THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NEW ENGLAND. VOL. III.THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NEW ENGLAND. BY SAMUEL HUBBARD SCUDDER. ‘ * I IN THREE VOLUMES. VOL. III. APPENDIX, PLATES. CAMBRIDGE: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 1889.Printed by W. H. Wheeler CAMBRIDGE, MASS.PORTRAIT OF DR. THADDEUS WILLIAM HARRIS. Originally engraved on steel by Halpin, after a photograph in the possession of the family, for the edition of Harris’s ‘‘Entomological Correspondence,” published in 1869 by the Boston Society of Natural History. The plate having been lost in the Boston fire of 1872, a photogravure plate has been prepared and printed by A. W. Elson & Co. from an artist’s proof of the original steel-plate.z'&TZ) 7i(iA_r Sa TABLE OF CONTENTS. VOL. III. BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA, NOT FOUND IN NEW ENGLAND. NYMPHALIDAE. Oeneis macounii . . 1775 Oeneis calais .... 1777 Cercyonis pégala . . 1779 Coenonympha inomata 1782 Neonympha Cornelius . 1783 Neonympha mitchellii . 1785 Cissia sosybius . . . 1786 Chlorippe celtis . . . 1788 Anaea andria.... 1794 Semnopsyche diana . . 1799 Argynnis alcestis . . 1802 Brenthis freija . . . 1805 Brenthis chariclea . . 1808 Charidryas ismeria . . 1810 Agraulis vanillae . . 1814 LY C AENTDAE. Callicista columella. . 1820 Calycopis cecrops . . 1821 Thecla lorata. . . . 1823 Eupsyche m-album . . 1824 Atlides halesus . . . 1827 Nomiades lygdamus . 1828 Rustí cus striatus . 1829 Epidemia dorcas . 1830 PAPILIONIDAE. Csdlidryas sennae . . 1881 Callidryas philea . . 1833 Zerene cesonia . . . 1836 Pyrisitia mexicana , . 1840 Nathalis iole .... 1842 Synchloe olympia . . 1844 Euphoeades palamedes . 1846 Papilio brevicauda . . 1851 HESPERIDAE. Rhabdoides cellus . . 1855 Thorybes electra . . 1856 Pholisora hayhurstii . 1857 Oarisma powesheik . . 1859 Potanthus omaha . . 1861 Erynnis uncas . . 1862 Limochores palatka. . 1863 Euphyes osyka . . . 1865 Preñes ocola .... 1866 Preñes panoquin . . 1867 THE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. By L. 0. Howard, with, a section on the Microgasterinae by C. Y. Riley. ICHNEUMONIDAE. Ichneumon rufiventris . 1875 " caliginosus . 1876 “ instabilis . 1876 “ versabilis . 1877 Hoplismenus morulus . 1878 Trogus exesorius . . 1878 Trogus obsidianator . 1879 Hemiteles utilis . . . 1879 Hemiteles lycaenae . . 1880 Cryptus sp...........1880 Ophion bilineatus . . 1880 Exochilum mundum . 1881 Anomalon pseudargioli 1881 Mesochorus pieridicolus 1882 Mesochorus scitnlus . 1882 Limneria fugitiva . . 1883 Limneria limenitidis . 1883 Pimpla annulipes . . 1884 Glypta errática . . . 1885 BRACONTDAE. Microdus sanctus . . 1886 CHALCIDIDAE. Chaléis flavipes . . . 1886 Chaléis robusta . . . 1887 Encyrtus montinus . . 1887 Copidosoma turni . . 1888 Pteromalus chionobae . 1889 “ puparum . 1890 “ vanessae . 1890 “ archippi . 1891 Derostenus antiopae 1891 Cirrospilus niger . . 1892 Tetrastichus semideae . 1893 “ saundersii 1893 “ theclae 1893 “ modestus . 1894 Trichogramma minu- turn 1894 Trichogramma minutis- simum 1895 Trichogramma in terme- dium 1895 PROCTOTRUPIDAE. Telenomus graptae . 1896 Telen omus rileyi . . 1896VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. THE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OP NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. BRACONTDAE. Microgasterinae. Apanteles glomeratus . 1898 “ congregatus . 1901 “ edwardsii . 1901 “ megathymi . 1902 Microgasterinae by C. V. Riley. Apanteles limenitidis . 1902 tt lunatus . . 1903 it cyaniridis 1903 a argynnidis . 1904 tt koebelei . . 1904 tt flavicornis . 1905 tt emarginatus. 1906 Apanteles theclae . . 1906 € 6 junoniae . . 1907 Texas, by Boll, is stated by him to have occurred also at Racine, Wise. (Hoy). Nothing more is known of it; it presumably belongs to Rusticus. TRIBE CHE Y SOPH ANI DI. EPIDEMIA SCUDDER. EPIDEMIA DORCAS. Lgcaena dorcas Kirb., Faun. bor. amer., iv: 299, pi. 4, fig. 1(1837). Epidemia dorcas Scudd., Bull. Buff. soc. nat. sc., iii : 128 (1876). Polyommatus anthelle Boisd. MSS., Doubl., List. Lep. Brit. Mus., ii: 55 (1847). Polyommatus epixanthe pars Möschl., Stett. ent. zeit., xxxi: 114-115 (1870). Imago. Head in front snow-white with a broad, median, black-brown stripe running down between the antennae almost to the base; above tufted with jet black, olivaceous and fulvous scales, the first in greatest abundance; a snow-white fringe behind the eye. Palpi white, excepting the apex of the middle joint and all of the apical joint but an inferior line and the extreme tip, which are blackish brown; the inferior fringe of mingled black and white hairs. Antennae black-brown, with moderately narrow, basal, white annulations on all the joints; the club itself velvety black above, sordid white beneath at the base, luteo-fulvous on the naked portions. Thorax covered with glossy black hairs, with intermingled tawny hairs, especially around the base of the wings; beneath covered with pure white scales and sordid bluish white hairs; the legs white, the terminal tarsal joints annulate with brown; the spines dark castaneous. Upper surface of the wings having the disk either bronze brown with a violaceous reflection, most distinct at the extreme base (, av0os, one that drinks at a flower.HESPERIDAS : PAMPHILIDI. 1861 The only specimens at hand of this genus being imperfect, I am unable to characterize it as fully as I should otherwise have done. Still fewer points could have been touched upon, but for the generosity of the Rev. Dr. Holland in lending me the type of Hesperia omaha. This is a small group of Pamphilidi composed of three or four species, all of which appear to be very rare, and almost nothing is known to me of their distribution and nothing of their history. They occur in western America from California and Colorado to, or nearly to, the Isthmus of Panama, and have also been taken on the Atlantic slope in the middle United States. They resemble not a little certain Australian types, but I have not been able to make a sufficient study of their structure. POTANTHUS OMAHA. Hesperia omaha Edw., Proc. ent. soc. Philad., ii : 21 (1863). Potanthus omaha Scucld., Syst. rev. Amer* butt., 54 (1872). Carterocephalus omaha Edw., Cat. Lep. Amer., 49 (1877);—French, Butt. east.U. S., 300-301 (1886). Hesperia mingo Edw., Proc. ent. soc. Philad., vi: 207 (1866). Imago. Head covered above with tawny and black hairs intermingled, tawny only in front; antennae blackish brown, annulate with, tawny beneath, the whole under surface and the apical half of the club tawny. Fore wings tawny, marked with very dark maroon brown; there is, especially, a long and broad, longitudinal belt, following the under surface of the median nervure as far as the tip of the cell, and just not reaching the inner border next the base; at its upper outer limit it is overlapped by another longitudinal belt occupying the base of the interspaces beyond the cell, infringing slightly upon the cell itself, and covering two-thirds of these interspaces ; at its upper interior limit there is, confluent with it, a ray or triangular patch directed upward to the costal margin, which itself is marked more or less heavily with dark brown; besides there is a slender ray of the same color following the subcostal margin halfway across the cell, and the outer margin is marked with brown in various breadths; in the upper subcostal interspace the marking runs nearly halfway to the extremity of the cell; in the interspace beyond the cell it is not more than an interspace in width; below this it increases steadily in width by as much as the interspace is broadened, and the interior limit is here lunulate; there is practically thus left a dark brown wing with three large patches of tawny : a small, triangular patch near the apex, a longitudinal belt along the costal margin, and an oblique, extra-mesial, transverse belt. Hind wings with the same colors, mostly dark brown, with a small, circular, tawny spot in the cell opposite the first submedian forking, and a straight, but irregular, broad, transverse belt just beyond the middle of the wing, which broadens in the median interspaces and runs from the middle of the outer half of the submedian nervure to the last subcostal nervure, where it just fails of reaching the margin of the wing, in the subcostal interspaces being marked only by slight points; there is also a dash of tawny in the costo-subcostal interspace opposite the spot in the cell. Beneath, the tawny markings of the upper surface are repeated throughout and are rendered more conspicuous, because the dark brown of the wings is heavily flecked with tawny scales, excepting along the edges of these markings, which brings them into greater relief, and excepting also in the lower half of the fore wings, where in the portion covered by the hind wings the dark markings are inky brown. Expanse of wings, 26 mm. This species has been regarded by some as identical with P. californicns, but in the latter species the markings of the under surface of the hind wings are far less diver-1862 BUTTERFLIES BEYOND NEW ENGLAND. sifted, the transverse, light colored band being indicated only by the dark and obscured edgings; and the upper surface of the fore wings shows on the costal margin a large, blackish brown, longitudinal bar on a line with and as large as the extra-mesial, tawny band. Very little is known of this butterfly, which has been taken only in West Virginia and Colorado. ERYNNIS SCHRANK. ERYNNIS UNCAS. Hesperia uncas Edw., Proc. ent. soc. Phiiad., ii; 19-20, pi. 5, fig. 3, 2 figs. (1803). Pamphila uncas Kirb., Syn. cat. diurn. Lep., 600 (1871); French, Butt. east. U. S., 308-309 (1886). Anthomaster uncas Scudd., Syst. rev. Amer, butt., 57 (1872). Hesperia ridingsii Keak., Proc. ent. soc. Phiiad., vi : 151 (1866). Ocytes ridingsii Mead, Wheeler’s report, v: 788 (1876). Imago. Head tufted above with dull olivaceous and black hairs, the apical joint of the palpi black, the under surface of the palpi pallid; antennae black, heavily flecked beneath with white, excepting at the naked tip of the club, which is more or less enlivened with castaneous. Thorax covered above with dull gray, olivaceous hairs, beneath with dull, silvery white scales and whitish hairs; the legs clay brown. Wings above rather dark slate brown, varying in depth of tint, and with glossy reflections. Fore wings usually marked with pallid, occasionally with tawny spots, of which there is a pair of confluent ones marking the extremity of the cell, and an extra-mesial series of spots forming a very irregular, oblique, subcontinuous band; it is composed of three elongated spots in the subcostal interspace, midway between the tip of the cell and the wing; a pair of subquadrate spots in the interspaces beyond the cell whose inner border is on a line with the outer border of the neighboring spots, and, obliquely continuous with these, three very unequal spots in the median and medio-sub-median interspaces, that in the lower median interspace generally the largest, that in the medio-submedian very variable and more frequently fulvous to a greater or less extent, occupying the middle of the interspace; these spots, especially the latter ones, are most conspicuous in the female; in the male they are usually much reduced in size and those in the lower median and medio-submedian interspaces are subobsoleteand in part obscured by the fulvous tone of all that portion of the wing which follows the discal stigma; this is composed very much as in its ally E. metea. Hind wings more or less suffused with pale tawny, more conspicuous in certain lights than in others, marked at the tip of the cell and crossed by an extra-mesial series of subcontinuous pallid spots, generally more or less tawny, which are the vague repetition of the more distinct spots of the under surface; fringe of all the wings sordid white, often more or less infuscated in the upper half of the fore wings and preceded by a thread of blackish brown. Beneath, dull, dirty, olivaceous brown, a deeper olivaceous brown bordering all the markings, especially on the hind wings, and lending, them greater perspicuity. The fore wings show in both sexes the markings of the upper surface of the female, but they are perhaps more conspicuously continuous, and terminate on the inner border in a large, vague, triangular, pallid spot; these show also a slight tendency to follow as threads down the nervures, and occasionally the outer half of the wing apart from them is heavily flecked with saffron scales. On the hind icings the extra-mesial band is very marked and almost invariably continuous, forming a bent band, bent at somewhat ess than a right angle, composed of subquadrate spots, produced at all the angles along the nervure tips, and margined, externally at least, with dark brown, the upperHESPERIO AE: PAMPHILIDI. 1863 half of the band running from the costal nervure to the median in a straight line, having a direction from the middle of the costal border to the tip of the upper median nervule, the lower half in a direction from the outer angle of the wing to the middle of the inner margin; there are besides two spots within this: one at the lower apex of the cell, the other at the extreme base of the costo-subcostal interspace, the latter sometimes subconfluent with the outer spot of the same interspace; all these spots are dull, silvery white. Expanse of wings, 31-37 mm. This butterfly has been credited to a wider range of territory than can perhaps be claimed for it, though it is certainly found from Pennsylvania to Colorado. As the species of this genus are difficult of separation unless considerable series are at hand for comparison and for the study of the abdominal appendages, determinations by those who do not make use of these means must be taken with qualification. It has been given as inhabiting the Rocky Mountain district from Dakota to Arizona. Nothing is known of its history, except that Mead found it in Colorado at Twin Lakes in July, 44 generally upon or near the dwarf lupines, which grew with bunch grass and low herbage, in open spaces between the plants of sage brush.” LIMOCHORES SCUDDER. LIMOCHORES PALATKA. Hesperia pilatka*Edw., Trans, amer. ent. soc., i: 287 (1867). Limochores palatka Scudd., Syst. rev. Amer. butt., 59 (1872). Pamphüa bulenta Streck., Cat. Amer. ma-crol., 170-171 (1878). Pamphila dion Edw., Can. ent., xi:238-239 (1879)French, Butt. east. U. S., 337-339 (1886). [Not Pampliila palatka Edw., Chapm., French; nor Hesperia bulenta Boisd.-LeC.] Head densely tufted above with tawny and black-brown hairs, which also cover the apical face of the palpi, excepting the apical joint which is wholly black-brown above, tawny beneath; rest of palpus covered with white scales like the head behind and beneath the eyes, gradually merging into tawny. Antennae black-brown above, annu-lated with tawny, beneath almost wholly tawny, the apical naked portion of the club, including the crook, orange castaneous. Thorax covered above with tawny, greenish yellow and pale green hairs; beneath with sordid pale greenish yellow; the femora tawny but purple at tip and on the lower portion of the anterior side; the tibiae and tarsi dull tawny, the latter infuscated apically. Wings above black-brown, heavily marked with tawny, having in the males a decided gleam; in the fore wings of the female the brighter colors are mostly confined to an extra-mesial, curving, bent band broadened from above downward, bent in the interspaces beyond the cell, consisting of longitudinal spots clearly interrupted by the nervures, starting from the middle of the outer half of the costal border and ending with its interior edge at the middle of the submedian nervure; in addition the apical half of the cell is more or less suffused or streaked with tawny which is usually of a paler color than in the male. In the male the tawny occupies almost the entire disk excepting the infuscated, more or less strigate base and reaches as far toward the outer border as would correspond to the outer limits of the extra-mesial belt of the female, the outer black-brown bordering being of subequal width and of an average width of two interspaces; sometimes, and especially in northern specimens, the * Typographical error for palatka.1864 BUTTERFLIES BEYOND NEW ENGLAND. costal border is more or less infuscated; the discal stigma consists of two moderately broad bars of velvety black, the upper and outer at the extreme base of the lower median interspace, following the median nervure, the lower and inner connected with the lower inner corner of the upper at its own upper outer corner, and traversing the medio-submedian interspace in a line nearly parallel to that of the upper portion of the stigma, but bent in the least possible degree downward; the two portions of the stigma are equal and each rounded at either end and about three and a half times longer than broad with slight individual variation. Hind wings with the disk more or less marked with fulvous tawny in the centre, leaving an extremely broad margin around the whole, and invariably cut distinctly by blackish fuscous ner-vules; it is occasionally reduced almost entirely to a single longitudinal ray in the subcosto-median interspace, where, when best developed, it is almost always more distinct than elsewhere, and extends from the apex of the cell more than half way to the margin of the wing; the whole disk of the wing is, moreover, heavily clothed with dark tawny hairs; fringe pallid, mixed with brown scales which nearly supplant the paler ones on the upper half of the fore wing. Beneath dark brown, more or less enlivened with a sprinkling of tawny scales. Fore wings sprinkled with tawny scales having more or less of an orange tinge, especially above the median nervure, beneath which, previous to the extra-mesial band, which is less conspicuously repeated beneath in both sexes as in the female above, the wing is deeply infumated with blackish or blackish brown, which also follows the inner margin nearly to the tip and suffuses more or less the apical half of the median and submedian interspaces in both sexes, though the latter more commonly in the male than in the female; outer margin marked with a black brown thread and the fringe concolorous with the wing or a little more pallid on the lower half. Hind wings having the same general color as the upper half of the fore wings, excepting that a broad longitudinal belt of yellow tawny follows the subcosto-median interspace from the extremity of the cell more than half way to the margin, beyond which it gradually fades out, and another the whole of the medio-submedian interspace from base to margin, while the inner margin beneath this is slightly yellower than the main ground color; in addition the veins are frequently marked with yellow, but this feature is more common in northern individuals than in southern, those from Florida being frequently almost uniformly flecked with fulvous scales throughout, showing little or no sign of the broad yellow rays or of any distinction of nervures. Expanse of wings, $, 39-44 mm.; , 42-49 mm. Described from 5 $, 5 $. I judge that the description of the caterpillar referred to this species by Chapman does not belong to it because I have received from him named specimens of the imago from Florida which do not belong to this species but to an allied one which is intermediate between Limochores pontiac and Limochores arpa, sent me many years ago by Mr. Edwards under the specific name of pallas, but which has never been described under that name. Specimens of dion, kindly sent me by Professor French, compared with specimens from Florida, which had been compared at the time of its description with the type of Edwards’s palatka, show them to be the same species. The distribution of this butterfly is evidently little known, since it has been found only in the western Mississippi states — eastern Nebraska, northern Illinois and Indiana—and at Hamilton, Ontario, and then in northern Florida. Nothing is known of its earlier stages.HESPERIDAE: PAMPHILIDI. 1865 EUPHYES SCUDDER. EUPHYES OSYKA. Hesperia osyka Edw., Trans. Am. ent. soe., i: 288 (1867). Pamphila osyka Kirb., Syn. cat. diurn. Lep., 607 (1871);—French, Butt. east. U. S., 345 (1886). Ewphyes osyka Scudd., Syst. rev. Amer. butt., 59 (1872). Hesperia baeis Boisd., MS. Imago. Head tufted above with bright saffron hairs, interrupted behind the antennae by a transverse belt of black-brown scales; basal half of the palpi silvery white, apical half saffron, mingled above with many black scale-hairs, the apical joint black; antennae black above, annulate with clay-brown beneath, the basal half of the club beneath clay-brown, the naked tip brighter. Thorax clothed above with brown scales and hairs of various depths of color, mingled with many greenish hairs, beneath sordid white; the legs dark clay brown. Wings above uniform dark blackish brown, with a very slight tawny gloss. Fore wings with a pair of small, pallid spots, a small, roundish spot at the extreme base of the upper median interspace, and another larger than it in the interspace below removed a little toward the base; these spots are larger in the female than in the male, and are accompanied in the latter by a row of two or three minute dashes of the same color, depending from the middle of the outer half of the costal border. Beneath, uniform dark brown, with a purplish tinge, the lower half of the fore wings with a slight tawny tint; the markings of the upper surface are repeated, generally a little more distinctly. Expanse of wings, 28-31 mm. This butterfly belongs to the Gulf States, where it has been reported from South Carolina and Georgia on the east, to Louisiana and Texas on the west; but as it has also been taken in northern Indiana, it must be found over a larger extent of territory than had been supposed. Nothing whatever is known of its history or habits. PRENES SCUDDER. Prenes* Scudd., Syst. rev. Amer. butt., 60 (1872). Pamphila pars Auctorum. Imago. Head broad, the front four times as broad as high, greatly excised laterally below, uniformly and considerably tumid, surpassing somewhat the front of the eyes. Vertex almost uniformly tumid with the front, and almost as considerably rising above the upper level of the eyes, with a transverse, coronal carina, slight and short, in the middle of the summit. Eyes large, full, circular, naked. Antennae inserted in shallow depressions, greatly separated, the space between equal to the whole height of the head, slender, of about the length of the long abdomen, composed of about thirty-eight joints, of which about half form the club, which is not more than half as long as the stalk, very gracefully elongate fusiform or Indian-club shaped, with a greatly attenuated, delicate, slender, tapering, pointed crook, composed of eight or nine joints, nearly or quite twice as long as the breadth of the club, and about half as long as it. Palpi short, the basal joints very thickly clothed, so as to appear very *irpT]vr$, headlong.1866 BUTTERFLIES BEYOND NEW ENGLAND. large, but in reality the middle joint is bullate, only half as long again as broad, the apical joint slender, small, not so long as the width of the middle joint. Fore wings elongate triangular, the lower outer angle falling a little outside the middle of the costal margin, the apex pointed; costal margin full next base, beyond distinctly though faintly and broadly excised; outer margin slightly sinuous, with a tendency to an angulate bend next the upper median nervule, and a faint excision in the lower median interspace. Second subcostal nervule originating before the middle of the wing; second median nervule arising opposite a point between the origin of the third and fourth subcostal nervule; cell nearly two-thirds as long as the wing. Hind wings triangular, the costal and inner margins of about equal length, the outer margin gently rounded, but mesially excised a little, so as to appear faintly bilobed. First median fork slightly more distant from the base than the subcostal. Fore femora and hind femora of equal length, the former half as long again as its tibia, the latter four-fifths as long as its tibia; fore tibia hardly two-fifths as long as the fore tarsi, which are only a little shorter than the hind tarsi; first joint of hind tarsi as long as the remainder together, the last joint as long as the preceding. Claws minute, strongly bent in the middle, the paronychia simple, triangular, tapering lobes, as long as the claw and nearly concealing it on the side, but originating just below it. This group of slender, sharp-winged and presumably very swift Pam-philidi is tolerably numerous in species, which occur from the southern part of the United States, through the Antilles, Mexico and Central America to Venezuela. Two species occur in the United States, both of which occasionally reach the northern half. Nothing is known of their history or time of flight, excepting that on their northern edge they fly at the end of June. FRENES OCOLA. Hesperia ocola Edw., Proc. ent. soc.Philad., ii: 20, pi. 11, fig. 4 (1863). Pamphila ocola Kirb., Syn. cat. diurn. Lep., 607 (1871); — French, Butt. east. U. S., 332 (1886). Preñes ocola Scudd., Syst. rev. Amer. butt, 60 (1872). Imago. Head covered above with mingled fulvous and blackish brown scales and hairs, the palpi similar, pallid beneath at the base, the apical joint and the outer anterior edge black; antennae black, clay brown beneath, especially on the body of the club. Thorax covered with dull tawny hairs above, beneath with dull brown and pallid hairs; the legs dark brown above, dull saffron beneath. Wings above uniform dark brown with a very faint, dark tawny reflection. The fore wings with very simple markings, consisting of a minute, triangular, vitreous spot at the extreme base of the upper median interspace, a much larger, strongly lunulate, sub-triangular, vitreous spot at the extreme base of the lower median interspace, its outer margin as far removed from the previous spot as its own length, and a faint, brief, longitudinal streak of the same, lying upon the middle of the submedian nervure; in addition there is in the female a pair of very faint and minute dashes or dots close to the base of the last two superior subcostal interspaces, one directly above the other. Beneath, warm dark brown; the base of the fore wings obscured with black, especially along the nervures; the markings of the upper surface of the female are repeated beneath in both sexes but the spot on the submedian nervure becomes sordid white, and all the spots have a tendency to be of larger size, and in addition there isHESPERIO AE : PAMPHUIDI. 1867 sometimes found a minute dot in the lower part of the interspace beyond the cell in line with both the upper and the lower series. The hind wings occasionally show exceedingly faint traces of a row of faint light spots crossing the upper half of the wing just beyond the middle. Expanse of wings, 34-40 mm. The butterfly is found throughout the southern states, at least east of the Mississippi, and has also been found in the extreme northern part of Indiana and in eastern Pennsylvania, according to Edwards, so that it probably covers all the middle states as well. We are entirely unacquainted with the life of the butterfly* FRENES PANOQUIN. Hesperiapanoquin Scudd., Proc. Ess. inst., iii: 178-179 (1863). Pamphila panoquin Kirb., Syn.cat. diurn. Lep., 608 (1871)French, Butt. east. U. S., 331 (1886). Prenespanoquin Scudd., Syst. rev. Amer, butt., 60 (1872). Hesperia ophis Edw., Trans. Amer. ent. soc., iii: 216 (1871). Hesperia cochles Latr., MS. Imago. Head covered above with mingled brown and black scales and tawny and black hairs; palpi with mingled white and yellow scales and near the extremity with many black scale-hairs; the apical joint black only above, elsewhere clay-brown; antennae black-brown beneath with a line of clay-brown, the naked portion of the club very dark castaneous. Thorax covered above with greenish brown scales, tawny and brown hairs; beneath with dirty yellow hairs; the legs brown, more or less flecked with dull yellow, the tarsi darker above and paler beneath. Wings above dark brown, somewhat variable in depth; when freshest, with a faint tawny reflection. Fore wings with a few small spots, usually pale dull yellow in the male, pallid in the female; there is a mere dot at the extreme base of the upper median interspace, a roundish, occasionally triangular spot near the base of the lower median interspace, midway between the previous spot and the extreme base of the interspace; also on a line with these there is sometimes found, more frequently in the ? than in $, a dot in the lower portion of the interspace beyond the cell, these three spots forming a single straight line in which they are equidistant; in rare instances there is in the female another dot in the upper portion of the same interspace beyond the cell on a line with the previous and subconfluent with the other in the same interspace; the female also shows a pair of short dashes in the subcostal interspace in the middle of the outer half of the wing, the upper the outer, and there is also within the cell at its lower outer extremity, subjacent to the spot in the lower median interspace, a short slender streak, while a similar and generally larger streak rests upon the submedian nervure, as far from the margin as the spot in the lower median interspace; these latter markings are often obsolete, especially in the male. Thehind wings occasionally show the mark of the longitudinal streak of the under surface. Beneath, rather paler than above; all the nervures of the hind wings marked in very pale yellow, which is also the case to a less extent upon the fore wings, in the submedian nervure and the nervules of the apex of the wing, which are narrowly marked. Fore wings with the markings of the upper surface of the female repeated beneath, generally with greater clearness and completeness. On the hind wings there are two conspicuous, long, white, longitudinal dashes, one in the interspace beyond the cell, running from its termination at least half way, sometimes three-quarters, to the outer margin; the other in the medio-submedian interspace from the extreme base1868 BUTTERFLIES BEYOND NEW ENGLAND. to the middle of the previous streak, following the line of the median nervure. Expanse of wings, 32-38 mm. This butterfly is a species known best from the southern Atlantic states from South Carolina to Key West and Apalachicola, Fla. ; but it doubtless inhabits other parts of the south since the specimens upon which the species was originally based in all probability came from the vicinity of New Orleans. It has latterly been found in abundance by Aaron at Atlantic City, N. J. We are totally ignorant of its life and early stages, excepting that Aaron found it in New Jersey the last of June and first of July.THE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. BY L. O. HOWARD, WASHINGTON, D. 0. Why, here you have the awfulest of crimes For nothing! Hell broke loose on a butterfly! Browning.— The Bing and the Book. It was in March, 1887, when Mr. Scudder first wrote asking me to revise and extend the chapter on butterfly parasites written by Dr. A. S. Packard for his (Scudder’s) book on New England Butterflies, but published under the title “Some Ichneumon Parasites of our New England Butterflies,” in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Yol. XXI. I at once replied that I should be glad to attempt the task, and some little time was spent during the summer of 1887 examining Dr. Packard’s types and other material sent me by Mr. Scudder. Learning, during a visit to Cambridge in the fall of 1887, that there was no immediate hurry for my manuscript, I postponed the work until the summer of 1888, and meantime corresponded with several gentlemen interested in butterflies, and brought together some additional material, which I have studied with that already at hand, and present the results herewith. The larger part of the material which I have seen was sent me by Mr. Scudder. Some of it had already been studied by Dr. Packard, while the remainder had been subsequently reared by Mr. Scudder or his correspondents. Considerable material, both in the way of specimens and notes, was also placed at my disposal by Dr. C. Y. Riley, from his old collection and from the collections of the National Museum and of the Department of Agriculture. Mr. W. H. Edwards has sent me a number of specimens with notes, and Judge W. B. Thomas of Athens, Ga., Mr. A. H. Mundt of Fairbury, 111., and Mr. H. H. Lyman of Montreal, have all sent specimens and short notes. Professor Riley has kindly written for me the portion of the chapter relating to the important parasites of the Braconid subfamily Microgasterinae, as I felt that from his familiarity with these difficult forms he would do them infinitely better justice than I could my-1870 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. self. Mr. E. T. Cresson has also, with his customary kindness, made certain determinations for me in the Ichneumonidae, and has sent me copies of several of Holmgren’s generic descriptions which were not accessible to me at Washington. The chapter may be appropriately begun with a tabulated arrangement of the hosts from which parasites have been bred, placing opposite to each species of butterfly the parasites which have been reared from it, and the reverse. The main object of the chapter is, of course, to enable the observer to identify any parasites which he may have reared from butterfly larvae or pupae, supposing them to have been reared before, and I would advise him first, by examining this list, to ascertain what parasites have been reared from the insect in question, and then to compare the figures and descriptions of these particular species with the specimens he has reared. If he does not in this way satisfy himself, then let him run through the synoptical table of genera and the descriptions of species which follow, and it will not be difficult to ascertain whether his observation is a new one. LIST OF HOSTS AND PARASITES. Butterflies. Parasites. Oeneis semidea......Ichneumon instabilis. ?Encyrtus montinus. Pteromalus chionobae. Tetrastichus semideae. Oeneis macounii.....Trichogramma interme- dium. Chlorippe clyton....Limneria fugitiva. Pimpla annulipes ? Chaléis flavipes. Telenornus rileyi. Chlorippe celtis....Limneria fugitiva. Basilarchia archippus.Ichneumon caliginosus. Limneria limenitidis. Apanteles limenitidis. Pteromalus puparum. Trichogramma minu-tum. Trichogramma minu-tissimum. Basilarchiaastyanax..An undetermined chal- cid (Shurtleff). Polygonia interroga- tionis .........Hoplismenus mor ulus. Apanteles sp. (cocoon only). Pteromalus vanessae. Tetrastichus modestus* Trichogramma intermedium. Telenornus graptae. Polygonia comma.....Glypta errática. Pteromalus vanessae. Polygonia satyrus....Pteromalus puparum. Butterflies. Parasites. Polygonia faunus.....Ichneumon versabilis. Polygonia progne.....Telenornus graptae. An undetermined Pter-omalid. Euvanessaantiopa... .Hoplismenus morulus. Pteromalus vanessae. Pteromalus puparum. Derostenus antiopae. Telenornus graptae. Aglais milberti......Ichneumon rufiventris. Apanteles atalantae. Trichogramma intermedium. Vanessa atalanta.....Microgaster carinata. Apanteles atalantae. Apanteles edwarsii. (A Braconid; note by Scudder; no specimen.) Pteromalus puparum. Eulophus sp.; known from its pupa only. Cirrospilus niger. Tetrastichus modestus. Trichogramma niinu-tissimum. Vanessa huntera......Ichneumon rufiventris. Apanteles carduicola. Microgaster; note by Riley; no specimen. Vanessa cardui.......Ichneumon rufiventris. Trogus exesorius. Exochilum mundum.HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1871 Butterflies. Parasites. Vanessa cardui (cont.).ApanteIes carduicola. Pteromalus puparum. (An egg-parasite ;. note by Riley; no specimen.) Junonia coenia.......Apanteles junoniae. (An egg-parasite; note by Murtf eldt ; no specimen.) Argynnis cybele......Apanteles argynnidis. Pbyciodes tharos.....Ichneumon instabilis. Lemonias anicia......Apanteles koebeli. Euphydryasphaeton..Pteromalid; species unknown. Anosia plexippus.... .Pteromalus archippi. Trichogramma intermedium. Agraulis vanillae....Chalcis flavipes. Pteromalus puparum. Uranotes melinus.....Anomalon pseudargioli. Thecla sp........... .Apanteles theclae. Thecla calanus.......Tetrastichus theclae. Thecla edwardsii.....Tetrastichus saundersii. Cyaniris pseudargio- lus...............Anomalon pseudargioli. Apanteles cyaniridis. Hemiteles lycaenae. Heodes hypophlaeas..Ichneumon versabilis. Telenomus graptae. Xanthidia nicippe... .Apanteles cassianus. Eurema lisa..........Pteromalus puparum. Eurymus philodice... .Mesochorus scitulus. Apanteles sp. Pteromalus puparum. Pontia protodice.....(Said by Edwards to be parasitized by a small Ichneumon; Butt. N. A., i, 35). Pteromalus puparum. Pieris oleracea......Apanteles glomeratus. Pieris rapae.........Mesochorus pieridicola. Apanteles glomeratus. Butterflies. Parasites. Pieris rapae (cont.).. .Pteromalus puparum. Tetrastichus sp. Ascia monuste........Pteromalus vanessae. Iphiclides ajax......Trogus exesorius. Pimpla annulipes. Exochilum mundum. Jasoniades glaucus....Trogus exesorius. Copidosoma turni. Trichogramma rninu-tissimum. Euphoeades troilus...Trogus exesorius. Cryptus sp. Apanteles emarginatus. Euphoeades palame- des................Pteromalus vanessae. Heraclides cresphon- tes................Hemiteles utilis. Chalcis robusta. Pteromalus vanessae. Papilio polyxenes....Trogus exesorius. Trogus obsidianator. Apanteles lunatus. Epargyreus tityrus. ...Ophion bilineatus. Limneria sp. Pteromalus puparum. Thorybespylades......Egg-parasite; note by Scudder; no specimens. Apanteles sp. Thanaos lucilius.....Trichogramma inter- medium. Thanaos juvenalis....Microdus sanctus. Apanteles flavicornis. Pholisora catullus... .Limneria fugitiva. Microdus sanctus. Apanteles pholisorae. Limochores taumas.. .Telenomus graptae. Megathymus yuccae. .Apanteles megathymi. (Egg - parasite; eggs found punctured with exit-holes.) LIST OF PARASITES AND HOSTS. Parasites. Butterflies. Ichneumon rufiven- tris ..............Agíais milberti. • Vanessa huntera. Vanessa cardui. Ichneumon caligino- sus................Basilarchia archippus. Ichneumon instabilis..Oeneis semidea. Phyciodes tharos. Ichneumon versabilis..Polygonia faunus. Heodes hypophlaeas. Parasites. Butterflies. Hoplismenus mor ulus.Polygonia interroga- tionis. Euvanessa antiopa. Trogus exesorius.....Vanessa cardui. Iphiclides ajax. Jasoniades glaucus. Euphoeades troilus. Papilio polyxenes. Trogus obsidianator. ..Papilio polyxenes. Hemiteles utilis.....Heraclides eresphontes.1872 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Parasites. Butterflies. Hemiteles lycaenae.. .Cyaniris pseudargiolus. Cryptus sp...........Euphoeades troilus. Ophion bilineatus....Epargyreus tityrus. Exochilum mundum.. Vanessa cardui. Iphiclides ajax. Anomalon pseudar- gioli..............Uranotes melinus. Cyaniris pseudargiolus. Mesochorus pieridicola ..................Pieris rapae. Mesochorus scitulus. .Eurymus philodice. Limneria fugitiva....Chlorippe clyton. Chlorippe celtis. Pholisora catullus. Limneria limenitidis. .Basilarchia archippus. Limneria sp..........Epargyreus tityrus. Pimpla annulipes.....Chlorippe clyton? Iphiclides ajax. Glypta erratica......Polygonia comma. Microdus sanctus.....Thanaos juvenalis. Pholisora catullus. Apanteles glomeratus.Pieris olerácea. Pieris rapae. Apanteles edwardsii. .Vanessa atalanta. Apanteles megathymi.Megathymus yuccae. Apanteles limenitidis..Basilarchia archippus. Apanteles lunatus....Papilio polyxenes. Apanteles cyaniridis..Cyaniris pseudargiolus. Apanteles argynnidis-.Argynnis cybele. Apanteleskoebelei....Lemonias anicia. Apanteles flavicornis..Thanaos juvenalis. Apanteles emarginato...................Euphoeades troilus. Apanteles theclae....Thecla sp Apanteles junoniae... Junonia coenia. Apanteles carduicola..Vanessa huntera. Vanessa cardui. Apanteles atalantae...Agíais milberti. Vanessa atalanta. Apanteles pholisorae..Pholisora catullus. Apanteles cassianus. ..Xanthidia nicippe. Apanteles spp........Polygonia interroga- tionis. Eurymus philodice. Thorybes pylades. Microgaster carinata. .Vanessa atalanta. Microgaster ?sp......Vanessa huntera. Chalcis flavipes....... Chlorippe clyton. Agraulis vanillae. Chalcis robusta......Heraclides cresphontes. Encyrtus montinus...?Oeneis semidea. Copidosoma turni.....Jasoniades glaueus. Pteromalus chionobae.Oeneis semidea. Parasites. Butterflies. Pteromalus vanessae. .Polygonia interrogar tionis. Polygonia comma. Euvanessa antiopa. Ascia monuste. Euphoeades palamedes. Heraclides cresphontes. Pteromalus sp.......Polygonia progne. Euphydryas phaeton. Pteromalus archippi.. Anosia plexippus. Pteromalus puparum.Basilarchia archippus. Polygonia satyrus. Euvanessa antiopa. Vanessa atalanta. Vanessa cardui. Agraulis vanillae. Eurema lisa. Eurymus philodice. Pontia protodice. Pieris rapae. Epargyreus tityrus. Eulophus sp.........Vanessa atalanta. Cirrospilus niger...Vanessa atalanta. Derostenus antiopae. .Euvanessa antiopa. Tetrastichus semideae.Oeneis semidea. Tetrastichus sp.....Pieris rapae. Tetrastichus saunder- sii...............Thecla edwardsii. Tetrastichus theclae. ..Thecla calanus. Tetrastichus modesto..................Polygonia interroga- tions. Vanessa atalanta. Trichogramma minu- tum.................Basilarchia archippus. Trichogramma minu- tissimum..........Basilarchia archippus. Vanessa atalanta. Jasoniades glaueus. Trichogramma intermedium...............Oeneis macounii. Polygonia interrogations. Agíais milberti. Anosia plexippus. Thanaos lucilius. Telenomus graptae... .Polygonia interrogations. Polygonia progne. Euvanessa antiopa. Heodes hypophlaeas. Limochores taumas. Telenomus rileyi.... .Chlorippe clyton.HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1873 In comparison I introduce here a list of the European parasites of the four butterflies which are common to Europe and North America. EUROPEAN HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF BUTTERFLIES COMMON TO EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. Euvanessa antiopa. Y anessa atalanta. Yanessa cardui. Pieris rapae. Ichneumon fossorius Ratz.: Ratzeburg, lehn. d. Forstins. Hoplismenus terrificus Wesm.: Giraud et Laboulbéne, Liste d’éclo-sions d’insectes, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1877. Pteromalus puparum L.: Kirchner, Cat. Hym. Eur. Hoplismenus plica Wesm.: Giraud et Laboulbéne, loe. cit. Amblyteles armatorius Forst.: Bignell, in Buckler’s Larvae of British Butterflies, Ray Society, 1886. * Hemiteles fulvipes Gr.: Fitch, Entomologist, xiv : 139. Limneria cursitans Holmgr.: Fitch, Entomologist, xvi: 66. * Mesochorus sylvarum Hal.: Fitch, loc. cit., 141. Pimpla flavicans Fabr.: Rondani, Bull. soc. ent. ital., x: 31. Microgaster spurius Wesm.: Giraud et Leboulbéne, loc. cit. Microgastersubcompletus Nees: Fitch, Entomologist, xiv: 142. Microgaster deprimator Spin.: raised by Scudder, determined by Drewsen. Apanteles sp.: Fitch, Entomologist, xiii. Pteromalus puparum (L.): Fitch, Naturalist, 1886: 213. Ichneumon castigator Fabr.: Rondani, loc. cit. Limneria exareolata Ratz.: Bignell, loc. cit. Pimpla diluta Ratz. Ratzeburg, loc. cit. Bracon variator Nees: Bignell, loc. cit. Microgaster subcompletus Nees: Scudder. Apanteles emarginatus Nees: Bignell, loc. cit. Campoplex conicus Ratz.: Rosenhaur det. specimen in Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge. * Hemiteles fulvipes Gr.: Bignell loc. cit. * Mesochorus aciculatus: Bignell, loc. cit. * Mesochorus splendidulus Grav.: reared by Scudder, determined by Drewsen. Microgaster glomeratus L.: Scudder, Kaltenbach. Apanteles rubecula Marsh.: Bignell, loc. cit. Apanteles glomeratus (L.): many authors. * Diplolepis microgastri Boh. Kaltenbach. Monodontomerus aerus Walk.: Mayr, Europ. Torymiden Monodontomerus dentipes Boh.: ibid. Pteromalus puparum (L.): many authors. * All probably hyperparasitic. Analytical Table of Families. Anterior wings with several closed cells. Anterior wings with two recurrent nervures.ICHNEUMONIDAE. Anterior wings with but one recurrent nervure.BRACONIDAE. Anterior wings almost veinless. Pronotum not reaching to tegulae..............CHALCIDIDAE. Pronotum reaching to tegulae...............PROCTOTRUPIDAE.1874 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Analytical Tables of Genera. ICHNEUMONIDAE. First segment of the depressed, pedunculate abdomen bent towards apex. Ovipositor hidden or only slightly exserted. Abdomen ? acute at tip, last ventral segment retracted. Scutellum flat or convex, gradually sloping to apex...........Ichneumon. Scutellum gibbous, abruptly declivous behind..................Hoplismenus. Abdomen ? obtuse at tip, last ventral segment not retracted........Trogus. Ovipositor distinctly exserted. Areolet incomplete......................................... Hemiteles. Areolet complete............................................ .Cryptus. First segment of abdomen straight. Abdomen petiolate, compressed for at least posterior half. Cubito-discoidal cell receiving both recurrent nervures............Ophion. Cubito-discoidal cell receiving but one recurrent nervure. Spiracles of metathorax oval or elongate. Apical margin of clypeus truncate......................Exoehilum. Apical margin of clypeus acutely angled or pointed.....Anomalon. Spiracles of metathorax round. Areolet large, rhomboidal........................... Mesochorus. Areolet small...........................................Limneria. Abdomen sessile. Ovipositor arising from a ventral cleft..........................Pimpla. Ovipositor arising from apex of abdomen...................... CHypta. BRACONIDAE. Mesothoracic sutures distinct; marginal cell minute, remote from the apex of the wing. Microdus. Mesothoracic sutures invisible; marginal cell large, reaching apex of wing. Wings with two submarginal cells, the second confused with the third........ Apanteles. Wings with three submarginal cells, the second more or less complete.Microgaster. CHALCIDIDAE. Tarsi 5-jointed. Hind femora much swollen..............................................Chaléis. Hind femora not much swollen. Middle tibiae with a strong apical spur. Club of antennae rounded..................................Encyrtus. Club of antennae obliquely truncate...........................Copidosoma. Middle tibiae with only a slight apical spur......................Pteromalus. Tarsi á-jointed. Submarginal vein not broken..........................................Cirrospilus. Submarginal vein broken. Scutellum with two bristles near the middle...................Derostenus. Scutellum with four bristles, all behind middle ..............Tetrastichus. Tarsi 3-jointed...............................................Trichogramma. PROCTOTRUPIDAE. But one genus—Telenomus—is considered.HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1875 FAMILY ICHNEUMONIDAE LEACH. Genus ICHNEUMON Linn. Ovipositor hidden, or only slightly exserted; basal half or two-thirds of first abdominal segment slender, expanded at apex, its spiracles closer to apex of segment than to each other; areolet pentangular; mesonotum without parapsides; metathoracic spiracles linear or narrowly oval; petiole of abdomen not depressed; ? abdomen acute at tip, last ventral segment retracted; $ ventral segments 2—4 with a longitudinal fold; scutellum more or less flat, or simply convex, and then gradually sloping to apex; metathorax rarely bispinose. Table of Species. Abdomen uniformly dull red...................................................rufiventris. Abdomen entirely black.......................................................caliginosus. Abdomen not unicolorous. Antennae fulvous at middle, with black tips..............................instabilis. Antennae black above, lighter below......................................versabilis. Ichneumon rufiventris Brulle* PL 88, eg. i. Ichneumon hunterae Pack. Ichneumon sp. Pack. Head, thorax and petiole of abdomen black, rest of abdomen dull, brick red, sometimes reddish brown. Head black, with the orbits part way up broadly marked with yellow, forming lanceolate, triangular spots, with the slender apex opposite the antennae. Base and sides of labrum yellow. Head wholly black in ?. Palpi brown. Antennae in $ black; in black, with a white ring in the middle, about four joints usually being white. Wings smoky-violaceous. Fore legs brown, pale brown in $. Basal three-fourths of femora blackish, legs dark brown in . Hind legs black, hind tibiae paler at base; hind femora reddish at base. Thorax black, sometimes yellow spots on scutum. Length (average), $, 12 mm., exp., 20 mm.; ?, 15 mm., exp., 28 mm. (Adapted from Packard.) [The following description of the colors was taken during life: Antennae blackish fuscous; the middle joints pale, but infuscated. Bodypiceous; abdomen very deep reddish orange, the belly tinged with yellow, the ovipositor infuscated; extreme base of the femora inconspicuously sanguineous, s. h. s.] This species seems to be a quite common parasite of Yanessa huntera and V. cardui. I have seen two specimens, one male and one female, from Mr. Scudder, one female from Mr. Lyman, of Montreal, and Dr. Packard records a female from Virginia, all reared from this species. Mr. Cresson (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vi: 173) also states that this species has been reared from huntera. Professor Riley has reared it from cardui, and Mr. Scudder has so recorded it in his article entitled “ A Cosmopolitan Butterfly.” Miss Caroline E. Huestis records it from cardui in the Canadian Entomologist for July, 1881, Mr. Scudder has also sent a single male, reared by Dr. Dimmock, from Aglais milberti. This specimen mentioned by Dr. Packard as “Ichneumon sp.,” is, as Dr. Riley states, I. rufiventris. The difficulty into which Dr. Packard fell concerning the white banded antennae and the black face, I have solved by1876 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. an examination of the specimen to which Dr. Packard referred, and which proves to be a female, and not a male as he supposed. Mr. Cresson (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii: 179, 180) describes three varieties of this species, viz. : incertus, semicoccineus and californicus, differing chiefly in the coloration of the legs. Ichneumon caliginosus Cresson. Female.—Black, subopaque, densely and finely punctured; clypeus shining with a few large punctures; antennae half the length of the body, black, the 10th to 15th joints white above. Thorax densely and confluently punctured, with an abbreviated impressed line on each side of the mesothorax in front; scutellum rather flat, smooth and shining, with a large white spot occupying nearly its whole surface and slightly indented posteriorly; metathorax scabrous, the elevated lines well defined, the central area large and transversely quadrate. Wings fuscous, nervure black, stigma piceous, areolet 5-angular. Legs shining black, inner side of the anterior tibiae and tarsi whitish. Abdomen entirely black; the first segment broad and finely aciculate, the peduncle slender; basal foveae of the second segment deep and oblique; apical segments rather smooth and shining; ovipositor subexserted, yellowish. Length, 12.5 mm.; expanse of wings, 23 mm. (Adapted from Cresson.) Mr. Scudder has sent me one female of this species reared from Basil-archia archippus September 5. The species has been captured in Canada, Colorado and Illinois. Ichneumon instabilis Cresson. Ichneumon tharotis Packard. Female.—Black or ferruginous, rather robust; head slightly nafrowed beneath, the anterior orbits more or less red or yellowish; sometimes the head is entirely red, or the face and clypeus are varied with brown and yellowish or reddish; antennae moderately long, not robust, generally fulvous at base, yellow in middle and black at tips, sometimes only fulvous with tips black, or black at base, then fulvous, yellow and black; third joint elongate, longer than the fourth, which is subequal with the fifth; thorax often entirely ferruginous or more or less varied with ferruginous, sometimes black immaculate, except the scutellum, which is always yellow and polished; tegulae ferruginous, often with a reddish spot in front and another beneath; post-scutellum sometimes reddish; metathorax rugulose, the central area large and subquadrate; wings subhyaline, more or less stained with yellow, nervures brown, stigma pale honey-yellow; legs honey-yellow or ferruginous; the coxae, tips of posterior femora, of their tibiae and most of their tarsi black, sometimes the most part of the posterior legs is black; abdomen oblong-ovate, subconvex, slender at base, generally entirely ferruginous, sometimes the fourth and fifth segments above are black or fuscous, sometimes the second and third segments only are ferruginous, and sometimes the incisures of the segments are more or less blackish; beneath ferruginous or yellowish ferruginous, dusky or black at tip. Length, 10-12 mm. Male.—This sex is exceedingly variable in color, some examples being almost entirely yellowish ferruginous, and others almost entirely black. Head black, with the anterior orbits and all beneath the antennae yellow; antennae long, slender, black above and brownish or fulvous beneath, the basal joint yellow beneath; thorax generally black, sometimes more or less varied with ferruginous, and in one specimen the mesothorax has four abbreviated, pale vittae; sometimes the thorax is black, immac-HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1877 ulate, except the scutellum, which is always yellow; generally, there is a spot or a sutural line before the wings, and a spot or line beneath; the post-scutellum is often reddish; legs honey-yellow; the fore anterior coxae often more or less yellow or honey-yellow, sometimes black spotted with yellowish beneath; the posterior coxae are generally black, sometimes more or less ferruginous, their trochanters generally half black and half honey-yellow; sometimes their femora are entirely black, or half black, generally only tipped with black, rarely entirely honey-yellow, their tibiae tipped with black; the general color of the legs varies from lemon-yellow to ferruginous; abdomen depressed, opaque, sometimes entirely yellowish ferruginous, but generally black, with the second and third, and sometimes part of the fourth segments ferruginous or yellowish ferruginous; the first segment is either entirely ferruginous, or black tipped with ferruginous, or with two apical yellow spots; the second and third segments are entirely ferruginous, or yellow stained with ferruginous; the fourth is either entirely black, or black spotted with ferruginous, or entirely ferruginous; the remaining segments are generally black or brown, often more or less varied with ferruginous; several specimens have the second and third segments bright yellow and the rest black. Length, 10.5 to 14.7 mm. (After Cresson.) This is a very variable species. The specimen described by Dr. Packard as Ichneumon tharotis was an extreme variety of the female. It was reared by Mr. Scudder, June 2, from Phyciodes tharos. Mr. Cresson records it from Canada, Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, Georgia and Colorado, but does not know its host. During July, 1887, a single specimen of a variety of the male was received from Mr. Scudder, with the statement that he had reared it from the chrysalis of Oeneis semidea. Ichneumon versabilis Cresson. PI. 88, fig. 2. Male.—Dull black; line on anterior orbits, face, clypeus, mandibles,labrum, palpi, scape beneath, anterior margin of tegulae, line before, another beneath, scutellum, sometimes a spot or line behind, dot on four anterior coxae and trochanters beneath, their knees, tibiae and tarsi, anterior femora in front, posterior tibiae and tarsi except tips, sometimes two dots or aline at tip of first abdominal segment, and the second and third more or less, all bright yellow; occasionally the base of second and third segments is margined with dull ferruginous, and the apical middle more or less varied with black, sometimes interrupting the yellow on third segment into two spots, and in one specimen these are reduced to mere dots, and the yellow on second segment interrupted medially by a black line; wings subhyaline; postpetiole aciculated; gastrocoeli large and deep; antennae more or less pale beneath; posterior femora sometimes pale at base. Length, 12 to 13 mm. (From Cresson.) Of this species I have seen two specimens of a variety of the male. Both were sent by Mr. Scudder. One specimen was obtained in Vermont from Heodes hypophlaeas, and the other by Dr. G. Dimmock from Polygonia faunus. It is recorded by Mr. Cresson from Canada and the United States. Both specimens were accompanied by the chrysalids from which they had emerged, and in each case the chrysalis was decapitated. Genus HOPLISMENUS Gravenhorst. Parapsidal furrows of mesoscutum indicated anteriorly; mesoscutellum strongly elevated, abruptly declivous behind; metanotum always bispinose, metanotal spiracles1878 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. long, oval. Areolet of fore wings pentangular. More than half of first abdominal segment slender, its spiracles much nearer to apex than to each other; gastrocoeli large but shallow. Abdomen of ? acute at tip, the last ventral segment retracted; $ ventral segments two to four with a longitudinal fold. Hoplismenus morulus (Say). PI. 88, fig. 9. Ichneumon morulus Say. Ichneumon calcaratus Provancher. Black; face, clypeus, scape beneath, and sometimes spot on scutellum, $, and annulus on flagellum, $, white or pale yellowish; tibiae and tarsi bright yellow; wings uniformly fuliginous. Length, $ $ , 15 to 16.25 mm. (After Cresson.) I have seen two specimens of this insect, one male and one female. One was sent me by Mr. Scudder and was reared by Miss Pierce from the chrysalis of Polygonia interrogationis at Cambridge. The other was sent me by Mr. H. H. Lyman of Montreal who reared it in August, 1875, from a chrysalis of Euvanessa antiopa, at Portland, Me. The parasite in issuing decapitates the chrysalis (88:16). Mr. Cresson records the species from Canada, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Virginia. Genus TBOGUS Gravenhorst. Mesonotum without parapsidal grooves; mesoscutellum strongly elevated, generally subpyramidal; metathoracic spiracles oval. Areolet of fore wings pentangular. First segment of abdomen bent at apex, basal half slender, apex much expanded, spiracles closer to apex than to each other; base of second segment with lateral pits (gastrocoeli) ; ? abdomen obtuse at tip, ovipositor hidden; the last ventral segment but slightly retracted, ventral segments four to eight smooth, flat, without longitudinal fold. Table of Species. Uniformly brown......................................................exesorius. Uniformly black...................................................obsidianator* Trogus exesorius Brulle. PI. 88, fig. 3. Entirely fulvo-ferruginous, legs paler, tibiae and tarsi golden yellow; antennae sometimes dusky or black above; wings uniformly fuliginous, with a strong aeneous or violaceous reflection. Length, $ $, 17 to 20 mm. (After Cresson.) This is the most abundant of the butterfly parasites which have been sent me. It seems to be almost exclusively a parasite of the different species of swallow-tails. Dr. Packard says concerning its hosts and localities : “Bred from pupa of Papilio asterias [polyxenes] by Dr. Harris, E. Norton, E. T. Cresson, etc.appearing at Cambridge, June 20th; also from P. troilus [Euph. troilus] (Mark) and*P. turnus [Jas. glaucus] (P. S. Sprague) ; also from P. ajax and P. marcellus [Iphiclides ajax] West Virginia (Norton).” Professor Riley reared it in Missouri from Iphiclides ajax, Papilio polyxenes, Euphoeades troilus and Jasoniades glaucus. Mr. Mundt has reared it in Illinois from the first and last of these. Mr. Lyman has reared it at Portland, Me., from polyxenes, Professor Cook in Michigan from troilus, and Mr. W. H. Edwards in West Virginia from ajax. TheHYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1879 only exception to its parasitism upon swallow-tails is sent me by Mr. Mundt who reared it from Yanessa cardui. Mr. Cresson records the species as captured in Canada, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Georgia and Illinois, and hazards the opinion that it will probably prove to be a synonym of Ichneumon pennator Fabricus. Trogus obsidianator Brulle. Deep black, immaculate; antennae orange-yellow; wings uniformly blackish fuliginous, with a strong aeneous reflection; first abdominal segment bicarinate, the cari-nae becoming obsolete before reaching the tip. Length, $ > 20 to 22.5 mm. (After Cresson.) This insect has been reared from the chrysalis of Papilio polyxenes by Professor Riley. Mr. Cresson records the species from Pennsylvania, Illinois, Georgia and Texas. Genus HEMITELES Gravenhorst. Metathorax with parapsidal grooves. Areolet of the fore wings pentangular in position, but incomplete, the outer nervure hyaline or wanting. Legs and antennae generally slender. Spiracles of first abdominal segment more approximate to each other than to the apex of the segment; gastrocoeli at base of second abdominal segment wanting; ovipositor distinctly exserted, short. The species of this genus are as a rule parasites of parasites or, as they are called, ‘4hyperparasites” or ‘4secondary parasites.” There is no well-proven exception to this rule on record so far as I know. Table of Species. Thorax marked with red; wings banded with brown................................... .utilis. Thorax black, immaculate; wings hyaline..........................................lycaenae. Hemiteles utilis Norton. FI. 88, fig. 4. Female.—Black; antennae, anterior portion of prothorax, shoulders and a spot at sides of mesothorax, the legs, including coxae and trochanters, red; middle of posterior femora and extremity of tibiae brownish. Wings hyaline, nervures brown, white at base; tegulae white; stigma brown, without a white spot at base; a large brown band extends from the base of the stigma across the wing; areolet surrounded with white nervures, the exterior nervure wanting. Abdomen oval from the second segment, black, polished, shining; joints 1 and 2 reddish at base and tip, the others margined with reddish posteriorly. Ovipositor a little longer than half the body, almost entirely reddish. Length, 3.75 mm. This species is introduced into this paper for the reason that I find in the notes sent me by Mr. A. H. Mundt the statement that from an over-wintered pupa of Heraclides cresphontes he bred a parasite which was determined for him by Mr. Cresson as H. utilis. It seems likely that there remains some yet undiscovered primary parasite of crespontes from which this secondary parasite came.1880 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Hemiteles lycaenae sp. nov. Female.—Shining black. Mandibles and palpi bright lemon-yellow; antennae dull-piceous, honey-yellow at base; all legs, including coxae, honey-yellow; tegulae yellow and venter of second abdominal segment honey-yellow. Wings hyaline, with no infus-cated band; nervures brown except at base, cubital nervure whitish, beyond incomplete; areolet, and subdiscoidal nervure also white beyond juncture with second recurrent nervure. Head, thorax and abdomen very delicately shagreened; surface of mesonotum with reticulate carinae; anterior and posterior border of dorsum of each abdominal segment perfectly smooth. Ovipositor sheaths one-fourth as long as abdomen. Length, 4.5 mm.; expanse, 7 mm. Described from one female specimen received from Mr. W. H. Edwards who reared it from the larva of Cyaniris pseudargiolus. In this ease also there is probably a primary parasite of which we have no knowledge. Genus CRYPTUS Fabricius. Female with joints of antennae thickened in a nodose manner at their tip; antennae elongate, filiform, third joint usually three or more times longer than thick (if shorter then the metathorax is not areolated), never thickened or expanded towards the middle. Areolet of fore wings completely enclosed, pentangular. Legs generally slender. Apex of first abdominal segment not much broader than the petiole, and but slightly bent; ovipositor distinctly exserted. ' I have not been able to determine the butterfly parasite of this genus specifically as I know of it only through a note of Professor Riley’s to the effect that he has bred a species of Cryptus from Euphoeades troilus. The specimen cannot be found. Genus OPHION Fabricius. Face pubescent; clypeus truncate at apex; ocelli large, prominent. Thorax and legs glabrous; metathorax rounded behind, not rugose; intermediate tibiae with two apical spurs; wings hyaline, stigma distinct, well developed, areolet wanting, cubito-discoidal cell receiving both recurrent nervures. Abdomen petiolate, compressed; ovipositor short. Ophion bilineatus Say. PI. 88, fig. 8. Ophion tityri Pack. Honey-yellow; head yellow; antennae honey-yellow; mandibles blackish at tip; thorax with two somewhat reddish brown, longitudinal lines, almost obsolete; wings with fuscous nervures; costal nervure and stigma honey-yellow; tegulae paler than thorax; second segment of abdomen hardly as long as first, and longer than second. Length, 8.75 mm. (After Say.) Packard’s type of O. tityri was a male specimen reared from Epargyreus tityrus June 26, 1848, and is from the old Harris collection. As soon as it came into my possession I forwarded it to Mr. Cresson who informed me that he saw no reason for considering it as more than a variety of O. bilineatus of Say. The brownish stripes on the thorax seem, however, to be entirely lacking and the mandibles are lighter in color.HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1881 Genus EXOCHILUM Wesmael. Apical margin of clypeus truncate. Spiracles of metathorax oval. Cubito-discoidal cell receiving but one recurrent nervure; marginal cell lanceolate; median and submedian cells not confluent, third discoidal present, not narrowed at base; cubito-discoidal cell receiving recurrent nervure in middle. Posterior femora unarmed; tarsal claws not pectinate; posterior tarsi with first joint about twice as long as second. Abdomen petiolate. Exochilum mundum (Say). Male.—Body black; head with the front, nasus and anterior orbits greenish-yellow; antennae fulvous yellow; three or four basal joints above black; the first joint beneath greenish yellow; trunk with rather dense, short hairs; wings purple black; abdomen much compressed; basal joint cylindrical; second segment as long as the first or a little longer, compressed towards the tip; anterior pair of feet yellowish before; intermediate pair with a line before and base of tibiae yellowish; posterior pair with the tibiae, excepting the tip, and the tarsi, excepting the terminal joint, fulvous-yellow. Length, 20-25 mm. (After Say.) Mr. Mundt has bred this species from Vanessa cardui and Iphiclides ajax. The single specimen which he sent on and from which the species has been determined agrees with this description except that the posterior tibiae are black and the tarsi are dark gray. Genus AXOMALON Gravenhorst. Head buccate, or subbuccate; front with the median projection near the base of the antennae present or wanting, face more or less narrow. Clypeus indistinctly distinguishable, apex acutely angulate or apiculate. Antennae longer than the body, equal to it in length, or shorter. Metathorax punctate, often longitudinally sulcate (broadly, but not deeply). Abdomen compressed, joint 1 sublinear; terebra shortly exserted, valves towards apex usually dilated; legs slender, or the posterior are rather strong; posterior tarsi either incrassate or simple, linear, first joint about twice as long as second. (After Holmgren.) The cubito-discoidal cell receives but one recurrent nervure, and this before the middle ; the marginal cell is lanceolate ; the third discoidal cell is present and is narrowed at base. Anomalon pseudargioli sp. nov. Female.—General color black and rufous. Face yellow, cheeks behind eyes rufous,[vertex and occiput black with the usual yellow spots each side of ocelli; antennal scape yellow below, black above, pedicel and joint 1 of funicle black, rest of funicle rufous. Thorax black above and below, the outlines of the mesoscutum defined by an irregular, rufous band, which fails before and behind; mesoscutellum with its anterior half rufous; metanotum with a rufous band each side; front and middle legs yellow, hind coxae, femora and tibiae black with a rufous spot on coxae, and the femora with a varying amount of same color; wings perfectly hyaline, veins dark brown. First and second abdominal joints black, slightly rufous below; remaining joints rufous, with a dark shade along dorsal line, extending down more on the sides of joints 5 and 6, than on 3 and 4. Length, 13 mm.; expanse, 18 mm. Described from four female specimens. Three were sent me by Mr. W. H. Edwards, who reared them in July from pupae of Cyaniris pseudar-1882 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. giolus, and one was sent by Mr. Scudder, who reared it from the chrysalis of Uranotes melinus. Genus MESOCHORUS Gravenhorst. Head transverse, short, not buceate. Clypens not distinguishable. Eyes oblong-ovate. Antennae about as long as body, setose. Metathorax with a straight, superior area. Abdomen oblong-fusiform; first segment slightly curved, spiracles almost in the middle; last ventral segment with the female rather large; anal stylets of the male rather long, filiform; terebra of the female exserted for a short distance. Wings with a rather large rhomboidal, areolet. Legs moderate or slender. (After Holmgren.) The species of Mesochorus are without doubt often hyperparasites; whether always so we cannot say with certainty. Table of Species. Thorax entirely black................................................pieridicolus. Thorax entirely yellow, or marked with yellow-brown.......................scitulus* Mesochorus pieridicolus (Packard). Campoplex pieridicola Packard. Female.—Black: head black on the vertex and occiput; orbits and front below the antennae bright yellow; a slight reddish tinge in the middle. Palpi pale honey-yellow. Antennae brown, pale yellowish at base, second joint pale brown above, third yellow, fourth and fifth pale yellowish brown, and thorax shining black, with fine, white, ap-pressed hairs. Metanotum full, rounded, smooth, and polished, with a narrow mesial ridge. Tegulae and base of wings pale greenish-yellow. Wings clear; stigma pale brown; veins concolorous; areolet rather large, rhomboidal. Legs, including the coxae, honey-yellow; tarsi of fore and middle legs dusky towards the claws, those of the hind legs a little dusky, except on basal two-thirds of first joint, and growing darker toward the claws. Abdomen long and narrow, compressed towards the end, with a minute, slender ovipositor, not quite so long as the abdomen is wide, shining black with a yellowish band in the middle, the posterior edge of the second and anterior two-thirds of the third segment being yellow. There is a yellow dot at the end of the pedicel, being an extension of the pale yellow under surface of the three basal segments; end of abdomen obliquely truncated. Length, 4 mm. (After Packard.) Dr. Packard described this species from a single specimen, and I have seen only his type. The specimen is labelled : “ From Pieris rapae,” and this is all the information which we have concerning it. It may or may not be a secondary parasite. Mesochorus scitulus Cresson. Male, Female.—Pale honey-yellow or luteous; head broad; spot covering ocelli, and tips of mandibles black; occiput of $ more or less fuscous; antennae long and slender, pale testaceous, sometimes slightly dusky, scape paler; mesothorax fuscous in $, honey-yellow with dusky sides in $ ; scutellum and region honey-yellow; disk of metathorax more or less blackish or fuscous; tegulae pale luteous; wings hyaline, irridescent, nervures and stigma luteous; legs pale luteous, apex of posterior tibiae and tips of tarsal joints dusky; abdomen fusiform, very slender at base, black above, with a large, discal, pale luteous spot covering apical half or two-thirds of secondHYME1STOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1883 and basal half, or two-thirds of third segments; venter pale luteous; ovipositor of $ longer than basal segment. Length, 1.5 mm. (After Cresson.) This species was bred by Mr. Cresson (twenty-four specimens, together with four specimens of a Pezomachus) from a bunch of bright yellow cocoons (probably those of a Microgaster) found attached to a blade of grass in Pennsylvania. I have seen three specimens of what seems to me to be this species in the National Museum collection at Washington which were received from Miss M. E. Murtfeldt of Kirkwood, Mo., Oct. 18, 1881 and by her said to be parasitic on some 4‘large parasite” of Eurymus philodice. Genus LIMNERIA Holmgren. Head moderately large, transverse, not inflated; eyes naked, notemarginate; clypeus normal, not carinate or denticulate. Thorax longer than high; metathorax distinctly areolated, not produced at apex. Stigma of fore wings of moderate size; areolet small, usually triangular, often petiolate, sometimes absent. Abdomen moderately broad and moderately or slightly compressed towards apex, the incisures between segments very distinct; petiole slender, longer than the transverse post-petiole. Table of Species. Abdomen black..............................................................fugitiva. Abdomen almost entirely rufous..........................................limenitidis. Limneria fugitiva Say. Body black; antennae in both sexes black; mandibles and palpi white; tegulae white; wings hyaline, nervures black, whitish at base, areolet very small, petiolated from the radial cellule; metanotum not excavated behind, but with “somewhat raised lines”; abdomen arcuated, towards tip rather abruptly clavate; punctures very small; ovipositor as long as tip of abdomen; feet honey-yellow with a white reflection; posterior tibiae white with a black tip and base; posterior tarsi black, base of first joint white; in the male the white of the posterior tibiae is less obvious. Length, from 6 to 7.5 mm. (After Say.) Say reared this species in Indiana from a “pretty white cylindric cocoon with maculated black bands.” As a butterfly parasite this species has been reared from Pholisora Catullus by Professor Riley in Missouri, from Chlorippe celtis by Mr. W. H. Edwards in West Virginia, and from Chlorippe clyton by Mr. A. H. Mundt in Illinois. Limneria limenitidis sp. nov. PI. 88, fig. 5. Male.—General color black. Palpi whitish; lower face with dense white pile; scape of antennae reddish below, blackish above, flagellum black; top of head and dorsum of thorax with sparse, fine white pile; tegulae dirty white, wings hyaline, nervures brown, costa black; all coxae black; front legs entirely light honey-yellow; trochanters, femora and tibiae of middle legs dark reddish yellow, tarsi much lighter and with each joint slightly dusky towards tip; first joint of hind trochanters black, second joint yellow; hind femora very dark rufous, lighter on the inner side; hind tibiae nearly black, spurs yellowish white; hind tarsi uniform in color with their tibiae, a very narrow band of white at base of first joint only. Abdomen rufous, except1884 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. joint 1, first four-fifths of joint 2, and first one-fourtli of joint 3, its entire surface covered with very short pile. Punctation of head and mesonotum identical, fine and close; metanotum with a more rugose punctation, and with a faint median, longitudinal channel; two diverging carinae arise each side of this median channel, at front of metanotum, and meet two converging carinae at half the length of this sclerite. Length, 8 mm.; expanse, 12 mm. Described from two male specimens, both reared from Basilarchia archippus, by Mr. W. H. Edwards, at Coalburgh, W. Ya. One is labelled July 15, 1886, and of the other Mr. Edwards writes that it left the archippus larva at the latter’s second moult. The cocoons of both individuals were also sent by Mr. Edwards. They are 6 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad, of a regular oval shape and spun of grayish white silk; near either end is an irregular, interrupted black band, and upon each end are three or more black spots. Genus PIMPLA Fabricius. Head transverse, short, cheeks not swollen; clypeus distinct, depressed or subexcavated at apex; antennae porrect, filiform, scape excised at apex; eyes oblong, emar-ginatenear base of antennae. Thorax robust, moderately elevated; scutellum with an obtusely rounded apex; metanotum low, spiracles oval or circular; tarsal claws simple, sometimes lobed at base with female; areolet of fore wings always complete, triangular. Abdomen sessile; in females of most species oblong or oblong-ovate, in males narrower, subcylindrical or sublinear; narrower than the thorax or very slightly broader, strongly, or faintly and thickly punctate; joints 2 to 7 usually transverse, sometimes subquadrate with the males, the ventral border of the two last with the females longitudinally fissured; joint 1 subquadrate, or scarcely longer than broad, rarely slightly shorter, usually with a longitudinal carina. Terebra usually shorter than abdomen, but may equal it in length or exceed it. Fimpla annulipes Brulle. FI. 88, fig- 6. Male, female.—The head is sparsely and finely punctate, especially on the face, which is sometimes so pubescent as to appear opaque, and sometimes has the pubescence mostly removed so as to appear subpolished. A minute, glabrous tubercle on the disk of the face. The palpi are generally dull, dark rufous in*$ , sometimes pale rufous, sometimes Almost whitish, but in the $ they are always whitish; the antennae are about four-fifths as long as the body; the 1st joint of flagellum in $, 3-3£ times, in £ , 4-5 times as long as wide, the entire flagellum, $ ? , tinged with rufous beneath. The thorax is finely and sparsely punctate above and below, and the metathorax is conflu-ently and rather coarsely punctate, and usually more or less covered with fine, whitish pubescence so as to be opaque; the posterior declivity and a small area behind the scutel glabrous and polished, the two glabrous areas never quite confluent. Carinae all obsolete, except a small basal portion of the two central ones. The abdomen is con-fluently punctate and opaque; the usual tubercles are subobsolete, and the sides and extreme tips of the intermediate joints are often more or less tinged with sanguineous in , sometimes conspicuously so, but never in $. In joint 1 the usual carinae scarcely extend halfway to the tip, and enclose between them a glabrous, circular, subbasal excavation. The ovipositor is half as long as body; the sheaths pubescent, scarcely tapered, and basally rather narrower than the last tarsal joint of the hind legs. Venter dull rufous, blackish at tip, sometimes all blackish, except extreme base. The legs are pale bright rufous, but in the front legs of more than one-fourth of the £ $ the trochanters are whitish; in the middle legs $ $ , the second fourth of the tibiae is whitish, and very rarely the first fourth and the terminal half blackish exteriorly; andHYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1885 in the hind legs the $ ? extreme tips of the femora and the whole tibia except the second fourth are black, and the tarsi are pale dusky, often with the base of each joint gradually a little paler. The areolet of the fore wings is mostly rhomboidal, very rarely subtruncate anteriorly, but never peduncled. Length, $, 3.5-11 mm; $ , 5-12 mm • (After Walsh.) This is a well-known parasite of many lepidopterous larvae. It has been reared from Carpocapsa pomonella, Acrobasis juglandis, Aletia xylina, Grapholitha olivaceana, Coleophora cinerella, Orgyia leucostigma, and other unreared larvae. As a butterfly parasite it has been reared but once, viz. : by Mr. J. B. Smith, from a chrysalis of Iphiclides ajax at New York. It is also probably a parasite of Chlorippe clyton. Professor Riley has a pupa of this butterfly which has been broken open, revealing a large ichneumonid pupa which seems to be that of a female Pimpla annulipes. Genus GLYPTA Gravenhorst. Head transverse, short, cheeks not swollen, entire; clypeus slightly convex, apex round or subtruncate; antennae filiform; eyes nearly entire. Thorax robust; scutellum rounded at tip ; metathoracic spiracles minute, subcircular; legs usually slender, tarsal claws with distinct pectinations, rarely simple or setose internally; wings generally with no areolet, rarely with a complete one. Abdomen sublanceolate or linear, rarely ovate-elongate; joint 1 with a delicate, distinct carina; joints 2 to 4 with two oblique linear depressions; terebra of female at least as long as abdomen and issuing from apex; genital valvules of male usually incrassate, with obtuse apex, rarely narrower with acuminate apex. G-lypta erratica Cresson. FI. 88, fig. 7. Female.—Black, shining; clypeus, mandibles, except tips, palpi, tegulae and line before, whitish; antennae brown-black, darker at base, apex and above; wings hyaline; legs, including coxae, yellowish-red; trochanters whitish beneath, posterior pair blackish above; intermediate tarsi fuscous, pale at base of joints; base and apex of posterior femora blackish; their tibiae black, with a white stripe above, not reaching the apex and interrupted by a black spot near base, the tarsi black, more or less white at base of joints; face with a median rounded swelling. Thorax minutely and closely punctured; metathorax rounded, smooth, shining, obsoletely punctured, apex enclosed by a well-defined arcuate carina; abdomen finely and densely punctured, the oblique lines deeply impressed, first segment with two sharply defined, longitudinal carinae at base, becoming obsolete on middle; venter piceous, ovipositor as long as abdomen. Length, 9 mm. Male.—More slender than $ ; the metathorax above has two, more or less distinct, oblique carinae, and the anterior coxae are whitish. Length, 8 mm. (After Cresson.) This parasite, which is said by Cresson to be a common species in New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania and West Virginia, was reared by Professor Riley in Missouri from a chrysalis of Polygonia comma. FAMILY BRACONIDAE HALID AY. Genus MICRODUS Nees. Maxillary palpi 5-jointed, labial 3-or 4-jointed. Face not produced or rostriform. Mesothorax distinctly trilobate. Mesopleura with a rugulose furrow. Three cubital areolets, the first confused with the praediscoidal (after Marshall).1886 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Microdus sanctus (Say). PI. 88, fig. 10. Bassus sanctus Say. Body black; palpi tinged with piceous; thorax, pleura, pectus and the two anterior pairs of feet immaculate; wings blackish violaceous, with a hyaline literation in the middle; nervures black; separating nervure between the first cubital and the first discoidal cellules widely interrupted; second cellule triangular; cubital cellule rather large; metathorax and abdomen bright sanguineous, posterior coxae and thighs bright sanguineous, the intervening trochanter black; posterior tibiae dull sanguineous, their tips dusky, their tarsi blackish; ovipositor nearly as long as body, ferruginous with black valvules. Length, 7.5 mm. (After Say.) Of this species I have seen two female specimens, one from Pholisora catullus, reared by Miss Murtfeldt at Kirkwood, Mo., (no date), and the other from Thanaos juvenalis, reared by Mr. Scudder, October, 1887, at Cambridge. Note.—The remaining Braconidae, parasitic upon butterflies, belong to the subfamily Microgasterinae and have been treated at my request by Dr. Riley, and from this fact have been removed from this, their natural place, to the end of the chapter. FAMILY CHALCIDIDAE WALKER. Genus CHALOIS Fabricius. Antennae 13-jointed, short and stout, pubescent, inserted in the middle of the face, scape moderate, third joint minute; scutellum slightly bidentate; abdomen subpetio-lated, pointed in the female, but not much produced, first segment about half its entire length; hind femora armed with large teeth. (After W. F. Kirby.) Table of Species. Hind femora black on the outer side..........................................flavipes. Hind iemora yellow on the outer side, with black marking.....................robusta. Chalcis flavipes Fabricius. PI. 88, figs. 14, 15. Chalcis ovata Say. Head black, with golden sericeous hair which is indistinct on the vertex; antennae testaceous beneath towards tip; thorax with dilated dense punctures, a little sericeous with golden hair; tegulae yellow; wings hyaline; nervures fuscous, at base yellowish; feet bright yellow; basal half of anterior pairs of thighs black; posterior thighs black with a yellow spot on the tip above, dentate along posterior edge; posterior tibiae piceous on basal incisure; terminal spine robust, shorter than the first tarsal joint; abdomen subovate, polished; first segment nearly glabrous, second segment hairy on each side; remaining segments hairy near their tips. Length, 5 mm. (After Say.) I have previously recorded this parasite from Chlorippe clyton (See Bull. 5, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 8). It was reared by Professor Riley from pupae of Agraulis vanillae in Missouri, and it has also been sent me by Judge W. B. Thomas who reared it at Athens, Ga., from the same species. It was also reared from Chlorippe clyton by Professor Riley in Missouri.HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1887 Chalcis robust a Cresson. Black, clothed with a short, golden-yellow pubescence; head broader than the prothorax, the face, cheeks and occiput densely clothed with golden pubescence. Thorax closely and rather deeply punctured, opaque; scutellum somewhat produced behind, carinate at tip which is densely clothed with golden pubescence, as well as the extreme sides near the base; metathorax roughly rugose; tegulae bright yellow. Wings faintly tinged with pale fuscous. Legs, excepting the coxae, bright yellow; posterior coxae robust, polished; their femora much swollen, black within except near the tip, above and on the outside a large, oblique, black spot not reaching the upper margin, but confluent beneath with the black of the inside; in one specimen this spot is entire and not confluent beneath with the black of the inside, and the apical third within is yellow; lower margin armed with a row of nine or ten small, obtuse black teeth and a large obtuse one near the base; their tibiae curved, acute a t tips; tarsi black at tips. Abdomen subsessile, robust, convex, ovate, sometimes faintly compressed and pointed at tip, smooth and polished, and the posterior margins of the apical segments more or less fringed with yellowish pubescence. Length, 6 mm. to 8 mm.; expanse of wings, 10-12 mm. (After Cresson.) This large and handsome chalcid has been reared by Mr. H. G. Hubbard at Crescent City, Fla., from the chrysalis of Heraclides cresphontes, from which it issued through a large hole in the thorax. It was originally described by Mr. Cresson from Cuba. Genus ENCYRTUS Dalman. Female.—Antennae 11-jointed, inserted not far from the border of the mouth, moderately thick, and, with the exception of the scape, very seldom compressed; the scape is often strongly broadened; the club is rounded, or with a slight oblique truncation at tip. The facial impression is rather large and often quite deep. The mesonotum is transversely arched, shagreened, and more or less lustrous; the scutellum shows a different sculpture. The wings are always developed and ciliated; the marginal vein is present, seldom very short; the stigmal is moderately long. The ovipositor is not so long as half the abdomen. Male.—The flagellar joints are slightly or not at all compressed, and covered equally (not in half whorls) with hairs. Elncyrtus montinus Packard. PI. 89, fig. 4. Female.—Scape of antennae somewhat broadened below near tip; pedicel cylindrical, twice as long as broad; first funicle joint longer than broad; succeeding joints increasing very slightly in width but not increasing in length; club nearly as long as preceding three funicle joints together, ovate, but little broader than sixth funicle joint. Fore wings cloudy, with a single, broad, clear band extending across the wing from just beyond the stigma to posterior border, curving slightly outwards; an oblique, hairless line also extends from the stigma across towards base of wing, and the course of one of the spurious veins is seen extending from the hairless line to the hyaline band. The mesonotum is very finely shagreened and is also covered with sparse, large punctures. The general color above is light metallic green; the head, prono-tum, tegulae and tip of abdomen dull yellow; the whole body below and at sides dull yellow or testaceous; legs yellow, the hind thighs somewhat dusky above; antennal scape testaceous, pedicel and first four funicle joints yellowish brown with dark hairs, funicle joints five and six white with white hairs, club black with black hairs. Length, 2 mm.; expanse, 4 mm. This description is drawn up from Mr. Sanborn’s original specimen, which is a female, however, and not a male as Dr. Packard supposed, and from a captured female received from Mr. Scudder.1888 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. This species is a true Encyrtus and belongs to the chalcostomus group, approaching very closely to E. lunatus Dalm. It has no connection with E. swederi with which Dr. Packard compares it and which belongs to Comys Foerster. All of the chalcostomus group, including lunatus, are parasites of Coccidae, the only possible exceptions being barbarus and rogenhoferi, the habits of which are not known. Moreover, all are parasites of the genus Lecanium. All that we know of E. montinus is that it was ‘ ‘found alive in an old chrysalis case” of Oeneis semidea by Mr. Sanborn in the White Mountains, and there is nothing is this information to contradict the hypothesis that this specimen came from a Lecanium, perhaps on the same plant, and that its presence in the old chrysalis was purely accidental. It may be stated in further support of this view that no true Encyrtus is known in Europe to have been bred from a lepidopteron, and no species of the whole subfamily Encyrtinae from any Diurnal. Encyrtus bucculatricis Howard is the only American exception to the former rule. It is very probable, therefore, that E. montinus is not a butterfly parasite and I introduce the redescription for the reason only that it has been so considered by others. There is, however, still a bare possibility that it may yet turn out to be a parasite of the White Mountain species. Genus COPIDOSOMA Ratzeburg. Female.—The antennae arise near the border of the mouth; the scape is long and slender; the six-jointed funicle long and slender, or short and comparatively thicker; the club is either long, delicately bent and somewhat rounded at tip, or it is thicker and markedly obliquely truncate. This truncation is produced by the drying of a strip of more delicate membrane upon one side of the club. Front and vertex closely punctured, without larger deep punctures. The mesoscutum and often the scutellum have with most species a sculpture which was called by Ratzeburg “schuppig” (scaley), and also a thicker punctuation with round or aciculate punctures. The marginal vein is either lacking, or it is a little shorter than the stigmal. The wings are hyaline. The ovipositor is very long, but may also be entirely hidden. Male.—The male resembles the female in the form of the body, in the punctuation, and also in the relative proportion of the wing veins, differing to a marked degree only in the antennae. These are given off near the border of the mouth as with the female; the scape is long and slender, the pedicle shorter than the first funicle joint; the funicle is rather thickly covered with short hairs (the hairs shorter than the joints), with the joints separated above more than below; the club is about as thick as the funicle. The base of the scutellum has a more or less delicate longitudinal carina, but no furrow. Copidosoma. turni (Packard). PI. 89, fig. 5. Encyrtus turni Packard. Female.— Antennae short and curved; club large and strongly truncate obliquely from tip nearly to base; first funicle joint much shorter than pedicel and as thick as long; succeeding funicle joints widen to joint 6, which is considerably wider than long. Punctation of face very delicate; mesoscutum delicately shagreened; mesoscutellum with a delicate scaly sculpture. Marginal vein of fore wings slightly shorter than the stigmal. Color: Head and mesoscutum bright metallic green or blue, somtimes head appearing blue and scutum green; pronotum and mesoscutellum copper-bronze; ab-HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1889 domen shining black with metallic green and blue reflections; antennae dark brown; all coxae dark with metallic reflections; all femora dark brown, the hind pair slightly metallic; all tibiae brownish for a little more than basal half, tip honey-yellow; all tarsi and tibial claws yellow. Length, 2 mm.; expanse, 3.9 mm. Male.—Agrees with female in all characters mentioned except antennae. These arise in a deep groove half way between eyes and border of mouth. The scape is short, reaching only to middle of eyes; pedicel slightly shorter than first funicle joint; remaining funicle joints all subequal in length and width, with short hairs, and well separated from above; club consists of two joints, similar to funicle joints, easily distinguished, the last one rounded at tip. Color of the antennae, honey-yellow throughout. The series of specimens of this species studied consists of seven females and one male, all obtained by E. Norton from Jasoniades glaucus. Most of the species of Copidosoma which I have studied infest small lepidopterous larvae, which they inflate upon pupating, giving to the caterpillar skin a swollen appearance, frequently stretching it until the cells of the little parasite can plainly be seen. In the absence of any notes concerning Mr. Norton’s experience, I imagine that his specimens were reared from a glaucus larva which was not more than half grown. Genus PTEROMALUS Swederus. Mandibles 4-dentate, the left rarely 3-dentate; cheeks often compressed; clypeus emarginate in middle; eyes sometimes hairy; antennae usually inserted slightly below middle of face upon a convex, slightly protruding portion; scape not short, ring-joints distinct, club not stylate. Thorax compact, not elongate; metanotum usually punctulate, spiracles rarely large. Wings with the stigmal vein usually shorter than the postmarginal, or equal to it in length; marginal not thickened; usually (always in male) immaculate. Abdomen often rotund; venter in male rarely with a straight fold. Posterior coxae broadly ovate, not pubescent at posterior base. (After Thomson.) Table of Species. Clypeus 2-dentate in middle..................................................chionobae. Clypeus not 2-dentate. Femora of female honey-yellow..............................................archippi. Femora of female brown, somewhat metallic...............puparum. Pteromalus chionobae sp. nov. Female.—Clypeus 2-dentate in middle at apex; antennae inserted somewhat below middle of face, scape reaches to anterior ocellus; flagellum well clothed with short white pile; facial impression well-marked; eyes smooth; metanotum with a strong and complete median carina, spiracles small, spiracular sulcus plain, but not reaching to acetabulum, neck punctate, border of acetabulum smooth, with a row of deep shallow punctures just above it. Postmarginal vein equal to stigmal in length, speculum small. Head and thorax densely puntulate; abdomen smooth, ovate, concave above. Color bronzy green; scape honey-yellow; pedicel below honey-yellow; femora brown, tibiae and tarsi lighter towards tip. Length, 3 mm.; expanse, 5.5mm. Two female specimens of this species were reared by Mr. Scudder in August, 1887, from a chrysalis of Oeneis semidea. The chrysalis was carefully dissected, but no more parasites could be found.1890 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Fteromalus puparum Linnaeus. FI. 89, figs. 1, 2. Female.—Head a little broader than the abdomen, sub transverse, greenish bronze, closely punctate, slightly narrowing behind the eyes, vertex emarginate in middle; ocelli quite large, placed in a triangle; face quite flat, antennal grooves scarcely show* ing, cheeks quite long, convex, slightly compressed; eyes subovate, subconvex; cly-peus emarginate at apex in the middle; mandibles armed with four acute teeth, apical one externally sinuate; antennae long, filiform, inserted in the middle of the face, bases close together, brown or fuscous, scape linear, yellow, joint 2 oblong, 3 small but distinct, 4 a little larger than 3, 5-10 equal in width but growing slightly shorter, club conico-elongate. Thorax moderately robust, above slightly convex, almost smooth, very closely squamoso-punctate; metanotum quite long, very punctate, nucha almost globose, no median carina, but strong, arcuate, lateral folds, spiracles not small, suboval, situate in the spiracular sulcus just behind the suture. Wings hyaline, subcostal cell broad, marginal vein delicate, longer than stigmal and a little shorter than postmarginal. Abdomen ovate, flat above, below slightly convex, sides rounded, a little shorter than thorax, considerably broader, joint 1 dark blue, not transverse but hidden in nucha. Coxae green, femora fuscous bronze, tibiae occasionally concol-orous. Mesopleura delicately punctate. Male.—Differs from female in its thinner, more strongly pilose antennae, oblong abdomen, aureus above, head broader than thorax, green, femora and tibiae always yellow* Length, 3 to 4 mm. (After Thomson.) This insect is common to Europe and North America, and is the commonest parasite of Pieris rapae. It has also been reared from Eurymus philodice by Mr. Lyman, from Eurema lisa by Mr. Mundt, from Agraulis vanillae by Professor Riley, from Polygonia satyrus by Mr. W. H. Edwards, from Euvanessa antiopa by Mr. Ashmead, from Vanessa atalanta by Mr. Lyman, from V. cardui by Mr. Scudder, from Basilarchia archippus by Mr. Scudder, and has been caught ovipositing upon an Epargyreus tityrus larva by Professor Riley. Pteromalus vanessae Harris. Pl. 89, fig. 3. Dr. Harris’ types of this species, I am informed by Mr. Henshaw, are not contained in the Harris collections at the Boston Society of Natural History, and as I know of no authentic description of the species, I am obliged to take it for granted, as Dr. Packard evidently did, that the Pteromalus commonly reared from Euvanessa antiopa and Polygonia inter-rogationis at the north is the one to which Harris gave this name. I am unable, after close examination of the specimens reared from these butterflies, to satisfactorily distinguish them structurally from puparum, and am reluctantly compelled to consider for the present that vanessae is but a variety of puparum. The specimens in my possession reared from antiopa and interrogationis are at least a fourth larger than the largest females reared from Pieris rapae, and will average darker in color. I have no males reared from either of these butterflies, but males of the large form reared from Heraclides cresphontes resemble in all respects males reared from rapae.HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1891 Specimens of this form have been reared as follows: from Heraclides cresphontes by W. H. Edwards, A. H. Mundt and Professor Riley; from Euphoeades palamedes by Professor Riley ; from Ascia monuste by Professor Riley ; from Polygonia comma by myself; from Evanessa antiopa by many observers ; from Polygonia interrogationis by many observers. Pteromalus archippi sp. nov. FI. 89, fig 3. Female.—Resembles in size and coloration P. puparum var. vanessae, except that all femora are honey-yellow, instead of dark brown or metallic. The punetation of the notum is deeper and closer and is identical on all segments. The nucha of the metano-tum is scarcely elevated and is not at all globose; the median carina is faintly indicated, and the spiracular sulci are very deep, much curved and reach about half way to the acetabulum. Described from three female specimens sent by Prof. A. J. Cook to Professor Riley, and reared September 13, 1887, from a chrysalis of Anosia plexippus. A note concerning the rearing has been published by Mr. C. P. Gillette in the Canadian Entomologist for July, 1888 (p. 133), in which he states that over fifty specimens of the parasite issued on the above date from a single chrysalis of plexippus. Genus DEROSTENUS Westwood. Eace usually sunken after death; vertex rarely acute, smooth; eyes large, usually hairy, usually emarginate interiorly; antennal grooves often furcate, sending a branch to the inner side of each orbit. Antennae inserted below middle of face; scape wholly or partly pale; ring joint usually distinct; funicle 3-jointed; club rarely two-jointed with both sexes. Pronotum plain, anterior margin acute; parapsidal sutures indistinct; sculpture faint, rarely subsquamous; metanotum often carinate. Wings ample, subcuneiform ; costa longer than ^marginal; stigmal short, postmarginal usually longer, but rarely absent. • Derostenus antiopae (Packard). PI. 89, fig. 7. Entedon antiopae Packard. Male.—Postmarginal vein distinct. Scutellum with no median groove. Abdomen rotund, with a very short petiole. Scape of antennae long, cylindrical; flagellum with short hairs. Eyes slightly emarginate, not hairy. General color shining black; antennae with brown club and funicle, scape, pedicel and ring-joint yellow;’ all legs yellow (coxae cannot be seen) ; metanotum and petiole yellow-brown. Length, 1.6 mm. The only specimen of this parasite known is a male. It is in poor condition and very dusty, and is glued firmly to a large card. It is marked “ 477,” and is said to be from the old Harris collection. As its specific name indicates, it was reared from Euvanessa antiopa. Genus CIRROSPILUS Westwood. Head transverse; vertex not broad; eyes sparsely pubescent; genal sulcus distinct ; clypeus not denticulate at apex; antennae inserted far below middle of face, distant at base, funicle 2-jointed, club 3-jointed. Thorax subdepressed above, pronotum not1892 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. short but transverse; mesonotum densely minutely punctate, and with deep sulci, continuous with the lines of the scutellum; scutellum depressed, with dorsal lines slightly converging towards apex; postscutellum large; metanotum not short, median carina distinct; costal cell of fore wings moderately broad, submarginal vein with five to six bristles. Abdomen subsessile, ovate, depressed above, hardly convex below. Mesopleura well separated, smooth. Posterior tibiae 1-spurred, coxae granulate externally. Body usually metallic and with pale markings. Cirrospilus niger sp. nov. Female.—Shining black, with black bristles. Antennae yellowish below; all legs, including coxae, honey-yellow; abdomen yellowish below at base. Posterior border of pronotum perfectly smooth; anterior border of pronotum, all of mesoscutum and scutellum finely shagreened; metanotum without sculpture, with a very fine median, longitudinal suture through its anterior portion, and a corresponding carina through its posterior portion; spiracles of this segment perfectly round, prominent, lateral fringe of hairs white and strong. Abdomen lozenge-shape or nearly round, as broad as thorax, but much shorter. Length, 1.5 mm.; expanse, 3.25 mm.; greatest width of fore wing, .58 mm. Male.—Differs from female in following respects: Abdomen long oval, considerably narrower in front, nearly as long as thorax and quite as wide, the first segment above bearing a large, light-brown, circular spot; all coxae shining black; hind femora black above, this color extending downwards at middle; front femora slightly dusky towards base above. Length, 1.6 mm.; expanse, 3.25 mm.; greatest width of fore wing, .49 mm. A large number of both sexes of this species were reared by Mr. Scudder from the ¿ ‘ tomb-stone ” pupae of some unreared Eulophus, which had previously destroyed the half grown larva of Yanessa atalanta. It is, therefore, a hyperparasite. Genus TETRASTICHUS Haliday. Head with a distinct genal sulcus; clypeus bidentate at middle of apex; ocelli usually placed in a curved line; eyes smooth or rarely pilose, ovate or subrotund; vertex narrow; impressed line before the ocelli usually distinct; antennae usually inserted a trifle below the middle of the face; scape very rarely reaching above the ocelli; ring-joint very small but easily seen, rarely conforming with the joints of the funicle; funicle 3-jointed; club 3-jointed, the last joint smaller, often setigerous. Pronotum with the posterior border, especially on the sides, hairy. Mesoscutellum with four bristles behind the middle, usually with two parallel, longitudinal, deeply impressed lines. Metanotum usually short, rarely punctulate; apex in the middle not produced, but angularly emarginate; often carinate; fimbriate border with 1 to 4 bristles. Wings clear; costa longer than marginal; no postmarginal; stigmal quite long, club distinct, uncus conspicuous; submarginal with 1 to 5 bristles. Abdomen ovate or conico-tri-angular; terebra rarely much exserted. Posterior tibiae 1-spurred, tarsi shorter than tibiae with joints subequal in length. Male antennae rarely with erect hairs, usually with long appressed hairs; ring-joint always distinct, usually transverse (adapted from Thomson). Table of Species. Mesoscutum with an impressed, median, longitudinal line. Antennae inserted just above clypeus..................................semideae. Antennae inserted considerably above clypeus. Wing veins pale................................................ saundersii. Wing veins dark.....................................................theclae. Mesoscutum with no impressed line........................................modestus.HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1893 Tetrastichus semideae (Packard). Eulophus semideae Packard. Male, female. — Antennae inserted slightly above clypeus. Mesoscutum with an impressed, median, longitudinal line. Mesocutellum with two parallel, impressed, longitudinal lines. Flagellum of male antennae with many long appressed hairs. Abdomen of female a little longer than thorax and about as broad, rounding out to joint 3 which is broadest, and thence, with straight sides, tapering to an acute point; the whole abdomen flattened and usually tilted upwards. Abdomen of male shorter and narrower than thorax, flattened and sub-oval. General color bluish green; antennae brown, darker in male than in female; all tibiae and tarsi honey-yellow; all coxae dark brown, yellowish at tips; front femora dark metallic except at tips; middle and hind femora dark brown except at tips. Length, 1.85 mm.; expanse, 3 mm. This species has been reared in considerable number, from Oeneis semi-dea by Mr. Scudder who has sent me a goodly series. Tetrastichus saundersii (Packard). Eulophus saundersii Packard. Of this species of Dr. Packard’s there remain but three greatly mutilated specimens • The antennae of all are gone and all are pinned with large pins through the thorax so as to destroy the characters. The species from the wings does not belong to the Eulo-phinae but to the Tetrastichinae, and may provisionally to be placed in Tetrastichus. There is no hope of a proper placing of this species until it is reared once more. The best we can do is to reproduce Dr. Packard’s original description: Three females. A minute species compared with semideae, but otherwise closely allied to it in structure and color; the abdomen, however, is considerably shorter and thicker, being scarcely longer than the thorax, while in semideae it is as long as head and thorax together. Antennae of the same form as in semideae but much shorter, the joints between the second and the club being longer than broad, while in semideae hey are twice as long as thick; they are brown and hairy. Wings much as in semideae, but the veins are much paler, less distinct. Legs colored much as in semideae. Trochanters brown, femora brown, pale at base, and whitish at tip; tibiae and tarsi white, except tarsal joints which are pale brown. Abdomen, like the rest of the body, deep blue with a greenish tinge, much shorter than in semideae and conical ovate, the tip not being at all produced. The body is smooth with very fine hairs. Length, 1 mm. These specimens were reared by Mr. Saunders in Ontario from a chrysalis of a Thecla presumed to be edwardsii. Tetrastichus theclae (Packard). PI. 89, fig. 6. Eulophus theclae Packard. Male.—Antennae inserted considerably above clypeus. Mesoscutum with median longitudinal sulcus. Mesocutellum with two distinct, parallel, longitudinal sulci. Submarginal vein with two bristles. Antennal scape not reaching to the eyes. Abdomen broadly ovate, as long as thorax but considerably broader. General color very dark metallic blue-black; antennae brown with whitish pile; legs with all femora and coxae blue-black; all tibiae and tarsi yellowish white; last tarsal joint dusky. Length, 1.28 mm.; expanse, 3 mm. Of this species I have seen 12 males all reared from chrysalis of Thecla calanus, presumably by Mr. Scudder.1894 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Tetrastichus modestus sp. nov. Female.—Smooth, no perceptible punctation. Antennae arise slightly above cly-peus; scape reaches a little more than half way to top of eyes; flagellum, usually bent upon scape, reaches slightly below mouth; flagellum and especially club quite hairy. Mesoscutum with no median longitudinal sulcus; mesoscutellum with usual sulci; submarginal vein with two strong bristles. Abdomen rather longer than thorax, but not as broad, narrowly ovate in form. General color shining black, with very slight greenish reflections; antennae brown, with whitish pile; wing veins very light brown; all coxae, femora and tibiae dark brown, the coxae and femora sometimes black and glistening; femero-tibial articulations and tips of all tibiae yellowish white; all tarsi yellowish white. Length, 1 mm.; expanse, 2.4 mm. Male.—Differs from female only in having a slightly longer scape, and longer, more hairy flagellum. Described from four female, six male specimens reared by Mr. W. H. Edwards at Coalburgh, W. Ya., from cocoons of Apanteles edwardsii Riley, spun by larvae which had issued from Yanessa atalanta, and from Apanteles cocoons, the adults of which have not been bred, but which were spun by larvae which issued from the larvae of Polygonia interrogationis. All of these species of Tetrastichus are secondary parasites. No Tetrastichus, so far as known, is a primary parasite. The real host of none of Dr. Packard’s is known. That of modestus is as indicated. Genus TRICHOGRAMMA Westwood. Tarsi 3-jointed; front wings with regular rows of hairs, submarginal vein reaches costa, and, with marginal and stigmal, forms a regular arch; antennae 8-jointed— scape, pedicel, ring-joint, funicle (2), club (3)—; ring-joint very minute; funicle joints in female small and subequal in length and width; club large, obliquely truncate at tip. In the male the funicle joints are much larger and the club is of same width, tapering gradually to rounded tip. Four described North American species, and a number of undescribed species have been examined, but it seems impossible to find structural characters of specific value. Certain series of individuals can be distinguished by color, and by color alone, and for convenience those reared from butterfly eggs are grouped into the following species. The specimens should be mounted in balsam and should be studied with a dark background and reflected light, as the dusky tints are mainly lost with transmitted light. If mounted dry upon tags, these delicate insects shrivel to such an extent that they are useless for study. Table of Species. Color dark brown.............................................minutum. Color pale honey-yellow.................................minutissimum. Face bright yellow; abdomen and legs dusky yellow.........intermedium« Trichogramma minutum Riley. I have been unable to find recognizable specimens of this species* Specimens preserved by Professor Riley, between two flakes of isinglass,HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1895 are spoiled. Structurally it is identical with the other forms. Coloration-ally it was described by Professor Riley in the following words : “It is inconspicuously marked, the body being dark brown, with the antennae and legs pale, and the wings iridescent. The species was figured and described in the Third Report on the Insects of Missouri, p. 157, from specimens reared from the eggs of Basilarchia archippus in Missouri. From four to six parasites issued from each egg. Trichogramma minutissimum Packard, Body uniformly pale testaceous or honey-yellow, legs and antennae scarcely paler than the body. Abdomen a little longer than the thorax, but no wider, seen from above. Antennae a little longer than in minutum, legs a little slenderer. Length, $ .25 mm. to .37 mm.; $ , .38 mm.-.5 mm. (After Packard.) [The following description of the colors was taken during life:—Body and head wax-yellow; face a little paler; eyes and ocelli dark orange; body with yellow-green internal blotches appearing through the skin; legs and antennae pale yellow, apical half of tarsi a little dusky, s. h. s.] In the material sent me by Mr. Scudder I find eight slides of this species, three labelled from eggs of Jasoniades glaucus, three from eggs of Basilarchia archippus, and two from eggs of Vanessa atalanta. Trichogramma intermedium sp. nov. PI. 89, fig. 8. Male.—General color dirty yellow in effect; face bright yellow, eyes and ocelli red, antennae slightly dusky; mesonotum very light yellow-gray; metanotum yellow; abdomen above slightly darker than mesonotum; all coxae dusky, hind femora slightly dusky above, remainder of legs dull yellowish. Wings with a slight cloud below submarginal vein. The nearly straight line of hairs running downwards from tip of stigma consists of live hairs, the first one sometimes included in stigmal club, leaving only four apparent in the row. Average length, .55 mm.; average expanse, 1.0 mm. Female.—Slightly smaller, and not quite so dark as male. [The following description of the colors was taken during life: Honey-yellow, the abdomen pale and banded transversely with dusky; eyes and ocelli salmon-red; legs and antennae greenish olive; apical two-fifths of tarsi fuscous, s. h. s.] Of this species Mr. Scudder has sent me six slides, four containing specimens reared from eggs of Aglais milberti, and two from eggs of Thanaos lucilius. Mr. James Fletcher has since sent me from Ottawa four specimens reared during the summer of 1888, from eggs of Oeneis macounii. FAMILY PROCTOTRUPIDAE STEPHENS. Genus TELENOMUS Haliday. Small, black, compact; abdomen acutely margined along the sides; antennae arising near the border of the mouth; anterior tibiae with one spur; anterior wings with a marginal and a stigmal vein; antennal club jointed; marginal vein shorter than stigmal ; second abdominal segment longest; maxillary palpi 2-jointed; mandibles arcuate, slightly bidentate at apex.1896 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Table of Species, Male abdomen only three-fourths as long as thorax............................. .graptae. Male abdomen nearly or quite as long as thorax..................................rileyi. Telenomus graptae sp. nov. FI. 89, fig. 9. Male.—The nine funicle joints of the antennae are beaded and well separated, all joints subequal in width, joints 4 to 9 nearly as broad as long, joint 2 longest, joints 1 and 3 subequal, both shorter than 2, and longer than 4 to 9; club shorter than two preceding joints together, conical, sharply pointed. Thorax much arched and very finely pilose. Abdomen three-fourths as long as thorax. Color dark brown, nearly black, the abdomen darker than head or thorax; antennae uniform dark brown; all coxae and femora dark brown; front tibiae light brown, middle and hind tibiae dark brown; all tarsi dark honey-yellow; wing veins brown, well marked. Length, .875 mm.; expanse, 2.3 mm. Female.—Differs from male only in antennae, in which the last three flagellar joints form a large club, the three joints well separated, and the last slightly obliquely truncate. From the basal joint of the club the funicle joints taper down in size for three joints. Described from one male and one female. The male was reared by Mr. Seudder from an egg of Polygonia progne, and the female was captured June 15, by Mr. C. W. Woodworth on the White Mountains while in the act of ovipositing in an egg of Euvanessa antiopa. Both specimens are poorly mounted in balsam, and the characters are difficult to observe. Mr. Seudder has also sent a slide containing a single female Telenomus, which I hesitate, on account of its poor condition, to separate from this species. It was reared from an egg of Heodes hypophlaeas. Since this description was written I have received another female from Mr. Seudder, which I cannot separate from this species and which was reared from the egg of Limochares taumas collected at Nepigon by Mr. Seudder in the summer of 1888. A single female was also reared from an egg of Polygonia interrogationis at Washington, August 6, 1887. Telenomus rileyi sp. nov. Male.—Proportions of funicle joints much as in graptae; club more oval and less acutely pointed; joints 1 and 2 of funicle much more constricted at base than at apex. Thorax somewhat less highly arched than in graptae. Abdomen nearly or quite as long as thorax. Pile of thorax not distinguishable under a moderate power. Color black, abdomen highly polished; scape and pedicel of antennae bright honey-yellow; joints of funicle yellow below, dusky above, last three joints (club) dark brown; all legs, including coxae, bright yellow, verging upon orange. Wing veins faint, dusky. Length, .72 mm.; expanse, 1.8 mm. Described from three males reared by Professor Riley from eggs of Chlorippe clyton in Missouri.FAMILY BRACONIDAE. SUBFAMILY MICROGASTERINAE. BY C. Y. RILEY. It is difficult to properly consider the Microgasters affecting the larvae of New England Rhopalocera without a careful revision of the whole group ; but, at Mr. Howard’s request, I have prepared the following notes which may not be without interest. In the “Notes on North American Microgasters” (Trans. Acad. Sc. St. Louis, Yol. iv, No. 2, April, 1881) I have shown that the species are more variable than had been up to that time supposed, and that even in the manner of forming their cocoons, as well as in the character of the cocoons, there may be considerable variation in the same species. A large amount of additional material obtained since the publication of that paper, and in most cases connected with the host, has served to complicate the whole question of species, so that their delimitation becomes at times almost impossible. In short, a careful study of this group, as of most other groups well and fully represented, confirms the idea of the nonexistence of species as such in nature, and renders it almost as easy to make a continuous series as to make well marked divisions. On the present occasion, however, it is not necessary to enter into a consideration of this general subject of species, except in so far as to warn the reader that the species here treated of are characterized as such more for convenience than anything else; that if I have avoided a strong disposition to lump and combine forms hitherto considered good species, it is purely to assist in recognizing the alliances ; and that the average characters of assemblages rather than individual characters have been utilized. In the terminology of parts there is need of greater precision than American authors, including myself, have hitherto employed; but I have often used scutellum for the prominent triangular piece, strictly the meso-scutellum; and postscutellum when including the more critically differentiated mesopostscutellum, metapraescutum and metascutum, as the characteristic fovea usually extends across this last. Metascutellum is used for the larger piece, which I have heretofore called the metanotum. In the genus Apanteles I have begun with glomeratus, making the description of this species most full, for obvious reasons and for purposes of comparison. The group is a difficult one on account of the monotony of the coloring1898 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. and slight structural variations. Ordinarily there are no striking secondary sexual characters, the male being on the average somewhat the smaller. Where not otherwise stated, the rearing has been done by myself. Genus APANTELES Foerster. Maxillary palpi 5-, labial 3-jointed. Antennae 18-jointed. Eyes villose. Mesopleu-rae impressed with a smooth fovea. Abdomen sessile; suturiform articulation distinct. Radius of fore wings subobsolete; 2 cubital areolets, the 2d being open on the outer side, and thus confused with the 3d. Spurs of the hind tibiae never much shorter than £ the metatarsus. (After Marshall.) Table of Species. Ovipositor long, as long as abdomen. First abdominal tergite, sculptured above..............................megathymi. 3. First and second and base of third tergites sculptured.................edwardsii. 2. Ovipositor short, much shorter than abdomen. First and second and more or less of third tergites sculptured. Third tergite sculptured only at base. All coxae black (entirely). All femora partially black. Face with distinct tubercle............................koebelei. 8. Face without tubercle...............................limenitidis. 4. All femora reddish, tips of hind femora blackish. Face with a minute tubercle............................lunatus. 5. Face without tubercle...............................argynnidis. 7. All coxae more or less reddish. Face without tubercle...............................flavicornis. 9. Face with a distinct median tubercle.............emarginatus. 10. Third tergite entirely sculptured..............................cyaniridis. 6. First and second tergites, only, sculptured. Anterior and middle coxae yellow...............................glomeratus. 1. All coxae black. More or less of all legs black. Metascutellum with a slight median longitudinal ridge......theclae. 11. Metascutellum with no such ridge. First tergite narrow behind.........................junoniae. 12. First tergite nearly as broad behind as base of second....carduicola. 13. All legs yellow except coxae. Punctation of second tergite confined to borders........atalantae. 14. Second tergite closely punctate.........................pholisorae. 15. All tergites polished..............................................cassianus. 16. 1. Apanteles glomeratus (Linn.). PI. 88, fig. 12. Microgaster pieridis Pack. Apanteles pieridivora Riley. Parasitic on Pieris rapae and P. oleracea. Up to the publication of my paper already alluded to, it was not definitely known that this species occurred in North America, and I have already recorded (Ann. Rept. Entom., Dept. Agr., 1884, p. 323) the success of my efforts to colonize the species at Washington from cocoons received from Mr. G. C. Bignell of Plymouth, England, earlier attemptsHYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1899 which I made having failed. The importance of the introduction of this, one of the commonest parasites of Pieris rapae in Europe, and the interest attaching to it justified the trial. But for the last few years I have received many specimens, particularly from different parts of this country, of a Microgaster bred from Pieris rapae which bore a suspicious resemblance to the European glomeratus. The material before me includes, 1st: (from Europe) a perfect female which was received in 1879 by Mr. Howard from Dr. Gustav Mayr of Vienna; a large series in my own collection in the National Museum reared from the cocoons received from Mr. Bignell from England; other specimens descended from these last and reared in the District of Columbia, and two bunches of cocoons from Mr. Scudder collected in Europe in 1872 ; 2d : (reared from Pieris rapae in the United States) specimens from Prof. J. A. Lintner of Albany, N. Y., Mr. G. Haley of Brownfield, Me., Mr. E. W. Allis of Adrian, Mich., Prof. A. J. Cook of Lansing, Mich, and Mr. W. B. Alwood of Columbus, O., and finally four authoritative specimens of Microgaster pieridis (Pack.). A careful study of all these specimens makes it impossible to separate the American bred forms from the European, from which fact it would seem evident that other importations must have taken place of late years besides that purposely made which I have already referred to. Indeed, as we shall see in considering the common and wide-spread congregatus (Say), one would be perfectly justified in looking upon it as an American representative of glomeratus, and while its different habit, and the slight differences which I point out make it possible and desirable to keep them under distinct specific names, yet the differences might with perhaps equal propriety be regarded as varietal, especially as atalantae is intermediate between them. Thus it becomes in a measure a matter of mere speculation as to whether the more typical glomeratus in America is an entomophagic derivative of congregatus modified from breeding again in Pieris rapae or whether it represents earlier importations from Europe. We must not wonder at this difficulty in separating specifically allied European and American insects, when zoologists are yet discussing the specific relations of many of the higher animals common to both countries, and opinions differ among the most competent to express them. In this country glomeratus, so far as the material indicates, is confined to P. rapae, while in Europe it is reared not only from the larva of this butterfly, but also from that of Mancipium brassicae and other species. Length of body, $ , 2.6—3 mm. Color black. Pilosity of head and thorax quite marked and white. Head with the punctation very fine, tolerably dense, but less so on the polished face and clypeus; a deep puncture or fovea each side at apex of the clypeus *, face with two more or less well defined. slender carinae diverging from the base of the antennae forward, the space between them generally depressed, and in some cases short striae diverging from the carinae; eyes brown; mandibles either pale brownish or1900 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. honey-yellow; antennae black, the lower side of the basal joint and base of the flagellum often brownish; palpi from pale testaceous to quite yellow: mesothorax coarsely ■punctate, polished and sparsely pubescent; median carinae of metanotum complete but faint; scutellum polished, sparsely punctate; postscutellum very narrow, almost linear, with a central more or less circular, sometimes almost square fovea, having & central, longitudinal carina thickened at base; metascutellum rather coarsely and densely rugose, with a (generally) well defined, slender, median carina; tegulae brownish to black; wing venation normal; costa, stigma and radial vein quite dark brown, though occasionally lighter, the other veins paler; curve of radial vein more or less variable, sometimes quite angular; legs honey-vellow; posterior coxae black, sometimes brownish beneath, the others rarely brownish; tip of posterior tibiae either black or dusky or concolorous; hind tarsi generally dusky. Abdomen black, the two basal joints closely punctate, sometimes slightly rugoso-punctate; the first joint longer than broad, narrowest at base, gradually broadening posteriorly, the base deeply concave and highly polished, and the apical angles generally somewhat rounded; a more or less well defined, median carina on the second joint; lateral margin of both and generally of the third, honey-yellow to reddish, this color extending ventrally over the whole of two and sometimes of all three joints; rest of abdomen black, highly polished and with sparse and slender white hairs, arranged dorsally in one irregular row to each joint; ovipositor but slightly extending beyond tip—often entirely hidden from above according as it is extended or drawn up. $. Not separable except by the sexual differences common to the group. The coloration of the legs as well as of the basal abdominal joints varies, the coxae being sometimes concolorous, i. e., all dusky and the femora exceptionally having no duskiness. The mandibles vary from yellowish-red to piceous. Described from some 150 specimens. In the most complete European description at hand (Nees ab Esenbeck, Hym. Ichn. Aff., i, 181, 1834) the basal joint of the abdomen is made to form a rectangulum, due to the fact that the narrowing, highly polished base is generally hidden beneath the metascutellum, while the typical form accords more with our exceptional specimens having unicolorous femora. None of the specimens before me have the yellowish or reddish color on basal abdominal joints so broadened dorsally as to appear rufous with two large, black spots as described by Nees for the male. The cocoons are formed in irregular masses of about 20-100 or more. They are ovoid and vary in color from very pale yellow to bright sulphur-yellow, the loose external and combining threads being generally the deeper in color, and the American specimens, as a rule, paler than the European. Nees describes them as pale testaceous. The color not only varies slightly but will depend upon the amount of exposure to bleaching weather. I have pointed out (Am. Nat., 1882, p. 679) that Dr. Packard’s name pieridis is preoccupied in the same genus and that his species was to be looked upon as a variety of congregatus. I therefore proposed the varietal name pieridivora for it. The four specimens at hand, as also his description (Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxi, 1880-2, p. 26), so far as it goes, agree well with glomer-HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1901 atus, and should now be considered synonymous with this last rather than a variety of congregatus, as I was inclined to place it prior to the study of glomeratus. Apanteles congregatus (Say). Parasitic on various Sphingidae. This species, as I have shown, (op. cit.) is extremely variable, having several entomophagic varieties which most authors would perhaps look upon as good species. It has not been reared from any of the Rhopa-locera and is referred to here because of its close relationship to glomeratus ; from which in its more typical form, it may be distinguished by the following characters: More generally hairy. Face less polished, densely punctate and in place of the diverging carinae, a small, polished tubercle near and between the bases of antennae and sometimes a faint indication of a median carina. Mesoscutum less polished, rather densely punctate and more pubescent; metascutellum with the lateral and posterior carinae more sharply defined and a median carina more often indicated. Legs more often concolorous and rarely with tips of femora and of tibiae dusky and still more rarely black. Wings with a rather darker tinge. 2. Apanteles edwardsii n. sp. Parasitic on Vanessa atalanta. Average length, 2.6 mm. ? : Color black. Legs pale yellowish-brown. Pilosity sparse and white. Head: face with a more or less distinct carina; antennae piceous; palpi very light yellow. Thorax: metascutellum without carina but with posterior angles and slight elevation at middle of hind border rather distinct and polished; scu-tellum sparsely punctate and not more polished than the rest of thorax; tegulae light honey-yellow: wings normal, stigma and costa piceous, veins paler; radial vein an-gulated a little beyond middle: legs with all coxae and all trochanters honey-yellow; front and middle femora, tibiae and tarsi honey-yellow; hind femora honey-yellow, dusky at tip; hind tibiae honey-yellow, nearly black at tip; hind tarsi brownish. Abdomen : joint 1 with a longitudinal oval median fovea not extending to joint 2; joint 1 narrow, emarginate behind, side pieces piceous-brown; joint 2 transverse, broader than 1 and thrice as broad as long, the hind wider than anterior border; both 1 and 2 strongly punctate, 3 but slightly so at anterior border; ovipositor exserted, very long, extending more than the whole length of the abdomen, and yellowish-brown. Approaches closely A. cacoeciae (Riley). The cocoons are elongate, dense, pure white or varying to a dingy white, with scarcely any,loose silk. The species has only been bred from young larvae. Described from four females reared from atalanta by Mr. William H. Edwards.1902 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 3. Apanteles megathymi Riley. Parasitic upon Megathymus yuccae. I repeat here the description already published (Notes, etc., pp. 9-10). Apanteles megathymi, n. sp. Length of body, 3 mm, $ $ . Black; palpi whitish, antennae piceous; legs red, the coxae, and in the males the posterior femora and tarsi and the tips of the posterior tibiae, black or piceous, in the females the tips of posterior tibiae and the posterior tarsi dusky; wings, including the stigma, hyaline; tegulae and nervures white, the costa and the outline of the stigma testaceous. Me-sonotum closely punctate, the punctures tending to unite to form striae, opake, the scutellum polished, sparsely punctate; metathorax finely reticulate, divided into larger areas by regular ridges, two of these ridges enclosing a median ovate-lanceolate area, there being no median carina. Abdomen as long as the thorax, narrowing towards base; basal joint, excluding the less chitinized sides, longer than broad, and longer than the second and third joints taken together, delicately sculptured and with some scattered punctures of larger size; remainder of the abdomen smooth; second joint very short, separated from the third by a deep, but very narrow groove; the third joint twice as long as the second. The ovipositor is exserted and as long as the abdomen. The vein from the stigma forms with the basal vein of the areolet only a slight curve. Described from many specimens bred from larvae of Megathymus yuccae received from South Carolina. The cocoons are spun in white masses, filling the silk-lined burrows of the Yucca-borer. The flies appear in April shortly after the time of appearance of the butterfly, and are more or less powdered with the waxy secretion of the caterpillar. 4. Apanteles limenitidis Riley. Microgcister limenitidis Riley; Third chae Riley; Notes on N. A. Microgasters, p. 13. Rept. Ins. Mo., p. 158. Apanteles limenitidis Riley; Packard, Apanteles limenitidis Riley, form flavicon- Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Parasitic on Basilarchia archippus. This parasite commonly infests the last brood of larvae of Basilarchia archippus in Missouri, and as my original description was rather general, I have drawn up a more full characterization : Average length $, 2 mm.; £ 2.5 mm. Color piceous-black with white pubescence. Head: with a perceptible but very slight median facial elevation below antennae : palpi whitish or testaceous. Thorax: mesoscutum coarsely punctate and with a faint median carina obsolete anteriorly; scutellum more polished; fovea of metascutum broad, sub-triangular and with central depression: wings normal the basal vein of areolet but slightly angulate: legs with all coxae and trochanters black; front femora with basal half black; apical half honey-yellow (sometimes nearly all honey-yellow) ; front tibiae and tarsi honey-yellow; middle femora dark brown above, tibiae and tarsi honey-yellow; hind femora black; hind tibiae with basal half honey-yellow, apical half brown, spur yellow; hind tarsi brown above, paler below. Abdomen with joints 1, 2 and 3 punctate, the rest polished; 2 with a slight median carina; 1 and 2 yellowish at sides ven-trally; ovipositor hidden.HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1903 The male differs but slightly, the front and middle femora being usually darker. One female has all legs yellow except extreme tip of hind femora. Described from numerous specimens reared from B. archippus and others (var. flaviconchae) from cocoons found in fields infested with Leucania unipuncta. The cocoons from archippus are from young larvae of autumn brood and are dull whitish, single and with little loose silk. Those of form flaviconchae are pale yellow and in masses with a small amount of loose silk. 5. Apanteleslunatus (Pack.). Microgaster lunatus Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxi, p. 28 (1880). Parasitic on Papilio polyxenes. This species was described by Dr. Packard from a single female bred by me from Papilio polyxenes. Mr. Scudder is not able to find the specimen, and hence I can only adopt Dr. Packard’s description : Body dull black, not shining, stout and thick. Head and antennae covered with an unusually dense silvery pile, the antennae rather thicker than in M. pieridis; palpi pale testaceous; front rather broad between the eyes; thorax dull black; metanotum with no median ridge. First subcostal cell instead of being irregularly oblong, is much broader and irregularly pentagonal. Fore and middle trochanters black, legs deep honey-yellow with a slight reddish tinge, outer third of tarsi pale brownish; hind femora reddish honey-yellow tipped with black, tarsi wholly black. Abdomen entirely black, granulated as usual on two basal segments, polished beyond, a faint dull testaceous spot on under side of first segment, not appearing above. Length, .13 inch. I have one female in poor condition reared from polyxenes received from W. B. Thomas, of Athens, Ga. in 1885, which is apparently this species, and which is characterized by a minute tubercle on the face, by the scutel-lum being densely punctate and not polished and by the basal joint of palpi being black. The metascutellum has no carina but is heavily pilose. Abdominal joint 1 narrow, the hind border almost as wide as the joint is long, without carina, but with a strongly marked median tubercle, extending to anterior border of joint 2, with both joints and basal part of 3 strongly rugose. Ovipositor but slightly exserted, the sheath extending but a short distance beyond the tip of abdomen. The cocoons are single, dense, dull yellow and with but little loose silk. 6. Apanteles cyaniridis n. sp. Parasitic on Cyaniris pseudargiolus. Length, 2.8 mm. : Pilosity sparse. Head: face without carina; palpi pale yellow. Thorax: mesoscutum with barely a trace of a carina; scutellum hardly more polished1904 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. and evenly and minutely punctate; the scapulae perfectly smooth and polished behind $ metascutellum with the median carina divided around acetabulum; the lateral carinae starting each side of spiracle : wings normal, with stigma and costa very dark brown, the radial vein strongly angulated below its middle : legs with all coxae black; all femora and tibiae honey-yellow; trochanters dusky at base; hind femora dusky just at tip; hind tibiae with a dusky band at tip; hind tarsi dusky except at bases of joints; basal joint darker than the rest. Abdomen without a trace of yellow; dorsal plate of joint 1 broader posteriorly than long; of joint 2 with a well marked median carina extending slightly upon joint 3; joints 1, 2 and base of 3 well sculptured; ovipositor but very slightly protruding and not reaching beyond tip of abdomen. Described from 3 specimens in my collection received from William H. Edwards, reared from Cyaniris pseudargiolus. The cocoon is white with a tinge of lemon-yellow and surrounded with considerable loose silk. 7. Apanteles argynnidis n. sp. Parasitic on Argynnis cybele. Length of body, 2—2.2 mm. Color black. Pubescence white and quite dense. Head; profusely punctate: face without median carina or tubercle; mandibles yellowish-brown, palpi whitish; eyes black; antennae black,often brown or ferruginous beneath. Thorax more coarsely and densely punctate than the head, and with no median carina on mesoscutum ; scutellum somewhat polished and sparsely punctate; fovea of postscutel-lum small, transverse, divided by a distinct median carina; metascutellum strongly rugose, with distinct median carina, the lateral ridges almost parallel, diverging somewhat anteriorly; tegulae brownish-black : wings hyaline; venation normal; costa dark brown, stigma and veins paler brown : legs reddish-yellow; all coxae black, anterior and median tarsi paler, almost whitish, brownish toward the end, their claws blackish; posterior femora and tibiae blackish toward tips; posterior tarsi dusky. Abdomen black; the two basal joints densely and confluently punctate, the third less so, and only at its basal half; joint 1 longer than broad, the concavity at its base deep and similarly sculptured; a faint indication of a median ridge on joint 2; flexible margins of the two basal joints scarcely apparent, somewhat yellowish or often almost black; remaining joints highly polished and sparsely hairy; venter black; ovipositor and its sheaths scarcely projecting. The cocoon is dense, narrow, smaller than in koebelei; single or in small, exposed masses, dingy white, with a little loose silk surrounding. This species also closely resembles A. flaviconchae, which differs, however, in being somewhat larger, in having a more densely punctate thorax and scutellum, in the entirely punctate third abdominal joint and in having the basal half of the anterior and median and the whole of posterior femora, black. Described from 7 specimens, all females, bred from Argynnis cybele by William H. Edwards. 8. Apanteles koebelei n. sp. Parasitic on Lemonias anicia. Length of body 2.6—2.8 mm. 5 : color black. Pubescence short, dense and faintlyHYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1905 yellowish. Head finely punctate, somewhat polished; facial carina not well defined, but terminating in front of antennae in a distinct polished tubercle; mandibles reddish ; palpi whitish, the basal joint of maxillary palpi black; eyes brown with paler inner border; antennae black in both sexes, scarcely as long as the body. Thorax: scutellum polished, sparsely punctate; fovea of post-scutellum circular, occasionally with a round, central granule; metascutum and metascutellum coarsely rugose, the median carina on latter distinct, the lateral carinae straight, diverging ante, riorly : tegulae blackish: wings hyaline, venation normal; the radial vein angulated ; costa, stigma and veins brownish black: legs, usually reddish with all coxae black and the extreme base of the anterior and median and apex of posterior femora more or less distinctly blackish; all tarsi more or less dusky. Abdomen black, laterally compressed beyond joint 3, and wedge-shaped; joint 2 and extreme base 3 rugose-punctate; joint 1 longer than broad, narrowest at base, broadening and almost as broad posteriorly as 2; concavity at base deep and not polished; median carina of joint 2 either very distinct or almost wanting; the other joints highly polished and sparsely hairy; flexible border of two basal joints rather narrow; venter black; the ovipositor short, exserted, its sheaths black. The $ is distinguished by the longer antennae, by the less compressed abdomen, by the palpi being dusky, the femora darker, the sides black along the whole length, the tibiae with a dusky tinge and the tarsi blackish. There is more variation in the carina on abdominal joint 2, being but feebly indicated in one specimen and wanting in a second. There is some variation in coloration, and one female, smaller than the average, has the coloration of the male. The cocoons are white, less satiny than inflavieornis, somewhat stouter, but similarly exposed and held together by loose silk. Described from 15 specimens (12 $ , 3 Apanteles atalantae Packard. FI. 88, fig- 13. Parasitic on Yanessa atalanta and Agíais milberti. Dr. Packard’s colorational description (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.* xxi, p. 27) which would apply to many different forms is as follows : “Body jet black, polished; antennae blackish brown; palpi whitish; mandibles palé» reddish, blackish at base. Legs with the coxae black; trochanters blackish at base, all beyond dark honey-yellow; terminal joint of tarsi a little dusky.” From limited material and the description I formerly considered this a variety of congregatus (Am. Nat., 1882, p. 670) ; but from a larger number of specimens since examined it may very well remain as a good species, intermediate in some respects between glomeratus and congregatus by comparison with which it may best be characterized. From glomeratus it differs in the more convex, more densely punctate face without diverging carinae; in the lateral ridges of metathorax being more distinct. From congregatus it differs in being less hairy, in the less densely punctate face without distinct tubercle, and in its concolorous coxae. From both species it is distinguished by the smoother second joint of abdomen, the sculpture being confined to the lateral borders; by the stigma being shorter and darker, the angle of the radial vein more pronounced and above the middle of the vein, i. e., nearer to the stigma; and finally by the sheath of the ovipositor being broader, more strongly developed and projecting somewhat more beyond the tip of abdomen. In some specimens, the middle portion of the first abdominal joint is also smooth and impunctate. I have examined some 50 specimens from atalanta and 15 from milberti reared by Packard, and 2 specimens from milberti reared by William H. Edwards. There are no entomophagic differences whatever in the spec- imens.HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1909 The cocoons are arranged on end, side by side, in moderate masses, the whole covered with loose silk and the color pure white. 15. Apanteles pholisorae n. sp. Parasitic on Pholisora catullus. Length of body, 2.4 mm.—2.7 mm. ? : Color black with much reddish-yellow on abdomen. Pubescence rather dense and white. Head: punctation coarse and uniform; a deep puncture on each side of clypeus; facial carina quite distinct; mandibles yellowish-brown ; palpi pale testaceous; eyes brown, antennae black, longer in the male than in the female, the basal joint often yellowish-brown, and the flagellum beneath, in both sexes frequently brownish. Thorax: scutellum sparsely punctate and somewhat polished ; postscutellum very narrow, its median fovea small and often indistinct; metascu-tellum rugose, its median carina distinct, the lateral carinae straight and parallel with it; tegulae brownish: wings normal, the radial vein variable and either uniformly curved or more or less angulated; costa, stigma and radial vein light brown, the other veins paler: legs honey-yellow; anterior and median coxae brownish, the hind pair black; hind femora and tibiae blackish at tip; all tarsi slightly dusky, the posterior pair darkest ; claws blackish. Abdomen narrow, slender, tapering gradually from joint 2 toward the end; basal joints 1 and 2 black and closely punctate; joint 1 longer than broad, narrowest at base, broadening gradually toward hind border where the angles are. slightly rounded, the basal portion somewhat concave; joint 2 with a rather distinct median carina; remaining joints polished and sparsely hairy, their color variable, either entirely honey-yellow, with only the sutures blackish or with only 2 yellowish spots at the hind border of 3, with all gradations between these extremes; flexible lateral margin of 1 and 2 and often the whole venter, honey-yellow; sheath of ovipositor black and reaching somewhat beyond the tip of abdomen. Resembles both A. scitulus and A. emarginatus. From the latter it is distinguished by the absence of the facial tubercle, by the denser and coarser sculpturing of the head and absence of median carina on posterior half of mesoscutum; by the median carina and straight lateral ridge on the metascutum and the more slender abdomen. From scitulus it differs in the smaller size, the more slender abdomen, with its carina and different sculpturing. Described from 16 specimens, reared from Pholisora catullus, one by William H. Edwards, the rest by myself. The cocoons are normal, perfectly white, with much loose silk adhering to them, and either single or in small masses. 16. Apanteles cassianus Riley. Parasitic on Xanthidia nicippe. This species was described by me (loc. cit., p. 12) from cocoons found at East St. Louis, 111., upon Cassia marylandica with Xanthidia nicippe from which they had in all probability issued. I reproduce the description : “Length, 1.5 to 2.2 mm. J . Black; palpi white; mandibles sometimes testaceous; knees, the four anterior tibiae j the basal half of posterior tibiae, and all the tarsi ex-1910 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. cepting at the apex and on the apical half of the basal joint of posterior pair, whitish; the anterior femora more or less piceous and the intermediate tibiae often tinged with testaceous. Wings hyaline, the veins white; the stigma, strongly in contrast, piceous; tegulae tipped with piceous. Antennae of the ? scarcely shorter than those of the $. Mesothorax opake, the punctures shallow and obscure; metathorax opake, without distinct sculpture, its upper face limited on each side by a carina exterior to the spiracles, a few slight ridges at the apex. Abdomen without punctures, lateral margins of the basal joint dark piceous, the central portion broad and with sharply defined sides; second joint with a broad, triangular central area marked off by two deep grooves which diverge from the middle of the anterior margin; ovipositor concealed. The radius forms with the basal vein of theareolet only a slight curve, but in one qr two specimens there is a slight angle on the outer side at their point of union.” Since the description was published I have received two other specimens, one reared from nicippe, by Mr. William H. Edwards and one from Eurymus eurytheme by Mr. David Bruce in Colorado. The species is well marked especially by the sculpture of the second abdominal joint. The cocoons vary. Those from which my specimens were obtained are either dingy gray or pale yellowish, the former with five tolerably marked longitudinal ribs, the latter almost smooth. That from Mr. Edwards is intermediate. Genus MICROGASTER Latreille. Maxillary palpi 5-, labial 3-jointed. Eyes villose. Antennae 18-jointed. Mesopleu-rae rarely with a rugulose fovea. Abdomen sessile; suturiform articulation distinct. Radius of the fore wing almost complete; three arbital areolets, the 2d often imperfect. Hind coxae elongate; spurs of the hind tibiae not shorter than half the metatarsus. Terebra more or less exserted. (After Marshall.) Microgaster carinata Pack. PI. 88, fig- 11. Parasitic on Vanessa atalanta. Microgaster carinata Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxi, p. 25 (1880). This species was described by Dr. Packard from specimens bred by Mr. Scudder from Vanessa atalanta. Its characteristics from the material before me, rather than from the original description, are as follows : Average length, 4 mm. $: Body black. Antennae brownish-black; palpi pale yellow. Wings with the stigma and veins brown. All coxae black; all trochanters black at base and yellowish at tip; front and middle femora, tibiae and tarsi honey yellow; the tarsi dusky at tip; hind femora and tibiae honey-yellow and dark at tip; hind tarsi dusky throughout. Abdomen with dorsum of joints 1 and 2 strongly rugose, the rugosity on joint 1 having a tendency to form into irregular, longitudinal lines toward the outer hind angles, the median carina being obsolete but with a decided elevation or tubercle on the hind border; anterior portion of joint 3 very slightly punctate; ovipositor quite long, reaching when extended beyond the length of the whole abdomen; the sheaths dark, quite pilose and two-thirds as long as abdomen. Venter with a large, honey-yellow spot each side at base. Three females are before me from Mr. Scudder. In my notes on Microgasters (Am. Nat., Aug. 1882, p. 679). I haveHTMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1911 stated it to be a variety of M. gelechiae (Riley) having then seen but one specimen. With the material before me it may, however, stand as a species, for, in addition to the colorational differences there pointed out and to the other colorational fact that in gelechiae the yellow spot covers nearly or quite the whole of the dorsum of joints 5 and 6, structural differences are also noticeable in that the rugose elevations of first tergite in gelechiae exhibit no tendency toward forming longitudinal lines behind and that the scutellum is much more strongly punctate than in carinata. The sheath of ovipositor is, also, less pilose.THE DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. BY S. W. WILLISTON, NEW HAVEN, CONN. But when he spide the joyous Butterflie In this faire plot dispacing to and fro, Feareles of foes and hidden jeopardie, Lord I how he gan for to bestirre him tho, And to his wicked worke each part applie! His heart did yearne against his hated foe, And bowels so with rankling poyson swelde, That scarce the skin the strong cantagion helde. Spenser— Muiopotmos. Not many species of Diptera are known to be parasitic upon butterflies, either in Europe or America, and they are all, with the exceptions noted below, included in one family, the Tachinidae. In Europe, about fifteen species have been bred and recognized, belonging to the genera Tachina, Masicera, Exorista, and Phorocera. Others have been described by Rob-ineau Desvoidy, but the difficulty, if not impossibility, of recognizing this author’s species detracts almost wholly from the value of his observations. Doubtless there are many more to be recognized in Europe, yet we can hardly expect as large a number as in North America, for the reason that there is a greater diversity in the butterfly fauna of our country. All the species that are now known as true parasites upon our butterflies are included in the following lists. It will be noticed that they all, with one exception, belong to the same genera as do the European species. Masicera is sometimes difficult to distinguish from Tachina, in its narrowest sense; the three species described below, from the length of the third antennal joint, I have no hesitation in referring to Masicera. As several of the butterflies upon which some of the flies are parasitic are either cosmopolitan or introduced, it is not at all improbable that the parasites may, in the future, be found to be identical. As everyone who has given any attention to the Tachinidae is aware, the description of a species is insufficient to base a positive determination upon when the observed habitat is a remote one, and nothing more than an opinion can be hazarded till an actual and close comparison is made of specimens. Further, it is to be borne in mind that the identity of the host is only of negative value inDIPTEROUS PARASITES. 1913 the determination of the parasite ; while one may, with much probability, assume that a fly bred in America from Vanessa atalanta is Exorista futilis, yet it may be quite another species, and E. futilis may, with much probability, be also parasitic upon some other butterfly or mpth. Phorocera concinnata Meigen has been found parasitic upon five species of Vanessidi and two species of Pieridi. So, also, Exorista vulgaris Fallen has been bred from Pieris rapae, Cinclidia athalia, Procrustes coriarius and Plusia gamma. Two species of flies belonging to very different families have been sent me as having been bred from butterfly larvae. One of these, a species of Phora (89:16), may have been parasitic upon the living larva, but, more frequently, the larvae of these flies are found in decaying animal or vegetable matter. I cannot recognize the species among those hitherto described, and the preservation of the specimen will not warrant its description as new. The other, Syneches pusillus Loew, I was surprised to find, among the specimens sent by Mr. Scudder, bearing the label “Lyc. neg-lecta larva,” with the chirography apparently that of Mr. W. H. Edwards. That there might be no error, however, I sent the specimen to that gentleman, who assured me that the label was his, and, furthermore, though he could not recall the specimen, that there could be no possibility of doubt in the labelling of the specimen, as indeed no one could suspect from Mr. Edwards’s known reputation. The fact is one of much interest, as I cannot learn that any species of this family (Empidae) has hitherto been known to be parasitic in the larval state, though the members are pre-eminently predaceous in the adult stage. So far as I am aware, the known species of this genus are confined to Europe (Pterospilus), Africa, and America. A possible, if not probable, explanation of the parasitism in the present case is, that the larva had entered the butterfly caterpillar or chrysalis after hatching. The larvae of Empidae, so far as known, live in decaying wood, humus, etc. The larvae of Tachinidae will be recognized by their headless, maggotlike appearance. They are thick, cylindrical, flattened below, the segments distinctly separated, with transverse and side swellings, either naked, or girdled with thin, short spines; the antennae are thick, wart-like, and the mouth has two, slightly curved, projecting hooklets. The puparium, formed by the larval skin, is elongate ellipsoidal in shape, of a deep brown or reddish brown color, with the ends obtusely rounded, the segmentation only feebly indicated, moderately smooth, without projections, save the two obtuse stigmatic tubercles at the hind end. The flies, it is needless to say, are cyclorrhaphous, that is, they escape from the pupigerous larval envelope through a circular opening made by bursting oif the anterior segments. In addition to the species described below, there were sent me by Mr.1914 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Scudder a very much injured specimen of Phorocera from Cinclidia har-risii and a puparium from Polygonia comma. [A detailed account of the actions of a Tachina in laying her eggs upon a caterpillar is given by Mr. A. C. Weeks (Ent. Amer., iii, 126).] LIST OF BUTTERFLIES AND THEIR DIPTEROUS PARASITES. Hosts. Parasites. Chlorippe celtis.....Phorocera edwardsii. Anaea andria.........Phorocera edwardsii. Polygonia comma......Unknown Tachinid. Euvanessa antiopa... .Phorocera edwardsii. Masicera (Phorocera?) sp. Vanessa atalanta.... ..Exorista futilis. Vanessa cardui.......Exorista blanda. Argynnis cybele......Phorocera saundersii. Cinclidia harrisii...Phorocera sp. Anosia plexippus.....Masicera archippivora. Thecla calanus.......Exorista theclarum. Thecla autolycus.....Exorista scudderi. Hosts. Parasites. Cyaniris pseudargio- lus..............Exorista theclarum. Syneches pusillus. Pieris rapae........E xorista hirsuta. Jasoniades glaucus...Masicera frenchii. Heraclides cresphon- tes...............Masicera rileyi. “Papilio” sp........Masicera archippivora. Epargyreus tityrus... A croglossa hesperida- rum. Thanaos brizo.......Exorista blanda, var. proserpina. Megathymus yuccae..Phorocera comstocki. LIST OF DIPTEROUS PARASITES AND HOSTS. Parasites. Hosts. Acroglossa hesperida- rum................Epargyreus tityrus. Exorista futilis.....Vanessa atalanta. Exorista blanda......Vanessa cardui. Exorista blanda, var. proserpina.........Thanaos brizo. Exorista hirsuta.....Pieris rapae. Exorista theclarum...Thecla calanus. Cyaniris pseudargiolus. Exorista scudderi....Thecla autolycus. Phorocera edwardsii..Chlorippe celtis. Anaea andria. Parasites. Hosts. P. edwardsii (cont.)...Euvanessa antiopa. Phorocera saundersii..Argynnis cybele. Phorocera comstocki..Megathymus yuccae. Phorocera sp........Cinclidia harrisii. Masicera archippivora.Anosia plexippus. “Papilio” sp. Masicera frenchii...Jasoniades glaucus. Masicera rileyi.....Heraclides cresphontes. Masicera (Phorocera?) sp................Euvanessa antiopa. Tachinid sp.......... .Polygonia comma. Syneches pusillus...Cyaniris pseudargiolus. The following list of the European dipterous parasites of butterflies makes no pretensions to completeness; it contains all the references that I have been able to obtain with the resources at my command. Indeed, as it is, the number of references is chiefly due to the very great kindness of Professor Mik. Such a list, even were it quite complete so far as the literature is concerned, loses, alas, much of its value from the fact that not much reliance can be placed on the specific names of some of the authors. The yet unraveled synonymy, especially in the parasitic genera, of the European Tachinidae is frightful. May it never reach such a state in America ! It is greatly to be regretted that we know so very little of this family of flies, perhaps the most important among all insects in its economic relations, in our own country. But, until the time shall arrive when a better knowledge is possible, may the heedless describer beware !DIPTEROUS PARASITES. 1915 DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES. Polygonia 1-album. Eugonia polychloros. Hamadryas io. Euyanessa antiopa. Agíais urticae. Araschnia levana. Vanessa car dui. Argynnis sp. Cinclidia athalia. Aurotis quercus. Mancipium brassicae. Pieris rapae. Papilio macbaon. Masicera pupipbaga Rondani, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., x, 32. Exorista inclinata Macquart, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (2) vii, 386, 44. Tachina rustica Meigen. (Also parasitic on Liparis salicis, Bombyx quercus, B. neustria, fide Schiner, Fauna, etc., i, 471). Tachina larvarum Linné : Hartig, Jahresb. u. d. Fortschr. d. Forstw., i, 278, 1837. Tachina agilis Meigen: Schiner, Fauna, etc., i, 477. Phorocera concinnata Meigen : Desvoidy, Hist. Nat. d. Dipt. etc. (Doria). Masicera vanessa Desvoidy, Hist. Nat. d. Dipt, etc., ii (Sturmia). Erycia vanessae Desvoidy, Ann. Soc. Ent.Fr., (2), vii, 170 (? Masicera). Masicera bremii Macquart, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (2), viii, 476. Exorista puella Meigen : Desvoidy, Hist. Nat. etc. Tachina bella Meigen : Schiner, Fauna, etc., i, 478. (Also parasitic on Liparis dispar, Schiner, 1. c.). Besaldia vanessae Rob. Desvoidy, Hist. Nat. etc. Phorocera iovera Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myod. Phorocera concinnata Meigen : Desvoidy, Hist. Nat. etc. Phorocera antiopae Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myod. Tachina agilis Meigen : Schiner, Fauna, etc. i, 477. Exorista ferina Desvoidy: v. d. Wulp, Tijdschr.v. ent., xii, 17. Phryxe vanessae Desvoidy, Hist. Nat. etc. Phorocera assimilis Fallen: Schiner, Fauna, etc. i, 491. Phorocera concinnata Meigen: Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myod., 134,8 (P. prorsae). Phorocera petrosa Desvoidy, Hist. Nat. etc. (Pales vernalis Desv.). Phryxe vanessae Desvoidy, Hist. Nat. etc. Phryxe puella Desvoidy, Hist. Nat. etc. Tachina doris Meigen : Schiner, Fauna, etc., i, 476. Masicera vanessa Desvoidy, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (2), viii, 158. Exorista vulgaris Fallen ; Desvoidy. Exorista confinis Fallen; Wachtl, Wien. Ent. Zeit.,i, 278. Phorocera concinnata Meigen: Bouche, Naturg. d. Ins., 1834, 57, pi. v, ff. 15-19. Phorocera munda Meigen. ExoristahortulanaMeigen: Beuthin, Hamb. Yer. Naturw., 1887, 36# Phorocera concinnata Meigen : Desvoidy, Hist. Nat. etc. (Doria): Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (2), viii, 179 (P. viridis) : Loew, in litt. Scudder. Phorocera pusilla Desvoidy, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (2), viii, 181. Exorista vulgaris Fallen. Tachina larvarum Linné; Y. d. Wulp, Tijdschr. v. Ent., xii, 18. Table of species of dipterous parasites. Proboscis slender, horny, projecting beyond the oral margin, with small labella; eyes bare. Acroglossa hesperidarum. Proboscis short, fleshy, with broad labella. Eyes bare; palpi yellow; second abdominal segment without anterior pair of bristles (Masicera). Second abdominal segment with a pair of posterior bristles. Antennae and abdomen wholly black ($ ?); claws and pulvilli of male elongate... M. frenekii. Third antennal joint at the base, and the sides of the abdominal segments largely red; claws and pulvilli of male not elongate............M. archippivora Second segment without bristles; abdomen on the sides broadly red....M. rileyi1916 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Eyes pubescent. A row of well developed bristles on the lateral margins of the facial depression reaching nearly or quite to a point opposite the lowermost one of the frontal rows (Phoro-cera). Antennae black; abdomen shining, the second segment with three pairs of bristles, the third with two pairs before the hind row..............P. saundersii. Palpi and antennae more or less yellow; second abdominal segment with not more than two pairs of bristles. Second and third abdominal segments with a pair of bristles toward the front; claws and pul villi of male small......................P. comstocki. Second and third segments without anterior pair of bristles, the posterior bristles strong........................................P. edwardsii. Above the vibrissal bristle, near the oral margin, there are only a few small bristles (Exorista). Palpi yellow. Abdomen at sides and tip broadly red; legs black.........E. scudderi. Abdomen without red on the sides............................E. blanda. Palpi black or dark brown. Second abdominal segment with a median and posterior pair of bristles; abdomen in general bristly......................................E. hirsuta. Second segment with a posterior, but no median pair of bristles. Abdomen black, marmorate with silver gray, the fourth segment brassy yellow pollinose......................................E. futilis. Abdomen largely shining black, no yellow pollen on the fourth segment.. • E. theclarum. ACROGLOSSA, gen. nov. Allied to Frontina, but differs in the distinctly jointed arista, and in the slender proboscis. Front broad in both sexes, a little narrower in the male, nearly straight longitudinally, and but little convex transversely; arrangement of the bristles in the male, as follows: Two bristles near the upper angle of the eye, directed posteriorly; a pair just in front of the ocelli, directed exteriorly and anteriorly; two rows of moderately strong bristles on each side, the inner row descending on the sides of the face as low as the base of the third antennal joint. In the female, there is, in addition to the foregoing, two or three bristles on each side near the eye, directed anteriorly. Antennae rather slender, reaching nearly to the oral margin; third joint in the male fully three times, in the female scarcely twice, as long as the second; arista thickened nearly its whole length, distinctly jointed, the second joint long, and forming with the distal joint a more or less distinct angle. Margins of facial depression with a row of moderately stout bristles, reaching nearly as high as the base of the third antennal joint; sides of the face with bristles; cheeks without bristles, a row along the oral margin. Proboscis slender, horny, with small labella, projecting a short distance beyond epistoma; palpi slender, cylindrical. Eyes bare. Scutellum with three pairs of marginal bristles of nearly equal size; a smaller pair on the disk. Abdomen conically ovate, clothed with short, bristly hairs; second segment with a pair of stout bristles on the posterior margin; third and fourth segments each with a posterior row. Pul villi of male elongate. First posterior cell open at some distance before the tip of wing; great cross-vein nearer to the angle of first posterior cell than to the anterior cross-vein. The relationship of this genus is closest to Frontina, to which it bears not a little resemblance in the broad, bristly front and general appearance; the structure of the arista and proboscis, however, will immediately distinguish it.DIPTEROUS PARASITES. 1917 Acroglossa hesperidarnm Harris, MSS. PI. 89, figs. 21, 26. Male, female.—Front with a golden yellowish cast; face silvery white, the ground-color on the oral margin yellow. Antennae black, the first two joints and immediate base of the third yellowish red. Palpi reddish yellow; proboscis black. Mesonotum thinly pollinose, with four, rather broad, shining black stripes. Scutellum broadly reddish yellow. Abdomen black, with a broad, variable, gray, pollinose band on each segment; extreme tip red. Legs black. Wings grayish hyaline. Length, 11-12 mm. Two specimens, from the Boston Society of Natural History, labelled, apparently by Harris, “293, N. H.,” and bred by him from Epargyreus tityrus. The sides of the face in the male are scarcely a half the width of the median depression; in the female they are three-fourths or more as wide, the depression being smaller, and the sides wider. This, or an allied species, is not rare in collections. Exorista futilis Say. PI. 86, fig. 10. Tachina (Exorista) futilis (Say) Osten Sacken, Canadian Entomologist, xix: 161 (1887). Male, female.—“Bottom of the antennal foveae silvery gray; the lower part of the cheeks likewise; lateral part of the face and the orbit of the eyes below and behind (genal and occipital orbit) brassy-yellowish, the coloring of the front being of a more saturate yellow than the lateral parts of the face; above the antennae, in the middle of the front, a brown stripe, attenuated posteriorly; it bifurcates on the vertex, enclosing the grayish, ocellar triangle; the hind plane of the head (occiput) gray. The row of frontal bristles consists: first, of three bristles pointing backwards, the uppermost of which is placed on the top of the vertex; second, of three shorter bristles pointing forward; third, of four or five bristles, which form diverging rows, descending on each side of the antennae, the last being a little below the end of the second antennal joint. Between the frontal bristles and the eyes, the front bears numerous little hairs; between these rows, on the ocellar triangle is the usual pair of bristles pointing forwards. The females have three supernumerary pairs of larger bristles, the first is placed behind the upper corner of the eye, the other two between the frontal row and the orbit of the eye. Among the above described smaller hairs, immediately below the last bristle, the brassy yellow color of the face shows a brown, changing spot, visible in an oblique light only; below this place, the lateral parts of the face are smooth; a short distance above the oral margin there is, on each side, the usual long bristle; above it, some shorter hairs reach to about one-quarter of the distance between the long bristle and the root of the antennae. Antennae black; second joint with grayish pollen, and with a crest of short, stiff bristles; third joint long, with parallel sides, more than three times the length of the second, not quite reaching the edge of the mouth. Eyes distinctly pubescent. Ground color of the thorax bluish-black. almost concealed by five stripes of gray pollen, with intermediate black lines; the gray stripes are especially apparent when viewed obliquely from the posterior end of the body; in this light the median stripe appears bifurcated posteriorly; the next pair abbreviated posteriorly; the lateral pair very broad anteriorly, over the humeri. Scutellum bluish-black, with gray pollinose reflections; its tip faintly brownish [or red] ; on the hind edge there are six [or eight] bristles, the intermediate [apical] pair the shortest; above this pair, on the plane of the scutellum, another similar pair. Pleurae grayish pollinose. Abdomen black, marmorate with silvery gray; the fourth segment brassy yellow [pollinose]. The whole abdomen is covered with dense, short hairs; a pair of longer bristles near the hind margin of the first and second segments; a row of such bristles on the hind margin of the third segment, and a double row at the end of the fourth. Legs black; pulvilli brown; knees slightly brownish. Wings: the first posterior cell open (closed by the prolongation of the costal vein, however, which1918 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. nearly reaches the apex of the wing) ; the distance between the tips of the second and third veins is a little longer than that between the third vein and the apex of the wing; the elbow of the fourth vein without stump of a vein (a very minute one in one of the specimens) ; the great cross-vein oblique, parallel to the last section of the fourth vein; small cross-vein (in most specimens) opposite to about the middle of the distance between the tips of the auxiliary and first vein. Length, 7 mm.” [The following description of the early stages was taken from the living specimens : —Larva yellowish white, tapering anteriorly and armed with a double curving black hook; blunt posteriorly and furnished with a pair of black circular warts each hollowed and having the annular ridge thus produced elevated into three slight prominences. Length, 13 mm.; breadth, 4 mm.; height, 3.25 mm. The pupa case is short and thick, bluntly and equally rounded at either end; at the posterior extremity are two minute warts scarcely raised above the surface; on either side are two distant irregular rows of nearly continuous, longitudinal punctures; at the posterior end of each segment, occupying nearly one-third of it, is a band of minute raised points arranged to a certain extent in diagonal rows; the remainder of the surface is finely striated with transverse lines and also marked by shorter impressed lines, radiating from points on either side either connected with the two longitudinal rows of punctures or lying between them. The color is very dark reddish black, almost piceous. Length, 8.76 mm.; breadth, 4.4 mm. s. h. s]. “Bred from Yanessa atalanta (T. W. Harris and S. H. Scudder).” Several bred specimens sent me by Mr. Scudder and others collected in the vicinity of New Haven, agree well with the type specimens of Osten Sacken ; the only differences that I would note are included within the brackets. Very characteristic of the species is the changing spot on the sides of the face below the antennae. Exorista blanda Osten Sacken. FI. 89, fig. 11. Tachina (Exorista) blanda Osten Sacken, Canadian Entomologist, xix: 162,1887. “Male.—Distribution of the frontal bristles as in E. futilis $, that is, on each side, beginning with the vertex, three longer bristles pointing backwards, three shorter bristles before the antennae, and three or four bristles descending on the face, alongside the antennae. On the ocellar triangle a pair of bristles pointing forward. Between the row of frontal bristles and the eyes, a few scattered microscopic hairs; sides of the face bare. Front, face, and posterior orbit silvery white. Frontal stripe brown, rather narrow, enclosing posteriorly the grayish ocellar triangle. Antennae black, slightly tinged with brownish red on the first two joints; the third joint is very long, almost reaching the edge of the mouth. Only a few shorter bristles above the usual long, oral bristle. Palpi reddish yellow. Eyes pubescent. Thorax gray, with a slight yellowish tinge from an oblique point of view; two slightly divergent black lines do not reach beyond the middle; two lateral black stripes are interrupted at the suture and prolonged beyond it to the hind border, these lateral stripes are broadest in the middle and end in a point, anteriorly and posteriorly. Seutellum gray; two [larger and a smaller] macrochaetae on each side, a third intermediate, very small pair on the apex. Abdomen gray, with a slightly yellowish tinge, especially on the last segment; somewhat marmorate, with blackish cross-bands on the hind margins of the segments, and a longitudinal blackish line; the cross-bands appear more distinct and broader from an oblique point [of view; the longitudinal line disappears when viewed sideways from above. A pair of macrochaetae on the hind margin of the first segment; two pairs on the second segment, one in the middle, the other on the hind margin; on the third segment a pair in the middle, and the usual row on the hind margin; two rows on the fourth segment. Legs, coxae and femora reddish; tibiaeDIPTEROUS PARASITES. 1919 reddish brown; tarsi brown. Pulvilli unusually large; ungues ? (The wings in the described specimen are injured.) Length, 7 mm.” “A single specimen bred from Cynthia [Vanessa] cardui (C. V. Riley). This species is like E. futilis in the distribution of bristles on the front and in the structure of the antennae. Ifc differs in the presence of an additional pair of macrochaetae in the middle of the second and of the third abdominal segments; also in the comparitive smallness of the intermediate pair of macrochaetae on the apex of the scutellum.” In comparing the above description of Osten Sacken’s with the type specimen, I find but one thing I would amend. Baron Osten Sacken describes the legs (femora and coxae) as ‘‘reddish.” I would insert the word yellow after it. Whether this unusual light color is normal, and, if so, of varietal or specific value, I cannot decide; but in a specimen sent by Mr. Scudder, and bred from Thanaos brizo, I can not find any other important differences, aside from the sexual ones of the frontal bristles and pulvilli. The legs in this specimen are quite black, the tibiae only being a little reddish. Such distinct difference I have never seen in allied Tachinidae, but until further specimens are examined, it will be better to consider it varietal, and which may be indicated by the name proserpina. The front in both sexes is narrower than usual. Exorista hirsuta Osten Sacken. PI. 89, figs. 18-15. Tachina (Exorista) hirsuta Osten Sacken, Canadian Entomologist, xix, p. 163,1887. Male.—Face and cheeks silvery gray, the sides and cheeks changing in different reflections, the ground-color black, with the oral margin in front yellow; above the vi-brissal bristle there are two or three small bristles, and above these there is a row of hairs, not reaching as high as the lowermost of the frontal bristles. Antennae black, reaching to near the oral margin; the third joint broad, with parallel sides, three or four times as long as the second joint; arista thickened for more than half of its length. Palpi dark brown or black. Front less thickly pollinose than the face, with a yellowish cast, the black ground-color more apparent above; median stripe broad, deep reddish brown. The single row of well-pronounced bristles descends below the base of the third antennal joint, there being three below the base of the antennae; posteriorly the row terminates in a stout, long, vertical, backwardly directed bristle; the two bristles in the same row in front of these are only a little stronger than the more anterior ones. Just without the two vertical bristles there is, on each side, near the angle of the eye, a smaller bristle directed outward and backward behind the vertical margin; in the middle there are two small bristles directed gently forwards ; in front of the ocelli the usual pair of stout, anteriorly and outwardly directed bristles. Eyes pubescent. The bluish black, shining mesonotum shows very distinctly through the grayish dust, which leaves (when seen from behind) five stripes, the middle one of which is very slender; the bristles of the mesonotum are rather stout. Scutellum red at the tip; on each side the margin has three bristles, and at the tip there are two approximated, additional, weak ones. Abdomen black, with a broad, grayish, pollinose band at the base of the second, third and fourth segments, variable in different reflections ; first segment with a pair of bristles behind, second with a median and posterior pair; third with a median pair and the usual posterior row; the bristly covering of the abdomen is, however, stronger and thicker than usual, so that these bristles are only moderately differentiated from the rest. Legs wholly black. Front femora pollinose behind. Wings grayish hyaline; tegulae nearly white. Length, 7 mm. Female.—Like the male, except that the third antennal joint is comparatively1920 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. shorter and broader, the epistoma somewhat projecting, and the two usual, anteriorly directed, orbital bristles are present. The second abdominal segment has a pair of posterior bristles, as in the male. Two specimens, the type, and a male from Mr. S. H. Scudder, both bred from Pieris rapae. Characteristic of the species is “on the fourth abdominal segment a number of macrochaetae, giving it a bristly appearance ; the smaller hairs of the abdomen are more erect, longer and bristlelike than in E. futilis and E. blanda,” as stated by Osten Sacken. It is possible that this species may be the same as E. vulgaris Meigen, parasitic in Europe upon Pieris rapae. The description applies. In the type specimen the two bristles on the posterior margin of the second abdominal segment are wanting and so described by Osten Sacken, but a careful examination discloses their scars. Exorista the cl arum Scudder. FI. 89, figs. 17, 19. Tachina theclarum Scudder, Canadian Entomologist, xix, 165,1887. Male, female.—Face silvery gray, but little variable in different reflections, the ground-color of the sides below, and the oral margin in front, red; there are but four or five short, bristly hairs on each side, above the vibrissal bristle. Palpi black. Antennae black, reaching to the oral margin, the third joint rather broad, of equal width throughout, and four or five times as long as the second joint. Sides of the front more thinly gray pollinose, the shining blue-black ground-color easily apparent above; medial stripe moderately broad, reddish brown, acutely emarginate behind for the shining ocellar space; bristles arranged as in E. hirsuta, the uppermost two bristles of each lateral row just below the ocelli are stout and much stronger than the ones preceding them; below, the bristles descend on the side of the face as in E. hirsuta; among the frontal bristles are erect, fine black hairs; in the male, the bristle at the upper angle of the eyes and the orbital frontal bristles are wanting. Mesonotum shining blue-black, not thickly pollinose; when seen from behind, with the beginning of five distinct, slender stripes. Scutellum broadly red on its border; the margin on each side with three stout bristles, and, at its apex, with a moderately approximate pair, scarcely smaller than the others. Abdomen shining; on the third and fourth segments usually metallescent black; second segment with a broad, basal, pale gray, pollinose band, variable in different reflections; often a similar, narrower one on the third segment; anterior angles of the third segment in the male with a red spot; first and second segments each with a posterior pair of bristles, strongly differentiated from the erect, bristly hairs of the dorsum. Legs black. Wings grayish hyaline; tegulae white. Length, 5 mm. Seven specimens, including the types ; three bred from Cyaniris pseu-dargiolus, the fourth from the District of Columbia (Pergande), the fifth without locality (Connecticut?), and the types, bred by Mr. Saunders from Thecla calanus. The metallescent color, usually apparent on the posterior part of the abdomen, together with the small size, will help to render this species recognizable. Mr. Scudder’s description, drawn from living specimens, speaks of the abdomen as “pieeous,” and it may be well to note that in many specimens the abdomen acquires a deeper opacity, with more obscurity of the lighter ground-color after death.DIPTEROUS PARASITES. 1921 Exorista scudderi, n. sp. FI. 89, fig. 20. Male.—Face in ground-color yellow, with silvery white, variable sheen; the cheeks, except the narrow orbital margin are blue black, and but thinly dusted; there are but three or four small bristly hairs above the vibrissal bristle. Palpi reddish yellow. Antennae black, the third joint largely red at the base on the under side; third joint not broad, of equal width, truncate at the tip, scarcely twice the length of the rather long second joint. Front narrowed above, the sides in ground color black, with grayish or slightly yellowish pollen; median stripe broad, nearly twice as broad as the sides, in color reddish brown; the single row of bristles on each side of the front reaches to nearly opposite the base of the third antennal joint, the bristles themselves are thin and slender, scarcely differentiated in size from the vertical ones; the vertical bristles are arranged as in E. hirsuta, that is, with three pairs on the margin and one pair in front of the ocelli. The shining black ground color of the mesonotum leaves four broad and distinct gray pollinose stripes. Scutellum wholly black, thinly pollinose; its margin on each side with three bristles, and its apex with two small approximate ones. Abdomen black, the second and third segments apparently with variable pollinose bands; first segment with a posterior pair of bristles; second segment with a median and a posterior pair; third with a median pair and a posterior row; bristly hairs of abdomen rather long and erect and not strongly differentiated from the above mentioned bristles and those on the distal segments; the sides of the second and third segments broadly, the fourth segment wholly, yellowish red or reddish yellow. Venter reddish yellow, with a narrow median blackish stripe. Legs black. Wings grayish hyaline. Length, 6 mm. One specimen, Texas (Belfrage), reared from Thecla autolycus, May 15. Phorocera edwardsii, n. sp. PI. 89, fig. 52. Female.—Face opaque white, scarcely at all variable; the cheeks below the eyes, only, show indications of the ground color. The lateral rows of bristles on the sides of the median depression are well-developed, and reach nearly or quite to the base of the third antennal joint and to opposite the last bristle of the frontal rows. Antennae black, the second joint reddish yellow; third joint reaching nearly to the epistoma, of equal width throughout, not narrow. Palpi reddish yellow. Sides of the front with a distinct brassy yellow tinge, broader than the median reddish brown stripe; near the orbit on each side there are two bristles directed anteriorly, and on the vertical margin there are two pairs situated near the upper angle of the eye; the outer one, the smaller of the two, is directed obliquely outward and backward, the inner one backward; behind the middle of the vertical margin there is an obsolete approximated pair of short hair-like bristles; the usual pair of anteriorly directed bristles in front of the ocelli is present. Mesonotum rather strongly gray pollinose, leaving four distinct broad, more shining stripes. Scutellum broadly reddish, its margin on each side with three stout bristles, its apex with a pair of small ones. Abdomen shining black; the second, third and fourth segments each with a broad, distinct, gray, basal band, variable in different reflections; first and second segments each with a pair of stout posterior bristles, second and third segments without median pair; the covering of the abdomen, aside from the bristles mentioned and those on the last segment, is composed of short decumbent bristles, strongly differentiated from the others. Legs wholly black; front femora gray pollinose behind. Wings grayish hyaline; tegulae white. Length, 7 mm. [The following description of the puparium was taken during life: — Depressed cylindrical, rather short and thick, a little larger at the posterior end where there is a raised, prominent tubercle having at each lateral corner a prominent wart; on each side is a double row of impressed and sunken nearly continuous longitudinal furrows; the1922 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. surface is rough with transverse wrinkles and the color uniform dead black. Length, 8.25 mm.; height, 4.25 mm.; breadth anteriorly, 3.5 mm.; breadth posteriorly, 4.5 mm.; length of tubercles, .75 mm. s. h. s.] Four specimens, bred from Euvanessa antiopa L. (G. Dimmock, L* 577), Anaea andria (C. Y. Riley), and Chlorippe celtis (C. V. Riley, No. 48302, Oct. 9, ’82.). The European parasite of this species, P. con-einnata Meig., seems to be different. This species is respectfully dedicated to Mr. W. H. Edwards, the well known lepidopterist. Phorocera saundersii, n. sp. Female.—Front and face black only thinly whitish dusted. Frontal stripe broad, black. Arrangement of bristles normal; the frontal rows descend further on the face than usual, and turn outwardly nearly to the eyes, the bristles strong, and the four upper ones of the row directed backward. Antennae black, the third joint reaching nearly to the oral margin; arista thickened to near its end. Palpi reddish at the tip. Mesonotum shining metallescent bluish black, imperfectly concealed beneath the thin pollen. Distal half of the scutellum red; the median pair of marginal bristles approximate and small. Abdomen shining, metallescent black, thinly pollinose in an oblique light; first segment with a pair of bristles on the hind margin; second segment with three pairs of bristles, one pair near the front margin, another near the middle, and the third behind; third segment with two pairs, corresponding to the first two pairs of the second segment, and with the usual row behind; the bristles are well differentiated from the general covering of the abdomen, and towards the tip give a rather strongly hirsute appearance. Legs black. Wings grayish hyaline; last section of the fourth vein strongly concave after the angle. Length, 9 mm. One specimen (Dr. Riley’s collection), bred from chrysalis of Argynnis cybele. Phorocera comstocki, n. sp. Female.—Front broad and convex, silvery gray pollinose on the sides; the median stripe distinctly less than one-third of the width; arrangement of bristles normal, the bristles themselves not very stout. Face in ground-color reddish-yellow, densely grayish white, pollinose; the moderately stout bristles of the edges of the facial depression reach nearly to a point opposite the lowest one of the frontal row, and below the base of the third joint of the antennae. First two joints, and base of the third of the antennae, reddish yellow, third joint not broad, four or five times as long as the second; arista thickened on less than half its length. Palpi yellow. Mesonotum densely pollinose, leaving two slender, posteriorly abbreviated stripes, and an outer, abbreviated and interrupted stripe on each side. Scutellum yellow on distal part. Abdomen elongate-conical, densely and broadly fasciate with gray; first segment without (apparently) a posterior pair of bristles; second segment with two pairs, towards the front and behind; third with an anterior pair, and the usual row behind. Legs black; last section of the fourth longitudinal vein more oblique than usual, and not curved. Length, 9 mm. Two specimens, male and female (of Dr. Riley’s collection), bred from Megathymus yuccae. The front of the male is broad, and the claws and pulvilli are not enlarged.DIPTEROUS PARASITES. 1923 Masicera archippivora Riley. PI. 89, fig. 18. Tachina archippivora Riley, 3d Rep. Ins. Missouri, 150 (1871). Female.—Face opaque gray; a row of moderate-sized bristles on the margin of the central depression, reaching two-thirds or more of the distance to the base of the antennae. Sides of the front opaque yellowish-gray, the ground color scarcely visible; the median posteriorly bifurcated, dark reddish-brown stripe, narrower than the sides. Bristles of the front normal, that is, arranged as in Exorista futilis, hirsuta, etc. Palpi yellow. Eyes bare. Antennae black, the basal half of the third joint, and more or less of the second, red or reddish; third joint from five to six times the length of the second; arista thickened for half of its length or more. Dorsum of thorax rather densely gray pollinose, with a yellowish cast, leaving four black stripes, the median two of which are slender, and abbreviated posteriorly. Scutellum gray pollinose, the tip yellowish red; bristles normal (three on each lateral margin, an apical pair, and a dorsal pair), stout, the apical pair approximated and small. Abdomen black, short, thickly gray pollinose, variable in different reflections; second segment with a posterior pair of bristles, no median bristles on this and the next segment; the general covering of short bristles well differentiated from the long bristles. Legs black. Wings grayish hyaline; tegulae white. Length, 5-6 mm. Three specimens, bred from larvae of Anosia piexippus (Dr. Dimmock, L. 505). A male specimen, from Dr. Riley, bearing the label: 44 From larvae of Papilio, Grreeley, Colo., July 31, ?77,” I cannot distinguish in the absence of other male specimens. The third antennal joint is more elongate and wholly black, and the pul villi are not elongate. [Dr. Dimmock’s specimens came out of the nearly full grown larva of Anosia on July 20, pupated July 23, and the imagos appeared August 2-3.] The above description is based upon specimens in a good state of preservation, but I am not at all sure that they are the same as the type of the species. Five specimens from Professor Riley, apparently including the originally described specimens, present certain differences that at first led me to deem them distinct. In most, the frontal stripe is narrow, as in the described specimens, but, in one (?) it is distinctly broader than the sides of the front; the third antennal joint, furthermore, seems more rounded upon the posterior inferior angle, giving it a more pointed appearance. In all these specimens the side of the abdomen is more or less red. In size they vary not a little, some being distinctly larger, others distinctly smaller than the ones described. I suspect that they all pertain to one species, but further and careful observation is needed to remove the doubt. Masicera frenchii, n. sp. PI. 89, fig. 23. Male, female.—Closely allied to M. archippivora, but distinguishable at once by the elongate pul villi of the male. The antennae are broader, and wholly black; the frontal stripe is fully as broad as, or broader than, the sides. The facial depression is broader, and the color of both face and front more distinctly yellow. The grayish pollinose stripes on the shining blue-black mesonotum are less dense, as is also the grayish covering of the abdomen. The abdomen has no red on its sides. Length, 6.7 mm. Five specimens, bred from Jasoniades glaucus, November 26, 1881. Moosehead Lake, Me. (S. H. Scudder).1924 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Masicera rileyi, n. sp. FI. 89, figs. 22, 24. Male.—Front on the sides distinctly yellowish pollinose; the deep red median stripe a full third of the width of the front; the small bristle near the angle of the eye, and the small, median, vertical pair present, in addition to the usual stout, vertical, posteriorly directed, and the less stout, similarly directed pair on the upper part of the front; the lateral rows are composed of numerous, not very stout bristles, and reach to the base of the third antennal joint. The ground-color of the cheeks and face is chiefly yellow, partly concealed beneath the changeable pollen; the small bristles on the sides of the depression reach nearly to the middle. First two joints of the antennae yellow, the third black, rather narrow, and scarcely three times as long as the second. Palpi yellow. Mesonotum thinly pollinose, the usual stripes apparent from behind. Scutellum, except the narrow base and lateral margin, reddish yellow; the apical pair of bristles very small and approximate. Abdomen yellowish red, with a broad median stripe, and the hind margins of the posterior segments black; the abdomen is clothed rather thickly with recumbent, bristly hairs, and the bristles, which are confined to the hind margin of the third and the fourth segment, are not large or conspicuous. Legs pitchy black; claws and pulvilli small. Wings as usual. Length, 7-8 mm. Three males and four females from Dr. Riley, labelled: “153, para- sitic on [Heraclides] cresphontes,” and “358, Feb. 24, ’80.” The female shows but little difference from the male, aside from the lateral orbital bristles ; the third antennal joint appears to be a little broader. Masicera (Phorocera ?) sp. A single male specimen, from Professor Riley, bearing the label: “June 23, ’79, par. on antiopa,” I am not quite sure whether to locate under Masicera or Phorocera. The under portion of the eye is very sparsely hairy, almost doubtfully so, but the absence of median bristles on the abdominal segments indicates a closer relationship to Masicera. The front and face are yellowish pollinose, the frontal stripe a third of the width of the rather narrow front. Antennae black; palpi yellow. Leg black, somewhat pitchy; claws and pulvilli elongate and large. From M. rileyi, the narrower front, more black abdomen, and especially the elongate claws and pulvilli will distinguish it. To M. frenchii, the relationship is closer, but the third joint of the antennae is shorter (in frenchii the third joint is four or more times as long as the second), and the abdomen is not wholly black. From the species of Phorocera here described, the entire absence of bristles on the second segment of the abdomen will distinguish it. Should the characters above given serve to fix the species, it may be called M. dubia.ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.* Page 11, note. The statement here regarding Pamphila mandan is inaccurate (see correction p. 1565). For Coolidge, read Chapman. 14,16. The head lines should read Butterflies. 14. line 19, for montivagus, read montivaga. 15. For Thestor (twice) read Tomares. 16. For a fuller account of the structure and action of Curetis, see de NicSville’s Butterflies of India, iii: 7-8. 33, 35. In the head lines, for caterpillar, read chrysalis. 47. Muscular system; lines 6 and 7 should read: and above, some to the bases... as a lever, but the mass to the upper wall, serving to flatten the thorax and so raise the wings; besides, etc. 71, lines 6 and 8. Mabille’s name should certainly have been added to the French, and de Nic6ville’s to the English names. 72-75. A somewhat extraordinary disquisition, in opposition to the views here maintained, views which seem to be very poorly apprehended by the writer, will be found in the Can. ent., xxi, nos. 4, 5 (1889). 84, line 13, for contracted, read contrasted. 107, line 17. For medium, read median. 114, last lines but 2 and 8. For larger, read longer. 117. Characteristics of the Satyrinae. Notes on the transformation of the members of this subfamily are given by Edwards, Can. ent., xxi: 63-68 (1889). 120, line 22. I have later, 'Excursus XL, mentioned some odoriferous Satyrinae, and de NicSville tells me they are not uncommon in India and the odor is always fragrant. 149. Oeneis jutta. Further notes on the history of this species are given by Fyles, Can. ent., xxi: 12-13 (1889). 152, line 28. For Gideon, read Gamble. 153, line 20. I learn that jutta was discovered by Prof. C. H. Fernald at the Orono-Stillwater bog, in 1879, before Mr. Braun came to Bangor. 155, line 8. Juniper is a local name in Maine and the maritime provinces for the American larch, Larix americana. 165, line 14. The comma should be a semicolon. 168, line 5. For Stenacke, read Stewiacke. 180. Enodia portlandia. An interesting account and abundant illustrations of this insect in all its stages will be found in Edwards’s Butterflies of N. A., iii, part v. 193, first column of synonymy, line 15, for Neonymaha, read Neonympha. 203. Neonympha phocion. This butterfly is described in all its stages by Edwards, with his customary wealth of illustration, in the Butterflies of North America, 3d series, part vi, Dec. 1888. 209. The head line should read: The genus Cissia. 231. The head line should read: The genus Chlorippe. 247. Parasites. Pimpla annulipes should probably be added; see p. 1885. 248, first and last lines, for ovata Say, read flavipes Fabr. 273, line l, for caudicans, read candicans. Line 17, for say, read says. 274, line 22, for were, read was; for their, read these. 285, line 15, for , read Vaccinium. * Evident typographical errors are not noted.1926 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 296. Hybrids. B. arthechippus. Dr. Hagen assures me that Edwards’s description and mine were based upon the same individual. 315, line 6, for erect on, read on erect. 326, lines 43, 44, the quotation should end with the word numerous. 327. Oviposition. Mr. Edwards tells me that Mrs. Peart observed one case in which the final egg of a chain had eleven ribs, when all the others had nine. Could a second female have possibly placed an egg upon a chain laid by another!? 338, line 5. Mr. Edwards assures me that there is no doubt that the specimen came from McKenzie River. Food plants. Mr. Edwards has seen a female lay an egg on a gooseberry bush, and obtained the egg. 377, line 16. For Doxocopa, read Chlorippe. Last lines. For further notes on butterflies at sea, see Entom., xxi: 161-162, June, 1888. 379, Eugonia j-album. Add to the synonymy: Eugonia j-album Scudd., Foss, butt., 43, 44, pi. 1, fig. 4 (1875). 392, line 32, and 394, lines 6, 12, for Inachis, read Hamadryas. 394. Euvanessa antiopa. For further brief notes on the sound produced by this butterfly, see Insect life, i : 221. 403. Food plants. Grove (Journ. N. Y. micr. soc., Oct. 1887) says he has found the caterpillar on the ailanthus tree, the castor bean and geranium! but his description of a colony on a castor bean leaf makes one think he has mistaken some other caterpillar for that of E. antiopa. 406. Life history. Antiopa is reported by Jenner Weir as having been seen in flight on a warm December day by Haydon at Moose Factory, Hudson Bay! (Entom., xv: 115). 407. Hibernation. Grove found a colony of “at least fifty” under a foot bridge over a small creek in December, hanging by their feet; when breathed upon they showed signs of life. 410, line 27, for Inachis, read Hamadryas. 419, lines 11, 18, for Inachis read Hamadryas. 437, line 21, for Inachis read Hamadryas. 441, in the synonymy, for Papilo amiralis, read Papilio amiralis. 455. Parasites. Pteromalus puparum is to be added to the list that attack Vanessa atalanta in this country, and from the chrysalids of Eulophus referred to were only reared a secondary parasite, Cirrospilus niger. To the European parasites should be added Pimpla flavicans Fabr., according to Rondani. 476, line 22, for formed, read found. 477. Aberrations. Another instance of Vanessa cardui elymi, the fore wings very like the specimen in the Harris collection, but the hind wings also suffused, is described and figured by ClarkJ(Entom., xiii:73-74). 479, last paragraph. De NicSviile writes me that V. cardui is by no means confined to the mountains, but is to be found almost everywhere in India, though very rare in Calcutta. 481. Food plants. Riley writes that “a correspondent, Mr. J. G. Barlow of Cadet, Mo., has found larvae of cardui feeding abundantly upon Malva sylvestris,” and he adds : “A species of what I believe is a Malva, though I have not had it determined, is a common food plant of the species along the New Jersey Coast, and it feeds here in Washington on Chrysanthemum and Helianthus.” 486. Enemies. To the European parasites, must be added, on Rondani’s authority, Ichneumon castigator Fabr. 492, line 26,/or H. charitonia, read A. charithonia. 493, line 21, for it takes, read they take. 496, line 13 from bottom should end in a colon, “this” having the sense of “the following.” 518, line 15 from bottom, for born, read borne.ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 1927 570, line 10, for do, read does. 572, line 12 from bottom, the $ sign should precede discernible. 614, line 7 from bottom (and in several other places), for Scoharie read Schoharie. 697, line 5, for Yirburnum, read Viburnum. 717, line 26, for mimicry, read examples of mimicry. 740. Life history. Although, as recorded on p. 737, A. plexippus was exceedingly abundant in the northern half of New England in the autumn of 1888, and the winter of 1888-1889 was unprecedentedly mild, with an exceptionally early spring, no butterflies had been observed, so far as I can learn, up to May 30 (the present writing), when one was heard of; all of which accords perfectly with the account of the life history given in the text. 753, line 15 from bottom, the comma should come after surface. 758, lines 7-8. Thais, and therefore in the highest probability Thaites, does not belong, as I thought on insufficient examination, to theParnassidi but to the Papilionidi. The egg is precisely as in the swallow tails, and the division of the segments of the caterpillar as well. 770, second paragraph. The chitinous annuli of the first stage of the caterpillars of the Lycaenidae cannot be said to be unique, for the crateriform annuli of the Hesperi-dae must be regarded as homologous structures. 776. The eaily stages of the Lemoniinae. When I wrote this section, and indeed until some time after its publication, I had never seen Sepp’s Papillons de Surinam, by the later obtaining of which I am obliged to make some modifications. Thus, Sepp asserts that the caterpillar and chrysalis referred by Stoll’ to Euselasia cro-topus do not belong here, but to the immediate neighborhood of the one whose transformations he figures as Papilio mammeae, and which is catalogued by Kirby under Nymphidium, thus transferring the insect from the Nemeobiidi to the Lemoniidi. This, considering the other mistakes made by Stoll’, and the confident expressions of Sepp, we could easily believe; only it is a little curious that Sepp says of his insect that the caterpillar is processionary, which Bar also asserts of Euselasia gelon; it is of course in no way impossible that such a feature should occur both in Euselasia and Nymphidium, but taken in connection with the evident error of either Stoll’ or Sepp, it is not a little strange, and some verification of the observations is evidently required ; our present knowledge of the early stages of the family will hardly permit us to judge which was in error. Sepp figures no less than six species of Lemoniinae with their early stages, and oddly enough, considering the few that are given by Stoll’, two of Stoll’s species are repeated by him, which enables me to make some rectifications. One of these is in Helicopis cu-pido (see p. 779) ; here I have evidently made the mistake of taking for the cast-off larval skin what Stoll’ had intended for the front view of the larva, looking out of one end of its nest in a rolled up leaf. Stoll’s representation is very poor, but the point brought out regarding the size of the head is the same, and is warranted by Sepp’s far better figure; here, too, is evidently the better source of the statement I thought without warrant, that the caterpillar constructed a nest much after the manner of the leaf rollers, which Sepp’s figure distinctly shows, and which he also distinctly states, adding that it is more closely rolled, and the open end closed when the caterpillar is about to change to chrysalis. The other butterfly whose transformations are given by both authors is Stalachtis calliope, which Sepp tells us lays eggs in a mass, the caterpillars remaining in company until they change. The figure represents the caterpillar as having the same proportions as Stoll’s, but the head a little larger, and the same shield on the anterior and posterior segments of the body; but what I had taken for black points on the intermediate segments are now shown, in the light of Sepp’s figure, to be not mediodorsal, but latero-dorsal or supralateral, and to be merely the bases of the series of supposed fascicled hairs; these, however, in Sepp’s figures, certainly do not represent fascicled hairs, but what are apparently long and tapering spiniferous filaments. As to the chrysalis, Stoll’ and Sepp are again opposed; the chrysalis given by Sepp, though closely resem-1928 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. bling Stoll’s in the markings, is far stouter and more regularly ovate, but like it shows a dorsal surface and no head. The account of its position by Stoll’ is given on p. 781 ; Sepp gives a very different one : the caterpillar attaches itself by the abdomen to a branch, or often a leaf, and after having spun another band around its body changes to a chrysalis. The four remaining butterflies given by Sepp alone, belong, like the last, to the Lemoniidi. The first is Mesene nigrocinctus. The caterpillar is more distinctly onisciform than any other Lemoniid, no sign of the head appearing in the figure, so that it is difficult, if not impossible, to divine which is the head end ; it is much less than twice as long as broad, oval, but more pointed at one end, apparently the head end, than the other, and seems to be tectiform, the mediodorsal line ridged, and uniformly and sparsely covered with stiff, erect, tapering bristles, as long as the width of the body. Little can be said of the chrysalis as the details are poorly given, but it is of about the same size and proportions as the caterpillar, the tail more pointed than the head, and covered with similar but rather more delicate bristles, with no sign of fasciation. Sepp distinctly says it is girt about the middle. The next is Metacharis erythromelas. This has much the general form of an ordinary Lycaenid larva, but has the front portion a little swollen, somewhat like an Amblypodia, and is slender posteriorly, the whole creature fully three times as long as its greatest width ; the head does not appear distinctively as such, and is apparently, at least in part, retractile within the swollen mass behind it, and, moreover, this is further]indicated by Sepp’s expression that “in walking, the caterpillar advances its head.” The sides of the body along the infrastigmatal fold are furnished with little triangular, fleshy processes, concealing the legs; the whole body is sparsely clothed with long, delicate, gently curving, erect, and apparently delicate hairs, with no sign of fasciation or special distribution; besides, says Sepp, they are covered with a white powder, which spreads also on the leaves where they crawl, but which is less apparent as the caterpillar grows larger. The chrysalis, which is rather obscurely drawn, partly on account of the white powder which appears still to cling to it, is not very unlike a Lycaenid chrysalis, but tapers more in a conical form on the abdomen, like the Lemoniinae generally; it is a little more than twice as long as broad, without prominences, bluntly rounded at the front, which apparently terminates with the pro thorax, covered with large spots and with a few long bristles, not so long as those of the caterpillar. It is girt around the middle. The third is Nymphidium mammeae, already referred to. Here the caterpillar wholly resembles in general appearance, with only specific differences, the caterpillar attributed by Stoll’ to Euselasia crotopus, with its two erect, stiff filaments behind the head, “points très élevés,” Sepp calls them; it is considerably slenderer, however, than Stoll’ represents it. The chrysalis is also similar in shape in every respect, though of very different and livelier colors. Sepp adds that the eggs are laid in a mass and the caterpillars live in company, and are processionary, eating little and growing slowly. The chrysalis is so tightly girt around the middle as to prevent all movement. The last instance is an allied insect called Papilio caricae by Sepp, clearly of a different genus, but placed by Kirby in Nymphidium, as by Bates before him. The caterpillar has the same form as the last, is a little less than three times as long as broad, but has no erect bristles behind the head; the head, however, has a rounded, vertical prominence on either side and has a radiating frill of aculiform bristles as long as the head, encircling the hinder face ; a few short hairs are seen at the extremity of the body which otherwise is apparently naked. An interesting point in its natural history is that it lives on the upper side of leaves exposed, and is always surrounded by very small ants ; this being the only instance known to occur, so far as I am aware, among the Lemoniinae. The chrysalis is hesperidiform, a little more than three times as long as broad, the bluntly rounded front apparently terminated by the prothorax, and a sub-conical, pointed abdomen ; it is girt around the middle. Sepp is careful to give the food plants of his insects, by which it appears that thereADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 1929 is as much range among the Lemoniidi as among the Nemeobiidi. Thus Nymphidium caricae feeds on Inga vera, one of the Leguminosae, the same family which nourishes Lemonias; Nymphidium mammeae on the Mam ay apple, Mammea americana, one of the Guttiferae; Mesene nigrocinctus on Paulinia pinnata, one of the Sapindaceae; Stalachtis calliope, whose food is not given by Stoll’, on the Sappodilla, of the Sapota-ceae; and Metacharis erythromelas on Phoradendron trinervium, one of the Lorantha-ceae. These additional data show that the conclusions stated on p. 783 regarding the possible distinction between the Nemeobiidi and Lemoniidi in their early stages are not wholly warranted. In the first place it becomes necessary, until verification, to throw out of consideration the two species of Euselasia and the two of Nymphidium until their accuracy is garanteed by new experiments; and again there is no sign of any fasciation in the clothing of the caterpillar of Mesene and Metacharis, and not only are the chrysalids of both these species girt, but, according to Sepp and contrary to Stoll’ and Bates, the same is true of Stalachtis. On the other hand these additional instances of known transformations strengthen the position assumed that the transformations and early stages of the Lemoniinae do not differ sufficiently from those of the Lycaeninae to warrant the separation of the two groups as distinct families. 776, note. Sepp figures a very similar but certainly not identical caterpillar (witness the length of the fleshy filaments) as that of Mechanitis polymnia. 777, line 25, for it, read the latter. 787, line 11. It was Sara Coleridge. She wrote : “Butterflies are better flies—larger flies, the largest sort of flies that you meet with.” See her Memoir and Letters. 792, line 3, read male. Line 42, for not all, read not at all. 793. General characteristics. De Nic6ville (Butt. India, iii: 5) gives tables of the genera of Indian butterflies in which he has detected secondary sexual distinctions in the form of patches of special scales or tufts of hairs, on the fore or hind wing or both, in which twenty of the thirty-two genera of his work are included, and an excellent account is there given of the habits of the family. De NicSville also gives, p. 11, a list of a considerable number of mimicking and protected genera of Indian Lycaeninae, prepared by Doherty. 796. Attendance of ants on caterpillars. A most extraordinary account is given by Mrs. Wylly of the action of ants in herding Lycaenid larvae (Journ. Bomb. nat. hist, soc., iii: 166-167,1888), which gives force to Thwaites’s observations. Sepp also states that the larva of one of the Theclidi of Surinam is attended by ants, as well as of one of the Lemoniidae, both of which statements have never been verified or repeated with any other members of their respective groups, so far as I am aware, and indicate how much we have to learn. 797. De NicSville brings together (Butt. India, iii: 9) several instances of chrysalids of Lycaeninae attached by the tail only, and either so firmly attached as to be held rigidly in a horizontal position, or, as in Poritia, Spalgis and Tajuria, hanging freely, and he thinks the exceptions to the ordinary position and girding “many.” But two of his instances are based wholly upon the illustrations of Moore who also figures one of the Pierinae in a similar, evidently false, position, and, therefore, little dependence is to be placed upon them. I do not mean to deny the occurrence of free hanging chrysalids among the Lycaeninae, but I think each supposed instance needs to be verified by additional observation; one instance, which may be accidental, is not enough, for if the girth is accidentally broken, the chrysalis, in most instances, would naturally fall and hang by the tail. 813. I failed to note that I had taken S. titus in the American Pork Cafion, Utah. 825, line 24, read not further raised. 833. Life history. Mr. Fletcher obtained two eggs of I. niphon on May 16th, laid on the young shoot of white pine, just pushing forth, I am inclined to think that it is just here that all eggs are laid on Coniferae by butterflies.1930 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 848, line 26, read not further raised. 868, second line of poetical quotation, for Eit, read Lit. 881, line 3, for where the, read where they. 882, second paragraph. Dr. Fitch observed this caterpillar attacking plums, as long ago as 1870, as appears from the following passages found among Ms notes: — “June 5, 1870. Noticed a young Smith’s Orleans plum, now grown to over a half inch in length, having a conical hole eaten in its side, passing deep in, through the centre. First thought this the work of some bird; but looking further saw the next plum below eaten through and through till it was now nearly all consumed and this worm with its head sunk into the hollow remaining part of the plum, and its body clinging to the upper end of the fruit stem. Put the worm into a tumbler with a young wild plum and leaves. “June 6, 1870, it has eaten a hole deep in the side of the plum on which it stands with its head sunk down into this hole, and has discharged a profusion of soft wet feces of a dull pale yellow color, some adhering to the side of the plum, but most of them fallen down to the bottom of the tumbler. “June 10, it has now eaten out all the inside of the plum, making a hollow cavity in it, consuming about a third of the plum and has fastened itself to the paper covering the tumbler—fixing its hind end to the paper, and with several silk threads forming a loop to hold the fore part of its body up in contact with the paper—these threads commencing separately and spread apart at their ends, and drawn together and sunk into the suture between the thorax and abdomen. It has thus taken on its pupa form, held against the paper with its back downwards.” I add his descriptions of the early stages:— “ Larva 0.55 long, 0.20 thick, regular oval or a little more narrowed at hind end, bluntly rounded at each end, sutures very distinct, marked by transverse constrictions, except the two last, which are less plain. Twelve segments, the anterior ones, after the head, shortest, and slightly increasing in length backward. No projecting processes. Surface closely bearded with short hairs. Color bright apple green. A faint pale greenish-yellow dorsal line, bordered each side by a faint green stripe—this yellow line ending on the fourth segment from the tip, and these last segments have a deeper green dorsal stripe faintly bordered each side with pale greenish yellow. The back occupied on each side by oblique faint stripes of green and greenish yellow, alternating; the yellow stripes beginning a little back of each breathing pore, and embracing the pore, and passing diagonally forward and upward across the two segments next forward of the pore, to the green dorsal stripes bordering the dorsal line. Breathing pores very small, glossy, nankin yellow dots. Lower part of each side green, with a slender, pale yellow stripe. Underside and legs dull whitish. “ Pupa 0.35 long, and about 0.20 wide and 0.20 high, oval, broadest beyond the middle, the anterior third of its length slightly narrower than it is farther back; anterior end bluntly rounded; hind end gradually tapered to a bluntly rounded tip. Abdominal segments distinctly marked by impressed transverse sutures. Head separated from the body by a similar transverse suture, its anterior side rounded, the line bounding it forming about a third part of a circle. Color dull yellowish brown, mottled with black, the whole surface bearded profusely with gray hairs, except on the flattened underside. The spiracles forming a row of white dots along each side; and in the suture at base of head, near its outer end on each side is a short streak resembling white pruinous matter. “July 1st found it hatched a Thecla butterfly, lying dead on bottom of tumbler.” His description of the same enables me to determine it to be Thecla liparops. 907, line 85, for continues, read continue. 960, line 29, for Astralagus, read Astragalus. 962, line 16-13 from bottom. As stated above in these additions, Sepp asserts that the caterpillar of “Thecla” ingae, and of Nymphidium caricae, the latter one of the Lemoniinae, are likewise attended by ants, and presumably for the same cause as the larvae of Lycaenidi. Last line. See preceding note.ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 1931 967, line 23, for Labache, read La Hache, 1070, line 16, for Terias, read Eurema. 1071, line 25, for frost, read first. 1100, footnote, for Long, read Lang. 1122. Life history. Mr. Fletcher sends me the first specimen, a male, taken or seen by him at Ottawa in 1889, May 24, and it has much the appearance, as he remarks, of haying hibernated. 1125. Enemies. The reference to Megorismus is unfortunate; the specific name is unpublished, and it is by accident that it was referred to E. philodice as a host. The clusters of cocoons referred to doubtless belonged to some Apanteles, of which Meso-chorus was a hyperparasite. 1127, col. 1, line 4, read edusa; col. 2, line 7, read eurytheme. 1136. Enemies. The asilid fly was afterwards determined by Riley as a species of Stenopogon. 1162, line 10, for usually, read unusually. 1210, line 5, for napa, read rapa. 1224, lines 24, 25. This statement requires modification. Thais, at least, belongs to the Papilionidi; see, above, the correction for p. 758. 1261, in the line of Greek, omit the second comma. 1279, line 20, after annulipes, insert (88:6). 1280, column 1, under General, add: 88 : 6. Pimpla annulipes, a parasite, 1344, line 24, for humeralis, read utilis (88:4). Under General in List of Illustrations, add: 88 :4. Hemiteles utilis, a parasite► 1378. In the synonymy, for Gonuiurus, read Goniurus. 1394, line 5, read (41: 2). 1422, line 16, for Ipomaea read Ipomoea. 1455, line 6, for Polygonia faunus, read Polygonia comma. 1511. Food plants. Professor C. H. Fernald informs me that he reared this species in the spring of 1889, from caterpillars feeding on choke cherry, Prunus virginiana. 1529, line 23, for tessellata, read montivaga. 1594, lines 17,18. In writing this I overlooked observations of my own on Calpodes, made many years ago and recorded on pp. 1755-1756. 1648. Comparisons. In several places for P[amphila], read E[rynnis]. 1715, line 9. The species here referred to as L. palatka, is not the palatka of Edwards, but his pallas. See p. 1864. 1794, 2d column of synonymy, line 1, read troglodyta. CORRECTIONS IN THE EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES. 3:12-13. These should be interchanged. 12 represents P. i. umbrosa; 13, P. L fabricii. 49 : 4. The scales in b and e are from the middle of the stigma itself. 63 :7-8. These should be interchanged. 7 represents the ovary cells; 8, the mesoderm cells. 74. The plate was printed in nineteen colors. 83. This plate was printed in twenty-two colors. 88: 4. Should read Hemiteles utilis.DATES OF PUBLICATION. This work was originally issued in twelve parts, which were published as follows :— Part I, containing pages 1-40. 105-208, plates 1, 14, 18, 46, 52, 67, 70and the Physical map, November 1, 1888. Part II, containing pages 41-88, 209-304, plates 2, 19, 38, 43,62, 78,83 and the Faunal map, December 1, 1888. Part III, containing pages 305-448, plates 11, 20, 33, 39, 53, 71, 74 and the map of the White Mountains, January 1, 1889. Part IV, containing pages 449-592, and plates 3, 16, 21, 22, 34, 54, 64 and 79, February 1, 1889. Part V, containing pages 593-736, plates 4, 23, 40, 55, 61, 68, 75 and the portrait of Abbot, March 1, 1889. Part VI, containing pages 737-880, and plates 5, 12, 24, 25, 35, 44, 72 and 81, April 1, 1889. Part YII, containing pages 881-1048, plates 6, 26,27, 41, 47,56, 82 and the portrait of LeConte, May 1, 1889. Part VIII, containing pages 89-104, 1049-1216, plates 7, 13, 28, 45, 57, 65, 73 and the map of the distribution of Pieris rapae, June 1, 1889. Part IX, containing pages 1217-1400, plates 8, 29, 36, 48, 58, 69, 77 and the portrait of Harris, July 1, 1889. Part X, containing pages 1401-1552, and plates 15,17, 30,49, 59, 66, 85 and 87, August 1, 1889. Part XI, containing pages 1553-1774, and plates 9, 31, 37, 45, 50, 76, 80 and 88, September, 1, 1889. Part XII, containing pages i-xxiv of Vol. I, i-xii of Vol. II, i-viii of Vol. Ill, pp. 1775-1958, and plates 10, 32, 42, 51, 60, 84, 86 and 89, October 1, 1889.INDEX. ♦ A. A., W. P., poetical quotation from, 1016. Aaron, E. M., on L. philenor, 1251; spread of P. rapae, 1184. Abaeis, 1061. Abaeis mexicana, 1840; nicippe, 1066. Abbot, John, sketch of, 651; his mss. 652; portrait, 653. Abbot, J., on A. samoset, 1590; A. numitor, 1561; E. sassa-cus, 1645; H. montivaga, 1540; H. phvlaeus, 1633; R. cellus, 1855; *T. brizo, 1504, 1505; T. juvenalis, 1485; T. martialis, 1497,1498; T. bathyllus, 1435; T. aetna, 1699; Z. cesonia, 1839. abbotii, Papilio ajax, 1264. Abbott, C. C., on A. plexippus, 736; companionable butterflies, 996. Abisara prunosa, earlv stages, 778. Abutilón avicennae, 1541. acadica, Pieris napi, 1192. acadica, Thecla, 898. acanootus, Hesperia, 1718. accius, Lerema, 1768. Acerates, 737. Achalarus, 1375, 1377,1412. Achalarus lycidas, 1418; invading New England, 1333; a southern butterfly, 1332. Achalinoptera, 1. Achillea millefolium, 482. Achlyodes, 1370, 1451. Achlyodes gesta, 1501. Achlyodidae, 1373. aciculatus, Mesochorus, 1873. Acidalia cvbele, 535, 554. Acraea, odoriferous organs, 47. Acrobasis juglandis, 1885. Acroglossa, 1411, 1916. Acrosdossa hesperidarum, 1915, 1917. Actinomeris, 637, 697, 923. Actinomeris squarrosa, 664, 938. Adolescentes, 902. Adopaea lineóla, caterpillar, 14. aerus, Monodontomerus, 1873. Aesculus, 922. Aesculus californica, 938. aestiva, Pieris napi olerácea, 1192. Aethilla, 1423. Aethilla bathyllus, 1432; py-lades, 1436. aetna, Thymelicus, 1696. afra, Lycaena, 953. Agassiz, L., on Alpine plants of White Mts., 590; E. tityrus, 1408; faunal areas in North America, 89. Agelaius phoeniceus, 570. Ageronia, chrysalis, 1558, 1750; food of caterpillar, 1595; habits of, 227; odorous, 1049; sounds made by, 393-396; structure of scales on wings, 395; suspension of chrysalis, 72. Ageronidae, 222. agilis, Tachina, 1915. Aglais, 308, 309, 413; silk vessels of caterpillar, 25; spermatozoa, 35. Aglais antiopa, 397; atalanta, 441; cardui, 469; milberti, 129, 420, 1875, 1895, 1908; milberti, broods of, 925; caterpillar, 1811; larval habits; 1312; wintering, 420; urticae, 416, 1915; urticae, attracted by artificial flowers, 1102; broods of, 925; changes in nervous cord, 34; experiments on chnrs-alid, 1559; larval habits, 417; malformation, 1760; migratory, 1078; sounds made by, 393; taken in Massachusetts, 418. Agraulis, 1813; habits, 225. Agraulis vanillae, 1814, 1886, 1890; caterpillar, 806. Agriades a subarctic genus, 589. Agrias, habits of, 227. Agrimonia, 1531. Agrodiaeti, 791. Agrodiaetus, 948. Agrotis carnea, 590; imperita, 590; islandica, 590. ahaton, Hesperia, 1725. Ailanthus, 1925. d’Aillv, R., on spread of P. rapae, 1188. ajax, Iphiclides, 1264. alba, Eurema lisa, 1089. alba, Eurymus eurytheme am-phidusa, 1127. Albinism, 1285. albovittata, Hesperia, 1536. alcestis, Argynius, 1802. alcidamas, Papilio, 1288. Alcyoneis, 487. Aldrich, T. B., poetical quotation from, 1542. Aletia xylina, 1885. alicia, Apatura, 1788. Alleghanian fauna, 92, 975. Allen, J. A., on A. plexippus,734; faunal areas in North America,. 90; relation of color to locality, 512. Alnus incana, 1297. alope, Cercyonis, 164. Alpine districts of Colorado and their butterflies, 133; of Switzerland, 133; of White Mts. 132. Alpine vegetation of White Mts., 590. also, Chionobas, 135. alternata, Hesperia, 1589. Althaea, 1531, 1541. Althaea rosea, 481. Alyssum maritimum, 1168, 1210-Amarantus alba, 1524. Amaryssus, 1345. Amaryssus polyxenes, 1353. Amblypodia, 1928. Amblvscirtes, 1550, 1551, 1575. Ambryscirtes samoset, 130, 1581, 1589; distribution, 1534; via-lis, 130, 1549, 1581, 1582; distribution, 1534. Amblyteles, 456. Amblyteles armatorius, 1873, Ambrosia, 327, 339, 1524. Amelanchier, 300. Amelanchier canadensis, 882, 938. American and European butterflies compared, 625. americana, Lycaena, 998. americanus, "Chrysophanus, 998. amicetus, Polyommatus, 985. amiralis, Papilio, 441. Ammiralis, 430. Amorpha californica, 1839; fruti-cosa, 1405,1839. Amphicarpaea monoica, 1405. amphidusa, Eurymus eurytheme,. 1126. Amphipodes, 772. Anacreon, poetical quotations-from, 1650, 1735. Anaea, 1792 ; caterpillar, 13 ; larval habits, 231. Anaea andria, 1794, 1922; suspension, 1694. Anaphalis, 482. Anaphalis margaricatea, 465^ 481. Anartia, habits of, 225. Anax longipes, 1363. Ancestry of butterflies, 235. Anchusa, 587. Ancyloxipha, 1550, 1551.1934 INDEX. Ancyloxipha catullus, 1519; ga-rita, 1859; leporina, 1553; mi-mitor, 1558; numitor, egg, 5, 6 ; killed by storm, 1611. Ancyluris meliboeus, chrysalis, 780. Andrews, W. V., on P. rapae, 1211; spread of P. rapae, 1178. andria, Anaea, 1794. androcardia, Enodia, 181. Androconia, 1639, 1681; in hermaphroditic Cyan iris, 934. andromacha, Oreas marmorata, 181. Andromeda polifolia, 153. Andropoda, 1033. Andropodum, 1171. Andropodum vorax rapae, 1205. Andropogon avenaceum, 1591. Anethum graveolens, 1360. Angitia psendargioli, 946. Angularities, 1555. Angus, J., on E. tityrus, 1407; E. philodiee, 1120; on spread of P. rapae, 1179. anicia, Lemonias, 1904. Annuli in caterpillars, 1431. annulipes, Pimpla, 1884. Anomalies in distribution, 1531. Anomalon, 946. 1874, 1881. Anomalon pseudargioli, 855,1881. Anona palustris, 1273. Anonymous poetical quotations, 95,267,294, 531. 629, 902, 1040, 1064, 1314, 1327, 1383, 1415, ' 1546, 1582. Anopluriforni stirps, 772. 1365. Anosia, 705, 1222 ; abdominal brush of, 47; chylific ventricule, 48; colon of butterfly, 48; intestine of butterfly, 48; ovaries, 51; vaginal glands, 51; digestive system of caterpillar, 20; dorsal vessel of caterpillar, 22; head of caterpillar, 8; markings of caterpillar, 860; nervous system of caterpillar, 24; silk vessels of caterpillar, 25; its origin, 1065. Anosia archippe, 267 ; leucogyne, 721; megalippe, 721; menippe, 721; plexippus, 720,1891,1923 ; plexippus, anatomy of, 47 ; appendages of caterpillar, 163 ; caterpillar, 1144, 1398 ; the caterpillar changes, 805 ; congregating habits, 1883 ; as a cosmopolitan, 1162; its dignity, 997 ; flight, 493 ; flying at night, 377 ; followed by Phvc. tharos, 641 ; migrations of, 1083 ; mimicked, 256, 277 ; odorous, 1049 ; pupation in, 1694; at sea, 378; by sea coast, 378 ; sexual patches, 873 ; a southern butterfly, 1332 ; as a subject of mimicry, 714 ; swarming, 1015 ; wintering, 419 ; plexippus fu-mosus, 723 ; synippe, 721. Antennaria, 465. Antennaria plantaginifolia, 465, 833, 866. anthelle, Polyommatus, 1830. Anthocharidi, 1039, 1137. Anthocharis, 1139, 1843 ; caterpillar, 1144; chrysalis, 1750. Anthocharis belia caterpillar, 14; genutia, 1147 ; genutia, haunts, 984; a southern butterfly, 1332; olympia, 1844. Anthomaster, 1550, 1592, 1667. Anthomaster leonardus, 1673 ; uncas, 1862. anthyale, Zerene, 1111. Anthyllis, 908, 950. anticostiensis, Papilio, 1851. Antigeny, 531, 872, 951, 1681. Antigonini, 1373. antilochus, Papilio, 1264, 1288. antiopa, Euvanessa, 397. antiopae, Derostenus, 1891; En-tedon, 1891; Phorocera, 1915. Antirrhea odorous, 1049. Ants and caterpillars, 939, 960, 962, 0000. Ants as enemies, 1611; as friends, 960, 962. Apanteles, 456, 486, 579, 1445, 1874, 1898. Apanteles argynnidis, 562, 1898, 1904 ; atalantae, 428, 453, 454, 1898, 1908 ; atalanta, history, 453; carduicola, 469, 486,1898, 1907 ; cassianus, 1072, 1909 ; congregatus, 946, 1901; cyani-ridis, 946,1898,1903; edwardsii, 453, 1898, 1901 ; emarginatus, 1326, 1873, 1898, 1906; flavi-cornis, 1485,1898, 1905; glom-eratus, 1204, 1214, 1215, 1217, 1873,1898, 1901; junoniae, 501, 1898, 1907 ; koebelei, 1898, 1904 ; limenitidis, 279, 1898, 1902 ; lunatus, 1363, 1898,1903; megathymi, 1898, 1902; pieri-divora, 1898; pholisorae, 1527, 1898, 1909 ; rubecula, 1214, 1873 ; sp. 1873 ; theclae, 1898, 1906. Apanthesis, a fossil butterfly, 758, 760. Apatura, 231; habits of, 226, 230. Apatura alicia, 1788; celtis, 1788; clyton, 241; herse, 241; iris, 226; lycaon, 241, 1788; pros-erpina, 241. Apaturidi, 114, 227, 228, 1788. aphrodite, Argynnis, 554, 563, 571. Apios, 922. Apios tuberosa, 938, 1405, 1482. Apium divaricatum, 1360; graveolens, 1360. Apocvnum, 710. Apocynum androsaemifolium, 737. Aporia, caterpillar, 14. Aporia crataegi, 192, 1038, 1155; swarming, 1085. Apostraphia charithonia asleep, 492; caterpillar, 806. Appendages of caterpillars, 161. Aquifoliaceae as food plants, 1567. Aquilegia canadensis, 1463; for-mosa, 1463. Arabis, 550, 587. Arabis drummondii, 1199; per-foliata, 1151, 1199. Araschnia levana, 1898. Archangelica, 1360. archippe, Anosia, 267; Danais, 721. archippi, Pteromalus, 1891. archippivora, Masicera, 1923. archippus, Basilarchia, 267; Danais, 720. Archontes, 249, 1219. arctica, Argynnis, 1808. Arctium lappa, 481, 1297. Ardisia, 783. Arenaria groenlandica, 140, 590. areolatus, Satvrus, 203. argante, Mancipium fugax, 1833. argiolus, Papilio, 928. Argonautae, 228. Argus, 187. Argus canthus, 193; eomyntas, 911 ; eurydice, 193 ; pseudar-giolus, 927, 928. Argynnidi, 114, 227, 502, 1798. argynnidis, Apanteles, 1898. Argynnis, 505, 528, 545, 578, 1798, 1802 ; androconia, 43 ; distribution, 1532 ; hurried ways of, 997 ; lethargy in caterpillars, 552; special hairs on wings, 47 ; vaginal glands of butterfly, 51. Argynnis adippe, 550; alcestis, 1802; aphrodite, 553, 554, 563, 571; arctica, 1808; ashtaroth, 539; astarte, 539; atlantis, 129, 553, 571 ; atlantis malformation, 1760 ; odorous, 1049 ; atlantis chemo, 573 ; bellona, 608 ; boisduvalii, 1808 ; chariclea, 601,1805; claudia, 519; colum-bina, 519 ; cybele, 553, 554,563, 1904, 1922; cybele baal, 557; dia, 583; diana, 1799; eupliro-sine, 583 ; freva, 1808 ; idalia, 535 ; montinus, 601 ; myrina, 593 ; myrinna, 593 ; myrissa, 593 ; paphia, 549, 550 ; paphia, gynandromorph, 1759; phae-tontea, 690; tharossa, 629. Argyronome, 545, Argyronome aphrodite, 563 ; cybele, 554. ariadne, Eurvmus eu^theme, 1126. aricye, Papilio, 1833. Aristolochia, 245, 1248; odor of in butterflies, 1051. Aristolochia serpentaria, 1248 ; sipho, 1247, 1248. Aristophanes, poetical quotation from, 1750. Aristotle on butterfly transformations, 1257; quotations from, 2, 1077, 1554. Arma spinosa, 1217. Armati, 798- armatorius, Amblyteles, 1873. Arnold, Edwin, poetical quotations from, 115, 713, 772,1715. Arnold, E. L., on Pierinae, 1037. arogos, Hesperia, 1725. Aromatic butterflies, 1047. Arracia esculenta, 1360. arsace, Thecla, 834. artemis, Nymphalis, 294. Artemisia, 465, 481,jf82. Artemisia ludoviciana, 465. arthemis, Basilarchia, 294; Li-menitis, 289. Asarum canadense, 1248. Ascia monuste, 1891 ; migratory, 1085. Asclepias, 705, 710, 737, 891, 923, 938, 1745. Asclepias amplexicaulis, 737; cornuti, 737 ; curassavica, 737 ; incarnata, 737 ; nivea, 737 ; phvtolaccoides, 737 ; purpu-rascens, 737; tomentosa, 737; tuberosa, 737, 1405,1423,1624. Ashmead, W. H., on spread of P. ! rapae, 1188.INDEX. 1935 ashtaroth, Speyeria idalia, 539. Asimina grandiflora, 1247; 1273; parviflora, 1273; pygmaea, 1273; triloba, 1273. assimilis, Phorocera, 1915. astarte, Argynnis, 539. Aster, 680, 697. Aster linariifolius, 681; novae angliae, 637, 646,1595; umbel-latus, 664, 680. aster, Lycaena, 964. asterias, Papilio, 1353. asterius, Papilio, 1353, 1851. astinous, Papilio, 1242. Astragalus, 908, 950, 960, 1109. Astragalus canadensis, 1826; ca-ryocarpus, 1121, 1132; crotal-ariae, 1132; glaber, 1826. astyanax, Basilarchia, 280, 289. Astyci, 1365. Asymmetry, 1451. atalanta, Vanessa, 441. atalantae, Apanteles, 1908. Atalopedes, 1550,1592, 1656. Atalopedes campestris, 1665; hu-ron, 1661. ate, Vanessa cardui, 474. athalia, Cinclidia, 1915. Athvma, a subject of mimicrj’-, 231. atlantis, Argynnis, 571. Atlides, 1826. Atlides dolichos, 1827; halesus, 1827. Atrytone, 1550, 1592, 1607. Atrytone conspicua, 1732; dela-ware, 1614; logan, 1613, 1614; zabulon, 1617; zabulon mela-nic, 1286; zabulon pocahontas, 1617, 1619; zabulon zabulon, 1617. attalus, Erynnis, 1653. auburniana, Thecla, 861. Augiades, 1370, 1634. Augiades sylvanus, 1547, 1548. augias, Phemiades, 1630. augustinus, Thecla, 842. augustus, Incisalia, 842. auretorum, Thecla, 885. Aurivillius, C., on A. plexippus, 726; costal fold of skippers, 1639; Oeneis, 1051; Rusticus argus, 960. Aurotis quercus, 1915. ausonius, Thanaos, 1498. autolycus, Thecla, 1921. autumnalis, Colias eurytheme, 1126. Avena striata, 1586. Azalea, 347. B. B., C. H., The butterfly in ancient literature and art, 1257. baal, Argynnis cybele, 557. bacchus, Lycaena, 998. bachmanii, Hypatus, 760. baeis, Hesperia, 1865. Bailey, L. W., on spread of P. rapae, 1178. balder, Satyrus, 149. balderi, Eumenis, 149. Balsam, odor of in butterflies, 1050. balteata, Incisalia irus, 837. Baptisia, 1422, 1505, 1511. Baptisia tinctoria, 1120. Bar, C., on Ageronia, 73 ; Ancylu-ris, 780; classification, 68; cocoon in Lemoniinae, 72; Dio-rhina, 780; Euselasia, 778; Lemoniinae, 775; Limnas, 780; Stoll’s errors, 711. barbara, Colias, 1126. barbara, Colias harfordi, 1126. Barbarea vulgaris, 1151, 1199, 1210. Barbauld, Mrs., poetical quotations from, 222, 502. Baron, on guzzling butterflies, 493. Barrett, C. G., on Argynnis, 550. Basilarchia, 250, 1794; cater- pillar, 1143, 1146, 1398, 1429; chrysalis, 30, 1750; hibernac-ulum of caterpillar, 263, 690; hibernation, 689 ; larval habits, 1312; markings of caterpillar, 860; origin of mimicking colors, 714; packet of frass, 262; protective devices, 260. Basilarchia archippus, 131, 266, 267, 1777, 1797, 1876, 1883, 1890, 1895, 1902; archippus, larval habits, 1416 ; larval nest, 1456 ; archippus floridensis, 278; archippus pseudodorip-pus, 269 ; arthechippus, 296 ; arthemis, 128, 266, 289, 294; arthemis, its friendliness, 997 ; killed by Vespa, 1612; astyanax, 266, 280, 289,1802 ; astyanax a subject of mimicry, 718; disippe, 267; eros, 161, 255, 278; eros a mimicker, 718; proserpina (astyanax-ar-themis), 267, 289. Bassaris, 430. Bassus sanctus, 1886. Bates, H. W., on the arrangement of Nymphalidae, 113 ; Cal-lidryas, 1046; classification, 65; Emesis, 780; E. phaeton, 696; Eurema, 1076,1077 ; Eurymus, 1099; habits of Nymphalinae, 225; Iphiclides, 1256; Juno-nia , 491; Lemoniinae, 774; Leptalis, 1155 ; Melanargia, 118; mimicry, 711,1039 ; Pieri-nae, 1035. Bates, Katherine, poetical quotation from, 1558. batesii, Phyciodes, 643. bathyllus, Thorybes, 1432. Bayley, poetical quotation from, 190. Beadle, D. W., on A. aphrodite, 568. Bean, T.E.,on P. protodice, 1169. Begonia, 923, 938. Behr, H., distribution of Argyn-nidi, 504; E. antiopa, 391; migrations of Eugonia, 1078. bella, Tachina, 1915. belladonna, Papilio, 457. bellona, Brenthis, 608. Belrose, Louis, poetical quotation from, 1646. Belt, T., on boldness in butterflies, 995 ; migrations of Time-tes, 1078; mimicry, 712, 716. Benzoin, 1299. Benzoin odoriferum, 1273, 1321. beon, Strymon, 1821. Berberís, 697. Bernard-Deschamps on androco-nia, 1681. Bertkau, P., on defective Poly-gonia, 1760. Besaldia vanessae, 1915. Bethune, C. J. S., on E. eurytheme, 1133; E. philodice, 1119; spread of P. rapae, 1183. Betula alba, 1297; alba var. po-pulifolia, 384; humilis, 403; lenta, 300, 355, 1297. Betulaceae as food plants, 1567. Biblides, 222. Bibliographies: — Alpine butterfly faunas, 134; androconia, 1683; butterflies common to Old and New World, 440; butterflies at sea, 379; butterfly in ancient art, the Psyche-myth, 1263; costal fold of skippers, 1640; dimorphism, 318; eggs of butterflies, 192; fauna and flora of White Mt. summits, 592; fossil butterflies, 760; geographical distribution of butterflies, 213; hibernating butterflies, 420; lives of three naturalists, 658; markings of caterpillars, 1146; mimicry, 719; physical geography of New England, 88; pupation of Nymphalidae, 1695; seasonal dimorphism, 1386; sexual dimorphism, 535; social habits of caterpillars, 674; stridulation of butterflies, 397; structure and action of the butterfly’s trunk, 1739; vision in butterflies, 1673. Bifid hairs or spines, 117, 307, 1256. Bigg-Wither on sounds made by a butterfly, 393. Biina, 222. * bilineatus, Ophion, 1880. Billings, B., on B. archippus, 276. bimacula, Limochores, 1880. Birds as enemies, 1611. Blake, Wm., poetical quotations from, 551, 1009, 1518, 1669. Blanchard and Brulle, classification, 63. blanda, Exorista, 1918. Blodgett on American climate, 927. Blumea, 482. Boehmeria, 339. Boehmeria cylindrica, 327, 338, 448. Boisduval on Aporia, 1155; classification, 62; habits of Limeni-tis, 259; Melanargia, 118; Rusticus bellargus, 961; Thanaos tages, 1453. Boisduval and Leconte on A. halesus, 1828; C. ismeria, 1811; E. m-album, 1825; R. cellus, 1855. boisduvaliana, Terias, 1840. boisduvalii, Hipparchia, 193. Boll on E. eurytheme, 1133,1134; P. protodice, 1169. Bombvx neustria, 1915; quercus, 1915. Bonnet quoted, 15. borealis, Calephelis, 788. borealis, Ganoris oleracea, 1191. Borkhausen, classification, 55. Borrago, 550. Borrago officinalis, 482. borus, Thecla, 898.1936 INDEX. Botanists, butterflies as, 1594. Bouquet on migration of V. car-dui, 1082. Bowles, G. J., on P. rapae, 1207; spread of P. rapae, 1176. Bracon, 486. Bracon variator, 1873. Braconidae, 1873, 1874, 1885, 1897. Bramson on Van. cardui elymi, 474. Brandt on ganglia, 34. Brassica, 1210. Brassica napa, 1210; oleracea, 1168, 1199, 1210; rapa, 1199. Braun, C., on Oe. jutta, 153, 154, 155. bremii, Masicera, 1915. Brenthis, 505, 578, 1805; caterpillar, 13; in Colorado mts., 133; hibernation of, 689; lethargy in caterpillars, 552; ovi-position, 1596; a subarctic genus, 589; in Swiss alps, 133 Brenthis bellona, 129, 592, 597, 608; chariclea, 604,1808; char-iclea boisduvalii, 604; claudia, 519 ; dia, 583 ; epithore, 613 ; euphrosine, 583 ; freija, 583, 1805 ; montinus, 131, 592, 601, 1807; montinus, broods of, 925; protective coloring, 591 ; my-rina, 129, 592, 593,612; myrina nubes, 595; selene, 583; thore, 607. brettoides, Pamphila brettus, 1701. brettus, Thymelicus, 1701. brevicauda, Papilio, 1851. Breweria aquatica, 1856. Brever on habits of Limenitis, 259. Briggs on migrations of Delias, 1084. brizo, Thanaos, 1500. Brooke, Henry, poetical quotations from, 36, 178. Brown, C. S., on spread of P. rapae, 1187. Browning, E. B., poetical quotations from, 957, 1154, 1750. Browning, R., poetical quotations from, 8, 52, 75, 127, 208, 280, 289, 397, 457, 519, 710, 802, 982, 1242, 1869. Bruand, classification, 64. Bruce, D., on spread of P. rapae, 1183. Brulld, see Blanchard and Brulle. Brunbauer on the life histories of European butterflies, 1383. Bryant, W. C., poetical quotations from, 123, 842, 875, 1393. Bryopogon, 153. bucephalus, Pamphila, 1631. Buckler, W., on Argvnnis, 550; see also Hellins and Buckler. bulenta, Hesperia, 1863. Burgess, E., on abdominal appendages, 45; anatomy of Ano-sia, 47; asymmetry, 1452; sucking of butterflies, 1738. See also Minot and Burgess. Burmeister, H., on Ageronia, 73; C. ethlius, 1754; classification, 68; Hesperidae, 1372; scales, 42; spiracles of thorax of butterfly, 49; terminal tarsal appendages, 45. Bush, Mrs. A. E., on migrations of Anosia plexippus, 1083; Najas bredowi, 250. Butler, A. G., on Ageronia, 395; Anosia plexippus, 723; classification, 66. Butterflies, American dnd European compared, 625; ancestry, 235; asleep, 492; as botanists, 1594; classification of, 52; color preferences, 1101; common to two worlds, 436; distinction from moths, 1; distribution in New England, 975; eclosion, 180; enemies, 1610; families of, 105, 238; families, tlieir derivation, 238; families, their distribution, 211; favorite haunts, 817; flight, 1659; fondness for moisture, 493; fossil, 756; habits, 491; habits of alighting, 1602 ; hibernation, 418; intensity of life in, 923; length of life, 909; localized, 984; migrations, 1077; movements of, when alight, 396; names, 785; nocturnal, 376; odorous, 1047; ornamentation and its origin, 510; perception of color, 1102; postures, 1602; primeval 237; psychological characteristics, 995; pugnacity of, 492; at sea, 376; sense of smell in, 1594; sounds made by, 392; sucking, 1737; swarming of, 1077; value as a group, 1 ; vision in, 952,1102, 1596, 1669; wings in repose, 1602. Butterfly in ancient art, 1257; origin of the word, 787. Butterfly, structure: abdomen 45; antennae, 37; clasping organs, 46; digestive organs, 48; dorsal vessel, 49; eyes, 37; general structure, 1; glands, 47, 1048; head, 36; head, regions of, 36; internal anatomy, 47; legs, 43; malpighian vessels, 49; mouth parts, 38; muscles, 47; nervous system, 50; ovaries, 51; paronychia, 44; patagia, 43; prothoracic lobes, 39; pulvillus, 44; salivary glands, 49; scales, 41, 1681; segments in abdomen, 45; sexual modifications of abdomen, 45; spiracles of thorax, 49; testes, 51; thoracic spiracles, 49; thorax, 39; tracheae, 49; vaginal glands, 51; wings, 40. Butts, Mar}’', poetical quotation from, 788. Bvron, poetical quotation from, '972. c. c-album, Vanessa, 332, 348. c-argenteum, Grapta, 359, 362. c-argenteum, Polygonia progne, 362. c-aureum, Vanessa, 319, 320. cacaliae, Hesperia, 1542. Caesalpina pulcherrima, 1833. caesonia, Colias, 1836. Cakile americana, 1210. calais, Oeneis, 1777. calanus, Thecla, 885, 892. Calatropis, 710. calcaratus, Ichneumon, 1878. calchas, Papilio, 1846. Calephelis, 783. Calephelis borealis, 788. Calidryas eubule, 1053. californiana, Colias edusa, 1127. californica, Thecla, 898. caliginosus, Ichneumon, 1876. Caligo, caterpillar, 114. Callianira, 250. Callianira ephestiaena, 280. Callicista, 1819. Callicista columella, 1820; ocel-lifera, 1820. Callidryas, 352, 1036,1041, 1042, 1043, 1048, 1076; chrysalis, 1750; odorous, 1048, 1050. Callidryas ebule, 1053; eubule, 1053; eubule invading New England, 1333; odorous, 1050, 1059; wintering, 420; marcel-lina, 1100; orbis, 1831, 1833; philea, 1833; scylla, 1037; sennae, 1831. Calliparaea, 846. Callipareus, 846. Callipareus melinus, 850. Callithea, habits of, 226. Callizona, habits of, 227. Callophrys, 825, 826 ; digestive system of caterpillar, 20; dorsal vessel of caterpillar, 22; silk vessels of caterpillar, 25. Callophrys rubi, sounds by, 397. Callydrias eubule, 1053. Calosoma scrutator, 412. Calpodes, 1551, 1592, 1746; chrysalis, 1750. Calpodes ethlius, 1750. Caltha leptosepala, 1199. calverlyi, Papilio polvxenes, 1355. calvce, Pieris, 1163. Catycopis, 1821. Calycopis cecrops, 1821. Campoplex conicus, 1873; pieri-dicola, 1882. Canadian fauna, 92, 975. Candida, 1033. Canna, 1749,1754. Canna flaccida, 1754; indica, 1754. cantheus, Satyrus, 193. canthus, Satyrus, 193. Caprifolium "sempervirens, 1059. Capsella, 1210. Capsella bursa pastoris, 1151, 1168. Caragana, 1121. Cardamine, 1151. carduelis, Papilio, 470. cardui, Vanessa, 469. carduicola, Apanteles, 1907. Carduus, 482, 1531. Carduus nutans, 481. Carex bromoides, 197; oligo-sperma, 154; rigida var. bige-lovii, 141 ; vulgaris var. hy-perborea, 141. carinata, Microgaster, 1910. carinenta, Papilio, 760. carlota, Eresia, 1810. Carney, J. P. R., on spread of P. rapae, 1179. Carnivorous butterflies, 796, 1012; caterpillars, 963. carolinianus, Papilio caudatus, 1264.INDEX. 1937 Carpinus americana, 285. Carpocapsa pomonella, 1885. ^ Carrington, poetical quotation from, 316. Carrot, odor of, in butterflies, 745, 1049. Carterocephalus, 1563. Carterocephalus mandan, 1507, 1569; omaha, 1861; paniscus, 1569. Carum carui, 1360; petroselinum, 1360. Caruncles, 15. Carunculati, 249. Cary, Alice, poetical quotations from, 27, 214. Cary a, 890, 1297. Carya glabra, 890. Cassia, 1058,1064, 1076. Cassia chamaecrista, 1058, 1092; marylandica, 1058,1071,1092; nictitans, 1092; occidentalis, 1058, 1071, 1092; tora, 1058, 1071. cassianus, Apanteles, 1909. Cassiope hypnoides, 590. casta, Pontia, 1192. castalis, Theela, 861. Castanea pumila, 891. castigator, Ichneumon, 1873. Catagramma, habits of, 226. Catalpa bignonioides, 1297. Caterpillar, structure of, 8; alimentary canal, 19 ; annuli, 1431; body, 10; caruncles, 15; dorsal vessel, 22; external characters, 8 ; ganglia, 22 ; glands opening externally, 14, 1431; head and appendages, 8; internal organs, 16 ; legs and prolegs, 11 ; malpighian vessels, 20; muscles, 17; osma-teria, 14; ovaries, 26; salivary glands, 20; silk vessels, 24; spines, topography of, 12 ; spiracles, 11 ; spiracles, arrangement of, 1430; subsegments, 13; testes, 25; thoracic and abdominal regions, 1428; thoracic vescicle, 1432; tracheal vessels, 21. Caterpillars, 1427; adornment of, 859; associates of, 962; clothing of, 161; commensalism, 671; deceptive devices, 1310; difference between young and mature, 804; dimorphic, 1145; feeding machines, 179; food- {)Iants, 1567; hibernation, 688; ethargy, 551; of moth with pectinate antennae, 1761 ; nests, 1454; odd forms, 1397; primeval, 236; protective coloring, 1143; resembling bird-droppings, 1146; social, 671; sounds made by, 396. Catocala, 1729. Catonephele chrysalis, 1558. Catophaga lankapura, congregating, 1085; rapae, 1205. Catopsilia, 1045; odorous, 1048. Catopsilia catilla migratory, 1084; eubule, 1053; philea, 1833; sennae, 1831. catullus, Pholisora, 1519. caudatus, Papilio, 1288. Caulfield, F. B., on E. antiopa, 407. Cauti, 1373. Ceanothus, 922, 967. Ceanothus americanus, 938,1497; thyrsiflorus, 376. cecrops, Calycopis, 1821. Cecrops festus, 1855. Celantes, 1365. Celebres, 1373. Cellular tissue in caterpillar, 26. cellus, Rhabdoides, 1855. Celtis, 245. Celtis maccoshi, 759 ; occidentalis, 186, 245, 327, 403, 765, 1791. celtis, Chlorippe, 1788. Centaurea benedicta, 481, 482. centaureae, Hesperia, 1542. Centrosema virginianum, 1435, 1453. Cephalanthus occidentalis, 1295. Ceratinia food of caterpillar, 1595. Cercis canadensis, 840. Cercyonis, 121, 123, 156, 1779. Cercyonis alope, 163, 164; in early morning, 492; egg, 5; larval habits, 1312; nephele, 163, 171; distribution, 1532; pégala, 1779. cernes, Hesperia, 1720,1725. cesonia, Zerene, 1836. Chaerocampa, 1309. Chaetura pelágica, 570. chalcas, Papilio, 1846. Chalcididae, 1873, 1874,1886. Chalcis, 1874, 1886. Chaléis flavipes, 1819, 1886 ; ovata,248,1886; robusta, 1344, 1886, 1887. chalcus, Princeps heroicus, 1846. chamis, Hesperia, 1768. Changes of form, 178. Chapman, A., quoted, 11. Chapman, A. W., on A. plexip-pus, 730 ; A. logan, 1615, 1616; C. eubule, 1057; E. claudia, 527 ; H. phylaeus, 1633; J. coenia, 501; L. accius, 1770; O. maculata, 1763; P. polyxenes, 1361; spread of P. rapae, 1184; T. horatius, 1488; T. brettus, 1703, 1704 ; V. atalanta, 451. Charaxes, odorous, 1049. Charaxes jasius, 228. chariclea, Argvnnis, 601, 1805; Brenthis, 1808. Charidryas, 620, 647, 1810. Charidrvas ismeria, 1810; nyc-teis, 634, 658, 679. Charis borealis, 788; laverna, 788. Chase, J. E., on spread of P. rapae, 1181, 1188. Cheiranthus, 550, 1210. Chelone, 637, 680. Chelone glabra, 697. chemnis, Hesperia, 1750. chemo, Argynnis atlantis, 573. Chenopodium, 1524, 1858. Chenopodium album, 1463, 1524. Chilognathiform stirps, 1027. Chilopodiform stirps, 109. Chinese literature, butterfly in, 1257. chionobae, Pteromalus, 1889. Chionobas, 123. Chionobas also, 135; balder, 149; chryxus, 1777 ; jutta, 149 ; macounii, 1775 ; semidea, 134; tavgete, 1777. Chlorippe, 114, 231, 1788; cater- pillar, 10,117,1399; eggs, 230; sexual diversity, 872; suspension, 112. Chlorippe celtis, 235, 1788, 1883, 1922 ; flying at night, 377; migratory, 1078; clyton, 241, 1883, 1885,1886; clyton, caterpillar, 1312; a southern butterfly, 1332; clyton clyton, 241; clyton proserpina, 241; horse, 241; herse clyton, 241. Cholodkovsky quoted, 40. Chordeiles virginianus, 120, 570, 1204. Chortobius, 1781. Christy, R. M., on the mistake of a" butterfly, 1102; P. polyxenes, 1362. Chrysalis, 27; abdomen, 29; activities of, 1557; adaptation to life, 180; changes in nervous cord, 34; color relations, 1578; curious facts about, 1554; exceptional duration of, 1361; external features, 27; girth of, 202; head, 27; internal organs, 30; modes of suspension, 72, 201; ocellar ribbon, 28, 1554; odd forms, 1749; primeval, 237; sensitive to light, 1557; sounds made by, 397; suspension, 27, 201; thorax, 28; wings, development of, 35. Chrysanthemum, 1926. Chrysobalanus oblongifolius,273. Chrysobia nais, early stages, 781; palmerii, early stages, 781; virgulti, early stages, 781. Chrvsophanidi, 795, 797, 970, 1830. Chrysophanus, 971, 972, 990; food of, 1567; tumidity of a tarsal joint in male, 873. Chrysophanus americanus, 998; americanus var. fulliolus, 1002; epixanthe, 985; hippothoe migratory, 1086; hyllus, 977; hy-pophlaeas, 998; mopsus, 809; phlaeas, 998; tarquinius, 1016; thoe, 977; thoe, distribution of, 976, 1534; sexual distinctions, 532. chrysotheme, Colias, 1126. chryxus, Oeneis, 1777. Cicutabulbifera, 1360; maculata, 1360; virosa, 1360. Cimicifuga, 922. Cimicifuga racemosa, 938. Cinclidia, 620, 667; larval nest, 1456; markings of caterpillar, 860. Cinclidia athalia, 1913, 1915; harrisii, 129, 674, 1914; caterpillar of, 1144, 1398; larval habits, 1311, 1312. Circulatory system of butterfly, 49; caterpillar, 22; chrvsalis, 32. Cirrochroa, suspension, 112. Cirrochroa aoris, gynandro-morph, 1759. Cirrospilus, 1874, 1891. Cirrospilus niger, 1892, 1926. Cissia, 121, 175, 208, 1786; hibernation of, 689. Cissia eurytus, 214; character of, 996; not affected by a storm, 1611; sosvbius, 1786. Cives, 791, 902, 970. Cladium, 1715.1938 INDEX. Clapp, F. », on spread of P. rapae, 1180. Clark, H. L., on C. eubule, 1060. Clark, Willis G., poetical quotation from, 823. Clarkson, F., on the word “butterfly,” 787. clarus, Papilio, 1399. Classification of butterflies, 52; as given by Bar, 68; Bates, 65 ; Blanchard and Brülle, 63 ; Boisduval, 62 ; Borkhausen, 55 ; Bruand, 64 ; Burmeis-ter, 68; Butler, 66; Claus, 69; Cuvier, 56; Dalman, 58; De Geer, 54; Denis and Schiff er-miiller, 54; Doubleday, 63; Duméril, 61; Fabricius, 55, 57 ; Geoffroy, 53 ; Gerstaecker, 65; Girard, 69; Guenée, 67; Heinemann, 64; Herbst, 55; Herrick-Schaeffer, 65 ; Heydenreich, 64; Horsfield, 61; Hübner, 57, 58; Kirby, 66; La-treille, 56, 57, 60; Leach, 57; Lederer, 64; Linné, 53; Lucas, 64; Marshall and de Nicéville, 68; Moore, 68; Newman, 67; Ochsenheimer, 58 ; Plötz, 69 ; Kambur, 66; Schatz, 69; Schrank, 56; Scopoli, 54; Scudder, 67 ; Smith, 69 ; Stau-dinger, 66; Stephens, 62, 63; Swainson, 61; Trimen, 65, 68; Wallengren, 64; Westwood, 62, 63. Classification, habit as a guide to, 826. claudia, Euptoieta, 519. Claus, classification, 69. clausius, Papilio, 519. Clematis, 697. Click of butterfly, 392. Climate of North America, 926. Clitoria mariana, 1391, 1453 ; ter-natea, 1391. Clothilde, Tliecla, 819. clyton, Chlorippe, 241. Cnicus, 482. Cnicus arvensis, 481, 482; hor-ridulus, 1295; lanceolatus, 481, 482. Coccidae, 1549. Coccinella in rhyme, 788. cochles, Hesperia, 1867. Cockerell, T. D. A., on E. eury-theme, 1134. Cocoons made by butterflies, 202. cocvta, Papilio, 629; Phvciodes, 1810. Coea acheronta migratory, 1078. coenia, Junonia, 494. Coenonympha, 1781 ; oviposi-tion, 141. Coenonympha gemma, 1783; in-ornata, 1782; pamphilus in winter, 418; semidea, 135; tiphon, food, 118. Colaenis, habits of, 225; odoriferous organs, 47. Cold, its effect on development, 1383. Coleophora cinerella, 1885. Coleridge, S. T., poetical quotation from, 1257. Coleridge, Sara, on the word “ butterfly,” 787, 1929. Colianae, 1040. Colias, 1036, 1096. Colias amphidusa, 1126; ariadne, 1126; barbara, 1126; chryso-theme, 1126, 1127 ; chryso-theme form ariadne, 1126 ; ab. flava, 1126; ab. harfordii, 1126; caesonia, 1836; coeso-nia, 1100; corday, 1833; dor-ippe, 1111 ; edusa, 1127 ; edusa var. californiana, 1127 ; er-iphyle, 1126; eubule, 1053, 1059; europome, 1111; eury-theme, 1126, 1127; eurytheme form autumnalis, 1126; form intermedia, 1126; form typica, 1126; hagenii, 1126; harfordi, 1126; harfordi var. barbara, 1126; hersilia, 1833; interior, 1105, 1126; keewaydin, 1126; laurentina, 1105; marcellina, 1053; nastes, 1111; nicippe, 1066; pelidne, 1105; phico-mone, 1111; philodice, 1105, 1111, 1126, 1127 ; rhamni malformation, 1760; rhamni wintering, 420; santés, Hll. Coliates, a fossil butterfLr, 757. Coliates proserpina, 1042. Collier, poetical quotation from, 1353. Collignon on the butterfly in ancient art, 1257. Collingwood on Pierinae, 1036. colon, Papilio, 1630. Colonization of New England, 1064. Color of butterflies, antiquity of, 1103; its harmony, 1104; largely protective, 1103; of chrysalids, 1578: patterns and wing-topography, 515 ; preferences of butterflies, 1101; protective in caterpillars, 1143. Colorational antigeny, 531; pattern, 1715. Coloring of caterpillars, 859. Coloring and latitude, 1766. Colpodes, 1746. columbina, Argynnis, 519. columella, Callicista, 1820. Colutea, 967. Comarum, 1531. Comma, 309. comma, Pamphila, 1646; Poly-gonia, 332. Commensalism among caterpillars, 671. Common names, 785. communis, Syrichtus, 1536. Companionable butterflies, 996. Comparison of American and European fauna, 625. Compositae as food plants, 1568. Comstock, J. H., on E. proteus, 1391; H. cresphontes, 1342. comstocki, Phorocera, 1922. comyntas, Everes, 911. concinnata, Phorocera, 1915. Cone, Helen, poetical quotation from, 1066. confinis, Exorista, 1915. Congregating butterflies, 734. congregatus, Apanteles, 1901. conicus, Campoplex, 1873. Conium maculatum, 1360. conspicua, Hesperia, 1732. Constant, A., on Apatura, 230; Lycaeninae, 794. Consoles, 222. Contopus virons, 120. Convolvulus arvensis, 560. Cook, Eliza, poetical quotations from, 643, 892, 977, 1634, 1667, 1739. Copidosoma, 1874,1888. Copidosoma turni, 1304, 1888. corday, Colias, 1833. Coreopsis palmata, 169. Corneau, N., on spread of P. rapae, 1184. Cornelius, C., on migrations of Agíais, 1078; migrations of V. cardui, 1082. Cornelius, Neonympha, 1783. Cornus, 923, 938. Coronilla, 950, 1071, 1092, 1638. Cortázar, poetical quotation from, 1345. Corydalis glauca, 1422. Corylus, 697,1482, 1512. coscinia, Pamphila, 1701. Cosmopolitan butterflies, 1160. Costal fold of skippers, 1639. costalis, Nisoniades, 1476. Couper, W., on E. philodice, 1124 ; J. glaucus, 1300 ; P. brevicauda, 1853; spread of P. rapae, 1176. couperi, Nomiades, 953. Cowper, poetical quotations from, 688, 1607. Crabbe, poetical quotations from, 228, 387, 898. crameri, Grapta, 320. crataegi, Polyommatus, 1016. Crataegus, 550, 882, 890, 1021, 1296. Crataegus apiifolia, 854 ; coccínea, 854. Crawfurd, poetical quotation from, 1693. cresphontes, Heraclides, 1334. Crickets as foes, 1611. croesioides, Theclaaugustus, 842. Croton capitatum, 1796; monan-thogynum, 1796. Cruciferae as food plants, 1568. cruciferarum, Pieris, 1192. cruciferarum, Pieris olerácea, 1192. Cryptus, 1326, 1874, 1880. Cupididi, 902. Cupido comyntas, 911; pseudar-giolus, 928; scudderii, 964. Cupuliferae as food plants, 1568. Curetis, 782. Curetis thetys, 15. cursitans, Limneria, 1873. Curtis, J., on mutilated Thanaos, 1454. curtius, Papilio, 1768. Cuscuta, 923 Cuvier, classification, 56. cyaniridis, Apanteles, 1903. Cyaniris, 904, 918 ; originated where, 437. Cyaniris ladon, 928; lucia, 928; neglecta, 928 ; pseudargiolus, 129, 131, 927, 1880, 1881,1903, 1913, 1920 ; asleep, 492; attracted by electric light, 377; dimorphic, 317, 1628; gvnan-dromorph, 1760; melanochroic, 1285; odorous, 1050; polymorphism of, 1386; sexual coloring of, 533; pseudargiolus fu-mida, 933; pseudargiolus lucia, 928; pseudargiolus neglecta, 928 ; pseudargiolus pseudora, 933 ; pseudargiolus violácea, 928 ; pseudargiolus violácea nigra, 928; violácea, 928.INDEX. 1939 cybele, Argynnis, 554, 563. Cyclopides, 1563. Cyclopides mandan, 1569; numi-tor, 1558; skada, 1569. cycnus, Thecla, 898. Cydonia vulgaris, 1296. Cylindracei, 1027. Cyllene pictus, 1406. Cyllo leda, ocelli of, 514. cymela, Papilio, 214. cyraelia, Megisto, 214. Oynara scolymas, 482. Cynodon dactylon, 1666. Cynoglossum, 526. Cynoglossum morrisoni, 1505 ; officinale, 854. Cynthia, 430; chrysalis, 1750. Cynthia atalanta, 441 ; cardui, 469; huntera, 457; interroga-tionis, 319; lavinia, 494. Cyperaceae as food plants, 1567. Cypripedium, 1730. Cypripedium spectabile, 1405, 1710. Cyrilla racemifolia, 839. Cytisus, 1121. P. Dactyloteniura aegyptiacum, 206. Dalraan on classification, 58. damastus, Polyommatus, 861. damon, Mitura, 861. Danai candidi, 1033; festivi, 703; flavi, 1040. Danaida, 705. Danaida erippus, 720 ; plexippus, 720. Danaides, 703. Danais, 705. Danais archippe, 721 ; archippus, 720; archippus var. fumosus, 723; erippus, 720; plexippus, 720. Danaus, 705. Danaus archippus, 721 ; erippus, 720; festivus phaeton, 690; fes-tivus tharos, 629; plexippus, 720. Dante, poetical quotation from, 67i. daphnis, Papilio, 554, 563. Darley, poetical quotation from, 1589. Darwin, C., on butterflies at sea, 378; ocelli, 514; the origin of color in flowers, 1101; sexual coloring, 533; sounds of Age-ronia, 393, 394. Darwin, E., poetical quotations from, 545, 1454, 1490,1771. Dasyophthalma odorous, 1049. Daucus carota, 1360. daunius, Papilio, 519. Davis, W. M., the climate of New England, 86; the physical geography of New England, 75. Debis andromacha, 181 ; canthus, 195; portlandia, 180. De Candolle, on fear in butterflies, 995. Deceptive devices of caterpillars, 1310. Defences of caterpillars, 1310. De Garmo, J. M., on A. aphrodite, 569; E. troilus, 1324; E. philodice, 1124; E. antiopa, 407; J. glaucus, 1300; the moods of butterflies, 996; P. polyxenes, 1363; P. comma, 341. De Geer, classification, 54. Deland, Margaret, poetical quotations from, 149, 1160, 1171, 1486, 1600, 1659. delaware, Hesperia, 1614. delia, Terias, 1087. Delias dione, migratory, 1084. Delille, poetical quotations from, 86, 1242, 785. De Loche, on migrations of Y. cardui, 1082. Denis, poetical quotations from, 436, 1631. Denis and Schiffermiiller, classification, 54. Dentaria, 550. dentipes, Monodontomerus, 1873. Depressoscutatae, 800. deprimator, Microgaster, 1873. Derostenus, 1874, 1891. Derostenus antiopae, 411, 1891. Desmodium, 908, 1092, 1109, 1422. Desmodium canadense, 1109, 1405; dillenii, 1422,1442; ma-rylandicum, 915, 1405; nudi-florum, 1405; paniculatum, 526, 1422; viridiflorum, 1391. Desor, E., on American climate, 926. Detegentes, 109. deutargiolus, Polyommatus, 928. Development, effect of cold on, 1383; of ornamentation, 510. Dewitz, H , on Hesperia syrich-tus, 1540. dia lapponica, Papilio, 1885. diana, Semnopysche, 1799. Diapensia lapponica, 590. Dichromena leucocephala, 1715. Dickinson, on spread of P. ra-pae, 1182. Dictamnusfraxinella, 1341, 1360. Dictatores, 115. Didier, poetical quotation from, 1014. Didonis, food of caterpillar, 1595; odorous, 1048, 1049. Digestive organs of butterfly, 48; caterpillar, 19; chrysalis, 31. Digoneutism, 923. diluta, Pimpla, 1873. Dimmock, G., on glands, 14; oviposition of E. antiopa, 404; scales, 42; spread of P. rapae, 1177. Dimorphantes, 923. Dimorphantes mantchuricus,938. Dimorphic caterpillars, 1145. Dimorphism, 247, 304, 315, 316, 329, 347, 641, 917, 951, 1169, 1203, 1213, 1302; seasonal, 1627; sexual, 531. Dione, 1813; odoriferous organs, 47. Dione vanillae, 1814. Diorhina, chrysalis, 780. Diosmism in butterflies, 1050. Diplopappus, 680, 681. Diplolepis microgastri, 1214, 1873. Dircenna, food of caterpillar, 1595. Discal streak of skippers, 1639. Discopleura capillaeea, 1360. Disguises of butterflies, 710. disippe, Nymphalis, 267. disippus, Limenitis, 267. Dismorphia amphione v. Titho-rea harmonia, 711. Dissosteira Carolina, 1006. Distant, W. L., on Gerydus, 44; Hesperidae, 1372; horary seasons of Lycaeninae, 795; migrations of Catopsilia, 1084; Pierinae, 1036; protective coloring in larvae, 118; sounds made by Thaumantis, 394; times of flight, 492. Distribution of butterflies, 211. diurna, Papilio, 1288. Doan, W. D., on spread of P. rapae, 1181. Dodge, C. F., on spread of P. rapae, 1187. Dodge, C. K., on C. etlilius, 1755; spread of P. rapae, 1183. Dodge, E. A., on spread of P. rapae, 1187. Dodge, G. M., on B. astyanax, 287; spread of P. rapae*, 1187. Doellingeria umbellatus, 664, 680. Doherty, W., on Libvtheinae, 751. dolichos, Atlides, 1827. Domestic butterflies, 996. Donckier de Donceel, on Van. cardui ate, 475; Van. cardui elymi, 474. dorcas, Epidemia, 1830. Dorfmeister, G., on habits of Najas, 259. dorippe, Colias, 1111. doris, Tachina, 1915. Doritis, caterpillar, 13; cocoon, 1226. Dorsal vessel in butterfly, 49; caterpillar, 22; chrysalis, 32. Dorycnium, 922. Double broodedness, 923. Doubleday, E., on A. plexippus, 734; Brenthis, 584; Charidry-as, 650; classification, 63; E. claudia, 527; Eurymus, 1100; Iphiclides, 1256; I. ajax, 1277, 1278; J. coenia, 501; L. phile-nor, 1251; mimicry of Anosia, 256; P. interrogationis, 329; Pontia, 1159; Rhodoceridi, 1041; sounds of butterflies, 395; Thais, 1029; Tirumala, 709; V. cardui, 480. Douglas, J. W., on Theclidi, 800. Dowden, poetical quotations from, 1468, 1617. Doxocopa, 231. Doxocopa herse, 241; idyia, 241; lycaon, 1788. Dragon flies as enemies, 1612. Drake, poetical quotations from, 1009, 1582. Dryades, 222, 502. Dryas fucata claudia, 519; pha-lerata vanillae, 1814; reticulata gorgone, 1810. dryas, Grnpta, 332. dryas, Polvgonia comma, 332. Drvden, poetical quotation from, 1*567. dubia, Masicera, 1924. Dufour, L., on abdominal appendages, 46; internal anatomy of butterfly, 47. Dunffiril, classification, 61. Duponchel on Hesperidae, 1370; Melanargia, 118; Thais, 1222.1940 INDEX. D’Urban, W. S., on A. plexip-pus, 745; B. arthemis, 299, 304; E. philodice, 1119; J. glaucus, 1295, 1296. Dysodia chrysanthemoides, 1839. E. Earth, odor of, in butterflies, 946, 1050. Eaton, A. E., sounds of Parnassi us, 395. ebule, Papilio, 1053. Ecdyses, 179. Echinacea angustifolia, 1616. Echium, 482. Eclosion of the butterfly, 180. Ectima, habits of, 227." edusa, Colias, 1127. Edwards, H., on C. ethlius, 1753; electric light butterflies, 377 ; E. philodice, 1119; hybrid Van. atalanta-carye, 445 ; I. augus-tus, 844; L. philenor, 1245, 1250; Phyc. pulehella, 625; P. satyr us, 346. Edwards, W., on A. plexippus, 729 ; a flight of butterflies, 493. Edwards, W. H., on A. lyci-das, 1421; A. vanillae, 1816, 1817 ; A. samoset, 1591 ; Anaea, 1793; A.andria, 1795-1798; A. plexippus, 740, 742, 743; A. genutia, 1149,1151; Argvnnis, 549; A. alcestis, 1803-1805; A. aphrodite, 568; A. atlantis, 575; A. cybele, 558, 561; A. zabulon, 1620; B. archippus, 273, 278; B. arthemis, 297, 304; B. proserpina, 291; Bren-this, 586 ; B. myrina, 616 ; Cercyonis, 159 ; C. nephele, 173, 174; C. nycteis, 662, 663, 664, 665; C. celtis, 1789-1792; C. clyton, 246; Chrysobia, 781; C, harrisii, 677-681; C. eurytus, 219; C. sosybius, 1787-1788; C. pseu-dargiolus, 935, 938, 939, 943; early stages of Satyrinae, 120 ; E. portlandia, 184, 185 ; E. pa-lamedes, 1848-1851; E. phaeton, 699; E. eurytheme, 1134; E. philodice, 1117, 1118, 1121, 1123 ; E. comyntas, 915, 917 ; experiments with cold, 1385; Feniseca, 1013; F. tarquinius, 1022, 1024; hibernaculum of Basilarchia, 257 ; H. bachmanii, 763, 765; I. irus, 838-840; I. ajax, 1272, 1274-1277; J. glaucus, 1295,1299,1302, 1303 ; Laertias, 1050; L. philenor, 1248; length of life in butterflies, 910; Libytheinae, 750; Melanargia, 118; N. Cornelius, 1783-1785; N. phocion, 206; Odonata as enemies, 1612; P. brevicauda, 1852; P. catullus, 1524-1526; P. tharos,635, 640; Polygonia, 314, 356; P. comma, 336, 337, 339, 342; P. in-terrogationis, 329 ; P. progne, 370; pupation, 1693; R. melissa, 961; R. striatus, 1829; S. eurydice, 196; S. diana, 1800-1802; S. idalia, 540, 541, 542; S. olympia, 1846; T. ice-lus, 1510; V. atalanta, 449, 450; X. nicippe, 1069, 1070, 1872; Z. cesonia, 1837, 1839. edwardsii, Apanteles, 1901 ; Pho-rocera, 1921; Thecla, 892. egeremet, Hesperia, 1696. Egg, 2,190; architectural grace, 191; beauty, 190; colors, 192; duration of, 7, 192; external characteristics, 2 ; internal changes, 4, 95; micropyle, 4; mode of deposit, 192; perils of, 1518 ; place of deposit, 192, 261 ; primeval, 236. Egyptian hieroglyphs, butterfly in, 1257. Eichendorff, poetical quotation from, 1527. electra, Thorybes, 1856. Electric light attracting butterflies, 377, 409, 452, 746, 1326. Eliot, George, poetical quotations from, 1, 625. Eliot, Ida M., on F. tarquinius, 1021. Elliot, S. L., on Euv. antiopa hygiaea, 400. Ellzey, M. G., on migrations of Anosia plexippus, 1083. elymi, Vanessa cardili, 473. Elymnias singhala, 410. Elymniina, 222. emarginatus, Apanteles, 1873, 1906. Embryological development of Euvanessa antiopa, 95. Emerson, R. W., poetical quotations from, 1436, 1749. Emery, C. A., on E. phaeton, 695, 696, 697; F. tarquinius, 1024; V. huntera, 466. Emesis, suspension of chrysalis, 72. Emesis mandana, chrysalis, 780. Empidae, 1913. Empidonax acadicus, 120. Encyrtus, 1874, 1887. Encyrtus montinus, 148, 1887; turni, 1888. Enemies, 1610. English names for butterflies, 785. ennius, Nisoniades, 1476. Enodia, 121, 175; caterpillar, 1399; its origin, 1065. Enodia alope, 164; androcardia, 181; andromacha, 181; portlandia, 180, 181 ; character of, 996. Entedon antiopae, 1891. Environment, relation of chrysalids to, 1578. enys, Pamphila, 1683. Epargyreus, 1375,1377, 1393; digestive system of caterpillar, 20; nervous system of caterpillar, 24 ; silk vessels of caterpillar, 25. Epargyreus darns, 1399 ; ethlius, 1750; tityrus, 1399,1880,1890, 1917; caterpillar of, 1398; tityrus obliteratus, 1402. ephestiaena, Callianira, 280. ephestion, Limenitis, 289; Papilio, 280. Ephori, 791, 798. Epicalia, habits of, 226 ; sexual coloring in, 534. Epidemia, 971, 982, 1830; tumidity of male tarsi, 873. Epidemia dorcas, 988, 1830; epi- xanthe, 985; distribution of, 1534; haunts, 984; sexual distinctions, 532. Epinephele chrysalis, 118. epixanthe, Epidemia, 985; Poly-ommatus, 1830. Eques trojanus astinous, 1242; trojanus troilus, 1353. Equites, 1219. Erebia, cocoon of, 202; in Colorado mts., 133 ; a subarctic genus, 589 ; in Swiss alps, 133. Erebia nephele, 171. Eresia, 647; habits, of, 226. Eresia batesii, 643; cariota, 1810, nycteis, 658; tharos, 629. ergeus, Polyommatus, 850. Ergolis, scale patch of male, 532. Erianthus, 1766. Erianthus alopecuroides, 1616, 1770. Erica, 923, 960. Ericaceae as food plants, 1568. Erigeron, 1168. Erionotaria, 1372. eriphyle, Colias, 1126. eriphvle, Eurymus eurytheme, 1126. erippus, Danais, 720. eritiosa, Satyrus, 135. Erodium, 960. Erora, 801, 815. Erora laeta, 819 ; distribution, 1532; sexual distinctions, 532. erratica, Glypta, 1885. Erycia vanessae, 1915. Erycides, 1370. Erycina numitor, 1558; tarquinius, 1016. Erycinae, 772. Eryciniens, 767. Ervnnis, 1370, 1445, 1550, 1592, Ì634, 1862. Erynnis attalus, 1641,1649,1653; invading New England, 1334; melanic, 1286; attalus attalus, 1655 ; attalus quiapen, 1655 ; brizo, 1501 ; comma, 1548, 1648; comma in winter, 418; horatius, 1486; icelus, 1507; juba, 1638 ; juvenalis, 1476 ; lucilius, 1458; manitoba, 1641, 1646; martialis, 1493; metea, 1640, 1649, 1650; metea, egg, 6, 7; persius, 1468; sassacus, 1640, 1641; ferenti us, 1490; uncas, 1862; virgilius, 1486. Erysimum, 1210. Erythrina, 922. Ervthrina herbacea, 938. Eschallonia, 923. Esper quoted, 15. ethlius, Calpodes. 1750. Eubagis, habits of, 226. eubule, Callidryas, 1053 ; Papilio, 1831. Eucheira socialis, 1038. Euchloe, 1139, 1143, Euchloe genutia, 1147 ; midea, 1147. euclea, Papilio, 629. Eudamini, 1373. Eudamus, 1375, 1377,1378,1393, 1412, 1423. Eudamus bathyllus, 1432, 1436; cellus, 1855 ; electra, 1856 ; lyeidas, 1418; olvnthus, 1750; proteus, 1386; proteus invading New England, 1333; py-lades, 1436; tityrus, 1399.INDEX. 1941 Eueides, chrysalis, 1578, 1750; odoriferous organs, 47. Eugonia, 308, 309, 372; fossil in Europe, 757; habits of, 315; originated where? 438. Eugonia antiopa, 397; atava, a fossil butterfly, 375 ; cali-fornica, 376; californica migratory, 1078; j-album, 129, 131, 379; j-album flying at night, 377; wintering, 420; poly-chloros, 375, 1915. Eulophus, 455, 1892. Eulophus saundersii, 1893; sem-ideae, 1893; theclae, 1893. Eumaeidae, 791. Eumenis balderi, 149. Eunica, habits of, 226; sounds by, 394. Eupatorium coelestinum, 814. Euphoeades, 1228, 1280, 1305, 1846; caterpillar, 1145, 1398; chrysalis, 1556; digestive system of caterpillar, 20; nervous system of caterpillar, 24; progressive changes of caterpillar, 1237; silk vessels of caterpillar, 25. Euphoeades asterius, 1353; chal-cas, 1846; glaucus, 1288,1289; glaucus, its boldness, 997; pal-amedes, 1846; palamedes asleep, 1603, 1851; troilus, 1313, 1878, 1880,1906; troilus attracted by electric light, 377; caterpillar, 1146, 1311; colored spots of, 517; egg, 6, 7; killed by bird, 1612; larval habits, 1312 ; monstrous chrysalis, 1761. euphrosine, Brenthis, 583. Euphydryas, 620, 684; its allies, 1065; larval nest, 1456; markings of caterpillar, 860; winter nest, 690. Euphydryas phaeton, 129, 690; caterpillar, 1398; egg, 5, 7; haunts, 984 ; phaeton phae-thusa, 693 ; phaeton superba, 693. Euphyes, 1551, 1592,1735, 1865. Euphyes metacomet, 1739; metacomet, distribution, 1534?' osyka, 1865; verna, 1739,1742; verna, distribution, 1534. Euploea plexippus, 720. Euploeinae, 114, 703. Eupsyche, 1824. Eupsyche m-album, 1824. Euptoieta, 505, 506; habits of, 225. Euptoieta claudia, 519; claudia, caterpillar, 1144, 1398; malformation, 1760; a southern butterfly, 1332; hegesia, 226, 508. Euptychia areolata, 203; canthus, 193; eurytus, 214; phocion, 203; portlandia, 181. Eurema, 1042, 1073; egg, 3. Eurema lisa, 1087, 1890; at sea, 378; protective coloring of caterpillar, 1144; a southern butterfly, 1332; swarming, 378; lisa alba, 1089 ; nicippe, 1066 ; philodice, 1111. European butterflies compared with ours, 625; have less broods than ours, 925. europome, Colias, 1111. eurydice, Satyrodes, 193. Eurymus, 1042, 1096; albinism in, 1286; caterpillar, 1143; change of color, 1766; in Colorado mts., 133; digestive system of caterpillar, 20; dimorphism, 317; hibernation of, 689; hurried ways of, 997; nervous system of caterpillar, 24; sexual patches, 873; silk vessels of caterpillar, 25; a subarctic genus, 589; in Swiss Alps, 133. Eurymus edusa, 378,1100; europome, 1111; eurytheme, 1104, 1126; distribution, 976; larval habits, 1312 ; eurytheme am-phidusa, 1126 ; eurytheme amphidusa alba, 1127, 1129 ; eurytheme ariadne, 1126; eurytheme eriphvle, 1126 ; eurytheme keewaydin, 1126 ; eurytheme keewaydin pallida, 1126; interior, 130, 1104, 1105; interior interior, 1107; interior laurentina, 1107; palaeno, 1100, 1109 ; philodice, 130, 1104, 1105, 1111, 1212, 1883, 1890; philodice asleep, 492; egg, 5, 6, 7; in England, 1163; killed by a storm, 1611 ; malformation, 1760; sexual coloring, 533 ; its sociability, 997 ; philodice var. laurentina, 1105 ; philodice miscidice, 1115; philodice nigridice, 1114 ; philodice pallidice, 1115 ; philodice philodice, 1115. Eurytelidae, 222. eurytheme, Eurymus, 1126. eurythris, Satyrus, 214. eurytris, Hipparchia, 214. eurytulus, Tmolus, 1820. eurytus, Cissia, 214. Euselasia crotopus, 778, 1927, 1928; gelon, early stages, 778, 1927. Euterpe, 1036. Euthymus, 1625. Euthymus phylaeus, 1630. Euvanessa, 308, 309, 387; habits of, 315. Euvanessa antiopa, 397, 1878 ; 1890, 1891, 1896, 1915, 1922, 1924; at sea, 377; attracted by electric light, 377 ; egg, 1519; embryology of, 95 ; gynan-dromorph, 1759 ; hibernating, 419; larval habits, 1312; larval web, 1454; markings of caterpillar, 860; migratory, 1078; monstrous, 1761 ; originated where V 437; social caterpillars, 673; sounds made by, 394; spines of caterpillar, 162; suspension, 1694; variation in, 1352; antiopa hygiaea, 400; cyanomelas, 391. Evans, S. G., on spread of P. rapae, 1185. Evans, W. F., on malformed V. atalanta, 445. Everes, 904, 905. Everes amyntas, broods of, 925; amvntula, 908; comyntas, 911; broods of, 925. exareolata, Limneria, 1873. exesorius, Trogus, 1878. Exochilum, 1874, 1881. Exochilum mundum, 1279, 1881. Exorista, 892, 1912,1916. Exorista blanda, 486,1916, 1918; blanda var. proserpina, 1506, 1919 ; confinis, 1915; ferina, 1915; futilis, 455, 1913, 1915; futilis, history of, 455 ; hirsuta, 1217, 1913, 1919; hortulana, 1915; inclinata, 1915; puella, 1915 ; scudderi, 1913, 1921 ; theclarum, 884, 891, 946, 1913,* 1920 ; vulgaris, 1214, 1915, 1920. Experiments with change of place, 146, 358, 607 ; with cold, 278, 287, 642, 666, 682, 1251, 1326, 1383,1629,1767 ; on color of chrysalids, 1579 ; with gases, 1214; by mutilation, 278, 544, 1363. F. fabricii, Polygonia interroga-tionis, 320; Thecla, 892. Fabricius, classification, 55, 57; Hesperidae, 1370. falacer, Polyommatus, 892; Thecla, 885, 892. Families of butterflies, 105. fasciata, Heodes hvpophlaeas, 1000. faunus, Polygonia, 348, 359. favonius, Thecla, 850. Fawcett, E., poetical quotation from, 135. felicia, Nathalis, 1842. Feniseca, 799, 971, 1009; chrysalis, 1750; its origin, 1065; tumidity of male tarsi, 874. Feniseca porsenna, 1016; tar-quinius, 130, 1016. Fennel, odor of, in butterflies, 1051. Feral butterflies, 996. ferina, Exorista, 1915. Festiva, 109. Festivi, 703. festus, Cecrops, 1855. Fidelia, 1040. Fitch, A. on E. tityrus, 1403; 2. philodice, 1119; on F. tarquin-ius, 1022; J. glaucus, 1298, 1299 ; P. polyxenes, 1360 ; P. oleracea, 1199, 1200; spread of P. rapae, 1180; T. icelus, 1510,1513; T. liparops, 1930. flava, Colias chrysotheme, 1126; Xanthidia nicippe, 1069. flavicans, Pimpla, 1873. flavicornis, Apanteles, 1898. flavipes, Chalcis, 1886. flavo-maculatus, Papilio, 1846. Fletcher, J., on A. vialis, 1586; E. eurytheme, 1132; E. interior, 1108, 1109 ; F. tarquinius, 1021 ; I. niphon, 834, 1929; L. taumas, 1728, 1729; Oe. ma-counii, 1776,1777; P. mandan, 1571, 1573. Flight, 1659. Fluctuation in numbers, 1015. Foeniculum vulgare, 1360. Folago, arvensis, 482. Food-plants, 1567. Food plants and cosmopolitanism, 1162. Forbes, S. A., on food of birds, 1611. Fore-legs, change in structure, 73.1942 INDEX Forel, A., on migrations of V. cardui, 1081; vision, 1670. Forked spine, 117, 307, 1256. Formales, 1373. Formica sanguínea, 1125, 1406; smaragdina, 796. Forsaveth, on pamphila mathias, 1369. Fortes, 1373. Fossil butterflies, 121, 178, 227, 308, 375, 753, 756, 1039, 1042, 3155, 1160, 1222, 1370, 1454, 1549. fossorius, Ichneumon, 3873. Foster, B. H., on spread of P. rapae, 1181. Fragaria, 587, 960,1531. Fraxinus americana, 3296; pla-tycarpa, 1296; sambucifolia, 1296; trifoliata, 1297. freija, Brenthis, 1805. French, G. H., on A. andria, 1797; P. protodice, 1166. frenchii, Masicera, 1923. Frey, H., on Oeneis, 140. freya, Papilio, 1805. frígida, Pieris, 1191; Pieris olera-cea, 1191, 1193. _ Fritsch, on migrations of Agíais, 1078; return movements of V. cardui, 1086. Frohawk, on Thanaostages,1453. Frugalia, 1137. Fugada, 1040. fugitiva, Limneria, 1883. fulliola, Heodes hvpoplaeas, 1002. fulvipes, Iiemiteles, 1873. f urn ida, Cyaniris pseudargiolus, 933. fumosus, Anosia plexippus, 723; Danais archippus, 723. furcillata, Vanessa, 420. Furculae, 115. fusca, Papilionides carol., 1418. fuscus, Papilio, 181. Fusiformes, 109, 1027. futilis, Exorista, 1917. Fyles, T. W., on E. j-album, 385; Oe. jutta, 152,154; spread of P. rapae, 1177. G. Gartner, on habits of Nymphalis, 258, 286. Gagliardi, on oviposition of Eu-ploeinae, 705. Galactia, 908, 915, 1505. Galactia glabella, 1482,1505 ; pi-losa, 1482. Gangara thyrsis, 1548,1586. Ganoris, 1171. Ganoris oleracea, 1191; oleracea var. borealis, 1191; rapae, 1205; virginiensis, 1192. garita, Hesperia, 1859. Gastropacha lanestris, 404. Gautier, Théophile, poetical quotation from, 1175. Gay, John, poetical quotations from, 161, 964. Gaylussacia, 1309. geda, Nymphidia, 788. Geddes, G., on E. eurytheme, 1133 ; E. interior, 1110 ; spread of P. rapae, 1177. gemma, Neonympha, 1783. Genista, 967. Gentry, T. G., on E. antiopa, 405; food of birds, 1612. genutia, Anthocharis, 1147. Geoffroy, classification, 53. Geographical distribution, 127, 211, 376, 436, 588, 625, 817, 975, 984, 1064, 1077, 1160, 3175, 1332, 1531. Geographical origin of our butterflies, 436. Geranium, 960,1926. Gerardia pedicularia, 697; purpurea, 500. Gerstaecker, classification, 65. Gerydus, legs of, 44. gesta, Achlyodes, 1501. Geum radiatum var. peckii, 605. Ghiliani, on migrations of V. cardui, 1082. Gibbes, L. R., on C. eubule, 1059; spread of P. rapae, 1183. Gilder, R. W., poetical quotations from, 181, 667. Gilman, Caroline, poetical quotation from, 1746. Girard, M., on Charaxes, 1049; classification, 69. Glacial reminders, 588. Glands of caterpillars, 1431. Glands opening externally in butterflies, 42, 47; in caterpillars, 162. Glandular system of butterfly, 51; caterpillar, 24. Glaucopsyche, 948. Glaucopsyche couperi, 953; lyg-damus, 1828; pembina, 953. glaucus, Jasoniades, 1288. Gleditschia, 1109, 1405. Globulicornes, 1. glomeratus, Apúnteles, 1873, 1898; Microgaster, 1873. Glover, T., on spread of P. rapae, 1181. glvcerium, Paphia, 1794. Glycine, 1092, 1839. Glvpta, 1874, 1885. Glypta errática, 343, 1885. Gnaphalium arvense, 482; poly-cephalum, 465; purpureum, 465. Goding, F. W., on spread of P. rapae, 1185. Godman and Salvin, on A. plexippus, 723, 726; Lemoniinae, 774. Goethe, on monstrosities, 1759; poetical quotations from, 135, 332,1310. Gonepteryx, 1036,1076. Goniloba, 1370, 1393, 1412,1423. Goniloba bathyllus, 1432; bret-tus, 1701; ethlius, 1750; lv-sidas, 1418; olynthus, 1750; tityrus, 1399. Goniuris lycidas, 1418; tityrus, 1399. Goniurus, 1370, 1378. Goniurus proteus, 1387. Gonolobus, 710. Goossens, T., on wintering Poty-gonia, 419. gorgone, Dryas reticulata, 1810. Gosse, P. H., on abnormal A. milberti, 423; A. plexippus, 739; Apostraphia at night, 492; B. arthemis, 304; B. myrina, 600; C. eubule, 1059; Cyan-iris, 922; C. pseudargiolus, 943; E. tityrus, 1410; Epide- mia, 989; Eurema, 1076; E. philodice, 1119; gives English names, 786; habits of Satyrinae, 119; H. hypo-phlaeas, 1007, 1008; H. cres-phontes, 1343; J. glaucus, 1298, 1301; Laertias, 1233; L. philenor, 1247; male abdominal appendages, 46; Mitura, 858; P. oleracea, 1198, 1203; Rhodoeeridi, 1041 ; suffused A. milberti, 423; Theclidi, 800. gracilis, Polygonia, 359. Grassner, on Aporia, 1155. Gramineae as food plants, 1567. Granulosae, 1033. Grapholitha olivaceana, 1885. Grapta, 309. Grapta c-album, 332; c-argen-teum, 348, 359, 362; c-aureum, 320; comma, 332; crameri, 320; dryas, 332; fabricii, 320; faunus, 348; gracilis, 359; in-terrogationis, 319, 320; j-album, 379; marsyas, 344; milberti, 420; progne, 348,362; satyrus, 344; umbrosa, 320. graptae, Telenomus, 1896. Graves, poetical quotation from, 835. Grav, poetical quotation from, li39. Greek literature, butterflv in, 1257. Green, sounds made by Hama-dryas, 394. Greene, N. C., on P. rapae, 1210; spread of P. rapae, 1178. Grey, R. M., on hybrids of B. astyanax, 283; species of Ba-silarcliia, 292. grogne, Papilio, 362. Grossulaceae as food plants, 1567. Grote, A. R., on P. polyxenes calverlyi, 1355; poetical quotations from, 835, 1139; postglacial history of Oe. semidea, 590; T. lorata, 1823; V. ata-Ianta, 452. Gruber, A., on C. nycteis, 662; ph vlogenjr of caterpillars, 1235. gryneus, Lycus, 861. Guende, A., classification, 67. Guild, Clarissa, on E. troilus, 1321; J. glaucus, 1296; P. polyxenes, 1359; Trichogram-ma minutissimum, 1304. Gulick, L. H., on A. plexippus, 730. Gundlach, J., on C. eubule, 1057; C. ethlius, 1753; E. proteus, 1390; Euptoieta hegesia, 508; Hesperia syrichtus, 1540; P. polyxenes, 1360; Thymelicus coseinia, 1703 ; Xanthidia, 1063. Gynandromorphs, 1759. Gynecia, habits of, 227. H. H., H., poetical quotations from, 1096,1365. See also Jackson, H. H. H., J.V., poetical quotation from, 231. H., T. W., poetical quotation from, 1192.INDEX. 1943 Haase, E., on tibial epiphysis, 44. Habits of butterflies, 491; as guides to classification, 826; variation in, 1415. Hagen, H. A., on monstrosities, 1759; migrations of V. cardui, 1082; swarms of Neophasia, 1085. hagenii, Colias, 1126. halesus, Atlides, 1827. Hamadryades, 222, 618. Hamadryas, digestive system of caterpillar, 20; distribution of, 437; dorsal vessel of caterpillar, 22; eggs, 696; nervous system in chrysalis, 32; silk vessels of caterpillar, 25. Hamadryas angulata antiopa, 397; decora atalanta, 441; decora cardui, 469; io, 410,1915; io hibernating, 419 ; markings of caterpillar, 860; ocellus of, 514; sounds made by, 394. hamamaelidis, Nisoniades, 1507. Hamamaelis, 1512. Hamilton, J., on A. plexippus, 735; C. eubule, 1060. Hamlin, C. G., on P. polyxenes, 1360; spread of P. rapae, 1178. Hampson, J., on spread of P. rapae, 1179. Hancock, J. L., on I. ajax, 1272. Harding, on defective butterflies, 1760. Hardy, on a caterpillar web, 672. harfordii, Colias, 1126. Harrington, Miss, on A. plexippus, 737. Harris, T. W., sketch of, 656; portrait, 657. Harris, T. W., on A. numitor, 1560; B. astyanax, 283, 286; E. tityrus, 1406; E. Comyntas, 916; E. antiopa, 405, 407; H. hypophlaeas, 1003; H. bachmanii, 764; L. philenor, 1247, 1250; Lycaeninae, 794; Oe. semidea, 140; Pamphilidi, 1547; pupation of Nymphali-dae, 224; pupation of Papili-oninae, 1224; Y. atalanta, 449; Y. huntera, 465. harrisii, Cinclidia, 674; Polygo-nia comma, 332. Haunts of butterflies, 817. Haustellum, action of, 1737. Hawkins, H. B., on spread of P. rapae, 1181. Haydon, W., on spread of P. rapae, 1187. Hayhurst, L. K., on A. andria, 1796; V. atalanta, 452. hayhurstii, Pholisora, 1857. Hebbel, poetical quotation from, 1147. Hebei, poetical quotations from, 868, 990. Hecaerge motya, 760. Hedera, 923. Hedone, 1689. Hedone aetna, 1696; brettus, 1701; orono/1732. Hedysarum, 587, 915, 967. hedysarum, Papilio, 1418. hegon, Hesperia, 1589. Heine, poetical quotations from, 783, 798,1127,1350,1678,1761, 1763. Heinemann, classification, 64. Helianthemum, 960. Helianthus, 465, 1926. Helianthus divaricatus, 664; sp., 481. Helias, 1370. Helias hayhurstii, 1857. Heliconia, spines of caterpillar, 162. Heliconidae, 703. Heliconides, 1033. Heliconinae, 1811; chrysalis, 1750; as subjects of mimicry, Heliconius, odoriferous organs, 47 • Helicopis cupido, early stages, 779, 783,1927 ; endymion, early stages, 779, 783. helicta, Neonympha, 203 ; Oreas fimbriata, 203. Hellins, J., on Erynnis, 1638; Rusticus, 960, 96L Hellins and Buckler, on Melanar-gia, 118. Heliotrope, odor of, in butterflies, 1048. Hemans, Felicia, poetical quotations from, 193, 651, 829, 1156, 1332, 1378, 1551. Hemiteles, 456,1874,1879. Hemiteles fulvipes, 1214, 1873; lycaenae, 946, 1879, 1880 ; utilis, 1344, 1879, 1931. henrici, Thecla, 834. Heodes, 971, 990; egg, 3, 191; originated where? 437; tumidity of male tarsi, 873. Heodes hypophlaeas, 130, 998, 1877, 1896; asleep, 492; dimorphic, 1628; haunts, 984; killed by storm, 1611; pugnacity of, 493, 997; hypophlaeas fasciata, 1000; hypophlaeas fulliola, 1002 ; * hypophlaeas obliterata, 1001; phlaeas, 1003, 1008; phlaeas schmidtii, 1002. Heraclides, 1228, 1252, 1327; chrysalis, 1750; progressive changes of caterpillar, 1237. Heraclides cresphontes, 1334, 1879, 1887, 1891, 1924; caterpillar, 1146, 1398; invading New England, 1333; oxilus, 1334; thoas, 1334. Herbst, classification, 55. Herbst and Jablonsky, on abdominal pencil of Euploeinae, 704. Herder, poetical quotations from, 804, 1137, 1305. Herold, M., anatomy of butterfly, 48 ; nervous cord, 34. Hermaphrodites described, 934, 1291, 1363. Herrich-Schaeffer, classification, 65. Herrick, poetical quotation from, 1458. herse, Doxocopa, 241. hersilia, Colias, 1833. Hesperia, 1375, 1445, 1527, 1575, 1592, 1600, 1607, 1625, 1634, 1656, 1667, 1678, 1689, 1711, 1735, 1746, 1757, 1763; wing pattern, 1716. Hesperia acanootus, 1718 ; accius, 1768; aetna, 1696; ahaton, 1725; albovittata, 1536; alternata, 1589 ; arogos, 1725 ; baeis, 1865; bathyllus, 1432, 1436; bimacula, 1718 ; brettus, 1701 ; bulenta, 1863 ; cacaliae, 1542 ; catullus, 1519; cecrops, 1821; centaureae, 1535,1542 ; centau-reae, distribution, 1535 ; cernes, 1720,1725; chamis, 1768; chem-nis, 1750; cochles, 1867; colon, 1630; columella, 1820; conspicua, 1732; dela ware, 1614; egeremet, 1696; ethlius, 1750; garita, 1859 ; hayhurstii, 1857 ; hegon, 1589; hianná, 1771; ho-bornok, 1617; hurón, 1661; illi-nois, 1718; juvenalis, 1476; kiowah, 1739 ; leonardus, 1673 ; l’lierminier, 1519; logan, 1614; lycidas, 1418; maculata, 1761; manataaqua, 1720; mandan, 1569; massasoit, 1597; mesa-pano, 1569; metea, 1650; metacomet, 1739; mingo, 1861; monoco, 1768 ; monti vaga, 1535, 1536; montivaga, caterpillar, 14; mystic, 1705; ne-moris, 1589; nortonii, 1768; nostradamus, 1696; nostroda-mus, 1696; numitor, 1558; ocola, 1866 ; omaha, 1861 ; òphis, 1867; origines, 1725; orthomenes, 1761; osyka, 1865; otho, 1696; panoquin, 1867; peckius, 1683; phocion, 1725; phylaeus, 1630; pilatka, 1863, pocahontas, 1617 ; pontiac, 1732 ; powesheik, 1859 ; proteus, 1387; punctella, 1768; quada-quina, 1617; ridingsii, 1862, rurea, 1739; samoset, 1589; sassacus, 1641 ; syrichtus, 1542; tarquinius, 1016; tessellata, 1536; thaumas, 1725; themistocles, 1725; titus, 809; tityrus, 1399; uncas, 1862; verna, 1742; vestris, 1720, 1739; vialis, 1582; viator, 1604; vitellius, 1630 ; wamsutta, 1683; wingina, 1701; wyandot, 1542; zabulón, 1617. Hesperidae, 108, 1365, 1854; distribution, 211. hesperidarum, Acroglossa, 1917. Hesperidi, 1370-1372,1373,1854. Hesperis, 550, 1210. Hesychius, on butterfly transformations, 1257. Heterochroa, habits of, 226. Heteropodes, 109, 772. Heteropterus, 1551. Heteropterus mandan, 1569 ; mar-ginatus, 1558. Hewitson, W. C., sounds made by Hamadryas, 394. Hexapodes, 1027. Hev, poetical quotation from, 1737. Heydenreich, classification, 64. hianna, Lerema, 1771. Hibernacula, 690. Hibernation of butterflies, 418; of caterpillars, 688 ; premature, 551. hiemalis, Pieris napi olerácea, 1191. Higgins, H. H., on primary or fundamental pattern of wings, 512. Higginson, T. W., on A. aphrodite, 569; L. philenor, 1247; poetical quotation from, 1627. Hill, T., on V. atalanta, 452.1944 INDEX. Hill, W. W., on migrations of Ascia, 1085. Hinckley, H., on E. phaeton, 701. Hinsdale, Laura F., poetical quotation from, 1087. Hipparchia alope, 164; andro-macha, 181; boisduvalii, 193; eurytris, 214; hyperanthus caterpillar, 14; janira caterpillar, 14; nephele, 171; semidea, 134; transmontana, 193. Hipparchides, 115. Hippocrepis, 1638. hirsuta, Exorista, 1919. hobomok, Hesperia, 1617. Hofmann, on Van. cardui ate, 475. Hogg, J., poetical quotations from, 629, 815, 995, 1047. Holland, W. J., on C. pseudar-giolus, 934; Liphyra, 1013. Holmgren, on Oe. jutta, 152, 153, 154. Homayer, on E. antiopa, 407. Homer, on 1258. Hood, poetical quotations from, 588, 809, 902. Hooker, on Papilioninae, 1221. Hoplismenus, 456, 1874, 1877. Hoplismenus morulus, 331, 411, 1878; plica, 1873; terrificus, 411, 1873. horatius, Thanaos, 1486. Horne, R. H., poetical quotation from, 376. Horsfield, T., classification, 61; Lycaeninae, 793; quoted, 15. hortulana, Exorista, 1915. Hosackia, 960,1132. How butterflies suck, 1737. Howard, L. O., the hvmenopte-rous parasites of American butterflies, 1869; spread of P. rapae, 1182. Howitt, Mary, poetical quotations from, 658, 815, 1501. Hoy, P. R., on H. bachmanii, 764; Pieris rapae paired with Pontia protodice, 1212. Hubbard, H. G., on H. cres-phontes, 1337, 1341, 1344; spread of P. rapae, 1188 . Huber, on migrations of V. cardui, 1082. Hiibner, classification, 57, 58; Melanargia, 118; Thais, 1029. Huett, J. W., on spread of P. rapae, 1185. Hugo, Victor, poetical quotation from, 1219. Hulbert, E. M., on O. genutia, 1150; M. damon, 866. hulda, Pieris, 1191. Hulst, G. D., on Anosia plexip-pus fumosus, 723. Humboldt, A., on web of Euch-eira, 1038. humuli, Thecla, 850. Humulus lupulus, 327, 338, 448, 854, 1297. Hunt, Leigh, poetical quotations from, 647, 923. huntera, Vanessa, 457. hunterae, Ichneumon, 1875. hunteri, Vanessa, 457. Hurdis, poetical quotation from, 1043. huron, Atalopedes, 1661. hyale, Papilio, 1111. Hybrids described or referred to, 283, 289, 445, 1212, 1363. Hydrocotyle, 1360. Hydrocotyle umbellata, 1360. hygiaea, Euvanessa antiopa, 400. Hylephila, 1550, 1592, 1625. Hylephila phylaeus, 1630; invading New England, 1334. hyllus, Chrysophanus, 977. Hypati, 749. Hypatus, 753; abdominal structure, 46; palpi of, 39; a vagrant, 1065. Hypatus bachmanii, 760; caterpillar, 1311; distribution, 1532; wintering, 420 ; terena, 764. hyperici, Thecla, 850. Hypericum aureum, 854; bacci-ferum, 1833. Hypermetamorphosis, 804. hypophlaeas, Heodes, 998. I. Ianthe linariifolius, 681. icelus, Thanaos. 1507. Ichneumon, 1326,1874,1875. Ichneumon calcaratus, 1878 ; cal-ignosus, 279, 1875,1876 ; casti-gator, 1873, 1926 ; fossorius, 411, 1873; hunterae, 1875; in-stabilis, 147, 642, 1875, 1876 ; morulus, 1878 ; pennator, 1879 ; rufiventris, 429, 468, 486,1875 ; tharotis, 1876; versabilis, 358, 1008, 1875, 1877. Tchneumonidae, 1873,1875. idalia, Speyeria, 535. Idea, 703._ Idea plexippus, 720. idyia, Doxocopa, 241. Ilex, 882, 923, 938. ilioneus, Papilio, 1314. illinois, Hesperia, 1718. Imago, see Butterfly. Incisalia, 801, 823. Incisalia augustus, 828, 842 ; distribution, 1532; augustus iri-otides, 844; irus, 828, 834; irus balteata, 837; niphon, 828, 829,1929; niphon, distribution, 1532. inclinata, Exorista, 1915. Indigofera, 1422. Indigofera caroliniana, 1497. Inga vera, 1929. Ingelow, Jean, poetical quotations from, 156,175. 430, 1412. inorata, Thecla, 885. inornata, Coenonympha, 1782; Vanessa cardui, 473. Inquisitive butterflies, 996. instabilis, Ichneumon, 1876. Intensity of life in America, 923. interior, Eurymus, 1105. intermedia, ” Colias eurvtheme, 1126. intermedium, Trichogramma, 1895. interrogationis, Polygonia, 319. Invasion of America by Pieris rapae, 1175. Involuti, 1365. io, Hamadryas, 1915. iole, Nathalis, 1842; Papilio, 457. iovera, Phorocera, 1915. Iphiclides, 1228, 1252 ; caterpillar, 1145; markings of caterpillar, 860; odor, 14; progress- sive changes of caterpillars, 1235. Iphiclides ajax, 1264,1878, 1881, 1885; broods of, 925; caterpillar at birth, 162; dimorphic chrysalis, 1581; dimorphism, 317, 1628; experiments with, 1385; malformation, 1760; ajax ajax, 1264, 1269, 1274; ajax marcellus, 1264, 1269, 1274; ajax telamonides, 1264, 1269, 1274; podalirius, 1256, 1271; broods of, 925. Ipomoea batatas, 1322; pandu-rata, 1422. irene, Nathalis, 1842. irioides, Incisalia augustus, 845; Thecla, 842. irus, Incisalia, 834. Ismenaria, 1372. Ismene, caterpillar, 13. ismeria, Charidryas, 1810; Meli-taea, 674. Isoteinon acanootus, 1718; aka-ton, 1725; brettus, 1701; ege-remet, 1696 ; huron, 1661; leonardus, 1673; logan, 1614; maculata, 1761; manataaqua, 1720 ; metea, 1650 ; mystic, 1705; orono, 1732; phylaeus, 1630; sassacus, 1641; viator, 1604; zabulon, 1617. istapa, Thecla, 1820. Ithobalus, 1233. Ithomia, food of caterpillar, 1595. Ithomvidi, 113, 705; odorous, 1048. Iuliform stirps, 1027. J. j-album, Eugonia, 379. Jablonsky, see Herbst and Ja-blonsky. Jack, J, G., on A. milberti, 428; E. antiopa, 409; P. tharos, 641. Jackson, Helen Hunt, poetical quotation from, 1111. See also H. H. Jasmine, odor of in butterflies, 1048. Jasoniades, 1228, 1280, 1345; its allies, 1065; caterpillar, 1398; chrysalis, 1556; food of, 1567; progressive changes of caterpillar, 1236. Jasoniades glaucus, 130, 1288, 1878, 1889, 1895, 1923; caterpillar, 1311; dimorphism, 317; food and range, 1162; gynan-dromorph, 1760; melanochroic, 1285; polyphagous, 1595; protective coloring of caterpillar, 1144; sexual coloring, 534; glaucus glaucus, 1289; glaucus turnus, 1288; turnus, 1288. Jefferys, on V. atalanta, 451. Jones, A. H., sounds made by Euvanessa, 394. Jones, C. C., on Abbot, 651. Jones, J. M., on B. arthemis, 303, 304; Eurema lisa, 1091; Eurema lisa at sea, 378; Ju-nonia coenia, 997. Jones, W. B., on spread of P. rapae, 1182. Jonson, Ben, poetical quotation from, 1234. juanita, Thecla, 1827.INDEX. 1945 Juglans cinerea, 890. Juncus articulatus, 153. Juniperus, 833. Juniperus sabiniana, 1322; vir-giniana, 866. J unonia, 308, 430, 487 ; habits, 225. Junonia coenia, 494, 1907; distribution, 1532 ; habits of caterpillar, 1310; its pugnacity, 997 ; a southern butterfly, 1332 ; wintering, 420; lavinia, 226, 494. junoniae, Apanteles, 1907. Jupiteria, a fossil butterfly, 758. jutta, Oeneis, 149. juvenalis, Thanaos, 1476. juvenis, Nisoniades, 1476. K. Kalmia glauca, 153. Kane, W. F., on sexual characters of Argynnis, 504. Keats, poetical quotations from, 344, 618, 705, 850, 948, 1280, 1334. keewaydin, Colias, 1126. keewaydin, Eurymus eurvtherne, 1126. Keferstein, on swarms of Aporia, 1085. Kenyon, poetical quotation from, 528. Kerner, poetical quotation from, King, Harriet E., poetical quotation from, 1127. King, Helen S. on C. ethlius, 1754, 1755. kiowah, Hesperia, 1739. Kirby and Spence, on mimicry, 710. Kirby, W. F., classification, 66; Polygonia, 313. Kirtland, J. P., on E. antiopa, 405. Kleist, poetical quotation from, 1387. Klemensiewicz, on osmateria, 14. koebeli, Apanteles, 1904. L. 1-album, Polygonia, 1915. 1-argenteum, Polygonia progne, 362. Lachanthes tinctoria, 1497. Lacordaire, J. T., on Ageronia, 72 ; chrysalis of Ageronia, 1558 ; Iphiclides, 1256. Lactantius, poetical quotation from, 1258. ladon, Cyaniris, 928. Ladybird, 788. Laertias, 1228,1230; chrysalis, 30, 1750; odor, 14, 1050; progressive changes of caterpillar, 1235. Laertias philenor, 1241; appendages of caterpillar, 163 ; caterpillar, 1145, 1312, 1398; gynandromorph, 1759, 1760 ; habits of caterpillar, 1310,1311 ; invading New England, 1333; sexual fold, 873; supposed to be mimicked, 256, 287. laeta, Erora, 819. Lamartine, ’poetical quotation from, 928. lamina, Papilio, 294. Lamotte-Houdart, poetical quotation from, 1101. Landois, on wintering Hama-dryas, 419. Lang, on Eurymus edusa, 1100. Lycaeninae, 793, 795. Landor, poetical quotation from, 849. Lao-tze, on Tschwang-sang and the butterfly, 1257. Larcom, Lucy, poetical quotation from, 1498. larinia, Vanessa, 494. Larix americana, 155, 1925. Larva, see Caterpillar, larvarum, Tachina, 1915. Lathyrus, 1482. Lathyrus ochroleucus, 1109; pal-uster, 1405. Latitude and coloring, 1766 ; and melanism, 1287. Latreille, classification, 56, 57, 60. Lauraceae as food plants, 1567. laurentina, Eurymus interior, 1107 ; Eurymus philodice, 1105. laverna, Charis, 788. lavinia, Cynthia, 494. Leach, W. E., classification, 57. Le Baron, W., on pupation of Polygonia, 370. LeConte, John, sketch of, 654; portrait, 656. LeConte, J. L., on faunal areas in N. America, 90. Lederer, J., classification, 64. Ledum latifolium, 153. Lefebvre, on monstrosities, 1760. Leguminosae as food plants, 1568. Lehmann, on monstrous Schoenis, 1760. Lelièvre, on Thais, 1051. Lemonias, habits of, 688. Lemonias anicia, 1904; aurinia, malformation, 1760; chalcedon, larval habits, 1416. Lemoniidi, 780, 783, 1929. Lemoniinae, 771,772 ; early stages of, 1927. Length of life in butterflies, 909. leonardus, Anthomaster, 1673. Leptalis, 1036, 1155; odorous, 1050. Leptalides as mimickers, 711. Lepidium, 1210. Lepidium virginicum, 1168. Lerema, 1551, 1592, 1763. Lerema accius, 1767, 1768; hianna, 1767, 1771 ; loammi, 1773. Lespedeza, 908, 915, 1109, 1427, 1441, 1473. Lespedeza capitata, 915, 1405, 1441; hirta, 1435,1441, 1453. Lethargy in caterpillars, 551. Lethe portlandia, 181. Lethites reynesii, a fossil butterfly, 121, 757. leucogyne, Anosia, 721. Leucophasia, 1034, 1036. Leucothoe racemosa, 839. levana, Araschnia, 1915. Levette, G. M., on spread of P. rapae, 1185. Therminier, Hesperia, 1519. lherminieri, Pieris, 1147. Libythea, 753, 755; abdominal structure, 46; caterpillar, 14. Libythea atalanta, 441; baeh-manii, 760; cardui, 469; genu-tia, 1147; motya, 760, 764. Libytheinae, 114, 749, 771. Libythina, habits of, 226. Licus niphon, 829. Life of butterflies, 909. Limaciformes, 115. Limenitides, 249. limenitidis, Apanteles, 1902; Limneria, 1883; Microgaster, 1902. Limenitis, 250; eggs, 255. Limenitis archippus, 267; arte-mis, 294; arthemis, 289, 294; astyanax, 280; camilla, 259; disippe, 267; disippus, 267; ephestion, 280, 289; misippus, 267; proserpina, 289; sibylla, 259; sibylla, malformation, 1760; Ursula, 280, 294. Limnades, 703. Limnaecia, 667. Limnaecia harrisii, 674. Limnaidi, 705. Limnas, early stages, 780. Limnas ferruginea plexippe, 720. Limneria, 456, 486, 1411, 1874, 1883. Limneria cursitans, 1873; exareo-lata, 1873; fugitiva, 248,1527, 1792, 1883; limenitidis, 1883. Limochores, 1550, 1592, 1711, 1863. Limochores arpa, 1715; bimacula, 1717, 1718; manataaqua, 1717, 1720; manataaqua, distribution, 1535; mystic, 1705; pa-latka, 1715, 1863,1931; pallas, 1931; pontiac, 1717, 1732; tau-mas, 1717, 1725, 1896; egg, 5, 6, 7; killed by storm, 1611. Linaria canadensis, 500. Lingg, poetical quotation from, 1433. Linné, classification, 53. Lintner, J. A., on A. plexippus, 735; B. arthemis, 303; C. nyc-teis, 662, 664; E. j-album, 383; E. phaeton, 696; E. antiopa, 406, 407, 410; I. irus, 840; P. olerácea, 1198, 1199, 1203; P. faunus, 357; spread of P. rapae, 1180; T. lucilius, 1464; T. persius, 1474; T. electra, 1856; V. atalanta, 449. lintneri, Vanessa, 400. Liparis dispar, 1915; salicis, 1915. liparops, Thecla, 877. Liphyra, 1013. Liriodendron tulipifera, 1296. lisa, Eurema, 1087. Lisle, Leconte de, poetical quotation from, 767. Lithopsyche, a fossil butterfly, 758. Local butterflies, 984. Localities best for collecting, 817. Lockwood, S., on spread of P. rapae, 1181. Logan, poetical quotation from, 1445. logan, Atrytone, 1614. Longfellow, H. W., poetical quotations from, 506, 671. Lonicera, 300. Lonicera ciliata, 697. lorata, Thecla, 1823. Lotus, 908, 1638.1946 INDEX. Lowell, J. R., poetical quotations from, 1073, 1641, 1696. Lubbock, Sir J., on green caterpillars, 1143; the markings of caterpillars, 1144. Lucas, H., classification, 64; insects at sea, 379. lucia, Cyaniris pseudargiolus, 928; Polyommatus, 928. lucilius, Thanaos, 1458. Ludwigia altemifolia, 500. Luehdorfia, chrysalis, 1225. lunatus, Apanteles, 1903; Micro-gaster, 1903. Lupinus, 960, 1109. Lupinus lucerne, 1121; perennis, 833, 829, 967, 1121. luteolus, Nathalis, 1842. luteus, Papilio, 1053; Papilio parvus, 1087. Lycaeides scudderii, 964. Lycaena, 990. Lycaena afra, 953; americana, 998; aster, 964; bacchus, 998; baetica, 1014; comyntas, 911, 1100; corydon, 904; dorcas, 1830; epixanthe, 985; lucia, 928; lvgdamas, 1828; lvgda-mus, 953,1828; modesta, 1820; neglecta, 928, 1913; pembina, 953; phlaeas, 998; phlaeasvar. americana ab. fasciata, 1000; porsenna, 1016; pseudargiolus, 927, 928; scudderii, 964; striata, 1829; tarquinius, 1016; thoe, 977; titus, 809; violacea, 928. lycaenae, Hemiteles, 1880. Lycaenidae, 107, 767, 1819; distribution, 211. Lycaenidi, 795, 797, 902, 1828. Lycaeninae, 771, 791, 970, 1819; stridulation in, 396. lycaon, Apatura, 241; Doxocopa, 1788. lyciades, Proteides, 1418. lycidas, Achalarus, 1418. Lycopus, 1545. Lycus, 823. Lycus gryneus, 861. lygdamas, Lycaena, 1828. lygdamus, Lycaena, 953; Nomi-ades, 1828. lysidas, Goniloba, 1418. M. m-album, Eupsyche, 1824. Mabille, P,, on Hesperidae, 1371. MacDonald, G., poetical quotations from, 621, 817. Mackwood, on migrations of Ca-tophaga, 1085; of Catopsilia, 1084. macounii, Oeneis, 1775. maculata, Oligoria, 1761. Maffei, poetical quotation from, 1027. Magnolia acuminata, 1296 ; glau-ca, 1321, 1850. Maistre, de, poetical quotation from, 998. major, Papilio jamaicensis, 720. Malformations, 137, 399, 445, 523, 539, 573, 1114,1243,1269, 1320, 1338, 1357, 1438. Malpighian vessels in butterfly, 49; in caterpillar, 20; in chrysalis, 32. Malva, 1531, 1541. Malva rotun difolia, 482; sylves-tris, 1926. Mammea americana, 1929. manataaqua, Limochores, 1720. Mancipium, 1156; chylific ven-tricule, 48; color of butterfly, 48; intestine of butterfly, 48. Mancipium brassicae, 1037,1038, 1155, 1915; its chances of invading America, 1162; changes in nervous cord, 34; experiments on chrysalids, 1559 ; migratory, 1085; not odorous, 1051; fugax argante, 1833 ; vorax midea, 1147. mandan, Pamphila, 1569. manitoba, Erynnis, 1646. Mann, B. P., on migrations of Coea, 1078. marcellina, Papilio, 1053, 1831. marcellus, Iphiclides ajax, 1264. marcia, Melitaea, 629; Phyciodes tharos, 629. marginalis, Pieris, 1192. marginata, Cyaniris, 936; Lycaena pseudargiolus, 928. marginatus, Heteropterus, 1558. mariamne, Papilio, 519. Mark, E. L., on malformed Eu-phoeades, 1321. Marlatt, C. L., on H. montivaga, 1540. Marloy, on caterpillars of Saty-rinae, 118. Marrubium, 1531. Marsh, W. D., on A. plexippus, 743. Marshall and de Niceville, classification, 68. marsyas, Polygonia satyrus, 344. martialis, Thanaos, 1498. Masicera, 456, 1912, 1915. Masicera archippivora, 747,1915, 1923; bremii, 1915, dubia, 1924; frenchii, 1304, 1915, 1923; pupiphaga, 1915; rileyi, 1915,1924; sp. 1924; vanessa, 1915: massasoit, Poanes, 1597. Massey, Gerald, poetical quotations from, 199, 1047, 1445, 1507. Matin, on L. philenor, 1247. Matthew, G. F., on spread of P. rapae, 1178. Matthews, poetical quotation from, 690. Matthiola, 1210. Maxillae, action of, 1737. Maynard, C. J., on food of birds, 1612; Polygonia progne, 371. Mead, T. L., on hybrids of B. astvanax, 283; P*. brevicauda, 1854; P. tharos, 637; spread of P. rapae, 1179, 1188. Mechanism of flight, 1659. Mechanitis, food of caterpillar, 1595. Mechanitis potymnia, 776, 1929. Mechanitis polymnia v. Stalachtis euterpe, 711. Medicago, 908, 1121. Medicago denticulata, 1132; sa-tiva, 1121. megalippe, Anosia, 721. megathymi, Apanteles, 1902. Megathymus yuccae, 1902, 1922. Megistanis. habits of, 226. Megisto, 208. Megisto cymelia, 214; eurytus, 214; phocion, 203. Megonostoma, 1835. Megonostoma caesonia, 1836. [Megorismus, 1931.] [Megorismus nubilipennis, 1125.] Melanargia galathea, chrysalis, Melanie forms described, 283, 611, 1114, 1617, 1655, 1707. Melanippe montanata, a monstrous moth, 1761. Melanism, 1285. Melanism and latitude, 1287. Melanochroism, 1285. Meldola R., on color of chrysalids, 1559; I. ajax, 1277; on mimicry, 717. Meleager, poetical quotation from, 1259; his use of 1258. Melete odorous, 1048, 1050. Melilotus, 950, 967. melinus, Uranotes, 850. Melitaea, 621, 647, 667, 684; habits of, 225; vaginal glands of butterfly, 51. Melitaea harrisii, 658, 674 ; is-meria, 674, 1810; marcia, 629; myrina, 593; nycteis, 658,1810; oenone, 658 ; packardii, 633 ; phaedon, 690; phaetaena, 690; phaethusa, 693; phaeton, 690; phaeton ab. superba, 693; pharos, 629; selenis, 629; tarquinius, 1808; tharos, 629, 643. Melitaeidi, 227, 618, 1810. Mellicta, 667. Menelaides, caterpillar, 1240. Menelaides hector, migratory, 1086. menippe, Anosia, 721. Mennis and Smith, poetical quotation from, 788. Mentha, 866, 1545. Menyanthes trifoliata, 988. Merriam, C. H., on nocturnal flight of A. plexippus, 377. Merrill, J. C., on spread of P. rapae, 1177. Merula migratoria, 1204. mesapano, Hesperia, 1569. Mesene nigrocinctus, 1928, 1929. Mesochorus, 456, 1874, 1882. Mesochorus aciculatus, 1214, 1873; pieridicolus, 1217, 1882. scitulus, 1125, 1882; splendid-ulus, 1214, 1873; sylvarum, 1873. Mespilus, 923. Metacharis erythromelas, 1928, 1929. metacomet, Eupliyes, 1739. metea, Erynnis, 1650. metra, Pieris rapae, 1205. mexicana, Pyrisitia, 1840. Meyer, J. E., on A. plexippus, 746. Meyer Diir, on Aglais, 416; color of Lepidoptera, 1766; Cyaniris, 922; Erynnis, 1638; E. antiopa, 408; Heodes, 993; Iphiclides, 1256; Oeneis, 140, 145, 146; Pamphila, 1566; Pontia, 1159; Y. atalanta, 452; Y. cardui, 484, 485; web of E. antiopa, 404. Meyers, J. M., on spread of P. rapae, 1186.INDEX. 1947 Microdus, 1874, 1885. Microdus sanctus, 1485, 1527, 1886. Microgaster, 469, 486,1874, 1910. Microgaster carduicola, 1907 ; carinata, 455, 1910; deprima-tor, 455, 1873; glomeratus, 1873; limenitidis, 1902; luna-tus, 1903; pieridis, 1898; spu-rius, 1873; subcompletus, 456, 1873; subcompletus var., 486. Microgasterinae, 1897. micros^astri, Diplolepis, 1873. Micropi, 791. Microptères, 1365. Midea, 1139. Midea genutia, 1147. midea, Euchloe, 1147; Man-cipium vorax, 1147. Migration, avenue of, of our butterflies, 439. Migratory butterflies, 1077. milberti, Aglais, 420. Milites, 502. Miller, Joaquin, poetical quotation from, 413. Milton, John, poetical quotation from, 105. Mimetic flight, 1661. Mimicry, 146, 231, 254, 256, 266, 277, *287, 304, 410, 704, 710, 1039, 1155, 1802, 1813; of Anos. plexippus by Bas. archip-pus, 256, 277, 746; antiquity of, 1716 ; in Basilarchia caterpillar, 263 ; in Basilarchia chrysalis, 264 ; in B. arthemis, 304*; of Basilarchia astyanax by Semnopsyche diana, 287 ; mistakes of entomologists caused by, 711; of Tasitia by Basilarchia eros, 278. Mimulus ringens, 697. Mimus carolinensis, 1091. mingo, Hesperia,1861. Minois, 156 ; larval habits, 160. Minois alope, 164; nephele, 171. minor, Papilio jamaicensis, 267. Minot, C. S., on A. aphrodite, 570; E. philodice, 1125; E. comyntas, 917 ; intimate structure of caterpillar skin, 10 ; P. tharos, 641 ; V. huntera, 468. Minot and Burgess, spiracles of Aletia, 49. minutissimum, Trichogramma, 1895. minutum, Trichogramma, 1894. Mireio, poetical quotations from, 204, 1264. miscidice, Eurvmus philodice, 1115. misippus, Limenitis, 267. Mistakes due to mimicry, 711. mitchellii, Neonympha, 1785. Mitoura smilacis, 861. Mitura, 801, 856. Mitura damon, 861. modesta, Lvcaena, 1820. modestus, Tetrastichus, 1894. Moffat, J. A., on A. plexippus, 736, 744, 745; on spread of P. rapae, 1183. Molière, poetical quotation from, 222. Monarda fistulosa, 1524; punctata, 1524. monoco, Hesperia, 1768. Monodontomerus aerus, 1214, 1873; dentipes, 1214, 1873. Monstrosities, 1759. Montgomery, poetical quotations from, 109, 970. montinus, Brenthis, 601; Encyr-tus, 1887. montivaga, Hesperia, 1536. monuste, Ascia, 1891. Moore, F., on Abisara, 778; classification, 68; mimetic butterflies, 704. Moore, T., poetical quotation from, 918. mopsus, Strymon, 809. morio, Papilio, 397, morpheus, Papilio, 629; Phycio-des tharos, 629. Morris, J. G., on P. polyxenes, 1361.. Morris, Lewis, poetical quotation from, 1689. Morris, William, poetical quotation from, 1423. Morton, Emily L., on F. tar-quinius, 1013, 1021, 1025. morulus, Hoplismenus, 1878; mossii, Thecla irus, 834. Moths differ from butterflies, 1. motva, Hecaerge, 760; Libythea, 760. Moulton, Louise C,, poetical quotations from, 418, 1105, 1610. Movements of butterflies, 1602. Müller, A., on a butterfly attracted to its color, 1102. ” Müller, Fritz, on butterflies as botanists, 1595; chrysalis of Eueides, 1578; commensalism in caterpillars, 674; costal fold of skippers, 1639; fold of Pa-pilioninae, 1251; mimicry,717; odorous butterflies, 1047; scent scales, 1682; sounds made by butterflies, 394. Müller, H., on Ageronia, 73; chrysalids sensitive to light, 1557; chrysalis of Ageronia, 1558; chrysalis of Catoneph-ele, 1558. munda, Phorocera, 1915. mundum, Exochilum, 1881. Munkittrick, poetical quotation from, 593. Murray, A., disguises of nature, 711. Murrav, Jennie, on A. plexippus, 729." Murray, J. A. IL, on the word “ butterfly,” 787. Murtfeldt, Mary E., on Callidrv-as, 1050, 1059; J. coenia, 501; nocturnal flight of C. celtis, 377; P. catullus, 1522, 1524-1523; Y. huntera, 465. Musa sapientum, 1295. Muscles of butterfly, 47; caterpillar, 17; chrysalis, 30. Musk, odor of, in butterflies, 1049, 1051, 1256. Mycalesis, habits, 119. Myiarchus crinitus, 1204. Mylothrites, a fossil butterfly, 757. Myosotis, 465. myrina, Brenthis, 593. myrinna, Argynnis, 593. myrinus, Papilio, 593. myrissa, Argynnis, 593. mystic, Thymelicus, 1705. N. Najades, 222. Najas, caterpillar, 255. Najas bredowi, 250; populi, 259; populi, malformation, 1760; turbida ephestion, 280. Names of butterflies, 785. Napaeae, 772. napi, Pieris, 1191. nastes, Colias, 1111. nasturtii, Pieris, 1163. Nasturtium, 922, 938, 1210. Nasturtium armoracia, 1199, 1210; palustre, 1210. Nathalis, 1841. Nathalis felicia, 1842; iole, 1842; irene, 1842; luteolus, 1842. Natural selection, 953. Neal, on H. cresphontes, 1343. neglecta, Cyanins pseudargiolus, 928; Lycaena, 928. Nemeobiidi, 777,783,1929; eggs, 778. Nemeobius, caterpillar, 13. Nemeobius lucina, early stages, 777. nemoris, Hesperia, 1589. Neonympha, 121,175, 199, 1783. Neonympha areolatus, 203; can-theus, 193; canthus, 193; Cornelius, 1783; cymela, 214; eurythris, 214; eurytris, 214; gemma, 1783; helicta, 203; mitchellii, 1785; phocion, 203; sosybius, 1786. Neophasia menapia swarming, 1085. Neopyrameis, 434-436, 456. Neormopis, a fossil butterfly, 757, 760. Neotropiden, 113, 703. nephele, Cercyonis, 171. Neptidae, 249. Nereides, 1811. Nerval, Gerard de, poetical quotations from, 164, 348, 441, 554, 856, 885. Nervous system of butterfly, 50; caterpillar, 22; chrysalis, 32. Nests of caterpillars, 1454. New England, colonization of, 1064; distribution of butterflies in, 975; divisions of, 76; erosion of, 82; faunal areas, 89; glacial deposits, 80; glacial invasion of, 80; isolation of, 85; isothermal lines, 88; lakes of, and their origin, 84; oscillations of level, 81, physical geography of, 75; precipitation in, 88; seasons in, 86; temperatures in, 87; winds, prevailing, 87; zoological divisions, 89. New Hampshire, White Mountains, 127; action of post glacial rivers in, 82; climate of, 86. Newlon, W. S., on spread of P. rapae, 1187. Newman, E., on Potamis, 230; classification, 67. Newport, G., on changes in nervous cord, 34; Yespa attacking P. rapae, 1217. Nic&ville, L. de, on anal tufts of Euploeinae, 1047 ; on Curetis caterpillar, 16; Gangara thyrsis,1948 INDEX. 1586; habits of Mycalesis, 119; Junonia, 491; Lemoniinae, 775; Libytheinae, 750, 752 ; scale-patch of Ergolis, 532; seasonal dimorphism, 1384; seasonal dimorphism in tropics, 1630; sexual distinctions in Lycaeninae, 1929; suspension of Lycaeninae, 1929. See also Marshall and de Niceville. Nichols, Mrs. H. P., on E. antiopa, 409. nicippe, Xanthidia, 1066. niger, Cirrospilus, 1892. Night, position of butterflies at, 1602. nigra, Cyaniris pseudargiolus vio-lacea, 928. nigrescens, Papilio, 1353. nigridice, Eurymus philodice, 1114. Ninni, on migrations of V. cardui, 1079. niphon, Tncisalia, 829. Nisoniades, 1370, 1445, 1514. Nisoniades ausonius, 1498; brizo, 1500; costalis, 1476; catullus, 1519 ; ennius, 1476 ; gesta, 1501; hamamaelidis, 1507; hay-hurstii, 1857 ; horatius, 1486; icelus, 1507 ; juvenalis, 1476; 1486; juvenis, 1476; lucilius, 1458, 1468; martialis, 1493; ovidius, 1490; persius, 1458, 1468; terentius, 1490; virgilius, 1486. Nobiles, 222. Nobilia, 1219. Nomiades, 905, 948, 1828. Nomiades couperi, 953; lygda-mus, 1828. Northern butterflies, 1767. Norton, E., on spread of P. rapae, 1181. nortonii, Hesperia, 1768. nostradamus, Hesperia, 1696. nostrodamus, Hesperia, 1696. novangliae, Pieris rapae, 1205. nubs, Thymelicus mystic, 1707. numitor, Ancyloxipha, 1558. nycteis, Charidryas, 658; Meli-taea, 1810. Nymphalidae, 106, 109, 1775; distribution, 211; position of, 70; pupation in, 1693. Nymphalidi, 114, 227, 249. Nymphalinae, 114, 222, 1788. . Nj'-mphalis, 372; eggs, 255. Nymphalis aceris, 258; antiopa, 397; artemis, 294; atalanta, 441; cardui, 469; comma, 332; disippe, 267; disippus, 267; dryas, 332; ephestion, 280; fabricii, 320; faunus, 348; gem. cardui virginiensis, 457; gracilis, 359; interrogations, 320; j-album, 379; lamina, 294; mar-syas, 344; milberti, 420; mis-ippus, 267; phal. arthemis, 294; phal. idalia, 535; progne, 362; satyrus, 344; Ursula, 280; vau-album, 379. Nymphalites, a fossil butterfly, 758. Nvmphidia borealis, 788; geda, 788. Nymphidium caricae, 1928, 1930; mammeae, 1927, 1928,1929. Nyssa multiflora, 1341. o. Oakes, on Oe. semidea, 144. Oarisma, 1858. Oarisma powesheik, 1859; pow-eshiek, 1859. Oberthür, C., on migrations of Y. cardui, 1080, 1081. obliterata, Heodes hypophlaeas, 1001. obliteratus, Epargyreus tityrus, 1402. obscura, Papilio glaucus, 1289. obsidianator, Trogus, 1879. occidentalis, Pieris, 1163. Ocellar ribbon, 28. ocellata, Apatura clyton, 241. ocelli in butterflies, 1765. ocellifera, Callicista, 1820. Ochsenheimer, classification, 58. ocola, Prenes, 1866. Ocytes, 1634. Ocytes metea, 1650; ridingsii, Î862 ; seminole, 1653. Odd chrysalids, 1749. Odonata" as enemies, 1612. Odorous butterflies, 543, 577, 745, 946, 1047, 1059, 1214, 1234, 1251, 1256. Odynerus albophaleratus, 411. Oemler, A., on John Abbot, 651; spread of P. rapae, 1185. Oeneis, 121, 123, 1775; in Colorado mts., 133 ; a subarctic genus, 589 ; in Swiss alps, 133 ; without odor, 120. Oeneis aello, 140,145,146 ; aello, egg misplaced, 168 ; bore, 125, 126; calais, 1777 ; chrvxus, 1777 ; jutta, 134, 149, 1777; jutta, character of, 996; distribution, 1532 ; egg misplaced, 168 ; originated where ? 438 ; macounii, 1775; macounii, caterpillar, 1143; norna odorous, 1050; oeno, 126; semidea, 131, 134,135,1777,1877, 1888,1889, 1893, its artfulness, 997 ; malformation, 1760; powers of flight, 591 ; protective coloring in, 591; taygete, 1777. oenone, Melitaea, 658. ogeechensis, Papilio, 1617. oileus, Papilio, 1536. oilus, Syrichtus, 1536. Oken, on metamorphoses, 178. Oldest New England butterflies, 589. oleracea, Pieris, 1191. Oligoria, 1551,1592, 1757. Oligoria maculata, 1761. olympia, Synchloe, 1844. olynthus, Ëudamus, 1750. omaha, Potanthus, 1861. Onisciformes, 767. Onobrychis, 550, 908, 950, 967. Onopordon, 482. Onopordon acanthium, 481. Onopordum, 482. Ontario, Theda, 875. Ophion, 1872, 1880. Ophion bilineatus, 1411, 1880; tityri, 1880. ophis, Hesperia, 1867. Orange, odor of, in butterflies, 1050. orb is, Callidryas, 1833. Oreades, 115. Oreas fimbriata helicta, 203 ; marmorata andromacha, 181 ; nubila jutta, 149. Orgyia leucostigma, 1885. Origanum vulgare, 1524. orígenes, Pamphila, 1725. Origin of color in butterflies, 1101 ; geographical, of our butterflies, 436 ; of ornamentation, 510 ; of varieties, 950. Ornamentation of caterpillars, 859. Ornamentation, its origin and development, 510. Ornithoptera, 1221, 1223; caterpillar, 1240. Ornithoptera helicaon, 1250. Omithopus, 1638. orono, Hedone, 1732. orthomenes, Hesperia, 1761. orythia, Papilio, 494. Osborne, J. A., on pupation, 1693. Oscar, poetical quotation from, 1720. Osm atería, 14. osyka, Euphyes, 1865. otho, Hesperia, 1696. Ovaries in butterfly, 51 ; caterpillar, 26; chrysalis, 35. ovata, Chaléis, 1886. Ovid, on butterfly transformations, 1258; poetical quotation from, 1258. ovidius, Nisoniades, 1490. oviedo, Papilio, 1334. oxilus, Heraclides, 1334. P. p. interrogationis, Vanessa, 319. Pachliopta philenor, 1242. Packard, A. S., on A. atlantis, 575; E. philodice, 1123 ; faunal areas in North America, 91; P. rapae, 1212; Pteromalus puparum, 1216; segments of caterpillar, 10 ; S. idalia, 544; thoracic spiracles, 11. packardii, Melitaea, 633 ; Phycio-des tharos, 633. palamedes, Euphoeades, 1846. palatka, Limochores, 1863. Pales vernalis, 1915. pallida, Eurymus eurytheme keewaydin, 1126. pallidice^ Eurymus philodice, 1115. Pamphila, 1370,1550,1551, 1563, 1575, 1592, 1600, 1607, 1625, 1634, 1656, 1667, 1678, 1689, 1711, 1735, 1746, 1757, 1763, 1860, 1865; originated where ? 439. Pamphila, accius, 1768; ahaton, 1725 ; arogos, 1725 ; attalus, 1653; bimacula, 1718; bret-tus, 1701 ; brettus var. bret-toides, 1701; bucephalus, 1631; bulenta, 1863 ; cernes, 1725 ; comma, 1646; coscinia, 1701; delaware, 1614 ; dion, 1863; enys, 1683; ethlius, 1750; hianna, 1771 ; huron, 1661 ; kiowah, 1739 ; leonardus, 1673 ; logan, 1614; maculata, 1761; manataaqua, 1720 ; mandan, 130, 1549, 1569, mandan, distribution, 1534 ; spiracles of, 11; manitoba, 1646; massasoit,INDEX. 1949 1597 ; mathias, 1369 ; metacomet, 1739 ; metea, 1650 ; mystic, 1705; numitor, 1558; ocola, 1866 ; orígenes, 1725; otho, 1696 ; palatka, 1863 ; paniscus, 1569 ; panoquin,1867 ; peckii, 1683 ; peckius, 1683 ; phocion, 1725 ; phylaeus, 1630; pontias, 1732 ; quadraquina, 1617; rurea, 1739; sassacus, 1641; seminóle, 1653 ; taumas, 1725; uncas, 1862; ursa, 1696 ; verna, 1742; vialis, 1582; viator, 1604; vitellius, 1614; zabulón, 1617. Pamphilidi, 1370-1372, 1546, 1858. Pamphilites, a fossil butterfly, 758. pan, Thecla, 850. Pandora, habits of, 227. Panicum crus-galli, 1573, 1729; sanguinale, 206, 1573, 1634, 1644, 1700. paniscus, Pamphila, 1569. panoquin, Preñes, 1867. Panorpa, 1452. Paphia, 1792; habits of, 227. Paphia glycerium, 1794; troglo-dyta, 1794. Paphianae, 228. Papilio, 387, 1228, 1230, 1252, 1305, 1327, 1345, 1851; chrysalis, 1556, 1750; markings of caterpillar, 860 ; the name, 391 ; progressive changes of caterpillar, 1238. Papilio accius, 1768; ajax, 1264; ajax subvar. abbotii, 1264; ajax, var. walshii, 1264; alci-damas, 1288; alis amplissimis, etc., 1289; alope, 163; amira-lis, 441; anticostiemis, 1851; antilochus, 1264, 1288 ; anti-nous, 1284 ; antiopa, 397 ; aphrodite, 554, 563, 571, 575; archippus, 267, 720 ; areolatus, 203; argiolus, 928; aricye, 1833; arthemis, 294; asterias, 1100, 1353; asterias var. cal-verlyi, 1355 ; asterius, 1353 ; asterius var. anticostiensis, 1851 ; asterius var. brevicauda, 1851; astinous, 1242; astya-nax, 280 ; atalanta, 441 ; bathyl-lus, 1432, 1436 ; belladonna dicta virginiana, 457 ; bellona, 608; brevicauda, 1851; bu-cephalus, 1631 ; c-album, 348 ; c. aureum, 320; calchas, 1846; calverlyi, 1355; canthus, 193; carduelis, 470; cardili, 469; caricae, 1928; carinenta, 760; catullus, 1519; caudatus, etc., 1288 ; caudatus carolinianus, 1264 ; cesonia, 1836 ; chalcas, 1846 ; chariclea, 1805, 1808 ; chrysotheme, 1127 ; clarus, 1399; claudia, 519; clausius, 519 ; cocyta, 629 ; colon, 1630 ; columbina, 519 ; Cornelius, 1783; cresphontes, 1334; Curtius, 1768; cybele, 554; cy-mela, 214; damon, 861; dan. plexippus, 720; daphnis, 554, 563; daunius, 519; delia, 1087 ; dia lapponica, 1805; diana, 1799; diurna, etc., 1288; ebule, 1053; ephestion, 280; erippus, 720; ethlius, 1750; eubule, 1053, 1831; euclea, 629; eury-dice, 193 ; eurytris, 214 ; eury-tus, 214; favo'nius, 850; flavo-maculatus, 1846; freija, 1805, 1808 ; freya, 1805 ; fuscus, 181 ; genutia, '1147 ; glaucus, 1288, 1289; glaucus form, obscura, 1289; grogne, 362; halesus, 1827 ; hedysarum, 1418 ; herse, 241; hersilia, 1833; huntera, 457 ; hyale, 1111 ; hyllus, 977 ; idalia, 535; ilioneus, 1314; in-terrogationis, 319; iole, 457; jamaicensis major, 720; ja-maicensis minor, 267; jutta, 149; juvenalis, 1476, 1486, 1501 ; ladon, 928 ; lamina, 294 ; lavinia, 494; luteus, 1053; ly-caon, 241, 1788; lycidas, 1418; machaon, 1360,1915 ; machaon odorous, 1051; osmateria, 15; protective coloring of caterpillar, 1145; mammeae, 1927; marcellina, 1053, 1831; mar-cellus, 1264; mariamne, 519; misippus, 267; morio, 397; morpheus, 629; myrina, 593, 608; myrinus, 593; nicippe, 1066; nigrescens, 1353; numitor, 1558 ; ogeechensis, 1617 ; oileus, 1536; orythia, 494; otho, 1696 ; oviedo, 1334 ; pala-medes, 1846; pan, 850; paniscus, 1569 ; parvus luteus, 1087 ; passiflorae, 1814 ; pégala, 1779 ; phaeton, 690; phareus, 1630; phicomone, 1111; philea, 1833 ; philenor, 1100, 1241; phlaeas, 998; phocion, 203; plautus, 829 ; plexippus, 720 ; polychlo-ros, 379 ; polyxenes, 1353,1851, 1852, 1878, 1903; polyxenes caterpillar, 1145,1398 ; egg, 6 ; gynandromorph, 1759, 1760; sexual distinctions, 532; polyxenes var. brevicauda, 1851; polyxenes calverlyi, 1355 ; port-landia, 180; prima, etc., 1288; progne, 348, 362; protesilaus, 1264; proteus, 1386; rapae, 1205; sennae, 1831; sesonia, 1836; simaethis, 861; sosybius, 1786; syrichtus, 1536;' tar-quinius, 1016; taumas, 1725; telamonides, 1264; tharos, 629, 643 ; thoas, 1334 ; tityrus, 1399 ; troglodyta, 1794; tròilus, 1100, 1353 ; tullía, 1808 ; turnus, 1100, 1288, 1289, 1313; Ursula, 280; urticae, 379, 420; vanillae, 1814; vau-album, 379; vitellius, 1614, 1630. Papiliones maculato fasciati, 249 : nobiles, 502; nymphales gemmati, 115 ; polyophth almi, 902 : rutili, 970; subcaudati, 798; variegati, 618; versicolores, 228 Papilionidae, 107, 1027, 1831; distribution, 211; position of, 70; rank of, 1029; relation to Hesperidae, 70. Papilionides carol, fusca, 1418. Papilionidi, 1224. Papilioninae, 1032, 1219, 1846; phvlogeny of caterpillars of, 1234. Papillae on caterpillars, 161. Parantirrhaea, anomalous neura-tion, 116. Pararge, chrysalis, 118. Pararge boisduvalii, 193; canthus, 193. Parasites, 261,1610; on Euploe-inae, 709 ; gild chrysalids, 1580; v. butterflies, 1015. Parastatic mimicry, 715. Parietaria debilis, 448. Parnassidi, 1224. Parnassius, 1222; caterpillar, 13, 1225; chrysalis, 1225; cocoon of, 202, 1226 ; in Colorado mts., 133; egg, 3, 1224; position of, 1226; in Swiss alps, 133. Parnassius apollo, sounds of, 395. Paronychia, 44. Paspalum ciliatifolium, 1704. Passiflora caerulea, 526; incar-nata, 525, 526. passiflorae, Papilio, 1814. Pastinaca sativa, 1360. Patches on wings, 1639. Pathysa marcellus, 1264. Patten, W., on insects’ eyes, 1670. Patterns of color, 1715. Paulin ia pinnata, 1929. Peabody, N. C., on I. niphon, 833. Peacham, poetical quotation from, 1143. Peale, T. R., on A. plexippus, 739. Pearson, on abnormal E. philo-dice, 1114 ; E. eurytheme, 1133. Peart, Mary, on T. juvenalis, 1483. Peck, poetical quotation from. 250. peckii, Pamphila, 1683. peckius, Polites, 1683. pegala, Cercyonis, 1779. pelidne, Colias, 1105. Peltigera canina, 141. pembina, Lycaena, 953. Pemphigus fraxinifolia, 1021 ; imbricator, 1021. Pendulae, 109. Peridromides, 222. Periodic movements among butterflies, 1086. Periodicity in butterflies, 1014. Perlati, 502. Persea carolinensis, 1341,1850. Persicaria, 989. persius, Thanaos, 1468. petrosa, Phorocera, 1915. Petzhold, C., quoted, 15. phaedon, Melitaea, 690. phaetaena, Melitaea, 690. phaethusa, Euphydryas phaeton, 693; Melitaea, 693. phaeton, Euphydryas, 690. phaetontea, Argynnis, 690. Phanessa, 430. phareus, Papilio, 1630. pharos, Melitaea, 629. Phaseolus, 908. Phaseolus perennis, 915, 1391. Phemiades augias, 1630. phicomone, Colias, 1111. philea, Callidryas, 1833. philenor, Laertias, 1241. philodice, Eurymus, 1111. Phipson, A., on variety of V. cardui, 475. phlaeas, Chrysophanus, 998. Phleum pratense, 1729. Phlomis, 1531. Phlox, 1423.1950 INDEX. phocion, Hesperia, 1725; Neo-nympha, 203. Phoebis eubule, 1053, 1831. Pholisora, 1375, 1445,1514, 1515, 1857; hibernation of, 688. Pholisora catullus, 1519, 1883, 1886, 1909; hayhurstii, 1857. pholisorae, Apanteles, 1909. Phora, 1913. Phoradendron trinervium, 1929. Phorocera, 456, 1914. Phorocera antiopae, 1915; assi-milis, 1915; comstocki, 1915, 1922; concinnata, 411, 1214, 1915; edwardsii, 411, 1915, 1921; iovera, 1915; munda, 1915; petrosa, 1915; pusilla, 1214, 1915; saundersii, 1915, 1922; sp., 1924; viridis, 1915. Pliryxe puella, 1915; vanessae, 1915. Pbycanassa, 1550, 1592, 1600. Phycanassa viator, 1604. Phyciodes, 620, 621, 647. Phyeiodes batesii, 129, 628, 643; carlota, 1810; cocyta, 645, 1810; gorgone, 635; harrisii, 674; morpheus, 645; nycteis, 658; phaon, 635; pulchella, 625; tharos, 129, 629, 645, 661, 746, 1877; tharos dimorphic, 1628; experiments with, 1385; food of, 1595; killed by storm, 1611; tharos marcia, 629, 634; tharos morpheus, 629, 634; tharos packardii, 633. phylaeus, Hylephila, 1630. Phyletic changes in caterpillar of Papilioninae, 1239. Phymata erosa, 1217. Physical features of New England, 975. Physiological isolation, 952. Piepers, M. C., on Pierinae, 1036. Pieridi, 1039, 1154. pieridicolus, Mesoehorus, 1882. pieridis, Microgaster, 1898. pieridivora, Apanteles, 1898. Pierinae, 1032, 1033, 1137, 1831. Pieris, 1156, 1171, 1345, 1843; appendages of caterpillar, 16; chrysalis, 30, 1750; sexual diversity, 872; the species in America, 1189. Pieris calyce, 1163; casta, 1192; cruciferarum, 1192; frigida, 1191; genutia, 1147; hulda, 1191 ; lherminieri, 1147; mar-ginalis, 1192; napi, 1191,1192, 1194, 1195, 1211; napi odorous, 1050; napi form acadica, 1192; napi, form oleracea aestiva, 1192; napi form oleracea hiemalis, 1191; nas-turtii, 1163; nicippe, 1066; occidental is, 1163; oleracea, 130, 1190, 1191, 1898; oleracea dimorphic, 1628; odorous, 1050; originated where? 439; its timidity, 997; oleracea cruciferarum, 1192; oleracea frigida, 1191, 1193; protodice, 1163; rapae, 130, 1169, 1190, 1205, 1882, 1890, 1898, 1914, 1920; rapae at sea, 378; caterpillar, 1397; dimorphic, 1628; experiments on chrysalids, 15)9; invasion of America, 1161; killed by a wasp, 1612; odorous, 1050; originated in Europe, 437; its spread in America, 1175; yellow variety, 1767; rapae metra, 1205,1207; rapae novangliae, 1205, 1207, 1213; rapae rapae, 1205, 1207; smilax, 1087; venosa, 1189; vernalis, 1163; virginiensis, 1191; vreka, 1189. pilatka, Hesperia, 1863. Pimpla, 486, 1874, 1884. Pimpla annulipes, 1279, 1884, 1925; diluta, 1873; flavicans, 1873, 1925. Pinus inops, 832; insignis, 1083; mitis, 832; strobus, 832; taeda, 832. Piper mollicornum, 1341; pelta-tum, 1341; umbellatum, 1341. Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 570. Pirangra rubra, 120. Pirns, 923. Pirus arbutifolia, 153, 1322; ma-lus, 1296. Pisum, 908,1109. Pisum sativum, 1121. Plantago, 550, 960, 1531, 1566. Plantago lanceolata, 500; vir-ginica, 500. Plants preferred by butterflies, 1567. Platanthera hookeri, 1475. Platanus occidentalis, 1295. Plateau, F., on attraction of butterflies to artificial flowers, 1102; vision, 1670. Platen, poetical quotation from, 1373. plautus, Papilio, 829. Plebeii, 791. Plebeii rurales, 767; urbicolae, 1365. Plebeius cornyntas, 911; pseud-argiolus, 928; scudderii, 964. plexippe, Limnas ferruginea, 720. plexippus, Anosia, 720. plica, Hoplismenus, 1873. Pliny, on the Papilio, 1258. Plotz, classification, 69. Plumules, 1681. Plusia gamma, 1913. Plutarch, on butterfly transformations, 1257. Poa pratensis, 1586. Poanes, 1550, 1592; its allies, 1065. Poanes massasoit, 1597. pocahontas, Atrytone zabulon, 1617; Hesperia,* 1617; Vanessa, 379. Podalirius, 1252. Podophyllum peltatum, 525. Poe, E. A., poetical quotation from, 362. poeas, Thecla, 1821. Polarity in appendages, 1429. Polites, 1550, 1592, 1678; its allies, 1065. Polites peckius, 1683; killed by storm, 1611. polychloros, Eugonia, 1915; Vanessa, 379. Polygala, 1531. Polvgonia, 308, 309; alighting, 1602; caterpillar, 1399; digestive system of caterpillar, 20; dimorphic in part, 1629; habits of caterpillar, 1311; originated where? 438; silk vessels of caterpillar, 25. Polygonia c-album, 315, 353, 356 ; c-album, malformation, 1760 ; wintering, 419 ; c-aureum, 320; comma, 318, 319, 332, 353, 1885, 1891, 1914; comma, larval nest, 1455; comma dryas, 332; comma harrisii, 332; crameri, 320; dryas, 382; fabricii, 320; faunus, 128, 348, 359, 1877; faunus, caterpillar, 1146; habits of caterpillar, 1310 ; sounds by, 394 ; gracilis, 129, 319, 348, 359; interroga-tionis, 318, 319, 320, 1878, 1891, 1894, 1896; interroga-tionis, dimorphism, 317; egg, 1518; experiments with, 1385; interrogationis fabricii, 320; interrogationis umbrosa, 320; 1-album, 1915; progne, 129, 318, 348, 353,362,1896 ; progne, larval habits, 1312 ; progne c-argenteum, 362, 366 ; progne 1-argenteum, 362,366 ; marsyas, 344; satyrus, 318, 319, 344, 1890; satyrus, distribution, 976, 1532; satyrus marsyas, 344; satyrus satyrus, 344. Polygonum, 587, 981, 983. Polygonum convolvulus, 1248. Polvmorphism, 316, 944, 1133, 1273. Polyommatidae, 772, 791. Polyommatus americanus, 998 ; amicetus, 985; anthelle, 1830; argiolus, 928 ; comyntas, 911 ; crataegi, 1016; damastus, 861; deutargiolus, 928 ; epixanthe, 985,1830 ; ergeus, 850 ; falacer, 885, 892; hypophlaeas, 998; irus, 834; lucia, 928 ; lyg-damus, 1828; phlaeas, 9*98; porsenna, 1016; pseudargiolus, 928; tarquinius, 1016 ; thoe, 977; titus, 809. Polystichtis borealis, 788. polyxenes, Papilio, 1353, 1851. Pommier, poetical quotations from, 487, 911. Pontia, 1156, 1171; fossil in Europe, 757. Pontia casta, 1192 ; daplidice, broods of, 925 ; metra, 1205; oleracea, 1191; protodice, 1163, 1212 ; protodice, broods of, 925; moving northward, 1333; protodice protodice, 1163; protodice vernalis, 1163, 1166 ; rapae, 1205. pontiac, Limochores, 1732. Pope, poetical quotations from, 1252, 1639, 1759. Popenoe, E. A., on H. montivaga, 1529, 1539-1541. Popular names, 785. Populus, 300, 403, 465. Po pul us balsamifera, 300, 1473; balsamifera, var. candicans, 273; dilatata, 273, 1341; gran-didentata, 1473 ; monilifera, 273; tremuloides, 273, 1297, 1473, 1511. Poritia, 1929 ; egg of, 3. porsenna, Polyommatus, 1016 portlandia, Enodia, 181. Postures of butterflies, 1602. Potamis ilia, 230; iris, 230, Potanthus, 1860. Potanthus californicus, 1861 ; omaha, 1861. Potentina, 1531.INDEX. 1951 Poterium, 1531. Poulton, E. B., on color of chrysalids, 1559; dimorphic caterpillars, 1145 ; Hesperidae, 1368 ; protective coloring of caterpillars, 1145. poweschiek, Thymelicus, 1859. powesheik, Oarisma, 1859. poweshiek, Oarisma, 1859. Praetores, 115. Preble, H. C., on spread of P. rapae, 1177. Prenes, 1865. Prenes ocola, 1866; panoquin, 1867. Prepona, habits of, 227 ; odorous, 1048. Prévost, on migrations of V. car-dui, 1082. prima, Papilio, 1288. Primaeval butterfly, 235. Primula, 587, 783. Princeps, 1345. Prjnceps dominans philenor, 1241; heroicus ajax, 1264; heroicus chalcus, 1846; heroicus cresphontes, 1334; poly-xenes, 1353. Prittwitz, on Argynnis, 550; color of Lepidoptera, 1766; E. an-tiopa, 408 ; Rusticus, 960 ; wintering caterpillars, 118. Procession of the seasons, 849. Procremaster, 1695. Procrustes coriarius, 1913. Proctor, Edna D., poetical quotation from, 1053. Proctotrupidae, 1873,1874,1895. Prodr vas, a fossil butterfly, 758, 760." progne, Polygonia, 362. Prolibvthea vagabunda, a fossil butterfly, 759. proserpina, Cnlorippe clyton, 241; Exorista blanda, 1919; Lim-enitis, 289. Protective color, 1143; habits of caterpillars, 1310 ; resemblance, 710. Proteides lyciades, 1418. protesilaus, Papilio, 1264. proteus, Eudamus, 1386. protodice, Pontia, 1163. pruina, Thecla liparops, 874. Prunus, 245, 273, 1296. Prunus americana, 1296; Pennsylvania, 1296 ; persica, 1322 ; serotina, 1296, 1322; virgini-ana, 1296, 1931. Pryer, H., on Heodes phlaeas, 1008. pseudargioli, Anomalon, 1881. pseudargiolus, Cvaniris, 927. pseudodorippus, Basilarchia ar-chippus, 269. pseudora, Cyaniris pseudargiolus, 933. Psyche-myth, 1259. psyche, Thecla, 1824. Psychological peculiarities, 995. Ptelea trifoliata, 1296, 1341. Pteromalus, 372, 1874, 1889. Pteromalus archippi, 747, 1889; 1891 ; chionobae, 147, 1889 ; puparum, 347, 411, 456, t1095, 1125, 1169, 1214, 1215, 1411, 1819, 1873, 1889, 1890; puparum, history of, 1169, 1215, 1216 ; vanessae, 330, 343, 411, 1344, 1851, 1890. Pterospilus, 1913. Pterourus, 1305. Pterourus troilus, 1314. pudica, Thecla melinus, 850. puella, Exorista, 1915; Phryxe, 1915. puer, Thymelicus, 1558. Pugnacity in butterflies, 492,997. punctella, Hesperia, 1768. Pupa, see Chrysalis, puparum, Pteromalus, 1890. Pupation in butterflies, 72, 201; Euphoeades, 1323,1324; Eury-mus, 1121; Hesperidae, 1408; Nymphalidae, 224, 1693; Pap-ilioninae, 1224; Pieris, 1200. pusilla, Phorocera, 1915. pusillus, Svneches, 1913. Putnam, J*. W., on J. glaucus, 1296. Pycnanthemuu incanum, 866. pylades, Thorybes, 1436. Pyrameis, 430, 434-436, 441. Pyrameis atalanta, 441; cardui, 469; huntera, 457; terpsichore, 457; virginiensis, 457. Pyrgidae, 1373. Pyrgus, 1370, 1527. Pyrgus centaureae, 1542; monti-vagus, 1536; syrichtus, 1536, tessellatus, 1536. Pyrisitia, 1839. Pyrisitia mexicana, 1840. Pyrrhogyra, habits of, 226. Pyrrhopyga, 1368, 1370. Pyrrhosidia, 1689. Pyrrhosidia mystic, 1705. Q. quadaquina, Hesperia, 1617. quadraquina, Pamphila, 1617. Quadricalcarati, 1365. Quercus, 839. Quercus alba, 1482 ; castanea, 1482; catesbvi, 882 ,1826; cinerea, 1828 ; falcata, 890 ; ilici-folia, 285, 826, 1482, 1505; phellos, 1482,1828; rubra, 273, 882, 890; tinctoria, 1297. quercus, Aurotis, 1915 ; Thanaos, 1493. quiapen, Erynnis attalus, 1655. R. Ragonot, on abnormal Van. cardui, 473. Raleigh, poetical quotation from, 1732. Ramsay, Allan, poetical quotation from, 1427. rapae, Pieris, 1205. Raphanus, 1210. Raphanus sativa, 1199. Rambur, J. P., on asymmetry, 1451; classification, 66; hibernation of chrysalids, 1556; male abdominal appendages, 46; Thais, 1029; Zegris, 1038. Reaumur, on caterpillar spines, 162; pupation, 1693. Reed, E, Bf, on E. tityrus, 1406. Regenbart, on migrations of V. cardui, 1081. Reichenau, on Aglais, 416. Rennie, on egg of Aporia, 192. Reseda, 1210. Reseda odorata, 1210. Reproductive system in butterfly, 51; caterpillar, 25; chrysalis, 34. Respiratory system of butterfly, 49; caterpillar, 21; chrysalis, 32. Reuter, poetical quotation from, 1033. Reutti, on V. cardui, 484. Rhabdoides, 1854. Rhabdoides cellus, 1855. Rhamnus, 908, 922. Rhamnus cathartica, 938. Rhodoceridi, 1039, 1040, 1831. Rhododendron lapponicum, 590. Rhopalocera, 1. Rhus, 922. Rhynchosia tomentosa, 1435. Ribes, 355, 550. Ribes rotundifolium, 369. Ribesia, 1021. ridingsii, Hesperia, 1862. Riley, C.V., on A. vanillae, 1818; A. andria, 1797; A. plexippus, 727, 728; C. celtis, 1791, 1792; C. clyton, 246; E. philodiee, 1117, 1120; E. amyntula, 908; I. ajax, 1271; J. coenia, 497; L. philenor, 1249; P. interro-gationis, 325; parasites of the sub-family Microgasterinae described, 1897; P. oleracea, 1203; P. rapae, 1210, 1212; P. catullus, 1522; poetical quotation from, 721; P. protodice, 1166; pupation, 1693; pupation of Euphoeades, 1323; spread of P. rapae, 1187; T. juvenalis, 1483; V. huntera, 466. See also Walsh and Riley. rileyi, Masicera, 1924; Teleno-mus, 1896. Ritchie, A. J. S., on spread of P. rapae, 1178. Ritter, on movements of V. cardui, 1079. Rober, on monstrous Najas, 1760. Robinia, 922. Robinia hispida, 1405; neomexi-cana, 1405; pseudacacia, 1405; viscosa, 1405. robusta, Chalcis, 1887. Rogers, Samuel, poetical quotations from, 970, 1604, 1673. Romanes, G. J., on physiological isolation, 952. Ronsard, poetical quotation from, 791. Rosaceae as food plants, 1568. Rossetti, Christina, poetical quotations from, 359, 962, 1418, 1514, 1519. Rossetti, G. D., poetical quotation from, 201. Rowley, R. R., on A. andria, 1796-1798; spread of P. rapae, 1186; Z. cesonia, 1839. rubecula, Apanteles, 1873. Rubus, 550, 587, 697, 1531. Riickert, poetical quotation from, 1399. Rudbeckia laciniata, 664. rufiventris, Ichneumon, 1875. Rumex, 783, 971, 975. Rumex acetosa, 1005; acetosella, 1004; crispus, 981, 1005; ver-ticillatus, 989. Rurales, 767.1952 INDEX. rurea, Pamphila, 1739. Russell, poetical quotation from, 1718. rustica, Tachina, 1915. Rustici, 1365. Rusticus, 904, 957, 1829. Rusticus aegon, 960, 961; aegon, broods of, 925; in winter, 418; argus, 960; ar-gus, broods of, 925; armatus calanus, 885, 892; armatus poeas, 1821; astrarche, 960, 961; bellargus, 904, 960, 961; icarus, 960; melissa, 961; scudderii, 964; scudderii, broods of, 925; distribution, 976; striatus, 1829. Rutaceae as food plants, 1567. S. S-, J. M., poetical quotation from, 1602. Sabal serrulata, 1715. Sabbatia elliottii, 1699; gracilis, 1699. Sable, odor of, in butterflies, 1049. St. Augustine, poetical quotation from, 1551. Sainte Beuve, poetical quotation from, 321. Salesbury, oil egg of Aporia, 192. Salicaceae as food plants, 1568. Salivary glands in butterfly, 49; caterpillar, 20; chrysalis, 31. Salix, 403, 901, 923," 938, 1210, 1297. Salix cordata, 1512; herbacea, 605; humilis, 355, 1473; li-vida, var. occidentalis, 272; nigra, 272, 403; sericea, 272. Sallet, poetical quotation from, 1458. salona, Thecla, 1820. Salvia splendens, 1405. Salvin, see Godman and Salvin. Sarnia cynthia, 1051. samoset, Amblyscirtes, 1589. Sanborn, F. G., on Oe. semidea, 142. sanctus, Bassus, 1886; Microdus, 1886. Sandalwood, odor of, in butterflies, 577, 1049. Sandberg, on caterpillar of Oene-is, 125, 226. Sanguisorba, 587. santes, Colias, 1111. Sappodilla, 1929. Sarracenia, 153. sassacus, Ervnnis, 1641. Sassafras, 1850. Sassafras officinale, 1297, 1321. Satyrinae, 114, 115,1775. Satyrodes, 121, 175, 187; its allies, 1065; caterpillar, 1399. Satyrodes canthus, 193; eury-dice, 193 ; distribution of, 1532. Satyrus alope, 163, 171; alope form pegale, 1779; areolatus, 203; balder, 149; cantheus, 193; canthus, 193; eritiosa, 135; eurvthris, 214; gemma, 1783; nephele, 164, 171; peg-ala, 1779; portlandia, 180; sosybius, 1786. satjTus, Polygonia, 344. j Saunders, W., on A. plexippus, 735, 744; A. cybele, 559, 560; C. uycteis, 662, 664; C. eury-tus, 218; E. antiopa, 407,408; I. niphon, 832; P. puparum, 1216; R. scudderii, 968; spread of P. rapae, 1177; T. calanus, 888; T. edwardsii, 895, 896; T. lu-cilius, 1462; T. mystic, 1708, 1709; N. couperi, 955; S. titus, 812; V. huntera, 466. saundersii, Eulophus, 1893; Pho-rocera, 1922; Tetrastiehus, 1893. Saxifraga rivularis, 590. Scale patches, 873,1639. Scales of butterflies, 41,1681. Scelothrix, 1527. Scelothrix centaureae, 1542. Scent scales, 1681. Scented butterflies, 1047. Schatz, E. on classification, 69; Neotropiden, 113. Scheffel, poetical quotation from, 1701. Schiffermüller, see Denis and Schiffermüller. Schild, on sounds of Callophrys, 397. Schizoneura tessellata, 1021. Schmidt, F., on migrations of Mancipium, 1085; V. cardui, 1080. schmidtii, Heodes phlaeas, 1002. Schön born, on A. genutia, 1151. Schoenis cinxia, monstrous, 1760. Schrank, classification, 56. Schulte, on butterflies at sea, 378. Schulze, poetical quotations from, 578, 809,1493, 1563. Scirpus eriophorum, 197. scitulus, Mesochorus, 1882. Scollard, poetical quotation from, 1289. Scolopendriform stirps, 109. Scopoli, classification, 54. Scudder, S. H., on classification, 67. scudderi, Exorista, 1921. Scudderia, 387. scudderii, Rusticus, 964. Scutellaria, 1545. Sea, butterflies at, 378. Seagrave, H. S., on H. cres-phontes, 1342,1343. Seasonal dimorphism, 951, 1383, 1627; variations inhabit, 1415. Seasons, procession of, 849. Sedum, 526,845, 960. selenis, Melitaea, 629. semidea, Oeneis, 135. Semidea plateau, 132,140. semideae, Tetrastiehus, 1893. seminole, Ocytes, 1653. Semnopsyche, 1798. Semnopsyche diana, 266, 1799; a mimicker, 718; mimicking Basilarchia astyanax, 287; sexual distinctions, 532, 533. Semper, C., on A. plexippus, 731; dimorphic caterpillars, 1145; seasonal dimorphism in tropics, 1630. Senecio cineraria, 465, 481. sennae, Callidrvas, 1831. Senses of butterflies, 1594. Sepp, on A. vanillae, 1818; C. sennae, 1833. Sericocarpus conyzoides, 542. Sesbania vescicaria, 1453. sesonia, Papilio, 1836. Setophaga ruticilla, 1204. Severi, 749. Sexual dimorphism. 531; diversity, 531,872,1681; patches, 1639; selection impossible in butterflies, 1672. Shakespeare, W., poetical quotations from 89, 123, 149, 156, 164, 181, 187, 249, 260, 267, 294, 387, 397, 470, 536, 710, 760, 767, 783, 819, 842, 850, 859, 861, 875, 877, 885, 898, 911, 918, 928, 953, 964, 977, 985, 1016, 1087, 1147, 1205, 1234, 1264, 1310, 1314, 1365, 1387, 1397, 1399, 1418, 1433, 1476, 1493, 1546, 1617, 1625, 1646, 1681, 1683, 1701, 1711, 1725, 1771, 1775. Shelley, P. B., poetical quotations from, 756,829, 1053, 1641. Sherman, poetical quotation from, 249. Sialia sialis, 1091, 1204. Sida, 1541. Siderone, habits of, 227. Siewers, C. G., on E. antiopa, 407, 408. Sight, 1669. Sigourne}T, L}Tdia H., poetical quotation from, 1536. Silene acaulis, 140. silenus, Thecla, 850. Silk vessels of caterpillar, 24. Silybum marianum, 481. simaethis, Thecla, 861. Sinapis, 1199, 1210. Sisymbrium thaliana, 1151. Sium cicutaefolium,1360. skada, Cvclopides, 1569. Skeat, on the word “ butterfly, ” 787. Skinner, H., on A. cybele, 560; S. idalia, 543. Slater, on poisonous food of protected caterpillars, 1145. Sleep of butterflies, 1602. Smell, organs of, 1052; sense of, in butterflies, 1594. smilacis, Thecla, 861. Smilax, 866. smilax, Pieris, 1087. Smith, Alexander, poetical quotation from, 470. Smith, G. D., on V. atalanta, 452. Smith, J. B., classification, 69. Smith, S. I., on A. plexippus, 734; C. harrissii, 682; spread of P. rapae, 1177. Snails as foes, 1611. Solanum carolinense, 1168. Solidago, 697, 971. Sorghum avenaceum, 1591; secundum, 1591. sosybius, Cissia, 1786. souhegan, Thecla, 898. Soule, Caroline G., on A. atlan-tis, 577; F. tarquinius, 1021; H. hypophlaeas, 1007. Sounds made bv butterflies, 392, 410. Southern butterflies in New England, 1332. Spalgis, 782,1929. Spangberg, on neuration, 41, 74. Spathilepia cellus, 1855.INDEX. 1953 Spenser, E., poetical quotations from, 211, 306, 309, 536, 571, 601, 819, 872, 975, 984, 1164, 1285, 1353, 1592, 1594, 1718, 1768, 1912. Speyer, A., on E. antiopa, 407; food of V. cardui, 480; Lycae-nidi, 903 ; migrations of V. cardui, 1080 ; Oeneis, 140; V. cardui, 484. Speyeria, 505, 528, 1798; its allies, 1065; egg, 191. Speyeria idalia, 535, 1802; egg misplaced, 168; malformation, 1760; painted by Le Conte, 655; idalia ashtaroth, 539. Sphinx ligustri, 1051. Spiders as foes, 1611. Spines, development of, 162. Spinigeri, 222. Spinosae, 502. Spiracles, arrangement in caterpillars, 1430. Spiraea, 587, 923. Spiraea salicifolia, 938; tomen-tosa, 169. Spiza americana, 570. Spizella socialis, 1204. splendidulus, Mesochorus, 1873. Sprague, A. C., on U. melinus, 853, 855. Sprague, F. H., on A. plexippus, 741; A. logan, 1616; C. eury-tus, 220; E. j-album, 385; P. faunus, 357. Sprague, P. S., on E. philodice, 1120; C. eurytus, 219; Ptero-malus puparum, 1216; spread of P. rapae, 1180; T. liparops, 882. Spruce, on migrating butterflies, 1085. spurius, Microgaster, 1873. Stachys, 960. Stalachtis, suspension of chrysalis, 72. Stalachtis calliope, early stages, 781, 1927,1929; euterpe, 776; euterpe, v. Mechanitis polym-nia, 711. Stainton, H. T., on Eugonia, 375; V. atalanta, 451. Staphylinus, 1452. Staudinger, O., classification, 66. Stelgidopteryx serripennis, 617. Stenopogon, 1931. Stent, G. C., poetical quotations from, 1656, 1766. Stephani, on the butterfly in ancient art, 1257. Stephens, J. F., on classification, 62, 63; E. philodice, 1118. Ste ropes, 1563. Stereoptes skada, 1569. Stevens, W. Le Conte, on John Le Conte, 656. Stichophthalma odorous, 1049. Stoddard, poetical quotation from, 753, 1711, 1742. Stoll’, C., on C. sennae, 1833; Euselasia, 778; Helicopis, 779; Lemoniinae, 776; some mistakes of, 711; Stalachtis, 781. Stolopsyche, a fossil butterfly, 759. Story, W. W., poetical quotation from, 703, 1061, 1569,1725. Strecker, H., on abnormal B. ar-chippus, 269; abnormal E. philodice, 1114; A. cybele baal, 557; E. troilus, 1317; L. phi-lenor, 1241 ; suffused E. antiopa, 400 ; Van. cardui ate, 474; Van. cardui elymi, 473 ; Xan-thidia nicippe flava, 1069. Street, poetical quotation from, 563. Stretch, R. H., on P. satyrus, 346. striata, Lycaena, 1829. striatus, Rusticus, 1829. Stridulation in butterflies, 396, 410, 794. strigosa, Thecla, 877. Strong, E. A., on spread of P. rapae, 1185. Strvmon, 801, 802; its allies, 1065. Strymon beon, 1821; calanus, 8*85 ; melinus, 850 ; mopsus, 809 ; titus, 809, 1929 ; caterpillar of, 1311; distribution, 976; sexual diversity in wings, 872; in winter, 418. Studer, on osmateria, 14. Sturm, poetical quotation from, 1575. Sturnella magna, 617. Styrax americana, 1296. subcompletus, Microgaster, 1873. Substance waste in pupal state, 1277. Succession, seasonal, of butterflies, 849. Succinoti, 1027. Suffused varieties described, 269, 346, 400, 423,473, 557, 595,633, 677, 837, 933, 1000,1317, 1355, 1402, 1707. Suffusion in butterflies, 1350, 1767. sulphurina, Terias, 1087. superba, Euphydryas phaeton, 693: Melitaea phaeton ab.,693. Suspensi, 109. Suspension of chrysalids, 27, 72, 201; in Lycaeninae, 1929. Sutton, poetical quotation from, 846. Swainson, W., oil Abbot, 651; chrysalids, 203; classification, 61 ; Hesperidae, 1369 ; migrations of Euvanessa, 1078; migrations of Pierinae, 1084. Swarming butterflies, 378, 493, 734,1077. Swett, Susan H., poetical quotation from, 674. Swinburne, A. C., poetical quotation from, 1205. Swinton, A. H., on periodicity in Euvanessa, 403 ; sounds of Ag-lais urticae, 393 ; of butterflies in general, 395; stridulation, 794. sylvarum, Mesochorus, 1873. $ymphoricarpus, 891. Synchloe, 1156,1843. Synchloe olympia, 1844 ; protodice, 1163. Syneches pusillus, 946,1913. synippe, Anosia, 721. Syrichtus, 1527. Syrichtus centaureae, 1542; communis, 1536; oilus 1536. syrichtus, Papilio, 153. Syringa, odor of, in butterflies, 105a Syringa vulgaris, 1295, 1297, 1322. T. Tachina, 486, 883,1344, 1912. Tachina archippivora, 1923 ; agilis, 1915; bella, 1915; blan-da, 1918; doris, 1915; futilis, 1917; hesperidarum, 1411; hir-suta, 1919; larvarum, 1915, rustica, 1915; theclarum, 1920. Tachinidae, 1912. Tajuria, 1929. Talides aetna,1696; vestris, 1720. Tappan, poetical quotations from, 1171, 1614, 1597. tarquinius, Feniseca, 1016; Melitaea, 1808. Tasitia berenice, 725; a subject of mimicry, 718. Taste, sense of, in butterflies, 1596. taumas, Limochores, 1725. taygete, Oeneis, 1777. Taylor, Charlotte, on P. oleracea, 1199. Tavlor, Jane, poetical quotations from, 502, 749, 1476,1661. telamonides, Iphiclides ajax, 1264; Papilio, 1264. Telegonus tityrus, 1399. Telenomus, 1444, 1518, 1874, 1895. Telenomus graptae, 331, 372,411, 1008, 1519, 1731, 1896; graptae, habits, 98; rileyi, 247, 1896. Temperature of A. plexippus, 739; T. pylades, 1444. Temperature and dimorphism, 1629. Temperature forms, 1629. Tennant, on migratory butterflies, 1085. Tennyson, A., poetical quotations from, 332, 392, 1578. Tentaculatae, 1219. Tephrosia, 1071. Tephrosia ambigua, 1435. terentius, Thanaos, 1490. Terias, 1041, 1061, 1073, 1839. Terias boisduvaliana, 1840; delia, 1087; lisa, 1087, 1100; lisa ab. alba, 1089; mexicana, 1840; nicippe, 1066,1100; sulphurina, 1087. terpsichore, Vanessa, 457. terrificus, Hoplismenus, 1873. Tertullian, on butterflies, 1258. tessellata, Hesperia, 1536. Testes, etc., in butterflies, 51; caterpillar, 25; chrysalis, 35. Tetrapodes, 109. Tetrastichus, 1217, 1874, 1892. Tetrastichus modestus, 453,1892, 1894; saundersii, 897, 1892, 1893; semideae, 148,1892,1893; theclae, 892, 1892,1893. Thais, 1222, 1927, 1931; asleep, 1603; chrysalis, 1225 ; distribution of, 758; suspension of, 1029. Thais polvxena, 1029; odorous, 1051. Thaites, 1927. Thaites ruminiana, a fossil butterfly, 758, 1223. Thanaos, 1375, 1445; haunts of, 984; hibernation of, 688. Thanaos ausonius, 1458, 1493, 1498; brizo, 1377, 1458, 1500; catullus, 1519; horatius, 1457,1954 INDEX. 1476, 1486, 1492; icelus, 130, 1458,1500, 1504, 1507; juven-alis, 1457, 1476, 1489, 1490, 1492, 1886, 1905; juvenalis, caterpillar, 14; lucilius, 1457, 1458, 1895; lucilius, caterpillar, 14; distribution, 1534; martialis, 1457, 1493; persius, 1457,1458,1463,1468; persius, caterpillar, 14 ; distribution, 1534; quercus, 1493; tages, 1453; terentius, 1457, 1476, 1490. Thanatites, a fossil butterfly, 758. tharos, Phyciodes, 629. tharossa, Argynnis, 629. tharotis, Ichneumon, 1876. Tharsalea, 983. Thaumantis odorous, 1048 ; sounds made by, 394. thaumas, Hesperia, 1725. Thaxter, R., on A. plexippus, 730, 734, 735; E. eurytheme, 1132; Thecla, 801, 802, 815, 823, 846, 856, 868, 1819, 1824, 1826. Thecla acadica, 874,898; acadica, distribution, 976,1532; arsace, 834; auburniana, 861; augus-tinus, 842; augustus, 842; au-gustus, var. croesioides, 842; auretorum, 885 ; autolycus, 1921; borus, 898; calanus, 556, 874, 885, 892, 1893; calanus, distribution, 1532; californica, 898; castalis, 861; clothilde, 819; columella, 1820; cycnus, 898; damastus, 861; damon, 861; edwardsii, 874, 892,1893; edwardsii, distribution, 1532; eurytulus, 1820; fabricii, 892; falacer, 885, 892 ; favonius, 850 ; fusca, 1012 ; halesus, 1827; henrici, 834 ; humuli, 850 ; hyperici, 850 ; ingae, 1929; inorata, 885; irioides, 842 ; irus, 834 ; irus, var. mossii, 834; istapa, 1820; ju-anita, 1827; laeta, 819; lipa-rops, 577,874, 877; liparops in winter, 418; liparops pruina, 879; lorata, 1823; m-album, 1824; melinus, 850; melinus var. pudica, 850; mopsus, 809; niphon, 829 ; Ontario, 875 ; Ontario, distribution, 1532 ; pan, 850; poeas, 1821; psyche, 1824; salona, 1820 ; silenus, 850; simaethis, 861; smilacis, 861; strigosa, 877; souhegan, 898; titus, 809. theclae, Apanteles, 1906; Tetra-stichus, 1893. theclarum, Exorista, 1920. Theclidi, 795, 797, 798, 1819. Theclinae, 791. Theclopsis, 769. themistocles, Hesperia, 1725. Theophrastus, on butterfly transformations, 1257. Thermopsis caroliniana, 1505. Thestor tarquinius, 1016. Thlaspi, 1168. Thoas, 1327. thoas, Papilio, 1334. thoe, Chrysophanus, 977. Thomas, Edith M., poetical quotations from, 235, 420, 608. Thompson, Maurice, poetical quotation from, 953. Thomson, J., poetical quotations from, 372, 510, 684, 861, 950. Thoreau, H. D., on E. antiopa, 410. Thorybes, 1375,1377,1423,1856. Thorybes bathyllus, 1432; elec-tra, 1856; pylades, 1436; py-lades killed by storm, 1611; temperature of,* 1385. Thracides, 1746. Thracides ethlius, 1750. Thwaites, on ants and caterpillars, 796; carnivorous butterflies, 796; Gangara, 1548; habits of Nymplialinae, 224; migrations of Euploeinae, 1082; migrations of Pieridi, 1084; habits of Satyrinae, 119; scent fans of Satyrinae, 120. Thvme, odor of, in butterflies, 1050. Thymele, 1370, 1378. Thymele brizo, 1500; lycidas, 1418; proteus, 1386; tityrus, 1399. Thymelicus, 1550, 1551, 1592, 1689, 1858. Thymelicus aetna, 1695, 1696, 1741; brettus, 1695,1696,1701; brettus, distribution, 1535; sexual distinctions, 532, 533; cos-cinia, 1703; delaware, 1614; garita, 1859; mystic, 1695, 1705; mystic killed by storm, 1611; mystic nubs, 1707; mystic weetamoo, 1707; numitor, 1558; poweschiek, 1859; powes-hiek, 1859; puer, 1558. Thymelidae, 1373. Thymus, 960. Thysanuriform stirps, 115, 228. Tiedemannia, 1360. Tiedemannia teretifolia, 1360. Tilia, 300, 339, 403. Tilia americana, 327,1296; americana var. pubescens, 327. Timetes, habits of, 226. Timetes chiron migratory, 1078. Tirumala limniace, 709. Tithorea harmonia v. Dismor-phia amphione, 711. titus, Strymon, 809. tityri, Ophion, 1880. tityrus, Epargyreus, 1399. Tmolus, 1819. Tmolus eurytulus, 1820. Todhunter, poetical quotations from, 379, 877. Tomares ballus, 15, 963, 1014. Topography of the wings, 515. Tracheae in butterfly, 49; caterpillar, 21; chrysalis, 32. Tracy, S. M., on spread of P. rapae, 1186. Tragopogon mutabilis, 1715. Transformations, 178. transmontana, Hipparchia, 193. Treat, Mary, on E. philodice, 1125. Tribuni, 703. Trichogramma, 1444, 1518, 1874, 1894. Trichogramma intermedium, 429, 747, 1467, 1777, 1894, 1895; minutissimum, 297, 453, 1304, 1894,1895; minutum, 279,1894. Trifolium, 587, 908, 923, 938, 950, 967, 1071, 1092, 1441, 1839. Trifolium agrarium, 1120; hy- bridum, 1109; pratense, 1109, 1120, 1132, 1441; reflexens, 1132; repens, 1109,1120,1132, 1441; stoloniferum, 1132; tri-dentatum, 1132. Trimen, R., on Anthocharidi, 1138; classification, 65, 68; flight of Satyrinae, 119; Lycae-ninae, 793; mimicry, 715; Pierinae, 1036; Y. cardui, 480. Triticum repens, 1573, 1729. troglodyta, Paphia, 1794. Trogus, 1874, 1878. Trogus exesorius, 486,1279,1304, 1326, 1363,1878; obsidianator, 1363, 1878, 1879. troilus, Euphoeades, 1313. Tropaeolum, 1210. Tropics, seasonal dimorphism in, 1630. Trouyelot, L., on J. glaucus, 1298. Trowbridge, poetical quotation from, 1589. Trunk of butterfly, 1737. tullia, Papilio, 1808. Turdus mustelinus, 1204. Turner, Eliza, poetical quotations from, 491, 1653. Turnera ulmifolia, 509, 526. turni, Copidosoma, 1888. turn us, Jasoniades glaucus, 1288; Papilio, 1288. Typha latifolia, 697. typica, Colias eurytheme, 1126. Tyrannus tyrannus, 155, 1204. u. Ullyett, on Augiades, 1547. Ulmus, 482. Ulmus americana, 327, 338, 369, 403. umbrosa, Polygonia interroga-tionis, 320. uncas, Erynnis, 1862. Urania, 1223. Uranotes, 801, 846. Uranotes melinus, 850, 1882. Urbanus fortis proteus, 1386. Urbicolae, 1365. D’Urfey, poetical quotation from, 1536. ursa, Pamphila, 1696. Ursula, Limenitis, 280, 294. Urtica, 327, 338, 448, 550, 587. Urtica dioica, 426; gracilis, 426. urticae, Yanessa, 379, 420. Urticaceae as food plants, 1568. utilis, Hemiteles, 1879. Y. Vaccinium, 839, 845, 882, 923, 1021, 1100, 1109, 1823. Yaccinium caespitosum, 590; corymbosum, 839, 882, 938; stamineum, 285; uliginosum, 590. Yan Yolxem, sounds of Ageronia, 393. Yanessa, 308, 309, 372, 413, 430; cosmopolitan, 1065; habits of caterpillar, 1311. Yanessa antiopa, 397; atalanta, 440, 441, 477, 1217, 1890,1892, 1894, 1895, 1901, 1908, 1910, 1918; atalanta, attracted byINDEX. 1955 electric light, 377; egg, 1518; fanning of wings, 396; gynan-dromorph, 1759; larval habits, 417, 1311; larval nest, 1455; malformation, 1760; originated where? 437; c-album, 332, 348; c-aureum, 319, 320; cardui, 440, 469,1875,1879,1881,1890,1907, 1919; cardui, attracted by electric light, 377; cosmopolitan, 1160; distribution, 1160; its invasion of Europe in 1879, 1079; invasions of Europe at earlier dates, 1082; larval nest, 1456; originated where? 437; sexual distinctions, 532; swarming, 1015; temperature of, 1385; cardui ate, 474; cardui elymi, 473, 6666? cardui aberr. inornata, 473; coenia, 494; comma, 332; fabricii, 320; faunus, 348; furcillata, 420; gracilis, 359; huntera, 440,457, 1875; huntera, attracted by electric light, 377; larval habits, 1311; larval nest, 1456; sexual distinctions, 531; hunteri, 457; hygiaea, 400; interrogation is, 319, 320; j-al-bum, 379; larinia, 494; iint-neri, 400; milberti, 420; p. interrogationis, 319; pluto, 1042; progne, 362; pocahontas, 379; polychloros, 379 ; satyrus, 344; terpsichore, 457; urticae, 379, 420; vau-album, 379; ze-phyrus, 359. vanessa, Masicera, 1915. vanessae, Besaldia, 1915; Erycia, 1915 , Phryxe, 1915; Pteroma-lus, 1890. Yanessidi, 227, 306. Vanilla, odor of, in butterflies, 1048. vanillae, Agraulis, 1814. Variations in habit, 1415. variator, Bracon, 1873. Varieties, origin of, 950. vau-album, Nymphalis, 379. Vaudouer, on lethargy in caterpillars, 452; life history of Brenthis, 583. Verbena, odor of, in butterflies, 1050. Verbesina, 923. Verbesina helianthoides, 664, 938. Vermiform stirps, 791. Vermiformes, 1027. verna, Euphyes, 1742. vernalis, Pales, 1915; Pieris, 1163; Pontia protodice, 1163. Vernonia, 697. Verrill, A. E., on faunal areas in N. America, 90. versabilis, Ichneumon, 1877. Vespa vulgaris, 1217. Vestales, 772. vestris, Hesperia, 1739; Talides, 1720. Veteres, 1373. vialis, Amblyseirtes, 1582. viator, Phycanassa, 1604. Viburnum, 923,1021. Viburnum acerifolium, 938; den-tatum, 697. Vicia, 950,1109. Vicia cracca, 955,1121. Vigny, de, poetical quotation from, 905. Villicantes, 970. Viola, 971. Viola tricolor, 526. violacea, Cyaniris pseudargiolus, 928; Lycaena, 928. Violaceae as food plants, 1567. Violet, odor of in butterflies, 1050. Violet stems, odor of in butterflies, 946,1050. Vireo noveboracensis, 1411. virgilius, Nisoniades, 1486. virginiana, Papilio belladonna dicta, 457. virginiensis, Pieris, 1191; Pyra-meis, 457. viridis, Phorocera, 1915. Vision in butterflies, 952, 1102, 1596, 1669. vitellius, Hesperia, 1630; Pam-phila, 1614. Vitis, 1297. Voracia, 1154. Voria, 456. Vulgar names, 785. Vulgares, 1373. vulgaris, Exorista, 1915. w. Wackernagel, poetical quotation from, 1683. Walk of butterflies, 1603. Walker, J. J., sounds of Agero-nia, 393; A. plexippus, 731. Wallace, A. R., on butterfly haunts, 818; esmeralda butterfly, 492; Eurema, 1076; flight of Satyrinae, 119; Hesperidae, 1369; Hesperidi, 1374; Liby-theinae, 752; mimicry, 717; Papilioninae, 1221,1223; Pieri-nae, 1035, 1036; relation of color to expanse of surface, 1103; Rhodoceridi,1041; sexual selection, 1672; sounds of Age-ronia, 393; Theclidi, 800. Wallengren, classification, 64. Walsh, B. D., on E. antiopa, 391. Walsh and Rilev,on B. archippus, 274. walshii, Papilio ajax, 1264. wamsutta, Hesperia, 1683. Warton, poetical quotation from, 1597. 'Wasps as enemies, 412,1217. Waste of substance in pupal state, 1277. Webs of caterpillar, 1454. Webster, Augusta, poetical quotation from, 909,1757. Webster, F. M., on Pteromalus puparum, 1169. Weeks, A. C., on spread of P. rapae, 1182. Weeks, R. K., poetical quotation from, 187. weetamoo, Thymelicus mystic, 1707. Weir, J. Jenner, on A. plexippus, 723; color attractions, 1102; Cyaniris, 922; spread of P. rapae, 1187. Weismann, A., on dimorphic caterpillars, 1145; green caterpillars, 1143; phytogeny of caterpillars, 1235; scent scales, 1051. Wells, Th., on A. plexippus, 735. Werneburg, A. on Hesperidae, 1368; migrations of Callidryas, 1084 ; migrations of Terias, 1084; taste in butterflies, 1596; the use of beauty, 518. Westwood, J. O., classification, 62,63; Eudamus, 1382; Heodes, 994; Lemoniinae, 775; Lycae-nidi, 904; Lycaeninae, 793, 794, 796; monstrosities, 1760; Orni-thoptera, 1223; Pamphilidi, 1547; Theclidi, 800; web of Eucheira, 1038. Wheaton, J. M., on spread of P. rapae, 1188. Whip-butterfly, 393. White, Buchanan, on structure of male abdomen, 46. White Mountains of N. H., butterflies of, 127; insects of the summits, 131, 590; rigors of the Alpine regions, 391. Whitney, C. P., onOe. semidea, 142; spread of P. rapae, 1181. Whittier, J. G., poetical quotation from, 510. Wiener verzeichniss, classification of, 54. Wiesenhiitter, on E. antiopa, 408; wintering Euvanessa, 408. Willett, J. E., on C. eubule, 1059. Williston, S. W., the dipterous parasites of American butterflies, 1912. Wilson, R. B., poetical quotation from, 1614. wingina, Hesperia, 1701. Wings, development of, 35; position in repose, 1602. “Winter forms” of butterflies, 1384. Wittfeld, W., on A. vanillae, 1818; A. huron, 1666; C. ethlius, 1754; E. proteus, 1389, 1390, 1392; E. palamedes, 1850; E. troilus, 1321; I. ajax, 1273; J. coenia, 497, 500; P. hayhurstii, 1858. Wistaria frutescens, 1391, 1405, 1489, 1770. Wood-Mason, J., on Euploeinae, 705; Parantirrhaea, 116; Stich-ophthalma, 1049; Thaumantis, 1048. Woodworth, W. M., studies on the embryological development of Euvanessa antiopa, 95. Woolson, Abba, poetical quotation from, 1705. Wordsworth, W., poetical quotations from, 171, 204, 241, 494, 1077, 1111, 1230, 1531. W[rangham], F., poetical quotation from, 826. Wright, W. G.,onLemonias, 688. wvandot, Hesperia, 1542. Wylly, Mrs., on ants and caterpillars, 1929. X. Xanthidia, 1042, 1061, 1073. Xanthidia lisa, j 1066, 1087; ni-cippe, 1064, 1066, 1909; invading New England, 1333; suspension, 1694 ; wintering, 420; nicippe flava, 1069.1956 INDEX. Xanthoxylum americanum, 1321, 1341 ; ciava-herculis, 1341 ; sp., 1341. Xyris torta, 219. Y. yuccae, Megathymus, 1922. z. zabulon, Atrytone, 1617. Zea, 1766. Zea mays, 1770. Zegris, * 1138 ; caterpillar, 14; cocoon of, 202. Zegris eupheme, 1038; olympia, 1844. Zeller, P. C., on E. antiopa, 408; monstrous Euvanessa, 1761; Rusticus astrarche, 961. zephryus, Vanessa, 359. Zerene, 1835. Zerene anthyale, 1111 ; cate-naria, 1769; cesonia, 1836; coesonia, 1072. Zizania, 1715. Zoological divisions of New England, 89.LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS, MAY, 1889. ♦ Eugene M. Aaron, Esq., Philadelphia, Penn. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Penn. Dr. A. Agassiz, Cambridge. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston. Amherst College Library, Amherst. James Angus, Esq., New York. Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, Washington, D. C. Rev. Charles J. S. Bethune, Port Hope, Can. Miss Caroline H. Blatchford, Cambridge. Boston Athenaeum. Boston Public Library. Boston Society of Natural History. William Brewster, Esq., Cambridge. Martin Brimmer, Esq., Boston. Brown University Library, Providence, R. 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Prof. Alfred M. Mayer, South Orange, N. J.1958 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS, MAY, 1889. Miss A. L. Mayo, Boston. Mercantile Library, New York. Proe. L. C. Miall, Yorkshire College, Leeds, Engl. William Minot, Jr., Esq., Boston. Miss Emily L. Morton, Newburgh, N. Y. New Britain Institute, New Britain, Conn. Lionel de Nicéville, Esq., Calcutta. M. Charles Oberthür, Rennes, France. Alfred Pell, Esq., Highland Falls, N. Y. Mr. R. H. Porter, London, Engl. (Three copies.) Providence Athenaeum, Providence, R. I. Public Library, Toronto. Mr. Bernard Quaritch, London, Engl. Prof. Robert H. Richards, Jamaica Plain. Dr. C. Y. Riley, Washington, D. C. M. D. Ross, Esq., Jamaica Plain. Rutgers College Library, New Brunswick, N. J. Horace E. Scudder, Esq., Cambridge. Miss J. M. Scudder, Brookline. J. Montgomery Sears, Esq., Boston. William Sellers, Esq., Philadelphia, Penn. Baron de Sélys Long champs, Sénateur, Liege, Belgium. Mr. Charles W. Sever, Cambridge. Silas Bronson Library, Waterbury, Conn. F. B. 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Yale University Library, New Haven, Conn.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1. Butterflies in color.—Nymphalidae, especially Satyrinae. Printed in color from eight stones by Thomas Sinclair and Soil, after drawings by L. Trouvelot. All of natural size. Where both surfaces are given, the detached wings represent the under surface. 1. Gercyonis nephele 9 . Both surfaces. 2. Gercyonis alope 9 . Both surfaces. 3. Enodia portlandia $. Both surfaces. 4. Cercyonis nephele $. Upper surface. 5. Basilarchia archippus 9 . Both surfaces. 3. Cercyonis alope $. Upper surface. 7. Anosia.plexippus $. Both surfaces. 8. Cissia eurytus Both surfaces. 9. Oeneis semidea. Body and upper surface of 9 ; under surface of $. 10 Satyrodes eurydice $. Both surfaces.Butterflies of New England EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2. Butterflies in color. — Nymphalidae (Nymphalinae). Printed in color from eleven stones by Thomas Sinclair and Son, after drawings by J. Henry Blake (figs. 1,4-7,9) and L. Trouvelot (figs. 2, 3, 8). All are of natural size. Where both surfaces are given, the detached wings show the under surface. 1. Vanessa cardui. Both surfaces. 2. Vanessa huntera $. Upper surface. 3. Vanessa huntera $. Both surfaces. 4. Euvanessa antiopa. Both surfaces. 5. Basilarchia arthemis $. Both surfaces. G. Vanessa atalanta ?. Both surfaces. 7. Agíais milberti. Both surfaces. 8. Basilarchia astyanax $. Both surfaces. 9. Basilarchia proserpina (astyanax-arthemis) Both surfaces.' New England, Plate 2.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3. Butterflies in color.—Nymphalidae (Nymphalidi). Printed in color from eleven stones by Thos. Sinclair and Son, after drawings by J. Henry Blake (figs. 1-4, 6-13) and Sidney L. Smith (fig. 5). Natural size. Where both surfaces are given, the detached wings show the under surface. 1. Poly gonia comma dry as $. Both surfaces. 2. Polygonia faunus $ . Lower surface. 3. Polygonia comrtia harrisii $. Both surfaces. 4. Polygonia comma dryas £ • Lower surface. 5. Polygonia progne . Both surfaces. 6. Polygonia faunus . Both surfaces; West Virginia. 11. Iphiclides ajax . Distribution of TJranotes melinus. 7. Distribution of Mitara damon. 8. Distribution of Theda Ontario.Butterflies of New Eng laud. Plate 23 J ulius Biiin & Co.IitKN.Y.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 24. Geographical distribution in North America.—Lycaenidae (Lycaeninae) ■ Printed in color by Julius Bien & Co. THECLIDI. 1. Distribution of Theda liparops. 2. Distribution of Thecla calanus. 3. Distribution of Theda edwardsii. 4. Distribution of Theda acadica. LYCAENIDI. 5. Distribution of Everes cornyntas. Central California should have been included. 6. Distribution of Cyaniris pseudargiolus ; the oblique bars indicate the special range of C. p. lucia ; the vertical bars that of C. p. piasus ; and the horizontal bars of C. p. violacea nigra. The oblique bars in the extreme left upper corner indicate the occurrence of C. p. lucia in Alaska. 7. Distribution of Nomiades coupen. 8. Distribution of Busticus scudderii.Butterflies of New England- Plate 24 Theda Theda hparopsi ÌThecla Theda edwardsiil MEXICO comyntas pseudargiolus \ Norm ad es cou peri j ÌRusticus scud de rii MEX/Ck Julius Bien&Co.litRN.Y.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 25. Geographical distribution in North America. — Lycaenidae (Lycaeninae), Papilionidae (Pierinae). Printedin color by Julius Bien & Co. CHRY SOPH ANIDI. 1. Distribution of Ohrysophanus thoe. 2. Distribution of Epidemia epixanthe. 3. Distribution of Heodes hypophlaeas. 4. Distribution of Feniseca tarquinius. RHODOCERIDI. 5. Distribution of Callidryas eubule. 6. Distribution of Eurymus interior. 7. Distribution of Eurymus philodice. 8. Distribution of Eurymus eurythemeBu.tterflies of New England Plate 25 Julius Bien &.Co.Iith.N.Y.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 26. Geographical distribution in North America.—Papilionidae. Printed in color by Julius Bien , broad androconium; c, d, two forms of cover-scales from lip of costal fold; e-i, five forms and sizes of androconia from interior of costal fold; k, twisted ribbon from interior. 2. Hesperia centaureae; a, pronged androco-nium ; b, cover-scale from lip of costal fold ; c, dentate androconium ; d (letter accidentally omitted on plate) baton-shaped androconium ; e, flagellate lanceolate androconium ; /, large pronged androconium. 3. Thorybes pylades ; a, long obspatulate androconium; b, flagellate chain-bristle from interior; c, little scaphiform androconium. 4. Hesperia montivaga ; a, stout flagellate androconium ; 6, long fabiform androconium; c, short fabiform androconium ; d, cover-scale from lip of costal fold. PAMPHILIDI. 5. Erynnis attains; a, from apex of stigma above; b, from apex of stigma above; c, from below the stigma; d, from heart of stigma; e, from base of stigma; /, from base of stigma; g, from heart of stigma; h, from heart of stigma (of different enlargement from the others). 6. Hylephila phylaeus; a, from field below the stigma; b, from base of stigma; c, from base of stigma; d, from heart of stigma (different enlargement from the others); e, from base of stigma. 7. Erynnis metea; u, from field below outer stigma; b, from field below stigma; c, from heart of stigma (different enlargement from the others) ; d, from upper base of outer stigma; e, from outer stigma; /, from upper base of outer stigma; g, from next base of outer stigma above; h, from outer stigma; i, from inner stigma; Jc, from inner stigma; Z, from inner stigma.Butterflies of New England 'i Plate 48 B ‘Mrisel.lith.BaEXPLANATION OF PLATE 49. Scales peculiar to the male Imago.—Famphilidi. Lithography by B. Meisel. Drawings by J. Henry Blake. All the drawings are highly magnified, those of the same figure to the same degree, unless otherwise specified. 1. Erynnis sassacus; a, from heart of stigma (different enlargement from the remainder); b, from base of stigma; c, from inner stigma; d, from inner stigma; e, from upper edge of inner stigma. 2. Erynnis manitoba; a, pronged rod from basal patch; b, pronged rod from middle patch; c, pronged rod from apical patch; d, from heart of stigma; e, from below basal patch; /, from above outer patch; g1 from heart of stigma (independent enlargement) ; h, from below basal patch; i, from below basal patch; Jc, from below outer patch; lf from below the stigma. 3. Atalopedes huron ; a, from above the stigma; 6, from upper edge of outer patch; c, from basal patch; d, from heart of stigma; e, from field below stigma; /, pronged rod from base of stigma; g, from basal patch; h, from upper edge of outer patch; i, from vitreous spot of lower median interspace in the female; le, pronged rod from baso of stigma. 4. Limochores taumas; a, pronged rods at base of stigma; b, from field below stigma; o, from above middle of stigma; d, from field below stigma; e, from field below stigma; /, from heart of stigma (independent enlargement); g, from above middle of stigma; h, from above middle of stigma; if from above middle of stigma.Butterflies of New England. Plate 49. J. HeniyBlalte.del. ,B 'Meisel.lith. Boston,EXPLANATION OF PLATE 50. Scales peculiar to the male Imago.—Pamphilidi. Lithography by B. Meisel. Drawings by J. Henry Blake. All the drawings are highly magnified, and in the same figure are drawn to one scale, unless otherwise specified. 1. Thymelicus brettus; a, from field below stigma; b, from heart of stigma; c, from heart of stigma; d, from heart of stigma; e, from heart of stigma; /, from base of stigma; g, from base of stigma. 2. Polîtes peckius; a, from extreme base of stigma; 6, from base of stigma ; c, from field below stigma; d, from heart of stigma (independent enlargement) ; e, from base of stigma ; /, from heart of stigma (independent enlargement) ; g, from base of stigma ; h, from extreme base of stigma. 3. Thymelicus mystic ; a, from field below stig. ma; b, from heart of stigma (independent enlargement) ; c, from heart of stigma; d, from extreme base of stigma; e, from heart of stigma; /, from extreme base of stigma; g, from extreme base of stigma. 4. Limochores pontiac; a, from extreme base of stigma; b, from heart of stigma; c, from next the extreme base of stigma; d, from field below stigma; e, from field below stigma; /, from above extreme tip of stigma; g, from above the apical streak; h, from the extreme base of the stigma. 5. Limochores manataaqua ; a, from field below stigma; b, from extreme base of stigma; c, from field below stigma; d, from heart of stigma; e, from field below stigma; /, from heart of stigma (independent enlargement) ; g, from above apical streak; h, from above apical streak. 6. Euphyes verna; a, from extreme base of stigma; b, from vitreous spot in lower median interspace of male; c, from extreme tip of stigma; d, from vitreous spot in lower median interspace of female; e, from extreme tip of stigma; /, from heart of stigma (independent enlargement) ; g, from extreme tip of stigma; h, from extreme tip of stigma; i, from extreme tip of stigma; k, from extreme tip of stigma; l, from extreme tip of stigma.Butterflies of New Enfiland . Plate 50, J. HenryBlake del. B 'MeiseUth.BoEXPLANATION OF PLATE 51. Scales peculiar to the male Imago.—Pamphilidi. Lithography by B. Meisel. Drawings by J. Henry Blake. All the drawings are highly magnified, and in each figure, unless otherwise specified, are drawn to one scale. 1. Anthomaster leonardus; a, from extreme base of stigma; 6, from extreme tip of stigma; c, from field below stigma; d, from field below stigma; €, from heart of stigma (independent enlargement) ; /, from field below stigma; g, from field below stigma; h, from extreme base of stigma; i, from heart of stigma. 2. Limochores bimacula; a, from heart of stigma; 6, a complete jointed bristle from basal patch, with same enlargement as the rest; c, from heart of stigma; d, from basal patch; e, from lower edge of stigma; /, from basal patch; g, a cover-scale. 3. Lerema Manna; a, from base of stigma; from tip of stigma; c, from tip of stigma; d. from base of stigma. 4. Euphyes metacomet; a, from vitreous spot in lower median interspace of female; b, from base of stigma; c, from base of stigma; d, from heart of stigma (independent enlargement). 5. Thymelicus aetna; a, from base of stigma; b, from base of stigma; c, from heart of stigma (independent enlargement); d, from field below stigma; e, from base of stigma (independent enlargement); /, from field below stigma; g, from field below stigma; h, from tip of stigma; i, from tip of stigma; k, from centre of stigma. 6. Lerema acciusy a, from heart of stigma (independent enlargement); b, from above apical streak of stigma; c, from stigma; d, from the vitreous subcostal spots of the female.Butterflies of New'England. Plate 51. J. Henry Blake, del. B 'MeiseLlitK.Boitoii.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 52. Eyes, Tongue, Antennae, Palpi, and Legs of Imago.—Nymphalidae. Drawn by ,1. II. Emerton, excepting the specially enlarged legs in Figs. 2, d and 7, which are by Henri Metzger. Lithography by B. Meisel. Lettering j, fore-leg from side ; ft, apex of fore-tarsus from side ; the same from above ; m1 2 * 4 5, apex of middle tarsi from side; m", the same from above; p, palpus from side. Various enlargements. 1. Sat grades eurydiee. 2. Anosia plexippus. :h Ossia eurytus. 4. Cereyonis alope. 5. Enodia portlandia. <>. Oeneis semidea. 7. Neonympha phocion. 8. Polygonia faunus. 9. Basilarchia astyanax. 10. Chlorippe clyton.Butterflies of New England. Plate 52. B 'Moisei,lilt. Boston.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 53. Eyes, Tongue, Antennae, Palpi and Legs of Imago.—Nymphalidae. Drawn by J. H. Emerton, excepting figs. 8nfi, 8m^, which are by Henri Metzger. Lithography by B. Meisel. Lettering: f, fore-leg from side; m*, apex of middle tarsi from side; the same from above; p, palpus from side. Yarious enlargements. 5. Vanesm hunt&ra. 6. Eugonia j-album. 7. Speyeria idalia. 8. Junonia coenia. 1. Aglais milberti. 2. Argynnis aphrodite. 3. Euptoieta claudia. 4. Euvanessa antiopa.J.H Emerton.del. B Meisel, lith,Boston.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 54. Eyes, Tongue, Antennae, Palpi and Legs of Imago.— Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae. Drawn by J. H. Emerton, excepting the detached and enlarged legs and tarsi of figs. 5, 6 and 7, which are by Henri Metzger. Lithography by B. Meisel. Lettering: /, fore-leg from side; /', apex of fore tarsi from side; mf, apex of middle tarsi from side; m,f, the same from above; p, palpus from side. Various enlargements. 1. Brenthis.bellona. 6. Hypatus bachmanii. 2. Phyciodes tharos. . 7. Calephelis borealis. 3. Charidryas nycteis. 8. Theda edwardsii. 4. Ginclidia harrisii. 9. Uranotes melinus. 5. Euphydryas phaeton. 10. Mitura damon.Butterflies of New England. Plate 54. J.HEmerton,clel. B ."Meisel, lith. Boston.1EXPLANATION OF PLATE 55. . Eyes, Tongue, Antennae, Palpi and Legs of Imago.—Lycaeninae. Drawn by J. H. Emerton, excepting figs. 8f ^ ?, 8f' $ ? and 11 m, m', mif, which are by Henri Metzger. Lithography by B. Meisel. Lettering: /, fore-leg from side; ft, apex of fore tarsi from side; m, middle leg from "side; m', apex of middle tarsi from side; m", the same from above; p, palpus from side. Various enlargements. 1. Incisalia augustus. 2. Brora laeta. 3. Bveres comyntas. 4. Strymon titus. 5. Gyaniris pseudargtolus. 6. Nomiades couperi. 7. Busticus scudderii. 8. Ghrysophanus thoe. 9. Bpidemia epixanthe. 10.. Heodes hypophlaeas. 11. Feniseca tarquinius.J. H Emer ton, ciel B. Meisel, lith, BostonEXPLANATION OF PLATE 56. Eyes, Tongue, Antennae, Palpi and Legs of Imago.—Papilionidae. Drawn by J. H. Emerton, excepting figs. If, f",nu, in", which are by Henri Metzger. Lithography by B. Meisel. Lettering: /, fore leg from side; apex of fore tarsi from above; mK apex of middle tarsi from side; m", the same from above; p, palpus from side. Yarious enlargements. 1. Callidryas eubule. 2. Eurymusphilodice, 3. Eurema lisa. 4. Xanthidia nicippe. 5. Pontia protodice. 6. Pieris oleracea. 7. Anthocharis genutia. 8. Laertias philenor. 9. Iphiclides ajax.Butterflies of New England. Plate 66: J. H Emerton,del. B.Meisel.lith, Boston.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 57. Eyes, Tongue, Antennae, Palpi and Legs of Imago. —Fapilionidae and Hesperidi. Brawn by J. H. Emerton, excepting figs. 6f, 6f if, which are by Henry Metzger. Lithography by B. Meisel. Lettering: a, antennal club from above; f, fore leg from side; f’, apex of fore tarsi from above; p, palpus from side. Various enlargements. 1. Achalarus lycidas. 2. Papiliopolyxenes. 3. Heraclides cresphontes. L Jasoniades glaucus. 5. Eudamus proteus. 6. Euphoeades troilus. 7. Thanaos horatius.Butterflies of New England Plate 57. J.H Ettierton,del. ' B Meiseljlilli, Boston.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 58 Eyes, Tongue, Antennae, Palpi and Legs of Imago. — Hesperidae. Drawn by J. H. Emerton, excepting the separate details of the legs in fig. 1, which are by Henri Metzger. Lithography by B. Meisel. Lettering: a, antennal club from above; f, fore leg from side; //, apex of fore tarsi from side; / P, the same from above; m, middle leg from side; m1 2 3 4, apex of middle tarsi from side; mn, the same from above; p, palpus from side; £, inner side of fore tibia. Various enlargements. HESPERIDI. PAMPHILIDI. 3. Pholisora catullus. 4. Hesperia montivaga. 1. Epargyreus tityrus. 2. Thorybes pylades. 5. Ancyloxipha numitor. 6. Pamphila mandan. 7. Amblyscirtes vialis. 8. Erynnis metea.Plate 58 Butterflies of New England. J. H Einerton,clel B Meisel,lith. Boston.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 59. Eyes, Tongue, Antennae, Palpi and Legs of Imago.—Pamphilidi. Drawn by J. H. Emerton. Lithography by B. Meisel. Lettering: a, antennal club from above; p, palpus from side; t, inner side of fore tibiae. Various enlargements. 1. Poanes massasoit. 2. Phycanassa viator. 3. Atrytone zabulon. 4. Hylepliila phylaeus 5. Po lites peckius. 6. Atalopedes huron. 7. Anthomaster leonardus. 8. Erynnis sassacus.Plate 59. Butterflies of New England.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 60. Eyes, Tongue, Antennae, Palpi and Legs of Imago.—Famphilidi. Drawn by J, H. Emerton. Lithography by B. Meisel. Lettering: a, antennal club from above; p, palpus from side; t, inner side of fore tibia. Yarious enlargements. 1. Thymelicus aetna. 2. Thymelicus mystic. 3. Calpodes ethlius. 4. Oligoria maculata. 5. Limochores taumas. 6. Lerema accius. 7. Euphyes metacomet.Butterflies of New England. . Plate 60. J.HEmerton.del. B "Meisetlith,Boston.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 61. Anatomical Details of Imago, mostly External. Lithography by B. Meisel. Figs. 1-16, 87,58-57 were drawn by Henri Metzger; figs. 38, 45, 49, 58, 59 by Edward Burgess; figs. 36, 46-48 and 50 by J. H. Emerton; and the remainder by the author. 1. Argynnis aphrodite f. Neuration of hind wing, $. 2. Argynnis aphrodite Neuration of hind wing, 9 • 3. Cissia eurytus {. Neuration of fore wing, $. 4. Cissia eurytus Neuration of fore wing, 9 • 5. Thecla calanus y. Neuration of fore wing, 21-23, 29), L. Trouvelot (figs. 9,10,18, 25-27, 33), Mrs. Mary Peart (figs. 1, 6,7, 28, 30), Jacques Burckhardt (figs. 15, 24, 35), Miss M.E. Blatehford (figs. 3, 14), George Willis (figs. 32, 34), J. II. Blake (figs. 8, 20), C. Y. Biley (fig. 31) and G. A. Poujade (fig. 2). Figs. 1, 28 and 30 were kindly lent by W. II. Edwards, Esq., figs. 15, 24 and 35 by Dr. A. Agassiz, figs. 3 and 14 made for me by Miss Blatehford, and fig. 31 given me by Dr. Riley. Fig. 2 was copied from the original in the possession of the late Dr. Boisduval by his permission. The figures are of natural size and show a side view unless otherwise stated. 1. Eurymus eurytheme. Partly dorsal, partly lateral. 2. Callidryas eubule. Copied from the original by Abbot in Dr. Boisduval’s library. 3. Eurema lisa. Copied from the original by Abbot in the Oemler collection at the Boston Society of Natural History. 4. Callidryas eubule. From a blown skin and colored sketches made by Dr. A. W. Chapman. 5. Anthocharis genutia. From a blown skin. 6. Xanthidia nicippe. 7. Pontia protodiee. 8. Pieris oleracea. 9. Pieris oleracea. 10. Eurymus philodice. 11. Pieris rapae. 12. Pieris rapae. 13. Laertias philenor. From a blown specimen and descriptions. 14. Iphiclides ajax. Copied from Abbot’s original in the Raddon-Gray collection at the Boston Society of Natural HistorjL 15. Jasoniades glaucus. Taken just before pupation. 16. Heraclides cresphontes. From a blown specimen. 17. Pap il io polyxenes. In second stage. 18. Euphoeades troilus. 19. Euphoeades troilus. In third stage; plain. 20. Laertias philenor. 21. Ijaertiasphilenor. In third stage ; dorsal view. 22. Euphoeades troilus. In third stage ; dorsal view. 23. Achalarus lymdas. Dorsal view. 24. Papilio polyxenes. In fourth stage ; dorsal view. 25. Thorybes pylades. 26. Jasoniades glaucus. Dorsal view. 27. Papilio polyxenes. 28. Jasoniades glaucus. First stage; much en- larged. 29. Thorybes pylades. Dorsal view. 30. Epargyreus tityrus. Partly dorsal, partly lateral view. 31. Epargyreus tityrus. The original was painted in oil on canvas. 32. Thorybes bathyllus. From Abbot’s original in the British Museum, Yol. xvi, fol. 47, tab. 173. 33. Epargyreus tityrus. 34. Eudamus proteus. From Abbot’s original in the British Museum, Yol. xvi, fol. 45, tab. 10. 35. Epargyreus tityrus. In third stage.Butterflies of New England. Plate 76. B.Meisel,lith.BosEXPLANATION OF PLATE 77 Caterpillars, mostly mature.—Hesperidae. Printed in eighteen colors by Julius Bien & Co., after paintings by Mrs. Mary Peart (figs. 2-5,10, 21, 23, 25-28, 30-33, 35), George Willis (figs. 11,13,16,17, 29), J. H. Emerton (figs. 7,12,14, 20, 24, 36), G. A. Poujade (figs. 9,18, 19, 34), L. Trouvelot (figs. 6, 22), Mrs. T. L. Mead (fig. 1), Miss M. E. Blatchford (fig. 15) and William Saunders (fig. 8). I am indebted to W. H. Edwards, Esq., for the kind loan of figs. 1-5, 10, 21, 23, 25-28, 30-33 and 35, and to Mr. Saunders for the gift of fig. 8. Figs. 18, 19 and 34 were copied, by his permission, from the originals in the late Dr* BoisduvaPs possession. Unless otherwise stated, the figures are of the mature caterpillar, of the natural size, and show a side view. 1. Thanaos icelus. Partly lateral, partly dorsal view. 2. Thanaos juvenalis. Front view of head, enlarged. 3. Thanaos juvenalis. Side view of one segment, enlarged. 4. Thanaos juvenalis. Front view of head, fourth stage, enlarged. 5. Thanaos juvenalis. Fourth stage. 6. Thanaos juvenalis. 7. Thanaos persius f. Dorsal view. 8. Thanaos lucilius. Front view of head. 9. Thanaos lucilius. Drawn from a specimen preserved in alcohol, aided by colored sketches by W. Saunders. 10. Thanaos juvenalis. Partly lateral, partly dorsal view. 11. Thanaos juvenalis. Copied from Abbot’s original in the British Museum, Voi. xvi, fol. 48, tab. 174. 12. Thanaos brizo. Fourth stage; dorsal view. 13. Thanaos martialis. Copied from Abbot’s original in the British Museum, Voi. xvi, fol. 50, tab. 136. 14. Hesperia montivaga. From a blown specimen lent by C. V. Riley. 15. Thanaos persius. Dorsal view. 16. Pholisora catullus. Copied from Abbot’s orig. inai in the British Museum, Voi. xvi, fol. 52, tab. 84- 17. Hesperia montivaga. Copied from Abbot’s original in the British Museum, Vol. xvi, fol. 54, tab. 137. 18. Thanaos brizo. Copied from the original by Abbot in Dr. Boisduval’s library. 19. Hylephila phylaeus. Copied from the original by Abbot in Dr. Boisduval’s library. 20. Calpodes ethlius. Drawn from a blown specimen and colored after a drawing by Abbot. 21. Pholisora catullus. Fourth stage; partly dorsal, partly lateral view. 22. Atrytone zabulon. 23. Pholisora catullus. 24. Amblyscirtes vialis. 25. Euphyes verna. '26. Euphyes verna. Dorsal view. 27. Limochores taumas. Fourth stage. 28. Atalopedes huron. 29. Amblyscirtes samoset. Copied from the original by Abbot in the British Museum, Vol. xvi, fol. 53, tab. 85. 30. Atalopedes huron. Third (?) stage; dorsal view. 31. Atalopedes huron. 32. Anthomaster leonardus. First stage. 33. Anthomaster leonardus. Second stage. 34. Thymelicus aetna. Copied from Abbot’s original in the library of Dr. Boisduval. 35. Limochores taumas. 36. Lerema accius. Copied from Abbot and Smith’s Lepidopterous insects of Georgia.Butterflies of New England. Plate 77EXPLANATION OF PLATE 78- Front views of Heads of Caterpillars at different Stages.—Nymphalidae. Printed in lithography by B. Meisel. All the drawings are by J. Henry Blake, excepting fig. 11, which is by H. Metzger, and figs. 12,13,17-19, 21-23, which are by Mrs. Mary Peart, and were kindly lent for use on this plate by W. H. Edwards, Esq. The enlargement is shown in most cases by the short line beneath each figure. 1. Anosia plexippus. First stage. 2. Anosia plexippus. Second stage. 3. Anosia plexippus. Third stage. 4. Anosia plexippus. Fourth stage. 5. Anosia plexippus. Fifth stage. 6. Oeneis semidea. First stage. 7. Oeneis semidea. Fourth stages 8. Oeneis semidea. Fifth stage. 9. Satyrodes eurydice. First stage. 10. Satyrodes eurydice. Second stage. 11. Satyrodes eurydice. Fifth stage. 12. Cercyonis alope. First stage. 13. Cercyonis alope. Third stage. 14. Oeneis jutta. First stage. 15. Neonympha phocion. First stage. 16. Neonympha phocion. Fifth stage. 17. Enodia portlandia. First stage. 18. Enodia portlandia. Third stage. 19. Enodia portlandia. Fourth stage. 20. Enodia portlandia. Fifth stage. 21. Basilarchia arthemis. First stage. 22. Basilarchia arthemi£\ Second stage. %» 23. Basilarchia arthemis.Third stage. 24. Basilarchia arthemis. Fifth stage. 25. Cissia eurytus. First stage. 26. Cissia eurytus. Second stage. 27. Cissia eurytus. Third stage. 28. Cissia eurytus. Fourth stage. 29. Cissia eurytus. Fifth stage. 30. Basilarchia astyanax. Fifth stage. 31. Basilarchia archippus. First stage. 32. Basilarchia archippus. Second stage. 33. Basilarchia archippus. Third stage. 34. Basilarchia archippus. Fourth stage. 35. Basilarchia archippus. Fifth stage. 36. Polygonia comma. Fifth stage. 37. Polygonia interrogations. First stage. 38. Polygonia interrogations. Second stage. 39. Polygonia interrogations. Third stage. 40. Polygonia interrogations. Fourth stage. 41. Polygonia interrogations. Fifth stage. 42. Polygonia faunus. First stage. 43. Polygonia faunus. Second stage. 44. Polygonia faunus. Third stage. 45. Polygonia faunus. Fourth stage. 46. Polygonia faunus. Fifth stage. 47. Polygonia progne. Second stage. 48. Polygonia progne. Third stage. 49. Polygonia progne. Fifth stage. 50. Euvanessa antiopa. First stage. 51. Euvanessa antiopa. Fifth stage. 52. Vanessa huntera. First stage. 53. Vanessa huntera. Second stage. 54. Aglais milberti. First stage. 55. Aglais milberti. Second stage. 56. Aglais milberti. Third stage. 57. Aglais milberti. Fourth stage. 58. Vanessa atalanta. First stage. 59. Vanessa atalanta. Fifth stage. 60. Vanessa huntera. Fifth stage. 61. Vanessa cardui. Third stage. 62. Vanessa cardui. Fourth stage. 63. Vanessa cardui. Fifth stage. 64. Junonia coenia. Third stage. 65. Junonia coenia. Fourth stage. 66. Junonia coenia. Fifth stage.Butterflies of New England. Plate 78. J. Henry Biake. del. B •MeiseUitH.BE XL ANATION OF PLATE 79 Front views of Heads of Caterpillars at different Stages.—Nymphalidae (Argyn- nidi, Melitaeidi), Lycaenidae, Papilionidae. Printed in lithography by B. Meisel. All the drawings are by J. Henry Blake, excepting fig. 51, which is by J. H. Emerton. The enlargement is in most cases shown by the short line beneath the figure. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. Euptoieta claudia. Fifth stage. Bpeyeria idalia. First stage. Argynnis aphrodite. First stage. Argynnis cybele. First stage. Argynnis cybele. Argynnis cybele. Brenthis myrina. Brenthis myrina. Brenthis myrina. Brenthis bellona. Brenthis bellona. Phyciodes tharos. Phyciodes tharos. Phyciodes tharos. Phyciodes tharos. Fourth stage. Fifth stage. First stage. Third stage. Fifth stage. Third stage. Fifth stage. First stage. Third stage. Fourth stage. Fifth stage. Charidryas nycteis. Second stage. Charidryas nycteis. Third stage. Oharidryas nycteis. Fourth stage. Charidryas nycteis. Fifth stage. Ginclidia harrisii. First stage. Second stage. Third stage. Fourth stage. Fifth stage. Cinclidia harrisii. Cinclidia harrisii. Cinclidia harrisii. Cinclidia harrisii. Theda acadica. Fifth stage. Thecla liparops. Fifth stage. Mitura damon. Fifth stage. Cyaniris pseudargiolus. Fifth stage. Euphydryas phaeton. Third stage. Euphydryas phaeton. Fourth stage. Euphydry as phaeton. Fifth stage. Rusticus scudderii. First stage. Rusticus scudderii. Third stage. Rusticus scudderii. Fourth stage. Rusticus scudderii. Fifth stage. Everes comyntas. First stage. Everes comyntas. Second stage. 38. Everes comyntas. Fifth stage. 39. Heodes hypophlaeas. First stage. 40. Heodes hypophlaeas. Fifth stage. 41. Epidemia epixanthe. First stage. 42. Incisalia inis. First stage. 43. Feniseca tarquinius. Third stage. 44. Feniseca tarquinius. Fourth stage. 45. Feniseca tarquinius. Fifth stage. 46. Eurymus philodice. First stage. 47. Eurymus philodice. Third stage. 48. Eurymus philodice. Fifth stage. 49. Pontia protodice. Fifth stage. 50. Pieris olerácea. First stage. 51. Pieris olerácea. Third stage. 52. Pieris olerácea. Fifth stage. 53. Pieris rapae. Fifth stage. 54. Anthocharis genutia. Fifth stage. 55. Eurema lisa. Fifth stage. 56. Papilio polyxenes. First stage. 57. Papilio polyxenes. Second stage. 58. Papilio polyxenes. Third stage. 59. Papilio polyxenes. Fourth stage. 60. Papilio polyxenes Fifth stage. 61. Eurymus eurytheme. Fifth stage. 62. Heraclides cresphontes. First stage. 63. Heraclides cresphontes. Second stage. 64. Heraclides cresphontes. Third stage. 65. Heraclides cresphontes. Fourth stage. 66. Heraclides cresphontes. Fifth stage. 67. Callidryas eubule. Fifth stage. 68. Xanthidia nicippe. Fifth stage. 69. Euphoeades troilus. First stage. 70. Euphoeades troilus. Second stage. 71. Euphoeades troilus. Third stage. 72. Euphoeades troilus. Fourth stage. 73. Euphoeades troilus. Fifth stage.Butterflies of New Rn£> lurid. Plate 79. ). Henry Blake, del. B 'Meisel.lith.Bostoti.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 80 Front views of Heads of Caterpillars at different Stages.—Papilioninae, Hesperidae. Printed in lithography by B. Meisel. All the drawings are by J. Henry Blake, excepting fig. 53 by S. H Scudder, and figs. 66-68, which were made by Mrs. Mary Peart and kindly lent by W. H. Edwards, Esq. The enlargement is shown in most cases by the short line beneath each figure. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. First stage. Second stage. Third stage. Fourth stage. Fifth stage. Fifth stage. Second stage. Third stage. Fourth stage. Fifth stage. Laertias philenor. Laertias philenor. Laertias philenor. Laertias philenor. Laertias philenor. Thorybes bathyllus. Jasoniades glaucus. Jasoniades glaucus. Jasoniades glaucus. Jasoniades glaucus. Eudamus proteus. Fourth stage. Eudamus proteus. Fifth stage. Iphiclides ajax. Second stage. Iphiclides ajax. Third stage. Iphiclides ajax. Fourth stage. Iphiclides ajax. Fifth stage. Achalarus lycidas. AchalarnS lycidas. Epargyreus tityrus Epargyreus tityrus Achalarus lycidas. Achalarus lycidas. Thorybes pylades. Thorybes pylades. Thorybes pylades. Thorybes pylades. Thorybes pylades. Thanaos juvenalis. Thanaos lucilius. Thanaos lucilius. Thanaos lucilius. Thanaos lucilius. Thanaos lucilius. Fifth stage. Fifth stage. Thanaos persius. Fourth stage. Thanaos persius. Fifth stage. Thanaos juvenalis. Third stage. Pholisora catullus. First stage. Pholisora catullus. Hesperia montivaga. Amblyscirtes vialis. First stage. Amblyscirtes vialis. Second stage. Amblyscirtes vialis. Third stage. Amblyscirtes vialis. Fourth stage. Amblyscirtes vialis. Fifth stage. Ancyloxipha numitor. First stage. Erynnis metea. First stage. 53. Amblyscirtes vialis. Head of first stage, seen through the egg-shell to show position and relative size before hatching. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. Thanaos persius. Thanaos persius. First stage. 54. Atrytone zabulon. First stage. Second stage. 55. Atrytone zabulon. Fourth stage. ;. First stage. 56. Atrytone zabulon. Fifth stage. . Third stage. 57. Polites peckius. First stage. t. Fourth stage. 58. Thymelicus mystic. Second stage. . Fifth stage. 59. Thymelicus mystic. Fourth stage. Fourth stage. 60. Limochores taumas. Second stage. Fifth stage. 61. Limochores taumas. Third stage. First stage. 62. Limochores taumas. Fourth stage. Second stage. 63. Limochores manataaqua. First stage. Third stage. 64. Limochores manataaqua. Second stage. Fourth stage. 65. Euphyes verna. Fifth stage. Fifth stage. 66. Anthomaster leonardus. First stage. First stage. 67. Anthomaster leonardus. Second stage; should First stage. more closely resemble fig. 66. Second stage. 68. Atalopedes huron. First stage. Third stage. 69. Atalopedes huron. Second stage. Fourth stage. 70. Atalopedes huron. Fourth stage. Fifth stage. 71. Atalopedes huron. Fifth stage. . Second stage. 72. Calpodes ethlius. Third stage. First stage. 73. Calpodes ethlius. Fourth stage. Second stage. 74. Calpodes ethlius. Fifth stage. Third stage. Butterflies of N ew England Plate 80.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 81. Nests and Webs of Caterpillars.—Nymphalidae. Printed on stone by B. Meisel. Figs. 1-3 and 5-8 are by S. H. Scudder, and figs. 4, 9-11 by J. H. Emerton. All are of natural size. 1. Euvanessa antiopa. Showing the web left on a despoiled twig of elm by the repeated marchings of a colony. 2. Vanessa atalanta. The drooping sewn leaf of a nettle inhabited by the half grown caterpillar, open at the bottom. 3. Agíais milberti. A nest from a nettle leaf opened, to show the manner in which the base is cut before drawing the sides together. 4. Agíais milberti. Nest of a nettle leaf, seen from the side. 5. Basilarchia arthemis. The hibernaculum formed of a leaf of the cherry birch (the lower leaf of the twig), showing its resemblance to the young springing leaf (in the middle), and the bursting bud (at the top) of the same twig. 6. Vanessa atalanta. Base of a nettle leaf which has served as a nest, to show the way in which it has been eaten at the base, to permit its readier bending. 7. Basilarchia archippus. Manner in which the tip of a willow leaf is eaten by the young caterpillar. 8. Basilarchia archippus. Another leaf, similarly eaten, with the caterpillar on its perch. The bundle of frass is not shown. 9. Polygonia comma. Concealment of the larva under an elm-leaf, the edges of which, having been deeply cut on either side near the base, are caught together beneath by a few stitches. 10. Vanessa cardui. Nest in a group of thistle leaves. 11. Vanessa hunter a. Close nest formed of a mass of petals of Gnaphalium entangled in web. See also PI. 83, fig. 63.Butterflies of New England. Plate 81.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 82. Nests of Caterpillars.—Nymphalidae (Melitaeidi), Papilioninae, Hesperidae, (Hesperidi). Printed on stone bv B. Meisel. The drawings by J. H. Emerton (figs. 1-6, 8, 9), S. H. Scudder (figs. 7,10) and 0. Y. Riley (fig. 11). 1. Thanaos juvenalis. Nest in the partly eaten leaf of the scrub oak. 2. Thanaos juvenalis. A very close nest on a similar leaf, found completely closed at the end of the season and containing a parasitized caterpillar. 3. Euphydryasphaeton. The winter nest made of the head of Chelone, as it appears in winter when contracted, and containing an entire colony of partly grown caterpillars. 4. Euphoeades troilus. Nest of a leaf of spice-bush, made by a caterpillar in its second stage. 5. Euphoeades troilus. A similar nest, made by a caterpillar in its first stage. 6. Euphoeades troilus. A similar nest, made by a caterpillar in its third or fourth stage. 7. Thanaos persius. Nest of a poplar leaf, as made by a very young caterpillar. 8. Cinclidia harrisii. Nest formed of the summit leaves of Diplopappus, woven together with a thin web. 9. Epargyreus tityrus. A cocoon found at the base of a tree-trunk and made of coarse saw-dust (the borings of a beetle) entangled in web. 10. Thanaos lucilius. Nest of a young caterpillar, made by folding the leaf of columbine. 11. Epargyreus tityrus. Nest formed by fastening together several adjoining leaves of Gleditschia.Butterflies of New England. Plate 82. Mitsel,lith.Boston.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 83 Chrysalids, in color and in outline.—Nymphalidae. Printed ill color from sixteen stones by Julius Bien & Co., after drawings by J. H. Emerton (figs. 2, 8, 5, 9, 10, 16, 17,28, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47-50,52,53,56-64), S. H. Scudder(figs. 18, 19,-21,22,24-27,29-32, 34-36),(4. A.Poujade (figs, 1,11, 13, 20, 89,40, 43, 51,66, 67), L. Trouvelot (figs. 4, 37, 38, 46, 54, 55, 65), Mrs. Mary Peart (figs. 6,14, 23), J. H. Blake (figs. 7, 8), Miss M. E. Blatcliford (fig. 33), C. V. Biley (fig. 15) and George Willis (fig. 12). Figs. 6, 14 and 23 were kindly lent by W. H. Edwards, Esq. Unless otherwise stated, all the figures are of natural size and when colored drawn from the living object. 1. Anosia plexippus. Side view, drawn from an alcoholic specimen and colored sketches. 2. Anosia plexippus. Side view in outline. 3. Anosia plexippus. Dorsal view in outline. 4. Oeneis semidea. Side view. The abdomen is much too dark. 5. Oeneis semidea. Dorsal view in outline. 6. Enocliaportlandia. Side view. 7. Percy onis nephele. Side view. -» 8. Cercyonis nephele. Dorsal view in outline. 9. Scityrodes eurydice. Side view; drawn from a specimen preserved in alcohol. 10. Neonymphciphocion. Side view; drawn from a dried specimen and Abbot’s paintings. 11. Neonymphci phocion. Side view; copied from Abbot’s original in Dr. Boisduval’s library. 12. Basilarchia astycinax. Side view; copied from Abbot’s original in the British Museum, Yol. XVI, fol. 23, tab. 3. 13. Basilarchia astyanax. Side view, from a dried specimen. 14. Basilarchia arthemis. Side view. 15. Chlorippe clyton. Side view. 16. Chlorippe clyton. Side view in outline. 17. Chlorippe clyton. Dorsal view in outline. 18. Basilarchia archippus. Ventral view in outline. 19. Basilarchia archippus. Side view in outline. 20. Basilarchia archippus. Side view; from a dried specimen. 21. Polygonia interrogationis. Dorsal view in outline. 22. Polygonia interrogationis. Side view in outline. 23. Basilarchia arthemis. Dorsal view in outline. 24. Polygonia interrogationis. Outline of meso-thoracic tubercle from the side. 25. Polygonia interrogationis. The same, from another specimen. 26. Polygonia interrogationis. Outline of head from in front, enlarged. 27. Polygonia comma. Outline of head from in front, enlarged. 28. Cissia eurytus. Side view. 29. Polygonia comma. Outline of mesothoracic tubercle from the side. * 30. Polygonia comma. The same, from another specimen. 31. Polygonia faunas. Outline of head from in front, enlarged. 32. Polygonia progne. front, enlarged. 33. Polygonia faunus. 34. Polygonia faunus. 35. Polygonia faunus. 36. Eugonia j-album. tubercle from the side. 37. Polygonia progne. 38. Polygonia progne. 39. Polygonia comma. Outline of head from in Side view. Side view in outline. Ventral view in outline. Outline of mesothoracic Side view. Side view. Side view copied from Abbot’s original in Dr. Boisduval’s library. 40. Polygonia interrogationis. Side view; from a dried specimen. 41. Polygonia satyrus. Side view; from a dried specimen. 42. Polygonia satyrus. Ventral view in outline. 43. Agíais rnilberti. Side view; from a dried specimen. 44. Eugonia j-album. Side view; from a dried specimen. 45. Eugonia j-album. Ventral view in outline. 46. Polygonia comma. Side view. 47. Polygonia comma. Side view in outline. 48. Polygonia comma. DorsalView in outline. 49. Agíais rnilberti. Side view in outline. 50. Agíais rnilberti. Dorsal view in outline. 51. Euvanessa antiopa. Side view ; from a dried specimen. 52. Vanessa atalanta. Side view in outline. 53. Vanessa atalanta. Dorsal view in outline. 54. Vanessa huntera. Side view. 55. Vanessa atalanta. Side view. 56. Junonia coenia. Side view in outline. 57. Junonia coenia. Dorsal view in outline. 58. Euvanessa antiopa. Side view in outline. 59. Euvanessa antiopa. Dorsal view in outline. 60. Vanessa cardili. Side view. 61. Vanessa cardili. Side view in outline. 62. Vanessa cardili. Dorsal view in outline. 63. Vanessa huntera. Dorsal view in outline. 64. Vanessa huntera. Side view, hanging within a nest formed in captivity immediately before pupation. See also PI. 81, fig. 11. 65. Junonia coenia. Side view. 66. Junonia coenia. Side view; copied from Abbot’s original in Dr. Boisduval’s library. 67. Junonia coenia. Side view; from a dried specimen.Butterflies of New England. Plate 8 3. Julius Bien & Co Lit}:.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 84 Chrysalids, in color and in outline.—Nymphalidae (Argynnidi, Melitaeidi), Lycaenidae, Pierinae. Printed on stone in fifteen colors by B. Meisel, after drawings by J. H. Emerton (figs. 5, 11, 18, 20, 27, 31, 45 47, 48, 54, 56, 59, 61-65), G. A. Poujade (figs. 8, 10, 17, 24, 29, 30, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 49, 50, 60), Mrs. Mary Peart (figs! 3, 6,21, 23, 26, 32, 33, 44,51, 52,53,66, 67), L. Trouvelot (figs. 7,12,19, 22,25,28, 35, 36, 55, 57, 58), S. H. Scudder(figs. 1, 2,13-16), George Willis (figs. 34, 39, 46), Mrs. T. L. Mead (fig. 4), C. Y. Riley (fig. 9) and J. Henry Blake (fig. 41). Figs. 4, 21, 23, 26, 32, 33, 44 and 53 were kindly lent by W. H. Edwards, Esq., and figs. 24, 30, 37, 40, 42, 43, and 60 were copied from Abbot’s originals in the possession of the late Dr. Boisduval, by special permission. Unless otherwise stated, all the figures are of natural size and when colored, drawn from the living object. 1. Argynnis cybele. Outline, side view. 2. Argynnis cybele. Outline, dorsal view. 3. Argynnis cybele. Side view. 4. Speyeria idalia. Side view. 5. Argynnis aphrodite. Side view. 6. Argynnis atlantis. Side view. 7. Euphydryas phaeton. Side view. 8. Euptoieta claudia. Side view. 9. Euptoieta claudia. Side view. 10. Brenthis bellona. Side view. 11. Brenthis bellona. Side view. 12. Brenthis myrina. Side view. 13. Brenthis myrina. Outline, side view. 14. Brenthis myrina. Outline, dorsal view. 15. Euphydryasphaeton. Outline, side view. 16. Euphydryas phaeton. Outline, dorsal view. 17. Ginclidia liarrisii. Side view. 18. Ginclidia harrisii. Outline, dorsal view. 19. Gharidryas nycteis. Side view. 20. Phyciodes tharos. Outline, dorsal view. 21. Phyciodes tharos. Side view. 22. Phyciodes tharos. Side view. 23. Hypatus bachmanii. Side view. 24. Hypatus bachmanii. Side view. Copied from a drawing by Abbot in Dr. Boisduval’s library. 25. Theda calanus. Side view. 26. Incisalia irus. Side view, enlarged. 27. Theda calanus. Side view. 28. Theda liparops. Side view. 29. Theda edwardsii. Side view. Taken from a dead specimen. 30. Mitura daman. Side view. Copied from Abbot’s drawing in Dr. Boisduval’s library. 31. Mitura damon. Side view, enlarged f. 32. Incisalia irus. Plain, dorsal view. 33. Incisalia irus. Plain, side view. 34. Incisalia irus. Side view. Copied from Abbot’s original in the British Museum, vol. xvi, fol. 42, tab. 12. 35. Thecla acadica. Side view. 36. Gyaniris pseudargiolus. Side view. 37. Strymon titus. Side view. Copied from Ab- bot’s original drawing in Dr. Boisduval’s library. 38. Incisalia niphon. Side view. Drawn from a dead specimen. 39. Uranotes melinus. Side view. Copied from Abbot’s original in the British Museum, vol. xvi, fol. 37, tab. 176. 40. Incisalia niphon. Side view. Copied from • Abbot’s drawing in Dr. Boisduval’s library. 41. Busticus scudderii. Side view, enlarged J. 42. Everes cornyntas. Side view. Copied from Abbot’s drawing in Dr. Boisduval’s library. 43. Gyaniris pseudargiolus. Side view. Copied from Abbot’s original in Dr. Boisduval’s library; formerly used in Boisduval and LeConte’s Iconography. 44. Gyaniris pseudargiolus. Side view, outline 45. Feniseca tarquinius. Side view. 46. Feniseca tarquinius. Side view. Copied from Abbot’s original in the British Museum, vol. xvi, fol. 35, tab. 80. 47. Everes comyntas. Side view, enlarged :f. 48. Everes comyntas. Side view. 49. Heodes hypophlaeas. Side view. 50. Ghrysophanus thoe. Side view. From a dead specimen. 51. Xanthidia nicippe. Side view. 52. Xanthidia nicippe. Outline, dorsal view. 53. Eurymus eurytheme. Side view. 54. Eurymus philodice. Outline, dorsal view. 55. Eurymus philodice. Side view. 56. Eurema lisa. Side view 57. Pieris oleracea. Side view. 58. Pieris rapae. Side view. 59. Anthocharis genutia. Side view 60. Gallidryas eubule. Side view. 61. Gallidryas eubule. Outline, side view. 62. Callidryas eubule. Outline, dorsal view 63. Pieris oleracea. Outline, side view. 64. Pieris oleracea. Outline, dorsal view. 65. Pieris rapa 44, 53, 57, 60, 68, 81, 83 and 84 were drawn by Henri Metzger; figs. 1, 14-17, 26, 27, 32, 40, 41, 43, 45-47, 52, 54-56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 69-80 and 82 by S. H. Scudder; figs.20-25, 28-30. 61-65 by J. H. Einertoa; and figs. 48-51 by Mrs. Mary Peart, Jent by W. H. Edwards, Esq. Figs. 2-12 are copied from Newport, Phil, trans., 1834, pi. 15-16, reduced considerably. 1. Anosia plexippus. Main nervous system of the larva. 2. Agíais urticae of Europe. Main nervous system of the full grown larva. 3. The same, half an hour before changing to a pupa, 4. The same, immediately after becoming a pupa. 5. The same, one hour after changing. 6. The same, seven hours after changing. 7. The same, twelve hours after changing. 8. The same, eighteen hours after changing. 9. The same, twenty-four hours after changing. 10. The same, thirty-six hours after changing. 11. The same, forty-eight hours after changing. 12. The same, fifty-eight hours after changing. 13. Eurymus philodice. Under surface of last abdominal segment of larva. 14. Busticus scudderii. Extensile organ on the sides of the eighth abdominal segment of the larva. 15. The same. Dermal appendage of the pupa. 16. The same. Dermal appendage of the pupa. 17. Anosia plexippus. Dorsal vessel in the posterior half of the pupa. The figures indicate the abdominal segments, the limits of which are marked by the dotted lines. 18. Oeneis semidea. Undersurface of hinder end of pupa, to show the absence of cremastral hooks. 19. Satyrodes eurydice. Side view of head of larva. 20. Euphoeades troilus. Some facets of the eye of imago, about A-p-. 21. The same. The eye of the imago 22. The same. Some half formed facets of the pupal eye, about ^f*1. 23. The same. Ocellar ribbon of the pupa I3J1. 24. The same. Ocelli of the larva L^-. 25. The same. One ocellus of same, about 26. Epargyreus tityrus. Shrouds made by the larva for attachment of the cremastral hooks of the pupa, about f. 27. Theda liparops. Proleg of larva as seen from above. 28. Thanaos lucilius. Egg showing the first attack on the shell by the enclosed larva. 29. The same, fifteen hours later. 30. The same, two hours still later, showing the mandibles at work. 31. Pieris rapae. Prolegs of larva as seen from beneath. 32. Pieris olerácea. Mandible of caterpillar at birth. 33. Heodes hypophlaeas. Dermal appendage of chrysalis. 34,35. Euphoeades troilus. Variations in the structure of the ocellar tubercles of the pupa. 36. Pieris rapae. Side view of head and first segment of the thorax of the caterpillar, to show the glandular swelling on under surface of latter. 37. Anosia plexippus. Side view of head of larva. 38. Batyrodes eurydice. Dermal appendage of caterpillar at birth. 39. Cercyonis alope. Dermal appendage of caterpillar at birth. 40. Cissia eurytus. Dermal appendage of caterpillar at birth. 41. The same. Appendage in second stage. 42. Eurymus philodice. Dermal appendage of caterpillar at birth. 43. Pieris rapae. Dermal appendage of caterpillar at birth. 44. Pieris olerácea. Dermal appendage of caterpillar at birth. 45. Thoryhespylades. Dermal appendage of caterpillar at birth. 46,47. Thanaos lucilius. Dermal appendages of caterpillar at birth. 48-51. Thanaos juvenalis. Dermal appendages of caterpillar at birth. 52. Limochores manataaqua. Dermal appendage of caterpillar at birth. 53. Limochores taumas. Dermal appendage of caterpillar at birth. 54. Cinclidia harrisii. Dermal appendage of caterpillar at birth. 55. The same. Appendage in third stage. 56. The same. Appendage in fourth stage. 57. The same. Appendage in fifth stage. 58. Basilarchia archippus. Dermal appendage of caterpillar at birth. 59. The same. Appendage in second stage. 60. Basilarchia astyanax. Dermal appendage of last stage of larva. 61. Vanessa atalanta. Dermal appendage of first stage of larva. 62. The same. Appendage in second stage. 63. The same. Appendage in third stage. 64. The same. Appendage in fourth stage. 65. The same. Appendage in fifth stage. 66. Agíais milberti. Dermal appendage of fourth stage of larva. 67. Polygonia comma. Dermal appendage of first stage of larva. 68. Poly gonia progne. Dermal appendage of last stage of larva. 69. Vanessa cardui. Dermal appendage of first stage of larva. 70. The same. Appendage in second stage. 71. The same. Appendage in third stage. 72. The same. Appendage in fourth stage. 73. The same. Appendage in fifth stage. 74. Euphoeades troilus -J-. Malformed pupa still carrying part of the larval head, seen from the right side; r. h., right hemisphere of larval head; l. h., left hemisphere of same; op., ocellar prominence of chrysalis ; s., prothoracic skin. 75. The same, seen from the left side. 76. Head of the last, a little enlarged; o. p., ocellar prominence of chrysalis ; m. mandibles of larva ; l., labium of same. -77. The same; dorsal view, showing larval head on left, ocellar tubercle on right. 78. The same, seen from one side in front and fore-shortened \. 79. The same as the next, enlarged. 80. The anterior extremity of fig. 78, enlarged. 81. Brenthis myrina. Dermal appendage of full grown larva. 82. Polygonia faunus. Dermal appendage of full grown larva. 83. Euvanessa antiopa. Dermal appendage of fourth stage of larva. 84. The same. Appendage of full grown larva.Butterflies of New England Plate 86. B .’Meisel, licK, Bust on.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 87. Miscellaneous Structural Details in all Stages. All the figures are borrowed from earlier publications. Figs. 3, 5, 9, 16, 23, and 25 from Mr. Burgess’s article in the American naturalist; figs. 14 and 19 from Mr Edwards’s paper in the Canadian entomologist; figs. 7 and 20 from Mr. Riley in various publications; figs. 17 and 18 are copied from Mr. Holmgren’s paper in the Entomologisk tidskrift; and fig. 22 from Mr. Frohawk’s notice in the Entomologist; all the others are from my “Butterflies.” Printed at the University Press, Cambridge. 1. Epargyreus tityrus. Last segment of body Of chrysalis, showing (a) the cremaster f, and (5) the cremastral hook ^ 2. Hamadryasio (of Europe). Undeveloped wing as it appears in the interior of the caterpillar f. 3. Anosiaplexippus. Interior view of the bottom of the head of the imago to show the top of the pharyngeal sac and the muscles which distend it cl, clypeus; cor, cornea of the eye; oe, oesopha* gus; fm, frontal muscles; dm, dorsal muscles; Im, lateral muscles; pm, muscles moving the palpus. 4. Eurymus philodice. Ventral view of the front portion of the chrysalis, showing the separate piece (6) covering the base of the tongue -J; t, tongue sheath; a, antennal sheath; 1,2, first and second pairs of legs. 5. Anosiaplexippus. Longitudinal section of the head of imago to show the pharyngeal sac mx, left maxilla (the right removed); mfl, floor of mouth cavity or pharyngeal sac; oe, oesophagus; ov, oral valve; sd, salivary duct; dm, fm, dorsal and frontal muscles which open the sac. Above the sac are seen the cut ends of the transversely encircling muscles which close the sac. 6. Euphoeades troilus. Ventral view of front portion of chrysalis, showing the sheaths of the various appendages f. t, tongue sheath; a, antennal sheath; 1, 2, first and second pairs of legs. Compare fig. 15. 7. Chlonppe clyton. Front view of the head of the caterpillar at different stages, a, at first stage; b, at second; c, at third; d, at fourth; e, at fifth. The natural size is indicated by the lines adjoining. 8. Xanthidia nicippe. Club of antenna of imago, seen from the inner lower side, to show the shallow pits in each joint 9. Anosiaplexippus. • Longitudinal section of one of the maxillae of the imago to show the interior muscles (m) which coil it, and the nerve (n) and trachea (tr) which pass through it. About 10. Anosia plexippus. Side view of front end of caterpillar to show the vesicle on under surface of the first thoracic segment f-. At the right it is seen from beneath and behind, showing the transverse slit at apex. 11. Epargyreus tityrus. Side view of front end of the chrysalis, showing at * the thoracic spiracle -f. 12. Epargyreus tityrus. Cocoon and chrysalis, the front of the former removed to expose the latter and show the two Y-shaped shrouds by which it is suspended |. Cf. pi. 86, fig. 26. 13. Euvanessa antiopa. Leg of third thoracic joint of caterpillar seen from behind J. 14. Cyaniris pseudargiolus. Extensile organs on the eighth abdominal segment of the caterpillar y. a, with the spicules expanded; b, when partially withdrawn; c, one of the spicules still further enlarged. Cf. fig. 19. 15. Euphoeades troilus. The same as fig. 6, with the covering of the legs and part of the wing removed on one side, to show how the hind tibia and tarsus are concealed beneath the wings, outside of the antennae f. 16. Anosia plexippus. Head of caterpillar seen from beneath1^, lb, labrum; md, mandible; mx, maxilla with two palpi; Im, labium with one pair of palpi; s, spinneret; a, antenna (the bristle not shown); o, ocelli. 17. Oeneis jutta. Caterpillar, second stage f. 18. Oeneis jutta. Caterpillar, third stage f. 19. Cyaniris pseudargiolus. Dorsal view of terminal segments of the caterpillar f. a, spiracles; b, extensile organs ; shown in fig. 14; c, transverse vesicle. 20. Anosiaplexippus. Showing changes from caterpillar to chrysalis |. a, suspended caterpillar just before rending of the skin; b, limp chrysalis, just before the cremaster is withdrawn; c, chrysalis just a£ter withdrawal of cremaster. Ideal figures, illustrating the old view of pupation. 21. Euvanessa antiopa. Proleg of caterpillar; a, seen from the side f; b, Sirclet of hooks at tip, seen from beneath f; c, one of these hooks 22. Thanaos tages (of Europe). Imago at rest for the night on one surface of a head of grass, which is bowed by its weight. 23. Anosia plexippus. Cross section of the spiral tongue of the imago, the anterior portion uppermost, to show the mode in which the two halves unite to form a central canal through which the fluid food ascends c, central canal; tr, tra- cheae; n, nerves; m,m2, muscles of one side. 24. Euphoeades troilus. Side viewT of head of chrysalis to show the eye. f. 25. Anosia plexippus. Front view of denuded head of imago ^ oc, compound eyes; a, base of antennae; cl, clypeus; lb, labrum; md, mandible, edged with bristles; ik, base of maxillae or spiral tongue.Butterflies of New England. Plate 87. UNIVERSITY PRESS.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 88. Hymenopterous Parasites of North American Butterflies. Lithography by B. Meisel. Figs. 4, 5,* 6, 9,10,11,12,14 and 15'were drawn by George Marx; figs. 3, 8 and 13 by James H. Emerton; figs. 1, 2 and 7 by Emerton and Marx, and fig. 16 by Henri Metzger. The enlargement is indicated by the lines at the side. 1. Ichneumon ruftventris. 2. Ichneumon versabilis. 3. Trogus exesorius. 4. Hemiteles humeralis. 5. Limneria lime nitidis. 6. Pimpla annulipes. 7. Glypta erratica. 8. Ophion bilineatus. 9. Hoplismenus morulus. 10. Microdus sanctus, 11. Microgaster carinata. 12. Apanteles glomeratus, 13. Cocoons of Apanteles atalantae. 14. Ghalcis flavipes. 15. Chalcis flavipes. Hind femur from side. 16. Chrysalis of Polygonia interrogationis, as cut by Hoplismenus morulus in escaping.Plate 88. Butterflies of New England.EXPLANATION OF PLATE 89 Hymenopterous and Dipterous Parasites of North American Butterflies. Lithography by B. Meisel. Figs. 1-3, and 12 were drawn by James H. Emerton; figs. 4-9 by George Marx; figs. 10,14, and 16-26 by S. W. Williston; and figs. 11,13 and 15 by Edward Burgess. All the figures are enlarged; the enlargement of figs. 1-9 is indicated by the lines at the side of the figure. 1. Pteromalus puparum $. 2. ^ Pteromalus puparum $. 3. Pteromalus vanessae. 4. Encyrtus montinus. 5. Copidosoma turni. 6. Tetrastichus theclae. 7. Derostenus antiopae. 8. Trichogramma intermedium. 9. Telenomus graptae. 10. Exorista futilis $. Side view of head. 11. Exorista blanda $. Side view of head. 12. Phorocera edimrdsii $. 13. Exorista hirsuta J. Side view of head. 14. Exorista hirsuta $. Side view of head. 15. Exorista hirsuta $. Wing. 16. Phora sp. Wing. 17. Exorista theclarum $. Side view of head. 18. Mascicera achippivora. Side view of head. 19. Exorista theclarum. Wing. 20. Exorista scudderi $. Side view of head. 21. Acroglossa hesperidarum Ç. Side view of head. 22. Mascicera rileyi