team and seeds. Clinton: $4 per acre, or two-fifths of the product. Franklin: $5 to $8 per acre; on shares, one-half in shock or barn. Clarke: $8 to $10 per acre; shares, one-half, owner finding nothing. Greene: from $5 to $10; generally rented for one-half the crop, tenant furnishing everhining. Erie : $3 to $5 peracre; shares as the preceding. Madison: $5 per acre; shares, owner receives one-half, and if he provides stock, &c., two-thirds. Morrow: when the lessee finds everything, he delivers one-third of the grain in the crib, and one-half the hay in the mow. Union: cash rent $1 50 per acre; on shares, onehalf. the occupant to find implements and seeds. llichland: $3 per acre; shares, owner receives two-thirds, and furnishes everything but labor, or two-fifths, and furnishes nothing. Marion: shares; same as preceding. Ottawa: one-third the grain and one-half the hay is given to the owner, tenant providing everything. Huron: $5; shares, owner receives one-half and provides half the team and seed. Sandusky: $5 per acre; owner's share, one-third to one-half; in the latter case he furnishes half the seeds. Crawford: $3 per acre; on shares, owner receives one-half of all produced. Seneca: $3 per acre; on shares, if landlord furnishes everything, he receives one-half; if only the seed, two-fifths; if nothing, one-third. Lucas: $3 to $5 per acre; shares, one-third to one-half to owner; he seldom furnishes. Pickaway: owner receives one-half of the corn, one-third of the wheat; he furnishing seeds. Williams: $3 to $5; shares, owner receives one-third of the grain and onehalf of the hay; furnishes nothing. Wood: furnishing stock, implements and seeds, the owner gets one-half; without either, one-third. Defiance: one-third to two-fifths where renter furnishes implements and seeds, which is the usual custom in this vicinity. Fulton: owner receives two-fifths of crop. Lawrence: one-third to owner; or onehalf if he furnishes seeds, team, &c. Hocking: shares, the same. Fairfield : $5 to $10 per acre; if teams and implements are furnished by owner, he receives two-thirds of crop. Perry: owner receives one-half, and provides nothing. Muskingum: $50 to $100 per annum; shares, owner two-fifths; does not furnish. Licking: $6 per acre, or one-half the crop. Knox: $2 to $5; shares, from two-fifths to one-half to owner. Lorain: $3 to $4, or one-half of crop. Ashland: $3, or one-half the product. Wayne: about 6 per cent. on value of premises, or one-half the crop. Medina : $1 50 to $3 per acre, or else owner one-third. Holmes: $3 per acre, or two-fifths of crop. Monroe: one-third of crop, or one-half when owner provides stock, implements, and seeds. Meigs: bottom farms rent for one-half the crop, tenant furnishing all; back farms rent for less. Washington: on good land owner receives half; on thin land, one-third. Athens: owner gets one-third on upland farms, and one-half on river farms; tenant stocks the farm and finds seeds. Noble: $1 to $2 per acre, or one-half the crop. Belmont: $2 to $4; shares, owner one-third Guernsey: very few to rent; $2 to $2 50 per acre; owner two-thirds, he providing stock, implements, &c. Colum. biana: $3, or one-third, nothing furnished; otherwise one-half. Stark: $3 to $5, or one-third to owner. Jefferson: owner one-third, or if he furnish, then one-half. Carroll: $2 to $5 per acre; shares, as above. Ashtabula: stocked farms pay owner three-fifths; not stocked, onehalf, expense of tools divided. Summit: $3 per acre, or one-third the crop. Trumbull: one-half to each, each furnishing half of stock, seeds, &c. Portage: $5 per acre, or shares, as the preceding. Mahoning: 30 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. half the proceeds, each furnishing half. Geauga: one-half to each. Morgan: one-third, or one-half, and furnishes implements, &c. What are the chief articles of production, and what are the present of two or three of them? prices Articles of production. Wheat. - ."-.per bushel.. Do---------do. Do---------do. Do---------do. Do.........do. Prices. Counties. $0 90 $90to 1 00 9Oto 1 10 95 1 00 Do.........do...... Do.do..... 1 05 1 10 Do.........do.. Do.........do. Do........do. Corn.........do...... 1 15 1 25 1 50 40 Do.........--do...... 60 - Do-- - -- d . . . 65 Do.........do.. Do ._..do..... Do--. do..... 50 55 70 Do.......do. 75 Do Do........do.. Do .......... Do ._.. ...... Oats......do.. do do...... d..... Do.........--do...... Do .......... do...... 80 90 1 00 30 to 34 35 37 to 40 40 Do..........do...... 45 Do "___ Do -o..... .......... do.. 47 50 Do........--.... Do.........--do.. Barley........-do...... Do.........--do.. Do........-- .do.. .... Rye..--.-.---.-do.. Do.........-do..Potatoes. .do..Do...... _ ... do.. Do .......... do...... Do........_do._ Do . ....... do._. Do .......... Do .......... do...... do...... 55 60 75 1 00 1 30 75 90 35 40 50 60 70 6Oto 75 90Oto 1 00 Preble, Union, Williams, Carroll. Richiand. Hocking. Adams, Highland, Clarke, Seneca, Knox. Montgomery, Butler, Champaign, Shelby, Brown, Clinton, Franklin, Greene, Warren, Huron, Crawford, Defiance, Pickaway, Fulton, Fairfield, Perry, Muskingum, Holmes, Athens, Noble, Guernsey, Columbiana, Jefferson, Morgan, Darke. Fayette, Lucas. Erie, Wood, Jackson, Ashland, Wayne, Stark. Meigs,. Sandsky. Ottawa, Portage, Mahoning. Ashtabula. Highland, Crawford, Morrow, Richland, Adams. Clinton, Franklin, Madison, Perry, Athens, Guernsey, Jefferson, Morgan. Shelby, Darke, Fayette, Clarke, Union, Marion, Pickaway, Fairfield, Knox, Holmes Carroll. Belmont, Sandusky. Licking. Champaign, Seneca, Meigs, Muskingum, Noble, Mahoning. Preble, Butler, Highland, Brown, Greene, Erie, Huron, Wood, Jackson, Hocking, Lorain, Wayne. Montgomery, Ottawa, Lucas, Fulton, Ashland, Columbiana, Clarke, Mahoning. Defiance. Portage. Darke, Belmont. Columbiana, Crawford, Morrow. Richland, Sandusky. Fulton, Perry, Knox, Noble, Clarke, Union, Huron, Seneca, Jefferson, Portage, Mahoniug.Butler, Shelby, Greene, Marion, Meigs, Stark. Lncas. Montgomery, Clinton, Ottawa, Williams, Wood, Wayne, Hocking, Athens, Mahoning. Brown, Jackson, Ashland. Champaign.Darke. Huron. Butler, Clarke. Highland, Union, Darke. Stark, Franklin. Muskingum, Wayne. Franklin. Morgan, Champaign. Defiance, Meigs, Athens. Jefferson. Jackson. Crawford, Huron. Mahoning. INFORMATION Articles of production. Potatoes -....perbushel.. Do ........... do------...... Do ........... do...... Do ........... do...... Tobacco.....per pound.. Do ........... do...... per ton.. Hay ..------.....--- FOR IMMIGRANTS. Prices. $0 38 to 40 to 31 Counties. $0 40 40 60 45 12 15 6 00 Licking, Franklin. Richland. Lorain. Medina, Belmont. Brown. Montgomery. Marion. Do .-----............ do---....- 10 00 Erie, Madison, Ottawa, Perry, Belmont. Do---............. do.... 12 00 Fayette, Franklin, Wood, Licking, Lorain. Do .............----------- do.... Do .............----------- .... do Broom corn ...... do.... 12 00 to 15 00 Lucas, Meigs, Brown. 18 Butler. 3 50 Butler. What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing? Adams: this county lies on the Ohio River. Hamilton, Butler County, is a railroad station, furnishing a market itself, and being within 25 miles of Cincinnati. Montgomery: not more than 5 miles to a railroad station, or a market town from any part of the district. Preble: there are two railroads passing through this county. The distance is short to a station or market town. Warren: 4 to 6 miles. Champaign: market and shipping point at the county town centrally located, at the crossing of three railroads. Shelby: two railroads running through the county, crossing at right angles at this place, Sidney; also a canal from Cincinnati to Toledo. Darke: no distance at all; railroads and towns almost every half-mile. Highland: 8 or 10 miles from remote points; two railroads in our county. Fayette: a railroad runs through the county east and west, and one to be built running north and south. Brown: 8 miles to the Ohio River. Clinton: from 4 to 10 miles. Franklin: five railroads and a canal crossing the county in every direction; greatest distance from railroad 10 miles. Clark: good market and railroad connections here. Greene: no point in this county more than 6 miles from a good market town or railroad station. Erie: from 1 to 8 miles. Morrow: 2 miles to a railroad station. Union: three railroads cross the county; distance to stations from 2 to 8 miles. Richland: 7 miles. Marion: average distance 8 miles. Ottawa: three market towns in this county, one railroad, two stations, steamboat landings; on Lake Erie, 10; on river Portage, 3; on Sandusky Bay, 6. Huron: 40 rods. Sandusky: Fremont, the county seat and steamboat landing, is situated about the center of the county. Crawford: three railroad stations in the county. Seneca: 6 miles. Lucas: from one-half a mile to 6 miles. Pickaway: a railroad through the county and also a canal. Wood: all three at this town. Defiance: the facilities for marketing produce and lumber of all kinds is good by railroad and canal. Fulton: 10 miles is the farthest. Lawrence: the Ohio River runs half-way around the county. Jackson: market and railroad at county seat. Hocking: distance to Columbus by railroad 49. miles. Fairfield: two railroads through the county. Perry: 8 miles to railroad station. Muskingum: not to exceed 8 miles. Licking: average distance about 6 miles from market town and railroad station. Knox: railroad runs through one corner of division. Lorain: our county seat is 24 miles from Cleveland; two railroads run through the county. Ashland: 7 miles. Wayne: the principal market town, Wooster, is located in about the center of this division, on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and 32 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Chicago Railroad. Medina: 12 miles in one direction to railroad stations and 18 miles in another direction. Holmes: railroad running through center of county. Monroe: 40 miles to market town, 18 miles to railroad station, and 18 miles to steamboat landing. Meigs: Ohio River bounds our county on the east and south; Pomeroy and Middleport and other points on the river are good markets. Washington : we have 60 miles on the Ohio River; 30 miles slack-water navigation, and a railroad through the county. Athens: a railroad through the county with seven stations within the county. Noble: 18 miles. Belmont: six railroad stations within the county, and steamboat landing from 10 to 30 miles. Guernsey: Central Ohio Railroad passes through the county. Columbiana: railroad across north part of county; markets at six stations. Stark: 4 miles on an average. Jefferson: county bordered by Ohio River and railroad, and one railroad crossing near the center. Carroll: no part of the county is more than six miles from a railroad nor more than three miles and a half from a market town. Ashtabula: 2 or 3 miles. Summit: to market town, 15 miles; to railroad station, 10 miles; to steamboat landing, 20 miles. Two railroads in the immediate vicinity. Portage: shipping facilities good; stations near. Mahoning: there are three railroads in this county. Geauga: 28 miles to Cleveland, 14 to a railroad, 18 to a steamboat landing. Morgan: market town in the center of the county. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber ? Adams: limestone land; timber-beech, hickory, and sugar-tree. Butler: river bottom and upland, bearing ash, oak, hickory, walnut, sngar-tree, sycamore, &c. Montgomery: good ; timber as above. Preble: land good; timber-beech, sugar-maple, poplar, walnut, and oak. SButler : limestone soil and very good; oak, sugar, hickory, and walnut. Warren: upland; oak, sugar-maple, and walnut. Champaign: calcareous clay, black loam, and black soil; oak, hickory, walnut, beech, sugar-maple, and poplar. Shelby: some very good, some rather thin; beech, oak, hickory, ash. Parke: very good; oak, ash, hickory, walnut, beech, sugar-maple, &c. Highland: good rolling limestone, upland and bottom; oak, hickory, poplar, ash, beech, and walnut. Fayette: rich black loam ; black, white, and burr oak, ash, elm, hickory, hard and soft maple, walnut, and cherry. Brown: first quality from the river six miles back, the remainder of second quality; walnut , ash, buckeye, beach, oak, maple. Clinton: quality good; oak, hickory, walnut, and beech. Franklin: good; oak, walnut, beech, elm, maple, &c. Clark: bottom, second bottom, and upland; oak, ash, sugar, hickory, and beech. Greene : land good; timber-oak, hickory, walnut, sugar-maple, beech, cherry, and buckeye. Erie: clay, sand, and black soil; maple, oak, hickory, beech, ash, black walnut, and elm. Madison: black loam; all kinds of timber except pine, beech, and poplar. Morrow: the land is good; timber is oak, black walnut, ash, hard and sotf maple and beach. Union: clay upland, on the streams bottom land; timber-sugr-maple, hickory, ash, beech, and walnut. Richland: first quality clay and loam; the timber is white oak, black walnut, hard maple, and beech. Marion: land is of good quality; the timber is hickory, oak, beech, elm, and ash. Ottawa: rich alluvial, on substratum of clay 30 to 40 feet deep; oak, poplar, elm, cottonwood, ash, hickory, black walnut, mulberry. Huron: varied; clay and gravel, sandy prairie; oak, hickory, ash, walnut, beech, maple. Sandusky: east part of county clay and sandy loam; west part, black loam. Crawford : soil black, sand * Return from another jpart of the county. INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 33 and clay; quality generally good; timber-oak, hickory, walnut, ash, poplar, cherry, sugar-maple, and beech. Seneca: limestone land; oak, walnut, sugar-maple, beech, hickory. Lucas: general quality of land good; hickory, oak, ash, and elm. Pickaway: the quality of land is unsurpassed; timber large and abundant. Williams: sand and clay, very productive; timber-oak, ash, maple, beech, basswood, black walnut. Wood: soil black and rich in the timber districts, sandy in plains and openings; oak, ash, elm, beech, maple, cottonwood, sycamore, &c. Defiance: clay loam and black sand; oak, hickory, sugar-maple, walnut, and ash. Fulton: good; oak, ash, maple, hickory, walnut, elm, and basswood. Lawrence: very rough, with oak, poplar, beech, and pine timber. Jackson: generally poor; timber-oak, poplar, pine. Hocking: hilly, underlaid with coal and iron ore; oak timber principally, with some pine, hickory, and poplar. Fairfield : bottom and upland of good quality; white and black oak, hickory, cherry, black walnut, &c. Perry: good ; oak, hickory, beech, sugar-maple, walnut, and ash. Muskingum: good: white-oak, poplar, hickory, walnut, beech, sugar-maple, &c. Licking : first-class ; oak, walnut, ash, sugar-maple, and hickory. Knox: some very good, some thin; oak, walnut, sycamore, black-oak, beech, and chestnut. Lorain: clay subsoil with some sandy ridges of good quality; oak, ash, hickory, and elm. Ashland: first and second bottoms; black sandy loam, upland, clay; oak, hickory, black walnut, and sugar-maple. Wayne: sand and clay; good timber, principally whiteoak. Medina: clay soil, principally with sandy loam in some portions of the county; beech and maple, oak, white wood, black walnut, &c. Holmes: limestone soil; the highest pinnacle will produce good corn; white oak, poplar, hickory, chestnut, walnut, and butternut. Monroe: clay soil and white-oak timber. Meigs: part of the upland is good, and perhaps one-quarter very poor; the bottoms are good. Washington : bottom and hill land; oak, sugar-maple, beech, and poplar. Athens: most of the land is good, and the general average is fair, though undulating and broken. Noble: good; white oak, poplar, walnut, sugartree, ash, and beech. Belmont :'land is diversified, sandy loam, but chiefly limestone clay, very productive; timber chiefly oak, sugar-maple, walnut, and poplar. Guernsey : pretty good; timber-oak, sugar-tree, beech, and walnut. Columbiana: land sandy, with some clay, generally good; oak, beech, sugar-maple, and hickory. Stark: sandy soil; white oak. Jefferson: very good; oak, walnut, sugar-maple, some poplar. Carroll: principally sandy and of good quality, some limestone; white, black, and red oak, hickory, walnut, ash, chestnut, and poplar. Ashtabula: medium quality; oak, whitewood, beech, maple, ash, hickory, and chestnut. Summit: clay loam; beech, maple, hickory, and white oak. Trumbull: land generally good; oak, beech, hickory, and sugarmaple. Portage: rolling land, soil good; oak, beech, maple, chestnut, whitewood, and hickory. Mahoning: good; oak, beech, maple, elm, and some very fine oak timber. Geauga and Morgan: sandy loam and clay, some limestone; oak, maple, walnut, poplar, chestnut, ash, hickory, and beech. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Adams, Richland, Lucas, Wood, and Muskingum: all kinds skilled and common labor. Montgomery: carpenters and builders more than any other. Preble, Fayette, Clinton, Franklin, Greene, Madison, Morrow, Richland, Sandusky, Pickaway, Fairfield, Wayne, Washington, Noble, Carroll, Ashtabula, and Geauga: farm labor principally. Butler: farming and mechanical. Warren: supply equal to the demand except a lack of female laborers. Champaign: farm and house 3 34 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. labor principally. Shelby, Erie, Morrow, Marion, Huron, Seneca, Jackson, Muskingum, Licking, Knox, Lorain, Ashland, Holmes, Monroe, Columbiana, Stark, Jefferson, Trumbull, Portage, Mahoning, and Morgan: not much demand for any kind at this time. Darke : all kinds, but particularly farm labor. Highland: farm labor. Brown: farm and day labor. Clinton : farm labor. Clark : skilled mechanical labor. Union: farming and ditching to a limited extent. Ottawa: farming, fishing, vine culture, quarrying, woodcutting, and stonecutting. Crawford: farm and mechanical. Williams: farm and mechanical labor. Defiance: farm labor, mechanical labor, and woodchoppers. Fulton: ordinary farm laborers, and almost all kinds of mechanical labor. Lawrence: coal and ore-diggers and choppers. Hocking: miners. Licking : common laborers. Medina: farm and mechanical. Meigs: mining coal and boating. Athens: railroad labor, mining, and manufacturing of salt. Belmont : farm and mechanical. Guernsey : farm labor in summer, none in winter. Columbiana: farm, mechanical, and mining. Ashtabula : farm and mechanical, shipwrights and sailors. Summit: farm and domestic. Trumbull: farm and common labor. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor ? Adams : woolen factories and wood-work factories. Butler : founderies and machine-shops, manufactories of agricultural implements, flour-mills, and some fifteen paper-mills. Preble: founderies, grist and saw mills, cabinet factories, and carriage shops. Butler: seven papermills, one foundery, two planing-mills, two grist-mills, two saw-mills. Warren: grist-mills. Champaign: none of note. Shelby: nine water and four steam flour-mills, one large woolen factory, and a number of saw-mills. Darke: grist and saw mills, woolen factories, planing-mills, founderies, machine-shops, &c. Highland : a few ordinary planing-mills and woolen factories. Fayette: one woolen factory. Brown: woolen factories, saw and grist mills, planing-mills, sash and door factories, piano factory, &c. Clinton: three woolen-mills, one sash and blind factory, and a number of Franklin: flour and saw mills, woolen-mills, iron rolling-mills and machine-shops. Clark: machineshops, woolen factories, &c. Greene: flour-mills, woolen factories, bagging factories, and distilleries. Madison: woolen-mills. Union: one woolen factory and a few flour-mills. Richland: six flour-mills, nine saw-mills, two woolen factories, three founderies, four sash factories, two carriage factories, two furniture factories, none doing very heavy business. Ottawa: three grist-mills, twenty-two saw-mills, and six shingle and spoke mills, three woodenware mills. Huron: none but what are supplied. Sandusky: sash and blind, hubs and spokes, grist and saw mills, woolen factories. Crawford: one woolen mill, one hub and spoke factory, six machine-shops, three founderies, all requiring skilled labor. Seneca: woolen-mill, stove foundery, and agricultural works, all supplied with laborers. Lucas: flour-mills, woolen-mills, machine-shops, papermills. Pickaway: one woolen-mill, one foundery, both well supplied with labor. Williams: one machine-shop, one hub and spoke factory, one stove foundery, several grist-mills. Wood: two sash and blind factories, two stave factories, five or six flour-mills, and about thirty steam saw-mills. Defiance: in the county of Paulding there are two large iron furnaces, where large quantities of iron are manufactured, affording work for quite a number of skilled laborers. In the county of Defiance there is a hub and spoke factory, stove factory, machine-shops, *&c. Fulton: very few. Lawrence: furnaces, rolling-mills, machineshops, founderies, &c. Jackson: woolen-mills, furniture manufactory, flour-mills. INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 35 and thirteen iron furnaces. Hocking: one woolen factory, two iron furnaces, one steam furniture factory, one planing-mill, a number of steam saw-mills, and one steam flour-mill. Fairfield: saw and grist mills, woolen factories, agricultural-implement factory, founderies, and shovel factory. Muskingum: rolling-mills, machine-shops, woolen factories, cotton factories. Licking: woolen-mill, rolling-mills, machine works, oil refineries and gas works, distillery. Knox: one small factory, several grist-mills and saw-mills. Lorain: grist-mills, saw-mills, stonequarries. Ashland: all supplied. Wayne: steam-engine works, agricultural implements, paper-mill. Medina: woolen factories, saw and grist mills. Holmes: agricultural machine-works. Monroe: none. Meigs: rolling-mill, nail-mill, machine-shops, woolen factory, grist and saw mills, a number of salt works, where large quantities of salt are made. Washington: one rolling-mill, one bucket factory, three machineshops, and many grist and saw mills, also tanneries and other factories. Athens : salt furnaces, grist and woolen mills, furniture factory, &c. Noble: none. Belmont: none except flour-mills and machine-shops, and one woolen factory. Guernsey: none. Columbiana: one woolen factory, four agricultural works, two furnaces, two machine and engine shops, two door and sash factories. Stark: woolen and grist mills, machine and plow factories. Jefferson: one woolen factory. Carroll: there are above seventy-five small manufacturing establishments; no demand for labor. Ashtabula: grist and saw mills, sash, blind, and planing mills. Trumbull: rolling-mills, furnaces, founderies, flour, saw, and flax mills. Portage: glass factory, agricultural machine-shops, railroad shops, and some flour-mills. Mahoning: not any. Geauga: fourteen cheese factories. Morgan: three flour-mills, woolen factories, two founderies, two oil factories, one sash and door factory. Hamilton: the city of Cincinnati in this county contains numerous and extensive manufactories of furniture, iron, machinery, hardware, soap and candles, clothing, boots and shoes, also pork-packing establishments, and a great variety of other factories, employing skilled labor. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress, requiring common labor? If so, how far distant? Preble: none in progress, one in anticipation. Shelby: two railroads through county seat. Darke: we have more miles of railroadfinished than any other county of Ohio, none in progress; four hundred miles turnpike finished. Brown: seven turnpikes under contract. Morrow: one railroad. Seneca: one in contemplation. Williams: one about twenty-four miles west of this place. Fulton: through the center of the county. Lawrence: no public works in progress, but common labor always in demand. Hocking: twelve miles distant. Perry: one in progress. Muskingum: fifteen miles distant. Licking: two. Wayne: two roads in contemplation. Washington: one. Athens: one extending through center of county. Noble: distant one-fourth of a mile. Belmont: the Central Ohio Railroad runs through this division. Trumbull: two in contemplation. Portage: one six miles off. If many foreign-born workmen are employed in your district, please give the preponderatingnationality. Butler: Scotchmen are employed in paper-mills, and we have a large German and Irish population. Montgomery and Preble: a few, principally Germans. Warren, Champaign, Fayette, Clinton, Clark, Greene, Madison, Morrow, Richland, Hocking, Noble, and Ashtabula: Irish. Franklin, Marion, Seneca, Lucas, Stark, Morgan, Monroe, and Washington: Germans. Shelby, Darke, Highland, Erie. Sandusky, Pickaway, Williams, Wood, Fairfield, Muskingum, Licking, Loraine, 36 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Jefferson, Portage, and Wayne: Irish and Germans. Union: Irish'men about the towns, Germans mostly farming. Ottawa: Germans constitute half our population. Huron: Irish and Dutch. Defiance: mostly Germans, some French. Fulton: a great many Germans. Jackson: Welsh. Medina: English and Germans, with some Irish. Meigs: English, Welsh, and German. Athens: Irish on railroads, Welsh, English, and Germans as miners. Belmont and Guernsey: a few Irish laborers keeping up repairs on railroads. Columbiana: Miners, Welsh, Irish, and English. Mahoning: Welsh miners. Summit: English. Hamilton: Germans, chiefly; also many Irish. Please state any advantages wzhich your district can offer tq laborers, mechanics, or smallfarmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied? Adams: land generally taken up. Butler County is the garden spot of the Miami Valley. The Miami Valley for water, stone, timber, good soil, a good climate, central position, and good markets combined, has no equal within the United States. Montgomery: the land is nearly all occupied. Persons understanding the business could do well as market gardeners, also at raising tobacco. Preble: no particular advantage over other counties similarly situated. Employment for laborers and mechanics at good wages, and a ready sale for farm products. Warren: the wealth of the county offers inducements to active labor which meets with a sure reward. Champaign: a healthy climate, productive land, good wages, and convenient market; not much land unoccupied. Shelby: a number of farms for sale; some demand for mechanics, but none for common laborers. Darke: this county will soon be A No. 1 in an agriciultural point of view. Highland: but little good land ununoccupied. Brown: any person who is willing to work and to live economically can make a good home in a few years. Franklin: good advantages for small farmers and industrious mechanics; no land unoccupied. Clark: no special advantages. Greene: there is a demand for farm labor for about one-third of the year. Erie: no particular advantages; good land nearly all taken up. Madison, Morrow, Richland, Marion, Huron, Crawford, Seneca, Jackson, Fairfield, Knox, Lorain, Ashland, Wayne, Holmes, Monroe, Belmont, Guernsey, Columbiana, Jefferson, Ashtabula, Summit, Trumbull, Portage, Geauga, and Morgan: the same. Union: small farmers who have means to purchase can find opportunities to purchase lands advantageously. Richland: laborers and mechanics can find steady employment at fair wages. Ottawa and Sandusky: the same. Lucas: good markets, good roads, churches, school-houses; land and building materials cheap. Pickaway: this county offers great advantages for small farmers; the soil is very fertile and the access to markets good. Williams: about one-quarter of the land of this county unoccupied. Wood: considerable wild land for sale. Defiance: great inducement for honest, industrious men to settle in this vicinity. Ftilton: a considerable quantity of good land yet unoccupied. Lawrence: this being almost exclusively a mineral region, laborers and mechanics can generally find employment at good wages. Hocking: no land of good quality yet unoccupied; extensive coal mines are soon to be opened, which will create a demand for miners. Muskingum: great inducements to persons desirous of buying small farms; quality of the land unsurpassed. Licking: fertile soil, good and ~ure crops, ready access to market. Medina: all kinds of labor commands a fair price, and is in good demand; no land unoccupied. Meigs: mining coal and manufacturing salt are the chief branches of industry, and they make employment for many laborers; farm laborers and mechanics find regu- 37 FOR IMMIGRANTS. INFORMATION lar employment here. Washington: a demand for mechanical labor. Athens: laborers and mechanics find ready employmnet in the construction and keeping in repair the railroads in the county and the dif terent mills, salt works, &c. Stark: a healthy climate, good markets; no land unoccupied. Carroll: good inducements for small i rmers. Mahoning: good inducements for laborers and mechanics and female servants, the last particularly. farm stock, sound and in good What are the prices of ordinary condition? Counoies. w 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 6 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 11 19 19 Working oxen, per pair. Working horses, each. Butler------------------$150 Preble----------------150 150 Warren ..-------..-150 Montgomery_____.. 150 Champaign--------.----$75to100 Shelby ........... Darke...................100 175 Highland---------------Madison-----------------160 Morrow .-------------150 to180 Richand-----------------125 200 Marion..------..-.Iichland----------------150 Sandusky--_-------------150 150 Erie_--- ------------Crawford------------ 150to 200 Seneca------ ---- _-- ------ ---150 Huron --------------Adams------------------140 150 to 200 Mahoning ----..--. Trumbull_----_-------150 to 200 Average..-----.. $151 37 Working mules, each. Much cows, each, $50 $150 $60 to 140 $100 to 125 $100 to 125 $50 to 80 45 80 80 40 125 150 40 150 150 3to. 50 100 100 25 to 50 100 to 150 100 to 150 100 4Oto 50 100 100 49 130 90 to 150.30 to 50 110 to 175 43 100 110 30to 60 75 to 150 100 to 200 5s 15o 125 35 125 100 30 to 75 100 to 150 100 to 150 60 to 110 35to'45 100 to 200 45 150 125 to 150 50 100 100 200 60 180 30 to 75 200 150 to 200 60 to 100 150 to 200 100 to 200 $128 95 * $127 14 $47 92 Sheep, each. Hogs, per pound. $3 8c. $2 to 5 8 to 10c. 2L 2 i2 3 to5 2? 12 21 650. to $2 21 1 to3: .5 2 2 2 to3 62e. 8c. $4 50 9c. 6c. ic. 12c. 5 to 7c. 13 *$3to$2, 7 to 9c. *$24C 7to 8c. 21 to 3 2 to 7 3 6 to 8c. 8c. 8 to lOc. 10 to 12c. 10c. 64 8c. 12 12 $2 Each. KENTUCKY. Area, 24,115,200 acres. Population in 1870, 1,321,011. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitable for small farms on favorable terms?2 *Ballard, Union, Fulton, Livingston, Crittenden, Ohio, Daviess, Hopkins, Christian, Russell, Todd, Logan, Warren, Hardin, Meade, Marion, Nelson, McCracken, Henry, Qrant, Mercer, Bracken, Jessamine, Owsley and Wolf; Knox : and Clay, Mason, Johnson, Floyd, and Carter: it can. Allen land can be purchased or rented. Carroll and Trimble : grass or grain farms can be purchased at from $20 to $30 per acre ; hay at from $60 to $80 per acre. Boone : prices high. Fayette : up : some might very little. Boyd : on tolerably favorable terms. be had. What is the price per acre of small improved farms?2 Sate what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and. the kind of buildings. farms Ballard': Green from $12 to $15 per acre, comfortable buildings. with Union : comfortable log or $10 to $40 per a~cre, one-half under cultivation, frame buildings. Fulton : $10 to $50 per acre ; small frame or log buildings ; gardens and cultivated lands under rail fence. Livingston 38 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. ordinary wood or log buildings. Trigg: $5 to $40, three-fourths under cultivation; wooden buildings. Ohio: $10 to $12, one-fourth fenced and under cultivation; log or frame buildings; cost of clearing much lessened if timber is saved and deadened, and suffered to decay on the land. Daviess: $20 to $25, one-half to three-quarters under cultivation; cheap log buildings. Hopkins: small improved farms can be bought at from $8 to $20 per acre. Christian: from $5 to $50, about one-half in cultivation ; plain log buildings. Russell: $5 per acre, onefourth under fence; generally hewed-log buildings. Todd: $20 to $50; a number of large farms, of good land, can be bought and divided into small farms. Logan: from $5 to $60; about one-half of the land inthis county is rich; farms large, formerly cultivated by slave labor; the other half comparatively poor, small farms, formerly cultivated by free labor. Warren: $8 to $75, half under cultivation; all tillable land fenced; buildings common. Barren: no small improved farms in this division. Allen: from $3 to $10 per acre for small farms on uplands; poor, and in bad condition. Hardin: from $4 to $50, from one-half to two-thirds cleared; buildings on cheap land very common, on the best land, good. Meade: about $10 per acre, about one-third under cultivation, all fenced; framed cottages, or hewed-log houses. Marion: $2 to $15, two-thirds under cultivation; frame and log buildings. Nelson: $3 to $6. Jefferson: small improved farms from 20 to 50 acres, all under cultivation and fenced, with necessary buildings, lying from four to six miles from Louisville, can be purchased at from $125 to $400 an acre; at a greater distance the farms are larger and lower in price. McCracken : farms of from 40 to 80 acres, under cultivation and fenced, can be bought at from $15 to $25 per acre; buildings generally small. Henry : from $10 to $100, about one-half under cultivation; nearly all fenced; some good buildings, but mostly poor. Carroll and Trimble: small hill farms from $20 to $30 per acre; the river-bottom farms from $60 to 80; about three-fourths under cultivation, three-fifths under fence; common wooden buildings. Grant: $15 to $50, according to location and quality of land; from one-third to three-fourths fenced and under cultivation ; log and frame buildings. Mercer: $25 to 30; twothirds under cultivation and fenced; buildings common. Boone: $ , to $80; all under fence; nearly all cultivated. Bracken : $20 to $25; one-third under cultivation; buildings comfortable. Clarke : from $15 to $100. Fayette: $60 to $150; nearly all in grass or cultivation; all fenced; buildings, frame and brick, some few of stone. Jessamine: from $30 to $125; generally one-third under cultivation, the rest in grass; all fenced; buildings from fine to ordinary. Bourbon: $80 to $150; all fenced and under cultivation; buildings generally good. Owsley and Wolfe: $5; wooden buildings. Mason: $60 to $75; the greater portion under cultivation and inclosed; buildings and improvements generally above the average. Boyd: river bottom $50 to $100; five to ten miles from the river, hilly land averages $10. Fleming: $50, three-fourths under vultivation; all fenced; generally frame buildings. Johnson and Floyd: $5 to $10, according to location. Carter: average, $5. Greenup: small farms at about $10 per acre, about one-third under fence; buildings generally log. What is the priceper acre of unimproved land, what proportion is cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? Ballard: from $10 to $15 per acre; neither cleared nor fenced. Union: $6 to $20. Fulton: $5 to $20; no fencing. Livingston and Crittenden: $5 to $10; one-sixth cleared, one-twentieth fenced. Trigg: $5 to $40. Ohio: $5 to $10; no improvements; clearing and fencing INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 39 cost about $10 per acre. Daviess: $10 to $15. Hopkins: $2 to $10. Christian : from $5 to $40 ; one-half cleared, two-thirds fenced. Russell: to $5 for uplands; river bottoms $8 to $15; from one-fourth to onehalf fenced. Todd: very little unimproved good land. Logan : very little difference in the nominal price of improved and unimproved lands. Warren: $5 to $50; none cleared or fenced. Barren : from $5 to $30; uplands. heavy one-third under poor fence. Allen: from $1 to timbered, broken, and poor. Hardin: $2 to $10. Meade: $6 to $8; none cleared or fenced. Marion: very little for sale that is worth cultivating. Nelson: from $3 to $20. Jefferson : $40 to $60; all timbered, unimproved, and without fencing. McCracken: $8 to $12. Henry: from $10 to $50; none cleared; nearly all fenced. Carroll and Trimble: $10 to $15. Grant: $8 to $15; from one-third to one-half cleared and fenced. Mercer and Boone : no unimproved land for sale. Bracken: $15. Clarke: no unimproved land in the county. Jessamine: we have no unimproved land. Bourbon: none unimproved. Owsley and Wolfe: very little. Knox and Clay: from 50 cents to $5; broken and rugged mountain land. Boyd: $3 to $6. Fleming: $ to $2; mostly fenced. Johnson and Floyd : $1 to $5. Carter : average $3; very little cleared; not much under fence. Greenup : from 50 cents up to $15; about onefifth cleared and fenced. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms ? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive ? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds? Ballard: from $3 to $5 per acre; if on shares, owner receives onehalf, if he furnishes stock, &c.; otherwise, one-third. Union: $2 50 to $3. Fulton: the same.. Livingston and Crittenden: from $1 to $3. Trigg: about $3. Ohio : $4. Daviess: $5 to $8. Hopkins: $25 to $150. Christian: $2 to $5. Russell and Todd : $3 to $4. Log5n: $4 to $6. Warren: $2 to $5. In Russell, Allen, Nelson, and most of the above counties the owner receives one-half of the crop if he furnish the stock, &c.; otherwise, one-third; two-thirds according to agreement. Barren: one-third of product; owner provides nothing. Hardin: $100 to $150. Meade, $2. Narion: from $150 to $300, on shares; owner receives two-thirds if he furnishes stock, implements, &c., and one-half if he furnishes nothing. Nelson: owner one-third, and furnishes nothing; otherwise, one-half. Jefferson: $10 to $18; shares, owner one-third, and furnishes nothing. McCracken : $2. Henry: $4; owner one-half, and provides nothing. Carroll and Trimble : about $5; on shares, one-half; tenant provides stock. Grant: from $2 50 to $4 and $5, and in some places from $5 to $7; on shares, :from one-third to one-half the crop according as owner furnishes or otherwise. Mercer: $4 to $6; shares, one-half the crop; renter furnishes everything. Boone: from $125 to $300; shares as in Mercer County. Bracken: one-third of the product. Clarke: $3 to $5; shares, one-half. Fayette: from $6 to $10; none rented on shares. Jessamine: $5 for first-class lands; shares, from one-third to one-half. Bourbon: from $3 to $8; or one-half the product. Owsley, Clay, Knox, and Wolfe: one-third of the product. Mason : average $5; shares, one-half. Boyd: owner receives one-third, ten miles from the river; on river bottoms, one-half; renter finds all. Fleming : $5; shares, one-half. Johnson and Floyd : one-third, and provides nothing; otherwise, one-half. Carter: one-third of the crop. Greenup: about $3; on shares, one-half, the renter furnishing his own teams and implements. $3 $6; 40 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. What are the chief articles of production, and what are the present prices of two or three of them? Articles of production. Wheat--- per bushel- Prices. $0 75 to Do- ---- do . do._ Do -- -------- do.Corn -.--- -_---do.. Do----------do.-Do ---------- 1l15to 1 20 1 25 140to 1 50 40 50 60 do.. 65 70 75 Do----------do.- Do---------do.. Do......... $1 00 1 00 Do---------_do.. Do-- ------ Counties. o.. 80 to 35 to 45 to 90 40 50 60 Do.--"------- do.-75 Rye ---------- do.-80Oto 90 Do------- -- do--Hlay ---------- per ton - 10 00 to 12 00 16 o_ Do-----d......... 18 00 to 20 00 D. ------do., - - per hundred_-_ 3 00 to 10 00 500 to 800 Do---------..do. 5 00 to 10 00 Do --------do._ 6 00 Do---------..do.. 8 00 to 10 00 Do---------..do._ 8 00 to 12 00 Do---------do 10 00 Do---------do.. -do..- -. 10 00 to 15 00 Do-- ----14 00 to 17 00 Do_.--------.do. Do---------do.- Oats_------_---do.. Do ---------do.. tobacco - Marion, Daviess, Grant. Livingston, Crittenden, Trigg, Christian, Todd, Allen, Hardin, Meade, Nelson, Henry, Mercer, Clarke, Bourbon, Boyd, Daviess, Fleming, Johnson, Floyd, Ohio. Jessamine, Barren, Greenup. Union, Fulton, Ohio, Warren, Knox, Clay, Fayette. Bracken, Russell, Daviess, Trigg, Livingston, Crittenden. Fulton, Barren, Clarke, Jessamine, Hopkins, Ohio, Boyd, Johnson, Floyd, Carter, Ballard, Greenup. Christian, Todd, Logan, McCracken, Carroll, Trimble, Mercer, Bracken, Knox, Meade, Clay. Mason, Fleming. Union, iDaviess, Jefferson, Fayette. Warren, Ohio, Russell, Nelson, Henry, Marion. Allen, Boone. Boyd, Johnson, Floyd, Carter. Meade, Nelson, Henry, Boone. Ohio, Jefferson. Meade, Marion, Clarke, Bourbon. Fleming, Henry. Ohio, Boyd, Union. Carroll, Trinmble. Har-din, Nelson. Allen, Livingston, Crittenden. Carroll, Ballard, Trimble. Logan, Warren, Ohio. Russell. Barren, Union. McCracken. Christian, Bracken, Todd. Hopkins. Mason. What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat ? landing Ballard : 8 miles to Cairo; 25 miles to Paducah, at the mouth of the Tennessee River. Union: situated on the Ohio River. Fulton: the Mississippi River traverses one side of the county. Two railroads run through the county. No place in it more than 5 miles from depot or landing. Livingston and Crittenden : not more than 8 miles to river from any point. Trigg: 9 miles from steamboat landing, 20 miles from railroad station, and 40 miles from market town. Ohio : average dis tance to steamboat landing from all parts of the county is 10 miles; a railroad is now being completed through the center of the connty. Daviess: steamboat daily, and railroad nearly' completed; average distance 8 miles from all parts of the county. county seat, is tian: railroad miles distant. road station. passes through Hopkins: Madisonville, the centrally located, and has a railroad through it. Chrisruns through the county; no part, of it more than 20 Russell : 4 miles to a steamboat landing; 60 miles to railTodd: about 8 miles from Elkton. Logan: railroad the entire county. Warren: all three in and at the town INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 41 of Bowling Green. Allen: 25 miles to railroad station. Hardin :one railroad through the county in operation, another soon to be completed. Meade: nowhere over 10 miles. Marion : none over 7 miles. Nelson: 4.0 miles to Louisville and Bardstown Railroad, near center of county. Jefferson: the Ohio River forms the northern boundary of this county, and two railroads pass directly through it. McCracken: this city, Paducah, has 13,000 inhabitants; average distance to it from all parts of the county about 10 miles; there are many smaller towns. Henry: two railroads running through the county; the Kentucky River forms the eastern boundary, and is navigable. Carroll and Trimble: no resident in this division is more than 6 miles from either railroad station or steamboat landing. Grant: nearest market towns Cincinnati and Covington; distance 37 miles; nearest railroad station 11 miles. Mercer: railroad station 14 miles; steamboat landing 9 miles. Boone: 16 miles. Bracken: about 15 miles from most remote point. Clarke: none in the county. Fayette: 14 miles to market town from farthest point. Jessamine: average distance to railroad 6 miles. Bourbon: Paris is a railroad town; turnpike roads run in from all quarters. Owsley and Wolfe: distance not far. Knox and Clay : 60 miles to railroad. Mason: the most distant point 15 miles. Boyd: this county borders on the Ohio River. Fleming: 17 miles to Maysville, which is the nearest steamboat landing and market town. Johnson and Floyd: navigable river through the county, from 1 to 10 miles distant. Carter: 10 miles to Coalton. Greenup : steamboat conveyance daily; good market in county town. What is the general quality of land, and the kind of timber ? Ballard: good barrens; timber of every description; oaf, hickory, walnut; &c. Union: excellent land and good timber for all purposes; oak, poplar, walnut, and locust. Fulton: cypress, oak, ash, poplar, walnut, in abundance; soil almost uniformly rich and productive; alluvial deposits in the bottoms, a rich deposit on yellow clay in the hills. Livingston and Crittenden: second rate; oak, hickory, poplar. Trigg: medium; some fine and fertile, and some very poor; some abound in iron ore; timber, oak, sugar-tree, poplar, &c. Ohio: medium quality; timber, oak, poplar, walnut, chestnut, gum, elm, hickory, sassafras, sycamore, beech, &c. Daviess: good; timber-poplar, hickory, blackwalnut, and oak. Hopkins: good land, finely timbered; white and black-oak, poplar, walnut, sugar-maple, &c. Christian: about one-half of the county is as good as any in the United States, with only a moderate supply of timber. Russell: black and white oak, poplar, hickory, and chestnut. Todd: the southern portion of this county is very fine land; the north half is broken, but a very fine fruit country, and well timbered. Logan: from very good to indifferent; timber-oak, poplar, walnut, and hickory. Warren: from third to first quality; surface soil, vegetable loam; subsoil, red clay, through which nothing passes; oak, chestnut, ash, walnut, hickory, poplar, or tulip, cedar, cherry, birch, &c. Barren: soil varied; first, second, and third rate; timber all kinds. Allen: land poor and broken; timber-good and plentiful-oak, poplar, chestnut, hickory, ash, beech, maple, walnut, and cherry. Hardin: land of rather poor quality, but good for fruit; oak, hickory, walnut, &c. Meade: good land; oak and hickory. Marion: limestone; oak and poplar chiefly. Nelson: every grade from $2 to $75 per acre; poplar, oak, hickory, sugar-tree, walnut, beech, with other varieties. Jefferson: the general quality of land is good; poplar, ash, sugar-tree, hickory, walnut, white, black, and red oak. McCracken: the land is a light loam of medium depth, underlaid with limestone; timber mostly oak and hickory. we have fine limestone land; walnut, ash, 0Henry: 42 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. sugar-tree, beech, poplar, and oak. Carroll and Trimble: hill land is a thin clay; bottom land, rich, sandy soil; timber embraces poplar, oak, sugar-tree, ash, and black walnut. Grant: land of medium quality; beech, ash, walnut, poplar, oak, hickory, and sugar-tree. Mercer: soil generally good; one-half first quality; one-half of second quality; timber-oak, ash, walnut, hickory, gum, cherry, and locust. Boone: land thin; beech timber. Bracken: land good; timber-oak, walnut, poplar, and sugar-tree. Clarke: about one-third of the land is equal to any in Kentucky for productiveness; the rest is of various grades of quality; timber-oak, walnut, sugar-maple, and hickory, principally. Fayette: land considered the best in the world; limestone bottom; walnut, sugar-maple, ash, and oak. Jessamine: land good; blue grass; timber of great variety; maple, ash, walnut, hickory, oak, poplar, locust, &c. Bourbon: same as the preceding. Owsley and Wolfe: white-oak, poplar, and pine. Knox and Clay: the land varies from good to indifferent, broken and level, thin and rich; timber in abundance, almost all kinds. Mason : land generally good, being blue limestone; timber-hickory, walnut, oak, &c. Boyd: river bottom very good, hilly land generally thin. Fleming: sugar-maple and oak; land rather thin in this county generally. Johnson and Floyd: the land is sandy and very productive; timber is principally poplar and beech. Carter: extra minerals, and tolerably good for farming; black-oak, poplar, pine, hemlock, sugar-maple. Greenup: land thin ; timber-poplar, oak, (black, white, and red,) beech, sugarmaple, chestnut, &c. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Ballard: all kinds, particularly farm labor. Union: farm hands and mechanics, and coal miners. Fulton: farm hands and household servants. Livingston, Crittenden, Ohio, Warren, Barren, Hardin, Mercer, and Carter: all kinds. Trigg: farm labor and house servants. Daviess: the same. Hopkins: all kinds, farm labor particularly, also coal miners. Christian: all kinds of laborers are sought for at remunerative prices, but principally agricultural laborers and house builders. Russell, Todd, Allen, Meade, Nelson, Henry, Grant, Boone, Fayette, Knox, and Clay: farm labor is most in demand. Logan : farm hands and female house servants. Marion: good, reliable farm labor. Jefferson: female house labor, and in some localities, male farm laborers. McCracken: farm and all kinds of common labor. Carroll and Trimble: farm labor and in-door labor are in good demand. Bracken: farm hands and mechanics. Clarke :, farm labor for males; house labor for females; both kinds greatly in demand. Jessamine: mostly farm laborers, but mechanics do well. Bourbon: farm hands, cooks, &c. Owsley and Wolfe: for farming and coal mining. Mason: active farm labor. Boyd: miners, furnace hands, and farm laborers. Fleming: mostly farm labor, and the building of turnpike roads and railroads. Johnson and Floyd: farm and mechanical labor, and lumbermen. Greenup: furnace-men, wood-choppers, ore-diggers, teamsters, colliers, and other laborers, termed gin hands. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor? Ballard : water-mills and steam-mills for grinding grain and sawing lumber. Union: flouring-mills, distilleries, coal-mines, saw-mills. planing-mills, &c. Fulton: a steam wagon and agricultural-implement factory, steam-planing and furniture factory, blacksmithing, &c. Livingston, Crittenden, Todd, Barren, Allen, Marion, Carroll, Trimble Bourbon, Knox, Clay, Johnson, Floyd, and Carter: none at present. INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 43 Trigg: rolling-mill and one furnace. Ohio: ordinary grist and saw mills. Daviess: two flour-mills, two planing-mills, one foundery, one machine-shop, one woolen factory, eight tobacco-stemmers, ten distilleries/ Hopkins: no mills except saw and grist mills; manufactories much needed, a good location for them. Christian: flour-mills, blacksmiths and wagon-makers, one planing-mill. Russell: flour-mills and saw-mills. Logan: several good flour-mills, and woolen factories. Warren: seven flour-mills, twelve lumber-mills, one planing-mill, one woolen-mill, eighteen looms, two machine-shops, one foundery, two broom factories, five brick-yards, where three millions of bricks were manufactured in 1869; one hundred houses erected in 1869; population, 6,000. Hardin: we have no factories, but need them badly; have good flour-mills; want laborers and mechanics, everything in fact except politics and whisky. Meade: cotton factory, woolen factory, flourmills, distilleries, &c. Nelson: ordinary corn and flour mills. Jefferson: are several flour-mills doing a local business; a number of sawmills; one small woolen factory, and one tobacco manufactory. McCracken: one large rolling-mill, several flour-mills, several carriage, wagon, and plow factories, planing-mill, and several tobacco and cigar factories. Henry: only one factory in the county, and that a woolen factory at Eminence. Grantt: only a few flour-mills and saw-mills, and some two or three wool-carding factories. Mercer: flour and saw mills, about fifteen altogether. Boone: three flour-mills and one distillery. Bracken: saw-mills and flour-mills. Fayette: two woolen-mills, one cotton-mill, several bagging manufactories. Jessamine: we have none except flour-mills and distilleries. Mason: one cotton factory, two woolen factories, two plow factories, two carriage factories. Boyd: one iron furnace, making from forty to forty-eight tons of iron per day. Fleming: a number of steam saw-mills. Greenup: two flour-mills, one saw-mill, and a number of furnaces. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress requiringcommon labor. If so, how far distant ? Ballard : we have some railroads in contemplation in this county, and several gravel roads to be made. Livingston and Crittenden: fifteen miles distant. Trigg: twenty miles. Ohio: one in progress. Daviess: one in progress. Hopkins: one to be built this year; labor in demand. Christian: one railroad in process of construction, and several turnpikes to be made. Warren: turnpikes are building; also water-works and gas-works in the town. Hardin: one railroad in progress, and labor in demand. Meade: none nearer than 25 miles. Marion: no railroads; turnpikes are building. Jefferson: one railroad in progress. McCracken: two railroads and several gravel roads in progress. Mercer: railroads in contemplation, and a number of turnpikes in progress. Owsley and Wolfe: 25 miles distant. Mason: one at a distance of 45 miles. Boyd: one railroad terminates at Ashland, distant 5 miles, with a fair prospect of another soon to be constructed. Fleming: six miles from Flemingsburg there is a railroad in progress. Carter: 9 miles to railroad. Greenup: one railroad comes to our county town, and will be extended. If many foreign-born workmen are employed in your district, please give the preponderatingnationality. mostly German and Irish. Union. Ballard: very few Daviess, Meade, Jefferson, Carroll, Trimble, and Boyd: German. Fulton: many Germans, and they are rapidly increasing, in our towns especially, and a few Irish. Livingston, Clarke, Trigg, Marion, Mercer, Boone. Fleming, Carter, and Crittenden: Irish. Ohio: Irish on the railroads, ,foreigners, 44. SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. and some German mechanics and farmers. Hopkins: a few Irish and Germans. Christian: Irish ; quite a number employed on the railroad. Logan: not many; Irish are the most numerous; a few Germans have settled here lately. Hardin: in towns mostly Germans; on the railroads, Irish; not many foreigners in the county. Nelson: Irish, with a few Germans. McCracken: Germans largely preponderate here, although we have many French and Irish. Henry: a few Irish on the railroads. Grant: a few Germans and Irish. Bracken: Germans are cultivating vineyards. Fayette: the Irish preponderate. Jessamine: mostly Irish, some Germans. Bourbon: none in Bourbon just now, but will be shortly, when work is commenced on the railroads. Owsley and Wolfe: Welsh, Dutch, and Irish. Mason: Irish; also many Germans. Johnson and Floyd: very few foreigners in this part of the country. Greenup: very few German and Irish. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied? Ballard: a large quantity of land unoccupied. Union: a great quantity of good land yet to be brought into cultivation, and an excellent home market for all products of the farm; good opening for almost every kind of manufactory; abundance of stone coal; communication by river and rail convenient. Fulton: abundance of land of best quality now ready for occupants. Any man who is willing to work can find occupation at good wages. Livingston and Crittenden: considerable land unoccupied; water can be easily obtained. Trigg: a demand for some good mechanics and house servants, to whom good wages are offered; not much land unoccupied. Ohio: a large amount of good, well-watered land unoccupied, and cheap, and the railroad will greatly advance all business ; local taxes low. Daviess: a great demand for laborers and mechanics; a large amount of unimproved land of good quality, and well watered. Hopkins: we have fine land for farmers and fruit-growers, and the finest coal-fields in the western country. Christian: much of the land is in a coal region, with a plentiful supply of good timber, and is well adapted to fruit and grass growing. Russell: good carpenters command good prices. We have some of the finest water-power in the whole State. Todd: an excellent fruit-growing region of country. Warren: there is a great demand for all kinds of labor, and good prices are paid; the land is rich and productive, and there is a large area unoccupied, with a fine, healthy climate. Barren: the unoccupied land is poor. Allen: good farmers and some good wheelwrights would do well here. Hardin: a good field of labor is open for common laborers, mechanics, and small farmers; a large proportion of the land is good, the price remarkably low, having advanced but very little since 1860. Meade: a large quantity of good land yet unoccupied. Marion: good reliable farm labor is much needed. Nelson: a good farming country. Jefferson: no peculiar advantages to the class of labor mentioned can be offered. McCracken: plenty of work, and good pay for comion laborers; plenty of land that will yield a good return for the labor of farmers. Henry: nearly all the land is occupied by the owners; farm hands are greatly needed. Carroll and Trimble: there is very little land of good quality unoccupied. Grant: not much unoccupied land, but a considerable quantity for sale. Mercer: employment of various kinds can be obtained at fair wages. Bracken: the price of leaf tobacco has been very high for many years past, and our soil is peculiarly adapted to its production, the finest quality being produced; land of good quality yet unoccupied. Clarke: no land unoccu- 45 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. pied; laborers for the farm and females for housework are very greatly in demand. Jessamine: no lands unoccupied; our farmers are doing well, and many farms can be bought on reasonableterms; allkindsol mechanics and industrious men can do well here. Owsley and Wolfe: much good land unoccupied, which can be obtained upon reasonable terms. Knox andClay : a large quantity of laud unoccupied, but it is rough land. Mason: a demand for labor of all kinds throughout the entire county ; no laud of good quality unoccupied. Boyd and Fleming: employment at good laborers, miners, and mechanics can readily small farmers and mechanics can do well wages. Johnson and here. Carter: this is a mineral region, and great advantages are afforded to industrious and enterprising men. Greenup: not much good land, but a large quantity of hilly land unoccupied; soil thin, well timbered, generally well watered. What are the prices of farm"stock, sound and in good condition? find Floyd: Working oxen, per pair. Counties. . $100 'Trig-$100 to 120 1 50 I McCracken.-- ---------100 1 Livingston and Crittenden. 1 Fulton...............50to100 1 Union---------------50to 75 125 2 Ohio------ -------.--2 Owensboro-. -------.. 75 to 150 -.....-.. 50 to"100 2 Hopkins-.... 100 2 Christian--...--..--.to 150 75 to 150 2 Daviess ............. 80 to 150 3 Russell-------75 to 100 3 Todd ---------------75 3 Logan .........-....-.. 3 Warren--------------80 to 150 3 Barren-------------------120 3 Allen--------------------75 4 Kentucky -....... 100 1Ballard................ $75 40 to 75 2 to 10 10c. 8c. 125 to 150 50 3 tol10 9c. 6 6 6 7 Grant---------------..l105to 200 Boone-------------------140 Bracken------------------150 100to150 Mercer--------------lO. 50 to 100 75 to 150 75 to 200 60Oto 125 7 Clarke--------------..l150to 250 80to 125 7 7 7 Fayette------------------150 Jessamnine----------------150 Bourbon-------------..150 to 250 8 Owsley------------------100 100 --.... Knox and Clay 8 0 Carroll-------------------150 50 to 125 75to 125 tolO50 __ .60tol100 Johnson-------------. 9 100 9 .75 Greenup------------- 9 to 100 Average.......----$111 hundred-weight. 40Oto tEach. 02 tol1 lto 3 $4 tof § $4 toF 2 to 4 14to 2 to 3 8o. 21 7c. 2} 2 6c. 6c. 2 to 4 81 to O2c. 11 to 3 2 t$2C loc. t$1to 2C t10 to 11 t 5 to 12 t 5to 3 5 21 2j to 31 lHkto 6 21 to 5 60 75Sto 125353Sto 80 100 to 250 35Sto 80 30to 60 100 to 150 50to 75 lO100tol150 Sc. 6c. 2 2a to 4 1 to 3 4 2 to 2 to 9 5 31 3 3 8c. t$4 to 15 t 3to 5 $ 40Otol100 2 to 5 t15 100 50 to 150 150 150 150 150 to 200 80 40Oto 80 40 to 100 10 3 to 5 4 to 10 t 75 to 100 75 to 100 60to100 o 25 30Oto 60 25to 50 75 to 125 15 to 30 100 50 75 to 175 100 to 175 20 to 40 100 120 50 $110 73 $131 82 $44 I Fin stok, ech. to Or 80. $ 1a to 2k 2 to 5 6 t 2 tol1( ....... 5 3 gros S to t$3 to 2 9c., Sc. * £ - 11 $3 09 3 8c. 3 40 100 100 70Oto 125 125Sto 150 100 Sto 0 to 100 o Fleming-------------100 *Per 150 $2 150 to 200 Carter-------------------100 9 100 to 200 75 ...---- Mason-------Boyd----------------.. 9 50, 5 to2C 30 to 50 30 25Sto 65 40Oto 75 45 to 75 100 to 150 6 tiC 125 to 150 100 to 125 100 75 to 150 125 to 165 Henry-------------------150 150 * 2 3 11 100 to 125 b0 to 100 75 to 100 50 to150 75 to 100 5 -. 35 25 25 75 to 200 $l0tolO0 25to 50 125 to200 150 30 150 40to 60 25 to 50 100 to 200 100 to 200 20 to 60 125 40to 60 25to 40 80 to 150 30 150 25 100 75 to 200 25 to 60 to 150 200 25to 60 125 30 --------------... - $2 $25 75 to 200 525 to 200 125 100 100 to 200 75 to 150 90 75 to 125 123 100 50 to 150 150 300 to 1C0 Meade-------------------75 75 to 150 Marion 100to 200 Nelson--------------I Jefferson-------------..90 to 120 Henry and Oldham. pd eh. ch., to 100. $125 to 175 175 150 100 75 100 125 4 4 4 5 5 Working mules, each. 'Working horses, each, 90 f$8 4c. - weight 71c 46 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. INDIANA. Area, 21,637,760 acres. Population in 1870, 1,673,943. Can land be purchased or rented in your district,suitablefor smallfarms, on favorable terms ? * Perry, Crawford, Scott, Clarke, Floyd, Harrison, Washington, Swit zerland, Bartholomew, Jennings, Jefferson, Franklin, Ripley, Delaware, Wayne, Johnson, Greene, Sullivan, Vigo, Carroll, Lake, Newton, Pulaski, Boone, Montgomery, Miami, Fulton, White, Marshall, De Kalb, Steuben, Elkhart, Monroe, La Grange, Howard, and Blackford : it can. Riush: rents and prices high. Shelby: on fair terms. Morgan: yes; bottom lands can be rented, and uplands can be bought at cheap rates. La Porte and Fountain: a small quantity on fair terms. St. Joseph: yes, to a limited extent; the best of the land, however, is in the hands of small farmers, and is not for sale or rent. What is the priceper acre of small improved farms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of build- ings. Crawford: from $4 to $8 per acre, one-third under cultivation; generally log and frame buildings. Scott: from $10 to $20; with good tenant house, from 40 to 50 acres cleared, the rest in timber. Clarke: from $20 to $200; buildings indifferent. Floyd: average, $15; from one-third to one-half improved. Harrison: $25 to $40; three-fifths to four-fifths under cultivation; moderately cheap buildings. Washington : $20 to $40; about one-half under cultivation; nearly all fenced; frame and brick houses. Monroe: within a rnge of 10 miles, from $15 to $100; from one-half to three-fourths under cultivation; generally all fenced; the higher-priced have good two-story frame or brick buildings; good fruit. Switzerland: river land, $100 to $120; hill and interior land $50 to $60; nearly all fenced; about one-half under cultivation; buildings moderately good. Bartholomew: average price, $35; twothirds under cultivation; nearly all fenced; wooden frame buildings. Jennings: average, $20; about one-half under cultivation; four-fifths under fence; mostly wooden buildings. Jefferson: $20. Franklin: $25; three-fourths under cultivation; buildings, frame and brick. Rush: from $60 to $90; two-thirds to three-fourths under cultivation, with comfortable farm buildings. Ripley: $10 to $50; one-fourth improved; small frame and log buildings. Delaware: $30; one-half under cultivation; three-fourths fenced; buildings, wood and brick. Wayne: from $30 upward; three-fourths under cultivation; all fenced; good buildings, brick and frame. Johnson : average, $60; about three-fifths under cultivation; nearly all under fence; good frame buildings. Shelby: from $35 to $50; one-half under cultivation; all fenced; hewedlog and frame buildings. Morgan: small upland farms from $10 to $30; about one-half under cultivation; two-thirds fenced; buildings cheap but comfortable. Hendricks: $75 to $150; one-half cultivated, balance in grass; all under fence; small frame buildings. Greene: $25 to $40. Sullivan : from $25 to $100; from one-third to two-thirds under cultivation; all fenced ; good buildings. Parke: $10 to $60; one-half to twothirds under cultivation; all fenced; log and frame buildings. Vigo from $20 to $200. Putnam: $40 to $70; nearly all fenced and under cultivation; buildings generally comfortable. Carroll: from $10 to $50; about three-fifths under cultivation; brick, frame, and concrete buildings. Vermillion: $30; two-fifths to one-half cleared; common frame buildings. Lake: from $20 to $50; mostly under cultivation. New' Names of counties from which returns have been received. INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 47 ton : from $10 to $25; one-half under cultivation, and fenced; buildings tolerably fair. Pulaski: from $5 to $20; buildings and fences poor. La Porte: from $20 to $150, according to quality and location; more than one-half under cultivation; buildings moderately good. Fountain : from $30 to $60; about one-half under cultivation, and fenced; buildings ordinary. Boone: $20 to $30; one-fifth under cultivation; onefourth fenced; buildings ordinary. Montgomery : from $30 to $100; from one-half to two-thirds under cultivation; nearly all fenced; comfortable buildings. Miami: from $30 to $75; one-half cleared and under fence, with good buildings. St. Joseph: near market towns, from $75 to $125; at a greater distance, from $20 to $50; one-half to two-thirds cleared, with tolerably good fences and buildings. Fulton: from $15 to $50; from one-fourth to three-fourths under cultivation and fenced; buildings moderately good. White: $15 to $40; nearly all improved, and under fence; comfortable buildings. Marshall: about $40; one-third under cultivation; all fenced; buildings, good log and frame. De Kalb: average, $50; more than one-half under cultivation; reasonably good buildings. Steuben: average, $30; one-third under cultivation; good rail. fences; frame buildings. Elkhart: from $25 to $100, according to quality and location; about one-third under cultivation, and under fence; frame buildings. La Grange: from $50 to $75; from one-fourth to three-fourths fenced, and under cultivation; buildings ordinary. Howard: from $10 to $40; from one-fourth to one-half under cultivation, and fenced; log or small frame buildings. Blackford: from $15 to $35, with, generally, one-half under cultivation, and ordinary buildings. Wabash: from $30 to $40; near Wabash City, farms range from $50 to $75. What is the priceper acre of unimproved land, what proportionis cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? Perry: from $2 to $5 per acre. Crawford: from $3 to $6; in.some localities from $5 to $7. Scott : from $15 to $30; one-half in a good state of cultivation. Clarke: from $10 to $20; generally about one-half under fence, with one-third cleared. Floyd: all partially improved; one-half cleared, t*Wo-thirds fenced. Harrison: about $15; neither fenced nor cleared. Washington: $18 to $20; none cleared and none fenced. Monroe: none for sale. Switzerland: $35 to $50; nearly all fenced. Bartholomew: from $15 to $20; none cleared or fenced. Jennings: from $10 to $15; none cleared or fenced. Jefferson: $10 to $15; half cleared and fenced. Franklin: the lands in this division are mostly improved. Rush: from $40 to $60; one-third cleared and fenced; if the timber is good it is worth more. Ripley: $5 to $30; all timber. Delaware: $18; very little cleared and not much fenced. Wayne: no unimproved land. Johnson: average, $45; about two-fifths cleared, nearly all fenced. Shelby: but little for sale separate from improvements, which would rate from $30 to $45 per acre. Morgan: from $5 to $25 for unimproved uplands; bottom lands all improved. Hendricks: from $25 to $150; mostly fenced; timbered land is increasing in value since our railroad was finished. Greene: wild land from $10 to $15. Sullivan: from $20 to $30; one-third cleared; all fenced. Parke: $10 to $20; wholly unimproved. Vigo: about $20, 10 miles from town. Putnano: no unimproved land; about one-half of all the land is cleared. In the better portions of the county over one-half is cleared. Carroll: $25; about three-fifths cleared and fenced. There is an increasing demand for unimproved timber land. Vermillion: $15 to $20. Lake and Newton: from $5 to $30 for unimproved land, prairie or timber. Pulaski: $5 to $20. La Porte: there are three kinds of land; marsh from $2 to $10, dry oak land from $10 to $25, and heavy timber land from 48 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. $30 to $100. Fountain: $8 to $15. Boone: $5 to $10; one-twentieth cleared and fenced. Montgomery: unimproved land sells for the same as the improved, the timber being valuable. Two-thirds of the land is cleared and fenced ; price from $30 to $100. 1iami: from $10 to $15. St. Joseph : the unimproved land is mostly marshy or wet land capable of improvement by draining, and can be bought at from $3 to $10. Fulton : $10 to $30. White: $3 to $15; prairie and barrens; none fenced. Marshall: $10 to $40; mostly timbered land; none fenced. De Kalb : $50 with or without improvements and fences. Steuben: $20. Elkhart : from $10 to $60. La Grange: low land from $10 to $35; none fenced nor cleared. Dry heavy timbered land very valuable, from $40 to $125. Howard: $8 to $15 per acre; none fenced. Blackford: from $10 to $25, according to the location of the land and the quality of the timber Wabash: $15 to $40. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds? Perry: owner gets two-fifths, furnishes nothing; one-half if he furnishes stock, &c.; on poorer land, one-third. Crawford : from $1 to $5 per acre; on shares, owner gets one-third of the crop; and if he furnishes stock, seed, and implements, one-half. Scott: one-third of crop to owner when tenant finds everything, and in some cases one-half. Clarke : shares, one-half the crop. Floyd : $3 to $7 per acre; on shares, one-half. Harrison: owner receives one-third; and if he furnish stock, &c., then two-thirds. Washington: about $1 per acre for rent, or two-thirds the crop, nothing furnished. Monroe: owner furnishing everything, receives two-thirds of the crop. Switzerland: from $5 to $6 per acre; on shares, owner receives one-half the crop; renter provides everything. Bartholomew: about $5; on shares, renter gives two-fifths of crop, and finds seed, implements, &c. Jennings: cash rent from $3 to $5; on shares, one-third or one-half, according as one or the other party furnishes teams, seeds, &c. Jefferson: onethird of the crop, tenant providing his own team, seeds, &c. Franklin : owner receives one-half, and tenant furnishes everything. Rush: from $3 50 to $5 50; on shares, owner furnishes land and half the seed, and gets one-half the crop when gathered. Ripley: on shares, tenant gets one-half, and furnishes team, seeds, and implements. Delaware: owner receives two-fifths of product, and does not furnish stock, implements, or seeds. Wayne: money rent from $4 to $6 per acre; on shares, one-half the crop in the bushel, renter providing stock, implements, and seeds. Johnson: $4 to $6, on shares; if owner provides one-half of the implements, stock, seeds, &c., he receives one-half the product. Shelby: $3 50 to $5, or one-third to one-half of the crop, the tenant furnishing his own team, stock, and seeds. Morgan: $4, or onethird of the crop if wheat, one-half if corn, when tenant furnishes seeds, &c. Hendricks: about $5 per acre; shares, as above. Greene: owner receives half without providing stock, implements, or seeds. Sullivan: from $3 to $5, or one-third, and nothing is furnished. Parke: owner receives one-third, furnishing nothing; or one-hal;f, and furnishes team, seeds, &c. Vigo; the same. Putnam: owner receives one-half, and furnishes nothing. Carroll: owner, one-third. Vermillion: $2 to $3, or one-third of crop. Lake: $2 50, on shares; owner one-third; and if he furnish, one-half. Newton: $2 to $4, or one-third of crop. Pulaski: from $1 to $3, or one-third of product, providing nothing. La Porte: one-half the grain, wheat and oats in the sack, corn in the crib, the renter furnishing everything. Fountain: $4, or one-third of product; if owner provides stock, implements and seeds, he receives 49 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. two-thirds. Boohe: $3, or one-third of crop, furnishing nothing. Montgomery: $5, or one-half the product, owner providing nothing. Miami: $3, or one-third the product. St. Joseph: one-third. Fulton: $4 for the improved'i ortion of the farm, or from one-third to two-fifths of the crop when White, Marshall, andIDeKalb: one-third of the crop, unless owner furnishes team, seeds, &c., when he receives one-half. Steuben: $2, or one-third the crop. $2 to $5. La Grange: from one-third to one-half of the crop; when the owner furnishes implements and seeds he receives three-fifths in the bushel. Howard : $3, or one-third of the crop, the renter furnishing everything. Blackford : $2 for the improved part, or, one-third of the product. Wabash : one-third, owner furnishing nothing. are the chief articles of production, and what are the present prices of two or three of them "'gathered. Elkhart: What Articles of production. Wheat. per bushel._- Do.........---do.-Do-.......... Do..........do.. do.- Do.........do. Do.........do. Do.........do...... Do---------do. Do.........do...... Do.........do. Do..........do.---Do..........do-Do.........do.--- Do...... do. Do ......... do... Oats-.........do,--. Do.-.. .--.. Do ......... do...... do..._. Do ......... d._: Do..........do.. .--.. Do......... Do-.... Potatoes do.-- do . ... do. Do-.....do. Do...--.....do.-Do...-.....do.. Do.......do. Hayt. _. per ton.. Do. ...... Do .......... . .. .do.. do.. Do ._.......do.. Do.........do._ ,, Prices. Counties. $0 S0 White, Steuben. 00 Montgomery. 85 Miami, Fulton. 90 Fountain, Crawford, Monroe, Rush, Wabash, Delaware, Shelby, Vermillion, La Porte, Hendricks. 90 to $1 00 Sullivan, Marshall, Floyd, Perry, Vigo, Elkhart, Carroll. 1 00 Scott, Harrison, Switzerland, Jennings, Ripley, Morgan, Greene, Putnam, Pulaski, Boone, St. Joseph, Do Kalb, La Grange, Howard, Johnson, Washington. 100 to 110 Clarke, Wayne. 1l00to 1 20 Jefferson, Parke. 30 'Shelby, Parke. 35 Delaware, Johnson, Lake, Fountain, Carroll. 40Oto 45 Marshall, Hendricks. 50 Greene, Newton, Wayne, Washington. 60to 65 Yermillion, Scott, Harrison, Monroe, Morgan, Vigo, Sullivan. 70 Miami, Steuben, Howard. 75 Crawford, Clarke, Floyd, Jennings, Jefferson, .Franklin, Rush, Ripley, Putnam, Pulaski, La Porte, Montgomery, St. Joseph, White, La Grange. 80 Boone, De Kalb. doSo 90 Elkhart, Wabash. 30Oto 35 Fountain, Lake. 40 Harrison, Delaware, Newton. 45 Crawford, Washington, La Porte, La Grange, Perry.. 50 Scott, Clarke, Jefferson, Franklin, Ripley, Putnam, Pulaski, Boone, Montgomery. 60 Morgan, De. Kalb. 30 Montgomery, Elkhart, Boone. 35 Crawford, La Grange. 40 Switzerland, Ripley, Morgan, Do Kalb. 50 Scott, Clarke, Harrison, Delaware, Porte. 50 to 60 Marshall, Putnam, Fulton. Johnson, Hendricks. 1 25 Floyd, Shelby. 8 00 White. 10 00 Jennings, Ripley, Boone, Steuben. 12 00 Montgomery. 15 00 Jefferson. 16 00, Switzerland. $0 SO to $1 La 50 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing? Perry: this county has six towns on the river. Steamboats can land at nearly all farms until the river gets very low. Crawford: 18 miles of this county borders on the Ohio River. Scott : two railroads running through the county; about 16 miles to a steamboat landing. Clarke: from 1 to 5 miles. Floyd: New Albany, which is the county seat; is at the head of navigation of the Lower Ohio, eight months of the year. Harrison: 20 miles. Washington: there is a railroad running through the center of the county, and another road surveyed. Monroe: railroad through the county centrally from north to south, with stations every six miles. ,Switzerland: the county borders on the Ohio River for 35 miles; landings at all places where required. Bartholomew: market convenient; nine railroad stations within the county. Jennings: there are fourteen railroad stations in the county, and market convenieit. Jefferson: from 1 to 15 miles from Madison on the Ohio River. Good markets all the year. Franklin: facilities for transportation good. Rush: two railroads run through the county town, and diagonally through the county. Ripley: 40 to 60 miles from Cincinnati, Ohio; two railroads through the county. Delaware: Muncie is a railroad town. Wayne: 5 miles the utmost in any part of the county. A new railroad north opens a country with cheap land and plenty of timber. Johnson: two railroads pass through the county. Shelby: this county has about 66 miles of railroad, 16 stations; and 6 miles is the greatest distance from a station at any point. Morgan: two railroads; 30 miles to Indianapolis. Hendricks: about 20 miles to a market town, 5 miles to a railroad station. Greene: Worthington is the center of a great agricultural country. Sullivan: railroad through the county; steamboat landings on the western boundary. Parke: Wabash River on the west; railroad from Rockville to Terre Haute. Putnam: three railroads and a fine market. Carroll: Delphi is a market town and seat of justice. Vermillion: 5 or 6 miles to market. Lake: five railroads in the county; greatest distance to market 14 miles. Newton: from 2 to 25 miles to railroad stations. Pulaski: two railroads pass through the county. La Porte : there are six market towns in the county, six railroads and ten stations, and one harbor on Lake Michigan, at Michigan City. Fountain: this county has six railroad stations, two market towns, one steamboat landing, and a canal. Boone: on the Indianapolis, Cincinnati and Lafayette Railroad. Montgomery: there are two good market towns and seven railroad stations in the district; no steamboat landing. Miami: not exceeding 10 miles from any point within the county. St. Joseph: two railroads and several towns along the same furnish convenient market facilities. Fulton: the county seat of this county is a railroad town and market town. White: two railroads and ten stations. Marshall: average distance 7 miles. De Kalb: this is a railroad town. Steuben: the same. Elkhart: two railroads and six stations. La Grange: from 5 to 12 miles; railroad through center of county; three stations. Howard: two railroads and good markets. Blackford: a railroad station and market here. Wabash: markets are good: we have both railroad and canal. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber ? Perry: the land is very hilly, except river bottoms, and varies in quality, ranging from $2 to $100 per acre; timber-poplar, beech, hickory, oak, cedar, elm, gum, maple, and walnut. Crawford: bottom land very good; uplands moderately good; all kinds of timber. Scott: land here will hardly average with the rest of the State; almost all kinds INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 51 of timber-oak, poplar, maple, hickory, beech, gum, &c. Clarke : river land No. 1, oak land No. 2, and beech fiats third rate. Timber-beech, oak, poplar, walnut, sugar-maple, gum, and sycamore. Floyd: clay soil upland; river bottom, rich alluvial; beech, oak, hickory, walnut, and poplar. Harrison: limestone; the timber is poplar, oak, beech, maple, walnut, hickory, &c. Washington: quality fair; oak, poplar, beech, walnut, &c. Monroe : undulating blue-grass land, with an abundance of the best quality of limestone; timber-black walnut, poplar, ash, sugar-maple, beech, oak, hickory, &c. Switzerland: black alluvial soil on and near the river; interior, flat clay; beech, maple, poplar, walnut, oak, ash, elm. Bartholomew : sandy loam and some clay; beech, hickory, oak, &c. Jennings: near the streams the face of the country is hilly and broken and moderately fertile, except in the beech flats, at the head of the streams, where it is only fit for grass; timberoak, poplar, beech, hickory, and sweet gum. Jefferson: clay land, with beech, oak, poplar, hickory, ash, walnut, &c. Franklin: fair; timberpoplar, oak, walnut, maple, and beech. Rush: land very rich and productive, with but little waste; timber-walnut, poplar, oak, ash, and beech. Ripley : clay soil, rather thin; all kinds of timber-oak, poplar, walnut, hickory, beech, gum, and maple. Delaware: the land, after being underdrained, is good; oak, walnut, beech, maple, hickory, ash, poplar, &c., plenty and good, Wayne: good soil, clay loam; beech, maple, oak, walnut, and hickory. Johnson: rolling land subject to thorough drainage; black loam; burr and white oak, sugar-maple, black walnut, poplar, beech, hickory, &c. Shelby: land good; timberwhite burr and red oak,:poplar, walnut, gray blue and swamp ash, sugar-maple, hickory, elm, sycamore, &c. Morgan: bottom lands very fertile; uplands medium in quality, but good for grass and excellent for fruit; oak, ash, walnut, sugar-maple, beech, poplar, sycamore, and elm predominate, and are good, cheap, and very abundant. Hendricks: good land; walnut, hickory, beech, ash, oak, maple, poplar, &c. Greene: land is a good average; oak, poplar, walnut, &c. Sullivan: dark loam and clay; beech, oak, maple, and black scrub-oak. Parke: three-fifths good level upland, one-fifth hills, and one-fifth first-rate bottom. Vigo: black loam with sand intermixed, and heavy clay; oak, hickory, poplar, black walnut, beech, and hard maple. Putnam: good, especially for grass; timber of almost every kind common to this latitude-poplar, walnut, maple, beech, hickory, oak, ash, linden, buckeye. Carroll: clay soil; oak, walnut, maple, and beech. Vermillion: black loam and clay; sandy loam with gravel subsoil. Lake: land is rich prairie, clay subsoil; timber-oak and hickory, mostly in the groves; some heavy timber. Newton: deep, rich prairie loam and oak openings, being very sandy. Pulaski: rich prairie lands with timber convenient; timber land sandy and poor. La Porte: about one-quarter sandy barrens; one-quarter marsh, and the remainder fine prairie and rich timber land; oak, poplar, walnut, beech, maple, pine, and basswood. Fountain: good; walnut, maple, beech, oak. Boone: good; walnut, maple, beech, oak. Montgomery: soil good, mostly deep loam; walnut, sugar-maple, oak, beech, poplar, hickory, ash, elm, cherry, &c. Miami: land generally of good quality; white oak and walnut. St. Joseph: there are four different kinds of land; heavy timber land, oak openings, dry prairie, and wet prairie, or marsh. The heavy timber consists of beech, maple, black and white walnut, whitewood, oak, elm, basswood, &c.; on the barrens, white, black and burr oak, and hickory. Fulton: every variety of quality from highest to lowest grade; timberoak, ash, maple, beech, elm, hickory, poplar, walnut, &c. White: from 52 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. first quality to third rate; oak, timber. Marshall: good sandy soil; beech, maple, oak, and black walnut. De Kalb: mixture of sand, loam, and clay; beech, maple, oak, walnut, elm, poplar, ash, and hickory. Steuben: good; oak, beech, maple, whitewood. Elkhart: timbered land; oak, maple, ash, hickory, beech, and walnut. La Grange: land is good; timber-whitewood, soft maple, oak, and walnut; good timber getting scarce in some localities. Howard: black soil; poplar, black walnut, sugar-maple, beech, and hickory. Blackford: oak, hickory, walnut, ash, elm, and sugar-maple. Wabash: the land is fertile; oak, ash, poplar, walnut. For what kind of labor is there a demand? Perry: good mechanics can get ready employment. Crawford: agricultural. Scott: all kinds. Clarke: farm laborers and mechanics. Floyd: farm and mechanical labor. Harrison, Washington: all kinds, at good wages. Switzerland, Ripley, Delaware, Morgan, Hendricks, Greene, Carroll, Montgomery, Miami, White, De Kalb, and Elkhart: farm labor, principally. Monroe: supply and demand about equal. Bartholomew: farmers and all kinds of mechanics. Jennings: farmers, stone-quarrymen, and all kinds of mechanical labor. Jefferson, SulliRush: van, Newton: all kinds. Franklin: farm and mechanical. every kind, but especially farm labor. Wayne: all kinds, especially skilled. Johnson: all kinds. Shelby: no special demand at present. Parke: almost all kinds; great coal fields. Vigo: coal-mining and railroad-building. Carroll: farm labor. Putnam: good farm hands can almost always find employment at good wages. Vermillion: farm labor and mechanical. Lake: farm hands, carpenters, and cheesemakers. Pulaski: farm, ditching, and dairymen. Fountain: common labor. Boone: farm and mechanical. St. Joseph: farm labor for men, and domestic labor for women; also quite a demand for mechanics and other laborers in our factories. Fulton: ordinary farm hands and common laborers. Marshall: men to clear land, put up saw-mills, and get out lumber, for which there is ready sale. Steuben: farm and ordinary. La Grange: not very much demand for laborers at present, except railroad hands. Howard: pretty well supplied. Blackford: farmers, day laborers, and carpenters. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation, or in progress, requiring skilled labor ? Perry: cotton-mills employing 300 or 400 hands; furniture, chair, woolen, wagon, bellows and other factories; 5 coal mines employing from 200 to 500 hands; quarries, when in operation employing 100 to 150 hands. Crawford: saw-mills and salt-works. Scott: saw-mills, flour-mills, woolen-mills, sash and door factory, &c. Clarke: 10 flourmills, 9 saw-mills, 2 ship-yards, 2 car and locomotive manufactories, employing about 500 hands; woolen-mills, founderies, &c. Floyd: 27 flourmills, 2 iron-rolling mills, 5 planing-mills, 2 glass factories, nail-works, woolen-mill, 9 saw-mills, 1 railroad-iron mill, axe and edge-tool works, 5 extensive founderies, machine-works, &c., &c.; capital employed, about $1,000,000. Harrison: none. Washington: woolen factories, flour and saw mills. Monroe: woolen-mills, planing-mills, founderies, &c. Switzerland: none of any consequence. Bartholomew: hydraulic woolenmills, some 6 or 7 flour-mills, sash and blind factories, &c. Jennings: 25 saw and grist mills, 9 flour-mills, 3 woolen factories, and 2 furniture factories. Jefferson: all that are required in an old-settled country. Franklin: paper, flour, and woolen mills. Rush: 12 flour-mills, 3 planing-mills, 3 woolen factories, carriage factories, &c. Ripley : none. Delaware: no extensive factories in operation or in progress. Wayne: INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 53 woolen factories, machine-shops, founderies, paper-mills, saw-mills, flourmills, &c. Johnson: 14 flour-mills, 15 saw-mills, 3 planing-mills, 3 woolen factories, 2 founderies, &c. Shelby: flour-mills, saw-mills, woolen factory, planing-mills. Morgan: there are many saw-mills and flourmills, and a few woolen-mills, and one planing-mill; founderies and factories badly needed. Hendricks: 2 grist-mills, 2 saw-mills, 1 woolen factory. Greene: 4 saw-mills and 2 grist-mills. Parke: 21 flour-mills, 70 saw-mills, 3 woolen factories, and about 100 other mechanical shops and manufactories. Vigo: woolen factories, founderies, blast furnaces, rolling-mills, planing-mills, &c. Putnam: iron and nail factory, pump factory, woolen-mills, planing-mills, and many smaller manufactories, but they are generally supplied with hands. Carroll: grist-mills, saw-mills, and paper-mills. Vermillion: 2 woolen-mills. Lake: several grist-mills, 1 woolen-mill, sash and blind factories, planing-mills, &c. Newton: 1 water and 2 steam grist-mills, 3 steam saw-mills. Pulaski: a good mill very much needed in the western part of the county; factories also needed. La Porte: woolen-mills, furniture and car factories, machine-shops, &c. Fountain: none. Boone: grist and saw mills, woolen and stave factories. Montgomery: 4 woolen factories, cabinet, sash and blind, and stave factories, foundery and machine shop, 12 flour-mills. St. Joseph: 10 flour-mills, 30 saw-mills, 3 woolen factories, 2 founderies, 3 extensive wagon factories, 4 smaller wagon factories, 4 extensive agricultural implement factories, 12 furniture factories, 1 extensive sewing-machine factory, 1 paper-mill, tannery, &c., &c. Fulton: grist-mills, saw-mills, woolen factories, planing-mill. White: 3 large woolen factories, 2 large flour-mills, and 3 saw-mills on Tippecanoe River; a new dam with 10 feet fall just completed. Marshall: there are about 45 steam and waterpower mills in this county, and twice that number can find ready sale for their products. De Kalb: grist-mills and saw-mills, and stave factories. Steuben: flour and saw mills. Elkhart: we have but few manufactories; 10 grist-mills, 4 woolen-mills, &c., &c. La Grange: none in this county, except woolen and carriage factories. Howard: woolen factory, machine-shop. Blackford: a hub and spoke factory, employing 150 hands. Wabash: 2 woolen-mills, 2 founderies, 4 planing-mills, 5 furniture factories, 12 wagon and carriage shops, 14 flour-mills, &c. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress, requiringcommon labor ? If so, how far distant? Scott: a railroad running through the eastern part of the county has just been completed. Clarke: there are three railroads through the county now completed; 71 miles of road. Floyd: one to be built forthwith. Harrison: one railroad. Jefferson: one, 15 miles distant. Rush: two commenced running. Delaware: Muncie is the present terminus of a railroad. Wayne: many hands are employed in this county in the summer. Morgan: gravel roads are progressing, on which laborers are needed. Hendricks: one railroad in course of construction one-fourth of a mile from town. Greene: one to be built this summer. Sullivan: railroads are constructing within 40 miles, where men can find employment. Parke: yes; 64 miles. Vigo: yes; within one mile of Terre Haute. Putnam: one railroad touching city limits completed, and doing an immense business. Carroll: none in process of construction yet; one soon to be built. Vermillion: one from Terre Haute to Chicago. Lake: Danville and Chicago railroad. Newton: one through the adjoining county. Pulaski: two railroads completed, and one to be built this year. Fountain: a railroad in process of construction through the county. Boone: yes; within 15 miles. Montgomery : one raili-oad in course of construction. St. Joseph: one railroad in progress. White: b4 SPECIAL REPORT ON' IMMIGRATION. two built, one in progress. De Kalb: one railroad crosses the county north and south. Steuben: yes. La Grange: one railroad running across the county; laborers wanted in this and adjoining counties. Howard: some turnpikes in this county. Blackford and Wabash: one railroad in process of construction. If many foreign-born workmen are employed in your district,please give the preponderatingnationality? Jennings: Irish and Germans about equal in number. Parke: not many employed; Irish seem to predominate. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied? Perry: plenty of land of poor quality, and well watered, that can readily be obtained at very low figures, $1 50 to $2 per acre. Tell City, in this county, was settled about twelve years ago by Swiss emigrants, and is fostered by the Swiss Colonization Society. It has now a population of 3,000 or more, is a manufacturing town, and will undoubtedly in five years double its population. Crawford: there are lands yet unoccupied, well watered and well timbered, suitable for small farmers. Scott : but little land vacant ; the supply of labor is ample. Clarke: the best water-power on the Ohio River for factories of all kinds. This county has a river front of 40 miles, with good steamboat landings almost the entire distance; quite a surplus of good farming land in all parts of the county. Floyd: the advantage of rich land, which can be bought cheap ; two railroads now terminate in this county; another will be completed in June; one will be commenced in April. Harrison: none. Rush, Elkhart: the same. Washington: good climate, good markets, good society. Monroe: no land of good quality unoccupied; no particular advantages can be offered to laborers, mechanics, or farmers. Switzerland : an excellent agricultural county, healthy, well settled, with churches and school-houses in every neighborhood; plenty of land can be purchased. Bartholomew: a large amount of choice land, very productive, excellent water, and a healthy climate, convenient to railroads and market. Jennings: three railroads ruining through the county, that necessarily require many men to keep them in repair; a large amount of land unoccupied, but not very productive. It is well watered however, and the climate is healthy, and market convenient for all kinds of products. Jefferson: no Government land here, but land is cheap. Franklin: not much land unoccupied; no special advantages. Rush: high wages, plenty of work, sure pay, and good living. Ripley, Boone, and Steuben: land unoccupied. Delaware: land unoccupied, but no great advantages. Wayne: the city of Richmond employs from five to ten thousand skilled mechanics during the whole year; the proprietors, with scarcely an exception, having grown up with the city, are solid business men, and financially sound.- The products of our manufactories are sent all through the West, and are deep down into the South. For gardeners and small fruit-growers, this vicinity is unsurpassed; fertile soil, healthy climate, and convenient market, having railroad communication in all directions. Johnson: nearly all the land in the county is occupied. The demand for all kinds of labor is active and pressing. Shelby: good inducements for industrious and skillful farmers. We need capital also for the erection of mills and factories. Morgan: our cheap unimproved hill lands are well adapted to grass and unsurpassed for fruits; peaches, apples, pears, &c., seldom failing to yield abundantly, and for such fruits, whether green, canned, or dried, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, and Chicago offer INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 55 excellent markets. Hendricks: good prices for all kinds of unskilled labor; mechanical labor is also in demand. Greene: the quality of the soil is good; plenty of water and good timber; coal, iron, and pattern clay in abundance, and of good quality. Sullivan: plenty of good farming lands unoccupied, where people may find good homes. Parke: very little land unoccupied, and none unowned. If our contemplated railroads shall be built, coal-mining and iron-works will follow next in order. Vigo : very little land unoccupied. Putnam: farm hands during the spring and summer can find employment at fair wages, say from $25 to $30 per month and boarded. Carroll: quite an amount of unoccupied timber land owned by speculators. Vermillion, Elkhart: no land unoccupied. Lake, Boone, and Steuben: considerable land unoccupied. Howard: some. Newton: laborers can get good wages for twothirds of the year. The land is rich and can be purchased at a reasonable rate. Pulaski: cheap farms and easy payments; a good grazing country. La Porte: no land unoccupied; that which is unimproved is reserved for either timber or pasture. Fountain: plenty of employment for laborers; small farmers can obtain lands on reasonable terms. Montgomery: mechanics of almost every sort command work readily at fair prices; small farmers are in demand ; the soil is excellent; markets good and convenient, country healthy. Miami: considerable land of good quality, well watered, still unoccupied, which can be obtained on reasonable terms. St. Joseph : the two towns of South Bend and Mishewaka are thriving manufacturing towns, already employing a large number of persons, and as their operations enlarge will require many more. Considerable attention is given to the cultivation of small fruits, &c., and there is a good opening for a much larger )usiness. The local towns afford a good market for these products, and all surplus articles can readily be sent to Chicago for market. The lands of the county are well watered; good opportunities to purchase small farms. Fulton : much land of good quality, and more of inferior quality yet unoccupied. White: farmers with large or small capital are much needed. There are at least 10,000 acres unoccupied, cheaper and nearer market than any east of Mississippi River; the best water-power in Northern Indiana for sale within one mile of county seat. Marshall: as good land as any in the State, well watered and well timbered, yet unoccupied. Wood sells readily for $3 per cord, and manufactured into lumber sells for $16 to $17 per thousand, green, and $26 for seasoned; and after the timber is off the purchaser has the land clear for farming purposes. De Kalb: land principally occupied. La Grange: there are a few small farms, also a few large ones to rent. The land is \well watered and of the best quality. Blackford: there is yet a large quantity of land unimproved, which can be purchased on easy terms. The land is of good quality and well watered, and not hilly. Wabash: very little land unoccupied. Shelby : prices of produce: eggs, 25 cents; butter, 35 cents; sweet potatoes, $1 25 to $1 60; cheese, 20 cents; sugar, 121 to 18; sorghum molasses, 60 cents per gallon; chickens, $3 per dozen; turkeys, 75 cents to $1 each. 56 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. What are the prices of ordinaryfarm stock, sound and in good condition? 44 .W Working Working per pair. per pair. oxen, County. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 Perry --------------- $50 to 150 Crawford - -----------50 to 75 Scott.- --- ---- - -- -- --- 75 to 125 _ Clarke ----_----_------75 to 100 Floyd 75 to 150 Harrison --------------100 Washington-.---------125 to 150 Monroe -------150 Switzerland - _------1. 150to 160 Bartholomew---...---. 75 to 100 Jennings 50 to 125 Jefferson.-.---.------150 Franklin .--------..-.. 100 to 200 Hush----- ----------- 200 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 horses, Hipley- ---- - ----- --. Delaware----------- -- .--.----.-----. _---- ------------- Working $50 to 125 $100 to 200 50 to 100 75 to 125 100 to 150 80 to 150 00 to 150 100 to200 100 120 125 100 125 to 140 125 to 200 80 to 120 80 to 120 125 to 150 125 to 150 75 to 150 80 to 175 75'to 175 75 to 200 100 to 125 100 to 125 100 to 200 100 to 200 125 to 200 100 to 125 150 -120 Wayne .---------------125 Johnson--..--------. 125 Shelby-------..-----75to 90 100 to 200 90 125 100 to 150 65 to 125 Morgan-----------------100 100 Hendricks-------------150 to 200 125 to 200 85 to 150 Greeno---------..--.. 85 to 125 Sullivan __-------------160 to 200 100 to 1O Parke..--------..------125 250 Hogs, per mules,poundgross per pair. 150 to 250 90 125 120 to 160 60 to 100 125 125 to 200 85 to 150 80 to 100 250 weight. $25 to 40 30 $ to 2 11 to 22 25to50 14to2 1 to5 7tolc. 35 to 75 3 6c. 40to60 40 to 60 40to75 30 5 to 6c. 6e. 2 9c. 1 to 5 1ito 22 50 to 60 Sc. 7to9c. 3 20 to 50 25 to 60 35 to S0 30to50 50 40 35 2 1 1 2 2 1 50 40 to 60 35 to60 50 40 to 80 30 to 60 22 2 to 3 1to3 12 2 to 4 1$ 35 to 50 1 8c. 2 to 3 to 2 to2 to 3 to3 to 11 8c. loc. 7c. 8 to loc. 8toloc. 8c. l0c. 7c. 6toloc. *$5 10 to 90. toll 50 8c. 3 100 100 40 2 150 70 to 100 lO0to200 40 to 80 2$to 5 8 Fountain--------------- 200 8 Boone.-----------..-. 150 8 Montgemery.---------.150to 200 8 Carroll----------------100 8 Vermillion-------------100 110 100 100 120 100 8$c. 7 Vigo-----------------100 7 Putnam - - - - - - - - - 110 Newton----...---..--. 100 to 150 Pulaski-----------------100 100 Laporte -------------Miami--------..- ---.... 80 St. Joseph--..--..--. -- 80 to 125 9 Fulton ---------------100 to150 9 White and .150 to 2009 Marshall ---------------- to 175 150 100 10 DeKalb--------------150 10 Elkhart_--------------125 10 Stuben------------. 10 La Grange ------------165 11 Howard------------------100 11 Blackford-------------------100 11 Wabash------ - -------- 50to 75 9 9 9 9 9 9 Lake------------------ 75 to Monticello. Average --- _--------$123 77 100 to125 75 to 150 100 100 100 75 to 125 100 to 150 75 to 150 75 to 125 125 . 150 125 50 75 to 150 75 to 125 60 to 125 $116 44 150 100 100 150 125 l20to 150 70 to 170 125 45 40 106. 8c. 50 to 75 2 9c. 40 2 40 2 90 150 150 260 125 125 100 100 100 to 200 75 to 150 60 to 100 150 to200 $129 02 2 30to50 30to75 40 loc. Sto9c. - -- 11 30 25 to 50 6c. to 3 75c. to2 3 40 -125 100 to 100 to 100 to 100 to 6c. 8toloc. 2 2 3 75c. 11 to 25 to 45 30 to 50 1 1 to 21 to 2 35to50 12to2 - *$3 to 6 *$10 7 to 8c. 6c. Oto7c. 45 1,1 30 2 *$Stol1 35 50 2 2 7 to Sc. 40to50 25 to 50 35to50 2 1 to 2 1 to2 7c. 6to7c. $43 66 $2 09 6. 87c. ILLINOIS. .Area, 35,459,200 acres. Population in 1870, 2,538,408. Can land be purchased or rented your district suitablefor smallifarms on favorable terms? in Lee: all answer *Wininebago, Lake, Mcfllenry, Whitesides, Jo. IDaviess, affirmatively. Ogle : very little land for rent at any price. Stephenson, Rock Island, Stark, Henry, Kendall, Du Page, Will, Iroquois, Edgar, Coles, Woodford, Livingston, Christian, Morgan, Scott, Fayette, Marion and Clay, Clark, Washington, Madison, Clinton, Randolph, Edwards, White, Mas sac, and Johnson : it can. Putnam, Tazewell, Fulton, Jersey, Greene, and St. Clair : no. Bureau : lands' are high; rentinig from $3J to per acre. Grundy : almost all unimproved land is controlled by speultos. a ale: otoneas trm . tCss lnd7 anbepurhaed $5 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 57 and owners are waiting for better times. Gallatin: few small farms; land is plenty. Kane: plenty of farms for sale on favorable terms, but few for rent. What is the price per acre of small improved farms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much, if any, is fenced, and the kind of buildings? Kane: farms of 100 to 160 acres, with good buildings, are worth $50 per acre; larger farms from $30 to $40; well fenced. Winnebago: from $45 to $55; four-fifths prairie land; has been under cultivation, and all fenced; the other one-fifth is timbered, and is about one-half fenced; buildings moderately good. Lake: from $30 to $50; all under cultivation, and all fenced; buildings of wood, and very good. McHenry: from $10 to $75; nearly the whole of the land is fenced, and from 20 to 100 acres of each farm is under cultivation; fences and buildings good. Whitesides: a farm of 80 acres, the whole inclosed with board fence, one-half under cultivation, and buildings worth $1,000, would bring $35 per acre. Jo. Daviess: $40 per acre; all fenced; one-half under cultivation; buildings small and common. Lee: average, $35; small oneand-a-half story houses; three-fourths improved; all fenced. Ogle: $30 to $40. Stephenson: $30 to $100; general average, from $50 to $60. Rock Island: about $20; all under cultivation, and all fenced, with moderately good buildings. Stark: from $50 to $60; all fenced; good buildings. Peoria: from $40 to $75; all under cultivation, and all fenced ; buildings good. Putnam: the same. Bureau: from $30 to $50; three-fourths of all the land is fenced and under cultivation; buildings as yet of medium quality. Henry: from $40 to $60; fenced, and with fair buildings. Kendall; about $50; one-half to two-thirds under cultivation, and fenced; good frame buildings, generally. Du Page: small farms of from 40 to 60 acres, all fenced, with small frame buildings, 25 miles west of Chicago, are worth from $60 to $65 per acre. Grundy: improved farms of 80 acres, $40 per acre, all under cultivation, and fenced; buildings of medium quality. Will: from $40 to $60; all fenced; ordinary buildings. La Salle : from $45 to $60; all fenced; comfortable wooden buildings. Iroquois : from $15 to $40; plain frame buildings. Edgar: from $40 to $50. Coles: from $10 to $60, according to location and improvements. Woodford : $40; all under cultivation and fenced, with ordinary buildings. Livingston: $30 to $50 for small farms that are under cultivation; small frame buildings; fencing almost entirely of boards, or Osage hedges. Tazewell: average, $40. McLean; from $60 to $75; generally well improved, and all fenced. Fulton: from $30 to $75; nearly all the valuable lands are under cultivation; buildings frame or brick. Cass; uplands from $35 to $50; the rich bottom lands from $75 to $100; mostly fenced. Christian: $35 to $40; all fenced; chiefly under cultivation; very ordinary buildings. Morgan: from $60 to $85; four-fifths under cultivation, and nine-tenths under fence; good wooden buildings. Scott: from $50 to $100; two. thirds under cultivation; ordinary buildings. Jersey: from $30 to $80; all under cultivation; ordinary buildings. Greene: from $40 to $90; all fenced; nearly all cultivated; frame buildings. Fayette: from $10 to $25; one-half cultivated; buildings good. Marion and Clay: from $7 to $50, depending upon distance from railroad station; about two-thirds under cultivation; wooden buildings. Clark: average, $25; all fenced; frame buildings. Washington: $15 to $30; three-fourths under cultivation, and fenced; buildings block and frame houses. Mad ison : from $25 to $125, depending upon locality and the kind of improvements. St. Clair: no small farms. Clinton: from $10 to $30; 58 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. two-thirds under cultivation; ordinary buildings. Monroe: from $10 to $50; mostly log or frame buildings. Randolph: from $20 to $40; two-thirds under cultivation. Gallatizi: lands along the river from $15 to $40; away from the river, from $6 to $10; buildings indifferent. Edwards: from $15 to $35. White: from $10 to $15 per acre for ordinary; from $15 to $35 and $40 for well-improved farms with good buildings. Massac: from $5 to $15; from one-third to one-half under cultivation; frame buildings. Johnson: from $5 to $10; 15 to 30 acres cleared; log buildings. What is the priceper acre of unimproved land, whatproportionis cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? Kane : not much unimproved land in this division; price from $30 to $40 per acre. Winnebago: about $30; two-thirds timbered land, and one-third prairie; one-half fenced. Lake: no unimproved land in this county. McHenry: but little unimproved land in this county, and that is low and only fit for pasture; the timbered land is owned by farmers, and mostly fenced in for pasturage. Whitesides: prairie land without fence is worth $15. Jo. Daviess: prairie land, unfenced, $25; open land, or barrens, with young timber, $10 to $20. Lee: from $10 to $20 for prairie, without fence. Ogle: comparatively no unimproved farming land in this division. Stephenson: no unimproved land here except timber land, which is owned in small parcels for the use of prairie farms. Rock Island: wild land, neither fenced nor cleared, $10. Stark: no unimproved land. Peoria, Coles, Jersey, Greene, and St. Clair: none. Henry, Will, and Fulton : very little unimproved; from $10 to $20. Putnam : the same. Bureau: $20 to $30; mostly prairie. Kendall: $30 to $35; nearly all cleared, and without fence. Du Page: unimproved land, if fenced, is worth from $40 to $50 per acre; all prairie. Grundy : prairie from $15 to $25; not much unimproved in this county: Iroquois: from $5 to $20, according to proximity to depot; all prairie land. Edgar: $20 to $30. Woodford: from $15 to $20; prairie; no fence. Livingston: $20 to $25; prairie land; not fenced. Tazewell: from $5 to $40; none fenced. McLean: $15 to $20. Fulton: very little unimproved, but what there is is valuable for timber, and pasturage. Christian: from $15 to $20; no prairie; timber land, $25. Morgan: $30 to $40. Scott: river bottom land, subject to inundation, can be bought for from $5 to $10; other land, from $10 to $50. Fayette: from $10 to $20. Marion and Clay: from $5 to $20. Clark: $15 to $20. Washington: $5 to $30, according to quality; neither cleared nor fenced. Madison: first-class unimproved prairie land will bring from $50 to $60; timber land ranges from $20 to $50, according to locality and quality; coal lands are worth from $75 to $125. Clinton: land mostly prairie; from $5 to $20. Monroe: $5 to $40. Randolph: $10 to $15. Gallatin: two-thirds of the land in this county is unimproved. Edwards: $5 to $15; no fence. White: the same. Massac: from $4 to $10. Johnson: from $2 to $5. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds? Kane: from $3 to $5 per acre; owner receives one-half and provides half the stock, all the implements, and one-half the seeds; the renter furnishing his own team. Winnebago: from $4 to $5 per acre; owner gets one-third of the crop, and lessee provides stock, implements, and seeds. Lake: owner receives one-half and provides only seeds; stock and implements are furnished jointly. McHenry: the same. Whitesides: owner receives one-third and provides nothing. Joe Daviess, Lee, INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 59 Ogle, Stephenson and Rock Island: owner receives one-third and furnishes nothing, or one-half and furnishes everything. Stark: tenant finds all, and gives two-fifths for the use of the land. Peoria: $3 to $5; on shares, owner receives one-third and furnishes nothing. Putnam: $4; on shares same as above. Bureau: $3 to $5, or from one-third to onehalf of all crops to owner, renter furnishing all. Henry: $4 to $5, or one-third of crop. Kendall: $3 to $4; on shares, one-third, tenant finding seeds, tools and team; one-half if owner finds seeds and implements, the tenant furnishing his own team. Du Page: the same. Grundy: owner receives two-thirds and provides stock, implements, &c., or one-third and provides nothing. Will: from $5 to $10; owner onethird. Iroquois: from $2 to $3, or one-third of crop, and provides nothing. Edgar: $3 to $4, or two-fifths of crop. Coles: from $2 to $5, on shares; owner receives one-third unless he furnish team, implements, and seeds, in which case he receives one-half. Woodford : from $3 to $4 per acre, or from one-third to two-fifths of the product, without providing anything. Livingston: from $3 to $5, according to distance from railroad station; shares, same as above. Tazewell: $3 50 to $4; shares, same as above. McLean: one-third and one-half, according as one or the other furnishes teams, &c. Fulton: $3 to $5; shares, same as above. Cass: two-fifths to owner when renting on shares. Christian: $3 50; on shares, owner receives one-third. Morgan $5, or two-fifths of products. Scott: $5, or one-third of products; owner furnishing nothing. Jersey: from $4 to $6; shares, as above, viz: twothirds. Greene : about $6; owner from one-third to two-fifths. Fayette: from $2 to $3, or one-third of products. Marion and Clay: from $2 to $4; shares one-third, or if owner provides stock, &c., one-half. Clark: crop rents; landlord furnishing nothing, one-third ; and furnishing seed, implements, stock, &c., one-half; cash rent, $2 50 to $3. Washington: one-third of the produce. Madison: $5, or one-third of the crop; the owner does not furnish stock, implements, or seeds. Clinton : $3, or onethird the product; the renter furnishes team and seeds. Monroe: from $3 to $10; on shares one-half when stock, &c., is furnished by the owner; otherwise, one-third. Randolph: $3, or one-third of the crop. St. Clair, Gallatin: from $2 50 to $3 50, or ten bushels of corn per acre; if on shares, one-third. Johnson: $2; shares, as above. Edwards and White: cash rent, $3; shares, as above. What are the chief articlesof production, and what are the present .rices of two or three of them ? Articles of production. Price. Counties. Wheat-......per bushel.. $0 60 to $0 80 Do........... do ...... 60 to 90 Do-........... do --......-- Do---------........... do...... Do---------........... do...... Do ........... do ...... Do---------........... do ...... Do ......---------.... ...... do Do ........... Do---------........... Corn........... Do ........... Do ........... Do........... do...... do ...... do...... do ...... do.... do ...... 60 to 1 20 80 85 75 to 1 10 90 1 00 95 90 to 1 00 25 30 30 to 35 40 Putnam, McHenry. Stephenson. St. Clair, Jersey, Coles, Madison. Marshall, Kendall, White. Whitesides, Randolph, Edwards. Marion, Clay, Monroe. Jo Daviess, Stark, Edgar, Greene. Scott, Morgan, Lee, Clark, Gallatin, John. son. Rock Island, Cass. Winnebago, Fulton. Johnson, Whitesides. Jersey, Coles, McLean, Scott, Clark, Gallatin. Rock Island, Morgan, Greene, Madison. Marion, Clay. 60 SPECIAL REPORT. ON IMMIGRATION. of production. Articles Corn ------ Price. $0 40 per bushel._- Do--------do.------ Do......... do Dod---------5do Counties. $0 40 to 60 Do..-....... do ..... Marshall, Grundy. Kendall, DuPage. Clark, Johnson. Kane, Lee, Stephenson, Putnam, Bureau, 35 Do.........do...... 40 Do.........--- ..... to 30 40 50 55 60 65 do...... do-----Do.......... do...... Do.........---do---Do---------- do_____ Rye -........ ..... ..... ---- Marshall, Whitesides. Coles, McLean, Greene, White. Jo Daviess, Stark, Du Page, Edgar, Monroe, St. Clair, Edwards. Marion, Clay, Kendall. Peoria. 1 Scott, Stephenson. Putnam. Winnebago. 80 Lee, Clark. Lee, Bureau. 00 30 40 60 Kane. Barley........--do--50 Do.......... do--1--Potatoes do Do.........-- do----Do.......do-Do-...-..----do-----Do.........do--__ Do........do Winne- 30 ..... Do..........do Do-.......do Edgar. 65 75 25 do-____. do Cass. McHenry, Putnam, Stark, Bureau, St. Clair, White. Lee, Peoria, Randolph, Edwards, bago. E5 Do--___------do...... Do._._-.--__ Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Monroe. 50 ----- Do.-----do------ Oats----------- Kane, 55 75 80 to 1 00 1 25 Rock Island, Clark. Du Page. Scott. Marion, Clay. Monroe. Madison. What is the distance to a market town, a railroad station, or a steamboat landing ? Kane : railroad station at this place, also a good market. Winnebago: from 1 to 8 miles to market town and railroad station; no steamboat landing. Lake : average distance 12 miles, from the whole county. Mcflenry: from 1 to 8 miLes from railroad station; no steamboat landing. Whitesides: three lines of railroad completed through the county; facilities for market good. Jo Daviess: Illinois Central Rail- road through entire northern part of county ; Mississippi River on southwest side ; Galena, a port of entry. average 6 miles. Ogle : greatest distance 9 miles. Stephenson : 10 miles is the maximum distance. Rock Island : the most remote farms in the county are 16 miles from market. Peoria : four steamboat landings and six railroad stations. Putnam: average distance 9 miles, river and railroad. Bureau : average, 5 miles to railroad station. Henry : railroad stations all over this division. Kendall : three market towns in this- county ; railroad passing throngh one of them, and stations within two and a half miles of two of them. IDu Page : 25 miles west of Chicago is the town of Wheaton, a railroad station. Grundy: a railroad and canal within 16 miles of any part of the county. Will : six railroad stations within my division. Iroquois : from 1 to 15 miles from railroad station. Coles : railroad stations convenient in every direction ; also market town. Woodford : from 5 to 8 miles. Livingston : railroad lines run through the county north and south, east and west. Tazewell: as soon as the railroads now in progress are completed, the greatest distance will not exceed 8 miles. McLean : two new railroads to be this year, in' addition to those already in operation. Fulton : the most remote farm will not exceed 10 miles from a railroad Lee: finished INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 61 station or a steamboat landing. Cass: railroads are plenty, and markets at almost every door. Christian: the county seat is a market town; the most remote farm is not over 10 miles distant. Morgan: average for the entire county, 4 miles. Scott: railroad passes through the county seat. Jersey: not more than 7 or 8 miles from any person living in this county. Greene: the county is full of stations, 12 miles from steamboat landing. Fayette: two railroads through the town. Marion and Clay: from 10 to 12 miles is the farthest; there are railroads running north, south, east, and west. Clark : 5 miles to railroad station; steamboat landing 25 miles. Washington: distance to market town from 1 to 15 miles; to a railroad station from 1 to 25 miles. Madison : Edwardsville is situated 20 miles from St. Louis, and 14 miles from Alton; one railroad in operation, another building. Clinton: Ohio and Mississippi Railroad runs through the center of the county. Monroe: nearest station 12 miles, steamboat landing 11 miles, and another 13 miles. Randolph: railroad 30 miles, steamboat landing 20 miles. Gallatin : no part of the county is farther than 20 miles from the river. Edwards: ten miles to steamboat landing, 26 miles to railroad station. White: slack-water navigation to Carmi on the Wabash, Carmi being the county seat, and situated near the center of the county. Massac: from 1 to 15 miles. Johnson: Ohio River 16 miles, railroad 18 miles. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber ? Kane: land good; timber mostly red, white, and burr oak, short and scrubby. Winnebago: sandy loam; timber principally oak. Lake: good prairie land; timber-oak. McHenry: black rich soil; oak. Whitesides: sandy loam, in some portions clay subsoil; timber-black walnut, black ash, maple, cottonwood. Jo Daviess: black loam on the prairie; on timber land clay loam, white burr and jack oak. Lee : alluvial soil of good quality; timber skirting the streams-oak, black walnut, and hickory. Ogle: general quality of land, good; timber good but not heavy. Stephenson: quality of land good as the sun ever shone on; timber-oak, walnut, basswood, &c. Rock Island: prairie bottom, good soil; no timber of any note. Stark: black loam; timber-white and black oak, walnut, and almost all other kinds. Peoria : good; oak, maple, black walnut, elm, &c. Bureau: deep sandy loam; oak, black walnut along the creeks. Henry: quality of land No. 1, black loam: not much timber. Kendall: quality of land is good, some black loam and some sandy soil; timber-black walnut, red, white, and black oak, sugar-maple, hickory, elm, &c. Du Page: land is of the first quality; timber-mostly oak and hickory, some basswood in low lands Grundy: land exceedingly rich; not much timber, plenty of coal for fuel. Will: good; oak, maple, and hickory. Iroquois: prairie land, good soil; timber-the different kinds of oak, walnut, hickory, and maple. Edgar : black rich soil; principally oak timber. Coles : prairie land, rich black loam; timber, principally white oak and hickory. Woodford: good prairie land; timber, principally oak of different kinds. Livingston: dark loam; oak and walnut timber along the river, much of which has not been cut off yet. Tazewell: quality of land good; all kinds of hard-wood timber, but not much of it. McLean: good land; oak timber, principally. Fulton: good quality; variety of timber, such as white, black, and Spanish oak, black walnut, hickory, and sugar-maple. Cass; the soil is a rich loam; timber-oak, hickory, maple, &c. Christian: principally prairie land; oak and hickory timber. Morgan: best quality of land; timber-walnut, white oak, hickory, and ash. Scott : greater part of the land is first-rate; timberblack and white oak, walnut, and elm. Jersey: limestone, from poo 62 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. to as good as any person can wish. Greene: black loam, very rici; oak, hickory, black walnut, ash, and sycamore. Fayette: land good; timber-oak, hickory, walnut, ash. Marion and Clay: good; white and black oak, post oak, sugar-maple, walnut, hickory, ash, cottonwood, &c. Clark: generally clay and sand prairie; oak, walnut, hickory, elm. Washington: general quality of land second-class; timber-white and red oak, sycamore, elm, white ash, cherry, walnut, and hickory. Madison : lands rich and fertile; timber various, but principally oak, hickory, and walnut. Clinton: good rolling prairie; oak, maple, hickory, and .walnut. Monroe: land on the bluffs and interior generally old, exhausted land ; much better in the prairie; timber-all kinds of oak, hickory, elm, maple, and walnut. Randolph: limestone, mulatto, black loam, and clay subsoil; timber-post oak, red oak, ash, walnut, hickory, pecan, hard and soft maple, cherry, &c. Gallatin: land generally good; timber-oak and hickory, ash, walnut, and other varieties. Edwards: land good; timber-walnut, hickory, and oak. White: generally clay soil, interspersed with belts of sand loam; timber-oak, lime, hickory, ash, poplar, and walnut. Massac: land good. Johnson: soil good; heavy timber-oak, poplar, walnut, hickory, ash, sugar-maple, &c. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Kane: farm labor. Winnebago: mechanics and farm labor. Lake: farm labor. McHenry : all kinds of labor. Whitesides: Coles, McLean, Fulton, Christian, Morgan, Madison, Randolph, Gallatin, Edwards, and Massac : all kinds. Jo Daviess: farm hands and miners. Lee, Stephenson, Stark, Putnam, Bureau, Du Page, Grundy, Iroquois, Edgar, Woodford, Cass, Fayette, Marion and Clay, Clark, Ogle, Washington, Clinton an) Johnson : farm labor. Rock Island: farm hands and common laborers. Peoria and Henry: farm labor and laborers on railroads and other public works in course of construction; also miners. Kendall: farm and railroad labor and mechanics. Will: farm labor, coal miners, and almost all kinds. Livingston: farm, mechanical, and domestic labor. Tazewell : farm and other common labor. Scott: carpenters, bricklayers, stone-masons, plasterers, cabinet-makers, with small capital, could do a large and profitable business. Jersey: farm labor and miners. Greene: farm labor, railroad hands, carpenters, &c. Monroe: farm labor and female servants. Whitesides : all kinds, but more particularly farmers and mechanics. What mills or factories, if any, are in operationor in progress requiring skilled labor ? Kane: National Watch Company at Elgin, Fox River Manufacturing Company at Elgin, Valley Woolen Company, and Illinois Iron and Bolt Company, Carpentersville, Illinois. Winnebago: 5 mower and reaper, 1 woolen, 1 cotton, and 1 agricultural implement factories, 2 founderies, 5 planing-mills, 3 door, sash and blind factories, 6 to 8 wagon shops, 1 flax-mill. Lake, Putnam, Grundy, Christian, Fayette, Madison and St. Clair : none. McHenry: flour-mills and woolen factories. Whitesides: flour-mill, paper-mill, and a factory of agricultural implements. Jo Daviess: 3 woolen-mills, 7 flour-mills, 2 furniture factories, 2 planingmills, one flax-mill, four lead-smelting faiaces, wagon-shops, boot and shoe shops, &c. Lee: flour and flax mills, wool and knitting factories. Stephenson: grist-mills, woolen-mills, saw-mills, factories for making agricultural implements. Rock Island: 2 distilleries, 1 pottery, 2 papermills, 1 malleable-iron works, 7 saw-mills, 8 planing-mills, 3 agriculturalimplement factories, 2 founderies, 2 manufactories of woolen goods, 1 tub and pail factory, 2 broom factories, Government arsenal and armory, very large. Stark: 5 flour-mills, 1 woolen factory. Peoria: grist and INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 63 saw mills. Bureau: manufactories of farm implements. Henry: flourmills and agricultural-implement factories. Kendall: 1 paper-mill, 1 reaper factory, and one woolen factory. Du Page: flour-mills and woolen factories. Will: flour-mill. Iroquois: 2 planing-mills and 1 woolen factory. Coles: flour and saw mills, founderies, woolen factories, and breweries. Woodford : 13 flour-mills, 1 distillery, 2 breweries, 1 foundery. Livingston : 2 good woolen-mills, 6 planing-mills, 1 water and 7 steam grist-mills, several small saw-mills, and beet-sugar manufactory. Coal is being mined extensively in the northwest corner of the county, and there are three coal-shafts in operation along the Vermillion River. Tazewell: there are several factories in operation, but they all have plenty of hands. McLean: woolen factories, 2 large coal-shafts, employ 250 men. Railroad shops of the St. Louis, Alton, and Chicago Railroad, employing 700 men, besides large plow factories, and other machine-shops. Fulton: several woolen factories, agricultural-implement factories, a number of flour-mills, and several carriage factories. Morgan: flour-mills and woolen-mills. Scott: steam flour-mills, 5 machine-shops, factories of plows, reapers, threshers, wagons, carriages, &c. Jersey : flour-mills, carriage and wagon factory, agricultural-implement factory, and cooperage. Greene: 10 steam flour-mills, 1 woolen factory, 2 steam wagon manufactories, several saw-mills, 6 potteries, 3 printingpresses. Marion and Clay : flour and saw mills. The Illinois Central Railroad Company have a machine-shop at Centralia, working from 200 to 250 hands. Clark: flour and saw mills, woolen-mills. Washington and Clinton: flour and saw mills. Monroe: 3 breweries, 2 agriculturalimplement factories, 2 carriage factories, 2 rope factories, 1 broom factory. Randolph: flour-mills, woolen factories, breweries, wagon and plow factories. Gallatin: 1 planing-mill and 1 furniture factory, 4 grist mills, and several saw-mills. White: grist-mills and saw-mills, but room for more, and an excellent opening for factories of all kinds. Massac: flour and saw mills, planing-mills, &c. Johnson: flour and saw mills, and steam carding-machines. Are there in your vicinity any railroads,or other public works requiring unskilled labor, in progress ? If so, how far distant ? Kane: about 1 mile from Elgin, Illinois; Winnebago, 35 to 50 miles. Lake, Whitesides, Jo Daviess, Stark, Peoria, Putnam, Bureau, Du Page, Grundy, Will, Edgar, Coles, Woodford, Morgan, Madison, St. Clair, Clinton and Edwards: none at present. McHenry: no new railroads building, but a great deal of repairing on roads that are built. Lee: none nearer than 12 miles. Stephenson: 4 railroads, all built. Rock Island: two railroads through the county are building, and several other extensive improvements making. Henry: yes, all through the division. Kendall: the Fox River Railroad now in progress through the county seat. Iroquois: two railroads passing through the entire length of the county. Livingston: railroads are being built, planned, and contemplated all over this county. Tazewell: yes; close by. McLean: 2 roads running through the county; quite a number of men wanted. Christian: 2 railroads in process of construction, traversing the county diagonally, intersecting each other at county seat; another in contemplation. Scott: one 15 miles south. Jersey: yes; about 11 miles. Greene: 1 railroad in progress, through Whitehall, 2 projected, and 1 completed through Carrolton. Fayette: 35 miles. Marion and Clay: 1 railroad running through this division, partly constructed and soon to be finished. Clark: St. Louis, Vandalia, and Terre Iaute Railroad, running through the county; nearest station 12 miles .from Westfield. Madison: 1 railroad in process of construction; laborers receive $2 a day. Monroe: no pub- 64 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. lic work in progress at this time, but a railroad from St. Lotis to Cairo in expectancy. Randolph: 2 miles. Gallatin: 1 railroad in course of construction, but at present at a stand-still. White: there are three railroads in contemplation and in progress in this county. Massac: yes. Johnson: 1 in progress. If many foreign-born workmen are employed in your district, please give the preponderatingnationality. Stark: Swedes and Irish. Henry and Bureau: Swedes. Clark: Irish. Edwards: German. White: principally native-born; German laborers would be very acceptable. Marshall: Irish and German. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. is there much land of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied? Kane: there is a large amount of building going on; not much land unoccupied. McHenry: all kinds of labor command a fair price, and there are plenty of farms to be rented on shares. Winnebago: the land is mostly prairie, and occupied; there are several factories requiring mechanical labor. Jo Daviess: about one-fourth of the land is unoccupied, and all well watered; this county offers advantages to lead-miners and farm hands. Whitesides: a competency can be secured by ll single or married men of industrious habits. Lee: some unoccupied land of the best quality can be purchased at from $10 to $15 per acre, on time. Stephenson: we have a good, healthy climate, good soil, and energetic people; we want cheap labor to develop our resources. Rock Island: several extensive manufactories have recently been established at this place; a large stove foundery employing about 100 men, a glass manufactory with an eight-pot furnace, employing about 70 men, and glue works employing 20 men; there are also in this county about 18 coal mines employing about 500 men, summer and winter. Clinton: renters of large or small farms can be accommodated on reasonable terms. Kendall: good wages for laborers and mechanics, and a good chance for small farmers. Du Page: mechanics are in good demand, and also common laborers, except in the winter months; large farms are now being subdivided into 40 and 80 acre lots for the convenience of small farmers who find it profitable to keep cows and raise vegetables for the Chicago market. Grundy: small farms obtainable on rent at reasonable rates. Coles: plenty of work of every description at remunerative prices; a healthy country, excellent free schools, churches of every denomination, fine markets, rich lands,*and railroads in every direction. McLean: good inducements for mechanics, healthy climate, good schools and colleges. Jersey: sober, industrious laborers, mechanics, and small farmers can do well here. Scott: The land is generally owned by small farmers and mostly occupied; but mechanics and laborers of both sexes are in great demand at fair wages. Morgan: plenty of work; labor of almost all kinds in good demand. Greene: any honest, industrious man can make a good living here, be his calling what it may; speculators are not needed. Clark, Marion, and Clay: a large amount of unimproved land yet unoccupied and for sale low; mechanics are in demand. Madison: in addition to the labor required upon the railroad, there are immense coal fields in this vicinity; many shafts are now in successful operation; and others will be opened along the line of the railroad in the spring. Monroe: there is some unoccupied land which, if drained, would make the best of farms. Gallatin: plenty of land of good quality unoccupied, and laborers of all sorts in demand at fair wages; there is a good opening for all classes of men. Johnson: vast quantities of land yet unoccupied, both low and hill lands; the hill lands are well adapted to fruit-growing, INFORMATION 615 FOR IMMIGRANTS. the low lands to grass. White: there is a large proportion of our lands yet unoccupied, and to the energetic and industrious there are few localities which offer better inducements in view of our prospect of internal improvements. I4'hat are prices of ordirary farm-stock,~ sound and in good condition? Working oxen, per pair. Counties. Kane............... McHenry........... WV inuebago N2I JoDavies -------3 Whitesides------Lee................. 3 Stephenson.......... 4 Rock Island. Marshall............ Putnam ............. 5 Stark............... Hlenry .............. 5 Bureau............ 5 Peoria.............. 6 6 Kendall............. Du Page............ Grundy............ 7 Edgar............ 7 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 Coles.............--- McLean ............ Caoss................ Fulton ............. Jersey ....... ...... Scott............... Morgan ............ Greene ............- Cark Ck.._........... Marion and Clay.._ Madison.-.............. Mno..... ..... . Clinton ............. 12 Randolph .... ...... 12 13 13 13 13 Clair ............. St. Gallatin............. Johnson ........... Edwards............ White ............... Average.......... $125 75 to 125 125 135 100 150) 100 100 100 100 to 150 80 to 100 150 150 120 150 150 120 ---200 200 120 100 120 150 75 to 150 140 100 70 75 to 100 75 100 75 to 100 $120 37 Working horses, each. Working mules, each. $75 to 125 $100 to 150 75 to 150 75 to 150 125 75 150 100 100 125 130 1t0 75 to 150 100 to 150 80 100 125 125 120 125 125 150 100 to 150 100 to 150 125 125 75 to 150 75 to' 150 100 80 to 100 125 to 150 100 to 150 10 100 100 100 to 150 80 to 120 125 to 175 1001to 150 100 to 150 100 to 150 100 80 to 100 100 100 80 100 to 200 150 125 80 to 150 80 to 125 65 to 125 80 to 100 100 to 125 90 to 140 150 75 to 125 80 to 200 80 to 150 80 80 125 100 80 to 150 90 to 175 75 to 150 100 to 150 125 100 100 100 80 to 140 80 to 140 $111 13 $11962 Milch cows, each. $30 to 45 20 to 40 40 35 35 45 35 30 35 Sheep, each. logs, per pound. $1 toll 50C. to 7c. 1. 7c. *$15 2 3 1+ 6to 1 to3 2 4 to be. 3 18 75 7c. 7c. 7c. 7c. 1224 40 to 60 40 30 to 50 40 to 50 40 to 60 35 to 40 40 40 to 60 45 to 60 30 to 50 35 to 50 30 to 70 60 to 80 65 40 to 75 30 to 40 40 40 40 to 60 30 50 40 18 to 30 25 25 15 to 35 $42 69 Go. 6c. loc. 1 to3 2 2 to 31 1 to 3 7c. 8to 9c. 1 8 to 9c. 80. toll 2 70. 2 2 11$ to 2 1 toll 1j 7 to to 3 1 to 2b 1 2 1$ 5 2-21to 2 7 iato311 8c. 8c. Goc. sc. 6c. 7 to 8c. 5.0 7c. 3 14-to 2 $223 9c. 5 to lOc. Sc. *818 G~c. Go. I he. *Each. MICHIGAN. Area, 35,995,520 acres. Population in 1870, 1,184,296. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitablefor small farms on favorable terms?2 * Lenawee, Berrien, Van Buren, Kalamazoo, Cass, Branch, Calhoun, Mecosta, Charlevoix, Grand Traverse, Oceana, Manistee, Ottawa, Kent, Macomb, Shiawassee, Tuscola, Saginaw, Alpena, Keweenaw, Chippewa, and Genesee : it can. St. Joseph : land can be purchased at from $25 to $100 per acre, and rented at from $4 to $10 per acre. Jackson: but few Eaton: farms can be rented. land can be purchased on better terms than it can be rented. Barry : not very terms. Manistee : land caun be but there is little or none be rented. Oakland : the purchased, favorable to same. Houghton, Mackinac,. and Marquette : none. Delta : only Government land. Gratiot and Huron : wild lands can be purchased on favorable terms. *Names of counties from which returns have been received. 66 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. What is the price per acre of small improvedfarms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Lenawee: about $60 per acre for a farm of 80 acres, fenced. Berrien: from $35 to $80; one-half improved, with frame buildings, and orchard. Van Buren : $25 to $35; about one-half under cultivation. Kalamazoo: the price of land depends on its distance from railroad stations; within 6 miles, from $75 to $125; in other parts of this division, $50. Cass: $60 to $75; one-hailf under cultivation, and fenced; plain wooden buildings. St. Joseph: about $50; nearly all the land of the county is fenced; buildings mostly of wood. Branch: from $40 to $60; threefourths cleared and fenced ; frame buildings. Jackson: from $50 to $75. Ingham: $25 to $100; from one-half to three-fourths fenced and under cultivation; comfortable buildings. Calhoun: from $30 to $75: three-fourths under cultivation. Eaton: $20 to $40; from one-third to one-half cleared; cheap buildings, log and frame. Mecosta: $20 to $40; log and small frame buildings. Barry: $50; two-thirds under cultivation, and fenced; tolerably good buildings. Grand Traverse: $10 to $20. Oceana: $25; about one-third cleared; good frame houses only. Manistee: no improved farms for sale; very little improvements in the county. Ottawa: $50; one third under'cultivation; all improved farms are fenced; frame buildings. St. Clair: $25; one-half cleared; buildings of logs. Ontonagon: from $15 to $20; poor fences and buildings. Kent: $40 to $60; the latter price when the buildings are good, and the farm in good order. Macomb : $40 to $65; about two-thirds fenced; buildings mostly of wood. Oakland: $30 to $0 ; three-fourths under cultivation, and fenced; small buildings. Houghton: there are no farms of any account in this county; some of the mining companies raise a few acres of oats, potatoes, and hay. Shiawassee: $30 to $60. Tuscola: $10 to $50; one-half improved and fenced. Mackinac: no farms selling. Delta: nearly all the wild land is heavily timbered; the timber nearly pays for clearing. Saginaw: $15 to $100; from one-third to two-thirds cultivated and fenced, some having fruit orchards, and substantial buildings. Alpena: about $15; all fenced; log buildings. Keweenaw: $10; buildings poor. Marquette: no farming done here. Chippewa: $7; all fenced; log buildings. Genesee: $40 to $60; from two-thirds to three-fourths improved and fenced; with lesser improvements it can be obtained for from $20 to $40, according to location. Gratiot: about $45; three-fourths improved; frame buildings. Huron: small improved ftrms are few and far between; not much fence; settlers live in log-houses. What is the price per acre of unimproved land, what proportionis cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? Lenawee: from $10 to $50. Berrien : $20 to $60; one-half improved; frame buildings, and orchard. Van Buren: from $5 to $50, according to location. Allegan: $15 to $25. Kalamazoo: $10. Cass: improved and unimproved are sold together, each farm being partly improved. St. Joseph: about $25; nearly all fenced. Branch: $20 to $40; onefourth cleared and fenced. Jackson: $25 to $100; timber land; entirely unimproved. Ingham: from $6 to $75. Calhoun: no unimproved land in separate tracts to sell; the land is generally fenced. Eaton: $10 to $20; what we call unimproved laud has no clearing or fence. Mecosta: 88 to $20; none cleared or fenced. Barry: $10 to $50. Grand Traverse: $2 to $10; wholly unimproved. Oceana: average Manistee: from $1 to $10. price for wild land without fence, $7. Ottawa: $10; one-third of all land in this division is cleared. St. Clair: 67 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. $5 to $20. Ontonagon: very little of that class of land here. Kent: $5 to $10. Macomb: from $20 to $60; about three-fourths cleared. Oakland: not much land unimproved. ioughton : $10 to $50. wassee: $5 to $20. Tuscola: $3 to $20; none cleared. Mackinac: none. Delta: $10. ,Saginaw: 50 to $15; none cleared or fenced. $2 to $5; no clearing, and no fence. Keweenaw:$3. Marquctte: $5 to $10. Chippewa: $10; thousands of acres burnt ovcr; to cattle and horses roam over these tracts at will. Genesee: from according to location andl quality. Gratiot: to $15; no clearing nor fencing. Huron: $2 to $10. is the rent small improvedfarms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive the latter provide stock, i plements, or seeds?2 Berrien: the owner receives one-half the crop on good farms, and if on shares and owner one-third on poor ones. Van Buren: about provides one-half of stock, inlplements, seeds, &c., he receives one-half the product. Allegan : about $5 .where improvements are made; shares, same as above. no farms rented for cash; owner receives one-half the crop, and furnishes onehalf the seeds. Cass: $4, or one-half the product. St. Josephh: one-half, each furnishing half. Branch: owner receives one-half or one-third, according as he furnishes stock, implements and seeds, or otherwise. Jackson: for the portion of the farm; shares, same as above. Ingham: one-third to owner. Calhoun: owner half, furnishing half. Eaton: to $4; shares, same as above. Mecosta; owner one-third. Barry and shares, as above. Grand Traverse: very seldomn rented except on shares; shares, as above. Oceana: about $2; shares, as above. Manistee: none under rental. Ottawa : shares, as above. Lenawee: $3 to $5. St. Clair: $1C to $20; shares, as above. Ontonagon: from $100 to none rented on shares. Kent: owner receives one-half or one-third the produce. according as he provides stock, &c., or otherwise. Macomb, Tuscola, and to $4; shares, as above. HoughGenesee: the same. Oakland : from companies rent to their laborers, about half an acre ton: some each, and charge them therefor $5 each; said laborers raise potatoes shares, owner and invariably get a good crop. Shiawassee: about one-third, he furnishing nothing. Saginaw: shares, one-third. Alpena farms are rented only on shares ; the owner receives one-half the pro ducts and furnishes one-half the seeds. Keweenaw : about $1. Gratiot Shia- $2 Alpena: $30, $8 $5 y'early What of ? Does $4; Kalamazoo: $4 improved $3 Ottawa: $300; $2 mining $3; $4; shares, one-third. about What are the chief articles of of two or three of thenm? Articles of production. Wheat..---per Counties. Prices. bushel..- $0 80 to $1 00 Do.. .do.......- Do .. _. _...... .do.- Do......... do.---1 - .......... ... ... .......... .... Do Corn.......... Do production,,and what are the present prie do do do 90 to 95 1 00 St. Joseph, Cass, Eaton. Van Buren, Branch, Jackson, Berrien, Allegan. Mecosta, Barry, Grand Traverse, Ottawa, Ontonagon, Kent ,Oakland, Shiawassee, Tuscola, Genesee, Gratiot, Huron. 00 to 1 15 1 25 50 60 Oceana, Ingham, Kalamazoo. Calhoun, St. Clair, Saginaw. Barry, Gratiot. Van Buren, Oakland, Ingham. 68 SPECIAL 68 Articles of production.. REPORT Prices. Counties. 80 . $0 30 to $0 33 ...... 40 Corn -...... per bushel do..- Oats -------Do .......... do Do.........do.Do_.........do---60 Do 50 ...... Do----------do ....... ... do 70 75 ..... Do---------- do...... Potatoes - -- _---do Do..--------dn. ...... do-5--50 to Do--.-------do_--- Iron ore- -o.. do Do---------Do.......... - per ton.. ON IMMIGRATION. 85 30 Branch, Kent, St. Clair. Ingharn, Gratiot. Vail Buren, Calhoun, Clair, Macoinb. Barry, Oakland, St. Branch, Kent, Tuscola. Grand Traverse, Saginaw. Oceana, Houghton, Keweenaw. Chippewa, Mackinac, Alpena. Ontonagon. Van Buren, Iugham, Grand Traverse, Oak. land. 40 St. Joseph. 50 75 Mecosta, Oceana, Mackinac, Chippewa. Alpena, Manistee, St. Clair, Keweenaw, Huron. Ontonagon, Houghton, Cass. Marquette. 1 00 5 00 What is the distance to a market town, a railroad station, or a steamboat landing? Berrien: from 1 to 10 miles. Van Buren: to a market town and railroad station 10 miles; to a steamboat landing 20 miles. Allegan: 3 or 4 miles. Kalamazoo : the Michigan Central Railroad crosses the county from east to.west, and the northern branch of the Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana Railroad from north to south. Cass: greatest distance 12 miles. St. Joseph : railroads through the county in two Colddirections, and two others in process of construction. water, in the center of the county, is a market town and a railroad station on the Michigan Southern Railroad. Jackson: average distance about 6 miles. Ingham: from 1 to 25 miles. Calhoun: the Michigan Central Railroad runs through the county, furnishing a good market easy of access to all parts of the county. Eaton : the Grand River Valley Railroad intersects this county diagonally, and has a station every 6 or 10 Branch: miles. Mecosta : 3 to 10 miles to market town, 15 miles to railroad. Lenawee : two railroads through the county ; Adrian City is the county seat, and there are numerous stations and villages. Charlevoix : the county town is a steamboat landing, and it is about 200 miles to a railroad station. Barry : we have a railroad at Hastings. Grand Traverse: steamboat landings are numerous in this region. Oceana : at our county town is a steamboat landing and good harbor. Manistee : Manistee City, situated in the southwest part of the county,. is a lake port. Ottawa : Holland is our market town and steamboat landing ; no railroad station within 22 miles. St. Clair : from 1 mile to 20 to railroad and steamboat. Ontonagon : our county town is situated on the bank of the river, whose mouth is a good harbor. Kent : to a railroad station 13 miles. Macomb : 23 miles to Detroit. Oakland : about 10 miles to a the center of this railroad station. Houghton : steamboat landing county ; 90 miles to railroad station. Shiawassee : five railroad (depots in this county. Tuscola: 20 miles. Mackinac: 4 mile. Delta: several railroads and steamboat landings. Saginaw : from 3 to 10 miles. Alpena : from 1 mile to 30. Keweenaw : not over 10 miles. Marquette : in 12 miles from mines to steamboat navigation. Chippewa: from 1 to 3 miles to steamboat landing. Genesee : railroad runs through the county north and south; good market at all the stations. Gratiot: 22 miles INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 69 from county seat to railroad station. Huron: numerous steamboat landings on the shores of Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay. This county is two-thirds surrounded by water. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber ? Berrien: sandy loam; prairie oak, beech, maple, walnut, whitewood, &c. Van Buren: the soil is varied; timber-whitewood, oak, beech, poplar, pine, hemlock, and ash. Allegan: loam and clay; timber-beech and maple. Kalamazoo: the land is of good quality and well adapted to farming purposes ; the timber is principally maple, beech, and oak. Cass: prairie and oak openings; some heavy timber. St. Joseph: sandy loam; timber principally oak, some beech, maple, and mixed timber. Branch: the land is generally of good quality; timberbeech, maple, and oak. Jackson: land generally good; timber mostly oak. Ingham: gravelly loam; timber-from heavy beech and maple to light oak openings. Calhoun: gravelly loam; timber chiefly oak. Eaton: loam and gravel; timber-,beech, maple, oak, ash, and walnut upon the upland, with elm, black ash, and turmeric upon the lower. Mecosta: land good; beech and maple. Charlevoix : sandy loam; timber-beech and maple. Lenawee: sand and clay; almost every kind of good hardwood timber. Barry: sandy loam; timber in some parts all oak, and in others a mixture of beech, maple, whitewood, and nearly all kinds. Grand Traverse: land generally good; timber-maple, beech, basswood, elm, ash, cedar, pine, and hemlock. Oceana: sandy loam; timber principally hardwood. Manistee: sandy to sandy loam; timber on farm lands, maple and beech. Ottawa: on the west side of this division the land is light and sandy; timber-hemlock, pine, oak, &c.; south and east side the land is clay, with all hard timber, beech, maple, &c. St. Clair: some parts clay, sonime sandy; some hardwood, but mostly pine. Ontonagon : sandy loam ; hemlock, maple, and birch. Kent: the soil varies from stiff clay to a light sand-generally a loam and very productive; tim ber-oak, beech, maple, elm, basswood, and pine. Macomb: soft and hard wood mixed; oak, ash, elm, whitewood, beech, and maple. Oakland : clay, loam and sandy plains; oak timber. Houghton: red or black sand; poor quality; maple, hemlock, birch, and pine. Shiawassee: good land; timber-oak and maple. Tuscola: ranging from sand to clay; every variety of timber ; pine, hemlock, maple, beech, oak, ash,. elm. Mackinac: poor; beech and maple. Delta: good for wheat, grass, and oats. Saginaw: mostly dark loam; oak, maple, hickory, elm, and beech. Alpena: sandy loam and clay. Keweenaw: fair quality; birch, maple, hemlock, pine, cedar, spruce, poplar. Marquette : sandy; pine and hemlock. Chippewa: clay and sandy loam; sugar-maple and evergreens. Genesee: clayey loam predominates, with limestone gravel; timber a mixture of hard and soft with some pine. Gratiot: sandy loam; beech, maple, oak, pine, basswood, ash, hemlock. Huron: general character of the soil a mixture of clay and loam; pine, hemlock, white cedar, and the different kinds of hard wood. For what kind of labor is there a demand? Lenawee: farm labor chiefly. Berrien: common laborers principally. Van Buren: farm hands and wood-choppers. Allegan, St. Clair, and Saginaw: all kinds, skilled and common. Kalamazoo: all laborers seem to find employment. Cass: farm labor. Branch, lngham, Eaton, Macomb, Oakland, Shiawassee, Gratiot: farm labor principally. Jackson: masons, carpenters, and common laborers. Calhoun: mechanics and farm laborers. Mecosta: lumbering, in winter. Manistee: lumbermen and servant girls. Ontonagon: miners and common laborers. Kent: farm labor and labor in the pine woods, cutting and hauling logs, and working 70 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. in the mills. Houghton: miners, choppers, shovelers, teamsters, &c. Tuscola farm and lumbering: Mackinac: fishermen. Delta: male laborers and female house servants. Alpena: millmen and lumbermen. Keweenaw: mining and surface labor. Marquette: miners. Chippewa: miners and fishermen and voyagers. Genesee: farming and lumbering. Huron: mill and lumbering. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor? Lenawee: railroad machine-shop and two woolen factories. Berrien: principally flour and lumber mills. Van.Buren and Allegan: flour-mills, saw-mills, and woollen-mills. Kalamazoo: paper-mill, flour-mills, and saw-mills. Cass: flour-mills and a few small planingmills and door factories. St. Joseph: flour and saw mills, iron founderies, woolen-mills, paper-mills, and agricultural implement factories; labor in supply fully equal to the demand. Branch: grist and saw mills, woolen factories, furnaces, &c. Jackson: about 20 saw-mills, 16 grain-mills, 3 stoneware factories, wagon and carriage factories, and a multiplicity of other factories. Ingham: none of any note. Calhoun: woolen-mills, flour-mills, threshing machine manufactories, Novelty Works for agricultural implements, extension tables, &c. Eaton and Mecosta: 8 saw-mills and 3 flourmills. Barry: only furnaces. Grand Traverse: none but lumber and flour mills. Oceana: saw-mills, planing-mills, shingle-mills, and machine-shop. Manistee: no mills except 20 steam saw-mills, which employ about 65 men each. Ottawa: grist-mills, saw-mills, sash, door and blind, stave and furniture, and agricultural implement factories. St. Clair: saw and grist mills, carriage and wagon factory. Ontonagon: stamp-mills, engines, &c., around the mines. Kent: saw-mills, flour and grist mills, paper mill, and cigar factory. Oakland: woolen-mill. Houghton: 5 steam saw-mills, 1 sash, door and blind factory, 2 founderies and machine-shops, 1 copper-smelting works. Shiawassee: 7 flourmills, 3 woolen-lils. Tuscola: woolen-mill, saw-mills, &c. Mackinac: none. Delta: saw-mills and blast-furnaces. Saginaw: saw-mills, shingle and lath mills, planing-mills, blind, sash and door factories, cabinetwork, wheelwright, and chair factories; all kinds of wood-turning, machine-shops, paper-mills, and salt manufactories. Alpena: 9 steam saw-mills, 2 water-power saw-mills, 1 sash, door and blind factory, l foundery and machine-shop, one siding-mill and 8 shingle-mills, 4 portable grist-mills for grinding feed for stock. Keweenaw: stamping-mills, saw-mills, fuse factory, brewery, soap manufactory, and wagon-shops. Chippewa: saw-mill and shingle-mill. Genesee: 8 saw-mills, turning out 70,000,000 feet of lumber per year, in Flint City, and 3 shingle fahetories, other saw-mills, &c., throughout the county; 15 flour-mills, 2 woolen factories, &c. Gratiot: saw-mills and grist-mills; no factories. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress requiring common labor ? If so, how far distant? Lenawee: not nearer than 40 miles. Berrien: a railroad is being built through our city. Van Buren: yes; within the county. Allegan: yes, and building another. Kalamazoo: a railroad is being built from this place to South Haven, a port on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, 39 miles distant; also a road north and south through the county. Cass: 1; 10 miles distant. St. Joseph: 2 railroads through the county; plenty of laborers. Branch: several railroads are in progress, from 12 to 20 miles distant from the city of Coldwater, the county seat. Jackson: 5 railroads completed, another in progress. Ingham: yes; within from 4 to 20 miles. Calhoun: 1 railroad is in course of construction. Eaton: Grand River Valley Railroad complete and the Peninsular in progress. Me- INFORMATION 7 FOR IMMIGRANTS. 71 costa: a railroad is being constructed across this county. Barry: there are some railroads being built in Grand Traverse, Manistee, Ontonagon, Oakland, Shiawassee, Mackinac, Delta, Alpena, C hippewa, anl Huron: none at present. Oceana: a railroad about 50 miles distant. Ottawa: 1 railroad in progress. St. Clair: 1 completed 40 miles ont of the city of Port Huron. Kent : 1 in progress 8 miles distant. Macomb 1 in progress through the county. Houghton: ship canal, 8 miles from this village, requiring a large number of laborers, now in progress. Tuscola: plank roads. Saginaw: yes; in the immediate vicinity. Keweenaw: a ship canal 40 miles distant. Genesee: 1 through the county being built. Gratiot: 1 soon to be commenced. If many foreign-born workmen are employed in your district,please give the preponderatingnationality. Berrien, Cass, Inghamn and Van Buren : Irish. Allegan: German. Kalamazoo: the German laborers seem to be the most numerous. St. Joseph: not many foreigners; some Germans. Branch: but few; mostly Irish. Jackson: German. Irish and 1rish preponderate. St. Clair: Scotch, Irish, and Germans. Macomb: German. Oakland : Germ an. Len awee: quite a German population. Please state any advantages which your district can ofcr to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there mach land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied?2 not much land unoccupied. Berrien: a good deal of uncultivated land suitable for fruit or grain, well watered, can be purchased at reasonable rates. Van Buren: great inducements for small farmers; land can be bought for $12 per acre; good market for wood. Allegan: the fact that our county is comparatively new. Kalamazoo: some good land yet unoccupied; a good farming district. Cass: small farmers can do well here. St. Joseph: fine productive land, easily tilled, but very little of it unoccupied. Branch : considerable land of good quality, well watered, yet unoccupied. Jackson: no land unoccupied. lughani : quite a large amount of good land owned by a ine agricultural district, with an abundance of wood, coal, 'and mierals, with the capitol of the State for its center; having 3 railroads already completed, and 3' others in process of construction, together with fine water-power. Calhoun: good soil, good climate, facilities for no land unoccupied. Eaton : masons, carpenters, and joiners find plenty of work at good wages; farming is the principal occupation, and it pays well on a large or small scale; plenty of excellent laud unoccupied. .Mecosta : much good land yet unoccupied. Barry : not much laud that is desirable, except some in the hands of speculators who hold it at high prices. Grand Traverse : cheap lands and a remarkably health- Michigan. Eaton: Swiss; Lenawee: non-residents; other shipping; ful climate are the chief advantages. Oceana: plenty of land that is not cultivated, but it is in the hands of speculators. Manistee : this county consists of pine lands to a. great extent, which are of little value for farming purposes; fruit-growing, with Chicago, M\ilwaukee, and the far West for markets, is the crowning industry of the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. Ottawa : good opportunity for small .farmers to make money. St. Clair : plenty of wild land to be had at from to $20 per acre ; from one to ten years to pay it in, at 7 per cent. interest. Ontonagon : plenty of room for all kiuds of laborers and hut $5 what we need most is agricultural labor; miners; we want immigrants to comec in and take up and cultivate the Government land, and produce the necessaries of life for the miners ; at present the principal part of our suplhies have to be brought here from a distance, for want of agricultural labor a hofme. Kent:..we have a health l 1imnfate, nd lborinsr 72 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. improved land, some of it valuable on account of the timber upon it, and some oak openings valuable for agricultural purposes. Oakland: not much wild land. Shiaxyassee: one-third of the land in the county is unoccupied. Tuscola: as fine farming lands as can be found anywhere. this latitude, and plenty for sale as yet uncultivated. Mackinac: land is poor for farming, and very little farming is done. land in Delta: $2 will turn their attention to agricultural pursuits. all wages fur unoccupied; colllon labor per day; we need men who Saginaw: a demand for all kinds of labor at remunerative prices; much land of good quality, and well watered, is yet unoccupied. Alpena: good mechanics are wanted very farmers are a great necessity, as there is a large quantity of unoccupied farming laud in this locality. Kexeenaw: plenty of work for miners, carpenters, and common iaborers and blacksmiths; abundance of good land, watered, and unoccupied. Marquette: miners are the only men needed here. thousands of acres unoccupied, and one of the best markets in the Northwest for any quantity of hay, oats, and potatoes; steamers and sail vessels stop here daily during the season of navigation. Genesee: considerable unoccupied land of good quality. Gratiot: the country is improving very fast, and blacksmiths, masons, cabinet-makers, coopers, carpenters, painters, shoemakers, tailors, and wheelwrights could find good locations and constant employment. Huron : plenty of land unoccupied; a well-timbered region; no better location can be found for the cultivation of fruit; the deep waters of Lake Huron .and Saginaw Bay nearly surround us, and give us what is called a water climate. What are the prices of ordinary farnm stock, sound and in good condition ? much; well ct Working oxen, Counties. Chippewa: Working horses, each per pair. WorkingM mules, e.ach,. 1 Lenawee .------------$150 $150 8 2 Berrien $18-0---1pl O to 210 $125 to 160 $100 to 150 Van Buren------...------150 150 100 Allegan-------------------.150 130 125 " Kalamazoo---------------150 150 _ Cass------------------------130 St. Joseph----------------- 3 125 to 200 150 175 to 250 100-------------- Branch-----------------------150 Jackson----------------------130 Ingham-----------------150 130 100 125 Calhoun----------------150 to 200 125 130 150 to 200 I Ontonagon----------------200 12 40 100 to 150--------50 Delta------------------200 Saginaw------------------175 Alpena--------------------200 Keweenaw--------------150 Marquette---------15 10 200 _ Genesee-------------------..Graio--------------12 $164 Average.............. 200 -5---------------150 150 to 200 100 to 150 20075 20 0 10 5 200 150 15 25 $19 08 $14 0 w -- - -- - -- I i TZ 2 1f 12 2 1* 30 to50 40 40 45 70 11to 35 to 6) 6 8 6 5 to 7 8 7 7 7 2: 8 1 to 2 7 to £ 2 tol3Cal .... ... 40 55 3 51Ottawa-------------------180 10 50 50 30 to 50 35 to 4 75 2+ 7 3 1 to 3 10 5 1 to 10---------.. __.......... 150------------80------- ----------150 to 200.----------35 to 5 0 ____50 3 7 150 125 40 11 8 Mackinac----------------- t 40 50 8 to 10c. 8 to 10 2 100------------80 to 100 Houghton---------------200 Shiawassee----------------180 Chpea....... 0 Tuscola-_-------------150 weight. $1 $11 to52, 40 150--------------40to 60 M ecosta-------------------200 01 100 to 150 a r v - ............ i _ _ _ _1 1 ©1 02 05- - - 04 -2 to 50 - Grand Traverse--_125 to 200 125 to 200 125 to 200 Oen......... 20 175 20 125 10 Kent. .- - - --.... . 150 150 150 Manistee------------------150 175 5 Macomb................ 150 125 125 Oaln5 t. Chair_------- ---- 150 to 20 100 to 10 100 to 20 ....... 250 200 200 .,live Hogs, per c $50 $30 to 50 100 to 200........35 to Eaton----------------._l150to 200 4 S a, i t-- 8 to 70 4 i-----45 60 75 5............... 45.. 35 7 $49 59 62 3 ------ 1~ 10 3 8 3 10 to...8 1....6.. 1 6to8 L7.9-1 7 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 73 WISCONSIN. Area-, 34,511,360 acres. Population in 1870, 1,055,153. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitablefor smalfarms on favorable terms ? * seldom rented; plenty of wild land for sale. Kenosha, Milwaukee, Waukesha, Dane, Jefferson, La Fayette, Sauk, Grant, Iowa, Brown, WanCrawford and Richland, Sheboygan, Calumet, paca, Green Lake, La Crosse, Chippewa, Juneau, Polk, Trempealeau: Eau Claire, and Pepin: yes. Burnett: Government lands can be had on the usual terms. what proWhat is the price per acre of small improved farms? portion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Manitowoc: from $50 to $100 per acre, according to situation and improvements. Walworth: $40 to nearly all under cultivation and fenced ; buildings chiefly of wood, some of brick. Kenosha: $35 to $100. Mlilwaukee: $50 to $100. Waukesha: $20 to to $30. Bok: about $50; nearly all under cultivation; buildings Sank: to pretty good. Jefferson: $30 to $40. La Fayette: to $30 for for prairie land; from $10 to $30. Grant: average, timberland. Iowa: $25 to $50; all fenced; three-quarters under cultito onevation; buildings ordinary. Crawford and Richland: half improved and fenced. Burnett: from $5 to $10. Sheboygan: $40 to $50; about two-thirds improved; all fenced. Calumet: $20 to $70. Shawanuaw: $25 to $30; a small proportion fenced; frame and log buildings. Brown: $15 to $30; one-quarter to one-third under cultivation. Waupaca: $20 to $30; one-half under cultivation; frame buildings. Green Lake: from $10 to $30; all under fence, with wooden buildings. Marathon : this is a lumbering district; poor farms. La Crosse: $10 to $20; one-half fenced ; small buildings. Chippewa: $20; one-quarter under cultivation and fenced; small frame or log buildings. one-half cultivated and one-half fenced. Polk: from to one-third nnder cultivation, cheap buildings. Trempealean: $5 to Manitowoc: Shawanaw, State $60; $75. Dane: $20 $30. $25 $25 $50 $15 $25; nearly all fenced, and mostly frame $25; buildings. $10 Juneau: $100; Eau Claire and Pepin: $12 to $20. What is the price per acre of unimproved land, what proportion is cleared, and how much, if any, is Manitowoc : to $10 per acre. Walworth: nimproved land is mostly timber land held for the wood, and is worth from to $75, fenced? $5 according to the amount and quality of timber. $15 Kenosha: $15; almost all fenced ; this is prairie ; woodland is worth from $40 to $100. Milwaukee : no nnimproved land. Waukesha to Dane : such land is scarce here ; : $25 $40. $15 to $20. Jefferson: $10. La Fayette: very little unimproved. Sank : from $5 to $15. Grant: $25 to $40. Iowa: $10 to prairie; ino clearing required. Crawford, Richland, and Burnett : from $2 to wholly unimproved. Sheboygan : from. $15 to $20; $5; $20 ; none cleared nor fenced. Government price, 25, to $1 Calumet: $8 to $30. $5; no fences. $2 Shawanaw : from Brown : $5 to about $15; 50 to $5, and a good deal at Governone-third cleared. Waupaca : lment price, and somec State land which is very good, from 624 cents to $2. Green Lake: $5to $8. Douglas : wild land from $1 25 to $10.- La Chippewa : $3 to $7. Juneau : wild land, $5. Polk : mostly prairie, unfenced. 25 to Trempealeau : to Crosse: $5 $10. $125 to $6. $1 $10; SNames of counties from which returns have been received. 74 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Rau timber. part Claire and Pepin : $2 50 to $10; none fenced; part prairie and WT'ha t is the yearly rent of small improvedfarms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds?2 Manitowoc: usually rented on shares; owner receives one-third the product, unless he furnishes stock and inplements and secds, in which case he receives one-half and sometimes three-fifths. Walworth: to $5; on shares, on shares same as above. Kenosha: each furnishing one-half and dividing the product equally. Milvankee: owner receives one-third the product, or one-half when he furnishes seed, team, &c. Waukesha : the same. Dane: the same. Rock: shares, each furnishes half, and each takes one-half the crop. Jefferson: owner one-third of crop, or if he furnishes seeds, team, &c., onehalf. La Fayette, Sank, Grant, Iowa, Crawford, and Richland: the same for all that is as above. Burnett: no farms to rent. Sheboygan: improved; on shares, one-half, each party finding one-half the stock, &c. Calumet: owner one-third,, or if he furnishes team, &c., one-halt. Shawanaw : $3; shares, as above. Brown, Waupaca, and Green Lake: the same. La Crosse : owner receives one-third, furnishes nothing; or $3 generally $5; $1; $4 two-thirds and furnishes all except labor. Chippewa: one-third and one- half, according as one or the other furnishes implements, &c. Juneau : where owner finds seeds, one-half; where he provides team also, twothirds. Polk : wheat land is let, and seeds found, for one-third of crop. 50 per acre, or one-half the crop, the owner furnishTrempealean : ing seeds and implements, or one-thirdi and furnishing nothing. Eau Claire and Pepin: $5 per acre, or one-third of crop. What are the chief articles of production, and what are the present prices of two or three of them? $2 Counties. Articles of production. Prices. Wheat-:per Do------ -Do------ --Do ---------- $0 55 60 65 70 $0 70 to 90 D o-. -- _ ---- bushel. do. do.-do.. lo ___ ... Do---------doDo...... 75 Do......do...... Do ---------do.. Do---------do. Do..........do-Do........... do.- Corn.........--do. . Do..........do..- do . Do-......... -. 80 85 95 1 00 1 15 1 23 40 to 45 48 50 50 Do..........do.. to 65 1 00 35 Oats..........do.-- Dc.........---do..-- 40 Chippewa. Polk, Trempealeau. Crawford, Richiand, Dane, Jefferson, Do......... -- do...... Barley ........ Do.. -....... do._ do.. 50 60 to70 50 75 to 90' Grant, Iowa, Waupaca. Kenosha, Sheboygan, Ean Claire, Pepin. Waukesha, Milwaukee. Rock, Green Lake, Brown. Shawanaw. Manitowoc. Burnett. La Fayette, Iowa. Trenipealeau. Waiworthi, Jefferson, Sank, Grant, Juneau, Green Lake. Waupaca, Rock, Waukesha. Polk. Walworth, Jefferson, Sank, Grant, Ean Claire, Pepin. Iowa, Manitowoc, Kenosha, Milwaukee, Waukesha, Dane, Crawford, Ricliland, WaurnLca, Do.........(10.. Sauk. Wnlworth. Caluret, BanClair, Juneau. Chippewa, leau, Green Lake. Brown, Polk, Rock. Shawanaw, Burnett. Grant. Waukesha. Juneau, Trempea- INFORMATION flarley-..... $0 80 per busheL .do-----do Do------. .do- Do--.------0 do60 Potatoes --Do --------- do...... 1 90 00 1 00 55 80 Rye----------.do---_- Do---------...do.----Do--------- do0----Do--------- do... _ l75 Countries. Prices. Articles of production. 7 FOR IMMIGRANTS. Rock. Kenosha. Manitowoc, Daue, Burnett. Shawanaw, Wlworth. Burnett, Douglas. Juneau. Brown, Waiworth. 70 Milwaukee. 75 Rock. What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing? Manitowoc: our village has a commodious harbor on Lake Michigan, and is the market for our county, as also the shipping lort. Waiworth: railroad stations are abundant. Kenosha: 7 miles farthest point from a railroad station; steamboat landing on the eastern border of the county. Milwaukee: railroads and plank roads run through the conty. 4 Waukesha: from 3 to 10 miles. Dane: plenty of railroads. railroads through this county; average distance of farms, 31 miles from the stations. Jefferson: a railroad through this county. La 2 railroads, easyof same. Sank: 14 miles. Grant: 8 miles. access. Crawford and Richland: from 1 to 30 miles. Burnett: 15 miles. Sheboygan: 6 or 8 miles. Calunet: 2 to 25 miles. Brown: longest distance, 16 miles. Waupaca: 26 miles to railroad steamboat navigation through the eastern part of the county. Green Lake: 15 miles. Marathon: 100, miles. Douglas: 1 mile. and upward. LaCrosse: average 10 miles. Chippewa: average 15 miles. Juneau: from 2 to 10 miles. Polk: a good home market. Trempealeau: about 30 miles. Eau Claire and Pepin: from 1 to 20 miles. What is the generalquality of land, and the kind of timber? in the western anl southern portions of the county, the land is good; timbered principally with oak, beech and maple. Wal- Rock: Fayette: Iowa: Manitowoc: worth: the land is a rich, black loam, with clay subsoil; timber mostly oak, some maple, and hickory. Kenosha: clayey loam and gravelly; oak chiefly. 'Milwaukee: quality good; hardwood timber. Waukesha: R~ock:Dane: good soil ; oak, maple, and basswood. plenty and of almost all kinds. good; timber the land is mostly rich prairie; oak open- Jefferson : medium quality; maple, oak, &c. ings. of land uns;~nrpassed; oak, beech, hickory, &c. La Fayette : quality Sank: good; prairie; oak openings, and heavy hard and soft wood timber land. Grant : prairie land, first-class; principally oak timber. Iowa: prairie land of good quality; oak and maple. Crawford. and Richland: good; oak, hickory, basswood, elm, hard and soft maple. 'Calumet: hardwood timber. and pine. Burnett: good clay subsoil land; Sheboygan : red clay soil ; oak, maple, basswood, clay soil ; oak, maple, beech and linden tree. Shawanaw: of good quality; beech and maple timber, with heavy forests of pine in portions of the county.. Brown: heavily timbered; pine, oak, maple, beech, basswood, birch, &c. Waupaca; sandy loam and clay; pine, maple, birch, oak, hickory, elm, basswood, and butternut. Lake : clay good; soil;. oak, maple, &c. soft timber. Marathon: La Crosse: sandy; Green Douglas~: laud pine. some poor and sandy, some first quality; oak, ash, and hacjiberry. Chippewa: general quhality good; Norway white pine, white and black oak, maple, butternut, hemlock, 76 SPEUIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. cedar, and basswood. Juneau: rather sandy; timber - white oak, &c. Polk: black, loamy soil on prairie, clay subsoil in timber land; oak, maple, basswood, poplar, &c. Trempealeau: rich, alluvial soil, with some sand; burr, black, and white oak, cottonwood, maple, ash. Eau Claire and Pepin: soil sandy loam; white pine and the hard woods. For what kind of labor is there a demand? Manitowoc, Waukesha, Dane, Iowa, Calumet: farm labor principally. Walworth: labor here is abundant. Kenosha: good farm hands, not afraid to work, particularly in the summer season. Milwaukee: building railroads, manufacturing, farming, &c. Dane: farm hands and female help. Rock: nearly all kinds of labor in good demand, in summer particularly. Sauk: farm and mechanical labor. Grant: all kinds, skilled and unskilled. Crawford and Richland: mechanics of nearly all kinds, and farm labor. Burnett: farmers and lumbermen. Sheboygan: farmers and mechanics. Shawanaw: lumbermen. Brown: lumbermen chiefly; also farming and fishing and manufacturing. Waupaca: men to settle the country and make homes for themselves and families. Green Lake: all kinds of mechanics and common laborers. Marathon: men for lumbering. Douglas: chopping wood and lumbering. Chippewa: all kinds, especially lumbermen in the winter, and men for sawmills in the summer. Juneau: farm, lumbering, and railroad laborers are in demand. Polk : farm labor and lumbermen. Trempealeau: common laborers and farm hands. Eau Claire and Pepin: lumbering in winter, mills in summer. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor? Manitowoc: 1 woolen-mill, 2 chair and furniture factories, 1 tub and pail factory, a number of saw-mills and shingle-mills, 1 stave factory. Walworth: 16 grist-mills, 1 woolen factory, 1 reaper and seeder manufactory, and several small manufacturing establishments. Kenosha: 4 wagon factories, 2 iron founderies, 4 tanneries. Milwaukee: flour-mills, founderies, wagon-shops, planing-mills, sash and door factories. Waukesha: woolen-mills and agricultural machine factories. Dane: a few grist-mills, and founderies, machine-shops, vagon-shops, and woolenmills. Rock : paper-mills, woolen factories, founderies, and furniture shops. Jefferson: woolen factories, furniture, farming implement, wagon and sleigh and carriage factories. La Fayette: none but gristmills. Sank: 2 woolen factories, 1 furniture establishment, 1 hub and spoke factory, 1 flour-mill, three saw-mills. Grant: about 36 grist-mills, 6 small woolen factories, and other manufacturing shops. Iowa: woolen-mills, machine-shops, zinc-smelters. Crawford and RIichland: flour, saw, and woolen mills, wagon, sleigh, and plow factories, cooper shops, fanning-mills, and cabinet-makers' shops. Burnett: 2 saw-mills, 1 gristmill. Sheboygan: founderies, wagon factories, woolen and grist mills, chair factories. Calumet: very few factories or mills, with the exception of grist and saw mills. Shawanaw: grist and saw mills. Brown: lumber and shingle mills, iron founderies, and blast-furnaces. Waupaca: 2 stove founderies, 11 large flour-mills, 13 saw-mills, 2 large tanneries, 1 woolen-mill, 2 founderies, &c. Douglas: saw-mills. LaCrosse: saw-mills, flour-mills, founderies, plow works, machine-shops, sash, door, blind, and wooden-ware furniture factories, marble works, tinners' shops, agricultural implement, and stone-cutting establishments, &c. Chippewa: saw, grist, and planing mills and machine-shops. Juneau: grist and saw mills, sash .and blind factories, machine-shops, and founderies. Polk: grist and saw mills. Trempealeau: flour and grist mills. Eau Claire an" Pepin: flour, saw, and shingle mills. INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 77 Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress, requiring common labor? If so, how far distant? Manitowoc: yes; about 40 miles. Walworth: 1 railroad within the county. Kenosha: none in the immediate vicinity. Milwaukee: laborers are employed here to go hundreds of miles to work on railroads. Rock: none in progress, but those completed need many laborers for repairs. Sauk: railroad prospects fair. Grant: 1 railroad being built, Crawford and Richland : yes; 3 miles distant. Burnett: 1 here. Shaw. anaw: a military road from this place to Lake Superior. Brown: I railroad in process of construction in this county. Waupaca: work in the lumber woods, and on the river. Douglas: yes; 5 miles distant. La Crosse: 100 miles west. Chippewa: from Chippewa Falls to Augusta, 23 miles ; to Eau Claire, 10 miles, now in progress. Juneau: 1 in this immediate vicinity. Polk: 25 miles distant. Trempealeau: 1 railroad now finished. Eau Claire and Pepin: West Wisconsin Railway now building here. If many foreign-born workmen are employed in your district,please give the preponderatingnationality. Manitowoc: principally German. Walworth and La Fayette: Irish. Kenosha and Milwaukee: German. Waukesha: three-fifths German, remainder Norwegians and Danes. Dane: Norwegians and Germans. Rock: Norwegians and Irish. Jefferson: Germans and Irish. Sank: principally German. Grant: largely German. Iowa: German, Irish, and English as miners. Crawford and Richland: Germans, Irish, Bohemians, and Norwegians. Burnett: Swedes and Norwegians. Sheboygan: German. Calumet: German and Irish. Shawanaw: German and French. Brown: Germans, Belgians, Irish, Dutch, Norwegians, and French Canadians. Waupaca: Scandinavians and a good many Germans. Green Lake and Marathon: German. Douglas: Swedes. La Crosse: German in shops, and Irish on public roads. Chippewa: French, Irish, German, Scandinavians, and Americans, in the order of proportion. Polk : Scandinavians and Germans. Trempealeau: Germans, Poles, and Norwegians. Eau Claire and Pepin: about one-half German, one-fourth Irish, and one-fourth Norwegians. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied? Manitowoc: plenty of land unoccupied. Walworth: small inducements to laborers; but little land unoccupied. Kenosha: very little waste land; lakes and rivers numerous; for dairy farms Kenosha County is called in Chicago, where the product is largely consumed, the "Orange County" of the West, from the superior quality of the butter; 4 or 5 cheese factories within a radius of as many miles denotes the character of the cheese; for small-fruit culture the soil is better than any other in Wisconsin. Milwaukee: land all occupied; good markets; mechanics find plenty of employment. Dane: not much land unoccupied, good farm hands are scarce and greatly needed; so is female help. Rock: no special advantages, only good wages and plenty of work; no unoccupied lands. La Fayette: the land is very productive, well watered, good quality, but generally occupied; market in Chicago. Sank: plenty of excellent land yet uncultivated, and very healthy. Grant: no better section of the country for laborers, mechanics, or small farmers can be found anywhere. Iowa: wages good; cost of living low. Crawford and Richland: small farms to be procured at reasonable prices and on easy terms, from $2 to $5 per acre; a large quantity of good land, well watered, yet unoccupied. ,Burnett: we 78 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. have a good market at home, and get front the lumbermen 20 to 25 per cent. more than elsewhere. Sheboygan : there is in summer time a large demand for sailors, fishermen, and farm laborers. Shawanaw Brown, Wanpaca, and Green Lake: large tracts of unimproved farming land, of good quality, are yet unoccupied. Marathon, Douglas, La Crosse, and Chippewa: the sanme; we have one-third of all the pine in the Northwestern States. Juneau: about 1,000 men are employediihun- Polk: bering and railroading; farm hands are scarce. plenty of cheap land, plenty of work, and a good field for poor people as well as rich. Trempealeau, Eau Claire, and Pepin: good inducements for farmers amnd farm laborers. What are the prices of ordinaryfarm stock, sound and in good condition Workling Torking W Ci Counties. 1 each. 100 to $150 $100 to $150 $150 150 153 125 . .. 100 100 Milwauke.--------.. -150 150 Milwulkee-..------..... 140 125 150 Wankesha .............. 80 to 150 75 to 150 100 to 200 125 175 2 Dane----------------------175 Rock......-------..... 100 100 90 1C0 125 Jefferson ---------------90 3 Dane..-...--..-----.. 100 to 150 100 to 150 100 tol10 Calumet .------..--... -t.. to 110 100 to 150. 8O . 4 5 6 Sheboygan .--------..... \ashington..-------. -Shawanaw..---..-...-.. Brown .-------.--..Waupaca-...-....-...---Gren Lake-..----------100 Maahn---------200 100 to 150 100 to 125 175 to 200 100 90 to 125 150 125 140 Eau Claire_----- ----..-140 Burnett --------------- 125 to 150 Polk -------------------- 40 to 75 200 Chippewa----------------Dnouglas..----..--------.. La Crosse ---------------Junean--..-----------. 10 125 Sheep, each.pound. Manitowoc------..--$... 1 ileb cows, mulesig Walworth .--..--....---. Kenosha... ... ............. La Fayette--..--------70 Sank--------------------55 to 75 Grant--------------------75 to 100 Iowa .----.........---65 to 70 Crawford and Richland 70 Hogs, Workingi hornsesg oeng per pair. -I $20 to $40 50 150 150 100 to 153 150 to 200 150 200 $3 30 to 50 50 50 60 30 to 60 40 10 to 12c. 1 2 to 2i 10 9 6 to 15 2 2 11 8 10 3.......... 30 40 30toS5 2 1 1to3 8 5 8 to32 45 30 25 35 35 3to5 6 2 5to7 8 5 8 3 24 9 to 13 7 100 to 175 100 to 175 25 to 40 12 to 2? 125 140 25 to 40 2 to 3 1 to 2 5 to 150 to 200to 50 30 2 125 16 125 to 20) 125 to 200 20 to35 2--$ 1 10 5 150 to 200 150 to 20 5t 01 125 Non. 60 4 None. 100 to 125 125 to 200 40 22 150 35 21 125 150 225 50 21 100 to 200------------30 to 60 3 to 5 10 to 125 100 50 3 200 250 40 5 125 Trempealeau---------------130 Average-------------- $127 73 per 175 30 $132 $149 $38 25 12 10 6 8 7 6 20 15 20 2---------.. $2 50 90 MINNESOTA, Area, 53,459,840 acres. Population in 1870, 436,057. Can land be purehased or rented in your district suitablefor smallifarms on favorable&terins? In the counties of Washington, Wabashaw, ilennepin, Goodhue, 1Ramsey, Stearns, Anokee, JDakota, Nicollet, Olmsted, Steele, Mower, Scott, Le Sueur, .Blue Earth, Rice, and Winona: it can. ? State what proWhat is the price per acre of small improved farms portion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. as a Washing;ton : $10 to $35 per acre. Wabashaw : from $10 to general rule about one-half the land is plowed and fenced, each farm nepin: 40 to 501 per cnt. upinder cultivation, all fnced, good subs~lntnia $40; INFORMATION 79 FOR IMMIGRANTS. provements. Ramsey: the price depends very materially upon the distance from town; within two miles of the city it is held at fancy prices; five or six miles out good land can be had at from to $15 per acre; improved lands, same distance out, $15 to $30, one-quarter of it under cultivation and fenced. Stearns: average $20 per acre. Anokee: good farming lands can be had at from $4 to $6 per acre. Dakota: $20 to $30 per acre is the average. Nicollet: $8 to $15 per acre, one-quarter in cultivation and fenced. Olmsted: $15 to $35. Steele: $5 to $10 per acre. Mower: $20 per acre. Scott: $5 to $12 per acre, principally log buildings. Le Sueur : $5 to $40, one-quarter under cultivation and fenced. Blue Earth : the price depends upon location; near the county town $50 per acre; further away as low as $10, buildings ordinary. Rice: $15 to $25, prairie land. Winona: $10 to $30 per acre, log or small frame buildings. What is the price per acre of unimproved land, what proportion is cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? 'Washington: $2 50 to $20; the lower price is for timber lands in the northern portion of the county, the higher is for prairie land in the southern part. Wabashaw: from $2 50 to $15. Hennepin: $25 to $75. Goodhue: $5 to $15 per acre, according to quality and distance from points for shipping produce; the proportion of prairie to woodland is large enough for farming purposes, and needs no clearing. Ramsey: unimproved land, with no clearing or fencing, six miles out, can be had for $7 per acre. Stearns: $10 to $30. Anokee: $2 50 to $6, part prairie and part timber land, not much of it fenced. Dakota: $2, mostly prairie. .Nicollet: $3 to $8, all prairie. Olmsted: $8 to $15, principally prairie. Steele: $3 to $5, prairie, none fenced. Mower: $5 to $10, prairie, none fenced. Scott: $5 to $10, with from three to twelve acres cleared. Le Sueur: $1 to $20, none cleared, none fenced. Blue Earth: $10 per acre, prairie land is from $8 to $25, without fencing. Rice: $5 to $10, prairie land, from $5 to $20 for timber land. Winona: from $5 to $15, no choice lands vacant. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds ? Washington: $3 to $5 per acre, or one-third of the produce to the owner, he furnishing nothing but the land. Wabashaw: $3 to $5; if on shares one-half, the owner providing one-half the stock, implements and seeds. Hennepin: usually on shares; owner receives one-third and furnishes nothing. Goodhue: farms are not often rented, but if rented are generally taken on shares, as above. Ramsey: $5 per acre, shares same as above. Stearns and Anokee: shares as above. Dakota: if owner furnishes seeds, implements, &c., he receives one-half, otherwise one-third. Nicollet: owner receives one-third and furnishes one-half the seeds. Olmnsted: owner receives one-half when he furnishes seeds, implements, stock, &c., otherwiseone-third. Steele, Mower, Blue Earth, and Winona: shares the same. Scott: $2 50 per acre for improved land. Le Sueur: owner receives one-quarter and furnishes nothing, otherwise one-half. Rice: owner provides half the seeds but no stock or implements, and receives ne-half the crop after it is harvested. $7 80 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. What are the chief articles ofproduction, and of two or three of them? ................. "-do Oats.................do. Do............... do... do.. ... Do.............--" Do----------- .. do.. o............o do.. Barley ................. Do..................---,do.Do . ... ....... .... Do.................... .... do... do.. Do...-...............do.. Do_..........do.. Potatoes---------do..........do Do.................... Do ........ .......... Hay ... _....._.......per do. do --. ton.. $0 50 85 55 55 80 60 75 6Oto 65 75 60Oto 65 65 70 78 40 50 4Oto 45 45 50 40 70 70 30 32 35 3Oto 35 40 50 60 75 80 80 to 1 00 1 00 80 7Oto 80 8Oto 90 15 00 $O 8Oto 5Oto Do----------------do. Do..................do. do. Do.-.............. Do..................do. Do..................do. ........ do. Do...--.... Do.................___.do._ ..- do.. o.............. Cor Do..................do. Do.... ... .... .... ... do..-Do...- ............... do .. do.. Do......... ........... .. do Do.--"-------do......... Do..................do. Do_........ .......... are the present prices Counties. Prices. Articles of production. Wheat.............per bushel.. do. ............... Do... Do..................do. Do............... ..... do.. Do-----------------do. -what Steele. Le Sneur. Goodhue, Nicollet. Olmsted. Scott. Rice. Stearns. Winona. Wabashaw. MWerhintonHennepin, Anokee. Blue Earth. Dakota. WahashawN. Blue Earth, Scott. Winona. Le Sueur. Dakota, Olmsted, Mower. Scott. B Stearns. Butter, 25c.; pork, lOc. Anokee. Stearns, Mower, Le Sueur. Rice. Winona. Dakota, Scott, Blue Earth. Washington. Le Sueur. Nicollet. Washington. Mower. Winona. Wahashaw. Winona. Ramsey, Mower. Anokee. Wabashaw. What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing? of its Washington: this county has steamboat landings on the east and south borders ; a railroad on its south and northwest borders ; average distance from St. Paul, 18 miles. Wabashaw : this county is on whole the west bank of the Mississippi, and has three market towns on the river ; no railroads. Goodhue: the market town and point of shipment on the Mississippi River, which is the outlet for the prois Red ductions of this divisiou for from 10 to 25 miles around this point. Wing~ Ramsey: from 1 to 116 miles. Stearns: one mile. Anokee : our market is almost always at our doors, as our large lumbering interests absorb nearly all that our farmers have to spare. Dakota: we have them all here. Nicollet : From 8 to 16 miles to river and railroad. Olmsted: from 1 mile to 15. Steele : railroad depot in the town. Mower : railroad station iu town. Scott: Minnesota River and St. Paul and Sioux City Railroad. Le Snenr : from 1 to 15 miles to market, railroad, steamboat landiug, &c. Blue Earth: all our towns are market towns ; railour produce is shipped east for sale. Rice : a railroad roads are from 2 to 20 miles. runs throngh the county north and south. near; Winona: INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 81 What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber? Washington: fifty thousand acres of prairie in the south, A No. 1; balance covered with burr-oak; quality varying from very poor to very good. Wabashaw: clay and sandy loaip, clay subsoil; timber-oak, maple, poplar, basswood and butternut. Hennepin: lands generally good; timber, oak openings. Goodhue: the land is very productive; oak openings and prairie with timber on the streams, maple, oak, basswood, elm, poplar, &c. Ramsey: sandy loam; oak. Stearns: good sandy loam; hardwood timber. Anokee: sandy loam; oak, maple, basswood, ironwood, with a good supply of turmeric. Dakota: generally good; burr-oaks on upland; elm, soft-maple, and cottonwood on bottom land. Nicollet: No. 1 land, and some heavy timber. Olmsted: black alluvial soil; burr and white oak. Steele: land good, timber poor. Mower: black loam; mostly oak. Scott: good ; the timber is maple, basswood, elm, hickory, white walnut, &c. Le Sueur: black loam with clay subsoil; oak, ash, elm, linden, &c. Blue Earth: soil very rich; timber land and prairie ; oak, ash, maple, linden, &c. Rice: rich sandy loam; maple, oak, elm, basswood, ash, butternut, and hickory. Winona: rich black loam. with clay subsoil; oak timber of different varieties. For hat kind of labor is there a demand? Washington: farm and railroad labor. Wabashaw and Dakota: all kinds. Hennepin, Mower, and Rice: farm labor, male and female. Goodhue: mostly skilled labor; the demand for common laborers is tolerably well supplied except in harvest time. Ramsey: no greater demand for one kind than for another. Stearns: farm, lumbering and railroad laborers. Anokee: carpenters, masons, and plasterers. Nicollet: farm labor in summer, and railroad hands in winter. Olmsted : "muscular" labor. Steele: farmers and carpenters. Scott: agricultural and mechanical. Le Sueur: chopping, farming, and railroad labor. Blue Earth: farm and railroad labor. Winona: farm and mechanical labor of all kinds. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor ? Wabashaw: saw-mills, grist-mills, planing-mills, sash and blind factories, agricultural implement works, plow factories. lHennepin: woolenmills, paper-mills, and a cotton factory. Goodhue: twelve flour and grist mills, four saw-mills, two sash and door factories with steampower, one woolen factory, one foundery. Ramsey: flour-mills, sawmills, chair factories, sash factories, planing-mills, founderies, &c. Stearns: lumber and flour mills. Dakota : flour-mills only. Olmsted : flour-mills, plow and wagon factories. Steele: flour-mills. Mower: three grist-mills. Le Sueur: saw and grist mills. Blue Earth: one Woolenmill. Rice: flour-mills, foundery, plow and furniture factories, barrel and broom factories. Winona:. saw-mills, planing-mills, sash and blind factories, plow, wagon and carriage, and soap and candle factories, founderies, &c. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress, requiring common labor? If so, how far distant? Washington: two railroads. Wabashaw: a railroad within fifty miles. Hennepin : a large amount of labor is required in this vicinity. Goodhue: a railroad to be built this summer and autumn. Ramsey: t four railroads under construction. Stearns: yes, forty miles distant; also a branch of the Northern Pacific Railroad is building through St. Cloud. Anokee: several railroads are building within the State. Dakota: two railroads now in process of construction. Nicollet: sixteen miles to a ra.ilroad. Olmsted: from ten to fifty miles. Steele: twenty-eight 6 82 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. miles. Mower: three miles from town. Scott: fifty-five miles. Le Sueur: yes, running through this town and county. Blue Earth: two railroads in progress in this immediate vicinity. Rice: deaf and dumb asylum in Faribault. Winona: none now in progress; several projected. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied ? Washington : good land can be had in the northern part of this county, well wooded and watered, for from $2 50 to $10 per acre; location and facilities for disposing of crops not excelled in the West. Wabashaw: constant employment for all at good wages; very little good land unoccupied and unimproved, but small improved farms can be bought at reasonable rates, and on good terms as to payment. Hennepin: advantages incalculable; the greatest water-power in America, and the most promising city in the Northwest, with facilities for gardening or small farming with profit, and demand for mechanical and common labor. Goodhue: about one-sixth of the land in this division is yet unoccupied; much of it is of good quality, and may be purchased on time, Lffording opportunities for farmers or laborers of small means to commence on their own account; the construction of the buildings necessary on the new farms gives employment to mechanics. Ramsey: employment is always to be obtained at fair wages, and there is large quantity of unoccupied lands. Stearns: this is a new county, and much of the land is yet unoccupied; from $7 to $15 per acre. Anokee: there are some tracts of good public land here yet, well timbered and watered, where small farmers could make very desirable homesteads. Dakota: there is a large amount of land now under cultivation which can be obtained on lease at very good advantage. Nicollet : any quantity of land to be obtained under the homestead act. Olmsted: one of the healthiest localities on the globe, and plenty of good rich land, capable Steele: much good land waiting for of producing enormous crops. occupants. Mower : a large amount of land to rent to large or small farmers. Le Sueur: plenty of work for laborers and mechanics; good chance for small farmers; plenty of land of good quality unoccupied, which can be had at reasonable rates. Scott : very little good land unoccupied. Blue Earth: a large extent of rich land unimproved. Settlers, mechanics, farmers, and laborers of every kind in demand, with the exception of factory operatives. Rice: about three-quarters of the land is unoccupied; plenty of wood; plenty of room for labor. Winona: very little land unoccupied, and it is of rather poor quality; good mechanics and farmers in demand. Lands held by non-residents can be purchased at reasonable prices. INFORMATION 83 FOR IMMIGRANTS. What are the prices of farm stock, sound and in good S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Counties. Working oxen, per pair. Working horses, each. Working mules, each. Mulch cows, to $125 $150 $125 to $200 $125 to $200 to Winona Rice----------100to 150i150to 200-----------4Oto 150 . 150 100 Blue Earth 150 100 to 200 150 to 200 30Oto Le Sneur .__.__. 125 to 150 125 to 150 Scott---------------100 200 175 1-25 Mower 125 12.5 Steele--------------100 --...... 1 1 2 2 Olmsted-.....100 to 150 125 Nicollet__ --_ 140 Dakota .___-__200 Anokee 2 2 2 Stearns Ramsey----Goodhue ..... $45 $1 50 to $2 00 2 00 60 1 5to 1 50 30 8 cents per pound. 1 30 2 00 $5 to $10 each. 2 00 $8-each. 40 30 1 00 100 to 150 150 to 200 25 to 50 75 30 to 50 150 to 200 150 to 200.........5 2504to75 200 2 00 to 3 50 1 50 to 2 00 2 50 '- 2 00 $5 to $20 each. $3 to $15 each. 5 cents per pound. 7 cents per pound. 45 45 40 2 50 3 00 3 00 5 cents per pound. $10 each. 8 cents per pound. $2 23 7 1-6 cts. per pound. 160 2 iHennepin_.__-._ 90 2 Wabashaw .. 2 Washington-__:_.100 to 150 175 '125 200 300 100 200 175 150 200 60 30 35 to 50 $126 00 $160 26 $171 60 $40 88 .average. 501 $2 to $3 each. 40 200 125 100 ---- Hog. Sheep, each. each. .$20 ..... condition? 150 100 100 3 50 $4 each. 3 00 2 50 .10 cents per pound. IOWA. Area, 35,228,800 acres. Population in 1870, 1,191,721. Can land be purchased or rented in your districtsuitable for smalfarms on favorable terms *Lee, Henry, Jefferson, Louisa, Washington, Van Buren, Davis, Jones, Jackson, Floyd, Dnbuqne, Buchanan, Allamakee, Howard, Scott, Clayton, Delaware, Mitchell, Winneshiek, Chickasaw, Bremner, Wapello, Benton, Jasper, Johnson, Nahaska, Madison, Dallas, Keokuk, Wayne, IRinggold, Clarke, Shelby, Pottawattamie, Warren, Union, Harrison, Mills, Montgomery, Polk, Page~, Taylor, Dickinson, Black Hawk, Boone, Greene, Carroll, Crawford, Story, Sac, Cerro Gordo, Woodbury, Hamilton, and Kossuth : all respond in the affirmative. What is the price per acre of small improved farms State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of ? ? ? buildings Lee : from $20 to $75 per acre, according to location, improvements, with good. buildings, orchards, &c., from one&c. ; medium quality, $50; $40: all-fenced, half to two-thirds of it fenced. Henry : from $20 to and nnder cultivation ; moderately good frame buildings. $25; Jefferson: nearly all under culthe price averages' $25. Louisa : from $15 to tivation ; mostly frame buildings. Washington ; from $10 to $25. Van abont one-half under cultivation, and about Buren : from $15 to two-thirds under fence ; the buildings are generally good, one-third of onethem of brick, and two-thirds frame. Davis : from $10 to third under cultivation ; small frame or log houses.. Jones : from about one-half improved. Jackson : from $20 to $25; wooden to $50; $25; $20 $30; $200; one-half under cultivadwellings, no barns. Scott : from $25 to from $20 frame buildings. tion. Floyd: from $10 to $25; Dubuque: to $40, according to the improvements thereon, and the location. Buchanan : prices depend upon the quantity nuder cultivation, and kind and quality of buildings, ranging from $16 to $30. Allamakee: from $15 84 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. 84 ard: from $15 to $30; one-third fenced; generally poor fences and cheap buildings. Clayton: from to $50. Delaware: from $15 to .35; about two-thirds under cultivation; three-fourths fenced; cheap buildings. Mitchell: from $1.5 to $50, according to location and the value ' of improvements. Winn.eshie1 : the average is about all under fence; good comfortable bulidings. Chickasaw: about $15; probably two-thirds fenced, and one-half under cudtivation. lrefrom $20 to from one-third to two-thirds under cultivation. Wapello: to $40; one-half fenced; buildings small. Benton: to this being a prairie country, the land is nearly all fenced; from one-half to three-fourths under cultivation, with a fir class of buildings, young orclkards, &e. Jasper: from $25 to $40; farms about two-thirds anIn not cultivated ; small frame buildings. Johnson: from 35 one-half or two-thirds fenced, and under cultivation ; with coito two-thirds under fence, fortable frame buildings. Mahaska: $20 to to one-half under cultivation ; buildings ordinary. Madison: Dallas : from to from one-half to two-thirds cultivated; the same quantity fenced; buildings tolerably good. Keokuk: from to 25; one-half under cultivation ; three-fourths fenced; with frame house and barn. Wayne: $20; one-third under cultivation; buildings pretty good. Ilinggold : $10 to $20; one-fourth to three-fourths under cultionevation, and fenced ; log and frame buildings. Clarke:$10 to third fenced and under cultivation. to one-half fenced and under cultivation; frame dwellings, log stables and sheds. 600,000 acres of to the county contains Pottawattamie: land, of which not over 40,000 are nuder cultivation; buildings generally very good. Warren: $15; one-half in cultivation and fenced; o ood buildings. Union: 20 to $25; one-third under cultivation and to one-third nifenced; buildings not very good. Harrison: der cultivation and fenced; ordinary ftrm. buildings. and Montgomery: $20 to $35; small farms are cheaper per acre than large, with similar improvements; geinerally good buildings for a new country. Polk: from to one-third under cultivation; frame buildings. Page and 'Taylor: $15 to $20; frame buildings. Dickinson: to one-fourth improved ; buildings small, frame or log. Black Hawk : $20 $25; iner: $40; $20 $30; $20 fenced, $50; $50 ; $20 $30. $20 $40; $20 $20 Shelby: $15 $20; over $10; $ $15; $20 $30; Mills $25 $40; $20; $12 to $40; three-fourths under cultivation and fenced ; $10 small from and rather inferior buildings. Boone, Greene, Carroll, and Crawford: Story: $25; $40; 'mall improved ; frame buildings. Sac : $15; one-third under cultivation, and fenced ; small frame buildings. Cerro Gordo : $20 to $30; all cultivated and fenced ; wood or stone houses. Woodhury : $10 to $15 ; improvements rather poor. Hamilton : $15 to $25; generally wood buildings. Kossuth : from $6 to $20, according to location; seine of the improved farms are unfenced, cattle in some neighborhoods being from $10 to frame and log buildings. one-half herded; frame buildings. What is the price per acre of unimproved land, what proportionis cleared, Lee : vicinity there is very little unimproved land ini this immediatefence, $10; land, without and how much, if price from to $20. any, is,fenced? $5 to $20 per acre. Henry : prairie Jefferson: $10 ; about one-half cleared and fenced. Louisa : no land of any considerable amount unimproved ; nine-tenths cleared, sevento $10 ; about one-half cleared and tenths fenced. Washington : from fenced. Van Buren : prairie land, $5 $10; timber land, $25 ; one-half under $5 goon ultivation, and about two-thirds under fence. Davis : to $1510 all prairie land:; none fenced. Jones : $12 to $20. Jackson : $10 to $20. rpe $25'Ito .$50;"mostly pr1airie;" a.lna prairie;"Tnotfenced. Sctt:- r INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS.83 8ti $5 to Dubuque: Floyd: $5 to is ion in county are according to location and soil; $20, of the landintofenced. and prairie. lands$15. thisabout $10from about for Buchanan: timber eqnally divided proved prairie. Allamakee : from $4 to$10. Howard: from $3 to $15: all prairie. Clayton: $3 to $20. Delaware: from 10 to 20; mostly prairie; no fence. Mitchell: $4 to $2; prairie. Winneshiek: $12. no fence. Bremer: $5 to $25; no Chickasaw: $5 to $10; prairie; fence. Wapello, Benton, Jasper, and Johnson: from $8 to 15.IMahaska, Dallas, and Madison: $ 5 to $20. Keokuk, Wa yne, Taylor, and Page : ror $5 $10; prairie. Iinggold: $3 to $10 for prairie, 10 to $30 for tisaber to land. Clarke: from $5 to $10; prairie. Shelby: prairie land, from. $4 to $10; timber land, from $15 to $40. Pottawattamie: fromt$5 to 20. Warren: from $4 to 10; prairie: none fenced.-Union: from $5 to $15. omHarrison : prairie, $5 to $20; timber land, from $10 to $40. ery : from $6 to $20; almost all prairie. Polk: from $5 to $50. l )ick. inson: from $1 50 to $4 50; all prairie; none fenced. Black unim- MMont iltwk: from $7 to $15; prairie; no fencing. Boone, Greene, Carroll, and all prairie. Story: $6; prairie; no fence. to Crawford : from to all cleared; no Sac: from $3 to $7; prairie. Cerro Gordo: to 15. Kos Hamilton: 50 to fence. Woodbury: for prairie; none fenced. 50 to suth: from rented on shares, What is the yearly rent of small imnprovedfarws? what share does the owner receive ? Does the latter provide stock, irnplements, or seeds?. Lee: from $2 50 to $5 per acre, or one-third of the crop raised, the renter finding everything; when teams and seeds are furnished by the landon shares; owner receives twoowner he -gets one-half. Henry: fifths. Jefferson: $3 to $4; or owner receives one-third of the crop and provides seeds only. Louisa : one-third of the grain; no stock or seeds furnished. Washington: if close to town, mnch higher than far away. Buren: about $2 50; owner receives one-third, tenant furnishing everything; one-half if landlord furnishes everything except board; it to $250; le furnishes board also, he receives two-thirds. Davis: on shares, one-third; if owner furnishes he receives one-half. Jones, Pot- $4 $15; $2 $6 $10; from $3 $10. $2 $15 If $4, Van $2 tawattamie: the same. $5; above.- shares as Buchanan : from $2 Jackson, to $3; Scott, Floyd, and Dub uque : on shares owner receives one- third, and if he furnishes everything he receives two-thirds. kee : one-half of products, each furnishing half. Howard: ceives one-third ; if he furnishes he receives one-half. shares as above. Jasper: Clayton : $3; on $2 to $3; shares as above. Mitchell and above. Winueshiek and Chickasaw : the same. Delaware : as $3 to $5; shares$3 Allarmaowner re- $4; $2 to to shares the same. Benton : from Bremer and Wapello : shares as above. Ma50 to shares as above. Johnson ; and shares the same. Madison and Dallas : haska and Union: $250; above. $3; $2 $15; $3; iRinggold, Clarke, Wayne, Warren, Taylor, shares as above. Harrison: laud draws Dickinson, Page, and Shelby.: one-third, labor one-third; stock, implements, &c., the remaining third. shares as Keokuk, Montgomery: $6to $15; and furnishes nothing. renters. $2; all prairie. Polk : owner receives one-third Black Hawk : terms exceedingly favorable to Boone, Greene, Carroll, and Crawford: from $5 to $12; oi: shares the owner receives one-half. Story, Sac, Woodbury, Hamilton, and Kossuth : owner receives one-third, furnishing nothing. 86 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. What are the chief articles of production,and what are the present prices of two or three of them? Prices. Articles of production. Wheat... per bushel Do---------do. $040 to $0 45 to Do---------do..... Do---------do Do---------do.... Do----------do..... Do---------do. Do---------do. Do--------do. Do---d---Do---------do.Do.--------- do...... Do........... Do.........d (. 50 to 60 to 50 55 50 52 55 60 75 60 65 85 75 80 SO to 1 00 1 00 25 to 30 35 do.. Corn ......... Counties. . Do......do._ Do.........--do._- 35 to Do..........do.. Do.........do.-- 40 40 Do........- .0. 45 50 Do.........d. I. 60 Do.........--do..__ Do. 65 75 25 30 do.. d. do.. ... Oats. Do.__... .. 35 -do.-- Do........- 40 Do.....do...-_. PotatoesDo.........do. ---- 25 50 do._ 65 to Barley........--do.Do..........do." Do...-Rye........ .-..- Do.......do... do.--do.. -- Do--.....do. 60' 75 40 Do.....do._ Do-........do:_. 45 to 60 1 '00 55 75 85 Madison, Hamilton. Kossuth, Benton. Jones, Chickasaw, Keokuk, Wayne, Shelby, Polk, Boone, Greene,, Carroll, Crawford, Story, Sac, Cerro Gordo, Woodbury. Floyd, Mitchell. Clayton, Howard; Black Hawk. Delaware, Mahaska, Warren. Jasper, Johnson. Delaware, Warren. Jackson, Allamakee. Dubuque, Lee, Dickinson. Louisa, Montgomery, Harrison, Clarke. Jefferson, Van Buren. Taylor, Wapello. Henry, Ringgold, Clarke, Warren. Jasper, Shelby, Harrison, Polk, Black Hawk, Delaware. Benton, Hamilton. Jones, Jackson, Floyd, Chickasaw, Bremer, Johnson, Madison, Montgomery, Boone, Greene, Carroll, Crawford, Sac, Cerro Gordo, Kossuth. Woodbury, Taylor. Allamakee, Winneshiek, Page, Davis, Mitchell. Van Buren, Clayton, Keokuk, Ringgold, U4ion, Scott. Scott. Lee, Henry, Wapello. Jefferson, Wayne, Dickinson. Jones, Harrison, Delaware. Benton, Van Buren, Howard, Winneshiek, Jasper, Shelby, Kossuth. Henry, Louisa, Scott, Floyd, Davis, Taylor, Ringgold, Dickinson, Cerro Gordo, Woodbury, Hamilton. Lee, Jefferson, Dubuque, Clayton, Chickasaw, Keokuk, Wayne. Boone, Greene, Carroll, Crawford. Kossuth, Scott, Bremer, Jasper, Henry, Dubuque, Johnson, Ringgold, Dickinson, Harrison. Louisa, Allamakee, Warren. Shelby, Woodlbury. Allamiakee, Scott.. Winneshiek, Black Hawk,, Dubuque, Montgomery. Van Buren. Ringgold. Henry. the What is distance to a market town, a railroad station, or a steamboat landing?9 Lee : we are on the Mississippi River and have markets all around us, and transportation both by river and rail. Henry : a through the county town. Jefferson : markets every 6 raihlroad passes miles. 12Louisa : 14 to miles. steamboat landing from 16. to 22 miles ; railroad station Washington : railroad running through this division. Van Buren: INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 87 railroad stations from 3 to 6 miles apart; no farm more than 15 miles from a station. Davis: four railroads run through county seat, and we will have another soon. Jones: one railroad in the county, and more in course of construction. Jackson: our county town is a market; 20 miles to railroad and steamboat. Scott: river and railroad through Davenport, the county seat. Floyd: two railroads. Dubuque: from 1 to 15 miles. Buchanan: railroad through the center of the county. Allamakee: county town at steamboat landing. Story, Jasper, Madison, and Howard: railroad through each county. Clayton: 15 miles is the most distant point from either. Delaware: two railroads running through the county; 40 miles from Mississippi River. Mitchell: railroad station within 15 miles of any part of the county. Winneshiek: railroad through the county, and six stations within the county. Chickasaw : there are four railroad stations within the county, and no part is over 12 miles from market. Bremer: from 3 to 15 miles to railroad station. Wapello: railroad stations within 10 miles of remotest part of county. Benton: from 3 to 15 miles from a railroad station. Johnson: 10 miles is the farthest from a station. Mahaska: the county seat is a market, and there are three railroad stations within the county. Dallas : three railroad stations within 7 miles. Keokuk: 30 miles. Wayne: 20 miles. Ringgold: 9 miles from north line of county, and 22 miles from county seat to Afton station. Clarke: a railroad through Osceola, the county seat. Shelby: from 4 to 10 miles. Pottawattamie: four railroads traverse the county, and the Missouri River forms its western boundary. Warren: 18 miles to railroad station. Union: a railroad passes through the county seat. Harrison: 5 miles to railroad station. Montgomery: 3 miles from railroad station, 6 miles from steamboat landing. Polk: from 1 to 15 miles; two railroads. Page: 15 miles to railroad station. Taylor: 25 miles. Dickinson: 60 miles to railroad station, and 80 miles to steamboat landing. Black Hawk: good markets on a line of railway from 1. mile to 20. Boone, Greene, Carroll, and Crawford: to railroad station from 1 to 12 miles. Sac: 14 miles. Cerro Gordo: 20 miles. Woodbury: both railroad and steamboat communication. Hamilton: 6 miles from railroad station. Kossuth: 40 miles to railroad at present, but one will soon be completed through this division to Algona. What is the general quality of land, and the kind of timber ? Lee: bottom and upland prairie of the first quality; plenty of timber for all ordinary purposes, consisting of oak, walnut, elm, cottonwood, hickory, sycamore, hard and soft maple, &c. Henry: rich black loam; the timber is oak, walnut, hickory, elm, &c. Jefferson: good land; the timber is oak, hickory, maple. Louisa: good; oak, hickory, walnut, elm. Washington: good. Van Buren: the land is good; timber-oak, hickory, ash, hackberry, hard and soft maple, elm, walnut, cherry, cottonwood, &c. Davis: black sandy soil; oak, walnut, and hickory, Jones: deep rich soil; timber-generally oak. Jackson: superior land; timber-maple, oak, hickory, and walnut. Scott: land generally good; timber scarce-oak, hickory, and walnut. Floyd: good land, clay subsoil; timber-jack-oak and poplar. Dubuque: rolling prairie, black loam surface soil, subsoil clay; the timber is mostly oak, in some localities hard and soft maple, black and white walnut, hickory and poplar. Buchanan: good prairie lands, with timber along the streams, principally oak, some hickory, elm, &c. Allamakee: prairie; oak, maple, and birch. Howard: the land is excellent; limestone rock, and small groves of oak timber, except on the river borders; there all kinds. Clayton-: rich black loam, with clay subsoil; oak, maple, elm., bass- 88 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. wood, and some hickory and ash; soft maple on low bottoms. Dela ware: sandy loam and some clay subsoil; timber-principally oak, some maple and basswood. Mitchell: deep rich black loam, no better anywhere; white and red oak, white and black walnut, maple, elm, hickory, and basswood. Winneshiek: black sandy loam; timberprincipally oak. Chickasaw : black loam; oak, with some maple, elm, &c. Bremer: very rich black loam; the timber is oak, maple, basswood, and white walnut. Wapello: quality of land No. 1; timber -oak, elm, black walnut, backberry, and cottonwood. Benton: the soil is a choice rich loam; timber-oak, cottonwood, elm, maple, hickory, basswood, &c. Jasper: excellent land; timber is hickory, oak, lime, black and white walnut. Johnson: deep, rich, vegetable mold; hickory, white, burr, red, and black oak, black and white walnut, maple, elm, birch, and cottonwood. Mahaska: good rich prairie; white oak and walnut. Madison : prairie; oak. Dallas: good black soil about two feet deep; timber light. Keokuk: deep black soil; oak, hickory, and black walnut. Wayne : good; timber fair. Ringgold: good prairie soil, 18 to 36 inches; timber-oak, ash, hickory, maple, cottonwood, elm, &c, Clarke: good land; walnut, elm, cottonwood, white and burr oak. Shelby: prairie land A No. 1; black walnut, oak, hickory, and elm. Pottawattamie: the bluffs are solid beds of marl, the prairies the richest mulatto soil, from 3 to 20 feet deep; red oak, post oak, black walnut, hickory, and cottonwood. Warren: rich black loam, with oak, hickory, and walnut timber along the streams. Union: generally rolling prairie. Harrison: the best of soil; oak, black walnut, elm, cottonwood, hickory. Montgomery : the most productive soil in the West; hard wood on high land, soft wood on low. Polk: prairie; oak and cottonwood, some black walnut and hickory. Page: good rich soil; timber-oak, elm, hickory, maple, and basswood. Taylor: the land is as good as any in the West or elsewhere. Dickinson: black loam with clay subsoil; timber-oak, ash, elm, hackberry and black walnut. Black Hawk : rich loam, some limestone clay; maple, oak, hickory. Boone, Greene, Carroll, and Crawford : rich alluvial, gently rolling prairie; the timber is oak, walnut, ash, hickory, linden, and elm. Story : land good; oak, elm, walnut, and cottonwood. Sac: the soil is a black loam and very productive; oak, walnut, basswood, and elm. Cerro Gordo: black loam; oak, black walnut, basswood. Woodbury: good; cottonwood, oak, elm, ash. Hamilton: black loam; oak, hickory, basswood, elm, black walnut," maple, &c. Kossuth: deep and rich prairie land; the timber is oak, ash, linden, cottonwood, maple, black walnut, butternut, hickory, and elm. For what kind of labor is there a demand? Lee: farm and house labor generally in demand. Henry, Jefferson, Jones, Floyd, Buchanan, Howard, Winneshiek, Madison, Wayne, Polk, Page, Dickinson, Black Hawk, Story, and Sac: farm labor principally. Louisa: all kinds of common labor, not mechanical. Washington: hard labor. Van Buren: farm hands and mechanics of all kinds. Davis: all kinds. Allamakee, Mitchell, Jasper, Dallas, Warren, and Hamilton : all kinds. Ringgold: nearly all kinds. Jackson : mechanical and agricultural. Scott : very little demand at present. Dubuque: agricultural and mechanical. Clayton: common laborers and builders. Delaware, Keokuk, Taylor, and Cerro Gordo: farm and mechanical. Chickasaw: mostly farm labor, but a great variety of work is done here. Bremer : common labor, farm labor, female labor, blacksmiths, &c. Wapello: coal miners, railroad laborers, and female servants. Benton: there is uo special demand for any kind of labor at present, although most INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 89 laborers find remunerative employment. Johnson : just at this time the demand for labor is very limited. Mahaska: coal miners and farmers. Clarke: common labor mostly. Shelby : farm and mechanical. Pottawattamie : agricultural laborers and house servants. Union: carpenters more than any other. Harrison: farm labor, also carpenters, wagon-makers, cabinet-makers, cheese-makers, and especially all kinds of female help. Montgomery: common labor. Boone, Greene, Carroll, and Crawford: farm laborers and coal miners. Woodbury: just now labor is not in demand. Kossuth: farm. dairy, mechanical, and common. What mills or factories, if any, are in operationor in progress requiring skilled labor ? Lee: no demand at this time for any skilled labor. Henry: two flourmills, two woolen factories, two wagon factories, one machine-shop, &c. Jefferson: woolen factories. Louisa: woolen factory, saw and grist mills. Washington : flour-mills. Van Buren: four woolen factories, four steam flour-mills, four water flour-mills, one paper-mill, one large agricultural implement factory, and four pottery establishments. Davis: two grist-mills and one planing-mill. Jones: but little manufacturing of any kind done here, although we have plenty of good water-power and building materials. Jackson: woolen and carriage manufactories. Scott: one woolen-mill, machine-shops, cabinet-shops, boot and shoe factories. Dubuque : woolen factories, saw and flour mills, paper-mills, and manufactories of iron, wood, and leather, in their various branches. Buchanan: one very large flour-mill at Independence. Allamakee: flour-mills, saw-mills, and woolen factories. Delaware: machine and carriage factories, foundery, woolen factory. Polk: ten saw-mills, five flour-mills, two woolen-mills. Mitchell: woolen-mills, grist and sawmills, founderies for the different varieties of farm machinery. Winneshiek : thirteen flour-mills, one paper-mill, two woolen factories. Chickasaw: flour and saw mills only. Bremer: two flour-mills, one woolen factory, one foundery, two cabinet-shops. Jasper: six woolen factories, and some twenty grist-mills. Johnson: two woolen factories and one paper-mill, one oil factory, flax factory, carriage factory, and seven flourmills. Mahaska: several woolen factories, two founderies, and some twelve or fifteen large flour-mills. Madison: woolen-mills. Dallas: flour-mills and woolen factories. Keokuk: two woolen factories and ten gristmills. Wayne: one good grist-mill, one woolen-mill; others in process of erection. Ringgold : steam saw and grist mills. Clarke : woolen-mills, steam saw and grist mills, and planing-mill. Shelby: a few saw and grist mills. Pottawattomie: woolen-mills, founderies, steam, saw, and grist mills, broom factories. Warren: saw-mills, flourmills, woolen factories. Harrison : flour-mills, woolen factories, and saw-mills. Montgomery: twelve flour-mills and ten steam saw-mills, one factory; a good opening for factories of all kinds. Dickinson: grist and saw mills. Black Hawk: flour-mills, woolen factory, cabinetsop. Boone, Greene, Carroll, and Crawford: woolen-mill, machineshops, &c. Story: flour-mills and woolen-mill. Sac: saw and grist mills. Cerro Gordo: nine saw-mills, four flour-mills. Woodbury : saw and grist mills. Taylor: grist and saw mills, steam and water power; woolen factory, &c. Are there in your vicinity any railroads or other public works in progress requiring common labor ? If so, how far distant? Jefferson: one railroad in progess running through the county. Loui a: one about completed, another in progress. Van Buren: the Des Valley Railroad Company are changing the track of their road, and working about 200 hands. Davis: two railroads through the county. ioines 90 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Jones: some railroads about beingbuilt; no demand for com mon laboryet Jackson: a railroad half a mile distant. Scott: Rock Island arsenal, Rock Island bridge, Mississippi River improvements, and Davenport and St. Paul Railroad a few miles distant. Howard: 25 miles away. Clayton: there are railroads in process of construction, having their initial point in the county town of this county. Mitchell: a railroad through the county is already completed, and we hope to have more soon. Wapello: two railroads. Benton: a railroad being built through Cedar Valley. Johnson: a railroad to run through the county has been in progress, but work is now suspended. Mahaska: one railroad is being built through the center of the county, running north and south, called the Iowa Central. Madison and Dubuque: a railroad to be built. Dallas and Keokuk : a railroad runs directly through the center of each county. Ringgold: a railroad 22 miles distant. Pottawattomie: 2 miles from Council Bluffs a railroad and Deaf and Dumb Asylum. Warren: a railroad in progress through the county town. Montgomery: a railroad in the immediate vicinity. Polk : two railroads completed, none now in progress. Taylor and Delaware: a railroad in progress directly through each county. Dickinson : 15 miles distant. Black Hawk: two running through our city. Waterloo, Boone, Greene, Carroll, and Crawford: the Northwestern Railroad runs through this division, employing many hands. Story: 20 miles. Sac: about 25 miles of. Cerro Gordo: two railroads, both crossing the district. Woodbury: yes; 60 miles. Kossuth: one railroad running through this division. Please state any advantages which your districtcan offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied . Lee: mechanics do well here, also small farmers; land of good quality is all occupied. Henry: to the latter question, yes. Jefferson: there is a large amount of land yet unoccupied which can be purchased at reasonable rates; there is also a demand for mechanical labor, but capital is needed. Louisa : there is a demand for common laborers and small farmers; no land of any considerable amount unoccupied. Washington: as good a chance to work as a man wants; any amount of unoccupied land to be obtained if desired. Van Buren: one-third of the best land is yet unoccupied, and it is cheap; there is good hardwood in abundance; coal plenty, and water-power unlimited; mechanics are wanted. Davis: plenty of land unoccupied; a fine opening for men of small or large means. Jones: raising hogs, cattle, and corn is the most profitable business; great profits will also arise from the advance in the price of land, in consequence of the construction of the proposed railroads. Jackson: good schools and churches; plenty of timber and stone for building; lime, water-power, healthful climate, and a people who pay their debts. Dubuque: in this county, we have a city with a population of about 20,000 inhabitants, furnishing a home market for vegetables, butter, poultry, &c.; about one-half of the land in this county is unoccupied, well watered, and of good quality. Buchanan: some very fine prairie lands yet unoccupied, and good opportunities to obtain farms at reasonable prices. Howard: any amount of unoccupied land in the hands of speculators; we want anybody who will work; the water is excellent. Clayton: we want both labor and capital to utilize our fine water-power, and develop the rich manufacturing advantages of our new country, but skilled labor without capital is useless. Delaware: common laborers get $1 25 a day; mechanics, from $2 50 to $4 per day; plenty of land to be obtained on reasonable terms. Mitchell: as good inducements for all 91 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. some kinds of laborers as there are in the country. Winneshiek: good land unoccupied, but all held by speculators and non-residents; prices varying from $5 to per acre; fine stock-raising country. Chickasaw: there is a very good opening for the classes of labor that are common to a farming country; farmers of small means can do well. Bremer: the same as above. Wapello: good land, well timbered, plenty of stone, and unlimited quantities of bituminous coal. of land unoccupied. Jasper: good wages and cheap living for laborers; fertile and cheap lands for farmers. Johnson: a soil unsurpassed in richness; healthful climate, and an enterprising and industrious population, with easy access to a market. Mahaska: laborers, mechanics, and small farmers can always find employment at good wages; plenty of land of the best quality. Dallas and Keokuk: the best lands in the United States inviting tillage. Wayne: land of excellent quality, cheap. plenty to accommodate thousands of applicants for small farms. Clarke: the same as above. Shelby and Pottawattomie: unsurpassed inducements to settlers of limited means, and all others. Warren, Union, Harrison, and Montgomery: the same. Page: the garden-spot of the world. Taylor: settlers with small means get the benefit of the range for cattle and all the hay they need, without fencing, .with the richest of land. Dickinson: the best of land at a low price; there is also vacant Government land that may be taken as homesteads. Black Hawk : profitable employment for all who are willing to work. The healthfulness of the country is remarkable. Boone, Greene, Carroll, and Crawford: several thousands of small farmers are wanted, and brickmakerm are especially needed. Story: mechanics can find plenty of work at fair wages; plenty of improved prairie land of good quality, at fair prices. Sac: many hundred thousands of acres of farming land yet unoccupied; this county is fast filling up, and is a demand for mechanics of every trade. Cerro Gordo: as above; average price, $4 per acre. Hamilton: plenty of desirable land, and abundance of coal for fuel; all kinds of mechanics needed here. suth: a large area of cheap lands and a healthful climate; a fair demand for all kinds of labor, and superior advantages for small farmers. What are the priees- of ordinary farm stock, sound and in good conditionP $15 Beuton:,plenty and Ringgold: there Kos- ~ Working Working hures, each. .3prpi. 1 Lee- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- $100 to 175 1 1 Henry ----------------Jefferson-----------..125 125 to 150 1 van Buren------------- 1 $100 to 175 $100 to 200 $40 to 70 150 125 125 125 100 to 1215 15t 125 5 ............... Jones _------------ 5 20_1 150 11 3 $2 to $10 each. 10 each. 8 each. 1I 7c. p. lb. on foot. 35 2 Ge. to 9c. per lb. on foot. 3 3 550 100 30 35 3 Allamakee...........-73 to 80 150 250 35 to 40 3 3 3 3 3 3 Howard........... .. .. 100 115 Clayton- -- -- -- -- -- -- --100 to 125 Mitchell ............. . 150 to 200 Buchanan . -- _-_-. Winneshiek 140 Chickasaw . -___........125 125 to 150 100 to 151 100 to 200 150 150 123 150 to 175 100 to 1S0 100 to 2'0 200 165 130 40 33 to 40 20 to 40 30 to 50 35 30 2 $l~ to 2 50 l100tol150 75 to 125 140 150 -....... 75 90 Jackson . --. . 100 5cott................. ............ 100 125 Delaware........ . ..... 100 Floyd------------------100 2 2 Sheep, 40 50 to 60 Davis ahntn..... ...... 150 mlesMulch cows, eah each. 120 Lonisa _.- ------------None. 1 Working 90 to 150 30 to 40 165 35 50 150 40 1ito 2 2 2 Geperilb. 7c. gross. 80. per lb. 8o.to l0c. per lb. 1 to 11 5c. to 8c. per lb. 1 $5each. 1 3 to 3a10lc. to 12e. p. lb. 14 to 1 to 1 to '2i to 12 7c. live weight. 2 6e. live weight. 3 3 Go.to 7c. per 11). 14 $7 per cwt. 1 80. per lb. High. 92 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. ,,, Working oxen, per pair. Counities. $125 to 150 50 100 to 150 10:) 123 140 100 to 125 100 75 to 125 150 150 100, 100 Wayne............ 150 150 Harrison------200 ills and Montgomer 100 Polk...............150 Page -.............. 100 Taylor -110 Black Hawk ....140 Dickeinson .---100 Story..............-100 Sac................-125 Cerro Gordo._--100 to 160 Woodbury. Hamilton.. _... _......_ 75 to 80 80 Kossuth............- Working horses, each. Jasper....... Mahaska....... Benton............ Johnson............ Wapello........... Dallas............. Ringgol clarke............. Madison........... Shelby............. Pottawattonio. Warren............ $125 ,------------- Mih $125 to 200 100 125 to 200 100 125 to 150 175 1 toIS 150 10) 100 to 150 130 to 200 150 150 125 125 175 150 150 to 200 150 100 150 150 125 125 140 ].30 125 to 200 125 to 200 10)0to 125 100 to 150 75 to 100 100 127 ._.._. . C1 175 100 100 to 175 100 75 to 100 150 100 to 150 100 100 to 150 130 to 200 150 125 125 75 to 150 100 150 75 to 150 125 to 175 1-25 100 1510 125 -Union............ M Average.--- to Working mules, each. 2 50 u r ~LICLI~UVY cows, chc each. $40 to 50 35 30 to 50 30 35 to 50 40 Sheep, each. $2 to 4 10c. per lb. 1 $7each. per lb. 14 to 24 6c. to 75 eta $2 50 each. $1 7c. per lb. 3 Unknown. 1.1to 2 7+c. per 11). 8c. to 9c. per lb. 2 to 2f 9c. per lb. each. 5 to 2 25 each. 2 Cc. par lb. 75c. 5c. to Cc.pcr lb. Sc. 30 to 50 40 30 to 40 40 to 60 45 35 30 to 50 40to 50 40 50 15 to 60 40 to 60 25 to 45 24 40 40 -35 40 25 to 75 25 to 30 30 Hogs. 151i $25 ~ 202 $1to $2 125* $5 each. 1 to 50 each. 15 each. 6 to 12 each. 1itol11 7c. per lb. 2 $2 p. cwt., gross. 10 each. O per ewt. 10 each. 2 8 50 per cwt. 4 to 5 20 to 40 each. 1 to2 8 to 20 each. 5c. per lb. 1 to 50c. to 1 -j- $140 $3950 , 7 1-10c. per lb $1 75 ~Lvv MISSOURI. Area, 41,824,000 acres; population in 1870, 1,721,254. Can land be purchased or rented on favorable terms? *Franklin, in your district suitable for small farms Cape Girardeau, Wayne, Butler, Ripley, Carter, Oregon, Shannon, Reynolds, Iron, Mississippi, Sullivan, Cole, Miller, Lewis, Randolph, andMacon: it Bates, Cass, Johnson, caii. What is the price per acre q" small im froved farns? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Franklin: from $20 to $25 per acre; one-fourth under cultivation; buildings ordinary. Cape Girardean, Perry, Bollinger, and Madison: about one-third under cultivation buildings, log average price, and frame. Wayne, Butler, Ripley, Carter, Oregon, Shannon, Reynolds, to $100, according to location; about one-fourth and Iron: from under cultivation and fence; buildings principally log. Mississippi: one-quarter under cultivation; ordinary buildings. Livingston: to according to location and improvements; about oneto from fourth under cultivation; mostly frame buildings. Sullivan: from one-fourth under cultivation ; one-third fenced ; buildings, hewed to $10; $2 $10;$10 $35, $8; log and frame. Bates and Cass: $8 $4 from $10 to $25; such farms generally have from 40 to 100 acres in cultivation and fenced ; the buildings abundance of coal, timber, are ordinary; excellent farming lands, and water. with $15 Johnson, Cole, and Miller : to $25; one-third in $30; cultivation, and fenced ; small frame buildings. Lewis : $20 to one-half to two-thirds in cultivation ; buildings, log or frame. Ranone-half under cultivation; dolph: $15 to $20. Macon : $12 to two-thirds fenced;. buildings *Names poor. $25; of counties from which returns have been received. INFORMATION What 93 IMMIGRANTS. FOR is the price per acre of unimproved land? What proportion is cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced per acre; one-sixth Franklin, Gasconade, and Osage : from $10 to cleared; none fenced. Cape Girardeau, Perry, Bollinger, and Madison: market for wood, that none cleared, but there is such a to it will generally pay for clearing and fencing. Wayne, Butler, Ripley, oneto Carter, Oregon, Shannon, Reynolds, and Iron: from all timber. Livfifth cleared and under fence. Mississippi: $2 to prairie land generally, with timber adjoining. to ingston: from prairie; not to Bates and Cass: from Sullivan: average, fenced. Johnson : $10 to $15; prairie. Cole and Miller: $5 to $15; very little cleared or fenced. Lewis: $0 to$20; mostly prairie, with $25; and near timber enough for fencing; all timber land from$15 per cord. Randolph : from $1( the river a good market for wood at to $15. Macon: $5 to $15; none fenced. What is the yearly rent of small improvred farms? If rented on shares, the latter provide stock, impiewhat share does the owner receive? nients, or seeds? Franklin, 0Gasconade, and Page: from $100 to $150; on shares, owner receives one-third; and if le provides stock, inplements, &c., he receives one-half. Cape Girardean, Perry, Bollinger, and Madison: a farm ? $15 good $5 $8; $10; $5 $20; $1 $10; $5 $20; $5. to $4 'Does of 75 or 100 acres, with 20 or 30 acres under cultivation, $100 per an- Carter, as Oregon, numn; shares same as above. Wayne, Butler, Ripley, above. shares Shannon, Reynolds, and Iron: from $25 to to 12 bushels of corn to the, acre. per acre ; to Mississippi : per acre, cash ; shares same as above. Sullivan : from Livingston : from $2 50 to $100 cash rent ; shares as above. Bates and per to to $5 cash rent per acre ; shares as above. Johnson : from shares as acre, or one-third of the produce. Cole and Miller : $3 to $3 $75 10 $4 $2 $100; Cass: $2 $3 $5; $2 $3 ; on shares, owner receives one-third in shock to above. Lewis : and crib and pays for repairs. Randolph : owner z eceives two-thirds and furnishes nothing. Macon: Articles of production. Prices. $1, or one-third of the chop. What are the chief articles of production, and what a) e the present prices of two or three of them Wheat -per - bushel - Do--- -----Do-- ------ -Do ---------Do ---- ------ $0 80 do-do -do do-- 75 85 90 1 00 1 25 Do-.-.-.-.-..-do.-- Corn-_ 40 40Oto 1 00 .'--do.. Do..........do -- D. ------ do.-Do----------do.-Do.---- ----- do---o---- ------ do 50 to- 80 75 35 to 40 75 --- 35 to Do- -- ---- -- do.-. do-_ Potatoes -Do_---------do.- 50 70Oto Do----------do.. . I Cole, Millcr. to 125 Wayne, Butler, Ripley, Carter, Oregon, $8 do.-- Do---------- Conties. 95 50 25 40 Shannon, Reynolds; Iron. Johnson, Bates, Cass. Franklin, Gasconade, Osage. Livingston. is, Macon. Mississippi, Sullivan, Cape Girardean, Perry, Ba linger, Madison. Bates, Cass. Wayne,- Butler, Ripley, Carter, Oregon, Shannon, Reynolds, Iro:;i. Franklin, Gasconade, Osage, Cole, Miller. Lewis, Macon. Mississippi, Livingston. Lexv Cape Girardeau, Perry, Bo Sullivan, Livingston. .linger, Madison. Wayne, Butler, Ripley, Cartcr Oregon, Shannon, Reynolds, tror'. Cole. Miller. Bates, Cass. Johnson. 94 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing? Franklin, Gasconade, and Osage: Union, the county seat, located about the center of the county, is 10 miles distant from Washington, a town situated on the Pacific Railroad and Missouri River, 55 miles from St. Louis; macadamized road from Union to Washington. Cape Girardeaun, Perry, Bollinger, Madison: Cape Girardeau and Perry counties border on the Mississippi River; two railroads run through Cape Girardeau, Bollinger, and Madison counties; a good market and easy of access. Wayne, Butler, Ripley, Carter, Oregon, Shannon, Reynolds, Iron: from 1 mile to 100 miles. Mississippi: the east side of this county borders upon the Mississippi River; a railroad runs through the county. Livingston: Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad runs through the county; two railroads now building, and two more in contemplation. Sullivan: 35 miles to railroad. Bates and Cass: from 1 to 60 miles. Johnson: Warre~sburg, the county seat, is on the Pacific Railroad; steamboat landing 30 miles. Cole and Miller: Jefferson City, a market town, railroad station, and steamboat landing, is on the north line of the county. Lewis: two steamboat landings in this county. Randolph: immediately on North Missouri Railroad. Macon: from 1 to 10 miles. What is the general quality of land, and the kind of timber ? Franklin, Gasconade, and Osage: ridge land; every variety of oak and hickory, and almost all kinds of timber. Cape Girardeau, Perry, Bollinger, and Madison: principally oak, walnut, ash, hickory, and gum. Wayne, Butler, Ripley, Carter, Oregon, Shannon, Reynolds, and Iron: from poor to good; timber-black walnut, hickory, poplar, maple, white oak, black oak, pine, cypress, and ash. Mississippi: bottom lands; timber-walnut, cypress, oak, and gum. Livingston: black loam of excellent quality; timber-oak of different kinds, black walnut, hickory, maple, ash, &c. Sullivan: oak, hickory, black walnut, and linden. Bates and Cass: a rich sandy loam, with abundance of limestone jutting out of the high prairie; the timber is confined generally to the borders of streams, and consists of oak, walnut, elm, ash, hickory, &c. Johnson: the land is all good; the timber consists of oak, walnut, cherry, elm, ash, &c. Cole and Miller: land good; timber-oak, ash, walnut, hickory, &c. Lewis: mostly prairie, with plenty of timber to supply it; oak, hickory, elm, walnut, cottonwood, &c. Randolph: rich sandy loam; oak, hickory, walnut, ash, and maple. Macon: land fair; timber-oak, hickory, and black walnut. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Franklin, Gasconade, and Osage : good farm hands. Cape Girardeau, Perry, Bollinger, and Madison: principally farm and common laborers; there is great need of capital. Wayne, Butler, Ripley, Carter, Oregon, Shannon, Reynolds, Iron, Sullivan, and Johnson: all kinds. Mississippi, Cole, Miller, Lewis, and Macon: agricultural labor. Livingston, Bates, and Cass: mechanics and farm laborers. Randolph: farm and railroad hands, and mechanics of all kinds. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor ? Franklin: iron-works and flour-mills. Cape Girardeau, Perry, Bollinger, and Madison: flour-mills, saw-mills, cloth manufactories, coopershops, lead-furnaces, blacksmiths' and wagon-makers shops, &c. Wayne, Butler, Ripley, Carter, Oregon, Shannon, Reynolds, and Iron. Iron manufactories, employing from 300 to 700 men. Livingston: flour and saw mills. Sullivan: carding machines and flour-mills. Bates and INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 95 Cass: flour and saw mills are built as the developments of the country demand them. Johnson: three merchant-mills, one foundery, soap factory, planing-mill. Cole and ,Miller: ten flour-mills, six saw-mills. Lewis: one large tobacco factory. Randolph: flour-mills. St. Louis: the city of St. Louis has numerous and extensive manufacturing establishments, requiring skilled labor. In the year 1870, according to the census returns, upward of 40,000 skilled hands were employed, the value of whose product exceeded one hundred and thirty-one millions of dollars. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress requiring common labor. If so, how far distant? Franklin, Gasconade, Osage, and Mississippi: none at present. Cape Girardeau, Perry, Bollinger, Madison: yes; the Cape Girardeau and State Line Railroad, running from the city of Cape Girardeau to the Indian Ford Iron Mines near the Arkansas line, is now in course of construction, and requires a great many laborers. Wayne, Butler, Ripley, Carter, Oregon, Shannon, Reynolds, and Iron: several projected, but none in operation or in progress. Livingston : two railroads now building, and two more in contemplation. Sullivan: 35 miles distant. Bates and Cass: several railroads in process of construction, anc bridges building across the Missouri River. Johnson: about 25 miles off. Cole and Miller: two railroads, one along the north line of the county, and one through the center. Lewis: yes. Randolph: there are some three railroads in process of construction. Macon: through the county of Macon, Adair, and Schuyler. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or smallfarmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied ? Franklin, Gasconade, and Osage: an abundance of good land unoccupied. Mississippi, Livingston, and Macon: the same. Cape Girardeau, Perry, Bollinger, and Madison: there has not been much immigration since the war, on account of lack of enterprise on the part of the old citizens, but a change is now taking place. Farmers are wanted because a large portion of the land is lying idle. There is some public land not yet taken up; and the system of small farms well cultivated has not been adopted. This division cannot be excelled for fruits of all kinds; the land is all well watered, and the most of it of a good quality for farming, but now heavily timbered; wood is always in demand; and farm-produce brings a good price. Wayne, Butler, Iipley, Carter, Oregon, Shannon, Reynolds, and Iron: encouragement for railroad laborers is good at present; wages, $2 per day; there is plenty of land of good quality and well watered, suitable for small farms. Sullivan: about two-thirds of the land is unimproved; it is of good quality, well timbered, and well watered. Bates and Cass: the country is filling up rapidly; consequently there is a fair, and sometimes an urgent demand for farm ard skilled labor. The low price at which good land can be had, capab e of producing all the cereals and fruits in perfection, offers superior inducements to small farmers to settle themselves in this region. Johnson: this county possesses rare advantages over many other portions of the country; we have the best of land, well watered; plenty of coal and timber. Cole and Miller: good climate, good soil, good schools, good society, and plenty of land of good quality unoccupied. Lewis: a good demand for labor in summer time, and a fair demand in winter; a great deal of good land, well watered, yet unimproved. 96 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. W41hat are the prices of ordinary farm stock, sound and in good condition Working CoWnties. oxen pair. 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 5 5 5 6 6 Iron, cynolds, Shannon, Oregon, Carter, Ripley, Butler, Wayne. Girardean . - Franklin ---------------- 'Cape Mississippi------------Macon Wcrkigb Working per Co5mties, horss, each. $40 to 100 $75 tO 150 -- 75 7u 100 75 to 100 -------------------- 75 Randolph-------------------130 -- 150 Lewis------------------100 Cole andMiller-----------Johnson --------------------------Bates and Cass ----- _--. 100 to 150 -- 125 Sullivan--- -------- -----10 to 150 Livingston------------ to to to to 100 120 100 85 150 175 150 150 150 125 to 200 100 to 150 110 100 150 100 125 to 150 150 to 250 125 to 150 100 to 175 $118 25 $13.33 125 90 98 86 Average--------- --- $10 to 200 75 to 150 125 100 125 75 *Per eh. 'acles, c each. $12 to 40 sps.relb. 30 2. to 3 35 3 20 to 30 30 30 40 30 50 to 75 40 to 50 25 $11 to 15 $1 to 31 *7 to Sc. 1 1$ 1 to$ $2 $10 I1 1-1 *6 to Sc. 1 2 to 5 i1 to 40 $3 $2 to 30 *5to (c. 1 to 2 $35 18 *$2 *10 to 12o. 71-lc. pound. KANSAS. Population in 1870, 364,383. Can land be purchasedor rented in your district suitable for small farms Area, 50,187,520 acres. ? on favvorable terms " Lyon, Douglas, Riley, Atchison, Bourbon, Crawford, Cherokee, Neosho, Labette, Olathe, Johnson, Franklin, Anderson, Coffey, Allen, and farms of less than Woodson: yes. Leavenworth: it is difficult to 80 acres; but they may be purchased without trouble, and at reasonable rates. What is the price per acre q/f small improved farms? Sate what pro- rent portion has been under cultivation, how much is ,fnced, and the kind of buildings ? Lyon : a few miles from town, good improved farms may be obtained at from $10 to $15 per acre. Douglas : $8 to $50, according to the im- Riley:, average, $20; commnon frame buildings. Leavthree-fourths fenced ; small frame buildings ; 10 miles from county town, from $40 to $50. Atchison : about provements, &c. enworth : from $30 to $100; Neoone-third under $10; and Labette : $10cultivation. Bourbon, Crawford, Cherokee,buildto $20 ; from one-third to one-half fenced; sho, ings generally poor. Olathe and Johnson : $2}0 to $30; log. or frame buildings ; fences of rail, board, stone, or hedge. Franklin, Anderson, one-half under cultivation ; Coffey, Allen, and Woodson : about wooden buildings. That is the price per acre 9/ unimproved land, what proportion is cleared, $20; and how much, if any, is fenced?2 Lyon : $3 50 to $10 per acre ; all prairie. Douglas : $5 to $20 for prairie land, $10 to $40 for timber land. Riley: $2 to $7 ; none fenced. Leavenworth : $6 to $30 for prairie land; 'bottom timber land, $15 to $50. Atchison : $4 to $8 for prairie. Bonrbon, Crawford, Cherokee, Neosho, and Labette : $5 to $7, prair-ie. Olatlisn and Johnsonm: $10 ; generally prairie., Franklin, Anderson, Coffey, Allen, and o" n:rm 2to.n about Wood. INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 97 What is the yearly rent of small improvedfarms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive ? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds ? Lyon: one-third the product, the lessee finding stock, seeds, &c.; onehalf when the landlord finds all. Douglas: $3 50 to $5; shares same as above. Riley: shares same as above. Leavenworth: from one-third to one-half to owner, who rarely furnishes anything unless it be seeds; cash, from $3 to $7. Atchison: $3, or one-third, providing nothing; onehalf, providing stock, implements, &c. Bourbon, Crawford, Cherokee, Neosho, and Labette: $5 per acre, or one-third of the crop. Olathe and Johnson: $3, or one-third of the crop. Franklin, Anderson, Coffey, Allen, and Woodson : the same as above. What are the chief articles of production, and what are the present prices of two or three of them ? Articles of production. Wheat......per Do........... Do---------........... Do---------........... Prices. Counties. bushel.. $0 70 to $1 00 do...... 80 do -...... 1 00 do...... 1 25 Lyon, Riley. Olathe, Johnson. Coffey, Leavenworth, Atchison, Franklin. Douglas, Bourbon, Crawford, Cherokee, Neosho, Labette, Franklin, Anderson, Allen, Woodson. Corn---------........... do...... Do--........... do.-----..... Do---------........... do...... 60 to Oats ........... do...... Do----.-----.........do ...... Olathe, Johnson, Douglas, Riley. 30 35 Do---------........... do...... 45 50 40 to Leavenworth, Lyons, Atchison, Franklin, Anderson, Allen, Woodson. Coffey. Bourbon, Crawford, Cherokee, Neosho, Labette. Olatle, Johnson, Douglas. Atchison, Franklin, Anderson, Allen, Wood- 50 Lyon, Coffey. 30 40 50 Olathe, Johnson. Lyon, Riley. Coffey. 80 75 son. Do---------........... do...... Potatoes ....... do ..... Do........... do...... Do---------...........do...... 40 to What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing? Lyon : a railroad here. Douglas: several railroad stations in this county, but no steamboat landing. Riley: extreme distance 60 miles; but a very small portion over 20 miles from Kansas Pacific or Central Branch Railroad. Leavenworth: Leavenworth City lies on east line of this county, nearly central from north to south, and 12 miles from west countyline. Atchison: the Central Branch Union Pacific Railroad runs through this county, with a station or depot every 8 miles, and the Missouri River washes the eastern border. Bourbon, Crawford, Cherokee,-Neosho, and Labette: a railroad. Olathe and Johnson: a railroad runs through the entire division. Franklin, Anderson, Coffey, Allen, and Woodson: average distance 5 miles. What is the general quality of land, and the kind of timber? Lyon: good prairie and timber land; oak, hackberry, and walnut. Douglas: no better land in the State; timber not very plenty; hardwood. Riley : rich bottoms and uplands; oak, walnut, hickory, hackberr%, soft maple, honey locust, and cottonwood. Leavenworth: land prime, soil being good even in broken and rough land; red, white and black oak, walnut, sycamore, and cottonwood. Atchison: deep vegetable mold, lime. stone base; timber--hickory, walnut, all kinds of oak, ash, hackberry, 7 98 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. cottonwood, and locust. Bourbon, Crawford, Cherokee, Neosho, and Labette: dark limestone soil; timber, good for Kansas. Olathe and Johnson: good timber is only found on the streams; oak, walnut, hickory, and cottonwood. Franklin, Anderson, Coffey, Allen, and Woodson: land good; timber-walnut, oak, hickory, elm, hackberry, &c. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Lyon: all kinds of mechanics can do well here now; we have im. mense immigration. Douglas: farm hands and mechanics command good wages most of the year. Riley: mechanical labor and farm labor. Leavenworth: farm and domestic labor principally; mechanics also required. Atchison: all kinds, more especially farm hands. Bourbon, Crawford, Cherokee, Neosho, and Labette: all kinds, particularly house servants. Olathe and Johnson: farm labor. Franklin, Anderson, Coffey, Allen, and Woodson: mechanical and farm labor. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor ? Douglas: woolen-mills, flour-mills, machine-shops, furniture-shops, &c. Riley: saw and grist mills, paper-mill; woolen-mill soon to be built. Leavenworth: foundery, machine-shop, stove manufactory, woolen-mill, grist and saw mills, planing-mills, &e. Atchison: flour and some other mills and factories. Bourbon, Crawford, Cherokee, Neosho, and Labette: nine mills, one foundery, one woolen-mill, and others in process of construction. Olathe and Johnson: none but saw and grist mills. Franklin, Anderson, Coffey, Allen, and Woodson: woolen-mill and agricultural implement factory. Are there in your vicinity any railroads or other public works in progress requiring common labor? If so, how far distant ? Lyon: great demand for hands and teams now on Atchison, Topeka and Southern Railroad, at this point. Douglas: several railroads have been built in this county, and several more are to be built soon. Riley: Southern Branch Pacific Railroad; 25 miles. Leavenworth: bridge across the Missouri River at this place, and railroads within 20 and 60 miles. Atchison: yes; the Central Branch Union Pacific Railroad will be extended 175 miles, and two other roads will be built this year. Bourbon, Crawford, Cherokee, Neosho, and Labette : three railroads are now being worked starting from this point. Olathe and Johnson: yes, right here. Franklin, Anderson, Coffey, Allen, and Woodson: two railroads are now building through this division. Please state any adivantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers? Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied ? Lyon: all the land in this county is entered. Douglas: there is a large amount of unoccupied land, mostly prairie, in this county. Riley: Government land, subject to homestead occupation, by which any man can get a fatrm of 80 or 160 acres by paying $18 and living on it five years. Leavenworth: abundance of such land yet unoccupied. Atchison: plenty of work for laborers at good wages, and for mechanics at paying prices; plenty of good land, well watered, yet unoccupied. Bourbon, Crawford, Cherokee, Neosho, and Labette: the land in this district is No. 14 we have a mild and healthful climate; our section offers superior inducements to those who come to work; a half crop pays here better than a full crop in the Northern States. Cattle require but little feed, and very often winter on the open plain. Olathe and Johnson: the best agricultural counties in the State, and over one-half is yet unoccupied. Franklin, Anderson, Coffey, Allen, and Woodson" plenty of land that will make good farms can be bought at reasonable 99 FOR IMMIGRANTS. INFORMATION rates. Lyon' land is not as high at a distance from town this year, (1871,) owing to the fact that our railroads are now completed; and besides, there are 8,000,000 acres of land opened for settlement south and west of us that was not in market last year. What are the prices of ordinary farm stock, sound and in good condition? Working oxen, per pair. Coontnes. Working horses, each, *$60 to 200 100 to 125 Lyon....................$125 Douglas .-.......RileyClay,CloudWash inton, and Republic. 125 120 ... 100 Atchison --__---------- $100 to 125 Bourbon,Crawford, Cher80 okee, and Labette. FraniklinAnderson, Cof- 100 to 175 fey, Allen, and Wood. son. Johuson,Linn,andWyan100 dotte. ......... $118 75 $100 Much cowsHogser e e p, each $40 to 60 40 30 to 50 $2 50 1 75 O0to, 00 pound 5 to 80. stock. 7c. lb. gross. 4c. to 20c. 100 to 150 $125 to 150 150 to 200 125 125 125 150 to 175 150 125 to 150 30 to 75 250to3 50 30 40 2 00 3 00 8c. gross. Sc. gross. 150 to 350 80 to 200 35 to 60 1 50 6c. $100 125 35 2 00 6c. perib. gross. $140 93 $48 12 $2 46 7$c. Leavenworth ........... Average Working mules, each. - $167 81 $3 8c. per lb. *As to quantity. NEBRASKA. Area, 78,084,480 acres. Population in 1870, 122,994. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitablefor smallfarms on favorable terms? Washington, Burt, Dakota, Dixon, Cedar, L'Eau-qui-court, Cuming, Stanton, Madison, and Douglas: answer affirmatively. What is the price per acre of small improved farms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Washington, Burt, Dakota, Dixon, Cedar, L'Eau-qui-court, Cuming, and Stanton : from $12 50 to $30, according to improvements, &c.; about two-thirds under cultivation ; fencing limited, except where timber is abundant ; the "1herd law " is the protection of crops ; good buildings, mostly frame on brick cellar walls. Douglas: $15; two- thirds cultivated ; no fences ; buildings poor. What is the price per acre of' unimnproved land, what proportion is cleared, and how much, if aniy, is fenced? Washington, Burt, Dakota, Dixon, Cedar, L'Eau-qui-court, Cuming, nton : from $2 to $10; mostly cultivated. Douglas from $5 $50; noue fenced, and but little prairie ; timber lands :rate from and Sti $10 to $2 ? 50. to $10, unless bought from Government at What is the yearly rent of small improved farms If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive?2 Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds ? Washington, Burt, Dakota, Dixon, Cedar, L'Eau-qui-court, Cumning, and Stanton: money rents are unusual ; ou shares, land and buildings only furnished, one-third of the product ; implements and team, with seed alsofu-rnised of the roduct f;received by thep owner. t1fwo-thirds 100 SPECIAL 100 REPORT- ON IMMIGRATION. WV are the chief articles of production, and uhat are the present prices hat of two or three of them ? Articles of production. Spring wheat Prices. -per bushCorn in the car... do Do---------do Oats-----------doDo - Do $0 50 to $0 60 In all the counties above named. 30 to 35 In all except Douglas. 40 Douglas. 25 Burt, Dakota, Dixon, Cedar, L'Eau-quicourt, Cuming, Stanton. _do_ --- Potatoes-- ------ Counties. 35 do--- Douglas. 50 Douglas. In all others. ............ do-35 What is the distance to a market town, a railroad station, or a steamboat landing? Washington, Burt, Dakota, Dixon, Cedar, L'Eau-qui-court, Cuming, and Stanton: average, 15 miles. Douglas: from 2 to 50 miles. What is the general quality of land and the kind timber Washington, Burt, Dakota, Dixon, Cedar, L'Eau-qui-court, Cuming, and Stanton : land of the best quality, with some few excelptions; the timber is mostly cottouwood, willow, box-alder, ash, and maple on bottom lands, and oak, walnut, elm, &c., on nplands. Douglas: land rich undulating prairie, well watered; timber scarce; the herd laws render fences unnecessary. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Washington, Burt, Dakota, Dixon, Cedar, L'Eau-qui-court, Cuming, and Stanton: all kinds have been scarce and high; the general apprehension is of a material decline owing to general, not localcauses. Douglas: in the country, farm hands; in the towns, building labor, particularly bricklayers ; also house servants. Are there in your vicinity any railroads or other public works in progress If so, howfar distant? requiring common labor Washington, Burt, Dakota, Dixon, Cedar, L'Eau-qui-court, Cuming, and the NorthwesterniRailroads both and Stanton: the Elkhorn f ? Valley pass through this district. Douglas: two railroads are in progress from Omaha. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborcrs, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there mnuch land of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied Washington, Burt, Dakota, Dixon, Cedar, L'Eau-qui-court, Cuming, ? and Stanton : there are two advantages-first, land that labor of all kinds is always a resort in case commands high wages, and that cheap of any falling off in the demand for labor. Douglas : this county needs agriculturists who have sufficient capital to develop it ; there is plenty of land of the richest quality, well watered, waiting for occupants. What are the prices of ordinary farm stock, sound and in good Coutis. Cuteoxen, Milelicows, Working horses, each. Working mules, each. $100 00 $125 00 $140 00 $45 00 $2 50 $20 00 140 00 150 00 150 00 40 00 3 00 $15 00 Average - ---- __--------$120 00 $137 50 $145 00 $42 50 $2 75 Washington, Burt, Dakota, Dixon, Cedar, L'Eau-quicourt, Cuming, Stanton. .Douglas Working condition? -------------------- per pair. each. Sheep, e.Hg, lgec each. $75 101 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. [The returns from the State of Niebraska being so meager, the following article, vouched for by the Honorable P. W. Hitchcock, United States Senator from that State, is inserted at his request:] GEOGRAPICAL FEATURES.-By the Kansas and Nebraska act, approved May 23, 1854, Nebraska comprises all that portion of the Northwest Territory lying north of the 40th degree north latitude and between the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers and the middle crest of the Rocky Mountains. The formation of the Territories of Colorado, Montana, and Dakota has reduced the boundaries of Nebraska, and it now lies between the 40th and 43d parallels north latitude and 95 and 104 degrees of longitude west from Greenwich. It extends from the Missouri River nearly to the Rocky Mountains, with an extreme length of 412 miles, decreasing to 310 miles on the southern border, its extreme width being 208 miles, diminishing to 138 miles on the west. The total area is 75,995 square miles, or 48,636,800 acres of the best agricultural lands. HISTORY.-Up to the year 1849 no permanent settlement had been made. The country, however, became gradually better known until the Territory was organized in 1854 and opened up to settlement during the fall of the same year. On the 1st of March, 1867, Nebraska was admitted as a State, being the first with a constitution recognizing impartial suffrage as a condition precedent to her admission into the Union. From its organization as a Territory until 1861, the population of Nebraska was very small, quite unsettled, and very little had been done toward its development; and from 1861 to 1865, during the rebellion, immigration to this State was comparatively light; but with the advent of peace a new era dawned in her history, which is developing wealth and power within her borders by an immigration unprecedented in the history of any country. POPULATION.-The population of Nebraska in 1860 was 28,641, and in 1870, 122,994; exhibiting an increase of 330 per cent. in ten years. Statistics clearly show that more than one-half this entire increase has accrued within the past four years. Immigration is flowing into the State the present year with unexampled rapidity, and there can scarcely be a doubt that Nebraska will contain 200,000 inhabitants at the close of 1871. GEOLOGICAL FoRMATIoN-SoIL.-The soil consists of a rich black loam and vegetable mold from two to ten feet in depth. It is slightly impregnated with lime, free from stones and gravel, with just enough of sand to keep it friable. It possesses the singular properties of resisting both unusual wet and continued drought. The soil, although easily penetrated with a spade to a depth of 100 feet, has a tenacity t at renders unnecessary the walling of cellars or wells. The subsoil generally a yellowish clay not impervious to water. The soil of thet upland is similar to that of the bottom, but not so deep, an intermixture of silicious alluvial, vegetable mold, clay, and lime, forming altogether the best of soils of great fertility, and with very little labor producing abundance of all kinds of cereal, vegetable, and root crops, as well as of the fruit and forest trees grown in this latitude. The great marl deposits of Nebraska extend from the Missouri River westward as far as surveyed, about 190 miles, and are known to extend to the western boundary of the State. About 70 miles west of the Missouri there is a change in the composition, quality, and strength of the soil, especially in the uplands; the soil is not as deep, is more compact and clayey with a lighter tinge, a little more sandy, while the rich marl underlying the surface frequently present a grayish and brownish appear- ks 102 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. ance, containing nodules of a chalky lime in small quantities; yet not unfrequently, as along the valley of the Big and Little Sandy, Little Blue, Elkhorn, and Republican) and their numerous tributaries, is found a deep rich soil, which for the purpose of agriculture and stock-raising is well adapted to a luxuriant growth of the grasses and the cultivation of all kinds of grain and root crops. There is probably no soil on earth that under the plow becomes more loose and mellow; can be worked after a hard week's rain with a few hours sunshine; one plowing will bring two crops; small grain can be sown as soon as frost is out of the ground six inches, as it is generally dry on the surface. We seldom have mud, and can boast of good and beautiful public roads, which are kept in repair at an average annual cost per mile of about four dollars. Numerous testimonials might be produced, including those of Bayard Taylor, Professor F. V. Hayden, State geologist, Vice-President Colfax; the editors of the New York Tribune, Springfield Republican, Rural New Yorker and Baltimore American ; but the following from the Rural New Yorker, will suffice : The finest garden mold in the State of New York is not a whit better than the average Nebraska soil, which is light and free from lumps and stones, dark colored, easily worked, and eminently productive. I would advise all nurserymen in the East to import a car load of it to grow their most delicate plants in. They need take no precaution, but send their orders to any postmaster or railroad agent, and tell him to dig the first dirt he comes to and send it along. LInE.-This State abounds in limestone formations, ledges, and chalk shales, carbonate of lime, plaster, and cement, while the different col- ored marls, especially in th western counties, contain more or less quantities of nodules of lime, and offer as desirable a soil for the growth of clover, root crops, and the cereals as the world affords. Extensive beds of chalk limestone, producing the best lime of any rock in the State and resembling the chalk-beds of Europe, are found in various portions of the State. Excellent hydraulic lime for cement, and strata of gypsum exist in different localities in plentiful quantities. STONE.-Building-stone is abundant throughout the State, embracing a great variety. Specimens of beautiful marble and granite, cream-colored magnesian limestone, bluish limestone resembling the Trenton stone, whitish limestone, excellent for building purposes, a fine lilaccolored carbonate of lime for ornamental purposes, rusty sandstone, dark yellowish gray coarse-grained sandstone; red sandstone, and dark, reddish free-stone, rich soapstone, and slate are also found. The peculiarities of several of the above varieties of stone are, that when first exposed to the air they are so soft as to be easily cut with a saw or ax and blcked out in any shape, but exposure to the air hardens them so that, they can scarcely be marked with a knife. SALT.-No State in the Union contains better resources for a superior quality and plentiful quantities of salt than Nebraska. The great salt basin at Lincoln includes an area of about twelve by twenty-five miles, through which Salt Creek runs; besides it is full of salt springs flowing in inexhaustible quantities, salt being manufactured by boiling, washing, and solar evaporation, and containing 28 to 30 per cent. of salt by weight. A flowing salt well at Lincoln, the State capital, emits brine enough in twenty-four hours to produce at least on thousand barrels of salt. CoAL.-Coal has been but partially developed in Nebraska, which fact has been considered by some as evidence of the scarcity of that article, yet developments already made, particularly in Nemaha, Johnson, Pawnee, Richardson, and Gage counties, in the southeastern portion of the INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 103 State, have removed the doubts of many, and established the fact that there are inexhaustible beds of excellent coal beneath the surface. In mines that have been opened in each of the above counties, the average yield thus far has been estimated at 50,000 to 75,000 tons per acre. CLIMATE.-Our climate is the most healthful and delightful of the temperate zone. The atmosphere is pure, dry, and invigorating. Chills and( fever and other malarious diseases, which prevail to a great extent in many Western States where the lands are low and even, are unknown here. No portion of the United States is less affected with epidemic diseases. Owing to the natural absence of humidity in the atmosphere physicians unite in recommending residence here for persons afflicted with lung diseases, and such complaints as rheumatism, who are greatly relieved if not entirely cured. There are no swamps or stagnant pools to generate miasma. Statistical tables carefully compiled from a series of observations, through many years, show the following mean temperature: Spring, 490 3"; summer, 740 711; autumn, 510 4"; winter 310 11; giving an average mean for the year of 510 6". The mean and annual rain-fall is 27.98 inches, and is distributed as follows: Spring, 10.8; winter, 1.31; the largest fall being in April, averaging 6.57; May, 4.36; and June, 5.07; none of the other months reaching 3.00; only two of them 2.00; three of them 1.00, and the rest being less than 1.00. AGRICULTURAL ADVANTAGES.-This is preiminently a wheat-grow- ing country: the principal productions of the soil are cereals and vegetables, wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, and all kinds of root-crops known to the temperate zone, being grown with great success. The report of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, for May and June, 1870, with estimates of wheat compared with the area of 1869, gives Nebraska an increase in winter wheat of twenty-five per cent., a greater percentage than any State in the Union. Kansas stands next, at seventeen per cent. All agricultural reports from that Department, in estimates of area and yield, invariably place Nebraska at the head of the list. The same Department reports that the average yield of wheat (spring wheat) per acre during ten years, from 1856 to 1866, was 26- bushels; corn ranges from 40 to 75 bushels, according to season and thoroughness of cultivation; oats, from 30 to 60 bushels; barley, from 40 to 60 bushels; potatoes, from 75 to 300 bushels, and other vegetables grow in like profusion. MANUFACTURING ADYANTAGES.-Manufactures and manufacturing capital are greatly needed. There is abundance of water-power; and fine openings present themselves for the establishing of agricultural machine-shops, woolen-mills, founderies, wagon manufactories, and flour-mills, and nothing would prove more beneficial to Nebraska than their actual operation, while the inducements offered to capital and labor in this department are flattering. EDUCATIONAL PRIVILEGES.-In no State in the Union has more ~nple provision been made to meet the educational wants of the people than in Nebraska. While in other Western States but one section-640 acres, in each township, (being six miles square,) was set apart for school purposes, in Nebraska, the General Government, with a wise liberality, has donated to this State two sections-1,280 acres-or one eighteenth part of our entire area, as a permanent endowment of the public schools. There are good school-houses in every district. LAND.-Nebraska presents the last chance to obtain free homes. 104 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. West of Nebraska begin the mountains-east of it the lands are principally occupied. Now lands are cheap, but the price will constantly increase in the future, and not many years will elapse ere free lands for the landless will become only a record of history. The lands may be classified as follows: 1st. United States lands, i. e., lands yet undisposed of by the General Government. 2d. State lands, i. e., lands belonging to the State, granted for the following purposes by congressional authority: Acres. For erection of State-house ..............................12, 800 For erection of penitentiary.............................. 32,000 For erection of university ............... ............. 56,000 For erection of agricultural college....................... 90, 000 Saline lands ......................................... 56,000 Internal improvements..... ........................ 500, 000 Common schools, (State, as admitted)................... 2,643, 080 Total..........................................3, 389, 880 3d. Railroad lands, i. e., land included in railroad grants, which in the entire State aggregate millions of acres. 4th. Land on sale, i. e., land bought up from Government and held for sale by non-residents or speculators. 5th. Improved farms, owned mostly by citizens of the State. The homestead law entitles any person who is the head of a family, or is 21 years of age, (or a minor, and has served fourteen days in the Army or Navy of the United States,) and is a citizen of the United States, or has filed a declaration to become such, to the right of a homestead on surveyed lands. This is conceded to the extent of 160 acres of $1 25 land, or 80 acres of $2 50 land, upon which bona fide residence, improvement, and cultivation must be made within six months from the date of the entry, and continued five years, to entitle the applicant to a patent from Government. The fees for entering a homestead amount to ten or twelve cents per acre. The settler can get a final deed from Government at any time, by proving residence and improvement, and paying $1 25 per acre. Lands obtained under the homestead laws are exempted from liability for debts contracted prior to the issuing of the patent therefor. The preemption law requires the party to file with the district land office his declaratory statement as to the fact of his settlement within thirty days from the date of said settlement, and within one year from that date, he must appear before the Register and Receiver and make final proof of his actual residence on, and cultivation of, the tract, and secure the same by paying cash, or by filing a warrant duly assigned to the preemptor. The State lands are occasionally thrown into market and sold to tLe highest bidder. The lands devoted to common schools are sold at auition in June of each year at the various county seats. The terms of sale are one-tenth cash and interest on the balance at ten per cent. per annum for ten years, when the remaining nine-tenths become due. The railroad lands are in the possession of such companies as have received them as grants or subsidies from Congress to aid in the construction of their roads. They are also thrown on the market from time to time on advantageous terms. Improved farms can be purchased in any quarter INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 105 at prices varying from ten to fifty dollars per acre, according to location and value of improvements. RAILROADS.-The railway system of Nebraska is of course but partially developed, yet few of the new States have made more progress in that direction. The great Union Pacific Railroad, which has its initial point at Omaha, traverses the entire length of the State from east to west, a distance of more than 400 miles. Its line runs nearly in a direct east and west course, up the valley of the Platte to the western boundary of the State, and thence in the same general direction to Ogden, in the Territory of Utah, where it forms a connection with the Central Pacific Railroad of California, the two roads constituting the great overland route by rail between the Missouri River and San Francisco. The Burlington and Missouri River Railroad, in Nebraska, is completed and in running order from Plattsmouth, Nebraska, (four miles south of the mouth of the Platte River,) to Lincoln, the State capital. This road is rapidly progressing from Lincoln westward to Fort Kearney, where it will form a connection with the Union Pacific. The Midland Pacific Railroad is completed from Nebraska City to Lincoln, the State capital, and it is proposed to extend this road westward to a connection with the Union Pacific at Grand Island, 150 miles west of Omaha, at an early day. The Nemaha Valley, Lincoln and Loup Fork Railroad runs from Rulo via Falls City, Salem, Humboldt, Table Rock, Tecumseh, and Sterling to Lincoln; thence northwest via Columbus. on the Union Pacific Railroad, into the heavy-timbered regions of the Northwest. Twenty miles of this line is already completed, and arrangements have been perfected which will secure the early construction of the entire road. The Sioux City and Pacific Railroad enters the State of Nebraska at Blair, in Washington County, 30 miles north of Omaha. The line is completed and in running order from Blair to Fremont, in Dodge County, (on the Union Pacific Railroad,) a distance of 3 miles, at which point it connects directly with the Fremont and Elkhorn Valley Railroad. This road is in running order to West Point, in Cuming County, a distance of 30 miles from Fremont, and the line is graded to NorfolM, in Madison County, (42 miles northwest of West Point.) The road will be pushed forward to the northern boundary of the State (the Niobrara River)- at an early day, and thence to a connection with the Northern Pacific Railroad. The Omaha and Northwestern Railroad is completed from Omaha to Blair, a distance of 30 miles, where it connects with the Sioux City and Pacific Railroad for Fremont, West Point, Norfolk, &c. The road will be extended to the northern boundary of the State, and thence to a connection with the Northern Pacific at Fort Berthold, in Dakota Territory. The Omaha and Southwestern Railroad runs from Omaha via Lincoln to Beatrice and the Southwest, connecting with the Beatrice, Fort Kearney and Pacific Railroad at Beatrice, and the St. Joseph and Denver at some point on the Little Blue River, southwest of Beatrice. The road is now in running order from Omaha to the Platte River, a distance of 23 miles, where it connects with the line running from Plattsmouth to Lincoln. Various other lines of railway are projected in different portions of the State and will doubtless be constructed at an early day; but only those have been named in this paper which are either wholly or partially completed. STOCK-RlAISING.-For stock-raising the resources are ample. The 106 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. vacant lands of the State and of the railroads give the herdsmen a wide range. A herd law, which renders fences unnecessary, and acts as a protection to the grain-grower, is an actual benefit to the stock-raiser. Much attention has been devoted to this department of agriculture. This was the natural home of wild horses and cattle; and the Indian ponies, in proportion to their bulk, are as hardy a race of animals as can be found anywhere. The grasses are nutritious and abundant, and whether cured or green, cattle feed with avidity and fatten upon them without grain of any kind. Many fine horses and mules, and the best breeds of horned cattle, swine, and sheep are raised; the high ground and climate being particularly favorable to the latter. Hogs thrive well, and with corn at 35 to 50 cents per bushel, pigs a few months old at $4 to $5 per head, and fattened hogs at 10 cents per pound, live weight, no market is needed for corn, as feeding it to hogs would prove a very lucrative business. Sheep-raising and wool-growing are becoming more profitable as the country improves. Five hundred dollars' worth of sheep are exempted from taxation. Blue grass and clover do well. All the shelter required for stock are the straw stacks, which accumulate from the annual threshing of tlhe wheat crops. A frame of poles is set up and the straw thrown over it, leaving one side open, and under this the cattle stand and feed in perfect security from the severest storms and in the most inclement seasons. Ten acres of cottonwood, locusts, and black walnuts, planted 8 feet apart each way, will, after five years' cultivation, supply all the fence posts and fuel that a family of five to seven will require. The herd law now in force saves timber for fencing. There is twice as much timber in this State now as there was ten years ago. Lumber now ranges from $25 to $50 per thousand feet for pine, and $20 to $26 for cottonwood. Timber-growing is now a profitable business; but with the planting of forest trees and the protection of timber from fire, with the growing of hedge fences and the increased facilities for transportation of pine from the North, and the development of our coal mines, lumber and fuel will be proportionately increased in quantity and quality and decreased in value. A premium is offered by the State for the cultivation of forest and fruit trees by exempting from taxation the real property of each taxpayer to the extent of one hundred dollars for every acre of forest trees, and fifty dollars for every acre of fruit trees per year, for five years; the forest trees not to exceed 12 feet apart, and fruit trees 33 feet apart. Of all the modes of fencing that have been tried, none are cheaper and more durable than hedges. Osage orange, white thorn, white willow, and honey locust have been tried here, and the Osage has been found to be the cheapest and best suited for hedging, and in from three to four years, with proper care, makes a good and everlasting live fence, sufficient to turn all kinds of stock. FRUITs.-Of the capacity of this State for fruit cultivation, there is no longer any question. Apples, .peaches, pears, plums, cherries, grapes, quinces, and profuse varieties of the small fruits, attest the adaptability of both soil and climate to the production of the choicest fruits. At the last State agricultural fair, the display of all kinds of Nebraska fruit received admiration for quantities and sizes as well as healthy condition. Fruit trees mature earlier than in New England. To be successful, home nurseries must be patronized, trees of home production and not imported should be planted; besides, notions of cultivation applicable elsewhere must be left behind, and those essaying fruit culture here must INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 107 adapt themselves and their young orchards to their new circumstances. Wild fruits-plums, grapes, and all kinds of berries-abound in the groves along the streams, and on the prairies, are of remarkable size, and thrive luxuriantly. All kinds of Nebraska fruit, wild or cultivated, are large, healthy, and delicious. THE GOVERNMENT.-Nebraska's motto is "Equality before the law." No discrimination is made between a native or naturalized citizen. Debtors are protected by a law exempting a home and the necessaries of life from forced sale on execution; but, on the other hand, it guarantees the creditor full and speedy justice at the hands of a well-regulated system of judiciary. With the exception of Iowa, Nebraska is believed to be the only State in the Union which is entirely free from debt, and more than ample provision made for all the public buildings, improvements, &c. The constitution forbids incurring a debt beyond fifty thousand dollars; thus a low rate of taxation is insured for all time to come. Some of the counties have loaned their credit to a limited extent in aid of railroad enterprises. Improvements under the value of $1,000 are exempt from taxation. Immigrants from other countries, having declared their intentions to become citizens and resided in the State one year, and citizens from other States, residing in the State six months, are entitled to all the rights and privileges of citizenship, Nebraska welcomes the immigrant to the enjoyment of her advantages, and will reward his industry with generous recompense. COLORADO. Area, 67,723,520 acres. Population in 1870, 39,864. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitablefor small farms on favorable terms ? Fr6mont, Jefferson, El Paso, Las Animas, Huerfano, Weld, and Arapahoe: it can. Gilpin : yes, to a limited extent. What is the price per acre of small improved farms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Frdmont: $10; one-half improved and fenced; log buildings. Gilpin: improved farms, fenced, and having good log or frame buildings, with about one-fourth under cultivation, are worth from $5 to $10. Jefferson: $5 to $25; price generally depends upon facilities for irrigation; usually several farms are fenced together; there are few division fences; houses generally small. El Paso: improved lands are worth from $4 to $6; only a small portion fenced; buildings tolerably good. Las Animas and Huerfano : about $5; a small portion under cultivation; buildings of adobe and logs. Weld: $20 to $25; amount under cultivation, from one-third to two-thirds; same proportion fenced; buildings generally of logs. Arapahoe: from $5 to $50; a small proportion under cultivation; buildings generally frame. What is the priceper acre of unimproved land, what proportionis cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? Fremont: $1 25 to $5; all cleared, but not fenced. Gilpin: land can be obtained to a limited extent at Government price, ($1 25 per acre,) most of the land being rocky and mountainous, and the tillable portion confined to the valleys. Jefferson: $4 to $15; all prairie land, without 108 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. timber or fences. El Paso: unimproved lands are worth from $1 25 to $2 50; all prairie; none fenced. Las Animas and Huerfano: from $1 25 to $10. Weld: from' $2 50 to $10; prairie land, all cleared; none fenced. Arapahoe: plenty of Governmen, land for sale at $1 25 and $2 50; also about 2,000,000 acres of ±ailroad land at from $1 to $10, on easy terms as to time; very little under fence. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive ? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds ? _Fr6mont: $3 per acre for land under cultivation, or one-half the crop with stock, seeds, &c., furnished. Gilpin: one-half the product, the owner furnishing everything except labor. Jefferson: few cash rents, except for small lots for garden purposes; on shares, same as above. El Paso: $3 per acre; shares, as above. Las Animas and Huerfano: shares, one-half; implements, stock, and seeds furnished. Weld: when owner furnishes everything, he gets two-thirds; otherwise, one-half. Arapahoe: owner receives one-third for the use of the land. What are the chief articles of production, and what are the presentprices of two or three of them? Articles of production. Wheat......per bushel.. Do--....-------...... do...... Do........per pound.. Do...........do...... Do---------........... do...... .. Corn ........ per bushelDo........per pound..- Counties. Prices. $1 00 El Paso, Las Animas, Huerfano. 1 50 Fr6mont. 21 Weld. 21 3 1 00 3 Oats ....... per bushel.. Do--..........-----. do...... Do -....-------....... do...... Do-........ per pound.. Do-----.----......... do ...... Potatoes .... per bushel.. 67 70 $0 70 to 85 2 24 1 75 per pound.. 21 Do ........ Do------.---......... do...... Barley---......... do...... Do........... do..... Jefferson. Arapahoe. Fr6mont, Las Animas, Huerfano. Arapohoe. Fromont. El Paso. Las Animas, Huerfano. Weld. Jefferson, Arapahoe. Gilpin. Jefferson. 3 Arapahoe. 21 Weld. 3 Arapahoe. What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing ? Fr6mont: from half a mile to 10 miles. Gilpin: market at home; about 65 miles to end of Denver Pacific Railroad, and 200 to Kansas Pacific Railroad. Jefferson: principal mines within 25 miles; railroad from Golden City to Denver. El Paso, Las Animas, and Huerfano: markets at Trinidad and Sheridan; 150 miles to railroad. Weld: Denver Pacific Railroad at this point; market 50 miles north or south. Arapahoe: roads are now completed to Denver, the capital; the mines afford a fair market for all kinds of farm products. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber ? Fr6mont : the land is lime and marl, being the wash from the mountains; pine timber on foot-hills. Gilpin: the land is good, but it lies in narrow strips, in gulches and ravines; the timber principally pine and spruce, in great abundance. Jefferson : rich alluvial soil (prairie;) pine and spruce timber in the mountains. El Paso: rich land and good pine timber. Las Animas and Huerfana: excellent land; by irrigation 80 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 109 bushels of wheat to the acre have been obtained; also 25 bushels to the acre of Australian corn; the timber is pine, oak, cottonwood, balsam fir and some cedar. Weld: clay and sandy; the timber is pine; none nearer than the mountains, 30 miles distant. Arapahoe: soil almost universally good; pine, hemlock, fir, and cottonwood timber. For what kind of labor is there a demand? Fr6mont: all kinds. Gilpin: miners and common laborers and female servants; there is a demand for all kinds of labor during summer and fall. El Paso: mechanics. Las Animas and Huerfano: good men are wanted in all departments of labor. Weld: very little demand for any kind at present, unless it can be furnished cheaply-Chinamen for instance. Arapahoe: all kinds, female servants more especially. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor? Fremont: flour and saw mills, cabinet-shops, woolen factories, tanneries, and furnaces; agricultural implement manufactories are much needed. Gilpin: none of any magnitude, except quartz-mills, which are being put up constantly. Jefferson: flour-mills, paper-mill, firebrick works, and potteries. Las Animas and Huerfano : four flour-mills and three saw-mills ; a good woolen-mill is required. Weld : flour-mills. Arapahoe: quartz-mills, saw-mills, flour-mills, planing-mills, potteries, one paper-mill, one machine-shop, and a woolen-mill. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress requiring common labor? If so, how far distant? Gilpin : Colorado Central Railroad, 20 miles; Denver Pacific Railroad, 66 miles; Kansas Pacific Railroad, 200 miles. Jefferson: two railroads to Denver, one from Denver to Golden. Las Animas and Huerfano: Kansas Pacific, 150 miles distant. Weld: railroad to Denver. Arapahoe: over 300 miles of railroad now completed. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, .yet unoccupied ? Fremont: there are more than 20,000 acres of farming land in Fr6mont County, and range for all the stock which may be brought; the raising of stock is cheaper here than elsewhere, as feeding with hay or grain is unnecessary; the land is very productive and suited equally to grain, vegetables and fruit. Gilpin: the advantages for laborers and mechanics are good; the lodes requiring common labor are sufficient to give employment to a large population; and the quartz-mills and reducing works constantly in course of construction give employment to large numbers of mechanics. Jefferson: there is plenty of good land unoccupied, but it requires irrigation; much of it has been taken up during the past season. El Paso: there is little farming land unoccupied, but there are plenty of good situations for stock farms; as a stockraising country this region is unsurpassed, stock running at large all the year, subsisting entirely on the range. Las Animas and Huerfano: no country is known where a poor man who is willing to work can obtain a good living and something besides, easier than in Southern Colorado; there is an abundance of land yet unoccupied, irrigation is easy, and water is abundant for stock or manufacturing purposes. Weld: plenty of land unoccupied; much of it has been improved, however, during the past season. Arapahoe: good stock farms can be had in abundance at Government price; the whole Territory presents unusual facilities for stock-raising. 110 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. What are the prices of ordinary farm stock, sound and in good condition? Working oxen, per pair. Counties. liremont ........................... $110 to 150 Gilpin................................. 125 Jefferson......................_-.-.100to135 El Paso................................ 120 Las Animas and Huerfano 65 to 90 Weld................................. Arapahoe...........................125 .............. 125 14 Average.......................$117 Working horses, each. $150 $150 to 200 150 150 175 to 150 150to200 75 $155 28 Working mules, each, Mitchcows, each. $150 30 to 50 $150to200 60 150to200 175 175 to 200 Sheep, each. 5 00 3 00 50 2 50to3 00 50 200 35 to 70 1 00 to 2 0 150 to 200 50 150to200 50 3 OOtoS 00 $173 14 2 OOto3 00 $50 27 $3 25 DAKOTA. Area, 223,601,920 acres. Population in 1870, 14,181. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitable for small farms on favorable terms? Yankton: yes; our lands are open to actual settlers under the preemption and homestead laws. What is the priceper acre of small improved farms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Yankton: improved farms five miles from Yankton sell for and $10 per acre, about fifty acres of each being cultivated and fenced; buildings, log or frame. What is the priceper acre of unimproved land? Yanktonu: unimproved land can be had ten miles from the town of Yankton at Government price, $1 25 per acre. What is the rent of snall improved farms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds? Yankto: the owner provides stock, implements, seeds, and receives one-half of the product. What are the chief articles of production, and what are the present prices )f two or three of them ? Yankton : corn 60 cents per bushel ; wheat, oats, and potatoes 50 cents each ; rye, hops, and all sorts of vegetables. W~hat is the distance to a market town, a railroad station, or a steamnboat landing? Yankton : we have a market--a home consumption for all our products. Sioux City the terminus of railroad 60 miles from this place ; steamboat landing at Yankton. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber Yankton : dark sandy loam, from five to seven feet deep, very best quality, producing 40 bushels of wheat to the acre, 100 bushels of corn, 60 bushels of oats ; the timber consists of cottonwood, pine, oak, and cedar, all along the banks of rivers. $5, $7, ? &c., first-class ? the For what kind of labor is there a demand? Yankton : there is a great demand for carpenters, bricklayers, masons, farm hands, servant girls, and laborers. and What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor? Yakon7lormil'adsa-ilsony INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 111 Yankton : a railroad is in process of construction at Sioux City, in Iowa, 60 miles from this place, and a road to be completed to Yankton next year. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or smallfarmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied ? Yankton: I can safely recommend Dakota to the farmer as being superior in its advantages to any other portion of country which I have seen in the Western or Eastern States. The land produces bountifully; and I have testimony of farmers from Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan to the fact that those States cannot compete with Dakota in crops. SWhat are the prices of ordinaryfarm stock, sound and in good condition? Yankton : working oxen per pair, $150; working horses each, $125; working mules each, $150; milch cows each, $30 to $60; sheep each, $5; hogs per pound, 18 cents. IDAHO. Area, 220,160,000 acres. Population in 1870, 14,998. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitablefor smallfarms on.favorable terms ? Nez Perces and Ada: it can. What is the priceper acre of small improved farms ? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Nez Perces : $10 per acre, per quarter section; forty or fifty acres under cultivation; buildings of logs. Ada: $8: from one-third to onehalf under cultivation and fenced; buildings principally of logs. What is the priceper acre of unimproved land, what proportionis cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced? Nez Perces: plenty of Government land, prairie, (good,) $1 25 per acre. Ada: $3; nearly all cleared, none fenced. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms ? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds? Nez Perces: on shares; the owner furnishes team and seeds, and receives one-half the crop. Ada: owner receives one-third of the crop. What are the chief articles of production, and what are the presentprices of two or three of them? Nez Perces: wheat, oats, barley, and vegetables; " grain," 2 to 3 cents per pound. Ada: wheat $2 50 per bushel, oats $1 25, barley $1 50, potatoes 5 cents per pound. What is the distance to a market town? Nez Perces : to market town 40 miles. We have a home market. Ada: from 1 to 50 miles to a market town. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber ? Nez Perces: good land; the timber is pine and fir. Ada: low lands, black alluvial; uplands sandy and gravelly; timber consists of balm and willow. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Nez Perces : farm laborers and gold miners; the latter receive $5 per day. Ada: farm hands, teamsters, and carpenters. 112 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. What mills orfactories, if any, are in operation or inprogress requiring skilled labor Nez Perces: saw-mills. Ada : flour-mills and distilleries. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor otherpublic works in progress requiring common labor2 I f so, how far Nez Perces and Ada: none in this immediate vicinity. Please state any advantages which your distrct can to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet. unoccupied Nez Perces and Ada: plenty of good land unoccupied, surrounded by a mining country, which will furnish a market for all the agricultural productions of the vicinity. What are the prices of ordinaryfarm stock, sound and in good condition ? distant? offer ? Working oxen, per pair. Working horses, each, Nez Perces-------------------$150 $100 200 $100 Ada------------------------150 200 $0 00 00 Average----------------$150 $150 $150 $57 50 Counties. Working mules, each. Milchcows, hee each.,eachHos, 0 each. $5 00 $10 00 $4 50 $12 50 400. 1500 III. SOUTHERN AND SOUTHWESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. VIERGINIA. Area, 26,240,000 acres. Population in 1870, 1,224,961. Can land be purchased or rented in your districtsuitable for smallfarms onfavorable terms? Elizabeth City, Richmond, Northampton, Matthews, Middlesex, Gloucester, King and Queen, Essex, Princess Anne, Norfolk, Nansemond, Southampton and Isle of Wight, Louisa, Prince Edward, Mecklenbnrg, Charlotte, Nelson, Bnckingham, Pittsylvania, Campbell, Orange, Henry, Madison, Page, Augusta, Shenandoah, Fauquier, Marion and Smnyth : it ean. Prince George : there is plenty of land for sale in tracts of from 200 to 1,200 acres. Fredericksburg : yes ; purchasers are most favorably received. iRoanoke : but few farms for rent ; quite a number for sale, ranging from 30 to 1,000 acres in each tract. IRockinghamn: not very. Botetourt : they can be purchased more readily than rented. Alexandria : land can be purchased but not rented. Fairfax and Prince Wilto $25 per acre. Frederick : small fairms can be liam : yes, from bought and rented here, but the demand is equal to the supply. Loudoun : land can be purchased in this county on good terms. Lee, Scott, and Wise : not at all on good terms. Wythe, Carroll, Bland, and Tazewell : in a few instances, but not generally. State what proporWhat is the priceper acre of small improved farms tion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Elizabeth City : from $10 to $50 per acre ; one-half under cultivation, fealncs poor, buildaiings old7.Richmnd: from $5 tf$20;aboutoe $10 ? INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 113 to $15; all lands are under cultivation; all fenced; buildings are poor. Matthews, Middlesex, Gloucester, King and Queen, and Essex: the larger portion under cultivation, well fenced; buildings ordinary. Princess Anne, Norfolk and Nansemond: price from $3 to $100; about one-third under cultivation; same quantity fenced; buildings mostly of wood, but comfortable; some brick buildings. The value of the lands depends on quality and situation, i. e., proximity to towns and railroads; also on the rivers land is more valuable. Norfolk : from $50 to $200, according to proximity to the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth; country buildings not remarkably good. Prince George: from $5 to $18 per acre; buildings common; from one-fourth to one-half has been cleared. Southampton and Isle of Wight: from $5 to $7 for land which will produce (without fertilizers) from four to six barrels of corn per acre; about one-fourth to one-third under cultivation and fenced; buildings poor. Louisa: land ranges from $8 to $15, depending entirely upon the location ; from one-third to one half under cultivation; from onehalf to two-thirds fenced; buildings, of wood, generally. Fredericksburg: from $3 to $60; from one-third to three-fourths under cultivation; fencing poor; buildings generally inferior. Prince Edward: from $3 to $30; some land good, some poor, all easily improved; one-half under cultivation; buildings good and bad; one-half fenced. Mecklenburg: from $1 50 to $10; some farms are half cleared, some wholly in woods, but the majority about two-thirds cleared. Charlotte: $10 per acre for farms of 300 acres, one-half under cultivation, all fenced, fair buildings, from 5 to 10 miles from railroad; same description 20 miles from railroad, $8. Nelson: from $8 to $25 per acre; some river bottoms would command a still higher price, say $40 to $50; the plantations are generally very large and divided by rail fences into large shifts; those in market, for sale in small parcels, are therefore not well fenced, nor have they usually buildings on them. Buckingham: from $5 to $20; about three-fifths under cultivation; very few fences; poor buildings. Pittsylvania: from $3 to $10; two-thirds are or have been under cultiva. tion; one-half fenced; buildings ordinary. Campbell: $15 to $30; from one-third to two-thirds under cultivation and fenced; fences poor; buildings ordinary. Orange: from $7 to $50; from one-fourth to threefourths under cultivation, nearly all inclosed; on small farms the buildings are ordinary, on large farms they are good. Henry: prices exceedingly various, generally ranging from $5 to as high as $20 or $30; about two-thirds under cultivation and fenced; buildings pretty good. Roanoke: farms range from 60 to 340 acres each, and can be purchased at from $20 to $30 per acre, one-third cash, balance in equal instalments of one, two, and three years, some without interest; buildings comfortable; about two-thirds of each farm under cultivation with good fences; excellent springs of water; a limestone region of country. Rockingham: about $60 per acre; two-thirds under cultivation; buildings ordinary. Botetourt: farms ranging from 150 to 400 acres, generally improved with frame or log buildings; from $15 to $40 per acre; twothirds under cultivation. Madison: $20 to $50; about one-half has been cultivated; nearly all fenced; generally log buildings. Page: about $50; one-half to three-quarters under cultivation; nearly all fenced; buildings ordinary. Augusta: about $40; two-thirds under cultivation; same quantity fenced; buildings comfortable. Alexandria: $60 to $75; half under cultivation; ordinary buildings and fences. Shenandoah : from $20 to $80; most of it under cultivation; generally fenced; buildings from good to ordinary. Prince William: from $25 to $40; two-thirds cultivated; sbout three-fourths fenced; buildings generally frame. Frederick: small farms, well improved, fenced, and with 8 114 8PE&IAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. comfortable buildings, bring from $50 to $85 per acre. Owing to the ravages of war a large section of the country is without fence. Fauquier : in the lower part of the district from $5 to $10; in the middle from $20 to $50; in the upper or Piedmont region from $20 to $60; nearly all under cultivation and fenced; buildings of stone, brick, or frame. Loudoun: small well-improved farms sell at from $60 to $100 per acre; four-fifths under cultivation; remainder in woodland. Lee, Scott, and Wise: from $4 to $25; very good land can be bought at from $8 to $12; nearly one-half has been under cultivation ; buildings and fences rather poor. Wythe, Carroll, Bland, and Tazewell: from $15 to $40, along the line of the railroad. Marion and Smyth: $10 to $15; one-quarter has been under cultivation; one-half fenced; buildings ordinary. What is the priceper acre of unimproved land, what proportionis cleared, and how much, if any, is'fenced ? Elizabeth City: from $10 to $25; very little cleared; no fences. Richmond: from $3 to $10; fencing good, generally of chestnut. Northampton: land has been sold here for $3; two-thirds cleared; all fenced. Matthews, Middlesex, Gloucester, King and Queen, and Essex: from $10 to $30; one-third cleared; very little fencing. Princess Anne, Norfolk, and Nansemond: from $1 to $50, according to situation; but little fenced. Norfolk: from $10 to $50. Prince George: no fences. Southampton and Isle of Wight: $2 50 to $4; none cleared. Louisa: from $3 to $10, depending upon locality, and quantity and quality of timber; small portion cleared; fencing poor. Fredericksburg: from $3 to $15; small proportion cleared, and in most cases not- fenced. Prince Edward: $3 to $10; one-third cleared ; one-fourth fenced; we have a fence law that protects exposed crops. Mecklenburg: from $1 to $6; all woodland; mostly good fences. Charlotte: $10 to $15, within 10 miles of railroad ; more distant, $5 and $6; one-half cleared and fenced. Nelson and Buckingham: from $1 to $5; one-fourth cleared; very little fenced. Pittsylvania : average, $6 per acre; two-thirds cleared; one-half fenced. Campbell: unimproved land not generally fenced; some of it covered with scrubby pine and oak; price ranges from $3 to $30. Orange: from $2 to $15; one-quarter cleared and fenced. Henry: from $1 to $15; but little cleared or fenced. Ioanoke: the unimproved land, except the timbered land on each farm, is mountain land, which is quite fertile and well adapted to the growth of tobacco and fruits of all kinds; grapes grow luxuriantly on the mountain land, and are of excellent quality aid fine flavor; a vineyard on the mountain, about 8 miles friom Salem, consists of about 25 acres in vine, 20 acres of which have been bearing for 7 or 8 years and yield abundantly; cost of the land originally only $3 per acre; worth now $15,000 for the 25 acres. Rockingham: all uniml)roved land is covered with timber and worth about $40 per acre. Botetourt: from $1 to $10; this land is called rolling or mountain land, but is generally rich and produces all kinds of crops, tobacco, &c. Madison: $5 to $20; very little cleared and fenced. Page: from $5 to $10; but little fenced, and less than one-tenth cleared. Augusta: but little land unimproved, except mountain or neglected land. Alexandria: very little unimproved land in this division, but considerable not under cultivation. Shenandoah: $5; nearly all has been cleared, but badly fenced. Prince William: from $5 to $25; one-fourth cleared; one-third fenced. Frederick: from $3 to $20; about one-third fenced. Fauquier and Loudoun: from $10 to $40; woodland generally more valuable than cleared. Lee, Scott, and Wise: mountain land, $1 to $5; not much fencing; valley land generally improved. Wythe, Carroll, Bland, and Tazewell: unimproved land is so plenty that it can be purchased at almost any price; it lies in INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 115 large tracts among the mountains and is not improved at all. Marion and Smyth: $5 to $10; one-third cleared; one-half to two-thirds fenced. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms ? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds ? Elizabeth City: $3 per acre; on shares, one-fourth; owner provides nothing but land. Richmond: usually rented on shares, and renter pays one-third of crop; in some instances stock, team, &c., are furnished, and then one-half of the crop is paid. Northampton: $3 per acre rent; on shares, owner receives one-third, furnishing nothing. Matthews, Middlesex, Gloucester, King and Queen, and Essex: one-third of the crop, owner providing nothing. Princess Anne, Norfolk, and Nansemond: one-third of the product; and, when owner furnishes team, &c., one-half. Norfolk: about 8 per cent. of the value; owner provides stock and seeds and receives one-half of the net proceeds. Prince George: $2 per acre; on shares, the owner receives one-fourth of the crop; if he provide stock, implements, seeds, and feed for the team he receives one-half the crop. Southampton and Isle of Wight: the owner receives one-fourth of all the products; and if he furnish he receives one-half. Louisa: on shares, owner receives one-third, furnishing nothing. Fredericksburg: one-third of the crop or its equivalent in money, owner furnishing nothing. Prince Edward: when owner furnishes only land he receives one-fourth of the crop; when he furnishes everything, one-half. Mecklenburg: one-fourth of the product; the owner furnishing only the land. Charlotte: one-fourth of the product for rental, furnishing nothing. Nelson: one-quarter to one-third to owner. Buckingham and Pittsylvania: one-fourth when owner furnishes only land and team. Campbell: farms usually rented on shares; owner receives one-half and furnishes nothing. Orange: owner furnishes teams and implements, receiving one-half; or one-third when the occupant furnishes everything. Henry: owner receives one-fourth, furnishing nothing. Roanoke: on highly-improved lands which are quite fertile the owners have received as much as one-half, furnishing nothing; on ordinary lands, one-third; but few farms are for rent in this county; quite a number of large farms must be divided into smaller ones very soon, on account of the scarcity of labor, caused by the exodus of the negroes who are removing southward. Rockingham: the tenant gives one-half of what he raises; the owner keeps up fences, pays for ditching, cleaning up, &c., also one-half of seeds. Botetourt: small farms rent for from $75 to $200 per year; if rented on shares, one-third of product is given, except the fodder, &c., from corn crop, and straw from wheat. Madison: the owner usually finds everything, farm, seeds, and fertilizers, and receives two-thirds of the crop. Page: farms are rented principally on shares, the owner receiving from one-third to one-half, and sometimes providing stock, implements, and seeds; there is but little regularity of custom. Augusta: owner generally receives one-third where the tenant furnishes stock, &c. Alexandria: none for rent. Shenandoah: on shares, owner receives from one-third to one-half and tenant finds all. Prince William: small improved farms rent for one-half the crop; no implements or seeds furnished. Frederick: small farms, from $150 to $300 a year in money; when rented on shares the proportion of the crop given varies. Fauquier: from one-third to one-half the crop. Loudoun: farms are mostly rented on shares, the tenant providing stock and implements and furnishing one-half the seeds and fertilizers, the landlord furnishing the other half, dividing the crop equally between them. Lee, Scott, and Wise: if owner finds stock, tools, &c., he generally gets one-half; if renter finds them, owner gets one-third of the crop. Wythe, Carroll 116 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Bland, and Tazewell: owner receives one-half the crop and finds everything. Marion and Snyth: owner receives one-third the crop, renter supplying everything. What are the chief articles ofprodction, and what are the presentprice of two or three of them? Articles of production. Prices. Counties. per bushel.Corn.Do---------do. Do.........do. Do---------do. Do-------do. Do ---------- do $0 40 to $0 60 50 70 70 to 75 Lee, Scott, Wise, Campbell, Fauquier. Marion, Smyth, Rockingham. Madlison. P'rince William. Richmond, Northampton. Matthews, Louisa, Fredericksburg. Nelson, Orange. Frederick, Loudoun. Prince George, Roanoke. Princess Anne, Norfolk, Nansemond. Buckingham, Page, Augusta. Roanoke, Frederick. City, Prince EdSouthampton, ward. Mecklenburg, Charlotte, Pittsylvania. Henry, Botetourt, Shenandoah. Wythe, Carroll, Bland, Tazewell. Rockingham. Lee, Scott, Wise. Nelson, Page, Augusta, Campbell. Marion, Snyth. Botetourt, Shenandoah. Frederick. Elizabeth City, Fredericksburg. Prince William, Fauquier. Richmond, Prince George. Charlotte, Buckingham, Orange. Madison, Loudoun. Louisa, Pittsylvania. Princess Anne, Norfolk, Nansemond. Mecklenburg. Prince Edward, Henry. Matthews, Middlesex, Gloucester. 80 80 80 85 90 90 80 to 1 00 1 00 Do..........do. Do --------- do. Do........--.do .. Do--------do. Do----------do. Do..--... .do. Do---------do. Do......... Dod Do....-...do . Do.......do. W t........do. Do...._-....do .Do.-......do.-- 75 . Do..........do.-- Do.----do.......o Do.........do.-- . Do..........do Do........ Do.........--do.-Do._....do._Do----------.do .-Do.........-do.-Do....- -.... do .- . Do._.......do Do..........do .- 1 00 1 50 Do.........__do.-- Potatoes Do._..-....do.-Sweet potatoes-Cdo.-__ Peanuts._-do. ._ Do..........do Do.........-do... Oats.........--do.__ 2 2 Do........-.do . . Do.-......do Do...--.....do.-Do. ...... Rye.........-do Do...-" Do......... do .. .. .do .. do .. Tobacco.. per hundred.. Do.... .. _...do ._ Do .---... do.-Hay ----- per Do..........do.-- ton.- Do-........do.-Do..-......do . Do..-.......do.-- ,v L-I 5 11 12 King and Queen, Essex. Northampton, Campbell. Matthews, Botetourt, Middlesex. Northamipton. Southampton. Princess Anne, Norfolk, Nansemond. 00 Prince George. 00 Lee, Scott, Wise, Northampton, Rock. 30 Ingham." 45 Madison, Prince William. 50 Mecklenburg, Nelson,. Orange. 50 Botetourt, Shenandoah. 50 to 60 Fanquier, Richmond, Fredericksburg. 75 Rockinghamn. 90 Richmond, Botetourt, Madison. 1 00 Mecklenburg, Page, Shenandoah. 00 to 10 00 Louisa. 10 00 Mecklenburg, Charlotte, Buckingham. 10 00 Henry. O0 tol12 00 Nelson, Pittsylvania. 10 00 Orange. 00 to 18 00 Fredlerick. 15 00 Augusta. 16 00 Prince William. 20 00 Fredericksburg. 40 do ._ ._-. 1 00 1 00 1 00 90 to 1 25 1 00 1 00 1 10 1 10 1 20 1 20 1 25 1 25 1 25 1 35 to 1 50 1 50 to 2 50 1 75 1 75 to 50 75 1 00 2 50 to 2 50 to 2 50 to 40 Elizabeth INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 117 What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing ? Elizabeth City: 15 miles by steamer to a market town. Richmond: 6 miles to a steamboat landing. Northampton: steamboat landings convenient. Matthews, Middlesex, Gloucester, King and Queen, and Essex: 50 miles. Princess Anne, Norfolk, and Nansemond: two railroads and several river routes for transportation of produce to market. Norfolk: 26 hours to New York by steamship; 10 hours to Baltimore. Prince George: from 2 to 18 miles. Southampton and Isle of Wight: average distance, 5 to 6 miles. Louisa: 60 miles. Fredericksburg: Fredericksburg is our market town; Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad runs through the town; semi-weekly line of steamboats to Baltimore and all landings on Rappahannock River; Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad 24 miles west. Prince Edward: from onefourth mile to 15 or 20 miles. Mecklenburg: from 1 to 25 miles. Charlotte: Keysville station, on Richmond and Danville Railroad. Nelson: the Orange and Alexandria Railroad runs through the length of Nelson County near the center; the Chesapeake and Ohio runs through the corner of Amherst County; the James River and Kanawha Canal on the southeastern boundary of the district. Buckingham: 66 miles to Richmond; 30 to railroad; from 1 to 5 to canal and packet. Pittsylvauia: Danville, in this district, is our chief market for tobacco; railroad through the district to Richmond, Va. Campbell: three railroads terminate here-the Virginia and Tennessee, the Southside, and Orange and Alexandria; the James River and Kanawha Canal passes through the county; it is 180 miles to Washington, 146 to Richmond, and 204 to Norfolk. Orange: from one-half a mile to 15 miles to railroad station. Henry: 40 miles. Roanoke: the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad runs through this county. Rockingham: average, about 9 miles. Botetourt: 14 miles to railroad station, 12 miles to James River and Kanawha Canal; 50 miles to Lynchburg, nearest market of any note. Madison: 15 miles to Orange and Alexandria Railroad, RapidAnn station. Page: average distance, 15 miles to railroad stations; Newmarket 14 miles from Luray, and Front Royal 25 miles. Augusta: Staunton Railroad depot, Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. Alexandria: average distance from Washington and Alexandria, 3 miles. Shenandoah: railroad running through the county. Prince William: no farms more than 12 miles from railroad or steamboat landing. Frederick: the Winchester and Potomac Railroad and the Winchester and Strasburg Railroad will soon be completed, when there will be stations at intervals of 5 miles throughout the county. Fauquier: Alexandria, Va., distance, 45 miles. Loudoun: Leesburg, the county seat, is on the Alexandria, Loudoun and Hampshire Railroad, 36 miles west of Alexandria. Lee, Scott, and Wise: Scott Court-House, 27 miles; Lee CourtHouse, 68 miles, railroad station. Wythe, Carroll, Bland, and Tazewell: a railroad runs through this division. Marion and Smnyth: railroad through center of Smyth and Washington Counties; Russell CourtHouse, 20 miles, and Grayson 30 miles from railroad. What is the general quality of land, and the kind of timber? Elizabeth City: alluvial soil; oak and pine generally. Richmond: naturally good; pine, oak, hickory, and chestnut in abundance. Northampton: poor and sandy; pine timber. Matthews, Middlesex, Gloucester, King and Queen, and Essex: good; pine, oak, and various other kinds of timber. Princess Anne, Norfolk, and Nansemond : qualities of land various; some sandy, clay, and black loam; the latter is the most productive; pine, o.ak, gum, and beech timber. Norfolk: vey superior 118 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. land: pine, gum, and oak timber. Prince George: ordinary; pine, oak, cedar, and sassafras. Southampton and Isle of Wight: good; pine and oak timber. Louisa: land thin; pine and oak timber. Frederjcksburg: pine, oak, hickory, ash, elm, &c. Prince Edward: land easily improved ; timber of the best quality ; oak, hickory, walnut, &c. Mecklenburg: all kinds of land and timber. Charlotte: very fair land, but somewhat worn ; oak timber principally. Nelson: the lands are generally red, esteemed the best land in Piedmont section, and a rotten granite, regarded here as equal to the other; no lack of timber suitable for every variety of farming and mechanical purposes, oak being the most abundant. Buckingham: gray and red soil; pine, oak, and hickory. Pittsylvania: gray soil, not very strong, but free and kind; all kinds of oak and pine, hickory, and dogwood. Campbell : land generally good; gray-red soil, rather thin, and has been badly cultivated, timber-oak, chestnut, hickory, pine, ash, &c. Orange: the quality of land varies very much; oak, pine, chestnut, and poplar. Henry: land generally of a good quality; timber chiefly oak. Roanoke: the best land is in large farms, ranging from $60 to $100 per acre; highest priced land lies on Roanoke River, near the railroad; the quality of this land is excellent; timber consists of black oak, walnut, and hickory; on the mountain, black oak and pine. Rockingham: good limestone; pine and oak timber principally. Botetourt: land generally good; oak, hickory, poplar, ash, walnut, and locust timber. Madison: land varies from the best to the poorest; pine, oak, and hickory timber. Page: mostly limestone of good quality; oak and pine timber. Augusta: good; oak, hickory, and walnut. Alexandria: good sandy loam; no timber. Shenandoah: limestone; pine and hickory. Prince William: some very good, some very poor; red free-stone lands are the best; oak, hickory, and chestnut timber. Frederick: limestone land of good quality; oak. hickory, and pine timber. Fauquier: clay land; white, black, and red oak, pine, hickory, and chestnut timber. Loudoun: clay loam; white oak, black oak, chestnut oak, hickory, walnut, and red oak. Lee, Scott, and Wise: land generally clay sub-soil; oak, hickory, poplar, walnut, chestnut, cherry, &c. Wythe, Carroll, Bland, and Tazewell: very mountainous, and timber varies very much. Marion and Smyth: very good; all varieties of timber. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Elizabeth City': agricultural. Richmond: good farm hands. Northampton and Prince George: none. Matthews, Middlesex, Gloucester, King and Queen, Essex, Louisa, Fredericksburg, Charlotte, Pittsylvania, Orange, Henry, Madison, Augusta, and Fauquier : farm labor principally. Princess Anne, Norfolk, and Nansemond: all kinds. Prince George: good farm hands at $10 per month and board. Southampton and Isle of Wight: colored exclusively; no one seems to want white labor unless they can get it very cheap. Prince Edward: good farm hands. Mecklenburg: farm labor principally. Nelson : in the spring of the year there is a demand for farm labor; white labor preferred. Buckingham: both white and black; white preferred. Campbell: little demand at present, but a great need; tobacco workers mostly in demand, but all business is now depressed; many colored laborers have left the State. Rioanoke: a number of negroes have gone further south, and the demand is now for farm hands. Page: good farm and mechanical labor generally in demand. Alexandria: good reliable white labor, gardeners, &c. Shenandoah: farm and house labor. Prince William: farm labor, and the different mechanical trades. Lee, Scott, and Wise: mechanics and farm hands. Wythe, Carroll, Bland, INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 119 and Tazewell : no demand for labor, but there is a demand for capital and brains to work the labor that is here. Marion and Smyth: farm hands and mechanics. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled 1i bor? Elizabeth City, Richmond, Northampton, Matthews, Middlesex, Gloucester, King and Queen, Essex, Prince George, Mecklenburg, Nelson, Orange, Henry, Rockingham, Loudoun, Marion, and Smyth: none. Princess Anne, Norfolk, and Nansemond: saw-mills, one reed factory for making pulp for paper. Norfolk : flour and saw mills, also ironworks. Southampton and Isle of Wight: four steam saw-mills; no factories. Louisa: four tobacco factories, one iron furnace. Fredericksburg: one paper-mill, three sumach-mills, four flour-mills, one corn-mill, one woolen-mill, two planing-mills, two founderies, one carriage factory, two tanneries; all but two in operation. Prince Edward: tobacco factories and grist-mills. Charlotte: a few flour-mills. Buckingham: flour-mills exclusively. Pittsylvania: tobacco factories chiefly. Campbell: one rolling-mill, three flour-mills, several planing-mills, railroad shops, and large carriage and furniture manufactories, and fifty or more tobacco factories. Roanoke: no mills or factories in progress or in operation requiring skilled labor; there is fine water-power in this county for manufactories, and the day is not far distant when they will be erected; there is no one here now to engage in it; tanneries are doing a good business; machine-shops would do an excellent business here. Botetourt: about twenty flour-mills in active operation; one woolen factory, and one furnace; a few skilled hands might get employment. Page: saw and grist mills, Shenandoah iron-works, a furnace near Luray, and the Page County Woolen Mills. Augusta : iron founderies, merchant mills, machine-shops, &c. Alexandria: one cotton factory, two spoke-mills, two sash and blind factories, one foundery, one steam saw-mill, four flourmills, three plaster-mills, and two distilleries. Prince William: woolenmills. Frederick,: there are five factories for woolen goods, and one sumach factory in this county. Wythe, Carroll, Bland, and Tazewell: there are mines in operation that require skilled labor, viz: Union Lead Mines and Hale Copper Works. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress requiring common labor ? If so, how far distant? Rockingham: one in process of construction, employing a large force. Norfolk: street railroads, water-works, and canal companies. Southampton and Isle of Wight: two railroads through the division, employing the usual number of hands. Fredericksburg: one railroad in process of construction. Mecklenburg: the Roanoke Valley Railroad was in existence before the war, but the track has been taken up. We need labor and capital to rebuild. Buckingham: slate quarries four miles off. Campbell : no railroads in progress; two in contemplation. Roanoke: the Valley Railroad isin progress. Page: it is expected that work will be commenced on a new railroad within a few months. Augusta: extension of Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad and the Virginia Valley Railroad. Alexandria: railroad from Alexandria to Georgetown Frederick: the Winchester and Strasburg Railroad is in course of construction through the county, and is nearly completed. If many.foreign-born workmen are employed in your district, please give the preponderatingnationality. Princess Anne, Norfolk, Nansemond, and Prince George: very few; mostly Irish. Louisa: very few; Germans and Irish. Mecklenburg: very few; mostly Germans. Nelson: the Irish preponderate. Bucking- 120 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. ham: Welsh. Pittsylvania, Rockingham, Botetourt, Page, Shenandoah, and Charlotte: very few. Roanoke: a few foreign laborers are engaged working at lime-kilns and on farms; they are Germans and Irish. Augusta: Irish predominate; there are some others. Frederick: about 300 laborers are employed upon the Winchester and Strasburg Railroad; mostly Irish. Fauquier : very few; generally Irish. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied ? Elizabeth City: advantages are offered to small farmers, for we have plenty of cheap labor, and early maturity of crops; there is plenty of land of good quality yet unoccupied. Richmond: this county is healthy, convenient to the Northern markets, and is peculiarly adapted to the production of fruits and vegetables; it is generally regarded as the most desirable part of Eastern Virginia. Princess Anne, Norfolk, and Nansemond: plenty of land, and very great advantages for improvement. Norfolk: superior advantages to laborers and mechanics; there is much unoccupied land in this vicinity of fine quality, and well watered, offering inducements to farmers which .cannot be surpassed by any section of this State. Prince George: cheap land, pleasant, mild climate; the lands are not very well watered. Southampton and Isle of Wight: plenty of good land, well watered, can be bought cheap, especially for cash; northern men and foreigners can get along well if they eschew politics or adopt the sentiments of the white population. Louisa: a good opening for mechanics, laborers, and small farmers; a great deal of land unoccupied. Fredericksburg: no inducements for laborers and mechanics at p)resent; if resumption of building, as anticipated, takes place, plenty of work will offer; to small farmers excellent advantages are offered. Prince Edward: a great demand for purchasers of land, and also for tenants to work on shares. Mecklenburg: thousands of acres of unoccupied lands which can be bought cheap; good men welcomed. Charlotte: plenty of good lands unoccupied. Nelson: the land is good; the district as healthy as any in the State; waterpower unsurpassed; a large amount of land unoccupied; small farmers would do well here. Buckingham: plenty of land for sale in small or large quantities, and well watered generally; gold mines and quarries in abundance. Pittsylvania: country healthy, climate delightful; considerable land of moderate quality unoccupied; no special advantages for mechanics or laborers. Campbell: great need of labor, and if well applied there is no place where it would be more liberally rewarded; God's bounties have been sadly abused, and the very earth has been robbed and cheated; farmers are needed who will labor, or at least know how to direct free labor; water is plentiful and pure; the climate is mild and salubrious in an unusual degree; in short, this is a garden spot grown up to weeds and briers; there is great room and great need for intelligent enterprise-for small farmers who are industrious, Henry: advantages good.; a considerable quantity of land of good quality and well watered yet unoccupied. Roanoke: the mountains are the only unoccupied lands which can be bought cheap; much of them can be cultivated, being quite fertile, and planted with tobacco and grapes can be made more valuable than the valley lands; mechanics are doing well; a number of new buildings have been erected in and around Salem, which is a flourishing place; this is a rich and excellent county. Botetourt: there is a considerable quantity of this kind of land; this district has excellent water-power, and great quantities of iron ore and coal; large inducements to men of means. 121 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. Madison: there are several good places for mechanics in this vicinity; very good water-power that can be bought cheap. This section of country offers fine advantages for fruit-growing. Page: there is much land watered yet unoccupied, offering inducements of good quality and to farmers, the land being excellent for grain, while the contry is almost unsurpassed for fruits of all kinds. The Blue Ridge on one side, and the Massanutten Mountains 01 the other, contain rich stores franklinite, limestone, &c., and there is an of iron, copper, abundance of wood and unlimited water-power. Augusta: generally pine land, healthful climate, good water, good market facilities, plenty -of iron and other ores; the laud wants good working, and can be bought at reasonable prices. Alexandria : the high prices paid for the products of the ground constitute an inducement to farmers, and there is considerable land yet unoccupied; laborers and mechanics can live here cheaper than in many other cities; rents and market prices are usually considerably lower than those ot Washington, while its easy access to Washington market makes the county of Alexandria a a desirable location for small farumers. Shenandoah: we have more land than laborers; a great deal of land can be bought; the land has not. been well cultivated since the war. Prince William : good opportunities for laborers, mechanics, and small farmers, and fine water-power for manufacturing purposes ; land is generally well watered, and is originally good, kind, and easily restored. Frederick : in this district well manganese, first-class laborers would do mechanics can usually get employment, and there are at present more inducements for small farmwell. Fanquier: ers than for any other class ; farms in this district range fmrom 100 to 1,500 acres in one body; mortgages encumber a great many of those es- tates, so much so that the owners would willingly sell from 100 to 500 acres of each. Londoun : nearly all the good land is occupied. Marion and Smyth: honest laborers can find good homes,,cheap ; abundance of good land ; water in abundance, and water-power unsurpassed. What are the prices of ordinary farmn stock, sound and in good condition? . i Working oxen, per pair. County. Working horses, each, Working mules, each, MuZich cows, Sheep, each. each. Hogs, per lb. A Mathews ... .. Elizabeth City.. Northampton. Richmond. Southampton. SIsle of Wight. SPrincess Anne. Norfolk.......... Nansemond. Prince George... __ Norfolkc City .. Fredericksburg . Louisa... Lnckingham. Nelson....... Prince Edward.. Mecklenhurg... Charlotte .......... Pittsylvania... Henry ............ Rloanoke.......... Capel......Orange ........... Aunrnsta Madison.---.--_ Botetonrt. Page............ Fairfax and Prig William.... $70to100 80 60 40 75 S75to 100 to 200 150 125 125. 175 75 to 200 $150to250 $20 to40 $3 40 175 20 123 150' 23 15 175 75 to 200 100 to 200 50 to 105 50 to 100 100 to 200 75 to 150 50 to 100 75 to 150 75 to 150 80 to 125 80to150 80to175 80otlo00 125 100 630 100 to 150 70 to 100 100 to 150 100 to 200 100 to 200 25to 30 60 75 40 50 to 70 100 tol150 100 to 200 75 toi150 .. :._. 75 to 150 30Oto 50 100 to 200 125 to 200 to 125 to 200 130 200 75 to 100 150 to 200 3 50 tollO1 10 to'200 120 to 150 100 to 150 100 to 150 125 to 175 125 to 150 150 80to 120 100 to 200 100 to 300 125 75 to 200 100 150 125 Sc. per lb. to to $125 100 125 100 125 100to 200 125 150 to 4 00 8 cents per lb. 8 cents per lb. 5 00 2 00 9 cents per lb 4 00 ............. 1 50 9 cents per lb. 23 to 75 1 50to 4 00 8centperlb. 40 50 to 100 10 to 75 25to 35 30 25 to 40 15 to 40 20 10 to 50 20 to 40 25 to 30 to 50 25 to 40 25 to 40 40 30to 50 20 to 50 30 40to50 3 00 3 00 to 5 00 2 00 toS5 00 250to400 2 50 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00to 500 2 00to 300 1 50 2 00 to 5 00 2 00 to 4 00 2 50 1 00 to 5 00 1 25 to 2 50 2 00 2 50to4 00 $4each. 7 cents per lb. 10 cents perilb. 4to5c.perlb. $12 each. each. to $l0each. $6Oeach. $2 50 to $8each $2 to $10each. 8 tol1c. per lb. $0to $11 each. $6Oto each. $4 to $4 $0each. 5Sto10c. per lb. 5 cents per lb. 30 to 60 2 00 to 4 00 50 $5 66 $10each. to $8 $0each.pnlb. 7 to 8o. $5 to $10 each. 122 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Working oxen, per pair. County. 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 Frederick...-.....- ... $100 to Fauquier..--- -. 120 to 100 to Loudoun.----..---Shenandoah 8 to Alexandria-- --------. . Marion, Smyth .... Wythe, Carroll, Bland, & Tazewell 75 to Lee, Scott, and Wise ...... Average-........... $-91 200 Working horses, each, Working1MZch mules, cows, each, each. to 200 $200 to 250 $40 to 70 to 80 125 to 200100 to 150 40 to 50 100 to 125 100 to 150-------------23 to 50 150 40 to i5 150 120 to 140 25 100 to 125 100 125 100 75 to 125 35 20 to 40 4 00 2 00 to 0 00 09 08 $37 05 Hogs, per lb. $3 09 to 8 00 3 00 $100 200 130 100 100 80 0 Sheep, each. 150 75 to 173 $131 88 $149 2 00to 4 00 2 00 to 4 00 2 00 to 3 50 2 50 to 4 00 1 50 6 toc. per lb. cact. $7 to $10 each. $2 to $40 $4 to $0 each. $4 each. 4c. Stock 3 to Tic. NORTH CAROLINA. Area, 32,450,560 acres. Popnlation in 1870, 1,071,135. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitablefor smalfarms on favorable terms There is abundance of land in the following counties in tis State Washington, which can be purchased or rented on favorable terms, Robeson, Columbus, Brunswick, Bladen, Cumberland, Sampson, Orange, Randolph, Forsyth, Surry, Wilkes, Anson, Yadkin, Rutherford, Stokes, Catawba, Lincoln, and Gaston. What is the price per acre of small improved farms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind oj buildings. Washington: about $10 per acre; nearly all fenced and under cultivation ; buildings generally small frame, with piazza, while stables, are of logs. Robeson, ColumbusadBrunscorn-cribs, barns, from $5 to $20; some farms are all under fence; some have only small inclosures; buildings, if any, are generally poor. Bladen, Cumone-third to three-fourths under berland, and Sampson: from $5 to cultivation, and fenced; buildings mostly log cabins. Orange: from $3 to $5; the proportion cultivated is about one-fourth, with an average ? viz: &c. wick: $10; of one-eighth more under fence than is worked; buildings log and frame; there are some large farms that are suplplied .with very good buildings. about one-half Randolph : the best land $10, inferior as low as $1 under cultivation, and a larger proportion fenced ; ordinary log build- 50; $5 $10; buildings $2 to $20; a tosmall portion toonly of each farm has worthless. Catawba, been cleared ; buildings varying from good Lincoln, and Gaston : about $7 ; one-third under cultivation, with comfortable dwellings. Wilkes : from $1 to $5; one-fourth under cultivagenerally. Anson: $3 to $10 ; one-half to two-thirds Forsyth : ings in general. log. Surry : generally frame and from tion ; log houses fenced and under cultivation. Yadkin : $3 to $5; one-half under cub- Rutherford: thin $5 to $10; tivation ; two-thirds fenced ; log cabins generally. good land from $10 to $20. Stokes : to land from $3 $5; buildings generally frame or log. What is the price per acreof unimproved land, what proportion is cleared, fenced? Robecleared ; $5 perisacre ; one-fourth $5; very none fenced. cleared, little if any son, Columbus, and Brunswick: $1 to and how much, if any, Washington : Blan, Cunmberland ,andSampson : 25 cents to $1; one-fifth cleared;: FOR INFORMATION 123 IMMIGRANTS. $5; $10; about one-tenth fenced. scarcely any fenced. Sury: $1 to to Anson. Catawba, Lincoln, and Gaston: about $4. Wilkes: $1 to to Rutherford: $3 to $8; none cleared or fenced. Yadkin: very little fenced. from $1 50 to $10. Stokes: $1 to IJ rented on shares, What is the yearly rent of small improved provide stock, implewhat share does the owner receive? Does theltr mnents, or seeds?2 Washington: $1 50 per acre, or one-third of the crop; the renter does the plowing and furnishes the seeds. Robeson, Colunbus, and if owner Brunswick : from one-fourth to one-third of what it furnishes stock, seed, &c., from one-third to one-half. Bladen, Camberland, and Sampson: rented only on shares; one-third to owner, without furnishing seeds, &c. Orange: from one-fourth to one-third of product, and one-half when seeds and implements are provided by owner. Randolph : one-third without furnishing seeds, &c.; otherwise one-half the product. Forsyth and Suriy : same as above. Catawba, Lincoln, $10; $5. $2. $3 farms? produces; Wilkes, and Gaston : one-third. Anson : $2 to $4; one-half the pro- duct when implements are furnished by the owner. Yadkin : one-half the crops, the owner furnishing implements, &c. Stokes and Rutherford;: one-third for the land. the chief articles of production, and what are the presentprices What arethem? of some of Prices.* Articles of production. Cotton-.-----per lb Do-.-..---.---- $0 20 2-2 234 1 00 - _ Do.--"-------- do.- Do., in the seed.-do.-_ Corn------per bush-Do ------------ do. do... Do------ ----- - Do-----------do_.. Wheat ------ ---- d 50 1 25 1 00 1 50 1 00 1 75 Do- ----- ------ do.... 2 00 20 per lb.- $0OO6to Tobacco -----15 Do--------do.... 20 10 to Do.----------- do.... 50 i5to do... Do.----------75 Sweet potatoes- .per bus.-Do------------do.... Rye ............. d.. Do ............ do. Oats-----------...do.... Do------------do.... Do.............do.... Do.........----do.-.. Do-----------..do.... I\r\ rl /r I 1 00 1 25 50 60 65 75 1 00 * These were the rates in the winter of 1869-70. Whact is Counties. Rutherford. Washington, Orange. Bladen, Cumberland, Sampson. Robeson, Columbus, Brunswick. Forsyth, Surry, Catawba, Lincoln, Gaston, Wilkes, Stokes, Rutherford. Yadkin. Robeson, Columbus, Brunswic~k, Bladen, Cumberland, Sampson. Washington. Orange, Randolph, Catawba, Lincoln, Gaston, Anson, Rutherford. Yadkin. Sorry. Wilkes, Stokes. Sorry, Yadkin. Orange. Wilkes, Forsyth. Stokes. Robeson, Columbus, Brunswick, Bladen, Cumberland, Sampson, Orange, Catawba, Lincoln, Gaston. Sorry, Catawba, Lincoln, Gaston, Wilkes,. Yadkin, Rutherford. Forsyth, Stokes. Sorry, Yadkin, Rutherford. Catawba, Lincoln, Gaston. Forsyth, Stokes. Orange. Bladen, Cumberland, Sampson The prices of raw cotton were much less in 1870-71. the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing? Washington: from 1 to 12 miles to steamboat landing; four steamers 124 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. per week from here to Norfolk, and two to Baltimore. Robeson, Columbus, and Brunswick: very convenient to the Cape Fear River, Wilinington and Manchester Railroad, and Wilmington and Charlotte Railroad. Bladen, Cumberland, and Sampson: not more than 15 miles at farthest. Orange : 12 miles to railroad station, 28 to Raleigh, our market town. Randolph and Forsyth : about 18 miles to railroad station. Surrey and Yadkin: 40 miles. Catawba, Lincoln, and Gaston: from 1 to 15 miles. Wilkes and Stokes: 38 miles. Rutherford: 35 miles. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber? Washington : light and sandy "uplands, 250 pounds of cotton and 5 barrels corn per acre; lowlands rich and heavy; 12 barrels corn and 1 bale of cotton per acre; cypress, juniper, and pine. Robeson, Columbus, and Brunswick: poor surface, but good clay sub-soil; pine, oak, and hickory timber on upland; cypress, gum, and poplar in swamps. Bladen, Cumberland, and Sampson: land sandy and poor; long-leaved pines and cypress timber. Orange: well adapted to the growth of tobacco, and a portion will produce corn and other grain; oak, hickory, and(pine. IRandolph: medium quality, embracing almost every variety of soil; oak, pine, walnut, and hickory timber. Forsyth: land generally good; oak, pine, chestnut, poplar, walnut, hickory, birch, beech, maple, dogwood, and ironwood. Surry: land of fair quality; timber-all the various oaks, pine, and poplar, some hickory, walnut, cherry, &c. Catawba, Lincoln, and Gaston: soil red; oak and pine timber. Wilkes: good soil; hickory, black walnut, and oak timber. Anson : sandy and slaty; white, red, black, and post oak, and long and short leaf pine. Yadkin: gray soil, a little sandy, with clay subsoil; oak timber principally. Rutherford: diversified soil; upland timbered with oak, pine, hickory, &c.; river border low land, with maple, gum, ash, &c. Stokes: generally good; oak, pine, chestnut, poplar, walnut, birch, beech, maple, dogwood, &c. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Washington: farm hands, shingle-makers, and fishermen. Robeson, Columbus, and Brunswick : farm laborers and wood-choppers. Bladen, Cumberland, Sampson, and Orange: very little wanted at this time; owners of land have not money to pay with. Randolph: farm hands chiefly. Surrey: farm hands, carpenters, shoemakers, and wagon-makers. Catawba, Lincoln, Gaston, and Rutherford: farm hands. Wilkes: mechanics and farmers. Anson: farm laborers, railroad hands, and woodchoppers. Yadkin: farmers and mechanics. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor ? Washington: saw-mills and grist-mills. Orange: mills and factories, supplied with laborers. Randolph: 3 manufactories, well supplied with skilled labor. Forsyth: cotton and woolen mills, founderies, and machine-shops, flour-mills, paper-mills, planing-mills, tanneries, tobacco factories, shoe factories, distilleries, &c. Surry : four cotton-mills, eight flour-mills, seven tobacco factories, eight iron-works, one foundery, six tanneries, two circular saw-mills. Catawba, Lincoln, and Gaston: cotton factory and distillery. Wilkes: flour-mills, cotton-mills, and tobacco factories. Anson: flour and saw mills. Stokes: cotton and woolen mills, founderies, and machine-shops, flour-mills, paper-mills, tanneries, tobacco factories, shoe factories, and distilleries. Are there in your vicinity any railroads or other public works in progress requiring common labor? If so, how far distant? Robeson, Columbus, and Brunswick: one railroad in course of construction runs through these counties. Orange: very few works of a 125 FOR IMMIGRANTS. INFORMATION public character. Forsyth and Surry: one railroad 40 miles distant. Catawba, Lincoln, and Gaston: Wilmington, Charlotte, Rutherfordton Railroad, 15 miles; iron-works, 8 miles. one railroad, 50 miles distant, in operation, hereafter to be extended through this county. .Anson: 20 miles. Yadkin: two railroads chartered to run through this county, but as yet no work has been done. Stokes: railroad from Greensboro via Salem and Mount Airy to Virginia line, and from Salem to foot of Blue IRidge in Caidwell County, North Carolina. Please state any adcantageswhich your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or smalifarmers. Is there much land of good quality and well watered yet unoccupied Washington : blacksmiths, carpenters, wheelwrights, painters, shoemakers can readily find employment. Farmers with small capital can find plenty of good land well watered within from three to twelve miles of a market. iobeson, Columbus, and Brunswick: persons who are willing to work can find employment here, but there is not much good land unoccupied. Bladen, Cumberland, and Sampson: the best lands in these counties are in the swamps and to a great extent yet unoccupied. Orange : there are hundreds of the finest mill sites in this county, and we only need enterprising people with some capital. Randolph: this section presents many advantages' to small farmers; there is a large amount of land of good quality, well watered, and well timbered, yet unoccupied, and as healthful a climate as can be found in any part of the Union. Forsyth: land and climate finely adapted to fruit-growing; this county has shipped for several years past $100,000 worth of dried fruits and berries annually. Surry: there is a very large amount of land unoccupied and some of it very good; fuel is cheap; climate unexcelled ; water pure; and the whole county well adapted to the growth of apples, peaches, pears, grapes of all kinds, together with blackberries, which have become quite an article of trade of late. Catawba, Lincoln, and Gaston: grain is high; farmers in demand, and much good land uncultivated. Wilkes: the advantages are great, and facilities unequalled. Anson: thousands of acres at a rent too low for tie good of the owners. Yadkin: a large proportion of the land in this county is unoccnpied, and could be purchased for cash at low prices at the present time. Rutherford: a considerable quantity of very good land unoccupiedl, and a vast amount of water-power. Stokes : laud well watered and well timbered; not more than one-half of it occupied. What are the prices of ordinaryfarm stock, sound and in good conditionq and Wilkes: ? cnte. -Washington Working Working per pair. 1 2 Working each. each. Milch Sheep, ah each. Hogs, erpud Beaufort, &c..... 75 to 200 150 $150 to 225 150 $20 30 $2 00 3 50 640 to 75 753to 200 75 to 200 $$15to 50 $1 50 to 2 50 3 Riobeson, Columbus, and Brunswick. Cumberland _.... 50 50 to 150 75 to 175 20 to 50 4 5 5 Orange---------------.40 to 75 75:to 150 Stokes------------------50 100 to 200 Forsyth-----------------50100O to 200 100 to 175 100 to 200 100 to 200 20 to 30 25 to 50 25 to 30 5 Sorry-------------------60 100 100 20 Randolph---------------60 Catawba----------------50 125 100 140 125 10 to 25 15 to 25 1 00 to 2 75 2 00...... 050 80 to 150 lO0 to 150 75 to 150 lO0tolSO 80Oto 175 lO0to 150 750to 150 i5to30 20to 35 1 00 to 2 00 20 1 50 3 5 6 6 ...... $00 6 WYilkes--------------..S5tnoC ._-------------40Oto 60 6 Yadkin-----------------50 7 Anson Rutherford...... 50 $150 l 100to 18 to 20 *$5 10 00 *5 00 2 00 10 50 000o4 00 2 00 to 4 00 *5 00 *10 00 *10 00 1 20 50to2 4- 1 0) 01 1 50 *5 00 $1j00 a to 10 00 8 O 1ltol15 7 126 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. SOUTH CAROLINA. Area, 21,760,000 acres. Population in 1870, 705,169. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitablefor small farms on favorable terms ? *Darlington, Beaufort, Barnwell, Colleton, Richland, York, Greenville, Newberry, Fairfield, and Union: it can. Spartanburg: land can be bought in any part of this division on good terms, and in any quantity that may be desired. What is the price per acre of small improved farms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Darlington: improved farms, none for sale or rent; unused lands, $2 to $8, at which price any quantity from 10 to 10,000 acres may be obtained, either cleared or in forest; buildings generally of logs. Beaufort, Barnwell, and Colleton : $2 50 to $5; generally less than one-half cleared; ordinary buildings. Richland: $5 to $20; one-half under cultivation; buildings generally frame. York: $6 to $12; from onefourth to three-fourths has been under cultivation and fenced; good common buildings; a great many such farms for sale. Greenville: $2 to $15. Newberry: $15; about 80,000 acres are under cultivation at present in this county; but very little of it fenced. Fairfield: $10; three-fourths cleared; fences and buildings tolerably good. Union: $10; one-half is in common. Spartanburg: $3 to $10; one-fourth fenced and under cultivation. Anderson and Oconee: there are very few small farms for sale; from $6 to $15 per acre; about one-fourth has been under cultivation, and about one-fourth more old field lands are worn out, and are now overgrown with dwarf pines; about one-third is fenced; the buildings and all other improvements are very poor, notwithstanding the abundance of good lumber and the excellent facilities for procuring the same. What is the priceper acre of unimproved land, what proportionis cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? Darlington: $2 to $5; if fenced it is poorly done. Beaufort, Barnwell, and Colleton: woodland averages about $1; more than one-half of this division is wild land. Richland : from $1 to $10; one-third cleared; one-third fenced. York: $5 to $10; very few such farms in the district; nearly all farms are more or less improved, fenced, &c. Greenville: from $1 to $10. Newberry: $6. Fairfield: $7. Union: $3; one-half cleared; very little fenced. Spartanburg: unimproved lands with fence will average about $5, with any proportion cleared which the purchaser may desire. Anderson and Oconee: $5 on an average; one-seventh cleared; one-third fenced. is the yearly rent of small improved farms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds? Darlington: from $1 50 to $3; the owner generally receives one-half the crop, and furnishes stock, implements, and seeds. Beaufort, Barnwell, and Colleton: one-third of the crop for the use of the land; onehalf for land, team, and seeds. Richland: from $1 to $3, or one-third of the crop; the owner provides nothing. York: $1 to $1 50, or onethird of the grain and one-fourth of the cotton, renter furnishing stock, &c.; or one-half to two-thirds if owner furnishes the stock and implements. Greenville: generally-rented for one-third of the crop. New*Names of counties from which returns have been received, What INFORMATION 127 FOR, IMMIGRANTS. $4; berry: on shares, owner provides stock, &c., and receives two-thirds of the crop. Fairfield : lands rent on shares in this county, owner receiving one-third the grain and one-fourth the cotton, renter everything. Union: $1 to $4, or one-third of the crop. Spartanburg: the owner provides nothing and gets one-third, or provides from to there and receives two-thirds. Anderson and is a great difference between the amount of rent of upland and bottom only finding everything Oconee: $1 $2; lands ; when rented on shares, the owner receives one-third of the corn, one-fourth of the cotton in the seed, (i. e., before ginning,) one-third of the wheat in the sheaves ; if threshed, one-fourth, renter furnishing his own stock, implements, &c. What are the chief articles of production,and what are present prices of some of them? the Prices.* Articles of production.. Counties. 1 i Cotton .........per lb. Do------------do.... Do........... $0 20 -do.... 1 1 1 1 Do...........--do.-. Do......do.... Do ....... ..... 1l00to do.... do.... Wheat ..--....... Do.._........do.... Do_...........do.... Do...........--do.... Do..........._--do.... Potatoes, (Irish).. -do .... Do...........--do.... (sweet) .. _do .... Do-_..._....do.... Oats............ Do...__ Do.............. .. do.... do .... . Rice...........__do-... * These were the rates Beaufort, Barnwell, Colleton. Darlington. Greenville, Fairfield, Union, Spartanburg. Rlichland, York, Newberry, Anderson, Oconee. Spartanburg. York. Greenville, Anderson. Oconee. Beaufort, Barnwell, Colleton. Darlington. 22 23 Corn......... per bush.. Do......-_...do.... Do-.-..........do.... Potatoes, '30 to $0 22 20 to 15 25 30 40 1 50 Richland, Fairfield, Union. 1 50 1 75 1 90 2 00 2 00 to 2 25 2 50 50 to 75 1 00 6Oto 75 1 25 60 75 1 00 1 65 York. Spartanburg. Greenville, Fairfield. Anderson, Oconee. Newberry. Darlington. Anderson, Oconee. Anderson, Oconee. Richland. Spartanburg. Anderson, Oconee. York. Beaufort, Barnwell, Colleton. V I in the winter of 1869-70. The prices of raw cotton were nnch less in 1870-'1. What is the distance. to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing?2 Darlington : to Charleston, 113 miles; Pee Dee, 13 miles. Beaufort, Barnwell, and Colleton: 30 miles. Richiand: four railroads pass through Columbia. York : from 1 to 12 miles. Greenville : head of the Green. ville and Charleston Railroad. Newberry : Newberry is the county seat; it lies on the Greenville and Charleston Railroad, 47 miles above Columbia. Fairfield: 12 miles. Union: average, 12 miles. Spartanburg: a good market at Spartanburg Court-House, directly on the railroad, which connects it with Columbia, Charleston, &c. Anderson and Oconee : there are five market towns in Anderson Connty, on the line can be reached from any of railroad, all easy of access ; in Oconee landings all along the Savpart by 15 miles' travel ; there are annah, Saluda, and Seneca Rivers, which afford facilities to that portion of the country farthest from the railroad stations. two; fiat-boat 128 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber ? Darlington: poor, sandy soil on uplands; river land better if not Beaufort, Barnwell, and Colleton: overflowed; pitch-pine timber. inclines to sand; pine, oak, hickory, and cypress timber. Richland: quality of land good; pine, oak, and hickory timber. York: fair productive land; gray, mulatto, and clay soil; oak, blackjack, hickory, and pine timber. Greene ille: medium quality, some quite thin, some good; oak, poplar, pine, hickory, &c. Newberry: good; oak, hickory, and pine. Fairfield: land middling; oak and pine timber. Spartanburg: land not very good, producing about 8 bushels per acre; pine, oak, and hickory constitute the principal timber. Union: poor land; pine timber. Anderson and Oconee; the poorest of the ridge lands are above the poor grades of land in Massachusetts, and the sandy lands are similar to the poorer parts of New Jersey land; none of our lands receive such care in cultivation as those of the two States mentioned; with the same care they would be better producing lands; the bottom lands are excellent; the people generally do not believe in subsoil working, and have not a proper estimate of the advantage to be gained by manuring their lands; I heard three large and experienced planters say that it was an injury to manure new ground within three years from the time of breaking up; the timber consists of oak, hickory, hard pine, ash, and beech; more oak than pine. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Darlington, Beaufort, Barnwell, Colleton, Richland, and York: farm labor chiefly ; carpenters, blacksmiths, brick masons, &c. Greenville: all kinds. Newberry and Fairfield: agricultural. Spartanburg: good labor of every kind is wanted. Union, Anderson, and Oconce: farm labor principally. What mills or factories, any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor? Beaufort, Barnwell, and Colleton: saw and flour mills of small capacity only. Richland: a cotton factory, various iron-works; also a tannery. York: well supplied with flour-mills; good river water-power unimproved. Greenville: coach and wagon and cotton factories; also paper-mills. Spartanburg: cotton factories. Union: thirty flour-mills, ten grist-mills, and many lumber-mills, one large cotton manufactory, fifteen tanneries, and two wool-carding factories; these all require skilled labor. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress requiring common labor? If so, how far distant? Beaufort, Barnwell, and Colleton: Port Royal Railroad, now building, runs through Beaufort and Barnwell Counties. Newberry: plenty of labor right at hand. Fairfield: railroad hands are in demand. Spartanburg: 66 miles north of Spartanburg common labor can be profitably employed on railroads. Anderson and Oconee: a railroad through the Blue Ridge is being constructed, between Anderson, South Carolina, and Knoxville, Tennessee, through Oconee County, requiring a large number of laborers. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land of good quality and well watered yet unoccupied ? Darlington: skilled laborers, intelligent mechanics, and men who will pay attention personally to farming can do well here; one cannot get a set of harness, a boot,. a wagon, or a tool mended, or a house repaired as it is done at the North, because there are no intelligent mechanics here; only ignorant colored men do such work, and they acquired what if INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 129 little knowledge they have when they were slaves. Beaufort, Barnwell, and Colleton i plenty of land cheap; mechanics find work only on their own account. Richland: there are large tracts of land unoccupied, though it is generally flat and not well supplied with springs or running water; the climate is mild and salubrious. York: our climate and soil are well adapted to the production of cotton, corn, wheat, and oats, and no doubt would yield well of grapes and fruits of all kinds; experienced northern or foreign emigrants as farmers are very much needed. Green. ville: a healthy country, good water, 1no malaria or diseases arising there. from; lands productive; all kinds of grain raised and very fair cotton. Newberry: plenty of land unoccupied, good, and well watered. Fairfield: laborers and small farmers are in demand. Spartanburg: a great deal of land unoccupied; excellent water-power, good markets, healthy climate. Union: vast quantities of worn-out land which, with proper management, is capable of being reclaimed. Anderson and Oconee: for small farmers intending to purchase, no country offers better inducements; industrious and enterprising men can do well; the lands are of good quality and well watered; the feeling heretofore existing against the laborer and stranger, and that engendered by the war, is dying out, with the evils of slavery, the father of them; and the country affords a wide scope for improvement by men who are industrious and frugal; the water privileges of both counties cannot be excelled. [The following communication is furnished by Mr. Charles E. Young, of Philadelphia, civil engineer, employed on the Blue Ridge Railroad, (now in course of construction from Anderson, South Carolina, to Knoxville, Tennessee,) who has been two years in that part of the South, and possessed unusual opportunities for observation.] WALHALLA, SOUTI CAROLINA, April, 1871. I desire to direct your attention to the advantages of this country for immigrants, both for those with capital and those without. It has greatly surprised me to find the almost total lack of migration to these States, while lands in every part of the West are eagerly sought for. I can see no reason for this. In the West there is cheap land, a virgin soil, and employment for all; the same obtains here. Land as good as the average in the Middle States, and on good roads near railroads and navigable rivers, is plenty at $2 ; while the best of land is only $4 per acre. I doubt if land equally good, and accessible, can be bad for such prices anywhere else. A man may take wild land in the West for nothing and wait for emigration, but, by the time that common roads and railroads are obtained and a market procured, the amount of hard work and privation endured there would have made a farmer here quite rich. This part of the country has already been developed, as far as wagon roads, bridges, &c. are concerned; all of which improvements are yet to make in a newer country. There is a good and sure market for produce in the greater part of this country. Railroads, navigable rivers, and good roads enable crops to be carried to any of tho large towns-for instance, Charleston and Augusta. In the upland country, not far from the mountains in western South Carolina, parts of Georgia, and neighboring sections, one great advantage in this somewhat elevated but not mountainous country is health. There are no malarious fevers, no epidemics, and no diseases, except those common everywhere. In fact, sickness of any kind is extremely rare. White men can work all through the summer as well as in Pennsylvania, but hard work is seldom needed in the heat of the season; besides, negroes can be hired at from $100 to $200 per year, or for one-half of the crop. There are plenty of them, and they will work well if superintended. I have heard little complaint for want of colored hands to labor, or of their giving any trouble to their employers. Water is plenty and good. Except to some low river bottoms, no injury is caused by freshets, while there are facilities for irrigation if required; rain, however, is generally abundant. The vicinity of the mountains makes the climate temperate, the nights being generally very pleasant in summer. There are magnificent water-powers in 'great abundance-from small streams to rivers as large as the Potomac above Georgetown, with 40 to 80 feet fall. As the cotton crop will eventually be manufactured near where it is grown, these powers will, in time, become the seat of thriving villages, it 9 130 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. not large towns. Much might be said on this head, but this development requires cap. ital and time, and will follow rather than precede immigration. What is needed now is immigration of small capitalists, in other words, settlers owning their land; and such can make more money here at ordinary farming, and live better while doing it, than anywhere else. It is erroneously believed that land here is worn out or barren. Not one-twentieth of it has ever been cleared, and the timber is very valuable; pines and oaks of great size abound in about equal proportions, while chestnut, hickory, black and white walnut, and other valuable trees are common. Saw-mills and grist-mills are plenty, and the numerous streams will furnish water power for many more, as the country becomes settled and the demand increases. The land is naturally fertile, but, after a few years, needs manure, richly repaying the application; much of it being a fine, porous soil, easily worked with the light plows here used. Four hundred pounds of cotton to the acre is often raised, without any extraordinary care with seed, or the use of a large quantity of manure. Wheat and corn grow well in this section, both selling at good prices on the ground; corn has sold this winter at 80 and 90 cents per bushel at the farms. The grasses grow finely, and the hay can be boated down the large rivers to market, paying a good profit. In short, as large crops with as little labor can be raised here as in almost any other part of the country, while all the products can find a market at good prices. The seasons are very long, even here in the mountains, within six miles of the summit of the Blue Ridge; the ground has been frozen not more than one week, and railroad work has been going on all winter. Frost rarely comes until December, the trees are now in leaf, and stock can live in the woods from the middle of April. A poor man can be comfortable all winter in a log-cabin, even with the chinks open, while the horses have mere pole-stables, entirely open to the air, and cows and pigs live without shelter all the year. The length of the season enables the good farmer to have a succession of crops. Nearly three-fourths of the land in this part of South Carolina can now be bought cheap. In a few years, after the stream of immigration shall have set this way, it is certain to be very valuable. As to the social question, a man from any part of the North, holding any opinions whatever, will here meet with no difficulty. In fact, it is the desire of all the people to have good farmers and workmen to come and settle among them. An immigrant will meet with a cordial reception if he show a desire to be friendly and attends to his business. If I should go to farming, there is no part of the country in which I would rather settle than here. What are the prices of ordinaryfarm stock, sound and in good condition? Working Counties. Working Working Milch oxen, per pair. horses, each. iniles, each. cows, each. 1 Darlington...........$60 to 100 2 Beaufort, Barnwell, and Colleton. Richland .... ....... 3 3 $125 to 150 $125 to 150 $25 to 35 50 120 to 150 100 to 150 25 80 175 200 35 3 York................. Greenville-............ 3 3 3 3 3 Newberry ............ 100 40 Fairfield ............. Union ................ 100 Spartanburg ..... . 75 Anderson and Oconee. 40 to 75 Averages....... 50 to 75 60 $70 25 Sheep, each. per nd. $1 75 to 2 50........... 2 00 to 2 502 50 .............. 75 to 150 100 100 to 120 125 20 to 35 25 1 00 to 2 00 $0 10 2 00 .............. 150 150 125 80 100 to 200 175 175 175 100 100 to 200 40 35 20 25 20 to 50 1 3 1 1 1 00 to 2 $131 50 $151 25 $29 75 50 10 10 00 00 .............. 8 50 00 $0 8 to 1C $1 78 71 cts GEORGIA. Area, 37,120,000 acres. Population in 1870, 1,195,338. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitablefor small farms at low rates? * Thomas, Pierce, Spalding, Decatur, Dougherty, Lee, Baker, Muscogee, Terrell, Catherine, Clay, Early, Sumter, Webster, Darley, Fulton. DeKalb, Gwinnett, Troup, Whitfield, and Cobb: yes. Upson, Talbot, 5 Names of counties from which returns have been received. INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 131 Harris, and Randolph: some few small farms might be bought or rented. Newton, Morgan, Putnam, Richmond, Burke, Scriven, Wilkes, Taliaferro, and Warren: few improved farms for sale on favorable terms. Lincoln, Columbia, and Elbert: land can be purchased or rented on very easy terms. .What is the price per acre of small improved farms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, ho much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Chatham, (in which Savannah is situated:) land, except when improved, is poor and held in large parcels, which the owners are unwilling to divide. Not over one-fourth of the land is cleared, and that is poorly fenced; buildings generally poor. Brunswick and Glynn: cotton land; one-half of it fenced and under cultivation; $3 to $5 per acre; rice lands under good cultivation, $40 to $50; lands under cultivation generally have good buildings. Pierce: $1 to $2; 25 to 100 acres under cultivation and fenced; ordinary log houses. Thomas: $5 to $10; about two-fifths under cultivation. Griffing and Spalding: farms generally contain 200 acres or more, about one-half being usually under cultivation and inclosed with rail fence; houses log and frame; great want of improvement. Decatur: $2 to $10; quantity under cultivation varying according to locality; buildings indifferent; fences bad. Dougherty, Lee, and Baker : $15 to $20; one-third to one-half under cultivation; houses generally log. Muscogee: piney woodlands and generally poor; from $5 to $15, with improvements of an inferior description; farms of about 300 acres have one-third fenced, and one-third or one-half in woods; buildings usually consist of a log house of two to four rooms, corn-crib, and stable. Terrill, Calhoun, Clay, and Early: small farms of, say 250 acres, about one-half cleared and fenced, with good log cabins or common frame buildings, can be purchased for from $5 to $8, one half cash when possession is taken; one-third to one-half bale of cotton to the acre can be raised with proper cultivation. Upson, Talbot, and Harris: the price varies from $6 to $30, according to quality, timber, location, &c.; about three-fourths of the land has been under cultivation, and perhaps four-fifths of that is now under fence; the buildings vary from rude log cabins to comfortable frame dwellings. Randolph: $2 to $8; about one-half under cultivation and one-eighth fenced; buildings very inferior. Sumter, Webster, and Dooly: $5 to $15, about one-half being under cultivation ; timbered land unfenced; buildings generally log, with a few frame houses. Newton: $6 to $15; good lands, with the ordinary improvements of the country, can be bought at from $8 to $10. Morgan and Putnam: $12 to $20, according to quality and locality; there is usually about one-third fenced and under cultivation; improvements poor. Richmond, Burke, and Scriven: near the city of Augusta farms vary from 100 to 300 acres, and the price of fairly improved land ranges from $25 to $100 per acre. At a distance from the city the farms generally are not smaller than 300 acres, and run from this size up to 10,000 acres; usually about one-third fenced; buildings generally consist of one residence, with negro quarters; price from $2 to $15. Wilkes and Taliaferro: farms generally large and owners unwilling to divide them; improvements inferior. Warren: $15 to $20; nearly all fenced and under cultivation. Fulton, De Kalb, and Gwinnett : improved lands bring $10 to $25; about one-fourth of the land is fenced and about one-half of that has at some time been cultivated; buildings common. Troup : $5 to $50; about half the land is fenced and under cultivation; buildings generally quite common. Whitfield: $3 to $10, about one-fourth being under cultivation, with fencing 132 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. enough to preserve crops; houses generally log; very few frame buildings. Floyd, Walker, Chattooga, and Polk: farms of 80 to 160 acres, with 40 to 75 under cultivation, and ordinary buildings, sell at from $8 to $15 per acre; most of these tracts contain some waste land too poor to cultivate. Clarke: $10 to $12; one-half under cultivation; buildings generally log. Cobb: prices vary according to the quality and location of the land; average about $6; usually about one-half under cultivation; buildings log. Lincoln, Columbia, and Elbert: $6; rent $1 per acre or one-fourth the produce; about three-fourths of the land in this county is under cultivation. What is the priceper acre of unimproved land, what proportionis cleared, and how much is fenced ? Chatham, Bryan, Effingham, Liberty, and Bullock: $1 50 to $5 when timber is heavy. Brunswick and Glynn: 50 cents to $10. Pierce: 25 cents to $1, according to quality of timber and proximity to railroad or navigable water. Thomas: $1 to $5; very little cleared and none fenced. Griffin and Spalding: $10 to $20: one-half cleared and fenced. Decatur: from 50 cents to $5. Dougherty, Lee, and Baker: $4 to $8. Muscogee: unimproved pine lands $3, unfenced and unimproved; better lands on creeks $10 to $15, but these are often overflowed and cannot be depended upon; this remark applies to lands within a radius of twenty miles from the city of Columbus. Terrell, Calhoun, Clay, and Early: $1 to $4. Upson, Talbot, and Harris: improvements do not count for much in valuing land; the quality of soil, amount of timber, and location are the principal objects sought for. Randolph: pine and black oak land, unimproved, $1 50. Sumter, Webster, and Dooly: little unimproved land in the market; lots of timbered land adjoining plantations sometimes bring $8 to $18 per acre. Newton: no unimproved for sale. Morgan and Putnam: $10 to $15; usually from onethird to one-half cleared. Richmond, Burke, and Scriven: very little original woodland. Wilkes and Taliaferro: timbered lands most sought after and sells high-$20 to $25; while lands without timber sell at from $2 to $6. Warren: $5 to $8 for land, one-fourth to one half under fence. Fulton, De Kalb, and Gwinnett: $1 to $5; very little unimproved under fence, except worn out and abandoned. Whitfield: little difference made on account of buildings; about five-eighths of all the land in this section is cleared, and about one-fourth of the whole fenced; none is fenced except under cultivation. Floyd, Walker, Chattooga, and Polk: well-improved farms, usually large, lying on the rivers or in rich valleys, are held at from $30 to $50 per acre; unimproved sells at from $1 to $10, according to quality and location. Fulton: but little difference in price between improved and unimproved, much of the former being worn out. Clarke: $5 to $7; part of it timbered, and part covered with second growth of pines; some poorly fenced. Cobb: great diversity of prices; average, $3 25; but little cleared or fenced. Lincoln, Columbia, and Elbert: $5; uncleared land is held at a higher price than that which has been cleared. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds ? The usual mode of renting land is on shares; when it is rented for money the rates, in the counties from which returns have been received, are as follows: Brunswick and Glynn: nearly equal to the value of the land. Pierce: farms of about 490 acres, from $50 to $150 a year. Decatur: $1 to $2 per acre for the land actually cultivated. Dougherty, Lee, and Baker: $5. Muscogee: farms of about 200 acres, $150 to $400 -Does INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS.13 133 a year. Upson, Talbot, Harris, Floyd, Walker, Chattooga, and Polk: to per acre. $3 to When rented on shares the owner receives one-fourth of the cotton and one-third of the corn and other crops for the nse of the land and buildings in the following counties: Brunswick, Glynn, Thomas, Terrell, Calhoun, Clay, Early, Upson, Talbot, Randolph, Sumter, Webster, Dooly, Newton, Morgan, Tronp, Floyd, and Polk. In Pierce, Fulton, Kalb, Gwinnett, and Whitfield, the owner gets one-third of all kinds of produce; in Muscogee, onehalf; in Lincoln, Columbia, and Elbert, one-fourth; and in Warren, one-fifth of the cotton and one-fourth of the grain. When the landowner furnishes stock, implements, and seeds, his share is one-half in the several connties following, viz: Chatham, Bryan, from Liberty, Bullock, Harris, Fulton; in Walker, and one-half to two-thirds; Griffin, Spalding, Dougherty, Lee, Baker, Sumter, Webster, Putnam, Richmond, Burke, Scriven, and Troup: one-halt; the owner furnishing one-half of the fertilizers; Clark: three-fourths of wheat, oats, and cotton, and two-thirds of grain; Decatur: from one-fourth to one-half; expenses of stock,.implements, &c., are often divided. In some cases the landowner feeds the hands, and in others both stock and hands, his share being as Muscogee : three-fourths ; Terrell, Calhoun, Clay, and Early: one-half. Richmond, Burke, and Scriven: three-fourths. What are the chief articles of production,and what are the present prices of some of them CoRN.-Brunswick, Decatur, Floyd, Glynn, Walker, Chattooga, and Cobb, Polk, $1; Whitfield and Thomas, Bryan, Effingham, -Liberty and Bullock, $125; De Kalb, Gwinnett, 90 Terrell, Calhoun, cents ; Muscogee, Sumter, Webster, and Dooly, Clay, Early, Pierce, Griffin, Spalding, Upson, Talbot, Harris, Newton, Morgan, Putnam, Lincoln, Columbia, Elbert, and Clarke, $150; Tronp, $1 50 to $2; Wilkes and 'Taliaferro, $1 75 to $2; Randolph, $1 per bushel. * CoTToN.-Pierce: short staple, baled, 18 to 20 cents per pound; long Brunswick and staple, 30 to 40; silk cotton, 50 to 75; Thomas, Glynn, 20 to 241 for short staple, and 50 to 75 for sea island ; Upson, Talbot, and Harris, 21; Baker, Lee, Dougherty, Terrell, Calhoun, Clay, and Early, 21 to Decatur, Randolph, Sumter, Webster, Dooly, Morgan, and Putnam, Muscogee,. Whitfield, (little produced,) Clarke, $2 $6 Newton: $5. De Effingham, Chattooga: follows:.in ? $1 10; $1 15;.Chatham, $140; 20; 23;22; and Cobb, 221,; Fulton, De Kalb, and Gwinnett, 22; Griffin and Spalding, 23; Newton, Richmond, Burke, Scriven, Wilkes, and 23-j; Warren, Lincoln, Columbia, Elbert, 24; Chatham, Bryan, EffingTaliaferro, 24.1; Floyd, $5 per hundred in the seed, ginned andWalker, Chattooga, and Polk,; 50 packed, $22 50 per hundred Troup, 20. SWEET POTATOE.-Pierce and Thomas, 75 cents per bushel ; Griffin, Spalding, Morgan, Putnam, Wilkes, and Taliaferro, $1I; Muscogee, Fulham, Liberty, and Bullock, ton, De Kalb, and Gwinnett, -$1 25. WHEAT.-Whitfield,- $1 25 per bushel ; Floyd, Walker, Chattooga, $1 30; $1 10; $1 80; De Kalb and Gwinnett, Troup, 90 to $1 10; Morgan and Putnam, Fulton, Lincoln, Columbia, and Cobb, $2 15. Clarke, Upson, Talbot, and Harris, Elbert, and Polk, $1 90; $1 75; BUCKWHEAT.-Griffin $2; and Spalding, $2 per bushel. *The prices of raw cotton here given are those of 1869-'70; in the year 1870-'71 the rates were from 12 to 14 cents per pound. 134 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION, OATs.--Thomas, Morgan, Putnam, Lincoln, Columbia, Elbert, and Clarke, $1 per bushel. PEAs.--Fulton, De Kalb, Gwinnett, and Warren, 80 cents per pound. RIcE.-Brunswick and Glynn, 7j to 8 cents per pound. SuGAR.-Thomas, 15 cents per pound. SIRuP.-Thomas and Decatur, 75 cents per gallon; Terrell, Clay, Calhoun, and Early, $1 to $1 25; Sumter, Webster, and Dooly, $1 25. Cow PEAs.--Muscogee, $1 25 per bushel. Po x.-Troup, 11 cents per pound, gross. What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or steamboat landing ? Brunswick and Glynn: no point more than 15 miles from a steamboat landing. Pierce: from 1 to 20 miles. Thomas: the market town is Thomasville, which has a railroad passing through it; steamboat landing 40 miles distant. Griffin and Spalding: stations on the Macon and Western Railroad at Macon and Griffin. Decatur: market town, Bainbridge, which has a railroad station and steamboat landing. Dougherty, Lee, and Baker: from 1 to 20 miles to railroad station. Muscogee: no part more than 12 miles from a railroad station or steamboat landing; the Chattahoochee River forms its western boundary. Terrell, Calhoun, Clay, and Early : the Northwest and Albany and Fort Gaines Railroads are both accessible at distances varying from 15 to 30 miles. Upson, Talbot, and Harris: from Thomaston, Upson County, it is 16 miles to a railroad station; from Talbotton, Talbot County, it is 8 miles, and from Hamilton, Harris County, it is 22 miles to a market town. Randolph: the Southwest Railroad and Chattahoochee River are both convenient of access. Newton: from 25 miles down to a location on the railroad. Morgan and Putnam: no point more than 15 miles from a station. Richmond, Burke, and Scriven: Augusta and Savannah are the markets; the farthest point from one or the other is not more than 50 miles. There are numerous landings and railroad stations, the Savannah River being the boundary on one side, and the Augusta and Savannah Railroad running on the other. Wilkes and Taliaferro: the farthest point from the railroad cannot be more than 16 or 18 miles; those living along the Savannah River send their produce to Augusta, from which the farthest point is about 50 miles. Warren: from 1 to 5 miles to railroad stations. Lincoln, Columbia, and Elbert: 15 miles to a railroad station, and 30 miles to a market. De Kalb and Gwinnett: Atlanta is the market town, and is within 40 miles from the farthest point in the district. Troup: from half a mile to twenty miles. Whitfield: the Western and Atlantic Railroad runs through the county. Floyd, Walker, Chattooga, and Polk: Rome, at the head of Coosa River, is a good market; steamboats run between that point and the shoals; there is a railroad to Selma, Alabama, and another which connects with the Western and Atlanta at Kingston. There is also a railroad constructing from Rome to Dalton, whence it connects with the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad. Fulton: four railroads center in Atlanta, which is in this county. Clarke: Athens, on the Athens branch of the Georgia Railroad, is the market town. Cobb: market convenient. What is the general quality of the land and the kind of timber ? Chatham, Bryan, Effingham, Liberty, and Bullock: poor sandy soil; pitch-pine timber. Brunswick and Glynn: low sandy land, with pine timber, and great diversity in the quality of the soil. Pierce: land sandy and poor; will not produce five bushels of corn to the acre without manure; timber good-yellow pine, and very little of any INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 135 Thomas: mostly pine, with some oak and hickory. Griffin and Spalding: generally gray or sandy soil; timber-oak, hickory, and pine. Decatur: varying in regard to fertility, but generally thin; timber-mostly pine. Dougherty, Lee, and Baker: soil only good for cotton and corn; timber-chiefly pine and oak. Muscogee: soil generally poor, and timber chiefly pine, but there is some good land on the river below Columbus and along the smaller streams; the timber being oak, hickory, and gum. Terrell, Calhoun, Clay, and Early: land generally very fertile and well timbered, about half the area with oak and hickory, and the remainder with pine. Upson, Talbot, and Harris: land varies from rich mulatto soil to poor pine land; timber consists of pine, oak, hickory, poplar, ash, elm, beech, &c. Randolph: soil poor and sandy, with some fertile red loam; timberoak, hickory, and pine. Sumter, Webster, and Dooly: soil, stiff red loam, varied with sandy; timber-oak, hickory, and pine. Newton: average quality fair, some being very poor, and others of the best quality; timber -oak and hickory. Morgan and Putnam: generally rich dark red soil, well timbered with oak, hickory, pine, ash, gum, and walnut. Richmond, Burke, and Scriven: Richmond and Scriven sandy, Burke less so, quality only medium; timber-principally pine, with some oak on the high lands, and spruce-gum and cottonwood on the low lands. Wilkes and Taliaferro: lands generally a good deal worn; timber-chiefly oak, hickory, and pine. Warren: red sandy soil; oak and hickory timber. Lincoln, Columbia, and Elbert: clay subsoil and sandy loam; walnut, oak, hickory, blackjack, and pine timber. Fulton, De Kalb, and Gwinnett: very poor red or gray clay soil; pine and oak timber. 'Troup: light gray and heavy red clay; oak, hickory, pine, and chestnut. Whitfield: soil generally poor, with pine timber. Floyd, Walker, Chattooga, and Polk: on the rivers there is an alluvial soil, with oak, hickory, poplar, walnut, birch, ash, &c.; in the valleys similar timber, with a deep mulatto soil; on the ridges there is abundance of good pine. Clarke: soil generally thin, some gray sandy and some red clay; oak, hickory, chestnut, ash, and pine timber. Cobb: very poor soil; pine and chestnut timber. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Chatham, Bryan, Effingham, Liberty, and Bullock: for farming and timber-cutting. Brunswick and Glynn: manual labor. Pierce: good farm hands and laborers for saw-mills and for common job-work; firstclass sawyers can get $125 to $150 a month. Thomas: farming and mechanical. Griffin and Spalding: principally farm hands and carpenters. Decatur: farm hands and house servants. Dougherty, Lee, and Baker: laborers; freedmen chiefly employed. Muscogee: farm laborers. Terrell, Calhoun, Clay, and Early : good field labor is in great demand, without regard to class or color. Upson, Talbot, Harris, Randolph, Morgan, Putnam, Richmond, Burke, Sumter, Webster, Wilkes, Taliaferro, Warren, De Kalb, Clarke, Gwinnett, and Dooly: chiefly farm hands. Newton : farm labor is in great demand. Lincoln, Columbia and Elbert: all kinds of labor. Troup: field labor chiefly, though an increase of population increases the demand for all kinds. Whitfield: rough labor, such as meu of all work perform. Floyd, Walker, Chattooga, and Polk: mostly farm labor, but there is a fair demand for mechanics. Fulton: farming, gardening, and mechanical labor of all kinds. Cobb: all kinds, skilled and unskilled. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring ukilled labor? Chatham, Bryan, E Tingham, Liberty, and Bullock: saw-mills. Brunsether kind. 136 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. wick and Glynn: saw-mills, founderies, and rice-mills. Pierce: firstclass saw-mills in operation or in course of construction; no factories: a small woolen factory would do a good business. Thomas: small stean saw-mills, foundery, and wool-carding establishment. Griffin and Spalding: the county abounds with mills; has plenty of water-power. Decatur: one steam mill for lumber and grain is in operation, and one cotton factory. Muscogee: two flour-mills, one cotton factory, and another soon to go into operation; several saw and corn mills in the county. Terrill, Calhoun, Clay, and Early: Car Manufacturing Company, at Dowsen ; Early County Manufacturing Company, near Blakely, in Early County, on or near the Chattahoochee iver, 25 miles south of Fort Gaines. Upson, Talbot, and Harris: Franklin Factory consumes about one bale of cotton daily; Flint River Factory consumes about three bales of cotton daily. Randolph: the Cuthbert Manufacturing Company employ some thirty or forty hands; sales from $1,000 to $3,000 per quarter. Richmond, Burke, and Scriven: Richmond Factory; probably supplied with hands at present; eight grist-mills and eight saw-mills. Lincoln, Columbia, and Elbert: Merchant Mills and cotton factories. Troup : flour-mills, and factories for yarn and coarse goods. Floyd, Walker, Chattooga, and Polk: Tryon Factory, in Chattooga City, employs about four hundred hands; plenty of flour and saw mills propelled by steam and water; abundance of unoccupied waterpower; there is an iron foundery at Rome which employs a good many hands. Fulton: one large rolling-mill, three planing-mills, four founderies and machine-shops, and several flour-mills. Clarke: several large cotton factories in operation; the mills are of the poorest kind and there are but few good millers. Cobb: cotton factories and woolen factories. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress requiring common labor? f so, how far distant? Brunswick and Glynn: one railroad from Brunswick to Albany, and one from Brunswick to Macon nearly completed; labor in good demand. Pierce: there are two; both are nearly completed, but labor is scarce and unreliable. Thomas: one railroad from Thomaston to Albany. Griffin and Spalding: the Griffin, Savannah and North Alabama Railroad is in process of construction, with Griffin as the starting point. Decatur: a railroad from Tallahassee to Cuthbert via Bainbridge, and another from Thomasville to Albany, Georgia. Muscogee: a road from near the Florida line, destined to end in Columbus. Terrell, Calhoun, Clay, and Early: two roadsin contemplation, on which work will probably be soon commenced. Lincoln, Columbia, and Elbert: a line for a new road is now being surveyed. Fulton, De Kalb, and Gwinnett: a road from Atlanta to some point in North Carolina is now constructing. Troup: road from Griffin, Georgia, to Talledega, Alabama, now constructing. Whitfield: the Selma, Rome, and Dalton Railroad is in process of construction through this county. Floyd, Walker, Chattooga, and Polk: part of the last-named road is building, and will probably be completed by midsummer; another road from Rome to Decatur, Alabama, 140 miles, is surveyed. Fulton: the Air-Line Railroad is building from Atlanta; 20 miles nearl finished, and 30 more under contract. What advantages can your district offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers? Is there much land of good quality and well watered yet unoccupied ? Brunswick and Glynn: any quantity of unoccupied land, and good opportunities for small farmers; mechanics not in much request. Pierce: but little demand for mechanics; unoccupied land as good as that in INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 137 use is abundant;. soil sandy and poor, but with the eastery system of manuring and cultivation could be made very productive; a clay subsoil from 1 to 3 feet from the surface; good water obtained at a depth of from 10 to 40 feet. Thomas: abundance of unoccupied land, and every advantage for industrious laboring people. Griffin and Spalding: plenty of land ; the people desire immigration. Decatur: plenty of land; county well watered. Dougherty, Lee, and Baker: a poor district for laborers or mechanics, but the chances for small farmers are good ; plenty of well-watered land waiting for purchasers. Terry, Calhoun, Clay, and Early : good demand for field laborers, but not for mechanics; plenty of land for sale on which small farmers can do well in cultivating cotton and corn. Upson, Talbot, and Harris: the principal advantages are good water, convenience to market, and good society; but little unoccupied land. Randolph: best lands already taken up; the rest thin, but well watered; this section is noted for its salubrity. Sumter, Webster, and Dooly : good industrious laborers or mechanics can always find employment; plenty of unoccupied land to be had at reasonable rates. Newton: the class of emigrants who would find a good opening here would be farmers; persons with very little capital could make money in that pursuit, or be well rewarded for their labor; plenty of good land for sale or rent, and as the landholders cannot obtain sufficient labor to work their farms, they would rent on reasonable terms to industrious persons, and furnish all necessary capital; there is no better opening anywhere for this class than in the South. Morgan and Putnam: any amount of good land unoccupied, with as good water and climate as can be found anywhere in the United States; farm laborers in demand. Richmond; Burke, and Scriven: farm laborers in demand, but not mechanics; there is much unoccupied land. Wilkes and Taliaferro: carpenters and bricklayers find pretty steady employment at $2 50 to $3 per diem; other mechanics not much in demand. Lincoln, Columbia, and Elbert : plenty of land of the finest quality to be rented on almost any terms; labor is very scarce, and the demand for farm hands great; farms generally from 300 to 2,000 acres. Fulton, De Kalb, and Gwinnett: plenty of unoccupied land; it is of inferior quality, but could be made productive if cultivated in small tracts by skilled and energetic labor. Troup: cheap lands, which with ordinary tillage will pay for themselves in two years; mechanics who are steady and willing to work can always get employment. Whitfield : the chief advantages of this section are excellent water and a healthful climate; plenty of unoccupied land, but not of good quality. Floyd, Walker, Chatooga, and Polk : plenty of good land, well watered and adapted to the growth of almost any of the products of the country, but especially of cotton and wheat, which are very remunerative at the present time; some good land unoccupied, but not a large quantity. Fulton: there is no part of the United States where industrious, skillful farmers can do better; land is cheap, and with deep plowing and skillful cultivation 400 to 600 pounds of lint cotton can be made to the acre. Clarke: the best land along the streams is taken up, but there is abundance of land of inferior quality still unoccupied; the chief advantages are good water and a healthy climate. GENERAL REMARKS.-The class of persons to whom Georgia and the South generally hold out the best inducements is undoubtedly that of industrious agriculturists who possess only a small capital. Many such persons who in the North would have to be content with the position of day laborers can in the South become farmers on their own account, first as renters, and afterward, within a very few years with a very small 138 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Georgia, writes as follows: ent in Newton County, MiddleUpon this point an intelligent correspondoutlay of capital, as owners. I would farther state here that agriculture is the only pursuit engrossing much interest in this section at present, and families are making efforts generally to plant on a larger scale this year than they have since the war. I believe there are better chances in Middle Georgia for persons who wish to farm on a small scale than in any other part of the country, for if they have no capital they can rent lands for one-half the products and have everything furnished, and I could cite instances where poor men by farming in that manner have made enough in one year to buy the places they worked. The climate, soil, scarcity of labor, and cheapness of land, make this the most desirable place for immigration in the world. Where emigrants in the Northwest would have to wait seven years to derive any profit from their labor, they could here reap large profits at once, for the lands are ready for the seed, the markets are convenient, and the principal staple product brings a good price. IThat arethe prices of ordinaryfarm stock, sound and in good condition? Working Working horses, oxe, eConnties. each. per pair. Cne A 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 Working mules, each. Much cows, each. Sheepeach.Hors, per pound. ' *$4 to 6 $8 to 12 $1 50 to 2 50 $i50to200 $200 to 250 $40 to75 Pierce.-.-------..--$. 6to c. 15 to 25 1Oto150 50 to 75 150 to 200 150 to200 Decatur. ..-----------. *$5 to 10 20 3 00 to 5 00 and-----...-..-.150 to 200 175 to S00 Lee, Dogherty, Bak-r. *6to12 125to175 20to60 100 to225 60 to 200 50 to 100 Muscoge ............... *1 to 15 1 50 20 175 175 Randolph--------------------75 2 00 12 to 13c. 105 25 to 75 175 50 Newton ..-----..--..---. to 15 50 to 75 150 to 200 125 to 175 15 to 50 2 00 to 4 00 Richmond, Burke, and Scriven. loc. 100 25 to 35 2 00 to 2 50 100 Lincoln..--.-------------50 to 75 to Fulton, Do Kalb, and 100 to 175 100 to 200 100 to 175'25 to40 2 00to5 00 *$3 10 Gwinnett. Ile. l0toSO0150to300 120 to 160 50 to 100 --......... 120 Troup..-..... *$3 1 50 20 150 150 50 Whitteld---------------100. 75 125 to 150 150 to 200 30to 50 2 00to 3 00 Floyd, Walker, Chattanooga, and Polk. 3 00 50 150 150 Fulton-------------------100 175 35 150 160 -60 Cobb .-..--.......-.- *$5 Average..-........ $75 84 $150 14 165 07 $30 $2 28 70 10 1-5c. * Each; average, $6 62. FLORIDA. 1870, 187,752. Area, 37,931,520 acres.or Population in district suitablefor smalifarms rented in your (:an land be purchased at low rates? Columbia and Marion : yes. State what proWhat isthe price per acre of small improved portion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of butildings. Columbia : small improved farms vary in price from $3 to $15 per acre, according to the character of the land, number of acres improved, farms? location, &c.; tracts from 80 to 160 acres have 40 to 80 cleared; log- houses and rail fences. Marion : good land can be bought at from $2 not more than one-fifth is under. cultivation ; lands that were to fenced before the war are now generally without fences ; buildings inferior. $10; What is the yearly rent of small improved farms?2 If rented on shares, Columbia:-rent-$2 to-$4 per acre; when let7on4 sharesnthenoner 139 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. usually gets one-third of the corn and one-fourth of the cotton; when he provides stock, implements, and seeds he receives one-half. Marion: the land owners give one-third of the crop to the laborers, board them six months of the year and furnish everything. What are the chief articles of production and the prices of two or three of them in 1869-'70 ? Columbia: Indian corn, $1 50 per bushel; black seed cotton, 40 to 70 cents per pound; short or green seed cotton, 20 to 28 cents per pound; sweet potatoes, 75 cents per bushel. Marion: the chief products are cotton, sugar-cane, corn, and oranges; cotton, 45 cents per pound; sugar, 21 cents; corn, $2 per bushel; oranges, $10 per 1,000. What is the distance to a market town, a railroad station, or a steamboat landing ? Columbia: two railroads run through this division; 25 miles is the greatest distance to be traveled to reach a station. Marion: Ocala, the market town of this county, is 5 miles from steamboat landing at Silver Springs. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber ? Columbia: clay subsoil; small hummocks; sandy; pine timber. Marion: hummocks, covered with oak, hickory, live oak, and all kinds of bay-trees. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Columbia and Marion: all kinds of farm labor. Are there any mills or factories in operation requiringskilled labor ? Columbia: none. Marion: none except gin-houses and sugar-mills; good machinists are much needed. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress requiring common labor? If so, how far distant? Columbia: none. Marion: the nearest railroad to this place is at Gainesville, 40 miles distant; farm labor is the only kind in request. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied? Columbia: millions of acres of cheap land in the State. Marion: there is a large quantity of land cleared and uncleared, well watered; the Ochtawaha River flowing into the St. John's, at Welaka. In the interior of the county there are numerous fine lakes containing abundance of the finest fish, while the woods abound with all kinds of game; we have room for ten thousand laborers. What are the prices of ordinaryfarm stock, sound and in good condition? PRICES OF LIVE STOCK. Counties. Columbia ................... Marion ..................... Average................. Working oxen, per pair. Working horses, each. Working mules, each. $40 00 $150 00 $200 00 30 to 75 00 75 to 200 00 75 to 200 00 $46 25 $143 75 $168 50 Milch cows ,ach Sheep, each. Hogs, each. $60 00 15 to 30 00 $1 50 2 to 3 00 $1 50 $2 to 6 00 $41 00 $2 00 $2 75 140 SPECIAL 140 REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. PRICES OF LEADING ARTICLES OF CONSUMPTION. Articles. Lake City. Ocala. Flour, superfine wheat, per barrel-------------------------------------$12 00 Beef, roasting pieces, per pound------------------------------------S to 10 cts. Bacon, per pound---------------------------------------------------$0 23 Butter, per pound----------------------------------------------------60 Potatoes, per bushel ---------------------------------------------------1 00 15 Eggs, per dozen---------------------------- --------------------------Tea, Oolong, per pound----..--..---------------------------------------------Sheetiugs, 4-4ths, unbleached, per yard ------------------------------------22 Board for men, per week ----------------------------------------------0 25 $9 00 10 23 60 75 20 1 75 25 6 00 [The foregoing information from Florida being very imperfect-embracing but two returns-the following comniications fron prominent and trustworthy citizens are inserted at the request of Hon. Thomas Osborn, United States Senator from that State.] W. "SIR: "' MARION COUNTY, FLORIDA, Pcbruary 11, 1871. After consultation with a number of neighbors we have my agreed upon the following answers to your several queries, and we think the information will be found entirely truthful. tracts of land, in a few cases, can be purchased on favorable terms, with colmodious buildings on them, anl with fruit trees, such humas oranges and peaches ; one in particular, of 40 acres, mock, one-half mixed lands, with fine residence and buildings can be had for $600. Lands in general may be rented in quantities to suit tenants, at $5 per acre for hummock land cleared, or 50 per acre for mixed land-pine, oak, and hickory-all of them producing their appropriate crops-cane on the hummocks, cotton, corn, potatoes, oats, rye, &c., on the mixed lands. "1For first quality hummock, fenced and cleared, yielding 2,500 pounds per acre; if sold, $75 per of sugar per annum, the annual rent will be acre. "G Where land is leased on shares and the renter provides the stock, implements, and seeds, the owner will claim one-fourth of the or if the proprietor furnish the team, implements, and seeds, feeding the stock, and also the laborers, for six months, he will claim two-thirds of the product. "The products consist of sugar-cane, sea-island cotton, corn, potatoes, "Small one-half $3 $5 product; oats, rye, barley ; fruits-oranges, peaches; pomegranates, figs, &c. Su- gar, raw, is worth in our Southern markets from 8 to 11 cents per pound; sea island cotton from 35 to 75 cents per pound, according to quality ; corn, per bushel; oats, 90 cents ; rye, $1 25. They all yield abundantly. market "The nearest inland town is our county seat, which offers for the produce at seaport pr-ices, mnuas the freight, expenses, &c. There is a steamboat landing in the center of the county, with tn-weekly boats. There will be a railroad station at the county seat in October next. "1The quality of the soil is varied, consisting of hummock of the richest quality of upland to be found in any undulating country ; mixed lands, in close proximity, but little inferior to the hummocks, and superior for cotton, as the latter are too rich for the staple ; pine lands of all the face of the country various grades, some rich and some very high and undulating, except on the water-courses. The timber consists of all the oak family, gums of immense size, ash, elm, hickory, magnolia, red-bay, or Florida mahogany, willow, dogwood, pine, &c. There is an unlimited demand for reliable farm labor, our present laborers $1 a poor; INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 141 (negroes) being nearly worthless. Mechanics, such as carpenters, blacksmiths, wheelwrights, and stone-masons, would find ready and profitable employment. Stone and lime for building purposes abound, as do all the hard woods for wagon and coach building purposes. " We have at present only saw, grist, and cotton mills, all of which would furnish employment to reliable laborers at remunerative prices. " We have a railroad from the Florida Railroad, now progressing toward Tampa Bay; it is graded to our county town, and is now having ties laid. As it progresses, it will require large numbers of able-bodied laborers. "'Working oxen are worth from $50 to $75 per pair; unbroken fouryear old steers can be bought for $12 each; horses and mules are high, from $180 to $200 each, sound and in good condition. Very little attention has been given to raising them, yet there is no better country for colts. A milch cow is worth, with the calf, from $12 to $15. Sheep do very finely, multiply with great rapidity, and are worth about $2 each. Hogs also thrive well, and are worth about 8 cents per pound. " There are very few foreign-born laborers in our county; Germans preponderate; they are satisfied and give satisfaction. There are many Swedes in Middle Florida, who are working with mutual satisfaction to their employers and themselves, and the number is increasing. "Altogether it is a most desirable country for small farmers. I will mention a case of one family in particular in our county, comprising the father and two sons old enough to plow, and two smaller boys too young to hold the plow, who, during the year 1870, raised 1,000 bushels of corn, oats for their teams, 11 bales of cotton of fine quality, worth $150 per bale, bacon for their use, and $75 worth to dispose of; a supply of excellent sugar and sirup, and a surplus worth $150 for sale, with mutton, beef, and poultry in abundance--all accomplished by white men and boys. Wheat does not thrive here. An acre of fine mixed land, moderately fertilized, with ingredients at hand, will make 3,000 pounds of sugar and 120 gallons of superior molasses. There is a great deal of vacant land in the country, but not of the best variety of pine land, yet large settlements can be made upon excellent lands, still vacant, which in the hands of industrious and skillful farmers will make more money per acre than any other uplands I know of in the United States. In the southern part of this county there is a fine section of unoccupied land, through which passes a creek or small river, flowing about five miles per hour and affording a fine water-power. In the hands of capitalists this stream would furnish sites for numerous cotton factories, as the raw material, both long and short staple, is grown along its banks and for many miles on either side. " There are thousands of acres of open land under fence in this county which the owners would be glad to rent on shares to industrious, honest men. Such tenants will meet with kind and considerate treatment in sickness and in health. " Unacclimated persons, without great care the first year, will have more or less chills and fever; of a very mild type, however, and easily managed. No cases of high bilious fever occur here; no cholera or epidemics. " I am, sir, yours, very respectfully, " JNO. M. TAYLOR. "HIon. EDWARD YoUNG. " Chief of Bureau of Statistics, Washington." 142 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. "JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA, February,1871. " SIR : I avail myself of the opportunity afforded by your circular, to set forth in brief some of the manifold attractions of this State, and to mention some of the inducements offered to actual settlers. ' The existence in Florida of some fifteen millions of United States lands, subject to acquisition by homestead entry alone, and the fact that several millions of State lands are in the market at the low price of $1 25 per acre, give sufficient assurance that farms of either small Dr large size are entirely within the reach of men of small means. It true that many of the lands referred to are rather remote from established settlements, and on that account somewhat undesirable; but this is relieved by other facts. "Florida has received immense concessions of lands from the liberality of the General Government, bestowed partly for the purpose of fostering and assisting the construction of works of internal improvement, and partly to encourage the drainage and cultivation of the lands. And in direct furtherance of these avowed Congressional purposes, the State has from time to time conceded large portions of valuable lands to the various railroad and canal companies which have already constructed, or are now engaged in constructing, works of internal improvement of great utility. Thus it has happened that the trustees and bond-holders of these various internal improvement companies hold large portions of lands, which can be sold at a lower price than is asked by the State for lands of the same quality. "The railroads extending from Jacksonville on the east, completed to near the 'Apalachicola, and projected to Pensacola; the Florida Railroad, from Fernandina to the Gulf at Cedar Keys; the Great Southern Railway; the Southern Inland Navigation Company; and the Florida Improvement Company, all have immense tracts, amounting to millions of acres of rich lands; under a genial climate, with great capacities for the manufacture of lumber and the production of the most valuable known crops. And these lands are procurable at almost a nominal price, so that thousands of small farmers at the North and West, for the available prices of their farms in that rigorous climate, could obtain here quadruple the amount of lands, of equal or superior productiveness. Farms and plantations can easily be rented in all parts of the State, and on as favorable terms as any reasonable man could ask. "Small farms in actual cultivation, except in the immediate vicinity of the larger towns, are not common in Florida. It is now beginning to be understood throughout the whole South that slavery was not only a moral, social, and political curse, but that it operated to cast over the land an agricultural blight. The unskilled labor which it alone tolerated, by the thriftless cultivation it involved, confined agricultural attention to a limited range of crops, which by a rapid exhaustion of soils led of necessity to the acquisition and shallow cultivation of immense areas of land. But, although 'small farms' are not common, still lands, in small or large quantities, are easily obtainable at the most reasonable rates, viz, from $1 upwards; and innumerable large 'old-fields,' in the immediate vicinity of inexhaustible stores of natural manures, can be bought for less than one-fifth the cost of clearing a northern or western forest. "If rented for cash, an annual rent of from 50 cents to $2 an acre would be expected; but the usual practice is to rent upon shares. In such case, where the owner simply furnishes the land, he expects from one-bfourth to one-third of the crop; but where he furnishes the necessary stock and one-half the seeds, he requires one-half the crop. is INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 143 "The chief articles of production heretofore have been cotton, corn, sugar-cane, tobacco, and sweet potatoes; latterly, more attention is being given to various kinds of fruit and vegetables. Short cotton has this year brought from 10 to 15 cents, and long staple about twice as much. Corn is worth about $1 per bushel; tobacco, from 15 to 35 cents per pound; sugar, from 10 to 15 cents per pound; and sirup, from 50 to 75 cents per gallon. " The facilities for intercommunication in Florida furnished by its innumerable bays, lakes, and rivers are singularly good; and with an area of a little less than 60,000 square miles, the State has a coast line on the Atlantic and Gulf of from 1,200 to 1,400 miles. The Apalachicola, the Suwanee, the St. Johb's, the Oclockonee, the Indian River, and the St. Mary's so traverse the State in different directions as to give an inland water communication of several thousand miles. There are already in operation nearly 400 miles of railroad, with a flattering prospect of the immediate construction of upward of as many more. And even where no roads of any kind exist, the great preponderance of pine forest, with its freedom from undergrowth, on account of annual fires, is such that little difficulty is experienced in traversing the State in any direction. "The prevalent forest growth of Florida is yellow pine, and of course the soil may be in general characterized as 'light,' and is either sandy or loamy; but owing to peculiar climatic or atmospheric influences they are of far more intrinsic value where 'light' than is usually attributable to the same character of light soil at the North or West, as is evinced by the fact that a bale of cotton or 3,000 pounds of sugar have not infrequently been made from an acre of these pine lands. Indeed, many of the pine lands are so underlaid with marl or clay as to give all the strength of clay soils without their stiffness and difficulty of cultivation. "Florida lands, whether sandy or clayey, which have a natural growth of hardwood timber are called 'hummock' lands, and are the most highly valued by many. These are cleared with difficulty and expense, but are based upon marl or clay, and thus have a permanence of capacity, with little or no fertilization, which enhances their value. These are called the 'high hummocks.' " The 'low hummocks' are lands similarly covered with a growth of hardwood timber, such as gum, magnolia, cypress, red bay, &c., but which are lower in elevation, and of course more moist in their nature. These lands, indeed, partake largely of the nature of swamps, and like them consist chiefly of decomposed vegetable matter. " The growth of trees, shrubs, and vines upon these low hummocks is, most surprising, and so dense as to present an almost impenetrable vegetable barrier to all ingress. They are immensely fertile, indeed almost incredibly so, as is sufficiently shown by the fact that from one acre has been produced 4,000 pounds of sugar, and other crops in proportion. " The prices of ordinary farm stock vary in different localities so much. as to prevent any general statement from being of uniform application. For instance, in South Florida, stock range at will throughout the year, and are abundantly subsisted by natural pasturage. Here it is conceded that a herd of cattle, with only the trouble of marking and watching, will double in three and one-half years. Prices of stock necessarily range very low. " The following prices, it is believed, are entirely reliable: Working oxen, per pair, are worth from $60 to $120; working horses, from $180 to $400 per pair; mules from $80 to $150 each; milch cows, 144 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. $15 to $40; sheep, from $2 50 to $5, and stock hogs 10 cents per pound; and this notwithstanding the fact that throughout the State, hogs, like cattle, sustain themselves throughout the year in the 'range.' " There is a large demand for labor, mostly for common and unskilled, owing, as before remarked, to the long-established domination of a few leading crops requiring the rudest labor, to the exclusion of other and more varied productions which need more intelligent labor. Of the rudest description and most reckless and thriftless character, this miscalled agriculture has proved an agrarianism of the most rank and noxious description, reducing all lands cultivated to the one unvarying virgin level of complete exhaustion, and seeking temporary relief in strength of new tracts of wild land. " Recently, improvement is perceptible in this direction, but as yet the demand for the more intelligent kinds of agricultural and horticultural labor is quite limited. Better times and better methods, under the increased demand of lew comers from every portion of the Union, are apparently close at hand. " The mills and factories in the State are few, and almost exclusively confined to the manufacture of lumber. " There are several works of internal improvement in process of construction or in prospect, from which must proceed a large demand for ordinary labor. Upward of seven hundred miles of railroad, and inland canals to the extent of many miles, are now under obligation to be constructed within the next five years. " In response to the inquiry as to the advantages offered to laborers, mechanics, and farmers, I beg leave to reply that thorough examination will demonstrate the desirability of Florida, for the following reasons: "ITS ACCESSIBILITY.-No portion of the territory of the Union, east or west, exceeds this State in facility of approach. Peninsular in character, and nearly surrounded by the ocean and Gulf of Mexico, with an area nearly identical with that of Missouri, Florida has a sea-coast of more than 1,200 miles, and of course offers remarkable facilities to immigration approaching by sea. Then, by means cf the Apalachicola, the Suwanee, the St. Mary's, the St. John's, the Oclockonee, and Indian Rivers, the ease with which a large portion of the interior of the State can be reached is rarely exceeded anywhere. Thus an immigration from abroad could save the long, tedious, and uncomfortable conveyance by rail involved in reaching the Western States, and be landed in Florida as cheaply as at New York. Connected also with both the Atlantic and Western Railroad routes, through them and her own somewhat extensive system, the Northern or Western immigrant can command an easy transportation to and through the State. " CLIMATE.-The climate of Florida is not excelled by that of any of the United States, and it may be doubted whether it can be equaled elsewhere in the world. Located on the very borders of the torrid zone, and, therefore, so far as latitude alone is concerned, entitled to rank among the hottest portions of the western continent, still her situation between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic is such that, owing to her peculiar form, she is swept alternately by the winds of the eastern and western seas, and relieved from those burning heats with which she would otherwise be scorched; and thus it happens that by the joint influences of latitude and peculiar location she is relieved on the one hand from the rigors of the winter climate of the Northern and Middle States, and on the other, from the extreme heat with which not only the other Southern States, but in the summer time the Northern States, are characterized. the INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 145 " In the North all regular farming work is of necessity crowded into the space of less than half the year, while in Florida there is scarcely a single day in the whole year that may not be devoted to purely agricultural work. 6 While the heat in Florida is not more intense during the summer months than at times in all the Northern States, in winter the thermometer, even in Northern Florida, rarely sinks to the freezing point. " EALTH. -In regard to health, Florida stands among the foremost States of the Union. This fact appears strikingly from the figures of the census in reference to the deaths from pulmonary complaints in the different States, and the results strike one more forcibly when it is considered that this State for many years had been a popular place of resort for invalids afflicted with all varieties of pulmonary diseases. " From the census of 1860, it is found that the deaths from consumption in the various States of the Union during the year ending May 31, 1860, were as follows: In Massachusetts, 1 in 254; in Maine, 1 in 289; in Vermont, 1 in 404; in New York, I in 473; in Pennsylvania, 1 in 580; in Ohio, 1 in 679: in California, 1 in 727; in Virginia, 1 in 757; in Indiana, 1 in 792; in Illinois, 1 in 878; in Florida, 1 in 1,447. Surgeon General Lawson, in an official report, says: " The general healthfulness of many parts of Florida, particularly cn its coast, "s proverbial. The average annual mortality of the whole peninsula, from return, in this office, is found to be 2 6-100 per cent., while in the other portions of the United States (previous to the war with Mexico) it was 3 3-100 per cent. " WIDE RANGE OF CROPS.-Usually, at least within the borders of thr Union, whatever may be the attractions and inducements that are of fered by any particular State or section, the immigrant will be confined within the comparatively narrow limits of the usual range of crops characteristic of that section; and the offer of even a slight enlargement of the usual range of ordinary crops would be recognized as an inducement of great power. Other things being even nearly equal, if the immigrant have the option of continuing the cultivation of crops to which he is accustomed, or of reaching out to the peculiar productions of different zones, he will feel the force of the attraction. " To a resident of Canada, or of the Northern or Western States, it seems hardly possible in any one locality, and then without the variation of temperature often given in the vicinity of elevated mountains, that there may be successfully cultivated within an inclosure of ten acres, the oats, rye, and wheat of Canada; the peach, quince. and sweet potato of the Middle States; the corn, cotton, and tobacco of the Southern States; the coffee, indigo, and ginger of the West Indies; the orange, the lime, and the lemon of Central America; the olive, the grape, the coffee, and the spices of the East; the date and palm of the desert, and the sugar-cane, pepper, tea, and silk of Asia; but the citizens of Orange, Sumter, Hernando, and Manatee Counties in Florida know that they can do this; and when to the above are added rice, bananas, plantains, guavas, cocoa-nuts, pine-apples, and paw-paws, the infinite range of the productions of Florida is made fully manifest. "ABUNDANCE OF WATER.-The State is bountifully supplied with the best water in every part. Lakes, ponds, springs, and rivers are curiously frequent, and no section can be found where ample supplies of water cannot be obtained by wells of little depth and at slight expense. Springs of mineral and salt water abound, some of great magnitude. In Wakulla County, the Wakulla River, a stream of very considerable size, bursts forth at once from a single spring. The Chipola River has a similar origin in Jackson County. Silver Spring in its 10 146 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. first outburst forms a spacious basin, into which the Oclockonee steamers find easy admission. "CHEAPNESS OF BUILDINGS.-The climate of Florida being genial and friendly, lnables the settler to dispense with the close-built and expensive dwelling-houses of the North and West. " EASE OF TILLAGE.-The facility with which the greater portion of the titlable lands in Florida can be worked, furnishes another very strong inducement to those who, in coming here, propose to engage in agricultural pursuits. Lands in Florida can be, and really are, worked with much less force than is required at the North. Whether sandy, clayey, or loamy, they are much more friable, and more easily tilled. "NATURAL RESOURCES FOR FERTILIZATION.-The first and most widely-distributed means for restoring and invigorating the fertility of the soil whenever exhausted, is furnished by the swamps and lagoons and cypress-sinks that may be found in all sections. In many of the swamps and lagoons are to be found large and accessible deposits of what is called muck, which, at the will and leisure of the farmer, may be drawn out and applied directly to the land, or may be composted with lime, ashes, salt, or manures; and thus improved, becomes available to almost any desirable extent. In many of the sinks or depressions where the cypress is found are similar deposits of vegetable mold or muck; and these sinks, of various dimensions, are scattered throughout the State. Along the rivers and the banks of many of the lakes are to be found very large and numerous deposits of muck, or mud. Experience in Florida has proved that the muck, used as a fertilizer under proper management, becomes an exceedingly valuable article; and it is to be found in immense quantities in every section. " The immense deposits of oyster-shells that are characteristic of the whole coast line, located in the immediate vicinity of dense forests, giving ample stores of fuel, form another of the sources of agricultural strength of incalculable value, which will be more and more appreciated. " Marl, likewise, of varied character and value, is easily accessible in different parts of the State. There are several large deposits within twenty-five miles of Jacksonville; and a recent discovery has revealed the existence of a very large deposit of green marl in the county of Leon. " STOCK-RAISING.-With reference to the adaptation of the State to the raising of stock of all kinds, sufficient evidence is given in the fact that but little care and attention, and an inconsiderable amount of feeding are required to sustain stock in good condition even in the extreime northern portion of the State; while further south there is a vast extent of at least 20,000 square miles in which stock of all kinds can be raised, with no expense of feeding at anys eason. 'FISH AND OYSTERS.-In the St. John's shad of very fine quality are caught with ease in the proper season; and banks of 300 miles in length extend along the western and southwestern coast, upon which fish equal in quality and quantity to those off the shores of Newfoundland and Labrador are easily taken. These fisheries have also this advantage, that they are never interrupted by the rigors of any season of the year. Oysters of excellent flavor and of incredible size are found along the shores of the multitudinous bays, inlets, and streams. The taking and preservation of fish and oysters must at no distant period become an important and lucrative business. " OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF WOOD.-It is surpris- ing that the variety and abundance of the most valuable and practicable woods that are known and used in the manufacture of woodenware, and all articles for which wood furnishes the material, should not long INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 147 ere this have attracted more attention from the mechanics and manufacturers of the country. "No man can easily estimate the immensity of material for common lumber furnished by the 40,000 acres of the best growth of pines existing in this State. But while this fact is to some extent recognized, it is not known that this same pine, when properly prepared, furnishes as good and as beautiful a material, if well selected, as any ornamental wood. Cedar, both red and white, is abundant, while cypress, a wood almost as valuable as cedar for pails, tubs, and casks, and also available for doors, sash, and blinds, is found everywhere in the greatest abundance. Mangrove, equal to rosewood and box, and available for the same purposes, is found in South Florida, where also can be obtained the royal palm, making one of the most beautiful woods conceivable. Ash, oak in all its varieties, and the best of hickory abound everywhere. Were this affluence of material, with its accompanying abundance of fuel for producing motive power, located at the North, it would be eagerly sought for, even where the frosts of winter chain up the navigable waters :obr a large portion of the year. It is believed that the wonderful richness of the resources of Florida in this direction must soon command the attention of the whole country. "I have the honor to be your obedient servant, " J. S. ADAMS, "Collector of Customs, Jacksonville, Florida. " Hon. EDWARD YOUNG, "'Chiefof Bureau of Statistics, Washington.' ALABAMA. Area, 32,462,080 acres. Population in 1870, 996,992. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitablefor small farms on favorable terms ? Butler, Barbour, Dale, Henry, Geneva, Wilcox, Columbus, Dallas, Tuscaloosa, Russell, Bullock, Lee, Hale, Florence, Lauderdale, Morgan, Blunt, Madison, and Lawrence: yes. What is the price per acre of small improvedfarms ? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of biildings. Barbour, Dale, Henry, and Geneva: small improved farms $10 per acre. Butler: $5; one-half under fence and cultivation, remainder woodland; buildings principally ordinary frame and log cabins. Wilcox: good improved land $7 to $12 per acre; about one-third cleared and one-half fenced; buildings poor. Chambers: $5 to $10Oper acre; about one-half has been under cultivation and fenced; common log and frame buildings. Dallas: $5 to $20 per acre; one-fourth to one-third under cultivation, except in canebrake, where three-fourths to seveneighths are under cultivation; all fenced, and having comfortable dwellings and out-houses. Talladega: no small improved farms for sale. Tuscaloosa: $10 to $15; about one-half under cultivation and fenced; log buildings. Russell, Bullock, and Lee: about one-twentieth under cultivation; very little fenced, and few or no buildings. Hale: $5 to $25, according to quality; two-thirds to three-fourths cleared and fenced; buildings generally poor. Florence and Lauderdale: $5 to $10; about one-third under cultivation. Morgan and Blunt: $2 to $10; about one 148 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. half fenced and under cultivation; common log buildings. De Kalb: improved farms $12 to $16 per acre; two-thirds has been under cultivation; about half fenced; buildings ordinary- Madison: $10 to $30, according to distance from market town; farms large; cabins for laborers generally attached. Lawrence : $10 per acre; usually 20 to 50 acres under cultivation; buildings ordinary; log houses with few exceptions. What is the price per acre of unimproved land, what proportionis cleared, and how much, /if any, is fenced ? Butler: from 50 cents to $3 per acre. Barbour, Dale, Henry, and Geneva: $ t; none cleared or fenced, and no improvements at this price. Wilcox: tinbered land is considered the most valuable; price $10 to $12. Chambers : unimproved land is worth twice as much as improved. Randolph and Clay: from $3 to $50. Dallas: from $2 to $3, without fence; near a market for wood at $6 per cord. Russell, Bullock, and Lee: $4 per acre, unfenced; bottom land $10 to $12. Florence and Lauderdale $3 to $8. Morgan and Blunt: from $5 to $10. De Kalb: much unimproved land, but mountainous and broken, can be obtained by entry under the homestead law at an expense of about $10 for 40 acres. Madison : from $2 to $5 ; very little cleared or fenced. Lawrence: from $5 to $6; one-quarter to one-half cleared, and some of it fenced. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds? Butler: from $2 to $4 per acre, or one-third of the corn and one-fourth of the cotton, renter furnishing stock and implements. Barbour, Dale, Henry, and Geneva: on small improved farms $3 to $4 per acre, or onefourth the produce, renter furnishing stock, &c. Wilcox,: from $3 to $3 50, or one-third to one-quarter of the produce, renter furnishing stock and implements. Chambers, Randolph, and Clay: farms chiefly rented on shares; the owner receiving one-third of the grain and onefourth of the cotton, or one-half of everything when he furnishes stock, implements, &c. Dallas: improved farms from .$1 to $5, or one-third of the corn and one-fourth of the cotton, renter furnishing his own stock, &c. Talladega: owners of large farms rent them on shares, furnishing everything and giving renter one-third of the produce. Tuscaloosa : from $2 to $5, or renter receives one-fourth of the cotton and one-third of the grain; or when he provides stock, implements, and seeds, one-half of everything. Russell, Bullock, and Lee: from 50 cents to $4, according to quality, or one-half of the produce, owner furnishing stock, implements, and seeds. Hale: from $2 to $5, or one-quarter of the crop. Florence and Lauderdale: one-third of the corn and onequarter of the cotton. Morgan, De Kalb, and Blunt: one-third of all the grain and one-fourth of all the cotton, renter furnishing everything. Madison: from $3 to $5, or one-half the crop, owner furnishing stock, &c. Lawrence: from $2 to $3, or one-half the crop, owner furnishing stock, feed, implements, and seeds; or one-third if renter furnishes everything. INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 149 What are the chief articles of production, and what are the presentprices of some of them? Articles of production. Prices. Counties. Cotton ..... per pound.. $0 20 to $0 23 Corn........per bushel.. 1 00 Madison, Lawrence, Barbour, Dale, Henry, Geneva, De Kalb, Butler, Wilcox, Randolph, Clay, Talladega, Russell, Bullock, Lee, Morgan, Blunt, Dallas. Hale, Morgan, Blunt, De Kalb, Madison, Lawrence, Tuscaloosa, Chambers. Wilcox, Talladega. Tuscaloosa. Randolph, Clay. Do--------........... Do---------.......... Do---------........... Do------......---..... Do....---------....... Do.-....... Do........... do...... do...... do...... do...... do...... do...... do...... Sweet potatoes. -do...... Wheat t-........ do...... Do ........... do --...... Do---------........... do...... Oats ....---------....... do...... * 1 25 1 35 1 30 to 1 50 1 40 1 40 to 1 50 1 50 1 75 1 00 1 25 1 50 2 00 to 2 25 1 00 These were the rates of raw cotton in 1869-'70. Butler. Dallas. Russell, Bullock, Lee. Barbour, Dale, Henry, Geneva. Butler, Wilcox. De Kalb. Morgan, Blunt, Madison. Chambers, Randolph, Clay. Lawrence. In the year 1870-'71 the price was from 13 to 14 cents per pound. tIn Tuscaloosa County wheat culture is yearly increasing. No price given. What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing ? Butler: tlhe Montgomery and Mobile Railroad runs nearly through the center of the county, and by the town of Greenville, which is the county seat, with 5,000 inhabitants. Barbour, Dale, Henry, and Geneva: the terminus of the Georgia Southwestern Railroad is accessible, and there is a steamboat landing in the southern part of Barbour County. Wilcox: steamboat landing convenient. Chambers, Randolph, and Clay : the greatest distance from a railroad does not exceed 40 or 45 miles. Dallas not more than 8 miles from any point. Talladega: the Selma, Rome, and Dalton Railroad runs through the county. Tuscaloosa: a short distance; well supplied with such facilities. Russell, Bullock, and Lee: railroads and a navigable river accessible. Hale: two railroads in process of construction, and navigable rivers convenient. Florence and Lauderdale: near the Tennessee River. Morgan and Blunt : Decatur, in the northern part of Morgan County, is a flourishing market town, with a railroad station and steamboat landing. De Kalb: the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad runs through the county; steamboat landing near northwestern boundary. Madison: Huntsville, the market town, is in the center of the county. Lawrence: 10 miles to a railroad. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber ? Butler: of medium quality, good water and plenty of it; abundance of oak, hickory, pine, and red cedar; climate healthful. Barbour, Henry, Dale, and Geneva: light sandy soil of good quality ; timberchiefly pine, oak, and hickory. Wilcox: heavy post-oak and light sandy soil; the post-oak land is best for cotton; timber-chiefly pine and oak. Chambers, Randolph, and Clay: light upland moderately productive; Dallas : land good; oakk, pine, oak, hickory, and chestnut timber. hickory, and pine timber. Talladega: land good; pine and oak. Tuscaloosa: land fair; pine, oak, hickory, &c. Russell, Bullock, and Lee: 150 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. uplands, sandy, pine woods; bottoms, rich sandy loam. Hale: sandy and limestone land; oak, hickory, ash, and pine timber. Florence and Lauderdale: good land and plenty of timber. Morgan and Blunt: ridges sandy; bottoms, black sandy loam; timber of all sorts abundant. De Kalb: yellow or mulatto soil, more or less gravelly; the various kinds of oak, poplar, hickory, ash, and sweet gum timber. Madison: land moderately good; oak, hickory, walnut, some pine and cedar. Lawrence: lard of every variety; white, black, red, post, and swamp oak, hickory, ash, and chestnut timber. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Butler: all kinds, but especially farm hands and house servants. Barbour : farm laborers, railroad laborers, and mechanics. Dale, Henry, and Geneva: farm labor chiefly. Wilcox: agricultural labor and house servants. Chambers, Randolph, and Clay: chiefly farm labor. Dallas: farm, railroad, mining, and mechanical. Talladega, Tuscaloosa, Madison, and Lawrence: agricultural. Russell, Bullock, Hale, and Lee: all kinds, but especially agricultural. Florence and Lauderdale: all kinds for which there is a demand in an agricultural community. Morgan and Blunt: common labor. De Kalb: there is a general demand for labor of all kinds. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor? Butler : nine steam and twenty water mills, chiefly saw-mills. Barbour, Dale, Henry, Geneva, Wilcox, Talladega, De Kalb, and Madison: none. Chambers, Randolph, and Clay : three cotton factories; the Chattahoochee, and the Georgia and Alabama, located on the Chattahoochee River, are in this vicinity; and in Randolph County the Rock Mills Manufacturing Company; all in operation. Dallas: there are some machine-shops. Tuscaloosa: the Kennedale Cotton Mills have 5,000 spindles and 120 looms; they produce 4,500 yards of sheeting and shirting per day ; average wages paid their laborers 70 cents per day; the " Warrior Works Foundery" manufactures castings, ploughs, &c.; the same firm has also a carding-machine and a grist-mill, and employs from twenty-five to thirty hands; average wages, $2 per day. Russell, Bullock, and Lee : there are cotton and tobacco factories, and iron-works in Columbus, Georgia, which is near to these counties. Hale: none; but much needed. Florence and Lauderdale: one fine cotton factory, and many grist and saw mills; all wanting labor. Morgan, Blunt, and Lawrence: some few steam-mills, but no factories. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress requiring common labor? If so, how far distant? Butler: the Brunswick and Vicksburg and Mobile and Girard Railroads will pass through this county. Chambers, Randolph, and Clay : the Montgomery and West Point Railroad passes through one county of this division, some 12 or 14 miles. Dallas: there are four railroads in this vicinity, all running into Selma, and employing in all about 6,000 hands. Tuscaloosa: the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad, now in rapid progress, passes through this county. Russell, Bullock, and Lee. two railroads are in process of construction near Opeleka, and one near Union Springs. Hale: the Eutaw and Livingston Railroad runs near Greensboro. Florence and Lauderdale: there is a railroad being con structed from Tuscumbia, which wants laborers. Morgan and Blunt: one new railroad under construction. De Kalb: the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad runs through this county for 20 miles; it is in running order that distance, but a considerable number of laborers are employed in the erection of station-houses, in making repairs, cutting wood, ties, &c. Wilcox: two railroads in process of construction. 151 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. Please state any advantages which your district cam offer to laborers, mechanics, or smalifarmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied? Butler: this county is remarkably healthful, is well watered, has abundance of good laud suitable for farms, of which not more than one-third is occupied and under cultivation. Barbour, Dale, Henry, and Geneva: the growing city of Eufala, in this division, has now 5,000 inhabitants, and is improving rapidly; a great demand for carpenters and blacksmiths; about one-third of the laud of these counties is unoccupied. This section is well supplied with fine water, is salubrious, and the community is civil, social, and law-abiding. Wilcox: the advantages for laborers are goodl; small farmers and house carpenters would do well; no good land unoccupied. Chambers, Randolph, and Clay: these counties offer superior inducements to laborers and small farmers; some nnoccupied laud of medium quality, and well-watered in Randolph County. Dallas: farm laborers and mechanics can always find work at first-class wages; there is plenty of good, well watered land for sale or rent at low prices; excellent sites for saw-mills, with a market near at hand. Tuscaloosa: there is a tract of about 75 miles square, lying east, west, and north of Tuscaloosa, of which not one-half is under cultivation. It is a broken well-watered country, very healthy, and presents extraordinary advantages for small farmers; some portions of it abound in coal and iron; the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad passes through it. Russell, Bullock, and Lee: plenty of good, well-watered land yet unoccupied. Hale: good farming district, with advantages for small farmers; very little good land unoccupied, but the cultivation is generally'poor. Florence and Lauderdale: cheap lands, fine water, and a healthful climate. Morgan and Blunt : laborers find employment at tolerably good wages; there is but little land unoccupied. Do Kalb: a great demand for shoemakers and blacksmiths, who are much needed; a large quantity of unoccupied laud, some well watered, but not very productive; energetic men, especially mechanics, can make money. Madison: the is chiefly devoted to cotton culture; farm laborers are in demand; rents are high, (on shares,) but there is a great deal of good land unoccupied; cotton can be for about 124 cents per pound. Lawrence: laborers and mechanics can always get work at remunerative prices; small farmers will good opportunities; there is a great deal of unoccupied land, but it is generally poor:# It is a mountainous region, containing a considerable quantity of minerals, is well watered, and has fine motive power for machinery. What are of ordinary stock, sound and in good condition ? sufficient land raised find the_prices -4 -" Counties. farmn Working oxen, per pair. Butler--------------------$60 1 1 2 2 2 75 Barbour------------------ 75 Wilcox . - --------- -Talladega -- ---- --------------40 Chambers --- -- -- -- -- --- $50 to 75 Dallas------------------ 40 to80 Tuscaloosa--------------- WorkingMchow, mules, each. sheep, each. $25 $1 00 each. $125 to 150 $125 to 200 1 2 Working horses, each. 60 2 2 3 Russell-----------------nale----------------Florence and Lauderdale. 3 Morgan------------------- 3 De Kalb---------------... 100 150 150 100 200 200 to to 200 200 to to 300 175 to to 225 -150 to to200 100 to 250 250 250 225 300' 150- 175 70 -- 80 40 130 150 100 75 125 175 200 150 3-25 160 50to 60100 tol125 1130to 25 2 50 $25 to 35 175c. to 1 25 25' 1 75 20 to 50 $t 50 to 2 50 20to50 1 25 to 300 235 30 253to40 25 25 20 to 30 3 00 1 50 2 00 to300 3 00 3 00 150 to 2501 o, lb 3c. 10c, l0c. 8c. loe. lOc. 152 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. MISSISSIPPI. Area, 30,179,840 acres. Population in 1870, 834,170. Can land be purchasedor rented in your district suitable for small farms onfavorable terms ? Bolivar, Copiah, Pike, De Soto, Yalabusha, and Carroll: yes. Lawrence and Covington: land that will produce half a bale of cotton to the acre can be purchased at Government price within ten miles of a railroad. Hancock, Harrison, and Jackson: the land is not suited to cultivation. Lowndes: any quantity of improved or unimproved from 40 to 1,000 acres. Oktibbeha: yes; any number of acres from 20 to 1,000. What is the price per acre of small improved farms,? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Copiah: $5 to $10; a small portion fenced ; buildings indifferent. Lawrence and Covington: improved farms, $10; one-half cleared and fenced; buildings inferior. Pike: from $2 50 to $5 and upwards, according to nature of improvements and proximity to market; log build ings. Lowndes: sandy lands east of Tombigbee River, if improved, $2 50 to $15; prairie lands west of the river, $10 to $25; about one, half of the land is cultivated. Oktibbeha: $5 to $15; one-half under cultivation and fenced; the balance timbered and without fence; buildings very common. De Soto: about $20 per acre; one-half under cultivation; two-thirds fenced; log buildings. Bolivar: $10 to $20; one-half under cultivation; common buildings. Yalabusha: $10 to $15; fences bad. Carroll: $2 to $10; most of the land has been culti vated; buildings and fencing in bad condition. What is the priceper acre of unimproved land, what proportionis cleared, and how much, ifany, is fenced ? Copiah: from $5 to $10, near a railroad; two or three miles from road, $2 to $5; not fenced. Lawrence and Covington: $2; not fenced. Pike: the price depends on proximity to market or railroad; lowest, $2 50; log buildings. Hancock, Harrison, and Jackson: $1 to $2 50. Oktibbeha: $2 for uncleared and unfenced land. De Soto: $10; threefourths cleared; not fenced. Bolivar: $2 50 to $5; none cleared, none fenced; Yalabusha: $2 to $5; very little cleared; none fenced. Carroll: $1 25 to $6. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds? Copiah : many rent from $3 to $5 per acre; one-half the crop when rented on shares, the owner furnishing team. Lawrence and Covington: nearly all land is rented on shares, the owner receiving one-half, furnishing stock, implements, and seeds. Pike: within five miles of railroad, 50 cents per acre; more remote, 25 cents; on shares, owner furnishing team and seeds receives half the product. Lowndes: sandy lands, $2 to $4; prairie, $5; on shares, the owner receives one-third of the corn and one-fourth of the cotton, if renter furnishes team, &c.; it otherwise, one-half of the crop. Oktibbeha: $3 to $4; on shares, as above. De Soto: $6 per acre; owner gets one-half when he furnishes stock, implements, and seeds; and one-third when the renter furnishes them. Bolivar: $4 to $6; on shares, as above. Yalabusha: most of the farms are rented on shares; one-fourth when renter furnishes team, implements and seeds; otherwise, one-half. Carroll: shares, same as above. INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 153 What are the chief articles of production, and what are the presentprices of two or three of them? Articles of production. Prices. Counties. Cotton ..... per pound.. $0 20 to $0 23 85 Bolivar, Copiah, Lawrence, Covington, Oktibbeha, Lowndes, Pike, De Soto, Yalabusha, Carroll. De Soto. Do-----........... do......-- 1 00 Lowndes, Oktibbeha, Bolivar, Yalabusha, -Wheat......... do...... 1 50 Oktibbeha. Lumber -...---...... per M.. 12 00 Hancock, Harrison, Jackson. Turpentine .. per gallon.- 40 Hancock, Harrison, Jackson. Corn-........per bushel.. Carroll. * These were the rates in 1869-'70. In 1870-'71 the price averaged about 14 cents. What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing ? Copiah: railroad passes through this county. Lawrence and Coving ton: Brookhaven, in Lawrence County, is the market town, New Orleans, Jackson, and Great Northern Railroad passing through it. Pike : a market town and railroad station in this county. Hancock, Harrison, and Jackson : one or more steamboat landings in each county; 100 miles to the city of New Orleans. Lowndes: nowhere over 20 miles from river or railroad. Oktibbeha : twelve miles from county site to station on railroad. De Soto: the Mississippi River is the western boundary, and a railroad runs through the central part of the county. Bolivar: from one to ten miles to steamboat landing. Yalabusha: a railroad depot in the county town. Carroll: Mississippi Central Railroad runs through the county, having three stations within the county; the Yazoo River is the western boundary, navigable all the year. What is the general quality of land, and the kind of timber ? Copiah: black sandy land, clay subsoil, of variable quality; oak and long-leaf pine timber. Lawrence and Covington: light soil, inferior quality; pine timber generally. Pike: sandy loam; some oak and hickory, but principally yellow pine. Hancock, Harrison, and Jackson: sandy and unproductive; yellow pine and live oak. Lowndes: every variety, from poor hilly land to richest valleys and prairie. Oktibbeha: the eastern half of county is prairie; timber scarce; the western is sandy land, well timbered. De Soto: two-thirds productive uplands, one-third bottom; oak, poplar, gum, and hickory. Bolivar: the best alluvial bottom land; cottonwood, cypress, and other swamp growths. Yalabusha: land of medium quality; oak and pine timber. Carroll: eastern portion somewhat hilly and broken; sandy soil; western, black loam, very rich, producing from 350 to 600 pounds of lint cotton to the acre. For wchat kind of labor is there a demand ? Copiah: all kinds, especially farm labor. Lawrence and Covington: agricultural, unlimited demand. Pike: all kinds; white preferred, for the reason that black is unreliable. Hancock, Harrison, and Jackson : lumbermen. Lowndes: all kinds of reliable labor in demand. Oktibbeha : farm labor. :De Soto: farm and mechanical. Bolivar: farm labor. Yalabusha: white laborers. Carroll: farm laborers, teamsters, house servants. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring ,killed labor? Copiah: cotton and woolen mills established in 1866. Lawrence and 154 SPECIAL REPORT ON 'IMMIGRATION. Covington: only one or two saw-mills of limited capacity. Hancock Harrison, and Jackson: fourteen lumber-mills, two founderies. Lowndes. Pike, and Bolivar: none. Oktibbeha: about a dozen steam, grist, anC; saw mills. De Soto: a few grist and saw mills. Yalabusha: rolling mills, planing-mills, grist-mills, and saw-mills. Carroll: cotton factory at Carrollton. Are there in your vicinity any railroads or other public in progress requiringcommon labor? If so, how far distant? Copiah, Lawrence, Covington, and Pike: the New Orleans, Jackson, and Great Northern Railroad passes through these counties. Hancock, Harrison, and Jackson: a railroad through these counties is nearly completed. levees along the river. Yalabusha: two railroads are about to-be commenced, as soon as laborers can be obtained. Carroll: Mississippi Central Railroad is in want of section hands. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. this county offers great advantages to all classes of laborers; a large quantity of productive land to be had at a low rate; if rented, one-half the crop is allotted for the labor of tillage, the owner furnishing team, implements, and seeds. Lawrence and Covington healthful climate, good water, soil of medium quality; some land be obtained from the Government at $1 25 per acre, lying 20 miles from railroad. Pike : abundance of land of reasonably good quality, watered streams, yet unoccupied; the climate being remarkably genial, by the industrious laborer, mechanic, or small farmer would find this seetion well suited to his taste and affording an excellent field for enterprise. We need industrious and enterprising men. Hancock, Harrison, and Jackson: nine-tenths of the land is subject to homestead entry, but it is not suited to farming purposes; lumbering and oyster fishing the principal employments. Lowndes : one-half the lands in this county are or have been under cultivation ; east of the Tombigbee River farms are small and a majority of the farm hands white; west of the river the farms are large, and three-fourths of laborers are negroes. Oktibbeha: the advantages are good for laborers, especially farm ers; farmers with some capital are needed; there are several good sites and a considerable quantity of good land unoccupied. Do Soto : any man who is willing to work, and has some capital to commence with, can, do well ; lands are rapidly advancing in value. Bolivar : the high prices paid for farm labor make it advantageous for all' who want that kind of employment. Yalabusha : the best of inducements for laborers and mechanics, and plenty of good farms to be sold or rented at reasonable prices. What are the .pricesof ordinaryfarm stock, sound and in good condition? works Bolivar: Copiah: may small are the labormill the Working oWorking oxen, pair. -~Counties. aper I 1 1 2 2 2 $75 copinh 75 Lawrence. ------ $50 to 80 Pike .____--Carroll .- --------- 25 to 75 Lowndes......... Oktibbeha .. oo.... _. 3 Bolivar..._.. 3 Yalabusha ___. 3- Tallaatche.-- hre, each,. $125 to 250 150 150 to 250 125 to 200 40 to 60 100 to 150 60 015103 150 125 75 to 1'25 75 150 to 200 150 to 250 10 Mc i mules, ah each. Working $75 to 225 150 125 to 250 125 to 300 100 to 200 175 125 to 200 200 15035 pechHogs. per 5heews poud $2 50 $25 2 00 $20 to 50 1 25 to 40 i$ 00 to 2 50 12 to 35 I----------------... 15 to 30 1 3 00 30 501to 2 00 0 30 to 40 3 00 25 to 33 1 50 to 2 50 2n 0 80. to 9c. 5c. 7c. 9c. --- .{_D 7e lac. Cc INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 155 TENNESSEE. Area, 29,184,000 acres. Population in 1870, 1,258,179. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitablefor small farms onfavorable terms? Hawkins, Cocke, Washington, Greene, Blount, Bradley, Union, McMinn, Hamilton, Mason, De Kalb, Franklin, Bedford, Robertson, Humphreys, Montgomery, Lawrence, Wayne, Dickson, Hickman, Gibson, Obion, Henry, Benton. Hardeman, Tipton, McNairy, and Madison : land may be either purchased or rented on favorable terms. Sumner : land may be purchased, but there is none to rent. Davidson and Rutherford : none to be sold or rented. Williamson : nearly all the land in this locality is rented at high rates in money, or a large portion of the crop. Fayette: most of the lands are owned by moneyed men who are willing to rent, but require one-half the product. What is the price per acre of small improved farms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Hawkins: from $2 50 to $20 per acre; one-fourth to three-fourths fenced; good log buildings generally. Cocke: $10 to $15; one-fourth under cultivation and fenced; buildings rather poor. Washington: from $5 to $10, some from $15 to $20; one-half to two-thirds under cultivation and fenced; common wooden buildings. Greene: from $5 to $20; about one-third under cultivation; buildings not very good. Blount: $8 to $20; about one-third has been under cultivation, the most of which is fenced ; comfortable buildings of frame, brick, or stone. Bradley : from $5 to $10; best improved lands from $20 to $30. Union : $3 to $15; one-half under cultivation; some log buildings, and some of frame and brick. McMinn: $15 to $25; from one-third to one-half fenced; buildings, frame and log. Hamilton : $10 to $20; one-third to two-thirds cultivated; cleared land generally fenced; buildings poor. Macon: $10 ; one-third to one-half fenced ; buildings generally of wood. Smith: $15 to $20. De Kalb: $15 to $25, with medium improvements. Rutherford: farms consist generally of 300 to 600 acres, worth from $60 to $100 per acre; fences good; chiefly frame buildings. Franklin: $5 to $35; one-half cleared and fenced; buildings poor. Bedford : $25 to $40; one-half under cultivation and fenced; buildings of log and frame, and a few of brick. Robertson: $2 to $50, according to location and quality; one-half under cultivation; log buildings. Sumner: $20 to $35; one-half under cultivation. Davidson : $5 to $200; about one-half is or has been under cultivation and fenced; wooden buildings. Williamson: $10 to $75. Humphreys: average about $8; one-eighth under cultivation; one-sixth fenced; buildings of hewn logs. Montgomery: $20 to $30; one-half under cultivation and fenced; log buildings. Lawrence: $3 to $10. Wayne: $10 to $50; very little cultivated. Dickson and Hickman: $8; one-half under cultivation; log and frame buildings. Gibson: $10 to $25. Obion: $20 to $25; onefourth under cultivation; log buildings. Henry and Benton: $10 to $30; one-third under cultivation and fenced; buildings mostly of wood. Hardeman; $5 to $50; two-thirds under cultivation; buildings good. Tipton: to $50. Fayette: no small farms. Carroll: $10 to $12; one-third cultivated; log and frame buildings. McNairy and Madison: $5 to $50; one-half under cultivation and fenced; log buildings. What is the price per acre of unimproved land, what proportion is cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? Hawkins: $2 to $5 on the mountains; $10 to $25 in the valleys. $5 1~56 SPECIAL 156 REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. $4 $15; none Cocke: $1 to $5; none fenced. Washington: from to $8; one-third cleared or to one-half cleared and fenced. Greene: $3 to fenced. $5 to less than one-half cleared and fenced. Bradley: not much unimproved. Union: $3 to $12. Hamilton:$5 to $15. Macon: from to $3. De Kalb : to $20. Rutherford and McMinn: no unimproved land that is fit for agricultural purposes. Franklin: from 50 cents to $8, mountain or barren. Bedford: to to $5. Sumner: $10; very small proportion cleared. RobertsoQ: some for $1 50 per acre, thin soil, good for fruit. Davidson: very little unimproved. Williamson: $2 and upwards. llmphreys : to $10. Montgomery: to $30. Lawrence: $3 to $10. Wayne: to mostly hilly and barren lands, but rich with iron ore. Dickson and Hickman; $5. Gibson: $2 to Obion: to $20. Henry and CarBenton: to $20. Hardeman, Tipton, and Fayette $10 to roll: average $6. McNairy and Madison: $10 to woodland more valuable than cleared. Haywood and Shelby: $25 to $60. What is the yearly rent of small improved farns? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? 2Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds?2 Hawkins: the owner receives one-third of all that is raised; and if he furnish stock, implements, &c., one-half. Washington, Greene, McMinn, Franklin, Sumner, Williamson, Lawrence, Dickson, and Hickman: the same as above. Cocke: owner receives on upland; on river bottom, one-half; renter furnishing all. Blount: when owner furnishes stock, implements, and seeds he receives two-thirds; otherwise, one-third. Bradley: $2 to $3; shares, one-half and one-third. Union: 10 to 15 per cent. of the value; shares, as above. Hamilton: to Rutherford: shares, the same. Macon: $4 to $5. De Kalb : $5 to $10. Bedford: shares, one-half; and if owner furnishes he receives two-thirds. Benton: $2 to $5. Davidson: one-third for the land, one-third for labor, and one-third for stock, implements, and seeds. Hunmphreys: $1 25 to on shares, one-third; on river lands, from to $8. Montgomery: $2 to $10, on one-third the crop. Wayne: $3, or one-third. Dickson and Hickman: one-third, and if owner furnish stock, &c., one-half. Gibson: $1 50 to $5. Obion: $4, or one-third. Henry and Benton : grain land, one-third ; land for tobacco and cotton, from to $5. Hardeman, Madison, Tipton, and Fayette : $2 to or one-third unfurnished, and if furnished, one-half. What are thme chief articles of production, and what are the present prices Blount: $20; $1 $10 $7 $2 $1 $1 $15 $12. $2 $15 $5; $30. $30; one-third $5 $3. $10; $3; $5 $10; $3 of some of them? Wheat.-per Do-----do Do------ Do- ----- ----------- $0 90 ------ bushel 80 d-------- 1 00 05 to ----------- 1 10 1 25 ----------- 1 50 50 to 60 do-...$1 Do----do Do---------__ .do Cointies. Prices. Articles of production. __----do--------_ Corn---__ do - -------Do __- ------- Do--.--.--- do-_-__ Do--------- do Do Kalb. Montgomery, Lawrence. Hawkins, Cocke, Macon, Bradley, Ruther- ford, Franklin, Bedford, Williamson, Henry, Hlumphreys, Benton. Davidson, McMinn, Gibsoni. Washington, Blount, Bradley, Union, Ham- ilton, Robertson, 'Wayne, Dickson, Hick- 60 McNairy. Montgomery, Bedford, IBenton, Bradley. I 60 to 80 Humphreys. Hawkins, Macon, Obion, McNairy,MaioFyte 1-. -b Hrdmn. 1Heury, Carroll, INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. Articles of production. Prices. 157 Contents. Cocke, Union, Dickson, Hickman. Franklin, Williamson, Humphreys, Wayne, Gibson. 85 Blount. Do.....-----...... do ...... 95 Rutherford, Davidson. Do..--------.........do......$0 90 to 1 00 McMinn, Robertson. Do-.......... do......-40 Hawkins, Bradley. Oats-----.----......... do...... 50 Blount, Union, eKalb, Lawrence. Do---------.......... do...... Do----..-.....---... do...... 60 Franklin, Wayne. Potatoes ....... do ..... 75 Blount, Wayne, Bedford, Lawrence. Do---------........... do...... 1 00 Union. 21 Franklin, Bedford, Dickson, Hickman. Cotton -.... per pound.. 22 Rutherford, Hardeman. Do---------........... do...... Do---------........... do...... 221 Williamson, Obion, Fayette. 23 Madison, Gibson. Do....-----.....do...... Corn ...... per bushel.. Do--...........do ...... $0 75 80 * These were the rates for raw cotton in the year 1869-'70. in 1870-'71. The prices were from 10 cents to 14 cents What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing ? Hawkins: a railroad to Rogersville. Cocke: a railroad through the center of the county. Washington: from 10 to 15 miles to railroad station. Blount : a railroad passes through the center of the county, which is bounded on two sides by navigable rivers. Bradley: from 3 to 10 miles. Union: 16 miles to a railroad station; 23 miles to a market town. McMinn: there is a railroad through the county town. Hamilton: from 1 to 15 miles. Macon: steamboat landing, 16 miles; railroad station, 33 miles. De Kalb: 18 miles. Rutherford: Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad traverses the entire length of the county. Franklin: the same, with two additional roads. Bedford: 10 miles from any portion of the county. Robertson: Edgefield and Kentucky Railroad passes through this county near the center. Sumner: the Cumberland River is navigable at least six months in the year, and is the line between this and Wilson County; and a railroad runs through the center of this county. Davidson: we have all of them very convenient. Williamson: Nashville and Decatur Railroad passes through the county. Humphreys: convenient to railroad and Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. Montgomery: 20 miles is the farthest point in the county from a market. Lawrence: 16 miles. Wayne: steamboat landing, 13 miles; railroad and market town, 30 miles. Gibson: two railroads and five stations within the county. Obion: we are on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Henry and Benton: Memphis and Ohio Railroad runs through the county seat of Henry County; another railroad runs through Benton; several stations on each; Tennessee River runs on eastern boundary. Hardeman: railroad station at this place; 52 miles to Memphis. Tipton: steamboat, 16 miles; station, 13 miles; market town, 42 miles. Fayette: 33 miles to Memphis; there are several railroad stations in this county. McNairy: from 5 to 10 miles is the greatest distance from any farm in the county to a railroad. Madison: from 1 to 10 miles to railroad station. The five last-named counties, together with Shelby and Haywood, are well supplied with railroad and river communication to all parts of the country. What is the general quality of land, and the kind of timber? Hawkins: good; timber-oak, hickory, ash, poplar, pine, sugar-tree maple, dogwood, cedar, and spruce. Cocke: land of various qualities; 158 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. timber of almost all kinds; pine, walnut, birch, cherry, chestnut, oak, poplar, cedar, gum, &c. Washington: land of medium quality; white and black oak, hickory, and chestnut. Greene: good land; timber of all kinds. Blount: black clay; oak, chestnut, hickory, walnut, pine, rand ash. Bradley: black, gravelly, gray, and red soil; pine, hickory, post oak, &c. Union: about half valley land with a clay bottom; the other, ridge and gravelly ; hickory, pine, oak, poplar, chestnut, dogwood, &c. McMinn: clay subsoil; hickory, chestnut, poplar, and pine in abundance. Hamilton: first quality ; rolling land; loam and alluvium; clay bottom; limestoe and mulatto soil; hickory, walnut, oak, pine, and gum timber. Macon: land heavily timbered with chestnut, poplar, and oak. De Kalb: limestone land; poplar, ash, hickory, and walnut. Rutherford: light sand; chiefly oak timber. Franklin: all varieties from very poor to very rich soil; black oak and black walnut. Bedford: about three-fifths flat, rich bottoms; two fifths rolling; poplar, oak, hickory, chestnut, &c. Robertson: in some localities excellent; black and red oak, chestnut, poplar, hickory, dogwood, maple, &c. Sumner: the land is generally good; beech, poplar, oak, walnut, hickory, and chestnut. Davidson: good; oak, beech, maple, hickory, elm, and ash. Williamson: about one-third fit for profitable cultivation; but poorly supplied with timber for fencing and building purposes; the remainder has an abundance of poplar, oak, &c. Humphreys: the country is broken and the valley lands are generally good; all kinds of timber in abundance. Montgomery: fair average quality. Lawrence: upland; oak, poplar, chestnut. Wayne: bottom land for cultivation; poplar, beech, oak, hickory, &c. Dickson and Hickman: on the river courses the land is fertile; poplar, oak, hickory, maple, ash, walnut, &c. Gibson: land excellent; timber in great abundance. Obion: land very good; poplar, oak, ash and hickory. Henry and Benton: medium quality; oak, poplar, and chestnut. Hardeman: good land; oak timber. Tipton: hilly, with clay bottom; the river lands are sandy. Fayette: some bottom lands are very good; oak, ash, hickory, &c. McNairy: extensive bottom lands on all rivers and creeks, which make up the greater portion of the farming land, and beech uplands; very productive; oak, poplar, cherry, walnut, and pine. Madison: good uplands, capable of producing from one to two thousand pounds of seed cotton per acre; oak, hickory, beech, poplar, pine and cypress timber. For what kind of labor is there a demand? Hawkins, Cocke, Blount, Hamilton, Hlumphreys, Lawrence, Wayne, Gibson: all kinds. Washington, De Kalb, Union, Henry, Benton, Franklin, Sumner, and Williamson: agricultural and mechanical. Greene, Macon, Gibson, and Obion: farm labor. McMinn, Robertson, and Montgomery: farm hands and domestic servants. Dickson and Hickman: farm hands, wood-choppers, furnace-men, and house servants. Bradley and Davidson: the supply is equal to the demand. Rutherford: agricultural. Hardeman: farm and railroad labor. Tipton: farm hands and wood-choppers. Fayette: negro labor for cotton-raising. Madison and McNairy: reliable farm laborers are in demand. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor? Hawkins and Hardeman: flour-mills. Cocke, Union, and Madison: grist and saw mills, by steam and water-power. Greene: one or two cotton factories, iron founderies, and zinc works. Blount: cotton and woolen mills. Bradley: in mills and factories we are greatly deficient; capitalists would here find opportunity for safe and remunerative investment in machinery of any kind. McMinn: two cotton factories, twelve 159 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. or fifteen good flour-mills, and four or five wool-carding machines. Hamilton: foundery, machine-shop, car-works, iron-works, furniture, sash, blind, and door factories, and saw and grist mills. Rutherford: mills; no factories; not much demand for skilled labor. Franklin: one fine, large steam tannery, two cotton factories, one paper-mill, three very large flour-mills, twenty smaller ones, about ten steam and as many water-power saw-mills. Bedford: three cottonfactories. Washington: but few requiring skilled labor. Sumner: three flour-mills, one woolen factory, one foundery, one very large cotton factory. Davidson: sev. eral small saw and grist mills, one large cedar bucket factory, a broom factory, &c. Williamson: one flour-mill, several small custom-mills, and eight or ten saw-mills. Montgomery: planing-mills and woolenmill. Dickson and Hickman : cotton-mills, furnaces, &c. Gibson: grist and saw mills, woolen factory, planing-mill, &c. Henry and Benton: cotton factories, saw and grist mills. Tipton: several mills and factories. Fayette: four or five grist-mills and as many saw-mills. MNeairy: a few steam saw-mills. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress requiring common labor ? If so, how far distant ? Cocke: a railroad nearly completed. Blount: three railroads within the county. Bradley: 50 miles. Union: two railroads 15 miles off. Hamilton: yes; all about here, in every direction. Macon: one soon to be built. De Kalb: 18 miles distant. Davidson: one railroad in process of construction. Montgomery : 25 to 40 miles. Dickson, Hickman, Hardeman, and Tipton: yes; one through each county. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied ? Hawkins: I would recommend East Tennessee to all persons, especially to laboring people; and think the day is not far distant when this will be a great manufacturing county. Cocke: there is mountain land-mineral land-well timbered and well watered land, and extensive water-power on small streams, rivers, and creeks. Washington: not much land unoccupied, but almost unlimited water-power. Greene: the extensive forests of timber, vast mineral resources, the variety and abundance of the productions of the soil, the immense water-power, and cheapness of living, present attractions to the manufacturer rarely found elsewhere. Blount: abundance of land for rent and for sale. Bradley: our farms are for the most part too large and might be divided with great advantage to both owner and purchaser. Union: some of the finest water-powers in the world, and plenty of mineral lands for sale cheap. McMinn: small farmers, if energetic and industrious, can do well here; a mild, healthful climate and abundance of fruit. Hamilton: mechanics command good wages here throughout the year. Macon: there is very little improvement going on, and consequently not much demand for labor. De Kalb: a good many farms for sale. Rutherford: the freedmen constitute the laboring class; the supply being fully equal to the demand. Franklin : there is a considerable demand for skilled white labor and for mechanics at fair prices. Bedford: the inducements are good for mechanics and small farmers; a good deal of land yet unoccupied. Robertson and Sumner: the same. Davidson: not many inducements to immigration; our educational institutions are not what they should be. Williamson: the soil is considered good, but the farms are too large; and, as a general rule, improvements and water are insufficient for subdivisions. Humphreys: there is considerable demand for farm hands and liberal prices are paid; there are plenty of vacant lands, few 160 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. of the clearing of which would furnish labor for many hands; plenty pure, good water. -Montgomery: not more than half of the good g land is cleared, and much of this is not cultivated; it is well watered farm- in timbered; and climate temperate and remarkably healthful. Lawrence: a large quantity unoccupied. Wayne: we have the greatest iron-ore region in the State; pine forest without end, but no saw-mills; chestnutoak tan-bark to last 100 years for 500 tanneries in this county; tion within 15 miles of county seat; best water-power and most healthful climate in America. Dickson and Hickman: there are but few mechanics in the district; laborers are paid good wages; land is cheap and produces well; markets convenient. Gibson: we have good society, a healthful climate, a flourishing and rapidly-growing country; laborers and mechanics command high wages and find plenty of work; good lands at low prices and markets convenient. Obion: our district can offer constant employment to laborers, mechanics, and small farmers; large quantities of land of good qnality and well watered, yet unoccupied. Henry and Benton: the best land is nearly all occupied. iardeman and Tipton : plenty of land, but not well watered. Fayette: land-owners are not very desirous to sell, being generally men of large means. M Nairy : the resources of this county have not been developcd for wan of labor. Madison: small farmers can obtain homes here on liberal terms. What are the prices of ordinaryfarn stock, sound and in good condition naviga- working Working oxen, per pair. Counties. horses, each, Working mules, each. Hawkins .-....---..-. $50 to 125 Coeke ...-------------------80 Washing;ton- - ---------50 to 100 75 Greene --------------Blount---------------- 75 to 100 Bradey-- - --70to 100 Union--- ----- - ---- 50to 80 Macon -- --------------- 75 to 100 --- --------100 Bedford----------------75 to 125 Franklin -------------65 $75 to 150 150 to 200 100 to 150 125 125 to 200 100 to 200 75 to 150 125 to 200 120 100 to 150 100 to 125 $100 to 200 150 to 200 150 to 200 150 125 to 200 100 to 200 80 to 150 130 to 200 140 100 to 150 100 to 200 100 to 125 150 to 175 100 to 150 140 to 175 60 to 70 11u phrcys.- - - - --------65 to 100 125 to 150 125 to 175 75 80 to 100 100 to 120 Rlutherford ~u~e--------------- lliiipuo Dav idson-------------.-- -- _ -. Lawrence---------------- Gibson- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---Obion 75 to 100 100 to 150 S 150 .--------------60 125 Henry and Benton .. 100 125 to 200 Tipton--------------- ---100 tol150 Carroll---------------- 50to 90 125 to 150 McNairy- -------------- 75 to 100 7i5 100 to 200 Madison----------------Average--------------$85 43 $135 54 Mileheows, each.p Sheepeach.putp $15 to 50 20 to 40 25 to 30 25 $0 75 to 2 00 1 00 to 2 00 2 00 to 3 00 3 25 to 35 2 00 to 4 00 6c. 20 to 1 50 to 3 00 6e. 12 to 35 30 7c. 7c. 6c. 00........... 1 50to2 00....... 20to 40 200to50............ 125 to 175 140 to 175 35 to 70 25 to 100 20 to 25 30Oto 40 40 to 70 100 to 225 125 to 200 20 to 50 15 to 25 3 00........... 2 00 to 4 00........... 1 25 2 O0toS 00 2 00 to 3 00 1 50 to 2 50 8c. 100 to 175 175 150 200 125 to 200 150 to 200 25 to 30 50 to 50 25 25 18 to 30 15 to 25 20 to 35 140 to 225 40 $157 06 $32 39 ------ 90. 1 50 to 2 00 .. -....... 3 00 --...---_. 3 00 to 10 001....... 2 00 2 1 00 to 3 1 2 00 to 3 00 00 50 I 50 3 00 $2 5 -- I......--_ -7 8c. 7c. 7c. 71c. The, 1-6o.I(II AR~KANSAS. Area, 33,406,720 acres. Population in 1870, 483,157. Can land be purchased or rented in your districtsuitable for small farms on favorable terms White, Conway, Ouachita, Drew, Washington, Yell, Benton, Madison, ? Phillips: portions of large farms Carroll, Boone, and Marion : it can. co a erentaedn favoTrable tearms.Cross, PoinsettCraigheadaa cnd INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 161 low. Clark: it can, on very favorable terms; good land can be purchased at from 50 cents to $5 per acre. What is the price per acre of small improved farms ? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Conway: upland from $2 to $8 per acre, with about one-third under cultivation; log buildings; improvements of a low order generally. Phillips: small farms are very scarce; a few may be found on the uplands with from 10 to 30 acres cleared, a log house and some fencing; they are offered for from $10 to $25. Cross, Poinsett, Craighead, and Greene: $5 to $15; from 5 to 40 acres under cultivation, and fenced; buildings inferior, log cabins generally. Ouachita: from $1 to $5. Drew: ,5 to $10; one-fourth fenced and under cultivation. Pulaski: in the upland portion from $5 to $20; small parcels can be purchased, partly on time. Clark: from one-fourth to one-half of the small tracts are in cultivation; buildings principally of logs. Washington: the price is governed by the quality of land; from $5 to $20; two-thirds cultivated; log houses, barns, &c. Benton, Madison, Carroll, Boone, and Marion: from $5 to $20; one-half to two-thirds under cultivation, and" fenced; log buildings. Yell: from $3 to $5; from 20 to 30 acres under cultivation; buildings ordinary. What is the price per acre of unimproved land, what proportionis cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? Conway: upland from $1 50 to $5; bottom land from $10 to $20. Phillips : $2 to $5: there are tracts called " deadenings," without other improvement, that can be purchased on time for from $10 to $15. Cross, Poinsett, Craighead, and Greene: from $1 to $10; neither cleared nor fenced. Ouachita : from $25 to $100: Drew : from $2 to $5. Pulaski: from $2 to $10. Clark: from 50 cents to $5; on some farms the unimproved lands are fenced. Washington: from $1 25 to $5; the uncleared not fenced. Benton, Madison, Carroll, Boone, and Marion: $1 25 to $5; none cleared or fenced. Yell: $2 50. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds? White: everything provided, one-half of crop. Conway: one-third of the corn, and one-fourth of the cotton; or owner furnishing everything but rations of receives half; or for upland $3, and bottom land from $5 to $10. Phillips: few if any to rent; $5 to $14. Cross, Poinsett, Craighead, and Greene: $2 to $5; on shares, one-half when owner furnishes stock and implements, and one-third when the laborer furnishes them. Ouachita: $3; or one-third of the corn and one-fourth of the cotton when renter furnishes implements, &c. Drew $3 to $5; on shares, same as above. Pulaski: the best river lands $10; on shares, same as above. Clark: one-third of crop. Washington: on shares generally, proportions the same as above. Benton, Madison, Carroll, Boone, and Marion : rented on shares usually, owner receiving onethird; or if he furnish, one-half. Yell: bottom lands $10; uplands on shares generally, owner furnishing, and receiving one-half the product. 11 "cropper" 162 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. What are the chief articles of production, and what are the present prices of two or three of them?2 Prices. Articles of production. 22 23 24 Drew. Ouachita, Conway. Phillips, Pulaski. Cross, Poinsett, Craighead, Greene. 60 Benton, Madison, Carroll, Boone, Marion. 25 Cotton*-....per pound.. do-----Do-....---.. Do ----------- do----do -----Do--per bushelCorn ---- Coneties. Washington, Cross, Poinsett, Craighead, Greene. Conway. White, Phillips, Drew, Clark, Yell. Pulaski, Ouachita. $0 20 $0 21 to 221 to 22 to ...... 75 75 to 1 00 Do---.-----do-----1-00 Do--------.. do -1 Do.Do---------... do 1 -...... do 'Wheat-------do..__ Do------_...---do... Do ---------- do1-----Potatoes-. _ do ___ _"--_--do-___.. Do-do--Do------d-do.... Oats------ - Do-------do....75 1 00 1 25 ,Benton, 1,50 75 1 00 1 50 50 Cross, Poinsett, Craighead, Greene, Cross, Poinsett, Craighead, Greene. Yell. Pulaski. Yell. Washington. Yell. 1 00 Do--------..- do Madison, Carroll, Boone, Marion. Washington. Pulaski. x The prices of cotton were those prevailing in 1869-'70. to 15 cents. In the year 1870-71 the rates were from 12 What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a stemboat landing?2 Conway: this county is on the Arkansas Liver, and has several steamboat landings. Phillips: from to 40 miles. Cross, Poinsett, Craighead, and Greene: to market town and steamboat landing, 50 miles; to railthis is a road station, 70 miles from center of this division. market town and steamboat landing. Drew: 40 miles to the Mississippi Liver, Liver, though much of our produce is shipped down the distance 15 miles. Pulaski : Little Lock is our market town. Clark: 10 2 Onachita: Saline Washington: miles to steamboat lauding ; no railroads.' 50 miles to steamboat landing. Benton, Madison, Carroll, Boone, and Marion : 5 miles. Yell : from 10 to 25 miles to steamboat landing. What is the general quality of land and the, kind of timber?2 White : land of fair quality ; white oak, black oak, pine, hickory, walnut, gum, and ash timber. Conway : uplands very ordinary ; bottom land, river and creek, unsurpassed for fertility. Phillips : the uplands are considered good farming lands; gum, oak, ash, hickory, poplar, elm, wv~illow dogwood, elm, pecan, and h-ckberry. Cross, Poinsett, Craighead, oak, and Greene : black, sandy loam, gravel and clay ; gum, hickory, ash, hackberry, ironwood, dogwood, redbud, sycamore, cottonwood, walnut, cypress, &c. Guachita : land of good quality ; pine timber. Drew: uplands and creek bottoms; pine, oak, hickory, walnut, gum, and cypress timber. Pulaski: table and ridge land, prairie and river bottom ; almost every variety of timber in the greatest abundance medium; oak, hickor-y, pine, on all except the prairie lands. Clark : ash, and cypress. Washington : bottom and npLnd ; timber consists prtincipally of walnut, cherry, ash, hickory, and oak. Benton, Mad isoni, +. ak wa.lunt ,11cherry, ash , &c -Yell: .cutiatin; ar not.inthe_~ wa o A INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 163 For what kind of labor is there a demand ? White: farm and mechanical. Conway : farm labor. Phillips: farm hands, and farmers to work on shares, with or without stock; persons owning their own teams and able to supply themselves can make the most advantageous arrangements. Cross, Poinsett, Craighead, and Greene: farm labor and mechanics of all kinds. Ouachita and Drew: field labor and mechanics. Pulaski: farmers, miners, brick-masons, slate-cutters, railroad laborers, and carpenters: Clark: all kinds. Washington: farm and mechanical labor. Benton, Madison, Carroll, Boone, and Marion : farm and mechanical. Yell: principally farm labor. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor? White: saw and grain mills. Cross, Poinsett, Craighead, and Greene: only saw and grist mills of inferior kinds at present; better ones are very much needed, and enterprising men to keep them going. Ouachita: steam-mills. Drew: grist and saw mills. Pulaski: two planing-mills, sash and blind factories, seven or eight saw-mills, and flour and corn mills. Washington: saw and grist mills, steam and water-power, wool-carding factories, &c. Benton, Madison, Carroll, Boone, and Marion: saw and grist mills. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress requiring common labor ? If so, how far distant? White: fifty miles. Conway: Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad now building; great demand for labor, $2 to $2 25 per day; $4 per week charged for board. Cross, Poinsett, Craighead, and Greene: Memphis and Little Rock road 60 miles; St. Louis and Helena road will run through this division. Drew: a railroad soon to be built, which will require common labor. Pulaski: two railroads in course of construction. Clark: one railroad soon to be built. Washington: one now building. Yell: one railroad in progress. Please state any advantages which your districtcan offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land of good quality and well watered yet unoccupied? White: there is a large amount of good land unoccupied that can be bought at from $1 to $5 per acre. Conway: cotton is the staple production, and at present prices is profitable; sheep raising and any kind of stock raising pays well; fruit does well. We need shoemakers and wagon-makers; in Lewisburg, which sells $200,000 worth of goods yearly, there are neither; three-fourths of this county, except the rich river bottoms, still open for homesteads. P.hillips: thousands of acres of land unoccupied; the counties of this division border on the Mississippi River, and contain some of the best farming lands in the country, easy of access, and convenient to good markets; farm labor is most desired; a limited number of mechanics could find remunerative employment, and small farmers would without doubt do well. Cross, Poinsett, Craighead, and Greene: land is cheap, of good quality, and generally well watered. Ouachita; good inducements to laborers and mechanics; there is land suitable for cultivation, and well watered, unoccupied.. Drew: there is a large quantity of unoccupied land which can be bought cheap and on long time. Pulaski: large tracts of good land well watered and well timbered, suitable for homes for small farmers, can be purchased at prices varying from $1 to $5 per acre. There is perhaps no State furnished with heavier deposits or greater varieties of minerals than Arkansas, and no State has more navigable streams; in a few years will be well supplied with railroads. Clark: laborers that are reliable and energetic can demand any reason- 161 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. able price for labor here, and will not long remain idle; there is an equal demand for mechanics; any quantity of good land, well watered, yet unoccupied; climate healthful. Small farmers can and do make from 400 pounds to 500 pounds of lint cotton per acre, (which has brought in market from $100 to $125,) and corn and edibles enough for the use of the farm. Any energetic man can, in the course of one or two years, buy and pay for a good comfortable farm, say 160 acres. Washington: large quantities of good land, well watered, unoccupied. Benton, Madison, Carroll, Boone, and Marion: plenty of land well watered, yet unoccupied; as soon as railroads are run through the county it will be the richest portion of America, especially on account of fruits; manufacturers and mechanics could do well here. Yell: small farmers can do well raising cotton or corn, or by attention to stock raising; there is fine winter and summer range for stock in the woods; large quantities of land yet unoccupied, which can be bought at from $5 to $8 per acre. What are the prices of ordinaryfarm stock, sound and in good condition? 1 1 1 Working oxen, Working horses, per pair. Counties. each. each. $100 $75 to 200 $125 $75 to 200 100 to 150 100 to 150 White.............. .. $60 Phillips --- -- -............... to 150 $100 Conway, Van Buren, Searcy and Izard. 60 to 100 Working mules, Milch cows, 1 Cross, Poinsett, Craighead, and Greene. 75 to 125 125 to 200 125 to 200 2 Drew ..----.....---------.........----. 150 40 125 2 Ouachita ..............to 100 50 25 to 175 125 to 200 2 Pulaski --..----.------............ 75 to 100 125 to 200 125 to 200 3 Clark ...--...........----. 50 100 125 3 Washington --.... - ... 50to 60 75 to 200 75 to 250 3 Yell ...-----.--- ..---75 100 125 150 to 3 Benton, Carroll, Boone, 50 to 60 75 to 200 75 to 250 and Marion. Average .....-...-.. $73 * Stock, $1 25 to $2 50. $130 54 $14654 1 Weight, 150 pounds. heep, each. Hogs, each. $20 $2 00 $15 to 50..................... $81 each. 15 to 30 $2 00 to 4 00 $5 to 8 20 to 40 20 15 to 35 25 to 50 20 20 to 40 25 15 to 35 *2 00 to 5 00 2 00 2 00 *200 to 3 00 2 00 3 00 to 5 00 3 00 2 00 to 3 50 10 to 155 1 to 6 2 to 3 10 21 to 2. 2 to 5 24 to 20 $26 $2 86 $474 + Stock, $1 to $1 50. [The following letter from Mr. Reed is deemed of sufficient interest to insert entire.] LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS, October 28, 1871. SIR: Cotton is the principal production of this portion of the State, and its price regulates the rental value of lands as well as the value of labor from year to year. The prices of cotton in 1868 and 1869 stimulated the planters and renters to put in large crops of this staple, and the consequence was lands were rented at from $10 to $25 per acre, with the hope of realizing 20 cents per pound for cotton in 1870. This price, owing to the war in Europe, cannot be realized, and consequently the producer will come out of the year's operations in debt. While an immense area has been taken up with the cotton-plant corn has been neglected, and we have, ever since peace has been established, had to draw heavily on the Northwest for supplies of bacon, corn, hay, oats, &c., to feed the producers of this cotton crop. The cotton counties in Arkansas number about twenty. The rest of the State is rough mineral lands intersected by numerous valleys, which furnish a large'amount of rich tillable soil, oh which corn, some cotton, rye, oats, and other small grains are raised. A large portion of Monroe and Prairie counties is prairie land, but in its present condition is wet and unproductive. The time is not far distant, however, when these prairie lands will be utilized, and made by a good system of draining to produce well. As far as my observation has extended, and from information obtained from practical miners and geologists, Arkansas possesses a larger amount of zinc, lead, copper, and silver than any other Southern State. The reason why these rich deposits have never been unearthed is the great want of means to transport the ores from the mines to market. Our present railroads, when finished, will go far to obviate this difficulty, and thereby furnish labor to the unemployed and a rich return to cap- INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 165 ita lists. There is probably no other State in the Union that is favored with greater facilities for water transportation than Arkansas. The Mississippi River washes our eastern shore, from Missouri on the north to Louisiana on the south, while the St. Francis, White, Arkansas, Black, Ouichita, Red River, and innumerable bayous fhrnish an outlet a great part of the year for the products of the conutry. Yours, very respectfully, MOSES REED, Assistant Assessor. Hon. EDWARD YOUNG, Chief of Bureau of Statistics. LOUISIANA. Area, 26,303,200 acres. Population in 1870, 756,915. Can land be purchased or rented in your districtsuitablefor small farms on favorable terms ? ' St. Bernard and Plaquemines: land can be purchased but not rented. St. James : the land is owned by large planters, who in general refuse to sell except in large tracts. Jefferson : land can be purchased; seldom rented. La Fourche: our plantations are nearly all large ones and cannot be bought or rented. Washington, St. John, St. Landry, St. Charles, Tangipahoa, and Livingston : yes. East Feliciana: it can, on the most reasonable terms. Avoyelles : as a general thing it can. St. Mary and St. Martin : prairie lands can be purchased or rented on reasonable terms. East Baton Rouge and Union: yes. What is the price per acre of small improved farms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind oJ buildings. St. Bernard and Plaquemines : there are very few small farms in this division; they are not less than 100 acres, divided by French measure of one arpent front, by forty deep, and they will not be sold except as divided; the prices range from $3,000 to $8,000 each; buildings and fences in good order; about two-thirds of the land is cultivated; the farms chiefly front on the Mississippi River; the timber is good and consists of cypress, ash, maple, and gum; the terms of payment are one-third cash, balance in one and two years, with interest 8 per cent. per annum. St. James: $50 to $75 per acre; as a rule the farming land is on the river and not fenced; the small farms are about one acre front, running back 80 acres; 40 or fifty acres cultivated. Jefferson : there are no small farms; the plantations are generally sold in blocks with all the necessary implements, with live stock and improvements; about onefifth of the land is under cultivation; nearly all fenced; good buildings. Terre Bonne: from $30 to $50 per acre; one-quarter to one-half under cultivation; generally fenced; buildings very poor. St. John and St. Charles: one acre wide and forty in depth is the common area of small farms; this, with frame dwelling and out-houses, can be bought for $1,000 to $1,500. Tangipahoa: $5 per acre; a farm consisting of 160 acres generally has from 25 ,to 40 acres under cultivation and fenced; the buildings are rudely constructed. East Feliciana: from $3 to $12 per acre in tracts of all sizes and qualities; buildings mostly dilapidated and fences poor. Avoyelles: small farms from $800 to $2,000; 30 to 60 acres under cultivation. St. Landry: from $5 to $25; about one-third cleared on the bayous; the prairie is all open; one-quarter has been cultivated; one-third of same now under fence; buildings *Parishes from which returns have been received. 166 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. mostly poor. St. Mary's and St. Martin's: inclosed lands with indifferent improvements from $15 to $20 per acre; farms of 160 to 300 acres; a small proportion only having been under cultivation; one-third fenced. Rapides no small improved farms; pine woods tracts from $1 to $10; plantations from $5 to $30. Union: $2 50; about one-fifth under cultivation and fenced; buildings usually of logs. What is the priceper acre of unimproved land, what proportion is cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? St. Bernard and Plaquemines: none for sale. St. James: no unimproved land in this vicinity. Jefferson: $10 to $20; about one-half cleared, but little of it fenced. Terre Bonne: from $1 to $10; not cleared nor fenced; most of it unfit for cultivation. La Fourche: $1 to $2; partly cleared but without fences; subject to overflow. Tangipahoa: $4 per acre where it has once been cultivated but is now neglected; other unimproved from $1 25 to $3. East Feliciana: $3 to $7, according to locality; mostly cleared but without fences; can be bought in tracts of any required size. Avoyelles: from $5 to $10; in most instances none cleared and none fenced. St. Landry: from $1 to $5; one-quarter of .it is on the bayous and not cleared and low; and threequarters is open prairie without much timber; none fenced. St. Mary's and St. Martin's: unimproved lands on the streams are worth from $20 to $30 per acre, having only a shanty on them, and little or no fencing; prairie lands $10 to $15, similarly provided. Rapides: none, except pine woods tracts, which can be purchased at from 25 cents to $2, and can only be cultivated in spots of small extent. East Baton Rouge: $10; Union: $1 50 to $2; uncleared and without fence. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms ? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds ? St. James: about $3 per acre. Jefferson: when rented on shares the owner receives three-fourths of the product and furnishes implements and seeds; none for rent at present; rent has been from $5 to $25 per acre. Terre Bonne: from $4 to $5; if on shares, owner receives onethird ofthecrop and provides nothing. St. John and St. Charles: from $1 50 to $2 50; on shares, the owner receives one-quarter of the product and furnishes nothing. La Fourche : none rented otherwise than on shares; owner receiving one-third. Tangipahoa and East Feliciana: the owner generally provides seeds, stock, and implements and receives one-half the crop. Avoyelles : $4 to $5 per acre; on shares, as above. St. Landry: from $2 to $10; on shares, owner receives one-third, furnishing nothing; and one-half, furnishing stock, implements, seeds, &c. St. Mary's and St. Martin's: owner receives one-third, or if he furnishes stock, implements, and seeds, one-half. Rapides: the farms are all large; many may be rented, however, on shares on such terms as may be agreed upon. East Baton Rouge: on shares; laborer gets one-half, owner paying all expenses. Union : $2 per acre; if on shares, one-third of the corn; one-quarter of the cotton is the usual rent, lessee furnishing stock, implements, &c. 167 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. Whlat are the chief ? crtic~es of two or three of them Articles of production. of roduction, an Prices. ha r teprsn pie Parishes. Cottou*_ _-per pound-. $0 12 to $0 14 Do ----------do..-16 Do ---------- do..-14 to Corn----per bushel.. 1 00 St. Landry, East Feliciana. Avoyelles. St. Mary's, St. Martin's. Do- -------- do.-.---. DO ---- "-----do..Do- --- ------ do. -Sugar.__--per pound..Do- --- ------ do..-'Do--------do..-Do ---- ------ do.:.... Do- --- ------ do.-- East Feliciana. Union, St. Landry. Rapides. La Fourche. St. Mary's, St. Martin's. St. Landry. Rapides. St. James. Avoyelles. Jefferson. 17t Do-........ do... Do.........--do.Do.........---do..Rice..........--do.. Do-----------do Do.........-do.-- . - - 80Oto 1 00 1 25 1I50to 1 60 O8 to 10 08 to 12 09 to 10 O9 to 13 09 to 15 l0 to 15 il to 15 13 03 OEito O3 07 Tangipa. St. James, St. John, St. Charles, boa, Avoyelles, Mary's, St.Martin's. St. East Baton St. James. Avoyeiles. Rouge. St. John1, St. Charles. KPrices of cotton in 1870. Whatt is the distance to a mrarket town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing?2 St. Bernard and Plaquemines: from 1 to 25 miles. miles to New Orleans. Jefferson: St. James: from 1 to 25 miles to New 60 Orleans; riverTerre Bonne: 13 miles to nearest station through a portion of runs through the parish. Morgan: railroad it. on Morgan Railroad; the several bayous of the parish are partially navigahle for small craft. St. John and St. Charles: steamboat communication with New Orleans daily. La Fourche : a navigable bayou traverses the parish for a distance of 100 miles ; the Morgan Railroad crosses the bayou 4 miles below Thibodeaux. East Feliciana : 6 miles to a railroad running to the lVis- sissippi River, thence by steamer to New Orleans,.12 hours. Tangipahoa : th8 New Orleans and Jacksou Railroad passes through the center of the district ; the towns I0 miles apart market. Rapides: steamboats land at the principal town of the parish, which is located on the bank of Red River. Avoyelles: 4 miles to a steamboat landing. St. Landry : there are four towns. in the division, and three regular steamboat landings ; no railroads. St. Mary's and St. Martin's : 140 miles to New Orleans, 60 miles to railroad station ; the principal plantations are situated on the navigable stream. Baton from 4 to 12 furnish 'a East Rouge: miles. Union: Farmersville, the parish town, is centrally situated, about 20 miles from its limits ; steamboats run daily on the eastern line of the parish. What is the general quality .of land and the kind of timnber 2 Bernard and Plaquemines : land good ; cypress, ash, gum, and maple timber. St. James : alluvial; gum, oak, cypress. Jefferson : generally low-land, and very fertile ; ash, cypress, and oak wood. Terre Bonne : along the bayous rich alluvial land, also overflowed swamps and marsh; on the highlands, ash, sweet-gums, oaks ; on overflowed land, cypress, tupelo, gums, and maples, but in the lower parts of the parish only maple, small water-oalk, and willow can be found. St. John and St. 168 SPECIAL 168 REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Charles: swamps for some little distance from the river, then high lands; cypress and ash on the low-lands. La Fourche: land good; cypress, oak, and ash, no pine. East. Feliciana: light sandy loam, very productive; beech and gum timber; healthful climate. on the streams, which are numerous, the lands are good; on the high lands, poor, sandy soil; oak, beech, and magnolia on the streams; pine on the high lands. Lapides: cultivated portion of land, river bottom; yellow pine, cottonwood, cypress, lackberry, ash, and oak. Avoyelles: the land is good; the timber consists of oak, ash, hickory, cottonwood, and gnm, and cypress in the swamps. St. Landry: generally good; cypress, pine, oak, and magnolia. St. Mary's and St. Martin's: laud of the quality and very productive; cypress, oak, &c. East Baton Rouge : good ; magnolia, beech, ash, &c. Union: eastern line of parish thin sandy soil; yellow pine, white and red oak, hickory, ash, beech, on creek bottoms. _For what kind of labor is there a demiand St. Bernard, Plaquemines, and St. James: farm hands and railroad plantation labor. laborers. Jefferson: manual labor. Terre St. John and St. Charles : laborers to cultivate the land, especially for raising sugar-cane. La Fourche: negroes, no Chinese; European or Northern skilled labor would do well. East Feliciana: house servants and farm labor more than any other; white labor of all kinds is in great demand. Tangipahoa: farm labor. Rapides: plantation hands, coopers, and blacksmiths. Avoyelles: farm hands, carpenters, black. smiths, wheelwrights, &c. St. Landry : plantation labor only. St. Mary's and St. Martin's: field hands and house servants; colored laborers preferred on account of the climate. East Baton Rouge: farm hands. Union: all kinds of farm and household labor. mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor ? St. John and St. Charles: saw-mills, sugar maufactories, and ricemills. East Feliciana : sav-mills, sugar-mills, and cotton-gins. Caddo: one oil factory in process of construction. East Baton Rouge: one foundery, one machine shop. Union : saw-mills only. Tangipahoa: three factories, one of cotton goods, one of railroad cars, and one of cotton- Tangipahoa: first ? Bonne: What gins, employing a large number of workmen. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works innprogress so, how far distant? requiring common labor? .If St. Bernard and Plaquenunes : one in progress requiring labor. St. James : levees to be built, and one railroad. East Baton Rouge, Jefferson, Tangipahoa, Rapides, Avoyelles, St. .Landry, and Terrebonne : none. St. John and St. Charles: the Chattanooga Railroad, which will pass through both parishes, is already begun. Lafourche : a railroad about 4 miles below Thibodeaux. East Feliciana : there is one railroad projected which will rnn within 8 miles of this place. St. Mary and St. Union: one railroad, 16 miles. Martin : none at present. in your If many ,foreign-bornworkmen are employed district,please give the preponderatingnationality. St. Bernard and Plaque nines : Germans, Irish, and French. St. James : French. New Orleans : Irish. Jefferson : a good .many; principally Germans. Terrehonne : there are but few foreign-born workmen employed, most of them Frenchmen. St. John and St. Charles : Frenchmen, Germans, and Irishmen, but few of each. Lafourche : French and Germans. East Feliciana : Germans and Irish, mostly Germans, but -jotone-fourth enough of all kinds for the demand. Rapides : but few mot emloyed here. St. Landrry: Fre.onch ny foreigners aP re if r 1(9 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. numerous, Germans next. St. Mary and St. Martin: few, Irish and Germans preponderating. Please state any advantages which your district can to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied? St. Bernard and Plaquemines: very little; this year has been unfavorable for mechanics, as there was very little work for them Luring the summer months. - St. James: the land is all owned and occupied by residents, but great inducements are offered to common laborers, also to mechanics. New Orleanss: but little demand; no unoccupied land. Jefferson: there is unoccupied land, but it is not easily got possession of. Terrebonne: there is much good uncultivated land, but it is in the hands of owners of large estates, who are generally unwilling to sell or lease, although they have not the means to work it for themselves. St. John and St. Charles: advantages are offered to laborers of every kind, especially farm laborers. Lafourche: common laborers and some mechanics are in demand at good wages; plenty of Government land, mostly swamp land, which needs draining. East Feliciana: laborers and mechanics can do better here than in any other State; small farmers can make money here cultivating cotton corn; plenty of land of good quality and well watered unoccupied. Tangipahoa: this district offers no'particular inducements to laborers or mechanics, but to the small farmer many ; there is abundance of laud unoccupied, well watered and of good quality; a ready market at home; land can be purchased on the most favorable terms. IRapides: colored people only seem to be lesired for laborers here; mechanics do well at present prices. Avoyelles there is a good deal of land of good quality suitable for farms noccupied, the cost of which, by entering them as homesteads, would not exceed $25. St. Landry: plenty of first-class land well watered, which can be rented or purchased at fair prices; good market; high wages are paid to feld hands. St. Mary and St. Martin: for small farmers I know of no country that offers as fine inducements as this section, owing to the richness of the soil, especially for sugar. East Baton Rouge: plenty of unoccupied land to be had cheap for cash, but rents are very high; it can be purchased for cash almost as cheaply as it can be rented for one year. Union : a good comfortable living at easier rates than on any degree of latitude north of 330. Caddo : there is a very large offer and mand for labor of ~Parishes, Working de- all kinds. What are the prices of ordinary - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 oxen, per pair. 2 Orleans ......... $100to 125 St. James------------------- 100 Jefferson-------------__100 to 150 Terrebonne _.__.. 50 St. Johu---------------------50 Lafourche-------------.. .. 100 to 175 00 Tangipahoa ..... East Feliciana----------S_. 50to 75 2Avoyelles--------------------.75 St. Landry-------------S50to 125 _ . StMary--------------------- 50 _ fRapides- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- 50 to 75 0 East Baton Rouge.._0. 3 3 60 Union-------------------75 to 100 Bienville-------------- 2 2 2 farm stock, sound and in good condition?2 Working horses, ec, $80 to 125 150 to 200 100 to 150 100 140 100 to 175 125 75to175 100 to 150 60 to 250 100 Working mules, each. ah. $125 to 175 200 to 250 150 to 250 150 200 150 to 200 150 to 175 100 to 170 100 to 200 125 to 250 180 to 200 filch cows. each.Rg, heech ep each. $60 to 80 $4 00 to 6 00 50 5 00 40Oto' 80 4 00 toO6 00 25 to 50 30 3 00 to 5 00 40to 60 3 00 to 4 00 202 00 2 00 to 3 00 20Oto 30 25 2 50 15 to 25- 6 00 to 8 00 20Oto 30 2 50to 400 os ah $10 to 20 10 to 20 10 to 20 10 3 tol15 10 to 15 3 to 5 7 5 to 10 8 to 20 5 4 to IN 100 to 225 30 4.00 125 to 201 123 to 250 20 to 100 5 00 30 125 to 250 150 to 175 100 toS500 150 to 200 15to 75 30 2 00 2 00 to 2 50 7 10 to 15 75 to 150 20 to 5 to 170 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. TEXAS. Ar( a, 175,587,840 acres. Population in 1870, 797,500. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitablefor small farms on favorable terms? * Galveston: yes; the lands, however, are mainly suited for market gardening. * Houston, Harris, Colorado, Karnes, Victoria, Mason, Williamson, Bosque, Smith, and Lamar: it can. Jasper: on very favorable terms. Lavaca: there is plenty of land to rent, but houses are scarce and poor. Kendall: plenty of it on the most favorable terms. What is the price per acre of small improved farms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings ? Galveston : the price of land on the island is from $50 to $100 per acre; on the mainland in the county, from $5 to $50; the land is low and sandy. Liberty: farms having about 15 or 20 acres under culti. vation, and the remainder unimproved, can be purchased at $2 50 to $3 per acre, with commoni wooden buildings. Houston: $5 to $15; ten to fifty per cent. is the usual proportion cultivated; none fenced except the cleared land; buildings, frame or log. Jasper: small farms can be purchased at from $5 to $10 per acre, from 10 to 100 acres improved; buildings ordinary; various sized tracts. Harris: buildings generally poor; land can be rented at from 50 cents to $3; for small farms in the vicinity of Houston rent is nominal. Colorado: $5 to $8; one-third under cultivation ; common wooden buildings. Lavaca: from $3 to $10; one-half under cultivation;' fences and buildings generally poor. Karnes: from $5 to $8; one-third under cultivation and fenced. Victoria: good land is worth from $15 to $22, and can be rented for $1 per acre taking large tracts; small tracts of the same character rent fbr $2, buildings included. Mason: from $2 50 to $4; about 10 acres under cultivation; log buildings. Williamson: from $5 to $10; about one-tenth is fenced and under cultivation; buildings generally poor. Bodsque: from $5 to $20; one-quarter under cultivation; very poor buildings. Kendall: from $10 to $20, with stone or log houses, stables, fences, cow-pens, &c.; one-third to one-half under cultivation. Smith: from $7 to $15; about one-third under cultivation and fenced; buildings, frame or log. Lamar : small farms can be had for about $10, onehalf under cultivation; buildings, hewed logs or frame. What is thepriceper acre of unimproved land, what proportionis cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? Galveston: tO land is all prairie; none fenced except for small farms or market gardens. Liberty: unimproved land $1 per acre; none cleared and none fenced. Houston: from $1 to $5 in coin; unimproved lands are scarcely ever cleared, and never fenced. Jasper: from 50 cents to $3. Harris: $1 for good prairie, and from $3 to $8 for timbered land; not much of it fenced. Colorado: from 25 cents to $8 for wild lands, either in prairie or in woods. Lavaca: $6. Karnes: from 50 cents to $1. Victoria: $2 50; fencing is rather costly. Mason: 50 cents. Williamson: from 50 cents to $5; nearly all prairie; none fenced. Bosque : $1 per acre. Kendall: about $1 50. Smith: from 50 cents to $5; neither fenced nor cleared. Lamar: from $3 to $8; none cleared nor fenced. Smith: $7 to $15. i' hat is the yearly rent of small improved farms? If rented on shares, *Names of counties from which returns have been received. INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS.17 171 ? tchat share does the owner receive Does the tatter provide stock, implements, or seeds ? Galveston: $3 per acre; owner receives one-third without furnishing anything except the land; when he furnishes stock, &c., he receives one-half. Liberty : if owner furnishes stock, &c., he receives two-thirds the product. Houston: from $3 to if on shares, owner receives one-third of the grain crop, and one-half of the cotton crop. $3, or one-third of crop. Harris: in case s , &c., is furnisled by owner, he receives one-half the crop; on many of the cotton farms, the owner furnishing everything, receives two-thirds of the crop. Colorado: if feed and stock are furnished by the renter, owner receives the product. Lavaca: $3, or one-third of the corn and one-fourth of where the cotton; the owner furnishing cabins for the renter to live the landlord furnishes team, &c., le receives one-half of all. Karnes and Victoria: one-quarter of the cotton, and one-third of the corn; when owner furnishes implements, &c., one-half. Mason: one-third of the if on shares, one-third, providing crop. Williamson: from $3 to neither stock, implements, nor seeds; if otherwise, receiving half the product. Bosque: one-third of the corn, one-fourth of the cotton, and no implements furnished by the owner. Kendall: $5, or one-third the crop, the renter furnishing necessary implements, stock, &c.; if otherwise, one-half. Smith : $3; if on shares, same as above. Lamar: from to $4; on shares, same as above. What are the chief articlesof production, and what are the present prices of two or three of then $5; Jasper: one-third in; $5; $3 Articles of production. * Cotton..- per pound. Do---------- do --$0 16 Counties. Prices. Do ------- $0 15 to Karnes, Houston. Ii Liberty, 20 Victoria, Williamson. 750 ,- Do-.-----doto Do ---------- --- Do ---------- do do do----. Wheat---_ __ o-----Do----_ _.d-----Sweet potatoes -_-do -... Do ---------do--Do--d-----Do__------do-----------1- . Bosque. Colorado, 75 to 75 100 80 1 00 1 50 1 50 to 2 50 50 75 50 to 75 00 Do---do-------------d_-__75 Irish potatoes. - - do. -- __1 Do- _----do-----------2 L9 Lamar. Karnes, Mason, Williamson. Smith. Victoria, Houston. Lavaca. Liberty, Victoria, Lamar. Bosque. Kendall, Lamar. Karnes. Victoria. Kendall. Galveston, Colorado. Lamar, Victoria. 25 to 1 50 50 * Prices in year 1869-70. the What Kendall, Smith. Lavaca, Colorado. 18 Do-------- do_ --Do--------per bushel. CornDo-.----- _---do7------ Do ---------- 17 do Victoria. Kendall, Lamar. Cotton was much lower in 1870-'71. is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing? Galveston : no part of the country is over 30 miles from the city ; water communication and railroad to mainland. Liberty : market town and steamboat landing 10 miles. Houston : 85 miles to the nearest town and railroad station; the Trinity River runs through this section of country upon which there are numerous. landings, but it is navigable only for a portion of the year. Jaspier : 10 miles from county seat ; by 172 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. steam and sail 50 miles; to market town 200 miles. Harris: from 5 tc 30 miles. Colorado: railroad runs through the counties of Fort Bend, Wharton, and Colorado to the town of Columbus. Lavaca: Columbus, Colorado County, is the nearest railroad station, 35 miles distant from Hallettsville, 60 miles from Gonzales. Karnes: 60 miles to the nearest railroad station; this being almost entirely a stock-raising country, everything in the way of provisions can be marketed at home. Victoria: railroad right here. Mason: market in the county. Williamson: 25 miles to market town, 100 miles to railroad, and 160 to steamboat. Bosque : 90 miles to a railroad. Kendall: 100 to 300 miles to a railroad; steamboats 150 to 350 miles, being the nearest and farthest points in this division. Smith: 40 miles from terminus of Southern Pacific Railroad. Lamar: 100 miles to Jefferson, Texas, the principal receiving and forwarding point; 15 miles to Red River; about one-third of the cotton is shipped by the river or steamboats. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber ? Galvestonn: soil light; no timber. Liberty: black sandy soil; oak, pine, and cypress timber. Houston: quality various; oak, hickory, and pine timber. Jasper: sandy loam; black, white, red, and post-oak; some walnut, cherry, &c. Harris: land good; pine, oak, and cypress. Colorado: alluvial rich river bottoms; rich sandy loam in the prairies, and light but rich sands in the post-oak sections. Lavaca: various qualities ; one-third black prairie, one-third sandy prairie, and one-third sandy timbered land; chiefly post-oak timber. Karnes: the land is exceedingly fertile; post-oak, pecan, hackberry, elm, ash, cottonwood, and live oak. Victoria: land good; pecan, oak, and elm timber. Mason: sandy loam. Williamson: black loamy soil; timber-post-oak. Bosque: the land is the very best; timber only tolerable. Kendall: oak and mesquite mixed with limestone land; oak, blackjack, hickory, pecan, cypress, cedar, and a great many other kinds of timber. Smith: light sandy; red, white, black and post-oak and pine. Lamar: every variety of soil; prairies; black land, timbered sandy land, rich and productive; oak, hickory, ash, elm, and hackberry timber. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Galveston : gardeners and longshore-men. Liberty: farm laborers. Houston and Jasper: farm labor principally, of which there is a great scarcity. Harris: anybody that will honestly work. Colorado: farm labor particularly, but all kinds are needed. Lavaca: every kind. Karnes: farmers, stock-raisers, carpenters, stonemasons, and blacksmiths. Victoria: thousands of workingmen are wanted. Mason : farm laborers and stock-raisers. Williamson : farm laborers. Bosque: mechanics and farm laborers. Kendall: all kinds of white labor; (mostly Germans living here.) Smith: farm labor is in the greatest demand. Lamar; farm hands and mechanics. What mills orfactories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor? Galveston: founderies, machine-shops, sash, blind, and door factories, and stone quarries. Liberty and Houston: no mills in this section except ordinary corn-mills propelled principally by small water-power requiring very little skilled labor. The only factory in this section is the Texas penitentiary, supplied with convict labor. Jasper and Harris: two cotton-mills, two founderies, six brickyards, one tannery, two machine-shops, twelve saw-mills, five planing-mills, ten bakeries, four breweries, one distillery. Colorado: saw-mills, grist-mills, wind-mills, breweries, cigar manufactories, cotton-gins; sugar mills now being erected; a splendid site for water at the town of Columbus, 10 feet fall INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 173 in three-quarters of a mile on the Colorada River; the bend in the river is 14 miles. Lavaca: we need factories and factory labor; we have but few in operation, and they are of an inferior character. Victoria: three corn-mills, four cotton-gins, two planing-mills, three beef-packing houses. Bosque: flour-mills only; no factories. Kendall: saw-mills, flour mills, cotton-gins, &c. Smith: one cotton factory. Lamar: principally steam corn and flour mills; no factories of any kind. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress requiring common labor ? If so, how far distant? Galveston: yes; about 150 miles distant by railroad; wages $1 (specie) per day. Liberty, Houston, and Harris : five railroads centering in the city of Houston. Colorado: the Central Railroad demands much labor; the San Antonio Railroad will soon require labor. Lavaca: none nearer than 35 miles. Victoria: work commenced in April, 1870, on the railroad. Bosque: yes; distance 75 miles. Kendall: the San Antonio Gulf Railroad about 30 to 150 miles distant. Smith: 40 miles. Lamar: the Memphis and El Paso Railroad, now under contract, passes through this county. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or smallfarmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied ? Galveston: there is much vacant land suitable for market gardens, but the supply of minor products keeps pace with the demand; Irish potatoes, cabbages, and onions, now largely imported from the North and West, might be grown here. Liberty : there is a great deal of land, well watered and timbered, unoccupied. Houston: this district offers the advantages of good wages to laborers; such mechanics as blacksmiths, wheelwrights, and carpenters find ready employment at good wages, and small farmers who are industrious a munificent reward for their labor; a great deal of good land, well watered, is yet unoccupied, which can be had on reasonable terms. Jasper : considerable quantities of well-timbered land unoccupied; fine streams of water; very healthful climate. Harris: laborers, mechanics, and farmers can find either employment at good wages or land at a cheap rate, of good quality, well watered and unoccupied, within two miles of the city of Houston. Colorado: the advantages here are cheap lands, abundant supply of wood and water, nearness to railroad, healthfulness of climate, good society, schools, and churches, and adaptation of our soil to the growth of corn, potatoes, cotton, and cane, as well as fine grazing for stock; thousands of families can find comfortable homes here cheaper than in any part of the continent; lands sell at from 25 cents to $8 per acre, and any sized tract can be had from one-fourth of an acre to 10,000 acres in a body; there is much cedar timber in the adjoining county of Forsyth. Lavaca: we have plenty of good land at cheap rates, productive soil, good water, and healthful climate, but need capital, energy, and labor; farmers who purchase farms and cultivate them do well here; and so do mechanics, such as tinners, blacksmiths, saddlers, &c.; but those who depend upon renting or working at farm work for wages are frequently imposed upon. Karnes: the cheapness of good land lying convenient to water and timber and pasturage, the scarcity of labor, the mildness and shortness of our winters, and the healthfulness of our section are among the chief advantages offered; there is a vast amount of land unoccupied, of good quality. Victoria: Western Texas offers greater inducements to working men than any other State; the land is good, rich, and cheap, with an abundance of timber for fuel and fencing; plenty of water and as healthful a climate as in the mountains of Pennsylvania; the land is now being 174 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. offered for less than its real value, from the fact that the people have never depended upon their own labor; and plenty of rich lands are now growing up in weeds for the want of labor; stock can live the year round npon what they obtain for themselves running at large, requiring no feeding; the climate is healthful, the lands rich and cheap, and a disposition on the part of our old citizens to extend the right hand of welcome to all with half the frugality, econwho wish to settle permanently among omy, and industry exercised by the people of the older States, any man can acquire competency in ten years. Mason: laborers can find work at all times; small farmers can do well; the country needs immigration. Williamson: there is a great demand for farm labor farms can be purchased of all sizes, nine-tenths of the land beingunoccupied; soil generally of good quality, and in most localities plenty of water.-Bosque: a vast amount can be had at low prices, but land is rising in value; farmers here are in better circumstances now than they have ever been since the close of the war ; better soil and climate can nowhere be found than here. Kendall: plenty of land well watered and of good quality, not yet occupied, but remaining in the hands of speculators; there is scarcely one-twelfth of the land in this division under cultivation. Smith: plenty of good land can be purchased on very favorable terms, than and plenty of work for all kinds of mechanics. Lamar: not one-tenth of the tillable land is under cultivation; no in curing small or large farms at reasonable rates; farm hands receive from $20 to $25 per month, and are greatly in demand; plenty of water from wells and cisterns. What are the prices of ordinaryfairt stock, sound and in good condition us; .a more difficulty aWorking oxen, Counties. - per pair. Working horses, each, working mules each. Mch cows, 1 Galveston.------..--------------$60 to 100 $100 to 200 15 to 50 50 tol10 to 50 1 75 to 120 1 Houston....------------.30 to 59 60 to 100 40 60 to 100 100 to 200 1 Liberty-..------------. Haris-----------------$30 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 Jasper------------------- 30 to 50 Colorado------------------3535 ------. Victoria--.. ------_ Karnes---------------------- 575 to150 to 100 50 to 150 50 to 100 35 to 10 40 to 55 60 to 100 60 to 100 Lavaca----------------------30 60 3----------25 Bosque------- ------------- 60 110 30 to 75 40 50 to 100 50 to 150 Kendall, Gillespie, Blanco. Kerr, Medina.... 'Mason------------------..30 to 40 to50 0 $20 to 25 7to25 10 to 12 $10 10to20 10 12 10 to 12 10 75 15)15 50 to 150 50 Sto 70 Sheep, 1 nogs, each. a 40Oto 40 4 4 3 to 5 1 3 to-I 3l 1 1 ito 5 3 10 8 to 10 6 to 8 8 1 3 11 1 ibioS1' 10 tol15 30 Smith--------------------------_ Harrison--._._.-- ----------30 to 60 100 to 150 50 to 153 125 to 150 50 to 250 15 12 2 1 $71 51 $12 58 $1 29 TERRITORY OF 11 to 5 $2 to 3 ito 10 $1$ 2 to 75 to 150 $103 33I 1ol1 75 cti. 75 to 100 Lamar_-----------------40 $5 to 25 $3 to 4 l1to 4 3 2L 1 $38 66 Average---------------- 4 pro- 2 2! 10 cts. p. 6 lb. $4 67 NEW MEXICO. Area, 140,800,000 acres. Population in 1870, 91,864. County. In that Only one return was received, viz : from Dofia county land suitable for small farms can be purchased for $15 per acre. There are about 15,000 acres under cultivation ; none fenced. The buildings are of adobe or sun-burned brick. The price of unimproved land, Ana none only on shares, Farms cleared or fenced, is $5 prer acre.neesand are rented one -alf9 the of 01.--hafth receiving !\ 11- the. owi ner furnishin. .__ 1 . one" INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 175 luality of the land is good, with cottonwood and pine timber. There are grist and lumber mills in operation, but no factories as yet. The western terminus of the Memphis and El Paso Railroad is fifty miles distant. The advantages offered to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers are not great. There is plenty of good land unoccupied, but it has to be irrigated. There are gold, silver, and copper mines, but they cannot be worked to advantage on account of the hostility of the Indians and the great expense of freighting machinery a distance of 800 miles from the nearest railroad station by ox teams. The ordinary prices of farm stock sound and in good condition, average as follows, viz: working oxen, $50 per pair; working horses, $112 each; working mules, $158 each; milch cows, $44 each; sheep, $2 50; hogs, 11 cents per pound. TERRITORY OF ARIZONA. Area, 75,520,000 acres. Population in 1870, 9,658. What is the price per acre of small improved farms? Yuma: there are no farming lands for sale. Yavapai: land in this Territory is unsurveyed ; millions of acres of most excellent farming land are open to the settler. What is the price per acre of unimproved land, what proportion is cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? Yavapai: no definite price; most of the tillable land is open like prairie, and does not require clearing. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms.? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds? Yavapai: farming is carried on to a very limited extent on shares, the owner furnishing everything but stock, and receiving one-third of the crop. What are the chief articles ofproduction, and what are the present prices of some of them? Yavapai: wheat, 7 cents per pound; barley, 7 cents; oats and potatoes, 6 cents; corn, 5 cents; common vegetables, 5, 6, and 7 cents per pound. Yuma: pumpkins, squashes, and watermelons, 50 cents apiece. What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landing? Yavapai: Government military posts and mining settlements are the markets close at hand. Yuma: the people live in small villages, and only cultivate small gardens. What is the general quality of land, and the kind of timber ? Yavapai: alluvial deposits along streams, and high table land; pine, oak, ash, cottonwood, and walnut. Yuma: the land is good, but water for irrigation is scarce; cottonwood, willow, and mesquite timber. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Yavapai: farm laborers and quartz miners principally. Yuma: teamsters, miners, and mechanics. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor? Yavapai: no mills, except quartz and flour mills. Yuma: quartz mills. Are therein your vicinity any railroads or otherpublic works in progress requiring common labor? If so, how far distant? Yavapai and Yuma: there are none. PTlease state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, 1 76 SPECIAL REPORT. ON IMMIGRATION. mechanics, or small farmers. watered, yet unoccupied? Is there much land, of good quality and well Yavapai: the portion of Arizona north of the Gila River contains much very desirable unsurveyed and unoccupied farming and timber land, a granitic formation, most excellent water, forests of pine timber, mild winters, and temperate summers, good mines of silver, gold, copper, and lead. What are the prices of ordinaryfarm stock, sound and in good condition? Counties. Yavapai........................$100 Yuma ....... ....................... Average... .......................... Working oxen, per pair. Working horses, each. Working mules, each. to 240 75 $50 to 300 75 $50 to 330 100 $122 50 $125 00 137 50 NORTH ilch cows each. Sheep, each. 100 30 $4 to 6 3 $5500 $4 00 $60 to CAROLINA. (Continued from page 125.) [The following interesting communication-furnished by Dr. R. J. Powell, of Washington, a native of North Carolina, and thoroughly acquainted with every portion of it-having been received after the compilation of that State was stereotyped, is inserted here.] " The State contains over fifty thousand square miles, and may be divided into three grand divisions-the eastern, middle, and western. The eastern division embraces more than one-third of the whole State, and extends from the sea-shore to near the center; that is, nearly to Raleigh, the capital of the State, and is generally a level country, covered with vast forests of pine, extremely valuable for lumber, and in the lowlands, nearer the sea, vast quantities of cypress, juniper, and other valuable timber. The numerous large rivers and sounds near the coast afford ample navigable waters, and an abundant supply of fish, more than 300,000 having been taken at a single haul in Albemarle Sound. A large portion of this region is exceedingly productive. In some localities, 80 bushels of corn have been grown to the acre. Sweet-potatoes of the best quality are produced in large quantities, while wheat, cotton, rice, and the peanut yield well. The fig, peach, and apple grow in this region, and here is the native home of the far-famed scuppernong grape. The soil is light, and easily cultivated, rarely requiring more than one horse to break up stubble-fields. "Access to railroads and navigable waters is not difficult. Lands are for sale at low figures. " The central division also embraces more than one-third of the State, and extends west to the foot of the mountain ranges. It presents a rolling surface, bill, dale, and stream beautifully interspersed; has ample water-power; the northern portion growing the finest tobacco, the southern portion yielding cotton abundantly, the whole producing the grains and grasses. The oak and all the hard woods are found in great profusion ;all of the best timber for carriages, farming implements, &c. This region is underlaid with gold, plumbago, iron, coal, &c. Fruits of all kinds, both cultivated and wild ,grow abundantly in this region. Railroads, completed and under construction, penetrate through this region. The lands are cheap. "The western division is much smaller than either of the preceding. It is a sparsely settled, mountainous country, mostly covered with native forest trees, among which the black walnut, red cherry, and other hard woods are found. It produces grain and Irish potatoes in abundance, and excels other portions in the production of grasses, making a fine cattle-growing region, while the vast quantities of acorns and chestnuts make the raising of hogs easy and cheap. "It is underlaid with gold, silver, copper, plumbago, iron, &c. The black diamond is also found, as well as the asbestos. No country in the world excels it in water-power; to utilize which it is only necessary to cut races from the banks of the numerous streams, dams not being required. Marble is found in large quantities, some as fine as any to be found in Paros; soap-stone is also found. As fine apples as any in the world are produced here. Ginseng, snake-root, pink-root, and other roots and herbs, valuable in medicine or for coloring, are found in large quantities in all this region. "Though now shut in from the world by the surrounding ranges of mountains, the railroads now constructing will soon penetrate it in different directions. Lands can be purchased very cheap." INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 177 IV. PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. CALIFORNIA. Area, 120,947,840 acres. Population in 1870, 560,285. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitablefor small farms on favorable terms ? Los Angeles, Santa Clara, San Luis Obispo, San Bernardino, Tulare, Stanislaus, Butte, Shasta, Tehama, Siskiyou, Plumas, Colusa, Sutter, Yuba, Lassen, Napa, Sonoma, and Humboldt: it can. What is the price per acre of small improved farms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Los Angeles: from $25 to $30; but little of it fenced; buildings inferior; vineyards for sale within the city limits at $2 50 per acre. Santa Clara: $20 to $100 per acre, according to location and amount of improvements; three-fourths of the land is fenced; buildings not very good. San Luis Obispo: no improved farms; until 1867 the lands in this county were devoted exclusively to grazing; nearly all the good land is covered by Mexican and Spanish grants. San Bernardino: $10 to $50; from one-half to two-thirds under cultivation; small adobe or frame houses. Tulare: about $25; all inclosed; plain frame dwellings. Stanislaus: very poor buildings, and very little fencing. Butte: $8 to $12 for upland ; bottom land, well protected against overflows by levees, is worth $25; all under cultivation, and with ordinary fences and buildings. Tehama and Shasta: $10; about one-half under cultivation and fenced; buildings poor. Siskiyou: $10 to $25; from one-half to twothirds under cultivation; generally inclosed; buildings ordinary. Plumas: $8 to $10; one-half fenced; common wooden buildings. Sutter, Yuba, and Colusa: $8 to $12 for upland; $25 for bottom land, all under cultivation; buildings of a cheap kind. Lassen: $8 to $10; onehalf fenced; common wooden buildings. Napa: from $25 to $125; all cultivated and fenced, with buildings of medium quality. Sonoma: $10 to $50; well fenced; fair buildings. Solano and Yolo: $40 to $125; all under cultivation and fenced; settlers' cabins. Humboldt: $75; about two-thirds of each farm under cultivation and fenced; buildings passably good. What is the price per acre of unimproved land? What proportion is cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? Los Angeles: $10 to $20; no timber. Santa Clara: none for sale. San Luis Obispo: $2 to $15, San Bernardino: from $1 25 to $10; no timber. Tulare: $3. Stanislaus: from $5 to $10. Butte: $3 to $8, according to quality. Tehama and Shasta: about $5; none fenced. Siskiyou: $2 50 to $5. Plumas and Lassens: $5; no timber. Sutter, Yuba, and Colusa: $3 to $8, according to quality. Solano and Yolo: $10 to $40; no fencing. Humboldt: $30 to $35. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive ? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds? Los Angeles: no small farms for rent; the rent of land is from $5 to $7 per acre, or one-third the product. Santa Clara: from $5 to $10; on shares, one-half the product. San Luis Obispo: lands can be rented 12 178 SPECIAL 178 REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. on shares at one-tenth of the product for its use. San Bernardino: owner receives one-third, unless he furnish stock, seeds, implements, &c., then one-half. Tulare, Stanislaus, and Butte: $5, or shares as above. Shasta and Tehama: owner provides seeds and receives onehalf. Siskiyon: the owner provides stock, implements, and seeds, and receives one-half. Plumas, Colusa, Sutter, Yuba, and Lassen: the same. Napa and Trinity: $5; shares the same as above. Sonoma: on shares, one-fourth of the product. Solano and Yolo: $10 to $12 per acre; or shares, one-third, and one-half if owner provides. Humboldt: shares the same as above. What are the chief articlesof production, and what are the presentprices of some of them $25; Counties. Prices. Articles of production. _per Wheat-. $1 20 cwt-1 25 Do----------do.. Do. ---.------- do--.- $1 30 to 1 50 Do-----------do.-..-1 Do-----------do.. . Do------------ do... ... do.... Do.-..... do---. Corn------ ----Do-----------..do... Oats----------do.. ..- ... Barley----------do Do------------ do 30 to 1 80 1 35 1 50 200 1 00 1 50 1 50 1 00 1 00 to 1 20 -- Do-----------do....1 Do-----------do.... do... -----do..... Potatoes per ton. : . Hay . do.. Do........- Do- ........ Do........... Do............ do.... do.- 10 .- 1 1 2 12 00 to 14 15 15 25 50 00 00 00 00 20 00 Sonoma, Yolo. Tehama. Stanislaus. Santa Clara, Solano. Butte, Sutter, Yuba. Napa, Shasta, Siskiyou. San Bernardino, Plumas. Los Angeles. San Bernadino. Siskiyou. Tehama. Santa Clara, Solano. Butte, Sutter, Yuba. Los Angeles, Shasta. San Luis Obispo, Siskiyou, Plumas, Lassen. Tulare, Siskiyou. Butte, Sutter, Yuba. Solano. Tehama. Sonoma, Yolo. What is the distance to a.market town, a railroadstation, or a steamboat landingy? Los Angeles : from 1 to 5 miles to depot ; 20 to steamboat landing. Santa Clara : a railroad runs directly through the county ; to San Francisco. 50 miles. San Luis Obispo : to San Francisco 320 miles ; to a railroad station 250 miles ; tn-monthly communication by coast steamer with San Francisco. San Bernadino : 60 miles to a railroad station ; miles to a steamboat landing. Tulare :home market ; no railroad or steamboat. Stanislaus : from 15 to 40 miles. Butte : Oroville is the shire town, and the principal market ;, there is now one railroad, and also a line of steamers making its terminus at Chico. Shasta : from 10 to 20 miles to market town ; to steamboat landing 17 miles. Tehama : steamboats arrive twice a week from San Francisco.. Siskiyoun: from 5 80 to 40 miles. Plumas: 85 miles to large market. Colusa : the shire town is located on the Sacramento River. Sutter : Yuba City is the shire town, and the principal market ; there being a railroad to the metropolis, as well as a line of steamboats daily, plying to the same point. Yuba : Marysville is the county seat and principal market ; there are two lines of railroads, and a line of steamers making termini here. miles to Amador: 45 miles to Sacramento City and Stockton.- Lassen: 85 Trinity : Napa: railroad runs through the entire valley. a large market. 80 miles to steamboat, landing. Sonoma : from 1 to 15 miles. Solano INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 179 and Yolo: 5 to 30 miles. Humboldt: from 5 to 75 miles. Alpine: 40 to 50 miles to Virginia, and 70 miles to Reno, on the Central Pacific Railroad. What is the general quality of land, and the kind of timber ? Los Angeles: sandy loam on the river bottoms; adobe on the plains. Santa Clara: sandy loam; redwood and oak timber. San Luis Obispo: hilly; valleys small; soil very rich black loam, well watered; timber scarce; scrub pine, white oak, willow, and cottonwood. San Bernardino: soil varied; cottonwood, sycamore, and willow in the valley; pine, oak, and cedar in the mountains. Tulare: quality of land fair; oak timber in belts along the streams. Stanislaus: sandy with some black loam; no timber except on the rivers. Butte: upland, clayish mixture; bottom lands generally a sandy loam; oak on the level land; pine on the hills and mountains. Shasta: nearly all kinds of soil; white and black oak, sugar-maple, pine, and spruce. Tehama: the general quality of the land is good; oak and pine timber. Siskiyou: generally a sandy loam; sugar maple, pitch and yellow pine, white and red fir, some oak, juniper, and cottonwood. Plumas: soil second rate quality; pine and fir. Sutter, Yuba, and Colusa: the upland is of clayish mixture; bottom land generally a sandy loam; oak on the level, pine on the hills. Lassen : first rate; pine and fir. Napa: land good; timber chiefly oak. Sonoma: varied; oak and some redwood. Solano and Yolo: limestone, sandy loam, and heavy clay; oak timber. Humboldt: good land; redwood, pine, fir, and Oregon pine. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Los Angeles: skilled labor in the city; common labor in the country. Santa Clara, Tulare, Amador, Trinity, and Sonoma: none at present. San Luis Obispo: common laborers and shepherds. San Bernardino: farm hands and mechanics. Stanislaus, Butte, Tehama, Plumas, Colusa, Sutter, Yuba, Lassen, Napa, and Sonoma: farm labor principally. Shasta: farm and mining labor. Siskiyou: farm labor; carpenters and men to work in steam saw-mills. Trinity: mining. Solano and Yolo: all kinds; male and female. Humboldt: loggers and saw-mill men; but the demand is not large. Alpine: wood choppers. What mills or factories, if any, are ine operation or in progress requiring skilled labor? Los Angeles: two grist-mills; no factories. Santa Clara: two woolenmills; one paper manufactory. San Luis Obispo,Plumas, Sutter, Lassen, Napa, Trinity, Sonoma, and Humboldt: none of any kind at present. San Bernardino: four steam saw-mills, one water-power saw-mill, and two flour-mills. Tulare: a few flour and lumber-mills. Stanislaus: woolen factory. Butte: three flour-mills and many saw.mills. Shasta: three flour-mills, three quartz-mills, and ten saw-mills. Tehama: three flourmills and four saw-mills. Siskiyou: three steam saw-mills, several water saw-mills and flour-mills, one foundery, and one tub and pail factory. Colusa: two flour mills and several saw-mills. Yuba: four flour-mills, one woolen factory, and many saw-mills. Amador: quartz-mills and saw-mills. Solano and Yolo: five flour-mills and several manufactories of agricultural implements. Humboldt and Alpine: saw-mills. Are there in your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress requiring common labor ? If so, how far distant ? Los Angeles: one railroad completed, another in contemplation. Santa Clara, San Luis Obispo, San Bernardino, Tulare, Butte, Shasta, Siskiyou, Plumas, Colusa, Sutter, Yuba, Amador, Lassen, Napa, Trinity, Sonoma, and Humboldt: none in progress. Stanislaus: one in the lower part of the county. Tehama: the line of the California and Oregon Rail- 180 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. road is about three miles from the town of Red Bluff. Solano and Yolo: one railroad in process of building. Please state any advantages which your district can to laborers, mechanics, or small farm'ers. is there much land of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied? Los Angeles: plenty of land unoccupied, but'of poor quality ard subject to drought. Santa Clara and San Luis Obispo: no special advantages. San Bernardino: a considerable quantity of public land unsurveyed, containing gold and tin mines. Tulare: plenty of land to be purchased on fair terms, say from $2 to $10 per acre; land in some sections requires irrigation. Stanislaus: quite a large quantity yet unoccupied. Butte, Colusa, Sutter, and Yuba : there is now and for years will be a demand for laborers, mechanics, and farmers, for the country is by no means in an advanced condition,and new developments,requiring all kinds of labor, are being made in all branches of industry; not much land of good quality unoccnpied. Shasta and Tehama: there are thousands of acres of unoccupied land in this district suitable for stock-raising and fruit-growing. Siskiyou: there is some good farming land and much good grazing land in the eastern part of the county. Plumas and Lassen: considerable good land, well watered, unoccupied. Napa : laborers who are inclined to be industrious can do well; farm hands command from $30 to $40 per mouth. Trinity: nothing but mining in the placers. Sonoma, Solano, Yolo, and Humboldt: small farmers can do well. Alpine: the climate is very severe in winter, snow falls to an extraordinary depth. In summer it is delightfnl. At present no inducements whatever can be offered to laborers, or small farmers. There is some very fair land, well watered, and nearly the entire county unoccupied. The timber is abundant. The mines this county are principally silver, but as yet are undeveloped, although a large amount of labor and money has been expended in "prospecting" them. What are the prices of ordinary farm stock, sound and in good offer mechanics, in ondition? Cute. .5 2 Los Angeles.-- working W oxen, per pair. Working horses, each, Working mules, each. $100 $50 to 200 $100 to 250 ------- 150 lbispo-...Scarce--_ 2 2Santa Clara ------San Luis 2San Bernardino.,._. 100 3 3 Stanislaus----------------150 Tularo----------150 4 Butte--------------------.150 .. 4 4 Shasta--------------------175 Tehama------------------175 4 4 4 Siskjyoi ..-.---.-------.$100 to 175 Plumas-------------------.. . . 150 Colua --- -- -- ----- -- ----150 4 4 4 Sutter-----------------150 Sacramento .- - .---- *$40 50 to 150 *$50 100 to 200 150 50 to 150 50 to 125 100 75 to 150 150 B Mc owSeP, each. each, *$35 65 3 00 49 2 00 200 200 45 to 60 150 40 125 150 150 to 250 75 to 150 200 40 to 60 50 to 75 45 to 3c. per lb. 50....... 60 200 45 to 60 2 50 80 to 150 100 to 150 40 to 80 3 to 4 00 200 200 5.0 to 60 110 100 to 300 125 to 400 Alpiao-------------------125 Lassen------------------150 80 75 to 150 90 75 to 150 5 Napa--------------------- 200 40 50 to 75 100 to 200 100 to 250 50 to 60 125 60 Sonoma-------------------150 Solano and Yolo Humboldt............... 200 .... Average..-........ 2 50 3 to 4 00 3 00 50 Amador -- ------- -- ---- - - Trinity-------------------200 125 $149 00' 150. 100 150 150 to 200 $136 84 100 1.50 175 to 200 $151 13 lb. 250 35 4 4. 5 5 5 ........... 4e. per 10c. per lb. 5c. per 200 80 to 100 Yulba--------------------110 ........... 6c. per lb. 60 to 75 2 50 to 4 00 5 to10c.p.ib. 50 3 00 lb. 4 5 $2 to 3 50 $50 to 1.00 3 to 5 00 125 75 to 225 75 to 150 200 Hgs os 40 50 70 70 $51 73 2 50 3 00 2 50 3 0Q 0 2 50 4 50----. Sc. per lb. 0c. per lb. 5c. per lb. Sc. per lb. 7o. per lb. 5c. per lib. 9c. per lb. pcr lb. c. per lb. 9c. 6c.per lb. ------ 2 75 3 00 2 50 per lb. 9c. per lb. 10c. per lb. $2 90 7 cents. 6c. INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 181 [As the foregoing compilation imperfectly represents the advantages which California offers to the immigrant-returns not having been received from the whole State-the following communication from Mr. Charles S. Capp, whose official position has afforded him unusual opportunities for obtaining correct information on the subject, is appended:] SAN FRANCISCO, December 9, 1870. DEAR SIR: Your letter, accompanied by information concerning California lands, was duly received. I notice that most of the prices for farming lands quoted are those in the immediate vicinity of the county seats and oldest settled and best improved central districts. By going a little distance from the present centers of population, lands can be obtained at more moderate prices and frequently from the Government at usual rates. When the quantity of land that is inclosed or uninclosed is considered it should be borne in mind that what is here called a " no fence law," extends over a considerable portion of the State, viz, the counties of Marin, Stanislaus, San Joaquin, Yolo, and portions of Sacramento, Santa Barbara, San Diego, Los Angeles, and Merced. (See California Statutes, 1869-'70, page 410.) The principle of this law is, that a landowner is entitled to the safe enjoyment of his land without having to guard it by fences, and that the owner of live stock is bound to see that they do not trespass, and is responsible for damages if they do. Where land is cheap and timber scarce and dear, the fencing often costs more than the land, and this law was intended to facilitate settlement by poor men by obviating the necessity for this often unproductive expenditure. This law is being extended in its operations at every session of the legislature, as fast as the purely agricultural interest becomes decidedly stronger than the mere stock-raising interest. Its fairness and economy commend it. Many miles of our best lands are thus uninclosed, though in a high state of cultivation. As to improvements upon lands, it should also be borne in mind that many improvements, such as warm barns and sheds for cattle, that are indispensable where snowfalls and severe winters prevail, and where rains during the harvest season and afterward may be expected, are here to a great extent unnecessary. This is the case in all the large valleys, and everywhere except on the northern coast and in the mountain regions. Cattle and sheep need and receive little or no shelter, but find their own living all the year round. Only those that work are housed and fed. Straw and hay are stacked in the field and cattle help themselves during the latter end of the autumn, until the first rains fall, when there is a new growth of grass, and as vegetation proceeds actively all through the winter, they find an abundance of feed. As to buildings it should also be borne in mind that in California, except in the mountains where altitude is equivalent to a more northern latitude, the winter is a mere rainy season, with numerous intervals of fine, pleasant weather. Consequently Californians are able to and do spend a greater portion of the time in the open air than the people of almost any other State. They, therefore, until in prosperous circumstances, do not build such fine houses to keep out cold as are absolutely necessary in the Northern and Eastern States. Cheaper ones answer every purpose and afford quite as much comfort as more expensive ones. This advantage of our climate operates greatly in favor of men of limited means, as a larger proportion of their capital is available from the first for the purchase of teams, seed, agricultural implements, livestock, and family requirements, and they are thus able to get a new piece of land ilto a productive condition more cheaply than is the case elsewhere. In our large valleys and all except the highest portions of the State, snow seldom falls, or if it does seldom lies twenty-four hours at a time, and ice very seldom forms. Heavy frosts are also of rare occurrence. Consequently less fuel is necessary for coinfort, and timber is not so indispensable upon a farm. Much timber is wantonly destroyed in clearing land for grain culture, even in districts where it is comparatively scarce. Wire fencing is extensively used in districts where timber is not abundant. It is not very expensive, lasts well, and its place may be supplied before it ceases to be useful by live fences or hedges, which grow finely wherever planted. The cottonwood, willow, locust, and a variety of other trees suitable for fuel, shade and hardwood, are rapid growers where planted under favorable conditions, so that even where no timber exists the settler need not long be without it. The mountains and foot-hills which bound the valleys, usually furnish an abundant supply of fuel for the settlers at very little more than the cost of cutting and hauling, and timber is found along all the water-courses and river bottoms. Owing to the absence of rain during harvest and for two months later, no haste is necessary in securing crops of grain When ripe, and no need of shelter for them when cut. Grain is often allowed to stand for weeks after it is ripe, until the harvester and steam-thresher can be secured to cut it. When cut it is threshed and sacked at orioe, and then piled up in the field without shelter in perfect security so far as the weather is concerned, and gradually hauled to the nearest railroad or steamboat landing, where 182 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. it is stored until the market price suits the farmer. Until disposed of it often serves as the basis of a loan with which the operations of the succeeding year are extended, improvements made, &c. There is usually no trouble either in disposing of the crop at San Francisco prices, less.freight and commissions, or in procuring money upon it if prices at the harvest time are considered to justify the farmer in holding for a rise. The main thing is to have the hauling to the point of delivery completed before the rains make the roads heavy. For these reasons new-comers in California are able to dispense with many of the "improvements" upon farms that are absolutely necessary to success elsewhere, whether they lease or purchase lands. As to prices, lands enhance in value the moment they are occupied. Even without occupation, what was Government land yesterday, procurable at $1 25 per acre, is worth double that price or more the moment it passes into private hands. That is to say, this increase in value is insisted upon by the owners without much regard to difference in quality between what is taken and what is left. Settlement actually increases the value of land in any vicinity, because men usually prefer to have neighbors for themselves and families. Yet other lands a little farther off from the nearest town may be fully equal in quality, and settlement will enhance their market and quotable value in the same manner, and the development of the country subsequently by the construction of railroads, &c., may make the more distant lands the most valuable. The successful introduction of some new culture, such as the grape, the mulberry, or the commencement of a manufacture for which facilities exist, will have the same effect. And thus in California, as in other new States, the men who will accomplish most and succeed best are those whose intelligence enables them to discover for themselves the peculiar advantages of a district, which escape the attention of others, and who have the enterprise to secure and develop such locations. Any ordinary farmer can see that a piece of land, the soil' of which is deep and rich, and which is level, will make a farm for wheat, oats, barley, or common crops. But the foot-hill region, where the land is rolling and sometimes steep, is found to be capable of producing a variety of fruits and other products that yield a far larger and more certain return than any land used merely for grain-raising. I only repeat the opinion of many of the most intelligent men in the State when I say that we may expect that before many years the foot-hill region of the Sierra Nevada, extending from the plains of- the large valleys across the gold-bearing belt and up to the high pine-covered districts, where the climate becomes severe, will be occupied by a dense and prosperous population, and prove quite as productive as the level lands which now contain the bulk of our agricultural population. Already many of the finest orchards and vineyards are located in this region. The wines produced there are of superior quality, and the fruits unsurpassed. The silk culture has been successfully carried on, and every year demonstrates more fully the varied capacity and great value of these lands. Cattle-raisers frequently depreciate the value of the Government lands in their vicinity in order to discourage others from settling near them, so that their stock may enjoy free range over the vacant lands around them. Intelligent men are not thus deceived, but able to judge for themselves and form their own opinions. Cultivation frequently changes entirely the appearance of a soil. While cultivated land is covered with green and luxuriant vegetation, the same soil outside of the inclosure, which has not been disturbed, presents a dry and sterile appearance which is very uninviting.- What has been done by one settler may be done by others. The dry appearance of our hills and valleys in the fall is discouragingto new comers from States where the rain-fall is greater and distributed more evenly through the year. But if water for drinking is supplied to cattle in such localities they are found to be fat and thriving, and the dry grass, when examined, is found to be a perfectly cured hay, retaining all its natural strength and nourishment, and often rich in seed, and it continues in this condition until rain falls and washes out of it its nutritive properties and causes it to rot. In all our large valleys water is found close to the surface nearly everywhere, and is readily procured by wells, and the regular winds afford the power necessary for pumping all that is required for household purposes, watering stock, and garden irrigation. Artesian wells costing about $500 each are also dug without difficulty in many of the valleys that are destitute of running streams in the fall, and one of these will usually supply all the water that is required upon a farm, the flow being constant and plentiful without pumping-machinery. Everywhere in the foot-hill region and on the plains below, facilities exist for bringing in water for irrigation from the never-failing streams supplied by the mountain snows. - The ditches originally built to supply the water for mining operations are now used to a considerable extent for the purpose of irrigation, and will be carried lower down as the demand increases. But every year's experience proves that though irrigation for some purposes will greatly increase the productive capacity of land, thorough cultivation often renders it unnecessary; and again, for many crops for which it was formerly supposed beneficial it is in fact unnecessary if the seed is sowed in time to obtain the full benefit of all the natural rain-fall. Grapes and other fruits raised without irrigation are superior in flavor to those supplied artificially with water. Nevertheless, an abundance of opportunities exist for the employment of capital in INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 183 the diversion of water from its deep natural channels to the surface of districts not well supplied, and its use in irrigation and for manufacturing purposes. The foot-hill region, which is peculiarly adapted to fruit-growing, vineyards, &c., comprises portions of the counties of Shasta, Plumas, Butte, Sierra, Yuba, Nevada, Placer, El Dorado, Sacramento, Amador, Calaveras, Tuolumne, Merced, Mariposa, Fresno, Tulare, and Kern. Lands of similar quality are found in some of the other counties. Good wagonroads extend through most of this region to the numerous mining towns in the higher districts, and a system of narrow-gauge railroads is now being discussed which will probably extend through these districts, and thus facilitate the transport of agricultural products, as well as the rich ores which the mines afford, and the valuable timber of the high Sierras. Improved farms are not rented to the same extent in California as elsewhere. Most of the settlers occupy them as their homesteads, and have no other lands. Comparatively few of the large land-holders lease their land for farming, and few or none improve them expressly for the occupation of tenants. Where land is leased, the farming is mostly mere grain and stock raising, requiring few or no expensive improvements by the tenant, or for his accommodation. Again, where private lands are yet so cheap and Government lands are attainable at Government prices, and the railroad system in course of construction promises to render them, in a few years, as accessible and valuable as the central lands that are now high, the necessity for renting land and the inducements to do so are less than elsewhere. The great majority of new comers soon see this, and prefer to purchase land of their own. Leases, however, are frequently made with the privilege of purchase, at a fixed price not greatly in advance of existing rates. This privilege is usually availed of, as the tenant sees that his own settlement enhances the value, and prefers to enjoy the full benefit of his own labor. These leases are sometimes advisable where speculation, in view of contemplated railroads and similar improvements, has not already too greatly enhanced their market value. The rent of land usually represents about ten per cent. of the estimated value of the land; thus in Monterey good wheat land that sells at from $25 to $35 per acre rents at $2 50 to $3 50 per annum. Mexican grants cover a large part of the best lands in the southern portion of the State. So long as the titles to these grants are in dispute their boundaries remain undefined. Consequently settlers are often afraid to take up land in their vicinity, though they believe it to belong to the Government because it is unsurveyed, and for fear that the grant when located by surveyors may be " floated" over their improvements. Recent legislation by Congress was intended to compel the immediate survey of such unlocated grants. Certain defects have rendered it partially inoperative. Amendments will probably be made to remedy these defects, and then the segregation and settlement of the adjoining Government lands will proceed safely and rapidly. The final confirmation and survey of these grants is usually immediately followed by their sub. division. This process soon makes openings for agriculturists; the raising of stock becomes unprofitable as soon as the range is restricted, and soon the agricultural element prevails over the stock-raising. The majority of the Spanish and Mexican grants are already confirmed or rejected. When finally confirmed and located, the titles are perfect and desirable. Fine openings for capital exist in the purchase of these large ranchos from the owners and their sale in subdivisions to farmers and smaller stockraisers. In conclusion, California at the present time does not present any brilliant inducements to the immigration of men having no capital but their labor, and who are content to remain mere laborers. Industrious, enterprising men, who understand farming, or almost any other useful occupation or mechanical trade, usually find employment without much difficulty, at higher rates than prevail elsewhere, and in a few years lay up capital sufficient to commence business upon a small scale on their own account. Women, for domestic service, particularly in the country, are in unlimited demand at high wages, from $25 to $40 per month, according to capacity, and they are always well and kindly treated, and usually marry in a very short time, greatly to the discontent of their employers. But for the practical farmer, possessed of means sufficient to enable him to purchase or lease lanid, improved or unimproved, or to locate Government land under the homestead or preemption law and commence farming on a small scale, no State or Territory offers superior inducements. He can commence operations perfectly assured that a few years spent as industriously as is necessary in agriculture ,elsewhere, will here surround him with all the necessaries and many of the luxuries of life, make him secure from want, and the owner of a farm, orchard, and garden that will afford himself and family a competency, and a comfortable inheritance to his heirs. This is plain when we consider the great variety of products and fruits that can be successfully and profitably raised here, that are either precarious and therefore unprofitable or cannot be raised at all where the climate is more severe. Most of these new cultures are no longer experimental, but are firmly established as profitable and certain. Orchards, vineyards, mulberry plantations, and cocooneries are everywhere being planted, with a certainty that they will thrive and yield a handsome profit, re- 184- SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. warding the husbandman abundantly for his labor. The success attendant upon all these experiments upon a large or a small scale has long since been known to all intelligent men. California is resorted to by agents of French and Italian silk manufacturers to purchase at high prices our silk-worm eggs, (that are healthy and free from the diseases that have threatened to impair this important industry in Europe,) as well as all the raw silk we may produce. Our wines and brandies are already commencing to rank with the best produced abroad. Our fruits, both on account of their superior quality and the early date at which they mature, are in request in eastern markets even at the high prices which the expensive transportation necessitates. Our wheat is superior in quality and in its capacity to bear transportation by sea or land, and storage for an indefinite period without damage, to that which is raised in almost any other country, and rules accordingly in the market, and can be raised at a cost which enables it to bear the expense of transportation to the most distant ports. All the productions of the temperate zone, nearly all of the semi-tropical fruits and plants that elsewhere are mere hot-house exotics, here thrive and yield abundantly. Even the man of moderate means can therefore surround himself and family with luxuries and ornamental as well as useful plants, trees, and shrubbery that elsewhere entail heavy expense upon their owners and stamp them as men of wealth. The cottages of men of very moderate means in our smaller towns, not only in the valleys, but in the mining regions also, are often surrounded by a patch of garden and orchard, in which will be found not only the ordinary, familiar plants of an old Eastern homestead, but the more delicate geraniums, oleanders, fuschias, heliotropes, verbenas, lilies, bulbous plants, cactus, roses, and a hundred others growing, budding, and blooming in the open air all the year round. In addition to all the ordinary fruits, such as apples, peaches, pears, quinces, plums, and small fruits and berries, may also be found the olive, orange, lime, citron, figs of several kinds, pomegranate, English walnut, mulberry, filbert, tobacco, cotton, sorghum, ramie; and if the owner is disposed to experiment the list might be extended indefinitely. Thus not only does California offer to the agriculturist a profitable, but also a pleasant and attractive home, in which a family may be reared surrounded by all the influences which will render them contented, healthy, intelligent and patriotic. The California Immigrant Union, of San Francisco, is an association formed to promote emigration to California. Its officers have published several pamphlets and other documents, containing reliable information concerning the resources and attractions of the State, which are supplied gratuitously to all who apply in person or by letter, and have been placed in many of the Eastern and European libraries and reading-rooms. They also endeavor to facilitate the travel and settlement of new comers, and do not confine their operations to any particular section of their State. No charge is made for any services rendered, and those desiring information concerning California may address the company by letter or otherwise. CHARLES S. CAPP, Manager California Immigrant Union. Hon. E. YOUNG, Chief of Bureau of Statistics, Washington, D. C. [The following communications are deemed of sufficient interest to insert entire.] The lands within this division-Amador County-have never been brought into market by the Government and only a small portion surveyed into sections, and the only title cultivators have to the lands is by an act of the State legislature, passed in 1852, under which any citizen selecting and recording 160 acres of the public lands and actually residing thereon shall be protected in his possession. Under this act settlers have gone upon the public lands in the mining counties, and have made such improvements as now exist, this being the tenure by which lands are held in this district. There is, consequently, no fixed price per acre; but these "possessory" claims can be purchased at this time at a very low figure, owing to the fact that the tide of immigration flowing from the East mainly seeks the valley and coast counties. No fixed value attaches toany agricultural improvements in this county, as a general rule, outside of a certain " grant " in the western part of the county, hereinafter referred to. The chief products of the district, outside of gold and lumber, are vegetables for tablie use in abundance, grapes, and fruits of every variety known to vinticulture and to horticulture; and these branches of production, when they shall become properly understood, and markets are opened, will afford profitable employment for large populations. This county, from its western boundary to a point 30 miles east and 20 miles north and south, is most admirably adapted to the cultivation of the grape. I might safely say that almost every foot of the soil covering the above-named area is capable of sustaining a vine, and as soon as markets shall be established, every vine can be made to produce m profit on the labor bestowed upon its cultivation. When the lands of this district and other districts similarly situated shall be brought INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 185 into market (if kept out of the hands of speculators) and settled up by a class understanding the cultivation of the vine, it will not require a great lapse of time ere it will become densely populated with thriving communities. Every known variety of grapes can be produced in abundance, and the fruit in the mountain districts is singularly free from the disease peculiar to the vine in other countries. Had we markets for grapes at the prices paid in the valleys for an article inferior to our mountain production, no better field of profitable labor could be found for men of limited capital anq industrious habits than the foot-hills of California. A vineyard of 20 acres well cultivated, with a fair market, would not only be sufficient to support a large-size family, but by economy and industry the cultivator could lay by annually a surplus. But the present objections to a settlement and cultivation of the mountain districts are, first, a want of title to the lands, and second, a market for mountain produce. The wisdom of the Government will remedy the one, and time and the intrinsic value of the products will bring the other. Under our present mode of settlement, immigrants to the mountain districts, if citizens, under the possessory act referred to, can settle upon and occupy any 160 acres of unoccupied land and will be protected in their settlement by the provisions of the act unless the General Government should assert its superior right. But it is not the peculiar adaptation of the mountain districts to the production of the grape, and, as a sequence, wines and brandies, that alone constitutes their value. No part of the United States produces finer fruit of every variety peculiar to northern or temperate zones; yet for the want of a market this branch of industry, like all others in mountain agriculture, has not been developed. Grapes, in this district, can be successfully grown by cultivation alone without the aid of artificial irrigation, and experience has proven that cultivation produces a superior grape both for table use and for the finer variety of wines, than are those produced by artificial irrigation. The foot-hills of California present a wide field to-day for profitable industry if intelligently bestowed ; and the cultivation of the vine, the manufacture of wines, brandies, and other liquors, besides her fruits of every variety, offer to the industrious and enterprising a field in which comfort and comparative wealth will be the reward of intelligent labor. Again, above the grape lands begins a section of country well adapted to the production of northern fruits and vegetables, apd as far as actual experience has gone, equally as well adapted to the hardier cereals; still so little has been done to bring out the productive capacity of this region, that its true value will remain undeveloped until after the milder regions of the foot-hills shall become over-populated, and the current of immigration driven higher up the mountains; still, at some future day, this ": upper region " will be more sought after than other localities on account of its fine timber, pure cold water, its atmosphere devoid of all miasmas, its health and its agricultural capacities. Again, above this region lies a vast area of mountain lands covered with a heavy growth of as fine pine, spruce, and laurel timber as can be found in the world, but too elevated for agriculture. Independent of its valuable timber, it is likewise valuable as summer and autumn grazing lands. Within this portion of the mountains vast herds of cattle and flocks of sheep can be pastured at the bare cost of herding, and as this entire region is unfit for cultivation it will remain perhaps for all time the pasture grounds for the cultivators and residents along the foot-hills below. The Arroyo Seco grant herein referred to contained about 49,000 acres, of which about 30,000 acres were in this county. They have sold some 10,000 acres in this county; and about 10,000 acres is good farming land and held at an average of $30 per acre. In renting their land the owners receive one-third, the tenants furnishing their own stock, implements, seeds, &c. During the fall of 1869 and summer of 1870 a portion of the public land in the middle part of Amador County has been surveyed and is open to entry under the "preemption" and "homestead" laws by actual settlers thereon. J. A. ROBINSON, Assistant Assessor 2d Division 4th District California. JACKSON, January4, 1871. SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA, Janua'y 18, 1871. DEAR SIR: Santa Barbara, on the Pacific coast, near the group of islands of the same name, is well protected from the northern winds of winter by a range of mountains three miles back from the sea. The county of the same name is 120 miles long and 60 wide, its surface covered with mountains and lovely valleys, the bottom lands of which are more fertile than those of the Wabash or Mississippi. These valleys are mostly private property, held under Mexican grants, called ranchos, containing from one to eleven square leagues, formerly sold at nominal prices, and now in the market at from two to ten dollars per acre. When subdivided, sold, and settled by enterprising people, these same acres will sell at from $25 to $100; and, when covered with fruit trees and vines, up to $1,000, and will pay good interest on a larger sum. 186 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. So far as we know, these valleys are the most healthful and genial in the world. The mercury generally ranges from 60° to 800 throughout the year; frost is seldom seen, and winter is our most charming season. The rain-fall is said to average about 14 inches per annum, just enough, and not a drop squandered in leaching out the soluble parts of the soil; and this is one of the reasons why our vegetation grows so luxuriantly. Irrigation for agricultural purposes is only resorted to where it is desired to raise crops out of season. The soil is a mixture of sand, clay, and vegetable mold, works easily in the proper time, yields bountifully, and, when deeply plowed and properly pulverized, receives, retains, and raises moisture by capillary attraction to such an extent that it is preferable to plant all hoed crops after the last rain, to prevent the germination of weeds; after which they require little or no attention until harvest time. From 50 to 100 bushels of barley and corn are a common yield, and other crops in proportion. Our produce can be shipped on the ocean without the aid or cost of conveyance by railroads, and at almost nominal expense can be offered in the best seaport markets of the world. Our beef is slaughtered from the fields at all seasons, and stock-raisers never provide a ton of hay except for their work-stock and saddle-horses. Earthquakes, few and far between, although terrific, are probably not more than onetenth as destructive as lightning in the East. Lightning-rods and mad-stones are never seen here. The water is excellent; change of temperature slow; evaporation slight, and vicinity remarkably healthy. The people are mostly from the eastern States, are liberal, enterprising, educated, and refined. This country will eventually be noted for the production of the orange, lemon, olive, almond, English walnut, prune, peach, plum, fig, and grape; five acres of which willbe a fortune for a poor man. From the following facts those who are interested can make their own calculations. Judge F. has an olive tree which usually produces twenty dollars worth of fruit per annum. They commence bearing at three years of age,and at six should yield well. Mr. T. sold more than thirty dollars' worth of almonds from one tree in 1868. Orange trees yield from $20 to $30 worth of fruit per annum, and lemons do about as well. Grapes are at home here, and we boast of the biggest grape-vine in the world, a foot in diameter, covering an arbor sixty by seventy-five feet, and yielding from four to six tons annually. From one to two hundred trees of the above varieties can be set to the acre. The English walnut, like the black walnut, is a much larger tree, and is said to yield, when in full bearing, from $50 to $100 worth of fruit. Our climate and soil are such that labor will make an Eden of our valley. Truly yours, O. L. ABBOTT. Hon. EDWARD YOUNG, Chief of Bureau of Statistics. OREGON. Area, 60,975,360 acres. Population in 1870, 90,933. Can land be purchased or rentedin your district suitable for smallfarms on favorable terms? Wasco, Douglas, Lane, Multnomah, Washington, Marion, and Clatsop: it can. What is the price per acre of small improvedfarms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Wasco: thousands of acres of good land, unoccupied, at Government price; improved farms, none for sale. Douglas: from $5 to $10 per acre; all under fence; generally very poor buildings. Lane: $10 to $15; onefourth cultivated; all fenced; ordinary buildings. Multnomah: $10 to $20; one-fourth under cultivation; all fenced; ordinary farm buildings. Washington: $10 to $20; less than one-fourth under cultivation; about one-half fenced; buildings moderately good. Marion: $25; all under fence; good buildings. Clatsop: none for sale. What is the price per acre of unimproved land, what proportionis cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced? Wasco: settlements sparse; land rolling and prairie; no stated price. INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 187 Douglas: $2 to $3 per acre; nearly all cleared; none fenced. Lane: $2 to $5; none fenced; none cleared. Multnomah: $4; none cleared; none fenced. Washington: $2 to $5. Marion: $1 25 to $5; about one-fourth cleared; none fenced. Clatsop: $3 to $5; none cleared; none fenced. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms ? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive ? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds ? Wasco: no cash rents; the general rule is to furnish seeds, team, implements, &c., and give one-half the product. Douglas, Lane, Washington, and Clatsop: the same. Multnomah: $7 per acre; Marion: $3; shares, one-third to owner, furnishing nothing; or two-thirds if he furnish. What are the chief articles of production, and what are the presentprices of two or three of them ? Articles of production. Prices. Counties. Wheat......per bushel.: $0 60 to $1 Do----......-----..... to 1 do...... 70 Do...........-do...... 75 to 1 Do--......... do...... --. 1 00 10 00 00 Washington, Lane. Marion. Douglas. Wasco. Oats ........... do...... 37 Lane. Do........... do...... Do-----.......----.... do..... Potatoes .-......do...... 40 50 40 Washington. Douglas, Marion, Clatsop. Multnomah. 50 Marion. Do---------........... do...... Do--.----.---......... do...... Hay --------......... per ton.... Do--..-------........ do...... Do..--........ do...... 60 12 00 15 00 20 00' Clatsop. Lane, Multnomah. Clatsop. Marion. What is the distance to a market town, a railroad station, or a steamboat landing? Wasco: various distances, from the jump of a squirrel to 350 miles; railroads, none. Douglas: 80 miles to tide-water of the Pacific Ocean. Lane: steamboat landing in the county. Multnomah: from 1 to 10 miles. Washington: 3 miles from this place. Marion and Clatsop: greatest distance 20 miles. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber ? Wasco: alluvial soil; timber---fir, pine, cedar, oak, ash, and soft maple. Douglas: black sandy loam; oak, maple, ash, alder, myrtle, laurel, fir, pine, hemlock, yew, and cedar. Lane: land good; oak, ash, &c. Multnomah: clayey loam, best quality, very productive; fir and ash timber. Washington: excellent soil; oak ash and pine timber. Marion: good; fir, oak, and ash. Clatsop: good land; hemlock and pine on upland, maple, &c., on bottom land; very rich soil. For what kind of labor is there a demand? Wasco: no particular kind, over another; the demand for labor, at remunerative prices, is good. Douglas: all kinds; mechanics, farmers, loggers, mill-tenders, coal-miners, and gold-miners. Washington, Marion, and Lane: all kinds. Multnomah: farm and mechanical labor; but particularly female house-help, which is very scarce. Clatsop: school-teachers, fishermen, sailors, carpenters, coopers, sawyers, lumbermen, tinsmiths, and female servants. What mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor ? Wasco: one woolen-mill, one grist-mill, and several saw-mills. Doug- 188 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. las: one woolen-mill and seven saw-mills. Multnomah: iron founderies and machine-shops, flour-mills, and barrel factories. Washington: grist and saw mills. Marion: three woolen-mills. Clatsop: saw-mills-steam and water power, fish-canning establishments, tinsmiths' shops, &c. Are there in your vicinity any railroads or other public works in pro. gress requiring common labor? If so, how far distant? Wasco: one railroad and branch mint in course of construction. Douglas: wagon-road to the coast, 60 miles in length, to be completed this year. Multnomah and Lane: railroad in progress. Washington and Marion: yes; Oregon Central Railroad. Clatsop: United States custom-house is being built of cut stone--just commenced-will be two or three years in building. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied ? Wasco: we want an industrious population, coming from the older States, who. are not afraid to take hold of the plow or drive a team. Douglas and Lane: there is a great deal of land unoccupied and of good quality, and a demand for laborers of steady habits, honest and industrious. Multnomah: nearly all classes of mechanics and laborers will readily find employment here for about eight months in the year; a large quantity of good land, well watered, yet unoccupied. Clatsop: the best and largest body of Government land in this State is in this county; land enough for 1,000 farms, in one body, 30 miles south from Astoria; good market; good prices; railroad soon to be built; there are about 600 men engaged here in salmon-fishing and 200 in lumbering; wood-choppers are in demand. What are the prices of ordinaryfarm stock, sound and in good condition? County. Wasco .................-----------. Working oxen, per pair. Working mules, each. Milch cows, each. Sheep, each. ogs. $75 to 200 $100 to 200 $30 to 50 $3 to 4 00 6c. per lb. 125 100 100 100 75 to 150 50 to 150 125 125 150 100 100 to 150 50 to 10( 25 30 40 40 35 to 50 40 85 $------107 $117 85 $121 42 $36 71 $80 to 150 100 Douglas....---------..------100 Lane...-------------..-...80 Multnomah ................. 125 ... Washington ----------------... -100 to 125 Marion ..... --Clatsop ....................75 to 150 Average.............. Working horses, each. 2 1 1 2 2 2 to 5 00 50 75 50 00 00 4c. per lb. 20. per lb. 5c. per lb. per lb. 5c. 5to 6c.p.lb. 4to 6c.p.lb. $2 39 43cents. [The following facts concerning Oregon, from a statement prepared by Mr. John W. Drake, secretary of the Board of Statistics and Immigration of Portland, Oregon, are indorsed by Hon. H. W. Corbett, United States Senator from that State, and inserted at his request:] Of the entire area of the State, about 25,000,000 acres are adapted to agriculture, and about the same quantity to grazing purposes, the remainder being mountain land, valuable only for its immense forests of timber. Of the agricultural and grazing lands, not over 6 per cent. has passed from the Government into the hands of private parties, and the quantity under cultivation would not exceed 2 per cent. The Cascade range of mountains, crossing the State from north to south, divides it into two main divisions-the eastern and western, each division having its own distinct peculiarities of climate, soil, and topography. In the western division,c lying at the base of, and in a general parallel direction with, the Cascade range, are three large fertile valleys. separated from each other and from the sea-coast by low ranges of mount INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 189 ains. Taken together these valleys form a continuous chain of settle. ments from Northern California to the Columbia River, the northern boundary of Oregon. The Willamette Valley, the largest of the three, occupies the northern part of the western division, with its waters flowing into the Columbia, and navigable the entire length of the valley. The Rogue River Valley lies in the southern part, and the Umpqua Valley between the two. The waters of the Rogue River and the Umpqua break through the Coast range, discharging into the ocean. Rogue River is not navigable, but the Umpqua is navigable, for light-draught vessels, to Scottsburg, 25 miles from its mouth. The valley of the Willamette, containing the oldest settlements in Oregon, is 125 miles long, has a breadth of about 40 miles; and, in view of its advantages of soil, climate, and market facilities, is considered to be the finest and best agricultural region of the Pacific slope. The area of its arable lands is sufficient for the support of a million of people. The river flowing through its center, with its innumerable tributaries and rivulets, furnish the valley with a constant supply of the best mountain water for agricultural purposes, and with motive power for the use of mills. The Umpqua and Rogue River Valleys are equally well watered, but are much smaller and of more irregular surface. Western Oregon, throughout its mountain ranges and along the coast, is heavily timbered, while the valleys consist of alternate stretches of timber and prairie. Cedar, pine, fir, hemlock, spruce, oak, ash, alder, soft maple, and balm, or cottonwood, are the principal varieties of timber adapted to the farmer's use. Eastern Oregon is on an elevated plateau, intersected with numerous water-courses flowing in a general northerly direction into the Columbia. SOIL AND PRoDIUCTS.-Wheat and oats are the leading grain crops of Western Oregon; the climate and soil seem to have a special adaptation to their growth, and to the maturity and perfection of the grain. Corn and barley are cultivated to some extent, and good crops of both have been raised in the valleys; but with exceptions in favor of a few localities, they are not regarded as being adapted to the climate. In Rogue River Valley, however, barley makes a good crop, yielding 30 to 50 bushels per acre, and corn is grown every year in some parts of the Willamette and Umpqua Valleys. In the Willamette Valley rye and buckwheat are raised to a small extent. The yield per acre is from 25 to 30 bushels for rye, and 40 to 50 for buckwheat. Wheat is a sure crop anywhere in Western Oregon. It is free from the ravages of insects, rust, blight, and other deleterious influences common to some sections of the United States. Saveral varieties of both winter and spring wheat are cultivated, and do well. Winter wheat is put in the ground in October or November, and spring wheat from February to May, according to season, condition of ground, &c. The yield per acre, ordinarily, ranges from 20 to 40 bushels, many farmers claiming that with reasonably good cultivation an average of 30 bushels, one year with another, can be depended on. In the history of the white settlement of Western Oregon-a period of about thirty years-there has never been a failure of the wheat crop. The quality of the grain is superior, attaining to more than the ordinary weight per bushel, and making a quality of flour that commands the highest prices in San Francisco and New York. A cargo of wheat shipped in the spring of 1869 by a business firm of Portland to Liverpool, entered into competition with wheat from all parts of the world, and brought the highest price current at the time. 190 SIECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Oats are the principal grain raised for feed, particularly in the Umpqua and Willamette Valleys. Always a sure crop, the yield is from 50 to t00 bushels per acre. A large quantity is shipped every year to San Francisco, which sells from 10 to 15 cents per 100 pound higher than those produced in California. * * * * * * In the Willamette Valley the cultivation of flax is beginning to engage the attention of farmers. The seed used is the Bombay variety, yielding a large crop of seed, but producing a fiber small in quantity and of inferior quality. The yield ranges from 25 to 30 bushels per acre. The California oil-mills have contracted this year for the product of six thousand acres in Linn County, the seed to be delivered at 21 cents per pound; while at the oil-mills at Salem, in this State, the same price is to be paid for the product of three thousand acres. Fruit is raised with unusual success. The trees come into full bearing in three years from transplanting, and with very little care or cultivation yield heavy crop of fruit of the finest quality. Apples, pears, plums, quinces, cherries, currants, and all descriptions of small fruits and berries have a special adaptation to the .moist climate and sea air of Western Oregon. Peaches, apricots, grapes, and that class of fruits requiring a hot, dry climate, do not succeed so well in the northern part of the Willamette Valley and along the coast; but in Rogue River Valley, and the hilly country west of it, where the climate is hotter and dryer, more nearly approaching that of California, that class of fruit is successfully cultivated. Thus far fruit trees in Oregon have been entirely exempt from the diseases incident to their cultivation in the majority of the older States. Among the grasses, timothy, blue grass, and clover are the kinds mostly cultivated; the former to a large extent as a hay crop. On the swales and ash bottoms it yields two to three tons per acre, very often without any cultivation, except to sow the seed after the ground has been cleared of brush and burnt over. The abundant growth of wild grass renders unnecessary any extensive cultivation of grass for pasturing purposes. Garden vegetables of all kinds and the various root crops are cultivated very successfully in all parts, particularly so on the timber lands and creek bottoms, where the yield of these products is very large. Except in a few instances for gardening purposes, irrigation of the soil is not practiced in Western Oregon. The abundant rains of spring and early summer together with the fertility of the soil render it unnecessary. Eastern Oregon consists of high table land and rolling prairies, with a number of valleys along its water courses, of considerable extent. Taken as a whole, it is especially adapted to grazing purposes, although its valleys contain -farming lands equal in productiveness to those of any country; and in many places the high prairies have produced- excellent crops of grain. North of the Blue Mountains, or what is known as the great plain of the Columbia, the soil of the high lands is a sandy loam, producing in its natural state a heavy growth of wildbunch-grass of the most nutritious quality. In the central and southern portions of this division of the State, the high lands are rugged and broken, the surface of the country, sometimes for miles in extent, being covered with broken trap-rock; still, with the exception of a few barren spots, the growth of bunch-grass is undiminished, either in quantity or quality. It springs up fresh and green in the first warm days of early spring, and in a few weeks stock begin to fatten on it. By burning over the ground a full growth is produced, which by the middle of October makes good grazing, and lasts through the short winter of that section of the INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 191 country. It was the custom of the Indians of Oregon in former years to raise large herds of horses without providing for them any feed for the winter. The settlers and stock-raisers there now raise and fatten every year thousands of cattle, grazing them the year round. Fat beef-cattle, wintered and fattened on the "'range," have been shipped down to Columbia, and thence to Victoria, on Vancouver's Island, to market, as early in the spring as the middle of March. The valleys of Eastern Oregon have a rich soil of black loam, producing wheat, oats, barley, corn, vegetables, and fruits. Wheat succeeds equally as well as in Western Oregon, while barley does much better, often yielding as high as sixty to eighty bushels per acre. Corn makes a good crop in many of the valleys, the warm, dry summer weather of this region being adapted to its growth and maturity. Some of the tender fruits and vegetables, as peaches, grapes, melons, tomatoes, and sweet-potatoes, are being cultivated with good success. Tobacco has succeeded well in several instances. In a general sense, the range of farm products varies very little from that of Western Oregon. making due allowance for the different adaptabilities of a dry climate. Irrigation is resorted to occasionally for the better production of garden vegetables and fruits; but thus far it has not been found necessary in the cultivation of any kind of grain crops. It is claimed by the people of Eastern Oregon that for productiveness its valleys cannot be excelled on the Pacific slope. The absence of timber in the valleys is, of course, a disadvantage, but the neighboring mountains afford an inexhaustible supply. Water of good quality is plentiful in all the valleys, but the number of springs and running brooks is much less than in Western Oregon. CLIMATE.-The various influences of mountain ranges, extended plains, contiguity to the sea, the prevailing winds, and other causes, operate to make a climate as varied as are the peculiarities of its numerous localities. Latitude on the northwest coast of America is no index to the character of the climate. Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia River, situated on nearly the same degree of latitude as Quebec, has a summer temperature 80 cooler, and a winter temperature 300 warmer than that place. It is only in the high altitudes of the mountain ranges that deep snows and harsh winters have any existence in Oregon. The first thing that impresses a stranger in passing from Western into Eastern Oregon is the very decided change noticeable everywhere in the atmosphere, vegetation, and general aspect of the country. This is due chiefly to the difference in the climate of the two sections. Western Oregon has a wet climate, while the eastern part has a dry one. The winter of Eastern Oregon, though of short duration, generally brings with it several inches of snow on the table lands and in the valleys. The weather is usually dry, but quite cold. Snow remains from three to six weeks, in the months of December and January, some seasons; in others only a few days. The spring begins in February and lasts to the end of May, with warm, pleasant weather, and rain sufficient for vegetation. The summers are hot and dry, but not sultry or oppressive. It is very seldom that rain falls in summer or early fall; still the freshness of the mountain air renders the days pleasant and the nights cool and refreshing. The range of the thermometer is rather above the summer temperature of Western Oregon, sometimes reaching to 1000, but only at rare intervals. Ordinarily the thermometer indicates 90 as about the highest summer temperature, and 100 as the lowest for winter, although these limits may not mark the extremes in 192 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. the case of an uncommonly hard winter or warm summer, occurring once in from five to eight years. The amount of rain-fall in Western Oregon is regarded by some as an objection to the climate; but, though large, it has been generally overrated. Western Oregon has strictly but two seasons, the wet and dry. An ordinary rainy season begins early in November, and continues to the 1st of April, usually, with intermissions of good weather in January and February of a few days' or a few weeks' duration. These intervals are generally accompanied by a few inches of snow, raw, cold weather, and sharp frosts, constituting the only approach to actual winter to which the country is subject. From, April to the end of June the weather is usually warm, pleasant, and showery. The dry season proper commences about the 1st of July and continues to the end of October, interrupted by a week's rainy weather in September. The prevailing wind is from the northwest, a sea breeze that keeps the temperature down. The nights are cool and refreshing to men who do outdoor work, although the effect is not beneficial so far as corn-raising is concerned. The extremes of heat and cold in Western Oregon may be put at 140 for the lowest and 820 as the highest range of the thermometer, although a few instances have occurred in which these limits were passed. Although a rainy country, Oregon is not subject to high tempests, terrific hailstorms, earthquakes, or other like phenomena, so common and destructive in some States. Observations made by Government officers show that in twenty-one years Oregon had only three winds moving at the rate of 45 miles an hour, with a force of 10 pounds to the square foot. * * * * * * * MARKET FACILITIES.---The Columbia River forms the northern bound- ary of Oregon, and is navigable to the Willamette, 100 miles from the sea, at all seasons of the year, for sea-going vessels. Above the Willamette it is navigable by regularly established lines of river steamers to Wallula, a distance of 240 miles, with two interruptions, one of 6 miles at the Cascades, and one of 14 miles at the Dalles, where portages are made by means of railroads forming connections with the boats. Above Wallula the Columbia and one of its tributaries, the Snake River, is navigated to Lewiston during periods of high water-a point in Idaho Territory at the base of the Bitter Root Mountains, and over 400 miles from the ocean. The Willamette River is navigable to Portland, 12 miles from its mouth, for ocean steamers and sea-going vessels; and above Portland for river steamers as high as Harrisburg at all seasons, and during high water as far as Eugene City, a distance of 200 miles from Portland by the course of the river. The Yam Hill and Tualatin Rivers, tributary to the Willamette, flowing from the west, are navigable during periods of high water to the interior of large agricultural districts situated in Yam Hill and Washington Counties. The business of that part of Oregon drained by these waters employs about thirty river steamboats. All points of the Columbia, from the Dalles down, and on the Willamette, from Salem down, are in daily communication with Portland. San Francisco is the principal market for the products of the Willamette Valley, although a large trade exists with British Columbia and the lumbering districts of Puget Sound, and cargoes of wheat, flour, and other Oregon products are often shipped to the Sandwich Islands, China, Australia, South America, New York, and Liverpool, direct from Portland. Farmers, as a rule, dispose of their crops to the mills located in their own neighborhoods, or to dealers in Portland, who ship to foreign markets on their own account. INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 193 In Eastern Oregon the farmers have a home market in their own mining camps and new settlements and those of the Territories of Idaho and Montana. Consequently, prices rule higher than in Western Oregon, except in live stock, in which there is very little, if any, difference. Live stock finds a market not only in the mining districts, but in the neighboring States and Territories, and in British Columbia. PRICE OF FARMING LANDS.-In Western Oregon farms are of large size-generally 640 acres, often twice that size-a natural'result of the policy adopted by the General Government toward the early settlers. The settlements of the Willamette Valley cover an area about equal to the State of Connecticut, but its population is only about 75,000 or 80,000. As a matter of course, only a small proportion of the land is under cultivation. Land is cheap, because there is so much of it in proportion to population. In Eastern Oregon the amount of Government land still vacant is very large. The section of country known as the Klamath Lake region, in the southwestern corner of Eastern Oregon, is as large as the State of Rhode Island. About half of it is the finest kind of arable prairie land; the remainder good grazing and timber lands, all well watered. This entire section of country does not now contain over 40 or 50 settlers. In the northern part of Eastern Oregon is a strip of high, rolling prairie land, 10 or 15 miles wide, skirting the northern base of the Blue Mountain's, and extending from the Cascade Mountains to the eastern line of the State, a distance of 150 miles. It is reasonably well watered; timber convenient on the adjacent mountains, and well adapted to grain-growing, grazing, and dairy purposes. Its present number of settlers is very small. MINERAL RESOURCES.-Gold mines were discovered in Grant and Baker Counties, in Eastern Oregon, in 1861, and have been worked continuously every year since then. Like the mines of Southern Oregon, they are mostly placers located on the bars, banks, and in the beds of streams, and depend on heavy snows in the mountains and an abundance of water for successful working. They furnish constant employment to about 2,000 men. Coal-mining is carried on at Coos Bay to a considerable extent. The principal vein at that, point extends along a ridge bordering the bay, convenient of access for 12 or 15 miles, and is being worked at present by two companies. The coal is a good quality of soft or bituminous coal, and finds ready sale in San Francisco. Vessels are constantly loading at the mines, and departing for that market. The coal deposit has been worked about fifteen years, and promises to.be inexhaustible. Coal of the same variety has been found in large quantities at several other points on the coast. Extensive beds of iron ore exist at several points in the northwestern part of the State. At Oswego, six miles above Portland, on the banks of the Willamette River, the Oregon Iron Company has erected works for reducing the ore of an extensive deposit in that neighborhood. The works of this company, although of small capacity, have supplied the founderies of the State with pig iron for the past three years, and also shipped considerable quantities to San Francisco. The iron is of very fine compact grain, superior for most kinds of work to the best Scotch pig. LUMIBERING RESOURCES.-It has already been stated that the mountaiu ranges of Oregon are heavily timbered. The principal lumbering establishments are located on the Columbia River, below the junction of the Willamette, and at various points on the coast, where inlets, bays, 13 194 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. and arms of the sea provide safe anchorage for small craft, and where the forests are easy of access from navigable waters. In the interior of the State are :many small mills erected for the purpose of supplying their own immediate neighborhoods, conducted solely with reference to that object. The varieties of timber adapted to general lumbering purposes are the red, white, and yellow fir, cedar, spruce, hemlock, and in some parts of the interior pine and larch. The yellow fir is the main dependence for all purposes requiring strength and elasticity. Cedar is used for posts, and in foundations where it will come in contact with the ground, on account of its durable qualities in such situations. An excellent quality of ash is obtained along the streams and on thelow landsin Western Oregon, suitable for various mechanical purposes; but there is no hickory or other timber suitable for wagon or carriage work. Lumber, like other Oregon products, finds its principal market at San Francisco and in the southern part of California. On the Columbia River, below the junction of the Willamette, there are a number of small mills in operation. Two of the largest have a capacity of 15,000 feet per day each. The others average from 3,000 to 10,000 feet per day. One is now in course of construction at the mouth of the river calculated to cut from 40,000 to 50,000 feet every ten hours. A small part of the lumber made on the Lower Columbia is consumed at Portland; the bulk of it goes to San:Francisco, China, South America, the Sandwich Islands, and Mexico. SCHOOLS.--The school fund of this State is under the management of a board of commissioners, who loan it at the rate of ten per cent. per annum interest, secured by mortgage on real estate. This fund amounted in 1868 to $242,228, bringing an annual interest of $24,222, to be distributed by law to the several counties for common school purposes, the amount to which each county is entitled being determined by a census of its children of the prescribed age. Each county levies a tax yearly for common school purposes, and each school district is authorized by law to levy a tax, in addition, sufficient to make the schools free to all and to keep them open the entire year. This is the case in all of the larger towns and most populous districts. EMIGRANT ROUTES TO OREGON.-From all parts of the country on the Atlantic sea-board there are two practicable routes of travel to Oregon. 1st. By railway, across the continent. This is the more expeditious route of the two, and for emigrants for any point in the Western States is preferable to the other. Through tickets to San Francisco can be purchased at all the large cities of the Atlantic States, making the connection with the main line of road at Chicago or Omaha. The usual time consumed in making the trip to San Francisco is about seven days from New York and six from Chicago. From San Francisco to Portland, Oregon, the trip is made by ocean steamer in about four days; distance, 640 miles. 2d. From New York to SanFrancisco by ocean steamer, via Panama. The steamers of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company leave New York on the 5th and 21st of each month; time to San Francisco, twenty-two days. The fare by this route is somewhat subject to fluctuation, but always lower than the fare by railway. Passengers by this route are allowed a larger quantity of baggage free than by railway, and wouldI not have to pay as high rates on extra baggage. INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 195 NEVADA. Area, 29,319,680 acres. Population in 1870, 42,491. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitablefor smallfarms on favorable terms? White Pine, Esmeralda, 'Humboldt: yes, it can. Lander: only a limited number of farmers are required here, as it does not pay to raise more than enough for home consumption. Storey : there is no farming land in this division. Ormsby and Nye : the same. What is the price per acre of small improved farms? Atate what pro. portion has been under cultivation, how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings? Lyon and Churchill: all mineral lands. White Pine: very little improved Government or State lands; scarcely any under cultivation. Lander: about $5 per acre; about one-tenth under cultivation and fenced; buildings usually adobe, and not very good. Esmeralda: very little land fenced in this county; from $4 to $10 per acre; wooden buildings. Storey: principally mining land. Ormsby, Humboldt, and Nye: the same. What is the price per acre of unimproved land, what proportionis cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced? Lyon and Churchill: very small proportion tillable. White Pine: $1 25 per acre, generally prairie. Lander, Esmeralda, Humboldt, and Nye: Government price; all cleared by nature; none fenced. What is the yearly rent of small improved farms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds ? Lander: farms are invariably rented on shares; the owner finds seeds and implements, and gets one-third of the product. Esmeralda: where the owner finds teams, seeds, and implements, he receives one-half; otherwise, one-third. Humboldt: there is no fixed rental value; on shares, the lessee usually receives one-half of the crop, the lessor finding the seeds, &c. What are the chief articles ofproduction, and what are the presentprices of some of them ? 2 Articles of production. Wheat-...... per pound.. Corn........... do ...... do ...... Barley ......... Do........... do...... Do........... do ...... Potatoes ....... do...... Do........... do ...... do...... Do.. do..... Oats ... Rye...........do...... Counties. Prices. $0 06 03 03 03J 04 021 03 05 05 04 Esmeralda. Esmeralda. Lyon, Churchill. Lander. Esmeralda. Lyon, Churchill. Lander. Esmeralda. Esmeralda. Esmeralda. Storey, Ormsby, and Nye produce bullion. What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation,or a steamboat landing? Esmeralda and White Pine: 120 miles to railroad. Lander: a railroad runs through the north end of the county, 90 miles from Austin. Storey: 22 miles. Humboldt: 20 miles. Nye: 180 miles. 196 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. 196 What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber? Lyon and Churchill mineral land ; pine timber. White Pine: land good, but requires irrig ati on ; ti inber-inoun taji mahogany and1dwarfish. pine. Lander : penty of land of good quality, but no water to irrigate with, and no timber excelt a little on the mountains. : in. the valleys and oil the streams there is good farming land ;the w(odis nut-)ine. Storey: the lands are of a semi-desert character; the tinber is nut-pine or pinion ; it has all been cut for fuel or furnace wood. Ormisb~y: good laud ; iine timber. IHumbolt: generally desert, with few fertile spots; timber of two kinds-stuntedine and mountain nahoganv. Nye : birch and small nut pine. Por ichat kindi of labor is there a demand Lyon and Churchill : miners. Pine and Nye: none. Ormsby: wood-choppers. Lander and Esmeralda : miners, $4 perday; also fanrers and wood-choppers. Storey: miners and mechanics. boldt: miners, mill-hands, farm laborers, and mechanics. Wl'hat iills orjfactories, iJ any, are in operation or in progress requiring s labor ? Lyon and Churchill: :quartz-mills, crushing and working ores. white Pine, Esmeralda, and Humboldt : quartz mills. quartz-mills and saw-in il. . Storey : thirty-six quartz-iils, containing an aggregate of 623 stamlss; 1,510 horse-power is employed therein; they afford day. facilities for crushiing 85)Otns Are there your vicinity any railroadsor other public works in progress requiring common labor? If so, how far distant? .Lyon and Chnrchill: Virginia, and Truckeerailroad, 4 miles distant. Ormusby : about 20 miles distant. 1Please state any which your district can to laborers, mechanics, or smalifarmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well wvatered, yet unoccpied? Lyom and Churchill: the advantages are chiefly in favor of miners, mill-wv ighots, engineers, &c. Pine : almost unlimited facilities for grazing anid stock-raising. Uandler : plenty of good land, but not well wvater-ed. EsmIieraldla : the land in this county has to be irrigated Esieralda a ? White Hum- 1illed Ormsby: per in advantages offer White from streams ; we have p~lenlty of good tle' for $4. ledlges in this county, but $3 mechanics at god wages. Humboldt: steady quartz mmill-pied charge $25 per ton crushing. Storey : laborers, 50 (lay ; mechlaiics, $i) to $7( ; miners, Ormsby: there is a demand Pe' coin for ina laborers and work and high wages for miechaiiics and miners. Nye : none at present. What are the prices of ordinaryfarmn stock, sound and in good condition? working Counties. oxenl, Lyon. ........... 'White Pine.. La-r- $225 - - -. --..... --....... h:"n 'rn hhia-----------------..$10 Story-------------------------150 Hiumboldt..................... Average............... 1 Working ' g11U ech.w, Mu lcws each. horses, -workcing per pair. 100 each, $175 $80 to 100 150 tol150 150 $150i 75 $200 150 100 1"0 $10O to 200 100 125 75 to 150 200 $112 91 $138 3:3 hep, H. }ogs, $100 40 .$75 4) 4 each. $20, in coin. $12 $10 to :30 $40OtolOO0$2.50 to350 2 50 to 6 60 6c. lb., on ft<10;c.1bh.,ou ft. 60 $61 66 3 50 $13, in coin. $4 75 $14 25 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS.19 197 WASHINGTON TERIRTORY. Population in 1870,23,955. Can land be purchased or rented in your district suitable for small farms on ,favorable terms? Walla-Walla and Stevens: it call; there is a great amount of public land not taken up. What is the price per acre of small improved farms? State what proportion'has been under cuitication,how much is fenced, and the kind of buildings~ Walla-Walla : from $5 to $20 per acre; all or a part of it under culabout $5 per tivation and fenced; buildings frame or log. acre; the improvements are much the same as in all new countries, viz, log buildings. What is the priceper acre of unimproved land, what proportion is cleared, and how much, iff any, is fenced? Walla-Walla : nearly all the farming land in this connty is prairie, the price ranging from $1 25 to per acre; no clearing required' Stevens: Governlnent lands are open for preemption at $1 25 per acre. WVhat is the yearly rent of small improved farms If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds ? Walla-Walla: farms may be rented on good terms. Stevens: the owner furnishes stock and seed and receives one-third of all the pr6duce. What are the chief articlesof production, and what are the present prices of two or three of them Walla-Walla : wheat, $1 per bushel; oats, 75 cents; barley, 2 to 21 cents per pound; potatoes, Irish, 14 cents per pound; sweet-potatoes, 5 to 6 cents. Stevens: wheat, $2 per bushel; oats, $1; vegetables, from $1 to $5. What is the distance to a market town, a railroad station, or a steamboat landing Walla-Walla: the city of Walla-Walla is a market town, distance 5 to 30 miles ; no railroad stations ; nearest steamboat landing 32 miles. Stevens : the produce of this county is taken to mining camps, from to 500 miles distant. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber? Walla-Walla : black rich alluvial soil with some clay ; timber-birch, alder, pine, fir, cottonwood, balm, locust, and yew. Stevens : the land is extremely fertile; mostly black loam ; pine, fir, turmeric, birch, and cedar. Por what kind of labor is there a demand? Walla-Walla :' all kinds. Stevens : farm laborers and some skilled workmen would find employment. IWhat mills or factories, if any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor? Walla-Walla : and saw mills and sash, door, and blind factories. Stevens : three grist-mills and two saw-mills ; one of the saw-mills belongs to the Government. Are there in your vicinity any railroads or other public works in progress Area, 112,730,240 acres. Stevens: $5 ? ? ? 75 flour requiring common Walla-Walla: labor? If so, how far distant? we expect soon to see the Northern Pacific Railroad commenced which, when in operation, will make this a great country. Stevens : the Northern Pacific Railroad about 75 miles from here. 198 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Pleasestate any advantages which your district can offer to laborers, mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied? Walla-Walla: there is plenty of good land yet unoccupied, and water for irrigation is easily obtained. Stevens: this county contains about 30,000 square miles, and only about one-twentieth of it is now occupied; about 300 settlers have come into the southern part of the county this year; gold is found almost everywhere, but the county has not been thoroughly prospected yet. What are the pricesof ordinaryfarm stock, sound and in good condition? Working oxen, per pair. Counties. Working horses, each. Working Milchcows mules, each. each. Walla-Walla-............--....------$80 to 150 $100 to 150 $125 to 200 75 to 100 100 . 125 Stevens...--....-. ...........---Average............. $120 $106 $131 Sheep, each. Hogs. to4 00 to 6 ts.b. $30 to 50 $2 25to4 00 4 tocts. 45 to 70 10 00 $5 to20each. $48 50 $3 12 ......... TERRITORY OF MONTANA.* Area, 92,016,640 acres. Population in 1870, 20,594. Can land be purchased or rented in your districtsuitable for small farms on favorable terms? Lewis and Clarke: yes; land newly surveyed is now subject to entry at Government price. Deer Lodge and Gallatin: yes. What is the price per acre of small improved farms? State what proportion has been under cultivation, hpo much is fenced, and the kind of buildings. Small improved farms are valued according to the improvements upon them; well improved, they are valued at from $3 to $5 per acre; generally log buildings. Deer Lodge: from $10 to $30. Gallatin: $1 to $10 per acre. What is the price per acre of unimproved land, what proportionis cleared, and how much, if any, is fenced ? Lewis and Clarke: $1 25 per acre; all bottom land is free from timber; the hills are covered with pine, spruce, and fir; the borders of the streams produce cottonwood and aspen. Deer Lodge: unimproved land has no value, the entire valleys being one great pasture and requiring no fences. Gallatin: $1 60 per acre, Government price; none fenced. What is the yearly rent of small improvedfarms? If rented on shares, what share does the owner receive ? Does the latter provide stock, implements, or seeds? Lewis and Clarke: nearly all are rented on shares, generally the owner supplying the stock necessary to work the same, and receiving in some localities one-half, and in others two-thirds of the product. Deer Lodge and Gallatin: the owner furnishing team, seeds, &c., receives one-half the product. * Omitted in the Northwestern States and Territories. 199 FOR IMMIGRANTS. INFORMATION What are the chief articles of production, and what are the present prices ,of two or three of them? Articles of production. Counties. Prices. $0 03 2 00 2 50 021 2 00 2 00 21 3 2 Wheat ...... per pound_. Do ........ per bushel.. Do-----........----... do...... Barley -......per pound.. Do---...... pe bushel_. Oats ........ per bushel.. Do-........ per pound.. Potatoes-........ do ...... Turnips ........ do ...... Lewis, Clarke. Gallatin. Deer Lodge. Lewis, Clarke, Gallatin. Deer Lodge. Deer Lodge. Gallatin. Lewis, Clarke. Lewis, Clarke. What is the distance to a market town, a railroadstation,or a steamboat landing ? Lewis and Clarke: Helena is the chief market town of this county; nearest steamboat landing, Fort Benton, 120 miles; railroad station 450 miles. Deer Lodge: we have a home market at the mining camps. Gallatin : 100 miles to market town, 400 miles to railroaddstation, 240 miles to steamboat landing. What is the general quality of land and the kind of timber ? Lewis and Clarke: bottom land rich loam; upland well timbered with pine, spruce, fir, aspen, and cottonwood. Deer Lodge: the soil is the best sand loam; the timber is every variety of pine. Gallatin: land good; pine and cottonwood timber. For what kind of labor is there a demand ? Lewis and Clarke: farmers, mechanics, teamsters, and female laborers are in great demand. Deer Lodge: miners, farm hands, and all kinds of mechanics. Gallatin: farm hands. What mills or factories, i any, are in operation or in progress requiring skilled labor ? Lewis and Clarke: one flour-mill, six quartz-mills, one distillery, and four breweries. Deer Lodge: quartz-mills. Gallatin: none. Are there in your vicinity any railroads.orother public works in progress requiring common labor? If so, howo far distant ? Lewis and Clarke: none in progress; the Northern Pacific Railroad is contemplated; when built it will run 600 miles through this Territory. Deer Lodge: the same. Gallatin: none. Please state any advantages which your district can offer to laborers,mechanics, or small farmers. Is there much land, of good quality and well watered, yet unoccupied ? Lewis and Clarke: the advantages offered to all kinds of skilled and common laborers are very great; wages are high, and the cost of living is comparatively small; the quantity of good land unoccupied is very greatly in excess of the quantity occupied. Deer Lodge: we offer laborers $5 a day as miners, and $50 per month as farm hands. Gallatin: plenty of land unoccupied and still in the hands of the Government. farm stock, sound and in good condition? What are the pricesof ordinary Counties. Working oxen, per pair. Lewis and Clarke. Gallatin ................ Deer Lodge............. Average ............ Working horses, each. Working Milch cows, e hogs, per mules, each.' Sheep, each. pound. each. $!150 150 125 $157 200 125 $200 250 125 $55 50 75 $141 $1-9 $191 $60 $12 ........... 6 $9 21 cents. 12 cents. 25 cents. 10 cents. 200 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. A statement of the nationalities of Immigrants arrived in the United States dusring the quarter ended March 31, 1871. Countries of last residence. Males. Females. ~England------------------------------------------ --------------42,064 1,566 Ireland -----------------_---------------------------------------2, 923 1, 565 Scotland ----------------------------------------------------------0692 381 Wales.------ ----- ----------------------------------------------82 53 Great Britain, not specified*----------------------------------------789.352 Total. 5,860, 4, 488 1, 073 135 1, 141 8,570 Total United Kingdom--------------------------------------..... 4, 127 12, 697 2,252 160 78 4 7 18 2 5, 911 419 296 75 47 118 10 252 119 371 157 65 2 176 17 1 333 82 3 65 341 Germany --------------------------------------------------------, 659 Austria-------------------------------------------------- --------259 Sweden-------------------.---------------------------------.. 218 Norway---------------------------------------------------------71 Denmark---------------.....------------------------------------40 Jiolland----------------------------------------------------------100 Belgium---------------------------------------------------------.... 8 Switzerland----------------------------------------------------...... France -----------------------------------------------------------Spain---------------------------------------------------Portugal---------------- ------------------------------------------Italy-----------.....---------------------------------------------.. Greece ------------------------------------------------------------Turkey--------------------------------------------- ------------Riussia---------------------------------------------------------....... 276 I 3 83 ._.,. .... 57 1 3 140 Poland ---------------------------------------------------China ------------------------------------------------------------Japan---------------- ------- ----------------------------------India.---------------------------------------------------------South Africa-.--------------------------------------------------Morocco ---------------------------------------------------------Canada------------------------------------------------------....... -----. 38 29 67 297 14 311 17.---------17 1 -.- _ 1 1 ._.. 1 9.-1,232 746 1,978 Nova Scotia---------------------------------------------------...... New Brunswick--------------------------------------------------..... 1, 576 1 Prince Edward Island.--------------------------------- Newfoundland --------------------------------- 1 ------------ British North American Provinces, not specified--------------------------. 2 9 885 1 ...... 4 ...... Mexico-.-----------------------------------------------------------74 12 Venezuela ---------------------------------------------------------1 1 Guiana---------------------------------------------------------...... 1 1 Brazil----------------------------------------------------------...... 2 1 Republic -------------.----------------------------------7 6 C u-- -- ----- -- ----- -- ----- -- --- -- ---- a -- ----- --73 38 Hlayti -----------------------------------------------------------3 --- _ Jamaica----------------------------------------------------------------4 3 Argentine Porto Rico.................................3-------------------------------33 Bahamas----------------------------------------------------------Barhados-------- ---------- .--.-------.------------------.----Caribbees------ -- "-- ----------------------------------------------West Indies, not specified-------------------------------------------.... Azores..----------------------------------------------------------Bermudas-------------------------------------------------------Australia-------------------- --------------------------------------Total immigrants-----------------------------------------...... 33 41 ------3 - -- _ 3 1 0 9 86 2 2 3 13' 111 3 7 71 74 3 1 4 7 1 19 2 3 8, 874 26, 016. 12 2 --2 17,17-2 2, 461 2 The greater part of this number should probably be added to those from Ireland. r" r ... .r TABLES SHOWTNG THE AVERAGE WEEKLY WAGES PAID IN THE SEVERAL. STATES AND SECTIONS FOR FACTORY, ME CHANICAL, AND ?ARM LABOR ; THE COST OF PROVISIONS, GROCERIES, DRY GOODS, AND HOUSE RENT IN THE VARIOUS MAN UFACTURING DISTRICTS THE COUNTRY, IN THE YEAR 1869-'70. OF 202 SPECIAL REPORT-ON-IMMIGRATION. FACTORY LABOR. COTTON MILLS. Table showing the average rates of wages paid to persons employed in the cotton-mills of the several States in the year 1869; also, the rates paid in Great Britain in 1866 as compared with the average (gold) rates in the United States in 1869. AVERAGE WEEKLY WAGES OR EARNINGS IN- Occain.at IN GOLD. 4__ __ _0__co__ ,j c,c 'c , 0 m 0 ' P4- 1 F CARDING. $17 $21 $18 03 $23 40$ 00 $16 60 $15 00 $25 00 $12 00 50 7 50 8 25 7 80 7 50 7 00 7 00 7 95 7 00 Picker tenders 4 57 4 28 3,50 4.60 4 00 ...... .. Railway tenders 6 50 Drawing-frame 4 20 4 00 4 41 4 44 5 00 4 66 4 00 tenders. 6 12 6 00 5 50 4 72 Speeder tenders 5 75 5 65 6 50 3 50 4 35 5 80 6 25 4 00 Picker boy. 8 70 8 84 9 80 9 08 9 50 10 00 Grinders. 7 27 7 70 9 50 7 00 7 25 6 00 7 00 7 92 Strippers. Overseer. 1l8 $13 87 $7 97 74. 03 03 7 42 5 71 2 35 [42. 98 4 02 3 09 1 92 61. 45 4 5 4 8 7 25 41 78 72 23 3 4 3 6 5 27 2 75 18.91 16 2 75 51.27 68 2 35 56.59 70 5 37 24.76 56 4 26 30. 51 SPINNING. 22 00 16 83 Overseer. Mule spinners . 10.87- 11,64 Mule backside 3 21 piecers.. 2 50 Frame spinners. 4 40 5 20 21 00 11 75 15 60 9 50 3 14 6 75 2 85 5 00 17 50 15 00 9 30 10 00 16 00 14 00 3 50 3 50 2 00 2 50 3 25 20 00 17 50 9 10 10 85 1 80 2 12 2 48 3 52 5 25 3 75 15 11 5 4 7 42 5 36 81.40 55.78 1 90 165 2 70 2 37 15. 15 13 46 8 35 13. 92 DRIESSING. Overseer.. Second hand.. Spoolers Warpers... ... Drawers an d twisters .. Dressers ... 20 11 4 5 00 78 10 50 17 60 10 66' 4 64 5 61 00 13 75 16.50 13 50 9 00 14 40 .4.25. 13.10 6 50. 5 00 4 55. 6 10 575. 4 68 21 5 75 6 24 11 10 11 43 6 00 14 00 5 00. 11 25 21 00 7 00 15 52 6 23 22 20 7 71 18 33 1500 1500 8 00 8 00 .. 6 00 4.62 700 11 75 9 08 3 92 2 47 3 46 385 .. .. 4 00 6.00 11 27 80 10 49 4 75 3 65 3 30 14 10 10 85 734 16 25 8 23 80. .. . 58.70 10.13 10.60 WEAVING. Overseer.. Weavers. Drawing- in hands... 7 50 1600. 1000 6 30 .................. 6.23. 12 50 1[ 00 25.00 39. 42 6 33 4.80 83.01 JREPAIR SHOP, ENGINE-ROOM, &C. Foreman.. 23 00 15 87 23 66 18 00 17 00 15 00 11 00 Wood workers. 14 25 12 96 15 80 15 00 16 25 Iron workers .. 13 18 12 13 15 Engineer.. 13 80 14 Laborers... 9 08 8 Overseer in cloth room... 1750 11 67 17 27 30 75 13 16 18 00 9 33 11 75 9 00 8 66 10 50 12 00 8 00 75 15 00 11 00 12 00 12 50 15 00 15 14 12 13 8 22 98 72 40 87 9 601 12 18 11 70 55.27 11 52 9 79 7 42 31.94 10 31 6 60 56. 21 6 82 4 50 51.55 9 37 Britain, 39.9 per cent. Omitting overseers, the average weekly earnings of operatives in the cotton. mw]s of the United States in 1869 was $5 56, gold, and in Great Britain $3 89. 203, INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 00C41- SfiS 0 "0000 00 ' t MW)698Z 3 ~1STMtn-l 1 'Of'T 1691 698TIIa o .a in C0 0 r- 0M l' O U 4J000 M1 l"'AOO 1()4S2OOSY UM r a 0 0000 001H 1H 00000M0 000 ":" " "'"' ' H -uasoj'19u:00 0 'o4 " 0 P W N tsIapocI2I u 0Q miOOpu0 eu}sI eJo 0 "" O 0000 01-0 0~j 0 000 G -0 000000r o1- 000 o'oo'o 0 00000d+ G Gr 1 T-4 co00 c m0c M7D 4 T 4 0 - oo co 0 a r, r-li o000 t:- H 00001A 00OC1 001. 1-1- 1-0- isH l O0 000O 000 o cc00 I" C= " o O0 '0 000 oUD00'0 0'004-4 Uoooooo 000 0 O000O HH W 0 1-000~o o '0 O " '0 01-0 000 oooooo 4 00f~o 000 C 04'I o oooo O0 ' -4 0000 ' n000000o0 0000000 N 000 1- 00 000 100M00000 U 0 000 '0 00 0000 'l0 kCOO ' - L-r-4rw -oO k -14'0H000 Il '10000 0 ' 00000N1n00" 0 1- iN'N : 040 U CCMr-O U O' CQO -1-0 -o 1-m0 000 CJ 1-00001 oooH I00000 0U CO 0' ooo-'oe 014-0 CCO r 00-0 0000 CO 00000 'cao0m 00 o 0 tc0 0000004~ 004 o CS - 000 000001- o" s1ts 000CCOU-f C~oM 4 CU Mco T ,aaSP00 pd 000 " 001'~nU0" L9SIOipu't LMI a3 N -4 o00-00 064-AOi 1-406 vi - 00 0 4 044p- coT- 00'o 00 444o CO -OT04C 0I olo,+$ CO~ '' 0 - 0 HHH 44-4,U2 d '+O i H ~n NM -C 2 kd 7 '00f. r 00t . " " a . " " " " f "f' -~ 0r: p . " 04> 00'00 f . r l~e'A .w 204 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. A 0 1 00 "puro.'uaJOAO 0 0 111 sSOOXO 4u00 .I0 M 4J00' '0 0000(] 0o ' if.00 0(v0 Lo8RI utptlOvha S- a 0 W4 Tu III " 6 ul. - 000- (0CO WToT~) '6981 0 o TIT RO u ©tfuraAUS c c x cc-0 r s491s pa tuff oo c ct r- . ac P4 000 put- "sts00X 0c ca o 3 t .zou0 . I'a 0 0'l14'004 OD0004' " 0 U '000 0O'0 0 0 0 c 000 'og0puSIQCAII [ o to000 M UO0 :oo 04 . - 0 ,0 4J 0 000 a o 0~00 000 02 000 oa ~ 1IOILIAo O:00l &0 " 0000t Coin in0 o00 odu"u nat~au0" 0 00 o 1 O U2 0000G C F3 t00 W 0 000 ', 0 o O 0 0 0 0 0 04 0 ca .'-- 0 0 0 z ,'c3 '-'.OO. y. ;4 War w- P. 205 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. PAPER-MILLS. the average weekly wages of persons employed in paper-mill8 in the United Table showing States, in the year 1869; also the rates paid in England in 1867 and 1868, as compared therewith. N GOLD AT 1.30. LNAVERAGE WAGES OR EA1INLNGS - a41 Occupation. q ~ 03 C3 ~ cCt_. , qa" 1 a 7 $3 0 $58 Assstnt ................ 1 hn-edr.......... 9 2 2 ..11 5 5 a c;+ .dCS t~c c 1 cS °-an 65 $4-9$15 6 .... 6 *2 5 83 132730$1439$1153 1:30$13 10301$287 23001823...........864 2 7 16 MFinetender..................$ Angietaen.........................4210 Siag..t.r...(mal..).......... 8 cOD 5 $6 7 50,77.32 .. ..6.00 . 4 400 11230 ... 33. 911095 7 43 8 357 1 73 441 4700 11 78 9:36 1210900 1)500..........1425 17 9636.........3.. 925:1 65) 135 .12...55 12 0 1 50 5 81 40 Plaper-soers, (wmes) .............. 5146:3 0.. dyers...................2 Mltow r 12 00 Calend.r-men......................13...50 12 301 51300 Fnineers .......................... 0 1..420 AEngin es, en..oy.s......... _.........4 0 10 5019 4 Forieeoroerseers.................11 00 1 62 3 12 00 010 10 6 .......... ... 12 0. Siackm..........................11....... 1...............11.......50 Fi)re........(wome......... 5 78.2 100.700 126.0 62 64. 351 156 350695.059 610403 70 76 20 .287 7 0 7.35 74 44 7. 1 2 0 72 6..............113 155.671 9814 47 1734 11 75 91006 91410 7 Carpenters ............... 73 ..... 00 1 2 10 93.00n Laboreshorinsaveragwraen....we10y 25g8s 23d9to:13s9ns33m9o29d7n14si4a07ns 13h4 y0e2r5168.90 73n Appronlees, r boys....6ac0o4r7es 52.m89 Pinofotys . Pigu aof(ornes Geeultrs action.. Topna ............... kers................ Timers................................... :3 ) W 0 5 $3 2 2 9 Stineran i ... 00 41 .... 402 1.218 0 9 80............ 5 31 501 D~rraughtsmen............................--1650 tne.... 2403 ianers.f..rte P235 ... Iaciust $18.. $28..00..$238220Stringc 44.. Casp-makers...............1..83.21.00.18 Chrns-aers $2 ... 1"4 2 Cae-akrs......... 0 67 cM d 1844 13 iaofeales. a W Reultos,(atin).... 15s00o17gl73 r o *Ave~rg advance.i.rates.paidin.the.U20td.Sta16s50n189 .... ter r ... 2502 19-0 $2 0C 0 20 235 2 5 $24....... $22...50.$2310 .... Ke-makers.....al..........71 ile-anakers (wod.. ... '21.._............... .2 9 nery)s.................16...............193 Deeoators.................... (Clerks..................75 16 00 206 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. IRON FOUNDERIES AND MACHINE SHOPS. Table showing the average weekly wages paid to persons employed in the iron foundries and machine shops of the New England, Middle, and Western States; also the average rates in various sections, in the year 1869. the of ,ee~-9 ~na _ lc3 . in-14 P44 c3 48 ;C~jB Occupation. ',' H - 01 .? 0 0 A I Iron-molders----------Machinists, bestMachinists, ordinary. Machinists, inferior. Helpers........... -j $12 84 14 27 1-2 90 6 00 10 50 $17 00. 15 50 11 86 9 33 -1-1- i $13 50 15 00 1-2 00 Helpers........... IRiveters-------------Holders on---------.. Flangers............... ............ ............ .............. Pattern-makers and .... penters .... car- .... 15 00 Laborers, carters...... ............ Apprentices Millwrights Assistants.......... ............ 16 50 14 25 16 06 16 15 50 9 00 5 00 10 50. 6 00 10 50 6 00 21 00 1 $16 50 $19 86 20 70 $16 73 $17 75 17 13 18 18 19 70 1880 1950 13 92 16 50 14 77 16 50 14 81 10 86 13 12 11 40 1200 1560 900 10 25 9 51 10 46 15 50 13 60 ... 17 40 _ 15 48 ... 10 50 _ 8 75 9 75 9 84 15 25 14 00 16 50 12 75 10 55 10 60 9 87 .... 10 50 18 00 15 00 .._. 21 00 10 37 10 10 25 .....50 17 50 16 50 2400 1650 10 64 10 58 10 45 9 00 10 50 23 70. 21 77 24 09 26 34 23 12 14 25 13 00 ... 13 50 _ 15 00 50 20 00 511 25 19 50 Assistants.......... a i 990 7 94 Boiler-makers---------- Helpers............. Blacksmiths Helpers Foremen............... Engineers mcc 12 00 18 00 18 24 9 96 18 50 1200 958 5 89 18 00 6 00 7 50 Brass-founders.......... 15 Fitters................. Turners................ 00 16 13 9 6 19 67 16 69 06 50 15 9 60 16 50 12 00 $17 25 16 80 14 55 11 10 15 11 13 9 89 18 00 00 00 00 9 65 21 33 12 91 18 66 14 92. 9 29 9 29 5.25 4 67 00 14 50 c3 Occupation. .---------.. 00 $14 Iron-molders-... 15 25 "Machinists, best-..----Machinists, ordinary-...13 50 $15 90 16 51 13 37 $16 47. 10 62 11 44 959 $15 00 $18 00 15 00 18 50 10 59 Machinists, inferior- a a4 Helpers--------...... -875 Boiler-makers ------------15 00 15 07 18 04 14 30 11 00 10 00 14 50 12 00 16 50 16 50 12 33 16 00 18 00 15 50 6 00 9 00 1042 900 900---------900 0......... 17 5072----------8 Holders on ------------9 00 Flangers----------------.18 00 15 46 66 67 27 50 970 9 30 12 75 .... ___..................._.. 17 06 00951800_........1 948------------90----- Blacksmiths-------------15 00 $14 18 14 11 Helpers---------...... -Foremen ...-.-------. Engineers --- _----------11 8 66 9 52 -2200 75 2188 11 23 Pattern-makers and carpenters---------------15 00 16 16 Assistants .. 601..) 9 41 Laborers, carters-----------8 75 Apprentices----------------4 17 Millwriglits ------------- 15 00 4 68 16 50 $18 59 18 66 15 33 12 00 1066 .. ------ 25 18 00 17 50 17 43: 9 33 104 1033 900 1112 975 1100 273 21 50 2359 ----- 21 50-------2-250 12 61--------------------------------16 81 1400 16 64 155---9 5937 15 75 14.25 17 63 15 37 17 50 975 18 00 14 29 19 71 900 1028 110 .............................. 6 00 5 10 4 97-----70--------------24 00 22 00 18 00 21 00 ----_-- 10 34 - Assistants ............. .................................................... -- 18 00 18il 00 19 00---------------------------------.19 50 Brass-founders------------- 17 00 Fitters--------------------------------------------------------------------19 00 13 00-------------------------------------------------19 50 Turners------------------13 00 INFORMATION, 201 FOR - IMMIGRANTS. Table showing average weekcly wages of employes i ironfounderies, 4.-Continued. mn -5 '16 .1! 6 ~ $ 7 48 Occupation. ;4 ba Iron-molders---..------16 Machinists, best---------.17 Machinists, ordinary-..... 13 Machinists, inferior...... 10 Helpers-----------9 73 13 92 86 51 Boiler-makers------------15 50 Helpers------------. 8 75 Riveters .-----...-..------ 15 25 Holders on............ 10 55 Flamgers.................18 00 Helpers.............10 37 Blacksmiths... ......... .17 50 $15 90 16 54 13 37 11 44 9 59 15 07 967 13 50 9 30 17 06 9 50 15 46 9 52 21 88 11 23 4a tO'0 $16 37 $24 00 $18 25 17 62 24 00 18 82 13 76 21 00 15 51 10 14-10 81 9 46 952 17 75 27 00 18 83 11 36 1. 993 1635----------1503 1275.........1087 18 75. . 1 1074.......1020 16 37 24 00 18 33 10 19 18 00 1209 23 34 30-00 2425 14 71.... .13 40 $14 04 $8 00 75.50 14 48 8 50 70.35 16 16 16,53 28.00 1934 8 09 10 81 21 00 13 27 9 41 10 34 9 81 4 68 5 76 6 00 562 Milwrights-------------.1950 16 50 2123----------1908 Assistants ................... 8 00------------------8 00 Brass-founders ..----...15 00 19 00 18 50---- -7 50 Fitters------------------------15 25 19 00 1712 Turners.................. 19 50- 13 00 1625 1487 10 21 750 4 98.26 126.67 7 54 4 50 432 250 1167 800 6 15----_---- 67.56 72.80 83.37 Helpers-------------.1064 Foremen----------------.2177 Engineers...............14 25 Pattern-makers and carpenters_. .............. 16 67 Assistants .........13 16 Laborers, (carters)---------9 69 Apprentices............... 6 06 NoTE-Hours of labor per week, 60; average advance of 86 per cent. land in 1867-'68, 11,93 8 31 732 .75 00 00 14,49 400 70.43 66.2: 83.00 764 1156 836 7 50 400 650 475 93.20 91.00 77.84 76.00 1380 784 14 10 750 400 7 25 84.0 96.00 94.48 930 350 165.68 10 31 5 50 87.45 1865 Ka 13 46 7 50 1250 79.46 650 1317 102.61 650 92.31 in the United States in 1869 over Eng- HARDWARE MANUFACTORIES. Table showing the average weekly wages paid to persons employed in the hardware manufaotories of the United States in the year.1869. WEEKLY WAGES OR EARNNGS IN- Occupation. aa Molders ,iron ......................... Molders, brass...................... 0 a a 01 a $15 00 .......... $15 16 18 57 .......... '11 Cupola tenders ... .... .......... 1800 Annealing furnace tenders-----------14 50 Filers...................... $12 00 15 00 Japauners..................... Forgers .... _................ 18 00 Helpers .................. 900 Grinders .................... 16 00 Polishers.................... 12 00 Turners .................. 8 21 33 11 25 18 66 15 75 .......... .......... a 4- - m8rd $15 08 .$14 18 57........200 75 $15 00 15 62 12 31 13 17 25 15 40 11 25...........17 18 24 16 50------------ 00 10:21 10 30, 17'32 14 81 12,25 33 11 25 13 00 9 25 15 00 12 50 10 37 13 12 Machinists........................... Engineers ......................... 14 25 14 25 50 16 50 18 00 14 00 Furnace men............. 16 71 16 80 16 60 17 40 16 08 14 00 16 50 11 66 18 00 10 50 14 50 17 33 .......... Laborers................... 1050 9 75 Packers ........... 11 25 15 00 females................ 700 7 00 Die-makers....... ....... .. 25 00 22 50 Press workmen................. 15 00 females.................... Rollers......................................25 Welders..................... 17 00...._...-........17 10 66 13 53 5 55 28 66 12 50 600 50 Stampers ................... 1125 ......... .......... ....... Finishers............1800.. ..... Pattern-makers....... _........ ..... 18 60 Carpenters.a.................. ......... Trip-hammer men........... ....... _ 20 25 Blacksmiths .. _..... __.. ... _......20.25 Helpers..................12 00 11 25 ...- Foremen----------------..... Girl. ....................... ,..600. 24 00 12 21 16 19 21 11 75 10 70 50 40 40 25 00 23 65 wn n 592 $15 OIP 16 33 12 75 9 00 13 73. 12 25-------------12 30 13 00 11 75 12 901 13 25 10 13 12 50 ...- 598n '2316 10 15 15 24 13 31 13.75 16 48 15 57 16 61 9 60 10 62 8 33 14 51 12 20.......129 6 37 ..-............ 25 39 16 87 ....... 13 75 12 00 12.006 00 __..........600 25 50 12 00.......28 00 ........ ..... _...17 25 I ............... 15 37--------425 19 55 19 50 13 50 16 70 16 50 17 00 19 87. .............. 20 82 15 76 14 83 11 33 10 90 10 00 24 21 13 17 17 89 20 41 87 ........... 9 75 7 23 23 68 13 05 00 12 15 09 18 31 16 73 19 87 18 6 L 11 15 23 40 . 208 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. CARRIAGE HARDWARE. Table showing the average rates of weekly wages paid in two manufactories of carriage hardware, in the State of (Jonnecticuet, in the year 1869. Watchlmen............................ $15 Japanners...........................----10 Forgers of bolts........................ 20 Forgers of nuts......................... 15 Polishers.............................. 18 Tturners ....................... 15 Machinists ...................... 18 IDi sinkers ... Press .............. workmen.........................1:3 Spring-roller maker...................... Metal workers............................ Brass finishers ........................... 75 Burnishers............................ Enginleers............................. 00 00 00 00 Apprentices or hoes ..................... 9 00 5 :38 Foremen or overseers.................... 21 00 Close 00 platers........................... 13 50 Electro platers......................... 21 00 laciksmiths ........................... 19 25 helpers ....................... 13 50 *Metal spinners......................... 27 00 hiammer men .......... ...... 180 *Finishers.............................. 15 00 75 30 00 50 21 00 19 50 .18 00 Coach-lamp makers........................ $15 00 18 25 Laborers or unskilled workmen ........... 22 50 Hours of labor per week, 60. LEATHER. Average weekly wages paid to persons employed in the manufacture of leather in the United States, in the year 1838. Occupation. W= a -, Sole-leether. Tanners ...................................... Ilcai hands..................................... yard hands $11 50 $11 33........... Rollers and spongers ........................ S3 $11 88 $14 00 12 00 10 73 11 72 12 00 7 80 11 00 11 25 8 33 9 50 11 00 10 42 ........... Bark grinders.................................. 10 :33" 9 00 .......... Common laborers.............................. $12 10 25 ..... ............................- 9 52 10.59 11 19 9 03 9 57 10 02 Upper leather and calf-stains. Tanners....................................... 11 00 10 00 Caorriers...................................... .......... 12 00 Slitters.......................................... ................... Shavers. ......... ...... ....................... 1s 00 Table hands, scourers.............................. 120c20 10 00 15 00 15 16 75 99 Finishers.......................................... 15 00 13 50 12 00 15 0A 9 67 12 94 10 17 ~ 13 31 I 165 13 13 50 Hours of labor per week, 60. SADDLERY AND HARNESS. Table showing the average weekly earningsof persons employed in the manufacture of saddlery and h'erness in the yea) 1869. a Occupation, m.I' oC8 0 Harness-fitters................................ $13 00.............$10 l1at-tess-stitehiers _..... ....................... A pplrentiees instruction..................... Sa'hlle iiakes ...... ........................ lntdel 10 00.......... 8 00 .......... $17 00..............16 hlarniess-inakers _............ .... ...................... Apprentices of boys ............................... Foremten or overseers ..................... Hours of labor per week, 60. ..... .... 12 ...... .................. $14 CO ........ ............... $12 38 10 00 8 00 00 14 00..... ..... 60.............6004 50. ......... .25 00 16 50 14 00 5 25 25 00 209 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. GAS-WORKS. Table showing the average rates of weekly wages or earnings of persons employed in gas factories in the cities of New York and Philadelphia and in the States of Delaware, Virginia, and Ohio, in the year 1869. * 4+FO Occupation. o Q . a ca CS P-, Ur o o Firemen--..---..---------------------..$21 00 $19 16 11 00 Second-men---..----------------------.. 17 50 --..--..-.. $13 75 18 25 12 00 11 80 Yard-men----------------------------......... 10 20 9 00 9 68 15 75 Purifiers -----------------------------------... 17 50 14 00 9 32 11 75 Carpenters----...---------------------27 00 15 00 ---------------- 18 00 Masons.- ------------------------------------ 30 00-------------4 00 Blacksmiths---------------------------------18 00 18 00 .-.15 00 Pipe-layers------------------------------------15 00 11 40 17 50 15 00 Gas-fitters------------------.... -----------15 00 12 00-----------16 77 Lamplighters_-------------__----------8 00 6 54-----------12 03 Meter-tenders------------------------------------- -------125-------0 ----Book-keepers.........-----------------------_.-----------16 00 20 00 ---------------------------------19 25----------- -------- 36 53 Engineers Laborers-------------------------------....... 12 50 00_o----------------10 Apprentices and boys-----------------------. _.-------------------6 $16 20 14 89 13 15 20 00 11 16 27 00 17 00 14 72 14 66 8 86 12 50 18 00 27 98 11 '25 Foremen and overseers------------------------... 75 6 75 24 00 15 20 20 00 25 00 21 05 labor------------------------------... 60 67 76 77 721 flours of MISCELLANEOUS OCCUPATIONS. Table showing the average weekly wages or earnings of persons employed in the followinu occupations in the year 1869. Artificial limbs factory, Massachusetts : Fitters, adjusters-----------------$18 00 Steel-workers---------------------20 Leather-workers.--..--..--------- 00 19 00 First-class mecbanics---------------19500 Bakeryanod confectionery, Ohio: Bakers, first class-----------------12 Bakers, second clas ....---7 Confectioners, first class-..---------7 Confectioners, second class-----------4 00 00 00 00 Barytes works, Missouri : Millers -------------------------- 20 00 Carpenters..--------------------18 00 Coopers------------------------ 12 00 Blacksmith----------------------...12 Wagon-maker--------------------12 00 00 Engineer------------------------15 00 Fireman-------------------------... 11 00 Workmen------------------------.. 9 00 Foreman------------------------...25 00 Blocks, pumps, and spars, Ohio: Block and spar workers-------------12 00 Helpers--------------------------9 00 Apprentices-----------------------.. 5 00 En ineer------------------------... 12 00 Book-binding, Ohio : Finisber-------------------------.... 12 00 Girls, sewers----------------------... 4 00 Euler--------...------------------12 00 Boys----------------------------- 3 00 Foreman------------------------... 16 50 Brick-making, Western States : Brick molders--------------------... Temperers .-------.......... 12 60 10 75 Wheelers--------------------------11 Off-bearers------------------------.. Setters--------------------------... 18 00 Laborers or unskilled workmen... Apprentices or boys-----------------. 8 93 5 87 Buttons, Connecticut : Engineer------------------------... Foreman------------------------... Workmen------------------------.. 12 00 17 00 .11 Girls ----------------------------- 14 00 6 33 50 4 00 Candy, Maryland : fiends in factory------------------..$8 50 Cars, Pennsylvania : Smiths --------------------------- 11 25 Helpers--------------------------... Carpenters-----------------------10 Engineer------------------------12 9 75 50 00 Foreman.------------------------.13 87 Laborers-------------------------... Boys----------------------------... 9 00 5 00 Car-wheels, Ohio : Molders-------------------------24 00 Molders, helpers-------------------13 Melters-------------------------18 50 50 Carpenters-----------------------15 00 Engineer------------------------12 00 Laborers------------------------...11 28 Boys----------------------------... 8 70 Car-roofing, Ohio: Engineer------------------------12 00 Foreman------------------------18 00 Workmen-----------------------12 00 Card clothing, Massachusetts : Apprentices----------------------13 00 Girls----------------------------9 00 Hands in leather-room-------------- 18 00 .. Chemicals, New Jersey : Foreman------------------------... 11 00 Workmen------------------------... 9 00 Boys-------------------------..... 6 00 Cloak and dress making, Ohio : Cloak-makers-----------------.... Overseers, women-----------------..16 4 50 50 Colors, paints, &c., Maryland : Color-makers---------------------_ _. 12 00 Sand-paper makers --- ------- -- --25 00 Laborers-------------------------... -- Cooper shops, Western States : Coopers -------------------------Machine hands--------------------... Teamsters ------------------------ Lahorers or unskilled workmen.. Apprentices or boys----------------.. 9 00 12 99 14 25 11 00 9 75 3 37 0SPECIAL 210 REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Miscellaneous occupations-Continued. Coffins, Ohio: Engineer-..---.---...... .. Cabinet makers, first-class. Cabinet-makers, second-class. Finishers, first-class------------Finishers, second-class........... Ordinary workmen............. Distillery, Maryland: Coopers-.--.-.-----------Millers------------------------Still men --------------------Engineer------------------Foreran....... ............. Drug-grinding, Massachusetts: Engineer.....................---Laborers-----------------------Foreman ------ ------------Felt hats, Massachnsetts and New Jersey: Body-makers -------------------Finishers-----------------------Blockers........................ Stiffeners--...--............. Trimmers, (females).......... Dyers----Laborers or unskilled workmen. Apprentices----------------Boys....................... Flax-spinning, Ohio : H~acklors.....................---Spinners, girls.............. Card-feeders, girls.............. Weavers, women............... Calendering ................... Spreaders, girls................ Engineer. -..--............. Foremen ------Laborers.....................---Flour-mills, Eastern States: Millers ......................... Coopers....-----........ Engineers ---------------------------------Firemen--Foremen .................... Teamsters.................... Laborers ----------------Glassworks, New England: Glass-blowers -..--.......... Glass-cutters -------------------Carpenters---------------------Watchmen---------------------Blacksmiths.--................. Pot-makers---------------------Pot-makers' assistants ............ Packers----------Demijohn-coverers ............... Batch-mixers..................---Master teasers................... Leechers........................ Pressmen ...................... Liersman........................ Engineers............... Laborers or unskilled workmen.. Apprentices or boys.............. Foremen or overseers .............. Glycerine and vinegar, Ohio : Engineer .................... .. Coopers -----------------------Foremen........................ Workmen ...................... Hair-cloth, Rhode Island : Weavers, women................. Laborers........................ Fogeroan ...................... Boysa ......................... Hoop-skirts, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania : Repairing ---.................... Sales women..................... Oporators on sewing macbines.-Skirt-makers.----..-------------. India-rubber goods, Massachnsetts : Weavers of gusset web.... _....... Weavers of suspenders ........... $14 18 India-rubber goods, Mass-Continued. 00 Spoolers.......................... 00 15 00 16 50 8 00 9 00 Braiders ........................ 15 18 20 20 10 50 Preparing rubber................. Dyers of cotton yarns ............. Packers......................... 00 00 00 00 00 00 12 00 9 00 12 00 12 16 16 18 5 15 8 5 5 66 57 02 50 09 00 51 66 05 12 5 5 6 12 5 18 13 8 00 00 00 80 00 50 00 40 73 14 15 21 13 16 9 9 00 50 00 50 00 75 00 24 18 16 10 12 16 9 10 12 13 13 9 9 14 11 8 4 22 00 00 11 50 75 50 75 50 00 50 50 00 00 00 75 49 00 00 Finishers........................ Watchmen...................... Carpenters...................... Inspectors..................... Firemen........................ ... . Rubber hose, belting, &c.......... Cutters----------------------..... Calender men.................... .................. Calender boys hikr.............. Mihnes....................... Curers.......................... Girls at piece work............... Engineers....................... Laborers........................ Apprentices or .... . . ........ . Foremen or overseers ............. Unskilled workmen .............. Skilled workmen................. Ink, Ohio : boys Foreman ... ........... Bottling and labeling, girls...... Iron steam forge, Missouri : Hammersmiths----------------.... Helpers on hammers.............. Furnace men, heaters ... -... -. ... -. Firemen for furnaces Blacksmiths ............. ............. .................... Helpers for same Engineers, first-class ............. Engineers, second-class....._-... Pattern-maker and millwright ... Laborers...................... Apprentices...................---Foreman.....................---- Machinist, ordinary .............. Watchmen ...................... Iron fence, Ohio : Molders----------------------.... Fence-builders................... Painters......................... Engineers....................... Apprentices or boys.............. Foremen or overseers -------------Iron furnace, (charcoal,) Maryland : Keeper ......................... Guttermen ...................... Fillers.......................... Ore-breaker ..................... Ore-wheeler .... ... . . . .. Coal-raker....................... Foreman ................. ...... Engineer.....................---Jute manufactory,. New Jersey : Carders......................... Spinners........................ Dyers .......................... Bleachers........................ Packers........................ Dressers . ...................... 15 00 Weavers..................-----.. 15 00' Load-mining and smelting, Missouri : 18 00 Engineers....................... 12 50 Smelters ........................ Breaker......................... Laborers.....................----8 40 11 00 Lead-smelting, Missouri : 11 00 Smelters .. . . . . .. . . . .. . 14 70 Back hands...................... 6 60 Engineer.....................---6 7 5 2 00 50 00 50 13 30 7 00 ........ Woodchoppers.................--......................... Miners Team sters---------------------Colliers ......................... Foreman or overseer ............. Lead works, Boston, Massachusetts : Workmen....................... Engineers....................... Leather-board mill, Massachusetts : Engineer........................ $5 5 5 13 15 14 13 4 8 5 9 11 9 4 9 9 13 8 19 11 5 20 10 12 69 82 96 35 10 70 35 97 50 48 38 81 14 60 55 00 50 00 66 78 05 15 50 00 8 00 4 50 27 13 27 13 20 13 24 00 00 00 56 00 00 00 15 00 21 10 9 27 15 15 00 00 00 00 00 00 15 13 12 12 3 18 00 20 00 00 75 00 10 50 9 00 11 00 8 00 8 50 11 00 32 00 23 00 5 5 9 10 8 6 6 30 47 42 00 96 42 22 21 15 12 9 00 00 00 00 16 9 15 6 50 00 00 00 15 00 10 00 18 00 30 00 12 00 19 50 12 00 FOR IMMIGRANTS. INFORMATION 211 Miscellaneous occupatons-Continued. Leather hoard mill, MassachusettsContinued. -$9 00 -----Laborers .-----------...Boys----------------------------750 Leather bag factory, New Jersey, Ohio, and Missouri: Japanners--..-------------------15 00 18 33 Varnishers ------------------------18 50 ----Grainers-------..--------.. Printers..-------------..-------19 00 -12 00 -----Pressmen .------------... Girls-----------------------------5 80 Boys----------------------------600 Lightning rods, Missouri: Forgers --------------------------- 12 50 Twisters-------------------------- 10 50 Screw-cutters..-------------------10 -10 Helpers..--..-----------------Lime burning, Kentucky: -24 Coopers..--------..----------13 Laborers .--..---------------11 Foreman----_------------Marble, Massachusetts, Maryland, Western States: -19 Cutters ..-----------------Carvers--------------------------23 and Robbers-.-----------------------10 - - 00 00 60 20 00 62 Polishers ------------------------ 11 Letterers------------------------17 10 Teamsters .-----..------------23 Soapstone cutters .--...-------Engineers------------------------16 Apprentices or boys-----------------5 24 Foremen ------------------------Match splint factory, Wisconsin: Machine tenders, boys..- 00 00 50 00 00 50 50 53 00 Straightening splints, boys-----------4 25 Packing, boys----------------------5 00 Laborers, men.-------------------9 00 Meat packing, Missouri: Butchers-----_----------------15 00 Coopers....--------------------18 00 Laborers------------------------13 00 --------------- 20 00 Engineers. ----Moldings, &c., Maryland : Carpenters-----------------------15 00 Cabinet-makers-------------------14e0 Turners---------------------------14 50 Sawyers--------------------------15 50 Molders..-----------------------16 Planers ---------------------------- Mortisers...------------------- 00 17 50 -12 50 Net and twine factory, Connecticut: Overseer ------ ------------------- 20 00 Assistant -- _----------------------.18 00 7 50 Card stripper----------------------7 00 Pickers, boys----------------------.. Spinners, boys---------------------. '5 Spoolers, boys---------------------Twisters, boys---------------------.. 00 4 00 4 40 Packers, men-----------...--------12,25 Netting weavers, girls--------------- Machinist ------------------------. Oak cooperage, Missouri : Coopers -------------------------Engineer------------------------... 5 67 16 38 15 00 15 00 Foremen------------------------... 18 00 Laborers------------------------- 11 00 Boys----------------------------- Pocket-hooks, Massachusetts : Engineer.------------------------.. Laborers.-----------------------Boys----..------------------------Foremen------------------------... Skilled workmen------------------.. Girls, in snmmer------------------- Girls, in wiuter -------------------Paper-hangings, New Jersey : Foremen------------------------... Block-cutters---------------------... Machine-printers------------------.. 00 Carpenters-----------------------12 00 -6 Paper-hangings, New Jersey-Contd. 00 Boys and girls--------------------$5 Color-makers---------------------16 50 Engineer, (machinist)---------------21 00 Laborers-------------------------8 00 Pottery and earthenware, New Jersey: Kiln or oven-men-----------------15 00 Jigger-men-----------------------20 00 Handlers------------------------15 00 Pressers-------------------------15 00 Apprentices-----------------------5 00 Dippers-------------------------14 00 Mold-makers---------------------15 00 18 00 ------------MoldersLaborers------------------------10 00 Foremen------------------------18 00 3 00 Boys---------------------------Pins, Connecticut: Foremen------------------------24 00 Pin-makers----------------------18S00 Wire-straighteners-----------------12 00 Whiteners-----------------------15 00 1050 Machinists and repairers-----------Girls----------------------------0 00 Patent medicines, Ohio: Clerks--------------------------1733 Printers-------------------------20 00 Laborers-------------------------4 72 Pegs and lasts, Ohio: Engineers-----------------------12 00 Laborers-------------------------9 00 Boys----------------------------325 Picture frames, Ohio: Gilders--------------------------15 00 400 16 50 12 00 450 18 00 15 00 -7 50 6 00 Boys----------------------------250 Ratans, Massachusetts : Laborers------------------------10 Boys----------------------------19 50 --------------------Foremen Watchmen-----------------------14 00 Girls----------------------------7 00 Railroad machine-shop, Ohio: 16 38 class---- ---Machinists, 14 25 Machinists, second class---------Engineers, first class---------------20 80 Engineers, second class-------------15 12 Fi-emen, first class-----------------11 52 Firemen, second class--------------10 38 Laborers-------------------------9 75 Coppersmiths---------------------16 02 Tinsmiths-----------------------13 44 Painters-------------------------- 13 23 Foremen ------------------------- 22 50 Carpenters------------------------- 14 8 Blacksmiths--_--------------------- 13 38 Roodung paint, Ohio : 50 first Overseer ------------------------------------------------- Engineer Workmen------------------------Rope-mills, Ohio : Spinners---------- ------------ -Boys----------------------------Foremen ------------------------Sails, Maryland and Ohio : Sailmakers------------------------- Salt, Michigan: Engineers------------------------- Boilers-------------------------- Firemen-------------------------Teamsters-------_----------------Laborers--------------------------Scales, Maryland : Scale-makers---------- -----------Laborers ------------------------Boys ----------------------------Foremen-------------------------Screens, 35 00 20 00 19 66 Grounders-----------------------... 13 00 Flockers------------------------... 25 00 Water-color painters---------------- 20 00 Bungers-------------------------... 24 00 Pennsylvania: Blacksmith----------- -----------Helper --------------------------Laborers-----------------------Boy s---------------500 Ship-bnilding, Connecticut and Missouri : Shipwrights-----------------------Smiths--------------------------... 22 00 18 00 12 00 9 00 225 18 00 18 00 1350 135 12 00 13 50 10 50 15 00 10 00 500 19 00 15 80 10 50 105 18 00 18 00 212 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMlGRATION Miscellaneous occupations-Continued. Trunk-making, Newark, N. J.-Cont'd. Shipbuilding, Connecticut and MissouriLaborers or unskilled workmen-$9 00 Continued. Apprentices or boys----------------3 50 Calkers.........................$19 50 18 00 Type-founding, New York: Joiners-.....-...--------------Type-casters---------------------11 -9 50 50 Laborers..------..---------Dressers------------------------12 03 -24 00 Foremen...----------------Brecaking type, (boys)----------------. 5 00 Silverware, Rhode Island: Rubbing type, (girls)----------------0650 20 50 ----Engravers... -Setting type, (girls)----- -- -- 8 92 Chasers-------------------------20 50 Type-founders--------------------20 00 Burnishers ------------------------ 1050" 25 4 45 Polishers----------------------------13 Apprentices--------------Finishers------------------------18 00 Molders ------------------------- 19 50 Other workmen-------------------11 37 1050 Stampers-------------------------Lithographers--------------------35 37 Engine-turners--------------------17 50 Lithographic printers---------------37 56 ----26 00 Die-sinkers...--..------.. Letter-press printers---------------18 25 Electro-platers --------------------- 12 50 Varnish, Ohio: 19 25 ----Spinners .----------..--... Foremen------------------------20 00 Machinists ------------------------- 18 50 Laborers------------------------11 00 Carpenters ------------------------- 18 75 Rollers--------------------------13 50 Wooden-ware, Massachusetts: Foremen------------------------18 00 Turners-------------------------1925 Laborers------------------------10 00 Plate-workers.---------------------17 75 Mechanics-----------------------12 00 18 00 Electro-plate workers ....------Boys----------------------------800 18 00 Spoon and fork makers-----------31 75 Watches, Ohio: Foremen .-.....-------------Cutter--------------------------13 50 Slippers, Massachusetts : Engineer------------------------13 00 Lasters--------------------------9 00 Workmen-----------------------1000 8 00 ---Finishers.. ---Apprentices.-----------------3 00 -15 00 Sole-cutters ..-..----...------Foreman------------------------20 00 Sewers...-----------------------15 00 Sewing-machine operators------------8 50 Wheelbarrows, Michigan: Blacksmiths----------------------10 50 -------------- 6 00 Stitchers--------.. Painters-------------------------9 00 15 00 Overseer -------------------Sawyers-------------------------10 50 and Michigan: Stone-cutting, Ohio Laborers------------------------8 50 21 00 Stone-cutters--------------------9 00 Whips, Pennsylvania: ------ ----Laborers 12 00 Stock-makers Apprentices-. ------------------- 4 00 Wagor-whip makers----------------9 00 Starch, Ohio : Braiders-------------------------10 50 9 00 Box-makers ----------------------Finishers-------------------------o9co 9 00 Millers---------------------------Button-workers, (females)------------9 00 12 75 Carpenters----..--....--------Tanners-------------------------12 00 8 22 Scraping-room ..--..----------.. -----------16 50 Foremen --------------- 9 00 Teamsters..---.. 94 Wheels and wagons, Wisconsin: Laborers-------------------------8 Machinists-----------------------13 50 Boys ----------------------------- 5 70 Blacksmiths----------------------15 00 Stoves, Ohio: Painters-------------------------12 00 25 00 Sheet-iron worker..--..---------Wood-workers-------------------15 00 Tinners-------------------------16 50 Laborers-------------------------9 00 Apprentices...--------------------5 00 4 50 Apprentices-----------------50 Skilled workmen------------------16 Unskilled workmen----------------12 00 White lead and linseed oil, Missouri: Coopers-------------------------14 00 140 Painters .------------------------......... 17 50 Firemen._-.-..... ......... Stove patterns, Ohio : Pressmen --.---------------------- 13 50. 20 00 Pattern-makers-------------------.. Carpenters-----------------------...16 00 Pattern-filer------------------------ 12 00 Laborers---------------------.... Mill hands-----------------------... 12 23 Oil-refiners-----------------------... 20 00 9 00 Lead-melters---------------------... 14 00 10 50 Tin-helpers----------------------... 14 62 Pattern-makers-------------------... 21 00 Masons-------------------------.... 20 42 18 50 Engineer------------------------._. Sugar plantation, Louisiana : 10 00 Laborers------------------------... 5 50 Men..---------------------------Boys ----------------------------- 400 Women--------------- ------ ----- 3 60 24 00 Foreman------------------------... Boys ------------- ---------------- 250 6 00 Wool carding, Kentucky: Laborers-------------------------... Millers --------------------------- 10 50 ------------ 24 00 Overseer .---- ---10 00 Carders-------------------------... Sugar-refining, Portland, Maine : 6 00 Wood-choppers--------------------.. Boilers--------------------------- 12 00 Other laborers.---.-----------------.5 00 12 00 Panmen-------------------------... 80 Zinc works, New Jersey : Warehouse-men.------.---------9 12 03 Zinc furnacemen------------------.. 9 80 Upstairs-men----------------------.. 11 38 Bag-room------------------------15 00 Coopers-------------------------... 10 50 Packers and shippers---------------.. -- 16 50 Blacksmiths-----------------16 25 Tinsmiths-----------------------... Engineers ------------------------- 17 25 Laborers or unskilled workmen-... Foremen or overseers---------------.. Tar-buckets, Ohio : Carpenters-----------------------... 12 00 Wood-turners---------------------.. 15 49 Wood-sawyers--------------------... Laborers .------------------ 13 50 A1pprentices-----------------------.. Trunk-makiue Newark, New Jersey : Trunk-matiers---- ------ --------- Blacksmiths-----------------------Machinists-----------------------... ... Blast-firemen--------------------Weighers------------------------- 18 54 Coopers -------------------------- 6 58 Bag-makers, (men)-----------------.. 10 60 16 00 Engineers-------------------------Laborers or uskilled workmen--.. 20 00 Apprentices or boys lr :I 15 15 19 00 12 60 15 05 16 25 10 06 5 56 Foremen or overseers---------------.. 16 45 Founderymen---------------------.. 8 Bag-makers, (women)----------------. 00 15 00 Box-makers, (men)-----------------.. 00 Box-makers, (boys)----------....----9 ~ .-----...... 17 235 19 50 Teamsters-----------------------... i i 10 83 _ _....,L~n9.~ 213 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. I-040000 02oIq45A paoooq 0000222 0200l00200l 0020202022025 000000000000 *paiwoq ql!p .IO1 'S 02 " pauoq noqtI 00 IfloM. C 00202000000 CM CO 0 c1 C *paUoq qrr "N "r-i o ~ ~0000 Cl ~~ A 2 0 paoqqiioqM v 02002 C coo -+-,-4 0O00020)2)-400 _ -4 o D n.1L 000 0 -. ooagoo o 0n 1C1CCM co-oo~n 0202C) 200020 CC0C T+0000 2c1c cC Q)02 0002C;2")200 ,-OOCC0002C VC in oc 0 0 0 -I oocooo m 0202 O "O O In i 2.--0C1 : 2IJW 2 1C1C 22 1+ f"t rom r+O200 - - MCCv 00 CC_______L_3-In CMCC O t" d+ M CJC: __ CM 0240 0 00 lc"0 (0-C) 02 o-1Pooo0 0 a 1C r2000200 0 0 -l ) =C0 0(020 002020020000 0 o O Moo 0 "1r" tn0,+ 4 I ca-002020 00 I000000000000000202 t-O002 00410C-2C) O000TITAA00002400u)02020.000 0a> 0020000C~-20200 000000000 020204022420-02020 CCc1t~1 C)02)02-000202 czC2 H 0I C 000202020D2 pat'oq C H 0 0002 0202000220200 0000000 00000002 co 020-o 00-i o-4000 - 02 pa 00 oq Ll 2 M M0 M M0M02 qi pa02oq a 02 a VC) CtCC)C2C1 "p 0 00 200 020 000o00 020 (M0___ 0 0 to0000 C)C000240000 0020020 CZ CO000 02jCOC-) 1C0 C2Ca00 4 2!00 o011Ll%-C)! 20 "N "N2 0N ,-"ivi200t pat, floq~jC q V C+ 000~~c~~c; ____ ___________ O0 0200 ri00OO 000O22 r C 00mC 0 - 0020202 CO CCO 40 02 Q E0200 47 OS pavoq 000 00 O )0222200 }noqjt 00400 VVriCccc M1 0- )000220-00002 CCv va M 40,~00004200 "N N QO0 c - 00 p102oq CO ; A paLOq dLI 'n ql'A c 0c.--00O-C) 00020 clnto000020002 i pa02oq gllA r- cI U 00 020 0r20 °c° 0v 0x002 00 poqInoop Io ~ 02000020202C 0020002 r+ 00040402c~1C 0020440000204co~ C0200=02 e 0 00 2 000000000000 W. 22202 00 k000000000 pa00002000 Q4 cci t 0-4 02 00 02°v 004022" -oC420 02tcl 02000200020 o 0 2020 ::::: 02 cc c C C502 214 SPECIAL REPORT pavoq 00 4 00Y flof{ pJ ON IMMIGRATION. " 00000000000nc 000000 00 -rll oq 000 0onaono 000 000 C'00000)CJ 0000000 00 C O00000 2MM 00000000000 "M- GM 000 00 0 0r0" 00'V- Co0 4Q C 2a q0c1r-1 oo ooo.- 0 0 C )0 0 oo m0 0 0 wntoA r-4 2L 0 .- paoq 0000 c vr 000 0 I-I 000 a =-0 C C00 C Vr- H paaoq '0000 000 qfAM. OL7 000 CO o 0 000000000 00000000000 00 00 a(00 . 00M 00 00000000000 0 L00 00000 i inaar00M 000 a~00 Lrj 00 ' '0)Ga 0000 cC 0 00in 0000 ' toa)a)0000 00014a 000 '0-nO ' 0 " 0oo 00 'a)00 :00 00C 00 :0 0O 0 00 In00 0 0 0 0 0 "c '00C 00no M '0 0 CCr00000 M C' C C 0 0 In :cl IoO C= 000000 0 0 0 1 0 0 *nooooC") '00a)0)0G O000 o -10r+ C 00 0 CA00 -In 00G1 00 MM noor? -0 rC ooo a C 0000000r- 00 r 000 7 0t>000C'L a)0a0000o t"0 ". CI 00 0 o 00 Co Ar~ "pau o 1{4cz H 0 000~ 'oooooo 'oooMM=noa) 0___c)=____r-r-__. vs 0}N r 4 ,( CMCA00-Nt- 0000 0000 00 2t C 0 j 000 00a) 00000 C> C C "N uq4? paoq 4 0 0 -0 pa oq tIog . TM '00000n '000000 0000 00 O 1nr-00 1jm. 00 0?.1 a0 ,n 00 000 0000000 0 0 000000 0000000r 00M00000 0 00 000~n 0000 '000000 000In 0000000 OO a00'000000 cin000 0000000 0000M' 0000 C 00( 00 m~nO ' 000000 G In>000 0 00a paooq a 00000000000-) 0000 o - ~ V-4e0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0000 I O .) 2Q I co Cad " q6 2& "N pagoq M1Aqj ?OO floq4Ao. U 00 0000 '00 0C '00 00 'i0000 000 Nn )0000 G000 0 t-paGo 0 00000 e~00 MGM 2'-. MO o -o000001W- X00 00000 ooooloo ooo 0C0000000000 00000000000 ) 000 ),0000 000 000 00 0000 '0000ir0 00C 0000 '00C)"O n~n00c000 00a) 000 -~0o 0000000 000 00100000 . col: 0 A0 PQ : :::::: °I 2 r " , s'C c C31I D. / IW f - " : : : : : N{ ::::::/, :: C - p c "c INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. ~i iCh0000 01N C 00-zCo M Ci) C 00M) Co iN W ~ 11 Co,01 C00C - ) CC 1m00 1,0l7C-0I Co J Co' 0Z000 = C O 0Co00 II 10 C 0 C) 00re) 0M 0 r-10(O C) +9 C C O o0 MG) CZ 0000 C 0 o a C> v J V-4 = r- C)0100 r1 -1CZ t r-1 0000 ~00 Co:C N- M In l 0 0 ACC CZ 1 c cI 00car-1 0-)00 101 C) 000 O CC CoI0 0Z000 C CZ o t- IdCo u00 Co 0 ca00>1 10C) CZ C1 1C CZ 1 0 C v C H H U 0000" 0C) C 0 000 Czo C0C) C Go0u70n Co oN al Coi r Mw 0 C2r- 00Q07)0 0 0C = CMC)G C2 1 00 Z C) 111vv CA IC cad E 101 oooo j 0000 p I 0n co 0M -4 o 0 cI 0000 C0l 0C 1 00 0000101 0000ai Co C 000 loll4I 000 e C C M o0 Co Z + 0Co00 "O d+TC HI 1 za3 m l Co -tea0 ~jc IrC oO. 215 216 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. 4100000 r141041 'sI~aaop 41 0 r 0-000041 I *ro.mnj 4q -0 c 41414.0040 41040004041 L- 00r-00 C 4041 is 4r--1U-.-1 4 004141 0401) 4- 4120014OT 041 40 ~400 0-0 n4 0 N-000041 loo 4-0cl o o 'ZalI~~t 41D J 414-4041 mo40o +^01-0414-41 0000-410 041404-0 41 0041414-0 41414041-40 oM Mvn 04 04000m 00041041000 M 1" 4"o 0 24-4141n 44-04-410 041041 -04'0000-O oaodx0 -Zuzt&nsptruqpou41~t~p{ 44441~ o~~nr~t r- o co 0 0.4. .J91J 4141041041 -urns u sptoq p41)uOJaIdx3 "N c c 4& c 4c 41 4141 00-004141 -41414 0041 41404-04-41 4-4-4in204I"0000004104-00 41041410004et~ -404 0041Meta41414J14-41c 41041000000041 Z-4-414i to004Z"4-4 -PC)=4-0 m1400-4"i1444"101 414 -40=w 4-414-4 040 0 40401041010 4004004 0000-04-Q 40404-0404-414 04-4-0014.44 414 11toId "pauoq lnoqlT 11 '" ~o-coi-o r-42 " paItoq !n4oqji.A ,..{ i-oooo 0-441C+040 - r '-4'-i -4'-r4 4 0 -4' +r- r-4r- 00 -P-4 P "N pa41oq tfltA p02( Zltf4 4-4-40>-4 400 "'41 p 00oq1p00 0 ce J - -4-4- 4- -v-4- C)_V-4________________ ____________ Oqafot 0 4141- r+ +tA 4-4-4N 00(.1 001 10 4 rIr- i 4ir 4-4-400 i,1 "N et CJ J4 00r to0I04-04-0 ___ pb___ ___ Sri-44104100 paaoq 0 jnotjt 114-4-0414(4 C i -4 L0O4 414104100o pwoq in1l0-.)-00 41 j - r 40410414-00 1 i___ ___ r ___ rIr4 - r t __ ar- 4004104W-04-40 C 00r-4400000 4r-004l-4 r [V441 l 1 N. S.0 *0 ;41 Zd 041ig41 -4 - 00414104140 4-404110 r14 - N1*4 1 r -00 00~ q)1 0404___ ___ -4- 4r-4 -- 4-4-004-4- 41414-0004141 0004414-4-4 4- r-4i -1-4-4v -14-4 217 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. O0 10 E000000 00 004-H O O-OHOOH000tN 00 00 r--00 0~-01x1 0r000 o000 HO ©00 OOH14:-OO ooo 0t-0 0 00 o 0 o0 00 r1'00 000 OO 00l0 2 0 00001-00 00-Oin )00O 0 000r C)lOC 00 0100000m 00N 10 00OH 00 00 i00100 00 1O0H01 0e.0 OH H H HH 000 OCOH oo 000 M~n 00000400 -10 HOO 0 00l r 0000000 lu'0410000 PM)0Z)ooci000 0OHOHOOO 0H C OOOOH-02 000 -- 4 HH 4 H0 0 00 Hr0 -4 C0 r- t-000000 00 oC)OD +-014 -00HO 0 2 4000 il Ir- o000ooo OH-000OO 000002 000-000O0 OO0 0~02000000000 0 ' i 0 '0 000000 00OO00f 0r 0000000 000 000 00 O =1P 000000 C000 0o -0000 0 0~ L0000 000 000 0 000 0010 oC0-0 ~r0 OHOO 0HOraO 0 0000000 H 000~r 1n oom o OOOOOHO 00 HHHHH tt- 0000000 0000000 x100 00000 0 1002 OtH x100 0200tH o 00000000 0000001000 t- HO-oo 40000 0000 000 HC0 CC00O OO H-x417 001 O- 7000 0hu000 00000000 0 000 00 0 o t 00040 H 4 r000 r-0) HH t-o HOOO HOM 00 0 0000 0)0'OH 1- inO HHHHH OOH 0 HHH 12r-1 OI Ofj00 r-00 CtO0 ooo 2 O H-O l~010H -0 C, OH 0000" 000 00 00 H02 0X 0 0 100211 11040-000x10 1- 0 0n 0ii- ,-r 0O0100 2OO1 I0 01O0 000 1000 000+10001 00111-01 11100 z 0 1H00 H000 00~0000 12 i2 000 00000 N HOCOCO 001 CoHH HC M0 20000 -O 1401 0010O +t- 0 OOO0Q1 OO0 000 01041 000 00 Hn i0000 0000 HHH 00 l1+-11 00 O. 0202 H O 4-0000 r-OH 000 0000000 OI" "l . " + " " E r 01 " " 41t U2 w'1 :to ca 4) ' o " " . a rS .400Q . 1' .fi ", O.;21 oC " " Q QQ .0- " « 0n 00v H 00 000000 0201 00001 OO +0 HO 0f020 0- 0000000 01001 H41000O0000000 0- 218 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. AGRICULTURAL WAGES IN MASSACHUSETTS. [From the second annual report of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor of Massachusetts.] Wages per month without board. Wages per month with board. Counties. Men. Women. Berkshire............. $25 to $100 $12 to $10 to 25 14to 12 Essex...................30 12to 8 Franklin............... 30to 20 Hampden..%............... 26 to 20... 30 to 20............. Hampshire ............... 12 20to 15 Middlesex ................. to 20 16to 12 . .35 Norfolk. .............. ..--.. 40 ................. Plymouth.....--.---.-14to 10 Worcester .................. 40 to 25 Young persons. $18 to $8 12 25to 10 lto 10 2Oto 12 2Oto 10 Men. $45 to $40 48to 40 60to 40 Young per. sons. Women. $30 to $18 25 37to 23 .................. 30................. 4 50to 30 30to 25 . 52to 35. 60........... 5Oto 35 25to 1 $32 to $20 25to 18 50to 25 27to 25 t25 ..... 27to 14 The returns of the United States Census for 1870 give the average wages paid farm hands, with board, in the State, as $20 52. To understand what these wages represent, the condition of farm labor must be stated. Men are hired by the season, or from April to November. The earnings of permanent help, calling the average wages $25, and board $15 per month, give a total of $40, which, as the average amount paid men without board, would amount for the year of eight months to $320. In the other months, work is sought in the manufacturing towns, or in general labor, cutting wood, or getting in ice, &c. Women's wages, as given in the second column, are undoubtedly given for general are not given; they receive house and dairy work. The wages paid to two-thirds of a man's pay. The returns of children's wages are too meager to tabulate. When given, they vary per month, with board, and from $15 to $12 per month, without board. from $10 to As large farms multiply, children are in greater demand. In the cultivation of tobacco, boys are employed to a great advantage ; many of the small farms in Worcester County being worked with boys. The change in nationality has been going on quite rapidly on the farms as well as in the factories. "It is a very rare thing to find an active, intelligent person of American parent age employed as a hired farm laborer." The Irish seem to predominate, though the French * * The greatest drawback to farming in Canadians are gaining a footing. * field-women $5 this vicinity is the extreme difficulty in procuring reliable help. ' * * W need more labor in summer for the raising of more hoed crops, and we can use it in winter in getting out wood, lumbering, and in the ice trade. The young men of Nevi England, but more especially of Massachusetts, tire of such monotonous labor, and seek either broader acres in the West, or a more circumscribed limit behind the counter or in the counting-room. Now, their places on the farm must be filled. A foreign sup* Agriply is the only alternative, and Ireland is the most prolific source. cultural machinery is being employed extensively, in consequence of the cost and quality of manual labor. It does not reduce the wages of competent and efficient aborers. Skilled, faithful labor is not increased, but is rendered more valuable in onsequence of machinery. 219 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. The deputy superintendent, in charge of the labor bureau of the New York Commissioners of Emigration, makes the following REPORT ON WAGES, obtained by the immigrants in New York and vicinity. The average wages paid for farm hands and female servants varied considerably during the year, as the following statement will show: Per month and board. Month. Males. January -------------------------------------------------------February---------------------------------------------------------March-----------------------------------------------------------April----------------------------------------------------------May ..--"--------------------------------------------------------June------------- ------------------------------------------------ $9 25 13 25 14 75 16 75 1775 20 75 Females. 9 00 9 25 9 75 10 00 1025 10 25 July..............................--------------------------------------------19 00 10 00 August-------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 25 September ------------------------------------------------------------- 10 00 14 00 10 00 11 50 10 00 9 00 9 75 October---------------------------------------------------------------November------ -------------------------------------------------December-----------.....----------------------------------------------.. $2 10 50 .975 The wages- of common laborers varied from $1 50 to per day without board. The wages paid for skilled labor cannot be exactly specified, as the workmen make their own contracts with the employers, who regulate the price according to ability and season, as the following table will show: Occupation. ~Y~ 07~1 Yi Wages offered. $5 $4 to per week without board. $6 to $14 per month with board. $9 to $15 per week without board. $2 to $-250 per day without board. Brush-makers----..-----------............. $10 to $30 per month with board. Bar-keepers......... Baske r .................. $15 to $18 per week without board. Blacksmiths .................... $2 to $3 50 per day without board. $10 to $18 per week without board. Bookbinders--------------------.... $3 50 to $4 per day without board. Bricklayers ....................... $15 to $25 per month with board. Brewers ....--------------Brass-finishers.----------------$10 to $20 per week without board. Butchers....................... $10 to $20 per month with board. Cabinet-makers.................. $2 to $3 per day without board. $25 to $100 per month with board. Cooks............................. Cap-makers.. .................. $8 to $12 per week without board. Chemists ............. ............. $10 to $12 per week without board. Compositors....................... $15 to $25 per week without board. Confectioners-------------------.... $30 to $40 per month with board. $3 50 to $4 per day without hoard. $18 to $20 per week without hoard. $12 to $18 per week without board. Coyers ................. ......... $25 to $30 per month with board. Cngraers......................... $18 to $25 per month with board. egihnees ....................... $20 to $25 per month with board. Flrgists.......................---- $15 to $35 per week without board. $15 to $18 per week without board. Furers .......................... $15 to $25 per month with board. gaders.......................... $10 to $15 per week without board. Gareris-........................... $15 to $35 per week without board. Gurcery clerks..................---- $15 to $18 per week without board. $15 to $25 per, month with board. Gaesc-fiters ....................... $8 to $15 per month Gldesmiths.....................--hoard. $15 to $18 per week without hoard. Groaters lk ........................ $20 to $30 per week without board. Ga-iters-------------------------- $15 to $20 per week without board. $25 to $30 per month with hoard. Iron-molders....................... $18 to $20 per week without board. Locksmiths........................ $8 to $15 per week without board. $12 to $25 per week without board. Lithographers ..................... Apprentices ...................... Bakers-----------------------Barbers........................... Carek-hans........................ with 220 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Table showing the wages paid in New York, 4c.-Continued. Wages offered. Occupation. Machinists--------------------..--..-$1.. $5 to $18 per week withoutboard. $3 to 4 per day without board. Masons -----------------------90 cents per tol. Miners.-------- ---- - -------.... Millers------------------------- $12 to $18 per month with board. $10 to $15 per week without hoard. Polishers ............................. Paper-hangers.................... $10 to $15 per week without board. $2 per day without hoard. Puddlers........................ Plasterers............ . .......... $3 to $5 per day without hoard. $2 50 to $3 per day without board. Plumbers........................ $12 to $18 per week without board. Printers ......................... Porters.-----.---...------.-----..-...$8 to $15 per week without board. Painters_----_------------_--------$10 to $15 per week without board. $12 to $15 per week without board. Ropo-makers ......................... Slate-roofers-----------------------$2 to $3 per day without board. Saddlers and harness-makers--------- $12 to $15 per week without board. Shoemakers----..-..----.------------$9 to $15 per week without hoard. $.... $12 per week without board. 10 to Soap-makers ..-.------..--------Spinners ------------------------ $9 to $12 per week without board. $3 to $4 per day without board. Stone-cutters ..------....---------. ... $8 to $15 per week without board. Segar-makers. . ... ... .. . ...... 10 Tailors.---- - -- .--------.--.------- $. to $20 per week without board. -----.-------------- $15 to $18 per mouth with board. Tanners .-----... .----. $10 to $15 per week without hoard. ---------Tinsmiths .-...----.. $10 to $18 per week without board. ............. Turners............ $12 to $18 per week without hoard. Upholsterers..................... $9 to $12 per week without board. Varnishers ........................ $15 to $30 per month with hoard. Waiters _ .... ....................... 15 ..... -- $- to $20 per week without board. Watch-makers...-.. -.-- _.... ..- . ... $9 to $12 per week without hoard. Weavers -........... -.. -- $15 to $16 per week without board. $15 to $20 per week without board. Wheelwrights...................... Wood-carvers....................... $30 per month with hoard. .. . ..... _$10 to 18 per week without board. Wino-coopers....................... Wagonsmiths ... ........... IMMIGRATION. [The following having been received too late to appear in its proper place on page XIX, is inserted here.] Table showing number of passengers brought into the port of New York by sailing and steam vessels during the year 1870. [From tho report of tho Now York Commissioners of Emigration.] ~H 56 74 London......... Liverpool ... Copenhagen.--- Other ports... Total.. *; 2. -o 1,637 23,404 02 V1 18 13 19 611___. 19,179 12 21 40 1 75 R, 182 1 ........ H H2 OD 1 P4 t-1 U a ag 20 H 02 S P4 F-1 Q H Q w 4,1385 23,7839 20 68 96 3,446 3,194 3 18 14R4 19 3,633 3 1 32, 021 23,404 11 4----------------- 101 1, 462 1 344 28,262 194,08 1155 156 1105 99 19 408 268 18,824 1471110640 3,633 200 1.-..6 -2 8530 128, PgoA i 4,1460 51,638 26 3,446 61 "__ -73,290 16 30 50 3,201 22,469 4, 557 422 3 4------------ -- -- 17 4, 557 422 17 86 1, 575 29 69--------27 58 1,506 11 28 2 28 5, 438 9 11 282 15, 058 123, 322 249 15, 030 117, 884 53 85 33 26 39 London, via Havre. . ee H te ekwt ,,5 e m go Hamburg. .-. 1 H t!1 Z-1.8 Q4V2H Hlavre......... $0t 02 Port of sailing. Bremen......... Glasgow. -.. TOTAL. SAILING VESSELS. STEAMSHIPS. -nvr..,.-~. H,~. ,n-~-. mi~., 1,870 1212,912I 40 81 13 19 _28 1 51 3 1 62 4 1 96 3 4 2 3 152 265 * The number of alien passengers intonding to remain in the country who arrived in tho port of New York in the yaer 1870 vas 212,170. The following corrections should be made to the table on page XIX. From Ireland, 65,168; Germany, 72,350; Switzerland, 1,925; Sweden, 11,551; Belgium, 93; total, 212,170. 221 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. NEW YORK TRADES UNIONS. Table showing the weekly wages of the members of eighty-eight trade societies in the city of New York and vicinity, in the year 1869. [From the New York IDaily Times.1 Trades. .Amount. Bricklayers.--... .... Brickmakers..--.......... Boot and shoe makers. Boot and shoe finishers. Bakers.------------------Blacksmiths............... Boiler-makers.............. Brass founders and finishers .. _ ....... Bookbinders.--._.. Blue-stone cutters and flaggers. Brown-stone cutters......... Bellymen.-----.......... Book-folders, (females). Carpenters................ Carpenters, (amalgamated) -. Cabinet-makers............ Carvers and gilders......... Cutters ................... Curriers .................... Clothing cutters............ Clerks, dry goods........... Compositors, (males).......... Compositors, (females) - Card-makers............... Cartmen .................... Confectioners................ Coopers..................... Coach-drivers................ Cap-makers (males and females) Derrick-men................. Engineers................... Gold-beaters.................. Gas and steam fitters .... Horseshoers................. Horsesmiths ................ Hlatters ........---.......... HTod-carriers ............. Iron-molders................ Jewelers ................... _ Longshoremen............... Laborers .................... Lathers..-----------------... Marble-cutters............... Marble-rubbers .............. Trades. Amount. $27 00 to $30 00 Marble-polishers.......... $1500tc$1800 21lO0to 24 00 Masons .................... 2700tc 3000 12 00 Millers.................... 18 00 18 00 to 21 00 Machinists......---.......... 15 00to 18 00 800 to 1590 Painters ................. 21l00to 24 00 20 00 Plasterers.................. 24 00to 36 00 18 00 Plumbers................... 18O00to 24 00 21 00 Pape-hiangers .............. 15 00 to 18 00 20 00 Paper-stainers.............___ 18 00 18 00 to 24 00 Pressmen.................. 20 00 27 00 to 30 00 Pressmen, (Adams).......... 18 00 to 24 00 18 00 to 24 00 Press-feeders ......... 12 00to 18 00 80O to 1500 Proof-readers............... 18 00 to 30 00 2lO00to 27 00 Pencil-case makers.........in-aemkr....... 00 18 00to 21 21l00to 24 00 20 00to 21 00 l8 00 to 20 00 Piano-finishers .............. 20 00to 30 00 25 00to 30 00 Piano-key makers ........... 15 00to 20 00 18 00to 25 00 Piano regulators........... 20 00to 30 00 15 00 to 20 00 Piano sawyers and planers_. 18 00 to 25 00 20 00to 24 00 Piano machinists. ........... 20 00to 24 00 15 09to 18 00 Picture-frame makers...... 18 00 to 22 00 20 00to 24 00 Plate-printers ...... 25 00to 30 00 . .... . . 12 00 00 Pastry-cooks................ 18 00 to 21 00 5O0to 12 00 Quarrymen................. 15 00to 18 00 15 00to 18 00 Roofers, tin................. 15OO to 20 00 15l00to 20 00 Roofers, slate............... 24 00to 30 00 7 00 to 15 00 Restaurant and hotel carvers 20 00 20 00to 24 00 Stone-rubbers. -- -. . . 1500to 18 00 15 00 to 20 00 Stair-builders............... 21l00to 27 00 12 00 to 20 00 15 00 to 21 00 ................... 18 00 15 00to 21 00 Silersith .............. l8 00 to 30 00 Stereotypers................ 18 00 to 20 00 14 00 to 18 00 Sail-makers................. 21 00 21l00to 24 00 Shoe clerks................. 10OO0to 20 00 21l00to 27 00 Seamen..................... *30 00 to 60 00 18O00to 27 00 Trunk-makers ........ 14 00 to 18 00 15l00to 30 00 Tailors..................... l8 00 to 20 00 12,0Oto 18 50 Typeasters............... 20 00 to 2300 15 00to 21 00 Upholsterers................. 18 00 to 25 00 25 00to 60 00 Varnishers and polishers ... l8 00 to 2.5 00 15 00 to 21 00 Waiters .................... *35 00 to 60 00 15 00 Watch-makers............. 30 00 27 00 Watch-case makers.......... 1500to 25 00 24 00to 30 00 Number of societies.- . .88 21l00to 24 00 Number of members...... 72,544 to20 ..- ~awyers 10O00to * Monthly wages. Table showing the wages paid in San Franciscoand vicinity in the year ended July, 1871, for the followng kinds of labor. [From Annual Report of California Labor Exchange, July, 1871.] Wages offered, (gold.) Occupation. -r~,,z,,,, Apprentices .....------.............. Apothecaries............................. Bakers ................................ Bar-tenders.-----------------......... Barbers ............................... Bed-makers........................... Bell-hangers ............................ Blacksmiths . ............................ Blacksmiths' helpers............... Boiler-makers............................... Bootblacks ................................. Book-keepers............................... Boot and shoe makers ....................... Bottlers.................................... Boys....................................... $15 to $35 per month and found. $40 to $50 per month and found. $30 to $50 per month and found. $30 to $45 per month and found. $60 to $80 per month. $20 to $30 per month and found. $2 50 to $3 per day. $2 50 to $4 per day; $50 to $85 per month and found. $2 to $2 50 per day. $35 to $60 per month and found. $30 to $40 per month and on shares. $35 to $100 per month and found. $35 to $60 per month; half-share; $35 to $40 per month and found. $10 to $30 per month. piece. 222 2 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Table showing the wages paid in San Francisco, 4c.-Continued. Wages offered, (gold.) Occupation. 1 rllllnmm rru ~111 nrl Ir~r rrl~r~ Nr \r~r rru~r~rl~I $4 to $6 per day. $50 to $70 per month. per month and found. $75 per month and found. $2 to $3 per day. $35 to $60 per month and found. $30 to $45 per month and board. $40 to $60 per month and board. $30 to $40 per month and board. $49 per month and found. $2 to $3 per day and found. $25 to $35 per month and board. 87$ cents to $1 121 per ton. $30 per month and found. $20 to $30 per month and found. Coal-yard men -.. ....... . .... $2 50 to $4 50 per day. ............................ Cofn-kers On commission. ....................... Collectors....... ............... Confectioners .............. $46 to $60 per month and found. $20 to $75 per month and found. $2 to $3 25 per day, and piece-work. Coopers............................... $3 to $4 per day. Coppersmiths ........................... $2 50 to $3 25 per day, and $50 to $60 per month. Crriers and tanners..--................ Cutlers................................ According to ability. Card-strippers....... ................. $3to $4 per day. Cabinet-makers............................. $2 50 to $3 50 per day, and piece-work. Carpet-weavers........................ According to ability. $3 to $4 per day. Carpenters, (house)..................... Carpenters, (ship)........................ $3 to $5 per day. Carriage-painters........................ $3 to $4 per day. $3 50 to per day. Carriage-builders . ........................ $3 to $4 per day. Carriage-trimmers .. ..................... $3 to $4 per day. C alkers.. ................................. Carvers . . .............................. Piece-work. C.arcoal-bn.ers....................... $35 per month and found. $30 to $40 per month and found. Cheese-sakers.......................... Clerks................................ $30 to $60 per month and found. $40 per mouth and found. ......... Dec.-ands ,,-., $15 to $25 per month and found. Dish-washers......................... $2 50 to $4 per day. Door and sash makers.................... Druggists.................. .............. $60 per month and found. $40 to $50 per month and found. Dairymen $30 to $45 per month and found. .............................. $3 to $5 per day. Engineers . .............................. Engravers ................................. Piece-work. Edgers .................................... $30 to $50 per month and found. Farm-lorers.......................... $20 to $30 per month, winter ; $40 per month, summer, or $1 25 to $1 75 per day. $40 per month and found. Filers, saw-mills........................... Firemen................................... $40 to $50 per month and found. Fishermen................................. Two-fifths share of take. Flour-packers............................... $60 to $80 per month. Founderymen............................... $1 50 to $2 per day. Fringe-makers............................. $60 per month. Fruit-peddlers _._.__ $30 to $35 per mouth and found, shares. Fruit-packers............................... $25 to $35 per month. Furniture-polishers......................... per day. Foremen ................................... $45 to $60 per month and found. Fence-builders .. ........................... $35 to $40 per month and found. Gardeners-----------------------------...... $30 to $40 per month and found. $3 50 to $4 50 per day. Gas-fitter............................. Generally useful............................ $20 to $30 per month and found. Giliders.................... ............... $50 to $60 per month and found. Glove-cutters............................... Acecording to ability. $35 to $50 per month and found. Grae-digers .............................. 1 $50 per month and found. Grocers' help............................... $20 to $40 per month and found. Grooms, &c................................. $30 to $40 per month and found. Gunsmiths ............................... $3 to $5 per day. Graiiiers.................................. $2 50 to $3 per day. Hair and rope makers........................ $2 50 to $3 per day. Harness-makers........................... $40 to $60 per month and found. lied-carriers................................ $2 50 per day. per day. Housemakers............................... $0 50 to $3per month and found. $30 to $40 Housekeeers ............................... $2 50 $4 per day. Harness-cleaners............................ $30 to $40 per month and found. Hair-spinners............................... $2 to $2 5) per day. Interpreters................................ $30 to $40 per mouth and fonnd. Iron-molders.. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . $3 50 to $4 per day. Iron-rail makers ............................ $3to $3 50 per day. Jewelry-polishers .. _.. .... .................. $2 50 to $3 per day. $150 to $2 pr day. ............................ Bricklayers . Brewers ............................... Bridge-builders. ----...--............. Brush and broom makers.-............... Burnishers................. ............... Butchers..-----.----------------.--Butter-makers.......................... ........................... Brick-makers rieyard hands...--................. Box-makers .. ............................ .. Builders.------.------- .......... ..---............. Coachmen......--. Coal-miners...-......--............. Coal-passers.....--.................. $75 Cooks...................................... $1I Dyers...................................... ........... $2 to ~aborers................................... INFORMATION 223 FOR IMMIGRANTS. Table showing the wages raid in San Francisco, 4c.-Continued. Wages Occupation. offered, (gold.) $2 50 to $3 per day. $3 to $4 per day. $10 to $41 per month and found. $50 per month. $3 to $4 per day. $10 to $60 per month and found. Litmoermpe...................._........ According to ability. Lithogrphers -.---.to $4 per day. ........ Machinists..--...----.....---. -- -- -- - -- -- $2 50 to $3 per day. Machine-planers--Men and their wives.---................ $40 to $60 per month. Piece-work. Marap-ctakers -------------------------$3 50 to $4 per day. Marble-polishers ........................ $2 to $2 50 per day. Masbeonsr................................. $4 to per day. Mattress-makers............................ $2 to per day. Milkers and dairymen ..................... $30 to $40 per month and found. Millers . ................................ $3to per day. ............................ Millwrights $3 to $5 per day. Miners ................................. $10 per month. Malt-makers................ ................ According to ability. usicians..... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. $30 to $35 per month. Murses can------------------------------ $30 to $35 per month. Nurseryen ----------------------------- $30 to $45 per month. Ox-teamsters .......... ............... -$16 to $18 jper mouth. Ostlers and teamsters ..................... $40 to $45 pet- month and found. Painters, (house)......................... $25 to $35 per month. Pautrymen..... ..... ................ $35 per month and found. Paper-hangers ........................... $2to $2 75 per day. Pattern-makers .............. per day. Picture-frame makers..................... $-250 to $3 50 per day and piece. Pile-drivers................................. 2 50 to $3 per day. Plasterers............................. $4to $5 per day. per day. Plumers.................-----..._..........- $3 to Porters ................................ to per month and found. per month and found. $26 to Potato-diggers . .. ........................ to $80 per mouth and found. Printers.................................... to Planers................................ $50to $60 per month. ,.......... 50 per day. Quarymen ......... $-2 Rope-makers ........................... According to ability. Saw-mill bands............................... to $40 per month and found. Stair-builders.......................... $0 50 to $4 25 per day. Stewards.............................. $30 to $10 per month and found. Storemen ................................. $30 to $35 per month and found. Street-sweepers. ---..--.---........... $30 to $35 per month and found. Sugar-packers ........................... $60 per month. Stone-cutters ........................... $4 to per day. Scourers............................... $30 to $60 per month and found. Salesmen . .............................. $30 to $60 per month and found; numerous applicants. Sawyers ................................... $40 to "$100 per month and found. Sheep-shearers. ............................ 5 cents to 6 cents per head. Shepherds $20 to $35 per month and found. Shipsmiths................................. $4 per day. Sluicers.................................... $1 75 to 25 per day. See Miners. $60 to $75 per mouth and found. Smelters.............................. Soap-makers.................. ............. to $40 per month and found. Teamsters ................................. $20 to $30 per month and found. Teachers.................................. $40 per month-and found. Tin-roofers................................. $3 to per day. $-250 to $4 per day. T..smit.s............ ................. Track-layers.................. ............. 23 to $-2per day and found. Trunk-makers.............................. $-250 to $3 per day. Turners................ ................... 50 per day. $:3to Timbermen ................................. per day. $2 to ----Upholsterers---$3 to $4 per day. Undertaker............................ $60 per month. Vineyardmen.............................. to $40 per month. Last-makers..-----.-----............. Lathers..-----.---.................. Laundrymen--.----....---............. Local reporters.-----.-----........... Locksmiths ............................. ------------------------- Lumberen $3 M asons ------- $1 $3 $5 -------------------- Mh $4 $30 $5 $75 $45 $30 $0 $30 $5 ................................ $2 $35 $4 $1 $4 $3 Varnishers................................. Visem en.. Wagon-makers ................................ ............................. Waiters-.................................. Warehousemen............................. W atchmakers.. ........... ..... Watchme.............. ....... ........ Weavers---"............................... Well-diggers ............................... Wheelwrights.............................. Woodchoppers.............................. Wool-sorters ............................... Whip-makers.............................. Whitewashers..........................----Willow-workers ................ ........... . _____I Ec___ $30 50 50 $0 to $3 perper day. day. $0 50 to $3 $3 to per day. $00 to $40 per month and found. $2 to $3 per day. According to ability. per month. $50 to Piece-work. $2 50 per day, contract. $3 to $4 per day. $30 to $60 per month and found. $4 $75 $2to $2 50 per day. $3 per day. $3 per day. Piece-work. , 1 n 224 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. to 00 iuii 1n mT 0D000 44 4-10 oo 00 0 000000 0 p--4ayQ 0 000 0 0000 000C - ; L0 0 o t 0co000000o 000-l-r-+i- cccc2 ,-r-Gc 01 000 "oJ~uoQ 000000~ 00o~bo . 0000 N000041-(l000 o-4H00 -4000000 0-1-0-I4-I-4-4-4--o4o-4-4-,-0-MrH H H:H H 0~ 0.Vjs~a ~ 000 0000000 -0o-4oN000,-40 iqH~ -r 0n001.10 N N Ce}N W e+N N 0 N r 0001 Q 00000000-01-0000000NCQOH-4010-0 0 0000 0000 4 ANN hOOK z2 000 '"4 r- 00 00 i00 0-00 clgl-r-V 00i 0000001c- 0 o0000 0-+i-MiI- " - i0 H HIVv1 i 000000 t.. ,/ t "S" 0 0 0 0 0000000- 00000o 00t-~t00000000000 oo~o00o00000000000 ". a w o 1f OM~0 H'' 0000rI M 0~rH 040 00000OO O - -4 00000 0 0000000t l00000000000000000CNl Na+H-f in00 - v N000000000 1 0000000000 000000 /0" :/ :f: 000000000 /- , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6/0t0 0 0 0 0 0" 0 0 t t "0, 0 , " " t \ , " " " " " / " t 0 t " t I t f " 1 1 , . , 0 H\ t / " " . 0 / " " y .N " 0)) A t "- " " , 0m0 .N ! t/" ! t/ . " t ". t t . " / , t / " " " " " " /. t / t " ," , t t t t / , / t t , , t , "0 / , " , " " ... / 7yf " \ 1 , " t " " , 0/ 1 1"0 t \" " " / / " t " t " . t " ,Q 1 " , " ,"o 000101 010i r+ ) ) -ti- 001rO 001 C) 0r in -'0101011) I 0n00 C~o 00 2riri0 - 0 -C 15 r4 t01 r00 00 00nn( 01 l d-1M I00 001 00 00 1-00 M01C oo 4)) 00 00; 001In 00i 0001 1- O 000- M )cc~i C0 00 0 C-4C2JM 0 I00 - 010) Cl 0 - 000 to 01 C0 C 0 004 00 C-40100 0)Vo Iri lCMnn 0 01-0 0 r1ZO 00000 V0 C0) r1-00000000 ra)C 0nn-4011-0 C -) 000- 0010C0InnC0C00 C) C)~rri~ - r000 C 0l *o ' i-in1-0 G- 000001In- 0Q= O 4,-ln0 0 O-401001000.-4,-0-4 C)M-rr000011-0 ir rC2C0 In1-0v0 100001iC)00r-4 000000 r1 40--4-.0000-ld+tC In=rnI toL" 100001In0 MI000 00 '4'C) -40100- CCvt 00 0-M to0 -10C) 00 1in 00 00 00 30 C2 ~ G2MC ) 1d+ -lnC -0)04-440000 C2 0100 )0 )012 ll00 00100 C00D 00 00 +01n G) ICMir00lrriC'44Inl000 r4 D 0 Ln 00C) 00n00n000000 0MM00r10C0 T4CD-In -100000- 010000 r riC 00t-1 0 CC)4000CC - -44 Mr-00 no n in CZ00 0 4)CC 0M 000017 CCrNC ~ GMGC 00 0001t-00000000000 0M~rcoo-01 )t - 1010C0-44I0100 010 v>C00 00 *-i 0 M)M-- 00m"0 0"C0000L -4 0t 01010101 0 0100 0" -r+ - 4000-4 N-l 1 ".-4 010 001 I1-000 000- ,- In, - V 00t- -0010,-10 4+"0001 " 225 FOR IMMIGRANTS. INFORMATION d 0 0in 00MC 1"1 E+ 0 1'; 40. . . . 0 0 0 -1 "0 , -o' , 0 .. , 11 . 00 '""0 1 . 0 O BHP cI ok~oo 15) ~aw:o -44 . 0 Pi P 226 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. ~i-f =cm Cto Co 1 -1 -1-1- 1f:=00001-CoO 1-00C- 54031t'IC - i -- 01-v-0-1 1-00NM00 in 000 *-00ac -0a01-0 =i400n G 2MC200 O.r-4o .-r4 Vi-1-t9 i 0000 0 ~ol C~ COSN 0 uN ont 0N-NN "N 0V Co *s1noIi C 1-o ~ M~i k-CAo00r 4 It tT-o - rNC t-~ N -t tt-- rirlC001- 0Cor -Ii~ll 0000- r ;! COM M.o V 000 ONN -00 v .-4 00~r~i~ -4 N 0 -4- N ~c N 0r10N0 C 4. -1-I.-40.-.-4000- o -flN Co N N Co00 N000 L 0 0ic+nN02001 Co.-40,-4 0000 *assIIoSIEI 043 + NN~ : - rMC400Co -QN n~~ " -k 00iCC N~o OJ00 r00-4Vo N nZ- O -40Cri CoM NN 000NNN 0 M 000)O MO C 0 V aJ ~iiC0 00 SiotJ1fil 0 0N N N r N N00 N-1-Co r000~ 01o -In 1- : ate 'IIl0S cwt-oct - 000-1 -10r00, -1- n -i r N l 170CDMMt *ot~pL0 c 40 0 0 i . r-10 GSNNNt-orN .Mr 0 r ir tCo~-trri 0 iC2rir 0 4 2 0 M ~ OM 00C itN C - ri C 0 000 NN "00 :C2 M - N o o e00 rw -- e0 rN~ -C N e o~ Co . . 0 .. 1 0* . .. . C> . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... . . . . . . . 1" . . ... . . . . . . . . t. .OO . , .. . . ./ O. OO OO . . . ., . ,,.,ZZS~r$zSz~z Z~t I. .. t ., ,t 1 1 CZrwrt / e.1 .. pC3, , 0 0 Q C rbc , V "N ri f Q 0 14 "N "N - 04 -P, od (0 40 0 j (1C INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS, 000oc V00000000 ,- - C 00I-N C ' 0v - 0 a-ooI C 0000rr-f-D 0 n00 0 0 O - C i NoIn 0 G2M r~ oNCNoo go:o rq qm 00000 m+i0100 t t -4N NNit0 N- 000 NG0 L -4t 000 00MM }-1 4-- o000 ~n In 0o0t '0 - r'-1 o0-+N M'V 0 00 00r 0 r- 00 0 00v -i'N 0 10 rl 0+ - O'00 00 M0 0 0A 1-4 "4" 00ia 00 0 N- tor 00M dt- 0t-too0oo 000 0 - CcO 00 00M 0mr-0NN 1O rNN~q114N0 00 0 001-iC00Mo04lo 04to 00 -2--4 0'0 0 "1"+o t-00 0O0 00 w YJOMNNNC>000 - 0 r-0 00e 0 0 t ci- M M 000 000 0C0 O NNN 000-4 i 0Mt-et'00 00n 0000000ri~00Gi oi--'-CDto 004i 00 N0 00 00 -iu0 MN0 o o " 0 0 d ~ C22 00 ri~i C0040000 00-400HI-Crl-1W--. 0lr -I0 + 7 000- r-r r0a0 ~ CrriM 000 in *0 ~ In0 N00 00iri-0000 4fs t Hr- 00 000ID w1+ 0 -4 H-f0o2-00 r-4 CU C d+ O --o N M~t' - to00 00 1 00 0iNM-o 0 00 00 00 t- c0 0 H 000'14 + 0l+N-NN-00:0 Ln-000 00 1-r-001- ,- o m t- O Z-00r u- 000004J C00000 H -iC2 r- C1101o-004 : '000 1C; 003 1r, 00 O0di- 0 1-0 w00 0 '0 t+ " , ,/ , / / " "+ " , 0 / ' o / , t *0 + 00 0 / " / t , , . 0 ",. " " " 0. 00, 'v 22.7 228 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. 4 00C) 000 0 00 040 rNCC000000000000000001z-U00000N 0~C 4000 00g0'00001rVVC M1vnM 0 1=-0 00C 0 0411pI N00 00 = ' C11oi 1 00r-000(Z000000001n-O00000ii rLn 'oO~xJ hlx 00 CZ0 0 Jc Jl'49 14I- ay N0 000000000C 0-f-0 r- "S X1J 00 000 000t-00c000 e00 (=,000)000000"V V -- 4 . 40 C00' 00oll-40 0 0eate .- 0 0 0 tI-N 0000D 4000C~i-4000-0i-W4n- i-.- e~t N r C0 i- 0 0 0 - 0M in0 t000 01- 00~i1-00000000 0~000..00-M0 l00 0 0000i0000000000NCl. 0000' 111- 0 LS0 0 000N0 O -- "It1r1nN 0V0 '4' NNMMOJn-GM' ,C C7 c L000 r- .'40lN4-C000"-00 01d 10 "I ~ ow 0000'- UOMO T000 -4 1 00 14 i - 0 '14 i i,o r 0 0 ~ 0d+ dIrI~v C) 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 VVG 0 0 00a0o d'N-C! v-4 N00 0N-40 00M C!C ~ clmnv 0 VIA i le~d' 01 -i01 00 00 C! I- MC Q& r0-4 00 ~ "C -4 -0 i 1 Co 4O3t~JO14fJ rl - ~ 000000-C n r)LJ-iN~~ 0 00000 1Nr1riN C+!n 0 -iriri-400 4OC 001- ~ Qri '-4(1N -0e '-4 M r C)0000in 00+0o 001-1--00.-04'0'0000 Y00001-0 00 O 1 ' 0 "4, 1- Oo 4,fr4 1J 1 0 t 1 " t - 4, " " . r, t t4, i / 1 , 1 M , ' 4,, 4 W 44H1P C) d 4D -1r-,Q 10 f_ " " t , 1 " 1 o::,:I:r- r1 " Z4 1 t '-3', , , /0 t " " ", 1 " , * ^ .t , / , " , 4" -. , n 10 - .w4 QrN 4~ Edrl INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 0000d+C00000 0000042000 '000 '000 O Q 0000 000000007M~ri200 CON- 0O'X0 00L'000 '000 '000 00000 co '0 i-CC i 0 0 CO' 04-0 C)ri 2 OCI0 -!f CO ~ N?-0Oal000O 0 2 0 - O00 i00tl 00 000 00 C00i 00 " 7(=1) 0mt'0 00 00OC r00 00 r00i00 00 0 C00 0 O 0000i~ill001-0000 C2 :JC' C 00004 CriC 00000 i-rILJC 00 100 i) 0 1 i 00 0 00 0000000000 0000000000 '000 00-M~l+ O 00A O 0 0000 C00 «00 rCi 00 C 0000000000- OC=0 CoL'tI)N 000 000000000 00 00 (000007M VNL"-0 C) C000 000000000 -ir.1 000000000C'000 0" 0 00 001 CMZl'" 00 !' 00 in0C0O00 00 C'000 0 0Ci -4 00 C0 MC2M 'oooc 4-00 0000 0 i-V00 L')COL-1o -0 0 00C00o0 0r 0 ' Ci 00i r+ 00Ci CI 00 00 -- C000 r*ooooo -4 00 oo )Cm'i 0 C 00 O 00 ooooo 1 0 000 J0o0 mo'C000 iC '1-O '0 0 'COCC~i- j.-000.4 000 ~00--- o o Cc0(=0000000000 'O0L0 04 0-000 (2,4 00 's C 000Cii '0000 0000000000 0CCCCr- :'-)000 00400000 00 '000L'00 C0C 00 00 00) 0 CO cO 002000Z '000 0000000000 0-0ll rt-'.-o,' 0 rri2~ 0 rii '00 00C N-CCO 00 C(=> 00000012-Ce00,"0 i-C 0 00 1: O 00 I 00Ci 00 4~irI rz 0000200 0,+B ;-O ' 2 00U4O '4X 00 -4 OOO0 ;coo : X Xc)' (420 4 O CI Uc ~ '44 229 230 SPECIAL REPORT ON IMMIGRATION. Table showing the average retailprices of provisions, groceries,and other leading articlesof consumption; also prices of board and house rent in the towns of the following sections, and the general average in the United States in the year 1869. 00 c i ccca +a Atiles. + r12 ,sC4 C 3 a.t 73 z bJ a) _ ___ _ PROVISIONS. Flour, wheat, superfine..---..--- -- brrel. ba... - $9 53 extra family------------do.... 10 12 rye---------------------------do_. Corn meal ------------------------ ----do.... Beef, fresh, roasting pieces- - - -------- pound.. soup pieces.--------------. $7 19 $6 00 811 675 672 6 75 3 58 20 4 62 17 9 11 rump steaks -_-------------- do. -. 23 corned ------------------- . do. ---14 Veal, fore quarters------------------- do.... 13 hind quarters--------------------do.-_ 16 cutlets---------------------------do.... 2-2 Mutton, fore quarters ---------------- do.-. 13 leg................ ...---------...... do. 16 chops ....................... d.--19 Pork, fiesh............. ..---------.-.-.. do.... 18 corned or salted. --..--.----...... do.... 22 bacon. -----..........---....... hams, smoked. ----.. ...... 15 14 '2 11 00 834 7 56 501 13 29 1428 10 12 14 17 13 806 472 12 11 9 12 9 15 10 18 15 9 9 11 11 17 11 10 13 13 19 8 10 10 10 16 11 11 11 13 19 13 11 13 16 13 13 12 17 21 19 23 21 19 21 16 17 21 18 21 23 11 13 31 23 Codfish, dry---.------.-......... .do. Mackerel, pickled..------.-- .--------.. do.. Butter. ---------------. ---.... ...... do... do.. Cheese.----.--.---.--------...----.. Potatoes--... ------.--.-----.... bushel. Rice. --- . .... ..------------......-pound.. quart.. Milk. --..................----.. .. do.. Eggs. --.------....----- ..--..----... dozen.. Tea, Golong, or other good black.__._.. pound.. green..................-do.... Coffee, Rio, Rio. roasted.................do... 20 11 13 40 25 80 13 11 9 28 1 30 29 33 15 16 17 96 38 Sugar, good brown....................do... yellow C.......-------.........do... coffeeB..B.---.--.--.......... .do... Molasses, New Orleans... .......--.gallon.. 1 Porto Rico................do... 14 15 17 03 1546 9 10 18 Lard............................do... 835 7 23 22 24 9 14 43 21 66 13 13 7 33 1 17 31 631 7 21 . $5 24 13 9 do.._. sausages........................do.. ----..-- 14 $14 46 1047 do.... shoulders.-----.---..---.......do.... Beas..--..---------.---- 16 14 14 16 17 12 $7 36 $8 86 5 28 379 20 15 12 11 13 16 14 13 18 29 19 34 22 16 19 32 20 22 38 13 17 17 19 21 32 38 35 15 18 13 30 15 34 26 19 39 23 15 38 24 31 69 42 68 13 75 13 2 39 31 11 11 .23 50 13 1.11 13 9 14 16 19 7 22 1 59 12 24 1 88 12 40 1 05 9 29 1 40 22 77 1 64 28 16 16 18 28 33 17 18 19 24 36 14 16 16 28 35 15 16 17 41 53 27 27 30 1 05 33 1 00 1 11 1 03 2 53 87 73 86 83 1 06 87 2 35 115 1 12 1 29 1 21 1 19 1 19 29-2 12 16 11 06 10 12 7 58 10 14 7 91 11 16 9 75 11 2-2 17 80 11 16 10 80 26 36 7 20 wouod, bard...................--- ord.. 6 96 pine...................-----do.._538 4 44 395 4 4-2 3 81 3 06 3 29 ................... pound.. do.... Soap, common ...................... Sirup............ Starch...........................-----do.... Fuel-coal.........................-----ton.. Oil, coal .............................. gallon.. 5 31 421 4 98 398 6 60 5 95 53 56 73 94 65 1 98 21 48 DOMESTICnDR cOOnS, ErC. 18 20 18 19 23 24 22 23 21 2-2 19 23 24 31 26 31 30 35 30 36 26 31 28 Sheetings, brown, 9X8 standard quality.,-.do..-. bleached, 9X8 standard quality. do-.. Cotton flannel, "Hamilton," (or similar quality)...........................-----yard.. Tickings, good 27 35 26 37 29 39 27 40 26 36 27 35 41 49 15 15 14 16 13 15 26 23 24 25 31 25 26 34 69 71 85 73 87 77 77 4 66 5 18 5 04 4 89 5 51 5 06 7 27 12 40 15 58 11 06 10 31 25 88 17 03 16 66 14 81 37 55 Shirtings, brown, 4X4 standard quality. -yard..bleached, 4X4 standard quality. do... quality.................---do .. Prints, Merrimac.......................do... Moussehune de lamnes................----do... Satinets, medium quality............... Boots, --- -- -do... men's heavy....................---pair.. 18 19 . 37 41 HOUSE RENT. :four-roomed tenements . .... $:x-roomed ....... ... month. . 5 47 7 04 7 6-2 10 50 tenements...............----do.... HOADn. 22 26 INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS. 231 Statement of the number and nationalities of immigrants who arrived in the United States during the calendar year 1871. Countries. England....................... --- -- - -I r elan d........................ - -- ---- -S cot land....................... ----- --Wal es......................... -- - ----not stated...........- -- -Gr eat Britain Number. 61, 174 61, 463 12, 135 1, 348 7, 814 Countries. Mexico........................---.__________ (Central --. United States of Colombia... _-.....__ Venezuela......................--Guiana........................---- America Brazil Total British Isles .- _- -- -- ---143, 934 107,5:0l Germany ------------------------4, 770 A ustria -------------------------11, 659 Sweden........................---11, 307 Norway........................---2, 346 Denmark ... .... ........ 1, 122 Holland.-------------------------168 Belgium.......................--2, 824 Switzerland........................ 5,2780) France............................ 618 Spain....................------.... Portugal.......................... Italy--------------------------..... Greece ........................---Turkey........................---Rnssia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Poland - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hungary ......................... ........................... Finland..- Gibraltar...................... Isle of Man....................... Jersey Island...................... Heligoland........................ Sicily.........................--Sardinia .......................... Malta ...........................China.........................---Japan. .......-........... Egypt............................. South Africa...................._-__ Liberia..-......................--Mvorocco.......................----- Africa not specified---------- 59 2, 927 10 21 1,005 ............................. Hayti.........................---Jamaica--------------------------. Porto Rico........................ Bahamas.......................... Barbadoes -----------------------St. Croix.......................---St. Thomas.....................---St. Kitts.......................--Guadeloupe----------------------Green Turtle Key................--- 2 1 2 11 2 8 6, 030 25 13 2 3 9 3 8 2 11, 396 5, 771 2, 863 369 21 493 10 1 17 6 23 7 18 693 14 10 31 154 46 23 5 Martinique........................ Trinidad.......................---- 24 4 19, 509 .................. Cuba 119 NoaScotia........................ New Brunswick................. - -Prince Edward Isl'd and Newfoundland. British Provinces not stated. Uruguay.......................... Argentine Republic--__-----------Chili. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Peru---..----------------------E cuador .......................... 832 Canada............................ British Columbia ............................ Number. Abaco ............................ New Providence-----------------.... Grenada-------------------------Caribbees------------------__..-West Indies not specified----------.. .. Azores........................---Madeira.......................---Cape do Verdes..................---- Bermudas----------------------.... St. Helena......................---St. Pierre ......................--....... Sandwich Islands.... Australia-......................--- New Zealand....................--- Van DiemensLand.-.............. Philippine Islands................--Java ............................ Tahiti - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Born at sea..........----......... Country not stated ................. Total........................ 2 23 37 172 5 9 785 2 3 102 24 4 145 1, 109 2 30 77 31 346, 938 NOTE-Returns from Chicago and Puget Sound, for the quarter ended December 31, 1871, have not been received. EDWARD YOUNG, Chief of Breauce. BUaEAU OF STATISTICS, February 27, 1872. 232 SPECIAL REPORT- ON IMMIGRATION. Table showing the foreign-born and the native population of the several States and Territories on the 1st clay of Juane in the respective years 1870 and 1860. [From the U. S. Census Report.] 1860. 1870. States and Territories. Total population. Native Total United States.- .... 38, 555, 983 32, 989, 437 Total States- ---------- 38, 113, 253 32, 640, 907 -------------------- 996, 992 Alabama 884, 471 Arkansas ------------------- 4 California--------------------560, 247 Connecticut-------------------537, 434 125, 013 Delaware-... -. --Florida. ----------------748 987, 030 479, 445 350, 416 423, 815 115, 879 182, 781 1, 172, 982 2,024,693 1,539, 163 987, 733 316, 007 1, 257, 613 663, 088 578, 034 697, 482 1, 104, 032 916, 049 279, 009 816, 731 1, 499, 028 92, 245 23, 690 288, 689 717, 153 3, 244, 406 187, Georgia---------------------.1,184,7109 ---------------2,539,891 Illinois .--.--------1, 680, 637 Indiana--..:--. 1, 191, Iowa .--- - - - -----------364, Kansas --------------- - ----1, 321, Kentucky ------...--..-.. Louisiana---------------- -. 726, Maine------------------------626, Maryland---------------------780, .. 1, 457, Massachusetts .-.--..... Michigan-------------------.1, 184, 792 399 011 915 915 894 351 039 Minnesota--------------------439, 706 Mississippi-------------------827, 922 Missouri ................... 1, 721, 293 Nebraska-.-------..-------. 122, 993 991 Nevada-----------------------42, 318, 300 New Hampshire ............New Jersey-------------906, 096 New York- ----- ---- --- ----- 4, 382, 739 1,071, 361 North Carolina-------------Ohio - - ----- -- -- -- - ---- ----- 2, 665, 260 90, 923 Oregon 521, 791 Pennsylvania- -- -- -- -- -- -- - -3, Rhode Island-----------------217,7333 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- born. 1,1068, 332 2, 292, 767 79, 323 2,7976,1539 161, 937 705,)606 520 -- 818,5379 1,1239, 204 1, 225, 163 1,211, 409 1,054,1670 Total Territories-----------442, 730 424, 923 South Carolina-- -- -- -- -- - ----- Tennessee------------------.1,7258, Texas.....-.-............... Vermont-------------------Virginia West Virginia--------------- -------------------- 330, 551 442,)014 Wisconsin- -- -- -- -- -- -- - ---- Arizona-----------------------9, 658 ..... Colorado---------------------- 39, 864 Dakota------------------------14, 181 District of Columbia........--131,t700 Idaho-------------------------14,1999 Montana----------------- --- 20,595 .. . N ew Mexico------------------- 91, 874 86, 786 Utah .-- -.- - ---- -------23, 953 Washington- -- -- -- -- -- - -----Wyoming----------------------9, 118 697, 532 Foreign born. Totaipopu- Native Foreign lation. horn, 5, 566, 546 31, 443, 321 27, 304, 624 4,138, 697 5, 472, 346 31, 183, 744 27, 084, 592 4, 099,152 964,201 951, 849 435, 450 379, 994 460,147 1i2, 216 431, 233, 379, 103, 9, 5, 209, 113, 9, 4, 982 026 831 639 136 967 11, 127 515, 198 141, 474 204, 037 48, 392 63, 398 61, 827 48, 881 83, 412 333, 319 268, 010 160, 697 11, 191 222, 267 30, 748 18, 801 29, 611 188, 943 1, 138, 333 3, 372, 11, 545, 55, 029 493 600 261 396 8, 074 horn. 12, 352 850 466 431 051 3, 600 146, 528 80, 696 1,045,615 1,387,308 1,232,144 117671 324, 643 118, 284 674, 913 568, 836 106, 077 107, 206 1,093,885 94, 513 12, 691 140, 4-24 1,057,286 1,711,951 1,350,428 1,155, 684 708,002 628, 279 687, 049 1,231,066 749, 113 9,163 137,113 3, 309 59, 799 80, 975 37, 453 77, 529 260,106 149, 093 6-27027 590, 609, 970, 600, 826 520 960 020 172, 023 791, 303 113, 295 782, 747 58, 728 8, 558 1,182, 012 28, 841 6, 837 1, 021, 471 22, 490 4, 793 160, 541 6, 351 2, 064 326, 073 672, 033 3,1889,733 99-2, 6-22 2,1329,7511 52, 463 2,1906, 213 174, 620 703, 7 08 305,133 20, 938 549, 243 122, 790 2,879,435 1,001,280 989, 324 3, 328, 5, 430, 37, 2,1011, 262 47, 34-2 2,1475,2710 137, 226 298 249 123 505 394 9, 986 693, 7-22 386 1,7109, 801 1,7088, 573 21, 2-26 411 560, 793 28-2, 355 43, 422 153 734 091 604, 215 315, 098 1, 219, 630 376, 688 1,1201,1717 360, 143 32, 743 18, 513 16, 545 690, 171 364, 499 775, 881 498, 954 276, 927 348, 530 94, 200 259, 577 2-20.03-2 39, 545 3, 33, 9, 113, 5, 809---------------------------------.. 31, 611 6, 599 3, 277 4, 837 3, 063 1, 774 4, 815 12, 484 75, 080 62, 596 16, 254 756, 1688 283, 396 849 265 366 446 7, 114 12,616 86, 56, 18, 5, 254 084 931 605 19, 62, 47, 13, 17, 2, 666 7, 885---------------------------------.. 7,979-..-------.-. _.....- 5, 620 - .- - 86, 793 - -- - -- -- 6,7-23 93, 516 27, 519 12, 754 40, 273 8, 430 3, 144 5, 024 11, 594 3, 513---------------------------------.... 30,)70-2 This book is a preservation facsimile produced for the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. It is made in compliance with copyright law and produced on acid-free archival 60# book weight paper which meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper). Preservation facsimile printing and binding by Northern Micrographics Brookhaven Bindery La Crosse, Wisconsin 2009