H
I LLINO

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

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B. JOHN cKr4'

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ILLINOIS

THE UNIVERSITY
OF ILLINOIS
LIBRARY

From the library of
Dr. Charles B. Johnson
Champaign
Presented by
Alice S. Johnson. '07
1933

Ec50

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY
AND

ILECTURE SYLLABUS

BY

--

,

!.iiE

W. T. EC &EY, M. D.

Prof. of Anatomy in the American College of Dental Surgery,
Chicago; Demonstrator of Anatomy in the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago; Prof. of Anatomy, College of Physicians and Surgeons,
Chicago; Prof. of Anatomy in Harvard
Medical College, Chicago; Prof.
of Anatomy in Columbus
Medical Laboratory,
Chicago.

CH ICAGO, ILLINOIS,
Oct. 1st, 1894.

HENSON BROS. 350 DEARBORN

UN'P7Y

L

INDEX.

I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII

Chapter

Anatomical Axioms.
Nomenclature.
Anatomical Tissues.
General Definition.
Osteology.
Articulation.
Muscles and Fascie.
Vascular System.
Digestive Organs.

The Teeth.
The Mouth.
The Nasal Cavities.
The Lungs.
The Nervous System.
The Cranial Nerves.
The Spinal Nerves.
Sympathetic.
Dissection.

951277

PREFACE.
The present compend and lecture syllabus is intended to facilitate the work- of the student in his
anatomical study. First by placing under his observation those anatomical things which most directly
bear on the work before him, and secondly by calling
attention to those anatomical descriptions given in
Gray's anatomy, which tis needful for the student
to peruse.
Much time has been given to the collation of anatomical axioms which ordinarily become the property
of the student only after years of study. It is our firm
conviction that those anatomical self-evident truths
should form the ground-work for a liberal anatomical
education. These axioms are frequently referred to by
number in the body of the book.
Much attention is given to the technical language
Too
of anatomy under the caption of nomenclature.
often do students spend needless time in memorizing
technical terms, the while ignorant of the very philosophy upon which our anatomical nomenclature rests,
The laws of compounds, opposites and derivation certainly deserve attention.
Special attention is given to the subjects respectively
of anatomical tissues and anatomical structures; the
former being presented in the light of anatomical
The
elements, the latter as anatomical compounds.
highly specialized modifications of connective tissue
such as all the anatomical envelopes, tendons, fascise,

PREFACE.

capsules and aponeuroses are treated in a separate
chapter and the common source of these important
structures lucidly pointed out.
The body of the compend is made up of question
and answer with references to chapters to be read in
Gray's anatomy.
In editing this work I desire to acknowledge the
services of my esteemed friend and pupil, Louis J.
Smith, to whose assistance in its compilation I am
very considerably indebted.
Very truly,
W.

813 W.

Harrison St.,
Chicago, Ill.

T.

ECKLEY.

Outlines of Anatomy
AND

Lecture Syllabus.
CHAPTER I.
ANATOMICAL AXIOMs.
i. Foramina for transmission of nerves are constant:
they are primary and secondary.

2. Connective tissue is characterized by strength,
ubiquity,minimum nerve and blood supply. The same
is true of all its derivatives.
3. Anatomical projectiles follow the line of greatest
traction, the point of least resistance or the resultant
of the two.
4. Motion is rhythmical; force is persistant.
5. The sympathetic is the nerve of life organic.
6. Every anatomical structure has an envelope of
connective tissue.
7: Anatomical conduits have three coats: internal,
middle and external.
8. Abdominal organs have a fouth or adventitious
coat.
9. Anatomical structures developing pass from the
simple, the unstable, the incoherent anl homogeneous

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

to the complex, the stable, the coherent and the heterogeneous, the while manifesting a tendency to both
general and local specialization.
i o. Anatomical weak points are those where a sudden
abrupt change in continuity takes place; also junctional areas.

Ir. Anatomical roots are places where vessels and
nerves enter to carry on the functional and nutritive
activity of the organ.
12. Unused organs, atrophy; over-used ones hypertrophy.

13. The muscles of expression preside over facial
pantomime. They are innervated by the 7 th.
14. Capsular ligament is the basis of every movable
joint; it is a continuation of periosteum over the interarticular space and its inner surface is the so-called
synovial membrane.
15. Articular branches of nerves and vessels supply
joints, nutrient supply bone, cutaneous supply skin
and muscular supply muscle.

16. The ultimate breaking up of vessels and nerves
is called their final explosion.
17. Bicipital muscles have two, tricipital three and
quadricipital four heads.
18. Macroscopic pertains to gross anatomy; microscopic to structures invisible to the unaided eye.

19. The muscles of matication are innervated by the
th cranial; those of expression by the 7 th.
5
20. The maxillary sinus is called the Antrum of
Highmore.

AND LECTURE

21. The mandible
maxilla.

is

SYLLABUS.

the lower jaw or inferior

22. Find out what is meant by the dental and surgical portions of the mandible.
23. Serous and synovial cavities are near akin.
24. Flexion, extention, pronation, supination, abduction and adduction summed up make circumduction as seen at the hip and shoulder.
25. Dental solution of continuity: a broken tooth.
26. Highly specialized anatomical structures perform, physiologically, maximal amounts in minimal
time.
27. A secreting or excreting membrane is the simplest form of glandular structures.

28. Secretions are retained and perform some useful
office in the economy; excretions are deleterious if not
thrown off.
29. The spleen, thymus and thyrod have no excretory ducts.
30. The lining of all blood vessels is continuous with
the endocardium.
31. Muco-cutaneous line of junction is where skin
and mucous membrane meet; hence are anatomical
weak points and prone to milignant growths and fissures.

32. Why are the sigmoid, the hepatic flexure, and
the colic region anatomical weak points ?
33. The large intestine becomes progressively smaller
from coecum to rectum.

IO

OUTLINES

OF ANATOMY

34. Give the differential points between large and
small intestines.
35. Anatomical tissues are elements; organs and
structures compounds.
36. Blood and lymph are congeners of connective
tissue.
37. The origin of a muscle is its more fixed point
and near the mesial axis of the body.
38. Give Hilton's law governing articular, fascial
and cutaneous nerve-branches in the vicinity of joints.
39. Anatomical structure or substance implies an
organ in part or entire regardless of its anatomical
composition.
40. Dental formula:

I: C

B 2 M

3=32.

41. The number of adult teeth is 32.

42. Define occluding and proximal surfaces of teeth.
43. Dissection is the art of dividing the connective
tissue in such a way as to do no violence to the organs
or parts.
44. Gland formula: A layer of nucleated epethelial
cells on a basement membrane, beneath which are
vessels and nerves in a layer of connective tissues.
45. Nerve formula: (i) Axis cylinder. (2.)
substances of Schwam. (3) Perineurium.

White

46. Define the muscular formula.
47. Bony eminences and depressions are developed
by muscular traction.
48. The appendix is an anatomical vestige, useless
now except for abscesses.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

II

49. Emissary foramina transmit emissary veins;
these latter equalize the circulation between the sinus
and extra-cranial veins.
50. No two anatomical structures are ever in direct
contact, but they are always disjunctively connected
by a layer of connective tissue.
51. Superficial structures, arteries, veins, nerves,
fat and lymphaties, are found between two layers of
superficial fascia.
52. Intracranial sinuses are associated with circulation; intramural with vocalization.
53. Structures are arbitrarily named from the idea
of the predominating osseous, muscular or nervous
element.

CHAPTER II.
NOMENCLATURE.
The
This is the technical language of anatomy.
terms are chiefly Latin. The basis of description is
geometrical, for here you have such names as cuboids,
trapezoids, etc. Our nomenclature is rich in opposites
Such is the role played by opposites
and synonyms.
that the student instinctively is on the look out for
External condyle, lesser trochanter, suopposites.
perior curved line, all imply the necessary presence of
internal condyle, greater trochanter, inferior curved
line. There are a few exceptions, as internal iliac.
There being no external muscle, it should be called
iliac only. Our nomenclature is rich in synonyms.
The maxillary sinus, is called maxillary cavity, antrum of highmore, antrum maxillaire, antrum highThe upper jaw is called both super and
moriansum.
superior maxillary bones, ossa maxillarea. The malar
process: processus malaris, processus jugalis, processus
zygomaticus, and processus zygomatico-orbitalis.
Inter implies location between two anatomical structures. The word is often used and is often confounded
with intra. The following will illustrate the use :
Inter osseous, between bones.
Inter costal, between ribs.
Inter maxillary, between jaws.
Inter dental, between teeth.
Inter ocular, between eyes.
Inter scapular, between scapulae.
Inter pubic, between pubes.
Inter clavicular, between clavicles.
Inter frontal, between the frontals.
13

I4

OUTLINES OF

ANATOMY

Location within, inside of a part is concisely expressed by the word intra. This should not be confounded with infer. Intra is the opposite of extra.
Intra abdominal, in the abdomen.
Intra oral, in the mouth.
Intra uterine, in the uterus.
Intra thoracic, in the throax.
Intra cranial, in the cranium.
Intra mural, in the walls.
Extra means outside of.
Extra abdominal, etc. The opposite of any of the
preceding may be formed by the use of this word.
Location is
Sub implies under, below, beneath.
more frequently expressed by this than by any other
The greatest latitude obtains, since the
one word.
words to which this is prefixed may be used substantively, adjectively and adverbially.
Sub maxillary, below the maxilla.
Sub cutaneous, below the skin.
Sub lingual, below the tongue.
Sub mucous, below m. membrane.
Sub serous, below s. membrane.
Sub synovial, below syn. membrane.
Sub pubic, below the pubes.
Sub arachnoid, below the arachnoid.
Sub dural, below the dura.
Sub occipital, below the occipital.
Sub muscular, muscle.
Sub normal, normal.
Define anatomical opposites.
These are words technically used in anatomical nomenclature to express primarially the ideas of antagonism.
From the primative meaning digression has been made
till the idea now is little more than one of comparison.
This much is true however, and may be dignified as

AND

LECTURE

SYLLABUS.

I5

law: Never make use of these extreme terms when
the idea of antagonism is absent. If there is a muscle
located intra pelvically called iliacus do not name it
internal iliac since internal presupposes or implies an
external iliacus, which there is not.
The following are in common use:
Superior, the opposite of inferior.
Internal, the opposite of external.
Flexor, the opposite of extensor.
Pronator, the opposite of supinator.
Central, the opposite of peripheral.
Longus, the opposite of brevis.
Dorsal, the opposite of ventral.
Cephalic, the opposite of podalic.
Visceral, the opposite of parietal.
Greater, the opposite of lesser.
The rule once learned then, the practical deduction
is this: When in your reading you meet one of the
words combined thus: The grealertuberosity of the
humerus, the exlernal oblique line of the lower jaw,
the superior maxilla, the internal condyle of the femur, the visceral layer of the pleura, theflexor tendon,
or the dorsalsurface of the scapula you intuitively recognize the antagonism, and know that the opposites of
all the foregoing structures must exist. This will
lessen your work, since by study you have learned
seven names and by implication seven more must exist
differing only in size, in location or function, etc. By
implication then we know we must find:
The lesser
tuberosity, the inztenal oblique line, the inferiormaxilla, the exlernal condyle, the farielal layer, the extensor tendons, the ventral surface, etc.
Define anatomical compound words:
These are technicals for the purpose of expressing
the facts in relationship. The philosophy of these
compounds far antedates written anatomy and finds its

16

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

origin in legal nomenclature. If you will pardon the
digression let us suppose a case of litigation between
Brown and Drexel. The decision in this case is recorded case of Brown vs. Drexel, in which Brown was
the plaintive and Drexel the defendant and appears on
the docket as the Brown-Drexel decision. In this
compound the activity is on Brown, the passivity on
Drexel. The compound here expresses the facts in
the case since Brown and Drexel were the litigants
and the decision concerned them equally, hence there
could be but one proper name for the decision. It
could not be called the Brown decision nor the Drexel
decision but the Brown-Drexel decision, written with
the hyphen. Legal compounds then are technicals
expressing legalfacts in relationship.
Now let us assume two anatomical structures brought
into relationship. For an instance the stomach and
liver, the stomach and colon, the stomach and spleen,
the radius and ulna, the radius and carpus or the
parietal and occipital bones.
Here we find a relationship existing just as in the
legal case, the only difference being in length of time
of tenure. The question is how shall we name the
relationship and at the same time express the anatomical facts in the case. A junction between radius
and ulna is neither a radial nor an ulnar junction, but
a compound formed by the union of the bones. Call
it then the radius-ulnar, just as our legal friends say
the Brown-Drexel. Also say the gastro-hepatic, gastrosplenic, gastro-colic.
For euphony we retain the
ablative o. The rule then for writing these compounds
is this. Place the smaller word first, the larger one
next, connect by hyphen and terminate the first in the
ablative o. To express direction the order may be
reversed. If you wish to express the direction of a
projectile passing through the arm from ulna to radius
then say ulno-radially, etc. There is practically no

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

17

limit to the possible compounds. In this manner we
designate not only the region, the joint, the relation,
but the very ligaments binding the antagonistic parties
together in a life tenure! Given then the compound,
by analysis we can find the names of the individual
bones, or given the names of the bones we can name
beyond the peradventure of error the relation, the
joint, the ligament. We can use the compound adverbially to express direction. We can make either
the basis or either the adjlnct, according as we desire
the activity or passivity to pose on this or that, and
lastly, while the rule requires the smaller word first,
still for euphony, the larger may occupy this position.
This one law thoroughly understood, no student need
ever complain of anatomical nomenclature. The following are common anatomical compounds. Analyze
these and make adverbs therefrom. Then reverse
basis and adjunct and do the same:
Temporo-maxillary.
Occipito-parietal.
Fronto-parietal.
Squamo-parietal.
Atlo-axoidean.
Temporo-sphenoidal.
Fronto-sphenoidal.
Gastro-pulmonary.
Gastro-hepatic.
Gastro-splenic.
Tibio-fibular.
Sacro-coccygial.
Lumbo-sacral.
Sterno-clavicular.
Costo-chondral.
Costo-vertebral.
Genio-hyo-glossus.
Sterno-cleido-mastoid.

i8

OUTLINES

OF ANATOMY

Define Peri Structures.
The word peri occurs frequently and implies around
or surrounding in the borrowed sense of investing,
enveloping, ensheathing. It gains its chief anatomical
importance as a technical term from the fact that every
visible anatomical structure has a covering, tunic,
sheath, envelope or capsule. The universality of this
law is even more interesting when we remember that
this investing sheath in each instance is made so to
speak of the same material. In the great majority of
instances, if indeed not in all, this covering is technically designated by prefixing the preposition peri to
the substantive ensheathed, thus:
Peri
Peri
Peri
Peri
Peri
Peri
Peri
Peri

cardium, covering for heart.
osteum, covering for bone.
chondrium, covering for cartilage.
tendinum, covering for tendinum.
mysium, covering for muscle.
neurium, covering for nerve.
pulmonium, covering for lung.
dontium, covering for tooth.

CHAPTER III.
ANATOMICAL TISSUES.
Define anatomical tissues.
A tissue is an anatomical element.

In chemestry an

element is a substance which admits of no further dissociation. In anatomical analysis, i. e., dissection, we
dissociate until we have certain elementals which we
can not further sub-divide and classify. These we call
primitive tissues, or elements, since from them every
part and organ of the body was constructed. The
tissues are more imperfectly understood by the student
of anatomy than any other department of this science.
This is probably due to the fact that no definite classiThe
fication has been rigidly adhered to by authors.
following classifications of tissues must be memorized,
since you will be examined weekly on the cadaver on
this subject :
i. Corpuscular tissue.
2. Epithelial tissue.
3. Connective tissue.

4. Adipose tissue.
5. Muscular tissue.

6. Nervous tissue.
7. Cartilaginous tissue.
8. Osseous tissue.

The tissues have very apparent physical differences
as bone, gristle, fat, nerves, etc., still it must be remembered that these are more apparent differences than
real ones, since they are all transformations from a
19

20

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

common structural element called an organic cell. In
other words each organic cell is made up of structural
elements, each one element of which is capable of forming one tissue. Each cell then is composed of eight
structural elements.
These tissues are in various combinations known as
organs and parts, as heart, arteries, muscles, brain,
glands, etc. These are called anatomical structures.
From this composite make-up they may be called compounds in contra distinction to elemental tissues. The
following scheme will make this plain.
I

2

(i)
-(2)

Cell

3
Tissue Corpuscular.
Tissue Epithelial.

S--(3) Tissue Connective.
--(4) Tissue Adipose.
--(5) Tissue Muscular.
-(6)
Tissue Nervous.
-(7) Tissue Cartilaginous.
(8) Tissue Osseous.

I represents the organic cell.
2 represents the eight structural elements of which
each organic cell is composed.
3 represents the elemental tissues formed from the
structural elements.
Define modified forms of tissues.
Remembering now the eight elemental tissues, and
their transformations from an organic cell, I would
have you note that each tissue has several varieties.

Thus there are red and white blood corpuscles; epithelia
of the skin and different membranes; white and yellow

connective tissues; different kinds of fat or adipose
tissue; striped and unstriped muscular fibre; hyalin
and fibro-cartilage; compact and cancellous bone tissue.
Remember that each organ or part, while composed

AND LECTURE

SYLLABUS.

21

of several tissues, is in the main made up of one.
Thus muscle mostly of muscular, bone mostly of
osseous and brain mostly of nervous tissue.
Define the tissues seriatim, with reference to their
various forms.
I.

CORPUSCULAR TISSUE constitutes the active ele-

ment in the blood and lymph.
[See Gray p. 34 to 38.]

This is microscopic.

2. EPITHELIAL.
The surface of the body, the
gastro-pulmonary, and the genito-urinary tracts, all
blood vessels, glandular structures and body cavities
are covered by one or more layers of cells called epithelial. There are several varieties of this founded on
the idea of shape and function.
[See Gray p. 42 to 45.]

3. CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The varieties of this tissue
are : i. White fibrous. 2. Yellow elastic. 3. Areolar.
This tissue is characterized by its great strength, its
general distribution and its small amount of nerve and
blood supply. It is the tissue upon and within which
all the tissues and organs of the body are housed,
poised, bound and constructed. It enters into the formation of every anatomical structure.
Blood and
lymph are its congeners.
Under modified forms it
occurs as tendon, ligament, fascia, aponeurosis and
all the peri-structures.
[See Nomenclature]
It was
by the ancients designated areolar tissue, areolar membrane. When strength is needed as in ligament and
tendon, the white is found; where elasticity is the desideratum, the yellow is found.
[See Gray p. 45 to 68.]
4. ADIPOSE. This is popularl'y known as fat. Commercially lard and tallow are adipose freed from its
connective habitat.
This is done by heat.
This
tissue is found under the skin forming the panniculus
adiposus.
[See Gray p. 49.]

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

22

5. MUSCULAR. This is the predominant tissue in
the makeup of the muscular system. The term musculature is applied to the muscles of one part. Thus
of the arm or back. Muscles are made up of fibres.
Some muscles are under the control of the will and are
called voluntary. Still others are under the control of
the sympathetic nerve and are called involuntary.
The envelope of muscle is called peri mysium. This
is one of the most fascinating subjects in anatomy..
[See Gray p. 64 et. Seq.]
6. NERVOUs.

This tissue is found in

brain and

nerves. Two systems are comprised: (i) The cerebrospinal. (2) The sympathetic. There are two kinds
of this tissue matter, grey and white. [See Gray p.
69 et. Seq.]
7. CARTILAGINOUS.

The sheath of this tissue is

called peri chondrium. Its use is found in movable
joints, in the thoracic construction, etc. It being a
derivative of connective tissue has minimum blood and
nerve supply. [See Gray p. 51 et. Seq.]
8. OssEous. This is a very important tissue. It
is hard, tough, elastic. It is composed of compact and
cancellous structure. The envelope is periosteum. It
will receive attention later on. [See Gray p. 54 et.
Seq.]
Thus far we have seen the organic cell broken up
into eight structural elements, and from these latter
eight primary anatomical elemental tissues get their
being. It now remains to see these arranged in varying proportions that organs, structures, and anatomical substances may arise. It is to these latter expressions I wish to call your attention, since such terms
are often used and poorly understood by students of
anatomy. The terms belong to catch-basin or police

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

23

court coroner's nomenclature more properly than to
the class-room. Let a suspicious find in a catch-basin
be the subject of a coroner's jury. One piece after
another is scanned. This is pronounced liver substance, that lung substance and a third spleen substance
or structure. This then is a general term, definite
only in so far as it points to the find as belonging to
an animal. The term is equivalent to a piece of liver,
lung or spleen and has no regard to the anatomy.

FIRST

QUIZ.

I. What is anatomical nomenclature ?
2.

What is an anatomical synonym ?

3. Define anatomical opposites.
4. Define inter and give example.
5. Define infra and give example.
6. Define sub and give example.
7. What are compound words?
8. Give rule for writing them.
9. Give rule for reversion of them.
So. Define peri and give examples.
Ir.

Define a tissue.

Name the anatomical tissues.
I3. Define an organ and structures.
12.

14.

15.
I6.

How do tissues differ inter se ?
Tissues are transformed from what ?
Define an organic cell.

I7. How is it made up?

24

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

18. Define structural elements.
19.

Define corpuscular tissue, where found ?

20. Define epithelial tissue, where found ?
21.

Define connective tissue, where found ?

22.

Define adipose tissue, where found?

23.

Define muscular tissue, where found?

24.

Define nervous tissue, where found ?

25.

Define cartilaginous tissue, where found ?

26. Define osseous tissue, where found ?

27. Name the three great groups of connective
tissues.
28. Name the three varieties of fibrous connective
tissues.

~~p~~zj ~-f~s--

3
3

CHAPTER IV.

GENERAL
i.

DEFINITION.

Define anatomy.

The study of the physical structure of organized
bodies.
Define dissection.
The art of dividing the connective tissue in such
manner as to do no violence to the parts.
2.

3. Define anatomical tissues.
Simple anatomical elements.
4. How many tissues are there?
There are eight, out of which all the parts and
organs are made.
5. Is the converse true ?
Yes, since by dissection we can regain all the
elements from the composite mass.
6. What determines tissue variety ?
The special function each has to discharge under
forced environment.
7. Define an anatomical organ.
A compound of two or more tissues for the discharge of rhythmical and persistent physiological function.
25

26

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

8. Why say rhythmical and persistent ?
Because all motion is rhythmical; all force is
persistent.
9. Define an anatomical system.
Organs working in harmony to discharge some
special function, as the digestive, excretory, muscular
and reproductive systems.
io. Define anatomical coverings.
Fibrous envelopes surrounding every visible
anatomical structure.
Si1. Are they otherwise designated?

Yes; togas, tunics, sheaths, capsules.
The
greater number are designated by placing the preposition peri before the substantive, thus: peri-osteum.
12.

What are these coverings tissually ?
Each is a specialized modification of connective

tissue.
Do these coverings adhere closely?
Not in all cases; those of the brain, heart,
tendon and kidneys are very loose.
13.

14. Function of the coverings ?
They are largely protective.
15. Define anatomical conduits.
Channels for passage of fluids or solids, having
three coats and being air-communicating or non-aircommunicating; the former are called mucous the
latter serous.
16. Name some mucous conduits.
Gastro-pulmonary; genito-urinary.

AND

17.

LECTURE

SYLLABUS.

27

Name some serous conduits.
All arteries, veins and lymph-spaces.

How many coats have conduits?
All visible ones have three, called inner, middle
and outer.
18.

Define adventitious coat.
The extra covering by the peritoneum to structures in the abdominal cavity.
19.

Define anatomical root.
The part of an organ, uncovered by serous
membrane, where vessels, nerves and lymphatics enter
to carry on the functional and nutritive activity of
the organ.
20.

21.

Give some example.

The root of the heart, lung, kidney.
Define functional activity.
The exertion of an organ or viscus in the discharge of its intended work in the economy.
22.

Define nutritive activity.
The appropriation of nutritous material for selfsustenance.
23.

24. Define anatomical quartette.
A coinage to impress conjunction of and co-viage
of artery, vein, nerve and lymphatic.
25. Define anatomical continuity.
Continuousness of structure throughout; normal
entirety; applicable to functionating parts. We speak
of osseous, muscular, tendinous, intestinal continuity.

28

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

26. Define solution of continuity.
Interrupted continuousness.
Such results are
known as fracture, laceration, rupture, incision, etc.
27. Define anatomical contiguity.
Adjoining only. Structural sameness not imperative. Bone may be contignous to nerve, and this
to artery.
Are structures contignous in contact ?
No; they are disjunctively connected by a layer
of connective tissue.
28.

29. Explain invasion by continuity.
A necrotic process extending from apex to
crown of tooth.
30. Explain invasion by contiguity.
A necrotic process extending from alveolus or
gum to tooth.
31.

Define a sinus.

An irregular cavity, air-communicating or nonair-communicating.
32. Define intra-mural sinuses.
They are partially enclosed between the bony
walls about the skull. They are the antrum of Highmore or the maxillary sinus, the frontal sinus, the
ethmoidal and sphenoidal cells and the mastoid cells.
They communicate with the external air.
33. Define intra-cranial sinuses.
They are blood channels in clefts of dura matre.
They collect blood from the brain and feed the internal
jugular veins. They number fifteen and are non-aircommunicating.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

29

34. Define viscus.
This means any organ; the plural is viscera.
Collectively we speak by stereotype of abdominal,
thoracic, cephalic and pelvic viscera, meaning respectively all the organs in these cavities.
35. Define resiliency.
The property possessed by some organs of returning to their normal size after physiological or
pathological engorgement. This property is enjoyed
by the lung, liver, spleen, kidney, ovary, testicle,
thyroid and thymus, and is due to musculo-tendinous
trabeculae extending through the parenchy matous
structure of the viscus and connecting the two sides
of the capsule.
36. Define anatomical vestiges.
These are parts or organs in vestigal remnant
which now takes no active part in the economy.
Through non-use they have undergone atrophy or
complete obliteration. Some of the prominent ones
are: the hypogastric arteries, the umbilical vein, the
appendix, the thymus, the foramen ovale and certain
vestigial remains of the foetus.

i.

SECOND QuiZ.
Define anatomy.

2. Define dissection..
3. Anatoncal tissues ?
4. Number of tissues?
5. Can we regain tissues ?

How?

6. How is tissue variety determined ?
7. What is an organ or viscus ?
8. Define the qualities of motion and force.

30

OUTLINES

OF ANATOMY

9. What is an anatomical system ?

io. What are anatomical coverings ?
i 1. How are they otherwise designated?
12. Coverings composed of what ?
13.

How do coverings adhere?

14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Function of these coverings?
Define an anatomical conduit.
Define mucous conduit.
Define serous conduit.
How many coats have conduits?

19.

Define adventitious coat.

20.

What is an anatomical root ?
Give some examples.

21.

22. Functional activity ?
23. Nutritive activity ?
24. Anatomical quartette?
25. Continuity ?

26. Solution of continuity ?
27. Contiguity ?

28. Contact in contiguity ?
29. Invasion by continuity ?
30. Invasion by contiguity ?
31. Define a sinus.
32. Intra mural?

33. Intra cranial?
34. Viscus and viscera ?
35. Resiliency ?

CHAPTER V.

OSTEOLOGY.
i. Define osteology.
A subdivision of general anatomy describing the
number, form, size, structure and use of bones.
2. Why do we use osseous tissue synonymously with
bone ?
Because this tissue predominates; this is a basic
principle of the nomenclature.

3. Chemical composition of bones.
About one-third animal or organic matter and
two-thirds mineral or inorganic matter.
4. Is a bone homogeneous?
No; for we find outside compact structure, inside
cancellous structure and in the interior sinuses and
and medullary canals.
5. What is a haversian system ?
This is microscopic, consists of haversian canal,
lacunae, canaliculi and aids nutrient circulation.
6. Define periosteum.
The anatomical envelope of bone, a modification
of connective tissue specialized for protection, nutrition and for tendinous origin and insertion of muscle.
7. Define the osteoblastic property of periosteum.
The layer in contact with the bone contains
osteoblasts or bone-forming cells which make the bone
grow in thickness.
31

2
3
1)

OUTLINES

OF ANATOMY

8. Define endosteum.
A delicate membrane lining medullary canals and
cancellous tissue. It contains osteoblasts.
9. Define marrow or medulla.
A fatty substance found in all medullary canals
and in all cancellous bone tissue.
So. How many kinds of medulla ?

First the yellow or
There are two varieties.
adult found in medullary canals. Second the red or
foetal found in cancellous tissue.
I1. How distinguish between the two?
Adult marrow is yellow and contains 96%of fat.
Foetal marrow is red and contains i%of fat.
Why is this kind called foetal ?
Because it resembles microscopically the marrow
normally found in all foetal bones.
12.

13. Describe the blood-supply of bone ?
Bones have a double supply of blood. First the
periosteum supplies blood. Second the nutrient artery.
Where does the blood leave the bone?
Through veins which emerge through formina
at the ends of the bones.
14.

15. Define ossification.
There are two modes, the
Bone-formation.
intra membranous and the intra cartilaginous. The
efficient factors are the osteoblasts. [See Gray.]
I6. Define the skeleton.
The bony framework of the body.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

33

17. Define a natural skeleton.
One bound together by natural ligaments.
18. Define an artificial skeleton.
One bound together by wire or other artificial
ligaments.
19.

The number of bones in the skeleton ?
Vertebral column,
Cranium,

-

Face,

-

-

-

-

-

-

26
8

-

14

-

26
64
62

-

Os hyosdes sternum and ribs,
Upper extremeties,
Lower extremities,

-

200

20. Classification ?
Long, short, flat, irregular.. This you will
observe is on a geometric basis.
Bones that are ungeometrical are called irregular. The short bones are
found in the carpus and tarsus.
Flat bones have two
tables, inner and outer, separated by cancellous tissue
called diploe. Long bones have shaft and two extremeties.
Define wormian bones.
They are developed from a separate centre and
associated with the cranial bones in the neighborhood
of the intra-cranial sinuses.
21.

Define sesamoid bones.
These are developed in tendon to increase muscular leverage. Example the patella.
22.

23. Define the chief physical characters of bony
surfaces.
These are geometrical planes, geometrical eminences and geometrical depressions.

34

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

24. Define bony eminences.
Projections above the plane-level.
How are eminences named?
They are called processes and described as articular and non-articular.
25.

26. As to shape, how named?
Tuber, a large process.
Tubercle, a very small process.
Tuberosity, a broad, rough process.
Head, a process having a neck.
Trochanter, a process situated favorably for
rotation.
Spine, a very sharp process.
Line or ridge, a succession of little spines
attached.
Coronoid, process like a crow's beak.
Coracoid, process like a crow's beak.
Mastoid, process like a nipple.
Rostrum, process like a beak.
Styloid, process like a pen.
Squamous, process like a scale.
Vaginal, process like scabbard.
Azygos, without a fellow.
27. Name the depressions.
Cotyloid, like a deep cup.
Glenoid, like a shallow cup.
Trochlear, like a pulley.
Sigmoid, curved in two directions.
Facet, smooth like a cut gem.
Fossa, a shallow depression.
Sinus, a deep cavity.
Groove, a long, narrow depression.
Fissure, a crack.
Notch, a deficient edge.
Foramen, a hole.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

35

28. Define epiphysis.

A supplementary centre, separated from the
shaft (diaphysis) by the epiphyseo-diaphysial line.
Here is where long bones grow in length.
29. Remember that the majority of descriptive terms
in anatomy are at best but arbitrary appellations.
They were named by the ancient anatomist in harmony
with some fancied resemblance to something with
which he was familiar. These words must all become
household words to the class.
30. Remember also that bony eminences and depressions are developed directly or indirectly by muscular
traction.
THE

SPINE.

I. How many vertebrae in vertebral column ?

Thirty-three.
How many in each region?
Cervical, 7; dorsal, 12; lumbar, 5;
coccygeal, 4.
2.

sacral, 5;

3. What are false vertebrae ?
Those forming the sacrum and coccyx; the others
are called true.
4. Define flexuous and flexible.
Flexuous means permanently tortuous.
ible means capable of being bent.
5. A vertebra has how many parts?

Two; a body and an arch.
6. How is the arch formed ?
Of two pedicles and two laminae.

Flex-

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

36

7. How many processes has the arch?
Four articular and three non-articular.
8. Define laminae, spinous processes, transverse processes, articular processes, spinal canal, venae basis
vertebrae. [See Gray p. 146. ]
9. CHARACTER OF CERVICAL VERTEBRA.

Distinguished by foramen in tr. process.
They are smaller than those in any other region.
Describe the body.
Describe the pedicles.
Describe the laminae.
Describe the spinous process.
Describe the articular process.
Each tr. pr. has two roots; the outer one is
called the costal process.
Ant. and post. tubercles of tr. process.
The peculiar vertebrae.
Io.

ATLAS.

Has neither body nor sp. pr.
The pedicles lost in ant. arch.
Anterior arch.
Porterior arch.
Two lateral masses.
Tubercle of the posterior arch.
Superior grooves for vertebral arteries.
Articular processes above and below.
Tubercle for transverse ligament.
Spinal canal for cord.
Transverse processes.
i i. Axis.

Why called axis?
The most distinctive character ?
Function and history of odontoid ?
Articular surfaces of odontoid ?

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

Ligamentum suspensorium ?
Odontoid or check ligaments.
The pedicles and laminae.
The tr. pr. and art. pr.
The intervertebral notches sup. and inf.
12.

VERTEBRA

PROMINENS ?

The distinctive character of?
Describe the sp. process.
Describe the tr. process.
Peculiarity of vertebral foramen ?
What passes through this foramen?
13.

CHARACTERS OF DORSAL VERTEBRA .

Comparative size of?
How are they recognized?
Define facets and demifacets.
Describe the bodies.
The intervertebral notches?
Describe the pedicles and laminae.
Describe the spinous processes.
Describe the articular processes.
Name the peculiar vertebrae.
14.

CHARACTERS

OF LUMBAR VERTEBRE.

Comparative size ?
How distinguished from other regions ?
Describe the body, pedicles, laminae.
Art. and non-art. processes.
Give the structure of vertebrae.
15. SACRUM AND COCCYX.

How many pieces in these bones in early life?
Shape of the sacrum ?
Define promontory of sacrum.
Describe the anterior surface.
Describe the posterior surface.
Describe the base.

37

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

38

Describe number and use of ant. sac. foramina.
What are the lateral masses?
Name the vestigial parts.
Name the articulations.
Explain the sacral canal.
Give peculiarities of the sacrum.
Define the word coccyx.
Formed of how many bones ?
Shape of coccyx ?
Describe base, apex, surfaces, borders.
Describe coccygeal groove, sacral groove.
Muscles attached to coccyx ?
Vestigial remains of coccyx ?
Articulation of coccyx ?
16. SPINE IN

GENERAL.

Length of spinal column ?
Length of female spinal column ?
How many pyramids, viewed in front?
How many small pyramids in upper one?
How many curvatures viewed laterally?
Cervical, dorsal, lumbar and pelvic.
Explain anterior and posterior surfaces.
The two lateral surfaces.

The base summit and spinal canal.
Ligaments of vertebral column.
May the ligaments become ossified?
Describe formation of spina bifida.
17.

THE SKULL, TWENTY-TWO BONES.

Define the term.
Cranium; skull bones that encase the brain.
Face; skull bones that do not encase the brain.
Are flat or irregular bones.
They comprehend all the sinuses.
Name and define the kinds of sinuses.
The flat bones have outer and inner tables.
The inner covering is called dura matre.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

39

Ant. and post. fontanelles are where?
Condition of these bones in hydrocephalus?
Cranial bones fed by the meningeal arteries.
i8. MEMORIZE THIS TAB]

( Occipital.
Two Parietal.
Frontal.
( Cranium 8
Two Temporal.
Sphenoid.
1 Ethmoid.
Skull 22
Two Nasal.
Two Sup. Maxillary.
Two Lachrymal.
Two Maler.
Face 14
Two Palate.
Two Inf. Turbinated.
Vomer.
Inf. Maxillary.
19.

THE OCCIPITAL BONE.

Derivation of term, locate the bone.
Define the bone geometrically.
External surface.
External occipital protuberance ?
External occipital crest ?
Superior curved line?
Inferior curved line ?
The foramen magnum and Condyles ?
The transverse or jugular processes ?
The paramastoid processes ?
Anterior condyloid foramen ?
Posterior condyloid foramen ?
Basilar process and pharyngeal spine?
20. INTERNAL OR CEREBRAL SURFACE,

Define geometrically,
Crucial ridge and fossae.

40

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

Internal occipital protuberance.
Internal occipital crest.
Torcular Herophili.
Basilar groove.
Name angles and articulations.
Jugular foramen and bone structure.
21.

PARIETAL BONES.

Location and geometry of.
Define the word,
External surface and parietal eminence.
Temporal ridge and function.
Emissary parietal foramen.
Internal surface and depressions.
Articulations of, and grooves.
22.

FRONTAL BONE.

Define the terms,
The vertical or frontal portion.
The horizontal or orbito-nasal portion.
External surface.
Median ridge or inter-frontal suture.
The frontal eminence.
Are they usually unsymmetrical?
The superciliary ridge.
The glabella or nasal eminence.
The supra-orbital arch.
The supra-orbital notch or foramen.
This transmits what structures ?
The internal angular process.
The external angular process.
Temporal ridge; nasal notch.
Nasal process; nasal spine.
Internal surface.
Frontal crest; foramen ccecum.
Depressions and lachrymal fossa.
Ant. and post. ethmoid cells.
Superciliary ridges.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

Eth moidal notch.
Give borders and articulations.
Locate frontal sinus.
Locate the infundibulum.
23. THE TEMPORAL BONE.

Locate and classify.
Has how many portions?
Define each portion.
The zygoma or zygomatic process.
The number of zygomatic roots.
The eminentia articularis.
The Glaserian fissure.
Post-glenoid process and tympanic plate.
Vaginal and mastoid processes.
The emissary mastoid foramen.
The mastoid cells, classify.
Digastric fossa; occipital groove.
The sigmoid fossa.
Geometry of petrous portion.
The meatus auditorius externus.
The auditory process.
The meatus auditorius internus.
Styloid process and stylo-mastoid for.
For minute description see Gray.
24.

THE SPHENOID BONE.
Define and describe geometrically.
In form resembles what ?
Give the divisions of.
Describe body geometrically.
Ethmoid spine and optic groove.
Optic foramen and olivary process.
Pituitary fossa or sella turcica.
Clinoid processes.
Dorsum sellae, D. Ephippii.
Carotid or cavernous groove.

41

42

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

Ethnloid crest and sphenoidal cells.
Sphenoidal turbinated bones.
Rostrum and vaginal processes.
The ptergo-palatine canal.
Greater wing.
Spinous process and cerebral surface.
Foramen rotundum; foramen ovale.
Foramen Vesalii; foramen slinosum.
The pteryoid ridge.
The ant. or orbital surface.
The external orbital foramina.
The lesser wings. P. Ingrassias.
The sphenoidal fissure.
Pterygoid processes.
Pterygoid fossa.
Internal pterygoid plate.
External pterygoid plate.
Hamular process; scaphoid fossa.
Vidian canal; pterygoid tubercle.
Sphenoidal spongy bones.
Articulations of.
25. THE ETHMOID BONE.

Define and classify.
Horizontal or cribriform plate.
Crista galli; perpendicular plate.
The lateral masses.
The ethmoidal cells.
Ant. and post. ethmoid foramina.
Os planum; middle turbinated.
The unciform process.
The superior turbinated.
Ant. and post. ethmoid cells.
The infundibulum.
Articulations of.
26. THE NASAL BONES.

Define the bone.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

Define bridge of the nose.
Describe the bone geometrically.
Describe the articulations.
Muscle attached.
27.

THE SUPERIOR

MAXILLA.

Define and locate the bone.
Surgical importance of the bone.
Largest bone of face, except what ?
Articulates with what ?
Helps from how many cavities?
Helps from how many fissures?
Shape of the body? Antrum?
Surfaces of the body ?
Canine fassa and eminence.
The infra-orbital foramen.
The zygomatic surface.
The posterior dental canals and anterior.
The maxillary tuberosity.
Lachrymal notch; infra-orbital groove.
Palate process; post. palatine canals.
Malar process; alveolar process.
Nasal process; palatal process.
Orbital process; the nasal crest.
28.

THE LACHRYMAL BONES.
Derivation of the term.
Location of the bone.
Articulations technically.
Geometry and description of.
Why called ossa unguis ?
External or orbital surface.
Lachrymal crest and function.
Lachrymal groove how formed.
Lachrymal sac; nasal duct.
Hamular process; lesser lach. bone.
Internal or nasal surface.

43

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

44

Name the four borders.
Muscular attachment.
29.

THE

MALAR BONES.

Location and articulation.
External and internal surfaces.
Frontal, orbital, maxillary and zygom. pr.
The malar foramina.
Name the four borders.
30. THE PALATE

BONES.

Derivation and location.
Resembles what letter?
Horizontal plate and surfaces.
The posterior palatine canal.
Accessory post. palatine canals.
The perpendicular plate.
The internal surface.
The inferior turbinated crest.
The superior turbinated crest.
The external surface.
Anterior border; maxillary process.
Post. border; ptery goid process.
The orbital process; sphenoidal pr.
THE INFERIOR TURBINATED.
Derivation of the word.
Articulation of the bone.
Location; outer wall nasal fossa.
The middle and superior turbinated bones belong
to the ethmoid. They are separated from each other
by the superior meatus.
They mark the final explosion of the olfactory
nerves.
31.

32.

THE

VOMER.

Derivation and location.
Classification; articulations.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

45

Nasa-palatine groove.
Superior border and ale.
Anterior and inferior borders.
The posterior border.
33. THE INFERIOR MAXILLA.
Called also lower jaw, mandible.
Function and articulation.
The body and rami.
Symphysis and mental process.
The mental tubercles and foramen.
The external oblique line.
The genial tubercles.
The internal oblique line.
The sub maxillary fossa.
The alveolar border.
The surgical portion of body?
The dental portion of body?
Coronoid and condyloid processes.
The sigmoid notch.
Muscles attached.
Muscles of mastication.
The lower jaw was called mandible because it aids
prehensibly in obtaining food.
From this idea of
pseudo-manipulation its name mandible.
It is the
largest and strongest bone of the facial group.
It
gives individuality to the human face, protection to
the vocal organs, and attachment to all the muscles of
mastication.
It presents the greatest variety of specialized bony tissue of any osseous structure in the
skeleton. Its spongy alveolar process is excavated for
the reception of the teeth; and these latter by their complex anatomy have given rise to dentistry, one of the
leading medical specialties; its exterior is compact,
having a configuration comprehending strength, utility
and beauty.
The bone is so poised that when acted
upon by the muscles of mastication, a variety of mas-

46

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

At birth the body of
ticatory motions is produced.
the lower jaw is a mere shell containing the temporary
teeth. After birth the bone grows pari passu with the
skeleton. In the adult the alveolar and basilar portions of the body are the same depth; the former is
called the dental portion, the latter the surgical.
In
old age the chief part of the body is below the external
oblique line, since the teeth have gone and the alveolar process has become absorbed. History here repeats
itself, for the mandible now in the actogenarian bears
a strong resemblance to that of the child prior to the
first dentition.
34. Now review anatomical compounds, Chap. II,
and study the following compounds which represent
the points in relation between the various bones of the
skull called joints, articulations, sutures:
Interparietal, (Sagittal.)
Fronto-parietal, (Coronal.)
Occipito-parietal, (Lambdoid.)
Spheno-parietal.
Squamo-parietal.
Masto-parietal.
Masto-occipital.
Petro-occipital.
Petro sphenoidal.
One more suture or joint remains to be considered.
This is the point in relation or junction between the
frontal or facial bones. Its common name is transverse
suture since it extends from one external angular process to the other. Its technical name however, would
be: the malo-naso-fronto-ethmo-spheno-lachrymo-maxillary articulation.
Define bregma, lambda, obelion.
35.

BASE OF SKULL INTERNAL.

This part represents many interesting points.
Of special importance are the foramina, since through

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

47

these the cranial nerves make their escape; through
them the vertebral and internal carotid arteries pass to
supply the brain with blood; through them the intracranial sinuses discharge blood from the brain; through
them the miningeal arteries pass to supply with blood
the dura matre and cranial bones; through them the
emissary veins in childhood pass to equalize the pressure between the internal and the external circulation.
In this region we find all the special senses, so-called,
The prilocated; hence the gravity of fracture here.
mary divisions of this region are the anterior, middle
and posterior fossae.
Study now:
Foramen caccum.
Crista galli.
Olfactory groove.
Ant. ethmoidal foramina.
Post. ethmoidal foramina.
The ethmoidal spine.
Optic groove and foramen.
Olivary body and clinoid process.
The dorsum ephipii.
Sella turcica.
Cavernous groove.
Sphenoidal fissure.
Foramen lacerum anterium.
Foramen rotundum.
Foramen vesalii.
Foramin ovale and magnum.
Foramen spinosum.
Foramen lacerum medium.
Foramen lacerum posterium.
Condyloid for. ant. and post:
36. BASE OF SKULL EXTERNAL.

This is very irregular. Study these.
Anterior palatine fossa.

48

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

Foramina of Stenson and Scarpa.
The incisive foramina.
The posterior palatine formina.
Tuberosity of the palate bone.
The posterior nasal spine.
The pterygo-palatine canals.
Pterygoid or Vidian canal.
The scaphoid fossa.
The hamular process.
Pharyngeal spine.
Foramen ovale and spinosum.
Glenoid fossa; styloid process.
Stylo-mastoid foramen.
Auricular fissure.
Digastric fossa.
Occipital groove.
Foramen lacerum medium.
Petro-sphenoidal suture.
Jugular fossa and for. magnum.
Jugular process.
Ant. condyloid fossa and foramen.
Post. condyloid fossa and foramen.
External occipital crest.
Is there an internal? Why ?
External occipital protuberance.
Sup. and inf. curved lines.
37. LATERAL REGION OF SKULL.

Give the boundary lines.
Study: temporal fossa; mastoid portions.
The zygomatic fossa.
The spheno-maxillary fissure.
Pterygo-maxillary fissure.
The spheno-maxillary fossa.
38. THE ANTERIOR REGION OF THE SKULL.
Give boundaries of the face.
Study superciliary ridges; glabella.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

49

Nasion and nasal arch.
The anterior nares.
The anterior nasal spine.
The intermaxillary suture.
Symphysis of chin; mental process.
Mental tubercles; incisive fossa.
Supraorbital ridge and foramen.
Infraorbital foramen; canine fossa.
The mental foramen; external obl. line.
This region is excavated for the reception of the
eye and nose; that for the former is called the orbit,
These excavations confor the latter the nasal fossa.
tain much interesting anatomy and should be studied
from specimens only.
39. THE ORBIT.

Name the bones forming the orbit.
Which three help form both orbits?
Study the roof, floor, apex.
Inner and outer wall of each.
Also angles and circumference.
40.

THE NASAL FOSSAE.

Define a fossa.
Study: boundary lines of.
Anterior and posterior nares.
Largest measurements, where?
Communicate with what four cavities ?
And through what channels?
Formed by what fourteen bones?
Upper; floor; septum.
The outer wall; sutures in.
The three meatuses; the turbinals.
Orifice of antrum; nasal duct.
Study:
Supraorbital arch.
Internal angular process.
External angular process.

50

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

Zygomatic arch.
Mastoid process.
External occipital protuberance.
Superior curved line.
Parietal eminence.
Temporal ridge.
Frontal eminence.
Superciliary ridge.
Nasal bones.
Lower margin of orbit.
Lower jaw.
41. THE HYOID BONE.

Derivation of the word ?
Also called the lingual bone.
Study body and four cornua.
Borders and surfaces.
42. THE THORAX.

Why an osseo-cartilaginous cage?
Normally contains what?
Give its boundaries, size, shape.
Name bones forming same.
Name cartilages of.
Name technically these points:
Between sternum and rib.
Between sternum and cartilage.
Between rib and vertebra.
Between sternum and clavicle.
Name the openings.
Name spaces between ribs.
How many intercostal spaces?
Define the subcostal angle.
Define floor of thorax.
Differences between male and female thorax43. THE STERNUM.

Define the term.
Locate and classify the bone.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

Name its articulations.
Name its ligaments.
Name its three portions.
Derivation of each.
Study: manubrium (pre-sternum).
Gladiolus (meso-sternum).
Ensiform, xiphoid (meta-sternum).
44. THE RIBS.

Number and classification.
True, false and floating.
Intercostal spaces and structures.
Articulations: common characters.
Study: Surface and borders.
Head, neck, tubercle, angle.
Subcostal groove.
Costo-sternal ligaments.
Name the peculiar ribs.
Define costal cartilages.
45. THE UPPER EXTREMITIES.
Define the shoulder girdle.
Name the bones of up. extr.
Clavicle, define and classify.
Articulations of: borders: surfaces.
Conoid tubercle: deltoid tubercle.
Subclavian border.
Sternal extremity: acromial ex.
46. THE SCAPULA.
Define and locate the bone.
Give its articulations.
Anterior and ventral surface.
Subscapular fossa.
Subscapular angle.
Posterior surface; spine.
Supraspinous and infraspinous.
Describe the acromion.

5I

52

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

Costae or scapular borders.
Suprascapular notch and foramen.
Borders of scapula.
Infraglenoid tubercle ?
Angles of the scapula?
Coracoid process.
Muscular attachments.
47. THE HUMERUS.

Describe and classify the bone.
Study: the scapulo-humeral joint.
Anatomical and surgical necks.
Greater and lesser tuberosities.
Bicipital groove and lips..
Coraco-brachial impression.
The nutrient canal.
The deltoid impression.
The musculo-spiral groove.
Internal and external condyle.
The condyloid ridges.
The trochlear surface; capitellum.
Olecranon and coronoid fossae.
48. THE ULNA.

Study: olecranon and coronoid.
The greater sigmoid cavity.
The lesser sigmoid cavity.
The rough imp. ant.
Eminence and tereal ridge.
The shaft; nutrient foramen.
External sharp. border.
Head; styloid process.
Groove for tendon of ulno-carp. ext.
49. THE RADIUS.

Study: head, neck, tuberosity.
Shaft, interosseous border.
The nutrient foramen.
Carpal extreme; artic. surface.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

Sigmoid cavity; styloid pr.
Grooves for extensor tendons.
50.

THE HAND.
Carpus 8; metacarpus 5; phalanges 14.
Arrangement of carpal bones.
Scaphoid, semilunar, cuneiform, pisiform.
Trapezium, trapezoid, os magnum, unciform.
Give articulations of each.
Describe the phalanges.

51.

THE LOWER EXTREMITY.
Composition of this extremity.
The hip-os innominatum.
Study: ilium, ischium, pubes.
Acetabulum, cotyloid cavity.
Cotyloid notch; obturator foramen.
Ilium: ant. sup. spine and crest.
Poupart's ligament.
Ant. inf. spinous process.
Superior and inf. post. spines.
The inter-spinous notch.
Greater sacro-sciatic notch.
Lesser sacro-sciatic notch.
The three curved lines.
How are these developed ?
Dorsum, venter and groove.
Ilio-pectineal line.
The auricular surface.
Ischium: body spine groove.
The lesser sacro-sciatic notch.
The tuberosity; asc. ramus.
Pubes: ramus, horizontal and descending.
Ilio-pectineal eminence.
Symphysis; ilio-pectineal line.
Crest, spine and obturator groove.
Angle and descending ramus.
Iliac fossa; true and false pelvis.

53

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

54

52. THE FEMUR.

Location and articulations.
Ligaments and classification.
Head, neck and tereal depression.
Greater and lesser trochanter.
The diagonal line.
Intertrochanteric lines.
Linea aspera and nutrient foramen.
Spiral line and popliteal space.
Condyles and their ridges.
Gastrochnemial depressions.
Intercondyloid notch.
Int. tuberosity; adductor tubercle.
Describe and locate the patella.
53.

FIBULA.

Locate and name articulations.
Lateral tuberosities.
Spine and ovoidal facets.
Tubercle for lig. patellae.
The popliteal notch.
Fibular facet; oblique for pop. fascia.
The nutrient foramen.
Comparative sizes of this.
Interosseous ridge; int. mal.
Fibula.-The peroneal bone.
Define term and locate the bone.
Articulation of; styloid process.
Shaft and interosseous ridge.
Nutrient foramen. Ext. mal.
54. THE FOOT.

Tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges.
Name the tarsal bones.
Give their articulations.
Describe metatarsals and phalanges.

CHAPTER VI.
THE ARTICULATIONS.

THE

ARTICULATIONS.
A joint is any place in the body where two or
more bones or cartilages are brought together to accomplish either firm union for protection or firm union
to ficilitate and make motion possible. The science
that technically treats of these joints or points in bony
union, is called arthrology. Confusion often arises in
the mind of the student as to the true import of a joint,
forgetting as he seems to do, that a joint may be a
joint and still possess no motion. Again the great
array of adjectives, descriptive of different kinds of
joints, often tends to confuse rather than instruct. The
object of this chapter is to so analyze the subject of
articulations, and the philosophy of joint-nomenclature,
that no careful and thoughtful student need have other
than a clear conception of this much-abused and truly
interesting department of descriptive anatomy.
As in mechanics it is necessary to know that some
engines are portable while others are stationary, so in
arthrology it is necessary to know that some joints are
This principle
movable while others are immovable.
once understood, 'tis an easy secondary consideration
to follow out departures from the typical ones that
In this
move, or the typical ones that do not move.
case let us follow our common practice of teaching, by
considering first, either that which we already know,
or that which we may most easily acquire: i. e., let us
turn our attention to immovable joints known synonymously as immovable articulations.
55.

55

56

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

56. THE IMMOVABLE JOINTS.
As the name implies, these are joints which have
no motion, as the joint between the parietal bones,
between the frontal and parietal, etc. This kind of
union is called joint by syn-arthrosis. This is a compound word composed of the preposition syn (with)
and arthrosis (framing, uniting); varieties arise in this
manner, viz.: in the manner, mode, form, wuay in which
one edge isframed to or united with another. Thus if
the union presents the appearance of two cog-wheels
harmoniously working together, the borders being regularly indentated, thus the union, junction, joint or
articulation, from its striking resemblance to a seam,
is called the sutural or seamed variety of immovable
joints or synarthrosis. If, however, as occurs, some of
the surfaces are true indented border, while others are
locked or articulate simply by rough surfaces the former are called true sutures [sutura vera], while the
latter are called false sutures [sutura not/za].
Now
again if these true sutures resemble tooth-like processes
they are called dentate; if they resemble saw edges
they are called serrate; if they have beveled margins
and indentated processes, they are called limbose. Again
if the false sutures [or rough surfaces] have thin,
overlapping edges, they are called the scaly or squamous kind; while if the contiguous surfaces are joined
by harmonious apposition, then they are called harIf the immovable joint has the appearance of
monia.
a process of bone in a socket it is called gomphosis.
While the appearance is as a plate of bone fitting in a
Summing
fissure then the term schindylesis is used.
up then this tedious argument we see this: i. The
dentate, the serrate and the limbose varieties of true
satural immovable joints. 2. The squamous and harmoneous varieties of false sutural immovable joints.
3. The gomphosal [or nail driving] variety of immovable joint.
4. The variety, by schindylesis, of immovable joint.

AND

57.

LECTURE SYLLABUS.

57

THE MOVABLE JOINT.

The dominating idea is laxity of union, permitting of motion, and we shall find that the classification
is founded on the degree of this motion. The simplest
kind of motion is gliding on one plane.
This is called
arthrodia. The next kind is gliding on two planes,
called di-arthrodia; while a more complicated variety
is a combination of all the planes of a planal circle or
en-arthrodia.
To name the class properly, the anatomist selected neither the simplest nor the most complex, but one truly representative of all the varieties,
which is the one moving on two planes, hence all the
movable joints belong to the di-arthrodial variety.
The sub varieties named after fancied resemblances
are ginglymus, trochoids, condyle, reciporal reception.
58. THE MIXED JOINT.

A variety of union possessing neither the free
mobility of the one nor the extreme fixidness of the
other, but being a compromise mixture of the characters
of both is called a mixed joint or amphi-arthrosis. We
see the dual idea in our words amphi-bians, amphitheatre, etc. These joints possess no synovial membrane for lubricant purposes, since this would make
motion free, nor do they possess sutures, since this
would make motion impossible. One variety is united
by fibro-cartilage and called symphysis, the other is
united by interosseous ligament and called syndosmosis.
Sutura vera
Sutura
Synarthrosis

Schindylesis.Suturanotha

LGomphosis.

SDentata.
Serrata.
Limbosa.
rmonia.

58

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

arthrosis
Amphi-

Sym physis.
Endosmosis.
Ginglymus.
Trochoides or pivot joint.

Diarthrosis

Condyloid.
Reciprocal Reception.

Enarthrosis.
Arthrodia.
59. Articulating surfaces are held together by ligaments. This is true of all articulations regardless of
classification. The ligaments are all derived from the
same source, i. e., from the periosteum. Let us understand this well. Take for example any movable joint
as the shoulder. This is an articulation between the
humerus and scapula, technically called humero-scapular. It will be remembered that each bone is covered
by an anatomical envelope of connective tissue, called
periostium; now in the instance above cited, this periosteum bridges over the space between humerus and
scapula, enclosing or encapsulating the articular ends
of the bone. For this reason capsular ligament is
called the basis of every movable join.
The exterior
of the capsule is strong and protective; the interior of
the capsule secretes synovia for lubricating the joint.
Hence synovial membrane is the inner specialized part
of capsular ligament, and does not exist as a separate
membrane or sac, as students sometimes think it does.
The parts forming an immovable joint are bound
together in the same manner by periosteum, but from
the fact that typical immovable joints are called sutural,
the ligament, or binding periosteum, here is called
sutural ligament. Capsular ligament then is the basis
of movable joints, while sulitral ligament is the basis
of all immovable joints. Every ligament is a modification of connective tissues specialized for binding, and
a derivation of periosteum. [See Gray p. 315.]

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

59

6o. The individual ligaments will be thoroughly
demonstrated on the cadaver and from our preparations.
A few words, however, must here be said pertaining
to the naming of ligaments. Luckily this is easy if you
recall anatomical bony compounds, [see Ch. ii.] Here
we see a host of compound words, as tibio-fibular,
radio-alnar, etc., simply designating anatomical bony
relationship. Now the ligaments binding these bones
together are known by the same names; hence we
speak of tibio-fibular, radio-ulnar ligaments. If, however, we wish to designate the bond of union above
or below between tibia and fibula then we would say
superior or inferior tibio-fibular ligaments. If again
we wish to be specific in our designation then we can
say internal, external, anterior or posterior part of a
certain union above or below. If you will apply this
method of analysis, bone and ligament in hand, you
will soon see why they are so called, and be able to
name ligaments with ease and precision. [See Gray.]
61. Capsular ligament is the basis of every movable joint. Sutural ligament is the basis of immovable
The. inner layer of capsular ligament is
joints.
Mixed joints have little
specialized synovially.
The structures
motion, but no synovial membrane.
entering into the formation of a movable joint are:
bone, articular lamella, articular cartilage, ligament,
synovial membrane, articular arteries and nerves, and
inter-articular fat. The structures forming immovable
joints are: the articular surfaces of the bone, separated
by connective tissue [see A 50o] and bound together by
The main factor holding movable
sutural ligament.
Muscles pasjoints together is atmospheric pressure.
sing over a joint are said to act in a ligamentous
capacity to the joint.

CHAPTER VII.
MUSCLES AND FASCIA.
i. Define a muscle.

The lean meat of an animal.
Define muscular contraction.
Shortening, i. e.: bringing the origin and insertion
of the muscle closer together.
2.

3. Define origin and insertion.
These are arbitrary terms; the former means the
more fixed point, while the latter applies to the more
distal end.
4. Define a voluntary muscle.
One under the will-control.
muscles are voluntary.

The majority of

5. Define an involuntary muscle.
Ones under sympathetic control.
gestive organs. etc.

The heart, di-

6. Origin and insertion apply to what?
To voluntary muscles.
7. How are muscles inserted and how do they take
their origin?
They do this by tendon, fascia and aponeurosis.
8. Upon what does contraction depend?
Upon fibres composed of sarcous elements.
61

62

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

9. Name the envelope of muscle.

Perimysium.
Io. Tendon, fascia, aponeurosis, perimysium, internal and external, can be more fully and profitably
demonstrated on the cadaver.
i

1. Do muscles have more than one head or origin ?

Yes, at times: bicipital, tricipital and quadricipital designate respectively one, two and three heads.
What are muscles of mastication.
Those that move the lower jaw and triturate the
food. They are supplied by the fifth cranial nerve.
12.

Define muscles of expression.
Those surrounding the orbits, mouth and nose.
They are supThey preside over facial pantomime.
plied by the seventh cranial nerve.
13.

14. Name the muscles of mastication.
The temporal, masseter, buccinator and pterygoids. Give the origin and insertion of these and their
nerve supply.
15. Study the following muscles on the cadaver.
Origin, insertion, nerve-supply.
Occipito-frontalis.
Attolens aurem.
Retrahens aurem.
Atrahens aurem.
Orbicularis palpebrarum.
Corrugator supercilii.
Tensor tarsi.
Levator palpebrae superioris.
Pyramidalis nasi.
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi.
Dilator naris anterior.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

63

Dilator naris posterior.
Compressor nasi.
Compressor narium minor.
Depressor alae nasi.
Levator labii superioris.
Levator anguli oris.
Zygomaticus major.
Zygomaticus minor.
Levator labii inferioris, (levator menti).
Depressor labii inferioris, (quadratus menti).
Depressor anguli oris.
Orbicularis oris.
Risorius.
16. MUSCLES OF THE NECK.

Give the origin, insertion and nerve-supply of
the following muscles:
Platysma-myoides.
Sterno-cleido- mastoid.
Sterno-hyoid.
Sterno-thyroid.
Thyro-hyoid.
Omo-hyoid.
Digastric.
Stylo-hyoid.
Mylo-hyoid.
Genio-hyoid.
Genio-hyo-glossus.
Hyo-glossus.
Stylo-glossus.
Lingualis.
17.

PALATAL REGION.

Levator-palati.
Tensor palati.
Azygos uvulae.
Palato-glossus.
Palato-pharyngeus.

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

64
i8.

VERTEBRAL REGION.

Rectus capitis anticus major.
Rectus capitis anticus minor.
Rectus lateralis.
Longus colli.
Scalenus anticus.
Scalenus medicus.
Scalenus posticus.
19.

MUSCLES

OF THE BACK.

Trapegius.
Ligamentum nuchae.
Latissimus dorsi.
Levator anguli scapulae.
Rhomboideus minor.
Rhomboideus major.
Serratus posticus superior.
Serratus posticus inferior.
Splenius capitis et colli.
Erector spine and divisions.
20. MUSCLES OF ABDOMEN.

External oblique.
Internal oblique.
Transversalis.
Lumbar fascia.
Rectus Abdominis.
Pyramidalis.
Sheath of the rectus.
Deep epigastric artery in.
21.

MUSCLES OF THORAX.

External intercostals.
Internal intercostals.
Infracostals.
Triangularis sterni.
Levatores costarum.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

Diaphragm and nerve-supply.
Openings of the diaphragm.
22. MUSCLES OF ARM AND SHOULDER.

Pectoralis major and minor.
Subclavius and serratus mugnus.
Deltoid and subscapularis.
Supraspinatus and infraspinatus.
Teres major and minor.
Coraco-brachialis.
Biceps flexor cubiti.
Brachialis anticus.
Triceps extensor cubiti.
Subanconeus.
23. MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM.

Pronator radii teres.
Flexor carpi radialis.
Palmaris longus.
Flexor carpi ulnaris.
Flexor sublimus digitorum.
Flexor profundus digitorum.
Flexor longus pollicis.
Pronator quadratus.
Supinator longus.
Extensor carpi radialis longior.
Extensor carpi radialis brevior.
Extensor communis digitorum.
Extensor minimi digiti.
Extensor carpi ulnaris.
Anconeus and spinator brevis.
Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis.
Extensor primi internodii pollicis.
Extensor indicis.
Anterior annular ligament.
Posterior annular ligament.
Palmar fascia.

66

OUTLINES

OF ANATOMY

24. MUSCLES OF THE HAND.
Abductor policis.
Opponens pollicis.
Flexor brevis pollicis.
Adductor Pollicis.
Palmaris brevis.
Adductor minimi digiti.
Flexor brevis minimi digiti.
Opponens minimi digiti.
Lumbricales and dorsal interossei.
Palmar interossei.
25. MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY.

Psoas magnus and parvus.
Iliacus and fascia lata.
Poupart's ligament and saphenous opening.
Tensor vaginae femoris.
Sartorius and rectus femoris.
Vastus externus.
Vastus internus.
Crureus and subcrureus.
Gracilis and pectineus.
Adductor longus and brevis.
Adductor magnus.
Gluteus maximus.
Gluteus medius.
Gluteus minimus.
Pyraformis and biceps.
Obturator internus.
Obturator externus.
Gemellus superior and inferior.
Quadratus femoris.
Semi-tendinosus.
Semi-membranosus.
26. MUSCLEs oF THE LEG.

Tibialis anticus.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

Extensor proprius pollicis.
Extensor longus digitorum.
Peroneus tertius.
Gastrochnemius.
Soleus and plantaris.
Popliteus and flexor longus pollicis.
Flexor longus digitorum.
Tibialis posticus.
Peroneus longus.
Peroneus brevis.
27.

FOOT.
Anterior annular ligament.
Internal annular ligament.
External annular ligament.
Plantar fascia.
Relation of to deep fascia?
Extensor brevis digitorum.
Abductor pollicis.
Flexor brevis digitorum.
Abductor minimi digiti.
Flexor accessorius.
Lumbricales.
Flexor brevis pollicis.
Adductor pollicis.
Flexor brevis minimi digiti.
Transversus pedis.
Dorsal interossei.
Plantar interossei.

67

CHAPTER VIII.
THE VASCULAR
I.

SYSTEM.

THE VASCULAR SYSTEM.

The heart, arteries, veins and lymphatics comprise this system, although the lymphatic system often
receives separate description. The heart is called an
involuntary muscle; arteries and veins are anatomical
conduits. How many coats? The capillaries constitute the indefinite borderland between the arteries and
veins. Veins are superficial and deep. The latter
accompany arteries and are called the venae coniites of
these. Deep veins have more valves than superficial
ones. The superficial veins are found between two
layers of connective tissue or superficial fascia. [See
Ax 51.] By stereotype we say arteries convey pure
blood and veins impure. Exceptions to the rule: pulmonary veins, umbilical vein.
2.

Study: The mediastinal spaces.
The pericardium, endocardium.
Base and apex of heart.
Root and nerve supply of heart.
Relation of pericardium to diaphragm.
The auricles and ventricles,
Auriculo-ventricular openings and valves.
Interior of ventricles and auricles.
Systemic circulation.
Pulmonic circulation.
Foetal circulation.
69

70
3.

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY
ARTERIES.

How many coats? Describe each.
Why are they called arteries?
How are arteries nourished?
By little vessels called vasa vasorum.
How are they innervated?
By nerves called nervi vasorum.
What is their function?
To increase or lessen the calibre.
Where is the capillary system?
Between the arterial and venous trees.
Study: Aorta and its arch.
Define thoracic aorta.
Define abdominal aorta.
Study these branches:
The coronary arteries.
The innominate arteries.
The left common carotid.
The left subclavian.
The pericardiac.
The bronchial.
The cesophageal.
The posterior mediastinal.
The intercostals.
The phrenics and spermatics.
The cceliac axis.
The gastric and hepatic.
The splenic and lumbar.
The superior and inferior mesenterics.
The renal and suprarenals.
The sacra media.
Describe internal and external carotids.
Branches of internal maxillary.
Describe circle of Willis.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

Give its formation.
Describe the subclavian and branches.
The vertebral and thyroid axis.
The internal mammary.
4. Study the axillary and branches:
Superior thoracic.
Acromio-thoracic.
Long thoracic.
Subscapular and alar thoracic.
Ant. and post. circumflex.
Study the bronchial and branches:
Sup. and inf. profunda.
Nutrient and muscular.
Anastomotica magna.
The radial and branches.
The ulnar and branches.
The arches in the palm.
5. THE THORACIC AORTA.
Name and describe its branches.
Give extent of thoracic aorta.
Describe the abdominal aorta.
Study branches of ccelise axis.
Describe common iliac.
Give branches of internal iliac.
Give branches external iliac.
Define femoral artery.
Common femoral and deep.
Hunter's canal and sup. femoral.
Describe Scarpa's triangle.
Describe the popliteal space.
Give boundaries and contents.
Describe popliteal artery.
Locate anterior tibial and branches.
Locate posterior tibial and branches.
Describe pulmonary artery.
Describe the portal circulation.

71

72

OUTLINES

OF ANATOMY

Describe circulation in bone.
Name the extra-vascular structures.
Define vascular structures.
Derivation of the term ?
6. THE VEINS.

Describe the structure of a vein.
Describe the venae cavae.
Describe the azygos veins.
Describe the brachio-cephalics.
Name thoracic branches of vena cava.
Name abdominal branches of vena cava.
Give formation of portal vein.
Describe the hepatic vein.
Describe iliac and femoral veins.
Law. Veins above the diaphragm, when not on
the same plane, are situated in front of the arteries
which they accompany; below the diaphragm they are
behind the same. Exception: the renal.
Name the cerebral sinuses.
Where do they discharge ?

CHAPTER IX.
DIGESTIVE ORGANS.
i. In what cavities are the viscera found ?
In the thoracic, abdominal, pelvic and cranial.
Of what does the digestive apparatus consist ?
Of the alimentary canal and certain accessory
organs. This is an anatomical conduit.
2.

3. What are the subdivisions of?
Mouth, pharynx, ocsophagus, stomach, small and
large intestine.
4. Name the accessory organs?
Teeth, salivary glands, liver, pancreas and spleen.
5. Subdivisions of the large intestine ?
An abdominal portion and a pelvic portion; the
former is called colon, the latter rectum.
6. Subdivisions of the colon ?
Ascending colon from right
flexure, transverse colon, from
splenic flexure, descending colon
to pelvic.
Sigmoid and rectum
pelvic portion of colon.

iliac fossa to hepatic
hepatic flexure to
from splenic flexure
are subdivisions of

7. Subdivisions of small intestine ?
Duodenum, jejunum, ilium.
73

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

74

8. Distinguish between small and large intestine.
The large intestine has longitudinal bands, fatty
masses and sacculations.
The bands are muscular,
equidistant and terminate in the appendix. The large
intestine becomes progressively smaller. The point in
junction between ileum and colon is called ileo-colic,
guarded by a valve of the same name.
Study: the liver and its ligaments;
Its lobes and fissures;
Portal vein and Glissons capsule.
Study: the stomach;
Its surfaces and curvatures;
Its orifices and extremities;
Its blood and nerve-supply.
What kind of cavity is the abdominal?
A serous cavity, having a parietal layer that lines
the walls, and a visceral layer that covers the viscera.
9. Define the function of the peritoneum.
It secrets a fluid for lubrication, is an adventitious coat for the viscera, and forms ligaments for the
organs.
io. Define omenta.
These are three ligamentous structures connecting the stomach to the liver, spleen and colon, called
gastro-hepatic, gastro-splenic, gastro-colic.
Define mesentery.
The mesentery of
There are two mesenteries.
the small intestine and the mesentery of the colon, the
former is called the mesentery proper, the latter mesocolon.
I1.

12. What is the cavity of the peritoneum ?
The space between the visceral 'and parietal
layers of the peritoneum.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

75

Are the viscera in the peritoneal cavity ?
No; all blood-vessels and all the viscera are behind both layers of peritoneum.
13.

14. Define true and false pelvis.
The true pelvis is below the brine, the false
pelvis above this line.
15. Describe the pharynx, its openings, muscles.
coats.
16. Study the mouth and hard palate.
The pillars of the fauces.
The isthmus of the fauces.
The tonsils and soft palate.
Opening of Steno's duct.
Opening of Wharton's duct.
The sub-maxillary gland.
The sublingual gland.
The parotid gland.
Study and describe the tongue;
Its nerve and blood supply.

CHAPTER X.

THE TEETH.
i. Number of temporary or milk teeth ?
Ten in each jaw; four incisors, two canines,
four molars.
2.

Number of permanent teeth ?

Sixteen in each jaw; four incisors, two canines,
four bicuspids or premolars, six molars.
3. Every tooth has what parts?
Crown or body, neck, fang or root, and pulp
cavity.
4. Define the gum and its function.
It is composed of dense connective tissue covered
by mucous membrane, and by it the teeth are steadied
in the gum.
5. What holds the fang in the alveolus ?
The periosteum, here
dontium.

technically called peri-

6. Locate the neck of the tooth.
It is between the crown or body and fang.
a constriction and closely invested by the gum.
77

It is

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

78

7. Define the pulp-cavity.
A natural cavity filled with tooth pulp in which
are found blood and nerves.
8. How gains the blood access here?
The blood and nerves reach the pulp by a canal
at the apex of the root.
9. What is the pulp?
A vascular connective tissue.
io. Give function and derivation of incisor, canine,
bicuspid, molar.
i I. What helps retain the food between the occluding surfaces of the molars, and at the same time antagonizes the action of the tongue ?
12. Define deciduous teeth.
Deciduous teeth, milk teeth, dents lactei, dents
caduci, and dentes temporarii are terms synonomous
with temporary teeth. [See i above.]
Define triturating surface.
The part of the occluding surface specialized for
grinding.
13.

14. Give dental formula for milk teeth.
It is I I, C , M 2=20.
15. Give formula for permanent teeth.
It is I 2, C }, prm. 2, M 3=32.
16. Define wisdom teeth, where found and why
so called.
17. Define lingual, labial, median and distal surfaces of teeth.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

79

Define cuspidati, bicuspidati and multicuspidati.
These are synonyms respectively for cuspids,
bicuspids and molars.
i8.

Give the nerve supply of the teeth.
From the anterior and posterior dental branches
of the superior maxillary division of the fifth cranial
nerve, and from the inferior maxillary division of fifth.
19.

20.

Give the blood supply.

From the alveolar and infra orbital branches of
the internal maxillary and from the inferior dental
artery.
Define the dental arch geometrically.
22. Define dentes incisives, incisores and primores;
dens sapientiae, dens serotinus: dentes molares, dentes
multi-cuspidati, dentes maxillares; dents cuspidati,
dents canini, dentes angulares, dentes laniarii, dentes.
oculares, dentes mordentes, eye teeth and stomach
teeth.
21.

CHAPTER XI.
THE MOUTH.
i. What does the mouth contain.
The organs of taste, mastication and the greater
part of those of speech.
2. Define buccal orifice and fauces.
The former is the opening into the external
world; the latter the one into the pharynx.
3. Define the vestibule of the mouth.
The space outside the teeth and enclosed by the
lips and cheeks.
4. How is the mouth bounded?
Anteriorly by the teeth and alveolar arches, above
by the hard palate, below by the tongue; behind it
opens into the pharynx.
5. Where are the angles of the buccal orifice?
They are opposite the first bicuspid tooth.
6. Of what do the cheeks consist ?
Of the buccinator muscle, fat, dermal muscles
and mucous membrane.
7. Define the labial fraenum.
A fold of mucous membrane connecting the lip
with the gum.

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

82

8. The roof of the mouth consists of what ?
The hard and soft palate.
9. Where is the tonsil ?
Between the pillars of the palate.
io. How are these pillars formed?
The anterior one by the palato-glossus muscle,
covered by mucous membrane, the posterior one by the
palato-pharyngeus.
Define the fauces.
A passage from the mouth to the pharynx between the niches for the tonsils. Its floor is formed by
the posterior third of the tongue.
I i.

12. Describe the isthmus of the fauces.
This is sometimes called the anterior palatine
arch; it is formed by the anterior pillars of the palate.

CHAPTER XII.

NASAL CAVITIES.
I. Define the nasal cavities.

Two air cavities occupying the middle part of
the skull between the orbits.
2. Define anterior and posterior nares.
The openings whereby these cavities communicate with the external world in front and with the
pharynx behind.
3. How are they separated ?
By the nasal partition.
4. The outer wall presents what?
Three turbinals separated from one another and
the floor by three meatuses called superior, middle and
inferior.
5. How are the nasal cavities separated from theoral and cranial cavities ?
By the roof and floor respectively.
6. By what other names are the nasal cavities known ?
They are called nasal fosse, nasal sinuses, cavi
narium, caverna narium and fossa nasales.
83

84

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

7. Where is the superior meatus ?
Above the superior and middle turbinal. Into it
the post. ethmoidal cells, the spheno-palatine foramen
and sphenoidal sinus open.
8. Where is the middle meatus ?
Between the middle and inferior turbinal.
it the antrum and infundibulum communicate.

With

9. Where is the inferior meatus ?
Between the inferior turbinal and floor of the
fossa. Into it the nasal duct opens.
io. Locate the maxillary sinus.
This, also called antrum of Highmore, is the
hollow body of the superior maxilla. It is triangular.
11. What do you find on the posterior wall of the
antrum ?
The posterior dental canals; on its floor are
prominences produced by the first and second molar
teeth.
12.

Do the nasal fossae have important communica-

tions ?
Yes, with all the more important fossa and
sinuses of the skull; with the. cranial cavity through
foramina in the roof; with the fronlal and anterior
etlzmoidal cells, through the infundibulum; with the
post. ethmoidal and sphenoidal cells; with the splenomaxillaryfossa, through the spheno-palatine foramina;
with the antra; with the orbits, through the nasal
ducts; with the buccal cavitiy, through the anterior
palatine canals; and indirectly with the middle ear and
mastoid cells, through the eustachian tube. It will
thus be seen that the nasal fossae communicate with
all the intramural sinuses, hence these latter are associated with vocalization.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE LUNGS.
i. Define the lungs.
They are the adult organs of respiration.
2.

What is the foetal organ of respiration ?
The placenta.

3. Where are the lungs found ?
In the thoracic cavity, separated from each other
by the heart and other contents of the mediastinum.
4. Define mediastinum.
Thoracic space not occupied by lung, divided
into anterior, middle and posterior.
5. Define pleura.
A serous membrane having two layers, one of
which invests the lung and is called visceralfleura,
another of which invest the inner surface of the thoracic cavity called parietal pleura.
6. Define root of lung.
The place where structures enter to carry on the
functional and nutritive activity of the lung. [See
Ax. ii.] These structures are: bronchial tube, pulmonary and bronchial arteries and veins, their lymphatics and nerves.
7. What important relations in front of and behind
the lung-root ?
The phrenic nerve in front, the pneumogastric
behind.
8. Study from the cadaver the contents and relation
of all structures in the mediastinum.
85

CHAPTER XIV.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
i. Define the nervous system.

The brain, spinal cord and sympathetic, with
their nerves and ganglia.
Give the two divisions of the nervous system.
The cerebro-sinal or that presiding over voluntary animal life, and the sympahzelic or that which
regulates organic life.
2.

3. Principally what kind of tissue do we find in the
nervous system.
The predominating tissue is called nervous, of
which there are two varieties, viz.: the gray or vesicular,
and the white or fibrous.
4. Define the function of each.
The gray originates ideas, and receives impressions, the fibrous (nerves) does the conducting. This
may be rendered more comprehensible by comparing
the one to the chemicals of a battery, the other to the
wires; this originates an electrical impulse, while that
conducts it. If you will keep this constantly in mind
you have but little trouble in mastering the nervous
system. Remember you will see the gray and white
in many different relations, but the physiological law
referred to is immutable.
87

88

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

5. How are nerves constructed?
After the nerve formula. [See Ax. 45.1
6. How is the gray constructed ?
As nucleated cells having processes called poles.
7. Define unipolar, bipolar, multipolar cells.
Cells having one, tivo or more processes.
8. How do sensory nerves terminate ?
In a final explosion variously designated plexuses,
end-bulbs, tactile corpuscles, tastes, goblests, etc., theprinciple being to expose a larger surface to the special
external disturbing influence.
9. Define peripheral organs.

Organs connected to nerve-centres by nerves.
io. Define commissure.
These are nerves connecting one nerve-centrewith another.
i i. Define cerebro-spinal nerves.

The larger and more conspicuous nerves that
proceed from the brain and cord.
12. The brain and cord together are called what?
The cerebro-spinal axis.
13. To what are cerebro-spinal nerves distributed ?
With one exception, to skin, special sense organs
and voluntary muscles.
14. Name the exception.

The pneumo-gastric, which is distributed to
internal viscera; aside from this the sympathetic is the
nerve of sensation and motion to the internal organs.
15. How do motor nerves end?

In motorial end-plates.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

16.

89

Are the arterial terminations well understood ?
No.

Define centripetal, centrifugal, centro-parietal,
parieto-central, afferent and efferent.
These terms are founded on the idea of direction
to or from the brain to peripheral organs.
18. The cerebro-spinal system comprehends what
organs?
The brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves and cranial
nerves.
17.

19.

Name the meninges or membranes of the brain.
The dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater.

20. Distinguish between the dura of the brain and
that of the cord.
The dura of the brain has processes, sinuses and
attachment; that of the cord none of these.

21. Read up Pacchionian bodies piamater and arachnoid, neurilemma, medullated and non-medullated
nerve-fibres.
22. Give weight of the brain.

49 oz. in males and 44 oz. in females.
23. What arteries supply the brain with blood?
The internal carotid and vertebral. These unite
to form the anastomotic wheel known as the circle
of Willis from which the brain receives its blood.
24. What are the miningeal arteries?
They are vessels that supply the dura mater and
the calvarium, principally the latter.
25. Define neurology.

That branch of anatomy which treats of the
nervous system.

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

90

26. Define cephalic, encephalon, anen-cephalic and
calvarium.

27. Define cerebro-spinal axis.
The brain and spinal cord also called the central
nervous system.
How is the sympathetic related to this?
Properly it is an appendage, consisting of less
perceptible nerves, which are distributed in great
numbers to the viscera and blood vessels; in fact the
various divisions of the sympathetic take their names
from the arteries which they accompany. This arterial
distribution is called plexus, hence the terms hepatic,
hypogastric, and renal plexuses.
28.

29. Name the divisions of the brain.
Cerebrum, cerebellum, pons Varolii and medulla
oblongata.
30. From the specimen brains study :
Fissure of Sylvius.
Fissure of Rolando.
Fissure parieto-occipital.
Fissure great longitudinal.
Fissure great transverse.
Lobes: parietal, temporo-sphenoidal.
Lobes: occipital, central.
On base of brain study:
Longitudinal fissure.
Corpus callosum.
Lamina cinerea.
Fissure of Sylvius.
Anterior perforated space.
Optic commissure.
Tuber cirerium.
In fundibulum.
Pituitary body.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

91

Corpora albicantia.
Posterior perforated space.
Crura cerebri (peduncles of cerebum.)
Pons Varolii.
Study the following ganglia:
Olfactory bulbs.
Corpora striata.
Optic thalami.
Pons Varolii.
Tubercula quadrigemina.
Also study the membranes and fissures of the
cord and the ventricles of the brain.
31. Define deep and superficial nerve origin.
Are
these terms synonymous with apparent and real origin ?
Sensory nerves preside over sensation. As there
may be an infinite variety of sensations, whose extremes are pleasurableand painful, so there may be an
infinite number of nerves of this special kind. The
common acceptation of sensory nerve is one that reports
from the periphery sensations painful. Motor nerves
produce motion or contraction in muscle. Now it
occurs that these two functions are inherent in one
terve trunk, when the term mixed is used. Special
nerves are those that preside over one sensation only,
as the sensation of light, smell, sound and facial pantomime. Cranial nerves as a technical expression is
founded on no such rational basis, but simply has reference to all those nerve trunks, [twelve pairs] which
have a deep origin in the brain and a superficial origin
on the surface of the base of the brain and make their
escape through foramina. There are twelve pairs of
In this region you will find a strong tendency
these.
to one special function only. In studying these nerves
learn: i. Deep origin. 2. Superficial origin. 3. Foramen of exit. 4. Function of. 5. Distribution.

CHAPTER XV.
THE CRANIAL NERVES.

Study the cranial nerves :
I. Olfactory.
2. Optic.

3.
4.
5.
6.

Motor oculi.
Pathetic.
Trifacial.
Abducent.

7. Facial.
8. Auditory.
9. Glosso-pharyngeal.
10.
I I.
12.

Pneumo-gastric.
Spinal accessory.
Hypoglossal.

i. Define the olfactory.

It is the nerve of the special sense of smell.
Where does it leave the cranium?
Through foramina in the cribriform plate of the
ethmoid bone, from the under surface of the olfactory
bulb.
2.

3. How many nerve filaments are there?
About twenty arranged in three rows, internal,
middle and external.
4. Where are they distributed ?
The inner to the septum, the middle to the roof,
and the outer to the upper and middle turbinated bone.
5. What is the optic nerve ?

The nerve of the special sense of sight. It passes
out through the optic foramen, accompanied by the
ophthalmic artery.
93

94

OUTLINES

OF ANATOMY

6. What is the third nerve ?
Called the motor oculi, because it supplies with
motion the iris and all the muscles except the external
rectus and superior oblique.
Escapes through sphenoidal fissure.
7. Explain the fourth nerve.
This is called patheticus. It supplies with motion
the superior oblique, and escapes through the sphenoidal fissure.
8. Explain the fifth nerve.
This is also called trifacial and trigeminus on
account of its three divisions mostly distributed to the
face.
9. What are the three divisions of the fifth and
where do they escape?
They are the ophthalmic division which passes
through the spnenoidal fissure; the superior maxillary
division, which passes through the foramen rotundum;
and the inferior maxillary division, which leaves
through the foramen ovale.
Io. Describe the ophthalmic branch of the fifth nerve.
It is purely sensory, supplying the mucousmembranes of the eye and nose, the eye-ball, the
lachrymal gland, the ciliary ganglion, and the skin
and muscles of the eye-brow, forehead and nose. It
does this through its frontal, nasal and lachrymal
branches.
i1. Describe the superior maxillary division of the
fifth nerve.
This nerve is sensory. It supplies the temple,
cheek, lower lid, nose, upper lip and teeth of upper jaw.

AND LECTURE

SYLLABUS.

95

Name its branches.
Orbital, anterior and posterior dental, infra
orbital and spheno-palatine.
12.

13. Describe the inferior maxillary division of the
fifth.
This is a nerve of sensation, motion and taste.
It sends muscular branches to all the muscles of mastication, dental branches to the teeth of the lower jaw
and a gustatory or a lingual branch to the tongue.
The branches are the masseteric, temporal, buccal,.
pterygoid, auriculo-temporal, inferior dental.
14. Of how many roots does the fifth consist ?
Of two; I. A large or sensory root. 2. Of a

small or motor root.
What is peculiar about the large root?
The presence of a large ganglion called the
Gasserian.
16. Is the small or motor root connected with the
Gasserian ganglion ?
No, it is entirely unconnected therewith and lies
below the same.
15.

17. Describe the sixth nerve.
This is called the abducens. It escapes through
the sphenoidal fissure and supplies the external rectus
with motion.
18. Describe the seventh nerve.
This is the facial. It is the motor nerve of all
the muscles of expression. It may be called the nerve
of facial pantomime. It escapes through the internal
auditory meatus and aquaeductus Fallopii and finally
passes through the stylo-mastoid foramen. Aside from
supplying the muscles of expression it also supplies the
platysma, the buccinator, two muscles of the external

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

96

ear, the stylo-hyoid, stapedius, posterior belly of the
digastric, through the chorda tympani, the lingualis,
through the otic ganglion the tensor tympani, through
the Vidian the levator palati and azygos uvulae.
Study its branches :
Tympanic.
Chorda tympani.
Posterior auricular.
Digastric.
Stylo-hyoid.
Temporal.
Temporo-facial Malar.
Infraorbital.
{ Buccal.
Supra maxillary.
Cervico-facial
Infra maxillary.

19. Describe the eighth nerve.
The nerve of hearing. It escapes through the
internal auditory meatus and is distributed to the internal ear. It gives a vestibular branch to the vestibule and a cochlear branch to the cochlea.
50. Describe the ninth nerve.

This is a nerve of general sensation and taste.
It escapes through the central part of the jugular foramen. It is distributed to the pharynx, tonsil, fauces
and middle ear.
Describe the pneumo-gastric.
It supplies the organs of
It is a mixed nerve.
voice and respiration with motion and sensation, those
of circulation and digestion with motion only. Its
branches are:
Auricular.
Pharyngeal.
Superior laryngeal.
21.

AND LECTURE SYLLABUS.

97

Inferior laryngeal.
Cervical cardiac.
Thoracic cardiac.
Anterior pulmonary.
Posterior pulmonary.
Oesophageal.
Gastric.
Hepatic.
The technical name then would be the auriculopharyngeo-laryngeo-card.io-pulmono-antero et posteroIt
oesophageo-gastro-hepatico pneumogastric nerve.
escapes through the jugular foramen.
22. Describe the eleventh nerve.
It escapes
The spinal accessory is motor.
through jugular foramen. Distributed to sterno-mastoid and trapezius.
23. Describe the twelfth nerve.
The hypoglossal is the motor nerve of the tongue.
It escapes through the anterior condyloid foramen.

44;-.

CHAPTER XVI.
SPINAL NERVES.
i. Define spinal nerves.
Those nerves belonging to the cerebro-spinal
system which arise from the spinal cord.
They pass
out through the intervertebral foramina.
2.

Give their number and classification.

They number thirty-one in all, and are thus
classified according to the region in which found:
cervical; 8, dorsal 12, lumbar 5, sacral 5, coccygeal I;
total, 31.

3. By how many roots does each spinal nerve arise?
By two; an anterior motor root and by a posterior
sensory root.
4. What is peculiar about the sensory or posterior
root ?
It has a- ganglion, similar to the sensory branch
of the fifth nerve or trifacial.
5. Does each spinal nerve pass out through an intervertebral foramen ?
No, the first passes out between the atlas and
occipital bone.
6. When and where do the two roots unite, if at all,
and what do they then ?
99

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

I00

Immediately inside the foramen they unite into
and pass out, dividing at once into anterior
and posterior primary divisions.

-one cord

7. Which division is the larger, the anterior or the
posterior, and why?
Since the posterior has a much smaller territory
to innervate it is much smaller.
8. What territories do the anterior and posterior
primary divisions supply, and with what?
The posterior supplies with motion and sensation
the spine, dorsal muscles and integument, the anterior
supplies the trunk and limbs.
9. Define a nerve plexus.
Where several nerves are united by connecting
or communicating branches.
io.

How many plexuses are there?
Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral; four in all.

ii.

What divisions are concerned in these ?
Only the anterior primary; the posterior primary
do not plexify.
Define the dorsal nerves.
They do not
They are twelve in number.
plexify. They have anterior and posterior divisions.
The posterior supply the spine, muscle' and integument of the back. The anterior are called intercostal
nerves, from their location between the ribs. The
first helps from the brachial plexus. Its intercostal
branch is small and gives off no lateral cutaneous
branch. The lateral cutaneous branch of the second
is called intercosto-humeral; all the remaining nerves
give off lateral cutaneous branches, which supply the
skin of the front of thorax and abdomen, and muscu12.

AND

LECTURE

SYLLABUS.

IOI

lar branches which supply the intercostal and abdominal muscles. The six lower are sometimes called the
abdominal intercostal nerves.
Describe the cervical plexus.
This plexus lies upon the levator anguli scapulae
and scalenus medius muscles. It is formed by the union
of the anterior branches of the four upper cervical
nerves. Its branches are:
Superficialis colli.
Auricularis nmagnus.
Occipitalis minor.
Sternal and clavicular.
Acromial and muscular.
Communicating and phrenic.
Communicans noni.
13.

Describe the phrenic.
The motor nerve of the diaphragm; is is also
distributed to the pericardium, pleura and phrenic
plexus. It passes through the thorax in front of root
of lung.
I4.

15. Describe the brachial plexus.
It is in the axillary space, formed by the union
of the anterior branches of the fifth, sixth, seventh
and eighth cervical and first dorsal nerves.
Its
branches are,
Communicating and muscular.
Suprascapular and three scapular.
Circumflex and musculo-cutaneous.
Internal and lesser internal cu'taneous.
Median and thoracic branches.
Ulnar and musculo-spiral.
Interosseous and cutaneous branches.

16. Describe the lumbar plexus.
It is in the psoas magnus.

It is formed by the

102

OUTLINES OF ANATOMY

union of the anterior branches of the four upper
lumbar nerves. Its branches are,
Ilio-hypogastric.
Ilio-inguinal.
External cutaneous.
Genito-crural.
Obturator.
Accessory obturator.
Anterior crural.
Communicatin g.
Muscular.
17. Describe the sacral plexus.

It is found on anterior surface of the pyraformis
muscle. It is formed by the union of the lumbosacral cord and anterior branches of three upper sacral
nerves and part of the fourth. Its branches are,
Muscular and pudic.
Inferior glutral and articular.
Large and small sciatic.

CHAPTER XVII.
THE SYMPATHETIC

NERVE.

i. Define the trunk of the sympathetic system.
The successive ganglia of the same side connected
by intermediate nerves.
2.

Is this trunk connected with the spinal nerves?
Yes, with them all.

3. Name the ganglionic extremes of this trunk.
The ganglion of Ribes on the anterior cerebral
colmunicating artery, and the ganglion impar on the
anterior part of the coccyx.
4. What are communicating branches?
Nerves that connect the ganglia with each other
and also with the spinal nerves.
5. What are distributing branches?
Branches given off from the sympathetic that
supply all the internal viscera, and the coats of the
blood-vessels.
6. How are the ganglia arranged?
They are arranged in four portions, corresponding to the regions of the vertebral col.
Cervical portion, three pairs of ganglia.
Dorsal portion, twelve pairs of ganglia.
Lumbar portion, four pairs of ganglia.
Sacral portion, four or five pairs of ganglia.
103

IO4

OUTLINES

OF ANATOMY

7. Describe sympathetic connections with the cranial
and facial ganglia.
The carotid ganglion on carotid artery.
The Gasserian ganglion on the fifth nerve.
Ciliary or ophthalmic ganglion in the orbit.
Meckel's [sph-pal] in sph-max fossa.
Otic [Arnold's] on inf. max. nerve.
Sub-maxillary-above sub-maxillary gland.
Bochdalek on nasal branch of Meckel's.
8. How many gangliated plexuses are there?
There are :
The cardiac.
The solar or epigastric.
The hypogastric.
9. Of what does a gangliated plexus consist?
Of ganglia, and of nerves derived from the sympathetic and cerebro-spinal.
io. To what are the branches of distribution distributed ?
They are destined for the blood vessels, thoracic,
abdominal and pelvic viscera, they supply also the involuntary muscular fibres in the hollow viscera, secreting cells and glandular viscera.
SI1. Physiologically they increase or diminish vasal
calibre, thus increasing or lessening blood-supply to
parts. From this function they are named vaso-inhibitors and vasor dilators. It is probable that the ultimate actions of drugs is on this part of the nervous
system.

SEP 2 5 1934
UNIVERSTY OF ILLIN1OI
CHAPTER XVIII.
DISSECTION OF HEAD AND NECK.

The region of the body known in dissecting-room
parlance, as head and neck, is at one and the same
time the most complex and instructive of any part in
the cadaver-field; hence the most difficult of dissection. Here we find a variety of structures differing in
delicacy and minuteness from any we have thus far
considered. Here for example we find the rudimentary
musculature represented in the external muscles of the
ear and the platysma the only human extant representative of the great panniculus carnosus of the herbivora.
Here we find the brain, its miningeal coverings, its
sinuses, to say nothing of the skull-cap. Here we find
the triangles of the neck, and their contents; the salivary glands and their excretory ducts; the cranial
nerves-motor, as the third; sensory as the first division
of the fifth; mixed as the pneumo-gastric, and special
sense as the first, second and eighth pairs. Here,too,we
find inconstant emissary canals, vestiges of childhood,
and constant foramina for nerve-transmission.
Here
we find the muscles of mastication supplied by the fifth
nerve and the muscles of the expression supplied by
the seventh. In short we have an array of important
structures. If we carelessly cut this, destroy the other
and never see the third, we are slaughtering material;
but if we carefully remove one part from another by
simply dividing the connective tissue, then we are dissecting, for dissection is the art of dividing the connective tissue without doing any violence to organs or
parts.
[THE END.

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SHARP & SMITH,
MANUFACTURERS

OF

SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
AND ALL APPLIANCES FOR

DEFORMITIES
AND DEFICIENCIES ....

Tooth Extracting Forceps,
Hypodermic Syringes,
Mouth Mirrors,
Scissors, Lancets, etc., etc.
For Physicians and Dentists.
SH

IRP

&

S7VITIH,

73 RANDOLPH STREET,

CHICAGO.

Goldsmith Bros.....
Refiners and Assayers,
63=65 Washington St.
CHICAGO, ILL.
Price List:::::::::
P'er dwt.
14 K Solder .
"
16 "
20 "

''

Coin

"..

22 K

. $ 65
75
85
95

"

I8 "

1.00

.

1.05

Gold Plate

20

85
95

..

.

.

22 " and Coin Plate .
24 '

..

1.05

1.07
85

.

.

Clasp Metal .
Platinized Gold

I.OO

18 K Platinized Gold Wire
.

20 "

24 "

%

,,

.

.

90
I.00

.

,-

Platinum Sheet or Wire
.
Platinum Iridio, Sheet or Wire
.
Columbian Alloy per oz.
(5 oz. for $Io.oo.)
We cut to Pattern without Extra Charge.

1.15
55
60
2.50

We pay the following Cash Prices for
Scrap Gold, Platinum, Etc.
Per dwt.

. $1.oo
. . . .
Gold Fillings . . . . .
$ 72 to 88
.....
" Scrap
" Fillings ....
60 to 75
Market Price.
. .
. .
Platinum . . . .
Bench and Floor Sweepings Refined.
All Orders Given Prompt Attention.

(V

AI

American
COLLEGE OF
DENTAL SURGERY
441 Wabash Avenue,
CHICAGO, ILL.
Fall and Winter Sessions of Lectures and
Clinics, with Infirmary Practice,

October 4th to April 4th,
Post-graduate Courses open from April
ist to October Ist.
For catalogues and circulars, address,
THEO. MENGES, D. D. S.
441 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill.

This book is a preservation facsimile produced for
the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
It is made in compliance with copyright law
and produced on acid-free archival
60# book weight paper
which meets the requirements of
ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper).
Preservation facsimile printing and binding
by
Northern Micrographics
Brookhaven Bindery
La Crosse, Wisconsin
2012