ILLI N O I S
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

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THE UNIVERSITYi

QF ILLINOIS

:Protessor of
i S
1 a
Presente by iJMrs.

81
AZa.si.

1898g

MOSS

C~arenbon

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§¢riii5

AESCHYLUS
AGAMEMNON

WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES
BY"

A. SIDGWICK, M.A.
READER IN GREEK IN THE UNIVERSITY
FELLOW AND TUTOR OF CORPUS CHRISTI

OF OXFORD

COLLEGE, OXFORD

LATE FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND ASSISTANT MASTER
OF RUGBY SCHOOL

FIFTH EDITION, RE VISED
PART I-INTRODUCTION AND TEXT

AT THE CLARENDON
1898

PRESS

HENRY

FROWDE, M.A.

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND NEW YORK

A a-, sL

PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION.
IN this edition the text has been carefully revised, and the
apparatus criticus slightly remodelled, in preparation for an
edition of the text of Aeschylus to be published in the new
Classical Texts issued by the Oxford University Press.
The critical notes (at the foot of the pages) are somewhat
fuller. Several further corrections have been admitted, which
were in some cases previously rejected but now on further
consideration are preferred; others which have been recently
suggested are now adopted. In a few cases I have mentioned in the notes conjectures which have much to recommend them, but which I did not venture to include in the
text. The method of referring to the MSS. has been somewhat modified, to make it clearer and more uniform. It is
fully explained at the end of the Introduction (p. xxii): and
a list of MSS. and editions, used or referred to, is given
pp. xix-xxi. The Argument and Dramatis Personae are
prefixed, as they appear in the Medicean MS.
On one point a word of explanation is required. In the
revised text I have followed the best recent editions in adopting the form KTvraqs orpa.

The evidence for this form is

very strong: and in particular (as will be seen from a note to
the Dramatis Personae) the Medicean has this form thirty-one
times, KvraLviorpu only once.

In the English Notes and

Introduction I have judged it best to retain the more familiar
Klytaemnestra.
In preparing this edition I have received help not only

636J110

iv

PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION.

from many of the works previously mentioned, but from
others which have appeared since the last revision. Among
these three may be particularly named: Wecklein's Orestie
(which contains many suggestions that were not in the
critical edition of 1885); Professor Campbell's text, published in the Parnassus Library; and the admirably executed
photographic reproduction of the Medicean MS., published
by the authorities of the Laurentian Library, under the
auspices of the Italian Ministry of Public Instruction. To
this facsimile is prefixed a preface by Professor Rostagno,
containing a full historical and critical account of the MSS.
I wish to add a word of thanks to Mr. F. C. Ford,
Mr. A. O. Prickard, and Professor Lock, Warden of Keble
College, for criticisms, corrections, and suggestions most
kindly communicated.

CONTENTS.
PART I.
PAGE

INTRODUCTION

.

.

.

........

vii

.

THE ORESTEIA

vii

.......

STORY AND PLOT OF AGAMEMNON

viii

EARLIER VERSIONS OF THE STORY

.

MODIFICATIONS OF THE STORY

.

viii
...

X

THE DRAMA OF THE AGAMEMNON

.

Xiii

THE MORAL AND RELIGIOUS IDEAS ..

xiv

THE CHARACTERS
THE CHORIC

SONGS

xvii

.......

.

THE EDITIONS

TEXT

.

xxi

........
.

TRANSLATIONS

XiX

.......

THE MANUSCRIPTS

THE TEXT

xi

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

XXii

.

.

.
.

xxii

.

I-61

.

PART II.
.

NOTES

..........

APPENDICES
INDICES ..

-79
.

........

0

.

.

.

.

80

.

86

INTRODUCTION.
THE ORESTEIA.

THE Agamemnon is one of a set of three plays which all dealt
with the same story, each constituting as it were one act of
a great drama. Such sets were called trilogies, and according to
the ordinary theory were acted on the same occasion, and were
usually followed by a fourth play of a lighter cast (called Satyric
dramas, from the Satyr or attendant of Dionysos, which originally
was a leading part in it): the whole four being called a tetralogy.
The subject of the Satyric play in this instance is traditionally
recorded to have been ' Proteus.'
The Agamemnon relates
the return and murder of the king (the Crime); in the second
play, the Choaphoroe, Orestes comes back and slays his mother
Klytaemnestra (the Vengeance); while in the third, the Eumenides, the matricide is released from the furies who have pursued him, and acquitted by divine interposition before the
Areiopagos at Athens (the Reconciliation). About the Proteus
we know nothing'.
The date of the Agamemnon is given as B.C. 458, and the poet
won the first prize.
The presumable division of parts is as follows in the Aga
memnon :-Chief actor or Protagonist: Klytaemnestra.
Second actor or Deuteragonist: Kassandra.
Third actor or Tritagonist: Agamemnon.
Watchman, Herald, Aegisthos, divided among the others.
Chorus of Argive elders.
Except three fragmentary lines and a few words, preserved by grammarians and scholiasts, and printed among the fragments of Aeschylus.

viii

INTROD UCTION.
THE STORY AND THE PLOT OF THE AGAMEMNON.

The story is the return and murder of Agamemnon by Klytaemnestra his wife, aided by her lover Aegisthos; Agamemnon
is accompanied by a captive, the princess and prophetess Kassandra, and she is murdered by the same hands at the same time.
The story is as old as Homer, and Aeschylus gives it, as will be
seen below, with some differences.
The action of the play in detail is as follows:Agamemnon has been absent for ten years at Troy. Meanwhile
his wife Klytaemnestra has been ruling Argos (not Mykenae, see
note on line i), in conjunction with her lover Aegisthos. The
news of the capture of Troy is daily expected, and the play opens
with the appearance of the night-watchman on the roof, waiting
(as he has been for a year past) for the beacon fire which is to
announce the victory. While the watchman is complaining of
his troubles, the flame flashes out, and he goes to tell his mistress
(Prologue). The chorus enter and sing; meanwhile the queen
comes out, and is seen lighting the altar fires and preparing for a
festal display in honour of the event. The leader of the chorus
learns from her the tidings, and after describing the beacon-race,
she imagines the scene in Troy, and expresses a hope that all will
end well (Scene x). After another choric song the Herald appears,
who describes, first, the sufferings before Troy, and, finally, the
storm which scattered the fleet; the queen sends by him a
welcome to her lord (Scene 2). In Scene 3 Agamemnon returns,
with Kassandra; Klytaemnestra greets her lord, and persuades
him to step into the palace over purple carpets. In Scene 4 the
queen orders in Kassandra, but as the prophetess sits mute and
disregards her, she retires. Kassandra then delivers herself of
her visions, and announces the murder of the king and of herself.
The groans are heard behind the scenes; the doors open, and
Klytaemnestra is seen with the dead. She justifies her deed, and
afterward Aegisthos comes forth and exults; and just as the Argives
are about to assail him, the queen steps in and stays the tumult.
EARLIER VERSIONS OF THE STORY.

The earliest version of the story must be gathered from the
following passages in Homer :-1 Quoted from the beautiful translation by Butcher and Lang.

INTRODUCTION.

ix

(I) Od. i. 35. ' Even as of late Aegisthos, beyond that which
was ordained, took to him the wedded wife of Atreides, and killed
her lord on his return, and that with sheer doom before his eyes,
since we [the gods, Zeus is speaking] had warned him by the
mouth of Hermes . . . that he should neither kill the man nor
woo his wife. For from Orestes shall there be vengeance for
Atreides so soon as he shall come to man's estate and long for his
own country. So spake Hermes, yet he prevailed not on the
heart of Aegisthos.'
(2) Od. iii. 263. ' [Aegisthos] living in peace in the heart of
Argos ... spake oftentimes to the wife of Agamemnon and
tempted her. Verily at the first she would none of the foul deed,
the fair Klytaemnestra, for she had a good understanding.
Moreover there was with her a minstrel, whom the son of
Atreus straitly charged as he went to Troy to have a care of
his wife. But when at last the doom of the gods bound her to
her ruin, then did Aegisthos carry the minstrel to a lonely isle,
and left him there to be the prey and spoil of birds; while, as
for her, he led her to his house, a willing lover with a willing
lady .....
[304] and for seven years he ruled over Mykenae,
rich in gold, after he slew the son of Atreus, and the people were
subdued unto him. But in the eighth year came upon him goodly
Orestes back from Athens to be his bane, and slew the slayer
of his father.'
(3) Od. iv. 521 . ' Then verily did Agamemnon set forth with
joy upon his country's soil, ....
and the watchman spied him
from his tower, whom crafty Aegisthos had led and posted there,
promising him for a reward two talents of gold. Now he kept
watch for a year, lest Agamemnon should pass by him when he
looked not, and mind him of his wild prowess. So he went to
the house to bear the tidings to the shepherd of the people.
And straightway Aegisthos contrived a cunning treason. He
chose out twenty of the best men in the township, and set an
ambush, and on the further side of the hall he bade prepare a
feast. Then with chariot and horses he went to bid to the feast
Agamemnon, shepherd of the people: but caitiff thoughts were
in his heart. He brought him up to his house all unwitting of his
doom, and when he had feasted him, slew him, as one slayeth an ox
at the stall. And none of the company of Atreides were left, nor
any of the men of Aegisthos, but they were all killed in the halls.'

INTRODUCTION.
(4) Od. xi. 409. [Shade of Agamemnon speaks.] 'Aegisthos
after he had
slew me, with the aid of my accursed wife ....
Even so I died, and round me my
bidden me to his house ....
And most
company likewise were slain without ceasing ....
pitiful of all, I heard the voice of the daughter of Priam, of
Kassandra, whom the traitorous Klytaemnestra slew hard by
me; but as for me, as I strove to raise my hands I dropped them
Naught is more shameless than
to the earth as I lay dying ....
a woman who imagines such evil in her heart, even as she too
planned a foul deed, fashioning death for her gentle lord.'
MODIFICATIONS OF THE STORY.

It will be seen not only that the tale, as Aeschylus gives it, is
different in many particulars from the Homeric story, but also
that in the different passages of the Odyssey different versions
seem to have been current; or at least it is possible to trace a
development of the mythus.
In Homer it is Aegisthos who does the murder, either alone, as
(i) seems to imply, or by an ambuscade, as (3) tells us. Also
Aegisthos is not in Agamemnon's palace: he took Klytaemnestra
to his own house (2) : and there entertained the king (3), and there
murdered him. Aegisthos' motive is not mentioned, but seems
to be mere ambition.
Klytaemnestra in (I), (2), and (3) is not said to have had anything to do with the murder, but is only described as unfaithful:
the
while in (4) she ' planned the foul deed,' and 'aided'
murderer, and herself killed Kassandra.
The ' minstrel' who watched over the wife appears in (2) only
and is nowhere else alluded to.
Kassandra appears only in (4).
In Aeschylus Aegisthos is only secondary in the murder: he is
'a recreant lion wallowing in the couch.' The motive which he
alleges is vengeance, arising out of family feuds.
Klytaemnestra is the leading agent: she is the dvapd3ovXov KEap
who devises and executes: and her motive too is vengeance for
her child's death, with a touch of jealousy for Kassandra. Of a
feast or ambuscade Aeschylus knows nothing: the king is muffled
in a cloak and stabbed in a bath. And there is no battle of
attendants.

INTRODUCTION.

X1

The Watchman in Aeschylus, though, like the Homeric guard
in (3), 'he has watched for a year,' is not a spy of Aegisthos
watching to catch Agamemnon, but a loyal servant' who grieves
over the disorders of the house, is watching for the beacon, and is
overjoyed at the thought of seeing his master. And the murder
takes place in the palace of Agamemnon.
Besides these there are minor modifications of the story. The
confusion of Argos and Mykenae is mentioned in notes on line i.
2
In Homer too Menelaos is king of Sparta and has nothing to do
with the Agamemnon tale: in Aeschylus he is clearly joint-king
of Argos with Agamemnon (42 sqq.). The chorus inquire for
him, and call him 'loved ruler of the land' (619). The two are
'one in heart,' a ' two-throned power of the Achaioi' (Io9), and
This
live in the same palace, called Udoo 'Arpe av (400).
accounts for the anxious inquiry of the chorus (617), and the reassurance given by the herald (675) about Menelaos.
THE DRAMA OF THE AGAMEMNON.

How far Aeschylus was following current modifications in the
story, and how far he himself modified the tradition for dramatic
purposes, we cannot fully tell: nor is the subject one of great
importance. It is of far greater interest to notice briefly some
of the points that contribute to the extraordinary impressiveness
of the poem as a work of art and as a drama.
Of Aeschylus' style it is not necessary to say much: every
reader will feel its beauty and power. The principal characteristics of it are obviously its dignity, its strength, and the bold3
ness and wealth of its imagery : and though there are passages in
the Agamemnon which are bare, even in bareness it is grand;
and on the other hand there are passages which for tenderness
and pathos and pure poetic beauty are unmatched even in Greek.
This explains a curious note at the beginning of the Medicean
manuscript, Oepdcirwv 'Ayaipvovos, o6X 6 Lvrb AiyieOov raXEis.
2 This is remarked by Prof. Campbell in American Journal of Phil.,
Dec. 1880.
8 Thus he speaks of ' the beard of fire,' 'war the gold-merchant,' a
hurricane as 'an evil shepherd,' the sea 'flowering with dead,' a lion
the
'the Priest of Ruin,' 'the net of death,' ' mixing bowl of wrath,' 'the
raging Dam of Hades,' hope 'treading the halls of Fear.'

xii

INTROD UCTION.

Such are the descriptions of Iphigeneia in the first chorus, of
Helen in the second, and the whole scene with Kassandra. We
have, too, much relief in the variety of the characters; and even
a touch of humour here and there, as in the helplessness of the
Argive elders after the murder 1, and the racy vernacular idiom of
the /Xkag.
Another point is the marvellous power of conception shown in
the two leading figures, Klytaemnestra and Kassandra, as is more
fully developed below in treating of the characters (p. xiv).
But the effect of the play is largely due to another element,
which is quite independent of the grandeur of the style, and the
power of presenting character. And this element is what we
may call the moralising of the plot. In Homer we have merely
a tale of savage ambition and crime. In Aeschylus we have a
house tainted with dreadful wickedness in the past, old sin
leading to new sin, and that to further retribution, till the family
seems haunted by a terrible fate of bloodshed. According to
the later tale, Pelops, the ancestor, slew Myrtilus, by whose aid
he won his bride: Atreus and Thyestes, his sons, slew their stepbrother Chrysippos : Thyestes seduced his brother's wife Aerope.
Atreus served up the slain children of Thyestes for their father
to eat : Atreus' son Agamemnon banished Thyestes and his third
son Aegisthos, and slew his own daughter Iphigeneia. Aeschylus
only mentions the last three of these crimes: but the bloody
past is present in his thoughts. And what gives the play its
overwhelming effect is the feeling, ever growing, of this past
horror and impending retribution. The 'House knows the many
deeds of blood:' and the Avenger is always waiting. The justice
of the gods may be slow, but it is sure.
This feeling is chiefly aroused and maintained by the choric
songs, which will be found analysed below, p. xvii. For, by the
necessities of the case, it is the chorus who have to hint the
bloodguiltiness of the king. The queen, who is to avenge the
deed, cannot charge him with it, since, in order to execute her
plot, she must maintain the mask of love and faithfulness 2. And
1 The contrast between the decisiveness of the heroic personages and
the imbecility of the council reveals a glimpse of the anti-democratic
tendencies of the poet.
2 Enger, Preface to Agamemnon.

INTRODUCTION.

xiii

accordingly these choric songs are not merely splendid lyric
poems, they are also as it were the voice of the general conscience sadly foreboding inevitable doom. In the eloquent words
of a French critic': ' The idea of impending chastisement is
incessantly repeated; it mingles with the joy of victory; a dark
cloud, big with the storm, covers the gloomy scene; till the
dream, so wearing and so terrible, filled with visions so fearful
and mysterious, ends with a peal of thunder.'
THE MORAL AND RELIGIOUS IDEAS.

The leading religious and moral ideas of Aeschylus, as they
appear in the Agamemnon, can be summarised in a few sentences.
3
There is unquestioning faith in the gods: impiety, rb 8vo oeS,
is the worst of sins (760). The gods are all powerful: Zeus
is beyond compare (162), the cause of all and the doer of all
(1485). The gods regard men's actions (370), punish transgression (59), avenrge bloodshed (461), though the retribution
may linger (364).
The leading idea of the gods is their power : human sin comes
3
from resisting or defying this power, &ipe (765). The gods are
also just: but the justice is a form of their power; it is'the
humbling of the proud. So wealth is no defence to the wicked
(381), and virtue is found among men in humble dwellings (772).
The cruder idea that God resents mere prosperity, he rejects
(755): misery always comes from sin (760). Yet prosperity is
dangerous, as it engenders pride (372): mortals are insatiate of
wealth (xoo2, 1331) and so come to ill. For human well-being
is precarious: 'Disease is behind the party-wall,' and there is
always 'the hidden reef' (Ioo2-5). The thunderbolt strikes the
famous (470).
Man then who has sinned cannot escape: the doer must
suffer' (1564). And in this way God teaches man: ' wisdom
comes by suffering ' (177).
Aeschylus feels strongly the mysteriousness of human fate and
the helplessness of man. Though the gods are omnipotent and just,
yet this justice acts inscrutably. Agamemnon was bidden to slay
his child, and had to obey (206): yet it was a crime (219-221),

1Patin,

Itude sur Eschyle.

xiv

INTRODUCTION.

and produced 'terrible wrath,' rising again (154). It was to the
king 'the collar of necessity' (218). In this way there is a fate,
an avenger, established in the house (1481, 1507), the house is
'close welded to ruin' (1565). The refrain of human life is the
prayer, 'Woe: but let good prevail,' which recurs in the first
chorus : and the conclusion of the whole matter is ' is hard to
it
discern,'

8uo';aXd EdTL

Kpivac
(1561).
THE CHARACTERS.

Klytaemnestra. The character of Klytaemnestra is given
with a masterly force and effect in every stroke. There are no
fine shades about the drawing, as there are none in the conception. She is the impersonation of the tyrannic self-will, wronged
and angered, and turned to vengeance. She is Homer's oXopuvq
AkXoxor, 'an accursed wife:' pitiless, and contemptuous, and unimpassioned, but resolutely bent on revenge, and concentrating
her whole Titanic force upon it without misgiving 1. There is no
womanly passion in her, and no trace of weakness. The murder
she is bent on is in revenge for her slain child, but we hear
scarcely a word of love 2 for Iphigeneia from her lips: the lovely
description of the maiden in her father's halls is from the mouth
of the chorus; but the mother scarcely mentions her save in the
climax of her bitter triumph, when with dreadful irony she
pictures her welcoming her sire in Hades (I555). She is an
adulteress, but there is no love for her paramour; her unfaithfulness is merely a form of her vengeance: hatred of her husband is
the motive of it, not love of Aegisthos. She is crafty, but hers is
the craft of a strong and not a weak nature: it is only the needful means to carry out her purpose completely, and the moment
the need is over, the mask is scornfully flung aside.
Let us briefly trace her attitude through the play.
In scene 2 she enters (264) in apparent triumph: but of course
the joy is not over the fall of Troy, it is merely grim delight in
the coming vengeance. There is irony in her first word Evdy1 One leading difference between Klytaemnestra and her great rival
Lady Macbeth lies in the difference of the effect of the crime upon the
two. Klytaemnestra is unshaken: Lady Macbeth is broken by it.
iuoi wSiva: but this is in a passing juscL
2 She does call her td7rY
tification, and is not really dwelt on by the poet.

INTRODUCTION.
y Xos.

XV

There is a savage force in her long description of the

beacons (28I), and the state of Troy (320): she is acting a part

all through. And there is a deep irony in her hope (347) 'that
no evil desire might bring woe on the host : old ills might wake!'
In scene 3 she scornfully banters the chorus (590) for having
doubted her report : and she ends with the terrible prayer, ' May
he find a faithful wife, ay, even as he left her' (606).
In scene 4, when she meets her returning husband, she keeps up
unflinchingly the part she is acting. She poses audaciously as the
chaste matron who does not speak of her wifely love before
others (856) : laments the loneliness of her lot in her lord's
absence (861): half withdraws the mask to jest about the reported wounds of Agamemnon (868), then enlarges on her tears
and watchings (888): and describes her joy at his return in
This masterly speech ends with the
fulsome images (896).
thrilling line 'That justice may lead him to an unlooked for
home,' and an ambiguous promise that she will 'order aright
what is fated' (910-12).
Then follows the effective irony of Agamemnon entering 'the
human slaughter-house' over purple carpets.
After the next chorus she has a short scene (sc. 5) with the
speechless Kassandra, showing herself as the contemptuous and
pitiless tyrant (1055-1068).

In scene 6 the deed is done and she boasts of it, ' I stand where
I struck the blow: the deed is done.' We observe her grim
talk of decorum (!), which prevents her from pouring libations of
triumph (1395), her total disregard of the opinions others have
of her act, 'the blame or praise is all one to me' (1403), and
her bitter triumph over Kassandra (1440), savouring characteristically far more of contempt than of jealousy.
In the KO/LE her cold irony and hardness reaches a climax.
She calls herself the Avenger of the House (1500oo): vents the
fearful sarcasm about Iphigeneia mentioned above (1555): and
ends with a calm resolve, as though she were the victim and not
the criminal, to ' bear her troubles' and a wish for 'a quiet life
and a humble competence

!'

(1574).

In the last scene, true to herself, she just interposes at the end
to stop the brawling between Aegisthos and the Chorus: 'We
have had enough of trouble,' and to lead off her lover, bidding
him not mind ' the vain howlings' of the Chorus.

xvi

INTRODUCTION.

Kassandra. Kassandra is not strictly speaking a study of
character at all: the interest comes from her situation, and the
extraordinary picturesqueness and impressiveness of the figure she
presents. If the object of tragedy is to arouse 'pity and terror'
there is no more supremely tragic figure than Kassandra in all
the Greek drama.
She comes on, silent and wild-glancing ('like a new-caught
beast,' 1063) in the car of Agamemnon. She is a princess, a
prophetess, and a captive. She sits motionless on the stage
during the long scene between Agamemnon and Klytaemnestra
(810-974), and the choric song (975-1034), and hears the queen's

reiterated scornful commands without a word of answer. When
Klytaemnestra is gone, she replies to the kind and pitying tones
of the chorus first with wild exclamations, then with cries of
horror, growing slowly more articulate and clear, against the
crime-defiled house before her. Then the past deeds of blood
rise before her in visions each more startling than the last, till

3

the climax is reached in the terrible 18o iao6" arEXE r71 / obs v
Trapov (I 25) : after which she passes into tender and sad laments

of her own fate. Then she sinks from the excited lyric dochmiacs to ' clear prophecy' in the ordinary iambic metre, broken
by two spasms of inspiration. Next follows the splendid soliloquy
(I255), when she hurls to the ground the badges of her pro-

phetic office, the sacred staff and chaplets; and finally, after one
more prophecy of the Retribution of Orestes, she utters the
saddest of all laments over human destiny-'Alas for mortal lot ! when prosperous
'tis but a sketch ! and if misfortune comes,
the wet sponge with its touch blots out the drawing;'
and so passes under the blood-stained portal to her death.
Agamemnon. Though the king gives his name to the play,
and though he is in one sense the central figure, he only appears
in one short scene. But that suffices for the poet's purpose.
Agamemnon is the victorious heroic monarch, returning in
triumph to the house which is to be ' a human slaughter-house:'
and all that is wanted is what we have, the stately procession,
the thanksgiving, the greeting interchanged with his wife, the
natural Greek misgiving at the needless waste and display of the
purple tapestries, and the royal graciousness with which after a

INTRODUCTION.

XVll

brief resistance he gives way to Klytaemnestra's wish. The
irony of the situation is brought fully out; even down to the
minor touches, such as his bitter words about false friends (837)
when he is thinking of the Greeks before Troy, and ignorant of
the faithlessness of his wife: and again the almost pathetic
futility of his pious caution in taking off his shoes (945), when at
last he agrees to tread the purple.
Aegisthos is but the ' recreant lion wallowing in the couch'
(1224), or again, 'the wolf that mated with the lioness' (1259),
as Kassandra calls him : or, in the rough vernacular of the chorus,
' a cock proud before his hen' (1671). He simply comes on to
tell the tale of blood (1577), and to boast the deed he has not
dared to do. He is an effective foil to the queen; especially at
the very end, where Aegisthos blusters and threatens the chorus,
whom Klytaemnestra treats with cold and distant scorn. 'Care
not for the vain howls of these men: thou and I will rule the
house and order it well.' In his case, as in the queen's, vengeance is given as the motive for his plot.
The Watchman forms an effective opening to the play, with
the contrast between the rough and almost humorous homeliness
of his speech and the terrible drama that impends : but enough is
said of him in the notes, see 17.
The Herald performs the usual office of the ayyEXor, varying
the drama with a fine description of the shipwreck (650o). His
appearance also serves to heighten the suspense and darken the
forebodings.
THE CHORIC SONGS.

The full analysis of the choric songs will be found in the notes:
but it is desirable to take a general view of them, in order to see
their dramatic effect.
(I) 40-257. The chorus do not yet know the good news of
the capture: and in this first song they tell the tale of the
mustering of the fleet for Troy, the sign of the eagles and the
hare, and the adverse gales, and the sacrifice of Iphigeneia. The
opening thought is 'the gods are just, and must punish the sin
of Paris' (59 sqq.). But the hope is mixed with fear (Ioo) and
the refrain (12, 139, 159) echoes the mingled feelings. They
cannot shake off the thought that the slaughter of the maiden
must bring woe : ' it is a lawless sacrifice, a seed of strife' (152):
'the wrath remains terribly doomed to return' (155): Zeus

b

XViii

INTRODUCTION.

'teaches men by suffering' (176). And the whole description of
the sacrifice ( 2 05-246) with its terrible pathos and beauty is
meant to enhance the horror of the crime. The song ends with
an awful foreboding, based on a sure belief in justice (250): the
future is so dark that it is folly to look forward: 'too early
knowledge is too early sorrow' (252).
A strain of deep faith runs through it all. 'Zeus is beyond
compare' (163), and Retribution is sure.
(2) 355-487. The news has now come of the victory, and we
expect a song of joy.
But the tone of the Chorus is again rather a praise of justice
which punishes crime. It is the crime of Paris of which they
speak chiefly: but one feels all through that there are other sins
in the singer's mind which shall also be punished: and at the end
there is a clear note of misgiving for Agamemnon on a new ground,
namely because he has caused the death of so many warriors.
The description of the wrecked happiness of the home, where
the wife has been faithless, and of the horrors of war, as shown in
the slaughter of citizens and the consequent wide-spread mourning, are both written with a modern intensity and sympathy,
which seem remarkably in advance of ordinary Greek sentiment; quite apart from their imperishable beauty.
(3) 681-809. The messenger has come and confirmed the
tidings with details of the victory: but significantly the tale ends
with disaster: the returning fleet was wrecked.
The Chorus again dwell on the Retribution to those who
wronged Hospitality: the beauty of Helen (which is described
in lines of unspeakable loveliness, 740-3) only brings into sharper
contrast the curse which came with her: like a lion's whelp, a
cherished plaything, grown into a ravager of flocks.
At the end is a remarkable passage, in which the poet repudiates the common Greek doctrine of 8Odvo, which taught that
man's prosperity roused the envy of the gods and so brought
disaster. 'No,' says Aeschylus, 'it is not Prosperity, but always
sin, violence, injustice that brings woe.'
Again the application is apparently to Paris: again we feel
that the sin of Agamemnon is present in the thought.
(4) 975-1034. The king has returned, been greeted, and
entered the palace in triumph over the purple tapestry. The
success is apparently complete.

INTRODUCTION.

xix

The choric song is however one long foreboding of ill: a foreboding ' which they cannot explain, but cannot dismiss' (975-80).
But the reason comes out: the sin is there, and so there is no
safety. 'The black and murdered blood once shed who can
recall?' (Io
They can only take refuge in vague and feeble
hopes. One feels impending calamity in the very air.
(5) 1072-1177. In this astonishing scene we have the inspired
Kassandra and her visions of past and impending deeds of blood.
But this is fully explained in the notes, and the chorus has only
a secondary part to play: and accordingly we may pass on.
(6) 1448-1576. The deed has been done: the foreboding is
fulfilled, and the chorus in despair can only pray for death, and
lament the woe that Helena caused. There is a Fate on the
house (1467), it is the will of Heaven, of Zeus (1485): and when
the queen urges that it is the requital for the murder of Iphigeneia (the very deed which the chorus all through had expected
to bring woe) they can only express sad perplexity: the justice,
if it be justice, will demand yet another victim: the blood is
falling ever faster (i534). And they end with again striking the
note of Justice: 'it is the will of God that the doer shall suffer'

9).

(1563).
THE MANUSCRIPTS.

The MSS. which contain the Agamemnon, the whole or part,
are as follows:
i. M. Much the oldest and most important is the Medicean, in
the library of Lorenzo dei Medici at Florence, written on parchment in the Loth or I th century; a photographic facsimile of
this has been published by the Italian Ministry of Public Instruction. The MS. contains Agamemnon r-31o, and 1067-1159, the
middle and end of the play being lost.
2. G. Guelferbytanus, at Wolfenbiittel, written on paper in the
15 th century, contains the same parts of the Agamemnon as M.,
of which it is clearly a copy. Dindorf calls it 'a most faulty
manuscript.'
3. Ma. Marcianus (once in the monastery of San Marco), now
in the library of Lorenzo at Florence, written on paper in the
15th century, also clearly a copy of M., containing the same parts
of the play.

b2

INTROD UCTION.

XX

4. B. Bessarionis, in the library of St. Mark at Venice, written
on paper about the i 3 th century, containing Ag. 1-348 : probably
a copy of M. before the loss of the central leaves (Moritz Haupt,
preface to Hermann, 1859).
The above four are probably not independent authorities.
5. V. The Venetian (Venetus B), in the library of St. Mark at
Venice, written on parchment in the I th century, containing
Ag. 1-45, and

o1095 end.
to

6. Fl. Florentinus,in the library of Lorenzo at Florence, written
on paper in the 1 4th century, containing Agamemnon entire.
7. Fa. Farnesianus (once in the Farnese library), now in the
Museum at Naples, written in the x4th century. It contains the
revision of Demetrius Triclinius, who has done a good deal in
the way of emendation, though often erroneously.
The exact relation of these three MSS. to the first four is not
easy to determine: but there is no doubt that many obvious
corruptions are common to all existing MSS.
In the critical notes the text of the Medicean as originally
written is always quoted as M. But besides the original scribe,
other hands appear in the MS. as follows:i. A contemporary hand, easily distinguished, which wrote the
scholia (or Greek notes to the text) the glosses (or explanations
of words between the lines), corrected the errors and supplied
omissions of the first hand, added the Argument and Dramatis
Personae, and occasionally inserted a query or a conjecture at
the side. The corrections of this writer are important, as he
evidently revised the work of the scribe, comparing it with
another MS.: he was moreover clearly a more learned and
careful person than the scribe. He is quoted always as m.
2. Later correctors (14th or 15th cent.) who are occasionally
referred to, and are quoted as m.
As the MSS. are called by different names, and quoted by
different letters, it may be useful to give the following table :M.

library

G.
B.
Fl.
Fa.
V.

,,
,,
,,
,,
,,

Florence,

no.

xxxii. 9

Wolfenbiittel,
Venice,
Florence,
Naples,
Venice,

,,
,,
,,
,,
,,

88
468 or xci. 4
xxxi. 8
I. E. S.
616 or xci. 5

century
,,

,,
,,
,,
,,

X-XI.
XV.
XIII.
XIV.
XIV.
XV.

INTROD UCTION.

xxi

We have then the following abbreviations and signs used in the
critical notes :M. the scribe or first hand of the Medicean.
m. the second hand, who revised the scribe's work.
m,. later correctors.

G., B., V., Fl., Fa., the later MSS. described above.
not quoted.]
rec. one of the later MSS. containing the passage.
recc. all (or most) of the later MSS.
codd. all (or most) of the MSS. including M.
( ) conjectural additions to the text.
[ ] words which should be omitted from the text.
t corrupt text not emended.

[Ma. is

THE EDITIONS.

The following is a list of the chief editions (a) of the whole
seven plays, (b) of the Agamemnon:
(a) All the plays:1518 Aldine.
) These give only the parts of Ag. found in M.
In Aid. and Turn. the play is confused with
1552 Turnebus.
1552 Robortello.
Choephori. Rob. gives the two plays separate.
1557 Victorius (Vettori). This is the first that gives Ag. whole.
1580
1663
1745
1746
1782
1794
1794

Canter.
Stanley.
Pauw.
Askew.
Schiitz.
Porson.
Portus.

1809 Butler.
1823 Wellauer.
1825 Boissonade.

1828 Scholefield.
1831 Bothe.
1842 E. A. I. Ahrens.
1847-79 Paley.
1852 G. Hermann.
1852 Hartung.
I858 Weil.

1871 Merkel.
1880 Kirchhoff.
1885 Wecklein.

1827-69 W. Dindorf.

(b) Agamemnon separately:(annotated 1856 Schneidewin.
1816 G. Hermann
Humboldt).
1822 Blomfield.
1822 Tyrwhitt.

1863 Nagelbach.
1863 Keck.
1864 Heusde.

1833 Klausen.

1868 Davies.

1837 Haupt.
1839 Schneider.

1874 Gilbert.
1878 Kennedy.

1844 Peile.

1883 Hense (edited Schneidewin).

1846 Franz.

1884 Margoliouth.

1848 Conington.
1855 Enger.

1888 Wecklein (Orestie).

xxii

INTRODUCTION.

In addition to the above, corrections are occasionally quoted
from Auratus, Casaubon, Scaliger, Dobree, Heath, Musgrave,
and Madvig.
I use the common abbreviation L. S. for Liddell and Scott.

THE TEXT.

From the list of MSS. given above it will be seen that the
oldest and best is the Medicean (M.). Wherever the reading of
this MS. differs from that adopted in the text, the fact is
noted in the critical commentary, at the foot of the page. The
only exception is in the case of minor errors of accent or spelling; and even these are noted where they seemed at all important. The later M SS. are quoted where important.
Where M. is wrong, and the reading adopted appears in all or
most of the later MSS., I have not thought it necessary always
to specify the latter, but have often used the term recc.,
i. e. recentiores.

Thus, line
ErEL

yEvoL'

252:-

recc.

E?rLyivOLr

i.e. the Medicean reads EnLyEvOLT, but

M.

rEL yEvoLt'

is found in

several later MSS.
Where M. and all or most of the later MSS. agree in an
error, I use the term codd., i. e. codices. Thus line 77:
adviocyov Hermann: Av6cycov codd.
i. e. M. and the later MSS. have iov--v, but Hermann' corrected it to dvariroov.

Where M. is right, and the later MSS. (all or most) agree in an
error, the fact is recorded; thus line 26 :oq/taivo M.: or pavco recc.
Where M. and the later MSS. (all or most) are wrong, but the
errors are different, both are recorded ; thus line 110o :6vI0poE rayw Dindorf: 6utipova

raIyiv

M.: rayiv recc.

but frequently I have judged it sufficient, where the MSS. have
different errors of no importance, to record only the reading
of M.
Where neither MSS. nor proposed corrections are satisfactory,
the passage is marked with t, as in I29, 803, &c.

INTRODUCTION.

XX11i

TRANSLATIONS.

The Agamemnon has been done into English in nearly a score
of translations. Those which I have consulted, and occasionally
taken the liberty to quote, are the following; I give the abbreviations in italics, by which they are quoted in my notes:Professor Conington (Con.).
Miss Swanwick (Swan.).
Dean Milman: (Mil.).
Mr. R. Browning (Br.).
Professor Kennedy (Ken.),
Mr. E. D. A. Morshead (Mors.).
The last is the one to which I: owe most.

AFAMEMN&2 N

AESCI{

AG.

AF"AMEMNONOM Th'IOOEII1.
v7TEOXETO

O'KO7rO?
Kal

6

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ELS IXLOV

'AyaME'tcv

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TICS

EKaOLtQE?'

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ELarwf7Ld

'Ayaecv
nv T

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TOV' OLKOV' 0'
7Tpo/LOTEVETLL, 7rpL'v ELS TIE [3ILELI

aUTOS'AtE? Ovv

Kao-civ~pa 8E

7)q

ETp -~

OaaTO?', KIat Tq7V E~

WOC
Oa?'ovVq7,

pt~ao-a

Ta

T&)

OXX
o?

METaWrEIL-

6

oTL?'EK 5

7rapcayL'erTQ

EIIL al7?'K

davp~a

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Ka

av6'pa.

KXvraqI5O-Tpn,
E(T-EXOEWy, TO?' EILvT?7
T,

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OpE(TTOt) )J7TpOKTO?'LIL?,

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Ah,-X6XoC

3

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p(ET' 0?)rU8

KaLL
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ELtrETO

O-f

w KaL o XoPes o-vOTaratC

7rETatL,TLEpL Tov)poo Tpfl(TO E
aKOVffa?'TEe

To

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OtKTOV' LKavo?'.

N
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A~yLOo?' Ka't KXvTatjigo-Tpa?' EKCLTEpo?' 8ttaYXVPtCoI~'
pELTECOS E?'L KE(JaX ILwp TI)?'

ME?'

7T

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avatLpEOTEL k~pLyE7)ELaS,

TO?'E

TCLC

7ra7'pOS eEO'TOV E 'A~pEWS crvp4opaNS.
6 66 9
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KOLT~fl) ETEL j3.
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Argumentum]

15J

o? ITrpl T7-1' IWa
TO?)

20

ZE?'OKX7g 'Ao/avE6S.
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2

add. Fl
vWTEVOXETO

19

0 7 a0I)IIOTT5

1*

Meursius

T~ T
aoi
OvAa

pcqpaxos wp~cowwcr
xop6 s

KAvrait/.qo-pa
'AyaIj4,.vcov

[yyEXos]

ATaX'ywpos
Aiyto-6os

KKo
pvp

Kaoaaspa

yyeAos et TaxO13pros seclusit Stanley
Dramatis personae]
[nomen KXvwraso'rpa sic scriptum habet M his locis: in Agam.
84, 258, in argum. quater, in dram. pers. semel : in Choeph. 881, in
scholiis septemdecies (22, 81, 304, 384, 418, 440 bis, 462 bis, 543, 6o0,

623, 634, 830, 836, 878, 956); in Eum. 94 (nota personae), in
contra KAvrapru o-rpa bis:
scholiis quater (94, 104, 361, 638)
Eum. 116; et ibidem in dram. person., ubi tamen v recentiore manu
insertum]

APAMEMNKIN

OEovs

Fv acTCJ

r6wvb' a7IraXXay-'v7-6vWV,

ppovpas ETE(US~ fJ7qKOS~,

o-7-EyaLs'

?JP Kot~c/JE0S~

'ATpEt 36V ayKcLOEV, KVYos' biKv,

iffrpov IKaToLta VVKT4XO)y O/JL7yVptW,
Kat Tovs~

(r~povras~ X~P'a

Kat

Oe'pos f3pOrois

5

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ar

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akw -t~fov TE /3a~tw

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Tpo~as MPTLJ

6

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yvvcatKos aYbJjO/OVXOV ' XK7lCOV
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'n-apao-ai-rE ,

/3E/3a)s' /3XEjapa o-vf43aXEtl) VITVG)

aEEtEY

r7

15

tJ.vvpEo-Oat 30KG,

JJITYov TO 3 avTtoXov EYTE PVcov aKOS,

c)5'

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20

r4 4ri v suspectum
? seclusit Pauw
v M
i Fl V Fa :
avO' firrvov] a&z"-brvous Weckleian
Acvz; Hermann, sed vide 1231-:2

2

fort.

Diibner
5E-OIOV
.E"ov

AIIXTAOT
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( co

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7-%LEp77fft0Z

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25

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bo'Mots
6

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30

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6

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6'

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W EKOV EY
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avJTOS,

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M

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: 'iygjavi~ rect.
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49

30

50

Fa: aLy'yER

a&yy4AWVn V

fort. EKyx7oes Blomfield

M

AFAMEMNQZN
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7TT~pvywL7 EPETMOLO"LV EpEO'TOMEVOL,
6

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7TJvov opTaXt~(O) 6',o-ctYTES'

5

? 7raTos

i) Flaw
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55

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6

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a~cIG yvvaLKo5

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'1roXXa

'Eptvvv.
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wratbas

waia-a a r~a Kt~ yvto/3ap"

yo'varos KoVcaw-wc EpEt6O/ dVOV

6taKvaLo E7vrs~ T' V 7rpOTEXEtOLS

0'

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6

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KacqaOS~

AavaoLoL
O'votws.
EATTL 07?
6'

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5

6'

v

Es To 7TE7T pw)j.E'VOV °

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d-7-ipwv LEpcovl

ovTE 6axpvwco
o

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71MEts~

6'

T7 s~ TOT'

70

arEvEts 7rapaOEA4EC.
aTiTLL arapK~c 7ra~aca
apy7

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10r07rat~a V4WVUTES

E~rTLT'K-qTTpOLS.

75

O TE yap v~apos MVEXos~ G'T~lvcv

avao ccov
3
"Apr 6' Ov VI(
To 0' v~wpyqpcov OvXXJbos~
EvTos'

UYO07TpEa'j vs,

x~p

On

KaraKapoUdY s~
7

6' ov6Ev

ooe

Tp(t'obas pEv

afTEiXEL,
5

raLbos~

8o

dpEtwv

69 vi -ocafwz' Casaubon : ve rolc~Awv codd.
5
mann : &pcaa-vwiv codd.
79 T~D 0' i
repyh4pwa B Fl

77 avcinn'wv Her-

~r~p'y',pwv Fa

T60t

: Tfot rEpyi~pwc M:

AIIXTAOT
&WavEt.

vo

p y

ovap'

8E, TVV6 4 IEco
OivyaTEp, j3a-I"XEtaKXvat
oi,

jarpa,

TL vt'ov; TL 8' brato-OdV7,

T( Xpt'OSi

rtvos~ ayyEXas~
7TEpL/2TE w7Ta BOO-KELS;

'TTEVO

'97TTV

80

8E OECDV TOw aOTVV0"pXOv,

VTOW,

XO)t'OU,
ayopa~ovw,

Tw3v T' ovpavtwv TcoV 'r'

/3Coptoi 6C.pOLO- 0A~yovratv
aXX?7

6'

JXXOOEV OvpavO/nK17s

Xa 7ra9 avc0-XEt,
0appAao-o-o

dv?) Xpi~aros ayvov

taXaKais aBOooot 7rapryopcats,

95

7rEXavZ'9 IIXXOOEY /3aaotXEp.
XE6ao- 0 Tt Kai 6vacLov
To TCOW
Kat O4LLS, aLVEWU,

rJo-E fLEpLJ wjs,

7Tat&)V TE yEVOv
Iq VVV
TOTE

TOTE fJE2J KaKoO

6' EK

cfpOV TEXEBOEt,

100

OVOacOZJ ayavnj at'vOW

EX7rGS a~tvVEt (ppoVTtb a7rX~o-TO1)

pEVa X?57rT11.

T-is Ovp~o/C3Jpov

PA

KvptOS~ EiLt OpOEY atOV Kparos' a'Lo-top av~p6wv

EKTEXEC0W

yap

ETt

OEOOEV

KaTaTVECEL

Tp.
[o-T a.
105

TEtLoQi MoX~Tav
IX Kav 0~v 1 !vTOS
6

aiciv"

os'W 'A~atwiv

6&'povov

KparTos,

87 lreveoZ Scaliger :

EXX6os~

ij3as

7rELeOO Fl
M 7rvOoi
:

(cPalEL9
(pp4'a (pavOE

Ouooceis Turnebus :
M : fort.
cpcdvovo-' Fl Fa :
Tr~s Ov~oP/0'ov
Atvrns Hermann : T V. Ovu0oM:
T
Oviuoj3pov A. cp. Fl : fort. Avrs
6v~oqO96pov iii-ov H.L. Ahrens
io6 -JrEL~oO IoAlrar &XK&PaHeller,
Campbell : JEAO /LoA7r&Jv &Aah codd. (in M correctum ex uomrav)
evoowiCLJeL codd.
Pauw
103
ver'46

40poV

101

(p4'o

AFAMEMN&2N

110

'rayc6,

evi,4povE

74TE~l'llEt 0-V1

'Pvts

Ooiptos

biop

7TflaKTofJ

TEVKpt6' E~r' atav,
/3a0-LXEVO7.

otco)VfW /3aOLtXEvs

6'

WvoKEXatvos,

r

6

'

EK 6O p L1T TOV

rTOts EV Ebpaw-t,
EfJLKV

7rcq 7rp

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/3Xaf3Evra XoOLOOL&v

c'XwUOv

vV~ro
L3cG'v

ovs '-

AJi

uaXt/p

7 7o

t

/iE'ppaTa, yE vvav,
120

a'iGwOv Et~TE, T

'ATpEibas'

b'

(Wa

b3pobLwo.

aE tTTpaT-0fJal'TLS

KEaVOS'

6ivo A?'taowt

lioovs

[&)VT.

a.

aycLCaTas

T' ap~as'
ELtrE TEpa4(W)P

~Ev

' Xpovo

115

6

XEP s~

owTco

VE-

apyas,

onr-

E~a~ppwv

qOavEvTES~ ITap

/3

XEPt

Kai

125

aypEt

F~pta~wv7JTOXWV abE KEXEVOS,
'rrav7-a bE
KT'lV?1

Motp'

7rvpy~ol)

±irpoOOeE ra bl

6&Xa'1-4$t
7JrATXqO7

To /f3iatov'

7rpos'

130

6

oto) l7n TLs' dya CEOQEV KVEoa UTN 7TpOTV7TEI) 0-Toj~v

Op(a)wEl.~OK

5Oovos

" ApTECLS'

7TTavo(ATw KVtTL

Eya T potas
TC-

yap

ayva2

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136

OvogEVOLW-

aVrOTOKOV -n-ps AX(ov ,LOyEpav wrTaKa
ffTvyEt

bE

8

EUTrVOL aLETOW).'

atVOV aiAGwoi Et7TE, TO

b

EvUVLKaTO.

III

I 10 fvgpOvE Tayci Dindorf : vuppova Tiar 'yav M:ra'ydv recc.
tcal Xyl Ar. Ran. 1288: aiicas codd.
1i
py(-s B3lomfield : &pylcw M
119
cIKtoz'a recc.: EpLK14UZTa M
Hartunig: gppamrr codd.
122 A2JaOLV i'(ioUs
:
8ton-ot's
codd.
120 -irpo'n8r rTa
Fl

IEp

Din X/Aaa-i
dorf

S
(pEp~cia

Fa : 'irpaoo'r~ M : utrumque suspectun'
codd.

I133

o'iKc'r Scaliger : ic

AIMXTAOT
7TEf Ei

T~OOV

bipoToLowt

XE7rTOLS'

pw)2 X EOYTLO1

(
7Ep7Tv

aE

'TfavTcOv T. aypovo,~L&W

Orqp(-iv o,3ptKdaXot0-

[ EoPw3.

4

KaX ,

pwo,

141

txoMafft0

6

,

TOVTCOV cdVEL 6vj43oXa Kpavcat,

j dv, KaTa owka
iccttew 8E Fl( atava,

UeLa

J-q

qxio7.Lara

8E

[o-7povO63vp].

145

TtvLs~ avT7Wroovs

Aav~aots

EXV,-a

Xpovias

air~ocas TEV ,q,
0-7rEv8oMEva Ovotav &ETpav aivop~v T-w',
V ELKE~tOV TEKTOva (Tv/J.pVTOV,
OV B3Eto-qo pa.

j~t/,kVEL yap

150

aov

0?O3Epa 'raXVopTos
155

OLKOVO/Jos 8oX~a kWLWW~ " PLs TEKVO7TOOWOS.
Tota8E KaXXas &iV ,LEyaXOts ayaeois a7rE'K~ay$Ev

ar

Mop-tL,

opv(OCOw

6btCov

OtKOL9 /3aG

tEots~

o Awfrivozv

Toffs'

aL'XLvov at~tvoV EMIE, TO 8Ev

056719

ZEUS,

7rOT' Eff(v,

VLKaTLo.

EL TOW' a&-

[ffp.

)3.

T-) L/7XOP KEKX-gUlLEw,16
TOVTO VU

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7raVT'

E'JtLTa0pxGpLEV0s

7TAJV AOO,Et TO

165

MaTav

&7r/ 4 povTCbos' axOos
/3aXEiV
X p1

(rOTts~

ET7TV"1AO)S9.
7rcpOLOE

7rapqa~p Opao-Et
141

8pJo'oLGL

AE7rTOLs

)V

3plvcov,

E

~yaS',

[aPT.

Wellauer : 8p~cOioLP aElrrO0o M : 8.

/3.

&7~TOL

144 afmE Gilbert : cd'rEi
fortasse gx rvoLs Wecklein
Wecklein
145 o-'povO@Vz 4codd. corruptum : avop~oi~v coni.
codd.
165 Tb acrav Pauw:.78
&WEKAay EP rec.: &7I ICAcU4E M
156a
aciav lM

B Fl

ArAMEMMN
0v8E XE2at

7rp'

CWZP

170

O 'E7rELT' EoJv, TptaKTTflOS 0Q(Ert~L TVX&W).

Z7vUa

bJE
TIS

7rpOp01vo

EIrtWLKta KXa40J2
7rtaV

TEl4ETaLt 4ppEvCJw TO
"TOP

06-

3porov

O pOVEcV

175

[o-Tp. 7.

0apva, TOV 7r&OEL p c~os

O~vTa

KVpi(Os~ EXEtV.

O-Td<EL v E'P

0V7TP9) 7rpO

igX0E

KOvTaS'

Kap863as

Kai Trap'a

MP11OLI-cOY IT' OS3

180

a-ctpovEcv.

6
batLov~Wv bE 7rOV )( pt5 /3(atos
a-E4a aoE/pYOP ?7JJtEVWP.

Ka

ToO' ?JyEMcfOP

/dvs vE&W

o

jJXWTW ovrtLa

ptwaots'

[&vr. y.

-rpbr-

.18

'xcK-

*JE7COP,

TtXato t a-v~orvkov,

AlEvT'

aITXoca KE~ayyEG /3apv-

VOLT'

'AXadtK~s

XEck~

XaXKiboS' 7r~pav E'x~
xeots Ev Avi~XbosT'W
7rvoai

b'

&IrO

KaKOO-XOXot,

/3poTcov

7rkpo

19o

X~pVMovOs[a-rp. b.
pco~ovoat

VlqJOTt8ES,, bVaophLOt,

&Xat,

VECO0VKTE> Kai

7rELO7JAaTOYL

7raXt / fK7 XPov'
3

d/ EtbEcs-

195

TW0ELta

Tpt/ p KaTEaLVOv 'avos "Apyovs.

170

oiBE A Xe'c H.

L. Ahrens :

rcaxpPdX~oLs codd.

o9,&z'

X1E a

182 jAacos

H. L. Ahrens : w-a~lpTurnebus : j3LcdC*S
codd.
190
'rE add. Porson
p%~oOL
codd.
_195 v'ewv Pauw : 'aJw' codd.
Hermann : 'Apyeiwv codd.
197

'Apyovs

AIMXTAOT
L
E7TEG

7L~pOv

Kai

xitja-o

7^Xap

&W~

200

3pLOVTEpOVU 7TPOJGOLtL1)

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EKXay4Ev

' SOTEyOova

wTpo41Epwvl

KTpOLS9 E7TuWpoVfavTas' 'ATpEibas~ ba&KpV
&va$

b'

'3apEt

t

1A?

/3apEia

[amT b.

iat~w,

206

wo~ oot

bEt

TEKVOV

-

KLTao-XE2y-

7E
O 7rpEc/3vs' TOT' EW (z'6iv
IJEV Kljp To

34

bio/JXv

ayaX~~a,

7-apOEVOO4ayOtO-t

J taiw

W~as 7Tpo /3 wi3.
0

JJEtofloLS 7ra7-ppovs

210

TiL Tcfvb' aVEV) KaK(0w,

7T Xt rovavs yEv&)J~at
wavo-avEtov

yap

ya. 7rEptOpyWp

Ovas'a 7rapOEzlov 0'
E~rtOV LELv

o-

E7~tb avayKas~

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213

pTov;

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ai'Ma7os

Ev) yap d'ij.'

Ebv XEa~vov

83VcOE/31

dp-

[0-7p. E.

'po7ri-aav

avayvov, cwtypov,

220

TOCEl)

To 7ravToToXJoOl

~?pOV
Et JLETEYVO.

f8poTovs~ Opao-vlEL yap alo-XPOM1TLS'
TL~Xawa 7rapaKO~rct TrpoTOT7rL)v.
ETX a b' OUV OVT" p yEVE -

o'Oat Ovyarpos, yvvaLKO7rOt226

VOw IrOX4IcwV apcoyav
Kai

'7pOTEXEta

XtTas~

6

vacov.

E Kal KXrJbovas 7raTpwpovs

~

[&vT.

E.

Trap' ovb~v a'iva 7rapOEVEwov T'
Turnebus : IIElGEIOW~
206 7rLOEdO2L
codd.
205 Tri- Stanley : -'
4
Opolo- M : fort. P~oaiS Schumann
Fa
210 gPEi~pocs : PE
codd.
215 -JFEpLopyq a.(p Barn2rpb wcouoi Lindau : faw iOU 7rE'Aas codd.
Spanheint: fipoToicr M
222 OPOi-OVS
berger : 7rELpyws codd.

AFAMEMNS2N

Xt~paxot I8paI3q.
8' aoCots~ 7TaT'p LET' EvxLLv
bt(Kav XtLMlPcs v~rEpOE j3wJiLov
7rE7TXOLifL 7TE9U7TET?) 7TavrtL Ovj.w

230

EOEVTO

( paa-EV

')TpoVLo7F

Xa/3ELV ap-

8fl7V, ifToj.aTOS~ TlE KaXXLt)TpW~pOV 4(VtcLKa~ KcLTWTXEtV

236

#Oo'riov &patov OtKIOLs',

[0-7rp.

3

&aavp/.GEVEL.
/ (q xa~tvw~v T'
8' ES ir~ov xEovact
K9OKOV /3a~S
OvT~n -

E'/aXX' EKaa-TOv

0'

ovov

g
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240

4LOtK(K'r,

paw &wr' 64paToS /EE
is-p

.

ypaoats, 7fpOLTEVV~7wELV

0tEXovo-, E7TEG 7TOXXLaKLS
7ra-pOs' KaT' avbpcavaS~ EV~pcL7rEOVS
4EXl~fEV,

ayva~ b' aTavpwoToS av5a~

245

7TraTpoS

()LXOV r-ptTOifisOVbOV EVUlOTLLOV

Htlja.

7satava ObXa
6

)OEvEV OVT

EVEr-[avT-.

OivIK cKpavTot.

OL
oI~ A~7raeo-

ALKa SE
ift

ECbOV OVT

K6XavToS

TEvt8

VfaOEl.V E7TppE7rEt

-t TjdXEAov

EITEL yEvotT' &v KXvoty

250

Kg'>

'rrpo XapTO

LhOW bE T9) 'TpOcTTEVELV.

TOpoY yap 7$Et
'TEXOLTO
236

(pvxaca

8'

u-vvop~poV avyat9.

OV'V Ta7r'l TOVTOtif LV Ev 7rpaets-, (wS

Blom field:

codd.
cPVAQwdw

Hartung:

245 &ypLa

..

av~a

recc.;

251 8' add.
cdciva codd.
Elmsley : post 4A~ov habent 'b SE 7rpOKc)tveLv m B G Fl, eiecit Fa
7rpb XaLfE~w, H. L. Ahrens :
rec.: E7rl'yE'YOLT' M
252 ErEl 7EYoLT
6
254 o- vop~pov Wellauer : o-vvop~ov M : o-vvap~pov
7rPOXaLPETw codd.
a

FL Fa

a ..

va

M

247

vlraava

aCvyais Hermann : cav~ais codd.

Evwrpcz~ls codd.

255

Ev

?rpae~LS

Lobeck :

ATYXTAOT
OEXEt rub' &yXto~o

'A~rtas

?I)1(0 o-E/3&
oWV o- v,

KXvratqor'Tpa,

apxr)yov

b(K1 yap E-TTL Sbo)TOs'

b'

6

Eplw)cEvTos

yvvatK'
ij

256

~ov4povpov EpKOS.

yalas

pEVOS

Kparos'

it

Opch'ov..

260

Et' TG KEbVUOZ EITE /14/1 7TE7rvO7LEUr)

Ov'ro.XE,,

EvayyE'XOtO-tV EX~rio-tw

OvtbE O-tyoJQLp

KXliOLGL aU Et"opcozY

BO'vos'.

KAYTAIMHITPA

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Ev,

EvayyEXos

EO)S' yEvotTo p4rppOS
7TEVO-Et bE xajpj~c

KX.

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Hpt4LoV yap

Xo. 7TC^3S' ftjS;

7Japotla,

,

Evc

ITE /EVyE TO

poV17 7rL{pa.

EXI~bOS'

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TrOSk

a7rTLoTLaS'.

T poiav 'AXatcth' ov9 -avr q Tops

Xo. Xap 4

b'KpJOY

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265

KXVEWy

XEyw;

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270

KX. El) ybp opoiovvro'/ 6jfka o-ov KaryopEt.
X0. ri yap TO
MTTov; E-Tt TO)VbE
TEKjiap;

Ouat

KX. E0TLV
TG b' OvXi; 11' 8oXC6UaaTOS OEOV.
Xo. 'n-O7Epa b' OVEipwod'q~o7aT' Ev7JEL'1 ifE[3ELS;
KX. ov bo~av Zw X6 /0L/14 opt~avtr-js' OjpEVos.
Xo.
KX.
X0.
KX.
X0.
KX.

aXX' 71 6

275

(pvas.

E7rTLCE1) TtS' (V)TEpos0S7 )Ts;

iratbos VEgas ws KapT'

E~wk~o-c

7T0tov XPovoLv bE Kalt -JTEopOj~at 7TOXts;
T1)S

V) T EKOVO77OfW2OS TOW'
S
EvL/JpOV1S~ XE'yco.
V CyyEXcov Ta(os-;

Kat TLS TOWb' CK0LT7
C/Hoat-Tos

OpVKTOS

bE

EE)TEE2P

T-i

'Ibjs

Xa J/rpov EK7TE4L7rOM)

qOPVKTOV

"1I87

EU

:274-

(fEXas.

bEvp' &w' ayyapov

7T0

280

7rvpos

E pua~ov XE~ras

261 Er
Auratus : d'-re codd.
272 'i- yap Tb- 'irarlw; Prien : i
yap; T' rc
ioi-Tb M
Ev.irict
Blomfield : E'nrELO^ ex EUilIELGES factumn M
282 ayyapov ex Etym. Mag. Canter : ayyE'Xov codd.

ArAMEMN&2N
, yav~ bE

A~qwov.

'.AO43ov

?-amOv EK L'4o-OV

Z-qV

aoo

s

'-ptroz

E6E6E~a70,

285

TE, 7TOvTO1) (sTE voTtTat,

v7TEpTEA?7s

Xa 7r6ios

L6Xvs 7TopEVTov

7TEfJG7TEL XpVG-0(kEyy
To

'ov"??V

irpo

lgktos,

s, wrts

O-E'Xas 'iapayyELXao-a MaKLOTOV o-KO'TaLS
6 b' 0vT L
ovb' a pao-6vcu) s trvos
VM6K4EV0s -rapi,]Ki}ayEO
dposEKas~ bE
( WS Er' Evpt7-ov poas

pEX~cow
6pVKT0V

290

MEO-oww(OV qnxae't m77fatWvt pwXov.

b'

0 t

avTe'Aap fav

ooco

Kal 7Tap?7yyEtXav 7rp

EpEL'K7s Oco~V a4JavTES ' rvpc.
ffOtVovo-a Xapirrbs b' ovbE'TC- avpov EVrq,

ypaias

v7TEpOopovo-a 'TEbtov

(batbpas

'Ao-owroI,

295

b(Krn'

KtOatpwfvos~ XEas

TE2rv-qS', 7rpo

?JyEtpEz) aXX?71) EKbOX111 7TO 1J7TOV ')rVpOS9.

EI

7TjXE7O

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00

7TOV

OVK

(ppovp5

Xtiz'iiv

b' v~ 5rEp Fopy

(.JrpVVE

0

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y&T~ayKT-OY

'pos~ T' EwT

G$KUVtEUO2

qaoeat

E0,LLoI tk-qXaV

7TEf trOVOLt 'b avbatOYTES

4 Xoyo3

300

7VaGYTO

4iO 7rtp~ov '/Xcya,

7rpoo-aL~pi~ovo-a

7rvpOS.

wgOopw

JJEVE(

305

JLEyal) 71-O~ycova, Kac lapcovtKOV
4

7TOpOjioV K To7TToZ) TrpG)1) v7TEp/3

PXEyovorav,

6

XEw 7J-po TO

E6YT EOTK-q*jEV, EVT aqtET

'Apay~va ov awos', acTvyEtlOvas' O-KO7ras"
Ka7TELT'

284
7TE/.rEL

fort.

ATpEtbO3V Es- TObE

-7ravbn'
7rEUIKfl

OTK1JITTELOTEYOS'

310

ex Athen. (xv. 700 E) Casaubon : oavbv' codd.
288
Enger :
codd. aliivrEsKc7q T? emendant : Er~'v'rO Koch:

289

oco71-cs Turnebus : ocoircas codd.
297
M
301
Loapi~ovoda
7rLMoJ
ex Hesychio hue rettulit Dindorf : 'irXEov ,ccdovaca TWVuEL p77EVwz' inepte codd.
304 i ugxaaoOc
Margoliouth : ju
acE-a
codd.
307 KaTOrTOVrr Canter : Icco'rcn'pOh, codd.
308 FOT'
EraiX'O

(p~dya

2reat"ov 'Aa-w

:..

Eri-

ro

recc.:

wIZalO ov Wrov

Herman: EST' ...

Ei-'

codd.

7rpo

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AIIXTAO T
6

O~Tob OV)K alTctwfloV

Totot6 TOL
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6'
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rvo~

rabr~JOpo)v V(OLo,

baboxais

WXXov

7rX?7povJEVoU

0 IrpOJTO Kat TEXEVTaLos' bpa IWcv.

YLKa~

XO.

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SLt

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3

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A E'co

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315

avb po lrapayyEXaVTos' EK T potas 4~o(.
OEOis Ev avOts, c1 yvvat, -np-pOEV6b/at.
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S'

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6

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Ev

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OVOEV

1 w'poir

EK

aI

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6

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71j6i, rTh' -iiat~pLCOw

l3

OGK?7)
aWtL

7niyow

6'

T' a7raXXayEV-ES, ws

330

OS'

WOS, EKao"TOS EO7Taw

vatovowt

325

Ka(foV1typyrV TE Kat qOvTax(~da)v

6

Ta-OEt,

320

KpaTrj0-4 )TO bt'Xa
o-v 4opas 6twk?,7s.

ES yEpOVTCOV OVK&T

6o.Tb

7LE'pa.

aw4iaa-tv 7TE7TTOKOT-ES

bEprjs aTotII CO0VO-L

aX'

fJ

V

EP yap a L(/

avbpoW
7ra

E7XEas'

aXEl4J T

(b Ooyyas aKov~Et
01,

V.

7TaX

Ev'

aMLuKTOI) EJ 7TOXEt 7TprE7TtV.

bX~a'JaTOVPTw
KatL TOW

X~yots'

-7~' Exova-'

335

6

EV aMOV;ES

agbV~aKTOV EV6'l~Tovo-tI 7rao-aV EvojpOVJV.
Et

6'

tb6pzLara,

Eiv 0"3OvoLt ToiS 7ToAro"olXovS

TOV s T7s' aovo?7 s y s' OEcoU

0'

OoiS

Versus 312-i067 e Med. cod. exciderunt : 312-348 testantur B Fl
Fa, 349-io67 soli Fl Fa
312 'roLotae Tzoi Aoi Schultz :

ho'TELS

EToLALOL Fa
B
319 XE'70L1 Fa Fl : xAe'7Es B
322 E'yx&Ls
4
Canter : Ecy~as codd.
331 Z
Fa : vIOT7 Fl
334 8'
add. Pauw
336 8' E?8a(~ovEs Stanley : 6Uo-aa~OvES codd.
338
d6 o'E,8ouoL Scaliger : E~a3iooo-, codd.

TrGLi8

AFAMEMNSLN
ov Tav EXOVTES~ av~ts cw~a~o Ev

av.

340

7TOpOELP

bE
EpweS~ /J ?

.L?) xjf, KEpJbE(TtV VLKOLEVOvs~.

a

biEt

TtS~ 7TpOTEpol) Eik~tWTr? O-TpaT(9)

yap 7rpOs~ OLKOVS~ voor(tov o-0rJptas

K6 JJAJtab tavXov OaT EpOV KcwXov 7r-c tXw
6

El

OEOLs~ ava L7TX KrTOS9
b'

345

JLoXOL O-paTOs',

Ey1ps~ To 7rlJa TCOv OXCOOTwv
y~voLT'

av,

El 7rpoo-7rata

Totavra Tot yvvaLKOS

8

To

Ev KpaTOt'q,

7TOXXGWv )/ap

i

E6

7)

T1XOt

TOJS' Lt5E.

l btXopp

-')vb'

EOOXCOV

KaKa.

KXVEts'
M~OV

ovJOLV EiXorjLV.

350

Xo. yivvat, 'Kay' avbpa acct pov' Evx/JpovoJs XEyEts'.
L17flL
Ey 'aKOVTas~ rtL(rTa G'OV TEKJ
OEovs wTpoo-E7tEtV Ev 7rapaaKEVca<o1at.
x 6PtS~ yap OVK aTtAos~ EtpyacTTat 'TOPVw.
0,

355

LXta

ZEi JOaOLXEV Kat vv~
4

TEtfpa,
MEyaX&)V KOO-IJ.WV KTE
Evr T potas~ 7rpyos~

'/aXEs

7jT'

O-TEyavov

biCKTVOV,

63S

A7T' OVV VEapW)V TtO)

JOJTEIAEyav
V7TEpTEXE(raL

3

/Jlya b3ovXEtas~
yayyajiov, aT'qS -rava~coTov.
dLa Tot~

6EvtOv

E~yav a1 ioi4Lai

'7r'

4

'AEavip~p
Tov T aJE 7rp6$aPT'
6
TELPoPTa 7ra Xat To$OP, o-ncos av
kO r%
Ktpv
/.?7TE Trp
TfC)
KaAO ?ILOV (q*LV7T.

/0

Atos

'7rXayav

w)apem-tL

Exovo-ty

ToUTo

E/TWEtP,

365

a.
f ow7p.

y'etVaa.

EAOV'res Hermann : ofuc avExAw1-Es B : oi,,K 9v
340 oviTr&V

' EA~J'TES
341
avOaAoiEZ' Auratus : &y OavoEz B : aivOaLZolEY Fl Fa
mutatum in E uriwrTOL Fl
:
11p E/kwrirTEL B EL7VtTTOt Fa: E r T
E
350 'ri~va H-ermarn
346 E.ypyryopbs Porson : E'ypryopov codd.
Fl Fa

7riw

,r

jv

368
codd.
AESCH. AG.

7rdpeoTw

Hartung:

7rdpEOTL coddl.

2

AIIXTAOT
OVK E(a TL

E~rpa~av CJS~E'KpaVEV.

ONov'

g-poTGow

SoUoLs dOCKTCV

6'

7TEq~cWTaL

o-a

370

OVK Eva-Ej3?7S.

EKTLZJOV-

TO(vWAp

TOXJa

7IPEOVTLOV ILEL
O/AEOVTCOV

jiEXk~

XaPIS

68b

lfaToLe'O

aet&0tc

OP

375

7y

8i(jaTWV

taCS

v7rEf4EV

a 7f)-

r7~ o /3E'XTt-TOV. t'To)
plfavTOv, coo-T a~rapKEW
Ev 7rpa'rGCJolXaXOvTa.

380

ov~ yap Eo-TWyEr~t
'2TXo1TOV

7TpOS' KOpov av~pt

XaKTi(-avTL )pyav / LKas
EIS

jwt

a/xvEtav.

Oaa8'a

irpofoov~ov

TrJaawa

lrais

384
[&vT. a.

7rEtOcs,

&fEpTos~ a7-as.

8E O ,Jav aTatov. OV'K
EKp?~O1,

AKO

7TpE7rEL 8E, 4OWS
aivoAapor&,

a-tvOS'

KaKOV) 8E x(aAKOV TpoirOv
T

WT

390

E 7T poUOjo~aiS
KaMG

JLE~aF7rayis~7rEXEt
btKatW)Eti-, EITEi
btWCKEt T-ac 7rOTaL'O1)

XLT'av
TOV

8'

64w,

TApo-TpqqJ. c40EpTOV EVOEIS.

W7TOEL

8'

aKOVEt JW)'
ET(OTpwOV

C83LKOV
(COT

395

OvTLS OECOV
TOW

KaOat pEL.

369 E'rpc~aw Hermann : &s E&pa EV codd.
374 EKTivovoa 'rS,$X
TwJv Hartung : E'Y'ybOVS &'rOA T'Wz codd.
379 (ar' a3TapfcEiz Fl
:
386
383 ud-yav Canter : MEyci~a codd.
6CTE icalrapicEiv Fa
ircaTh Hartung :
codd.
391 'rE om. Fl
-rpooI3o~a~s Pears~on : irpof~oXa~s codd.
394 wr'rcu Schuitz: 7rravbw

7rpof3ovAov

-irpofSovAnrcCtS

codd.
395 EJOEls Fa : OEIS Fl
398 pwca,crqhc Blomfield

397 Twv~ Klausen : T'rpBE codd.

7l

AFAMEMNS2N

pts EAXO~v

ocos~ Ki ca

'ArpEtbav

ES b4l~ov Tov

400

WJXVVE

6EV~' V pcparCav K~oratOL yvvaLKos.

b' a

wjrovaa

oa-o-

~

aao-ops

TE Kai K~ovoVS

0'>

[o-Tp. A3

XOyXI~OVS~
07rtXL/.o7L,

yvv3aTaS~

51

yovaca T5 dVT(5EpVOV

8th 'jrvXav
b'

J3EfaKEV pA4(4a
aTXJ Tc T~aUWa

TObI
'C)

'noX~a

1(t

L

4Aopav

E'OTEV~OL

3OfLwV 7rp04P?)Tav

EVVE7TOYT-ES

?W XEX0S9

405

'"(d'

(t4M bw CO b C Kai
Kat

no

wTfo 1

Lot,

410~

3

T(/ 0tjLXvopES.

7)TapE-TTI ortyas aT4~ovs~ d~otb6povs
aXytaT' ac/n'gvo) v ?i3EW.
b'

7ro(6)

w3rEpITOYTias'

4.)oTJ,c( bioCE bOM&Wv
EVIO pqW)CJ

EXOETat

8E

a

a

415

v~eLY

KOXOO-O'CJW

xapts 'bP"

~'

o

aw

~

Xqtt

4pEt 7ra&- 'Afpobi~.419
OVEtpocfacTOt 3E.

7TapELa-t boatu

ou

[&vr.

7TEYO1)LOVE9

83.

(p~pov-

at JJtaraiav.

J cTav yap, EvT

7rapaX~d6aoa

&V Eff0X~i TLS b0K0)v opaj,

bLa X~P&'v,

/3E/3cKEY O'4tS' W~ jJEvoTEpOV

425

ITTEloLS 07TabovG" v~Tv0V KEXEVJOO8.'
404 TEical
405
add.

0'

oL'yaS

ante tNO'vous H. L. Ahrens : post xoyf.wus habent codd.
Hermann
408 iro~viS' a vEevov Fl
412

a'T.ovs a'xoiadlpovs

Hermann:

u-'atr

ML~oo'

&xotaopoo- codd.

Enger : aIca-'ros codd,
ap 4Evwv Dindorf : aciEpEvwM
423 opa Scholefield : opav codd.
426 0' ra~ovQ'
Dobree:

413 iiXyto''

codd.

?raaois codd.

2*

AINXTAOT
Ta

jcu ar 0GKOVS E p

dc~'

To 7a 8'

EoT7- a

'ax-

"EX~avos

Tab' ELTTL Kalt Tc~'

V7TEp3aTcoT7Epa.

alias~ oTVVOp JEvoL

7rVOEtcX T-XrgpLKapLO3

80pxtWU

4 30

EKaOT0~V JrpE-JTEL.

7ToX~a yov3v Ovyyl'E 7rp5s~
gprapJFE yap\

Ovs9

O

T7

E7Tq~l41JE2

avri. bE qxs W7C'

U~V,

TEVX11 Kci o"7oboS~ ELS
o-rov

80

ov9

Ea

435

&/LKPE6Tat.

o Xpoaa~oL/3

8'

'Aprl
E'

Kai 1-a~avTOVxos

f

o-WaTcwv

Maxi

LOTP- y.

bopos

'IXtov
qOw-LOur 7TEfrE~ I OpaXv

7rvpcoOb~

440

+jy~a 8VO-8arKpVTov L'-

Coz, XE737T7a
(YTEVOV(Tt

S EvOEOV S,

b ')

bpa TOv Ev ws
Tov 8' Ev

445

vEyOVTES LUv-

vaxgs

(/ovaS9

TpLs',

Ka~os~ 7rEo-ovT

aX7-pas~ bta~tyvvatKOS"
7EL"

Ta 8EcT6yca
TLS

13aV-

4AOVEpov 8' v'7r aXyos~ Ep-

450

w7fE pob'KotS~'Arpdtbats.

ob 8' avTOv 7rp TEtXOS'
Or KLS' 'I~tabos yas
EVMfIpgI Ka7TEXOVowy E-

XOpa b'
)3apE~a

455

EXOUrTas EKpV*JEV.

b' aO-TI-U PqaTLS'

6VV KOT(p*

[avT.

yi.

429 "EA~awos Bamberger : EAAaos codd.
430 fort. vqt-~
/ capos (e gloss. in cod. Fa -'n icovoa rTpv iapafav) Auratus
433 TIS
add.
444 EvOE'7ovs Auratus : E2VOE'rov codd. 448 ai
Hermann : 8a codd.
449 r& SE Hermann : '1acE codd.

'Porson

AFAMEMNQZN
apas~ TWEL x(pE'O

/JqK0LarTov 8'

aKOV-at

6'

fLEVEL

TG JAOV
4 60

VVKT?1JEgfJS.

IJEpLJJvc

TGJ 7TOXVKT-OV~ovl yap OVK

aG-KO7TOt

KEXaL-

OEO('.

6~asT

TvX-qpcw OVT' a'Ev

')TaWtvxEL rpta /3tov

TWE't

Ev

davapov,

UTOLS~

465

&t-

8'

T-EAE'OOTOS O1T7LS

K'TO

6v7TEpK07TW S

at

aX-

KXVtELY

yap 6'o/3aXkE7
AJOBEV KEpavvos.
K LVL()0 6' ig)OzOV j'X,3ov-

Ev (3apv"

470

ffots~

JT' EL17V 'ITTOALtrO7J
JJ- ' Ovv avTOS~ aXOVS v7Tr aX/C3LV KaTLGnofpt.
ACOW
'ivpos

6' i5~r'

6LV 8KEt

-90X~

odt"Et

6'

TES 6EV,
TGS~

EvayyEXOv

476

ET?)TV 1 LOS',
T&

cbE irat~vo

4Aoy

E

Ooa

OELOV

7)

EOTG ?Ty?

Jo.-

c/pEVWs.W KEKOMILEVOS~,

payyE.1IacUtW
v~ots~ 7rvpwaAvvrn Kap6Lav 'vTELT'
aXXaya Xoyov KajJEt;-s~

7rpoi Tov

Ira

fXvEVTos~ XaPWy

480

~vvaLvEo-t.-

8-f/Loicpcav'ov

465 7TaALVTVXEi
Porson : 8,g1ocpckov codd.
457
468 vwcirI3IWs Grotius : lv7rEpK&6WS
Scaliger : 7ra~cxclr7 codd.
475-502 inter choreutas hi vv. distribuendi : cf. ad
codd.

477

478 rTL.. i rtj H. L. Ahrens:
codd.
E-iJi-V~os Auratus : E'rwz-tuWS
483 6, seclusit Scaliger
T~ ~ codd.

489

AIMXTAOTC
7rOavos &yav o O Xvs~ opos~ E7rU'4I ETat
TXOS aXv~op Aa TaXvLo pov
yvvatKOy-jpvrov

Ect-oJLEo-Oa

TaX

4)pVKTO~pL(-W
ELT

6'X~vmt

ovv

Xaab~UO

&7r

6

lw

OVEtpaTtWv

8JCK-gV

E4pAWo-EV

490

4pFVas9

TP b' 0pW KCaO'AK tO1

aKT17

KX iots~ FXaias'

acEOpWv

7rapaXAtyas,

0(^)

TEp7wvV rdb' EAXO'v
K') 9VK

K~os.-

TE Kai 7TVpo'

ax7OEts~ E(T

485

p aprvpEC

vovpos~

8E p

0t Kaots

495

bt#a KOVts~ TLbE,

a rT avavbos ovTlE o-ot~ icWv 4)Xya

VkX? 1 dpdas~ 0?7/JXWE
ToZ) aWTio)

KEU7rv9
'TVpos~,

bE roorb' alTOO7EpYWe Aoyov"

Ev) yap irpos Ev 4avEun-

7Tp0(TO?7KJ ITEXot.-

500

T--b' E7TEVXETat 7ToXEt,
O~TTs Tab AA Xos~
avTO

EvVfl

KapL/Y7oLT I7)v abIapT~av.

KHPYZ

L)

7rarpqiov ov8as~

bEKaT9i

0'E

'Apy'as x~ovos

olyEt ToW

cL4)LKO ?l))

&OVS',

7roXXc-v payEtffov EXirctWv caL& TvxWCV.
6
ov yap 7ror' rv~ovv' T1J Ez 'ApyEia~ x~ovi

Oav(;v

pEOEW 4JLXTLTOV

r64ov p

4

pos.

6
v5waros TE xc pas~ ZEUS', 6 Ilv5O6s r' av
Toots~ Ga7rT0W /L)7KET ELs~ 77 as (xA

&Xts
vvv)

7rapctI Kc4avb3poY

b'

505

?boO'

510

avapo-tos'

C'i)E (TWTY)9 4(-TO Kal 7raLtf'tOS~,

oi

489 Klytaemestrae notam,
suspectum, Epos Blomfield
485 L5pos
5r1
501 chori, praefigunt codd.: totum choro dat Scaliger
512 Kcalarcuciveos
Askew : SJxoEs Fa; : xO' (Eor superseripto) FL
Fl
Dobree : Kcal -rcaycwvLos : icare'yct~vos Fa

A TAME MNS2N
&va6

'A~roXXov.

r'

rovs

&yawviovs OEovs

E~ov

-iTavTas 7rpoo-avbc^, Tov T'

Ep

(Xov

Tt~aopov

1 Ky7pv~ca, Kra7pVKwv aoE 3aS~,

515

?3pCOs' TE TOV9~ 7E4'llavras, EVMAEVELS' 7r6Xt
EX~oOt 'rov XEXELI Evov bopos.
o'7pa-ov

pEaOpa /3WotXELcov, qJLXat -T~Eyat,
TE OaKcot, 8aiLovES ' TaVT'I3XLot,

iw

a-E~ui

E7r0V

gatbpo~tffL

7raXat,

TOLto-8 d cao-t

Koo7IW /3aotX~a 7roXX(qi

aO-E

1)KEt yap v/LLV cos

Ev

EV4~pOVy 4pwv
va .

'AyaMEVca

aiaraot KOLZJOv

Kai T0o~

520

Xpo'vp.

aXX' EV Vt?) aO-7rJa(oaE, Ka yap OVV 7TpE7TEL,
T poicw KaMaO-Ka&1j'aLTa Tov

8tK'qc/2oV

525

Atos paKE'XX17 T' KaTEtpyaoTTat 7rEiov.

/3o4Loi

8' Jo-Tot Ka

Kai o-idppa 7rao-7

OECfl) ipvJ~ama,
Eea7r6X v-at X0ovo

CEVKT?'lptOV

T0LOVbiE T po&C 7TEpL/aXwv
avae

NJKEt,

7TpET/3Vs

'A7-pE(i87S'

7(Eo-Oat

8'

EvJaiwcv

a$L(TaTmos

avrqp

530

3poTC-v

6
TW)? vvlv ltpts yap OVTE O-VVTEX-)S~ 7r Xts'

To

4EvXETLL

OXO

bpa~a Tov)

Tov pvotov

0'

btiXa 8'
K7jpv6

535

?7fjLapTEKat 2TaVcXE~pOl

avToXOovov 7ra-pw

XO.

7600vs 2rX~ov.

yap apirayijs T-E Kai KXO7Tl7S bGK?7

^ov E'0pto-EV

biopov.

E'ito-av FHpta~(iat 0ap~4pTta.

'A~atw-v

<yE>

XatpE TOW-

6&wT
o-TpaTOV.

TEevcavat 8' OVKET' &vTEpLO 0EOis.
K11. Xaipwo
Eyivtvcw-Ev.
Xo. 'pcos~ 2a-pqas T-qG-bE yl"
5
K1j. Wo-T Ev&LKpvEtV y' 6 ' aot Xapas~ i ro.

a-'

540

XO. T-EfY7TV-7S ap' ?JTE T?7Go-b E2T?73Oxot YoOOV.
Knj. 7r~ 81; bLtaXOEs TovbE bEo-1TOo w Xoyov.
520 E4

7rov Auratus : ~Jimo codd.

522 v IV] -t

z' Fl

529

'rocoiSE Fl

539.'YE add. Enger ('rE538-550 chori vv. Klytaemestrae dant codd.
541 E'K&Gicp1LeLV Fa 542 lYaTe Fl
Fa
ovKET' : ovic Fl
Ova PaL codd.)

AIMXTAOT

X o. T(Wv

AvTEpcivTCov

Kra. '7-oOEv
.Xo.

s W~X,

K~j.

1 ) 7TE~rX-gy/

[/dp

a~avpas~Eic4pEvos' < ')

7TOOEV To. Uiimpov TOUT' E7rV

X o.

To 6fLyav

7TaLa

(xp

545

avao-i-Uvtw.

o-i-iyOS~ OEpV(^v;

pX )3~ E'xco.

paKOV

6

Krq.

Ki

Xo.

cs vivv To TO-V br',Ka

Kra.

dY6.

'Toeo0vvTOa TrnvbE ynvja -fTpaToI) XEyES.

7rw; &7TJVTOWV Kotp LkOV &EI~s Ttvas;

El) yatp

7TrpaKrat.

b' Ev

avWV
XEE EV7rET)S~

TagtV TtS

Ta b'

OavE~v 7ToA~XK
ravl-a

ts
w

E'XEtV,

TLS~ bE 7TX1)V

av'TE Ka7TLJJGO,J(a.

550

7ro"XX9 )

OE(O1

airavr' amluiov T~vV t'alcwos xpovov;
A~Oovs yap EL X~yotqlt Ki bvoavX as,
6
o-irapvas~7rapT1Ets Kai KaxoO-TpC TOv% Tc
O'TEVOVTES',

Ta

b'

ailTE

toy XaXOVT
XEpo-W

Evvat yap iro-av

E

oivpavov

bE

4

ES

-?7,LaT0S~

555

b'

ov

pos~;

Kai 'JTpoo-Jv irX~ov (TTVyos"

batcov

7TJOS' TEtXEOLV.

yes

K&T

XELJ~dvtat

tE 7TE8Ov

zpa'tO KaTE~faKa~ov,

560

o-(vOS~

EO-qrJLTwv T OEVTES~ E'V elpOV r ptXa.

'El XEyOL

X~~iv

77

TLS OWWJOKTOVOV,

olov l7apEL(X c4EpTO) 'Ibaict XL(iv,

6Xiros~,

EVTE 7TOVTOS9 EV) LE(?j jptvaLS'

KOC-atS aKvi Ctw V1]V'lkOS~ EA'~Ot 1TE0-(
TtTavTa ITEVOEIJ)
7Tap0(XETat
To

/xwT

bE,

,UG

8EL;

6

565

)

7l-apo4(Erat 7TovOS'

To %O' 1 LEt AV TEQ VYJKOOrL

Aq'aa"~

E~y

a~aX)OEVTaS Ev */?qp AlEYEW,
(&)PTa b' a~yELv Xpq T-vX?1S 7TaXtyKOV;

TL TOVS'
TtO)

7re7rAny

570

546 ' add.
Ehvos codd.
544 lwev7Alot Tyrwhitt :
Scaliger
547 c/pev63v Hermann : pcrrcTW codd.: VoxeL Kennedy:
xA43
I-eimsoeth
550
Scaliger :
codd.
ty Auratus:
El codd.
557 ovi AaX&,res corrupta: fortasse ao-xdXAovi-es Margoliouth
(qui quidem rTEVOV'as doXd AXov/2s legit) vel of, IcAcdovTes Jacob
56o aE Pearson : 'yap codd.
561 corruptio latet : fortasse ante
E
versus excidit
apci non mutandum

W&s

'reaov

i6v

5592

A1'AMEMNS N
?cat

$vJAop"4s

XaCPEtW

7roXXa

flL2v

Kara

8E TOLS~ XouLro'ow 'Apydaw

VLKa~ To K480s',

7ra

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622-635 chori vv. in codd. Klyt. tribuuntur.
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624 &z'~p Hermann : a'w~pcodd.
622 T1vxoLs Porson : T'ns codd.

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655 pcnL7vO Fa
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685

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690
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TE /Epa0-7T6ES

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664 vaVO-TOAOVr' Casaubon
672 - r v Linwood : Tii
h codd.
673 TavT'' Stanley : TaVaT' codd.
,677
Mal C'zvra] fortasse XAwpo'v
TE Ma)3X['rn'ra
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&')/dXaCucr /3ni-as
TJO1 TVLV Conington : XE'ov'ia OIZLv codd.
4
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Fa

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701

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740

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745

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bivo-o'pJXog

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M^4
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728 Tro~cwv
727 'Ijo1 Conington : E'Oos codd.
oTatvov'ra (Auratus)
730 Lflxo729 ya~p TpocpEwrLP Fa : Tpo(pas yap Fl
Fa : 'romdwv FL
irpoa OpEcpo-q Heath :
,pLPGoL aiwv Fix : X~opovoLo lv Fl
741 a' add. Porson
cTpdonl codd.

7,36

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780

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766 5T~e Klausen
d$'av codd.
767
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.pdos ,d'roz' codd.
768 Tav& Hermann : Trbn codd.
&I~~aXov om. Fa
771 Etao/JuEvas
Casaubon : Eiaopivcw codd.
775 fgioz' seclusit H. L. Ahrens
776 EaEOXa Auratus
Eo-O& co dd.
778 7rpooEoxe Hermann:
rioi3 codd.

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OqM3vt

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830

EXEts'.

7razvpots yap avbpozv Eo-TL o-vyyEvEs~ TobE,
01'XOv TOP' EV'VX0VV2'
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ahXO9J
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yap io

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Kapbcav 7rP0O-711MEOS

87TXOCEt Thp

7rE'iraMEVP voov,

835

av'rs cvTioi3 Try aow /3apverat

Kat Tf5v Ovpaiov

6'Xf3ov

Et opow

O7TEVEL.

ftbcog X~yothtL &v, Ev yap E4E7riffTaJXL,
optLaS~ Ka7-oIT7pOV,

et6C)XOV O-KtaS,

biOKOvPTaS E vat K 6 p7a 7rpEV LEVE6S EpiiC.
/.ovoS 8' ObVaoO-EVS, OJ'7TEp OVX' EKLOV ETTEL,

3

840

CEVXOEGS E'OtMOS' 712) EMOt
aTEtpafo pov~
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0ov

OaL2O2)TOS EtTE Kad

814 00bopas Dobree
831 Tavn'iAESCH. AG.

codd.

(t)VTOS~ 7rep

823 Ecppa~cauEoa Francken : 4'irpaz~djeo~a

Auratus : 'ra3'a codd.
3

AIIXTA.OT
XE'y0.

aX

Ta 8'

7-pos 7TOXU)V TE Kai OEovS9

845

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TEJ.oPTES~ EVcJpOPoS

76 14'

a~oo-T

pE'*ft voo-ov.

tI

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7Tp)Ta

8iE~tc

6OOfat,,
4

7rejJA/aPTES' ryayop 7r XlP.

PLKT) b' EWTELW7EpEO 7rET, E -6TEb&OS

KX.

850

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p.Xaepa KaLt 8LO'

ES

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)P Ev) J.EPEL I3OVEVT OP)

27TOL KEaPTES~ q
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KaX(J
4

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o~q)

Ka~t TO )LtE

flPbpES~ ')ToXL7aL,

7rp~a-oS~

LEPOt.

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855

OVKc a~oXvvovjiat Toii90LXvo paS' Tpo 7ovS

0
A~eat 7rp~S' vas* Ev XPo cP 8 a7roc/ooPEa
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TO

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w E'KIrayXoP KaKOP,

7rTX'gS Kk'OVo'aP KX?7bovas~ 7raXtYKOTovs'
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EP 7)KELP, Tlv

'

E7rEOWJ~pEL1) KaKOVL

KaiKtov ctXXo 7r7ja, XJO-KOPTLS
LW2Jfp ob., (WS ')TPOS

41ats',

TETp~JT

EL,b' n
Tptoj

850

OtKOV &JXETEVETO

8LKT15OV

ITAEP

a7oS TaP flj]pv~W

7r- ~'

XE'yELP.

TEOP?1KCdS', (WS E7T ry6vOP i~yOL,

17rOXX-qp
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865

bootS'.

El Ec Too-W1 E&VyXaPEP

Kai T paVjJATLO

avPoOEv,

TpcJJotpoP

X~atvav

~

O 8EvTEpOS

T?)P KaT(O

yap Ov

E$7VXEI,

&-noo-rpE~iavjooov Porson :

870

XEYW,]
Xaf3E P,

riy cvOS~ TPE'*aL v~oov codd.

863 KX1~6 z'cs Auratus : 'ovxs codd.
867 av~p Hermann : a
codd.
868 4 rpn7'aL H.L. Ahrens : TETpcoTSaL codd.
71XEOV
Dindorf :
codd.
870 rhv Welsuer : T' by codd.
871 seclusit
Schtitz
872 Aa$EMv Paley : Acqic& codd.

7rAE"W

6

AFAMEMNQZN
6

earae EK O"Tw Kar~al)

/JopcfJ~aTt.

EKaTt KX?7bo'vwvl )TcXt7KOT&Wv

TOUOW)T

E~rig bEprj
XEXrflLEvr7s'.

7ToXXat3s acO)EV apravaS

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875

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7&(v,
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cTTVXOl) 7Tob?]pJ, I
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EK XE(MaTOS,

900

AdoS~.

Tav~ayKatov EKqJVYE v

TotOLtobE TOt l)LVa

Kva

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vv

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7rtTTE-e

Spanheim :
LcaTWV
878 MO-cTW
876 avg dvrgs Wecklein
898 aT-Aov Fa:
884 Ixa-pp'~iEmev Scaliger
codd.
903 T~ot viv Schu~tz: i-oivvv codd.
or4Xov F1
carwv

3*

AIXXTAOT

0O'vos
vivv 8E'

2-a

b' cv~TEOTwo 7rOX~c yap
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905

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'IX(ov 7ropO-jropa.
b~par, rc , dAXEO, E7rmkaXTa rbos
ats'
5
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az'gvs

EK/3aty

T77Oa-8E,

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4 b4i
Ta

Opovi

b' &XAa

910

7TOPus9

7Topc/Vp0,cTpwTOS

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aEK7T~ol' co ah'

5

O2VX ? 2TPw vtKwlkt~V1

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Ay.

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T(OE'

Ttb~aA IEtv Xp()

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bE
OrnJTMy 6'v'a

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920

wooovoV 7rpoi

KLaXXEOWG

3awVEW EJOL IALEV
oVba/JkJ avEV /O'/OV.
A~wKal-av

l'

CEOP, uif3EwV E E.

ct~pa,

925

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XwL7Trb8l/IJTptWU TE Kai T(Ov lrotKL(Xon
KX27b&O) &VTEL"
OE02

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t-OV pd/OTl

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6

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Ay.

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7rpa'C-r01

ev

6

b

doX/t

EVEO7t

JV,

XPJl

OLIN
Ev Bapo-r

E~yc

6

930

EL2TE Iq 7rapa yvcO4trjv Et.
OT& p3' bta OEpovT' 4dE.

Et7rEp rTGS, EMbWS

930

EV

7rp otp

7-08

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caPOV.

y'

au

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w8' EpbiEt TJabE;
r66' E1JOl) TEAOS"

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Dindorf

935

Ell Tab'
8oxe7

?jvv0-EV;

Stanley

:

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935
codd.

AFAMEMNSLN
Ay.
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Ay.

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y'

3

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3
7rpE7rEt.
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940

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Ay.

71

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945

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M?) TS' wrpoo-wOEP d paTos~ fOaot 40o'vos.
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6

T 6 E,

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6'

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7TE)EOaL

6'

OXXL~Y 71-aT?707J.Y
6

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6'

ELJ~aTCOY aLPq ?)V~rf P,

0JJ.OL-t 7TPOVvYXOEvTos E

936 Soicfi Fl

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960

ELM~iTCOfaqxs.

6
OEOiL% avae,
V-TJpXEt T(w E 6YVY

pOrpos

"rcapEs

y9] fort. irapets
943
937 a'E -Oc-Is Fl948 aw~aroOopeiv Schutz : ow/.4a'roOopEIz' codd.

954 ab' rfl Auratus : avn-T codd.
950 'roUrcoz] 'roubv Emper
961 &va ] fort. aA«950 1rap'yvpov Salmasius : Els &pyvpov codd.
Karsten

codd.
963 S' 6J''WV Canter : SEqC~za'

AIIX.TAOT
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vIiVX

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965

r~vo v

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&bO'lv.
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pAC?

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bE

TEv1X?7 ZEis aWIT dO'paKOS~ 7rLKpas

~

970

Y 7fvO 4,Dos bY OfOLS 7TEXEL,
OLYOP, TOT'
T~w7PwckE'vOv.
avb poS TEXEiot) bc4'
E/~cs~ Ev'Xas TEXEL-ZED ZED^ TE$XEIE, TCLS9
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bE

T(7TTE
X O.
661 4~a

TOL aO

TG)~v7fEp &V X2~gg

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OnE7EL~

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[o-rp. a.

976

7rpoo-TTrTflLOV

Kap~ias TEpWT-KOITO) 7TOTaTat,
LaPTL7roXE&
o

b'

aKEXEVOTOS9

aptw-Oos~ aot&a$
980

W 'O7rT "Tat biLKav

byvO7(piTOw

omEpLaTCO1

Oapoos~ EvfltLOES i(EL
4JEVOs~ 00Xov Opo'vov;
WrpV~~v1jfYLLv
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Cas

Xp-Dvos V'

E&r

6vE4oXais9

aLKa'Tas'

985

7raprb

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w

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pvo YcvavaTLs~ TTpLTos~.

7TEVOof.at

b'

3r

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b'

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v,~WqhEZ

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8v s ov To 7rav E'X~tw

990'

EffCeJEV

969 poAcz' Voss:
4 avwj 'vn Abresch : , nxavwjAdvns codd.
976 $EiLua
970 air' Auratus : Trr' Fl : T~' i' La
982 °lEL
Fl
980 a&wro'~at Fa : &wrT'oas
Fa : BE?'y~c Fl
984 UvvEMu983 E'ir La: EirEl Fl
Scaliger : IEL V La : i EL Fl
990 o'~ws
985 axailc Fl
,Bo~as Schneider-: 4vvepJadAoLs codd.
991 'Epwivos Porson : E'pszvS codd.
.Auratus : ii7rcs codd.
965

Mo~wv

codd.

AFAMEMNQZN
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b'

ff7TAayXVa

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Fl : 'OL To Fa
1001 'yap Troi
Kennedy : Tiot Fa: omittit Fl
1
1002 aEl add. Blomfield
'r ,LEycl~a Paley : 'ras 7roAxa-s codd.
1012 7rn
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Victorius :
1020

-2r-rnovas

wrp~irap Fl

1024) Wecklein

codd.

1019

0Loas

WEeolw

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1022 006'] e? 8E (sine interrogationis signo

AIlXTAOT
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1035

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1040

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1050

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C. G. Haupt : &v~oiaa codd.

1041

Oryeiv

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AFAMEMNQZN
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1055

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Auratus
1267 7rEO via
Ono-Et,post addito, Fa : EPO'Ij-EL Fl V 7rOT@~
v
8' a '~ E4/o/.a HerO' W8'Verrall : 7rEO'Wr' &'yaOc&. 8' codd.: 7rEOr~vT*
mann
1268 ldi-iS Stanley : lai-i7i codd.

E'ywi

AI'AM EMN &LN
gya

KOO7IJ.LS KarayEXw g?)
Kav TOLO6bE

IP~vvr'E~w
8E

6

OV8tXOPPo7Tws, PafTqyY

goraS~ w

ay'6prpta

6
TT0wXos~ T Xatva Xp~o~viq

q'EG-o

KaXovV

6

Kat vviv

JiLYTtS~

Es

a~rlyay'

6

TOtaoO E

~appov 6'

fawcov wa

JY-

avYTLY EK~rpdasa

1275

Eta

Oavao-L~ovs~ TV',as~.
aYT E7rtL'?7oY /ljEY

Et,

OEflIJc9 K0?TE(O27S 4Otv(p wpoo-0 6
y~arT.
O~lJv L)acTtqL y' EK QEWY TEOY?1$OFLGEY.
-q~ea yap n~wv &XXos av5 rqi.lopos,
Owyas

8'

a28o

6

O /JTv4a, ii-otv ap 7ra7-pos0

/flJTpOKToO

aXr)Js' T?10

6

6

E ye1s aroEYos~
ciXOt

K TE~f GV, JTaS Tao06E OptyKct%-coV
o(Lc~pAoTat

yap

Tpa ELY

VWL2

b1T

)/(A)O

TL

OPKo9 EK OEGJ2J f EyaS',
1285

V7rTLao7.La KEtIJ1)OV wTarpos.

KaTOKT0S~ Wo6' avaoTEYw;

E-rE) To 'rpw)TOV)

6

L OY

'IXLOV 7roXt'

wTpacao-av CO& ETp4Ev, of
OVT)S~ a7raXXao6Yova~t EY
toivo-a wrpae$o
Atbov 7n5Xas~

6' ELXoY 7ToXtl
OEGWv KpLffEt,
1290

TXIITo-oat To KaTOavEcY.

8E Tao6' Ey

7TpOLTEYYETw"

6E Katpias 7rXqys~ TVXEcY,
a-pJ6ba-Tos, a~,LT~arY EVOv-go-(pwv

E7rEvXo~at

ws

C&

adroppv~vTwv,

Xo.

7roXXa

6' ipa ffvMI3 6 XO

Ev TaXatva, wjoXXat

yvvat, p a~pav ETEtvaS'.
PIopov

TOY aVTJS

)/004 btIVq

6

olcrOa,

E.
6' av

TO

El 6'

aod 25

1295

ET7qTV4WAS'
4

7r6w

OE'qX TOv

7rpoS~ 3I~o'v EvToXb~wS~ 7Ta-ECS';

(pOtYLOY

1277 bJTew7 IvJJoJ codd.
codd.
1284 post 1290 codd.: huc transtulit
['LV V Fa :
1285 7rpdEiP Schumann : 6 ELv codd.
Hermann
1288 EAoJ'
1286 KTcICT-u'OS Scaliger : ICdI-oLcos codd.
vvv Fl
7ypcw'] fortasse Kcaycw Heath
5290
Musgrave : Eiyxov codd.
1295 8' aU Fa:
Eywi Auratus : Ta~S N~yw codd.
T291 'rda'
1271

1278

AdEca

Herman:

LETa

C. G. Haupt

SE Fl V
AESCH.

AG.

4

AIIXTAOT

ov, 6E VOt, XpoV 7rUe~o.
Xo. O 8' VOTaTOS~ YE TOV Xpovov 7rp.Ec-f3EVETat.
Ka. ?JKEt TO6 ' 'l~ap" O7JUKpa KEp.BaUv& ivyij.
Ka. oVK E(TT aXv t,

0t T

Xo. aX
Ka. ovBtS

TXIfAWV OivcT a

'&KO7SEtTWi)
TavTa

'300

EvTOXMO?) c/pEVOS.
d)6aLMoVWV.

XO. aXX' EVKXE)S~ Tot KaTuavELY XaPS /3pOT9X.,
Ka. is 7TaTEp 00oV T(-W0 TE yEvVcd(W TE'KV(A.
XO. riL 6' E(M~ xpu~'a; TLS' 6' a'rro-TpE% Et
Ka.
0EV
XO. TL TOVT' EEv~aS;, EtL Tt J)J ,pEPVl OT7VyOS.
Ka. 4x~vov bcItot 7TUe'OVO~l) aLJtaTOLTTay7.
KaL 7T-CS; To0b OEL Ovj 7-wv E'/Er'TLw.

0)o';

(hEV

1305

q

X o.

IUO0

6
Ka. o'~otos aTbL s WO-7TE9: EK TacOOV 7rpEL..

Xo *.ov,

bctao-tz'

Yltptov ayX~ioy-a

Ka. aXX'

XE'yELs.
E

ElJJi K&aV8bobOLLtL K&)KVO'OV(T'

'Aya~udpwovs~ TE kotpav.,

apKECTO)

-L7P
3

LOS..

LU)EVOL.

1315

OiVot 6vo-0(6j Oa~wov ws

dpvts

(NOW3

Oavoio-p MaPTVPELTE LOt T-0E,
4
i,
yv1r yvvatKOS' awr' Ejkov 3 Oa
7E077.
TE 6vff&4tapTos aT' aV~pos~

aXcos"

oTal)
avrgp

TLeEv)vfJaL

X0.
Ka.

C0) TX1,LLov,

Tavra

a7T4 ETr' EIWE P

4tov

8'

(v

pr/mwTt oiOp vov

Toy aVTrJs.

7rpOS' 'ii-Trov c 3

71?UO

6.xto '

t TO6S E t

EXOPOLS~ CpOVvOL TOLS 4~kt

6ov'X

1320'

Oavov1plvr7.

OLKTEtp(O 0"E OEGo066ov

o'pov.

OE~Xw

~erEv~opat
TtuaopotS'

MOIJ.,
TCVUELL'

t

1325

Oavovo- s,. Eviapovs~ XEt co~IaTos.

to /3POTEtc

7Tpcay/aT-3

EVTVXovvza I LE

1303-4 transponit Heath
1299 Xpo'vov Hermanno: Xpav, codd.
1309 (pdfoov codd., sed v supra scripto Fa
1305 o&3v Auratus
codd.
1322 oi' Hermanno:
codd.
1317 &A~ws- Hermann : ,axx' w~s
1324-5 fort. Toys1 E/LoiS TL~cadPOUs
1323 i1Xiov Jacob : ' JAic, codd.
(Gilbert)
(Karsten) apn

(poPEOa't

ArAMEMNS2N
OKta TLS~ ai

OE
'7 ~TEEV1 EL

iypCia-o-(ko

/3o~aws'

Kat TLVT' EKEtVl)WY p aXAOP

XO.

Ev ) 7pa O(TELV dKOpEowoU

b'

MEkaOP(OW,

Ovfls a7TEtITOJV EtpyEt

,L7qKET

1330

'/v

7TaTL /3poTOtUTGlP baKTVXObiE(KTW1)

-

ypa( r"v.

OLKTELpO) 7TOkv.

6

E

To

OVrYTVXl/,

ao7royyos9 (OXEo'V

EaTEXO7S, Ta~bE /xoWVv.-

KaLGTpwbE '7TOXLV

1335

bomav

J E2V EXELZ)

4

pLaKapES~ Il1pt pov"

b'

OEOT4L)UTOS

OtKab'

LKa{VEt.-

7TpO7pt4YV atl,

EL

vVV'

a7TOTLL-p-

Oavoivo-t Oavc',w &Xh(ow

Kait TOUta!

Oavacwv

7TotVaS'

E7tKpav,,

1340

Tts' av Ev4atTo /3poT-Os (01 WYLVUEL

bad povt

611406,

Ay.

Xo.

(Vvat Ta{b'

7rE-rX'qyp~at Kayptcw

aiya"

bdtk

Ay.

(A~ot

X0.

I. TovpyoZ)

E~rw.

EtpyacO"at 8OKEt M0t /3aotXEt)S'

JLEV V/.LW

EyC'O

7rK17y~q

7r kqyrv dirEt Katp(oS ovTao- dvos;
bEvTEpa' 7TE7TX-gy ~Evos.
ai~ts,

6
aX~a KOtVOXT( JtEO'

2.

tKOVCOW;.

tyJV

T1)1)

j1

J)s' ao-tpaX7 /3oVXEV,'JaT'

6

7vC

1fkJv

1.

E)L t (

Ka't
4.

OTLOS~ Ta (tcrTa

'rpay t EXEYXELZ

Kaywo

0077"v.-

F~{E/TELZ)

1350

bOKEL

OiVv vEOflfvT9)( t.

TOtovTOV yV&4taTos'

/-giC~o~jac

y'

K.-

XEy(0,

ITJos' bc-oia bEvp' aaTOL'tL KN7PVtT!TELV

3

'345

otU(ybart.

Vt bpavP To

KOtv()VOS~ WV
ni

LEXXEIV

b'a

r.

5. opav Tra9EO-TU cIpot~ttOVrat yap cs

7I-p

4

E*ELv Boissonade:
&av Porson,
o'icta~Wieseler : ow'ic codd.
1332 f~po'rTh'sv Pauw : fipoTois
VO'rVX^ codd.
codd. '
1334 1o1IcE' EO'EX.O?7s Hermanno: /OJICETL 3' OiEXps codd.
codd.
IMPavet codd.: scripsi
1340 ' 7r
1338 aro'ra-oEL codd.: scripsi_ carOrhrp
1346-69 inter
Bothe : O3po'rwv codd.
1341 JBPOTbs &bv
E7rLKpcaYp
1347 v
quisque recitet
choreutas ita distribuendi ut duo
jadd. Enger: fQovAeV cra codd.
Weil : &iv codd.
1328

&z'E 4 *ecez

vv.

4*

All TAOT
6

Tvpavv(605' o-n lEia 7Tp o-ooYTES 7)T0Xa.-

6. XpOVU.COPGEV ycap.

1355

01,b T)S /JEXXOVS~ KXEOS
6

?Ib T 7aT02vvTES Ov KaOE1 0V0-WU XEP(.

~OTrtVOS'

7. OVK odia /3OvX7
TO)
8.

bpwivros

Kayco

Xe'yco.

TvJw

EOTTG
KCL To fJOvXEv(Tat ?TEp.--.

TOLOVTOS E~p', Ei7TEG

6

vqWXavC0

1360

S

Xoyoto-t TO)) Oav~vT' bvw-rcvai. 'ir6X.-

9. rj

KaLG

/Cov

TEWUOVTES

cob'

V7TE($4lIEV

/JOl'o KaTct-XVVT?,PO-t Too-8'

YyOVbEYots;-

avEKTOV, aX~a KaT~avE&)
1OXXAA OV~K
7rE-aLTEpa yap ,LOcpa

11. q yap TEKqj ptOItW-t

J al'TEvo-o Eo-Oct Tvb pos
zI aC-/

EL6OTaS'

'g

1365

doAoTOS; -

X Pn
T&.WbE Ovp~ov3ratc 7re pt.

To yap To~Ta4ELV TO)) o-a/t

Xo.

KpcLTEL.

Tr77.g TvpavvtbOS'.E6
o4L)ypJTOW

6

Ta T)7V E7J-awEv

E~bVaL

7rTVTOOEV.

rpavos~ 'ATpECb6]V EtbE'Vat KvpOvvO'

KX. iroX~ctv T4 pOtOE7)

KatpCWS~

6L~a.

-NOvo~cat,

1370

0=09os.

ip?I.EVO)W

OVIK E~racto-XvvO171To~at.
0
Pa 7rOpo-6 Vvov,
7r63s9
yap T-GS EXOPOIS EX
Ta~cWT

ELE

bo6oOOW

EivaL, 7rrflIOVls dpic'o-TaT' avz

~pa'e

1375

EV, Vhl*os KPE^UTOOl EK16'if-ljaTOs~;

EIAOG ayov
6'

O6'

vEC~cJS~ 7ra~atas r

6

E'(TT)7Ka
ov'TCi)

CIJots

6

ovic dqppdTOS~ 7rciAat

XOE,

E'rpaea, KOaL Ta6

W9~ JJ/TE cOE~yEtV
J7rEtpov

VE

a-uv XPOV'P

lJ7V'

E'l) E~rto-L E~T E6EtpyaEOts~.
ovK aPP-q'opavL

1380

JOpov,

M'T aMvVEOOW.

d f(/3X'qoTpoV, (6 o'7rEp lxOvwv,

7TEpLLTTtXLCt)O,

7rXOVT-OZ EZ'fJaTOS~ KaKO)).
5

Fa
/ EAxovs Trypho : TniS /.zEXXot O77 Fl V : f4EAXNva7s
1356 -s
'rEtVOjres Canter: KTErIVOV'rES
codd.
Hermann :
1357 7rE8OL
A.
1368 Ovuooata E. I.
1364 icpcre Casaubon : IKpcU-EL codd.
codd.
1375 ir,~ov-~s Auratus : rngovhvn codd.
Alirens : v~ovo-OaL codd.
1378 vefivn~s Heath : vtfc's
Elinsley : &picii-crOV codd.
&pitcri-cTi' Zcv
7rEpco'TLXf~w Fa : 7repco-TtxgwvV V: 'zrepL'oiXt~wv Fl
codd.

-irE'aov

1383

13692

A]FAMEMN&2N
iraio UE vU 8Cs" Ka3V
8VOi

tV O w&)/JLfToW

avTovJ K(,)a' Kalt 7TE7TT&JKO7tL

,LEO^KEl)

1385

Trp(Tq E7EVU1aW/Jt, TOV
Kara TOVO

~'Atiov

VEKpcov a-WtT7 pos~ EvKTcdcW
Xaptw.

6
OViTCO
WVUaVTrOV Ov pOz Op~a(vE& ITEffC V"

KaK4IV-t(COV O$6E~av
ai~aros o-4oay-17v
6

/C3aXXEL JJ' EpEJvJ

LraK 6L 4 oLvias 8ipTOv,

q'o-o-ov

Xatpovffav ovb~v
6

i)

) VEt 0fTopr7Tos' K&XVKOS
Ev
WS

Gib'h

ExOVTOW,

1390.

8tLoo0)

oXffWot.

'ApydtwU

7TpEO-/3os'

TO8E,

XaiPotT' 6 V, Et Xa~POU-3, EyLW b' E'Tm1/(O/at.
EL 8 11! 7TflE~rOVT-COV ('OTT'
E~tL7TEUVbEW VEKpCJ),
r0 aBKaios
)V, V 5 r~pbW~Cos JLEV OVV.

1395

TOffOVLE Kpaf7p' EY (iOMOLS KtKCJW 085E
7TX'(Oas apat'wv avrOS' EK7T(VEt (LOXWV.

Xo. Oav~c<oMEv o-ov yX6~o-o-av, co

Opacto-o'roo

7Tts T0OVbi EWr aV~p' K0Mi7rEts~

Xo'yov.

1400

KA. 7i-EtpaffOE pLoy yvvatKos' cvs~ abpacrt~ovosEyCf) 8 arpE6Twp Kapbiq 7rp059 EioraS~

b~W o-

XO.

8E taS

Tab

8E,

ct) y Vvat,
5

OEXEts
E/~os~
XEPPs
~
(68 EXEC.

EL'TE fkE 4f'yELV
'AyapL~w,

77ffbE

71 KaKOV,

77
7FTov

tVELV

LKa~aS' TEKTOVOS.

7TOO19., VEKflOS~

E'pyov,

'

OVTOS EfTLy

OIJOtOV.

6

1405

XOOvOTPE(PES EbavOv

7Taa-aJ dva p~vras E

a&Xs op jLEvov

r66' &drOov Olos, 8rjpopovs r' &pa;
K-'-> a7T'rrOAts~ 8' EaTEk
a7TE6tKEs~ a~rc7apL
LUTos~ o'/3tLOV a0-TOis.

1410

&ALs

1384 OL/A O7dcTOLV Elmsley : oi WIy.LcLv codd.
1387 "Acaov]
1391-2 8LOd8$T&WySYEL Porson : ALbs v/dTwp 7av ei codd.
6
1396 'rw3' Tyrwhitt : Trc ' codd.
1397
Blomfield : Tro63WVae
codd.
1408 psvras Stanley : voas codd.
op'Evov Abresch : pM';v'v F1 V : opw evov Fa
1410 ' add. Kennedy
air4 roxis

Enger

Seidler : &aomscodd.

Too-6i/a'

AIMXTYAOT
KX.

4

&K Ets EK 7TOXES(f 4VYrJV EfLOL

YlvV /EV

KatL jLOos~ aoAT(O

8-3flJ

&vbpL

O1)BEV TOT

opVs T'

EXEL2y apas,

T(Th EvavTtov (bE'paw'

OS OvIf pOT 1 1JOv, &JO"77EpEG /3oTov

( AJEOVTCOV

IL?'WOV

pOpOP,

4

SOvo-Ev avTOv wda , 0/JLT T-qv

^v

W

,

,~WO

,

OV TOVTOV EK YngS Tna-bE

8KauTrj Tpa~vs

E

06~

~v67 ~v

XP?'7v

a- albpr7XaTELv,

1420

8' EpL6JV

p Laoc-i&wv aiiowv; E~flKOO

EpycoV

1415

VO
EV~r0OKOLS' EVjLWtLV,

X~yo

Et'.

8E0-0&

TOIIVT' cL7rEtXE6V, COs' 7rapE0KEVa7JEv7S
0 0 0
EK TWV M tCO ' XEtpt vLtcJavT' Epov

EcV bE Tov 7TaXtV KpaLv OEOS',
yWct% bWbcXO S 0*E yOVU TO uOdpOi'EtV.

apXEtlJ

Xo. /IEyaX

0O-rEp

)rTtS' EL, 7r~piqpova
3

OW) (OYOXL/ E

TvXa!

1425

6E'XaKES-

(PP)

E1tLJJalvETC

aiLaTos' EJ,pEEt'1
Mofos~ EIT' o qaTow
1
aTtETOV E'TL 0-E XP 1 o-TEpofJ*vav 4jJLLwv
Tv 4La Tv LJ

KX.

aTL

TLL-at.

Kat Tr)vB' LLKOVEts' opKL*wv

1430

E)~wfl OE'fLLZ

a' T?)V Te'ELOZ) T)S E 1S5ifa~bOS A~i~rv,
"A7m1iv 'Epwiiv 0', aLa-i, TOUR'E'ua-Oa EyW

oiv

e

E 7L1aTEIc,
EffTnaS
EV gpOY(OV EMoc.

oit qx/3ov pEAa~pov EX7rts~

\EOs'

Aiyt-Oos,

av

aLOp1 7Tvp Ecp
CsTO 7rpoO-OEV

EL7s'

'435

O)TOS yap 7jUv alT7rS ov Oa/.kpa 0pcaoovs.
KEtTat yvvatKOS

T1Ja-bE Xv~avT-lptOs,

Xvo-qtb6wv I Etty~a Twvl

Iktpw
VWITr

2)7 T' aL,<f~aAwTOs' 7E Klt TEpaTKOTrOS

1440

'rWl
1418 &%L'-rwv Canter : TEA
Voss : TA~' codd.
1428 Xtfaos Casaubon:
1419 Xp?'z Porson : Xp codd.
1430 'T~u arL
E UwprPeir Auratus : EiU 7rpEh-EL codd.
NiLros codd.
Porson : Feas. codd.
1435 E
Voss : Ti4 sca iterum codd.
1414

codd.

TOT'

?dIs

ArAMEMN 2N
Tovb3E, NOa?70'Yos~

Kai KOLVOXEKTpoS
4

PavTLoz)V bE OEX/JaTov

7rLo-T?J e VEVVOS,

Jrtpya b' OVK

ioor7pt3.

0 JLEV yap OvTCOS, ?'7b

ETpa~$aTv.

TOt KViKVOV

b5LK~jv

yov
rOV 'IioTaTOv /.tEX~aoa Oavdarqi~ov

rpub,

KELTac (cXL~qThop

EVV? s~

X o.

Ira

0 Ei, ris~
MOXOL TO

MOp'

pox/f&V-J~a -rn
av

Ev

ElflyayEl,

4

T XEt,

E j

s

~Iq

1445

8:

EbLOG

6

X~tb?7 .

s

facrrp.

7TEptCDbVYos',

Jtv

aEi epovo- Ev

a.

1450

aTEvTOvV jUn'02, bal tEVTOS~
6

(vkaKOS~ EZ4LEVEarT aTOV
7roX~a TXavTog

yvvatKOS~

7rposg yvL'atKOS

b'

btaC;

f&OV.

aMTOcffE)

~ -rrac~ovs EX~va[~xvw.

a.

(o-7p.

j.

O6X~-ao-'

Mia Tag 7r0X
*fvxag

4

1454

S~, TaS 'TV 7ra OAXas
5

vi rO

Tpoia.

t Vvv bE TEXELal).
IroX'i4LzaoTov

E7r-17l'Oco bt'

?7LS 172 TOT' EV)

8,OJLLS~

Epts~ fp(i4aTOS aivhpo o
KX.

-b~

Oavarov

at '

&omvL~T,

146o

Cv'st.

[a-vp.

pav EITEVXoV

joi

y.

ToLoThE fOapvvOE'Cg

1b'ELSg EXEV9jv

KOTOV EK7-pE47qs,

0JXEa-

WsavipOXErTEp, c' pca 7roX~cov
dvb3p~uv 4vxag Aatacv

1465

a4vTTaTOZ) aXyos~ &pa~E.

-'roAX&

1446 Tc BJa Hermann:
1443 ?GTpL131s Pauw : ZO'rOTpLI3 IS codd.
1455 1t')
codd.
wroXae Haupt : ical
145
'roW~ codd.
irapcavovs Herman: irapcu'4 ovs codd.
i Blomfield: c codd.
1458-61 metro sensuque incerta, ut in codd. leguntur, reliqui : post
1458 lacunain indicat Hermann, ut huic ephymnio respondeant vv.
1458 'rEXEiacO T IEXELGV Hartung, nihil excidisse ratus
1537-50
146o 'rTC] j '3cL Schuitz
1459 8~ omnitt. Wellauer, Hermann

AIMXTAOTf(
Xo. bipLv,

os

WC4LaO

EpMrTvESg

[c'r.

Kal

a

bfoviotat T avaClat-tv,

T>1ffO'IkVXOV

KpLdTOS ')

Kapto'31JKTOV

E/~t~

EJL0i

EK yVVatKWv

1470

KpanivEts.

8E IYCpa T0s 6(Kav [p~ot]

EyXOpOV

KopaK09

O'TaOEUT

EKVOLLOS'

ipwOVvp/EW E'ITEVXEr~La -

KA. viJL b'

1474

-

Wp0coo-as

y.

[dVr.

o°TopaTos~ yv477z,

Topv Tpt7raXVVrolI

bipova y4)V?71s T70aE
ETOO yap

KGKXhTKCOV.:

E'pco aipaTohotXs

VE~p7 rpe'4ETLL, iiptv Ka7-ahiJae

TO-n-ahadov a~os, vEos~ ixA

71
Ip~yal'

Xo.

1480

10-7p.

OLKOYOpLo1

&.

?3a'pova Kai Papvpiwjvw a'vELs',
n

cEV 0EKaKOl aivov '

paS~ T1Xas~

aKOpEo-T~v"

rravaa-COV

7ravEpy~rw

Tn yap 3poTois &YEV AOS'
6

6

Tt Tc'yb' O' OE KpavT v

hW
h

TEXELTatL;

Eao-rw;

[E4vpw.

f3aoLXEV f3ao-tXEv,

4)pEVOS' EK 4LX~aS TL ITOT' ELITCO;
6
KELOfat 8' apaXvr)& Ev v4id G7JaTq)

7468 4 orTrvets Canter : 4LI7rt7rTe1S codd.
mann : 81PVEioTL codd. 1TaXLa~iEorw codd.
1471

I3*
1490

7ro6s 0E biaKpvcacO;

83~
1469 8upvtOoLn Her1470 Tr'

Icap8144T~&~'ov Abresch : icapata B-OKrbw codd.

add. Hermann

1472

LO1 seclusit

1473 o'TaOEid' Stanley : crraOels codd. 1474 84U1s
Dindorf
supplet Butler : vEicpcEnger
Post 7474 iterat vv. 1455-61 Burney,
1476 TpPva'XVvTOV Bamberger : T
tit ephymnio 1 respondeant
1481 obcoz'duoz
codd.
1479 vedp,7 Casaubon : z'Eipes codd.
1486 wrcvep'yE~a Fa : 7ra'ep-yE'av
'rOlo'ae codd.
Schneider : OYKOLS
Fl V

wrdxvtov

A1'AMEMNaLN
Oav6LTp 13(v

a0E/E d

4LOL L01 Ko(7-av Tavb'

X po

&Vq)

<834ap709~>

bialds

'495

XEPOS~ aJtToILp /3E4LV .

EK

KX.

EK7FYE(AtW.

cwEXEvOEpov

avXEs~ EGt TobE Tol~py}OV E,U'v

rqb'

[or p. E.

TE~rX%9?

'AyaME~voviav ELVa( I L a\oXoL.yvva&KG VE~pOV"
Evos' 8E
6 7ra~lato 8 ptpvs &aTw p

1500

favTaO(

'roiv'

'ATp~ws~

xAhEr

Ootvarijpos

TOM~ c'LET&toEV,

TEXEOV' V~apois i~toas.

X0.

pFV(O

TOVRE
t)

ITw

ITTC)p
6
(3

£

&vat~~tos,
4hUOV

4i
6

8.

1506

UE
6vAXAj-

C) 7raTpOOEY

y~v0LT'

al) a&&Tcop.

OjO(T7roflo&S

8'

(ETWt

[lam
aprvpr~o-cov;

TGS~

1510

Ortppoarwt aij.LTron
Edkas-'"Apr,oc rot biKav 7rpo/3aivcov
lT6 X~q KOVpO/3Ofpw 7TapE'aE.

iW

iW

/3UtLXEv f3aGnXEV,

(JpE'OS EK SbLXCLS T(

KEUtt

b'

EUTE/3Et
4LOt

/Mot

3oXlcp
EK

3

[pjw

baIpp'(fco;

790"E

IroT' JimT;

1515

aPaXv1s~ EV' X04oLa~T TWW

Oav4,Tp /C3tOi'

EK7TV'WCV.

6

KO67-cav T 143 &VEXEVOEpOI)
pwp

ba

XEPOs' ajAcPLT

ECS~

(&4Lap7-o>

OMP~/3EXlEJ,

.

1520

1~q 498 'lrLA . Voss
1495 &auapros add. Enger : idem .5'
7rpofpaivwv Can151 Wcav Scholefield: &ircfp Butler: SE ical codd.
ter :

7rpooa/3cdvwv'
codd.

AIIXTAOT
KA.

[ov'T'

cWEXEZIOEpov o

O6 avm

t

TpbE y~v~'o-Oat.]
ovbiE yap ovTOs b3oAtai aTrIy

[avr. E

OLKOLV~t 'O7K;

aAx' f1O

TjV

EK TOVb'

Epvos

aEpoEv,

1525

rao-wv~

7rOXvK~av7rqv 'hjtyEvdtav,

aeta b paoas a4ia

rqbv Ev e'Atbov

fEyaXavXELoW,

Oav 6 TpW TtO-as~ alTEp ?lp Ev.
X0. dpnrlavUi 4gp0VTJ0s~OTEp)OESC
Ev7T6 XaJ~ov IdPL~vav
7ra Tp TO)/Jat, 7JT(TVOVTOS' OLIOV.
5
U3b0tKa b' 6' 1v3pov KT? 7T0V 8ioAo-aX
TOY

at/ia7rIp7 *faKas~

BiLK?)v

EIT'

bE

'[0--P.

C.

153r

Xqyt.

aXXo 7rpayp~a 017 yLvEt f3XaO-3

7rpoS aXXats 1 Bryiaato Moipa.
.Wya Ya, EGBO E' EBEiW,
7Fp) rov6' E~)t8iv aPyVPOTotXov
b potras KcLTEXoYTa Xa EV~rIP
T(S~ 6 0a4 )2 ivti; rts 6 Opr7znioWV;
1
E'p~
T"t(TaKTCY'X
270,)

1540

708'

avb pa TOP ai5~jS~ a'rOKo Kivoat,
41/V;( T' axaPIcv Xaptv avT' Epy*v

1545

MEyaXLOv aBtKos~ E7rLKpavat;
TLS'
E'JTLTUMId, 3 alvov Er' 63 AP't OECw
WP
ow) biaKpvOtS~ Ga2TLW

-zaOEl'q

4JpEv(~J2 7rOlflpTEt;

1550

6
,i-oAvfcXa Tr7v

1526
Porson : 7roX /c~avTc~'
1521-2 seclusit Seidler
1529 'pE
&'caLi1codd.
codd.
1527 &ascaante adacs
OIJ7dZEL Hermann:
1535 aLKI7Z Auratus : 8i~nj codd.
Spanheim
Oi yeL codd. [fort. Airca 8'...
O-ryca'ces caxaipav Musgrave]
1545 'Pvxl6
' E. A. I. Ahrens : *kux v codd.
1547 E'7rlT /43L01/ cdvov Voss : E'lrL6
cdvos codd.
'r

Hermann:

T'

j43s

AF'AM EMM2N
KA.

ov OE 7TPlOQ'77KEL TO

X?~

aXE4IEt

J.j

7TflOS ?flJ.CWV

TOVTO'

KaTrEO"E,

6

K TOavE,

.KaG 'Ka7-aaOoEy

6
o1))X v7ro K~avOM 3 v TOW e .OLKGOW,

akkX'

~a--ra-LCOS'

htyE'vEt4 ivw

Ovy&-'qp,.

irarEp

&vTcmacaa 7Tpos~

1555

(c3 )yyij,
a)KI7TOpoV

7ro pOp L :a~
Ev
7Tp XE.LpE f3a~ov3o-a OtKj6Et.
6

Xo.

'VEL8OS ?)KEL TOWi &VT

&Gy-aXa

8' Eao-TL

0EE 4JEt ,poJT , EKT(VEL 6'

I4LYEL 83E
IJL~VOVTOS
'7TcOELI)

1561

6

Kahv.

El' Opovpt Atos

O~ap tov

Tov E'eavra'

yap.

TLS~ cw yovcw .apaiov EK/3c{XOL MjLWV;
KEKOXX1JTLL yEVos~ 7rp5s~ &rq.

KX. Es~

TOW~ EVE/3?7

axrjOEca

ev

S.
x pr10G)UO E)/Lt b'
EOE~Xw 8aidpOVL TW

7TEft

0Y

1565

[arT.

-7.

Ov

UXAEWO-EVti(OP

OpKOVS~ OE dv?7 Td2E

8ivcTTA?7Ta

C.

[aVT.

oVEoovs~.

Kpivat.

,E'

oTE'pyEtv,

0
O

8E

AOt-1TOP,

1570
GOZT,

EK TO)YbE bo'lk W caAXJP yEVEa'W
T pLO/EwU
OavToLs'

aV'OETataU

KTEavcov TE fLkflOS
3adov ExOV~m 7ra

adro~rn lim

iavias~ E~aOpwPv

'575

axxrgxop6vovs apExov&77
1551 /X?7l. XE'yEWV Karsten:; EX c XE'7ECV codd.
post 1554
duo versus excidisse indicavit Hermann
1555 'IpLyVEL& Vu'
1559 XEiPE Porson : XEipa codd.
Auratus : IpLyEVELcu'
codd.
1565 apcazoi Hermann : p
: xpdvqv codd.
1563 Opcivw
codd.
1566 7rpbs 6iTc Blomfield : 7rpGociJ~aL codd. Post 1566
iterat vv. 1537-50 Burney
1568 xpnr, us Casaubon : xp77o~'v

Schltz

codd.

Ty'

15746 Ao, 3'

'XX?JAo(ovos

Canter : ordinem mutavit Erfurdt

bWavias

eCUOPwv codd.

S'

eie'cit

AIIXTAOT
AIr'Izeom

0Ey0

w

7/JFpts~ BILKr4oopov.

Eiv4Jpo1

qvvv
4pav~v &vcBEV y'q
Oog

t'bco

Z5oazrOLs

E7TOITWEWL

EV

Top &vb3pa TOZ'aE
XEpoS

TtJaO povs'

6 /poTtw

av .'7

'ir7rAotS

'wTLLpwLS EKT(POvTG,

71%TOVTOV'7arp

'Arpe's' yatp &p~CwV T?)0-8E
aiT

'i-

a

TOP
ELov,

?7lvbp1Jl~aTr7LTEV EK

Pt Kp

6

TEt,

7 rOAE69s TE KaG

oAcWV

x585

boMoY.
'ir4Xw

Kat wipoo°Tpoiatos' &QTaS~
V E-TS

®~

cO5s TOpO)s~4pa-at,:

4XKTS

L?4

&EA~fr,

15

4(Xos~ E 6,
6
Ir1xaa .

Kd( tEVOV

'iraTE pa OvE0cTT11V

dXii,

'E ptviwlo

s

?7p V vET' ao-aX?7,

To jwq

Oc&w 7ra'r pwov a4L6a aL

[avTo3]

Evta 8E TOvbiE bviiSo~s -raT~lp

['ATPEV6S',
TcoA(0p, K pEov

-7TpOO?51XfS~

i
MaXXovP

wXco]

1590
'iraTp

pyov, q4Ia p Evv1wCs' &7EW

83OKwvJ, 'iTape'to-(E

Ta

7ir~ov.

bai'ra

iraLt3E((Ol KpE&)V.

LEV W0 rOy1 KaL X~pwV aKpOVS~ KTE~vaSr

E'Opv7rT'

~

VOEV &lvhpaKts~ Ka6r)MEvos

ao "o

Vw

avrK

E'EL /30pav ao-wTov, cs

ayvoct
opa,

'595

Xa/3co

/EVEL.

KcL'TELT' E7Tt7POVS~ E'pyOZV Ov KaTat6LO2)
Epc V,
p/) COEV, a 7r6(TTEL 8' a7r0

ao4ay'v

LOpOY

b'

cqEpTOV FJEXO'iTtatS E7TEVXErTcL,

i6oo

6
X KTto-,.a bEC'TVOV &VP3KO)S~ TLOELS apa,

oicwS' 0XEUOaL

'rav

TO HXAEOOEVOVS

yEVOS.

7rEOOVTa' TO~b' cbEwWia pa.
EKC TOWVBE LTO&
KayW) b3Kaw9g
158o

TORbE

7rE~rAocs] 7rayZLI

Tov

Naurck

/xovov pa EVS'.
S'
1585 avrTOV Elmsley : av rOi T' codd.

1595 fortasse
1590-1 a'JTov et 'A7-pe~s... cptAcos seclusit Schaltz
0 8' Dindorf : doa7uca 8' codd.
1596
KaOn E'ots Hermann
o-pa y~v Auratus : anpayIs
&j'. 7FirTEL codd.
1599 &a r7rT Et
16o2 OWE'owc Porson : 3o~-q codd.
codd.

Canter:

6,,7'

AI'AMEMNS2N

'rptrov yap

6v7a

a-vvE6EXaVVEt

E~r

'

BvoaOXicp -raTp

~

1605

TVTOOV O'VT' E27wayvos

KaI TovB5E TcavbpoS~c4~q Ovpatos wSz,
4

'7-ao-av

,-qXaviiv

ffv 4cS'

8v6 f3ovX~as.

Eoc

OV'TO) KaXoY 8nj Ka To KcLTOavEiv

16io

JiovTa TOVTOl) T17798i(K1 :U EpKEATGl.

Xo. A

0%)
7tywO', O /pLCEW EV KcLKOLLTW ffEIO.

o±V

b'

:TOVB3E
&vPipa

(qS

bcc'O

KaTaKTavEV,

Pxvos~ 8' E7rOtKT-O)) TO7)8E /3ovXEV~o-at qJ0OVV

p711.

Ov

dX?4EW

&8loptc-ECs,

At.

E.v

TO

8CKy

ff 6 4' L'fOt,

Ka pa

aOUi

01) TCLvTC (/0vES~ VEpT~px t 7rTIOLEOS
K9~TOVYTL(9)
T80p03;
'
pTVT~v'W7rN,
KWT~q
6
yVc -Et y~pow Ow ws~ 8idiaio-OaL

~vy

Lfl

v3iat,

5

8E

KWt To yrihlps~ a&L

46X&Ta~at

83LbWTKE&V

taTpo/JavTEts.

r

3api)

affLOVEt l) EpJJ EvOV.

Tw) T17X tKOVTp,
8iE(T)

1615

XEVaqiLOVS apas.

ovX opas

lk?7

6

TE

1620

vr7cTTL3Es'

(ppEPCi

p6v

6

T aiE;

6

X KTLCE, r1 'na-as j oy-s.
7rp0S~ KcEPT pa
Xo. yvvat, (TV TOVS9 I7K0vTas EK MCXQQS' WiNO)
0LKOVlOS~ EVZ)?v

avp a-TpaT'qyp Tovb'

At.

1625

dzbpos a~iz'as~aLa
3OVXEVo-as~ popov;

Kat TavTCL TO/ITT) KXav~aT~oW apXrJyEvll.

'Op(PZ 8E yXwaorav TT))) va))Tiav EXELs.
6 fLEV yap '4yE 7ra))T a~r (POoyyr~ Xapa,
o-V 8' E Opias~ ))?7flrOLs v5Xcypao-L))

8'

aBEL KpaTr)OEi

X0.

( it) -

a-v

j ot

1630

?JJEp&)TEpos~ c/JaVE&

5

Ti av2os' 'ApyEi'OV

'Ew,

a&GXicp

codd.: a&v-)n' 6hTa /L' OXcq
SEK'
1612 icaiounv] IcaALOcvE Porson
1611 i66v'rs Fa
1621 6eO/b~s Fa : ad
1613 'r4'ae cpjs Pauw : i-~'8' El-js codd.
1624 ircio'as (ex schol. ad Pind. Pyth. ii) Hermann : lri~das
Fl V
1626 aioaxlvas
1625 4z'wv Wieseler : YE'OV codd.
codd.
1631 '?pFIoLs Jacob : "irtoss codd.
Wieseler : aio-xvovo' codd.
1605

Schbmann :
SvoyaOXicp

Wecklein

AIIXTA OT
OS OVK, E7TEtb7) Twp
bpao-ai.

At.

To? yap

EK T&)V

aPXEL

6

E/3okEVO-as popov,

rOb EpyOV OVK ETX-qS. aVTOKT 6 VLOS.
6oocoo-at 7rpos~ yVVatKOiS ?)V Trac0
6

E

TOVbE xplaro
TOP

7TOXLTl.)W

1635

7rEtaoOlIa&

6E I.LJ

wEtOavopct

COt O'EtpatJJOpo2)

CE14(i) O3apEats oVTt

1640

dAX' o- bvo- LXEI OKOT(GTO+*ETat.
eVPOLKOS paXOaK~v (o
Tc-V Jvbpa TOvb' c7r0 fVX1,S KaK17S

KptOwoYTa 7r&Aopr
XL~toS

7-C

XO.

by]

OVK avros ir'vaptcES', aAAa vtv y/vpl

xc

ipas'

EK2-EtV;

tao-j a Kai
'JpEoTT1.S
6

07T(0S' KaTEXO~iw

OEG)7)E'X6 ~~poWv
apa Tfov

OAEwTEt

EVpO' 7JrEVbLEVEL- TVt
6

?pL0oGv yEPrjTaL TOtVSE 7TayKpaTJS

At..

catX

Xo.

E/7TEG 8KELS-

.

At. Ea

X0.

.

b?',

TLa

'

OvEVS';

Xtyw,

ELY KaL

6

yYC oEL

r&Xa.

.

.

6

/J&Xot XAOXLtTat, TO?4yOY Ovx EKas' TO E..

b~61,00
aX~a / L?7
Eta

At.

1645
qXOS,

Xo. 6EXO)pYOLS
KA. ,L?7bapLo's,
aXXa Ka

KaycW 7TpOKOY)TOS,
.EyEtS

C)

6'

LTT-EtXE Kal

OVKc avalvo~t

OaYE V.

OaYEiv (TE" TqJY Tv~X1Y

6'

atpov~uEOa.

OiL'TaT' avbpwv, aX~a 6paoowp EV KaKa.

Tab'

injii/ovijs

1650

7TfO TpOK(07TOY wras, TLS EVTpE)tLETOJ.

Eea/lgkaL

cLLS'

o-

y'
Xot

7roXAa

6

V0-T7Y01

OE'pos'

1655

6

v~raPXEtL W1b~ at~aTw EOa.
yEpoYTES

7TpOS' 80(OVS

7TE7p(O)kEYOVS'

[T-OVtE],

-r-8E

V

1634 T9)'
Efnh)XEvo-as Fa
8ov $nAd' 0 g Fl
Post 1635
1637 1 Porson : ) codd.
transponit vv. 1643-8 Heimsoeth
codd.
164o piO Pauw :
1638 'Tcw 8E Jacob : TI-3JaE codd.
4
1644 7/tV
o'ic ToV Scaliger : 8ao-ipX js K~o~ codd.
1641 8a'(pLXEi
Post 1649 versum excidisse indicat HerSpanheim : o-in' codd.

mann

165o

Aegistho dat

Stanley;

choro codd.

0-TEiXEITE

6

1653 cdpo -

1654 acdW~ez' Victorius : 5aio/.Ev
Eea Auratus : EpodviE~a codd.
04
1655 p01 Schultz : o E'pws codd. 1656 17rapxEL Scaliger :
codd.
1657 o'TE~XE
ai~aTC-duea Jacob : ' aLT4 EO5 codd.
97raPXE codd.
frovaoaE seclusit Auratus
a' of codd.
ica '~ xoi Franz :

A1'AMEMNS2N
'Jrptv 7raOEtv

Et

E'peavTES"

)S' c' 7rp4,qaeap
atpKEiv Xpl~l Ta
yEVOLTo TO'fl aiXts,. bEXOtIJ EO'av,
166o
7rE~rX?7y,'~t .
/3apELa 8vorvX^g

bE.TOG P~OXOW'

bacpovos~ X-)XN

wb
atXXa
E&'q7

EX~t Xoyos yvL'atKOS, E' TLS~ a cot ptaOE V..
Too%-b' Etoi araiav yXooa-av cTh' &7ravOio-at

At.

'-otctV7a

KaK/3ctXE~lt'

if&JL/povos

yvct

is~

Xo. Ov'K a, 'ApyEi'wv Tob
At. &'XX' Eyc6 a- EV v("T
Xo. OiIK,

Eav

At. orb' Ey

a1

~ap~Tivwka)~

EL),

~EVOVS',

Tov° ipaTo3Vr

7rpo(TifattV

4

at(TtV ?'pt pats METEtbL

batMav 'OpE'oT-p'

qxiiyovras

7rEtpco

bJatovos

b'

&/7TEVOVV7

tiEvp

aivbpas~ EX~i-t

7

E'it.

6

KaKOP.
1666

p~oXEtY.

as o-tr0vjEVOVS'.

Xo. 7rpatrcrE, 'irta vov, Fttaivcow rijv biKjv, E7TEL 7raipa.
xap.
T'7O-bE ,t(aS~
Ct7rotlv
At. lo-Ot pot

8&)(To-1)

XO. Ko tiratovo Oapo-w'v,. aXEKT~p

KA.M~)'rp~t~?7c,'s. Mara~tol

c0UTE

1670

07IXEias 7rEXas.

T(,vb' v~ayMLTWov'

Kai f- OT1F17 E Kpa7TovVT-E

(0'

(Eyc

>

TwOJbE &,)paCTtWv (Kai w~s'>.

Ep~cw'z-S' &pKCEiv Hermann : E'p~aTES KicupoW Fl : Ep~cwrTa Kcpbw
1662 'i-oiTo' E'/0LO
1659 aEXoLALEO Martin : y' Exo~A EO codd.
1663 &4w~vos Casaubon : 8adpovas codd.
0cO codd.
Voss :
1664 aFcapTEiv Tov Casaubon : af~cprfl'roJ Fl Fa 0' i5/3piat add. Blom1672-3 E'yc et KaA~i1
1671 &$areScaliger : &%--iEP codd.
field
1658

V Fa

Ti--E

addiderunt Canter et Auratus e schoL

Car4nbon

(ress

eria

AESCHYLUS
AGAMEMNON

WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES
BY

A. SIDGWICK, M.A.
READER IN GREEK

IN THE UNIVERSITY

FELLOW AND .TUTOR OF CORPUS CHRISTI

OF OXFORD

COLLEGE, OXFORD

LATE FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND ASSISTANT MASTER
OF RUGBY SCHOOL

FIFTH EDITION, REVISED
PART II--NOTES

AT THE CLARENDON
1898

PRESS

HENRY FROWDE,

M.A.

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFOID

LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND NEW YORK

NOTES.
The Jalace of Agamemnon at Argos, at night. Enter on
[PROLOGUE.
the roof a watchman, who reclines head on arm, and soliloquises:
(11. 1-39.) ' For a year I have been watching for the fire to tell of
Troy's capture; the life here is one of sadness and anxiety : now I hope
for better things.' The light then appears, and he bursts into a shout
of joy, broken by gloomy hints at the close.]
1. I. The place is called Argos, and the people Argeioi, all through
the play. According to the old tradition, however, Agamemnon was
king of Mykenae, a town about six miles from Argos. Homer (2. 569)
enumerates the towns which formed his kingdom. The use of the name
Argos for Mykenae was nevertheless common in the Greek poets, and it
was all the more natural now, as about s.c. 463 (five years before 458,
the date of the play) Argos had defeated and dismantled Mykenae,
and sold or expelled the inhabitants. Soon after this the Argeioi became allied with Athens.
The watchman is a loyal servant of Agamemnon, sent to watch for
the beacon-fire which is to tell of the capture of Troy. It is possible,
however, that the queen wishes for her own purposes to have early
tidings of her lord's return. (Patin, Eschyle, 314.)
1. 2. ' Through this long year of watching,' lit.' through the length of
KosKOS, of duration. (It is possible to take cjpovpas
acc.
a year's watch.'
as app. to Trr6vwv, and IAKos acc. of respect, ' these toils, my watch a
year in length,' but it makes a rougher, more artificial, construction.
The conjecture ijxos, ' cure,' which D. adopted, is ingenious, but quite
'wherein resting.' "jv cognate or inunnecessary.) 'v KOLLW"ILEVOS,
ternal acc.
'on the roof of the
1. 3. o'riy~sy 'ArpetSiv (dywaOEv, KZvvs
Atreidae couched head on arm, like a dog.' fdyKcLEV from 6y7 7, 'bent
arm' (like the common Homeric dciycds in dcyKcs
EiV, c"ykas iXEL , tc.T.A.
'to hold, or take in the arm'), found Eum. 80 4tyraOev Xap cv pE'as:
'from above,'
quite a different word from viYealEv (from davc,~'ca0EWr,)
which is clearly the right reading in Eum. 369.
Eng., Schn., Dind., read ar'yqr, and construe aycaOE0v, 'above,' con.A2

8iKiv,

AGAMEMNON.
tracted from dv4ca9Ev, which makes good sense, but it is unlikely that
Aeschylus should have used the rare word dvicaOEv in a form syncopated
so as to confuse it with the different word dyxasv, which we know he
also uses in Eum. 8o.
1. 4. KaTOL a, ' I know well,' 'I have learnt to know.'
1. 6. 8vvo-ras, bright 'rulers,' as he finely calls the leading constellations whose rise marks the seasons; not ' the sun and moon,' as
Pal., which in no sense bring summer and winter.
1. 7. Is no doubt a gloss. &o'ripas is rough rhythm, a dull repetition
superfluous to the construction with avviaras in the line
after raTrpwv,
before; and the whole line rather produces the effect of bathos.
6
4
w
1. 8. Notice the rhetorical repetitions, Aual ri8os.. -rop s, 4 TLV..
pdcv.
vX raOo,I watch for.'
'
..
1. io. &adOAvov 3gLv, ' tidings of capture,' a rare use of the adj.;
in poetry, however, there is hardly any relation to the substantive which
the adj. cannot express. &8E yap, best taken simply, 'for such sway
she bears, my mistress' manly heart, nursing her hope,' i. e. for I am
' confident
forced to obey her. (So Eng., Schn.; Paley~uKpaTEr 'Xvriov,
in hope,' is forced and unusual; and the order is against it.) The
phrase is slightly strained but not unnatural. Others take it 'for so she
orders' simply : but cpaEr is not so used.
&v .. EXw, is interrupted by the parenthesis
1. 12. The clause
p$os 3 .. irnvw, and taken up again loosely but naturally by 'rav 8E..,
so that the general sense is 'and when I keep my weary watch (for
fear prevents my sleeping), and try to while away the time by song.'
1. i4 . i-'v, with the double emphasis of being last word of the
sentence and first word of the line, is very weak, and is perhaps a corruption of Ebviov in the line before, as Hartung suggests: though neither
Bentley's Epoi, nor Schn.'s Ti o'v ; is satisfactory : and we do find weak
words in that position, cf. 123, 1589. c6opos, ' the fear,' is of what will
follow when the king returns; but it is only a hint, as in 19 and 31.
1. 15. ro j4i .. ov1JpaEty, a common Greek idiom, being one forrii
of the consecutive infinitive, expressing the result, the sense being 'so
that I cannot,' ' preventing me from.'
1. 16. &dESELV.
There is a proverb 'singing on watch,' (ppovpas
Swv) Arist. Clouds, 720. LLVvpopL , 'to hum,' or 'warble,' properly 'to
sing in a low tone,' used often of birds. The full phrase is found Ar.
Eccl. 88o ~ILvvpolEr) lrp~s 4iavrTlv iAos (of a woman waiting and humming a tune to while away the time). 8oiK, 'I think to,' as we say.
So Ar. Vesp. 177 73y' 6'ov edayEV Box&, Av. 671 qpnXaai oc o ic.
(The construction is really an attraction into the personal from the inmSo the Greeks say biad s EiJs
personal, instead of saying 8olxtEr o...
7TOLlv for 8icayv pot EdTC Tro~Eiv. See 1079.)

7p

trT'

NOTES.

LINES

4-34.

1. 17. 'Shredding in this vocal cure in place of sleep.' EVri.gC,
'to slice or shred in,' is used of putting (medicinal) herbs into a potion;
so here metaphorically. (K.'s Ev rEri'vw is not happy; if -7riv is admitted, what more natural than EVTEiVW ?) Observe the mixture of sententiousness and forcible homeliness in the speech of this servant: his
repetitions (8-1o), and antithesis (iI, 21-22), and dark hints (39), and
his homely metaphors from watchdogs (3), drugs (71), dicing (32-33),
oxen (36), are all characteristic.
1. 19. This cautious phrase might simply mean that the ' absence
of the king was felt;' but ' to those who know' (39) it meant the unfaithfulness of Klytaemnestra.
1.. 21. ' When with glad tidings shines the fire of darkness,' a sententious antithesis such as the rusticwit delights in. So vvKcrbs, ljsep o-Lov,
22. [At this point the beacon he is watchingfor flashes out. He is
supposed to be looking northward toward the Argolic mountain,
Arachnaion, which was the last beacon before Argos, 3o9.]
1. 22. ' Thou blaze of night, a daylight glare revealing,' is another
of his antitheses.
rav4op&, 'hap.' 'event,' a neutral word, here in good sense,
1. 24.
though mostly used in a bad one.
1. 25. itoi, loO. 'Hurrah!' exclamation of joy here: though more
often of horror and woe, as 1214.
1. 26. The MSS. vary between rltalvo (M. G.) and carcavco: the
latter expresses his intention of telling Klytaemnestra; the former
neans ' by this cry io I signify to K.,' and that is rather more vigorous,
and also suits ropws, 'loudly,' better.
1. 27. The constr. is the acc. inf. of the oblique petition, 'I signify
"rrav-ELXathat she should rise from her bed and upraise a shout,' etc.
aavy (notice the syncope, for ir-ava-rEiAaav), a picturesque word sug6
might be dat. recip. 'for the
gesting the rise of sun or star. 8
house;' but more likely it is the local use ' in the house,' an old fashion
surviving in poetry.
1. 29. etwep, 'since,' as often.
1. 30. &yyXkAv frpsrISL, 'brightly tells,' lit. ' shines telling.' Again
a picturesque phrase. (dyy wv of Med. etc. is clearly an error.)
1. 31. [Here the watchman executes a triumphaldance.]
11. 32-33. These two lines become clear when one sees that the
metaphor is all from dicing: 'My master's luck I'll mark as prosperous,
now that this fire has thrown me sixes three.' 0cOatL, ' to put it down,'
as we say; somewhat as O4arOa rap' obsvy, iv dsuaciparT OiaOai, ic.r.X.
1. 34. 8' ovv. The regular use of these particles is in dismissinga
subject, cutting short a train of thought, resuming after a digression. and
such situations. ETrc S' ovv 6'rwsr bviv <piov Soph. O. C. 1205, Obic o~i'.

pLoLs

5

A GA MEMNON.
iJoL 8' ovv 2j' T Lyaiav oy#j apd ib. Ant. 1250. So Ag. 224, 255. 'Well,
be it mine to grasp my lord's dear hand.'
1. 35. p3acr'aco, prop. 'to bear, or lift,' so ' to feel,' 'to hold.' xEpa
Soph. O. C. 10o5.
Aodxov 0. Eur. Alc. 917; 6cvia
1. 36. The first shadow of the tragedy falls on the almost boisterous
joy and playfulness of the rustic watcher, namely the dark hint of the
unfaithfulness of Klytaemnestra, which is to lead to the 'worse that
remains behind.' pofs 4r yXwoo-o .. p4p iKE, 'a huge ox stands upon
my tongue,' a pithy rustic metaphor for enforced silence ; pois being proverbially a silent animal (the idea of a reference to bribery--povs being
the ox on the old Attic coins-is less likely). pipKE, 'stands,' 'lies,'
83EJ'ijcasv, ' where
present sense, as is natural to perfect. So X&pos iv
we stand,' Soph. O. C. 52; nt ird'Aov E/i9aav, 'riding,' 'seated,' ib.
O. C. 313.
Ktccv,'purposely,' goes
1. 38. ws, 'for,' gives the reason for alyc.
with X' 100 .L chiefly (as Eng., Schn., Pal., point out), the first verb, a8V',
' For
for -rois
being less important. (Observe the Epic
purposely, as I speak to those who know, to those who know not-I
ila
forget.' MXOO is rather unexpected, and is another touch of what
may be almost called his rustic playfulness. With this dark hint he
goes off; and the chorus of Argive elders enter the orchestra by the side
passage (rdposos). The proper choral odes begin 104.
[PaRODOS. 11. 40-103. Enterthe chorus, marchingin time to the anapaestic song. The general sense of the opening or entrance song is as
follows : 'Ten years are passed since the Atreidae sailed forth with the
fleet for vengeance, like vultures robbed of their young (40-54). Zeus
Xenios is wroth with Paris and sends the avenging host, bringing long
struggles for both sides, and the end to be as fate wills' (55-71).
Meanwhile the queen Klytaemnestra apears,and begins the prejparations
for sacrifice. 'What hast thou heard, lady ? See, all the altars begin
to blaze ! What does it mean? We waver between anxiety and hope'

0.

1a8odoL

I.)

(72-103).]

11.40-42. ' This is the tenth year since Priam's great foe King Menelaos and Agamemnon.' It has been noticed as odd that jEyas a&vrLSLKOs
should be applied only to Menelaos, and that Agamemnon, the ' king of
men,' is second. It may be only accidental, as in the next two lines
(bXvpy ~'eyor) and below (o09 6'Opovov irptros) they are treated with
equal honour. Or, perhaps, AV'rTLKOs is used strictly, and Menelaos
comes first as the wronged party, Agamemnon being his helper. avTiirdt
SLKos, metaphor from law-courts, meaning simply 'antagonist.'
are used in this sense 'since;' the precise phrase is i ov.
and even rTE
1. 43. 8&0p6vov .. 'nqgLs, gen. of description or equivalence as it is
called, one of the numerous shades of relation described by genitive.
6

NOTES.

LINES 35-62.

Translate,' The mighty pair of Atreus' sons, each dowered from Zeus
with rank of throne and sceptre.' (It is literally, 'pair of Atreidae, of
two-throned honour,' etc., i. e. 'consisting of;' the TL/i is the abstract
aspect of the kings.) Grammatically T
rL6s and 'Arpe~tiv are parallel,
both being gen. after ev'6yos. AL6eev qualifies the adjectives. 'A-rpEL8&y .
Doric gen.; the choruses contain many Doric forms.
1. 47. 'pav, 'sped;' at'pw, prop. 'to lift,' is used commonly for ' to
start,' both trans. a?6rov, orpar6v, and intrans. aTpaw, vavci, both of
land and sea. It probably originally meant simply ' to take up' your
things and be off.
1. 49.
rpbrrov (ace. of appositionto sentence, like aiKqv, x&pv), 'like.'
1. 5o. o're, Epic form of rel. EKraTdoLS (ro70S, 'path'), ' out of the
path,' may mean either ' strange,' 'unbounded,' ' terrible,' or ' lonely;'
the latter very well suits the eagles wheeling over their craggy nests;
and is the meaning given by the Scholiast. wra 8ov, ' for their young.'
Gen. of relation, common after words of feeling, as anger, grief, surprise, etc. [Blomfield's Icnrdryfos is very probable.]
1. 51.
errro XEXyWv, 'high o'er their nest.' i;raTor governing gen.
much as vrEsp does, by a slight extension of usage.
1. 52. ' The oarage of their wing,' a fine phrase for the flight of large
birds. Lucretius, 6. 743, imitates (remigi oblitae jennarum) and Vergil
has followed (remigio alarum, Aen. I. 301, 6. 19).
r6vov 6praXCov BXirav'res, 'having lost the
1. 53. SELvorlpp w
guardian-task of their brood,' i.e. 'the task of keeping the nest:' the
adj. describes in what the task consists. The word occurs again 1449,
in the sense of' keeping the bed,' i.e. ' confining to bed' of sickness.
1. 55. ' Above there is one that hears, either Apollo,' etc. Observe
So Verg. Aen.
idiomatic use of- Ls, where we should say 'perchance,'
I. 182 ' Anthea si quem iactatum vento videat.' Apollo protects the
birds as god of augury: Pan as god of the forest and wild animals:
Zeus as god of justice. (Schn.)
1. 56. Notice the loaded adjectives, in Aeschylus' weighty manner,
'the shrill lament of winged mourners who dwell in his skies:' e'ro(KwV being a finely imaginative word: the birds are the sojournersin the
god's home.
rapLpaov,
to the transgressors,' the older Epic use of the
1. 59.
38.
partic. without rois. So aOoGe6o
1. 61. ~i' 'AEhtvpcp, 'against Paris;' Eri with dat. lit. 'on' (as we say,
'he marched on Rome'). It is an Epic use, see illustrations on 357; in
Attic and prose it would be acc. VLos, because the crime of the rape
of Helen was an offence against the sacred laws of hospitality, which
were under the protection of Zeus Xenios.
1. 62. iroXv ivopos, ' wooed by many a suitor.'

A GA MEMNON.
1. 64. Gen. abs. ' when the knee is bowed in the dust.' 1pLSOivov,
lit. 'resting.'
1. 65. rpoTXELa, ' the prelude,' usually the sacrifice before marriage
(rThor, 'rite'); here the 'prelude of the battle,' but suggesting the other
sense, that the fighting was a bitter marriage- relude for Paris.
OT viv cr'r, 'the issue is--as it is now,' an intentionally
1. 67. fcrrL
enigmatic sentence. In the mouth of the chorus it naturally means
'there is good news; the Trojans are vanquished' (though they do not
as yet know the details). But to the spectators it has a second and
deeper meaning, as Agamemnon is returning to find unfaithfulness,
is
conspiracy, and murder, and so in a terrible sense rEXEZ-LatL r 1TE'TrrpO.ivov, 'it draws to its fated end.'
The Greek dramas are full of such double meanings, bearing only a
single sense to the speaker; and the contrast between the two senses,
or.between the position of the speaker as he conceived it, and as it was
known to the audience, often formed most effective situations, of
Dramatic Irony, as it has been called.
11. 69-71. {rroKcXawv of the MSS. gives a tiresome repetition with
BaKpCov, so I have taken Casaubon's 1WroKacov (adopted by Eng., Schn.),
making a very natural antithesis of offering and libation. The sense will
then be, 'Neither by secret offering, nor by secret libation, nor by tears
shall one soothe their stubborn wrath (i.e. the gods' wrath) for the unburnt sacrifices.' Again a double meaning. (I) In the chorus' mouth
it means, 'The Trojans cannot soothe their angry gods by any expiation;'
but (2) to the spectators it has a second deeper sense, 'Agamemnon
cannot by any offering assuage the anger of the gods for his sacrifice of
Iphigeneia.' It is hard however to be sure what is the meaning of d&rpwv tLEpIv in (I), or the surface sense, it may mean 'rejected sacrifice'
(offering which will not burn) ; or as Schn., Pal., 'unholy rite' (rite without fire, i.e. the marriage of Helen and Paris) ; or thirdly, as Enger, 'Shall
soothe the stubborn wrath of the unlit sacrifice,' the wrath of the god
being transferred to the sacrifice which will not burn.
1. 72. &6rTTacL, 'unhonoured' is' best sense (though the termination
the
is rare in passive sense, cp. a~pirgp, tIcpoS#T7r). [Others say 'not-paying,'
i.e. either 'not serving' or 'not avenging;' but both are less smooth
and natural.]
etc., like gen.
1. 73.
&pwyjs, common gen. after XesreaOa, iraaOal,
after comparative, 'left out of the army that gave aid.'
1. 77. av4-rc-wv, 'leaping' (H., Dind., Schn., Eng.), better far than avieaawv, 'ruling' (MSS. and Pal.). The gen. sense is, ' the strength of the
old is like children's ( rbYv loo'raLa); for the very young vigour is as
unfit for war as the very old feebleness.' In 76-82 he simply develops
the idea 'the old are no better than children.'
8

NOTES.

LINES 64-94-

1. 78. to-rbrpo pus, ' is like unto age,' i.e. the vigour of boyhood is yet
no fitter for war than decrepit age.
.. X'pa, 'and Ares is not in
his place,' i. e. is not there in his place, his place being the full-grown
man. iaTd Xdpav is the prose phrase for ivL' Xp9a.
1. 79. r6 O'
' and the last old age,' the neuter expressing
the class, like Tb viov, Tb ra6dv; by a loose but natural construction it
becomes masc. at 81, 0elXEL, a vivid personal verb, having prepared the
way.
The MSS. are corrupt, only Fa. reads as above. We might read
ti O' i ripyypw, ' what of the very old?' with Eng., but prefer to follow
Fa., the question being not very idiomatic or natural.
1. 8o. -rpLro8as, 'the three foot ways' are of course the old men
walking with a stick.
1. 82. 'He strays, a mid-day dream,' a feeble shadowy life. The
day-dream being even more unreal than the night-dream.
[ While this song has been singing, the queen Klytaemnestra comes out
and begins to make arrangementsfor the sacrificing,
lighting up the altars
and ordering about her train of maidens. The chorus address her
directly.]
1. 83. Tvvs8pEo, irregular gen. from TvvapEVs, as though Ionic gen.
of Tvviprs.
1. 87. irev00o, 'from hearing;' most MSS. have reLeoi, 'from belief,'
a commoner but less appropriate word. Fl. has 7rvOoi, which suggests
the real reading.
erpLrqrrc OVOOKE6S, 'art sacrificing by word sent
round?' i. e. 'art sending round the word to sacrifice?'
rseplrEL-ra
6
being adverbial (strictly, in agreement with cogn. acc.).
vooTKEis, MSS.
OvoaIlEvEl, probably corrupted to complete the full line. The right
'to burn
word, 0vooKEs, is restored from Hesych. (Ovor, Ia- .ack,

'Apqs

iripygpov,

offering.')
1. 88. 'And of all the gods that guard our city, above, below, in the
heavens, in the mart.' &o'-rvv6oL, the same as the commoner words
7oXboXo
and roXtaro xoL. ImF-ro were gods like Zeus, Apollo, Hera,
etc. X06VLOL were Ge, Pluto, Hermes, Eumenides, etc.
The other antithesis, 'in the heavens, in the mart,' is less obvious, but
by dyopatoL he probably means those who do specially preside over the
city-life; by ovpvwoL those who do not. 'Ayopaios is applied to Zeus (Eum.
9).
979), to Hermes (Ar. Eq. 297), to Artemis and Athena (Paus. 3.

11.

(In

Theb. 257 Tros 7roca6ovXoc

0o
e

ITLs ovd/oLs rE ricyopii

Er

o-

rrots, a different division is apparently meant, ' all our native gods, of the
country and the town.')
1. 93. &vicrxe, ' arises,' intrans., as often from Homer onwards, esp.
of the sun. See Lexicon.
1. 94. ' The pure unguent's soft and guileless spell' is a thoroughly

A GA MEMNON.
Aeschylean phrase, lo9aded and imaginative. It is called 'guileless'
probably simply because rrap-yopa, ' persuasion,' was so often guileful:
the persuasion of oil to fire is genuine.
1. 96.
irkXavos, 'a clot or lump' of solid or thick liquid, so here of
6
oil. puX Oev, ' from the inner store,' adv. used (with the looseness of
the primitive style of Aeschylus) to qualify the subs.
The MSS. reading po-XAe
quite good. It is needless to alter it to
-Wv.
1. 97. M ara .. wTaLv rE yEvoi, the rE is not wanted, but it is a very
natural anacoluthon. (Eng., Hart., Karst., etc., read Ahlals, which sets
the grammar right, but is needless.)
1. 98. atve v, in old sense, ' to tell of.'
1. ioo. 'Which now is bitter, and now again hope from the altar
fires bright shining drives back the relentless care of the grief that
gnaws the heart.' The change in the constr. is very natural, and more
effective than if he had finished the sentence strictly, ' and now again is
lighter,' or something of that sort.
1. I01. I keep dyav
alvovou', on the whole nearest to the MSS.,
aLVovr-a meaning 'shining,' common intransitive use.
1. 103. The reading is Hermann's; without much change from the
pEve AXTr5ns 7i~v OvtdPopov
or
text of Fl., we might read rfs Ovo6opv
,apiva Xh'zmv. The latter is in apposition to ppovrlS', the former is
governed by it. I follow H., Schn., Eng., in preferring the genitive;
the mass of accusatives is so very clumsy. In either case cpEvC is
governed by the adj., a rare construction. Cp. 1o9o0 roAX& avvi-ropa,
6
Pr. 904 &iropavopApo, Soph. Antig. 786
(p/Atpos, where however the
adjectives are more like simple verbals, and so the construction is easier.
[Perhaps Xvrts., 8vuoq0pGpov aT~v (Ahrens) is better.]
[Klytaemnestra has finishedher preparationsand has retired.
11. 104-257. The general outline of the chorus' songs from here to
the end 257 is as follows :
Strophe 1. (104-121.)
I can tell the tale of victory, and the signs
that went before-I yet am young enough for song-the omen of the
two eagles, devouring a pregnant hare. (Woe, woe, but let the good

w-EAdvcp.

oa

prevail.)
Antistrophe I. (122-139.) Kalchas the wise seer knew the sign, and
prophesied: ' One day this host shall capture Troy. Only I pray no
wrath of gods may strike it, for Artemis is angered against the eagles
and pities the hare.' (Woe, woe, but let the good prevail.)
Epode (140-159). 'I pray Artemis therefore, though she loves the
wild beasts, to suffer the triumph of the eagle princes. And Paean
Apollo I invoke, to stay her from raising adverse gales, while she urges
on a lawless sacrifice, the slaughter of a child, fraught with evils to
IO

NOTES.

LINES 96-105.

the house.' So kalchas spake. (Wce, woe, but let the good prevail.)
Str.P'. (16o-i66). Zeus-whate'er his rightful name-is the greatest
of all.
(167-175). Ouranos and Kronos are passed away-Zeus 1s
Ant. 8'.
the victor.
(176-183). Zeus has appointed a law, that man shall learn
Str. 7'.
by suffering, reluctant though he be.
(184-191). So then Agamemnon--uncomplaining, when the
Ant. 7'.
host was wind-bound and suffering at Aulis [Str. b', 192-204], and the
delay was destroying the ships and men-but when Kalchas advised a
bitter cure, the slaughter of Iphigeneia, to appease Artemis [Ant. 8'.
205-216], then Agamemnon spake: "Tis evil to disobey, and evil to
obey, how can I slay my child? how forsake my comrades?' [Str. E'.
217-226]. So he bowed to necessity, and undertook the impious deed,
misled by Madness the source of woe, and he slew his child. [Ant. e'.
228-237]. Her youth and prayers they set at nought, and like a kid
they raised her to the altar, in her flowing robes, and stifled her cries.
[Str. r'. 238-246]. She bared her breast, like a picture, striking all with
pity; for often she had sung to them in her father's halls. [Ant. '.
247-257]. The rest I cannot tell; it was accomplished. For the
future-let it come; what skills foreboding ? Our friendly wish is that
all may be well.
While the chorus sings, the day is supposed to break ; and when
Klytaemnestra returns (255) it is broad day.]
OpoEtv, 'I am he that shall sing,' ' I am .the man
CVpL6s Et
1. 104.
is
to tell.' K pLOS 'the one who has the power,' 'the right one.' xvpia
'the
the right or appointedday. Kp&TOS ZLtTLOV, fated victory,' slightly
strained but natural sense of cpadroiaCLTLOSproperly used of omens,
.
is
'auspicious,' and is here transferred from the omens (o8tov) to the victory. ioSLov, 'foretold by signs upon the way;' there were various kinds
of omens-entrails, the flight of birds, chance cries, and signs on the way,
Evobiovs TE evt6OXov Pr. 487. So in Ar. Ran. 197 the slave, being unlucky,
7
says, -q avvi7vXov oiv ; 'what can have met me when I came out ?'
5
1. 105. iCTEXOv. Pal. takes this as a partic.-' accomplishing,' i.e.
It is less harsh to take it as gen. of
'singing the accomplishment.'
'complete,' 'consummate,' used in strained sense for
adj. iKCTEAX',
H., Schn., Eng., read IvTEX E'v; needless, because
'royal,' 'high.'
it is equally used off its meaning, and MSS. all give MCr.
6
SE 0v .. add'v, a well-known difficulty, about which numerous conjectures have been made. Only four views are near enough to the
MSS. to be worth mentioning; the full reading of the MSS. is: i'L -y&p
(I) Goodwin
ret0o /oAnrrv dAcahv (i VTpuro alcdv.
O608ev raTarvelTi

.'r
-ydp

11

AGAMEMNON.
(Amer. Phil. Ass. Trans. 1877): defends the MSS., and puts a comma at
poArcv': 'For still Persuasion from the gods breathes song upon me,
still my old age (breathes) strength to sing.' It is very ingenious, but
the antithesis (which the absence of' and' emphasises) is harsh, 'age'
and ' persuasion' being so unconnected, and the point surely is simply
rv, and makes /oX-rwdv
' I am not too old to sing.' (2) Enger reads oA
adXrcv an apposition to ret~O' : 'Still my age breathes from the gods
upon me Persuasion, the strength of song.' (Old though I am, I am still
inspired.) (3) H., Pal., Schn., etc., read poXrdv and dXac, though interpreting differently: 'Still age growing with strength (i.e. "not yet
decrepit") breathes on me persuasion of song' (Pal.), or ' Still Persuasion
of song breathes (intr.) upon me, namely the time commensurate with
a6vpvTos
the war,' H., Schn, Kl. Paley's is good sense, though auXC
is harsh. Hermann's is very harsh and obscure and indeed impossible.
(4) Heller and Campbell suggest rEaOot pioXraYv d XA v, which may be
taken, ' by persuasion of song my life breathes valour.' Otherwise, 'by
persuasion from heaven my age yet breathes the strength of song,' the
only dacg I have is that of song. On the whole I prefer (4): and next
best (2) or (3) with Paley's interpretation.
Trws, ' how,' takes up the first clause, KrdpEs elt OpoEdv, after
1. 109.
the parenthesis. ' The twin sovereign power, ruling with one heart,' is
a characteristic Aeschylean abstract phrase for the Atreidae.
1.
6u pova rdyav, 'ruler of one heart;' the singular is strange,
and hardly defensible. See 41, 112. [It must be rdyav, acc. of T ,r,
Y, 'rule.'] It is better to read with
'a leader,' not raydv, acc. of 7a
Dindorf j.LcpovE 'ayw.
1. II. IrrpccKTOpL, ' avenging,' from
in a special sense, ' to
exact.' Eum. 624, Tv raTrpos
7rpd~avra. The MSS. here have
oav 86pt aicas 7rpureTop, a plain gloss; fortunately the line is rightly
quoted in Ar. Ran. 1288.
1. I12. 'The fierce bird' (004opos, from Ov-, first ' smoke,' then
'violent movement or impulse') is said to 'send the kings to Troy,'
because the sight of the eagles tearing the hare was the onien that en6
couraged them. Golptos 'pvLS becomes plural in the next line, but easily,
by help of the adjectives.
KEXctLvS. . Apyas, 'one black, one white of tail:' the black
1. 115.
one is no doubt Agamemnon, the white-tail Menelaos (&py&s, alluding
as often). Aristotle (Hist. Anim. 9. 32) aptly says, ' the
to
largest eagle is the White-tail.. the strongest is that called the Black
Eagle or Hare-slayer.' Perhaps Menelaos is intentionally hinted at as
the less courageous.
1. 116. XEpOs EK 8opL7rXOv, i.e. 'on the right,' the lucky side for
omens : the Greek augurs looking: North, and the luck coming from the

1io.

7

4pvov

'Apyor,
12

7rpdacorv

NOTES.

LINES 109-131.

gets a secondary meaning, 'favourable.' Notice 'i
East. Hence BECtSe
where we say ' on;' to the spectator the vision comes from right
(subjective), but it is on the right (objective).
JE'pEa-rcL is Hartung's excellent emendation for pppart, the
1. 119.
MSS. reading still retained by many. Those who retain it have to explain how y'vvav can mean the mother, and how it can agree with
PXapivra; a feat which they attempt. With 4 ppara it is both easier
and far more effective, 'rending the hare's young, an unborn brood,
checked from their after-roamings;' XayLvav yEvvav will then be not the
etc., neither hare
mother, but the unborn young within her.
nor young can roam any more, the eagles devour them.
1. 121. 'Echo the cry of wail; but let the good prevail.' In the
refrain, fear and hope are mixed; the reason for the foreboding is not
yet told; it occurs below.
1. 122. 'The good seer of the host' is of course Kalchas. &vo
XAgtaa 8toaods of the MSS. is meaningless; to say 'two differing in
spirit,' as' Paley takes it, is irrelevant; he is comparing 'the royal pair'
pppove -ra-y, 'princes one in
to the two eagles; he calls them above v'i
heart;' and their union is the point wanted, not their difference. We
lL caLv i'o-ovs (I according to the Epic scanhad better therefore read
sion) with Dind., Eng.
1. 123. ~S&q.. acpXds, ' knew the hare-devourers and the leaders of
the host,' i. e. 'knew that the hare-devourers were the leaders;' apXs,
abst. for concr., like BiOpovov xpdTos. Others take iroz7robu dpaci, ' the
powers conducting,' i. e. the birds, whose omen led them; a much more
far-fetched meaning.
1. 126. &ypat, the prophetic present, as though the seer saw it happening. KEXEu os, lit. ' path,' i. e. 'expedition,' ' armament.' ' One day
shall this host capture the city of Priam.'
1. 127. 'And all the gathered wealth of the people before the battlements Fate shall ravage with violent hand.' So the MSS. rnpea0s, which
can be best taken with nrpycov, and makes good sense. Others needlessly read irps ET7 .. , i.e. ' the wealth of the towers, and likewise the
people's stores.'
1. I 30. rrps r pfaLOv, like the commoner rpis 3iav, rpos opy-yv, lit.
So Prom. 214, Irpbs r
'towards' violence, wrath, etc., i. e. 'violently.'

RXapVTra,

icapTEpv.

aya, 'envy '-Hermann's certain correction
1. 131. otov, 'only.'
for the MSS. bra, which will not scan and makes a worse meaning.
O&v .. 'lower on the mighty curb
r o'rvwriv or6bpLov ya Tpolas o parC
of Troy (i. e. the Greek army), the embattled host, stricken before its
time (i. e. before it reaches the foe).' The seer darkly foretells here the
wrath of Artemis, which was to delay the, host at Aulis.
13

A GA MEMNON.
1. 135. otK, to say 'the pure maiden is wroth against the house,
meaning the family of Agamemnon, is no doubt sense; but the correction oLTc! makes infinitely better sense; ' for from pity Artemis the
pure maiden is wroth with the winged hounds (eagles) of her sire.' In
Other
this way we are saved the harsh apposition o'LKC .. KvoL.
corrections, o'rcoL, o' o, need not be considered.
otKcrC is due to
Scaliger.
1. 136. wrravotZO Kvo', 'the winged hounds,' i. e. the eagles. Cf.
3
The bearing of
cv7bT a(poLvbo aErOr.
e'Vw
v
Prom. 1022, At 8 Ort r
this is a little obscure, but it is of this kind : The sign of the eagles is
an encouraging sign to the Greeks, boding victory; but as Artemis is
offended by the eagles devouring the hare, so she is wroth with the
Greeks; and her anger may do harm.
1. 137. a-r6TroKov, adj. used rather strangely = avIrois ois 7Tok/CoL,
'young and all.' So arTo0'XOl o 536, abrorpq0vos Eum. 40r, abrdTo'aros
Cho. 163. irp& X6Xov, 'before the birth.'
11. 140-145. With the ordinary readings d icaXd (140) and aird (144).
This passage is taken to mean, in general sense, 'Though so gentle to all
the young of beasts, the goddess asks for the accomplishment of these
omens, good and evil alike.' The difficulty is, why should Artemis ask for
ESe irvov)?
the accomplishment of the cruelty which she hates (orvyE
Schiitz suggests
rovTcv, aiiTW, [PoXAa Ipdvat, optative, 'may she acd
complish.' It is much better to read, with all the MSS. but one, Kah&
(vocative), for d ca&, and read a'iv~ (imper.) for airL It then will run
'Though so kindly to the tender young of mighty lions, O fair maiden, and
loving the suckling brood of all the wild wood beasts, yet consent to the
accomplishment of the signs of these things, visions of good and ill.'
This makes 140-145 addressed to Artemis, as 146-155 is to Apollo.
1. 141. I take the generally adopted Xewrois for the meaningless MS.
aE7rrots : A and A being often confused. [Weckl. reads &hAwrois, ' sweet.']
1. 145. OrTpov8Ov is clearly corrupt, as it lengthens a of 4&o-pr ra,
and as there is nothing about 'sparrows' here at all. Wecklein ingeniously conjectures avopOoGv : the natural prayer 'to fulfil the good
and correctthe evil omen.'
1. 146. ITaLva, 'the healer,' well-known name of Apollo. 'Iitos,
also name of Apollo ; said to be from l4, and to mean 'invoked with
the cry,' like ELors for Dionysos.
1. 148. XpOvtas XEvjSas &roXos, 'adverse gales, long delaying the
c
fleet.'
(
rXEV from 'Xw-vais, 'ship-detaining.')
iLs
1. 150. ,reiJ, i.e. Artemis. Apollo is asked to prevail with his
sister not to delay the host by adverse winds.
1. 15 t. Ouvrav, the ' other sacrifice, lawless, unfeasting,' is the sacrifice of his daughter Iphigeneia, which Agamemnon made to appease
14

.NOTES.

LINES 135-179.

Artemis, as told below. The 8ats being the feast on the meat of the
sacrifice, this offering was clearly
1. 152. ' A seed of strife clinging to the race (crip vTov) fruitful of
rebellion against the lord' (lit.'not fearing the lord' of the house), the
last words being a dark hint of the murder that awaits Agamemnon from
the faithless Klytaemnestra.
'
11. I54, 155. A characteristic instance of Aeschylus' accumulation of
>Cphrase. Here are six adjectives and one substantive. ' For wrath
abides, rising again, haunting the house with guile, unforgetting, aveng- 0)
ing the children.'
/Y
6
L
' Such fated ills, yet
1
7.157. p cLLa, a euphemism for 'evils.'
with great blessings, sang Ka]chas from omens on the way,' etc.
1. 161. 'Zeus, whoe'er he be, if by this name it please him to be
6
called;' T SE, i. e. Zeus alone, without other more definite title.
1. 164. obK 'EXoIrpO ELKcLTL, either ' I cannot conjecture,' i. e. 'refer
it all to any but Zeus,' or better and simpler, ' I cannot compare any but
Zeus (to Zeus),' i. e. ' Zeus is incomparably above all.'
1. 165.
t 'ro
a'rav. . i n-r14Ls, ' if in good truth I must cast from
me the vain load of care.' T lxracv aX0os describes ' the vague foreboding,' ' ill-defined, shadowy care.' The sense is therefore: if I am to
get rid of my vague and gloomy forebodings, I must rest on Zeus as the
greatest of all. Others K., Schn., etc., take imTav as proleptic; 'cast
away my care so as to be vain,' which is not so good.
1. 17o. oi84 MtE'rcL rpiv dv, lit. 'will not even be spoken of as'having
been of old,' i. e. 'his day is past, we shall not even tell of him.' The
MSS. read oi'vy Xc'aeL rpiv cv or obEv rX Mea (Fa.), which will neither
scan nor construe. The above correction is the slightest and the best;
it is due to Ahrens, and is adopted by Eng., Schn., and later D. The
allusion is to Ouranos, the father of Kronos, whom Kronos conquered
and dethroned; exactly the same fate awaited Kronos himself from the
hand of his own son Zeus.
1. 17i. 8s 8' ErELtr' E4v, Kronos.
rptpLaLKpos, lit. 'one who throws
thrice (Tpa, -peis) in a wrestle,' the three throws being necessary for
.
victory. So 7rv rpyv 7raXamupruowv Eum. 589 1d rpwv dcrdAAhv a
Eur. Or. 4344
1. 174. ' Shouts the triumph-song of Zeus.' ImLv Lla, cogn. acc.
1. 175. See Appendix II.
1. 177.
rcyv r&9EL IL0os .. EXeLV,' who has appointed wisdom by suffering as a sure law,' i.e. ' that wisdom shll be learnt by suffering.'
MSS. read T7. radOE by a natural error.
1. 179. aTr gdie,'trickles,' intr., the most natural meaning. (Not as
Pal. 'drops wisdom,' understanding rb aweppovEiv in the acc. Iv O'firvw:
the 0' is odd. Schimann's av0' 7rvov is ingenious and probable.)

BaLTrros.

15

A GAMEMNON.
1. i8o. Kal crap' sKoVras, 'and wisdom comes to men in their
despite,' i. e. by suffering, by ways they would not choose.
1.

182.

The MSS. read S6a6vov

8

E rov XdpLs, pteais

'E

a

oe

vov

flivcv, usually construed, 'and surely 'tis a favour of the gods, seated in
might upon their solemn thrones.' Only 3LaCos cannot mean 'mightily,'
it must mean 'with force or violence.' The best alteration is perhaps
Turnebus' /3iator, with comma after it: 'and the gods' favour is oft
forced on men, the gods who sit on their glorious thrones.' In fact,
another expression of the same truth as Trap' diovrar xAOe acowpovEiv.
But perhaps it is altogether corrupt.
1. 186. The poet returns to the narrative. The connection of this
intervening religious ode with the story seems to be this: The seer
warned Agamemnon of the mixed good and evil that was in store for
him, and especially foreboded the evil results of the child's slaughter
(154-5) ; but Agamemnon, in spite of all, did the deed, and incurred the
curse. Zeus is above all, andhas ordainedthat man shall only be taught
by suffering. Kal '60',application of the general reflections to the
special case; 'so then.'
1. i87. lraotLs, literally, 'striking upon,' i. e. 'his stormy lot,' prob.
the same met. as crvcrEwv, 'not breathing against,' i. e. ' yielding to.'
So again, 219.
1. 189. papJvovr', imperf. augment omitted, as often in the choruses.
1. 190. XahKSos Yrrpav EXOV,'camped on the shore that faced
toward Chalkis,' i. e. at Aulis, opp. to Chalkis in Euboea. wrpav usu.
intr., but it is prob. the acc. of the old word
taken as adv. and 'Xowv
7rEpa (which of course the adv. is originally), and means 'holding the
other side.' We have the gen. (read by M. and Schol.) 7rpar in Supp.
262 bE7rEpar Navralertas.
6
1. 191. IFakLpp X0OLS, 'eddying,' 'surging back.' MSS. read raX pp6Go8s, with same meaning; altered to suit metre, 3iator oEA-, 183.
'-rpv6vos. The Strymon was the great river of Thrace,
1. 192.
which flowed out past Amphipolis. The N.E. wind would bar their
passage out of the strait at Aulis. Notice the piling up of adjectives
here again, as in 1. 154Ppor&v ahaL, in a kind of strange apposition, lit. 'wander1. 19.
ings of mortals,' i. e.'drifting men away.' ppoTrv opp. to vEwv re al
TrEal aTewv.
4'Kqs, as we say, 'as long again,' 'lengthening out the
1. 196. rrkcXLtp
time twice-told.'
1. 197. -rpqpc, 'with wasting,' rarer for rptm.
1. 199. ' Another cure of the bitter tempest,' their ordinary sacrifices
having been vain for long.
1. 201. wpoppv "Apre LV, 'pleading (the wrath of) Artemis.'
16

NOTES.

LINES 180-227.

1. 202. X6va EITLKpOOGVTraaS, in rage, of course. So Achilles in
Homer, rorTL croIerTpov 3daXEyai 11. I. 245.
at
'fate,' old Epic word.
1. 206. KilP,
1. 21o. This line in the MSS. does not correspond with the strophe
(197) : and both show rather a strange metre at the end: accordingly I
adopt Hermann's "Apyove and Schamann's irph 3wisoi for Iwpov 7rha.
. 211
I. 'l ,rav8' aVEV
aKK&v ; i. e. 'whiche'er I choose is woe.'
1. 212. ' How can I (bear to) desert my fleet, and lose my comrades?'
i. to have the whole expedition broken up, by not taking the only
e.
means.
First the fleet scatters ({vp. ca .), then the disgrace of the
failure falls on Agamemnon.
6
pyos 1,rr0u TEv, long, desiring with
'to
1. 216. MSS. read 6py@ irrePpt
desire,' an almost Eastern fulness and repetition. The subject of bnrOvpIev is 'the comrades,' or fiqpaxos. This might do, but Schbmann's
6
r', improves sense and structure.
correction, rrepL py~CO
11. 217 sqq. ' But when he had shouldered :the yoke of necessity,
breathing an impious veering gale of spirit, unblest, unholy-then his
heart turned to thoughts of uttermost daring.' Lit. 'he changed his purpose (pE7
ryvcw) so as to devise' (<ppovEiv, epexeg. inf.). ,rpowaCav, 'veering
gale,' because he gave up the struggle and went straight for the wicked
deed.
0
1. 220. Some put comma at erTyvwo, take 1r6 Yv relative (as it is in
Epic, and may easily be in Aesch.), and 'hAa 5' ovv as the principal verb.
So Pal. quoting Schol. as authority: the Schol. however is so wrong
about the rest of the line, that it may be wrong about
OEv ; and the
pointing in the text is in any case clearer and better.
1. 222. Notice the piled adjectives again, 'fell distraction, basedevising, the fountain of woe.'
1. 224. 8'ovv, see 34. 'Well-he had the heart to be the slayer,'
as though he said, 'However it may be (with the general remarks about
rapaold)anyhow the fact was so.'
1. 225. a&py&v and IrporTXeLa are acc. in apposition to the action or
the sentence, as often in Greek, 'to aid the war.. for the fleet an expiation.' w'pOTkXE preliminary sacrifice' (see 1. 65) before the fleet
, 'the
could go. Observe the significant antithesis, Ovyacps.. yzvvcaUoLrovov,
'he slew a daughter.. to help in vengeance for a wife.' The daughter
is a blood-relation, the wife a stranger.
11. 227-250. The astonishing beauty of this passage has struck all
readers from that day to this; it is at once melodious, imaginative,
picturesque, and overpoweringly pathetic. It suggests many touches in
Lucretius' fine picture of the sacrifice, I. 87-ioo.
' And her prayers, and her cries of " father," and her maiden prime
'
they set at nought, the bloodthirsty judges ...
'7
B

A GA MEMNON.
It is disputed whether KAXS86vas means 'her appeals to the name,' or
'the name,' whether Ag. disregarded her calling him father, or his own
fatherly feelings. The first is better.
ovBv E EVro. Exactly the English 'set at nought,'
1. 229.
*rap'
literally used of estimating, reckoning in an account.
1. 230. 3ppaps are properly 'those who preside at a contest,' and so
used here picturesquely of Agamemnon and Menelaos.
1. 231. 4Pp&crv, no augment, 189.
&6boLs, 'the ministers,' 'the attendants.' (d-68-t-os, 'on the road with,'
'accompanying,' like d-rdoovO-os; the d- appears in di-AoX-os, 'bedfellow,' d-bEX6ds, 'born of the same womb,' etc. Curt. 598.)
r&IrXoLo L reFpvEri, 'with her robes flowing round her.'
1. 233.
r~iors, dat. respect.
lr vr'i 0vi* irpovwrr~. It is possible, and tempting at first
1. 234.
sight, to take these words together, 'with all her spirit drooping ;' but
it is more like Greek to refer rav'r Ovp&- to the daoot ; the order of the
words then marks the sharp antithesis, 'he bade the ministers unfaltering raise the drooping.maid.' (So iravTr Ov 4 Eum. 738.) They were
to be eager, she was fainting with fear and grief.
1. 235. The MSS. read pihaKsiv. We might retain this and cono06yyov
'to hold guard,' i. e. ' to check,'
strue vAaK&v KacaoXEvY,
being the object accusative by a loose but not uncommon construction
(like Soph. O.C. 584 rd 5' ivpiwc . . A'ryTv i'aXEL ,' the time between thou
forgettest '), governed by the idea qvAdooEaOaL contained in pvXaiv,
'to keep guard over her fair lips against the cry.' But VXCAK is a
very slight alteration, and makes the construction quite easy; and moreover they do not want ' to guard against' (pvaiv Ka-aaaXEiv) the cry,
but ' to check' (KaraaXEiv) ; so I have taken it, following Blomf. and
Eng. 'And with the curb to stifle her sweet lips' cry, fraught with
curses to her house.'
1. 237. 'With violence and the muffled might of bonds;' a fine phrase
for the gag. Notice ava8c, epithet transferred from the bound victim
to the bonds. The line hangs over into the next stanza, just as in 175 ;
but it spoils the passage not to take it with what precedes,
1. 239. Kp6KOV a4&s, 'her robe of saffron,' her dyed princess' robe.
So Antigone unties 'the saffron splendour of her robe,' croios xporpVcpiv Eur. Phoen. 1491. Stanley and Schn. understand it of
6rEarav
blood I Observe the unusual hiatus Xouvca .. PaXXe : perhaps the
text is wrong.
1. 241. ' Plain as in a picture, fain to speak.' We are often reminded
in the Greek tragedians of the works of painting and sculpture which
enriched Athens. So in this play, 416, 801, I329 ; and Eum. 50 eldSvTot'
Eporaas, Eur. Hec. 564 TE'pva 6'cbs
*ye-ypai.l'vas eLrnvov
i8q cPtv~EWs
18

NOTES.

LINES 229-250.

dy&paro

/cd.aXkera, ib. 807 ws ypagpE~r a7roorTaOEis 18o Le, Ar. Ran.
537 yEypa/Ui E7V Ei/co6' iEOvacL. So Eur. Hipp. oo9, Troad. 682. About
fifty years after this play was acted a celebrated painter at Sikyon,
named Timanthes, painted this very scene, and Agamemnon standing
by with his face veiled (Pliny, 35. Io). In the museum at Naples
there is a fresco of this subject, taken from ' the house of the Tragic
Poet.'
1. 244. ayva (Triclin.'s obvious correction for the awkward ciyvci of
MSS.) &raipcros a84,' with virginal voice the spotless maiden.'
Paley well suggests that the emphasis of this beautiful phrase is intentional ; the banquet songs of later days were sung by very different
people from the pure and lovely princess.
1. 245. Read EITroT
rov
ratLav with Hartung (Eng., K., Day., and
Pal.) for MSS. Evirorpov aWiva, which will not scan and makes bad sense,
'lovingly graced her loving father's chant of happy fortune, sung at the
third libation.' The third libation was poured to ZEUS
and then
the avLdLaov or drinking-bout began, the 8Eidrvov being ended. With
the end of the libations came the iracv, or song. So in Plato's Sympo3
sium [ffrn] ear Y' vras avov 8s rov aaOat ilcal rhavTas Tov O9E6,
which
last phrase clearly refers to the paean. See 1386.
1. 247. The sacrifice.itself could not be more impressively told than
by this terrible hint. ' The rest I saw not neither speak; but Kalchas'
word (lit. ' arts ') is not unfulfilled.' Others (Eng., Schn.) refer dr 8'
EvOev not to the slaughter, but to all that is to come of it.
No doubt in
250 the Chorus are thinking of the ill to follow ; but that is led up to by
the thought ' Kalchas' word is not unfulfilled,' meaning first his advice
to slay Iphigeneia, then (suggested by that) his prophecy of the
O'evas
8
/Afr7js (154). It is far more poetical and effective to take T78'
euphemism for the bloody deed.
11. 250-254. This passage is well known for its corruptness and
difficulty. The true reading is, however, probably preserved in Fa.,
which reads :8iba 8E 70iTro ra0oucrLv a Eiv
y

:Lcrp,

po3ep

t.
irLppire
E~nE 'yEvoT

b 1
oXAov
AV i/cAvbot, 7poXatpLETW.

The others (M., Fl., G.) read, E1TLppE7t rb XAXov" rb 8Ei 7podXtEv
ETrrE,
Ic.T.X., which is impossible to. equate with the strophe, and nearly
impossible to construe. Goodwin (Trans. Amer. Phil. Ass. 1877) has
however pointed out the important fact that in M. not only Tb 8
TrpoAytEtv but also the colon after ieXXov is by a later hand; so that the
original reading of M. (much the oldest) confirms Fa. We only require a~ after Tb AXXov make both sense and metre. The meaning
to
will then be: ' To them that suffer, justice brings wisdom. What is to
19
B 2

A GA MEMNON.

Le,

thou canst hear when it has come (KCXoLs v principal verb, 'rrdl
yE'VOL optative indefinite, assimilated in mood to Khcot as grammar
o
requires): ere that,.have none of it (irpa XapirW, lit. 'before hand, farewell to it'); 'tis but too early sorrow.' I. e. ' hear it after the event;
have nothing to do with it (hearing it) before the time; hearing before
the time means lamenting before the time.' So that the subject to
ifov (~ori) is T7
exactly what some intelligent reader wrote
on the side, and which has crept into the text. Enger is certainly
right in reading rph Xatpi&Tw in two words; the meaning is clearer,
and it would be more likely to lead to the gloss which has caused all
the difficulty. rp6 is then adverbial, in the Epic fashion.
1. 254. Topbv ydp
LFE
avopOov abras is the reading of M. and Ven.
retained by Goodwin, who explains, 'for clear it will come out, in
accord with them' (the Tr'vat KaAXav7TO). But arais is a very weak
word, and very far from TiXvYa; and the emendation ovvopOpov (Wellauer) a'yai' (Herm.), 'clear it will come with the rays of the
is very near.the MSS., and gives a fine sense, and is generally
adopted.
1. 255. 8" o'v, 34.
MSS. give EilrrpatLs, verbal from e rpcaawEtv some prefer to write
:
it in two words according to the ordinary rules, but there is doubt
whether it will not-stand. [I have now adopted e6 rpetr.]
r&rl 'rorotoLL','"as to what comes after.'
1. 256. ' This one sole defence of the Apian land, bound by close
ties.' These words may mean either ' ourselves.' or ' Klytaemnestra,'
who just then enters. The former is perhaps the more natural thing to
say; but d XL'orov and pxov6bpoopov look like the latter, and in that
case ovdppovpov, 'sole-guarding,' is (as Schn. remarks) full of irony
to the spectators who know of her faithlessness.
'Awrrias, old name for Peloponnese; it is derived from AP-, Lat.
aqu-, 'water,' and means 'the water-girt land.'
Cp. MEaraarria,' between the waters.'
[11. 258-354. SCENE I. Klytaemnestra now comes out of the central
door, and the leaderof the Chorus turns to the stage and addresses her.
He asks the news, and is told of the capture of Troy. the tidings have
come by beacon, the stages of which are then described; Klyt. imagines
the scene in Troy, and expresses a hope that it will end well.]
1. 261. 'But whether thou hast heard good news, or naught heard but
hast hope of good, that thus thou art busy with sacrifice,' in this sense
the e£uyyiEkoLVr EXAric-w only belongs to the second alternative, to the
P 1 zvr~
e
Evrl. Mr. Morshead turns it well, ' Now be it sure and certain
news of good, or the fair tidings of a flattering hope, that bids thee
spread the light,' etc.

rpo-cAvEYv,

"dawn,'

20

NOTES.

LINES 254-282.

EL L KESv6v, an old conjecture for MSS. Ei'e EBzovy, and a necessary
alteration.
1. 263. E4prv, ' glad,' i. e. 'gladly.'
Others take it, 'being well
disposed,' a clumsier sentence.
o8 osLyc~aro
406vos. ' Nor shall I grudge thy silence,' i.e. if thou
keep silence.
1. 264. ' With happy tidings-so the proverb runs-may the dawn
spring forth from her mother night.' The whole couplet is the rrapoplia,
with its simple and strong imagery; the use of e4p6vbl, with the slight
play on the double meaning, is of course appropriate to the proverb. The
'good-hearted' night would naturally bring forth a 'dawn of good news.'
1. 27 . ev 4povov-ros is predicative. ' Ay, for thine eyes show forth
thy heart as loyal.'
1. 272. This line is best read as two questions, with Pal., Ken. If
it is read as one question, the answer is not to the point.
1. 274. EJrL9L, 'persuasive.' (The form arEeOs is found in M. Eum.
829, Suppl. 623, Pr. 349 (the last impossible) : E~bILG7 Ag. 982.)
1. 275. oh 86av av X&3OLLL, I would not accept ,i. e. 'believe ')
'
the fancy.'
1. 276. ' What? has some wingless rumour puffed thee up?'
&XX' 4, of surprised or excited inquiry usually (Phil. 414; El.
879; Hipp. 932); here the surprise is scornful. ' Art thou so foolish ?'
rLavo, prop. 'to fatten,' one of Aeschylus' bold metaphors.
rrvpos cTrLs is difficult. The only plausible interpetation (Pal.,
K.),' rumour sped by no bird,' i. e. spontaneously arising, is a little farfetched. Perhaps, in view of the common Homeric 'rEa rTTEpd VTa, and
the strange phrase, Trj&' darTEpos E7aETro
08os
Od.jI7. 57, which probably
means, 'and her word was unwinged,' i.e. unspoken (Faesi), we may
construe here, 'an unspoken rumour,' i.e. as K., 'a strange presentiment.'
[H. and others say 'wingless,' i.e. 'unfledged,' 'immature.'
Obscure.]
1. 278. 'rotov Xpovov, comprehensive gen., like VVT(OS, Irc-yET aa rtis
6lo0, OEcov rEBioto, etc., 'within what time?'
Ka, emphasises the verb, '.. . has the city been sacked ?'
1. 279. viv, ' but now.' See note on o14.
E bufpovs, the case is kept to answer to Xp'vov.
1. 280. Kai ris, incredulous, just as in English, 'and what messenger
could come so quick?' (So, e.g. Soph. O. C. 73, 606, II173.)
r&Xos, adverbial acc., a kind of quasi-cognate or internal ace.
1. 282. 'Beacon sped beacon on with courier-flame.' ayyapos, a
Persian word; the system is fully described by Herodotus, 8. 98, in
his inimitable style. ' Now no mortal thing arrives quicker than these
messengers; such is the system the Persians have invented. A number
of men and horses are posted at intervals, equal to the number of days
21

A GAMEMNON.
required for the despatch, each man and horse being a day's journey
from the next. These neither snow nor rain, nor heat nor night, stops
from accomplishing their appointed stage at full speed. The first gives
the despatch to the second, and the second to the third, and so forth.
This they call dyyap 'ov.' [The MSS. read d-yy Xov, but the line is quoted
with dyyypov in various old gramm.]
The stations for the beacons are: Idain the Troad; Mt. Hermaios
in Lemnos; Mt. Athos, S. E. promontory of Chalkidike ; Mt. Makistos
in S. Euboea; Mt. Messapios and Kithairon, in Boeotia; Mt. Aigiplanktos in the Megarid; Mt. Arachnaios in Argolis.
11. 286-289. This passage is a well-known crux. The words, as they
stand, mean : 'And soaring so as to overpass the sea the might of the
the golden gleam like some sun, to the
marching torch all joyfully heights of Makistos passing the tidings on;' where the dash (-) stands
a
in the place of 7Trev1. It is highly probable that rrEVUK, gloss upon
laXv 7ropEvrov AayrcAos, has ousted the verb from its place; if some
word like 'sent' be put into the blank, the sense is complete. Eng. reads
may be right. Kock's EirhlvTo for IrEV/c rT ingenious,
is
as 76 is needless: or perhaps iirarTo. All the MSS. agree in reading
o(Kozras; the acc. may be right if the lost verb was a transitive verb of
motion, 'sent the golden gleam tothe heights...:' but on the whole, espethe dative is more likely.
cially considering the position of
and
The alternative is to keep 7TEvaI7, read iayXXv, suppose that
Oi(ovhiv is a corruption of the verb: either rposvvdEv, Camp. or rpoaivvnv, Elmsl., Hart.
not from ropEvros (which has three terminations), but probably from aropEvriT , ' traveller;' agreement, like awTrp rbXI, Soph.
O. T. 8o; Ag. 664. So also OhAKrwp err c'1,Suppl. 1040, KapatVrr fpE
might be taken of the joy in those who
aicai, Eum. 186. rrpos
saw it; but if so, there would have been a dative of the person. It is
quite good of the fire. rrapayyiXXw has a special fitness; its proper use
is military, 'to pass the word down the line.' So 294, 316.
EV
1. 291. 1CappI &yyXov ipos, 'neglected not the herald's part,'
the negatives going on from o6rlt lAXwv ob8', .r.A. This is the common way of taking it, and it is quite possible; but I rather incline to
prefer Paley's, 'passed on his share of the message.' Not that iyy hos
means 'message;' it means 'messenger,' and the phrase literally is 'his
messenger's share,' quite a possible expression.
292. Euripos, the narrow strait between- Euboea and Boeotia.
1.
iro, the river of Boeotia, north of Plataeae.
1. 297. 'Ao1. 299. 'Awoke a new relay of missive flame.' Ken.
1. 300. oiK VcLVE'TO, 'did not disown,' poetic understatement, he
1
means 'welcomed,' 'recognised and attended to.'

af/ which
rEL,

rapaydEhaara,

qropEvTroV,

'8o0vqv

22

7rpho

NOTES.

LINES 286-31I.

1. 301. cpovp&, ' the guard,' who were on the look-out on Kithairon.
Tr v etpr.Lvov, 'lighting a fiercer fire than those I
rXMov Ka'ohave told of,' seems a very flat line, though the MSS. are agreed upon
it. But one cannot help being strongly tempted (with D., Schn.) to believe that a half line, found in Hesychius (Alexandrine lexicographer and
grammarian, 4 th century A.D., who has preserved many scraps of the
belongs to this place.
ancient writers), 7rpoatOpiCovoa rdt rtIov
The line means, ' raising to the skies the missive flame;' a thoroughly
Aeschylean expression, exactly suiting the place, and clearlr describing
a beacon. The words in the text may then have been a dull gloss on
17poratOpiovaa; and though they appear in all the MSS., I have ventured
to make the change.
1. 302. XvyI ropywrLs, a little inlet in the N.E. corner of the Corinthian gulf.
1. 304. F 1 XaptEoOaL is the MSS. reading, which makes no sense.
Various conjectures have been made, PUXapiCEaL (a word which does
not exist), 'to devise,' (?) Well., K. .' Xpov EwOat, 'not to linger,' Pal.,
t XaeTIEat, 'not to fail,' lit. ' not to be missed,' Heath, H., D., Eng.,
'Urged on the fiery ordinance not
Schn. The last seems the best.
to fail,' a fine phrase; the personification of the two fires being quite in
t Marg.
Aeschylus' imaginative style. Better still ~7xrav?oOa
Epic syncope of ava, like the Homeric a& pv'rc,
1. 305. Av-Sal.
adycah;E, dye-pavo, &hXXat, etc. So ?ravrEdaaav27; cf. 102I, 1599.
1. 306. ' A mighty beard of fire,' a bold and picturesque image for a
blaze streaming in the wind.
Kai $apwOLKoo, etc. ' Even to overpass the headland that looks down
on the Saronic gulf.' KTOwr'rov (for the meaningless MSS. iacro7xrpov), adj.,
the isarc governing gen. The ' headland' is evidently Mount Geraneia.
11. 306-8. Probably corrupt, the MSS. reading in 308 EIT' icricyblev EL'
ico,
aPc which is certainly wrong; and q XAoveav after qAoyds d yav rdrywva is at least suspicious. The best way in such a case is to make the
least needful alteration, which is done by correcting one or both of the
EV'T, (Pal.); or EST'.. EV', (H., Eng.,
EiTas: either E-a .. 'STE,(D.); d'..
Schn.), which is perhaps on the whole the best, and has been adopted.
The sense will then run, ' Then kindling with unstinted might they send
a mighty beard of flame, even to surmount the headland overlooking the Saronic bay, blazing onward, till it alighted, when it reached the
Arachnaian steep, our city's neighbouring beacon height.' vrEpPaMXXELV
will be epexegetic inf. quite natural after 7rE.'irovo . 4~Ayovosav will be
ia'diaveaLv (constructed according to sense, not grammar)with qpXoyds
irwycvva, fem. because the thought is ' bearded flame,' andflame is fem.
1. 311. ovK dwraw rov 'ISalou irvp6s, 'true scion of Idaian fire.' Sw.
The gen. is common after these neg. adjectives; it is a gen. of reference,

(Adya,

23

A GA MEMNON.
combined perhaps with the gen. of emptiness. So Soph. db'~~7gos KaCtcvIaTcoV Aj. 321, irCEvov d ,ricrwv

El. 36, 7 Epwv Ahv'iptOLov Tr. 247, etc.;

and Ag. 649 da~gvrov 6Eirv.
1. 312. 'oLo(SE 'roC ot,, ' such I ween;' /po, Ethical dative. Others
divide not so well, Tooa' 7TOLO .' such means of communication the
,
queen has at her disposal,' says Pal., not very poetically.
The next passage has some difficulties. ' Such the ordinances of
our torch-racers one from another by succession accomplished,' i.e. Klyt.
compares the series of beacons to the torch-race or Xatra77popia at
Athens. What this was is not quite clear, but apparently there was a
number or chain of runners engaged, each of whom carried the torch
a certain distance and then handed it on to the next. The torch had to
be brought in alight. The competition was probably between rival
chains of runners. The only point of resemblance here is the quick succession and thefire, and it is curious that Herodotus, in the passage quoted
above (282) on ryyapor, compares the Persian courier system (which
Aesch. likens to the beacons) to this very Xapra3 Popia, in respect of the
succession of carriers. The next line is variously taken:-(1) 'And
first and last alike they win the race,' (Eng., Schn., Klaus., etc.), i.e.
just as the victory in the torch-race belongs to all the chain, so here the
triumph is won by first and last alike. The omission of the article (Xcw
TEAEvratos) is not surprising in the looser style of Aeschylus ; so 324 we
have Ka rv
7iAdWov Kai KcpaTyaPvT7ov.
Perhaps we should rather
have expected some word for 'equally,' 'alike.'
(2) 'And the first
wins, last also in the race' (Peile), i.e. and the victory is with the one
who arrived first, having been lighted last. The victory, because it
brought the news; the resemblance to the torch-race being dropped.
(3) ' And he who ran first and last wins,' the same sense as (2) but
grammatically different, or (4) ' though he ran last,' Ken. ald for icaalrp.
It is impossible to decide confidently; but (I) is rather simpler and
better than the others.
1. 3'17. a0eLs, 'later.'
1. 319. Cs XMyoLs rAXLwv, optative is given by two out of the three
the
MSS. here (Fl., Fa.), and is probably right. It is thpe assimilated optative, not uncommon in the dependent clause where the principal verb
is opt.; it is due to the feeling of the principal verb being continued
on into the dependent. ' I would fain hear at length .. according as
ir
v EiEis rEpi
thou wouldst tell it again.' So Plat. Men. 92 C ra
7
rvo0ov o cietrpos eLr]s; Soph. O. C. 560 SEtVv .. av rpa~T TXoLs XAEas
v
ornoas ap
ta'raiLv E'y&; Plat. Phaed. 65 IEIvoS av aTOL?(ELE O'Ts io.
..
c~r A'yELa, 'as thou dost tell it,' the reading of B., is easy enough,
but not quite such good sense. He wants more details, not a repetition
of the story as told.
24.

NOTES.
1. 321.

d4pLTov,

LINES 312-347-

'discordant,' not blending; as her simile shortly

makes clear.
1. 323.
jLXos (the MSS. reading) is much better than <piXw, a common correction. '
Unfriendly sundered wouldst thou call them.'
1. 324. Kat answers to r' after b'eor. We should say, 'as .. so,..'
8LXa , ' apart,' i. e. ' distinct' from each other.
1. '326. ot i0'v, 'the captives,' largely women, as we see from a&vip&v, etc.
urLralaXiwv yep6vrov, 'fostering sires.' There is no need to
1. 32.
alter this to (pVTdXLOL rai wv 7YpOVTES
with Weil., Eng.; 'the old men'

need not have been too old to fight.
1. 330. EK
IaXls, ' after,' so Trvq)hsS KcSESopIOTOy,
etc.

EipV7sr roXEp/(ev,

vKTrXycLyKTs, etc., 'night-roaming toil sets them hungry down to

such fare as the city has;' the meaning is clear, but the expression is
fanciful and picturesque, after his manner.
1. 332. 'According to no token in order due,' a grim kind of irony;
the banquet in the sacked town was no well-ordered festival, where each
received his token and took his appointed seat (Ev ipeL) ; but just as
it chanced (333) he took what he got (331).
1. 333. This line goes better with what precedes, so with Eng., K.,
Dav., I put a stop after it; and read Ev8' next line, as Eng.
1. 336.

MSS. cs avaraeiove, unconnected and nonsense.

c~s 8' ev-

And like
Salovs (Stanl., Eng., Schn., K.) is the best alteration. '
happy men shall sleep all night without watch to keep' ( ks SESalgovEs
is too strong a phrase for merely getting a good night's rest).
1. 340. A good example of certain emendation: the MSS. read av 7'
or al'EXvVTyS,
Ah6yvTE

and a

6

OBvoLtv or av O votcv.

1. 341. p irrnr-,I. The subjunctive expresses a misgiving, 'only
beware lest,' common in Homer: i o1 by&, kphTi19 /o1 rpa'lpav ldXov
6
p
pov vb A
avTE Od. 5. 356, also in Attic
dciypo1rd aXi s iaEl7^v Plat.

'

Gorg. 462 E.
1. 342. This caution 'not to sack holy things' they neglected; cp.

527 344.
1.

etc.
P loI 8' darotr,

the double course,' where the runners went round
8 vXos, '
a post and back to the start; a good metaphor for the double voyage.
11.34 5-7. The meaning of these lines is simpler than has been supwhich Goodwin has
posed. Taking the MSS. reading &var&ic'ros,
shown (Trans. Am. Phil. Ass. 1877) to be read in Fl. as well as the
others, we shall construe: 'but if the army returned without such
offence to the gods, the woe of the dead might yet wake, if sudden ills
if'
did not befall.' The second ' is a repetition of the first in other
words; the whole drift is, 'let no impious desires assail the army; (that
might bring judgment and peril on them, for) they have to return home;
25

A GAMEMNON.
but if they kept free of such offence, (and accordingly) if no such sudden
judgment befell, there still might wake the woe of the dead,' which
daroS. The
makes good sense, and there is no reason to read iva irX
last words contain a double entendre ; to the chorus they mean,' the army
might suffer for Trojans slain, if they escaped storm (649) or other
judgment;' but the hidden meaning is, 'Agamemnon, if he escaped shipwreck, might pay the penalty for Iphigeneia,' as he does.
1. 349. T- 8' E Kpcro7r She takes up the refrain of the chorus
!.
(I 2, 139), and seems still more sanguine: for instead of a'iAvov, 'the
mixed woe and joy,' she wishes 'no doubtful good.' But again there is the
grim second meaning, 'let us have complete triumph' over Agamemnon.
1. 350. 'rroXXkv ydp E00Mv ri v8' ovatlv EtX6pv,,' for this have I
1
chosen, as the enjoyment of many blessings,' i. e. counting it as equal to
the enjoyment of many other blessings: namely, ' that all should return
safe;' or, as she really means, ' that I should have my revenge.' rT7v'v
is attracted to 6'vJaQrv as usual. The MSS. read 7i7v,and Hermann
corrected it.
1. 354. ' For joy is wrought not unworthy of our toils' is the best
being used in slightly strained senses:
meaning: both XapLs and rmLpos
cp. 1443 aTqla 8' oi~bErpaCiTrv, 'they have fared as they deserve.'
[11. 355-487. STASIMON I.
Klytaemnestra goes in, and the chorus sing the first stasimon.
The general sense is :'Zeus it is who has cast the inevitable net on Troy; the late but sure
vengeance on Paris.' (Introductory anapaests 355-366.)
Str. a'. (367-384). ' 'Tis the stroke of Zeus; the impious deny the interference of the gods, but it has been shown here in punishing the
proud and over-wealthy. Moderate wealth is better; riches cannot
protect the unjust.
Ant. a'. (385-401). 'The wicked man is lured to his ruin by Delusion; and then his true black heart appears; the wicked pursues
vanity, like a child a bird; his prayers are vain. Such was Paris.
'The Faithless one left her home, leaving War
Str. /'. (402-419).
to her kin, bringing Ruin to Troy. The seers sang Woe! Woe! the
scorned lord is silent and stricken; in dreams he sees the lost one; his
joy is departed.
'Sorrowful visions haunt him, fleeting and
Ant. ('. (420-435).
mocking; the people are filled with mourning for those who go forth,
but naught returns save ashes in the urn.
(436-455). ' War the cruel arbiter sends back from Ilion
Str.
dust for men; the people praise the dead and curse their rulers; the
conquerors hold their graves only.
Ant. y'. (456-474). ' Grievous the wrath of the city; I forbode some
26

-y'.

NOTES. LINES

349-368.

evil. The gods forget not, the unjust are laid low, and none can aid.
'Tis best to be neither cruel conqueror nor wretched captive.
Eod. (475-487). ' The beacons glad tidings spread; but who knows
whether it is true, or a delusion ? Women are too credulous; their joyful
news turns out often short-lived joy.']
1. 356.

KTEraTELpa (Epic form,

fem. of krT-ar7p, from

Crd-opat),

'winner.'
1. 357.

irrl wrpyoLs, Epic use of dat. after verb of motion, cp. aXX6Ad

pEva rporT 7yai?for yai'av (I1.22. 64), VyrvLv
vjar I1.
22. 392. See 6o.

r yAa(pvp -at vEC
L
jiEOa for

1. 358. o'rEyav6v, close drawn,' from arlTyw, 'to cover,' and is used
often of that which keeps out (like hair which keeps off wet, armour
against arrows, shed against rain, etc.) or, as here, keePs in.
ws for
r1TE.
Epic usage common in poets.
1Tr' o~v : ovv is used in second half of alternatives often: ErLe
1. 359.
rC

T
tr'repErEX'caL, snare of slavery, destruction sweeping all away,'
The mighty

..dEL'
ov Soph. Phil. 345, O'TE ..o7T' o~v O. T. 90, 7
ib. 271.
'to overleap,' cp. ibrEprEXrs, 286.

..

rT'
ogv ..

1. 360.
the capture bringing ruin on all. Eng. supposes Ecya 8ovXlas a gloss,
as it wants a vaguer word to include death as well as slavery, which dTrl
Irav4X wros does. But the poet is here thinking of the capture chiefly,
the sack, and the slavery, and the misery.
venerate,' more choice and forcible word for' pray.'
1. 362. aLsovoCaL, '
1. 363.
'AAiev8pcp, 'against Paris;' for dafive compare 357.
1. 364. 'That so neither before the time nor beyond the stars the
bolt might vainly fall,' i. e. that the vengeance might duly fall, and at
the due time, and with due effect. .rpo KaLpo) is usually taken 'short of
the mark,' which makes a good antithesis with brip Uarpcv ; but though
IcaLpo' might perhaps be used in this sense (see 786), still the point of the
sentence is the long delay of justice, till the time should be ripe. Moreover, ' at the proper time and proper place,' is just as good an antithesis
as 'neither too short nor too far.' See note on 786.
1. 365.
Pbrp
Lo-Trpov (perhaps proverbial expression, as Schn.), an
obvious hyperbole for 'too far,' ' shot into the sky.'
Observe '6rrs div with final opt. orKiIELEV, a Homeric usage not

Aw'

allowed in Attic final sentences. Od. 8. 21 bs KtEv adIcEa t yivouro,
av
24. 334 &P"p' Rioi7Yv cpa. In Attic the iv would be dispensed with.

That the sentence is final is clear both from the sense and from the 7.
the
i.e.
1.367. Lit. 'they have the blow of Zeus to tell of,' "tis
stroke of Zeus, they know it.'
1. 368.

not
-r&prpeaTL lapEanr

(Hart.); then the line is in metre like

367, and in antistrophe 386 we can read rpopo6Xov, which makes better
sense.
27

A GA MEMNON.

(Kpave

1. 369. irpaSav (Herm.) As
is best reading. 'They suffered
as he willed.' The MSS. have the plainly false cs ETrpaEv Cs f'spavEv.
1. 370. ALtovo0at, 'deign' (rarely Med., but quite good Greek).
ILEXetv, personal and active: 'to care for' = itdE X EOaL. This is rare,
but is found: /AhEvw (p7iv Soph. Aj. 689,
Ls
rlITOrov'rs /E Ew El. 342,
T7rv a iKwv
Eur. H. F. 773.

IXovaL

1. 37I. &roLs, dat. agent, not uncommon after perf. and aor. passive,
rarer with pres., 'by whomsoe'er the glory of their holy things was
trampled down.'
1. 372. rr To0', opt. indef. It is past, because of E'pa.
11. 374-376. The MSS.. give ri avTat 8' yy0dvov droX,.Torwv 'Apr
rEVd'ryVv IAELov' 4 ~ucaic r, which is not a sentence at all, and has no
construction. We can see that the poet said, 'it has been shown,' and
then something about ' too proud warriors;' from which the drift can
be inferred ' that the proud at last fall.' The ordinary correction
droA Tcs, ' it has been shown (that gods do care) to the offspring of
those who breathe out war insufferably' is very unlikely; the subject of
does not really mean 'insufferably,'
wE4gav'ra is wanting, and droXA orcwr
but 'in a manner not be ventured.' On the whole I much prefer
Hartung's uTrivovera "ro a 'Tnyv
etc., quite as near the MSS., and
much better sense; also the article Twv is happy. ' We have seen it
paying penalty, the wickedness ('r6hAa, ' criminal daring') of those who
breathed out war more fiercely (teFiov) than was just,' i. e. Paris and
the Trojans have suffered vengeance. Observe 'r6XAa with a long; this
is the Doric quantity, and is common in Pindar.
Xeh6vrwv, 'overflows,' with riches.
1. 377.
1. 378. Trrw, 'let there be what brings no woe, yet suffices for him
whose heart is wise' (lit. 'so that he who is well gifted in respect of
mind should be content'). The meaning is, 'a humble competence, sufficient, but not entailing trouble, is best.' This is the best sense that can
be got out of a difficult and rather doubtful passage.
1. 379. &CrLpKEt is used personally, 'I am content,' instead of the
ordinary impersonal apkE, 'it suffices;' just as icatLos e'l/, adit6 ELit ,
etc. (roorov aipK crot Prom. 621 is something like it). Schiitz's conj.
AaXJvT would make an easier constr., but is not necessary.

d-yo'vocs

'Aprq,

rpasnLd8v, gen. of reference after E ; cf. Ws EIXE ro&Siv, etc.

1. 380.

1. 381. ' For there is no defence in wealth to a man who insolently
3
spurns the great altar of Justice out of sight.' 'rpos K6pov, like 7rp r
3
oiav, irp s bopyrv, etc., adverbially. (Others, as Eng., Schn., H., take
against destruction;' but it is
is not a good word; and Els is the wrong pre-

with ETr'aXLs, 'protection
ELs &4VELav
too far off; and

&qdvEda

position. Pal. formerly so took it, but now takes it as above.)
1. 385. 3L&aaL, 'forces him on.' The sense is,' the wicked man is
28

NOTES.

LINES 369-411.

led on by Temptation (irctce), which is sent him by the Ruin or Curse he
has roused, which plots his destruction.'
1. 386. Read with Hartung irpopohAov raLts a. a , ' the fatal
child of scheming Ruin,' instead of the MSS. irpoPovX 'raLs, a very
unlikely compound in that sense; it would mean 'with scheming
children,' and would in any case be adj. D. quotes avordwcryp Cho. 315 ;
but that is adj., and so is no parallel. [Others, as Karst., Day., K., read
rp6bovAos, which is ingenious and simple, but hardly so effective.]
1. 387. 'The evil is not hidden; but shines, a baleful glare.' The
evil being his wickedness. The sentence is a little harsh, and perhaps
there is some corruption.
1. 391. ' By rubbing and by blows' of the touchstone to try the metal ;
he is found ' black smutched' like bad copper (instead of being bright
like gold) when tested, sLao
lcds, bold use of the word.
a
1. 394. I.e. 'lke is as a boy chasing a winged bird.' Paris, in his
vain expectation of success in his crime, is like a boy chasing a bird, a
proverb for vanity. The omission of ' as' is both Lat. and Greek
usage in comparisons.
not 'brand' (L.S.), but 'an infliction,' 'a woe;'
1. 395. '"rpO -Tlpsi,
we have rpoaerpiLEte used with Cr~Aia Prom. 329, wrl-ys Ar. Eq. 5,
avPopdv Dem. 786. 6.
1. 397. 'rov, demonstrative, 'these things;' an Epic usage. This correction of MSS. Tf.iYw is Klausen's, to suit car' dwrapxsiv in 379, which
is better rhythm.
i'rilrpo
ov, 'conversant with,' a Homeric word: E.arpoos
dvep wv Od. 1. 77.
r
1. 398. KaOaLpet, sc. 6 DEs,easily understood from oi-r OEcv. 'f.
the well-known passage in Hor. Sat. I. I. I, ' Qui fit Maecenas ut nemo
.. contentus vivat, laudet diversa sequentes ?' i. e. omnes laudent.
1. 405. 'The din of shield and spear and naval armaments.' MSS.
rE
etc.; bad position of re, and not suitable
read a6vovs AoyXilove 7ea,
6
Read with H. TE KcL KX vous..
to rrapeiaeo 6eda of antistr. 421.
vavupR&s 0'.
1. 406. &T'vrEpvov, 'in place of dowry;' Aesch. is fond of these
strange compounds, where the avTi governs (so -to speak) the subst. with
which it is compounded, avr7v7cp 443, 'vriraLs Eum. 38, dia',-ovhos
Cho. 135, dvriKey'pov Eum. 131.
1. 409. ' The seers of the house,' taken by some of Greek seers wailing, by others of the Trojan seers warning. It reads more like the
former; but perhaps refers to a story in the Kvirpta of the prophecies of
Helenos and Kassandra about Paris' marriage.
1. 411. e T.oE 4rLh&vopes, lit. ' husband-loving tracks,' i. e. 'print of
so used 856.
her loving form,' ' loving' as she was once;

?v

q5Acivwp

29

A GAMEMNON.
1. 412. The MSS. reading is hopeless. I have taken Hermann's
oLyds &'rtl ovs &XoLo86povs which is the least violent; it also leaves the
-rripeaorT then go together. ' Behold
metre its cretic character; eSEv
the silence, scorned yet unrebuking,' a very fine picture of Menelaos'
misery. For the next words I take aXy o r' &al vvY, ' of those who sit
apart in sorrow.' For plur. ovy&s cf. 419.
1. 416. 'And the loveliness of fair-limbed statues becomes to him
a loathing; he has lost the light of her eyes and all love is departed.'
Besides the astonishing beauty of the mere words, there is almost a
modern depth and tenderness in the thought. Some have strangely referred by 4
pi&rv &X-qvtaLs to the 'blank eyes' of the statues; others take
it ' in the loss of his eyes,' i.e, loss sustained by his eyes (subject. gen.);
but this does not seem so good.
6
pa (Eng., Day., K.) is probably right; it might easily have
1. 422.
got corrupted after 8oKGV into inf., especially as the sense is, 'for vainly,
when one sees in fancy delights, the vision is gone,' etc. Literally,
'when a man sees fancying he sees delights,' 6pav being easily supplied
in thought from pa.
1. 426. 'On wings following the ways of sleep.' Another wonderful
line.
1. 428. There is no need for Hermann's T& 8' oiaT,which would
rather require r rayv -y p in the next line. 'The woes in the house, in
the hearth, are these, and yet more bitter than these; but for all who
sailed,' etc. (Lit. ' on the whole, for those who sailed.') "EXxavos, as
adj. with a fem. word, occurs again 1254.
1. 430. rXilOLKapsLos , 'suffering,' by a bold transference applied, not
to the afflicted man, but to the affliction. (Perhaps TrguctdpBor Aur.)
1. 435. Notice the beautiful effect in this pathetic line of the implied
antithesis to ot8v ; instead of the familiar and loved face comes back
the unknown urn and ashes.
1. 436. The ' dust in the urn' suggests a bold figure to the poet.
' War is a gold-merchant dealing in bodies ; he has his balance (holding
the scales of fight, a Homeric idea from Il. 8. 69, where Zeus weighs
urvpcoiv and pap4, burnt and
fates); he sends back riypLa, ' dust,'
heavy, like gold-dust, but in another sense; he fills the jar with ashes
in place of men.'
1. 441. pape, ' grievous,' a pathetic double entendre.
1. 444. E'10-rovr, for MSS. dOET70Ov; it is a more natural phrase, and
better applied to AE' . It means 'well-ordered,' and is used by Aesch.
of \dbico, and apPv'Xat elsewhere. If we keep EbO;rov, it must mean
'easily stored,' and there is no trace of such a usage. Moreover, the
order of the words favours the change.
1. 449. SLa, Epic form, restored by Herm. for sake of metre.
30

NOTES.

PaLiE,

LINES 412-481.

properly, 'barks;'

so, 'mutters,' 'grumbles.'

bqeprEL), 'steals

over' the citizens.

seems to mean properly an 'advocate;'

'champion' will

1. 450. vr'.. 'pwrer (Epic tmesis for
'ATpEdaLs is dat. after

pBOovEp6v.

lrrp68LKOS

do here.
1. 455.

There is a pathetic irony in KaTrXovrL, ..

EXOVras,

words

naturally used of conquerors who occufy land. ' Many stalwart heroes
possess graves of Trojan earth; the earth of their foes has covered the
possessor.' The Greek custom seems to have allowed burial as well as
ov
cremation. Socrates speaks of his body ij caL6oEVov ij KaropvrTTpEO
(Plat. Phaed. 115 E.).
1. 457. 'Of a public curse it pays the debt,' i.e. 'does the part.'
(Eng. translates, ' he pays the debt,' i.e. the hated ruler; good sense, but
such a change of subject is scarcely possible.)
1.460. ' My boding thought awaits tidings from the dark:' imaginative way of saying, 'I anxiously forebode some hidden mischief, soon to
be revealed.'
afvrvXEt 'rpLPa pCov, 'with sad reversal of life's lot.'
1. 464.
1. 465. iv 8' icr-rots .. &AKA, 'he lies among the unseen, with none
to aid;' i aroi's may include any kind of destruction, even death, cp.
'A' ~rs.
1. 466. nrEpKrcwos, ' overmuch,' necessary correction for MSS. bnrEpa~OTrwc,
' wrathfully.'

1. 470. 6'oG-os, ' upon his eyes.' Pal., K. say, ' by the eyes of Zeus;'
surely that would be from the eyes, cr' 6aocv. Possibly it is corrupt.
1. 471.

KplcvW, judge best,' used somewhat as BodCE
'I
is.

&'4Oovov,

unenvied,' not its usual sense, which is 'plentiful.'
1. 474. p ov, ' the life,' i.e. of a captive, readily understood from
aAXovs; the phrase is varied from its natural form.
Notice the gradual way in which the chorus hint forebodings of ill
against Agamemnon. The triumphant opening leads them to speak of
Paris' sin and punishment; then the sorrow and loss of Menelaos; that
leads to the suffering and slaughter of the Greeks who fought for the
Atreidae; then the murmurings, caused by that, against the kings; the
danger of too great success, especially if wrought by much bloodshed.
11. 475-500. The Epode is best divided (as shown in the text) among

different members of the chorus.

7-70

1. 478. MSS.
Ot fELY A bbOos, a possible but very strange
idT
position of pij. There are various emendations, of which I have given
Ahrens' as the simplest and best.
1. 479.

pEvw~V

KEKO LEVOS, 'stricken in mind,' gen. of ref.

1. 481. 1rvpov'rTa, 'fired.' The construction is acc. and inf. consecutive, with the usual wiare wanting.

A GA MEMNON.
1. 483. "Tis like a woman's temper to welcome joy before the truth
be known.' aitX , an obscure word, taken by most edd. (H., Schn., Eng.,
Well., etc.) to mean 'rule' here and Cho. 630. But there seems reason
for believing, with Blomf. and Pal., that the word means 'spirit,'
592 confirms this view. [Hart. suggests abXa.]
'temper.'
1. 485. Again an obscure passage, the clue to which lies (as Pal.
shows) in the proper meaning of i rv~po, 'to graze flocks over the
border.' 'Too credulous, the bounds of her belief suffer a swift encroachment; but by swift fate perishes the rumour spread by her
tongue,' i.e. she believes too readily, and her false reports are soon
exposed. The assonance of Taxyvropos, Taxdlopos, is of course intentional, to point the rebuke.
1. 488. These lines are given to Klytaemnestra in MSS. They clearly
belong to the chorus and are always printed so now.
[11. 488-680. SCENE II.
The herald is now seen coming on the left side of the stage crowned
with olive. The leader of the chorus speaks from the Thymele. 'Now
we shall know all.' The herald prays to all the gods; then describes
the sufferings before Troy. Klytaemnestra comes forward, and sends a
welcome to her coming lord. The chorus ask news of Menelaos: the
herald tells the story of the storm which scattered the fleet. Still
Menelaos may come.]
1. 490. rapahXXays, 'changes,' i. e. 'successions.'
1. 494. KroLS 'rphoV tivoipos. Observe the quaint .and almost
grotesque expression 'thirsty dust, neighbour brother of the clay.' Schn.
sees in this speech :a parody of Klytaemnestra's picturesque style; but
there is no need to invent such refinements. Aeschylus' style, when
applied to homely things, is liable to border on the grotesque.
11. 496-7. Means simply that the tidings will be conveyed by voice,
is
no longer by fire. O-o rather a strange Ethic dative, as the chorus
are not exactly addressing anyone, 'lighting thee the flame of wood;'
Herm. suspects it.
1. 498. ' Either he willutter joy,'-or the reverse, he means ; but stops
short (aposiopesis) to avoid ill omen.
1. 500. 'To good already come may good be added' (lit. 'may addition be well').
1. 501. The want of a connection is explained by the snow accepted
divided among different speakers.
idea that 475-502 :is
'tenth-year's
1. 504. <4yye e'&ous, merely picturesque-poetic for rTea,
light.' Observe that the herald arrives from Troy, announcing the landing of Agamemnon, immediately after the beacon fires, on the morning
after the capture. Such violations of possibility were held quite allowable by the licence of dramatic poetry.
32

NOTES.

LINES 483-532.

1. 507. FLpos is usually omitted after /ETIEXW, the verb itself (with the
partitive gen.) giving the idea sufficiently.
1. 509. The statues of these gods stood probably on the stage, according to the custom, in front of the palace.
1. 5Io. For Apollo was also the god of Pestilence and had shot his
shafts at the Greeks ' for nine days long; and the pyres of the dead
burnt thick.' Il. 1. 52-3. (FIKET&of course after imperative Xape.)
1. 511.
o-0'(Askew, K., D., Eng.) is the simplest and best reading.
HBO became HAO by an easy corruption, which was then altered to
AE8S by somebody who knew that it ought to be 2nd pers. but did not
know the metre. (H.'s duO' for EtEr0a is ingenious but unlikely, the
phrase is so harsh.)
1. 513. &ywvLovs, the best sense to give to this disputed word is de-;
rived from the old Homeric meaning of -ycv, 'gathering' (like dyopi).
d-yciv ; cp. dyvvas
Iliad 15. 428, 16. 500 vE&v iv d-ydv, 24. I Adro
0EvrTE 835. So dyrvtoL will be the same as dyopatoL, 'gods of the
gathering,' i.e. of the city life, see note on 88. (The Schol. on Hom.
24. I expressly says that Aeschylus calls dyopaior dyvLo.)
1. 514.
-jJn&opos [rtLa- Fop-, cp. vhwPpds, oblKOipos, <pVpo,po etc.], lit.
'honour-guarder,' so ' champion,' ' protector.' The meaning ' avenger'
was secondary, though naturally following from the primary one.
8
6
1. 517.
op s, gen. of separation, as after words of ' freeing,' 'emptying,' etc.; 'those whom the spear hath spared.'
1. 519. 'Royal seats,' the marble throne of the king at the door of
the palace, where he sat to do justice, or on any state occasion.
Av1j0XL0L (Ionic form for dCv.), 'sunward-facing,' the statues being
placed to look east.
1. 521. Kort},
'duly.' Observe three datives of instr., manner, and time.
1. 524. KaL. ,p ov, 'for indeed it is fitting;' the ov adds earnestness or emphasis. So ka ydp oiv E'duVy i'Uov Eanwam Soph. Ant. 489,
at

6'

ev

ydp

oSv XEyELr ib. 771, ob

y3 p

oiy

ty

croptal O. C. 980.

1. 526. r, KaTEpyacr-raL ,rr48ov, 'wherewith the soil has been ploughed
up,' a kind of grim irony; 'the mattock of avenging Zeus' having in a
terrible sense 'ploughed up' the soil of Troy. (*r, Epic rel. for J.)
1. 527. This line is like Pers. 811 and some suspect it.
1. 532. 'For neither Paris nor the city, sharer of his ruin, can boast that
their deeds surpassed their sufferings.' One o;7e is omitted. So Soph. Phil.
771 Efivra 7T' dfcora: and Shakespeare has it, 'but my five wits nor
my five senses can dissuade one foolish heart from serving thee' Sonn. 141.
means, ' one who pays taxes with,' 'is rated with;' hence
many take it to mean simply ' city connected with Paris:' but the idea
of' payment' must have been present to the poet in choosing the word;
so the version given above is better.
c
33

rvvEXrk4s

A GAMEMNON,
1. 534. Paris is compared to a man convicted of ' theft and plunder.' If one so convicted refused to pay, the claimant seized property of his in pledge for his claim; and the thing seized was i-crLov.
Helen is here the
which does not therefore mean 'spoil,' as L. S.,
Pal., though it might be so construed in default of a word to express
the associations of Pv'mLov more precisely.
1. 536. abr6Xvovov, 'land and all,'
but the reading is suspect.
1. 537. O&La&prT T& ai&prTa, ' the penalty for sins,' they have paid
La,
twice over. The word is formed like iayy'yhta, 'reward for good
tidings.' (Schol. so takes it.)
1. 538. Trv &rrd crrpcTro, the common piegnant construction.
1. 539. Enger's emendation for Xaipw- rT9vavaL is good; there is nc
such word as rEOvavat ; and the syllable which has fallen out is so like
the next one: IETEON. [Karsten's
rTEO7 is also good.]
vaL
1. 542. 'EPirv's, pred., 'a sweet disease: this that ye were affected with.'
1. 543- I.e. ' Tell me, and I shall understand.'
1. 546. dcsfor arE, as often. See 358.
1. 547. arpaT , the MSS. reading, is plainly vicious, having come
from 545. Hermann's pev^v is as good as any conjecture, the phrase
occurring Ag. 1307, Cho. 80o. 'Whence came this bitter gloom of heart
upon thee ?' [Or take <ppi ov with Weil: very simple.]
1. 550. vOv, 'just now,' as we say.
r o-6v, 'thy words,' referring to 539. ' As thou saidst but now,
'twere joy to die.'
1. 552. MSS. read E X4EETLv,
which Paley retains. But not merely is
av required (Paley's instances being all either corrupt or not conditional,
see below, 620); Eu is plainly bad with EireTes, from which indeed it
has arisen.
11. 555-7. 'For were I to tell of our troubles and ill lodgment, scant
deckways, and hard bivouacs-what hour of the day did we not groan,
and [suffer] ?' There is no apodosis to EL XyoL--the break in the construction is more effective. rap'teLs is doubtful. It is commonly taken
cr
'landings,' but rap4cw means 'to pass along,' and rapir should mean
'passages;' probably (as Pal., Br.) on board ship, because it is opposed
The Schol. takes it so. In the last line hX6v'es is
to Td XpawY.
plainly corrupt. Pal. says, 'what did we not receive as our daily portion ?' but jLjaros Rlipos cannot surely mean this. We want some word
like rdaxovrE or cXkalov Es.
1. 558. 'And again on land we had still worse to bear.' Td 8' acTr
XPo-cp, lit., ' and other things again on land.' X'pay, dat. local.; it is
prop. adj., ' dry,' but in Hom. is always used as subst. without art. E0r

iarLov,

137;

r7

X4paov, 7rporT XEp6ov, Ev XpaW.
'matting our locks like beasts.'
Ev0ipov 'rpLCXa,
1. 562. TL0EvrTES
34

The

NOTES.

LINES 534-590.

masc. riGiTVESis strange; Schn. suggests he had 6Ppot in his head; he

must have meant to include rain, which would be far worse than mere
dew. [Perhaps there is some corruption.]
1. 566. Notice this beautiful line: the poetic feeling for beauty of
nature is so rare among the Greeks. ' When on his midday couch windless and waveless ocean sank to sleep,' as Conington finely turns it.
1. 567. Again the construction is effectively broken;
has no
apodosis.
1. 568. rTota pIv. The natural antithesis, ' the living,' is practically

Ei
A.yo

given 571.

1. 569.

Consecutive constr. again, just as in

1. 570.

Ev

t4!lj

X~ELV,

15.

lit. 'reckon by the pebble;' i.e. ' count up

accurately.'
1. 571. 'r1Xls, gen. of reference, common after emotion verbs, pErviaas

dr'vov, XoXwOds,
ov

eiEas

4ixov, Oavy&c(w

rOd's, etc.

'Nay, I bid a long farewell to our sufferings.' Ka-ragTu is
being
used in a strange sense, dreiv or AE-yELv the common word; but
this must be the meaning; roxx& XalpEv is always so used. Somewhat
similar is 4Wtci, hail,' 903. [Perhaps ev(popds (Bl. Day.) is right.]
'I
1. 575. 'So that it is fit we (the survivors) should make boast before
this beam of the sun.' ws for iaTE.
1. 572.

1. 578.

The MSS. reading

'IpotLS . .
.

pxatiov can be translated:

'have nailed up in their shrines to be a glory for all time': but this
sense of dpxaiov is not justifiable. I have taken Hartung's 'dcwvv . ..
apxaowv.
1. 580.

iXovTas,

'anyone'

hearing such things;

yourselves and

future generations.
of
1. 581. Observe passive future rFLoT'ETaIm the older form; in the
pure verbs this form is common, as dyopev'ropac, d&Iucaoat dv'rao/.aL,
atr otac, drraTraoac,etc. See Veitch, Greek Irregular Verbs.

1. 584.
Ia, 'learning well is ever young for the old;' i. e. ' the
old are ever young enough to learn.' EJt
-aOet is thus the subj. of
4P3. But the best correction is i
The old have ever youth to
learn.'
[At this point Klytaemnestra advancesfrom the palace by the middle
door; the chorus-leadercontinues with a look towards her.]
1. 586. orv 8E rXhouvi'Ew 44, ' but should gladden me likewise;' the

y,

subject of TAXovTiElv being surely TavTa, 'the tidings;' not Klytaemnestra,

as H., nor aE, as Pal.
1. 590. Kai Trs r' vl rorw clearly refers to the incredulity of the
chorus, 483. How would K. know of this, it is asked, as she was not
there ? The answer is that the chorus only express the general feeling
of the citizens which she can naturally be supposed to learn.
C 2

35

A GAMEMNON.
1. 593. Observe the imperfect E4aLVw6L-lv. 'They strove to show me
deluded.'
6
This may mean only
,
1. 594. yivvaLKEiC. V p- 'with womanly strain.'
that the women began, but the men (dAAkodaA oOEv) joined in ; but perhaps she is still keeping up her satire against the chorus: 'like women
(as you would say) the whole city joined in the cry.
1. 597. KOLwL
VTEs, 'lulling to rest,' causing it to burn low and die
out: with incense and perhaps wine.
1. 598. rd t oo-o, 'the further tale.'
1. 599. These lines are full of tragic irony to the audience who know
her plot.
1. 600o It is best to take rros final. 'In order that I may best
welcome-(then the parenthesis)-take this message,' etc. If we construe
oiwr, aptra
together, 'as well as I may,' and put a stop at
aaOat (as
H., D., Eng.. Schn., etc.), 7ra~' drinyyt
Xov is very abrupt.
1. 606. EilpoL. Observe the terrible irony of this wish, sent as a
loving message to Agamemnon.
1. 607. ozavrL p ovv EXemE, 'ay, even as he left her.' ovv is used
something like English 'in short;' the second phrase being substituted
Cp. Plat. Prot: ad init. yodp 7roXAA
ia?
for nar'v, as more expressive.
brc'p O JlE, eai ovv ia apre dir' hkeivov Upxo at, 'he said many kind
o
things for me, and -in short, I have only just left him.'
1. 612. XaXKOV faas.
Perhaps the best:way of taking this difficult
expression is to suppose a double entendre. 'I know no more of dalliance or rumour of shame from other man than-how to dip the brass;'
i.e.
than I do of the manufacture of tempered swords, clearly not a
woman's province. But in her heart she knows well ' how to dip the
brass' in Agamemnon's blood, and means to do it.
I. 613. rq's
d
X-0lEas y4cipv is effective, considering the cynical falseness of Klytaemnestra's speech.
11. 615, I6. A difficult couplet. TopotrLv ppyvioLv can be taken
(dat. inst.) with pIavOdvovrt or with EibrpErwrs. The latter is perhaps
most likely, as pbpylvEs is naturally a person, and the instrumental use
unlikely. 'Thus hath she spoken to thy listening ears her word-to
clear interpreters fair seeming;' a very delicate way of hinting that she
has said rather too much of her own virtues.
1. 617. IwneolatL, other form of rvv0dvoplat. Similar pairs are Xdrw
Atcndcrvw,
pEVbyc
qvyydvcw, A 7Ow XavOd'w.
1. 620. 'I could not tell false tidings to seem fair;' KaXd being predicative. oarws XEats
is the remote deliberative optative; see Appendix I.
1. 621. 'For friends to reap delight therefrom for long;' i.e. the
pleasure of good news if false is shortlived. Kaprorv0aL, epexegetic inf.
36

NOTES.

LINES 593-650.

1. 622. The chorus reply, imitating the form of the herald's sentence: ' Would that then thou couldst speak truth to seem good;' KESva
being predicative, like aXi. So Klaus., Ken. [It is usually taken (e.g.
Herm., Eng., Schn., etc.), ' How then couldst thou, speaking good news,
chance to speak truth?' understanding eirvu again. This is possible,
but not so neat as the other.]
1. 626. 'Setting sail in sight of all' (did he perish?); i.e. was he
parted from you by his own act or by a storm?
1. 630. The important words are g&vros
TeOV KOTOS,
r
which are
predicative. ' Did rumour speak of him as alive or dead?' is the sense.
acrov), obj. gen. after p-LsT; see 1367.
1. 635. 'How rose, how sank the storm?' Mors.
1. 637. Xwpts h rLvq GEav, ' the honours of the gods are apart (from
evil tidings) ;' i.e. 'it beseems not the service of the gods.' He goes on
to explain that if news of disaster were brought, instead of triumph,
then a paean to the Erinyes (as opp. to Osoi) would be the right thing;
as the news is good, and there is thanksgiving, it must not be spoiled.
1. 640. TrvXev is perhaps best taken as epexegetic inf.; and then hEAcor
and woUov'r are both accusatives in apposition to wnvrara 638. Otherwise i'AcoS rvXEv is acc. inf., and then we have the awkwardness of the
construction being changed to participle in 641. The sense is, ' to the
city one woe, the public loss, to suffer, and many men,' etc.; i. e. the
public loss and the private sufferings. [TvXdv, H.: neat but needless.]
1. 641.
' ayLaOvras, an expressive word; 'victims cast out,' 'cast
out and consecrate to death.' Mors.
11. 642, 3. ' With the two-thonged scourge, that Ares loves, a doublepointed curse, a bloody pair;' imaginative and high sounding phrases
for the twofold suffering to state and individual already given 640.
Notice TV, Epic relative. The accusatives in 643 are best taken
as in agreement (by a kind of natural attraction or loose apposition) with
the relative 7'7.
1. 644. jEv1oL, ' indeed,' "tis true;' ' with such woes indeed laden one
should sing this paean of the Furies.' ~ivroL concessive, as often.
6
1. 645. ' v8E, i. e. such a one as suits these woes.
1. 648. Again the construction broken; he springs from the general
or something of
statement (which expects rwir irpirEs 7oivrov
the kind) to the first person.
1. 649. Taking the corrected reading 'AXcLots.. 0GEv. Construe:
'storm sent by wrathful gods upon the Achaioi.' For dyFLroTY 0s&v

arvqifea;

see 311.

1. 650. Paley aptly quotes Milton, Par. Reg. 4. 412 'Water with
fire in ruin reconciled;' and Schn. no less aptly Shakesp. Troilus and
Cressida, 2. 2 ' The winds and waves, old wranglers, took a truce.'

37

A GA MEMNON.
'rCd rlr-r' SEL-1galv, 'proved their bond.'
1. 653. Some put the stop at vvur l; but it is better as it is.
1. 654. OpiKLcL, 'north winds;' cp. I92.
1. 656. 'With violent storm and splash of beating rain.' Only in
Epic style he couples the dat. of circumstances (XElpi&vt) to the dat.
after a v. The cases really describe the same relation, the preposition
only making it more precise. Some propose to take TV)J as gen. after
d4p ; but it is better and simpler to take it, as above, with XcEp&uvL.
1. 657. ' With the whirling gust of the evil shepherd;' a sudden bold
metaphor flashing out in Aeschylus' style. The hurricane is 'an evil
shepherd;' the fleet are his sheep which he drives hither and thither to
their ruin.
1. 659. av9ov veKpots, 'flowering with dead,' another audacious
metaphor; though avO co is more familiarly used in Greek metaphorically than ' flower' with us.
1. 661. ye jav S , ' however;' -e j v, ye p v/rot, -ye Ev 8, all used in
this corrective or qualifying sense. Soph. Tr. 484 rE ye i
r winvT'
rio Taa.
QK pTOV crK&4os, best taken as apposition; not as Pal.,
' unharmed in hull.' [Auratus' '~s r' is possible.]
1. 662. "Stole us away or begged us off' from destruction; a bold
but quite characteristic phrase, requiring no emendation.
1. 664. Paley prosaically thinks that this splendidly imaginative line
describes an electric phenomenon! 'And on the bark sat Fortune the
saviour, a willing passenger.'
1. 665. cis for &<rE.
KivpTros g&Xv
EXLw, 'wave-tossed;' the subject is ar, or 'the
ship,' readily understood from 661.
1. 666. Ao0KEiXaL, intr. 'run aground.'
1. 669. i3oukoX~o.Ev, a metaphor quite different from, but as strange
and picturesque as, the English 'brooded over.' So
rovov, Eumen. 78.
rTro8o iEvov, lit. 'dusted-;' i.e. ' beaten,' 'buffeted.'
1. 67o.
.1l, ' why should they not?' the verb understood being the
1. 672. T
shows. This is possible, though the
deliberative subjunctive, as
phrase is unusual': but r' pivy should be read, here and Soph. Ai. 668.
1. 674. y p otv, justifying his good wish: 'May it turn out well;
[and I mean it], for indeed Menelaos you may expect, first and most
of all.' See 524.
1. 676. 8' ovv, 'anyhow;' hastening to practical conclusion, cf. 34.
tcrropa', 'finds.' The word is from F-, and properly means, 'to get knowledge,' hence is used (like vvOdvoyas) to mean both inquire and learn.
[After 680 the Heraldgoes of and the Second Scene ends.
The Chorus then sing the Second Stasimon, asfollows :1. 651.

'

Sov'cohot0XUeo

7'

38

NOTES.

LINES 651-695.

Str. a'. (681-698). 'Who was it so fitly named Helena, the iXE-va s?
forth she sailed, with the armed huntsmen after her, to Simois' shores.
8c0bos
Ant. a'. (699-716).. The marriage-u^i8os (bond) proved indeed a
(care) ; Zeus exacted after-vengeance from those who triumphantly sang
the marriage song, changing the note to bitter wailing.
Str. O'. ( 717-725). 'As a man rears a lion's whelp, gentle and a plaything at first; Ant. 6'. (726-735) but soon its savage temper shows,
and it ravages the flocks, filling the house with blood; so (Str. 7'. 737)
Helena came, fair and lovely, to Troy; but she proved a curse.
Ant. y'. (750-762). 'The old saying makes sorrow born of prosperity; this I do not hold with; it is impiety, not wealth, that begets
evil offspring.
Str. 8'. Ant. 8'. (736-781). 'The old wickedness brings forth new
wickedness when the appointed day comes, and fatal daring. But
justice burns brightly in the cottage, flying from the guilty palace; she
guides all to the goal.'
For the bearing of the Chorus on the drama, see Introduction, p xviii.]
' Was it some one?' y4, interrogative; originally, no
1. 684. pf 'rLs.
doubt, banishingthe thought (Fo' not ob). ('Surely not one who... !')
rviXa, 'by good hap,' it was a chance name, yet guided by
1. 685.
secret foresight (lrp6voca) of what was to follow.
XLVELIC 0', 'the sword-won bride, the source
1. 686. 8opyapppov
of strife.'
1. 687. The MSS. both give iXEvas, which form points the wordplay much better than iXhAavs the ordinary reading, if it is a possible form.
It may be a Doric form from iE-vaF-s, as MErvJas is from MEv-xaF-s
(Salmasius, Eng.) ' Ship's hell, Man's hell, City's hell,' says Browning,
though the English is stronger than the Greek. To the Greek mind
there was something mysterious about the suitability of names to fates
of men; it had a deep significance, and was not trivial or accidental.
Compare Soph. Aj. 430; Theb. 658.
1. 690. A&3po-r(wv, 'delicate-costly,' a bold but not unlikely compound. [No need to accept Salmasius's ingenious emendation &i/po7rvwv,
'delicate-woven:' though Aesch. may have written it.]
1. 692. ylyavTros, 'mighty;' yiyas is redupl. from ya-, 'grow,' and
means, ' the big-grown one,' 'the monster.'
1. 695. 'The host of shielded huntsmen' are of course the Greek
pursuers.
MSS. Ka-r' 'Xvos 'rXLTrTav4avTov K
eXvMwv, which will construe,
'on the track of those who drove ashore on Simois' leafy coast the
vanishing oar,' but the emendation irXava makes the sense so vastly
richer and better, '... huntsmen on the oarblades' unseen track [not
a visible trail like other hunters] of those who,' etc.; a splendid phrase.

Av

39

A GAMEMNON.
1. 699. ' Wrath, its end accomplishing, sped to Ilion this marriagebond, a trouble indeed,' a play on the two meanings of K"jqos.
1. 700.
'ripitoayr
orpco-rop~va, 'exacting requital for the wrong;'
TtlovrTas, '
from those who honoured,' the regular construction of 7rpaaaEaa in this sense. Cf. Eipv
upBoTra Xp' aTra E7rpa'avTo Thuc. 4.
65.
1. 705. 'Those who honoured over-much the bridal strain' were
the yaiPpoi, or 'marriage kin' of Helena, i. e. the children of Priam,
who sang triumphantly the marriage song, glorying in Paris' deed.
i&Oms is a doubtful word, either 'unspeakably,' or better perhaps
K
'loudly ' (lit. 'outspokenly.') rlovras, they honoured the violent deed ;
they dishonoured hospitality and Zeus protector of friendship. The
article is omitted with the participle, as 59.
1. 706. ,r6r', 'at the time,' significantly; afterwards they 'sang another tune,' 709.
1i.707. 34Lvatov is in apposition to plXor.
1. 709. 'The note is changed, the city wails with bitter lament.'
Literally, 'learning a new song of bitter lament (7roi0prpvov, predicative)
the city groans.'
1. 711. Mr. Verrall, in the Journal of Philology, 9. 140, ingeniously
explains alv-6 EK-rpov as a play on 'AX-v-8pov with inverted syllables,
'calling Paris (no longer the man-repeller, but) the man of the fatal
bridal.' But we can hardly accept this as more than a brilliant guess.
It would, no doubt, suit excellently with the temper which dwells on the
significance of'ENEva and nx^ior; but the real objection is not the play
on the words, but the remoteness of the resemblance.
11. 714-16. Corrupt, but not go as to obscure the sense. ,rroAtrav
of the MSS. must be 7roXtTar, gen. plur., and the first word must be an
adv. 'utterly,' or an adj. 'miserable.'
I have taken provisionally 7raLrrop04) (Seidler., Herm.) rroX1iOp-qvov aliWva a IroXLrTav ~~Iov ap'
&verX&cra, 'having borne a ruined life of lament for the piteous blood
of her sons.'
SLaL (Davies) for sake of metre, instead of dcipi ; which might be
a gloss on it.
1. 717. Aovros vwV, 'lion's whelp,' Conington's splendid and certain
emendation of hXovr-a criyiv, which spoils the sense; in the strophe the
lion is young and a delight, it is only in the antistrophe that it is grown
up and become a pest. Eves, old poetic word, from is, 'strength,' meaning the 'vigorous young' thing, occurs Eum. 323, Suppl. 43.
~'pe~ev, habitual aorist, used from Homer down, e. g. fo7Vdrdv -s
rVT IV 7E74 E II. 22. 494; so the verbs below,
~'aXe, rETEVe,
d7re'feE,
iqprOq. Construe it by the present, 'rears.'
6
fLotLs, local (Epic use).
1.718.
40

NOTES.

LINES 699-762.

tydXaKrov, 'robbed of his mother's milk,' antithesis to oztX0taercv,

'desiring the breast.' [Others take dydxAaxrov oirotrc, 'fed with the
6
same milk as the house' (d-yaX, like a-Xoxos, di-EXP
s); possibly
Wecklein's dydAaera oVTas dvrip tLhodo'TWy is right.]
1.720.

rpo'rkXEAoLs, 65.

1. 723. MSS. -o-X', intrans. 'lay,' but as EX' is only used with adverbs
intransitive, probably i'ax (Homeric frequentative for ''),
which occurs
Persae 656, is the right reading [or eX'... •qalpwzrcs ....
aaivovra].
1. 725. cra-Cov yaarpbs avayicats, 'taught to fawn by its hunger-pangs.'
1. 728. 0os (for MSS. go0s), Conington's emendation, again improves

the sense, and suits the strophe.
1. 730.

MSS. /2 Xopodvottv dTair or adTaort. The best correction is
7

LToqjXo46voL'L o-vv draLs, Ahrens (Eng., Schn.), the syllables -at

avv

having

run into -atv.
[Other attempts, dyalws, tyaurt, H., diart, Con., OavdTroG, K., are
less suitable]
'For, in requital to those who reared him, with fell destruction among
the flocks he makes a feast unbidden.'
1. 735- tEEPes 'rs leas, ' a priest of ruin,' fine imaginative phrase,
suggesting that "AAry, or Destruction, sends the lion to sacrifice to her.
1. 737. ' (So) I should say there came at the first a spirit of windless
calm,' etc.
rr&pavar,

'at first,' opposed to what happened afterwards, lrapareedEs erTEpov oTEriI. The point
So Eur. rdapavra 8'

cXivaa' ilrE'paYvv.

of the comparison is the contrast between the softness and sweetness at
first, and the bloody and bitter end.
Observe the passion and the splendour of these wonderful lines.
[Others take 2rdpavra, 'in like manner.' K1., K., Eng. So L.S., who
however, mistranslate it in Demosthenes, 1.c. Moreover Hesych.
says 7rapaxpypa.]

1. 745. ' Yet turning aside [from the first sweetness and softness]
she brought to pass a fatal fulfilment of marriage; she came an evil
neighbour, an evil guest, to the sons of Priam, at the bidding of Zeus,
god of friendship, a Fury, a woe of brides.'
1. 750. Observe yEpov used as adj., 'old.' It is a poetical use from
Homer down y7'pov a6os, Od. 22. 184).
yav .rEcArOevra 6'Xpov. 'Prosperity when grown to full
5
1.751.
estate.' Aeschylus is rejecting the old Greek superstition that Prosperity or Wealth brings woe; it is not wealth, he says, but always
Sin. See Introduction, pp. xiii, xviii.
1. 760. pkra, 'afterwards,' adverbially.
1. 762. icatXXUraLs, 'is blessed in the children,' i.e. is good and
prosperous in succeeding generations.
41

AGAMEMNON.
11. 763-771. For the lesser corruptions of the MSS., which have been
corrected, see critical notes. The only important corruption is vEaph
qdovs iC6rov, which is desperate. I have adopted Ahrens' qdos 76sov
as the best sense and least violent change. (vEapd comes from a gloss.)
gets
[Paley's correction, via ' i p vaE feopov, a good sense and antithesis
is
v : but the real antithesis to raxai&d i4v given in vEdiovaa,
to -raXad.a
is too bold, introducing as it does an altogether new idea.]
vIpwLJ,
and
1. 764. 'At this time or at that, whene'er the appointed day of
birth arrive.'
o.
1. 770 To take Op&cros IpAXivas j. aras together, 'the boldness of a
black Curse' (with H., KI., Eng., Schn., Weil, etc.,) is very harsh; it is
far better that the two births should be 'Young Violence,' 763, and
Opdoor, ' Recklessness,' 'black curses to the house, like to their parents,'
reading Eibo Evas.
1. 775. To omit pL'ov suits the metre and improves the sense;
'honours the just man.'
Xpvabrrao~ra 8' ~8EOXa, 'the gold-bespangled dwellings.'
1. 776. -ri
SeXOa, a certain and beautiful emendation by Auratus of the meaningless MSS. Eacx6.
sc.
aoLa ,rpo lEpoXE, 'S8OAa, 'she visits the pure dwellings.'
1. 779.
vrpoaa
oxe, gnomic aor. 717.
1. 780. -rapdornlov atvo, met., as often in Greek, from coining, 'with
its counterfeit glory' (lit. 'stamped amiss with praise').
1. 781. 'And she guides all to the goal.'
Ostensibly the meaning of all this reflection (750-781) is that the sin
of Paris and Helena has brought the misery on themselves and Troy;
but the underlying meaning to the audience is that the past sins of
Agamemnon and his house must bear other sins, and ruin in the end.
yrv e,'rL
8'
ripa voe1a, namely,
So there is a terrible sense concealed in
the shadow of the coming tragedy, which is effectively pointed by the
entry of the king.
[Agamemnon now approachesin a triumfhal car, with his attendants
and prisoners,and in anotherchariot Kassandra as frisoner; the Chorus
address him.
11. 782-809. 'Conqueror, my king, how shall I fitly address thee?
It is easy to profess joy; show of sympathy in woe or weal is common,
flattery.
where there is no true feeling. Yet, a wise king can detect false
When thou didst go forth we did not think well of thy wisdom; but
now we greet heartily the victors. And thou shalt discern who of the
citizens has been true guardian of thy state.']
1. 786. 'Neither overshooting nor running short of the due mark
of praise,' where the English renders exactly the mixed metaphors of
the
vreppas (' bow'), and 67roKC4 Cas ('with the chariot'), in the Greek.

a6pov

42

NOTES.

LINES 763-8 1.

1. 788. 'r 8oKEV EGIva,' Seeming to be,' they prefer [to being really].
1. 791. 'While no stab of pain reaches the heart,' i. e. without any
sincere grief.
1. 793. 6jotLOrrpElrEts, ' in seeming sympathy.'
1. 794. 'Constraining their grave looks' to a false smile.
1. 795. wrpoparoyvpv, ' wise to discern his flock,' an obvious
metaphor.
11. 796-8. 'The eyes of no man can escape him, which, as though
from a kindly heart, with a watery love are fawning,' i. e. he can discern
the 'watery' love with its pretence of good will. i~apjis, a most
expressive word.
1. 8o0. 'No graceful portrait had I drawn of thee ( uo1, dat. agent
after pf. pass.), nor as one well wielding,' etc.
1. 803. MSS. read Opho os ~iov'rov, no metre or sense. Some read
dacov'lov, 'bringing to dying men courage against their will,' forcing
the reluctant and suffering army to persevere. This is surely impossible.
Ahrens ingeniously suggested ik Ovorcwv, ' bringing to dying men courage
from sacrifices,' referring to Iphigeneia.
Still more ingenious is
Wecklein's 0ipoor ETrc'tLov.
11. 805, 6. With the MSS. reading ardvor we can only construe, 'but
now from the depths of a friendly heart (lit. ' not from the top of the
heart, nor unlovingly') the toil is welcome to those who have accomplished it,' which can only mean, Cthe army no longer complain;'
but the point is that ' we the citizens have changed our unfavourable
opinion;' so the ordinary reading makesirrelevant sense. Weil suggests
irv6os (= o , Hesych.) and Eng. adopts it; the sense is then satisfactory: 'but now from the depths of a friendly heart a breeze of goodwill is wafted to the victors.' Intrinsically the word is quite possible,
it is exactly like Ador, ovrs, rAoor, lMois. But perhaps a better suggestion
is roXLs which certainly gives a less strained meaning.
1. 808. &KaCpwos, 'amiss,' a euphemism; he means of course to hint
at the plotting and faithlessness of the queen and her lover.
[11. 810-974. SCENE III. The chariots stop; Klytaemnestra comes
out of the palace to welcome the king, who speaks from the chariot.
First he gives thanks; speaks to Chorus about false friends; promises
to see well to the state. Klytaemnestra describes her wretchedness
while her lord was away, and her joy at seeing him again; she then
calls her attendants to lay down purple carpeting for him to enter the
palace. After some reluctance he agrees, and descends, bidding her be
kind to Kassandra. The queen says she scorns the waste of wealth in
comparison with joy at his return, and ends with a cry to Zeus to accomplish her prayers.]
1. 8 I. TovS ipol pETwvrlovs, might mean 'who helped to winforme
43

A GAMEMNON.
(K.), but it better suits the pride of the speech to take it, 'helpers
with me in our return.'
1. 812. Iv, attracted relative for i, since 7rpda crEOaLhas double

ace. (700).
1. 813. 8CKaS .. KXvOVTES, 'not hearing pleadings from the tongue,'
but with divine insight and justice.
4
0o0vs 'OEvTro, 'voted,' only the word which ought to be
1. 816.
a transitive verb governing p0op s is expanded at the last moment into
the more vivid #pbvn i6EOro. Grammar is sacrificed to picturesqueness.
Perhaps however the passage is corrupt: and in that case the best
correction is Dobree's pOopfs.
1. 817. The MSS. reading requires no alteration here: ' but to the
opposite urn hope of the hand came nigh, yet it was not filled,' a quaint
and fanciful but quite characteristic way of saying ' the other urn expected votes but did not get them.' The two urns (called in Attic
were one for condemnation, one for acquittal; 'the bloody
JcatrcosLo)
vessel' is of course the former. This was only one among various
6~
methods of balloting at Athens. [Others take XEtp , less naturally, as
Paley's XeAXo spoils the sense.]
gen. after arXppovy4 v.
1. 818. 'The smoke yet plainly shows the captured city;' &Xoo-a
attributive, not part of the predicate.
1. 819. "A-rrls 0BvEiaL wirL, 'the gusts of Destruction yet live; and
dying with them the ash sends forth rich incense of wealth.' There is
no need to alter with Herm. to OvXali, ' sacrifices;' the strong bold
imagery of Aeschylus might easily call the Fire of Troy ' the storms of
Destruction.'
1. 823. I adopt Hermann's and Paley's 'dpatcdeo-0a for the MSS.
(inappropriate) brpa$. ' We set our wrathful snares close round the
city.' The same word, ppaiaco (properly ' to hedge in,' or ' fence close'),
is used of a net, 1376.
1. 824. 'The wild beast of Argos' is the armed troop concealed
in the wooden horse.
1. 826. 'Springing its leap, what time the Pleiads set,' i. e. in early
November. The common story that Troy was taken in spring Aeschylus deserts; probably tradition varied.
1. 828. aicparos, gen. after di&qv ; cf. satis, c. gen. in Lat.
aL KiOov, not ' I remember hearing,' which is flat, but
1. 830. ~.V
'I heard and remember.'
1. 833. 4~
Xov -r v EVTruXOJV', 'the prosperous friend;' 4iAov substantival, as often.
1. 834. ' The poison of illwill seated at the heart.' KapBCLav, acc. after
verb of sitting, cf. a4ica gi owv184, vadv E~iEro 664.
1. 836. arb6s, displaced to get next to abro9, a common tend-

Ilfa

44

NOTES.
ency; so cr' advis afci

LINES 812-87I.

Pr. 921; and similarly 7rpos aAAor'

AAov

ib. 276.

II. 838-40. These words are variously taken according to the punctuation. The following seems simplest and most natural. 'I know and
can tell (for well have I learnt) of that ghost of friendship, that phantom
of a shade, men seeming to wish me truly well,' I. e. KaTOrrpoV, E~iL ov,
8
oKo Uvras, all in apposition, and ace. after AXyotia' av. kcaro'Tpov, a bold
word for ' image;' it properly means '.mirror.'
1. 841.

ok
~

W

Kv, so (Odyssey 24. 117) Agamemnon says: 'And it

was a full month ere we had sailed all across the wide sea, for scarce
could we win to our cause Odysseus' (Butcher and Lang, p. 392).
1. 842.

o-epag6pos, 'trace-horse,'

who helped the yoke horses (the

Atreidae) to draw the chariot.
1. 843. ' Whether indeed he be dead or living of whom I speak.'
1. 844. Ord dAXa Irp6s, ' the other things which concern,' the article
goes on to the 7p0s.

1. 845.
1. 848.
1. 850.

Ay<vcas, ' gathering,' see note on 513.
'&re~, best taken neuter and general.
v6roov. Porson's beautiful and convincing
rwip.'
&roUrp jCta

emendation of MSS. w2riaros -pi~aL v6rov: which Hermann strangely
much
defends, though rpi4aL is an unnatural word, and vodov 7r7aroT0s
harsher than viprja vdaov.
' I will give greeting;' but the construction is
1. 852. Begros,
usually transitive, with ace. Vhat he did do when he reached the EpETovs was very different from thanksgiving !
AaOpa and 66povs E(p

1. 856. Observe her cynical shamelessness; she adopts the tone of
a chaste and modest matron who scarcely likes to speak of her wifely
love before others.
1. 857. A deadly double meaning here; in a terrible sense' fear was
waning' for her, but to Agamemnon the meaning was natural and simple,
'the elders and I have grown familiar in the king's long absence.'
1. 862. Note the dramatic irony again of ip lp ov in the mouth of
the adulteress.
11.864, 5. Order a little loose, but meaning clear; 'and that when one
had come with one woe another should bring a worse thereafter, announcing them to the house.'
1. 867.
1. 868.

')XETErE-ro, rumour' came pouring in.'

Ahrens' rETrpqrqaL is a great improvement on MSS. Tr7pwra,
which is dull after rpavyicirwv, 'no network were as full of holes as he'
(Mors.). The cold-blooded phrase suits Klytaemnestra.
1. 871. Certainly interpolated. TroXXIqv avceev has got in from 875,
and the rest was written by some dull copyist. (H. has an elaborate
and astonishing defence of it.) Without the line the sense is, 'a second
45

AGAMEMNON.
Geryon, with triple body, a triple vest of earth he might have boasted,
dying once with each shape.' Geryon, the three-headed (or as here
three-bodied, forma tricorporisumbrae,) monster whose oxen Herakles
drove away from Spain.
1. 872. Ei 1XEL Xcapwv, the MSS. reading is possible, 'he might have
boasted it, having received it;' but Aa0eiiV is perhaps more likely.
1. 875. 'Ofttimes have others loosed the high-hung halters from my
neck, caught violently in the noose.' Others construe, ' seized me by
violence and loosed;' but that would be XAypOE6ys, the act, not Ae
pivgs, the state. [Wecklein's avy LAEVyS
('hung') is probable.]
1. 878. 'In whom lie the pledges of our love.' KlpLos, 'the owner,'
'the lord.' MSS. na7Ev7taTWv ; but rYCrlTw
aTov, the regular word, is
surely right.
1. 88o. Strophios, king of Phokis, friend (and according to one story
brother-in-law) of Agamemnon, received Orestes, and brought him up
with his own son Pylades. The details are given very variously.
1. 881. A& LfXEKaa (like Lat. anceps) here means simply 'double;'
1585 it means 'disputed:' literally, it is 'spoken both ways,' which covers
both meanings.
aos 'Apydwv who have helped
1. 884. povX4v, ' the council,' the rp~o
the queen to rule. [Perhaps aTrappf'EIEv Scal. 'might frame a plot.']
for
G(crFE bS, 'as it is men's wont.'
1. 885. rrec 6wVra is Agamemnon, whose fall before Troy would have
been 'doubly' woeful; to himself, and to his kingdom and family
at home.
1. 886. LwvotL, confirmative, 'verily,' ' assuredly;' so Plato, Phaed.
v\
devate 8atov ; <papv ipVTOL Ala, ' assuredly we do.'
65 D <pa v eT
,
p.OLyej 8iv ' for myself however,' 661.
1. 887.
1. 888. KTo-r
KOcc (intr. perf.), 'are dried up;' so of the sea, 959.
So Hesiod, Op. 588, speaks of ai ys rEvvV1Aevat, 'goats which will not
yield milk.' The common use is 'to quench,' of fire, etc.; but probably
the earliest meaning was vaguer, suiting both fire and liquids.
. . 890. ' Weeping that the watch-fires lit for thee were ever unregarded,' i. e. the fires we lit night after night awaiting thee, who
never camest. This is better than supposing AapiArrpovXiat to refer to
beacons of victory, which would give a very strained sense to dr[Enger takes it as above, only reads needlessly
tEasXrovs, viz. 'unlit.'

7/l-

TL

aiova.]
1. 892. sra, best taken as governing pora s, ' beneath the light hum
of the singing gnat.'
1. 893. Ooi0raoM, word of obscure origin, usually 'to call, shout, cry.'
1. 894. ' More woes than the time of my sleep,' anr abridged (but
quite intelligible) expression; she means 'more woes than could be
46

NOTES.

LINES 872-929.

suffered in the time I was asleep.' Observe also the picturesque cruvvE8ovros, the time ' is sleeping with her' that passes .while she sleeps.
The lersonifying instinct pervades the language of Aeschylus. Somewhat similarly in Soph. Xpdvor avvcov &58tGtcrE O. C. 7, 6 7poorarTwv
Xpovor Si-y
' El. 781, and adppror al'ov above,
1. 896.
ra0l&v, in the old Homeric sense, 'stalls,' or ' folds.'
1. 897. 'The saviour forestay of the ship,' Br,, rp6-rovos being the
ropes from the top of the mast to the bows, which kept the mast from
falling back.
1. 899. KaC has offended many editors, as the other nouns are unconnected; but K1. and Schn. are no doubt right in saying that it connects
896-898, which describes the protection and security afforded by the
master, with 899-901, which describes the delight of his unhoped-for
return. The transition from one set to the other set is marked by cai.
1. 902. r&vayKaiov, ' the stress of need.'
1. 903. &a ' I greet him,' see 572L,
1. 904. ' Let none envy me ' my luck; ' let no (god or marl) grudge my
joy and triumph at my lord's return;' she acts the ordinary feeling of a
pious Greek in moments of great delight, which increases the irony of
the situation to those who know her purpose.
[Here Klytaemnestra kneels to him.]
1. 908. ,rikos, 'task.'
1. 912. Observe the splendid irony again of this terribleline, ' That
justice lead him to a home unlooked for.'
1. 913. ' All else my care, not overcome by sleep, shall order justly
with God's aid, as fated.' etpap Eva, 'being fated,' really causal use of
participle. The dark irony is carried through these lines also. They
seem to mean, 'We will be careful with God's aid to order things as is
fit;' they do mean, ' What justice and fate require (the murder) I will
by God's aid accomplish.'
1. 914. Leda, wife of Tyndareus, visited by Zeus in the form of a
swan, laid two eggs; out of one came Helena and Klyt., out of the other
Castor and Pollux. This was one common form of a variously told tal.,
1. 915. eiK6OTWS
governs the datives; ' as befits my absence.'
1.920. A contemptuous line; 'pour thy low-grovelling clamour in
my ears.' Note XaULcrErEs transferred from her to the cry.
1. 924. 4 oi 'v, 'to me at least;' the antithesis being suppressed,
phEv gets this meaning naturally.
1. 925. XMyw, ' I bid,' as often.
1. 926. rroSoi
rpapv, ' foot-rugs' [#ia-, ' rub'], contemptuous again.
1. 927. KX'rl V TirE, ' fame's voice is loud.'
1. 929. 'Count a man happy when he has ended his life in prosperity,'
the well-known Greek thought, cf. Soph. O. T. 153o. The rapidity of

107.

47

A GAMEMNON.
Agamemnon's thoughts make the language a little obscure. 'Fame
does not require such gauds; prudence is God's best gift; no man can
be called happy till his death;' i. e. they are needless, these splendours,
and perhaps dangerous; who knows what may happen even to me?
1. 930.
MSS. read
rivra6' cts rpicaaor' av, which is quite possible
Greek, but only as a double conditional sentence, where 7rpcao' av is
the verb, not only of the protasis to EG0ap7r ly&, but also strictly of
the afodosis to some other protasis understood. E. g. Dem. Meid. 582
fin. El O 7OLXpiarTa ~xovrEs t 7rpoovr' Av, if these men would not spend
~j &romoney if they had it; Isocr. Archid. 120 El 6E reirs av de$
arEpoiiEvorir~s 7rarpio&r, ' if no one would care to live if defrived of his
,)
country.' And without second protasis expressed, EL 7ronLhaLtz' av
ro0ro Dem. Phil. I. § 18. So here the MSS. reading means, 'if in all
things so [not Iwere to prosper,which is 7rpciaoqtu, but] I might prosper'
(' should chance so befal' or something of the kind). Putting it otherwise, El
7rp eoqIt means, 'if I were to prosper,' El srprao Ao' Ad, 'if I have
a chance of prospering,' and this latter makes quite good sense. In fact
rpdaaorotq' av is a variation, not for irpiaotg, but for rpdifw, less confidently expressed. I see therefore no need to take updrotsv (H., D.),
though doubtless this also would make perfectly good sense: ' If so I
fared in all things then I need not fear,' if everything were to turn out
as this has, my luck would indeed be good. Nor is there any need of
Weil's ingenious conjecture Edrov rda' s .. .
1. 931. ' Yet order this not counter to my purpose.' Observe aor.
contrary to rule; but readily explained by the order, the
imper. with
verb coming first. yvbj xq, like *yviva,, can be used for ' resolve.'
E' is em1. 932. 'I too, be assured, shall not break my purpose;'
phatic as well as -yvyo7v; as though he said, ' Purpose ! I too have one
as well as thou.'
0
1. 933. 'Perchance in fear thou mad'st this vow?' Having failed to
get him to comply as a favour, she tries a taunt of cowardice. av of
course goes with 7r'wo ; she. means, 'you did vow,' but the conditional
form of the sentence (' you may have done'= 'erhaps you did') points
0AXE
the sneer better, with its ironical moderation. So Soph. O. T. 523
s v
TOVvEL80 rix' 'v, 'perchance this reproach came.' So 7rapEaKncsr 1252.
1. 934. The answer is that of a dignified and unyielding king: ' If
e'er man did, with knowledge I spake my resolve.' TrXos, 'the final
decision.' Agamemnon replies in effect that it was not a cowardly vow
but a deliberate purpose.
where one
1. 935. r &v SOKE', one of those short phrases like 'va Tr,
would not say the verb is understood, but rather that i stands for the
omitted clause. So Plat. Phaedr. 234 C ri aot (aivETra 6 Ad6yos; oby
X
firEpcpvir Elpr7aat (see Riddell, Dig. of Gr. Id. 121).

El

9lELE

pi5,

48

NOTES.

LINES 930-957.

1. 938. The very sentiment of the chorus, 456.
1. 939. ' Who stirs no hatred, is not envied either.' You must risk
p0O6vor, the evil envy, if you wish to have CAXor, the desirable envy. So
(Menex. 242 A) Socrates, describing Athens after the war, says, 'NXev br'
arT7)v brEp QeIXELroar E6 lrp&rrovez 7rpoowlrrevL, 7rpworov tsv 7Xor d7rb
CAov
Arist. Rhet. 2. 11 defines the two, EIrEcir Erry oC'
Xos
a? brntecclEwv, aE jOovEivY paxov e? cpadAwv.
7

Be
4p06vor.

1. 940. Agamemnon, already yielding, tries
womanly dignity. 'A woman should not be
skilfully appeals to his generosity as victor. 'It
to be vanquished too,' to yield in their turn.
1. 942. ' Dost thou too esteem this victory

4
fiv8,

a last appeal to her
contentious;' but she
becomes the fortunate
in the strife?'

this victory of which you speak, taking up vucia 0a.

vbL'cqv

[Goodwin,

who has discussed with great subtlety all this passage (Trans. Amer.
Phil. Ass. 1877), translates, 'is this the kind of victory .. ?' i.e. rb vueraeae,
ironically. But Kat o- is the really emphatic part, not Trv3e, and the
meaning given above is simpler.] Observe 8pos, Ionic gen.
1. 943. 'Yield: yet the victory grant me willingly;' i. e. give way,
but with good grace. For iEv'roL cf. Dem. Phil. I.§ 49 ov /EvroC 'YE
ye,
At rpoacpeiaGat, 'not however by Zeus that his intention is.' The
Aia

line seems to have no caesura; but VThroL is perhaps slightly felt to be
is
a divisible word. [Perhaps rapds "y' more natural.]
1. 944.

rrat ..
M6OL, tmesis, 450.

1. 945- ' These sandals, slaves beneath my feet' (Mors.) renders the
expression very aptly. For rrp6-8ovXos, cf. dv i and its use in comp.,
see 406. Aesch. uses dvrTiovXos Frag. 8o.
(i.e. dp v'Xats) makes good
1. 946. The reading of Fa. abv 'rat^aS

sense, but the p# is then too late in the sentence, since it means' lest;'
with Kai

0rotS, y' is 'not,' and its position natural.

(used as subst. from adj. dXovpyts, 'sea-wrought,' i. e.
made from sea-purple), 'sea-purple cloths.'
1. 948. MSS. waTro0opdEv, corrupt ; best reading is 8eparo#OopeiV
(Schlitz, Herm., Eng., Schn.), ' to waste the house's wealth,' which she
answers 961.
A&ovpyds

1. 950. 'roirwv, gen. of reference, lit. 'as regards these things.' 'Thus
j ; Soph. El. 317.
much for this.' Cf. Too aceLv'lrTov Ti
1.
954. 44aipeT ov, the regular word for the choice prizes tdken out of
the booty for kings or :heroes: kaprov ' &cprytaEum. 402, 9'Ei~0E'
abr4 xr1?ja Soph. Tr. 245.

pyr

1. 956. 'But since I am subdued, to hearken to thee in this.' aKO~VLV
consec. or epexegetic inf.
[After 957 Agamemnon's sandals are untied by an attendant while
the queen is speaking; she then, probablyyet speaking, escorts him slowly
D

49

A GAMEMNON.

to the central door: after 972 he enters with his train,and she utters her
short prayer, 973, 4, then follows him. Kassandra remains seated and
silent in the chariot.]
1. 959. A fine answer to his scruples: the sea is boundless (araa'3aEL
888), we can get more purple; the house is royal and wealthy.
1. 960. 'The juice ever fresh, precious as silver, of plenteous purple,'
very Aeschylean accumulated phrase. Schn. quotes Theopompus (150
years later than Aesch.) as saying, 'the sea-purple (among the Kolophonians) fetched its weight in silver.'
1. 961. 'We have a house, to supply store of these things.' No reason
to alter otKOS of MSS. to oi'oIs. FXcL, epexegetic. Tavs8E, partitive,
'they began to
'some of.' Cf. Ar. Ach. 184 tvvEEyovTo 'T^v AXeoov,

(Karst.) is right.]
for
collect stones.' [Perhaps ihXL adva
1. 964. rpobveXOWvros, ' had it been ordered,' to me.. when devising,
etc., gen. abs. conditional.
1. 965.

MSS. ,p'XavwyEp

s; possible Greek ('when I was devising'),

but very unlikely with the other fem. genitives. The dative is the best
correction, governed by 7rpovEXOevnor. KoI6crpa, ' price for thy return.'
Lit. 'for bringing thee back,' so 'a.
'TKEr', gnomic aor.
Kuv6s, 'shadow againstthe Scorching Hound,'
oKLdV oe-tplO

1. 966.
1. 967.

loose use of the gen.
o'ELpCov Kvv6s:

Seirios was 'the dog of Orion,' constellation near

Orion (the brightest star usually being called Seirios) : it rose about
22. 30o
says
mid-July, the hot, unhealthy time of year. Hence Hom.
bjj TEi'rva. Cf. Verg. G. 4. 285 'rapidus torrens
pa
of it xKav 5E
Sirius Indos.'
11. 968-72. An expansion of two metaphors: 'the return of the
master brings as it were warmth in winter and coolness in summer.'
1. 972. rEXEkeov, 'the rightful lord,' the man whose will is law in the
house, who has the TEXor or final authority. This suggests to her r~Xheto
ZEdS, in a different sense, ' Zeus the fulfiller.'
hands.]
[Agamemnon goes in: she stops andprays with lifted
1. 974. Travzrep, Epic for &vrep.
[Klytaemnestra goes in, and the Third Scene ends. The Chorus
sing the Third Stasimon.]
Strop i 1 (975-87). ' Whence come these obstinate forebodings ?
My heart is fearful. .It is long since they sailed to Troy.' (Ant. 9881ooo). 'I have seen them safe-returned ; yet still within comes misgiving;
may it be false I'

11.

Strophe 2 (1oo1-17).

'In health, disease is near; in prosperity, a

hidden reef. But wealth may be saved by timely sacrifice; famine
averted by timely harvest.'
50

NOTES.

LINES 959-1006.

'Only blood once spilt no charm can recall; for
Ant. 2 (1018-34).
did Zeus not slay Asklepios ? But for the uncertainty of the future I
should have poured out these misgivings; as it is, I hide them in gloomy
silence.'
1. 976. Several edd. prefer 8Eiya (Fl.), construing 'a spectre,' but
there is no evidence of any such meaning, and sEpma (Fa.) is more impressive and natural. -rrpoo'raaijpLov, 'stationed before,' describes the
haunting of the misgiving,' why flits thus obstinately this fear, haunting
my heart prophetic?'
1. 979. Notice the imaginative language: the fear is now called 'a
prophetic song.'
1. 980. oB' drowromCt. is much the easiest reading, and being a
natural construction, should be preferred to dnroav'oav. ' Nor to spurn it
away like dark dreams does ready confidence sit at my heart's dear
throne;' the inf. depending on Odpor.
1. 983. The reading of MS. Farnese, with alteration of vv Ep6Aots
(unknown word) to vvepP13oXas, will construe: 'Time has grown old
since the cables were fastened (on the fastenings of the cables) of the
vessel on the sand.' But there is probably some corruption : Tri is odd,
so is vvYep(oXais, so is diitdars sing.
1. 990. The 'dirge,' or Opivos, was sung with only flute, no lyre. So
Eum. 331 i' vos

fe

'EpLvv'wv do6o'pIcTos.

see
'r war&v, Appendix II.
heart beating with eddies
1. 995. ' Not vainly bodes my thought, my6
against my true prophetic breast' (or -reXeo4 poLs 8Lvas, 'with eddies
of fulfilment').
are
o-rX
AyXva and fcsap in apposition. The sense is, 'my boding
heart is not vain; my bosom's foresight is true, and will be fulfilled.'
for
1. 998. I have taken Kennedy's -rotav'r' the corrupt ToL of Farnese
MS. as nearer than Hermann's To pai. The Fl. MS. has no metre. The
meaning then is, 'But I pray that such things may turn out lies, far from
my expectation, and be not accomplished.'
1. Iooi. MSS. are corrupt here: see notes on text. The metre is
"yl
probably wv- three times repeated: and I have taken Paley's &hAa
i
Tot To eTydha 1 ytedas (only spelling this last word as usual, and
supposing -Et- short with Klausen, compare adXairo, yEpars, Torovros,
etc., see 1256). The sense is, ' Of lusty health at least the bounds are
insatiable,' i. e. no man is ever satisfied with the greatest prosperity:
(forebodings are therefore just) ' for disease the neighbour presses hard
behind the wall.' The words in italics show the connection.
1. loo5. Perhaps a line omitted here, see 1022.
1. 1oo6.
warLEV,
gnomic aorist, ' strikes ofttimes a hidden reef;' so
BSv, VTCoE
below.
1. 992.

D2
51

A GA MEMNON.
1. roo8. 'And of gathered wealth if fear casts out a part with wellmeasured throw,--the whole house doth not founder, with sorrow overladen, nor does it sink the hull.' The construction is broken:
paoXv is nom. pendens, and the subject is changed. It is true (as K. observes) that &cve would set the construction right ('the house if it cast
out in fear'). But it is more in Aeschylus' manner to personify fear;
and the anacoluthon is of a natural kind. Cf. Soph. O. C. 1150 A6yos
' $ A7Tr
T w .. QavAPahXo yvw1,av, 'the tale that has reached my ears,
advise me.'
rpo XPL&Tv may go together, 'part to save the wealth,' i. e. part
to save the whole; but it is better to take rpo .. faA 'v as tmesis. (Perhaps indeed Enger's rpb ~,4vTL is right.)
1. o015. 'A bounteous gift of plenty from Zeus,' etc. The adjectives
accumulated, as often. The connection is abrupt: perhaps 'ot is

6Kvos

corrupt.

1. lo18. Sense: (a labouring boat may be saved, a famine averted,)
'but blood once shed is irrevocable.' The terrible words r 8' Eri.
yav,
etc., at once raise the thought of the bloody past of the Pelopidae, of
the slaughter of Iphigeneia not yet avenged,-and of the coming vengeance which the chorus suspect and would fain avert.
11. 1022-24. I have taken Hartung's carvrav-rev as the nearest to the
MSS. aih' ravoe, and read it as a question. 'And did not Zeus slay,
for a warning, him that was skilled to bring back from the dead ?' Zeus
killed Asklepios, son of Apollo, the healer, with lightning for bringing
the dead to life. But these lines do not correspond to the strophe; and
either a line is (as I have marked it) there omitted, or here is something
superfluous. If the latter, Hermann's reading ZebSr aE 'v pOoa ir
,v
tvwv dvayEv E7ravCev (omitting are, ovol and br' dAa3Et) is as
likely as any other; but it is perhaps best to leave it.
1. 1025. ' But were it not that one lot by divine decree hinders another
from winning overmuch, my heart, outstripping my tongue, had poured
out these bodings;' as it is, I brood in secret. I. e. I take refuge in the
thought that sometimes fate interferes with fate (and so there may be
an unseen counter-fate to check the evil destiny of Agamemnon's
house).
1. 1026. 4K
0eEiwith etpye, really repeating more precisely the notion
of rerayVLa. The above is substantially Prof. Goodwin's rendering,
and it is the clearest sense proposed for these difficult lines.
1. 1031. 'In grief of soul without a hope to unravel aught profitable
'mid the stirrings of my heart.' roXuwlao is a Homeric metaphor for
'contrive,' 'accomplish,' lit. to 'wind off wool.' The rapid change of
metaphor, from 'winding wool,' to 'stirring fire,' is not unlike the poet,

(rp

see 786.
52

NOTES.

LINES I008--I053.

[ll. 1035-1071. SCENE IV. (first part), Zlytaemnestra comes out and
sees Kassandra still seated in the chariot. She speaks to her imperiously.
' Go within, and take your lot humbly; our royal house will treat you
more kindly than others might.' Then, as she gets no answer, she becomes more impatient, and finally departs.]
1. 1036. aplqViros, 'graciously;' with cold scorn Klytaemnestra treats
the fate of Kassandra as a favour of the gods.
1. 1037. 'A partner in the lustral bowl;' i.e. a member of the household; for all, even slaves, shared in the household religious rites.
1. 1038. KTCrilou fpoovo, ' the altar of Zeus Ktesios,' or guardian of
wealth, which included slaves.
1. 1041. MSS. strangely differ. But perhaps the right reading is F1.
C- TVXEiv, 'the life of slavish fare.' Eng.
emended thus: bovAlas Sis
ovv, coming to practical conclusion, 'be that as it may,'
1. 1042. 8'
Cf. 676. 'Should this hard lot oppress one,' the opt. gen'anyhow.'
eralising the statement by removing it from this case. But the Farn.
reading i rpprei may be right.
qpo-c v KaXGs, 'have reaped good harvest,' i.e. got rich.
1. o1044.
The general sense is ' old-established wealthy houses are kinder to slaves
than nouveaux riches.' It suits Klytaemnestra's royal pride to say so:
but the remark savours more of democratic Athens, with her commercial
wealth, than the heroic times.
making poor sense: read ELS.
1. 1046. MSS. have EXELs,
1. 1047. X'yovcra rraveTOm, ' she has spoken.' The chorus can only
; they feel its cold cruelty.
call Klytaemnestra's speech ' clear,'
1. 1048. 'Thou art caught within the toils of fate: obey if -thou
canst, but perhaps thou wilt not.' (shooo-a, great improvement on
MSS. av ocaa; dv is not wanted in advance, the sentence being only
formally conditional.)
&av
Trelo' e Wrci0oto is the mildest way possible of advising; lit. it
T
is ' thou would'st hearken if thou would'st.' So 1394 xaipo ' Av Ed

eaapI

Xalpor', 'joy if ye will.'

O. T. 937

ij700o IhV, s'cw

The av is carried on to dcreLOohls; so Soph.
So also Ar. Eq.
.os 8' aw.
8'oinc av; do x

1054.

1. Io5o. The' swallow' was a recognised simile in Greek for 'foreign
speech;' the non-Hellenic languages they despised, and compared to
the twittering of birds. So Ar. Ran. 681, when the poet satirises
Kleophon for his foreign birth, he says, 'on his lips screeches Opicia
So Av. 1681.
XEXAwiv.'
1. 1052. 'My words must reach her mind and so prevail.'
'r&A~crra Twv apEcrrwTr , ' the best as things are.' The
1. 1053.
chorus are sympathetic, but see the hopelessness of resistance. They
treat Kassandra simply as a dazed captive, too timid to move or speak.

53,

A GAMEMNON.

It makes all the more startling the effect of her possessed cries and prophetic visions when she does speak.
1. Io55. MSS. Ovpaav
is no sense. Ovpaiav T?16 (D.)
is no use, for the constr. eoxoa
-pi(3etY Ovpaiav, possible in itself, is
impossible if Ovpaiav comes first. Read Ovp C 798', ' I have no time to

T6rvs',which

Eoi

loiter here without.'
Tpi

ELV:

(Some suppose r5vE=

v8E rtrvv

vTpIv,

after

sufficiently improbable.)

1. Ic56.

Td&

iv

..

Mi-Aa,

article separated from subst., really a usage

from Epic poetry, where the article is still a demonstrative or pronoun:
8'
'they, the sheep.' Cp. ,r& rXETro icjxa BEoi'o II.1.383, 'they came flying,
(the) shafts of the god.' So here, 'they stand already by the central
hearth, the sheep ready for the fiery sacrifice.' The 'central hearth' was
the altar of the ZE S ~pIeELor, or 'god of the household enclosure,' the
representative family deity: Zyv3r EpkcElov (Soph. Antig. 487) means' the
family.' Observe the loose local gen. ro-Tras Eroo44Xou, vaguely in-

p

dicating the region, again an epic usage, e. g. II.
219 TCEV oixov To
ErTipoo, Od. I. 23 O.eXaroL
davpwv, ol piv vao'oI
Yov 'TirEpiovo , ib. 12. 27
1. 1058.
Acrtomrcot, sc. ~ptiv,' ne'er we hoped,' etc. There is howfor
ever something to be said for K.'s reading 4ptiv for i : ~Xirlracn is
harsh with no preceding dative.
1. Io6i. o0-v ' vTr1 ovs pep& Kapv Xep, ' then show me with
E
barbarous hand instead of voice ;' the apparent stupidity of such a suggestion is removed on the stage by Klytaemnestra's meaning gestures.
Notice 8e superfluous in apodosis: an Epic use.
1. 1064.

KaKwV K EL EVwV, ' obeys her foolish thoughts.'

1. 1067. Foam out her spirit in blood,' splendidly continuing the
metaphor (begun in XaxLvwv) of a wild colt.
1. io68. 'I will not waste more words and be thus scorned.'
[She goes out resentfully.]
1. 1071. KaLVLOOV gvy6v, 'handsel thy yoke,' i. e. ' submit.'
[SCENE IV. (second part), 11. 1072-II77. Kassandrasteps out of the

chariot andadvances to thefront of the stage.]
In this astonishing scene Aeschylus seems to have touched the limit
of what speech can do to excite pity and terror. The cries come forth
to Apollo, repeated louder and more wildly as the inspiration grows
upon her; she smells the 'rust of murder on the walls' of the bloody
house to which she comes a prisoner, and visions rise, first of the past
wickedness, then of the present; and lastly she bewails, in songs of
'searching and melting beauty,' her own piteous fate. The chorus
sustain the part of the Argive citizen, sympathetic and horror-struck,
and finally bewildered and overpowered by her clearer and clearer prophecies of the bloody deeds that are imminent.
54

NOTES!

LINES 1055-1099.

1. 1072. 'Woe, woe, alas! O Earth! O Apollo, Apollo!' She is
looking no doubt at the god's image.
o7070,etc.; the old
Iw6woT is simply an interjection like 7rara,
scholiastic note which translated it 'gods' is now generally rejected.
s8 is Doric form of ya or *iy.
1. 1074.
Tro'T0 like pE& 'C 1308, ai~4co, olph&co, etc., is a verb
w,
formed from an interjection.
Aogias, name of Apollo. as the ' utterer' of oracles, cf. Eum. 19
Ar 7rpo0q 7]Trs la warpis.
ZaToi
Ao
1. 1075. 'He is not one to need a mourner' (lit. to have). Apollo is
the god of light (q of3os) and joy and healing (armdv), and has nothing
to do with groans and laments, which belong to the Chthonian gods,
Hades, and the Furies, etc.
1.
rpoo~lKovT' (observe the personalconstruction, like alcato'
G1.1,see 16), ' it beseems him not to be at hand in lamentation.'
1. Io081. ayvt&rTs, collat. form of dyvulEi, 'god of the ways,' a title
of Apollo as presiding over the out-door life. There was no doubt a
statue in front of the palace, cf. 1072.
6
&br XXov, 'my destroyer,' see note on 687. Apollo had loved her,
and been deceived, and in revenge he made all disbelieve her. See
1203 sqq.
6
1. 1082. ov I. XLs, lit. 'not scantily,' i e. 'utterly.'
1. 1084. SovXhi prepEv 4pEvl, 'even in a slave's heart,' the strict
meaning of 7rEp.
1. 1091. Read KaK& KcL aprT&vas, as the Farnese MS. has it (only iac
pr. for Ic'pr.) instead of the nom. as the other MSS. read it; for it is far
better to construe oavaropa transitive; it is the house which a'vot e, not
the crimes; and the nom. of the MSS. is due to not seeing this. For
103. 'Nay, a god-accursed
adj. governing acc. cp. OvfyoFpov
house, that knoweth many a murder of kindred, and many a strangling;
a human slaughter-house, a dripping floor.' aT-roc6va : for air6s, used
in compounds for describing murder of kin, compare Soph. Antig. 57,
1i75 ; Theb. 805 ; inf. 1573.
' avv'riptos cannot be passive,' says Paley, objecting to the MS. reading; but it need not be passive; it means 'a dripping' floor, not 'a
Aav, 'splashing the floor.' (Karst.)
besprinkled floor.' Perhaps
1. 1096. She sees a vision of the children of Thyestes (father of
Aegisthos) whom his brother Atreus (father of Agamemnon) served up
to him at a banquet. The quarrel is mentioned below (1583).
6
jEV o-Tay&s, 'bewailing their own slaughter.'
KXEL
at
11. 1098-9. The MSS. mostly read ptEv the beginning of both
This will
lines, though M. has Jy?7 altered to JLev in 1098.
construe: 'Verily we had heard thy prophetic fame, but we seek no

107.

ppva

erov

55

,

AGAMEMNON.

prophets;' which is very dull sense, and very bad sound. I believe with
Weil and Enger that j1EV has been erroneously repeated, and has
from
V'Trodvr' the second line. The sense is then 'we had heard
ousted
(i~ev irTrvarhOvEot) thy prophetic fame; but of these things we seek no
prophets;' i.e. it does not require inspiration to tell past evils. Kassandra's vision immediately leaps forward to the future. [The corruption
in line lo99 is probably assisted by the fact that SE comes third in the
sentence : but Aesch. often does this.]
1. IIoo. A new vision comes on, of the murder of Agamemnon in
his bath, by means of a cloak thrown round him and two blows of a
dagger. The murder does not happen till 1343; this is the prophetic
foresight.
JfiSET-aL, 'she plots,' Klytaemnestra of course; the audience understand, but not the chorus.
1. 1o9. Ir s ppcrw rVkos ; the sentence ought to end with iKTEvEIs;
but it is broken, and these words substituted.
1. 1111. 6pY~yara, this neat emendation is no doubt right: the acc. is
cognate. Lit. 'hand after hand reaches forth a-stretch;' i. e. blow on
blow comes. (The MSS. 7rpoTdvE 6pe'yopbva will construe 'stretches,
reaching forth;' but 7rpoTEiveL is never intrans.)
1. III2. The prophecy is clearer; but it has only changed from
'riddles' without a clue (the vision of line lo96) to a 'dim prophecy'
with details but no names (the vision of Ioo); so they ' do not yet
understand.'
1. II13. e'rapy4Lp.os, ' dim;' properly of a white film over (br'..
dpy. .. ) the eye, probably cataract.
1. III5. 'A net of Death' is a fine name for the cloak which made
him helpless. 'But she is the snare, who shares his bed, who shares the
deed of blood.'
aUvaLTLa, 'sharing the guilt' with the ircrvov ; of Aegisthos there is
no thought yet. [Notice the rare hiatus 7 'At Bov. So Soph. Trach. I203.]
r&ois, some comm. (Schn., Pal., K.) construe 'a troop,'
1.
'Epvvv as confirmaand suppose it to mean the Furies, alleging irolav
tory. It is true that Aesch. does use ordaer in this sense, but always
s dcia
Er
with something to make it clear, as T^E rcTa Cho. 114, o-rdT
a3
('our company') Eum. 311, Tardes lriycovos di Cho. 458. To use
oaard absolutely, without article or defining gen., for the 'band of
Furies' would be very harsh.
It is better (with Eng., Kl., D.) to take it as meaning' Strife' personified; this is quite as Aeschylean a usage (Pr. 200, io88; Pers. 188,
'Epvvv quite as appropriate;
715, 738; Eum. 977) and the answer roiav
indeed, being singular, more so. 'Let Strife, insatiable against the
Race, raise cry of triumph o'er the stoning-sacrifice.'
56

1117.

NOTES.

LINES 1100-1137.

Still an obscure passage. If XEvalypov is right, Kassandra must mean:
'Let the people arise and stone the accursed murderers ; let that " Strife "
which besets the bloodstained family sing triumph over her death.'
But if so we must suppose that the prophetess' vision as yet only foresees Agamemnon's death, not Klytaemnestra's, who died by Orestes'
hand; this is reserved for a later vision, 1280. (Av'eqlo cannot mean
'deserving stoning,' as Pal., K., L. S., etc.)
1.

I 120.

(a Lp1JveL, 'cheers.'

1. 1121. A very difficult and corrupt passage. It is best to take
Dindorf's icaipa for the varied unintelligibilities of the MSS. Translate :
'To my heart has run the blood-drop saffron-hued (i.e. pale with terror)
which at the last hour (lit. at the time appointed, the mortal moment)
falls and ends with the beams of setting life;' i. e. 'my blood is pale,
like a man fainting and failing at the point of death.' The general
sense is plain: the chorus are in sudden and deep alarm.
1. II25. The murder now comes upon her in a vision of unspeakable
power and terror. ' Behold, behold ! Keep off from his mate the bull !
in the robe she has caught him, and smites with the treacherous thrust
of her black horn !' lit.' with blackhorned device.'
though apparently not the reading of any
1. 1127. ieXCayKEwp,
MS. (for Prof. Goodwin, who has reexamined M., asserts that the original reading was

eXci-yfcEpwv as in most of the others), is yet plainly

r-Xav',artL alone
aT1
EXa-ycipq /ALXavcY7 is thoroughly Aeschy-

right; both the accusative alone and the dative
would be very harsh, while

lean.
1. 1I 28. 'rOXos and X3Rs, the ' vessel' and ' cauldron ' are varied
words for the bath. (MSS. 'rEXEL will stand in a dochmiac.) 'rurreL
of strophe ; and one is possibly corrupt.
does not answer to <
1. 1130. The chorus are more and more uneasy; and in their restlessness break out into complaint that prophecy is always terrifying
men, and bringing evil. The same complaint was made by Ahab

puov

(I Kings 22. 8), and by Agamemnon of Kalchas (I1. 1. 108).
8
1. 1133. Hermann alters orEXXkkeTrand GEo-iYnL6v into TXXeata and
'is
TEXdXETaL, sent forth,' has more meaning
8EnoaSpoi, both needlessly.

than TEAXXEat, ' comes:' and the phrase ' by woes the wordy arts bring
men prophetic terror to learn' is quite Aeschylean. The scornful
phrase for prophecy, wroAverees r'XvaL, suits their present resentment
born of fear.
1. 1137. 0por .. reyXEvr~a is the reading of all the MSS., which is a
syllable too much. Herm. reads OpoFs..i . r-yXar, ' thou speakst of my
woe, mingling it with his;' and most edd. follow him. But the diffi-

culty is that the chorus had not alluded to Kassandra.
correction is

i

The best

EyXia, given by Prof. Campbell (which had also oc-

57

AGAMEMNON.

curred independently to me). It is epexegetic infinitive: ' for my own
woe I bewail, to mingle it with his.'
1. I138.

Tjyays (so MSS., no alteration needed), a sudden appeal to

Apollo, as in Io87.
1. I141.
1. 1142.

abras for rEavr r, not uncommon in poetry, as e.g. 1297.
6
v Lov dvopov, ' a wild tuneless measure.'
ov06s is an ob-

scure word, but its commonest application is to the nightingale, as here;
and such phrases as eovOol

avEotL,

eov8d AaAi v, seem to point to its

meaning ' clear-voiced.'
1. 1145. 'I'rvs son of Philomela and Tereus; the mother slew him
and served him up to his father, in rage at finding a rival in her sister
Prokne. The two sisters then fled from Tereus' wrath, and were changed
into birds. Philomela as the nightingale never ceases to lament Itys.
(Others change the names Prokne and Philomela, making the former
mother of Itys.)
t# LeahX KaKois fiLov, 'all her life rich only in sorrow;' a beautiful exprersion. The ace. is best taken as ace. of duration.
1. I1147.

rrepL&Xhov y&p, Blomfield's satisfactory correction.

'For

the gods set round her a feathery form, and a sweet life, without tears.'
The difficulty is, how can the sorrow-laden nightingale be said to have
'a sweet life without tears?' The most ingenious solution is to take
(with Eng.) icavacov dr"Ep with "rEptaaxov,'they changed her without
pain, for mze remains the sharp sword.' And this is at first sight
tempting. But the order is strained and really the same difficulty remains with yAvcvv. The truth no doubt is this: that the chorus say,
' You are like the nightingale, a ceaseless singer of sad song;' to which
beautiful comparison Kassandra replies in effect: 'Yes, but how unlike
in fate; her song is plaintive, but she has no real sorrow; she flees on
free wings and has nought to mar her sweet life; I am doomed to a
cruel death.'
1. II5o. ' Whence hast thou these inspired throes of vain grief, and
framest in song these terrors with ill-omened cry, and likewise with
loud-voiced measures?'

6'p0opL

are the sustained lyric songs as
v6LXoL

opposed to the Sio-wrros wXh,yyd or meaningless cries which accompany them.
1. 1155. 'Whence the bounds of thy prophetic path, boding but ill?'
i. e. who guides you on the path of prophecy? The answer to this
comes really 1202.
Ivvr6UTOaLV
rpoaits, ' I throve with nurture.'
' 1. 1159.
pdCoL. The sense is plain:
MSS. read vEOyvs
1.

1163.

a'v9pc'rov

'a new born child could understand;' and doubtless the first syllable of
av-Oprywv contains the necessary particle av. I have taken Karsten's
guess in default of better.
58

NOTES.

LINES II38-II78.

1164.

1.
8,K.
for 8~jparL (H.) to suit antistr.; though, as 47 a s
makes a proper dochmiac, it may be right.
1. II65. Opeo vas, i. e. ao, 'when thou wailest aloud o'er thy bitter
woe.' The best emendation is to omit xaci, making a complete
dochmiac of trvvp& Opcol&as.

OpavLar' is the best supported reading, lit. ' shatterings' for me to
hear; i. e. ' it breaks my heart to hear.' Many adopt Oabar'the reading of Fa., but it seems too weak a word for such a climax, and the
other is not too bold for Aeschylus.
1. I I70. 'They brought no cure to save the city from stffering as
indeed she suffers.'
a kind of cogn. after
prrtgpKtrav: is now called ' internal'
what
accusative, lit. 'they aided no cure;' a perfectly natural use.
1. 1172. MSS. OEpd6vovs TrdX' /ri~ . H. reads OEpbYv ovs TiX' v
lrE&p, 'shall lay on the ground a hot ear' I Others try and construe
it as it stands ' I thus passionate shall cast myself on the earth' where
the adj. is awkward, the sense unsatisfactory, and (3akX hardly possible.
Various other suggestions have been made, but I believe the best is the
one given in the text, which I owe to my friend Mr. T. Miller (writing
Oepldjv OEp v ' and shall not I let fall a hot drop on the ground.'
for
v),
a7d$ does not occur for ' a drop,' but ardTyEr
does, Ap. Rh. 4. 626, which
may very likely therefore be an old word, an earlier form of rraydw.
6
Schneid. had already suggested it, only he read OEpId Xovv. The word is
formed straight from the verb-stem, like pai (pay-) and Wr& (wrraK-).
Mr. Munro, who has discussed this passage [Phil. Journ. xi.], has
pointed out that the dictionaries are probably wrong in giving 6spo6ds
as ever of two terminations: in that case we should read 6EpiJv, which
I have accordingly done.
The chorus have expressed sympathy with Cassandra, and surprise
and emotion at her wild laments, and she replies : ' Alas for our city's
ruin I alas for all the sacrifices of my father I they could not aid the
city: she lies low: and shall not my blood be shed ?' [I formerly took
it ' and shall not I weep ?' and the chorus' remarks on her wailing

&os,

,vvp Opeop9'has, 1165, and IEiCetlr'

rdO0q yospd, 1176, make this at least

possible: but I rather incline to Mr. Munro's view that 'shall not I
die ?' makes better sense on the whole.]
1. 1175.

'r0L-rL peXgELw, 'moves thee to sing,' 'makes thee to sing,'

thy piteous deadly woes.
[11.

1178-1330.

SCENE IV. (third part).

Kassandra's fit of wild

visions is past, and she speaks of the past more calmly (1178-200oo);
then tells the chorus of how Apollo's wrath fell on her (1198-1214);
then rising with new inspiration darkly and terribly announces the
murder of the king (1215-1255).

Next follows a marvellous speech, in

59

A GAMEMNON.
which she foresees her own death, and strips off her crown; and prophesies the vengeance of Orestes (1256-1294). She then goes sadly into
the house of blood.]
1. 1178. Kai iv, 'and now;' a new mood and resolve have come.
Observe how richly and boldly the metaphors and similes come; a
bride, a strong wind, a hound, a chorus, a revel-rout.
1. 118o. ' But clear and fresh it shall rush blowing toward the sunrise, to dash wave-like to the light a woe far greater than mine.'
Xa~rrp6s is hard to render; the Greeks called a strong wind 'bright;'
so here In any other language two words are required, one to be
c
antithesis to eK Ka.v.ciarwv, the other to suit the new metaphor of
wind. Cp. .ay rps ka yas xaOceis Ar. Eq. 430 Aap rps avEios Hdt.
2. 96.
1. 184. o-uv8p60s best with eLVr7.aTroday-, 'close following I scent
out the trail.'
e4 wvos, 'of harshest harmony,' an oxy1. rI87. or-18 0ryyos o
moron suggested by Xopos; she means the Furies. oO ydp Ev AyeL,
a meiosis, ' for its words are not well.'
1. II88. Ka i'v, graphic, she sees it almost; 'and Io !' (Is for iar).,
1. 119o. 'A revel-rout of sister Furies, that none can cast out !'
Another bold metaphor.
1. II92. 'The primal curse' is the first blood shedding of the bloody
race; see Introduction, p. xii.
1. 1193. 8vo-Tevets can be nom. or ace., but it is better nom., being
(as Eng. and Schn. observe) a grim allusion to their name stvEVipEs.
'And in turn they loathe the brother's bed (Thyestes' adultery with
Aerope), pitiless to him who defiled it.'
1. 1195. 'A babbler, knocking at doors,' a vivid vernacular phrase
for 'a lying impostor' such as she was considered, she tells us.
E ac 6dc, 'that not by hearsay do I
vaX
H. reads ro IA)
1. I197.
know;' i. e. 'that I know well.' So Pal., K., and others. And Prof.
Goodwin points out that Ven. has this reading. But the words cannot
mean that, without any pronoun to mark the change of subject ; as they
It is better to
stand they must mean 'swear that you do not know.'
and take
fall back on the best supported reading r~o x' eL8Evac,
waXatcr together (so D., Well.); the rhythm is also in favour of it:
'bear witness to me with an oath, that I know the sins of this house,
old in story.' It really is nothing against this int. that AX-y IraAadi
occurs in Soph. O. T. (i395), where they do not go together.
1. 1198. ' And how could the noble compact of an oath become a
cure ?' i. e. what good would an oath do ? I read rrawvLos as one MS.
has it, but it is quite possible the poet wrote pxpsov r 7yja, as Auratus
suggested, and then of course araLdvnov would be required.
6o

p

A67ye

NOTES.

LINES 1178-1228.

I.1201. Kicupt XyoUO av, 'tell aright of.' So XAyweCv
vpsoratr Supp.
I232.
587: and 7rvyXiVWc
1. 1205. apdvE'acL, ' grows over nice.' Swan.
1.
I206. rwahatoifs, 'a suitor,' lit. ' a wrestler;' one of Aesch.'s
.picturesque and bold words.
6
1. 1207. ' Came ye to rite of union in due course ?' [v p , is however
odd: perhaps yadpw, Sch6m or 6zov, Butl.]
1. 1211.
ivaTos, certain emendation of Canter for the natural MS.
corruption aivalros. K6rTC(instead of the more usual gen. after such
adj.), to avoid the awkward sound of two genitives together.
1. 1212. ws, ' since,' 'after that.'
1.
1214. ye giv 82), 661.
1. 1215. The frenzy comes upon her again 'whirling and distracting'
(orpop~e rapdaawv), as she says.
1.
1216.
The MSS. read
r at the end, which has clearly
come from the next line, displacing the word, which is therefore irrecoverable. Hermann's SvcrjpoLJoLs is very ingenious, as it supplies a
reason for the gap (filled with &#9vovs),
py
viz. that vaCppotllocs was lost
through resemblance to Jpo pioL. But it remains a conjecture.
1. 1217. The vision of Thyestes' children rises again.
1. 1219. Acrrepel with the whole sentence, 'Children they seem,
slaughtered by their own kin.'
1. 1222. rrp(rovou'
Exovres,'I see them hold;' compare, for this use
of rperw, 241, 389.
1. 1224. The 'recreant lion wallowing in the couch' is of course
Aegisthos. She calls him below 'a wolf,' 259.
1. 1225. 'Guarding the house, ah, me I! for my lord returned;' the
6
Searo'n is dative after olcovp6v, as the order requires; and the force
consists in the irony of the word oicovpos, which also prompts the cry
opo. Aegisthos 'watched the house,' strangely indeed; dishonouring
the queen and plotting with her the murder of the king.
1. 1226. 4Nppew ydp, etc. is suggested by oGr'drp App.
1228. 'Knows not what things the tongue of the vile she-hound,
1.
with long-drawn smiling welcome ... shall accomplish by evil fate.'
This is the best sense that can be made out of the MSS. reading; but
ot, is a long way off from its verb, and ( atp6vous is a very strange
adjective, and the use of adj. for adv. is harsh with icrTlvrca,: and we
can scarcely resist the conviction that the text is corrupt. On the whole
the corrections adopted are the most probable, and they certainly make
an ingenious reconstruction :
ov/C OBEV o'a yXcUac
a
rWr?77iTs
svors
o03, ~li/cv
aL~ph3v
A ieaba kaxureivaoa
"A7rrVaOpaiov, 85jetras,cam rv'XQ,

40pi'vol

A GA MEMNON.
... 'knows not what a tongue of the vile she-hound has licked (his
hand) and stretched out a joyful ear, and now like a stealthy curse shall
bite him by evil chance.' The violent stretches of language making the
tongue (instead of the dog) stretch out a joyful ear and bite, are hardly
too strong for Aeschylus. Still they are strong, and 86reTaL for r~T(EEat
is a considerable alteration; so I have not ventured to put this last word
into the text. [See Appendix III.]
The reading in the text
1. 1231. MSS. give T7LaiE roXap or TotaGTa.
unconnected.
is the best, as all others leave O@Akvs
in
1. 1232. Observe the weak EocrTL strong place. See on 14. KaXoO-cras rXOL ' av, ' call aright ;' cp. 1201.
1. 1233. &Atioacvwav, 'a dragon,' or 'basilisk;' it is a fabulous
monster that goes either way, perhaps like Sir John Mandeville's snakes
with a head at each end.
1. 1235. 'Raging Dam of Death,' a bold imaginative name which it
suits the frenzied mood of Kassandra to use. Odc is an Epic word, ppEcd
Orse Ii. I. 342, 'XEi' 8Ov ib. II. 18o. For "Ap-q MSS. read A&pv: but
arovso almost requires "Apr , 'implacable war.' Perhaps Aesch. used
d
the other form "Aprpv, which would readily account for the error. "Appy
again 1511, in the sense of family strife.
1. 1236. 'And how she raised a cry of triumph, the murderess, as in
the battle's rout, though seeming to rejoice at his safe return.' This
clearly refers to her exaggerated and insincere welcome 896 sqq.
80KEG is present, because it means 'they think,' ' the people think;' the
impression was still there.
1. 1239. 6potov, 'I care not' (lit. 'it is the same,' es ist gleich).
vV.IcKa, ' I understood,' it was past a few moments ago.
1. I243.
'I shudder,' the horror still present.
h0Xi^eGs 4IQcwooa-va, 'no image but the very truth.'
oi8bsv
1. 1244.
u
1. 1245. EI 8pov rreov Tp4Xw, 'I run out of the track;' i.e. 'I arn
astray,' as we say. The racecourse supplies the most frequent metaphors
AbXors avEvian:
J
in Greek. So of madness, Pr. 883 w 8E 8pdov
and like this, Cho. o22 trEp ab i'Lwots ~ vLohTpoWP) pdOov iwripwo.
1. 1247. 'Peace, wretched woman, from such impious words;' lit.
'lull thy mouth to be well omened,' dE4velyfov being proleptic. But as
practisilence is the safest way of avoiding ill-omened speech, ibq)m75'js
cally comes to mean' be silent,' e.g. Ar. Ach. 237; Ran. 352. Sofavete
linguis in Latin.
1. 1248. ' There is no god of healing for this tidings;' Ep~pLia might
help, as long as there was hope of divine aid to avert ill; this case is
hopeless.
1. 1249.
~orcL y', 'if it is to be;' (lipe ra the MS. reading
can hardly mean this. The correction is due to Schiitz.)
62

wrE~pLK,

(EpolaL

Ge'rep

NOTES.

LINES 1231-1270.

cXos

1. 1251. 'Is this woe brought to pass?'
is quite possible,
though d-yos (Aurat.) is not unlikely.
1. 125;2. MSS. give j Kicpr' Ap' av rapEwadCaS (with -EL written over).
Most edd. read irapalo'dnELr, and many alter dv to aS; Pal., K., rightly
retain av and construe, 'You must have missed the purport of my
oracles.' This makes good sense, and may be right. Compare ivcwo av
933. Hartung however suggests ( Kdpra Tipa rapEflc7rqs, 'Surely thou
wentest astray from my oracles.' The emendation is very ingenious,
being so near the MSS. (TATAP for TAP), and I have adopted it, merely
keeping av, which improves the sense. 'Surely thou must have gone
far astray from my oracles,' rrapLK6TrEcTO&L meaning 'to be deluded;'
lit. 'to be knocked aside from.'
MSS. give too -y&p 7EhXo"ror: but as the point is, 'I do not
1. 1253.
understand who is the murderer,' I read robs ... TeovvTas.
1. 1254. Kai 1 v, ' and yet,' as often, e. g. Prom. 981 ; Soph. Antig.
1054 ; Eur. Alc. 653. The sense is, ' And yet I know the Greek tongue
all too well.' The answer in effect is, ' The oracles are also Greek, but
not the easier to understand.'
1. 1256. Kassandra has another seizure of the prophetic fire. Observe
oLov short. See oo01.
1. 1260. It is best to follow the MSS. here, as Hermann does, only
9
reading Ev r'rewV with Fa. instead of AvO0iaEL, clearly altered to suit
cTEvEL. K6oc is a bold metaphor, but there is no need to alter it (with
Casaub., D., Eng., etc.) to 7roT'. 'And like one brewing a drug, she
boasts that my recompence too she will mix in her vengeance, whetting
her sword against her lord, to pay back blood for that he hath brought
me hither.'
-rlmo'0ot, consec. or epexegetic inf. 'so as to.'
1. 1263. A&v
'toLaLt, 'and I shall follow
1. 1267. Hermann's emendation ych 8'a&L
soon,' makes good sense: but the correction in the text makes even
better, and is nearer the MSS. (ONTAIAOet for ONTAOn), ' Go to destruction : and as ye fall, thus will I avenge myself on you' (as she speaks
she throws down the staffand crown andtramples on them). This correction is given by Mr. A. W. Verrall, in his Medea, 1881. [Appendix IV.]
1. 1268. 'Enrich another with woe instead of me,' a forcible oxymoron.
(So reading arrLs with H. for arv, ' another curse,' not a very appropriate expression.)
1. I27o. The MSS. reading can be construed, if with H., Eng., Schn.,
etc., we read p ya for 1ETar,thus: ' and having looked down on me,
even in these robes scouted utterly, by friends turned foes, consenting,
yet in error:,- [then the parenthesis describing how they mocked
her]-and now the seer having ruined me, the prophetess has brought
me,' etc. We find pETr for p'ya also in MSS. Choeph. 37
63

pq

AGAMEMNON.
R(wv bir' ~X0prv, by her people, who ought to have been friends,
but scorned her; in the old days before the capture.
6
&'rlv,
o0 8XOpp errCs they all agreed to scout her, and they were
all wrong. After the parenthesis the sense is taken up again, and the
ryayv at last comes. The above is substantially
deferred verb d7
Enger's int. and it is the best that can be got without more alteration.
1. 1273. 'And like a wandering cheat I bore hard names, beggar,
among the nickand wretch, and starveling.' Others include
names; but the line does not run so well.
3
CKnrpdas, 'having destroyed, ruined.' Like cepavv r i~1. 1275.
rpage Soph. O. C. 1659, lr&r eal vLv iErpfaTr'; Eur. Hec. 515. [The
other sense given, 'having made me,' is weaker.]
1. 1277. 'rlgvov, 'a block' for beheading. So in Ar. Ach. 318.
1. 1278. K0orEC -qS, 'when I am struck.' The gen. abs. is always
or
possible, and there is no need for ioreLayp icoreiaav. (Schiitz's GEPIodv
is neat, and may be right : or Haupt's
1. 1279. ob p,(v .. yE (like o /JivroTL .. ye), 'not however;' Soph.
-reOv
iop.v, fut. formed from rTE9vya, like
O.T. 8~o ov AIAv io'v -y' itcerL.
, ' not
&acr#7 unregarded shall I be in death.'
in
1. 1283. K4-rTETLV, its strict sense, 'shall come back' from exile.
1. 1284. Restored by Hermann to its right place, from being after
1290, where it made no sense.
' That his sire's fallen corse shall bring him' (iiEty): a harsh
1. 1285.
phrase. Sch6m. proposes wrp&aeL, ' that he shall exact vengeance for.'
1. 1288. rrp&gacrav ?s trrpagev, 'faring as it fared,' a euphemism. So
b'6rs ~phaaorE, Eur. Hec. 873 rciXovrror oja
Soph. O. T. 1376 3arooa'

powLTdm

(poivLov.)

TE LOETaL.

I take EtXov, Musgrave's correction. EXov would mean the Trojans
(' who were holding'). EcXov might do, but JEXov is nearer.
1. 1289. oijros -akraXXioovYL, ' come to such an end.'
1. 1290. Lovora -irp& o, ' I shall go to my fate;' lrpdaaatv seems to
mean 'to do what lies before you,' to 'meet what is in store;' not an
impossible meaning, but the reading is not certain.
1. 1292. KapL', ' mortal,' lit. 'reaching the right place.'
1. I297. a~r~s for nEavrgs, as often in Trag., Agam. II4I; Eur. Alc.
461 ; Soph. O. C. 930; and for Epavr. ib. O.T. 138.
1. 1300. 'Yet last is first in respect of time,' i. e. 'to be last is to be
best off in time,' 'to lose time is to gain time,' as we might say with a
similar epigram.
11. 1302-4. Taking these lines as they are read in MSS., the sense isCho. Yet know that thou art patient with a brave heart (TrhA7Xwv,
'enduring ').
Ka. None that is happy is thus spoken of.

64

NOTES.

LINES 1273-r324.

Cho. But yet an honourable death is sweet !
The chorus are compassionate and consoling; Kassandra is resigned
but gloomy. The sense is good, and Pal., Con., K., Day. seem right in
keeping it. On the other hand H., following Heath, has inverted the
order of the last two lines, and the German edd. have generally followed
suit. It makes a good, but quite different sense :Cho. Yet know that bravery brings thee to misery (TAAX1Wv,
'miserable ').
Ka. But yet an honourable death is sweet.
Cho. None that is happy hears such consolation i
But on the whole this is less likely; adioVEL raTra is much less appropriate; Ei rEWS aTravelv is not what Kass. is thinking of; and her
attitude is all through more a miserable than a courageous one.
1. 1305. E1'kXErs KaTaVEiV reminds her of her kindred, slain before
Troy; and a new burst of grief overpowers her.
at the door she starts and stops
[She advances to enter the
short, as though a new horrorhad struck her.]
cpEdo.
Fievtas, from
1. 1308.
6
1. 1310. 'r 8' 6'EL, ' this scent comes from,' 'this is the scent of.'
6Be, ace. pron. in apposition to the sentence; literally, ' it smells this,'
like lj6 o(Et, ' it smells sweet.'
L 1312. 'No Syrian perfume for the house is this,' ay&' crpa, lit.
'splendour,' ' luxury.'
8uo oi ow, shrink from;' properly, ' I am uneasy at.'
'I
1. 13
XXAos, 'for nought;' my fear is not vain. A necessary
1. 1317.
correction for the meaningless dAx' Ais of the MSS.
'Bear witness of this [that my fear is not vain; that I have prophesied truly] to me after my death, when a woman dies for me a
woman, and a man falls for this man with evil wife' (vac&iaLapror gen.
of Bv4s'pzap). Prophet-fashion she confirms her prophecy with another.
The woman is of course Klytaemnestra; the man Aegisthos.
1. 1320. ~Ev6o, ' to treat as livor:' Ealg~Evolatc (middle) ' to claim a
friendly service,' lit. 'to call in a friend to yourself for a thing.' The
word is usually passive, ' to be friendly entreated.'
1. 1322. oi Op-vov (Hermann's correction) is a quiet and dignified
rejection of the chorus' pity; see 1330. [The line is however perhaps
is
corrupt: AfpewV an unlikely word.]
1. 1323. Read lMXov with Karsten ; the dat. has come from the
but with rpos i6T'rarov p&sc, and the succeeding
6aa,
proximity of i reXo
datives, is unlikely.
1. 1324. An obscure and probably corrupt passage. Taking the
words as they stand, we can give two possible meanings, owing to the
for the murderer TriveLa&lYv when he is
intrinsic ambiguity of

yalace;

'Trivo;

E

65

AGAlMEMNON.
and also the avenger -rivest rl, ' pays back
justice' to the guilty. So it may mean (i) 'I pray for my avengers to
requite my hateful murderers.' (2) ' For my hateful murderers to pay
the penalty to my avengers.' The order is in favour of (I); the commoner use of -riw in favour of (2). But the passage for many reasons
must be regarded as corrupt. 'rots 4 ots is needlessly repeated; the
datives are very clumsy; rivety wants an object; and Kassandra could
hardly speak of her avengers, her murderers only. Her real drift seems
to be, 'I pray that the avengers (of Agamemnon) may requite the
murderers at the same time (odoi) for my death.' Perhaps it should be:
robs E obs rtCLtaopovs (Karst.) 6iKnyv 4. (Gilbert).
slain, ' pays the penalty;'

1. 1326. Eg4apovs XEtPwparos, 'an easy prey.'
ELEv, 'one
1. 1328. I take Conington's correction oTKLa 'rLs &V'rpwEJ

might liken them to a sketch.'

(Photius says Aesch. used

rpitat for

6o~otLwat).,

aticu, 'an outline,' cf. arttaypa eiv. [Others take cr t, 'they
might seem a sketch;' but s and the aorist are rather in favour of the

former.] Ed Evo7avxI, Epic. subj. with Ei.
1. 1329. 'The touch of the wet sponge blots out the drawing.'
SXEo-ev, gnomic aor.
(1322) and
1. 1330. This line is explained by ob Opfirov Eri'rv O0XAo
the chorus' pity (1321). Kassandra gives a wonderfully imaginative and

pathetic sketch of human fortunes; then adds, 'this I count far more
pitiable than that' (which you pity) ; the general sadness is sadder than
one hapless lot.
[She goes in sadly to her death.]
[ll. 1331-42. This short chorus fills the interval while Kassandra
is going in, till the blows are struck. The drift is, ' All men desire joy
without end; even princes never have enough: now if Agamemnon
after all his triumph is to die, who can ever hope to be scatheless?']
1. 1332. SaKTU o8e KTov, 'envied,' i. e. wealthy, royal. Cf. Horace's
M1onstraridigito.
1. 1333. eQPyet, keeps it off, i. e. 'rb ev 7rpa ~y, prosperity.
1. 1334. Perhaps, in view of Cho. 313, rB E is better taken with Qcogwvv.

1. 1339. 'And dying for the dead brings to pass requital for other
deaths,' i. e. dying in revenge for the dead (Iphigeneia) causes a new
requital in the deaths of others (Klyt. and Aegisth.). Others take
to
Oav TWov mean those whom Ag. has slain, i. e. the same as 0avov,
But the first rendering is much better sense; the chorus are saddened by
Kassandra's prophecy (1280 and 1325) of yet other deaths to follow.
[I have given aor. subj. for fut. in both verbs: ibmcpvci is unmetrical.]
1. 1341. 'Who could boast to be born with scatheless fate ?'
[ScENE V. (1343-1447).
The dying cry of Agamemnon is heard within once and again : tks
66

NOTES. LINES 1326-1371.

chorus take counsel in helpless embarrassment: the door of the palace
then opens (137 and the queen is seen with bloody axe standing over
the murdered bodies. She glories in the deed and scouts all warnings
or threats of the chorus.]
1. 1343. ~o-o, 'within me,' offers no difficulty though K. suspects it.
1. 1344. The chorus become a helpless and hesitating mob of elders,
each giving his own opinion. For this interlude see Introd., p. xii.
ovXE1i[T' jj is the best
vrwos &craX 0
1. 1347. iXX& KowCi pE0' "jv
(Weil and Goodwin read ijv for dv : Enger adds )
correction.
nrw
Hermann's civ is unlikely; irw suggests 'iv. 'But let us confer, if
perchance we can find safe counsel.'

1)

..

1. 1349. K pOcr W pofvv, 'to proclaim the call,' i. e. to summon to
rescue or fight. The o" was the' cry' for help. Cf. Ei apaidvoLcEv o30
3'
Supp. 730; lai E~7ro AaowL poi)8 liartra 7EvoLro Od. 22. 133; the
d
common Homeric Ior)v ya06e means ' good at calling on' the men to

fight.
1. 1351.

'new-flowing,' not pvco,
wco,

vEOppvirp (vshort, from

'new-

'while the sword yet drips,' i. e.flagrante delicto.
drawn '),
1. 1355.

'rrpoaaovres, 'devising,'

'preparing.'

The sentiment is a

curious anachronism. The Argive elders talk of 'tyranny' as if they
were members of a free Greek republic.
1.1356. ' Spurning the credit of delay,' not caring to be deliberate
in action. Observe the sententious incompetence of these elders.
1. 1359. "Tis the doer's part also' to counsel about (the deed).'
Apparently a sententious shuffling off responsibility. 'I had no part in
the act, and why should I be troubled to advise?'
1. 1362. ' What, to prolong our lives, shall we yield to the sway of
in
these defilers of the house ?' Pov reLvovres, ' trying to lengthen our
lives.' lyovvoLs, predicate, 'as rulers.'
1. 1365. ' For 'tis a milder lot than tyranny.'
1. 1367. 'Shall we divine the man has perished?' The gen. is the
Epic gen. of intelligence about a person: one form of the gen. of re4.
Compare ies'yv ro xo.Yvoo I1. 357, Ei 6SE E rTEovyIro
ference.
daocaw Od. 2. 220.

1. 1368.
anger.

Emphasis on Et86ras; knowledge should come before

r
1. 1370. 'FMav'00Ev YOBvoystL. Lit. 'I am multiplied from all sides:'
i. e. 'from all sides I find support' to approve this vote. Somewhat
similar, though less strained, is the use Suppl. 604 $~7jov iparoaa Xip
rhJAtv'vET a,' which way the decisive show of hands prevails.'
,m

[L. S.

are unsatisfactory on this word.]
rrcos for birws icvpet; the
1. 1371. Observe the attraction Kvpov'
natural construction of ElavaL being with a participle.
E 2

67

A GAMEMNON.
[Here the doors are rolled open by the 4KKKI7Xa.
For the
or machine for showing the interior, see Arist. Ach. 407.
KaLplos, 'to serve the time.'
1. 1375. MSS. rtovv dpkcaTarov, which Paley retains, might mean
'a snare-set woe,' i. e. destruction by snares; and we have aipvcvarc
av
(? -ov) ,p xavav Eur. Or. 1420, used as adj. But this would require us
to explain the optat. as remote deliberative, see 620 and appendix; and
further apicvrarais used as subst. Pers. 98; Eum. 112; Soph. El. 1426;
therefore it seems better to follow Hermann and read 'rrplovis ApKo'ra-r'
av. This would easily become ripovr Apvao6rrav, then wzyovhTv, then
j
adpicrarov. 'For how (else) could one, devising ill for foes who seem
friends, fence the snares of woe too high to leap over ?' i. e. how else
than by deceit ? vtbor is a kind of cognate ace. describing the result of
action (internal ace.).
1. 1378. vEKTIS (necessary correction for vls, meaningless) wraXatas
&yv,' this struggle of an ancient feud;' the feud was old; the diyc'v
ye
or crisis was just come. Qrvv Xp6vco ye p4v, 'though long delayed.'
hv, 661. Literally, ' in course of time however.'
1. 1381. ws for warr.
'So that he could neither flee,' etc.
1. 1383.
rXoOrov EL
JLaTOS KaKbv, 'fatal splendour of garb;' it was a
large fine-wrought robe.
1. 1385.
E KEV acrTroO K hA, ' relaxed at once his limbs;' abroV,
e
' on the spot.' This is the most natural way of taking it. (Others abroi ;
weaker. Others JOO
KICv, intrans., possible.)
1. 1387. 'A votive gift to Hades Saviour of the dead,' a grim and
ghastly piece of irony; 'just as the third libation is paid to ZEbSrWTr p
(see note on 245) so I paid a third stab to Hades,
rwT'pof the dead !'
6
Enger reads AL66,which would improve ro70 ara XOov , rather needless
with A1iov; improve the irony; and is probable, as it would be easily
supplanted by the gloss Ai'6ov. But it is safer to follow the MSS.
1. 1388. 6ppalvEL, lit. 'speeds forth,' i. e. 'gasps out his life.' H.
reads bpvyave, ' belches out,' which would do. but is not necessary: the
root-meaning of 6ppaivw is 'quick movement.' So Pindar has OvoBhs
viv O1. 3. 145; and Aesch. uses it intrans. Theb. 324 of a
horse.
1. 1389. a4pa'ros r
iv, a bold stretch of language ; we should say
'his life-blood' by an opposite metaphor.
1. i390. ' Smites me with black splash of the murderous dew,' a fine
unsparing phrase.
1. 1392. ' Rejoicing no less than doth in heaven's sweet rain the cornland at the birthpang of the buds.' Splendid lines, restored by Porson's
insight from desperate corruption. For the return to nom. oraopr6s,
1. 1372.

ieKKv'icXa,

Awppatv

compare

68

diwAv &rJo1cpaTrovupvr

v

ciarp /cai avro, Thuc. 5. 44.

NOTES,

LINES

1372-1421.

et

1.1394. XalpoLr' av XaipoLT', 'joy if ye can,' see 1049 note.
1. 1395. eL 8' v rpErvTv, 'had it been a fitting thing,' for T&v
rpenrvwTov, as above, 323. Perhaps however rrpizrov 7T8' (Karst.) is right.
yEV
ovv, corrective as usual, ' nay more than just.'
1. 1396.
1. ] 397. The comparison must not be pressed too far; it suffices for
Klytaemnestra's grim irony, and is powerfully expressive of her horrible
cold-blooded triumphant mood. ' Had it been fitting,' she says (what
a time to talk of decorum!), 'to pour libations over the corpse, over him
it had been just-nay more than just.' (Here one begins to see that the
libation is metaphorical, in some bitter sense; then out it comes.) ' So
full of curses did he fill his bowl in his house, then comes and drinks it
to the dregs himself!' i. e. a libation would suit this reveller: he drank
deep--of curses! KKv apao'wv certainly go together; 'ills accursed,'
6
' ills curse-bringing.' [I have preferred to read ro vsE Blomf.]
11. 1403-6. The relentless gloating of K1. over her deed is very finely
given by these bare and bald details. oLoLov, 1239.
1. 1407. Observe the skill with which the chorus take to the lyric
dochmiacs, when the tragedy is beyond the common speech of iambics.
The general sense is, 'what drug hast thou eaten or drunk from land or
sea, that thus thou hast brought on thy head the curse of the people ?
Thou hast slain, and shalt be outcast.'
from
oraacatva from rarTopaL, 'to taste' (not
1. 1408.
ropac, ' to acquire ').
Oaos, 'hast thou brought upon thyself this
1. 1409. 7r68'
sacrifice ?'
Oios is a euphemism for the murder. (Pal. and others construe
'incense,' explaining it to mean ' the wrath' of the people; but this is
in Epic and Aesch. is 'sacrifice.')
farfetched, and the common sense of
1. 1410. The emphasis is on the oft-repeated preposition : 'away thou
hast hurled, away thou hast cleft, and away thou shalt be cast.'
1. 1414. 'Though formerly thou didst not withstand him at all;' in
the days of old when his crime was done.
6're is better than MS. 6ro'.
6pov is
1. 1415. ' Who caring not, as 'twere a beast that died.'
governed however by lrporT7 v.
1. 1417. ' His own daughter, sweetest pain of travailing to me;' the
apposition of cb^iva to raiba is a fine stretch of language.
equivalent to a partic. ' when thou hearest.'
1. 1420.
'rrKOOS,
1. 1421. There is no occasion to alter the MSS. reading : ' I bid thee
threaten and welcome, for I am prepared that likewise, if thou conquer
me by force, thou shalt rule.' She shows the same contemptuous force
as ever, ' I scorn your threats; let us try conclusions, and let the strongest win.' The construction of the acc. inf. after 7rapaicevaIpVI is not

rdaapia

,0r0ov

6dor

69

AGAMEMNON.
unnatural considering the freedom of poetry and the great flexibility of
Greek. [Perhaps however 7rapEcoivaoupvov (Madv.) is right.]
1. 1425. ' I'll teach thee to know, though late, the ways of prudence.'
yvo-rEL, naturally often used in threats, Soph. Ant. 779, O. C. 852, and
infra, 1619.
1. 1426. Rather a difficult passage: the MS. is corrupt in 1428;
and the proper stopping is doubtful. It seems to make the best sense
with the least alteration if we read i~rrpCrner,
TE'rov for i 7rpE7re'
dTETrov,
the reading of Fa.: ' High is thy spirit, and haughty thy word, as indeed
thy mind is frenzied by the deed of blood; the blood-stain over thine
eyes is plain to see: [but yet] one day dishonoured, reft of friends, thou
shalt pay for blow with blow!' [Others read itlrppre v (Pal., H., K.)
after 'haice, 'thou didst boast that the stain,' etc., referring to 1390.
But rEpt(pova refers to her whole attitude, not to one phrase thirty-five
with what precedes, 'a blood-stain
lines back. Others read eaT'rov
unavenged.']
1. 1431. OBiLs, properly (from OE-) 'ordinance,' 'that which is laid down,'
'law;' used here in a strained sense to mean something like'sanctity,' or
Construe, 'This too thou hearest, this my solemn oath.'
'solemnity.'
1. 1434. The MS. reading here means, 'Hope doth not tread for
me the halls of Fear.' A fine picturesque phrase, surely not too imaginative or metaphorical for Aeschylus. She means, 'My hope does not
approach fear,' 'my confidence is dashed with no misgivings.'
[Others construe, 'Expectation of fear does not tread my halls,' a
much poorer sense. Others read iPraTeiv, 'I have no expectation that
fear (piov) will tread my halls,' or 'to tread the halls of fear' ((pdov).
None are as fine as the MS. reading, in the sense given above.]
1. 1435. Observe the lavish imagery: Aegisthos is 'a fire' and 'a
shield.'
1. 1439. 'Minion of each Chryseis before Troy.' Chryseis, daughter
of the priest Chryses: the Iliad opens with her as Agamemnon's slave
and concubine. This use of the plural is natural in all languages. So
Plat. Theaet. 169 B of ecrvEE Te Ka' 'HpaXEESr.
1. 1442.

vavTXrOv 8

<roX

T'rov IroTrpLtis, 'sharing

alike with him

the mariners' bench.' Quite good sense, and not requiring the further
change of vavriAos, which some edd. give.
8'
TL atc o ic Ewpad&iTv, 'ay, they deserved their fate.'
1. 1443.
LXi rc^8', ' dear to his heart.' pLA.7p, not verbal from
Trp
1. 1446.
xhLico, would be a masculine word, but from iXo-rrop, adj.
which
rovSE has easily
Hence we must change MS. 70i8' to r.~', with H.
come from misunderstanding the form pX.Trcop.
1. 1447. ' And to me has brought a new delight for my luxurious
couch.' Lit. 'a new couch-relish of my luxury.' She means she has
70

NOTES.

LINES I425-1461.

added to her lawless love the new delight of a doubly satisfied jealousy
and vengeance. But the genitives are doubtless awkward and may be
v,.
corrupt, and one is tempted to take Schim.'s /. ..
[11. 1449-1576. Kommos, or lamentation, with answers from the
stage.

Chorus. (1449-61). 'Oh for some speedy and painless deathl Oh
fatal Helena !'
'Pray not for death nor blame Helena for all !'
Klyt. (1461-67).
'Oh fate so hard on our house 1 oh fatal women!'
Chor. (1468-74).
Klyt. (1475-80). ' You are right to call on our Fate: he is the source
of bloodshed.'
Chor. (1481-96). 'A grievous fate, from Zeus the almighty. Oh king
how bewail thee, slain by evil craft ?'
Klyt. (1497-1504). 'I am not Klytaemnestra, but the Race-Avenger
in woman's shape.'
Chor. (1505-20). 'Say not you are innocent: perhaps the Avenger
is your helper.'
Klyt. (1521-29). * He too was guilty: he slew Iphigeneia.'
Chor. (i530-5o). ' I am bewildered amid this bloodshed. Oh that
I had died first!1 Who will bury him ? wilt thou, the murderess?'
'I will bury him: and his daughter dear shall
Klyt. (I551-59).
meet him as he crosses the dark river, and welcome him.'
'Another reviling! It is hard to see clear: the
Chor. (56o-66).
spoiler is spoiled: 'tis the gods' will.'
'Henceforth I will make truce with the family
Klyt. (1567-78).
Fate: he shall go and plague others: I shall be at peace: I want but
little.']
1. 1450. 44povo' iv liv, 'bringing amongst us:' the use of Ev (and
other preps. which take dat. see 357) with verb of motion is Epic. Cf.
cLv
,vl' cr a7OE 6pov;a I. 22. 182: so irpo'ri of sEhe, 'took her to him,'
507. Hence we need not change to p' with H.
ib.
1. 145f. Saciv-ros, 'laid low;' Epic word for 'slain.'
1. 1453. The simplest and best emendation is to read Epic woXsa
for voXh& with Haupt, omitting caihere and ot 1472; 'having borne
much through a woman.' sai is not wanted: if put directly the sentence
would be &iB7r.. T ics.
1
1. 1456. Observe the effect of r&s, ' who alone didst bring to death
so exceeding many lives.'
so many,
11. 1458-61 are very corrupt and obscure. They are generally taken,
after Hermann, to be parallel with 1537-50, a supposition very probable;
but if so there are 52 lines of anapaests lost, and the three lyric lines
correspond very imperfectly. It is useless to prune the lines to fit each
other; the best one can do is to guess at the sense as near as may be.

71

AGAMEMNON.

?

Omitting then 8' before altl' with Herm. and reading with Enger TL
for 'rjs, we may translate: ... 'Thou hast put forth on thee as a flower
a memorable stain of blood indelible; surely there was strife then in the
house, a woe subduing the king.' ip~~paros, Epic compound from Epc-,
'exceedingly,' 8ta-, 'to subdue.' This may be taken in default of
better. [See Appendix VI.]
1. 1467.
a ra-rov, ' that cannot be put together, arranged, settled,'
and so of pain 'not to be allayed,' ' incurable.' Aristophanes playfully
quotes the word (Nub. 1367) of Aeschylus himself, putting it (according to the best arrangement) in the mouth of an opponent; there it
seems to mean 'rough,' 'uncouth,' 'boisterous,' lit. 'not to be settled or
composed.' (Paley's 'incomparable' will not do at all; he misses the
sense of the passage in the Clouds.)
1. 1469. 'The two sons of Tantalos' are, of course, Agamemnon
and Menelaos.
1. 1470 seems to mean, ' and wieldest the sway like-minded of two
women, that gnaws my heart,' i. e. 'and who bringest the power of two
women equally imperious (Helena and Klytaemnestra) with men, causing
such woe to me.'

ivv6&duar

1. 1472.

is the best supported reading, 'and standing over

the body like a hateful raven, she boasts that her song is just.' But
Kv6JLOs, reading of Farnese, is best sense, ' she boastfully sings a tuneless strain;' the harsh, discordant (Evdywcos), triumphant note of the
raven makes a much better point.
1. 1476. rpu'r&Xvv-rov (Hermann's correction for the impossible
7rpLdTXVLoV), 'thrice gorged,' explained below in alaTroAolds.

1.1478. 'For 'tis he from whom bloodthirsty longing is nursed in
the heart; before the old woe ceases, the new blood flows.' vECpEL,
'in the heart,' unknown word. (Others vipa = vYcaip, Homeric adj.
'lowest,'

agreeing with yaGrTpi; and Hesych. mentions vEipr, 'the

belly,' which I have adopted, after Casaubon.)
. 1. 1480. iXdp, Epic word for the ethereal blood of the gods. Here
used for ' blood' simply.
1. 1481. oiKov6Lov (Schn., K.) is the best correction for oficocs 7roiSe,
'haunting the house.'
1. 1483.

atvov, cognate (internal) acc. to ailveis, 'a mighty Fate is

he of whom thou tellest ... an evil tale of woe accursed, insatiate.'
1. 1492. ' The spider's web' is of course the cloak in which he was
caught and slain.
1. 1493. IK'rrvov at the end of the anapaestic stanza must be pro6
nounced as dissyllable; just as O8c^v, r Ewr, faoAlcows, are I, 2, and 3

syllables respectively when required (synizezis).
1. 1494.
72

After a pause at irriov, the sentence is continued in a

NOTES.

LINES 1467-1526.

burst of anguish, ' (thou liest) alas ! -alas ! on this base bed.' Koc'Tav,
cognate ace.
1. 1495. P3eX41v,, 'weapon.'
It is generally called an axe, though
more probably a dagger.
1. 1498.
-1S' ErrtXeXOjs, 'but do not think.'
is an Ionic
word, used often in Herodotus for ' to think,' ' expect,' ' consider,'
properly no doubt 'to say over to one's self.' This tense does not
occur elsewhere, and has been suspected; but there is no more intrinsic difficulty in it than in the deponent 8teXEXO2v, which is common.
' but not,' is Epic; in Attic it was always dAX& pr. See
Od. 5. 177, 10. 342.
1. 1501. ' The ancient bitter Avenger' is the personified spectre or
spirit of justice, which makes demand for other blood in requital for
blood shed. See Introduction, p. xii.
1. 1502. 'Who served the hideous banquet' of children to Thyestes.
1. I504. 'Slaughtering a man for children,' lit. 'upon children,'
i. e. the second victim (metaphorically) upon the first, that is to say,
'in vengeance for.'
1. 1507. wrG
r; Lit. 'where? where?' Doric for wo3. The meaning
is, 'Nay, nay !' just as in the colloquial word rciuaa, ' not a bit.'
ra'rp6SEv 8E,' yet from his sires an avenger might aid thee;' you
are not innocent, but the ancestral avenger may have had a share in
the bloodshed.
11. 1510-12. Rather difficult and doubtful passage. It begins, ' Yet
black havoc presses on, with streams of kindred slaughter (then MSS.
read b'7roL Icai rpoaivwcv radXvea covpo6opp rap t E, quite impossible
Greek, though even Hermann tries to construe it; the easiest alteration
is Butler's and Scholefield's Blcav for 1 Ica, which I have taken), ' thither
where advancing he shall give requital for the clot of the blood of
children slain for food,' i. e. black havoc presses with murder in the
family till he has avenged the murder of Thyestes' children. But one
cannot feel much confidence about the reading or sense.
11. 1521, 2. These lines are clearly spurious; the answer clearly
is
begins ob1b y-dp, the OirTE wrong, and the insertion spoils the sense of
what follows.
1.
Epvos is ace. after apdcrar, which regularly takes ace. of
person treated, and of the kind of treatment. ' But my offshoot sprung
from him ... as he hath dealt with her so hath he suffered.'
1. 1526. MSS. have roAiv'ravrv r7', where 7' is taken as marking
apposition: better 'roXvcKaV'rrjv Pors. 'ItLyEvea.v, older (dialectic) form
with a long; so we find icXeia, dyvola, dvola, in Trag. and vbyted even in
Com. (Ar. Av. 6o09). Hence there is no need to read with MSS. 'Iqcy,'vELar dv- j 64ra pacras .T.XA. See next line.
73

hrAFyoopaL

,982,

1525.

AGAMEMNON.
1. 1527. &~ta Sp&oras deLa r&crxcov. A difficulty has been made
with these lines from not seeing that the words are correlative, ' the
deed was worthy (of the suffering), the suffering was worthy (of the
deed).'
1. 1531.

pL.Lvav, acc. after repOd (which verb takes naturally
es

acc. of thing stolen), 'robbed of thought's ready devising.'
1. 1533. 'I fear the patter of bloody rain, that makes the house to
totter; no longer it comes in drops.'
1. 1535. To say that 'Fate sharpens justice for another deed of
harm' is quite intelligible, and the imagery quite Aeschylean. So the
ordinary correction 3ircry may be taken. At the same time the simpler
phrase
... OrlfydvaLs i.dcXapav (Musgrave) is a rather tempting
emendation.

177

1. 1540.
1. 1544.
1. 1545.

1. 1548.

8

poC*r,

'bath;' Xawpevi,

'low couch.'

asriqs for acavrl5e, 1297.

AXaptv

XpLv, 'a graceless gift' (Mors.).
'And who shall utter his praise with tears over the tomb

of the man divine, labouring in sincerity of heart.'

The &XhOEta qpvwv

last and emphatic; it was so terribly absent in Klytaemnestra.
1. 1553. The prepositions as in 1410. 'Down he fell, down he lay,
and down we will bury him.' Klytaemnestra is perhaps scornfully
parodying the emphasis of the chorus. The absence of augment, and
the assimilation of Kar-, is Epic.
1. 1554. Her bitterness and cruel triumph reach a climax in this
None of the house shall bewail him, ... but his dear
terrible sarcasm, '
daughter, as is fit, shall meet and welcome him at the swift ferrypassage of woes.'
1. 1560. Notice how the last note of this long chorus is the darkness
and inscrutability of fate; the inevitableness of the evil consequences
of sin.

6VELSos

8

vT' oveL ovs, 'reviling for reviling;' the bitterness of

Klyt.'s taunt saddens but does not now anger the chorus.
1. 1561. '
'Tis hard to discern the right; she spoils the spoiler, the
"slayer pays his debt, but it remains-while Zeus remains on his throne
-that the doer must suffer...'
in the old sense
1.
1562.
EpeL c4povr', a proverbial phrase,

qppc

E'petv a"yetv, 'to carry off booty.'

1. 1564. Xpdve, is the MS. reading, which can only be construed with
Klausen, ' while Zeus remains, it remains in due time that,' etc., and
the order of the words is very harsh for this. Paley's rendering, ' while
time remains and Zeus is lord,' is good sense, but hardly the Greek.
It is better to read Op6vcp with Schiitz (so H., Schn., Eng., etc.)
the brood
1.
1565. yoviv Apatov (H.'s beautiful correction for Saov), '
of curses.'
74

NOTES.

LINES I527-1589.

1. 1566. Again a certain correction irpos a*rfor the meaningless
rpoodfbaL (AYAT into ATAI), 'the race is fast bound to woe.'
Xpopeedv, some alter to v
s, which gives
1. 1567. MSS. have ivnBt
a poor sense; a far better one is got by altering xprupcv to Xp-yrlm6s,
'this maxim (that the doer shall suffer) has with truth trodden him
(Agamemnon) down.'
1. 1569. IIXELevYLSav. Grammarians say that Pleisthenes was son
of Atreus, and father of Agamemnon, but that as he died young,
Agamemnon is usually called son of Atreus. It is certain that Agamemnon is son of Atreus in the Homeric tradition, which seems to
be usually that of the later poets in this respect. Perhaps Pleisthenes
belongs to another form of the story altogether, and Aeschylus merely
uses his name for thefamily, just as he calls them sometimes Pelopidae,
or Tantalidae.
1. 157o. 'Making compact that I will bear this, though hard to be
borne, but that hereafter he shall go,' etc.
r 8e Riv crrcpyew. It is characteristic of Klytaemnestra's coldblooded shamelessness that she speaks of 'bearing' the trouble of the
house, she the murderess. The tone is, 'We have been plagued enough,
let the hard fate of the house go vex other families with kindred
slaughter.'
See note on aiTro6Jvos,
'kin-murder.'
aOv
ivrls 9Ovaros,
1. 1573.
1091.

1. 1574. The cold irony is at its height here, 'All I want is a quiet
life and a humble competence, having cured the house of its blood-feud.'
[Exonos, or last scene (1577-1673). Aegisthos vaunts his part in the
bloody deed, telling the tale of past deeds which have produced this:
the chorus rebuke him, and mention the name of Orestes. The quarrel
waxes hot, and violence is threatened, when Klytaemnestra intervenes
and stops the strife.]
1. 1.579.. ' The gods look down on woes of earth, aiding mortals,'
into d&yr.
is perfectly good sense; no need to alter ,Xy{
1. 1582. 'Paying for the crafty crimes of his sire's hand' is explained in what follows; note that Atreus again is called rarp, not
Pleisthenes.
iCXEKT.OS t v KpTeL, 'being questioned in his sovereignty,'
1.
ipp. must be passive (cf. 881); the passage
i. 'his power disputed.'
e.
quoted for the active meaning, a(piEiETroS Ep~r (Eur. Phoen. 500), proves
nothing, as the passive meaning is quite possible there.
1. 1589. '(A lot secure), not to die and defile with his blood his
native soil.' The MSS. read mostly airro, as the end of this sentence.
Even if we construe it ' there on the spot,' it seems unfit and intolerably
flat. (See however pfLv I4.) Further, the tribrach evna is ugly.

1585.

75

AGAMEMNON.
The probability is that it is a gloss, and one is strongly tempted to
think with Schitz that the next line is spurious, and that 1590 originally
wrarpL.
See next note.
ran EvLa870ro08 8'0oO s nar-r'p
o
1. 1591. Probably spurious, raTp belonging to 159 . 'More zealous than friendly,' is only possible as a joke, when applied to a man
who under cover of a banquet murders his brother's children; and
Aegisthos is not joking. Moreover, the jingle lrpovuc ws, obrlv'pws is
suspicious, the name 'ATpE s needless, and the rejection of 1591 amends
1590 so neatly.
1. 1592. 'Feigning to celebrate with cheer a day of feasting.'
1. 1594. Icr~Vas, properly ' combs,' here 'the fingers.' The word is
used of a variety of things, ribs, hair, rakes, teeth, wherever the metaphor is natural.
6
1. 1595. The MS. reading will construe ... Opvrr' vwOEv avapaiis
al'apa 8' .abriv a'rvbC' adyvoi AaB,'v K..X.. 'The feet and
na8 Evos.
hands he (Atreus) broke up small (Opv'7r , 'to crush,' used with 8dAaea,
6
XL va I.T.A., not 'to break off,') sitting above, apart from the rest;
but the undistinguishable parts he (Thyestes) taking in ignorance,' etc.
v 7ro~08p and doqua ' abr'v (which,
And the antithesis between Ta
however, should probably be Tdyrcya) is clear and natural, and at first
sight seems a strong argument for the MS. reading. But the change
of subject without any notice is very harsh, and the real antithesis to
ra p hv iro&5p9 is probably understood in the rapid and vivid narrative.
and very possibly
We must then take Hermann's ao-rp" 6 8' airiv,
with Casaubon. The sense will be: 'The feet and
for
hands he broke up small (or hid on the dish, i'pvrr'), sitting above
and apart, so that none should know them (d'a a, proleptic); [the
rest of the flesh he put on the dish] ; but he in ignorance took thereof
(arT&v partitive, or perh. after dyvola) and ate a meal fatal;' etc.
1. 1599. 'And falls back, spitting forth the slaughtered flesh.'
e
I have taken Hartung's arwi qaytv with the MS. ipwv, i. e. acrEpwv
aQpa- v, from &dr-ipcw, 'spit or vomit forth.' Another compound,
to
I spdw, is used in Aristoph. for 'to disgorge.' d r aqayt-v would be
and
certain to get corrupted into drb aQpayijs, ipriw is transitive, and
requires accusative. [ipwv is defended by Prof. Goodwin.] This seems
better than the common dic a aye 9y &v, 'from the flesh vomiting.'
1. 16o0. It is perhaps simplest to construe this, ' spurning the banquet to aid his curse.' aviLKos being properly 'one who pleads with
you,' 'an aider in the cause.' vvvSLKos governs a&p [the common rendering 'jointly,' is worse sense, and has no parallel in the usage of auv8ucoe]. The violent crash of the banquet was the symbol (oi;ros) of
the invoked destruction of the family. Such symbolism is common and
natural in primitive times when good or evil is prophesied or invoked.

(OpvnrT',

uitpvrT'

76

NOTES.

LINES 1591-1625.

1. 1605. ' For me, the thirteenth child, he drives out with my hapless father.' This is the meaning of the MS. reading; but Iwl 8K'
is almost certainly corrupt; the only traditions we have give at most
three children to Thyestes, and the mention of the number seems so
Erl means
needless and inappropriate. I read with Schim. 8vaaXOXAl.
lit. ' on,' i. e. ' along with.' It is rather needless with avyE~EXavvEL, and
hence the corruption.
All the MSS. (except Fa., which has been a good deal
1. I6I1.
corrected) give S86vrca: the acc. is quite right after -o KarOavEi~v,in
a vyvyvJ .7 X yECv
agreement with the subject. So Eur. Med. 814 ao t
Kaws.
Tab' rT !2i raurxovuav d iyb
1. I612. ripc, 'honour,' understatement for ' approve.'
1. I617. vep-rlpa idirg. There were three benches or banks of rowers
in a trireme, the aaalirat,or lowest, with least woik and pay ; then
the (vyirat, or middle; and .finally, the Opavirat, or highest bench. If
(vyob, as is probable, refers to gvy rat, Aeschylus must be thinking of
would be the highest. (Klausen.) The
a bireme, where the
vEpTEpa Kc7rp is then the Oahairat. 'Dost thou speak so, set to the
lower oar, when those on the higher seat control the ship ?'
1. 1620. aojpovetv ELPr EVOV, 'when bidden to be prudent.' EidpycPvov, 'it being ordered,' acc. absolute, like wap6v, 6dov, iy6v, rpoaoqcov
c.T.hA., the regular usage with impersonals.
1. 1621. y pas, acc.' but to teach even the old, chains and hungerpangs are excellent physicians of the mind.' (Two MSS. misunderstanding the constr. read EcmovpY.)
1. 1623. ' Hast eyes and seest not this ?'
1. 1624. 'raLCas is found in a Scholiast's quotation of the line, and is
in itself better than the other suggestion *rralaas, 'stumbling:' 'lest
thou strike them and suffer.'
1. 1625. These three lines must be addressed to Aegisthos, for (i)
Klyt. is not on the scene, being only summoned later by the noise to
allay the tumult, (2) even if she was here the chorus have said their
say to her (1373-1575), (3) it would sadly interrupt the scene to interpolate an appeal to the queen, when the point here is the rising exasperation between Aegisthos and the chorus. Taking Wieseler's jVCvov
(for vLov) and alaxrvas, we may leave the rest : it is better than altering
rons ijOsras. ' Thou woman, didst thou abide at home waiting for the
warrior's return, and having defiled the man's bed, devise this fate for
the leader of the host ?'
[If we retain vov and ala~y'vova' we must take the ordinary correction 70
o'
but we must still, for the reasons given, suppose
it addressed to Aegisthos: the fem. part. will then continue the taunt
of 'vrat.]

(vyLrata

?;'ovros:

7?

AGAMEMNON.
1. 1628. There is bitterness in the turgid expression &pxTyev'I, 'the
primal source of tears.'
1. 1631. ' Stirring our wrath with thy vain howling.'
1. 1632. 4Ea, passive, ' shall be dragged off,' another point of contrast with Orpheus. ' He was sweet-voiced, you howl like a dog; he
dragged others after him, you shall be dragged away.'
1. 1633. ws 84i or, lit. ' for of course you will be,' 'since surely you
So Soph. O. C. 809 cs
will be,' i. e. ' doubtless you will be,' ironical.
8S ab IpaXEa 7ara 8' Av icatpA
XlEyr.
Or it might be explained as
an exclamation, ' how surely you will be !' also ironical.
1. 1637. ' I was of old suspected as a foe.'
1. 1640. pa3pdts, 'with heavy yoke.'
EVdy'laes
understood from the
verb. oib p or ovGr A7, properly used with subj. or future indic., e. g. oU
'r7) hxr77
p
'no fear of my being caught.' ob A r s d5 tE (Soph. O. C.
Hence it comes to be
177), 'No chance of any one taking you away.'
used as a very strong negative, and so we find it here negativing an adj.
only. 'Surely no high-mettled trace-horse,' well fed and lightly caparisoned, but a heavily yoked one tamed by hunger. This may do: but
as ob
vp is generally used with verbs, the correction of Pauw, oi;rL p.oL,
seems better.
'shall see him tamed.'
1. 1642. _jPa0XaK6v oc' ET
1. 1644. 'But with thee a woman slew him.' o-dv, adverbial, an
Epic usage not uncommon in poetry; iv, 7rp6s, and others, are so used.
But as Klyt. did not share the deed, but did it alone, oav has been
doubted. If it is right it must be used loosely to mean 'thy accomplice,' ' acting with thee.' But the correction vLV more likely, and is
is
adopted.
1. 1649. 8oKe~s, 'art resolved,' personal construction, see 16. 'pSLv
Ka. XY EW, ' to do and say such things,' no need for sob
yse~as most
,
edd. alter.
1. 1650. A line is lost here; 165o must be given to Aegisthos (not
the chorus, as MSS.), for 1651 is clearly an answer to it. XoxTrat ,
'comrades,' are Aegisthos' bodyguard.
1. 1653. ' Die, thou sayest; we take the omen,' as Ken. well translates
it. riv XjV 8' aipodjea, 'and we take our good fortune.'
[Klytaemnestra afpearsjust as they are about to fight, and stills
the tumult.]
as predicate,
1. 1655. The order of the words points to taking
'Even these are many to reap, a bitter harvest.' The commoner rendering, 'Even to reap these many woes is a bitter harvest,' is possible, but
would rather require roaavTa.
8. Very corrupt. I have taken Hermann's as the best
11.
6
CE
'pwiV ra0BEv, Ep aves' apK
emendation, +rpos 8 ovs

p,

06tjuM,

'

iroXXA

j657,

78

nEwp1o~pLvous

NOTES.

LINES 1628-1672.

xpqv K..XA.,
'Go to your appointed homes, before ye suffer for your
deeds.' It must be admitted that 1rEsrpoJ1Evovs is used rather strangely.
1. 1659. Read with Hermann 8EXoL'XE0' Lv. The best sense seems
to be, ' and if these troubles should be found sufficient, we would accept
them, though grievously smitten with God's wrath.' (Hermann's S'
Er' ov' for ' 7rot unhappy, it would be rlCrETL), i. e. 'if no further
is
trouble occurs, we will be content.' A proudly conciliatory speech,
meaning, 'we will forget this outbreak if you keep quiet for the future.'
1.
'Cull the flowers of a foolish tongue,' a characteristic
Aeschylean figure. The accus. and inf. is exclamatory, 'But that these
should...' i. e. ' the idea that they should...'
1. 1664. Blomfield ingeniously supplies 0' {p3po-a.L for the missing
three syllables.
1. 1666. jITELLL, 'will visit it on thee.'
1. I668. 'Exiles feed on hope;' in this scornful taunt there is dramatic irony, for those who know what is coming in the next play; the
exile Orestes returns and slays the murderers.
1. 1669. ' Go on, and fatten, defiling justice; for thou hast the
power.
1. 1671. The cock was the 'home-fighting' bird ('vopaXasa
Pind.
01. 12. 13; ivoilcos opvrs Eum. 866), and so is Aegisthos, who dares not
fight abroad, but is only formidable on his own dunghill.
1. 1672. -rrpo rL~L& has a secondary meaning 'to care for,' and the
construction follows the meaning; it takes gen. like hLEAE,
cppor'r

1662.

K..A.

79

APPENDICES.
I.
T"e Remote .Deliberative.
Line 620.

obuc

&rO'
1

r~*evSi
&

rcos , A lga

KcaX&.

All the commen-

tators notice here the omission of dv : but perhaps the true character of
the usage has been rather overlooked.
The fact is, that all the passages where commentators have regretted
the want of advin Attic Greek have one common character; they are all
(not 'negative,' as Paley says, on a small induction, but) interrogative,
either direct or indirect. The following is a list of those I can find:(I) Direct.
Soph. O. C. 17o 7roi rTI ppovrioos ~eo ; (sic Laur. Cod.)
,,
Ant. 604 rsav ZeO advawLTs
p7rcpI3ala iaTrdxoL ; (sic Codd.)
8
'
,, Phil. 895 Tri 8gra p'. Eyc.;
Ar. Plut. 438
Iro" Trt q 'yol ;
Plat. Gorg. 492 B 'rixadtov 'E7;

Aesch. Choeph. 595 rls Myo ;
Aesch. Ag. 620
,,

P.V. 292

,,

Cho.

Eur. Alc.

172

52a

(2) Indirect.
fca .
obs fae' b'7rcs AE
ob

oraTLVy
Tcp flECova

OVECi'rTLV

arTLs

EQr' oiv irwcs

/ozpav

Xl
M7V

'AAKICrLr

velpait.

oVo IcepaTO

s y^par

VYV.

1A6'os;

W
Plat.Euthyd. 296 D obK EX 7rscs dap/tippro1yv.
aiLris 7Tor' bTiv, oiv y' icb 'i Iata r ; also closely
Soph. O. C. I1172
resembles these and should be classed with them.
[It is true that (2) are not strictly interrogative in form: but just as
ovi XECL Ei~ (and even EXEC i, Tr dir) are allowed by analogy or exi
',
tension of usage from the strict interrogative form os delv or oaisV o
EiTng, so these instances are really the interrogative optative put obliquely.]
Of these the two prose instances (from Plato) should probably be
emended by insertion of av, which may easily have dropped out.
Perhaps also in Phil. 895 we should read Ti grT' dv. But the rest I see
no reason to suspect.
Now it must be plain, considering these examples all in a lump, that
what they vary from is not the optative with av, but the interrogative
subjunctive, or, as it is usually called, the deliberative. The subjunctive
80

APPENDICES.
might be substituted for the optative in all these instances: and in the
first two it is usually so read, though against the best MS. authority.
The difficulty then is this: not why av is omitted, for the sentences
are not conditional; but why the remote form (optative) is used instead
of the primary form (subjunctive), when the sentences are all of a
primary character.
The answer is that the optative expresses the remoteness, not as usual
(e. g. in past final, or past indefinite, or past deliberatives) of pastness,
but of possibility: the instinct is to express by optative something more
out of the question than the stibjunctive would have expressed.
It is not probable that there was any clearly felt distinction in sense
between the three uses TirsIaTdaoX ; Tis av IraraXor ; and 7is KardcaXo ;
All that can be said is that ri' xardrxot ; gives rather a wider scope to
the range of possibility than -is ardacXp ; something like the difference
between ' who can?' and 'who could ?'; the latter suggesting that it
is more out of the question.

II.
T6o70o, To7T, Tora,

rb

7rv.

Mr. A. W. Verrall, in a very ingenious paper in the Journal of Philology (9. I15), has endeavoured to show that a family of words-r6ros,
70rn5, and 7osrd w, all connected with Toardw, and meaning 'conjecture,'
'divination,' ' discovery' (the verb 'to divine' or ' discover ')-has disappeared from many places in our texts, owing to various corruptions,
6
such as p 7ros for 7r6os, T ,rdv for roryiv or ro rav, etc.
In the course of his argument he deals with the following passages
from Agamemnon:-(I) 161-176.
(2) 681-99 sqq.
(3) 992-3.
In (I) (besides many other emendations) he would read in 174-5 :Zirva E E-is
rpopp6vcs rvicta KcxCwv
rev'Eat <ppeviv 'rorav,
which he construes, 'but he that prophetically nameth (A\.wv for
KAg
Zeus by titles of victory shall be right in thus divining his
character.'
In (2) he would read in 681 cD8's rordy v ~r/r7T4g1 , 'with so true a
prophecy' (with such literal truth in respect of his divination).
F
81

eWv)

APPENDICES.
In (3) he would read ob ToTrav i'yXv 4xriaor q95Aov Opd o, ' unable to
discover the welcome assurance of hope.'
After carefully considering his arguments, I must own that in all
three passages I prefer the MS. reading. (I) KAcowv can quite well
be used of a loud utterance (cp. 48, 201) : and TEd ETraL ppEVcv o 7WaYv,
'shall find wisdom altogether,' is a better sense than the one proposed.
Indeed 'divining his character' is a totally inappropriate expression;
there is no 'divination of character' in piously calling Zeus ' the Victor:'
and for the meaning given to 7rpopp6vcos there is no authority whatever.
In (2) the emendation is less unlikely: but even there
does not
seem quite the right word, as it should properly mean ' conjecture' as
opposed to 'knowledge,' and not 'prophecy;' it is properly applied to
finding out truth by guessing, notforetelling it ; and the MSS. is 7 irav
iET7V7CS, 'altogether truly' (not 'on the whole,' as Mr. Verrall says,
which' is quite different, but like 7rvv or rap&rav), seems perfectly satisfactory.
In (3) rorav Opcos, 'to discover assurance,' is not at all a happy
phrase,,while oh r 7 av is just what is wanted to express the misgiving
constantly recurring, in spite of the king having just returned triumphant
and safe: 'not having to the full hope's happy courage,' as K. translates it.
On the whole therefore I cannot agree in Mr. Verrall's proposed
emendations as far as the Agamemnon is concerned. Still I am bound
to say that I feel, not merely that the a prioriprobability is great that
the TomT7, TrocWo, etc. would disappear from our texts in some places, but
also that in some of the passages where he would restore them there is
much to be said for the restoration.

Tor

III.
Lines 1228 sqq. Mr. H. A. J. Munro (Journal of Philol. xi. 130) has
discussed this passage, and rejects Madvig's emendation as too violent.
He defends the accusative oia after v'eEEraL : and in objecting to this I
think I was wrong. I still feel however that the sentence as a whole is so
harsh as to be very suspicious : ota is a long way from TECE-aC : and the
other objections seem to me to hold. If ota is taken with kkaao'a, rEv't$ at
is unsatisfactory : the things she ' says' and ' obtains' are different.
Mr. Munro's Bocv for 1 (with all respect be it spoken for so high
an authority), I cannot feel to be likely. 'Lengthening out the ambush
of a dark crime '-a version which puts a strain on daTi,-is so violent a
phrase as to be hardly better than the MSS. text. It gives a construction to butTEivaaa, it is true: but the sense and diction is intolerably
harsh.

Biyrv

82

APPENDICES.

IV.
Line 1267. Mr. Munro (Journal of Philol. xi. 139) discusses this line
also, and objects to Mr. Verrall's emendation that it should be 8E not rE,
and that 7rETrvTa goes with ire better. I do not see why, as the actions
of throwing and trampling are similar in kind and in quick succession,
is not admissible, though in form one of the
the close conjunction
verbs is imperative and the other future. The participle 7radvTa seems
to me also possible and natural: the things first fell, and then were
trampled on. My translation 'as ye lie' was a little free: and I have
given 'as ye fall' instead. The meaning is the simple one that one act
came just after the other, and the aorist part. is surely common for the
first of two such acts.

re

V.
Further Notes of Readings.
2.

8' 'v

Jv V. Fl. Fa.
pIEpcpavTOv Fa.
82. tt~jpdparov M.
aivw^ Marg.
97. Xkat a' ...
cKaarvetis B. Fa. Fl.
i05. iarTarve-E (letter erased) M.
Ald.
Iio.

M.

lcuppov

KaTarvElEt

ray'. D.

I5.

dpyP7ar M. dpyas Blomf.
123. XoyoalTras M. Aay. Fl. Fa.
129. 7rpoaBETa M.
Ev
156. Acd~nEatt M.
222. IpoTrob Spanheim.
275. caEBott Marg.

a'ExcAaygEv B. Fl. Fa.

282. corr. Cant.
289. aco~oifs Schiitz; not unlikely.
297. ratiov cwro M. 7rEaov 'Aoawroi Fl. Fa.
312. TOtoi' ETOtLOLt B. Fa. r. ryTVot Fl.

i cXas MSS. EyX. Cant.
8'
334. v MSS. Av Pauw.
336. ds 8' Ebial ovEcStanl.
346. Eypryopov MSS. corr. Pors.
322.

350.

o-lv

ov"yatv Marg.

368. ToTO 7y'
Fa. TrorT' Fl.
384. peydAa MSS.
uspyav Cant.
391. 7rpoaoo3aais Pears. 7rpop. MSS.
rTavyv Trv' Fa. loravyv Schiitz.
394. rTavby Fl.
F 2

83

APPENDICES.
408. TroAX8' dvr'revov Fl.
psos Aur.
430. Trrlucip

457.

Bypoicptv'rov Pors.

rl)poIcprov MSS.

477. Ed8' riTrvos Aur.

[Adopted.]

7a0'

Askew.
536. a)rdxOOV' by Klausen.
511.

544. 7rElrAhqLvot Tyrwhitt.

ppEv

s MSS.
r
546. ppEvds ' Scal.
557. a'rovTras, cbaXaX6ovTar Marg. [Very ingenious.]
5.79. 8owv. . dpaXaiwv is Hartung's very probable emendation. [0ucayv
was first changed through the influence of ro^s icaO' 'EXXa misunder-

stood: then ipyalewv necessarily became dpXaiov.]

[Adopted.]

644. a wayp vov Schiitz.
664. vavoroAoa3' Cas. [Unnecessary.]
684. 7rpovotatr MSS. corr. Pauw.
7oi. lhacr MSS. SXaayEv Pors.
715. &a 7roXtrav Emper.

876.

av y7 Weckl.
yt v

931. EicE Marg.

959. iacipyvpov Salmasius.
965.
969.

rlXavw vy Aur.
oAohv H. Voss.

99o. b'ws Aur.
991. 'Epv'os Pors.
I019. TrE& Aur.
022. eS BA Weckl.
1084. 7rEp
Schiitz.

iv

1117.

1128.

dc6psEros Bothe.
Ev iv
pw Schiitz.

1146. ddo'vos I~icpov MSS. corr. H.
II67. 6AwSwvar V. Fl. 6hov/s'var Fa.

BAoph&as

II74. icacopoovv Schiitz.
1198. bpKov 7r
Aur. [Perhaps right.]

gyua

1227. dnapxos MSS.
1242. 7ratliwv MSS.
1255. varraOi MSS.
t

i'rapxos Cant.
rataEiwv Schiitz.
ava aO^~Steph.

7

1334. p7 Ici L ' EIdAtXOpI MSS. corr.
1362. TeiVOYTE Cant.
1364

,

Ipcdire

MSS.

1396.

7 8'

Tyrwhitt.

1397.

roadvY

Irpar

H.

Blomfield.

1416. EdrdiTcot Fl. Fa.

1419. XpIv Pors.
84

Cas.
[Probable.]

e~6roote (corrected) V.

Cas.

APPENDICES.
1471. ,apedip7rov Abresch.
1527. d~ta Herm.
1531. eV'traXiucowv 1IEp6L/av Enger. [Possibly right.]
1595. xaOqEvocs H. [Probable.]
I6o5 . E'tirE icdOxAt
Marg. arV ovra ' doihA Weck.
1612. IcauovaUv Porson.
1653. alpo4seOa Aur.
i66o. ai4uovar MSS. 8aiyovor Cas.
1671. orrEp MSS. 67rTE Scal.

VI.
Most edd. following Hermann regard this song as the
strophe to which 1537-50 is the antistrophe. There are resemblances :
but to make the correspondence complete we have to suppose four and
a half lines lost out of the first song, and to emend considerably the last
three lines of both.
Wecklein (following Burney's suggestion) meets the difficulty by
assuming that the song 1455-6i is repeated after 1474, and the similar
chant 1537-50 is repeated after I566. This is very ingenious: and it is
strongly supported by the fact that the similar chant ib icb aaLXEV 1489
is so repeated in the text. But there are the following serious difficulties,
1455-61.

in the sense :

(I) The first chant 14.55-61 is a lament for the disastrous consequences
of Helen's sin : and this is answeredby Klyt. (1464). The repetition of
it after the answer seems unlikely.
(2) The Chorus 1467 reply by a reference to the Fate of the house:
and Klyt. answers vvv S' cpocoar. ... which she could hardly do after
the chant objected to had been repeated.
(3) If tcbya yaiis also repeated, there are similar difficulties : for then
Tis

6 OBdtcv

vy (1541) would be repeated after Klyt.'s reply 1554: and

the reference to the Xpqor.S 1568 would be much blurred by the refrain
coming between the maxim (1564) and Klyt.'s reply (1567).

85

GENERAL
Abstract for concrete, 109, I23.
ayyapos, 282.
dayaOev, 3.
dyopaios, 88.
dy&vor, 513.
Accumulation of phrase, 154, 192,
222, 960, 1015.

Adjective, rare use, Io.
- governing accusative, 103, 1091.
aiXla, 483.
dxx' ~, 276.
,aovpys, 946.
av carried on, 1048.

da7ri(Epvos, 406.
Anachronism, 1355.
Anacoluthon, 97, 1oo, 816.
adrTEpos 4aTsl,

276.

Aposiopesis, 498, 567, II09.
Art, works of, 241, 416, 8oi, 1329.
Article, as demonstrative, 7, 397.
- separated from substantive,
Io56.
- as relative, 526, 642.
16.
Attraction, personal use, Bofc,
- of participle, 1371.
Augment omitted, 189.
auTr6s displaced, 836.
- incompounds, of kindred murder, 1092, 1573.
abrov for aavro, I 141 , 1297,1544.
6

INDEX.
BiavXor,

344.
Doricisms :rx6A, 376.
ra ; 1509.

in chorus, 43, 1072.
8' oiv, 34, 224, 676, 1042.
Double meanings, 67, 69, 345, 44 I ,
612, 699, 781, 857, 912.
ibc/cKgaipa, 1372.
faLpE~TOs,
954"
roc, 723.

Epic forms and usages:Article omitted, 59, 313, 323,
7o9, 1395.
- separated from substantive,
1o56.
as relative, 526, 642.
- as demonstrative, 397Genitive of 'hearing of,' 1367.
- local, 1056.
Dative, local, 27; 558, etc.; see
Cases.
- after verbs of motion, 357,
363,1450.
Subjunctive with Ei, 1328.
Syncope, 27, 305.
Tmesis, 450, 944.

.o7,1349Ba

Eis,

1451.

avT Tb7KOS,137.'

ini, dative,

Beauty of nature, 566.
o04, ' call to battle, 1349.

riarTpoos, 397.
OW, 1235.
i'oovS, c long, 122.

"ydp ovv, 524, 674.
pE'v 8", 661, 887, 1213.

-ye

1378.
/Av,
rye

'against,' 61.

iXc'p, 1480.
Kup, 206.
~r6, ' but not,' 1498.
oiTE, 50.

7rcs d'v with optative, 367.
Comparison, abridged, 894.
86

roxha (?), 1453.

GENERAL INDEX.
7rpd adverbial, 253.
o y adverbial, 586, 1645.
cbs for &arE; see Ws.
Euphemism, 1288.

wRv6or,
806.
7rpcito'aOai, 700.
rrpiPrw,
241, 389, 1222.
IrpodovXor, 945.

Personal

construction,

I6,

379

1079.

' From' for ' on,' i16.

Personifying instinct, 894.
Play on words :'EXtras,
689.
K^Bor, 699.

Hearth, domestic, io56.
Lc/s, 717.

'AXE'av3por, 711 (?).

Ionicisms :--

'Ar6XXcAwv,

Tvv dipE , 83.
av-jXoT, 519.
TLrAeX0 S, r498.

vaE

Irony, dramatic, 67, 599, 6o6, 862,

io8I.

EIvEJ,
I193.

Pregnant construction, 538.
Preposition, adverbial, 253, 760,
1645.

904, 912, 1225.

-

pathetic, 455.

Rhetorical repetition, 8.
pvaCov, 534.

ca in questions, 280.
Ka yap oiv, 524.
ca'

7v,

Sin only cause of woe, 751.
Slaves in household religion, 1037.
acTi , 1172.
tard avveroev construction, 308,
562.

I178.

-

' and yet,' 1254.
kupEV, 1201.

avvrTEXs, 632.

Lampadephoria, 312.
Licence of drama, 504.

dv, antithesis

'Swallow' for foreigner, 1050.

suppressed, 924.

Evovv, 1396.
pyvhroL, 644, 886.
Metaphor, rustic, 32.
- grotesque, 494- rapid succession,

Symbolic act, I6o.
Syncope :a saic, 305.
E av TEAacrav, 27.
7E marking apposition, 1526.

786,

lo3r,

1178, 1435.

Names, significant, 687, Io8I.
VEipos, 1478.

vvv, 'just now,' 550.

'task,' 908.
'decision,' 934.
rivcv, double meaning, 1324.
TL E TST'Anr.XAA
,
Wv, 55.
ri, put for clause, 935.
Tmesis, 450, 944.
Transferred epithet, 237, 920.
TE'Xo,
-

'8tor, 104.
ov T
with adjective, 16 4 o.

4cArajWp, 1446.

ob

dS for 4f o,

p#,

5

)v

ye,

1279.

o v, 'in short,' 607.
- in alternatives, 359.
oVTEomitted, 532.
Oxymoron, 1268.

1212.

or, 358, 546, 575, 665,
6
1381.
dr ~4, 1633.
--

irTE for CIr, 884.

87

GRAMMATICAL INDEX.
a. CASES ANDPREPOSITIONS.
Nominative :
Pendens, ioo8.
Strange apposition adat, 195.
After accusative in comparison,
1392.

Accusative:Apposition to clause, 49, 225,
131o.

- loose, 643.
Duration, 1.
Internal, 1375.
-

cognate, I, I74, III1, 1483,
1494.

Adverbial, 280.
Absolute, 1620.
After adjective, 103, 1o 9 1.
- verbs of sitting, 184, 664, 834.
-

TrlEPEis, 1531.

3

Tpo tc6pov, 381.
3
7rp s 'r .Iatov,130.
Genitive :Comprehensive, 278.
Description, 43.
Local, 1056.
Partitive, 961.
Relation, with 'feeling,' 50.
- - vraro, 5I.
- Ev, 379.
cEticoimI4vor, 479.

--

-

-

oTCW,

950.

After dTc
rorros, 307.
negative adjective, 31 I.
- verb of 'hearing about,' 1367.
pcirss, 630.
/&Vos,517.
Separation, XXAEL/t
Et, 'after,' 330.
88

Dative:Ethical, 312, 496.
Instrumental, 521.
Local, 27, 558, 578, 718.
Manner, 52 .
Respect, 233.
Time, 521.
With and without preposition,
656.
After passive, 371, 8o0.
EidrOTCS, 915.

Eri (motion), 357, 363.

Av

(motion), 1450.

b. MooDns AND TENSES.
Indicative:Present prophetic, 126.
Imperfect (attempt), 593Perfect, P'IBrie, 36.
Future perfect active, 1279.
Aorist gnomic, 717, 966, ioo6,
1329.

-

momentary, 1243.
Imperative :Aorist with tp, 931.

Subjunctive :Misgiving, 341.
With ed, 1328.
Optative :Assimilated, 253, 319.
Generalising, 1042.
Double conditional, 930.
Final with orws iv, 364.
Indefinite, 372.
'Potential,' 552.

GRAMMA TICAL INDEX.

Ojtative :Pure optative, 606.
Remote deliberative, 62o.
With av carried on, 1048.
-

After

6ipaos, 980.

Accusative

infinitive,

- exclamatory, 1662.
-

mild order, 1049, 1394.

after 7rapErcevajsvos, 1421,

Participle:-

Infinitive:Consecutive, 15, 481, 569.
- epexegetic, 217, 30o7, 621,640,
956, 961, 1263.-

Attraction, 1371.
Causal, 912.

Conditional, 964.
Genitive absolute, harsh, 1298.

INDEX OF NAMES.
Aigiplanktos, 303.
Alexandros, 61.
Apia, 256.
Arachnaios, 309.
Argos, I.
Artemis, 135.
Asklepios, 1022.
Asopos, 297.
Athos, 285.
Aulis, 191.
Chalkis, 190.
Chryseis, 1439.
Euripos, 292.
Geryon, 871.
Gorgopis, 302.
Helenos, 409.
Hermaios, 283.
Ida, 281.
Ieios, 146.
Iphigeneia, 151.
Itys, 1145.
Kalchas, 122.
Kithairon, 298.
Kronos, 17o.

oblique

petition, 27.

Leda, 914.
Makistos, 289.
Menelaos, 42.
Messapios, 293.
Mykenae, 1.
Orestes, 88o.
Orion, 967.
Ouranos, 170.
Paian, 146.
Philomela, 1145.
Pleisthenes, 1569.
Prokne, 1145.
Pylades, 880.
Saronic gulf, 306.
Seirios, 967.
Simoeis, 695.
Strophios, 880.
Strymon, 192.
Tereus, 1145.
Thyestes, 1096.
Timanthes, 24r.
Tyndareus, 83.
THE END.

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