I ILLINOIS

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TO HER
ROYAL HIGHNESS

THE

?RINCESS ELEZABETH,

”WHOSE TASTE FOR THE FINE ARTS,

“WHOSE ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN LITERATURE,

“WHOSE AFFABILiTY AND BENEVGLENCE}

D0 HGNOUR TO HER EXALTED STATION, AND

AFFORD A MODEL FOR IMITATION TO
EVERYRANK OF HER OWN SEX,

THIS WORK. IS HUMBLY’ DEDICATED, BY

THE AUTHOR»

 

London, Feb. 2, 1809.

 

 

BRITISH RANKS.

 

THE KING;

 

THE supfeme executive'power of
these kingdoms, says J udge Black-
stone, is vested by our laws in a

singleperson, the King or Queen;

for it matters not to Which sex the

crown descends: but the person en-

titled to it, whether male or female,

is immediately invested with all the .
ensigns, rights, and prerogatives of

sovereign power.

In the earliest periods of our his—»

tory the crown appears to have been
B

 

2 THE KING.

elective. But hereditary succession
has now been long established, and
has proved a good preservative
against that periodical bloodshed
and misery, Which both history and
experience have long shewn are the
consequences of elective kingdoms.
The crown descends lineally to the.
issue of the reigning monarch, and
not till the failure of the male issue
is it allowed to be taken by the.
kmfle

Lawyers say the King of England
is a mixed person, a. priest as well
asa prince; and at his coronation
he is anointed with oil, as the priests
and kings of Israel were, to intimate
that his person is sacred.

‘ The

 

THE KING. ‘3

The principal duty of the king is
to govern his people according to
law; and these are the terms of the
oath administered usually by the
Archbishop of Canterbury, at his
coronation, in the presence of the
people, who on their parts do re-
ciprocally take the oath of allegiance
to the crewn:

“ The archbishop, 0r bishop, Sim]!
say, Will you solemnly piomise and
Swear to govern the people of this
kingdom of England, and the domi-
nions thereto belonging, according
to the statutes in parliament agreed
on, and the laws and customs of the
same? The Icing 0?“ queen shall say,
I solemnly promise so to do.

Archbishop

 

  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   

THE KING.

flrchbishop, 0r bishopr—Wifl you
to your power cause law and jus— -
tice, in mercy, to be executed in all
your judgments? King orqvuem3
I Will.

Archbishop, or bishoprT‘WiH you
to the utmoSt of your power main-
tain the. laws of God, the true pm-
fession of the gOSPel, and the pro!
testant reformed religion established
by the law? And will you preserve
unto the bishops and clergy of this
realm, and t0 the churches com-
mitted to their charge, all such
rights and privileges as by law do
or shall appertain unto them or any
of them? King 0?" queen, All. this
I promise to (199

Aflew

 

THE KING. 5

aafter this, the king or queen,
laying he's 07“ her hand upon the holy
gospels, shall say, The things Which
I have here before promised, I will
perform and keep: so help me God.
“1nd then shall kiss the book.

One of the principal bulwarks of
our liberty, is the certain and defi-
' mite limitation of the king’s prero-
gative, the extent and restrictions
of Which are marked out With the
greatest clearness. But in the eX-
ertion of those powers which THE
LAW has given him, the king is irre-
sistible and absolute. He is consi-
dered by the laws ofEngland as the
head and supreme governor of the
national church; and, in virtue of
this authority, he convenes, pro-

B 3 rogues,

 

 

6 THE KING.

rogues, restrains, regulates, and diS‘
solves all ecclesiastical 837110615 01‘ con-
vocations. iHe has the supreme right
of patronage over all ecclesiastical
benefices; and if they are not pre-
sented to within the time prescribed,
their lapse becomes the advantage
of the crown. In regard to foreign
concerns, the king is the delegate
or representative of his people. He
has power, by his prerogative, with
out any act of parliament, to make
wax; or peace, conclude treaties,
grant safe conducts, give commis-
sions for raising and regulating fleets
and armies, as well as for erecting,
manning, and governing forts, and
other places of strength. He can
prohibit the exportation of arms

and ammunition out of the king;-
dom3

THE KING. 7
dom; can dispose of magazines,
castles, ships, public moneys, 820.;
and all that is done in regard to
foreign powers by the royal autho-
rity, is the act of‘ the Whole nation.
He has the sole power of sending
ambassadors to foreign states, and
receiving ambassadors at home. He
convokes, adjourns, prorogues, and
' disselves parliaments; and may re-
fuse his assent to any bill passed
by both houses, Without. giving his
reason for it.

He mayincrease the number of
members of either house at plea-
sure, by creating new peers, and
beatowing privileges on other towns
for sending burgesses to parliament:
but the last has by late kings been

given

 

 

8 THE KING.

given up. The sole power of con-
ferring dignities and honours is en-
trusted to him: so that all degrees
of nobility and knighthood, and
other titles, are received by imme-
diate grant from the crown. And
the king has also the prerogative of
conferring privileges upon private
persons; such as granting place or
precedence to any of his subjects;
such is also the power to enfranchise
an alien and make him a denizen,
and the prerogative of erecting cor-
porations. The coining of money
too, as well as the settling the deno-
mination or value for which it shall
pass current, is the act of the sove-
reign power. But to take all the
characters into view in Which the
king is considered in domestic af-

fairs

THE KING. 9

fairs, would be almost endless; for
from thence an abundant number
of prerogatives arise. A11 lands re-
coVered from the sea, gold and
silver mines, royal fishes, &c., be-
long to him. He can unite, separate.3
enlarge, or contract, the limits of
ecclesiastical. benefices; and, by his
letters, erect new bishopricks, col-
leges, 820. He can dispense With
the rigour of ecclesiastical laws, eX-
cept those Which have been con-
firmed by act of parliament, or de-
clared by the bill of rights. He has
also power to mederate the rigaur
of the'law, according to equity; to
pardon a man condemned by law,
except in appeals of murder, and in
case of impeachment by the house of
cemmons; am! to interpret, by his

judges,

 

 

10 THE KING.

judges, in. statutes and cases which
are not defined by law.

But though he be entrusted with
the whole executive power of the
law, yet he cannot sit in judgment
in any court; for justice must be ad-
ministered according to the powers
committed and distributed to the
several cou rts.

As the king is declared to he the
supreme head in. matters both civil
and ecclesiastical; so no suit can be
brought against him even in civil
matters, because no court can have
jurisdiction over him. The law also
ascribes to the king, in his political
capacity, absolute perfection. The
king can do no WYOHO'. By which

ancient

THE KING. ll ’

ancient and fundamental maxim we
are not to understand, that every
transaction of government is of
course just and lawful; but that
whatever is ,exceptionable in the
conduct of public affairs is not to
be imputed to the king, nor is he
answerable for it personally to his
people; and farther, that the pre-
rogative 0f the crown extends not to
do any injury. . It is created for the
benefit of the people, and therefore
cannot be exerted to their prejudice.
In the king, likewise, there can be
no negligence, and therefore no
delay will bar his right. In the
king also there can be no infamy,
stain, or corruption of blood. And”
the law ascribes a kind of perpe-

tuity, 0r immortality to him. His
death

 

 

15? THE KING.

death is termed his demise, because
the crown is thereby demised to
another. He is not in law liable to
death, being a corporation of him—
self that lives for ever. There is no
interregnum; but the moment one
king dies, his heir is king, fully and
absolutely, without any coronation,
ceremony, &c. To these it may he
added, that, by the law, the king is
said, in a manner to be every where
in all courts of judicature, Which he
alone has the right of erecting, and
therefore cannot be nonsuited. The
power of issuing proclamations is
vested in the king alone, considered
as the fountain of justice. The.
laws make it high tfeason barely
to imagine or intend the death of

the king; and because the destruc-
tion,

THE KING. 13
tion of the king may ensue that of’
his great counsellors or officers, it
is felony in any of the king’s sub-
jects to conspire even that. Some
things, however, there are which
the king cannot do. He cannot
divest himself or suCceeser of any
part of the regal prerogative 01‘ ans
th‘ority. And, in particular, there
are two things Which he cannot
do, Without the consent of para
~hiament————the making of new laws,
and the raising of new taxes. The
king cannot dispense With the lawe,
nor do any thing contrary to law. '
In England the law is as much su—
perior t0 the king, as to any Of his
subjects; and the obedience of the
king of England to the laws, is his
greatest glory, While it is the seen-

0 .. rity

 

 

14 THE KING.

rity 0f the rights and iiherties of his
people, Who are the greatest as well
as the freest peeple 0n the face ("1?
the earth, merely because their sove-
reigns are obliged to live in subjem
tion to the Written laws of the landi

The title of grace was first given
to our kings about the time ‘of
Henry IV, and that of majesty first
to Henry VIII. The title of his
present . Majesty is, GEORGE the
Third, King of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, Defen-
der 0f the Faith, Sovereign of the
Orders of the Garter, ThiStle, Bath,
and St. Patrick; Duke and Elector
of Brunswick Lunenburg, Bishop of
Osnaburg, and Arch Treasurer of
the Holy Roman Empire. ,

< LORD‘

 

 

   

       

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15

LORD CHANCELLUR.

 

THE Lord High Chancellor ef Eng-
land is the first lay person 0f the
realm in ad} civil afl'airs, next after
the king and princess of the Meedh
He isthe chief administrator ofjus—
' tice in the kingdom; and presides
over the'vast and extensive jurisdic—a
tion of the court'of‘ ehaeeery. All
other justices are tied to the strict
letter of the law; but the chancellor
has the king’s absolute po'Wer to
mitigate its rigour, .to govern his
judgment by the law of nature and
consciehce, and to order all things
according to equity. 1

e 5?; . The

 

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’16 LORD CHANCELLOR.

The offices of 10rd high chan—
eeflor and lord keeper, by a statute
of Queen Elizabeth in 1563, were
made one. Till that time they were
different, and frequently subsisted at
the same time in different persons.
The keeper was (greeted by the de—

‘ livery 0f the great seal ; but the 10rd

chancellor was made by patent:
though now that he has the keeper’s
ofiice9 the delivery of the seal is his
appointment. By his office he is a
privy counsellor, as well as speaker
of the house Oflords; and superior,
in point of preeedency, to every
temporal peer. To him belongs the
appointment of all justices of the
peace throughout the kingdom. He
is visiter, in the king’s right, of all
hospitals and colleges of reyal founu
dation

LORD CHANCELLOR. 17'

dation; patron of all the king’s liv»
ings under twenty pounds a year in
the king’s books; ”the general gnar-
dian of all infants, idiots, and luna-
fics; and has the superintendence
of all charitable uses in the king-
dom. His twelve assistants, or co-
adjutors, (of whom the master of
the rolls is the first) are called mas-
. , ters in Chancery.

In writing to the lord chancellor,
the style of address is usually, T0, the

Right 11022. the Lord Chancellor;
and in conversation he is called,

My Lord.

C 3 A DUKE.

 

 

18

A D UKE.

¢

 

DUKE is the highest degree of Bri-

tish peerage, and is derived from the

Latin word dm, Which signifies a,

leader or commander : noblemen

being anciently either generals of
armies in time of war, or governors
of provinces in. time of peace. In
process of time, great estates being
annexed to the title, it was held by'
lands or fees; and at last became
hereditary and titular. . ‘

In England, in the Saxon times,
the officers or commandersvof ar-
mies, after the 01d Roman fashion,
were called dukes, without any ad-

dition;

 

 

1121],, [7/ Zzbart .fiv 1?? Jane 4—169Lffl7avfloruifl.

 

 

 

DUKE. 19

dition; but after the Norman cen-
quest, the title was no longer used;
till, in 1358, Edward 111. Created
his son, who was first called the
Black Prince, Duke of Cornwall: a
I title which has been ever since the
peculiar inheritance of the kings
eldest sen, (iuring the life ef his
father. After Edward the Black
'Prince, more were made; the ear»:
liest was Henry Plantagenet3 son of
the great Earl of Lancaster; and.
after him, two other of Edwardgs
sons, Lionel, Duke of Clarence, and
John, Duke of Laneasten The
Black Prince was created by a
wreath on his head, a ring on his
finger, and a silver rod. Lionel and
John of Gaunt were created, by the

king, by girding on a sword, putting
on

 

 

20 DUKE.

on their heads a furred cap, with a
circle of gold and pearls, and the
delivery of a charter. From this
period, we had many hereditary
dukes created, though for ages the
honour was but Sparingly conferred,
and seldom upon any that were not
in some way allied to the crown.
Of late years, the ceremony of in-
vestiture has been omitted, and the

creation made entirely by patent.

According to Guillim, the follow-
ing ceremonies were observed at the
creation: “ At his creation, a duke
“ must have on him his surcoat and
“ hood, and should be led between
“ two dukes, if there be any pre-
“ sent; if not, a marquie or two,
“ and, for want of either, am earl:

“ somewhat

DUKE. ~ 21

“ somewhat before him, on the right
“hand, shall go an ear], Who shat}
“ bear a cap of estate, with the
“ corenet in it; end on the other
“ side shall also go an eatrl9 who
“ shall bear the golden rod; am}
“ before the duke that is t0 be
“ created, should g0 a marquis, or
“ one of the greatest estate, to bear
. “ the sword; and befere him an
“ earl, to bear the mentie, or robe
“ of estate, lying 0e his arms. And
“ all these nobles that do service
“ must be 'in their rebes of estate.
“ His title is proclaimed twice, and
“ the largess thrice.”

In the reign of Queen Elizabeth,
1572, after the ettzzieder of the
Duke of I‘storfellz;a the whole order

became

 

 

22 DUKE.

became utterly extinct; butit was
revived about fifty years afterwards
by her Successor, in the person of
George Villiers, Duke of Bucking-
ham.

The dukes of our days retain
little of their ancient splendor but
the coronet on their escutcheon,
Which is the only mark of their
departed sovereignty. By courtesy,
their eldest sons are styled mar-
quisses, (though they are usually dis-
tinguished by their father’s second
title, Whether it be that of marquis
or earl) and the youngersons lords,
With the addition of their Christian
name. The coronets of, the royal
dukes are different from those of

ordinary creation. The first have a
circle

DUKE. 23

circle of gold bordered With ermine,
heightened Up with four flaws (18
$55, and as many crosses patée alter-
nately. The common ducal coronef:
is a circle of gold, bordered with
ermine, enriched With precious
,stones and pearls, and set round
with eight large strawberry leaves.

The mantle and surcoat Which a
duke wears at the coronation of a
king or queen is of crimson velvet,
lined with white taffeta, and the
mantle is doubled from the neck
to below theelbow With ermine,

having four rows of spots on each:
shoulder. '

His parliamentary robes ‘ are of
fine scarletlcloth, lined with white
taffeta,

 

 

24 DUKE.

taffeta, and doubled With four‘guards
0f ermine at equal distances, With
gold lace above each guard, and tied

up to the left shoulder with a black
ribband.

Charles II. was lavish‘of thig
honour: he created two of' his mis—
tresses dutchesses, and six of their
ofl'spring dukes, beside nine crea-
tions of the ordinary kind. ' His
present majesty has been more
sparing: with the exception of the
royal dukes, those of N orthumber-s
land and Montague have been the
only ones distinguished \by the
honour; beside admitting the claim

of the Duke pf Hamilton to the title
of Brandon.

The-

DUKE. 25

The premier duke of England,
of ordinary creation, is the Duke
of Norfolk.

In Scotland, the title was first
introduced by King Robert 111.
about 1400. '

The address of a letter is, To his
' Grace the Dulce 0f g, and in
conversation he is called, Your Grace;

My Lord, or', .My Lord Dulce.

D MARQ UIS.

 

 

26

.MARQ UISL.

NEARQUIS (or, as it is now usually
spelt, marquess) is a title given to
a person in possession of a censider-
able demesne erected into 21 mars-
quz’sate, by letters patent; holding a
middle place between the dignity of
a. duke and that of an earl 0r count.
The meaning of the title is supposed
to be taken from a word Which Sig»
nifiesfrontz'er, and answers to the
margrave 0f the Germans : the first
marquisses being governors of frene-
tier citles or provinces. Marquess
is said to be originally a French
title ; and the first time we hear of
it, is under the Emperor Charle-

‘ 3 magne.

 

 

 

 

MARQUIS. 27

magne. In our own country it was
introduced by Richard 11., Who, in
1387, created Robert de Vere, Earl
of Oxford, Marquis cf Dublin: but
With him it was a mere title of ho-
nour; for those Who before govern-
ed the borders in the neighbouru
hood of Scotland were commonly
ealled lord marchers, and not mar.
' quisses, as we call them.

The creation of a marquis was
formerly with nearly the same cere-
mony as that of a duke; but they
are now created by patent, under
the great seal. The honour is of
course hereditary, and the eldest
son, by the courtesy of the land, is
called earl or 10rd of a place ; and

the younger sons, only Lord John,
D 2 Lord

 

 

.28 MARQUIS.

Lord Thomas, or the like. The
title is, most noble: While the nomi-
nal marquis, the eldest son of a
duke, is only styled most honourable.
The ceronation-robes of a marquis
are of crimson velvet, lined with
white tafi'eta, and have four guards
0f ermine 0n the right side, anal
three on the left, set‘at equal dis-
tances, with gold lace above each
guard, and are tied up to the left
shoulder by a ribband. His cap is
of crimson velvet, lined With er-
mine, having a gold tassel at top; ~
and his coronet of gold has pearls
and strawberry leaves mixed altera
nately round, of equal height.

It may not be amiss to mention
here, as an historical anecdote, What,
' we

MARQUIS. 29

we find iri the parliament rolls of the
fourth year of Henry IV. When
John de Beaufort was from Earl of
Somerset advanced by Richard II.
to be Marquis of Dorset, and di—
vested of that title by Henry IV.,
and the commons in parliament
humbly besought the king to re-
store to him the name of marquis,
Which he had lost, he himself op-
posed it, and publicly declared this
was a new dignity, and utterly un-
known to our ancestors, for which
reason he by no means desired it
nor would take it.

In writing to a marquis the letter
is usually directed, T0 the Most
Noble the Marquis qf .........; and
he is addressed in conversation as,
.M'g Lord. ’

1) 3 EARL;

 

 

30

EARL.

EARL, which now holds the third
rank only among our titles of nobi-
lity, is the most ancient of any of t
the peerage; and the only title of
honour new in use which existed
previous to the Conquest. It is said
to have been derived to us from our '
ancient forefathers in Germany.
The Latin word is comes; and we
are told by Tacitus:9 the Roman his- ‘
torian, that the Germans called those
by a similar name Who assisted the
prince “With their advice ahd autho-
rity. The Saxons in this country,
seem to have called them eaMor- $
men; the Danes changed the name

to

 

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‘EARL. 31
t0 eorlazs9 honourable; and time has
since softened it to earh

For a long time the name was
given singly; and, originally, the
title (fiied With its posgessor: But
after the Norman S€tfl€inent9 earls
became feudal, hereditary, and pan-
trimonialg and though-at first, if
we may judge from the celebrated
Daomsday survey, they were C&Hfid
simply Earl Hygiz, Earl .flan, Earl
Roger; yet they were afterward
created with the additian Of some
place, and had, ccording to our
1d iaw—hoaks, the third penny of
the county assigned to them“.

The oldest charter (and‘that was
the ancient method) of creation on
record,

 

 

 

32 EARL.

record, is one mentioned by Cam-
den, from the Empress Maud,
daughter of Henry 1., t0 Geoffrey
de Mandeville, Earl of Essex. King
John, however, introduced investi-
ture by the girding on of a sword:
and in the succeeding age, the put-
ting on of a cap was added, With
a golden circle.

In the more ancient times, there
were no earls but who had a county
or shire for their earldom; but after-
wards, the number increasing, they
took their title from some eminent
town or village, or even from their
own seat or park: in many instances
they“ have been derived from the
names of illustrious families; and

in one or two instances from the
kingdom

EARL. 33

kingdom of France, as Albermarle
and T ankerviiie.

Upon the increase of earls their
revenue ceased, and their pointers
were much abridged; and it became
a custom 0f the kings of Engiand
to assign a stated pension t0 the
person Whom he ennehled, for the
better support of his dignity, out of
some particular part of the myal re-
venue. In 01d times, the earls’ cre-'
ation-fee was twenty pounds.

An earl is now created entirely by
letters patent. His comnation-robe
is the same as that Of a duke 0r
marquig, except that he has only
three rows of spots; Hi9 parliamen-
tary robes too are the same, except

that

 

 

‘34] ‘ EARL.

that he has only three guards of er-
mine and gold lace. His cap is the
same; but his coronet has pearls
pyramidically raised3 and low straw-
berry leaves between them; His
title is, right honourable. The pre--:
sent custom, that the persom to be
created earl, if he were not before
“a baron, should be made one, is
modern, and was introduced in the

time of Henry VIII.

A letter to an earl is usually di-
rected, T0 the Right Hon. the Earl
.........; and in conversation he is

called, My Lord.

VISCO UNT.

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35

' VISCOUNTS

?%VHERE the title of Viscount had its
first rise has been disputed. Some
have said in England: but it seems
more probable that it was brought
hither by the Normans. It was
anciently the name of an office
under an earl, 0568-6077268, Who, be-
ing oftentimes required at ’court,
'Was his deputy to look after the
affairs of the county; and in our
old law-books it signifies the same-
With sherifi'. But. in the reign of
Henry VI. it became a degree of
honour between an earl and a ba-
ron, and was made hereditary. The
first Viscount in England created by

patent,

 

 

36 VISCOUNT.

patent, was John Lord Beziiimo11!:9
who was by the above king created
Viscount Beaumon t, and took preceu
deuce above all barons. The cream
tion, like that of all the other de-
grees of nobility, is now made en-

tirely by letters patent.

‘ The coronation—robes of the vis-
count are the same as an earl’s, ex-

cept that the former has only two
rows of plain White fur, which are

likewise the distinction on his par-

' liamentary ?cobes. His cap is the
same; but his coronet has only a
row of pearls close to the circle.

The written address of a Viscount
is, To the Right Hon. Lord stcozmt

The Oral address, .M3/ Lord
BISHOP?

 

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37

A BISIIOP.

W

A BISHOP is a pemen censeerated
fer the spiritual government and
direction of a diocese, and derives
his name from a Greek word Which
signifies an overseer. In the earliest
times, in this country, ecclesiastical
dignities were confirmed by the king
in parliament. Afterwards, contests
arising between the clergy and their
sovereign, it was frequently declared
that bishops should be elected by
the chapters of monks or canons in
the different cathedrals: but by an
act of parliament of Henry V111. the
right of nomination-was restored to

the crown.
1:: How

 

 

38 A Blsnem

How far we had bishops in the
remotest times, is a question scarcely
worth our enquiry. When St. Au-a
gustine came over to convert the
English, he met With great kindness
from Ethelherts then king of Kent,
and settled the metropolitan, or mo-
ther see, at Canterbury, Where it has
continued ever since.

Ordinarily, we are told, three
bishops are required in the cere-
mony of consecrating a bishop; but
in some cases one only may suffice.
The king, being certified of the
death of a bishop by the dean and
chapter, and his leave requested to
elect another, the congé d’elz're is
sent them, With a letter missive

nominating the person Whom he
would

A BISHOP. 39

would have chosen; and the election}
is to be within twelve days after the
receipt of it; otherwise, the king,
by his letters patent, appoints Whom
he pleases. After election, and its
being accepted of by the bishop, the
king grants a mandate under the
great seal for confirmation. Then
follows the consecration by the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, 01‘ some ether
bishop appointed by lawful commis-
sion, and two assistant bishops: the
ceremony of which is much the same
as in the Remish church, except that
having put on the epiScopal robes,
the archbishop and bishops lay their
hands on the new prelate’s head,
and consecrate him With a certain
form of words. The fees of the
whole process are said? in Cham-

E [2 here’s

 

 

40 A BISHOP.

bers’s Dictionary, to amount to about
600]. The process of translation of
a bishop to another bisholpric only
differs in this, that. there is no con-
secration. The age of a bishop is
to be at least thirty years.

The bishops of England are all
barons in a tWo—fold manner: and
by a statute of the thirty-first of
Henry VIH. 1540, take precedence
next to Viscounts.--—They have the
title of lord, and right reverend
Father in God; and, besides the
two arch’hishOpS9 are twenty-four in
number.

The Archbishdp of Canterbury is
the first peer in Great Britain next

the royal family: the Lord, Chan-
cellar

A BISHOF. 41

cellor is the next, and the Arch-
bishop of York the third. They
take place of all dukes; and the
two arehbishops have the title of
Grace. The ArchbishoP of Canter-
bury writes; himself, by Divine Pro-
vidence; the Archbishop of York,
and the other bish0ps, by Divine
Pemzz'wion. The bishops of Lon-
don, Durham, and Winchester, have
precedence ofall bishops; the others,
unless they are privy—counsellors,
rank according to the priority of
their creation.

A bishop is usually addressed,
.My Lord, 01', Y our Lordship.

E3 ' ABAROZ‘J’

 

 

,42

A B A R 0 N5
W

“ABARON, says Judge Blackstone?
is the most general and universal
title of nobility; for, originally,
every one of the peers of Superior
rank had a barony annexed to his
ether titles. The most probable
opinien 0f the origin of baronies
seems to. make them something
Simiiar to our present [07653 (f
manom; Who, about the reign of
John, became so very numerous,
that the greater Ones only were
summoned by the king to parlia»
ment.

By

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A 13mm. 43

By degrefis, the title came t0
be confined to the greater bamns,
or lords of parliament only, till
Richard 11. first made it a mere title
‘ of honour, by conferring it on divers
persons by letters patent. The first
Who was raiSed to this dignity was
John de, Beauchamp, 0f Holt—castle,
created baron of Kidderminster, in
'Worcestershire, 1387, Who was in:-
vested With a mantle and cap.

A baron is usually made ~by pa-
tent, but sometimes by writ; being

thereby called up to sit in the house
of lords. ‘

When a. baron is called up to the
house of peers by writ of summons,
the writ is in the king’s name; and
he

 

 

41 A BARON.

he is directed to come to the parlia

ment appointed to be held at a cer-
tain time and place, and there to
treat and advise With his majesty,
the prelates3 and nobility, about the
weighty afi'airs of the nation. The
ceremony of the admission of a
haunt hue the house of peensis
thus: He is brought into the house
between two barons, Who conduct
him up to the lord chancellor, his
patent, or writ of summons, being
carried by a king at arms, who pre—
sents it kneeling to the lord chan-
cellor, who reads it, and then con-
gratulates him on his becoming a
member of the house of peers, and
invests him with his parliamentary
robe. The patent is then delivered

to the clerk of the parliament, and
the

A BARON. 45

the oaths are administered to the ‘
new peer, who is then conducted to
his séat on the baron’s bench.

The eoronation—robes of a baron
are the same as an earl’s, except that
he has only two rows of spots on each
shoulder. In like manner his parliam
mentary-robes have but two guards
of White fur, With rows of gold lace:
in other respects, they are the same
as the peer’s. The cap is the same
as the viscount’s. But the coronetg
, Which was not granted till the time
of Charles 11., has six pearls set. at
equal distances on the chap‘aet.

A letter addressed to a baron is

usually directed, T0 the Reight Hon.
Lord .........; and in conversation
he is calleds ”My Lord.

KNIGIIT.

 

46

A KNIGHT,

KNIGHT, in the plainest of its more
dern senses, signifies a person, who
for some merit or martial prowess,
has been raised by the king above
the rank of gentleman, to a higher
class of dignity and honour.

In ancient times knighthood was
almost exclusively conferred on those
who had distinguished themselves by
notable exploits in arms. Although
in what is called the middle period
of English history, we find the as-
sumption of it depending on tenure:
that is, that he who held a knight’s

fee

 

A KNIGHT, 47

fee (or 680 acres of land) might be
compelled to take it, or undergo a
fine.

Thus was the order of knights
baclzelars not only in this, but in
other countries debased ; and hence,
and from the number of creations,
we may date the rise of new orders,
partly 0sz military, and partly of a
religious constitution; in Which the
more deserving were separated from
the croud, and marked by certain
tekens of honour and distinction.

To give even a bare list of the
military and religious orders in the
Several countries of Europe Would
be unnecessary here. We shall
confine ourselves to those of the

united kingdom.
TH E

 

 

48 A KNIGHT.
THE ORDER. OF THE GAR' ‘ER

is the firet, styled flee most noble;
l aedwas instituted by king Edward
the third, January 19, 1344. It
appears to have originated in Ed-
ward’s desire during his wars with
France, to draw the best soldiers of
Eumpe into his interest; and was
placed'by its founder under the im-
mediate patronage of St. George.

The habits and ensigns of the
order, consist of the garter, surcoat,
mantle, hood, george, collar, ‘cap,
and feathers. The four first were
assigned by King Edward the 111.,
the four last by King Henry the
VIII. Of theee: the garter has the

FTC.

A KNIGHT. 49

pre—eminence, being the first part of
the habit presented to the knight-
elect. It is worn on the left leg,
between the knee and the calf, and
appears to have been instituted by ‘
the founder With no idle reference
to the Countess of Salisbury, as
some writers have supposed, but. as
an ensign of unity and combination.
The motto, Hom‘ soit qm’ mal'y
31267236, is thought to bear allusion
to the equity of Edward’s intentions
in the institution.

T he manner of electing a knight-
eompanion, and the ceremonies of
investiture, are as follow:

When the sovereign designs to
elect a companion, the chancellor
F of

 

 

50 A KNIGHT.

of the order draws up the letters,
Which having passed under both the
sovereign’s sign manual, and the
Signet of the order, are sent to the
person by garter principal king. at
arms. This announces the inten-
tion, and appoints a day of instaI-n
lation.

At the time of election, the garter
is first buckled on by two of the
senior knights companions, whe
receive it from the sovereign; while
the chancellor reads the following
admonition from the statutes :

T0 the honourof God omnipotent,
and in memorial 9/" the blessed
martyr St, George, tye about thy

leg for thy renown, this noble gar»-
ter ;

 

A KNIGHT. 5i

tar; wear it as the symbol (3f the
most illustrious order, never to be
forgotten or laid aside : that there—
by thou mayest be admonished to be
courageous ; and having undertaken ‘
ajust war, in which thou shalt be
engaged, thou mayest stand firm,
valiantly fight, and succesyully

conquer.
The garter being buckled on, and

the words of its signification having
been pronounced, the knight—com-
panion is brought before the sove-
reign, who puts about his meek,
kneeling, a sky-coloured ribbon, to,
which is appendant, wrought in
gold within the garter, the image of
St. George encountering the dragon;
when the chancellor pronounces
another admonition :

F 2 W ear

 

 

52 A KNIGHT.

W ear this ribbon about thy‘neclc,
' adorned with the image of'the bless-
edtmartyr and soldier of Christ, St,
George; 63/ whose imitation pro-
voked, thou mayst so overpass
both prosperous and adverse adven»
lures, that having stoutly vanquished
thy enemies, both of body and soul,
thou magst not 07223] receive the
praise (fthts transient combat, but

be crowned with the palm cfeternal
victory.

Then the knight—elect kisses the
sovereign’s hand, and returns his
thanks for the great honour done
him, rises up, and salutes a“. the
companions severally, who return
their congrattflations.

T h. e

A Kmmvra 53

The pantaloons 0f the knightacom-
panion, are of peafl-coloured silk,
with a knot of open silver lace on
the outside of the right knee. His
shees, Which are of white shammy, ‘
With red heels, have each a knot as
the former on the exterier side.
His doublet is of~ cloth of silver,
adorned before and behind, and
down the sleeves, with several
guards, arrows of open silver lace,
each lace having a row of small but-
tons set down the middle. The
cuffs are open, and adorned With
the lace, and ribbons'set in small
lOOpS. The gloves, of kid, laced
at the top with silver. ‘In this habit,
having a blue ribbon spread over
the left. shoulder, and brought un-
der the right arm With the george

F 3 appendant,

 

 

5% A KNIGHT.

appendant, the knight preeeeds
from his lodgings in the castle (the
ceremony of the garter being always
perfermed at W’indsor)to the chap-
ter house; Where, disrohing himself
of his upper garment, he is invested
With a surcoat of crimson velvet,
lined with white taii'ata; during”
which time another admenitien is
read, exhorting him to take the
robe as atoken that he is to fight for
the defence of Christ’s faith, and
the liberties of the church.

After this the sword is girt about
him over his surcoat with a belt the
same as the coat ; and then hearing
the cap in his hand3 which is of
black velvet adorned With a diamond
band, and a plume of white fea-

thersg

A KNIGH’L :35

fl'lEl‘il-a With a Yheron-sprig in the
middie, he proceeds to his installan
tion in St, Georget‘g shaftel, being
led by two knights companigng 05
the order, to the seat below his ‘
stall, where the fallowing oath is
administered to him by Gartgr
king at arms:

You (56mg chosen [0 be one (5f 5/26
honourable company gf‘tm'smosé 2w-
bZe order ofthe gartem shah’pmmése
and swear by the koiy Ewangelisis,
by you here touched, that wifiingiy
and willingly, 32/025 simZZ not break
(7773/ slalm’e gf the said order, or
any arlz'cles 2'12 {Idem (?oniainea’, Me
5077226 156ing agreeabé’e and not repug-
mmt (0 the laws gf flhm’ghty God,
and the laws qf £11,529 realm, as far

forth

 

 

56- A KNIGHT.

forth as 10 you belongeé‘h and apper—
tainelh. ’

The Oath having been taken, the
knight is led to his stzth3 Where being
invested with the mantle of s‘ky-con
loured velvet, the register of the
order pronounces another admoni-
tion. After which, the hood being
placed upon the right shoulder, fas—
tened by the tippet, the collar and
george are put on, while another
admonition is given, similar to the
former; When the cap and feathers
being put upon the head, the in-
vestiture is completed.

The ofiicers of the order are, apre-
latte9 who is the bishop of ‘Winchea-

ter forthe time being; a chancellor,
the

A KNIGHT. , 57

the bishop 01' Salisbury; a register,
who has apartments in the. easfle of
Windsor; garter, Whose ofiice was
instituted by Henry V.; and bias}:

rod, who is the chief usher in the
kingdom.

The star, Which is worn by the
sovereign and knights companions
of the order, when not aderned with
their robes,3 eensists of eight points:
it appears to have been added to the
el'lsigns by King Charles the second.

THE ORDER OF THE BATH

Sis styled 5/16 77205! honourable. 1?;
‘55 said by some writers to have been
eriginally instimted by King Ri-
ehard IL; While others ascribe it to

King

 

 

58 A KNIGHT.

King Henry IV.,- who they assert
increased the number of knights
from four to forty-six.

The bath, it should seem,“ was
anciently used, in the creation of
knights, from a circumstance of
Which nature the title may perhaps
have been derived. ,

Having lain extinct for many
years this order was revived“ by
King George 1., in 1725, for a
great master, and thirty-six comm
panions. ‘

The mantle and surcoat of the
knights, are of red taffeta, lined with
White. The chief ensign of the
order consiets of a silver star, of eight

points,

A KN IGHT. 59

points, having three imperial crowns
in the centre, surrounded by this

motto, Triajuncta in mm.

The ribbon of the order is red.
The officers are, a dean, a genea-
logist, a king of arms, a revister, a
secretary, an usher of the order,
and a messenger.

THE ORDER OF THE THISTLE,

01‘ Si. A’ndrew, is styled the mast
ancient, though our historians differ
very much on its antiquity. Some
say that it was instituted after a vic-
tory had been obtained over Athel-
Stana by Hungus 0r Hungo, King of
the Piste: while others date its

origin considerably later.
4 At

 

 

80 A KNIGHT.

At the time of the reformation,
We are told, the knights were so
very zealous fer the refermed reli-
gion, that they left their order: and
it was not resumed till the reign of
James VII., the second of the name
in England. The misfortunes of
his reign, however, prevented his
completing the design: and it lay
dormant till Queen Anne was
pleased to sign another hedy 0f stav-
tutes, whereby it was restored to ite
ancient magnificence.

The habit of‘the knights is their
parliamentary rebes. The star is
,of four points; and the ribbon
green. The motto of the order?5
Nemo 7226 z'mpzme lacesszl‘.

THE

 

A KNiGHT. .6 1i.

“THE ORDER OF STO PATRICK

is styled the most illustrious ; the
first isnvestiture of Which was per:
formed on the llth of March, 1783,
at Dublin Castle. At the ceremonial
of installation, admonitions similar
to them used in the ceremonies of
the other erders are pronounced.
"The star of the order, in the centre
of which is the shamrock, has this;

jrmttog Q2131? separabit‘ 1783.

G JUDGE.»

 

62

11‘ JUDGE.

 

BY the tang and uniform usage of
many ages, Says Judge Blackstone3
our kingS have delegated their judi—
cial power to the judges of their
several courts.

The judges are always; chosen out
of the serjeants at law9 and are con-
stituted by letters .patent.* They
are bound aleo by a strong oath to
administer justice, and to determine
all causes that may come before

them according to the knmvn laW$
and

9* Except the lord chief justice of the
King’s Bench, who is made by writ”

 

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A JUDGE. 63

and customs of the realm, Which
even the crown itself cannot now
alter, except by act of parliament.
Formerly they held their places at
the royal pleasure; but, that both‘
their dignity and independence
might in future be secured, and the
administration of justice, if possible,
rendered more impartial, a statute
of King William III. ordered their
commissions to continue during good
behaviour; and likewise ascertained
and established for them certain
salaries. Though appointed by pita"
tent, they are to continue notwith-
standing the demise of the crown:
but, on an address of both houses of
parliament, they may at any time

be lawfully removed.
G 2

T0

 

 

64.: A JUDGE.

T0; strike them is punished in a
signal manner by our laws. They
are free from all prosecutions for
any thing they may do in ceurt,
.Which appears to have been an error
of their judgment; but for wilful
corruption they may be called to an
account in parliament. It i3 the.
noble declaration of the English
law, that, in criminal cases, where
counsel for defence are not allowed,
that the judge is always. counsel for
the prisoner, and is bound to see
that the proceedings against him
are legal and regular.

In their official capacities? the:

judges are imariahly styled, 1W3;
.LOVd'e

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65
THE SERJEANT A T LA W.

 

THE Smjeant at Law, or of the
003' , (as it is called) is the highest
degree taken in the common law,
as that of doctOr is in the civil law.
The cog’f is the serjeant’s badge: it
is of lawn, and is worn on the head,
under the cap, both at his creation

and afterward. Its use, originally,
was to cover the crown of the head, \

which, as in ancient times, the cler-
gy were the only lawyers, was a1-
Ways close shaved.

In conferring the degree great
ceremony is observed. Those who

are chosen make presents of gold

rings to a considerable value, and
G 3 generally

 

 

€36 SEKJ EANT AT LAW.

generally hoid a Sumptuous feast.
In modern times, hm’cver, the ex»-
pences 0f the flatter have been much
curtailedg Mr. Pennant says, that,
in 1531, eleven gentlemen, Who had
just been honoured With the 605/;
gave a grand feast at Ely-place, in
Holborn, for five days successiveiy.
0n the first, the king and his queen,
Catherine of Avragon, graced them
with their presence. The minutizs
of the entertainment are not. given
us; but two or three particumrs Will.
easily suffice to convince us of its:
greatness. He enumerates, among
ether more extraordinary particum
1211's, twenty-four hceves, 01" black
cattle, one carcase of an ax, one
hundred fat muttonss, thirty-four
large and ninety-one small pigs,

thirteen

9 ms e ANT AT LAW. 6:7

ihErieen swans, and three hundred
ma} {erty dezeu 0f larksa

Serjeants aye called by the king’s
mandate, 0r writ, directed to them,
commanding them to take the de-
gree by a day assigned. They are
heund, says Judge Blackstone9 bya.
SOiGfilfl oath to do their duty to their
clients: and as they are suppoeed to
he the mast lea'med and experienced
lawyers, there is (me court set apart
for them to plead in by themselves,
called the Court of Common Pleas;
because there the unwritten, (as it
is termed) 01‘ eemmon law of Engm
land, is most strictly observed: but
they are not prohibited pleading in
other courts; and the judges, who

by custom must be serjeants, call

them brothers.
BA RR]. S TE 153

 

 

BARRISTER AT LA PR

W

[A BARRISTER is a counsellor learned
in the law, Who is empowered to
plead, and defend the causes of
clients in our courts ofjustice. They
amoimt t0 the same in the English
law as advocates in other countries,
and are not admitted to the order
till after a considerable degree of
study or at least standing in the inns
of court. To pass barristers, they
were formerly obliged to study eight
years, thouigh now only seven, and
sometimes fewer; and in our old
laW-books are looked upon, like the
bachelOrs of our universities“, as only

learners, and not qualified to execute
the

 

 

 

 

 

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bf"

BARRISTER AT LAW. - 69

the full office of an advocate till
they are sixteen years standing,

when they are called {0 the degree
of serjeantg

They seem to" have been first ap-
painted by an mdinance of King
Edward L about 1291.,

A cugtom has someti {{z {3 premflefi
of granting letters patent g? prece-
dence to suckbarrjsters as the crown
thinks proper m honour with the
distinction. These rank promiS-n
cucufly With the king’s cmmsel,
and with {ham sit Within the bar
of the respective- courts; but as
they receive no salaries and are not
mvom, am at liberty to he retained
ih {332135235 aghiueet the cmwm

X XX

 

 

70 .A BARRISTER.

All the others, whether serjeants
or barristers, indiscriminately, (CX-‘
eept in the court of common pleas,
Where serjeants only are admitted)
may take upon them the defence of
any suiteifs, whether plaintiff or de-
fendant, Who are therefore called
their clients.

Judge Blackstone tells us it is
established that a counsel can main-
tain no action for“ histxfees; which
are given as a mere gratuity, Which
a counseiior cannot demand without
doing wrong to his reputation. And
in order to encourage due freedom
of speech in the lawful defence of
their clients, it has been held by
the lawyers that a counsel is not

answerable for any thing he may
say

A BARRISTER. '71.

say that relates to the cause in hand,
and is suggested by the instructions
of his client; not even though it
should reflect upon another, or
after all prove absolutely groundless.
Though as a. proper check to those
‘of the profession who may be in-
clined to he illiberal, or to prosti-
tute that. freedom Which the law
allows, it is determined that if a
barrister mentions an untruth of his
own invention, or even upon. in-
structions, if it be impertinent t0
the cause in hand, he is then liable
to an action from the party injured.

A 12002101:

 

 

72'

A D0 C TOR IN DIVIQIVITE’Z

A DOCTOR, simply so expressedfi
means a person, who, having been
long engaged in study, and passed
an the degrees of what is called 22
faculty in cur 'universities3 .is em-n
powered to teach 0r practise the
same. The title is supposed re have:
been. created in the university at.”
Paris abeut 1140, and. {'0 have
been introduced into England about.
1207.

To be a dector of divinity ii:
Oxford, the candidate must have
been a. bachelor of divinity four

years ;

 

 

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A DOCTOR IN DIVINITY. 73

years; or at least, according to the
regime of the university, it must be
four years from the time When he
was of standing to take that degree.
ln-Cambridge, unlessunder certain
circumstances, if the canditate be a.
bachelor of divinity, he musthave
been so five years. '

In Oxford, during solemn assem-
blies, or processions 0fthe university,
the doctor’s dress-gown is of scarlet,
with wide black velvet-sleeves from
the thickest part of the arm to the
wrist; it is without a cape; but has
a button and loop to secure the scarf;
and is likewise accompanied by the
hood of scarlet cloth, lined with black
gilk. His cap, on such occasions, is
roundfi of black velvet, and-‘not much

It I unlike

 

 

74?. A DOCTOR IN DIVINITY.
unlike in shape to that Which is at

present worn by his majesty’s yeo—
, men of the guard.

The ordinary gown is black, either
of crape, silk, or prince’s stuff; it is
withouta cape, and is exactly similar
in form to that Which is worn by
'vniasters of arts, except that it has
a button and loop for the scarf which
is only worn by doctors. The sleeves
reach nearly to the“ ground, and are
scooped away at the end, but have
a cross slit about the centre to put

the arms through.

The hood shewn in the engraving
,is the distinction of a doctor of divi—
nity in both of our universities.

4. A CLERG YMAN

L/

75

A CLERGYM‘AN in FULL ORDERS)

IN the general acceptatiop 0f the
word, priests are any ministers of a
church: but in the more particular.
one, it implies those Who ,are ad-
mitted to the. full or seco‘hd degree
of holy orders.\

In conferring holy orders, the,
church of England preserves but
two distinctions, While those in the
Romish church were seven. The
first degree is that of deacon. Dea-
cons were originally instituted With
110 other functions than to assist the
priest at the altar. By the regulw-
tions of the church, a deacon must

II he

b3

 

 

76 CLERGYMAN IN FULL oxwmeee.

be of the age of twenty-three at his
admission. He is allowed to baptize,
to catechize, to preach, to assist in
the administration of the sacrament,
to solemnize matrimony, and to
inter the dead; buthe can neither
consecrate the sacred elements or
read the abselution, these being the
peculiar duties of the priest, or
clergyman in full orders. N or can

adeacon, as such, be instituted to
a living.

To be admitted to the ecclesias-v
tical functions in their full extent,
as well by the canons of the church
as by an act of Queen Elizabeth, a
man must be twenty-four. Though,
anciently, When there were more
degrees of holy arders in the church?

thirty

L/

CLERGYMAN IN FULL ORDERS. '77

thirty was the age. The manner
and form of ordination both for
deacon and priest is annexed to the

book of Common prayer.

A prejudice was long entertained,
that they Who had only received

deaeon’s orders might at any time
throw off the sacred character; but

of late years, When the clergy were
no longer suffered to sit among the
commons in parliament, its indeli—
bility was confirmed by the legisla-a

ture.

The gowns Which the clergy
usually wear are different: some
adopting those appropriate to the
degrees they may have taken in the
university, others wearing such 215-;

H 3 they

 

 

78 CLERGYMAN ‘IN FULL ORDERS;

they deem most convenient; but
the generality adopting that as a;
preaching gown which is repre-
sented in the plate: from its ful-o

ness, usually termed the pudding
sleeve.

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'79

AN ADAIIRALG

#-

'©N,the origin and denomination
of this important officer, Whom we
find, With some variation, esta-v
blished in most kingdoms that born
der on‘ the sea, authors are divided.
:I‘h‘e Sicilians are by some said to
be the first, and the Genoese the
next, Who gave the title to the
commanders of their naval arma-
ments; and it is affirmed they took it
from aSaracen or Arabic term, that
signifies a commanding officer.

The first admiral we read of in.
the English history is under Ed;

ward L And the first title of Ad-
miral

 

 

80 AN ADMIRAL

miral of England conferred upon a
subject, was given by patent from
Richard II. to the Earl of Arundel
and Surry, in 1387. His successora
were afterward called lord high
admirals, to whose care the Whole
government of the British navy was
committed; and they were vested
With a power not only to appoint
sea—ofiicers, but also commissioners,
or judges, for exercising justice in
the court of admiralty.

Prince George of Denmark, how-
ever, was the last who had the title
of 10rd high admiral; the oflice is
now put into commission, and the
commissioners are styled lords of the
admiralty.

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AN ADMIRAL. 81

An admiral, such as we have re-
presented in the plate, is the com-
mander in chief ofa single fleet, or
squadron; andis distinguished by
a flag displayed at his main—top-
mast-head. Thus we say, the ad-
miral of the red, the admiral of the
white, and the admiral of the blue.
A vice-ADMIRAL commands the se-
cond squadron of a fleet, and has
his flag set up at the f0re-t0p-mast~
head; and a rear-ADMIRAL the third
and last squadron: he carries his;
flag at the mizen-top-mast-head.

A CAPTAIN

 

 

 

82

A C“ API'AIN IN THE A 41’)

J&T the present day captains ufsship;9
are of two kinds; the one of a ship
of war, by Whom we mean a cap-
tain in the navy: the other is only
the commander of a trading vessel.

The rank of captain of a man of
war is held eqvivalent to that of
colonel in the army. He is account-
able for the ship, if lost or taken by
his miqconduet; and his province
extends to the military government
iiaxigation, and equipment, of the
ship Which he commands, and to the
conduct of the inferior oflieers and

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A CAPTAIN IN THE NAVY. 83

111cm, which he is required to super-
intend and regulate.

The pay of sea—captains in the
English service was originally very
small; but the defect was made up
to them by many yrivileges which
they are not now allowed, as plun-
dering of prizes, taking what were
called convoy-monies, and even car-
rying merchant-goods, plate, &c.
King James 11. taking this last pri-
vilege away, in lieu of it granted
them an annual allowance of table-
Inonies almost equal to their whOle
former pay. But this not taking
place on account of James’s abdica-
tion of the throne, King \Villiam III.
in 1693 ordered the pay of captains

to be doubled; buthe fund even
for

 

 

84 .A CAPTAIN IN THE NAVY.

for this failing at the peace of Rys-
Wick, a new establishment was made
in 1700, whereby nearly one third
was ,retrenched- from the sea—pay,
and that of 21‘ first rate fixed at one
pound, a second rate sixteen shil-
lings, a third thirteen and Sixpence,
a fourth ten, a fifth eight, and a
sixth six shillings a day

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A GENERAL

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A GENERAL
—5—.—— I

THE General of an army is the chief ‘
‘commandingoflicer, Whose business
is to regulate the march and en-
campment of the army, to choose
the most advantageous ground in
the day of battle, to dispose the
army, post the artillery, and send
his orders wherever there may be
occasion by his aids-de-camp. At
a siege he is to cause the place to
be invested, to regulate .the ap-
proaches and attacks, to visit the
werks, and to send out detach- '
ments for securing the convoy and
for- foraging. A

But of this order there are three

inferior degrees. These are lieu-
[ l6”d7ll~ .

 

 

86 A GENERAL.

tenant-general, majoregeneral, and
brigadier-general.

A lieutenant-general is the next
in rank to the commander in chief;
and in battle the oldest, according tp
the date of his commission, com-
mands the right Wing of an arrhy,
the second the left Wing, and the
third the centre, &c.; and in sieges
they command the right of the prin-
cipal attack: one part of their func-
tion is to assist the general with
their counsel. 1

The Illajor-general is the next in
rank: he receives the general’s era
ders, and delivers them to the ma-
jors of brigades, with whom he comes
certs what troops are to mount the

guard

A GENERAL. 87

guard, what to go on parties, and-
what to form detachments, or to be-
sent on convoys, &e.; it is also his
business to view the ground for the I
army to encamp on, and when it
marches to place himself at his head.
In sieges, if there are two separate
attacks, ’the second belongs to him.

A hrigadier-general is an officer
that commands a brigade or division
only of an army, and is only a gene-*
ral officer in his respective corps.

A general of horse is an officer
next in command to the chief gene-
ral, Who has the absolute command
of the horse of an army above the
lieutenant-general. A general 9/"
foot has a similar power over' the
infantry. I 2

 

 

88

A CA PTAIN I V T11 E ARM'K

A CAPTAIN of acompany, or troop,
is an inferior officer, who commands
a Company of foot, or troop of horse,
under the colonel. In Which sense
we say a captain of dragoorns, of gre-u
nadiers, of marines, ofinvalids, &c..

In the horse and foot-guards, the
captains are styled colonels, being
usually persons ofrank, and general
officers of the army. In the colonel’s
first company, or that whereof he
himself is captain, the commanding
officer is called caplain-h'eutenant.

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eMTAIN IN THE ARMY. 89

. The duty of this officer is to be
careful to keep his company full of
able—b’odied soldiers, to visit their _
tents and lodging, to see what is
wanting, pay them well, cause them
to keep themselves neat and clean
in their clothes, andwto keep their
arms bright. He has power in his
own company of making serj‘eants
and corporals.

“.4”..- 4-.“

I 3 THE

 

 

90

THE LORD MAYOR OF LONDON;

-*

DURING the time of William the
Conqueror, and till the reign of
Richard I. the name of the civil g0»
vernor of Lohdon was Port-reve, 0r
Baum": but in 1189 it was changed
to that of Mayor, and the first who
held the oflice was Henry Fitz
Alwyn. In 1197, the mayor was
first vested with the conservancy 0f
the Thames; hut tiil 1345 the elec-
tion to the office was not established
on a regular plan. About 1354, it
seems, the title of Lord Mayor was
assumed; and in 1475 the mode of
election still used, (by the master

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THE LORD MAYOR OF LONDON. 91

wardens, and liveries of the city
companies) adopted.

In the election of 21 10rd mayor, ‘
says Mr. Noorthouck, all the alder-
men under the chair, who have serv-
edthe office of sherifi', are proposed
in rotation, two of whom are to be
returned by the common—hall to the
court of aldermen, Whose choice is
limited to one of those two. It has
been the usual custom of thé livery
to nominate the two senior alder-
men under the chair ; and the court
of aldermen have usually upon the
like exampie elected the Senior of
those two into the oflice; but that
each of them have a right to deviate
from this usual method, is indis-n

putahle: and in cases of particular
dislike,

 

  
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
     

92 THE LORD MAYOR OF LONDON.

dislike, especially when the city has
been divided into political parties,
the order of rotation has been dis-u
regarded.

Although the office of 10rd mayor
is elective, yet it may in some means
sure be said to be perpetual; for his
authority, unlike to that of all com-
mission-officers, does not cease 0n
the demise of the king. In such
cases the lord mayor of London .is
said to be the principal officer of the
kingdom, and takes his‘plaee in the
privy council until the new king is
proclaimed. His powers are very
extensive: he is the king’s repre-
sentative in the civil government of
the city; first commissioner of the
lieutenancy; perpetual cemner and
eseheator ‘

 

THE LORD MAYOR OF LONDON. 93

escheator within the city and liber-
ties of London and the bbrough of
Southwark; chiefjustice of oyer‘ and
terminer, and goal delivery of New-
Vgate; judge of the courts of ward-
mote at the election of an alderman ;
conservator of the rivers Thames anti
Medway ; perpetual commissionerint
all affairs relating to the river Lea;
and chief butler of the kingdom at
2.111 coronations.

ALI) E [MM 3

 

 

94

A N A LDERM'A N.

~*—

ALDERMAN, amOng our Saxon an»
cestors, was a title of nobility:
ealdorman among them implied a
man advanced in years, and accordu
ingly supposed to be of superior
Wisdom and gravity. ’In the time
of Edgar, the office was among the
first in the kingdom.

In the present state of English
polily, it signifies'an associate to the
mayor or civil magistrate of a city
or town, for the better administra-
tion of his office. In our cities, as
well as most of the municipal or

incorporated

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AN ALDERMAN. 95

incorporated towns, the aldermen
form akind 0f councihand regulate-
things relating to the policy of» the
place. They sometimes also take
cognizance of civil and criminal
matters, but that very rarely, and
only in particular towns. Their
number_is not limited, but varies in
various places: in some it is six, in
others twenty-six. 7 Out of them are
annually elected the mayors, or chief
magistrates, who, after the eXpirae
tion of their year of office, return
again into the body of the alderman.

The twenty-six alderman of L0}:—
DON are properly the subordinate
governors of their respective Wards,
and originally held their offices either

by

 

 

96 AN ALDERMAN.

by inheritance or purchas ; at which
time the wards changed their names
as often as they did their governors.
The oppression, however, to Which
the citizens were subject from such a
a government asthis, put them upon
means to abolish the perpetuity of
the office; and by application to
Edward III. in 1376, at the time he
renewed the charter of his father,
they brought it to an annual elec-n
tion. But this being attended with
inconveniences, and becoming a
source of perpetual contention, the
parliament of 1395, in the seven-
teenth of Richard II. enacted, that
the aldermen of London should con-
tinue in their several offices during
iife or good behaviour; and so it

still

AN ALDERMAN. 97' ,

grill continues, though the manner
«at election has varied seVeral times.
By the first charter Which Charles I.
granted to this city, the mayor, re-
corder, such aldermen as had served
the office of mayor, and the three
senior aldermen, who had not been
mayors, were constituted justices of
the peace for the city and liberties.
But in 1742, it was found necessary,
for the more effectual administration
of justice, to extend that power t0
the Whole body of aldermen at large.
They Who have passed the chair, or
served the office of 10rd mayor, are
justices 0f the quorum, and all the
other aldermen justices of the peace.
They are exempted from serving inn
ferior offices: and are neither put
upon assizes, or serve on juries, as

K 10 ng

 

 

98 AN ALDERM'AN ..

Eong as they continue to be alderw
men. When one of {hem dies or
resigns, the' wardmote chuse a suc-
cessor, whu is admitted and sworn
into oflice by the 10rd mayor and
court.

T1183 comic 0f Eord mayor and alder»
men is a, court of recurd, wherein is
Eodged a great part of the executive
power, AH taxeag and other insu‘uu
ments that pass the city—sealg are 62:-
eauted by them ; the assize 0f brew}
ascertained; contests relating to
water-courses, lights, and1.)art.y-Wails
adjusted; and the city-Ofiicers SUS—
pended or punished, according, to
the notoriety of their offences. This
court has not only a right of fixing
their several taxes, with theappro-

bation

AN ALDERMAN. 99

bation of privy-coungil; butxalso a
power of disposing of most of the
places belonging to the city-officers,
and of electing annually eleven over—
seers, or rulers of the fraternity of
watermen. ‘

K 2 A SIIERIFF

 

 

100
A SHERIFF OF A C0 UNTY,

——.—.

THE Sheriff is the executor of the
MW in his county, and the ofliccrta
Whom the king, by his Iettcl‘s'patenf?
cemmits the custmiy 0f the cmmtya
His chief qualification is the passes-
sien of sufficient land within the
same to answer the king and the
people in any manner of complaint.

Sheriffs were: formefly chosen by
the inhabitants of the severa! coun-
ties, though in some, as in West—
moreland at the present day, the
sheriffs we‘re hereditary. These po-
pular elections, however, on the
juncture 0:? their growing tumultuu

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SHERIFF 01? A COUNTY.’ 101

ous, were put an end to by a statute
in the ninth year of King Edward
11.; Which enacted that the sheriff's ‘
should from theneeforth be assigned
by the 10rd chancellor, treasurer,
and the judges, as being persons in
Whom the trust might With safety
be reposed. Other statutes also
were made in succeeding reigns to
regulate the election; and the cus-
tom now is, which has obtained ever
since the time of Henry VI., that
all the judges, together With the
other great officers, meet in the
exchequer-chamber 0n the morroW
of A11 Soul’s yearly, (now altered
to the marrow of St. Martin) and
then and there propose persons to
the king, Who afterwards appoints

one of them to be sheriff.
K 3 The

 

 

302 SHERIFF OF A COUNTY.

The sherifl's of London and Mid»
dlesex, are still, however, chosen

by the livery of London in common»
hall.

The sheriff is not only the govern!
nor, but may be likewise styled the
treasurer of his shire or county. F 0!“
it is his busigess to collect and pay
into the exchequer the public re-
venues of his county, to levy the
fines even by dist'raining, to attend
the judges, to execute convicts, and
to determine lesser causes.

An attorney, it is said, is exempt
from the» oflice of sheriff, because of
his attendance on the courts OfWest-s
minster. N or can any person be
obliged to take the oflice during the

time

SHERIFF OF A COUNTY. 103

time he is serving as a militia
Officer.

The sheriff, before he exercises
any part of his office5 and beforehis
patent be made out, is to give secu-
rity in the king’s remembrancer’s
office in the exchequer, under
penalty of 1001. for the payment of
his profl'ers, and all other profits of
the sherifl'wick; he must also take
the oaths of allegiance and abjura-
tion; and all, except the sherifl's of
Wales and Chester, an oath for the
due execution of their office.

In his judicial capacity? the sheriff
is to hear and determine ail causes of
forty shillings’ value and under, in
his cauntgacourt. He is likewise to

decide

 

 

104 SHERIFF OF A COUNTY.

decide the elections of knights of the
shire, of coroners, of verdeors, or
officers of the king’s forests ; to judge
of the qualifications of all voters, imd
to return such as he shall determine
to be duly elected, hut incapable‘o‘f
being elected himself for the county,
&c., of which he is returning officer.

As the keeper of the king’s peace,
both by common law and special
commission, he is the first man in
the county, and superior in rank to
any nobleman therein during his
ofiice. '

The sheriff is the keeper of the
pfisons in his county, all of Which
‘ it is his (iu'ty to visit Men, and ti)
protect the unhappy prisoners from

the

SHERIFF OF A COUNTY. 105

the cruelty and oppression of tgoa‘in
ers and their turnkeys. ‘

A11 writs are also executsd in his
name, and by his ,oflicers, whose
extortions and arbitrary conduct heal.
should attend m agd correct.

.4? 60 flffiIO 9‘2.

 

 

106

A 0' 01911110 N?- CO UNCI L MA 4V2

 

THE earliest mention of common»
council men, as appointed to assist
the alder'm‘en in public business, is” '
éaid to be in 1285, when‘the city of
London, being divided into twenty-
four wards, each ward chose certain
of the inhabitants to be of council,
Who were regularly Sworn into their
office; and in 1385 it was ordained,

that four of each ward should be
chosen.

The common-council of London
consists of two hundred and thirty~
six deputies from the dilferent wards
of the metr0polis, who are chosen
annually, as the representatives of

the

 

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«

A COMMON-COUNCIL MAN. 107

the great bedy of the citizens, on
St. Thomas’s day; and Who, united
with the 10rd mayor and aldermen,
form the legislative body of the cor-
poration. The court of common-
, council assembles in Guildhall; and
their general business is to make
bye-laws for the due government of
the city, to the observance of which
every citizen is bound: and they
annually appoint committees out of
their body for the management of
different departments of the city’s
affairs: but the acts Which they
make are obliged to have the assent

of the 10rd mayor and aldermen.
The 10rd mayor may call courts

whenever he pleases; bet he is
obliged to call four in a year. The
commissioners of sewers, the town-

clerk,

 

 

168 A CGMMOK-COUNCIL 31A:n_

clerk, and some other officers, are
in the appointment of the ceurte

As an instance of the service they
have sometimes done, :it ought to be
remembered that during the dread-
ful plague, in 1665, Sir John Lauu
rence held councils daily, that every
necessary dispasition for the public
mace and safety might be made.

QGURT’

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, “551-07; hi- / “31717.1(, 1'1491/4'fi’17fzfi'

 

109

CO URT DRESSESG
W

THE cOurt dress for gentlemen is
what is commonly called a f all dressed
coat9 witheut collar orlappels, made
of silk, velvet, or cloth, and often
richly embroidered in gold, silver,
or coloured Silks. Any naval or
military uniform is reckoned a full
dressa th ou gh man y regimentals have,
properly Speaking, n0 full dressed
uniform; those that havs, cannot
appear at court in the uazdmsscd
uniform. ‘

People are allowed {9 gb i0 court
in private mourning, excgpt on thE
:birthmdays. Their uniforms, with a
piece. 0f. Mack. craps tied yound the

L 31'an

 

 

110 COURT DRESSES.

arm, are reckoned sufficient for ofli-a
cers in the deepest mourning.

Gentlemen not in uniform, wear
what are called weepers in deep
mourning, which are mereiy eam-
bric cuffs, with broad hems turned
back upon the sleeves.

The court-dress for ladies is now
distinguished only by the hoop,
lappets, and full ruffles; for the
mantua is now made exactly like any
other epefi gown, and differently
in Sh&p€ before, according to the
fashion of the year: the petticoat
also is plain or trimmed, aceordihg
to the fancy of the wearer. The
most general form is the one fol-
lowed in the plate; of late, it has

been

COURT DRESSES. 111

been more the fashion to have the
petticoat‘, both the drapery and the
under part, of the same colour as the
gown; but a coloured drapery over
a white petticoat prevailed for many
years, and the drapery was even
often of a different colour from the
gown. Velvet, sattin, silk, crape,
and gause, are the only materials
allowed for ladies’ court dresses;
the lappets are sometimes of black
lace, but oftener the same as the
ruffles of fine lace 0r blonde. Court,
dresses are trimmed, and often em-
broidered with gold and silver; and
artificial flowers are much used for
ornamenting the petticoat. Feathers
are not reckoned a necessary part of
a court dress ; but young ladies very
seldom go Without them, and they

L 2 are

 

 

112 COURT DRESSES.

are suppoged to be under dressed if
they do.

In deep mourning, ladies wear a
black hood, put on as it is repre-
gented in the plate.

Court mournings are worn by
every body, according to the de-
gree of relationship in which the
person mourned for stood to his
majesty.

The king never wears black, CX-v
cept on the day of King Charles"5
martyrdom: his mourning is purple,
even With weepers. T he queen.
wears the same mourning as other

people.

Gentlex‘nen

COURT DRESSES. 113‘

Gentlemen are all presented first
to his majesty at the levee, and to
her majesty at the following drawing,
room: they are generally presented
by their nearest relation, Who gives
a card with their name, and the
occasion of their being presented
written upen it, to the lord of the
bed-chamber in waiting. 7 He names

them to the king When they get up
to him in the circle, on Which they
kneel down on one knee and kiss

his hand .

T 0 her majesty, the ceremony for
gentlemen is the same, only that
the card is given to her lord cham-

berlain.

Ladies were presented to the kirig'
L 3

 

 

114 COURT DRESSES.

at the same drawing-room, but be.
fore they were presented to her ma-
jesty; but since the king has gone
so much seldomer to court, they
have been presented first t0 the
queen at a common drawingcroomy
"and t0 the king at the birthday
following; and those invited by her
majesty to the entertainments at
Windsor, have been presented to his
majesty there: in that case, they
are not in court dresses, but the
ceremony is the same On their
being named to the king, by the i
lord of the bed-chamber, they make
a low courtesy, and he salutes them;
but their right-hand glove should be
off, .as if they intended to take his
hand to kissc

Te

eeUR-T BRESSES. _ 115

Te her majesty, the ceremony of
wesentation for ladies is different
aeeerding to their rank: all under
the rank of right honourable kiss
the queen’s hand, making so low a
courtesy as to have almost the ap«
pearance of kneelingg'she salutes
these who have that rank, though
they equally have their glove 0fo

People are presented on different
occasions: on first coming into the
world, (Which yeung ladies usually
de about seventeen 0r eighteen) ; On
their marriage, or any change of
name; on going abroad, or to Ire-m
fiend; or to an appointment to any
Situation about their majesties or the
royal family

Gentlemen

 

 

116 COURT DRESSES;

Gentlemen are also presented (m
obtaining a commission in the army;
promotion in the army 01“ navy; a
place under government; or any
high situation in the church 01“ 1am

The personal attendants. 0n the
royal family are presented in private
to the one they belong to, and t0
the king 01‘ queen, or both, (if it is
an attendant on any of the other
branches of the royal family) at the
levee and drawing—room.

The drawing—mom generally be-
gins about two o’clock, when their
majesties come in; the king first9
preceded and foliowed by his attend-
ants; and the queen, ‘led by'her
lord Chamberlain, (01‘ Vicemchambera

lain

C'OU RT DRESSES. 117

Iain in his absence); her train led by
a page of honour, and followed by
the princesses, each led by one of
her majesties gentlemen ushers, or
equerries: the ladies of the bed-
ehamber in waiting to the queen and
princesses follow; then the maids of
honour; and last, the bed-chamber
woman in. waiting on the queen. 0n
thebirth-days, the mistress of the
robes3 all the ladies of the bed-
chamber9 and bed-chamber women?
follow in the train, those in waiting ‘
going first; the mistress of the robes
usually takes her Waiting on the
isirth-days, as the groom of the stole
does his upon his majesty.

At the entrance of the drawings

mom} the page resigns the queen’s
train.

 

 

11,8 COURT DRESSES.

train to the lady of the bed-cham-s
her, who hangs it over her arm, and
keeps it there during the whole of
the drawing—room; of course, she
must then follow before the prin—

068865.

The queen courteseys t0 the king
on entering the drawing room?
which she then goes round to the
left, While he is deing so to the
right; and their majesties speak to
every person as they get up to them.
The page, gentleman usher, and
bed-chamber women, do not follow
the queen into the inner drawing-
room, nor the ladies of the bed-
ehamber not in waiting; and the
maids of honour do not go round it

With her, but stand altogether at
one

COURT DRESSES. 119

one end till the drawing-room is
over, when they follOw her out, and
fall into the train in their pieces in
the outward drawing—room. Their
majesties come and go through the
levee-rooms.

Since there have been drawing
rooms so much seldomer, (only on
every other Thursday) and that, of
course, they have been so much
more crouded, their majesties, in-
stead of going round the room, have
Stood each With their back to a table
between the Windows, and the com-
pany have gone up to them. Any
of the royal family coming to court,
go in at the middle door, the coma
pany at one of the two side doors;
and since their majesties have stood

still.3

 

      
   
    
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
     

120 COURT DRESSES.

still, they should go in at. the deer next
the Windows} and out at the other.

T here are three reams in which
those desirous of seeing the company
go to court may stand, by obtaining
fickets from the 10rd chamberlain:
the guard-chamber, the royal pre-
senee—chamber, and the privy-chmm
her ; in the last only, they also see
the king, queen, and royal famfly
passx, as it is between the levee»-
rooms and the outer drawing—mom.

  

The inward drawing-room is also
called the great coxmcil—chamber;
and ‘in it his majesty receives ad-
dresses from the houses of parlia—
ment, city, ($50. when he sits under
the canopy at the upper end. In

4 this

COURT DRESSES. 121

this room are also held the chapters
of the different orders, and the
royal children are christened.

Fer that ceremony, her majesty’s
5tate4bed of crimsgn velvet, lineci
With white saitin, and with a coun-n
terpane 0fphh1t1ace,is placed under
the canoyy: the mattresses are so-
placed upon it as to admit of, and
be even with the heat of a chair?
placed in the middEe, in Which this
queen sits, supegbly dressed in White
and dianrmmésa but. not in a court»
dress. At the feet of the had if}
placed a table, covered With crime»
sen-velvet, trimmed with gold, on
Which stands the bason, ewm, 8:43.
all of gilt plate; the king stands
m1 one side of this table, and the

M archbishop

 

 

122 COURT DRESSES.

archbishop 0n the other, with the
sponsors, or their proxies, near him.»
All the branches of the royal family,
with their attendants; all who eom~
pose the king or queen’s family;
the great officers of state, ministers,
peers and peeresses, privy counselu
lors and their wives, and 'peers’
unmarried daughters, are admitted,
but. no other persons, to this cerem
many: all are in full court—dresses.
The child is brought from the royal
nursery, carried on a crimson-velvet
cushion by the governess, and ab»
tended by the 10rd Chamberlain,
Viee-ehamberlain, the maidsof he-
nour, the gentlemen ughers, 810.:
the subwgovernes’s and nurse alse
attend.

The

COURT DRESSES. 123

The governess first carries the child
up to her majesty, and then places
herself with it at the bottom of the.
bed, near the archbishop :— the maids
of honour stand three and three on

each side of the bed.

Before the christening the com-
pany are admitted to see the child
in its state-cradle, of crimson—velvet
and gold, which stands With .3 wire '
railing round it, under the canopy,»
in the canopy-room of the royal
nursery: the governess, sub-go-
verness, gentlemen ushers, &c. at-

tending.

During her majesty’s lyings—ih,~
there are regular enquiries after her

at St. James’s, in what is called the
M 2 queen’s

 

 

324 COURT DRESSES.

queen’s little drawing—room, Where
the lady of the bed--ehaunber5 and
bed-ehamber women in waiting,
two maids of heneur, and one gen-
tleman usher9 attend to receive
them, from One to three in the

morning, and from seven. to nine in
the evening.

Cake and candle are offered by
the pages to the company in the
queen’s presence-chamber, Where a

page writes down the names of those
Who come to enquire“

At the king and queen’s birtha
days, the royal children.) before they
were of an age ta go to a drawing:
room, received the company Who
were desirous of seeing them as they

came

COURT DRESSES, 125

eame from court, in the queen’s
little drawingmroom, attended by the
governess, sub-governess, {—md“ one
of her majesty’s gentlemen ushers.

On the two birth-days, thearch—
bishop of Canterbury, at the head
of thebishops, comes to congratulate
her majesty in a speech fitted for
the occasion. She receives them in
her state bed-chamber, standing at
the foot of the bed with the prin-
cesses, and the ladies. of her own
family standing round her, dressed
for court. The bishops are preceded
into the room by the lord or vice-
chamberlain‘; and when the arch-
bishop has made his address, the
queen answers their congratulations
in a short speech. ’

M 3 " A SCOTCH

 

 

    
     
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
    

A 800 T011 HIGHLANDERR

a—I...‘

lfllGHLANDERS IS a general appeiian
tion for the inhabitants of the moun-n
fitaineus parts 0ft any country: but
in Britain, the name is particularly
given to these peopie who inhabit
the meuntainous parts vef Scotlandfi
to the north and north-west, includ-«
ing those of the Hebrides, er western.
isles. They are, probably, the den
scendants 0f the first inhabitants "
Britain ; and though in the remotest
times they do not appear to have
possessed that degree of refinement
in sentiment and manners that IS age»
eribed to them by some Writerss they

eeem;

Mu,“

 

 

/ /// 5M

Fuku/une «905 5} 'Zkéart 45“ 6,0 r5; NW Ba 71d .51er

 

 

 

A SCOTCH HIGHLANDER. 127

seem always to have been a hardy9
brave, and warlike people.

For along series of years they en—
joyed a king and governor of their
own: but in 835, When Kenneth
Mac Alpin, after having subdued
the Pictish kingdom, transferred thi-
ther the seat of royalty, the country
orihe Highlands fell into anarchy
and confusion. The petty chiefs;
began to extend their authority, to-
form factions, and to foment divi-
sions and feuds between contending
chins. Klaan, in the Highlands,
signifies children; and, at that pe-
riod, every great family formed a
civil government within itself, of
Which its head was the abSolute

prince. Hence Sprung all those
evils

 

 

128 A SCOTCH HIGHLANDER’.

evils Which for so long a time dis-n
graced the remotest parts of Scot-
land. Family made a systematic
warfare against family: quarrels
were handed down from one gene-
ration to another; and the whole
clan were beund in honour $0 63-:
youse the cause, whether right or

wrong, of every individual Who
egmposed in

The idea which the English en-»
tertained of them in the reign of
Elizabeth, may probably be obtained
from Camden. He describes them
as a peeple tight—moulded,eof great
strength and swifmesg, highuspirited9
bred up in war and robbery, and
extremely prone to revenge and
deep resentment. They wore striped

mantleg,

:2 ,

A SCOTCH HIGHLANDER. 1:29

mantles, he says, and thick long

hair, and lived by hunting, fishing,

and plunder. In battle, their armour ‘
was an iron head-piecc end a coat

of mail, and they used bows and

bearded arrows, and very broad

swords, and weredivided into com-

panies called clans.

Doctor Johnson, in hisjourney to
the western islands, gives a. strong
proof of their attachment, or rather
their blind veneration for their chiefs,
so late even as the reign of George I.
When the Scots first rose in arms
against the succession of the House
of Hanover, Laval, the chief of the
Frazer clan, was in exile. The
Frazers were very zealous against
the government. A pardon was sent

to

 

£383 A SCOTCH HIGHLANDERs

{e Levet: he came to the English
camp? and the clan immediately
deserted to him.

After the rebellien of 1745, their
arms, not, even with the exception of .
the loyal clans, were taken from them
by an act of parliament. The High-u
land Chieftain, Who had formerly
been attended by a retinue where-
ever he went, having lest his military
importance, now lostagreat portion
of his dignity; and in cases where
his pride or his preperty have suf-
fered injury, appeals no longer to
his sword, but tothe law. Since the
disarming-aet, not only the bows and
arrows, but the hmad-sword and the
target have been laid, aside; and? if

we:

 

A SCOTCH HIGHLANDER. 131

we except his dirk, the native Highs
lander walks about. defenceless‘.

Among the Highlaflders of very
early periods the harp is said t0 have
been, used; but their chief instru-
ment of music has been far ages,
both in war and peace, the hag-a
pipe. The particular music Which-
is used in their dances, is generally
known by the name of stmthspeyn
$6635.

The fdlewing sunmuiry of their
habit is ahrifigetz M ”3" ?emnani‘g
Beside the cap, the dress 05:“ the
men is the Meghan, or pktid, twelve
01‘ thirteen yards «of narrow stuff
wrapped round the middie, and

reaching

.. v“":' -. ‘ ”L4 .. J( «L; A .. A <. . ‘- u. v A -
x-r 5 -m- “” Kyazzw,-tx.z .-. . ./.-* , mm w .. , ”.2 .A A . -\ ,w A t ‘3‘ . A _ V ,
, , < t . \m e 4. a _ <;' v "wmw-prt-r, ”N t ,_ ‘ .,..,.\{,<«;' ,4” 5» gm“ “21:" a harm“; .‘"‘ A H L 4. ‘ ‘5‘ g
t ,fi» WHY) ‘ “ ~.«‘~« .V ,. ‘ n1.,<x.‘p‘~ _ ft 7;,‘_.‘ -. A. ‘ "
w‘

 

 

132 A SCOTCH HIGHLANDER.

reaching to the knees, often girt
round the waist, and in cold weather
covering the Whole body, even on
the Open hills all night, and fastened
0n the shoulders With a broche;
short Stockings tied below the knee;
truish, a genteeler kind of ‘breecheg
and stockings of one piece ; cuomnen,
a laced shoe of skin, With the hairy
Side out, now very much disused;
the kelt, orfillebeg, the little plaid,
01' short pettieoat, reaching to the
knees, subgtituted of late to the
longer end 0f the plaid; and lastly5
the pouch ef‘ badger, or other skim,
With t'atsasels3 that. hangs before them.

Preccdmcy

133

Pfecedcncy of film in England’w

 

 

KIN G
Prince of Wales
King’s Sous
King’s Brothers
King’s Uncles
King’s Grandsons
King’s N ephews
Vicegerent, when any such officer
Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Primate of all Engl‘ami
Lord High Chancellor or Lord Keeper
Archbishop of York, Primate of England
Lord High Treasurer
Lord President of the Privy Council
Lord Privy Seal
Lord High Constable in Commission
Hereditary Earl Marshal
Lord High Admiral
\Lord Steward of his Majesty‘s Household

Lord Chamberlain of his Majesty’s household
Dukes according to their patents
Marquisses acfimfi‘rng to their patents
Dukes’ Eldest Sons
Earls acqérding to their patents
Marquisses’ Eldest Sons
Dukes” Younger Sons
Viscounts according to their patents
Man‘quissEs’ Younger Sons

London
Bishops of gDurham

Winchester

According to seniority of consecrationg ‘

but if any bishop be Principal Secretary of

Bishops;... State, he shall be placed above all other
bishops, not having any of the great offices
before mentioned. 4' ‘

Baron

a H la»
.u w",

, ;
Q-
7 I
.-
ll.“

.

,7,

b

n

6'

,1

:1;

huge} 9: «v N‘

 

 

134 PRECEDENCY OF MEN IN ENGLAND;

According to their patents of creation 5.
but if- any baron be Principal Secretary of
Barons.... State, he shall be placed above all barons:
unless they have any of the great offices hen
fore mentioned.
Speaker of the House of Commons
V iscounts’ Eldest Sons
Earls’ Younger Sons
Barons’ Eldest Sons
Knights of the Most Noble Order of the Garter
Privy Councellors
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Chancellor of the Dutchy of Lancaster
Lord ChiefJustice of the King’s Bench
Master of the Rolls
Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
Lm'd Chief Baron of the Exchequer
Judges 3 Of'the degree of the coif 0f the said courts,
Barons according to seniority
Made under the king’s own royal standard,
displayed in an army royal, in open war, by
the king himself in person, for the term 9?
their lives only, and no longer
Viscounts’ Younger Sons
Barons’ Younger Sons
Baronets
Bannerets not made by the king in person
Knights of the Most Noble Order of the Bath
Knights Bachelors
Baronets’ Eldest Sons
Knights’ of the Garter Eldest Sons
Bannerets’ Eldest Sons
Knights’ of the Bath Eldest Sons
Knights’ Eldest Sons W
Doctors of Divinity, Laws, z>9.11d‘Medicine3 of the Enghsh
Universities
Serjeant at Law
Baronets’ Younger Sons , '
Esquires of the King’s creation by the imposition of a
collar of SS.
Esquires attending Knights of the Bath
Esquires by oifice, as J ustices of the Peacej &c.
Captain

Bannerets

 

?RECEDENCY OF WOMEN IN ENGLAND" l3§

(Laptains, and Gentlemen of’ the Privy Chamher, 8mg
Knights’ of the Garter Youngest Sons

Bannerets’ (of both kinds) Younger Sons

Knights’ of the/Bath Younger Sons

Gentlemen entitled to bear Arms

Gentlemen by office, function, or profession
Clergymen

Attornies at Law, 8w”

Citizens

Burgesses, 8;ch

 

Precedenqy of ”women 2'72 England.

QUEEN

Princess of Wales

Princess Royal

Daughters of the King

Duchess of York -

Wives of the King’s Younger Sons

Wives of the King’s Brothers

Wfives 0f theKing’s Uncies‘

Wives of‘ the Eldest Sons of Dukes of’ the Biood Royal
Daughters of Dukes of the Biood Royal

Wives of the King’s Brothers 01' Sister’s Sons
flufchesses

M are h ionesses '

Wives of the Eldest Sons of Dukes
Daughters of Dukes

Countesses

Wives of the Eldest Sons of Marquisses
Bamghters 0f MarquiSSes

Wives ofthe Younger Sons of Dukes
Viseountesses

Wives of the Eldest Sons of Earis
Daughters of Earls

Wives of the Younger Sons of Marquisseg
Baronesses

Wives of the Eldest Sons of Viscounfis
Daughters 9f Viscounts

WE veg

 

 

136 PRECEDENCY OF WOMEN IN ENGLAND.

,‘Wives of the Younger Sons of Earls

“fives oi the Eldest Sons of Barons

Daughters of Barons

Wives of the Younger Sons of Viscounts

W'ives of the Younger Sons of Barons

Dames, Wives of Baronets

Wives of Knights of the Garter

\Vives 0f Bannerets ofeach kind

‘Vives of Knight of the Bath

’Wives of Knights Bachelors

“Wives of the Eldest Sons of Baronets

Daughters of Baronets .

’Wives of the Eldest Sons of Knights of the Garter

Daughters of Knights of the Garter

WVives of the Eldest Sons of Bannerets of each kind

Daughters of Bannerets of each kind

Wives of the Eldest Sons of Knights of the Bath

Daughters of Knights of the Bath

Wives of the Eldest Sons of Knights Bachelors

Wives 9f Serjeants at Law, and Doctors of Divuity ,
Law, and Medicines, of the English Universities

Wives of the Younger Sons of Baronets

Daughters of Knights Bachelors

Wives of Esquires, attendants on Knights of the Bath

Wives of Esquires by office, as Justices of the Peace

‘Wives of Captains, Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, 8m.

Wives 0fthe Younger Sons of Knights of the Garter

"Wives of the Younger Sons of Bannerets of each kind

’Wives of the Younger Sons of Knights of the Bath

Wives of the Younger Sans of Knights Bachelors

'Wivesof Gentlemen lawfully bearing Coat Armour

Daughters of Esquires lawfully hearing Coat Armour)“
who are Gentlewnmen by birth

“Wives of Gentlemen by office, function, or profession, as
Clergymen, Attornies at Law, 8m. 8m

Wives of Citizens

Wives of Burgesses, 8cm

LIST. OF THE PLATES.

 

‘The King ......... , .................. . 1
The Lord Chancellof ............ . ...... 15
A Duke ........................... . . . 13
A Marquis ........................... . 26
VAnEarl .......... ..¢ ....... 30
A Viscount ........ v ...... . . . ....... . . . . 35
A Bishop. ....................... ...., 37'
ABaron .............. . ......... 42
AKnight ..... ........ ........ .. ..... . 46
AJudge ............... ...... 6‘2
The Serjeant at Law. . . a . . . . . .- . ......... 65
ABarristgratLaw...................;. 68
A Doctor in Divinity ....... . ........... 72
A Clérgyman in full Orders . . ...... . . . . . 75
An Admiral .......... .‘ .............. _. . . ’79
A Captain in the Navy .................. 82
A General ..................... . ....... I 85

Captain in ?;Ele Army . . . _ ............... 88
The Lord ngor of London 1 ..... ,. ...... 90
An Alderman . , . . ., . . ................... 94
A Sheriff of a County. . . ................ {[00
A Commonmouncil Man ................ 196
CourtDressaz;.....H.............. ..... 109

A Scotch Highlandefin . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ¢ 126

. . I , a
Jimmy é“ Haddon, Pnnters.

 

,1

W).

W
m .
.,

 

fitment elementary 3mm

 

THE extended and liberal views of modem
education, as well as the necessity, in some
cases, of substituting other subjects, in place
of the dead Languages, in Schools where these
, languages are less attended to than formerly,
has led to the publication of the undermentioned
new and improved Books on subjects of general
interest and indispensible utility. They have
already been introduced, With the happiest ef.
fects, into many of the most considerable Foun-
dation Schools, and into the best privateAcade-
mies; and it is to be presumed that they have
only to be generally seen to be as. generally
adopted. It is scarcely necessary to state, that
they are practically adapted to the business of a,
School, and are so plain and simple in their
treatment of the several subjects, as to require
little or no previous study on the part of Tutors.

1. THE GRAMMAR OF NATURAL AND
EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY, by the
31v. 1). BLAIR, price 3s.

2. THE GRAMh/l A R OFUNIVERSAL HIS“
TORY, by the Rev. «IROBINSON, price 35,

3. THE GRAMMAR OF G EOGRAPHY-
by the Rev. J. GOLDSMITH, price 25. 6d.

4. Tm; GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH LAW-
by the Rev. J; GOLDSMITH, price 35. 6d.

 

   
  
 
   
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
      
     

Books recently Published by Richard Phillz'pss

mm

5. THE GRAMMAR OF CHEMISTRY, by
“0 Rev. D. BLAIR, price 33. 6d. _
PRACTICAL ARETHMETIC, or the
Arithmetic of Real Life and Actual Business,
by the Rev. J. JOYCE, price 33. 6d.

’7. A SYSTEM SHURTJIAND WRIT-
ING, by WM. MAVOR, I L..D. &0. price
75. 6d. ‘ ' '

8. THE ELEMENTS OF NATUR- ’4 HIS”
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