THE MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD COMPILED IN THE OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MINT 1913 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1913 TREASURY DEPARTMENT. Document No. 2675. Director of the Mint. 332.4 Un31m MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. (NOTE.—In making the calculations for the monetary systems the gram has been taken at 15.432 grains, according to section 3570, United States Revised Statutes.) AFRICA. ABYSSINIA. Actual currency of the country: Maria Theresa thalers and Menelik dollars. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Abyssinia are as follows: SILVER. Denominations. Maria Theresa thaler... J Menelik dollar \ Half dollar Quarter dollar Fifth dollar Weight. Grams. 28.0000 28.0000 14.0000 7.0000 2 5.6000 Fineness. Thousandths. 832 832 832 832 832 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 23.2960 23.2960 11.6480 5.8240 4.6592 Grains. 432.0960 432.0960 216.0480 108.0240 86.4192 Pure silver. Value in United States money.1 Grains. 359.5038 359.5038 179.7519 89.8759 71.9007 $0.4604 .4604 .2302 . 1151 .0920 1 The value of the silver unit is the average value for the first 3 months of 1913. (See. 25 of the act of Aug. 28, 1894, ch. 349, 28 Stat., 552.) 2 Twenty one-hundredths, in weight, to the dollar, hut circulating only as 16. and have occasionally fallen as low as 12 to the dollar. ARABIA. PORT OF ADEN. The whole of southern Yemen and the country around Aden uses Indian and English currency. One sovereign (£1)=15 rupees; Rs. 1=16 annas; Rs. 1=12 pies, or 4 pice. The pice is a coin, but only used as a standard of lowest value, the equivalent of one-sixth of a cent in United States currency. OMAN. The monetary system of Oman is somewhat complicated, owing to the fact that three kinds of currency are in circulation, viz, the Maskat pice, the Maria Theresa dollar, and the Indian currency. The Indian currency is stable, but the others fluctuate independently. The Maria Theresa dollar fluctuates with the price of silver; the Maskat pice varies in value according to local conditions. In addition to these coins in actual circulation there is a coin of account, called a "mohammedi" or "mahmudi" (=to 20 gass or ghazi=to 0.214 mark), according to the dialect of the speaker. Prices are usually quoted in mohammedis. The value of the mohammedi is arbitrarily fixed at a certain fraction of a Maria Theresa dollar, and is different for different lines of business. 3 4 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. For trading in rice, sugar, grains, and piece goods 111/2 mohammedis equal 1 M. T. dollar: For dates 201/2 mohammedis equal 1 M. T. dollar. For fruit and mattings in the Matrah fruit exchange401/2mohammedis equal 1 M, T. dollar. ARGENTINA. The law of November 5, 1881, retained the gold piaster (peso), divisible into centavos, as the monetary unit, but lowered its weight to 1.6129 grams, the exact weight of the French 5-franc gold piece. The act of 1881 also reduced the weight of the silver peso from 27.110 to. 25 grams. Argentine gold coins are full legal tender. Silver coins are legal tender only to the amount of 10 pesos. The actual currency is depreciated paper, convertible into gold one paper peso equaling 44 centavos in gold. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Argentina, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. Fineness. Weight. Grams. Thousandths. 8.0645 900 4.0322 900 Argentine Half argentine. Fine weight. Weight. Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. Grams. 7.2580 3.6289 Grains. 124.4513 62,2249 Grains. 112.0054 56.0011 $4.8236 2. 4117 385.8000 192.9000 77.1600 38.5800 347.2200 173.6100 69.4440 34.7220 $0.9647 .4823 .1929 .0964 SILVER. i Peso 50 c e n t a v o s 20 c e n t a v o s 10 c e n t a v o s . . 900 900 900 900 25.0000 12.5000 5.0000 2.5000 22.5000 11.2500 4.5000 2.2500 MINOR COINS Denominations. NICKEL. 20 centavos 10 centavos 5 centavos Weight. 1 Composition. Grams. 4.0000 3.0000 2.0000 Weight. Value in United States money. 75 per cent copper and 25 per cent nickel. Grains. 61.7280 46.2960 30.8640 $0.1929 .0964 .0482 95 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin, and per cent zinc. 154.3200 77.1600 .0192 .0096 COPPER. 2 centavos 1 centavo. 10.0000 5.0000 Legal tender in amounts up to $1. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. The fundamental text is the law of August 2, 1892. The new monetary system is gold, monometallic, and the legal monetary unit is the crown (0.3387533 gram fine), which is divided into 100 hellers (farthings). Besides the pieces of the crown system there may be coined, for individual account, gold ducats and silver thalers (Maria Theresa type of 1780), but these pieces have no lawful currency. The gold coins of the crown system may be coined for individual account and have unlimited currency. MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Austria-Hungary, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. Weight. Grams. 33.8753 6.7750 3.3875 13.9636 3.4909 100 crowns 20 crowns 10 crowns 4 ducats Fineness. Fine weight. Thousandths. " Grams. 900 30.4878 900 6.0975 3.0487 900 9S6£ 13.7696 3.4424 986i Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. Weight. Grains. 522.7636 104.5218 52.2759 215.4862 53.8715 Grains. 470.4872 94.0696 47.0483 212.4933 53.1233 $20.2623 4.0524 2.0262 9.1508 2.2877 370.3680 190.5188 154.3200 77.1600 433.1268 41.1509 25.7189 333.3312 171.4664 128.8572 64.4286 360.9375 20.5754 10.2869 $1.0130 .4052 .4052 .2026 .8545 .0810 .0405 2 Trade coin. SILVER. 5 crowns Florin 2 crowns 1 crown Maria Theresa thaler 8 .... 20 kreutzers 10 kreutzers 1 24.0000 12.3457 10.0000 5.0000 28.0668 2.6666 1.6666 900 900 835 835 833£ 500 400 21.6000 11.1111 8.3500 4.1750 23.3889 1.3333 .6666 Trade coin, equivalent to 11.29 crowns. MINOR COINS. Denominations. NICKEL. 20 hellers 10 hellers Weight. Grams. 4.0000 VPure nickel 3.0000 BRONZE. 2 hellers 1 heller Composition. 3.3333 1.6666 95 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin, and 1 per cent zinc. Weight. j 1 Legal tender. Value in United States money, Grains, 61.7280 To the amount of 10 \ 46.2960 crowns. | 51.4394 25.7189 On public account, 10 crowns; on private account, 1 crown. $0.0405 .0202 .0040 LIECHTENSTEIN. By the act of August 8, 1898, the gold standard with the crown as the unit was introduced in the Principality of Liechtenstein, in place of the Austrian silver standard which had been in force there previously. With some slight modifications this act reproduces verbatim the provisions of the Austrian act of August 2, 1892, whereby the crown standard was introduced. The law further provides (art. 13) that all coins of the crown standard coined in Austria and Hungary, as well as all varieties of heller pieces, shall until further disposition be legal tender in the Principality at their face value to the same extent as in Austria and Hungary. The coins of the crown standard coined in the Principality of Leichtenstein are not legal tender in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The coinage of nickel and bronze coins is temporarily suspended. (From the report of the chief of the imperial royal mint of Austria for 1898 and 1899.) MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Leichtenstein are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. 20 crowns 10 crowns Weight. Fine weight. Fineness. Grams. Thousandths. 6.7750 900 3.3875 900 Weight. Grams. 6.0975 3.0487 Grains. 104.5518 52.2759 Grains. 94.0966 47.0475 14.0523 2.0261 370.3680 77.1600 333.3312 64.4286 SI.0130 .2026 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. SILVER, 5 crowns. 1 crown.. 24.0000 5.0000 900 835 21.6000 4.1750 BELGIUM. The legal monetary unit is the silver franc of 100 centimes. The gold coins and the silver 5-franc piece have unlimited lawful currency. coinage of gold alone is free and the standard is actually gold. The GOLD. Denominations. 20 francs Weight. Fineness. Grams. Thousandths. 900 6.4516 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 5.8064 Grains. 99.5610 Grains. 89.6049 S3.8589 385.8000 154.3200 77.1600 38.5800 347.2200 128.8572 64.4286 32.2143 $0.9647 .3858 .1929 .0964 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. SILVER. 5 francs 2 francs 1 franc 50 centimes 25.0000 10.0000 5.0000 2.5000 900 835 835 835 22.5000 8.3500 4.1750 2. 0875 The following table shows the kinds of minor coins having currency in the Kingdom: MINOR COINS.i Denominations. NICKEL.2 25 centimes 10 centimes 5 centimes Weight. Composition. Weight. Legal tender. Value in United States money. Grains. Grams. 6.5000 175 per cent copper 1 100.3080 1 Limited tender, 5 ] 61.7280 [• francs between \ 4.0000 > and 25 per cent \ I 38.5800 j individuals. 2.5000 j nickel. ) $0.0483 .0193 .0096 61.7280 (Limited tender, 2 1 30.8640 •j francs between ( I individuals. .0038 -0019 COPPER. 2 centimes 1 centime 4.0000 2.0000 VPure copper / \ i Coined by royal decree of Feb. 17, 1908. 2 Perforated type; same figures apply to unperforated type. J MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. 7 BELGIAN KONGO. The gold and silver coins coined by the countries of the Latin Union having currency in Belgium have currency in the colony, as well as the English gold pieces (pound sterling, valued at 25 francs; half pound, valued at 12.50 francs), and German (20 marks, valued at 24.40 francs; 10 marks, at 12.20 francs). The notes of the Belgian National Bank have currency provisionally. The weight and composition of the nickel and copper pieces coined at the mint of Brussels in 1908, for the Independent State of the Kongo, are as follows: Denominations. United Weight. Value inmoney. States Weight. Composition. Grams. 6.0000 4.0000 2.5000 25.47 per cent nickel and 74.20 per cent copper. 25.40 per cent nickel and 74.22 per cent copper. 25.35 per cent nickel and 74.32 per cent copper. Grains. 92.5920 61.7280 38.5800 Pure copper do 25 per cent nickel and 75 per cent copper. do do 30.8640 61.7280 38.5800 61. 7280 92.5920 NICKEL.1 20 centimes... 30 centimes... 5 centimes $0.0385 .0192 .0096 COPPER. 2 1 centime 2 centimes 5 centimes 30 centimes.. 20 centimes.. 2.0000 4.0000 2.5000 4.0000 6.0000 .0019 .0038 .0096 .0192 .0385 3 Authorized by the decrees of July 27, 1887, and Aug. 27, 1906, and continue to have legal currency, provisionally, in the Belgian Kongo. 2 Authorized by the decree of Mar. 15, 1909, especially for the colony of the Belgian Kongo. BOLIVIA. The Republic of Bolivia adopted the gold standard, in accordance with an act of Congress promulgated by President Ismael Montes on December 31, 1908. English and Peruvian pounds, valued at 12.50 bolivianos each, and half pounds, valued at 6.25 bolivianos each, will circulate in Bolivia, and are unlimited legal tender in transactions of all kinds. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Bolivia, are as follows: SILVER. ( Denominations. Boliviano 50 centavos 20 centavos Weight. Grams. 20.0000 10.0000 4.0000 Fineness. Thousandths. 833£ 833£ 833§ Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 16.6666 8.3333 3.3333 Grains. 308.6400 154.3200 61.7280 United Pure silver. Value inmoney. States Grains. 257.1989 128.5994 51.4394 $0.3893 .1946 .0778 MINOR COINS. Denominations. NICKEL. 10 centavos 5 centavos Weight. Composition. Weight. Value in United States money. Grams. Grains. 5.0000 \75 per cent copper and 25 per cent / 77.1600 2.5000 / nickel. \ 38.5800 $0.0389 .0194 10.0000 \95 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin, and j 154.3200 5.0000 J 1 per cent zinc. \ 77.1600 .0039 .0019 BRONZE. 3 centavo J centavo 8 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. BRAZIL. The gold standard was adopted by Brazil in 1849, but for many years prior to 1907 the currency was inconvertible paper. Under an act which went into effect December 22, 1906, a conversion fund was established by means of import duties collected in gold. By a decree of the National Congress, approved December 31, 1910, the exchange rate of the Conversion Office has been increased to 16d. per milreis. The value of notes issued at the exchange rate of 15d. per milreis shall, from the date of the present law, be appraised at the rate of 16d. The Government shall deposit in the Conversion Office, within five years, the difference in value resulting from the increased rate. Under the terms of the decree the Conversion Office shall cease issuing notes when the total in circulation, appraised at the rate of 16d. per milreis, shall reach 900,000,000 milreis, and the equivalent gold deposit shall amount to £60,000,000. Whenever withdrawals of gold take place the office may receive new deposits and issue notes against same. The guaranty and redemption funds, instituted under law No. 581 of June 20, 1899, are restored. The values to the credit of the guaranty fund shall continue to be applied as stipulated in said law. The values to the credit of the redemption fund shall, whenever the Government sees fit, be converted into gold and deposited in the Conversion Office, for which convertible notes shall be substituted and applied to the redemption of the paper money. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Brazil, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. 20 milreis 10 milreis 5 milreis. Weight. Fineness. Grams. Thousandths.' 17.9296 917 i 8.9648 917 j 4.4824 917 I Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 16.4414 8.2207 4.1103 Grains. j 276.6895 138.3447 69.1723 I Grains. 253.7236 126.8618 63.4301 308.6400 154.3200 77.1600 277.7760 138.8880 ! 69.4440 | Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. $10.9269 5.4634 2. 7317 SILVER. 2,000 reis. 1,000 reis. 500 reis... 900 900 900 20.0000 10.0000 5.0000 18.0000 9.0000 4.5000 SI. 0926 .5463 .2732 MINOR COINS. ! Denominations. NICKEL. 400 reis 200 reis 100 reis Weight. { Grams. 30.0000 15.0000 10.0000 12.0000 7.0000 3.5000 Weight. 75 per cent copper and 25 per cent nickel. '95 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin, and 1 per cent zinc. BRONZE. 40 reis 20 reis 10 reis Composition. Legal tender. Value in United States money. Grains. 462.9600 231.4800 154.3200 To the amount of | 1 milreis. $0.0218 .0109 .0054 185.1840 108.0240 54.0120 To the amount of j 400 reis. .0021 .0010 .0005 i BULGARIA. Bulgaria has the double standard. The monetary system of Bulgaria was established by the law of May 27, 1880. The silver coins of the country are the same as those of France. MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD, 9 The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Bulgaria, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. Weight. Grams. 32.2580 6.4516 3.2258 100 leva 20 leva 10 leva Fine weight. Thousandths. 900 900 900 Weight. Grams. 29.0322 5.8064 2.9032 Fineness. Grains. 497.8054 99.5611 49.7805 Grains. 448.0248 89.6049 44.8024 $19.2947 3.8589 1.9294 385.8000 ; 154.3200 I 77.1600; 38.5800 ! 347.2200 128.8572 64.4286 32.2143 $0.9647 .3858 .1929 .0964 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. SILVER. 51eva 21eva Hew ilew 25.0000 10.0000 5.0000 2.5000 900 835 835 835 I I I j 22.5000 8.3500 4.1750 2.0875 MINOR COINS. Denominations. COPPER. 2 stotinki 1 stotinki Weight. Composition. Weight. Grains, Grams. 2.0000 \95 per cent copper, 1 per cent zinc, j 30.8640 \ 15.4320 1.0000 j 4 per cent tin. Value in United States money. $0.0048 .0024 CENTRAL AMERICA. NICARAGUA. The new monetary system, with the gold standard, provided for under the act of March 20, 1912, went into effect March 24, 1913. The new unit of value is the gold 11 Cordoba," of the same weight and fineness as the gold dollar of the United States. The paper currency will be issued by the National Bank, and the outstanding Government issues retired at the rate of 1 cordoba for 12\ of the old pesos or dollars. Suitable provisions have been made for the maintenance of all coins and bank notes at par with gold. The weight and fineness of the coins are as follows: SILVER. Denominations. Cordoba 50 centavos 25 centavos 10 centavos Weight. Grams. 25.0000 12.5000 6.2500 2.5000 Fineness. Thousandths. 900 800 800 800 Fine weight. Weight. Pure silver Value in United contained. States money. Grains. Grams. 22.5000 ' 385.8000 192.9000 10.0000 96.4500 5.0000 38.5800 2.0000 Grains. 347.2200 154.3200 77.1600 30.8600 $0.5000 .2500 .1250 .0500 MINOR COINS. Denominations. Weight. Composition. Weight. Value in United States money. NICKEL. 5 centavos Grams. 5.0000 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent neckel. Grains. 77.1600 $0.2500 61.7280 38.5800 .0050 .0025 COPPER. 1 eentavo \ eentavo 4.0000 ^95 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin, and / \ 2.5000 1 1 per cent spelter. 10 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WORLD. COSTA RICA. Costa Rica, by a law approved by the President of the Republic October 24, 1896, adopted the single gold standard. Amended by act August 14, 1900. The law provides that the monetary unit shall consist of 778 milligrams of gold 0.900 fine, and shall be called the colon, and be divided into 100 centimos, all multiples of the colon to be coined in gold and all submultiples in silver. Gold payments are maintained. The coins of Costa Rica, with their weight and fineness, are as follows: GOLD. i Denominations. 20 colones 10 colones 5 colones 2 colones 1 colon •. Weight. FineIless - 1 wl£ht. | Grams. Thousandths. Grams. 900 ' 14.0040 15.5600 900 I 7.0020 7.7800 900 ! 3.5010 3.8900 1.5560 900 i 1.4004 .7780 900 .7002 WeJ *t- \ Grains. j 240.1219 ' 120.0610 i 60.0305 i 24.0122 ! 12.0061 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. Grains. 216.1096 108.0548 54.0274 21.6109 10.8054 $9.3070 4.6535 2.3265 .9307 .4653 138.8880 69.4440 27.7776 13.8888 $0.2326 .1163 .0465 .0232 SILVER. 50 centimos. 25 centimos. 10 centimos. 5 centimos.. 10.0000 i 5.0000; 2.0000 ! 1.0000 900 900 900 900 9.000 | 4.500 1.800 .900 i 154.3200 77.1600 30.8640 15.4320 MINOR COINS. Denominations. COPPER. 1 centimo Composition. Weight. Grams. 2.5000 Weight. 75 per cent copper and 25 per cent nickel. Grains. 38.5800 Value in United States money. $0.0046 GUATEMALA. The currency of Guatemala is inconvertible paper, greatly depreciated and fluctuating in value. The weight, fineness, etc., of the authorized coins, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. Weight. Fineness. Grams. Thousandths. 8.6500 900 4.3250 900 900 1.6120 5 pesos.. 2J pesos. 1 peso... Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 7.7850 Grains. 3.8925 1.4508 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. 1 133.4868 66.7434 24.8764 Grains. 120.1381 60.0691 22.3887 $4.8211 2.4106 .9642 385.8000 192.9000 96.4500 347.2200 173.6100 80.5357 $0.4446 .2223 .1031 SILVER. Peso i. £ peso. 25.0000 12.5000 6.2500 1 900 900 835 22.5000 11.2500 5.2187 i The value of the silver unit is the average value for the first 3 months of 1913. (Sec. 25 of the act of Aug. 28,1894, ch. 349, 28 Stat., 552.) MINOR COINS. Denominations. NICKEL. 1 real (12§ cents) £ real j real Weight. Composition. Weight. Gram. Grains. 0.4050 175 per cent copper and 25 per cent I 6.2500 .2380 j nickel I 3.6728 .1080 I • 1.6667 Value in United States money. $0.1205 .0602 .0301 11 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. HONDURAS. Honduras is on a silver basis, the bank-note currency being redeemed in silver pesos on demand. The coins, with their weight and fineness, are as follows: SILVER, i Denominations. Peso 4 peso (50 cents) Peseta (25 cents) Real (12£ cents) 10 cents 5 cents Weight. Fine weight. Thousandths. Grams. 900 25.0000 900 12.5000 835 6.2500 835 3.1250 2.2500 835 2.1250 1 835 Weight. Grams. 22.5000 11.2500 5.2187 2.8125 2.0250 1.9080 Fineness. Grains. 385.8000 192.9000 96.4500 48.2250 34.7220 32.7158 Pure silver. Value in United States money.1 Grains. 347.2200 173.6100 80.5357 43.4025 31.2498 29.4442 $0.4446 .2223 . 1031 .0555 .0400 .0377 1 The value of the silver unit is the average value for the first 3 months of 1913. (Sec. 25 of the act o Aug. 28,1894, ch. 349, 28 Stat,, 552.) MINOR COINS. Composition. Denominations. BRONZE AND NICKEL. Legal weight. Grams. 3.6287 Grains. 56.0000 3.0000 1.5000 5 cents (0.05 of a dollar) l 46.2960 23.1480 COPPER. 2 cents 1 cent 1 Not issued. SALVADOR. Salvador is on a silver basis. The currency is bank notes, convertible into silver on demand. The legal monetary unit of Salvador is 1 peso, silver, 0.900 fine, the same as the Peruvian peso, composed of 8 reales of 12J cents each. They are coined in England and at the mints of the United States for the banks in San Salvador, with the authorization of the Government, without which authorization coinage can not take place. The present coins of Salvador, with their weight and fineness, are as follows: SILVER. Denominations. Peso (8 reales) 50 cents (4 reales) 25 cents (2 reales) 12J cents (1 real) 6£ cents (J real) 3J cents (J real) 20 cents 10 cents 5 cents Weight. Fineness. Grams. Thousandths. 25.0000 900 12.5000 835 6.2500 835 3.1250 835 1.5625 835 0.7813 835 5.0000 835 2.5000 835 1.2500 835 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 22.5000 10.4375 5.2187 2.6093 1.3046 0.6523 4.1750 2.0875 1.0437 Grains. 385.8000 192.9000 96.4500 48.2250 24.1125 12.0570 77.1600 38.5800 19.2900 Pure silver. Value in United States money.1 Grains. 347.2200 161.0715 80.5357 40.2667 20.1339 10.0662 64.4286 32.2143 16.1063 $0.4446 .2062 .1031 .0515 .0257 .0128 .0825 .0412 .0165 1 The value of the silver unit is the average value for the first 3 months of 1913. (Sec. 25 of the act of Aug. 28,1894, ch. 349, 28 Stat., 552.) Nickel coins.—3 cents and 1 cent. Copper coin.—Quartilla (worth 3 cents). 12 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. CHILE. The monetary unit of Chile is the gold peso of the weight of 0.599103 gram,0.9162/3fine. Chile is nominally on the gold basis, but the currency is inconvertible paper. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Chile, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. Condor (20 pesos) Doubloon (10 pesos) Peso 40 centavos 20 centavos 10 centavos 5 centavos Weight. Grams. 11.9820 5.9910 2.9955 20.0000 6.0000 3.0000 1.5000 1.0000 400 400 400 400 400 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 10.9834 5.4917 2. 7458 Fineness. Grains. 184.9062 92.4531 46.2265 Grains. 169.4958 84.7479 42.3731 $7.2995 3.6497 1.8248 8.0000 2.4000 1.2000 .6000 .4000 308.6400 92.5920 46.2960 23.1480 15.4320 123.4560 37.0368 18.5184 9.2592 6.1728 $0.3649 .1459 .0729 . 0364 .0182 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. MINOR COINS. Denominations. COPPER. 2 J centavos 2 centavos 1 centavo hcentavo Composition. Weight. Weight. Grams. 7.0000 5.0000 [95 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin, 1 3.5000 J per cent zinc. 2.5000 Grains. 108.0240 77.1600 54.0120 38.5800 Value in United States money. $0.0009 .0007 .0003 .0001 CHINA. The weight, fineness, etc., of the new coins of China, are as follows: SILVER. Denominations. Yuan (dollar) 1 yuan 20/100 yuan 10/100 yuan Weight. Grams. 26.8567 13.4284 5.3713 2.6857 Fineness. Thousandths. 900 850 820 820 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 24.1710 11.4141 4.4044 2.2022 Grains. 414.4526 '207.2271 82.8899 41.4452 Pure silver Value in United contained. States money. Grains. 373.0073 176.1430 67.9697 33.9855 (i) $0.4777 (i).2255 (i). 0870 O.0435 1 The value of the silver unit is the average value for the first 3 months of 1913 (Sec. 25 of the act of Aug. 28, 1894, ch. 349, 28 Stat., 552). MINOR COINS. Denominations. COPPER. 2 cents 1 cent i cent Weight. Composition. Weight. Grams. Grains. 14.9204 } 230.2516 7.4602 M)5 per cent copper, 5 per cent zinc... \ 115.1258 3. 7301 ) 57.5629 0) 0) 0) BRASS. 1 cash Value in United States money. 1.3428 60 per cent copper, 40 per cent zinc.. 20.7221 i Minor coins are valued in proportion to the silver coins. 0) MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. 13 COLOMBIA. By a law passed October 25, 1903, Colombia adopted the gold standard, prescribing as a monetary unit a gold dollar weighing 1.672 grams and 0.900 fine. The currency is inconvertible paper much depreciated. The value of the gold peso (dollar) is unlimited; of the dollar, half dollar, the peseta (20-cent piece), and the real (dime) of silver, the amount is $10 in each transaction, and of the nickel coins, $2. • The present coins of Colombia, with their weight and fineness, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. Colombian pound Colombian half pound... Weight. Grams. 7.9882 3.9941 Fineness. Thousandths. 916§ »16| Fine weight. Weight. Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. Grams. 7.3225 3.6612 Grains. 123.2744 61.6372 Grains. 113.0016 56.5008 385.8000 192.9000 77.1600 38.5800 347.2200 161.0715 51.4400 25.7200 $4.8665 2.4332 SILVER. Peso Half peso Peseta (20 centavos) Real (10 centavos) Minor coins.—Five, per cent nickel. 25.0000 12.5000 5.0000 2.5000 900 835 666 22.5000 10.4375 3.3333 1.6666 .$1.00 .50 .20 .10 two, and one centavos, containing 75 per cent copper and 25 CUBA. Cuba is without a national currency, paper money, gold, silver, or copper, of any kind. Debts are payable in Cuba in the kind of money stipulated in the obligation, and usually call for United States currency, Spanish or French gold, or Spanish silver. United States national-bank notes are accepted, b u t not the notes of French or Spanish banks. The bonds of the Cuban Government are payable in American gold, and likewise all taxes, duties, and postage are collected, and the accounts of the treasury and post office department are kept in United States money. In the Provinces of Santiago and Camaguey, United States money is used almost exclusively. In the Provinces of Santa Clara, Matanzas, Havana, and Pinar del Rio, custom dictates the use of the different kinds of money in a general way as follows: Car fare, sales of railroad tickets, freight charges, real estate, tobacco in bulk, and cigar-makers' wages are settled in American money. Retail prices of articles selling for less than $10, including cigars and carriage hire, are quoted in Spanish silver. All sugar transactions, and other transactions of importance, including the larger part of the loans made by the banks, are made in Spanish or French gold. For the purpose of domestic exchange, the " l u i s " (Napoleon) and " c e n t e n " (Alphonso) are arbitrarily called $4.24 and $5.30 Spanish gold, respectively. As the gold value of the former is $3,859, and that of the latter is $4.8238 American gold, the parity of an American dollar is approximately $1.09872 in Cuban " Spanish gold." This rate varies in the market from $1.08 to $1.1 Of. The Spanish silver coins in circulation are the " p e s o , " "doble-peseta," " p e s e t a , " and " r e a l , " valued as $1, 40 cents, 20 cents, and 10 cents, respectively. There are also 1 and 2 cent Spanish copper pieces in current use. The " r e a l e s " are quoted in quantities of $5 or more at from 3 per cent to 5 per cent premium, and the copper 14 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WORLD. pieces from 3 per cent to 10 per cent premium. Spanish silver is quoted in "Spanish, gold" and fluctuates widely. During the past three years the rate has gradually approached 100, the present price being 991/4, or approximately 6| per cent discount from the arbitrary rate of 106 "Spanish gold." All denominations and kinds of United States currency are in circulation. In addition to the Alphonso and Napoleon, but not so generally used, also gold coins valued at $17, $4.25, $2.121/2, and $2.12, known as "onzas," "escudos," "medioescudos," and "medio-luises," respectively, are in circulation. DENMARK. The fundamental statute is the law of May 23, 1873, together with the convention of the monetary union signed by Denmark and Sweden May 27, and by Norway, October 16, 1875. The monetary unit is the gold crown, 0.403226 grams fine. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Denmark, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. 20 crowas 10 crowns Weight, i Fineness. I • Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 8.0645 4.0322 Grains. 138.2799 69.1399 Grains. 124.4513 62.2249 $5.3596 2. 6797 231. 4800 115. 7400 37.3454 22.3764 185.1840 92.5920 22.4072 8.9505 $0.5359 ,2679 . 0869 .0267 Grams. Thousandths. 8.9606 ! 900 4.4803 ! 900 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. SILVER. i 2 crowns 1 crown 25 ore 10 ore 15.0000 7.5000 2.4200 1.4500 800 800 600 400 12.0000 i 6.0000 | 1.4520 I .5800 i 1 MINOR COINS. Denominations. BRONZE. 5 ore 2 ore 1 ore Weight. Grams. 8.0000 4.0000 2.0000 Composition. Weight. 95 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin, and 1 per cent zinc. Legal tender. Value in United States money. Grains. 123.4560 I To the amount of f 61.7280 \ 30.8640 j 1 crown. I $0.0133 . 0053 . 0026 ECUADOR. Ecuador adopted the gold standard November 3, 1898, with the sucre or peso, 0.900 fine, as the monetary unit. The law of 1908 provided for two new gold coins, the 2 and 5 sucre pieces. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Ecuador, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. 10"sucres1 5 sucres1 2 sucres Weight. Grams. 8.1360 4.0680 1.6272 Fineness. Thousandths. 900 900 900 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 7.3224 3.6612 1.4644 Grains. 125.5547 62.7773 25.1109 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. Grains. 112.9992 56.4996 22.5986 $4.8665 2. 4332 . 9732 i The 5-sucre and 2-sucre gold pieces, although authorized, have never been issued or minted. 15 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. SILVER. Denominations. Weight. Fine weight. Thousandths. Grams. 900 25.0000 900 5.0000 900 2.5000 900 1.2500 Sucre Real (10 cents) Weight. Grams. 22.5000 4.5000 2.2500 1.1250 Fineness. Grains. 385.8000 77.1600 38.5800 19.2900 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. Grains. 347.2200 69.4440 34.7220 17.3610 $0.4866 .0973 . 0486 .0243 MINOR COINS. Composition. Weight. Denominations. NICKEL. Weight. Value in United States money. Grams. Grains. 5.0000 [ 77.1600 3.0000 [75 per cent copper and 25 per cent 1 46.2960 2.0000 j nickel. \ 30.8640 1.0000 I 15.4320 5 cents* 2 centsT 1 cent 4 cent $0.0243 .0097 .0049 .0024 They also have copper coins of 2 cents, 1 cent, and J cent. EGYPT. The Egyptian monetary system is on a gold monometallic basis, the unit being the Egyptian pound, which contains 7.4375 grams of fine gold ($4.9429); it is divided into 100 piasters. The piaster is divided into 10 ochr-el-guerche. The British sovereign, the French 20-franc piece, and Turkish pound are also legal currency in the country at fixed tariff rates. The sovereign is the gold coin of common use. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Egypt, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. Weight. Grams. 8.5000 4.2500 1.7000 .8500 .4250 Egyptian pound (100 50 piasters 5 piasters Fineness, Thousandths. 875 875 875 875 875 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 7.4375 3.7187 1. 4875 .7437 .3718 Grains. 131.1720 65.5860 26.2344 13.1172 6.5586 Grains. 114.7755 57.3869 22.9551 11.4767 5.7376 432.0960 216.0480 108.0240 43.2096 21.6048 360.0786 180.0393 90.0197 36.0079 18.0039 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. $4.9429 2.4714 .9885 .4942 .2471 SILVER. 20 piasters.. 10 piasters.. 5 piasters... 2 piasters.. 1 piaster 28.0000 14.0000 7.0000 2.8000 1.4000 8334 8334 833J 833^ 8334 23.3333 11.6666 5.8333 2.3333 1.1666 $0 4943 2472 0494 MINOR COINS. Weight. Denominations. NICKEL. Grams. 5.5000 25 per cent nickel 4.0000 > and 75 per cent 2.0000 J copper. 1.7500 1 piaster 5 ochr-el-guerche 2 ochr-el-guerche 1 ochr-el-guerche BRONZE. Weight. ( J 1 t [95 per cent copper, 3.3333 1 4 per cent tin, 1 2.0000 1 and 1 per cent f I zinc. \ ochr-el-guerche \ ochr-el-guerche 85958—13 Composition. 2 Legal tender. Value in United States money. Grains. f 84.8760 61.7280 [•Up to 10 piasters. J i 30.8640 I 27.0060 $0.0494 .0247 .0098 .0049 / \ .0024 .0012 51.4394 30.8640 16 MONETAKY SYSTEMS OF THE WOELD. ETHIOPIA. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Ethiopia, are as follows: SILVER. Denominations. Weight. Fineness. w ^ h \ Weight. d P u r e silver. Value i n U n i t e 1 States m o n e y . i Grams. 28.0750 14.0375 7.0187 1.4037 1 talari \ talari \ talari •£G talari Thousandths. 835 835 835 &35 \ ! ! j Grams. 23.4426 11.7213 5.8606 1.1720 Grains. 433.2534 216.6267 108.3125 21.6618 Grains. 361.7665 180.8833 90.4409 18.0876 $0.4633 .2316 .1158 .0231 1 The value of the silver unit is the average value for the first 3 months of 1913. (Sec. 25 of the act of Aug. 28, 1894, ch. 349, 28 Stat., 552.) MINOR COINS. Denominations. Composition. Weight. Weight. Value in United States m o n e y . COPPER. T ^5 talari Grams. 5.0000 Grains. 77.1600 P u r e copper $0.0010 The thaler is divided into half thaler, roub or quarter thaler, double piaster (toumoun) or eighth thaler, and piaster or sixth thaler. To the different coins is added the "cartridge," of which the value varies according to that of the monetary unit, or from 10 to 12 cartridges for 1 thaler. To have currency the cartridges have to bear the mark of the French society of ammunitions (S. F. M.). TRANCE. Although France has nominally the double standard, the coinage of silver is limited and the standard is actually gold. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of France, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. 100 francs 50 francs 20 francs 10 francs 5 francs Weight. Grams. 32.2580 16.1290 6.4516 3.2258 1.6129 Fineness. Thousandths. 900 900 900 900 900 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 29.0322 14.5161 5.8064 2.9032 1.4516 Grains. 497.8054 248.9027 99.5610 49.7805 '24.8902 P u r e gold V a l u e i n U n i t e d or silver. States money. Grains. 448.0249 224.0124 89.6049 44.8024 22.4012 $19.2947 9.6475 3.8589 1.9294 .9647 SILVER. 5 francs 2 francs 1 franc 50 centimes 20 centimes 25.0000 10.0000 5.0000 2.5000 1.0000 900 835 835 835 835 22.5000 8.3500 4.1750 2.0875 .8350 385.8000 154.3200 77.1600 38.5800 15.4320 347.2200 128.8572 64.4286. 32. 2143 12.8857 $0.9647 .3858 .1929 .0964 .0385 17 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WORLD. MINOR COINS. Weight. Denominations. Composition. Weight. j ! Legal Tender. 1 J NICKEL. Grams. 7.0000 25 c e n t i m e s Value i n U n i t e d States m o n e y . Grains. 108.0240 ' Pure n i c k e l * $0.0482 BRONZE. 10 c e n t i m e s 5 centimes 2 centimes 1 centime^ 10.0000 5.0000 2.0000 1.0000 195 per c e n t copper, f 154.3200 1 f 1 4 p e r c e n t t i n , ll 77.1600 1 To t h e a m o u n t of J j a n d 1 per c e n t 1 1 30.8640 ''. f 5 francs. i J zinc. 1 15.4320 1 ( .0192 .009ft . 0038 .0019 ; 1 Minimum of purity 980 thousandths. FRENCH COLONIES. INDO-CHINA. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Indo-China, are as follows: SILVER. Weight. Denominations. Grams. 27.0000 13.5000 5.4000 2.7000 1 piaster.. \ piaster.. \ piaster.. fa piaster. Fine Weight. Fineness. Thousandths. 900 900 835 835 Weight. Grams. 24.3000 12.1500 4.5090 2.2550 Grains. 416.6640 208.3320 83.3328 41.6664 Value in United Pure silver. States money. Grains. 374.9976 187.4988 69.5828 34.7914 .11.0000 .5000 .2000 .1000 MINOR COINS. Denominations. Weight. Composition. Weight. Value in U n i t e d States m o n e y . I BRONZE.1 Grains, Grams. 77.1600 5.0000 \ 95 per eent copper, 4 per cent tin, a n d j \ 30.8640 2.0000 f 1 p e r c e n t zinc. rh: p i a s t e r 2 1sapeque $0.0100 .0040 38.5800 .0016 ZINC. nhs piaster 2.5000 1 2 P u r e zinc Legal tender up to 2 piasters in a single payment. There have also been coined pieces of 1 cent of the weight of 10 and 7.5 grams. TUNIS. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Tunis, are as follows: GOLD. j Denominations. 20 francs 10 francs Weight. i [ 1 Fineness. Grams. 6.4516 3.2258 Thousandths. 900 900 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 5.8064 2.9032 Grains. 99.5610 49.7805 P u r e gold V a l u e i n U n i t e d or silver. States m o n e y . Grains. 89.6049 44.8024 $3.8589 1.9294 18 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WORLD. SILVER. Denominations. Weight. Grams. 10.0000 5.0000 2.5000 2 francs 1 franc 50 centimes Fineness. Thousandths. 835 835 835 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 8.3500 4.1750 2.0875 Grains. 154.3200 77.1600 38.5800 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. Grains. 128.8572 64.4286 32.2143 $0.3858 .1929 .0964 MINOR COINS. Denominations.. BRONZE. i o centimes 5 centimes 2 centimes 1 centime Composition, Weight. Weight. Grams. 10.0000 5.0000 195 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin, and 2.0000 | 1 per cent zinc. 1.0000 GRAND Value in United States money. Grains. [ 154.3200 J 77.1600 1 30.8640 I 15.4320 SO. 0193 .0096 .0038 .0019 COMORA. SILVER. Denominations. Weight. Grams. 25.0000 5 francs Fineness. Thousandths. 900 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 22.5000 Grains. 385.8000 Pure silver. Value in United States money. Grains. 347.2200 $0.9645 MINOR COINS. Denominations, BRONZE. 10 centimes 5 centimes Weight. Composition. W eight. Value in United States money. Grams. Grains. 10.0000 \ 95 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin, and ( 154.3200 5.0000 / 1 per cent zinc. \ 77.1600 $0.0193 .0096 OTHER FRENCH COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES. Algeris.—The moneys, weights, and measures of France only are used. Madagascar.—The only legal coin is the silver 5-franc piece with its silver subdivisions, as well as the copper coins of 5 and 10 centimes, but the Italian 5-lire piece and Belgian, Greek, and other coins of equal value are also in circulation. The use of French weights and measures and money is compulsory throughout the following French colonies: In Asia.—India, Annam, Cambodia, Cochin China, Tonking, and Laos. In Africa.—Sahara, Senegal, Upper Senegal and Niger, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Mauritania, Congo, Reunion, Mayotte, and Somali Coast. In America.—St. Pierre and Miquelon, Guadaloupe, Martinique, and Guiana. In Oceania.—New Caledonia, Tahiti, etc. GERMAN EMPIRE. The fundamental law of the present monetary system of Germany is that of June 1, 1909, abrogating the law of December 4, 1871, regulating the striking of gold coins in the Empire, the monetary laws of July 9, 1873, June 1, 1900, and May 19, 1908, modifying the monetary system. All references to the arrangements of the abrogated laws are replaced by the corresponding arrangements of this law. The standard is gold monometallic, and the monetary unit the mark of 100 pfennigs. Silver is legal tender to the amount of 20 marks. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of the German Empire, are as follows: 19 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WORLD. GOLD. Denominations. Weight, Double crown(20 marks) Crown (10 marks) Fineness. Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 7.1684 3.5842 Grains. 122.9151 61.4575 Grains. 110,6236 55.3118 428.6666 257.20C0 171.4666 85.7333 42.8666 385.8000 231.4790 154.3200 Grams. Thousandths. 7.9649 900 3.9824 900 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. $4.7641 2.3818 SILVER. 5 marks 3 marks 2 marks 1 mark 50 pfennigs. 27.7777 16.6666 11.1111 5.5555 2.7777 900 900 900 900 900 25.0000 15.0000 10.0000 5.0000 2.5000 SI.1909 .7143 .4762 .2381 .1190 11.1600 38.5800 NOTE.—The law of June 27, 1908, demonetized the thalers and 50-pfennig pieces of old silver coins. MINOR COINS. Denominations. NICKEL.* 25 pfennigs 10 pfennigs 5 pfennigs BRONZE. 2 pfennigs 1 pfennig Weight. Composition. Weight. Legal tender. Value in United States money. Grains. Grams. 61.7281 I 4.0000 Pure nickel the amount of \f 4.0000 V75 per cent copper, / 61.7281 j To mark. 1 2.5000 J 25 per cent nickel \ 38.5800 I (95 per cent copper, 3.3333 1 4 per cent tin, 1 2.0000 1 and 1 per cent [ I zinc. 51.4395 To the amount of 30.8645 1 mark. $0.0595 .0238 .0119 .0047 .0023 i The law of June 1, 1900, demonetized the 5-mark gold pieces, the 20-pfennig silver pieces, and the 20pfennig nickel pieces. GERMAN EAST AFRICAN PROTECTORATE. A decree of February 28, 1904, prescribed the rupee of 100 hellers as the monetary unit of German East Africa. These coins are to be legal tender in all transactions in which coins of the German East African Protectorate and rupees of British India have hitherto been legal tender, both at the public treasuries and in private trade; the copper pieces, however, in amounts not exceeding 2 rupees. The weight, fineness, etc., of the German East African Protectorate are as follows: SILVER.* Denominations. 2 rupees. 1 rupee.. \ rupee.. | rupee.. Weight. Grams. 23.3274 11.6637 5.8318 2.9159 Fineness. Thousandths. 916§ 916§ 916§ 916| Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 21.3834 10.6917 5.3458 2.6729 Grains. 359.9884 179.9942 89.9963 44.9981 [Value in United Pure silver. States money. Grains. 329.9886 164.9943 82.4963 41.2481 $0.6488 .3244 .1622 .0811 i Decrees of Feb. 28, 1904, and Oct. 29,1908. MINOR COINS. NICKEL. 10 hellers Weight. Grams. 6.5000 Composition. 75 per cent copper and 25 per cent nickel. Weight. Grains. 100.3080 BBONZE. 5 hellers 1 heller \ heller Legal tender. (95 per cent copper, 20.0000 J 4 per cent tin, 1 308.6400 4.0000 1 and 1 per cent } 61.7280 38.5800 2.5000 I zinc. Value in United States money. ( To the amount of, \ 2 rupees. SO. 0324 III Denominations. * • 20 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WORLD. GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES. The single gold standard was definitely adopted by virtue of the act of Parliament passed June 22, 1816 (England, to all intents and purposes, has had the single gold standard since 1798). The sovereign or pound sterling, the monetary unit, is a gold coin weighing 7.988 grams, 0.916J fine, containing 7.322 grams, or 113.0016+ grains of pure gold. The silver coins of Great Britain are a legal tender for 40s. or £2, equal to $9,732 in United States money. The present legal ratio between gold and silver in the coinage of Great Britain is as 1 to 14.28781. The English colonies of Malta, Gibraltar, the South and West African colonies, the West Indies, and New Zealand use the coins of England. The Dominion of Canada, Commonwealth of Australia, and Nigeria have special silver and nickel coinages, respectively, which are only current locally. Fourpences of special design are also struck for circulation in the West Indies and British Guiana. In Canada the gold coins of the United States and the pound sterling or sovereign are legal tender at the rate of $4.86§. l^he coinage act of 1870 shall apply to and be in force in each of the colonies or possessions following and their dependencies, namely, Jamaica (including the Turks and ©aicos Islands), British Guiana, the Bahamas, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, the Leeward Islands, the Bermudas, the Falkland Islands, Malta, St. Helena, Sierra Leone, Gambia, the Gold Coast, Lagos, and British New Guinea. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Great Britain now issued, are as follows: GOLD. Denomination. 5 pounds 2 pounds Sovereign H a l f sovereign Weight. Grams. 39.9411 15.9764 7.9882 3.9941 Fineness. Thousandths. 916§ 916f 916g 916§ Fine weight. Weight. Grams, 36.6127 14.6451 7.3225 3.6612 j ! ! i ; Pure gold V a l u e i n U n i t e d or silver. S t a t e s m o n e y . Grains. 616.3723 246.5489 123.2744 61.6372 Grains. 565.0080 226.0032 113.0016 56.5008 $24.3325 9.7330 4.8665 2.4332 218.1818 174.5454 87.2727 43.6363 29.0909 21.3181 14.5454 7.2727 201.8181 161.4545 80.7272 40.3636 26.9090 20.1818 13.4545 6.7272 $0.6083 .4866 .2433 .1216 .0811 .0608 .0405 .0202 SILVER. Half c r o w n . . . . — Florin Shilling Sixpence F o u r p e n c e (groat) Threepence Twopence Penny 14.1382 11.3106 5.6553 2.8276 1.8851 1.4138 .9425 .4712 925 925 925 925 925 925 925 925 13.0779 10.4623 5.2311 2,6155 1.7437 1.3077 .8718 . 4359 MINOR COINS. Denomination. BRONZE Fenny Halfpenny Farthing Composition. Weight. Weight. Legal t e n d e r . Value in U n i t e d States money. Grams. 95 per c e n t copper, 4 per cent tin, a n d 1 per c e n t zinc. 9.4498 5.6699 2.8349 I 145.8293 87.4978 43.7481 To t h e a m o u n t of | 1 shilling. $0.0202 .0101 .0050 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WOELD. 21 AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. Up to the end of 1909 British silver coin was supplied to the Commonwealth States of Australia; since then a local silver currency is, under an arrangement with His Majesty's Government, gradually taking its place. There is no coinage of silver in the Commonwealth mints. The coins of Great Britain and the Commonwealth of Australia are used in New Zealand. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Australia, are as follows: GOLD. Weight. Denomination. 5 pounds 2 pounds Sovereign Half sovereign i I ! | Grams. 39.9411 15.9764 7.9882 3.9941 Fineness. Thousandths. 916§ 916f 916§ 916| Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 36.6127 14.6451 7.3225 3.6612 Grains. 616.3723 246.5489 123.2744 61.6372 Grains. 565.0080 226.0032 113.0016 56.5008 174.5445 87.2727 43.6363 21.8181 161.4545 80.7272 : 40.3636 i 20.1818 ! Pure gold ; Value in United or silver. States money. $24.3325 9.7330 4.8665 2.4332 SILVER. Florin Shilling... . Sixpence-.. Threepence 10.4623 5.2311 2.6155 1.3077 $0.4866 .2433 .1216 .0608 MINOR COINS. Denomination. BRONZE. Penny Halfpenny Weight. Composition. Weight. Legal tender. Value in United States money. Grains. Grams. copper, 9.4498 \[95 per cent tin, and 1 145.8293 \To the amount of / 4 per cent \ 5.6699 { 1 per cent zinc. j 87.4978 / 1 shilling. $0.0202 .0101 BORNEO. The British North Borneo Co. has adopted the dollar in use in the establishments of the Straits Settlements as current money in that State. But they have coined and put in circulation fractional nickel and copper coins. They issue notes of which the nominal value is expressed in dollars. NOTE.—The real seat of government of the territory called "British North Borneo" is in London, England, No. 37 Threadneedle Street, the office of the British North Borneo Co. The paper money issued is a "promise to p a y " dollars signed by the treasurer of the above-named company, located in Sandokan. "Dollars" means Straits Settlements silver dollars, rated 9 Straits Settlements dollars to equal 5 United States dollars, gold. There is no other currency in circulation. MINOR COINS. Denominations. NICKEL. 5 cents 2\ cents 1 cent Weight. Grams. 7.2900 4.8600 3.2400 COPPER. 1 cent Half cent 9.3310 4.6655 Composition. Weight. Legal tender. Value in Un ted States money. Grains. f f 112.5000 75.0000 50.0000 Pure nickel, copITO the amount > per, or mixed of$l. metal. I 144.0000 72.0000 [ $0.0500 . 0250 . 0100 .0100 .0050 22 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. BRITISH HONDURAS. Ordinance No. 31, 1894, of the Legislative Council of British Honduras regulating the currency of British Honduras: (1) The gold dollar of the United States of America shall be the standard coin of British Honduras (for contracts, etc.). * * ¥r •* * * * (3) Subsidiary coins may be from time to time coined for British Honduras, under the direction of the master of the mint, of the metals, denominations, weights, and finenesses specified in the schedules to this ordinance. STANDARD COINS. Weight. Denominations. GOLD. Grams. 33.4370 16.7185 8.3592 4.1796 1.6718 7.9882 3.9941 Double eagle ($20) Eagle ($10) £ eagle ($5) | eagle ($2.50) 1 dollar i . . . . Sovereigns Half sovereigns Fine weight. Thousandths. 900 900 900 900 900 916f 916f Weight. Grams. 30.0933 15.0466 7.5232 3.7616 1.5046 7.3225 3.6612 Fineness. Grains. 516.0000 258.0000 129.0000 64.5000 25.8000 123.2744 61.6372 Grains. 464.4000 232.1000 116.1000 58.0500 23.2200 113.0016 56.5008 179.3275 89.6630 35.8655 17.9319 165.8779 82.9382 33.1755 16.5870 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. $20.0000 10.0000 5.0000 2.5000 1.0000 4.8665 2.4332 SUBSIDIARY COINS. SILVER, 50-cent piece... 25-cent piece... 10-cent piece... 5-cent piece 11.6205 5.8102 2.3241 1.1620 925 925 925 925 10.7489 5.3744 2.1498 1.0748 2 (2 ) (2) ( 2) () i Coined in the London mint or anjr branch of that mint. 2 Values of the silver coins are variable and may be calculated in accordance with sec. 25 of the act of Aug. 28, 1894 (ch. 349, 28 Stat., 552). MINOR COIN. Denomination. Weight. Grams. 9.3311 1-cent piece 1 Composition. Mixed metal Weight. Grains. 143.9975 Value in United States money. W Minor coins are valued in proportion to the silver coins. BRITISH INDIA. The monetary unit of British India is the rupee, which is divided into 16 annas. The anna is divided into 4 pice and 12 pies. The rupee contains 165 grains of fine silver. The law of September 15, 1899, gave unlimited lawful currency to the sovereign and half sovereign, coined in London, as well as in the branches of the London mint, at the ratio of 15 rupees for 1 sovereign (being 1 rupee for Is. 4d.). under the reservation that the pieces were not defaced or fallen below the minimum current weight of 122.5 grains for the sovereign and 61.125 grains for the half sovereign. The rupee and half rupee maintain the unlimited lawful currency which was previously attributed to them, but they must not have lost more than 2 per cent of their weight. This provision has been codified by the law of March 2, 1906. 23 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. The coins enumerated in the following table are in accordance with the law of March 2, 1906. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of British India, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. Weight. Grams. 7.9882 3.9941 Sovereigns Half sovereigns Fineness. Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 7.3225 3.6612 Grains. 123.2744 61.6372 Grains. 113.0016 56.5008 $4.8665 2.4332 180.0000 90.0000 45.0000 22.5000 165.0000 82.5000 41.2500 20.6250 $0.3244 .1622 .0811 .0405 Thousandths. 916§ 916* SILVER. 11.6640 5.8320 2.9160 1.4580 Rupee Half rupee Quarter rupee.. Eighth rupee... 10.6920 5.3460 2.6730 1.3365 916§ 916§ 916f 916| MINOR COINS. Denominations. Weight. Composition. Weight. Legal tender. Value in United States money. NICKEL. 3.8880 1 anna... 25 per cent nickel, 75 per cent copper. 60.0000 BRONZE. 1 pice, or J anna J pice, or £ anna 1 pie, or fa anna 4.8600 (Copper, tin, and ( \ 2.4300 I 1.6200 f zinc. 75.0000 37.5000 25.0000 / [To the amount f of 1 rupee. $0.0202 I .0050 .0025 .0017 ( The coinage of copper coins ceased from August 1,1906, when the issue of bronze coins commenced. CANADA. The Dominion of Canada, including the Provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Yukon, and Northwest Territories, has a monetary system established under "The Currency Act, 1910," assented to by Edward VII, May 4, 1910, by and with the consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada.1 The standard is gold, and coinage upon the decimal system in dollars and cents. United States gold coins and the British sovereign are legal tender, the latter at the rate of $4.86f. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Canada, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. Weight. Grams. 33.4370 16.7185 8.3592 4.1796 20 dollars 10 dollars 5 dollars 2J dollars Fineness. Thousandths. 900 900 900 900 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 30.0933 15.0466 7.5232 3.7616 Grains. 516.0000 258.0000 129.0000 64.5000 Grains. 464.4000 232.2000 116.1000 58.0500 $20.0000 10.0000 5.0000 2.5000 360.0000 180.0000 90.0000 36.0000 18.0000 333.0000 166.5000 83.2500 33.3000 16.6500 $1.0000 5000 .2500 .1000 .0500 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. SIL VER. Dollar 50 cents 25 cents 10 cents 5 cents ... 23.3281 11.6640 5.8320 2.3328 1.1664 925 925 925 925 925 21.5784 10.7892 5.3946 2.1578 1.0789 i The currency act, chapter 25, of the Revised Statutes, 1906, is repealed. 24 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WORLD. MINOR COINS. Denomination. Weight. BRONZE. Grains. 87.5000 1 cent Value in United States money. Composition. Mixed metal—copper, tin, and zinc. $0 0100 CEYLON. T H E COINAGE O R D E R FOR CEYLON, 1892. The silver rupee of British I n d i a , of the standard weight and millesimal fineness specified in the schedule for British India shall be the standard coin of the British Colony of Ceylon and its dependencies. Subsidiary coins m a y be, from t i n n to time, coined for the colony u n d e r t h e direction of the master of the British m i n t (London), or at one of the branch m i n t s in British I n d i a , of the denominations, weights, and finenesses specified in the schedule to this order: SCHEDULE FOR COINS OF CEYLON. SILVER. Denominations. Weight. Rupee (of British India). Ceylon 50-cent piece Ceylon 25-cent piece Ceylon 10-cent piece..... Fine weight. Grams. 11.6640 5.8320 2.9160 1.1660 Thousandths. 916§ 800 800 800 Weight. Grams. 10.6920 4.6656 2.3328 .9328 Fineness. Grains. 180.0000 89.9994 44.9997 17.9937 Pure silver Value in United contained. States money. Grains. 165.0000 71.9995 35.9997 14.3949 $0.3244 (l1) C) C1) 1 Values of the silver coins are variable and may be calculated in accordance with sec. 25 of the act of Aug. 28, 1894 (ch. 349, 28 Stat., 552). MINOR COINS. Denominations. Weight. Value in United States money. Grains. Composition. Weight. (l) COPPER-NICKEL. Grams. 3.8880 Ceylon 5-cent piece 1 Mixed metal eo.oooo Minor coins are valued in proportion to the silver coins. B R I T I S H EAST A F R I C A AND UGANDA. CURRENCY O R D E R , 1906. • * - * • * * * * • * • 3. This order shall be read as one with the East Africa and Uganda (currency) order in council, 1905, and may be cited as the East Africa and Uganda (currency) order in council, 1906. * * * * * * -X- MONETARY SYSTEMS OE THE WORLD. 25 SILVER COINS OF THE LATE IMPERIAL BRITISH EAST AFRICA CO. Denominations. Weight. Grams. 11.6640 5.8320 2.9160 Rupee J \ rupee \ rupee Fineness. Thousandths. 916| 916§ 916§ Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 10.6920 5.3460 2.6730 Grains. 180.0000 90.0000 45.0000 Pure silver Value in United contained. States money. Grains. 165.0000 82.5000 41.25000 $0.3244 .1622 .0811 SUBSIDIARY COINS OF EAST AFRICA AND UGANDA. 50-cent piece. 25-cent piece. 5.8320 2.9160 800 4.6656 2.3328 90.0000 45.0000 72.0000 36.0000 (2) (2) 1 The same as for British India. The British India rupee is current in East Africa, the Uganda Protectorate, and the Zanzibar Protectorate. 2 Values of the silver coins are variable and mav be calculated in accordance with sec. 25 of the act of Aug. 28, 1894 (ch. 349, 28 Stat., 552). GOLD COAST, ASHANTI, AND THE NORTHERN TERRITORIES. 1 MINOR COINS. Denominations. 1 penny i penny Weight. Composition. | Weight. Grams. Grains. 9.4500 1 Nickel, bronze, or other metal, or |J ^ ' S S S 5.6700 ) mixed metal. |{ | ™ 1.9440 Value in United States money. (2) (2) (2) i From forty-second annual report of the deputy master and comptroller of the Royal Mint for 1911. London, 1912. 2 Minor coins are valued in proportion to the silver coins. HONGKONG AND LABUAN. The monetary system established in Hongkong and Labuan, by order in council regulating the currency, February 2, 1895, adopted the Mexican silver dollar of the standard weight and millesimal fineness of 417.74 grains, 902.7 thousandths fine, to be the standard coin of the colonies of Hongkong and Labuan, the British dollar and Hongkong dollar to be treated as equal to the standard coin. The dollar is a legal tender for the payment of any amount. The subsidiary coins are limited to the amount of $2 in payments. SILVER. Denominations. British dollar Half dollar.. 20 cents 10 cents 5 cents Weight. Grams. 26.9569 13.5769 5.4309 2.7151 1.3575 Fineness. Thousandths. 900 800 800 800 800 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 24.2612 10.8615 4.3447 2.1720 1.0860 Grains. 416.0000 209.5120 83.8100 41.9000 20.9500 Pure silver. Value in United States money. 1 Grains. 374.4000 167.6160 67.0480 33.5280 16.7600 10.4310 1930 0772 0386 0193 1 The value of the silver unit is the average value for the first 3 months of 1913. (Sec. 25 of the act of Aug. 28, 1894, ch. 349, 28 Stat.. 552.) 26 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. MINOR COINS. Denominations. COPPER. 1 cent Half cent Quarter cent Weight. Composition. Legal tender. Weight. Value in United States money. Grams. Grains. 9.3310 Icopper or mixed f 144.0000 [To the amount f 4.6655 j metal. { 72.0000 J of$l. \ 2.3333 I 36.0000 I $0.0100 .0050 .0025 STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. Value of the Straits silver dollar fixed by the Government at 2s. 4d. on January 29, 1908, which has since been maintained. By proclamation of the Governor of the Straits Settlements dated August 24, 1904, the Mexican, British, and Hongkong dollars are demonetized and the new coin is the only legal-tender dollar in the Straits Settlements.1 The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of the Straits Settlements, are as follows: SILVER. Denominations. Dollar 50 cents 20 cents 10 cents 5 cents Weight. Grams. 20.2177 10.1088 5.4309 2.7151 1.3575 Fineness. Fine weight. Weight, Grams. 18.1958 9.0979 3.2585 1.6290 .8145 Grains. 312.0000 156.0000 83.8100 41.9000 20.9500 Thousandths. 900 900 600 600 600 Pure silver. Value in United States money. Grains. 280.8000 140.4000 50.2860 25.1400 12.5700 $0.5677 .2838 .1135 .0567 .0283 MINOR COINS. Denominations. 1 cent Half cent Quarter cent Weight. Composition. Legal tender. Weight. Grains. Grams. 9.3310 f 144.0000 4.6650 1 Copper or mixed { 72.0000 2.3333 f metal. I 36.0000 1 $1 Value in United States money. f { I $0.0100 .0050 .0025 i An order in council by Her Majesty the Queen to regulate the currency in the Straits Settlements was made on the 2nd of February, 1895. This order, which repealed the order in council of the 21st day of October, 1890, and all other laws regulating legal tender in the colony, was in its turn amended by orders in council made by His Majesty the King on the 25th of June, 1903, and on the 22nd of October, 1906, and by various proclamations issued by the governor in accordance with these orders. On the 11th of February, 1907, a new order in council by His Majesty the King was issued, making a new dollar and 50-cent piece legal tender in the colony. MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. 27 GREECE. The legal monetary unit is the silver drachma of 100 lepta. The gold pieces and the silver 5-franc piece have unlimited lawful currency. The gold standard is maintained. GOLD. Denominations. 100 drachmas. 50 drachmas.. 20 drachmas.. 10 drachmas.. 5 drachmas... Weight. Grams. 32.2580 16.1290 6.4516 3.2258 1.6129 Fine weight. Fineness. Thousandths. 900 900 900 900 900 Weight. Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. Grams. 29.0322 14.5161 5.8064 2.9032 1.4516 Grains. 497.8054 248.9027 99.5610 49.7805 24.8902 Grains. 448.0249 224.0124 89.6049 44.8024 22.4012 385.8000 154.3200 77.1600 38.5800 15.4320 347.2200 128.8572 64.4286 32.2143 $19.2947 9.6475 3.8589 1.9294 .9647 SILVER. 5 drachmas... 2 drachmas... 1 drachma... 50 lepta 20 lepta 25.0000 10.0000 5.0000 2.5000 1.0000 900 835 835 835 835 22.5000 8.3500 4.1750 2.0875 .8350 12.8857 $0.9647 .3858 .1929 .0964 .0385 MINOR COINS. Denominations. NICKEL.1 20 lepta 10 lepta 5 lepta Weight. Composition. Weight. Grams. Grains. 4.0000 f 61.7280 3.0000 >75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel. \ 46.2960 2.0000 [ 30.8640 Value in United States money. $0.0385 .0192 .0096 BRONZE.1 10 lepta 5 lepta 2 lepta 1 lepta 10.0000 5.0000 195 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin, 1 2.0000 [ per cent zinc. 1.0000 1 f 154.3200 J 77.1600 1 30.8640 I 15.4320 .0192 .0096 .0038 .0019 Legal tender to the amount of 5 lepta. CRETE. [Act relating to the monetary system of Apr. 17,1900.] We, Prince George of Greece, protector and governor of Crete, do hereby, pursuant to articles 30, 111, and 113 of the constitution and act No. 71, upon the recommendation of our counselor, the minister of finance, and with the proper advice of our council, decide and order: ART. 1. The right to coin money is the exclusive privilege of the State. ART. 2. The monetary unit of the State of Crete is the drachma, divided into 100 equal parts, called lepta. 28 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WORLD. The weight, fineness, etc., of coins having currency in Crete, are as follows: GOLD. 1 Denominations. Weight. Fineness. Pure gold 1 Value in United or silver. ' States money. Fine weight. Weight. Grains. 5.8064 2.9032 Grains. 99.5610 49.7805 Grains, i 89.6043 44.8021 ! $3.8589 1.9294 385.8000 154.3200 77.1600 38.5800 347.2200 128.8572 64.4286 32.2374 $0.9646 . 3858 .1929 .0964 j Grams. 6.4516 3.2258 20 drachmas 10 drachmas Thousandths. 900 900 SILVER. 5 drachmas 2 drachmas 1 drachma 50 lepta .....1 ....! ....| 900 835 835 835 25.0000 1 10.0000 | 5,0000 | 2.5000 ! 22.5000 8.3500 4.1750 2.0875 MINOR COINS. Denominations. NICKEL.1 20 lepta 10 lepta 5 lepta Weight. Composition. WTeight. Grains. Grams. ( 61.7280 4.0000 46.2960 3.0000 1 75 per cent copper and 25 per cent \ I 30.8640 2.0000 [ nickel. Value in United States money. $0.0385 .0192 .0096 BRONZE.1 2 lepta 1 lepta 2.0000 195 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin, and J \ 1.0000 / 1 per cent zinc. 30.8640 15.4320 .0038 .0019 Legal tender to the amount of 5 francs. HAITI. l The law of September 24,1880, provided for the minting of a national gold coin, called gourde, weighing 1.6129 grams, of the fineness of 0. 900, and a silver gourde, weighing 25 grams, of the same fineness. The law also provided for fractional silver coins, 0. 835 fine. The gold coins were never minted. The silver gourde and fractional silver coins, with the exception of the 5-cent piece, were minted and placed in circulation, b u t have now disappeared entirely from circulation, owing to the fact that when the paper currency became depreciated they were exported and sold as bullion. The actual currency of Haiti is irredeemable paper, in 5, 2, and 1 gourde bills; nickel, in 50, 20, 10, and 5 cent pieces; bronze, in 2 and 1 cent pieces. United States gold is current in Haiti. Large quantities are met with, owing to the fact that all the export duties, and on imports a surtax of 25 per cent and an additional 15 per cent, are payable in that coin. Some salaries are paid in United States gold, and quite a number of items of the budget are in United States gold. 1 None of the coins issued in 1880 are now in circulation. The money in circulation at the present time is 1, 2, and 5 gourde bills; and in nickel 5,10,20, and 50 cent pieces, coined by authority of the laws of March 4, 1904, and August 20, 1907. 29 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WORLD. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Haiti, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. 10 gourdes 5 gourdes. 2 gourdes. 1 gourde.. Weight. Grams. 16.1290 8.0645 3.2258 1.6129 Fineness. Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 14.5161 7.2580 2.9032 1.4516 Grains. 248.9027 124.4513 49.7805 24.8902 Grains. 224.0124 112.0054 44.8021 22.4010 $9.6473 4.8236 1.9294 .9647 385.8000 192.9000 77.1600 38.5800 347.2200 161.0715 64.4286 32.2143 $0.9647 .4823 .1929 .0964 Thousandths. 900 900 900 900 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. SILVER. Gourde Half gourde.. Fifth gourde. Tenth gourde 22.5000 10.4375 4.1750 2.0875 900 835 835 835 25.0000 12.5000 5.0000 2.5000 M I N O R COINS. Denominations. Composition. Weight. ; Weight. Value in United States money. 1 NICKEL. 50 cents 20 cents. 10 cents 5 cents Grams. Grams. C]1) ( 1) C) 2.7500 Denominations. Composition. Weight. BRONZE. 42.4380 0) Value in United States money. Grams. 2 centimes 1 centime Weight. $0.0500 Legal tender. Grains. [95 per cent copper, 10.0000 I 4 per cent pew- 1 154.3200 1 To the amount f 5.0000 | ter, and 1 per f 77.1600 j of 2 gourdes. \ I cent zinc. 1 .10.0096 .0019 No information furnished. ITALY. The legal monetary unit is the lira or pound of silver of 100 centesimi. Gold pieces and the silver 5-franc pieces have unlimited lawful currency. The coinage of gold only is free and the gold standard is maintained. Other moneys besides, which have lawful currency in Italy, are the gold and silver coins of the countries forming the Latin Union, the Austrian 8 and 4 florin pieces (by decree of Feb. 12, 1871), the 20 and 100 franc pieces of Monaco (by decrees of Sept. 8, 1878, and Feb. 8,1900), the Servian pieces of 20, 5, and 10 dinars (by decree of Feb. 18, 1883), the Swiss pieces of 20 and 10 francs (by decree of May 9, 1884), the Russian pieces of 5 rubles of old coinage and of 7 rubles 50 kopecks of new coinage (decree of Sept. 11, 1891, and Feb. 8, 1900), the 20 and 10 franc pieces of the regency of Tunis (decree of June 9, 1892), and, lastly, the Roumanian pieces of 20 and 10 francs (decree of Feb. 5, 1893). 30 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Italy, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. Weight. Fine weight. Fineness. Grams. Thousandths. 32.2580 900 16.1200 900 6.4516 900 3.2258 900 900 1.6129 100 lire 50 lire 20 lire 10 lire 5 lire Weight. Grams. 29.0322 14.5161 5.8064 2.9032 1.4516 Grains^ 497.8054 248.9027 99.5610 49.7805 24.8902 Grains. 448.0249 224.0124 89.6049 44.8024 22.4012 $19.2947 9.6475 3.8589 1.9294 .9647 385.8000 154.3200 77.1600 38.5800 15.4320 347.2200 128.8572 64.4286 32.2143 12.8857 $0.9647 .3858 .1929 .0964 .0385 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. SILVER. 25.0000 10.0000 5.0000 2.5000 1.0000 5 lire 2 lire 1 lira 50 centesimi 20 centesimi 900 835 835 835 835 22.5000 8.3500 4.1750 2.0875 .8350 MINOR COINS. Denominations. NICKEL.1 25 centesimi 20 centesimi Weight. Composition. Weight. Value in United States money Grams. 4.0000 Pure nickel f75 copper 4.0000 \25 per cent nickel per cent Grains. 61.7280 \ 61.7280 $0.0482 10.0000 5.0000 196 per cent copper 2.0000 J 4 per cent tin f 154.3200 J 77.1600 1 30.8640 I 15.4320 .0192 .0096 .0038 .0192 BRONZE.2 10 centesimo 5 centesimi. 2 centesimi ., 1.0000 1 Legal tender to the amount of 5 lire. .0019 2 Legal tender to the amount of 2 lire. THE ITALIAN COLONY OF ERITREA. . A royal decree of August 10, 1890, prescribed the coining for the Italian colony of Eritrea the following pieces, which do not have lawful currency except in the territory of that colony: SILVER. Denominations. Thaler (5 lire) r\ thaler (2 lire) % T thaler (1 lira) T V thaler (50 centesimi).. T Weight. Grams. 28.1250 10.0000 5.0000 2.5000 Fine weight. Fineness. Thousandths. 800 835 835 as 5 Weight. Grams. 22.5000 8.3500 4.1750 2.0875 Pure silver. Value in United States money. Grains. 434.0250 154.3200 77.1600 38.5800 Grains. 347.2200 128.8572 64.4286 32.2143 $0.9647 .3858 .1929 .0964 MINOR COINS. Denominations. BRONZE. T$TJ thaler (10 centesimi).. T fo thaler (5 centesimi)... Weight. Composition. Grams. 10.0000 >96 per cent copper and 4 per cent tin. / 5.0000 \ Weight. Grains. 154.3200 77.1600 Value in United States money. $0.0192 .0096 31 MONETABY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. ITALIAN SOMALILAND. SILVER. Weight. Denominations. Grams. 11.6640 5.8320 2.9160 1 rupee. J rupee. | rupee. Fine weight. Thousandths. 91f§ 91 ($ 916| Weight. Grams. 10.6919 5.3459 2. 6729 Fineness. Grains. 179.9989 89.9994 44.9997 Value in United P u r e silver. States m o n e y . Grains. 164.9974 82.4979 41. 2481 SO. 3244 .1622 . 0811 M I N O R COINS.i Denominations. Composition. Weight. BRONZE. Weight. Value in United States money. Grains. Grams. 10.0000 [95 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin, and f 154.3200 \ 77.1600 5.0000 j 1 per cent zinc. 2 I 38.5800 2.5000 4 bese 2 bese 1 besa $0.0076 .0038 .0019 2 L a w of A u g . 21, 1862. 1 R o y a l decree of J a n . 28, 1909. JAPAN. By a law which went into operation October 1, 1897, Japan adopted the single gold standard. The coinage unit is 2 fun (11.574 grains of pure gold)—that is, one-half of the former unit. The former 1-yen silver coins, although at first given unrestricted currency at the value of the new gold yen, have since been retired. The notes of the bank of Japan compose the paper currency. The gold standard is maintained. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Japan, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. Weight. Grams. 16.6666 8.3333 4.1666 20 yen 10 y e n 5 yen. Fineness. Thousandths. 900 900 900 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 15.0000 7.5000 3.7500 Grains. 257.1989 128.5994 64.2997 Grains. 231.4800 115.7400 57.8700 $9.9689 4.9844 2.4921 156.2490 62.4996 34.7220 124.9992 49.9996 24.9998 $0.2492 .0996 .0498 P u r e gold |Value i n U n i t e d or silver. States m o n e y . SILVER. 50 s e n . 20 s e n . 10 s e n . 10.1250 4.0500 2.2500 800 800 720 8.1000 3.2400 1.6200 MINOR COINS. Denominations. Weight. NICKEL. Grams. 4.6654 5 sen Composition. 25 per cent pure nickel and 75 per cent copper. Weight. Grains. 71.9964 Legal tender. Value in United States money. To the amount of 1 yen. $0 0249 BRONZE. (95 per cent copper, 7.1280 < 4 per cent tin, 1 3.5640 I 1 per cent zinc. j 1 sen 5 rin (§ sen) 85958—13 3 109.9992 \To the amount / 54.9996 / of 1 yen. \ .0049 .0024 32 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. FORMOSA OR TAIWAN. The monetary system of Japan is established in Taiwan, except that the notes of the bank of Taiwan have circulation, redeemable in gold and in the notes of the Bank of Japan. KOREA OR CHOSEN. As a result of the annexation the former Korean coins are to be gradually withdrawn and replaced by the current coins of Japan. The notes of the Bank of Japan and of the newly chartered bank of Chosen will be the paper currency. LUXEMBURG. THE COINAGE OF A NATIONAL COIN BY THE GRAND DUCHY OF LUXEMBURG. [From L'Economiste Europeen, Paris, September 13, 1912.] The correspondent of uLe Temps" (newspaper) at Luxemburg, writes as follows:. Up to the present the monetary system of Luxemburg existed only in a state of embryo, and what they had embarrassed foreigners who traversed the country. The monetary unit is the franc, which the Luxemburg, in spite of its customs alliance with Germany was authorized to maintain by a special derogation in the monetary agreement concluded between the States which made part of the German Customs Union (Zollverein). Accounts are still established in francs, but payments are made in marks. Up to the present time the Grand Duchy does not possess.any coins struck in the Luxemburg State, except the nickel 10 and 5 centime pieces and billon 2J centime pieces. These coins circulate concurrently with German and Belgian nickel coins. The gold and silver coins are represented almost exclusively by German pieces, which disappear immediately after they come into the country on account of their premium. The weight and composition of the nickel and bronze pieces coined at the mint of Brussels in 1908 for the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg are as follows: MINOR COINS. Denominations. Weight. Composition. Weight. NICKEL. 5 centimes i ' Grams. 2.5000 75 per cent copper and 25 per cent nickel BRONZE. 2J centimes | Grains. 38.5800 . 2.5000 95 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin, and 1 per cent zinc.. 38.5800 MEXICO. The fundamental text is the law of December 9, 1904, and the decree of March 25, 1905. The theoretical unit is the gold peso 750 milligrams fine (the silver peso previously coined, with the weight of 24.4388 grams of fine silver, had a value equivalent to 750 milligrams of fine gold). The silver piece of 1 peso (or piaster) has the same unlimited lawful currency as the gold coins. MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E 335 WOBLD. T h e weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Mexico are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. 10 pesos.... 5 pesos Weight. Fineness. Grams. 8.3333 4.1666 Thousandths. 900 900 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 7.5000 3.7500 Grains. 128.6000 64.3000 Grains. 115.7400 57.8700 417.7905 192.9000 77.1600 38.5800 377.1395 154.3200 61.7280 30.8640 $4.9844 2.4922 SILVER. Peso 50 centavos. 20 centavos, 10 centavos. 27.0730 12.5000 5.0000 2.5000 902.7 800 800 800 24.4388 10.0000 4.0000 2.0000 $0.4984 .2492 MINOR COINS. Denominations. NICKEL. 5 centavos Composition. Weight. Grams. 5.0000 Weight. Value in United States money. Grains. 77.1600 Pure nickel $0.0249 92.5920 46.2960 .0099 .0049 BRONZE. 2 centavos 1 centavo 6.0000 \95 per cent copper, 4 parts tin, and 1 / 3.0000 / per cent zinc. \ NOTE.—The silver peso is unlimited legal tender. The subsidiary silver is legal tender in amounts up to $1. MONTENEGRO. T h e new Austrian crown standard was introduced in this country on March I, 1901, to take effect from t h a t date in place of the Austrian florin, which h a d theretofore constituted t h e currency of the principality. T h e Montenegrin coinage is based on the units of para and perper, or crowns; 100 p a r a = l perper, or crown. The pieces are of copper (1 and 2 para), nickel (10 and 20 para), silver (1, 2, and 5 crowns), gold (10, 20, and 100 crowns). The .copper pieces are of an alloy containing 950 parts of copper, 40 parts of t i n , and 10 parts of zinc. T h e nickel pieces are without alloy. T h e silver pieces contain 835 parts of silver and 165 parts of copper. The gold pieces contain 900 parts of gold and 100 parts of copper. T h e weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Montenegro, are as follows: Denominations. 100 perpers 20 perpers. 10 perpers. Weight. Fineness. Thousandths. Grams. 900 33.8753 900 6.7750 90G 3.3875 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. Grains. 522.7636 104.5518 52.2759 Grains. 470.4872 94.0966 47.0483 $20.2623 4.0524 2.0262 385.8000 154.3200 77.1600 347.2200 128.8572 64.4286 $1.0130 .4052 .2026 30.4877 6.0975 3.0487 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. SILVER. 5 crowns.. 2 crowns.. 1 crown 25.0000 10.0000 5.0000 900 835 835 22.5000 8.3500 4.1750 34 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WOELD. MINOR COINS. Denominations. NICKEL. 20 paras 10 paras Composition. Weight. Weight. Value in United States money. J \ Grains. 61.7280 30.8640 $0.0385 .0192 2.0000 195 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin, 1 / \ 1.0000 / per cent zinc. 30.8640 15.4320 .0038 .0019 Grams. 4.0000 VPure nickel 2.0000 COPPER. 2 paras 1 para MOROCCO. The coinage system is based upon that of Spain, and in the various coast towns the Spanish silver currency is almost entirely in use, the exchange fluctuating in accordance with the published rates of Madrid on Paris and London. A native silver and copper coinage is in general use throughout the interior and Morocco generally, and is at a still greater discount than Spanish silver upon European gold. The native currency, called "hassani," is manufactured in England, France, and Germany, according to contracts made between the Moorish Government and private individuals and companies. There is no gold in general circulation, and it can be obtained in moderate quantities at the various reputable banks in Tangier and other coast towns. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Morocco, are as follows: SILVER ("AZIZI" COINS). Denominations. Rial (piaster, dollar, or 10 ounces) ^ rial irial •fo rial •^ rial. Weight. Fineness. Grams. Thousandths. 25.0000 900 12.5000 835 6.2500 835 2.5000 835 1.2500 835 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 22.5000 10.4375 5.2187 2.0875 1.0437 Grains. 385.8000 192.9000 96.4500 38.5800 19.2900 Pure silver. Value in United States money.* Grains. 347.2200 161.0715 80.5349 32.2143 16.1063 $0.4446 .2062 . 1031 .0412 .0206 i The value of the silver unit is the average value for the first 3 months of 1913. (Sec. 25 of the act of Aug. 28, 1894, ch. 349, 28 Stat., 552.) It is impossible to know the amount of either "azizi" coin or other coin in circulation. (OTHER) SILVER COINS.* Denomination. 5 ounces 2\ ounces 1 ounce £ ounce Weight. Grams. 14.5580 7.2790 2.9110 1.4550 Fineness. Thousandths. 835 835 835 835 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 32.1559 6.0780 2.4307 1.2149 Grains. 224.6590 112.3295 44.9226 22.4536 Pure silver Value in United contained. States money.* Grains. 187.5902 93.7951 37.5103 18.7487 $0.2402 1201 0480 0240 1 From report of the French mint, 1901. a The value of the silver unit is the average value for the first three months of 1913. (Sec. 25 of the act Of Aug. 28, 1894. ch. 349, 28 Stat., 552.) 35 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. MINOR COINS.i Weight. Denominations. Composition. Weight. Value i n U n i t e d States m o n e y BRONZE. Grams. 10.0000 5.0000 [95 per cent copper, 4 per cent t i n , 2.0000 j 1 per cent zinc. 1.0000 10 g r a m m e s 5 grammes 2 grammes 1 gramme 1 3 ( I 1 I Grains. 154.3200 77.1600 30.8640 15.4320 (2) (2) (2) (2) From report of the French mint, 1901. Minor coins are valued in proportion to the silver coins. NETHERLANDS. Holland is usually classed as a double-standard country. It would be more correct to say that it has a gold standard conjointly with the circulation, as a legal tender, of the rixdaler, gulden, and half gulden. Thefundamentalmonetary law of the'Netherlands at the present time is that of May 28, 1901, altered by the law of December 31, 1906. A bill was passed in 1875 (June 6) opening the mint to the public for the coinage of gold, making the new standard coin a 10-florin gold piece, weighing 6.048 grams of fine gold, thus establishing the ratio in coinage of gold to silver of 1 to 15.625. The monetary system of the Dutch colonies is tee same as that of the mother country. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of the Netherlands, are as follows: Weight. Denominations. Grams. 6.7200 3.4940 10 florins Ducat 1 Fineness. Thousandths. 900 983 P u r e gold Value in U n i t e d States m o n e y . or silver. Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 6.0480 3.4346 Grains. 103.7030 53.9194 Grains. 93.3327 53.0027 $4.0195 2.2826 385.8000 154.3200 77.1600 55.1694 21. 6048 364.5810 145.8324 72.9162 35.3084 13.8270 $1.0048 .4019 . 2097 .1004 .0401 SILVER. 1 ! j 2h florins Florin h florin 25 cents 10 cents ! 25.0000 10.0000 5.0000 3.5750 1. 4000 945 945 945 640 640 1 23.6250 9.4500 4. 7250 2. 2880 . 8960 Trade coin. MINOR COINS. Denominations. NICKEL. 5 cents Weight. Composition. Grams. 4.5000 25 per cent nickel a n d 75 per cent copper. Weight. Grains. 69.4440 Legal t e n d e r . Value in U n i t e d States m o n e y . To t h e a m o u n t of 1 florin. $0.0200 BRONZE. 2i- cents 1'cent i cent 4.0000 2.5000 1.2500 [95 per cent cop1 per, 4 per cent | j t i n , a n d 1 per \ I I cent zinc. 61.7280 1 T o t h e a m o u n t j \ 38.5800 | of J florin. 19.2900 [ .0100 .0040 . 0020 36 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WORLD. N E T H E R L A N D S EAST I N D I E S . SILVER. Denominations. Weight. Grams. 3.1800 1.2500 .6100 J florin TV florin ^ florin Fine weight. Fineness. Weight. Grams. 2.2896 .9000 .4392 Grains. 49.0737 19.2900 9.4135 Thousandths. 720 720 720 United Pure silver. Value inmoney. States Grains. 35.3331 13.8888 6. 7777 $0.1004 .0401 .0200 MINOR COINS. Denominations. COPPER. 2J cents 1 cent J cent Weight. Composition. Grams. 12.5000 4.8000 >Pure copper 2.3000 Weight. Legal tender. Value in United States money. Grains. f 192.9000 1 To the amount [ :. \ 74.0736 { [ 35.4936 | of 2 florins. I $0.0100 .0040 .0020 CURACAO. SILVER. Denominations. 25 cents 10 cents Weight. Grams. 3.5750 1.4000 ! Fine weight. Fineness. Thousandths. 640 640 Weight. Grams. 2. 2880 .8960 Grains. 55.1694 21.6048 e i Pure ssilver. j ' V ta al u e si nmUonn tee y .* < lure mer s t Grains. 35.3084 13.8270 ! $0.1004 .0401 NORWAY. T h e fundamental texts of the monetary system of Norway are the laws of J u n e 4t 1873, and April 17, 1875, and the agreement to the monetary u n i t with Denmark and Sweden, signed b y Norway October 16, 1875. The monetary u n i t is the gold crown (0.403227 grams fine). Only the gold coins have unlimited lawful currency, and t h e coinage of gold alone is free. T h e weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Norway, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. 20 crowns 10 crowns 5 crowns Weight. Fineness. Grams. Thousandths. 8.9606 • 900 4.4803 900 2.2401 900 Fine weight. WTeight. • Grams. 8.0645 • 4.0322 2.0161 Grains. 138.2799 69.1399 34.5699 Grains. 124.4510 62.2249 31.1124 231.4800 115,7400 77,1600 37,3454 22,3764 185.1840 92,5920 46,2960 22.4072 8.9505 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. $5.3596 2.6797 1.3398 SILVER. 2 crowns 1 crown 50 ore 25 ore 10 ore 15.0000 7.5000 5.0000 2.4200 1.4500 800 800 600 600 | 400 12.0000 6.0000 3.0000 1.4520 .5800 * $0.5359 .2679 .1339 .0669 .0267 37 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WORLD. MINOR COINS. Weight. Denominations. .—. . BRONZE. 5 ore 2 ore lore Composition. Weight. Legal tender. Value. 1 ! ; G m m s 8.0000 95 per cent copper, 4.0000 4 per cent tin,and 2.0000 1 per cent zinc. Grains. 123.4560 61.7280 30.8640 $0.0133 .0053 .0026 To the amount of 1 crown. PANAMA. The monetary unit of the Republic is the balboa, a gold coin, weighing 1.672 grams of 0.900 fineness. The United States of America's dollar and its multiples have legal currency for their nominal value. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Panama, are as follows: GOLD.i Denominations. 20 balboa 2 10 b a l b o a 2 5 balboa 2£ balboa 1 balboa Weight. Grams. 33.4370 16.7185 8.3592 4.1796 1.6720 Fineness. Thousandths. 900 900 900 900 900 Fine weight. Weight. P u r e gold Value in U n i t e d States m o n e y or silver. Grams. 30.0933 15.0466 7.5232 3.7616 1.5046 Grains. 516.0090 258.OOCO 129.0300 64.5C.03 25.8000 Grains. 464.4000 232.2C00 116.1000 58.0500 23.2200 385.8000 192.9000 77.1600 38.5? 00 19.2900 347.2200 173.6100 69.4440 ! 34.7220 I 17.3610 ! $20.00 10.00 5.00 2.50 1.00 SILVERS Peso (i balboa) Half peso (i balboa).. 1 peso A peso 4 sV peso 25.0000 12.5000 5.0000 2.. 5000 1.2500 900 900 900 900 900 22.5000 11.2500 4.5000 2.2500 1.1250 $0.50 .25 .10 .05 .025 1 2 Coinage authorized by law, but no coins of these descriptions have actually been issued. A piece of 10 or 23 balboas shall be coined, whichever shall be deemed most necessary for commerce, s Coins of these descriptions have been issued and are now in circulation. « The last-named silver coin has been withdrawn from circulation for some time, in fact shortly after it was issued, and is only now found in coin shops. Two nickel coins are in circulation. PARAGUAY. The money of account of Paraguay is the peso, divided into 100 centavos. The country, however, has a depreciated paper currency. The gold onza is rated officially at 16 paper pesos. Under a financial act promulgated October, 1903, the gold and silver coins of the Argentine Republic have legal currency in Paraguay. The rate of exchange for Argentine gold is subject to daily fluctuations, ranging from 1,080 per cent to 1,750 per cent within the last 18 months. At present (May 13, 1912) it is 1,550 per cent, which means that it takes $15.50 in Paraguayan paper to b u y 1 Argentine gold peso. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Paraguay, are as follows: Denominations. Peso Weight. Fineness. Grams. 25.0000 Thousandths. 900 1 Fine weight. Weight. Pure silver. Grams. 22.5000 Grains. 385.8000 Grains. 347.2200 Not in circulation. Value in U n i t e d States money. 1 $0.9646 38 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. MINOR COINS. Denominations. Composition. Weight. Weight. Legal t e n d e r . V a l u e in U n i t e d States money. NICKEL. Grains. Grams. 61.7280 | T o t h e a m o u n t of f 4.0000 175 p e r c e n t copper \ 46.2960 > 2 p e r c e n t of \ 3.0000 > a n d 25 per c e n t { [ 30.8640 J t h e p a y m e n t . I 2.0000 j nickel. 20 c e n t s 10 c e n t s 5 cents $0.1929 .0964 .0482 PERSIA. Persia has nominally the double standard, but the principal coin is the silver kran of 71.0334 grains, 0.900 fine. Its coinage is on Government account. The weight, fineness, etc., of the authorized coins of Persia, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. Fineness, Weight, j J ^ P u r e gold V a l u e i n U n i t e d or silver. States money. Weight. i 2 1 ^ $ tomanis tomani tomani tomani . Grams. 5.7537 2.8768 1.4384 .5754 Thousandths. 900 900 ! 900 900 i Grams. 5.1783 2.5891 1.2945 .5178 Grains. 88.7911 44.3947 22.1973 8.8795 Grains. 79.9120 39.9552 19.9776 7.9915 355.1674 142.0669 71.0334 35.5090 17.7468 8.8734 319.6506 127.8602 63.9300 31.9581 15.9721 7.9860 $3.4415 1.7207 .8604 .3442 SILVER. 23.0150 9.2060 4.6030 2.3010 1.1500 .5750 5 krans 2 krans 1 kran 10 chais 5 chai s 3 chais 20.7135 8.2854 4.1427 2.0709 1.0350 .5175 900 900 900 900 900 900 1 The value of the silver unit is variable, and on account of the restricted coinage does not follow the fluctuations of silver bullion. MINOR COINS. Denominations. Weight. Composition. ' 1 NICKEL. 2 chais 1 chai Value in United States money. ; Grams. t' 0000 1 7 5 P e r Weight. \ c e n t C °PPer' 25 Per Cent n i c k e L i Grains. 46 2Q60 C1) (i) 1 Valued in proportion to the silver coins. NOTE. —The bronze coins were demonetized in 1900 and have no lawful currency. PERU. In establishing the gold standard in this country a few years ago, the Peruvian libra, a coin of the same weight and fineness as the pound sterling, was adopted as the monetary unit; and the legal value of the silver sol, which, with its divisions, had theretofore constituted the exclusive currency (asid« from copper pieces), was fixed at 24d. or one-tenth of a pound. Both of the gold coins mentioned are unlimited legal tender, and for several years have circulated in this part of the country with silver, 10 soles passing freely as the equivalent of a pound, sterling or Peruvian, and vice versa. The sol, which is the counterpart of the 5-franc piece, contains 25 grams of silver, 0.9 fine. Its legal value, as is above implied, is one-half that of the French coin, due to the fact that in Peru a coinage ratio of 31 to 1 between silver and gold was substituted for the Latin Union ratio of 15J to 1, which had been the legal ratio. MONETARY SYSTEMS OP T H E WORLD. 39 The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Peru, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. Pound \ pound pound ("quintos")*... Weight. Grams. 7.9882 3.9941 1.5976 Fineness. Thousandths. 91(| 9ie§ Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 7.3225 3.6612 1. 4645 Grains. 123. 2744 61.6372 24. 6541 Grains. 113.0016 56.5008 22. 6003 $4.8665 2. 4332 . 9733 385.8000 192.9000 77.1600 38.5800 19.2900 347. 2200 173.6100 69.4440 •34. 7220 17.3610 $0.4866 .2433 . 0973 .0486 .0243 P u r e gold Value in U n i t e d or silver. States m o n e y . SILVER. Sol * SOl isol ^ sol ( d i n e r o ) . . . ,V sol Q-dinero). 25.0000 12.5000 5.0000 2.5000 1.2500 L 22.5000 11.2500 4.5000 2. 2500 1.1250 900 900 900 900 900 Authorized b y law of Dee. 18, 1897. MINOR COINS. Denominations. BRONZE. 2 centavos 1 centavo Composition. Weight. Weight. Grams. Grains. 10.0000 \95 per cent copper, 3 per cent tin, ( 154.3200 5.0000 j a n d 2 per cent zinc. \ 77. lfOO Value in U n i t e d States m o n e y . SO. 0097 .0048 PORTUGAL. N E W MONETARY U N I T IN PORTUGAL. The Portuguese Government, b y a decree signed May 22,1911, adopted a new monetary system, and the currency will be placed in circulation as soon as possible. The unit fixed for the entire territory of the Republic, excepting the possessions in India, is the gold escudo, which will contain the same amount of gold as the milreis, equivalent to $1.08 American gold. The escudo is divided into 100 equal parts called centavos, so that 1 centavo is equal to 10 reis of the old system. This is practically equivalent to the American cent. Multiples of the escudo are 2, 5, and 10 gold escudos, equivalent to the 2, 5, and 10 milreis of the old system. The divisions of the escudo are in silver, with a value of 50, 20, and 10 centavos, corresponding to 500, 200, and 100 reis. Subsidiary coinage consists of bronze and nickel pieces of a legal value of 4, 2, 1, and 0.5 centavos, equivalent to an old 40-reis piece, and the 20, 10, and 5 reis of the actual circulation. The assay adopted for the gold and silver escudos is fixed at 0.900 fine, and for the 50, 20, and 10 centavos 0.835 fine. Four and one-half escudos equal the pound sterling, which also passes as legal tender in Portugal. GOLD. Denominations. 10 escudos (10 m i l r e i s ) . . . 5 escudos (5 milreis) 2 escudos (2 milreis) 1 escudo (1 milreis) Weight. Grams. 18.0650 9.0325 3.6130 1. 8055 Fineness. Thousandths. 900 900 900 900 Fine weight. Weight, P u r e gold Value i n U n i t e d or silver. States m o n e y . Grams. 16. 2585 8.1292 3.2517 1. 6258 Grains. 278. 7790 139.3895 55.7558 27. 8779 Grains. 250.9011 125.4505 50.1802 25.0901 385.8000 192.9000 77.1600 38.5800 347.2200 161.0715 64. 4288 32.2143 $10.8053 5.4026 2.1610 1.0805 SILVER. 1 escudo (1,000 r e i s ) . . . 50 centavos (500 r e i s . . . 20 centavos (200 r e i s ) . . 10 centavos (100 r e i s ) . . 25.0000 12.5000 5.0000 2.5000 900 835 835 835 22.5000 10. 4375 4.1750 2.0875 SI.0805 . 1854 .0742 . 0371 40 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WORLD. MINOR COINS. Denominations. Composition. Weight. Weight. Legal t e n d e r . Value in U n i t e d States money. BRONZE-NICKEL. £ c e n t a v o (5 reis) Grains. Grams. 77.1600 5.0000 175 per cent bronze, f J 61.7280 [To t h e a m o u n t 4.0000 > 25 per cent i 45.2960 f of 1 escudo. 3.0000 nickel. I 30.8240 2.0000 PORTUGUESE f J 1 I $0.0432 .0216 .0108 .0054 INDIA. The decree of December 31, 1902, authorized the coinage of silver rupees for Portuguese India. SILVER COINS-. Denominations. 1 rupee Weight. Grams. 11.6600 Fineness. Thousandths. 916§ Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 10.6883 Grains. 179.9371 Pure silver. Grains. 164.9422 Value in United States m o n e y . W. 3240 The decree of December 22, 1895 (published June 28,1902), provided for the coinage and issue of the following minor pieces: MINOR COINS. Denominations. it _ £tanga.. Jtanga... T Vtanga.. Composition. Weight. Grams. 13.0000 6.2500 3.2500 2.1600 Weight, 6 per cent copper, 2 per cent tin, and 2 per cent zinc. Grains. 200.6160 100.3080 50.1540 33.3331 ROUMANIA. T h e laws of April 14, 1867, and April 30, 1879, introduced the system of the Latin Union into Roumania, the franc being called the lei and the centime the bani; b u t in 1890 a measure was passed by the Roumanian chamber abrogating the double standard and substituting for it the single gold standard, with a subsidiary silver coinage having a paying powder to the amount of 50 lei. or francs. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Roumania are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. 100 lei i. 50 lei i. 25 leii. 20 leii. 12* lei*. 10 lei.. Weight. Grams. 32.2600 16.1300 8.0650 6.4520 4.0325 3.2260 Fineness. Thousandths. 900 900 900 900 900 900 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 29.0340 14.5170 7.2585 5.8068 3.6292 2.9034 Grains. 497.8363 248.9181 124.4590 99.5672 62.2295 49.7893 Grains. 448.0526 224.0263 112.0131 89.6104 56.0058 44.8052 385.8000 154.3200 77.1600 38.5800 347.2200 128.8572 64.4286 32.2143 Pure gold [Value in United or silver. States money. $19.2959 9.6479 4.8239 3.8591 2.4119 1.9295 SILVER. 5 lei.... 21ei.... lieu... £ leu... 25.0000 10.0000 5.0000 2.5000 900 835 835 835 1 22.5000 8.3500 4.1750 2.0875 Jubilee coins. $0.9647 .1929 .0964 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E MINOR Denominations. COINS. Composition. Weight. 41 WORLD. Weight. Value in United States money. NICKEL. Grams. Grains. 7.0000 \ per cent copper and 25 per cent { 108.0240 4.5000 175nickel. 69.4440 3.0000 j 1 46.2960 20 b a n i i 10 bani i 5 bani l $0.0385 .0192 .0096, COPPER. 2 bani 1 bani 2.0000 \95 per cent copper, 4 per cent zinc, / \ 1.0000 / and 1 per cent tin. 30.8640 15.4320 .0038 .0019 1 Legal tender to the amount of 5 lei. D u r i n g t h e y e a r of 1906 a l l t h e b r o n z e c o i n s of 5 a n d 10 b a n i a n d t h e n o n p e r f o r a t e d n i c k e l c o i n s w e r e r e t i r e d from c i r c u l a t i o n . T h e y h a v e i n t r o d u c e d n e w c o i n s of 100, 50, 25, a n d 12J l e i , t h e c o i n s of 20 a n d 10 l e i h a v i n g a l r e a d y b e e n c o i n e d i n 1881. RUSSIA. T h e Russian monetary system is based on gold (law of J u n e 7-19, 1899). The monetary u n i t is the gold ruble, 0.774234 gram fine, containing 17.424 doli. The ruble is divided into 100 kopecks. Only the gold coins h a v e unlimited lawful currency, and the coinage of gold alone is free. T h e weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Russia, are as follows: GOLD. 15 rubles (imperial). 10 rubles 7£ rubles ($ imperial) 5 rubles Weight. Fineness. Fine weight. Weight. Grams. Denominations. Thousandths. Grams. Grains. Grains. 199.1329 132.7553 99.5657 66.3776 179.2195 119.4791 89.6089 59.7388 $7.7183 5.1455 3.8591 2.5727 308.5736 154.2860 77.1430 55.5429 41.6571 27. 7714 13.8857 277. 7158 138.8571 69.4285 27. 7714 20.8285 13.8857 6.9428 SO. 5145 .2572 .1286 .1029 .0771 . 0514 .0257 12.9039 8.6026 6.4519 4.3013 900 900 900 900 11.6135 7.7423 5.8067 3. 8711 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. SILVER. 1 ruble 50 kopecks 25 kopecks 20 kopecks 15 kopecks 10 kopecks 5' 19. 9957 9.9978 4.9989 3,5992 2. 6994 1. 7996 900 900 900 500 500 500 500 17.9961 8.9980 4.4990 1. 7996 1.3497 M I N O R COINS. Denominations. Weight. COPPER. Grams. 9.8283 6.5522 3.2761 1.6380 .8190 3 kopecks 2 kopecks 1 kopeck $ kopeck | kopeck 1 Composition.! Weight. Legal tender. Value in United States money. Grains. 151.6703 f 101.1135 1 To the amount of 50.5567 j 3 rubles. \ 25.2776 12.6388 I From 1 kilogram they coin 3.0524 rubles of copper coins of all denominations. NOTE.—Copper pieces of 5 kopecks have not been coined since 1882. $0.0154 . 0102 .0051 . 0025 . 0012 42 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WOELD. FINLAND. Finland has the single gold standard. By a law of August 9, 1877, the present monetary system of the country was established, with the markka (equal to the franc) as the monetary unit. Russian gold and silver coins circulate in Finland. The silver coins are a legal tender to the amount of 3 rubles and the copper coins to the amount of 25 copecks i n one payment. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Finland, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. Weight. Grams. 6.4516 3.2258 20 markkaa 10 markkaa Fineness. Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 5.8064 2.9032 Grains. 99.5611 49.7805 Grains. 89.6050 44.8025 $3.8589 1.9294 159.9650 79.9825 39.3423 19.6711 138.8496 69.4257 29.5067 14.7533 $0.3859 .1929 .0964 .0482 Thousandths. 900 900 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. SILVER. 2 markkaa. 1 markka.. 50 pennia.. 25 pennia.. 10.3658 5.1829 2.5494 1.2747 868 868 750 750 8.9975 4.4987 1.9120 .9560 MINOR COINS. Denominations. COPPER. 10 pennia 5 pennia 1 penni 1 Weight. Grams. 12.7968 6.3984 1.2796 Composition. Weight. C1) 0) 1 C) Legal tender. Value in United States money. Grains. 197.4802 1 To the amount | 98.7401 | of 1 markka. \ 19.7480 [ $0.0192 .0096 .0019 From 16.38 kilograms they coin 128 markkaa of copper coins of all denominations. SANTO D O M I N G O . By a law promulgated in 1901, Santo Domingo made United States gold the standard. "ARTICLE 1. All transactions and payments made in the Republic shall be effected upon the single base of gold money, taking as the universal standard coined American gold. " A R T . 2. From and after the publication of the present decree under the name of ' p e s o ' shall be understood only the American 'dollar.' " A R T . 3. I n order to facilitate small transactions, there shall also be in circulation silver coins, and for the very small, nickel and copper coins." SERVIA. Servia adopted in 1878 the decimal system of coinage agreed upon at Paris in 1865 between France, Italy, and Switzerland. The unit of value is the dinar, divided into 100 paras. The gold coinage of certain other countries not parties to the Paris agreement of 1865 is received into circulation under a special tariff, in which the pound sterling is admitted at 25 dinars, provided it contains 916.66 of pure gold and weighs 7.988 grams. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Servia, are as follows: MONEXAEY SYSTEMS OF THE 43 WORLD. GOLD. Denominations. Grams. 6.4516 3.2258 20 dinars 10 dinars Fine weight. Fineness. Weight. Thousandths. 900 900 Weight. Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. Grams. 5.8064 2.9032 Grains. 99.5610 49.7805 Grains. 89.6043 44.8021 $3.8589 1.9294 385.8000 154.3200 77.1600 38.5800 347.2200 128.8572 64.4286 32.2143 $0.9647 .3858 .1929 .0964 SILVER. 5 dinars. 2 dinars. 1 dinar.. i dinar.. 900 835 835 835 25.0000 10.0000 5.0000 2.5000 22.5000 8.3500 4.1750 2.0875 MINOR COINS. Denominations. Composition. Weight. Weight. Value in United States money. NICKEL. Grams. Grains. 6.0000 f 92.5920 175 p e r c e n t c o p p e r , a n d 25 p e r c e n t 4.0000 { 61.7280 | nickel. I 46.2960 3.0000 20 p a r a s l 10 p a r a s i 5 parasJ $0.0385 . 019$ .0096 BRONZE. 10 p a r a s 2 5 paras 2 2 paras2 1 para2 1 10.0000 f 5.0000 195 p e r c e n t copper, 4 p e r c e n t t i n , a n d J 2.0000 j 1 p e r c e n t zinc. 1 1.0000 I Legal t e n d e r t o t h e a m o u n t of 5 francs. 154.3200 77.1600 30.8640 15.4320 . 019*2 .0096 .0038 .0019 2 Legal t e n d e r t o t h e a m o u n t of 1 franc. N O T E . — T h e nickel pieces w e r e i n s t i t u t e d b y t h e l a w of J a n . 1,1883. SIAM. [THE GOLD STANDARD ACT R. S., 127 (1908).] CHAPTER 1.—Preliminary. " S E C . 1. This law shall be called ' t h e gold standard act (R. S., 127),' and it shall supersede all previous decrees a n d e n a c t m e n t s relating to t h e coinage of m o n e y in Siam which m a y b e .contrary to t h e provisions of this act. " S E C . 3. T h e theoretical u n i t of t h e Siamese m o n e t a r y system shall be t h e tical of 55.8 centigrams of p u r e gold. T h e silver tical containing 13.5 grams of p u r e silver shall, u n d e r this act, h a v e a v a l u e equal to t h e aforesaid 55.8 centigrams of p u r e gold."' T h e weight, fineness, e t c . , of t h e coins of Siam, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. D o s (10 ticals) Weight. Grams. 6.2000 Fineness. Thousandths. 900 P u r e gold Value in United. or silver. States money. Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 5.5800 Grains. 95.6784 Grains. 86.1105 $3.7084 231.4800 115.7400 57. 8700 208.3320 92.5920 46.2960 $0.3708 .1854 .0927 SILVER. Tical 2salungs (§ tical).. 1 salung (\tical).. 15.0000 7.5000 3.7500 900 800 13.5000 6.0000 3.0000 N O T E . — T h e F u a n g (£ tical) is n o longer coined a n d h a s been w i t h d r a w n . 44 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WORLD. MINOR COINS. Denominations. Composition. Weight. Weight. NICKEL. 10 satangs (TVk tical).i.k: 5 satangs (Tf ^ tical) ... Grams. 3.5000 >Pure nickel 2.0000 ( \ Value in United States money. Grains. 54.0120 30.8640 $0.0370 . 0185 77.1600 .0037 BRONZE. 1 satang ( T ^ tical) 5.0000 95 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin, and 1 per cent zinc. SPAIN. By a decree of the 19th of October, 1868, Spain adopted the monetary system of the Latin Union. It is therefore bimetallic,1 with the silver peseta, equivalent to the franc, as monetary unit. It has the same gold and silver coins as the union. The coinage of gold'is free, and there is no coinage charge for that metal, but depositors can not get the coined gold until 18 days after the delivery of the bullion to the mint. Since 1878 silver has been coined only on account of the State. The currency is Bank of Spain notes redeemable in silver. ' The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Spain, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. 100 pesetas. 50 pesetas.. 20 pesetas.. 10 pesetas.. 5 pesetas... Weight. Grams. 32.2580 16.1290 6.4516 3.2258 1.6129 Fineness. Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 29.0322 14.5161 5.8064 Grains. 497.8054 248.9027 99.5610 49.7805 24.8902 Grains. 448.0249 224.0124 89.6043 44.8021 22.4010 $19.2947 9.6473 3. 8589 1.9294 .9647 22.5000 385.8000 8.3500 I 154,3200 4.1750 j 77.1600 2.0875 j 38.5800 15.4320 .8350 347.2200 128. 8572 64.4286 32.2143 12.8857 $0.9647 .3858 3.1929 .0964 .0385 Thousandths. 900 900 900 900 900 2.9032 1.4516 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. SILVER. 5 pesetas 2 .. 2 pesetas... 1 peseta 50 centimos 20 centimos 25.0000 10.0000 5.0000 2.5000 1.0000 900 835 835 835 835 MINOR COINS. Denominations. Weight. Composition. Grams. 10.0000 5.0000 2.0000 1.0000 195 per cent cop1 per, 4 per cent j tin, and 1 per J cent zinc. Weight. Legal tender. Value in United States money. BRONZE. 10 centimos 5 centimos 2 centimos 1 centimo Grains. [ 154.3200 J 77.1600 [To the amount i 30:8640 j of 5 pesetas.4 I 15.4320 f J I [ $0.0192 .0096 .0038 .0019 i Bimetallic in theory only. Gold does not circulate and none is coined at present. a Since the law of Nov. 28, 1901, the manufacture of the 5-peseta pieces is prohibited for the treasury as well as for individuals. 8 The value of the silver unit is variable, and on account of the restricted coinage does not follow the fluctuations of silver bullion. 4 Between individuals; no limit in payment of taxes. 45 MONETABY SYSTEMS OP THE WORLD. SWEDEN. The fundamental text is the law of May 30, 1873. I t makes part of the agreement to the monetary union signed by Sweden and Denmark May 27, 1873, and by Norway October 16, 1875. The monetary unit is the gold crown or krona (0.403226 grams fine). Only the gold coins have unlimited lawful currency. The coinage of gold alone is free. By virtue of the monetary convention of 1873, the coins of Denmark and Norway, which are coined under identical conditions, also have lawful currency in Sweden. T h e coinage of gold is free under reservation of the payment of the expense of manufacture (one-fourth of 1 per cent for the 20-kronor and one-third of 1 per cent for the 10-kronor pieces of the number coined). The odd coins are only coined for Government account. (Agreement of May 27, 1873, art. 13.) The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Sweden, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. 20 c r o w n s 10 c r o w n s 5 crowns Weight. Grams. 8.9606 4.4803 2.2401 Fine weight. Thousandths. 900 900 900 Weight. Grams. 8.0645 4.0323 2.0161 Fineness. P u r e gold Value i n U n i t e d or silver. States money. Grains. 138.2799 69.1399 34.5699 Grains. 124.4513 62.2249 31.1124 $5.3596 2.6797 1.3398 231.4800 115.7400 77.1600 37.3454 22.3764 185.1840 92.5920 46.2960 22.4072 8.9505 $0.5359 .2679 .1339 .0669 .0267 SILVER. 2 crowns. 1 crown.. 50 ore 25 ore 10 ore 15.0000 7.5000 5.0000 2.4200 1.4500 800 800 600 600 400 MINOR Denominations. BRONZE. 5 ore 2 ore 1 ore Weight. Grams. 8.0000 4.0000 2.0000 12.0000 6.0000 3.0000 1.4520 .5800 COINS. Composition. Weight. Legal t e n d e r . V a l u e in U n i t e d States m o n e y . Grains. f95 p e r c e n t copper, J 4 per cent tin, 1 and 1 per cent I zinc. 1.1 1 T o t h e a m o u n t \f j of 1 c r o w n . I $0.0133 .0053 .0026 SWITZERLAND. The legal monetary unit, as in France, is the silver franc of 100 centimes. T h e gold pieces and the silver 5-franc pieces have unlimited lawful currency. The coinage of gold alone is free and the gold standard is maintained. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Switzerland, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. 20 francs 10 f r a n c s . Weight. Grams. 6.4516 3.2258 Fineness. Thousandths. 900 900 Fine weight. Weight. P u r e gold Value i n U n i t e d or silver. States money. Grams. 5.8064 2.9032 Grains. 99.5610 49.7805 Grains. 89.6049 44.8024 $3.8589 1.9294 385.8000 154.3200 77.1600 38.5800 347.2200 128.8572 64.4286 32.2143 $0.9647 .3858 .1929 .0964 SILVER. 5 francs 2 francs 1 franc 50 c e n t i m e s . 46 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WORLD. MINOR Denominations. Weight. COINS. Composition. Weight. Legal tender. Value in United States money. NICKEL. 20 centimes 10 centimes 5 centimes Grains. Grams. 61.7294 4.0000 Pure nickel 3.0000 (75 per cent copper, 1 46.2970 \To the amount f < and 25 per cent f -j 2.0000 30.8647 / of 10 francs. I nickel. 1 $0.0385 . 0192 .0096 BRONZE. 2 centimes 1 centime [95 per cent copper, 2.5000 1 4 ner cent tin. 1 1.5000 1 and 1 ner cent | 1 zinc. 38.5807 \To the amount f 23.1485 / of 2 francs. \ .0038 .0019 TURKEY. The monetary system of Turkey is nominally bimetallic, with the piaster, equal to 40 paras (one one-hundredth of a Turkish pound or lira), as monetary unit. The coinage of silver has been suspended since 1884, and silver is depreciated. Besides the coins enumerated in the accompanying table, there are also in circulation other pieces of money not included in the reform of 1844, namely: The altlik, which comprises 5, 2£, and 1J piaster pieces; the bechlik, which comprises 2J and \ piaster pieces; the metallique, which comprises, J, J, and \ piaster pieces. The diameters, weights, and fineness of these coins are very variable. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of Turkey, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. 5 lire (500 p i a s t e r s ) . 2\ lire (250 piasters) L i r a (100 p i a s t e r s ) . . \ lira (50 p i a s t e r s ) . . i lira (25 p i a s t e r s ) . . Weight. Grams. 36.0827 18.0413 7.2166 3.6083 1.8041 Fine weight. Thousandths. 9163 916S 916§ 9163 916§ Weight. Grams. 33.0758 16.5378 6.6152 3.3076 1.6537 Fineness. Grains. 556.8282 278.4133 111.3665 55.6832 27.8408 Grains. 510.4258 255.2121 102.0859 51.0429 25.5207 371.2167 185.6083 92.7972 37.1216 18.5600 9.2792 308.1098 154.0548 77.0216 30.8109 15.4048 7.7017 P u r e gold V a l u e i n U n i t e d or silver. States money. $21.9830 10.9915 4.3966 2.1983 1.0991 SILVER. 20 piasters (MMjidi) 10 piasters 5 piasters 2 piasters 1 piaster J £ piaster l 24.0550 12.0275 6.0133 2.4055 1.2027 .6013 830 830 830 830 830 830 1 19.9656 9.9828 4.9910 1.9965 .9982 .4990 N o longer coined. MINOR Denominations. NICKEL. 40 paras 20 paras 10 paras 5 paras $0.8793 .4396 .2198 .0879 .0439 .0219 Weight. Grams. 6.0000 4.0000 2.6500 J-Pure nickel 1.7500 J COINS. Composition. Weight. [ 1 1 1 1 Grains. 92.5920 61.7280 40.8948 27.0060 Value in United States money. $0.0440 .0220 .0110 .0055 47 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WORLD. UNITED STATES. The weight, fineness, etc., of the coins of t h e United States, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. Weight. Fineness. Grams. 33.4370 16.7185 8.3592 4.1796 1.6718 Double eagle ($20) Eagle ($10) 4 eagle ($5) \ eagle ($2.50) 1 dollar i Thousandths. 900 900 900 900 900 Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 30.0933 15.0466 7.5232 3.7616 1.5046 Grains. 516.0000 258.0000 •129.0000 64.5000 25.8000 Grains. 464.4000 232.2000 116,1000 58.0500 23.2200 $20.0000 10.0000 5.0000 2.5000 1.0000 412.5000 192.9000 96.4500 38.5800 371.2500 173.6100 86.8050 34.7220 $1.0000 .5000 .2500 . 1000 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. SILVER. Dollar \ dollar \ dollar Dime. 26.7301 12.5000 6.2500 2.5000 [ 24.0570 11.2500 5.6250 2.2500 900 900 900 900 Monetary unit (no longer coined). MINOR COINS. Denominations. Composition. Weight. Weight. Legal tender. Value^ NICKEL. Grams. 5.0000 5 cents 75 per cent copper and 25 per cent nickel. Grains. 77.1600 3.1104 lcent 95 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin, and 1 per cent zinc. f $0.0500 ITO the amount [ of 25 cents. BRONZE. 48.0000 I .0100 The act of J u n e 9, 1879, made the subsidiary silver coins of the United States legal tender to the amount of $10. The minor coins are legal tender to the amount of 25 cents. P H I L I P P I N E ISLANDS. The coinage of the Philippine Islands is authorized by the acts of Congress of t h e United States approved March 2, 1903, and J u n e 23, 1906, and by the decrees of the Philippine Islands government proclaimed March 23, 1903, and December 6, 1906. The wTeight and fineness of the coins are as follows: SILVER. Denominations. Weight. Fineness. Grams. Thousandths. 20.0000 800 10.0000 750 4.0000 750 2.0000 750 Pesos l 50 centavos 20 centavos 10 centavos Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 16.0000 7.5000 3.0000 1.5000 Grains. 308.6400 154.3200 61.7280 30.8640 Pure silver Value in United contained. States money. Grains. 246.9120 115.7400 46.2960 23.1480 $0.50000 .25000 .10000 .05000 1 Legal tender in the Philippine Islands for all debts, public and private, unless otherwise specifically stipulated in the contract. Subsidiary silver coins are legal tender to the amount of $10. 85958—13 4 48 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF T H E WORLD. MINOR COINS. Denominations. Weight. Composition. Weight. Legal tender. Value in United States money. NICKEL. Grams. 5.0000 BRONZE, 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel. Grains. 77.1600 5.1840 (95 per cent cop- 1 2.5920 1 ?-er' V J ? cent ^ I tm and zinc. i 1 centavo £ centavo [ To an amount } not exceeding $1. sn. nnnn *n"«™ $0.0250 .0050 .0025 URUGUAY. By Mr. EDMOND BRUWAERT, Minister for France to Montevideo. Uruguay has the gold standard with this peculiarity, that the Republic has never coined any national gold coins. The gold which circulates abundantly in the country comes from foreign countries, of which it carries the stamp. Besides these foreign gold pieces there is a national silver coin for payments in small amounts, coined for account and benefit of the State, in much reduced proportions. There also exists, for small change, a national nickel coin of equally limited issue. Save for retail account, however, this is not the metallic money of which they make the most use— in Montevideo, at least. Bank notes seem to be preferred. The check exists, and it may be that the print on them is troublesome, and it may be that distrust makes them unwelcome, but they are far from occupying the important role which they merit and which is accorded to them elsewhere, in England and in the United States, for example, to the great benefit of monetary stocks, which, becoming less necessary as articles of liquidation, they can be used as material for investment. The authorized coins of Uruguay, with their weight and fineness, are as follows: GOLD.i Dominations. Doubloon Weight. Fineness. Thousandths. Grams. 16.9700 917 Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. Fine weight. Weight. Grams. 15.5614 Grains. 261.8810 Grains. 240.1435 $10.3420 385.8000 192.9000 77.1600 38.5800 347.2200 173.6100 69.4440 34.7220 SI.0340 .5170 .2170 .1034 SILVER. Peso (piaster) 50 centesimos (soles) 20 centesimos (soles) 10 centesimos (soles).... 25.0000 12.5000 5.0000 2.5000 900 900 900 900 22.5000 11.2500 4.5000 2.2500 i The gold coins of all countries are legal tender and circulate freely at values established by the Govern> Un f ment' of Uruguay. MINOR COINS. Denominations. COPPER-NICKEL. 5 centesimos 2 centesimos 1 centesimo Weight. Composition. Weight. Grains. Grams. f 77.1600 5.0000 54.0120 3.5000 Y75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel.\ I 30.8640 2.0000 Value in United States money. $0.0482 .0337 . 0193 MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. 49 VENEZUELA. There are at present in vogue in Venezuela three different monetary standards. One is that based on the bolivar (equal to 19.3 cents, United States currency) as the unit. This is in use by the Government in its reports and transactions, and the present coinage is upon this system. Quotations in this system are in bolivars and centimos, a bolivar being divided into 100 centimos, although the smallest coin in this system has a value of 5 centimos. The second system has the "peso fuerte" or "dollar" as its unit, the units being commonly referred to as simply "fuertes." This '"uerte " is simply a unit of account, taken to be equal to 5 bolivars, and to be divided into 100 centavos. In former years there were in circulation coins denominated centavos, but now the coins of 5 centimos are called centavos also. The third system has the "peso macquina," usually simply termed "peso," as its unit. This "peso" has a value of 4 bolivars, or 80/100 of a "fuerte." This is a unit of account, is considered to be equal to 80 centavos, and to be divided into 8 reals, while the "fuerte" is considered to have 10 reals. The quantity of Venezuelan gold coins in circulation, with weight and fineness in accordance with that of the Latin Union, is much greater than that of any class of foreign coin. There is probably a greater amount of American gold to be found in the country than of any other foreign nationality of modern coinage. The gold coins of the United States, Great Britain, Spain, and the countries of the Latin Union are all legal tender at fixed fates corresponding closely to their gold contents. The types of existing national coins, with their weight and fineness, are as follows: GOLD. Denominations. 100 bolivars 25 bolivars. 20 bolivars. 5 bolivars.. 2\ bolivars * 2 bolivars.. 1 bolivar,.. \ bolivar... \ bolivar... Weight. Fineness. Fine weight. Weight. Pure gold Value in United or silver. States money. Grams. 32.2580 8.0645 6.4516 Thousandths, 900 900 900 Grams. 29.0320 7.2580 5.8064 Grains. 497.8055 124.4514 99.5611 Grains. 448.0249 112.0062 89.6049 25.0000 12.5000 10.0000 5.0000 2.5000 1.2500 900 835 835 835 835 835 22.5000 10.4375 8.3500 4.1750 2.0875 1.0438 386.8000 192.9000 154.3200 77.1600 38.5800 19.2900 347.2200 161.0715! 128.8572 64.4286 32.2143 16.1079 $19.2947 4.8236 3.8589 10.9647 .4283 .3858 .1929 .0964 .0482 1 The 2J bolivar silver piece has not been coined since 1876. Many, however, are still in circulation. There are also nickel coins of 12J and of 5 centimos in circulation, as well as older copper coins of 1 centavo (5 centimos). MISCELLANEOUS C O U N T R I E S . Afghanistan.—Indian and Persian money. One gold tilla (Bokhara) equal to 11.9 German marks. Andorra.—The same as Spain. Himalaya States.—One mohur equal to 6 annas; 8 pies equal to 0.8 mark; 1 mohri rupee equal to 2 mohur, equal to 1.6 marks. Liberia.—National paper and United States money. Marino.—Italian money. Monaco.—Latin Monetary Union. Zanzibar.—Actual currency of the country, Government of India rupee; sovereign of Rs. 15. INDEX. Abyssinia Aden Afghanistan Africa Andorra Arabia Argentina Ashanta Australia and New Zealand Austria-Hungary Belgian Kongo Belgium Bolivia Borneo Brazil British East Africa British Honduras British India British West Indies Bulgaria Canada Central America Ceylon ... Chile China Chosen. Colombia Costa Rica Crete Cuba Curacao Denmark East Africa and Uganda East Indies, Netherlands Ecuador Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Finland Formosa or Taiwan France French Colonies German Empire German East Africa Protectorate Gold Coast, Ashanti and the Northern Territories Grand Comora Great Britain and Colonies Greece Guatemala Haiti Himalayan States Page. 3 3 49 3 49 3 4 25 21 4 7 6 7 21 8 24 22 22 20 8 23 9 24 12 12 32 13 10 27 13 36 14 24 36 14 15 30 16 42 32 16 17 18 19 25 18 20 27 10 28 49 Honduras Hongkong and Labuan Indo-China ...... Italian Colony of Eritrea Italian Somaliland Italy Japan Kongo (Belgium) Korea or Chosen Labuan and Hongkong Liberia Lichtenstein Luxemburg Marino Mexico Miscellaneous Monaco Montenegro Morocco Netherlands Netherlands East Indies New Zealand and Australia Nicaragua Norway Oman Panama Paraguay ...... Persia Peru Philippine Islands Port of Aden Portugal Portuguese India Roumania Russia Salvador Santo Domingo Servia Siam Somaliland Spain Straits Settlements Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tunis Turkey Uganda and British East Africa United States Uruguay Venezuela Zanzibar 11 25 17 30 31 29 31 7 32 25 49 5 32 49 32 49 49 33 34 35 36 21 9 36 3 37 37 38 38 47 3 39 40 40 41 11 42 42 43 31 44 26 45 45 32 17 46 24 47 48 49 49 51 O