‘ % . si Sipitareek Oba ayia rare a at Sapa t te ae pbesenea tn = University of Virginia Library E;468.7;.J67;1900 fire and battlefield : ah ALD Fi Camp’ AE MX DUO 634 O16‘ “ 5 < iG 5 hs ‘ is ‘ ‘S A 3 s ; : 5 . e a . oe Ao mie pat | : c = r Z ae 2 ‘ “t o Ps . a CG 5 a ” x a 2 5 3 Ee : ‘ : 5 z , S . és ‘ o —e f * , ‘ ay i ‘ . a Fi . 5 = a 5 5 5 : rane eo ‘ ) - ‘ 5 5 F, 5 . i 3 : ; ‘ : f . : : Ln eMC geah a es in NG j fener eect pasts arses send a Sere ieerey ety Sree bck feet hcdee ne Septet ecet ots rath Cota a) i paHE TY eS ee Sr arenes Serotas sea i os ey pe! 3) wt tee bel pee <7 Car peet as apart ese cH + pe Batten aps hake r 4 pate serd Cad SisT SH rr ese Bh 5 grr oat Poa dueesset ae 5g q . oe oe Sah heel en —- aaaieeateahb adie eae et pment ee al etieeees See nl iceeth ms * : Su * ate eed Bil keene naka need Mama “Lah t cide cide amie nae kee pis Wie AN ene ae esiiend eae eee Meptoes acl (bz : EM las a Copyright, 1894, by IN 1809—AFTER ITS REDUCTION BY GENER; AGN AL Gil LMO RE, Row c vv 2, ORYAN, TAYLOR & Co, nh Copyright, 1396, by Knicut & BRown, FORT SUMTER. ctematditiaaan tens antenna ee Seen . Se A nr Pea ij Sg. ea Unie re rege ener TR eee rt feta! pene autINTRODUCTION. If any reader, taking 5; any é . taking up his mor er Sate oe ouDcoumtry. 2 oreat cal 2 : 3 lorming newspaper, should learn that on the preceding day, somewhere in : , a great calamity had destroyed four Sees : y ih royed tour hundred lives, the news w 1 : 2s, the news would sadden him all day. And 1 next day he should read ar +] ; a ee S a repetition o nee tee een ° : petition of the story, with some change of locality, and the next, and the next ; Y ~ ) * ) he would surely wish to be told the cause of all tl r 4:6 ) what result it was tending. In the great Civil War of 18 et | gre v1 ar © S61—6c56 the aver: »struction ¢ \ of 1861-65 the average destruction of life was four hundred a dav for the four vears that th ~ < ’ that 11e *() ~QT A a . e : the contest lasted. More than two million men were called to the field: the theatre of conflict covered nearly a inillion U1 +] 1 +] a o arly < llion sauare miles; and there were twenty-four | : ney let our: hundred engagements ¢ sufficient importance to have a name in history ; oe ce This great war produc F ee o> 51m ar prot uced effects. both immediat and ret . a) nmediate and remote, that reached we Ss Rae and perhaps determined the course of civilizati eee | 1 well nigh round the world, urse of civilization and industrial development more than any other event of modern times Its course was watched | We . UO LD Was VW « ChHeg Wil 1] » Tt WTrTerectT 9 r4 r y aoe 1 1 itch vith eager interest and widely varying emotions and wishes by the ost diverse classes and er en 1 <8 - és : a ae and: powers, from the sinister Emperor of the French to the patient cotton-spinners of Ne une Epes potentates, peasants and capitalists heard the thunder of the guns at Gettysburg, knew the significance of Grant’s dictum at the remoter Vicksburg, and witnessed the fate of the Alabama im their own Meret and then for the first time many of them realized the greatness of the power that was coming to maturity beyond the western sea. Not only was the absurdity of slavery in a republic brought to an cad oe naval warfare was revolutionized, the efficiency of volunteer armies was demonstrated, and some principles of international law were brought to a settlement. Whether viewed in its picturesque and dramatic aspect or with reference to its influence on the civilized world, the War of Secession was one of the mightiest chapters of history, and no intelligent reader should excuse himself from acquiring some measure of familiarity with the cause, the sequence and the significance of its great events. Sever: eet nen basa Trocarided ee Pe res . C . . : Several able writers have recorded or discussed this piece of history, 1m various styles, from different points of view, and actuated by diverse motives. Some have concerned themselves only with the military 7PA1NneE Lc 7 . ie ee ] Soest : Tee s : : : movements and problenis, studying and describing these with the utmost minuteness, and leaving the reader to guess, if he can, what it is all about, and whether it had any cause or any effect. Others have given their closest attention to the political problems ‘volved. Some have shown a predetermination to make one partict- pant the hero of the story, some another. Some write for the sole purpose of bringing out the truth, others for the purpose of distorting or reversing it. The object of the present work is to present the essential facts, both military and political, as accurately and vividly as possible, and demonstrate or suggest their relation to one another: so that the reader may clearly understand why the war took place at all, what were the issues involved, how it was conducted. what it cost in life, suffering and treasure, and why it ended as it did. If these lessons cenerations, the knowledge should go far to prevent any repetition of the are thoroughly learned by the rising h inadequate or erroneous representation, who sorrowful experience; if they are neglected or mislearned throug can answer for the future? The feature that specially commends this volume to tl No history of that e] this one opened for the first time. Matthew Benjamin that otherwise would have been but inadequately rose who would understand the story of the great war in all its aspects is the illustrations. ‘och has been so fully and so accurately illustrated, for the reason that a great pictorial resource was for Brady was the pictorial chronicler to whom we owe much + Warren County, Ne Y., 1 1o23; When Daguerre’s invention of sol After investigation, he abandoned painting recorded. He was. born and studied portrait-painting with Samuel F. B. aud opened a daguerreotype Mr. Brady was interested in it at once. eh Be ee oe ne a aren ng aua i : { ‘™“ Es - Pe sate a fe aes NMR ODOC AMEOING A gallery in New Wot = tle rosy enwetiG LO the London Wor ; and received a first prize. When photography was invented, in t lv! ashing and thencefort the Civil War he established a gallery in Washington, a1 scenes and portraits. thousand dollars. Ineffectual efforts were made to induce Congress to intact, but the War Department bought about eight thousand. and scattered. In his old age Mr. Brady was poor and blind. to use the Brady collection and ) bjs at ame er Sau AGES t edaduavamsre uma heater MEL CLEC LoCarara PEP re peren Ss \ t D ‘ : 3 Te ; 5 5 ROA % ju il Oy OM Ce ee eee i he fifties, he adopted it. h his cameras were constantly employed on itty ates. which had At the close of the struggle he had thirty thousand plates, w hich | : buy the whole collection and keep it aj { o eotypes ld’s Fair with a collection of his daguerreoty] At the beginning of cost him a hundred 7 Say or « anlec a7 1 The others were given away or sold privately He died in New York City January 16, 1396. The publishers of “CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD,’ W hen | | the work was projected, conceived the idea of getting access ° ee 1 o : yeas r oe Nae y) ie) ~ | | to the photographic originals of the Brady gallery, and illus | ith reproductions of them. ‘They applied | trating the narrative with reproductions O en. y app to Hon. Daniel S. Lamont, Secretary of War, for permission received in answer the follow- 1g communication: ““WAR DEPARTMENT, ‘“WASHINGTON, D. C., April 20, 189¢. | oC. ply to yo the 28 no, I take pleasure in saying | that if either yo yur esent l pr is letter to the chief clerk of | the Department, facilities will b such tives of the Brady collec- { | tion ir views as you m des d xpens It is preferred if that the photoo ing shot ] lis d of course it 1s expected that af the negatives when they have served their ] rned in as good condi- i Al | tion as received. \ | \NIEL S [ONT, Secretary of War.” im | | 7 | | | With reproductions of these invaluable original pictures b | , I a Ci Bee : ic 1 rTA . | | the present work is copiou mbellished. The selections = | | 4 f | | from the Brady pictures ha 1 made with great care, and 7 . 4 ~ Vises 7 om | | as many as possible of this and unequaled series have — : : oe ; ‘ n | been used in the illustration these pages. The pictures ! | are contemporaneous with th nts described, and are set i: | | ‘ fs | a DO ie eS 4 in such relation to the narrative as to bring the reader face . y eS See : i 4 & - i; 4 7. MATTHEW BENJAMIN BRADY. to tace with the actual scenery the war. The whole drama i ; qe A me : 2 ee e o 8 ; e ~ : : ° - f thus revives, and the reader is able to follow the written account of the great event with the aid of a pictorial 5 ; as : i. representation ‘ a Massie lilee 9a lnvineo ccanea Gare tee PTS ee wok eS . , : ; 4 1 ic the tragedy passing like a living scene before his eyes. The work ot choosing, grouping and : lacing these illustrations was intr Miessrstetieanic (Renard and Gauaee. G ] g tratio = was intrusted to Messrs. Frank Beard alld (seorge pie | ind a glance at the pages will show with what skill and taste it was performed. Aside from the n conflicts wi A Mt See ; ee : € many conflicts with the Indian tribes within our own borders. our Republic, in the cen- tury and a quarter of its exis a: Be ; } — : c . X1S I da: = VT0eC or Ware . a \ r\ { T ] ° t ) : = tence, has been engaged in eight wars—the War of Independence, the Algerine a | wart, the War of 1812-15 with Creat Britaj Migticaa Wins ut eas ie : : : | eee = 5 sreat Britain, the Mexican YW ar, the Rebellion, the war with Spain, the war in Zz te rhilippines, and the Boxer war in ina—: ime Nee SO a q: . 7 i | China—and in every one of these conflicts it has gained that for which a | it contended. t has made an except] ly li recor +1 Ee 1% i i 3 c xceptionally brilliant record on the high seas, and its flag never has been per- a manently withdraw 6 : 1: | | ently withdrawn from any territory over which it once floated. VAT: ale as While the Civil War exceeded in magnitude all the others combin do and cree :; : it | of this vo] . : mipined, and its story is the main purpose | | this volume, it has been thought well to add the narratives of the three minor wars that led it af a 4 be ae : : : Sa vaTS that succeeded it after a if seaceful interval of thirty-tl : : t I interve lirty-three years, and no pains r "ll spare Waren 404: i@ y ) I have been spared to render them with equal ndelity. co ? 9 \ Ke S nees poh tas C Us a seal Catt > om . ee Ex rate ei pseu ’ ohn Brown's r lie = 219 ; J body lies a mouldering in the grave, His soul is marching on,” became a battle-cry, sung at army campfires. So long as the Democratic party, w with the South, retained control of t was neither motive nor excus¢ the Free Soil Party elected come then. When the election : 3 every public meeting, sending recruits to the front, and making : the echoes ring around the hich was in political alliance 1e Federal Government, there -secession or rebellion. Had rémont in 1856, war would have of 1860, through Democratic dissension and adherence to several candidates, resulted in the election of Abraham Lincoln, - candidate of the Free Soilers, the die was cast, ei the South prepared for the struggle it was DD : about to precipitate. The day after the election, November 7th, 1860, the Pal- / metto flag, the ensign of the State of South Carolina, was raised at Charleston, replacing the American flag. High off- cials in the Government, in sympathy with the Southern cause, had stripped the Northern arsenals of arms and ammunition and had sent them to Southern posts. The little standing army had been so disposed as to leave the city of Wash- ington defenceless, except for a few hundred marines and half a hundred men of ordnance. The outgoing Administration was ieee the national treasury ban rupt, and permitted Gee preparations to go on un- checked, and hostile demon- strations to be made without interference. So little did the people of the North real- ize that war was impending, culty in making purchases of military supplies Except for the purchases made by Raphael manufacturers. Semmes in New England, the the war without percussion caps, advantage thrown at the outset in at the South. With every es NG Ss \ \ ; RY \ VN \\ RRA \\ i NAW WY AKA \\' pi \\\ \\\\ \ \ BAAN ANU \ \ ys ‘a \ aS \ \ \ “AM MAK THE CONFEDERATE FLAG. CHARLESTON HARBOR. that Southern agents found no diff- from Northern Confederacy would have begun which were not manufactured favor of the South and against the North, the struggle began. The Southern leaders had been secretly preparing for a long time. During the summer and fall of 1860, John B. Floyd, the Secre- tary of War, had been sending war CAMPEIRE AND. BA TGLE LiEDD: OST PUTSreviyitels) pre tel Lie ete ips ] _ er = - material South, and he continued his pernicious activity until, in December, complicity in the theft of some bonds rendered his resignation necessary. About the same time the Secretary, of. the Treasury, Howell Cobb; they Secretary, of the Interior, Jacob Thompson, and the Secretary of State, Lewis Cass, with- drew, trom: the cabinet. On the THE PALMETTO FLAG. election of Lin- coln, treasonable preparations became more open and more general. These were aided by President Buchanan's message to Congress expressing doubt of the constitutional power of the Government to take offensive action against a State. On December 20, an ordinance of secession was passed by the South Carolina Legisla- ture; and following this example, Mississippi, Flor- ida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas and Vir- sinia seceded in the order / yi / = f oD Or / SS eS \ | e = ~~ f= easrcel) E Tr. ° . | Sw a =) seeerceaAe) named. Virginia held on 7. \ — = : : ; e = IN 4 / | ies till the last; and while a ery, \ aS . S&S LC GFF Sc AN D Re popular vote was pending, al = 1 2 BTWonn< : 5 . Ee q x Sts on to accept or reject the action = Of ve Q BATTBAY SIMPKINS — = i f I ~ ] ocr I< “2 | ~ : i ~ SECESSIONVILLE =i 7, ee SM Te) of the Legislature, the seat \W Ns ef NTTER| az te of government of the Con- Nie Ss un, 5 = ‘ 9 Se Sa — federate States, established SS : eM orice ¢ SS, in February at Montgomery, OP Pa NG tet oS > 1) Nae: A nis) os : ye io ; GS : aA Sar ed Ala., was removed to Rich- ce SS N Sg housiaes : Rae Se YS OWS es mond, the capital of Vir- 0 Al — | —— \\ eh A : Be s Ta Ly a ginia. Governor Letcher Ne Ty C “= © COE turned over to the Confed- ee io ee oe erates the entire military force and equipment of the State, which passed out of the Union without waiting for the verdict of the people. This State was well punished by becoming the centre of the conflict for four years, and by political dismemberment, loyal West Vir- ginia being separated from the original commonwealth and admitted to the Union during the war. During the fall and winter of 1860-61, the Southern leaders ageression. They seized committed. many acts of treasonable of their United States property, acting under the authority States, until the formation of the Confederacy, W hen the central sovernment became their authority. rhinitis mace tenet eae aera phase he ra a ee - = = RTT = 5 “—- ee: io i CANTER TERE, AND (ZA \\ eS ‘ ' le SS 13 AV TE IP IL IE IOI I JO ID A SUMTER CASEMATE DURING THE BOMBARDMENT. Fort Moultrie in Charleston Harbor, the arsenal at Charleston, and the revenue cutter William Aitken ; in January, the arsenals at Mount Vernon, Ala., Apalachicola, Fla., Baton Kouge, La., Augusta, Ga., and many forts, hospitals, etc., in Southern ports. By February they had gained such assurance of not being molested in their seizures of Government property, that every- thing within their reach was taken with impunity. So many of the officers in active service were in sympathy with the South, that it frequently required only a demand for the surrender of a vessel or a fort—sometimes not even that—to secure it. One of these attempted seizures gave rise to an official utterance that did much to cheer the Northern heart. John A. Dix, who in January, 1861, succeeded Cobb as Secretary of the sent W. H. Jones, a Treasury clerk, to New Orleans, to save to the Government certain ‘revenue cutters in Southern Treasu ry, ports. Jones telegraphed the secretary that the captain of the cutter McClelland refused to give her up, and Dix thereupon sent the following memorable despatch : “Tell Lieutenant Caldwell to arrest Captain Breshwood. assume command of the cutter, and obey the order I] gave through you. If Captain Breshwood, after arrest, undertakes to interfere with the command of the cutter. tel] Lieutenant Caldwell to consider him as a mutineer and treat him accordingly, down the American flac If any one attempts to haul g, shoot him on the spot.” These determined words were among the few that were uttered by Northern officials that gave the friends of the Union any hope of leadership against the aggression of the seceding States ; and they passed among the proverbial expressions of the war, to live as long as American history oF) = i ee : wen TM , en oe I Se vor SSH LL Tees Oa a “47 rs a The firmness of Lieutenant Adam J. Slemmer had prevented the surrender of Fort Pickens, in Pensacola Harbor, Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico, when it was demanded with some show of force, in January, 1861. Meanwhile e,an event was pre] yaring, in which the loyalty, courage, and promptness of a United States officer was to bring to an issue 1] tion Ol ‘“ bloodless secession ’ Or War. The seizures of Government property here and there had excited indignation in the loyal North, but no general, effective sentiment of opposition. ut at the shot that was fired at Sumter, the North burst into a flame of patriotic, quenchless fury, which did not subside until it had been atoned for on many a battlefield, and the Confederate ~ Stars and bars”’ fel] , Never to rise again. Lieutenant-Colone] Gardner had been In command at Charles- ton’ Elarbor S.C , and when he saw the secessionists preparing to seize the forts there, so ¢ arly as November, 1860, he applied to Washington for reinforcements. Upon this, at the request of Southern members of Coneress, Secretary of War Floyd removed | sent in his place Major Robert Anderson, posing that that officer’s Kentucky ful to the Southern cause. him, an evidently sup- origin would render him faith- But his fidelity to the old flag resulted in one of the most dramatic episodes of the War. On reaching his headquarters at Fort Moultrie, Major Ander- son at once applied for improvements, which the Secretary of War was now willing and even cager to make, and he appropriated large sums for the improvement of both Fort Moultrie and Fort Sumter, but would not increase the garrison or the ammunition. It soon became app arent that against a hostile attack Fort Moul- MEISE oo 7Eh { : Sortie Psi: r NX ereret eer 3 ay ys | aT meer tS aa - * s, gestrie could not be held, as it was commanded from the house-tops on Sullivan S Island, near by, and Major Anderson decided to move his garrison across the harbor to Fort Sumter, which unlike Moultrie, was un- approachable by land. The secessionists in Charleston were active and watched suspicious- ly every movement made by the military, and the latter were con- stantly on guard to pre- vent surprise and cap- ture of the fort. The preparations for re- moval to Sumter were made with the ,greatest caution. So well had Major Anderson kept his purpose secret, that his second in command, Captain Abner Double- day, was informed of it only when ordered to have his company ready to go to. Fort Sumter intwenty minutes. The families ol the officers Capt. T. Seymour rst Lieut Capt. A. Doubleday were sent to Fort John- son, opposite Charles- ton, whence they were MAJOR Snvder. 1st Lieut. J. C. Davis. 2d Lieut. R. K. Meade. 1st Lieut. T. Talbot. Major R Anderson. Surg. S. W. Crawford. NDERSON AND OFFICERS DEFENDING FORT Capt. J. G. Foster. SUMTER CAMPEIRE AND BATA Lia EE Dp, | Ty present guard boats, which were deceived into supposing the troop boats to contain only laborers in charge of officers, the party reached Fort Sumter. Here they found crowds of laborers, who were at work, at the Government's expense, preparing Sumter to be handed over to the Southern league. These men, most of them from Baltimore, were nearly all secessionists, and had already refused to man the fort as soldiers for its lek emcees hey, showed some opposition to the landing of the troops, but were prompt- ly driven inside the fort at the point of -the bayonet, and were pres- ently shipped on board the supply schooners and sent ashore, where they communicated to the secession authorities the news of Major Anderson's clever ruse. The signal gun was fired from Sumter, the sup- plies were landed, and Fort Sumter was in the afterward taken North. For the osten- sible purpose of removing these non-combatants to —=_ weplace Ob safety ——a step to which the now well-organized South Carolina militia could make no objection Anderson's quar- termaster, Lieutenant Hall, had chartered three schooners and some barges, which were ultimately used to transport supplies from Moultrie to Sumter. Laden with these sup- plies, the transports started for Fort Johnson, and there awaited the signal gun which was to direct them to land at Sumter. The guns of Moultrie were trained to bear on the route across the harbor, to be used defensively in case the movement was detected and inter- fered with. The preparations completed, at sunset on December 26, the troops, who had equipped themselves in the twenty minutes allowed them, were silently marched out Of Hott Moultrie and passed through the little vil- lage of Moultrieville, which lay between the fort and the point of embarkation. The Iv made without obser- march was fortunate vation, and the men took their places in row- boats which promptly started on After several narrow Commanding the Relief Expedition their momentous voyage. escapes from being stopped by the omnt- hiro a ee caine r GUSTAVUS V. FOX afterward Assistant Secretary of the Navy. eTPeTeretigiitis) tees eit Lee ke oR to Fort Sumter ; ter afterward joined the Confederacy ; K. Meade, who yielded to the tremendous social and family hands of the loyal men who were to im- mortalize their names by their heroic defence of it. Sixty-one artil- lerymen and thirteen musicians, under com- mand of seven or eight officers, constituted the slender garrison. Many of these officers subsequently rose to distinction in the service of their country, in which some of them died. Major Anderson became a major-general and served fora while in his native Kentucky, but was soon compelled by failing health to retire. Captains Abner Doubleday, John G. Foster and Truman Seymour, Lieut.» Jefferson C: Davis and Dr. S. Wiley Crawford, the surgeon, became major-generals, and were in service throughout the war: Lieut. Norman ye Hall Hecame colonel of thes seventh Michigan Volunteers, and was thrice brevetted in the recular army for gallantry, especially at Get- tysburg; Lieuts. George W. Snyder and Theodore Talbot received promotion, but died early in the war, and Edward Moale, a civilian clerk who rendered great assistance, afterward received a commission in the regu- lar army. One only of the defenders of Sum- this was Lieut. Richard memonai —— Ee A ac: ul Lat oa od v WT Ta ate ot age pe Sale aeSe Aten epee nn perm erynns teeter ce —age Se: a ee = OS ee Se ee ee eee ENE SO eo — eT aa NE Se 2 Sa — ar Na A Na AE SS a ee ee CAMPFIRE AND 12 many reluctant men to the wrong side pressure that carried so | ooo Commissioned in the rebel army, he when the war began. died in 1862. 3 ore aC Qz ajor J rs solemnized his At noon on December 27, Major Anderson | ‘ = Dp f ¢ ~ ~ “6 t “NT occupancy of Sumter by formally raising the flag of his country, z . a <5 2 e : ee 5: . tary with prayer by the chaplain, Rev. Matthias Harris, and military ceremonies. ae The sight of the national ensign on Sumter was quickly 7 the observed from a troop ship in the harbor, which hastened to ¢ on that Anderson had moved from Moultrie to city with the news, not Tee 2) Sumter, but also that he was heavily reinforced, the sixty soldiers thronging the parapet making so good a show as to give the impres- sion of a much larger num- ber. At this news Charles- fon was thimowm imMto a ferment of rage and excite- ment. “couch Garolina troops were at once sent, on December 27, to take possession of Castle Pinck- ney, the seizure of which was perhaps the first overt act of war on the part of the secessionists. This was fol- lowed by the rebel occupa- tion of Forts Moultrie and Johnson, which were gotten into readiness for action, and shore batteries, some of them iron clad, were planted near Moultrie and on Cum- mings Point, an extremity of Morris Island near to Sumter; so that by the time the preparations were completed, Anderson’s gal- lant little band was effect- ively covered on four differ- ent sides. But the rebels were not relying wholly on measures for reducing Sumter in order to secure it. It was diplomacy rather than war which they expected would place in their hands all the goy- ernment property in Charleston Harbor. On the very day of Anderson’s strategic move across the harbor, three connie: sioners arrived in Washington for the purpose of negotiating lor the peaceable surrender to South Carolina of all the forts and establishments. But the telegraphic news, which reached Washington with the commissioners, that. tl was doing his part, met with oe eS peel to interfere with the commissioners’ plans. Vhat Buchanan might have released to them under other cir- cumstances, he could not give them after Major Anderson had taken steps to protect his trust. Once within the fort. the 1e loyal Anderson such patriotic response in the Sumter garrison set vigorously to BAL IG 18 IPI IE JOINS wor on the fort was not con k to put it ina defensive condition. The Government work ne ipleted, and had the Southerners attacked ald have done but for the expectation that it at once, as they would have done | . President would order An¢ | oe it by assault. But they still hoped lerson to return to Moultrie, they could easily have captured | Poe for “bloodless secession,” and deferred offensive action. There O! v S¢ Il, were no flanking defences for the | | There was a great quantity of combustible - fort, and no fire-proof quarters for the officers. | 7 : material in the wooden quarters, which ultimately terminated the defence; for the garric son was rather smoked out Commanding U by fire, than either starved out or reduced by shot and shell. The engineer officers were driven to all sorts of expedients to make the fort tenable, because there was very little material there out of which to make proper military defences. The workmen had left in the in- terior of the unfinished fort a confused mass of building material, unmounted guns, un-carriages, derricks, S blocks and tackle. Only two tiers of the fort were in condition for the mount- ing of heavy artillery—the upper and lower tiers. Al- though the garrison was severely taxed in perform- ing the excessive guard duty required by their peril- ous situation, they yet ac- complished an enormous amount of -work—mount- ing guns with improvised tackle; carrying by hand to the upper tier shot weighing nearly one hundred and thirty pounds each; _ pro- tecting the casemates with flag-stones ; rigging ten-inch columbiads as mortars in the parade grounds within LIEUTENANT-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT, the fort, to fire on Morris A ney Island: and making their quarters as comfortable as the circumstances admitted. The 7 guns of the fort were care- fully aimed at the various ol jects to be fired at, and the proper elevation marked on each, to avoid errors in aiming when the ight. To Cg ar 10 { ] » ~ ” S f | [o guard against a simultaneous attack from many sides, smoke of action should refract the ] against which sixty men could mal were planted under the wharf w] to blow it up at the c Fort Hamilton, where they were greeted in the name of a grate- hic [ajor id, * Very we rentlemen, you can t which Major Anderson said, “Very well, gentlemen, } : ful people by the peoples spokesman, Henry Ward Beecher; : sare sll: te at he would run up return to your batteries,’ and announced that | | | / ; A ; > news ors - their praises ne harmonious chorus. But at their request he agreed to and the newspapers sang their praises in 0 é When Fort Sumter was evacuated, it presented very much the exterior appearance that it did before the bombardment—a few his flag and renew his fire. 3 ° “ se Ae “arya r ¢ 7 delay this until they could see General Beauregard, and they withdrew.i SLT ae nee OC oe . an ata hepen ae qrerneeeqnns eonemh nn wnnge Sp inn t mn a nk Cea a nena eee ah nana eee Sn are SSS a ae iy f C 4 “- ae sia leeed Lannion “coh a il betee sedis hate am ern S ene a ~- 4 = Myung rath ti oes ne ga) nes BA eee | ee 3 ee et re eer, a ace a nn ra aa te eee é of ae 8 CAMPFIRE AND I masonry were all that the comparatively holes knocked in the | B 7 on it could accomp light artillery then brought to bear | ook Occupied by the Confederates atter the evacuation, it remabl™ | il tl rar Then, 1 62, Genera in their hands until the end of the war. When, in 1363, Gene . ; Sn ee reduced 1 Charleston, Fort Sumter was ! duce QO. A. Gillmore bombardec r ¢ ich a quantity of cannon- to a pile of bricks and mortar; but suche qué ) balls and shells were poured into its débris as to form ae an almost solid mass of iron, practically impregnable. A Sumter never was reduced by artillery Gre, and fell A ‘nto Federal hands again only | when Charleston fell before Sherman’s march ‘to the sea. On the conglomerate pile which constituted the ruins of the fort, a dramatic scene of poetic justice occurred on April 14, 1865, the fourth anniversary of the evacuation of Sumter. An expedition was sent by the Govern- ment to Charleston Harbor to celebrate the recapture by fe- placing the national flag on Fort Sumter. The ship Avago bore the officials in charge of the ceremony, and many invited guests, g whom were William Lloyd Garri- son and the English George Thompson, among leading abolitionists. A patriotic oration was pronounced by Henry Ward Beecher; and by the hand of Ander- son, now mayjor-gen- eral, the same flag which he had lowered in 1861 was drawn to the peak of the flagstaff, while Sumter 's cuns and those of every battery in the harbor that had fired on that flag fired a national salute of one hundred guns. The flag was riddled with holes, but, as the orator of the day pointed out, as symbolic of the preserved Union, not a single star had been shot away. Peter Hart, the brave man who had reset the flag during the bombardment, was present; and the Rev. Mr. Harris, who read prayers at the “WAR GOVERNORS”' OF first raising, pronounced the benediction on the resurrection of the ensign of the nation. The shot that was fired on Sumter was the signal for a nation to rise in arms. That Sunday on which Sumter was evacuated was a memorable day to all who witnessed the intense excite- ment, the patriotic fury of a patient people roused to white-hot indignation. As on a gala day, the American flag “suddenly appeared on every public building and from innumerable private residences. Crowds surged through the streets, seeking news eT Oa oes BA TTLEFIELD. and conference. lish. from engine-house, of many churches, < d residences. _ recruiting offices ‘he national flag was thrown to the breeze court-house, school-house, college, public building, from the spires ] windows of innumerable private J nearly every hotel, railway station and nd from th 1 id lrum were The fife and dt heard in the streets, and e Gira 1 vacant stores or in tents hastily All sorts and condi- W Ere opened 11) bli squares. pitched in the pub \ tions of men left their business and stepped into the ZO} OS Li I L 2 lays - Gover nt was offered By ranks, and in a I day the Governmeé! S = several times as Many troops as 3 e = had been called tor. Boys of ffteen sat down and wept be- cause they were not permitted to go, but here and there one dried his tears when he was told that he might be a drum- mer oran officer's servant. At- between young people were suddenly ripened tentions Te 2 into engagements, and engagements of long | date were hastily fin- { ished in marriages ; for the boys were going, / and the girls were proud to have them so, and wanted to send them off in good spirits. Everybody seemed anxious to put forth some expression of loyalty to the na- tional government and Li the starry flag. In the Ohiosenate,on Friday, the 12th, a senator an- nounced that ‘‘ the se- cessionists are barding Fort Sumter.” bom- ‘ Glorv to God!” ex- 1e claimed awomanin t] P gallery, breaking the f solemn silence which briefly followed the ly announcement. This was Abby Kel abolitionist, who dis- Foster, an active cerned that at last the final appeal had been taken on the slavery question =the from the trium- appeal to the sword- phant issue of which would come the freedom for which she and her associates THE NORTHERN STATES. had contended, and which they believed could come in no other Way. On Monday, April 15, President Lincoln issued a call for sev- enty-five thousand militia from the several States “ to suppress this combination against the laws, and to cause the laws to be duly executed.” The response to this call was immediate, and within the week some of the troops thus summoned were in Washington g : While: forts a arse ere ing sel y ile. forts and arsenals were being seized by the Confeder- South. while batteries to reduce Fort Sumter ates all over the were being .constructed and armed, what had been doing at Washington city, the capital of the nation? SU a TT rr iam Cu TAU tuckokos 7 \ ‘siiveilileih ARS yh yb Peel Vive ond ree ty \, A tbat Petes SL UPR eee i : mepeeeeemaieai Peete velba: M Mer tht LA TLL Pee anes it Sn reagents a EOE KA: ea RSe : ee i i w i Lei eh) se ; i K Past \h a gee: THY. ay Adhd MAMA Rae Ae Pe mre DEFENCELESS THIZERS IN OFFICE—VOLUNTEE!] IN 1 | RICT Of! COLUMBIA GOL. CHARLES P, NI rION UBLI( OFFICES AND GUARDING | OMMUN A TIONS UPRISIN O} THE PEOPLE—RESPONSE OF 1 MILITIA—TH x CHUSETTS IN BALTIMORE—THE NEW YORK VENT WASHINGTON —DEATH OF COLONEL E] VO SOUTHERN ah MILITARY AGGRESSION—HARPER'S FERRY | \— GOS >. PORT NAVY YARD BURNED AND EVACUATED. fe apy s - DURING the interval between the election ind the inaugu 7, ration of President Lincoln, a very alarming condition 0! | / affairs existed at the national capital. The administratio | = was in the hands of men who, even those who no | actively disloyal, were not Republic ins, and did not desir — = aay ee ce ee mis to assume responsibility for the crisis which the K« publican REICRY eeee success at the polls had precipitated. qine Goverment service was honeycombed with secession a reluctance to embroil his administration in affairs which it prop- sentiment. which extended from eAbinet officers down to depart- erly belonged to the incoming administration to settle, was also torn with conflicting opinions as to the constitutional questions Southern sympathies, lly as to his power to coerce a sovereign State. Rights. The involved, especia Turning to his cabinet for advice, he was easily led to do the things ment clerks. Always essentially a city of Washington was filled with the advocates Ol State retiring Democratic President, James Buchanan, 1n addition to a iD ling war and that simplifiec litv in the face of impen: 1 the Southern preparations to leave the Union. perhaps not unnatural timiRe tr saree — : Y) Pit ya \ i BAM 2 PIE LD. 20 CAMPFIRE AND “coercion ” of the Yankees. Oppo- It has been told that the regular army troops had been sent defend the South against the | ; sent to Colonel Stones measures away from Washington, leaving a mere handful of marines on sition from the War Departn duty there. It became a problem for loyal men to devise means ceased with Floyds resignation, : : ; for the maintenance of order at the seat of Government. It of War, Joseph Holt (afterward Lincoln’s Attorney-General), he Government at that time to do nothing he was able to enroll in a few weeks tl lar infantry volunteers and two troops of cavalry, under trustworthy recruited from neighborhoods, from among All this was done with the and under the new Secretary lirty-three companies of being the policy of t to provoke hostilities, it was deemed unwise to bring regu into Washington. There was no regularly organ- leaders. These were only a few independent companies of doubtful, artisans, and from fire companies. troops openly ized militia there ; j discretion required by the straine¢ 1 condition of public feeling, | or unascertained, loyalty. ; 7 i The aged Gen. Winfield Scott was in command of the army which was such that, as General Scott said to ¢ olonel Stone, ‘fa in 1860, and appreciating that trouble would come either from dog-fight might cause the gutters of the capital to run with ; continued acquiescence in the aggressions of the South or from blood.” As the time for Lincoln's inauguration approached, it 1 the became safe to move more openly; and by the 4th of Marcha a show of force, he advised the President to quietly enrol loyal people of the District of Columbia for the guardianship of For this duty he called in) @hanlesy b otone, a company of sappers and miners and a battery had been brought West Point, while thirty new companies had been down from added to the volunteer force of the District. In the first enthusiasm over the dramatic incidents attending the beginning of i the capital. | graduate of West Point and a veteran of the Mexican war, who was made Inspector-General of the District of Columbia, with the rank of colonel. Golonel Stone hostilities, the great took measures to services rendered SS . Pe - =a Pepe a eane nang eee ete aay ascertain the senti- by these troops ments of the exist- ing independent were overloc yked by the public. Abra- ham Lincoln's jour- eee oes military companies. With admirable ney to Washington a 1 ee. Ca a | diplomacy he dis- : ; + | 3 s 7 S was beset with such armed such of them 7 . danger that the last as were found to be > ta f ity . . 5 Bat stdee O was made . disloyal. Some of me 7 meee | secretly, in advance them he found to of the published be in excellent con- e eller yrogramme, anc dition of drill and ‘ : | 1ere was great re- equipment, by con- i JOICI : - ; ee joicing when 1t was nivance of the Sec- Ps = : ee announced th > retary of War, John Pee Presa ae us { B. Fle resident was “‘ safe | B. Floyd, and they 7 t " iS» Sale in Washington.’ were well aware that it was their a Ge tee yeen safe there ex- = a Y * | | Wo 4 ee = g [| f 0 Jer 8 l i | > BRA ; 3 | i 2) PZ GAIN SN y | a GEN N\A ‘ia VG eg A NJ SS Ae mn VO ZIG prec ys AWS dN WISN TL Hal i i Cd \ ‘ GAAS Ay )\\ i) | Wi) Nhe | | i cee nee eT | Sen tyeifet PARE ATS steht ng eerey ientnamdataty lene, a eer WASH-DAY IN CAMP—GUARDING THE SUPPLY TRAIN ne sus UCU aa Se pate(TEMPE SENATE IE tt Ci PULOHCCUU Lean eee uy TSS SeQNRN Sree ~ p 4 PAW. & ‘ ’ iN ar) ax ; > ; errs face 2 ee ob Pres i a — maar YP eas, aa pasted ISS \\e ial Wk SAND EBs . Wed John Brown, of Ossawatomie, they led him out to dle: spake on his dying day: John Brown, of Ossawatomie, a priestin slavery’s pay, es | will not have, to shrive my soul, whom | have striven to free, But let some poor slave-mother, t up a prayer for me be? With her children, from the gallaws stair, pu LAST MOMENTS OF JOHN BROWN. her little child, pressed nigh; and the old harsh face grew mild, anks, and kissed the negro’s child | J. G. Whittier. And lo! a poor siave-mother, with Then the bold blue eye grew tender, As he stooped between the crowding rrn yaa sh i ite Edi ri = = Ure en eeny " 1 sehiddhae sone aeabtaieieec eee: oeneneenecbenmeeeee ee ee See naan eee ea eee een ene a ane See “ fT eerie pion, eminent See ee ee ieee Pee Sones Seal ot coat ot os eee RRL nL Tee hate et eens o cl aaa le eens scale LS LTT, A ge - er nes a Pt aa oi eee CAMPFIRE 22 VND BARLEEIIE LD. 3 or ia any fb wy g@'Y Bees ty 1 u | | _ re ‘ ies ootiatinlatoe date : ie LONG BRIDGE—OVER THE POT H ' The planks were laid loose on the beams, and at light they were taken up, so that th C A ence of Colonel Stone’s volunteers. Trouble was apprehended among the first to be mustered into the United States service. at his inauguration. But the dispositions made by Colonel and among the first to advance int Virginia Stone secured peace and quiet for that ceremonial in a city To secure th ae buildings against a rising among the teeming with traitors and would-be assassins. The advance to secessionists living in Washington, the volunteer companies and Washington of the troops called out by Lincoln’ of April mation attacked in the streets of Baltimore, and communicating railroad bridges were burned in order that no more troops for the of the South might pass through that border city. was flock stimulated by the Ss procla 15 was opposed in Maryland, regiments were sul yjugation T he South ng Wash- a delegation that called on the pee dent. to protest of troops through Baltimore, Mr. Lincoln situation ‘““T must have troops for The Carolinians are marching across the capital and hang me. What am I to do? , lsay; and as they can neither crawl under ly over it, ‘yey must come across it.” cing To the up to arms, desire of sei ington. against passage Summed the by saying: the defence of the capital. a Virginia to seize I must have trooy Maryland nor fl During all this troubled time the District volunteers were the only reliance for the « curity of the public property, for cuard ing the approaches to ae city, and for ke munications f eeping Open the com- tor the entrance of the coming troops. They were ere 4 Toren tiee aT eae Ls See AG) a 5) the regular arn ly B: itteries were convenien tly posted, the bridges and highw: ays leading to the city were at any tituted > guarded, and signals were the eight | the capital. 1y of them in the ( arranged for the COnCEHt ration Siven point of oO <> thousand men who now con the g irrison of Provisions were collected and stored, mai Capitol e force warranted, Washington Southern building, and, to such extent as th was considered secure unless a army was marched against it. ee this Impending danger was daily increasing. On April 1 had called ae fer TSO! 1 Davis. the > President of ace thi Irty -TWo het Sand troops, and had offered letters of marque to vessels to attack American commerce. of the militia called out by P was anxiously awaited, the Confederacy, The arrival resident Lincoln’s proclamation Almost before the boom of the guns that were fired on Sum- ter had ceased , military preparations were actively under way in nearly every city and village in the North. The uniformedMeee eth Tiley tit >» CAMPFIRE AND by new enlistment . ILHome (;uards were oreanized | l { c Yy , O nes ) 10uUu le W LI be ( S ) ( C » ( { Wade ] } ; North, and | to man afresh, when necessary, the companies already se To fife % inif | | eady sent out. To fife and drum, the ununiformed farmers ~ marched up and down the village green, temporarily armed with shot-guns and smooth-bore rifles, acquiring proficiency in “ Har dee’s Tactics’ under the direction of old militia officers who had Neither shone resplendent on former “ training days.” we Vel ken iL rE BA TTEE RIE ED. 23 though war were one continuous picnic. Atleast until the defence of Washington should begin, they were under no apprehension of trouble, until, on approaching Baltimore, on April 19, the anni- versary of the Revolutionary battle of Lexington, the officers were warned that the passage of the regiment through that city would be forcibly opposed by a mob, which was already collected and marching about the city, following a secession flag. Colonel Jones ordered ammunition to be distributed, and, passing through ~ the cars in person, he warned custom nor regulations prescribing any particular un Piscean c . ore Lat ryarieaty {ff 1 forms, the greatest variety of fancy was shown in the equipment of the volunteers. Some adopted the zouave uniform, \ which had become popular a \ through the then he N recent war th 4 \ between y France -< and Aus- tria and N the mem- . ories of : Magenta ama Solfer ino. Garibaldi \ was a popular hero of the day, and the red shirts of were his trusty men another o! uniforms p irticular favored. [Lhe war en- thusiasm extended to the women and children, and sewing circl re or- ganized for the maki many usetul, and also mal useless, articles for camp hospital. The havelocl 1 cap-covel and | cape combined—however u | ino India, were not wanted in America ait hen there were sick and wounded to be cared for, these organizations of women were of inestimable ser- | ly band and delicacies lint, vice in preparing ses, for the hospitals. Prompt to discern the coming % John A. Andrew, the famous ~ wat of Massachusetts, had begun to recruit, arm, February, ippeal to arms, governor ” and militia as early “as equip his State \ the call for troops came 1860, and by the time he had thirteen thousand men ready, not only to go to the front, but to furnish their own camp equipage and rations. Of these, nearly four thousand responded to the first call for three-emonths’ volunteers. The first regiment .to Militia, Col. Edward. F. _only three days after the start for Washington was the Sixth h left Boston on April I 7 of the train bearing this regiment Boston to Philadelphia. At the latter city, as at New York, the men were received with enthu- siastic hospitality, welcomed, fed, and plied with sood things for their already overstocked 1 it began to seem as Jones, whic fall of Sumter. was one long ovation The passage from haversacks; anc the men that they were to pay no attention to abuse or even missiles, and that, if it became a | necessary for them to fire on the mob, they would receive orders to that effect from their commandants. The passage of trains through Baltimore at that period was by horse power across the city, to The horses being quickly at- from one depot another. tached as soon as the locomo- tive was taken off, cars carrying about two-thirds of the regi- ment were driven rapidly over the route;-but to intercept the remaining four companies the mob barricaded the tracks, and it became necessary for these to abandon the cars and maining dis- tance on foot. At once they became the fame Onn showe fs ol stones thrown by the mob; and in order to lessen the need of armed resistance, the officers gave the to proceed at the ord Gk double-quick. It was a mis- take, but a common one OLD CAPITOL PRISON, WASHINGTON, D. C. 7 when citizen soldiers are dealing with a mob: the most merciful as well as the the mob promptly by a warning, The mob thought they had believe that they wisest course being to scatter followed by the promised volley. the troops on the run, and were encouraged to either dared not shoot or that they were without ammunition. The missiles were followed with pistol shots, at which one soldier fell dead. Then the order to fire was given to the troops, and several of the crowd, rioters and spectators, fell. The mayor of Baltimore joined the officers at the head of the column, to sive his authority to its progress, and also to tell the officers to D ereR su > 5 i ; ——— — ma if SS shit Athagents ten ARMAND ee Sepeaohatenceeaset ee eee eer ce oe SS ee er ee are ae ete Oey ETN a aS Se ee ee eee Se eS tein ee ee i eonen) a SAGA SERRA DRADER RARER Rea thine ein ote eee SE Ceaeaniat atte ee a nae ea — RR 5 NR =, SRA TS ss ae a sie i Da f Seu oes rere r PH erotpa G Re cere a4 CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. leave New York City, defend themselves. In- stead of being faced about to confront the mob, the troops were marched steadily for- ward, turning about as they advanced and de- livering a desultory fire, which, however, did not deter the mob from con- tinuing its attack. At last, Marshal Kane, of the Baltimore police, interposed with a com- pany of policemen _be- tween the rear of troops and the rioters, formed a line, and ordered the mob back on penalty of This was so effective as to a pistol volley. practically end the af- fair, and without further serious disturbance the detachment joined their comradesat the Camden station, and boarded the train that took them to Washington. The regi- ment’s loss was four killed and thirty-six wounded. The men were furious over the affair, and it required all the authority of the colonel to keep them from leaving the cars and taking ven- geance on Baltimore for the death of their comrades. Ar- rived at Washington, the first regiment to come in response to the call of the President, they were quartered in the Senate Chamber. After this incident, the mayor and police of Baltimore, who had done their duty handsome- ly, with the approval of the gov- ernor destroyed the tracks and railway bridges leading into the er ao that there ‘might be no repetition of such- scenes: and l€ troops that followed—the Twenty-seventh Pennsylvania (which,. unarmed. had reached Baltimore with the Sixth Mass- achusetts, but had to Teele Leer Walk), CLIC I turn Aghth Massachusetts under Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, and the famous Seventh New York—had to reach Washing- ton by way of .A nnapolis. The Seventh, under Colonel] Lefferts, was the first home regiment to General George Washington and Generai Robert and nothing could ex- ceed the enthusiasm of the demonstrations that accompanied its march down Broadway. To greet its passage city to the out of the all suspended, and the I front, business was popu lation turned ez masse into the streets. Boxes of cigars and other thrust into the hands of luxuries were the men as they passed down Broadway in a triumphal march such as has never been sur- yassed in the annals of the city. There was a certain dramatic ele: ment, new at the time, and scarcely repeated the war, in this Ais PROVOST-MARSHAL'S OFFICE, ALEXANDRIA VA, Veco TTC S vce departure of a regiment composed literally of the flower of a great and wealthy city, representing social and When General McDowell] tered them in at its best elements. commercial. Major) (then mus- Washington, he said to one of the captains: “You have of offi- cers, not privates;’’ and out of a Cl IMmpany the less than one thousand men composing this command, over six hundred, mostly privates, afterward became officers in the Union army. Among these were such names as Abram Duryea, who Organized “ Dur- yeas Zouaves:” Egbert Viele, Noah L. Farnam, Edward L. Molineux, Alexander Shaler, Louis Fitzgerald, Philip, Schuy- ler, FitzJames O’Brien: Robert G. Shaw, who fell at Fort Wag- ner, leading to the assault his Massachusetts regiment, which was the first colored regiment to be under State authority ; and Theodore Win- throp, whose death at. Bia: organized Bethel, as a brave officer and a man of letters, was one of the conspicuous casualties of the early days of the war. These troops were taken on transports from Philadelphia to Annapolis, another town ofi | she ee UY TLI) 2a eee GRU eo Od UL eee CAMPFIRE AND BARREL EES E Dy 25 Southern sympathies, where, except for the hospitality of the United States Naval Academy, they wer t “bunked” all over the city, eae CeMy; j sre most unwelcome : From that point they made their way, at first by trai a were quartered so far as practi- : / - Ay) < S IV Taln anc t 1en cabl ea : —~ e Nee eines , , able in the re . being obstructed by the destruction of railroads and railr l ee ee neidoesc : Cae allroac ings, an ade > ATG bridges, by forced marches, until they reached Ann ipolis Junc nit | : . c o seen : ae : : , - Capital festive with the anks tion, where they wer . te eon : : I 1€ pranks y were met by a regiment sent out from Washing- in which they let off the animal ton to meet them, and thence proceeded by rail again. The strict discipline of Colonel Lef- ferts, to which they owed their successful pioneer work in open- ing the way to the capital, took them in review past President Lincoln at the White House be- fore they breakfasted, and they COLONEL ELMER €E. ELLSWORTH TTT — ee Was Fae ao eer Sy had no let-up on the hardship of their service until they were ee Ee Sa ek the grand picnic they quartered in the House of Rep seemed to have started Vike resentatives, where they were on. Among them, a subsequently sworn into the ser- regiment of Zouaves, vice of the Government. . recruited from the New This episode is worth recount- T ne York Fire Department by Gok Elmer Bo Bills: worth, was conspicuous. ing, since it was the determined advance of these troops —the Eighth Massachusetts, under Th tl last of ey were the last o , the old-time “ toughs,’ Colonel Hinks, accompanying oD them -in spite of rumors of a 5 ss . : ee Pyakee , and they made things arge secessionist force between { i i jonts | lively in the capital. them and Washington, that made Thev swarmed over tt | ey swarmed over the access to the seat of govern- ae ildi j Bey Scat PS OveNy Capitol building, scaling ment practicable ror tne reg i- its walls and : running “ Cc x c 5 about its cornices in true fire-laddie fashion, and once they rendered a distinct service to the city of Washington by saving a burning building adjoining Willard’s Hotel, display- MARSHALL HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA Where Colonel Ellsworth was Killed. ments. that ing a reckless-daring that gave the District firemen some new promptly fol- ideas. lowed them, Ellsworth had attracted much attention in 1860 by the admir- ime] w-da ng able work of a company of Chicago Zouaves, with which he had more mien given exhibition drills in the East, and he was early commis- sioned a second lieutenant in the regular army. But he resigned this position in order to organize the Fire Zouaves, which he Broadway under escort of the Fire Department, from Pennsyl- Vania and Massachu- marched down setts, the First Rhode Island, the Sixth, and entered upon active service only to sacrifice his life at the very beginning in a needless but tragic manner. As soon as troops arrived in Washington in sufficient numbers, the Govern- ment determined to make Washington secure by seizing its out- ton Heights, across the Potomac, Eighth, Ninth, and Seventy- first New York, the lat- ter regiments posts. Among these were Arling “sacred soil of Virginia,” of which this occupation was on the i Ellsworth’s regiment occupied the termed the first “invasion.” city of Alexandria; and then, discovering a secession flag flying from the Marshall House, the colonel mounted to the roof in person and tore the flag down. Descending, he was met at the foot of the stairs by Jackson, the proprietor of the hotel, who shot him dead with a shot-gun. Ellsworth’s death was promptly _ Brownell, who had accompanied THE DEATH OF ELLSWORTH. reaching Annapolis before the Seventh New York and Eighth Massachusetts left, thus keeping the way open. Had the rumored fifteen thousand rebels actually lain between Annapolis and Washington, it would have gone hard with the Government and the fortunes of the Union. Troops continued to pour into Washington, until it really to know what to do with them. They avenged by Private Francis BE him, and who put a bullet through Jackson’s head; but, as became an embarrassment the first death of an officer, it created wide-spread excitementi ie : ri : ‘ huis Be ee ea tin re seaestan RR SN TT Yee epeenietanenten eh cvetienia pee mg meneryeioa meen mate ar jagungiuevesnapabatar nin=yoclenansl las ae Se Ra a | 3 i % ; i f 3 | [ i 4 4 peated eh oo ee eS SERIA Retr so ior ep nae wa atinty torment Re CHRISTOPHER G MEMMINGER, LEROY P. WALKER, Secretary of the Treasury. Secretary of War, a een teeren ee eet eT | an ——" gf oe Ry ete Aa ; : . : ’ , ' 1 SA QUALULas bs Anis " m " F : , sire ats a D we : a: AL aN i haiarereabaean oe Tene oe\ AISLES CECEL Lath ATE IT) (1 neers ee 5 — VePiNds os iry CAMPFIRE throughout the North, not excelled by that over the Massachu- setts men who fell in Balti ne 5; fell in Baltimore, and royal honors were shown to They lay in state in the White House. where he had been a great favorite with the President. and were his remains. -heir 1. . . . conveyed to their last resting-place with every military distinction. Per- haps this incident, more than any that had yet occurred | ; i Li brought 1ome to the people of the North the reality of the war that was upon them. But it only stimulated recruiting; the death of Ellsworth weighing far less with the eenerous patriotism of the young men who filled up regiment after regiment, than the glory of Ellsworth, and the honor of Private Browuclll While the levies were coming into Washington, the Southern leaders had not been idle. Re- } (aes METH NUL pede et eee U LPaee ener AND BAT ELE Rie fr Pp. 27 that heavy reinforcements alone would save this property to the United States. men hesitated between loyalty to the Union and loyalty to their as ; But in those formative days, when many earnest State, when officers like Lee abandoned the old service with re- luctance under a sense of paramount duty to their State, a man who was loyal one day would conclude overnt his State. sht to secede with And from some such cause as this, or through fear of the consequences, the messenger never delivered the message to the War Department, and the reinforcements, though anx- iously expected, never came. The arsenal had been left in charge of Lieut. Roger Jones, who had been ordered to Harper’s Ferry from Carlisle Barracks, Penn., with a small force of forty-five men. Hearing nothing from Washington in response to his request for aid, he made up sponse to J effer- Davis's Call son for troops was general all Ovel the States, an: the week that intervened be- tween Sumter and the riot in Baltimore was a busy one. In Virginia, the Governor tool into his own hands measures for the defen of his State. As early as April 15 he caused a number of mili- tia officers to be summoned to Richmond, and he placed nl their hands the Of a mMmoOoVieEMent to the States execution Ca pru re United Arsenal at Har- Ferry, at pers the junction of the Potomac and Shenandoah kivers. Proceeding with a small command through an unfriendly country, these officers, among whom was the afterward famous Confederate general, John D. reached their destination in the gray of the early yril 18, the day after the Virginia Legislature had passed the ordinance of the resistance looked forward to on information that a Massachusetts they were welcomed with Imboden, morning of Ay Instead of secessl yn. they had regiment was guarding Harper's Ferry, the sight of buildings in flames, which told them, only too truly, that the United States garrison had abandoned the place on their < approach, and had set fire to the arsenal and hands of the Confederates. of Harper’s Ferry had stores to Save them from falling into the Early warning of the attempted seizure | been confided to a messenger who had volunteered to acquaint 3 nding per! rord was sent the Government with the impending peril, and word Vv JEFFERSON DAVIS’S RESIDENCE his mind on the evening of April 17, that the only course open to him was to save his garrison by retreat, and de- stroy the prop- erty thus aban- diehsis determination doned. was confirmed by the news brought to him, by a former su- perintendent of the of the coming of the Virginia Al- this arsenal, E 1 O;0) P:S= though same man had loyally reported, before as January, that so long an a be na pt might be made, he now told the workmen en- gaged at the arsenal that IN RICHMOND. within twenty- four hours the arsenal would be in the hands of the Virginia forces, and advised them to protect the property, cast their lot with the secessionists, and insure to themselves a continuance of work under the new régime. Lieutenant Jones immediately made secret preparations. He had trains of powder laid through the buildings, and when the force of thirteen hundred Virginians had approached to within a mile of the arsenal, at nine o’clock on the evening of April 17, the torch was applied, and the flames ran through the works, which were quickly burning. Some of the powder trains had been wet by the Southern sympathizers among the workmen, but the result was a practical destruction of nearly all that would have been valuable as munitions of war. The powder that was stored in the buildings exploded from time to time, effectually preventing serious efforts to put out the fire. The garrison was withdrawnsecs = 5 - z Ys mu cj - Reet 8 CAMPFIRE AND BA Dee PARE TED). 2 3 did. when the first considerable struggle of the war y came at Bull Run, fifty miles south of them. \nother destruction of Government property by Government officers, about this time, most un- necessary and unfortunate, deprived the Navy Department of ships and material that would have | been incalculably precious, and furnished the Con- federates with three ships, one of which, the Mer- ar eae) “er rimac, was to be heard from later in a signal jaan a a i Iai ig =a o) aX manner. | 7 ie [Ee At the Gosport Navy Yard, Opposite Norfolk, i bi ie Va., there were, besides many munitions of war, , i no less than eleven fine war ships, a majority of TUS Rese: = : Mien. ee , eee tare a. 5% ee, % ABS srataes " which were armed and ready for sea. The Gov- ernment made prompt preparations to secure these after the fall of Sumter; and but for the delay of the commandant, Commodore Charles S. McCauley, in executing his orders,a number of the vessels with stores, armament, and Crews, would Nave been withdrawn into safe waters. But under the influ- ence of his junior officers, most of whom subse- 1 quently joined the Contederacy, he deferred action THE CAPITOL AT RICHMOND until better prepared. ‘This delay -was fatal; for MALATE Peerage ts Se eaennn arene permneryans aac wren nate mt Sagi htnneananinlmgstninimnpestnaglll on. April 18 he suddenly was confronted by a across the Potomac and marched back to Carlisle. When the hostile force, though small in numbers, under General Taliaferro, Virginians came up the next morning, they found only the burn- which had seized Norfolk and threatened the navy yard. The | ing arsenal buildings to greet them. Enough property was rescued from the destruction to make | the capture a useful one to the Confederates, however: and the possession of Harper’s Ferry gave them command of an import- > oma altimore ant line of communication with Washington, by the | nes nee an aie and Ohio Railroad. Anticipating the use of this line for the — pit ttBten tn transportation of Western troops to Washington, Gen. Kenton 1 Harper, commanding the Virginians, stopped the first train a through; but his only capture was the person of Gen. William S. Harney, of the regular army, who was on his way to Wash- ington to resign his commission rather than engage in the civil war. He was madea prisoner and sent to Richmond, whence he Se hee ee tee was allowed to proceed on his errand. General Harney did not resign, but was presently sent to Missouri to command the Department of the West. But his conciliatine > method of deal- ing with the enemy, together with his uncertain loyalty, caused him to be relieved very soon. The strategic value of Harper's Ferry was developed under Col: Thomas J. Jackson (after- ward the celebrated “Stonewall” ), who was made colonel] mandant of all the Virginia forces, superseding all the previously COM- lve oimcer, and by a legislative ordinance every militia officer | existing militia generals. Robert E. Lee had been given the f the State troops, with Jackson as his execu- f : 5 terete ti ha, 1d — i above the grade of captain had been relegated to private life unless reappointed by the governor under the new dispensation. | Che brid¢ t Point of Rocks, a few miles down the Potomac ) toward Washington, was seized and fortified against a possible i attack by General Butler, who was near Baltimore; and by 4 : | ! Cl i yusé a great number of trains on the Baltimore and Ohio i Railroad b seed,” and the Cars and engines side-tracked ii eee Irg, greatly facilitating the Confederate train service a eno: i 1d supplies were secured from the neigh- i. poring country, and when Gen. Joseph E. Johnston superseded Parwl>& ] ] ? Jackson a month later at Harper Ss Ferry, the Confederates were in 9 Shape to confron} advanc iti in g od shape to confront an advance on their position from Mi raetlin anc - ) ] ' Wharyland or P¢ nnsylvania, or to ALEXANDER H, STEPHENS, send reinforcements, as they Vice-President C. S. A. ee eae inaien on ee AT Ed Be ie ac ae 2 rh ena - a MS diliaer RUT meet Inet ett ametJr SME NU ieee eo Ue heen ee HHO i lliann— * CAMPFIRE A NeD action of the latter j gion itter in waiting one day for expected ee Ricl reinforce- ments trom Kichmond, and Commodore McCaulew’s promise not to move a vessel or fire a shot except in defence, gave the —y 5S , = Union commander time to do what he could to destroy the prop- erty in his charge; and on April 20 he scuttled every ship in the harbor, sinking them just before the arrival of Capt. Hiram ». nage re ee . 1c Paulding in the Pawnee with orders to relieve McCauley. and ¥ to save or destroy the property. Seeing that it would be possible for the enemy to raise the ener vessels, and that after the ships had been rendered useless he could not hold the his small force, Pauld- place with ing decided to com- the \" destruction as far as ie told off \ his men in detachments _ \ plete work ol possible, and for this duty. Ships, \ ship-houses, barracks, \§ wharves, were at the sig- \ nal (a rocket) set ablaze, and the display was mag- | nificent as pyrotechnics, and discouraging to the ee enemy, which had expected \ to secure a ready-made navy "i for the taking of When to the roar of the flames was EARL added the boom « f the loaded BR a : suns as the fire reached them the effect was tremendous. Under cover of all this, the Pawnee drew out of the harbor, accompanied by the steam-tug Yankee towing the Cumberland, sich alone of the fleet-had not been scuttled, and bearing the loy il garrison and crews. In the haste with which the work of destruction had been undertaken, the result was incomplete. The mine under the dry-dock did not explode; and that most us ful appliance, together with many 1 + Confederates, shops, cannon, ind provisions, was secured by the who also succeeded in raising and using three of the sunken and partially burned vessels—the Merrimac, Raritan, and Plymouth, under the guns of the Grst of which, from behind its armored sides, ] Loe the Cumberland afterward came to grief in Hampton Roads. CHAPTER ITI. THE BEGINNING OF BLOODSHED. LINCOLN’S INAUGURAL ADDRESS _THE STRUGGLE FOR VIRGINIA— OPPOSING VIEWS EXPRESSED BY ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS—THE ST.AVE-TRADE OF VIRGINIA VIRGINIA DRAGOONED—THE FIRST CALL FOR TROOPS LINCOLN’S FAITH IN THE PEOPLE ORIGIN OF THE WORD ‘‘ COPPI RHEAD.” ABRAHAM LINCO! N’S inaugural address was one of the ablest edin American history. the constitutional right, the reality 1v—and_so far as law state papers record It argued the question of secession in all its aspects the sufficiency of the remec he secessionists little or nothing to stand day the of the grievance, and logic went, it left t But neither law nor logic could change in a single on. BA TREE PLETED: 29 pre-determined purpose of a powerful combination, or allay the passions that had been roused by years of resentful debate. Some of its sentences read like maxims for statesmen: ‘‘ The central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy.” ‘Can aliens make treaties easier than friends can make laws?” ‘‘ Why should there not be a patient confidence in the ultimate justice of the people? Is there any better or equal hope in the world?” With all its conciliatory messages it expressed a firm and unalterable purpose to maintain the Union at con- at every hazard. saler Ine Sac, “that, in view of the Constitution the unbroken, and the Union is and to the extent of my ability I laws, shall take care, as the Constitution itself ex- pressly enjoins upon me, that the the Union be faithfully exe- the States. Doing this I deem to be only a simple duty on my laws. of cuted in all part; and I shall perform it, so far as practicable, un- less my rightful masters, the American people, shall with- hold the requisite means, or in some authoritative manner direct the contrary.” And in Soin hands. my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the closing he said: your momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail vou. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the ageressors.. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it.) 2 a We sane not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds at hye mvstic cords of mem- of affection. ory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all this broad land, will Over vet swell the chorus of the Union again touched, as when surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.” No had ever come from the lips of a Presi- such address BRIGADIER-GENERAL WILLIAM S. HARNEY.J A Mower ee = . Slocum. \ Vv icaeehenitheeeeenetemes bine eae ee NERALS GE c oS o co Y a o Se SHERMAN AND HIS William B, Hazen John A. Logan. ilaianen ——~—— eee tans eran eevee Oliver O. Howard. eee eee ee LL eee FSi GANNAY POET OTT SPA PERTH IN tiy Peretti : ri ; ase as RIE st ha A bg habeas esate TTR roa etree eit 4 Aa ek z Diam eUUM ae ; ery } Ns LTS fem Clee rie ELL Lt lijpe squid pili Tey CAMPELRE- AND SBA Til ExaleE lelop GENERAL GRANT'S BODYGUARD dent before Pierce and Buchanat ] ] lded t] We43 : T . i \ cLilXl \ L belli 1 LC] SCO LEC T ae . “ANC ~ - r maar ex - . = “6: Hn ee as pure ide he abolitionists What reasons can you give the nations of the earth to justily 1;+4+] : 11+] ed : 1 on and “see gallant little south tem by the greatest and wisest of : th oa ; . 1 = ] "7 - 4 . = tere at pa . . . Carolina crushed under the heel | ons ct statesmen and patriots in this of despotism. . te =| and other lands, that it is the 3 < : Rags SS - ~ In spite of all such appeals Ces A best and freest Government—the , ei dae es there was still a strong Union tee i most equal inits rights, the most sentiment at the South. Chis | ie aa just in its decisions, the most eantiment was admitably , . “cy nia Ss fate was ing to this Confederacy 9 and at the time W he n \ ITS l > Pa) , > in the balance it was reported that such an act had been passed THE SIXTH rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the that slavery, in subordination to the su his nat perior race, is nat ural and normal condition.” Seven slave States had gone out, but eight git remained, and the anxiety of tl to secure these at once, or most of them, before the excitement cooled. The great prize was Virginia, both beéause of ] POWECT and resources, and he; white man. 1€ secessionists was ler own cause her accession to the Confederacy bring North Carolina also. Her governor, John Letcher, professed to be a Unionist : but his conduct after would necessarily the ordinance of secession had been passed appears to prove that this profession was insincere. In electing delegates to a conven- tion to consider the question of secession, the Unionists cast a majority of sixty thousand votes; and on the 4th of April, when 1ad been in office a month, that convention refused, by a vote of eighty-nine to forty-five, to pass an ordi- Nance of secession. The leading revolutionists of the President Lincoln ] cotton See aiit on mabe vere peters MASSACHUSETTS REGIMENT ATTACKED IN THE STREETS of land by slave lal the border States—or at least it was far ing slaves for the cotton territory it the officially printed volume of ‘ the Confederate States of America ”’ being placed in the hands of the there numbers are missing, and in vious Acts that cannot be found in t 1861, prohibition, and Act of this character. but the missing m OF BALTIMORE, APRIL 19 1861, by the Congress at Montgomery.* When Virginia heard this, like the young man in Scripture, she went away sorrowful; for in that line of trade she had great possessions. The cultivation »or had long since ceased to be profitable in less profitable than rais- States—and the acquisition of new 1 Texas had enormously increased the demand. The * It is now impossible to prove positively that such a law was actually passed ; for "Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of (Richmond, 186r) was evidently mutilated before The Acts are numbered, but here and some of the later compositor. Acts there are allusions to pre- he book. It is known that on the 6th of March, as instructed to inquire into the exped it seems a fair conjecture the Judiciary Committee w lency of such that one of the missing numbers was an In a later edition (1864) the numbering is made consecutive, atler is not restored.\e HOTU AIG OR a yy : ramen Ne men a et CAMPFIRE AND BA TTT EI ED) A PUP TIIEVE TILES Pe edad ee eg oe ey ot See 3p STEER ae ee en DEPARTURE OF THE SEVENTH REGIMENT FROM NEW YORK CITY, APRIL 19, 1861. greatest part of this business (sometimes estimated as high as one-half) was Virginia’s. It was called “the vigintal crop,” as the blacks were ready for market and at their highest value about the age of twenty. As it was an ordinary business of bargain and sale, no statistics were kept; but the lowest estimate of the annual value of the trade in the Old Dominion placed it in the tens of millions of dollars. President Dew, of William and Mary College, in his celebrated pamphlet, wrote: “ Virginia is, in fact, a negro-raising State for other States.” The New York Journal of Commerce of October 12, 1835, contained a letter from a Vir- ginian (vouched for by the editor) in which it was asserted that twenty thousand slaves had been driven south from that State that year. In 1836 the Wheeling (Va.) Times estimated the number of slaves exported from that State during the preceding year at forty thousand, valued at twenty-four million dollars. The Baltimore Register in 1846 said: “ Dealing in slaves has become a large business; establishments are made in several places in Maryland and Virginia, at which they are sold like cattle.” The Richmond Examiner, beforé the war, said: “ Upon an inside estimate, they [the slaves of Virginia] yield in gross surplus produce, from sales of negroes to go south, ten million dollars.” In the United States Senate, just before the war, Hon. Alfred Iverson, of Georgia, replying to Mr. Powell, of Virginia, said Virginia was deeply ‘nterested in secession: for if the cotton States seceded, Virginia would fnd no market for her slaves, without which that State would be ruined. After Sumter had been fired on, and the Confederate Congress had forbidden this traffic to outsiders, the Vir- ginia Convention again took up the ordinance of secession (April 17) and passed it in secret session by a vote of eighty-eight to fifty-five. It was not to: take effect till approved by the people; but the day fixed for their vot- ing upon it was six weeks distant, the last Thursday in May. Long before that date, Governor Letcher, without waiting for the ver- dict of the people, turned over the entire military force and equipment of the State to the Confederate authori- ties, and the seat of the Con- federate Government was te en ewrnmreyy COLONEL MARSHALL LEFFERTS, Commanding Seventh Regiment removed from Montgomery to Richmond. David G. Farra- oD cut. afterwards the famous admiral, who was in Norfolk, Vir- ginia, at the time, anxiously watching the course of events, a NT ook de CB TS Fae TasSee tk ¥ Fe iin rekon es " ‘aera SS shaih ighibesei pin, SARRRARIEDREL hes b-eeheeeenrheea sed ee ee ee PICKET ON (Showing pl ; i | Mi E i i { i aa a | eee eth as ee ee hee ain a Catone ae pisos Oks cibekhs sak labs deme eer eel eae tone eh peaeaetene erry tenet alpen sina anwetaiattthenerioveyTelerrlitii) yt oatiay Tt Peat \ SST ot SOUE ATP Le du Ube eee ] YY ~ ~ CAM PEIRE AND BAT EEE TEED. 35 declared that the State “hs ; e St: 1ad been dra- al : - eee dra ana, and Texas, by combinations too powerful to vooned out of the Union,” and he refused eee! )§60be supp 1 by tl Li , tf | oe ees ieee é ix ressed by the ordinary course 1Clz to be dragooned with her. But Robert bar Bite eee, a pr 4 bs I ae oe : : ee ae Bos oceedings or by the powers vested in the mz E. Lee and other pro iroini eo 5 ; te ee ee Un eee minent Virginians és ?? : ne ee By ! . irginians | Me ; . shals by law,’ and called for militia from the resigned their commissions in the United eos ; several States of the Union to tl I f eee a | | al State: . 3 1e number o States service to enter th 3 3 ; , : at of thet : ' ae : We ae oe : © be ~ seventy-five thousand. It also called a special ote O e oniederacy, < : : id 2 { 5 icy, and the es BR ee > session of Congress, to convene on July 4. He l soil of Virginia was overrun by soldiers oyal citizens to fav facilitat yal citizens to favor, facilitate, y appealed “toa I from th tt Stat \ | : ( e& COCEOnN SeEALES: ANNV OCHEeCr Te- : . : : y Other x¢ and aid this effort to maintain the honor, the sult than a vote for secession was there . ~ IS cl. re- ee 5 > . ! r . = - integrity, and existence of our National Union, fore im yossible. Arkansa f ll we | : ie P , < Soe ved with | and the perpetuity of popular government, and to a similar ordinance on the 6th of May, f -edress wrone ; 32 } redress wrongs already long enough endured. and North Carolina on the 2Ist, neither being submitted to a popular vote. With regard to the reception of this cele- brated proclamation in the South, Alex- Kentucky refused to secede For Ten- ; i \ e. en ander H. Stephens writes as fol- nessee and Missouri there was a _ pro- lows. in his History of the longed struggle. 2 , mn aft S AB eS: war: “The effect ot When. Fort Sumter was surrendered, GENERAL JOSEPH G. TOTTEN. Chief of Engineers this. upon the public mind of the Southern the Confederates had already acquired possession of Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie in Charleston Harbor, Fort Pulaski at Savannah, Fort Morgan at the entrance | States cannot be of Mobile Bay, Forts Jackson and St. Philip below New Orleans, / described or even the navy-yard and Forts McKae and Barrancas at Pensacola, estimated. Up to the arsenals at Mount this time, a majority, Vernon, Ala., and ‘Little Rock, Ark.,andthe New Orleans Mint. [he largest force of United I think, of even those who favored the policy ) of secession had done so / under the belief and con- States regulars was that viction that it was the surest in Texas, under com- way of securing a redress of mand of Gen. David erievances, and of bringing the E. Twiggs, who surren- Federal Government back to dered it in February, Constitutional principles. This and turned over to the proclamation dispelled all such insurgents one million hopes. - It showed that the party in two hundred and fifty power intended nothing short of complete centralization. The prin- thousand dollars’ worth ciples actuating the Washington author- of military property. On the day when &4. ities were those aiming at consolidated sower: while the principles controlling the action of the Mont- | gomery Sumter fell, President Lincoln penned a proc- authorities were those which enlisted devotion and to the Federative system as established by the In short, the cause of the Confed- attachment Fathers in 1778 and 17967. erates was States Sovereignty, or the sovereign right of local self- the part of the States severally The cause of . 7 covernment on GENERAL ALEXANDER ir assailants involved the overthrow of this entire fabric, and their ass< Stabe the erection of a centralized empire in its stead.” | . . a | lamation, issued the The effect of this proclamation in the North has already been | next day (Monday, referred to. Mr. Lincoln’s faith in the people had always been | April 15), which strong; but the response to this proclamation was probably a | | GlaATeG x . surprise eve as 1U certainly was to the secessionists, | | declared ‘that the surprise even to him, as \ ; | laws of the United who had assured the Southern people that the Yankees would States have been not fight. The whole North was thrilled with military ardor, [The papers were lively with and moved almost as one Man. louble-leaded editorials ; and the local poet was any—with his glowing for some time past, . i and now are, Op- creat head-lines and filled the spare space—when there | posed, and the exe- S The closing passage of Longfellow s “ Build- cution thereof patriotic effusions. ’ ‘ ~ 1 ad rt > a \7E raqare +f > > <4 ‘ - 3° obstructed, in the ing of the Ship, written a dozen years before, beginning > States of Sout h ‘© Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State! é . E . Sail on, O Union, strong and great ! ’ “ ‘ 2) <@: C . . . Carolina, TeOre la, Humanity with all its fears, Ee ee ae Alabama, Florida, With all the hopes of future years, 1»? YRE WINTHROP. : MAJOR THEODORE Is hanging breathless on thy fate ! Killed at Big Bethel. Mississipp1, Louisi-es ry j RG arto i ae . me itl CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. 36 r rt +O ‘ oC every orator that addressed a war meeting. on Baninent men of all parties and all professions spoke ing and c -rmarching, and ret uniformed, marching and wheeling and countermarching, 1 eee. ; ae ial of arms by officers that knew just a being drilled in the manus } ’ avine boucht a handbook : : SC y virtue of having bought a ha D l ho had long been Lincoln's little more than they did, by v1 ae 8 - ee i a: : yy ae rlas, who he C : ay = 9 all night to s el ; T Stephen A. ouglas, wh¢ 5 Zee cee 2 e dav before, and sat up a g the Union. ste] sae sficoercions.went tothe White of tactics the day bef I : Pe ec cin ee rival, and had opposed the policy of coercion, ith tl was great scarcity of arms. One regiment was looking aa Sea's ; = : long interview with the aS SrCal SC« Mie ar ir hands Fe aa -r fell, had a long interview \ sthat had just been placed in their hands, I se the day before Sumter fell, ° fe : ee . nuskets that had jus -N1 | ae d omised a hearty support of the Administration, at some ancient 1 K President, and promis é arty oynel came vith grim humor assured | hed r the when the colonel came up and \ g ic as 1 ediz - telegraphed ove which was immediately g 4 them that he had seen those weapons used in the Mexican ) ae ee Se ‘i gy War, and more men were killed in front of them than behind : ~ 1 . s ~ °. ae : é : ; “ Z Bee 7 : } ee ee es on: : A them. The boys had great respect for the colonel, but “dh , s . d ei slood in Northern streets), ex- Wak eae (ee He pie diceionmatsbloed sin Northen ‘le es 1 ~ ME 2 ee they wanted to be excused from believing his story | i President Buchanan (who had failed to finc aa? ¢ j ie] Cl xe ~wis Cass any authority for coercion), Gen. Lewis Cas — RO en: peas OE ~ eS eS oD ae i et at ae eet ee atone ne Sa men Lene an bo be cates ba gna inane eens ee = Sra Rens en BURNING OF GOSPORT NAVY YARD, NORFOLK, VA., APRIL 21, 1861. CHAPRER: IV. BORDER STATES AND FOREIGN RELATIONS. (a Democratic partisan since the war of 1812), Archbishop Hughes (the high- est dignitary of the Roman Catholic Church in America), and numerous | others, all “came out for the Union,” RRS Nea Beso ee Si. LOUIS==VOWATIY OF Greiiane 4 as the phrase went. The greater por. —BATTLE AT CARTHAGE—THE A 2 oS ie BURNING OF THE UNITED STATES ARSENAL AT HARPER'S FERRY, VA., BATTLE AT CARTHAGE—THI tion of the Democratic party, which eR 1, aL GOVERNORS OF CERTAIN STATES RE- FUSE TROOPS—THE GOVE RNOR OF MISSOURI DISLOYAL—EVE NTS IN eS ea STRUGGLE FOR KENTUCKY, MARY- had opposed Lincoln’s election, also, as individuals, sustained the Administration in its d | ; not to permit a division of the COUNtKy.. all . “war Democrats,” LAND AND TENNESSEE—ACTIONS VIRGINIA—BATTLE OF RICH MOUNTAIN—BATTLE OF BIG BETHEL—HARPER’S FERRY, etermination IN WEST 1ese were known as while those that opposed and reviled the Government. were called “Copperheads,” in allusion to the snake ee tet ee hee | THE disposition of the border slave States was one of the most difficult problems with which the Government had to deal. ty When the President issued his call for seventy-five thousand wearing it as a scarf-pin; but all they, men, the Governore of Missouri, Kentucky and Tennessee. : could say was quickly drowned in the general clamor. well as those of Nort , Aen er Town halls, school 1urches were refusals, - violation of the laws of - TERA a Ss i 9 E the country and to this ORe aN ae fae y Go A : : . § N mS ? T war upon the liberties ee ae (aa fal fr Eopl You 9 |~YOmiIne OF < Ee eo ee ( - I £ © ZZ —~ TERR can get no troops from z mn . . . rr CL oom North Carolina.” The ae = eA < Sey ratte ERRVLA Governor of Virginia: OF 9 JICOLORAQO a maielate So. | “A TERR ‘The militia of Vir- : Z Ey ae : 7 ginia will not be fur- ARIZ0 Lae. ished he ers NA INew mexico Ez nished to the powers TERR. Spree ee at Washington for any : such use or purpose as they have in view.” . Every one of these . or Free States. governors was a Seces- Fj Loyal Shave States. sionist, with a strong | EBA Seceding States. \ lem was worked out differently in each of the States: At the winter session of the Missouri Legis- lature an act had been passed that placed the city of St. Louis under the control of police commissioners to be appointed by the Gov- ernor Claiborne &: Jackson. Four of his appointees were seces- sionists, and three of these were leaders of bodies of ‘“ minute- men,” half-secret armed organizations. The and aggressive party at his back; and yet in MAP SHOWING LOYAL AND SECEDING STATES. mayor of the city, who Me eT) 7 ‘ oy Ta ede hcdte aed cn Mic athe eat aU od yar ino509 ETE SRT ec ps AT = — SS a ge, e PLL APD ITD LLyl pea . Recs =. ae s the GAIIPEIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. as he expected pursuit by a force of secessionists. The many hands that make light work were not wanting, and ‘the train very soon rolled away with its precious freight. The Governor applied to the Confederate Gov- ernment for assistance, and a quantity of arms and ammunition, including several field-guns, was sent to him in boxes marked ‘ marble.” He also ordered a general of the State militia to establish a camp of in- D<- struction near the city, and gathered there such volun- teer companies as were organized and armed. EE General Scott had anticipated all this by sending rein- forcements to the little company that held the arsenal, and with them Capt. Nathaniel Lyon, of the regular army, a man that lacked no element of skill, courage, or patriotism necessary for the crisis. The force was also increased by several regiments of loyal home guards, organized mainly by the exertions of Francis P. Blair, Jr., and mustered into the service of the United States. When the character and purpose of the RECRUITS .TO.THE FRONT. : ae Suuiite, cchemtnmieesheae ee ae force that was being concentrated by C eee Jackson became sufficiently evident— was also one of the commissioners, was : ) : ee 3 ‘ro ~ tac hat the streets in the known as a‘ conditional Union man. from the fact tha Other acts showed plainly the bent of camp were named for prominent Con- the Legislature. One made it treason federate leaders; and other indications ; : SMe ‘termined up yr yt anc to speak against the authority of the Lyon determined upon prompt and @oveiiommand weaver himeecniacend decisive action. This was the more 7 , c Ss i - c S powers, while another appropriated Important since the United States arse- three million dollars for military pur- nal at Liberty had been robbed, and secession troops were being drilled at St. Joseph. With a battalion of regu- poses, taking the entire school fund for the year, and the accumulations lars and six regiments of the home on the public debt. , that were to have paid the July interest | \ guard, he marched out in the afternoon A State convention called to consider of May toth, surrounded the camp, and i the question of secession met in Feb- trained six pieces of artillery on it, and - ruary, and proved to be overwhelm- then demanded an immediate sur- ae ingly in favor of Missouri’s remaining render, with no terms but a promise | in the Union, though it also expressed of proper treatment as prisoners of war. a general sympathy with slavery, as sumed that the South had wrongs, The astonished commander,.a recreant West Pointer, surrendered promptly ; deprecated the employment of military and he and his brigade were disarmed force on either side, and repeated the u ee . fone : Z a Se suggestion that had been made many CAPTAIN. NATHANIEL LYON aa —, = Sa y ee tn rae times in other quarters for a national (Afterwards Brigadier-General.) convention to amend the Constitution so as to satisty everybody. The State convention made its y report in March, and adjourned till December. | his proceeding appeared to be a great disappointment to Governor Jackson; but he failed to take from it any hint to give up his purpose of getting the State out of the Union. On the contrary, he proceeded to try what he could do with the powers at his command. He called an extra session of the Legislature, to convene May 2d, for the purpose of “adopting measures to place the State in a proper attitude of defence,” and he cal] “1 ed ut the militia on the 3d of May, to go into encampment for six Se PST —o S [There was a large store of arms (more than twenty thou- sand stand) in the St. Louis arsenal ; but while he was denicine a method and a pretext for seizing them, the greater part of een were suddenly removed, by order from Washington, to Spring- field, Illinois. The eee a eal e t eka eee ee ae <= captain that had them in charge took them on a steamer to Alton, and there called t} ringing a fire-alarm, told them what } assistance in transferring the carg le citizens together by 1e had, and asked their o to a train for Springfield, A VILLAGE COMPANY ON PARADE, ZoSig oct tat Pa RT : 3 7 ee NLL TE Seay rier - ~ Shyer D SS { = a If Uo adeeb e a ene OMe eC SE ) Y tae eo Pe DOB ibis Mirae) siisaissacd: Prt adel (lids Ning asagiy™Pr Fira uae oh eieecitiii) ) Att ai SS 3 Pear he ya SELLS GLUON AFL bts ave ec ATT el CLL C LULL Po atte hese CAM PELERE. AND BA Tia ss Dy i { a ae = F iN / NTT LLM oa illic eee un wen deinid avn Ah Al ee NELLIS Ff RIE SS —_ ae ; : ~ SF ~ = Sat and taken into the city. All the “marble” up from Baton Rouge and been hauled out two days be fore was captured and removed THE BATTLE AT PHILIPPI, JUNE 3, 1861. that had come to the camp only to the arsenal, be- coming once more the property of the United States. The outward march had attracted attention, crowds had sathered along the route, and when Lyon returning with their prisoners they had to pass through a throng of people, among whom were not a few th create ariot. The outbreak came at length; at the troops and pistol-shots fired into the ranks, when one regiment levelled their mus- kets and poured a volley or two into the crowd. Three or four soldiers and about twenty citizens were killed in this beginning of the conflict at the West. “William T. Sher- man (the now famous general), walking out with his little son that afternoon, found him- self for the first time under fire, and lay Iky while the bullets cut the down in a gulh twigs of the trees above him. Two days later, Gen. William 5. Harney arrived in St: Louis and assumed command of the United States forces. He was a vet- eran of long experience ; but. ex-Governor Sterling Price, commanding the State forces, entrapped him into a truce that tied his hands, while it left Jackson and Price -prac- tically at liberty to pursue ‘their plans fol secession. Thereupon the Government re- moved him, repudiated the truce, and gave ’> command were at were striving to stones were thrown the command to Lyon, now made a brigadier-general. After an interview with Lyon in St. Louis (June 11), in which they found it impossible to deceive or swerve him, Price and Jackson went to the capital, Jefferson City, burning railway bridges behind them, and the Governor immediately issued a proclamation declaring that the State had been invaded by United States forces, and calling out fifty thousand of the militia to repel the = ‘losit inivasion:. sits) AEN SAA ffi ALL dah A eS aT TE fi fiSY 6 Lyle LAr nal ih 32 Me Py ENE C\Aef wy, UY = iy LIM 4 v/ Le actin anenonnsanreate- sgn an th enenet oe opment ntotstrireogearrenaen AES H S34 / ~ ING GG 2 \\ | XC fl Ey : de HC eat a rie 3 = ¥ i oN ) { io ian erat / } cata - tad Decimal een Cott) ac. CA MEPPITRE | ; a ae Talal ule”? d er eM | s si ; Pre y “ent Wy gi? ee ed | ae “* ex PF se y ay i ; : | : a i * Ss “ll pe Z gies Baber ag 7 — ee ah Re sa ala ” hes ee t F ‘ Fe Bess aestiinll ha rs a ee Fatt ae Ps tes SS - Sea ele gus MAJOR-GENERAL BENJAMIN admitted to seats in that body. Being now firmly supported by the new Legislature, the National Government began to arrest prominent Kentuckians who still advocated secession, whereupon John C. southward and entered the service of the Confederacy. tucky as a State was saved to the Union, but the line of separa- others, including ex-Vice-President Breckinridge, fled Ken- tion was drawn between her citizens, and she contributed to the ranks of both the great contending armies, Like the governor of Kentucky, Gov. Thomas H. Hicks, of Maryland, had at first protested against the passage of troops, had dreamed of making the State neutral, and had even gone so far as to suggest to the Administration that the British Minister at Washington be asked to mediate between it and the Confeder- But, unlike Governor Magoffin, he ultimately came out The Legislature would not adopt an ates. in favor of the Union. ordinance of secession, nor call a convention for that purpose; but it passed a bill establishing a board of public safety, giving it extraordinary authority over the military powers of the State, and appointed as such board six secessionists and the governor. A tremendous pressure was brought to bear upon the State. One of her poets, in a ringing rhyme to a popular air, told her that the despot’s heel was on her shore, and predicted that she would speedily “spurn.the Northern scum,” while the Vice- President of the Confederacy felt so sure of her acquisition that in a speech (April 30) he triumphantly announced that she “ had But Reverdy John- resolved, to a man, to stand by the South.” quite as bold and son and other prominent Marylanders were SrtrEL Ot tT | tian ee ‘ eae \ phabbbee ttt EL Li2) ee date PELE Pede PEO dU hea tee E ~ s 7 ‘4 1 4 ak AND { N ; ait POTN a dali i ed Pe ec tii a WI. MCE 5 ! LE UE BA AEE FD 43 ~ . a tha! ob Soa f ‘ ot > - « ae 5 . or a BIOS Sar as Sy a > ee X SRO Seg 45 SONY : | pow Sea A, F. BUTLER AND STAFF. active for the national cause. A popular Union Convention was held in Baltimore: General Butler with his troops restored the broken communications and held the important centres; and under a suspension of the writ of habeds corpus some of the more violent secessionists were imprisoned. The release of the citi- zens was demanded by Chief-Justice Taney, of the United States Supreme Court, who declared that the President had no right to suspend the writ ; but ‘his demand was refused. In May the Governor called for four regiments of volunteers to fill the requi- sition of the National Government, but requested that they might be assigned to duty in the State. So Maryland remained in the Union, though a considerable number of her citizens entered the ranks of the Confederate army. In the mountainous regions of western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, where few slaves were held, there was a strong In other portions of those States there were But in each State there was a Union element. many enthusiastic secessionists. majority against disunion. North Carolina voted on the ques- a convention to consider the subject, and by a tion of calling Tennessee, on a g y decided for “no convention.” similar vote, showed a majority of fifty thousand against calling After the fall of Sumter Gov. John W. Ellis, of lotte and the small majorit a convention. North Carolina, seized the branch mint at Char | at Fayetteville, and called an extra session of the Legis- lature. This Legislature authorized him to tender the military resources of the State to the Confederate Government, and eet May 2oth, which passed an ordinance arsena called a convention to m MRIRE ALES mises. J as Py APD My eepe A . i if SS oe _ ace cdghadieaiabs B u ae Bates ond: cf: Ba iets pis a aesiae eed re ht - ee ts stot he - = Re ice 5 ie “= iti a ea ee i 5 : Peat DEE : CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. prominent of the Unionists were Andrew Johnson and the Rev. William G. Brownlow. That portion of the Old Dominion which lay west of the Alleghany Mountains held in 1860 but one- twelfth as many slaves in propor- tion to its white population as the remainder of the State: And when Virginia passed her ordinance of en secession, all but nine of the fifty- five votes against it were cast by delegates from the mountainous western counties. The people of these counties, having little interest in slavery and its products, and irr ieeeteheeeiethehachemerened ee ee fan Ge i great interests in iron, coal and id lumber, the market for which was in ae the free States, while their streams | 1 flowed into the Ohio, naturally ob- i) jected to being dragged into the 7 Confederacy.. Like the people of A) East Tennessee, they wanted to ] secede from secession, and one of a COMMISSARY QUARTERS. their delegates actually proposed it Hf | in the convention. In less than a 4 of secession by a unanimous vote. The conservative or Union month (May 13) after the passage of the ordinance, a Union i. party of Tennessee issued an address on the 18th of April, in convention was held at Wheeling, in which twenty-five of the i! which they declared their approval of the Governor’s refusal to western counties were represented; and ten days later, when H furnish troops for the national defence, and condemned both the election was held, these people voted against seceding. The secession and coercion, holding that Tennessee should take an State authorities sent recruiting officers over the mountains, aA independent attitude. This, with the excitement of the time, but they had little success. Some forces were gathered, under : | was enough for the Legislature. In secret session it authorized the direction of Gen. Robert E. Lee and under the immediate Gov. Isham G. Harris, who was a strong into a military league with the Confed- erate Government, which he immedi- secessionist, to enter command of Colonel Porterfield, who began burning tl] 1e bridges ately did. It also passed an ordinance ular vote on the 8th of June. Before that day came, the State was in the of secession, to be submitted to a pop possession of Confederate soldiers. and a majority of over fifty thousand was obtained for secession. East Ten- nessee had voted heavily against the ordinance ; and a convention held at: | Greenville. June 17, wherein thirty-one of the eastern counties WEE “fepre- sented, declared, for certain plainly specified reasons, that it « did not regard the result of the election as expressive of the will of a majority of the freemen of Tennessee,” Later, the people of those counties asked to 1. yh ee pe separated peaceably from the rest of the State and allowed to T + remain In the Union: but the Confederate authorities did not recognize the prin- ciple of secession Irom secession, and the people of tl Sec igagenemeyenennammant 9s henamen mg LA pment ried etegs Ce eee maine can | lat region were sub- | jected to a bloody and relentless per- secution, before which many of ft] : 1em | fied from their homes. The most CULINARY DEPARTMENT a etet PIS am Ret reeenbens tte 1 et a ihPia) ud p pe slaestt debate, CAMPFIRE AND he Balti ai io Railr V hi on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Meanwhile Capt. George B. McClellan had been made a general and placed in command of Ohio troops. With four regiments he crossed the Ohio on the 26th and went in pursuit of the enemy. His movement at hirst was retarded by the burned bridges; but these were repaired, large reinforcements were brought over, and in small but brilliant engagements at Philippi and at Rich Mountain— he completely routed the Confederates. At Philippi the Confederates were completely surprised by Colonels Kelley and Dumont, and beat so hasty a retreat that the affair received the local name of the “ Philippi races.” The victory at Rich Mountain was the first instance of the capture by either side of a military position regularly approached , ; and defended. A pass over this mountain was re- / fe garded as so important that all the Confederate jf , | troops that could be spared were sent to defend / it, under command of Gen. Robert S. Garnett § jf with Colonel Pegram to assist him. The position / was so strong that a front attack was avoided, and / its speedy capture resulted from a flank attack / skilfully planned and successfully executed by : Gen. W. S. Rosecrans. On the retreat up the’ { Cheat River Valley General Garnett was killed, and Pegram, with a considerable number of his men, sur- rendered to McClellan. Theim- dé i Ih Gr ee at Racn Mountain ‘was really slight, not- withstanding it was successful in securing to the Union army a footing on this frontier that was not afterward GENERAL BEN McCULLOCH, C. S.A. seriously disturbed. But the significance of the action of July ITI, and the campaign which it terminated, lies in the instant popu- larity and prominence it gave to General McClellan. He reported the victory in a Napoleonic despatch, announcing the annihila- tion of “two armies, commanded by educated and experienced soldiers, intrenched in mountain fastnesses fortified at their and concluding, “ Our success 1s complete, and seces- McClellan’s failure to accomplish leisure ;”’ sion is killed in this country.” more in this campaign has been indicated by military critics, but at the time nothing obscured the brilliancy of the victory. The people took his own estimate of it, and “ Little Mac,” the young Napoleon, became a popular hero. The Government also took his view of. it: and after the defeat at Bull Run, a few days later, he was given the command of the Army of the Potomac, and in the autumn succeeded to the command of the Armies of the United States. elite Was 3 3 om ih RUN ATT Rtv ainvigaaers( ee AULT 9 LO Haast alte u TEpr east eae oe : a \ e : \ SEI TINGE sr SP ibs LIE TT Tit tte eee een Cy) Ga AY wou WPA BATTLEFIELD. 45 Delegates from the counties west of the Alleghanies met at Wheeling (June 11), pronounced the acts of the Richmond convention null and void, declared all the State offices vacant, and reorganized the Government, with Francis H. Pierpont as governor. A legislature, consisting of members that had been chosen on the 23d of May, met at Wheeling on the Ist of July, and on the goth it elected two United States senators. The new State of Kanawha was formally declared created in August. Its constitution was ratified by the people in May, 1862, and in December of that year it was admitted into the Union. But, meanwhile, its original and appropriate name had been exchanged for that of West Virginia. The victory at Rich Moun- announced in McClellan’s tri- portance | [Seer / GENERAL STERLING PRICE, C.S.A. / Rf / | oy : “a umphant and resounding words, came in good IR Sn aoe time to arrest the depression caused by an un- ee Se / fortunate affair of a few weeks before, at Big ~ Even, ae zy / Bethel, on June toth ; though the popular clamor SA 8 MAGRr, Se ) j for aggressive warlare did not cease, but -was even affair ERG ee now driving the army into a premature advance on Manassas and the battle of Bull Run, for which the preparations were inadequate. Big Bethel has been called the first battle of the war, though it was subsequent to the affair of the “ Philippi races,” and at a later day would not have been called a battle at all. But among its few casualties there were numbered the deaths of Major Theodore Winthrop and the youthful Lieut. Johny LS (Greble; and the painful impression caused by these losses converted the affair into a tragic national calamity. The movement was a conception of Gen. B. F. Butler's, who commanded at Fortress goressions of a body of Confederates, Monroe. Annoyed by thea under General Magruder, encampéd at Little Bethel, eight miles north of Newport News, he sent an expedition to capture them. It consisted of Col. Abram Duryea’s Fifth New York Zouaves, with Lieut.-Col. (afterward General) Gouverneur K. Warren second in command (the Confederates greatly feared these “ red-legged devils,” as they dubbed them), Col. Frederick Townsend’s Third New York, Colonel Bendix’s Seventh New York Volunteers, the First and Second New York, and detachments from other regi- ments, with two field-pieces worked by regulars under Lieutenant Greble: Gen. E. W. Pierce incommand. Duryea’s Zouaves were sent forward to attack from the rear; but a dreadful mistake of identity led Bendix’s men to fire into Townsend’s regiment, as these commands approached each other, which brought Duryea back to participate in the supposed engagement in his rear, and destroyed the chance of surprising the rebel camp. The Con- er cdigiaailes Py, Pet ee ee Lh rs lle Taree LAs ot ee be A hoo =o uid beers a ry Pe dni een MY ok eet Se apy pa, / . nn ue oA ei OE wy, ee i NS \ x “a eeeh Ah ee ee 1861 10, Sebtaenecns sk eit babe sista Sanbennieaneeet betes ce nemcanecheeeeteieerestet ee JUNE VIRGINIA, BAREEE OF BIG BEGHEL, ae 8 OY Ry ge side ned onsne aan aah rh ia Rh aceasta ne nae Ap RSP o eee \ Tie deel DOSE rr er envTrrrer raps TOTES . " 4 i oe) is Risa Sa, mere ro byline " T ST TTF ae 4 im ot Oey Pte PLL ren hee j = y TR ies , a S Ps tian spies ond Vee) aemeaehL tie aek Ltt (IN WT F 5 f ie 4 A WER Vite EEL ne oe aa : SUR ER 1’rv PT aaa eel ttt tlt 01 CA MPEITKE A ND federates abandoned Little Bethel, and took a strong position at Big Bethel, where they easily re | : , where they easily repulsed the attack that was made, anc De the retreating Unionists until checked by the Sec- ond New York Regiment. An important preliminary to the battle of Bull Run was the operations about Harper's Ferry in June and July, resulting, as z . . es = . e 2 eh : they did, in the release from that point of a strong Confederate reinforcement, which joined Beauregard at Bull Run at a critical time, and turned the fortunes of the day against the Union army Harper’s Ferry, as we have seen, had been occupied by a Confederate force under Stone- wall Jackson, who became subordinate to the superior rank of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston when that officer arrived on the Scene. On both sides a sentimental importance was given to the occupation of Harpers Ferry, which was not warranted by its sicnificance as a military stronghold. It did, indeed, afford a control of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, so long as the position could be maintained. Jut it derived its importance in the public mind from the fact that it had been chosen by John Brown as the scene of his projected negro uprising in 1859, and was presumed from that to be a natural fortress, a sort of Gibraltar, which, once gained, could be held forever by a small though determined The Confederate Government all¢ C body of men. 1 military staff at Richmond so regard ai it, | and they warned General Johnston that he must realize, in defending it, that its abandon- ment would be depressing to the caus¢ of the South. General Patterson, whose army cathered in Pennsylvania was to attack 1, impressed on the War Department the para- mount importance of a victory, and predicted that the first creat battle of the war, the results of which would be decisive in the contest, would be fought at Harper’s Ferry. He begged for the means of success, and offered his life as the price of a failure The Washington authorities, though they did not las to the men and means on his part. exact the penalty, took him at his wor required, and furnished him with between eighteen and sending him such commanders as Major-General Sandford, of New. York (who | accepted a subordinate twenty- two thousand men (variously estimated), cenerously waived his superior rank, anc position), Fitz John Porter, George Cadwalader, Charles Pe Stone, Both sides, then, prepared for action important strategic and others. at Harper's Ferry, as for a mighty struggle over an position. The Confederates were the first to realize that this was an However desirable it might be to hold Harpers Ferry as error. Maryland, General the key to the Baltimore and Ohio, and to Johnston quickly discovered that, while it was secure enough against an attack in front, across the I should cross the river above or For its defence, >otomac, it was an easy capture fora superior force that below it: and: attack it from the Virginia side. his force of six thousand five hundred men against Patterson's twenty thousand, and he sion to withdraw to Winchester, twenty miles to ble to the Confederate author- popular interpretation of the But the fear that would not suffice requested permis- the southwest. This suggestion was most unpalata ities. who understood well that the | movement would be detrimental to the cause. R ID ana e ICL LU De PL ealkeac I~ | 7 : 4 Xs VAT AAA ae ldiinie (Fe Tire Witt A f Pe PA IP IPILID PILI IL 10). Az McClellan would join Patterson from West Virginiz loss of an army of six thousand five hundred eee oe | yen more depressing than a retreat, they reluctantly consented to John- ston’s plan. He destroyed everything at Harper's Ferry that could be destroyed, on June 13th and 14th ; and when Patterson ee repeated promptings from Washington, arrived there a the 15th, he found no determined enemy and no mighty battle awaiting him, but only the barren victory of an cue ne tion of a ruined and deserted camp. s — Hi eit Thi wet SI ==] = en = ——— ed —_ A RAILROAD BATTERY. CIBUAIPINBIN WY. ARMY ORGANIZATION NORTH AND SOUTH. ADVANTAGES—THE LEADING GENERAL OFFICERS— POINT JOIN THE CONFEDERACY—CAPITAL CONFEDERATE GRADUATES OF WEST REMOVED FROM MONTGOMERY—PRESIDENT LINCOLN’S CALL FOR SOLDIERS AND SAILORS—SOU THERN PRIVATEERS—* ON TO RICHMOND!” ALTHOUGH up to this time no important engagements between the troops had taken place, the war was actually begun. The Sumter affair had been the signal for both sides to throw away sub- and it became thenceforth an open struggle terfuge and disguise, The South no longer pleaded State for military advantage. rights, but military necessity, within reach; the North no longer acted for seizing such Government posts and property as were 7 under the restraint of hesitation to commit an open breach, for bly, and whatever it was possible the peace was broken irrevoca offence, was now become politic. to do, in the way of defence or The two contending powers different conditions and with unequal ac perations which ensued, it wil were entering on the struggle under very lvantages. Before taking up the military 0 | be look at these conditions. here were many experienced had been educated at the United had either remained interesting to On both sides t officers, who had seen service, Tilitary and Naval Academies, and army and navy States 1 ese Pe as gO E77) ee EE pee oa olay oi ee ge eel gene Ene 7) ae eas enn Saas Rhy Led uy 4 LLP VDy Rts ~pah Pr ce bree mF st SE | aR ef isl i ty ‘ : { | aN ib Re =. ND BA TITLEFIELD. CAMPFIRE A i! I 48 hich he held a high command ; familiar, in W service as Secretary of War through long and on the Senate Military Committee, not with all the details of military admin- but with the points of strength he military establishment having withdrawn to civil life, were prompt to offer their swords to the side to which they adhered. Assuming the number and quality of these officers to divided, there were Sev- eral respects in which the Confederates had jeir preliminary organi- in the service OF, only istration, and weakness in t of the enemy he was about to crapple with. : Placed at the head of a new government, | with neither army nor navy, Nor law nor tradition for their control, he was free to have been equally the advantage in tl from the studied care with zation, apart binet officers had scattered } i which disloyal ca 2 ; Ih the Federal regular army and had stripped io pee Jedeoe of military i, Northern posts of supplies and of trust- HG, te) exercise ms a ae poi i ni worthy commandants. President Lincoln Wy, Ye). matters Lor bie ESS eae eile 4 ie 5 came on from his Western home without ane je LD at his command a Ore eS his mili- i knowledge of war, acquaintance with mili- V7 aly Coe ee e the politica! | tary men, or familiarity with military mat- V7! = conditions surrounding 1im forced on I oe 1 ters, and was immediately plunged into yyy 2EY\VHs dent Davis the aD PO of political a) emergencies requiring in the Executive an oe generals—an unavoidable evil which Jong | ‘ntimate knowledge of all three. He be- FRANCIS H. PIERPONT, postponed the ene cuNvences of President | | came the titular commander-in-chief of an Governor of West Virginia. Lincoln’s army administration. Whatever | army already officered, but not only ignorant his judgment, guided by his professional Hl | as to whether he had the right man in the right place, but military experience, approved of, he was free to do. It was powerless to make changes even had he known what changes President Lincoln's difficult task to learn something about mili- to make, by reason of the law and the traditions governing tary matters himself, and then to untie or cut the Gordian knot the personnel of the service, in which promotion and personal of hampering conditions; and if, in doing this, an occasional was done to an individual officer, it is a cause for relations were fixed and established. He found a military injustice ‘onificant than that by the exercise of his wonder far less sig extraordinary faculty of common-sense he did toward the right way of accomplishing the ends he Wim ectablichment that had been running on a peace footing for 1e and was not readily adaptable to war con- States as had in view. he progressed as rapidly I Thin more than a decac ditions; and officers in high command, who, as their seceded, followed them out of the Union, carrying with them the latest official secrets and leaving behind them vacancies The beginning of trouble in 1861 found the administration of which red-tape and tradition, and not the free choice of the the War Department in the hands of Secretary Joseph Holt, who His near advisers, particularly had succeeced the secessionist Floyd, and was in turn succeeded by Simon Cameron, the war secretary of | decent; a commander-in-chief, were to fill. those in whose hands were the details of military administration, were scarcely better informed than himself, possessing political who remained there until the appointment of Ed the professional the great “‘ war secretary ” of the remaining years of the struggle. knowledge of which he stood so sorely in need. Cameron was a shrewd politician, but was uninformed on military The President of the Southern Confederacy, on the other matters, for advice on which President Lincoln relied principally hand, was Jefferson Davis, a man whose personal instrumentality on other members of the cabinet and on General Scott. lhe in bringing about the rebellion gave him both knowledge and cabinet of 1861 contained also John A. Dix, in the Treasury— ‘ssued his celebrated “shoot him on the spot” despatch incoln's first cabinet, win M. Stanton, AAI “ acme ow bi ee Senn epee Perera ae nae shrewdness and undoubted loyalty, but none ot L = x ~~ Se eee authority ; an educated soldier and veteran of the Mexican war, whence See = ve te = Ag em renee Ae a : : cacti age ee - ee eet F eae. yaa eine enema 5 —— , AM CAMP OF THE FORTY-FOURTH NEW YORK INFANTRY, NEAR ALEXANDRIA, VA. 65 TREY; ; : tr AABN. i ro - ‘ A Heth Me See See : : bi UabbibLbttit al) Ute AAUP LE CLE ot oe) Cae ‘ 5 Mi MALALL TLE oe -—F EL ae Se TT tia aa Payne spi Tee yrs rs ap os a gro DEP LPL SAPD, oi COPYRIGHT 1900 BY JONES BROS, PUB. CO.REED punnael nts sr hatshneniebscheine shed a. bindenedmeeani nee kee Re ere rey 5 ’ 5 at Zi 4 4 eth Deana MARR Nene keer se a A noe rerrat eae Oe it meri = ui cas Chait aI eerctirii Att] ATR tener met tr? [TT Wie aoe Pith, , ‘ i Bh NUE hih| ate) ee ay Pes LLL re Leste ae MAO it ie ral ue fi MRLURLE IT uu rete ‘ coon F inp -ebeoe A Rvtctstsitintatst ssn er eee eee ae AAAS Muli CAMPPIRE AND BATT ili 49 —who took a general’s commission when | Secretary of the Treasury durine tA Ete oa _ y | EES GS during most of the war. Gideon Welles Was Secretary of the Navy. y; > S17 SAre > _ Among the stat officers of the army were Lorenzo Thomas, Adjutant-General; E. D. Townsend, whe as Assistant Adjutant-General was identified with this porn office throughout the war; Montgomery C. Meigs, Quartermaster-General ; and Joseph G. Totten ™ * . z Chief of Engineers. 1e retired in favor of Salmon P. Chase, the The general in command of the army was Winfield Scott, whose conduct of the Mexican war had made him a conspicuous military and political figure, an able off icer and a most loval Unionist, but already suffering from the infirmities of age, which soon compelled him to But until after the battle of Bull His immediate subordinates were Brig.-Gens. John E, Wool, also a veteran in service: William S. Harney, whose reluctance to ta civil war soon terminated his usefulness; and David E. surrendered his command to the Confederates in hexas: with the South, was replaced by Edwin V. Sumner. relinquish to younger hands the command of the army. Run, his was the directing mind. ninety ston. The ninety thousand men who had responded to Cc the first call of the President had enlisted for three months While these troops predominated in the service it was not the expectation of General Scott to undertake any serious Boerations. He proposed to utilize these for the defence of Washington ; he ease ee Monroe, with possibly the recovery of the eee: a ee ae hee of Patterscn at Harper's Ferry and of McClellan in the ne ANOS ANAC the border States. When ee ee a a eee Be reg: sc of three-years men ae ee and July should be equipped with the half Be ° oars voted by Congress, and instructed and drilled é ing a summer encampment, larger military operations were to ensue; but not before. : : a But after the mishap 3utler’s nN < ambushing of a troop ae aes a i ame g ain at Vienna, near Washington, there was a public dema some ki p demand for some kind of vigorous action which should Peter t ht) tt tte te eat eee ee] Crores *e ae rma Laie ea Ane roe oh | Th , hn ‘Vege UL SOK eect 5 . e aA as the “ Alexandria line,” with-its base at Manassas Junction about thirty miles east of Alexandria. Early in June, General Beauregard, still wearing the laurels of his Sumter victory, was a oe to command, relieving the Confederate @encal 3onham. Manassas Junction sto a hig ate off toward the east oe the one ae eee : 5 e stream called Bull ce running from northwest to southeast some three miles dis- ant. | | Whe C Ie ee . | - 1e Confederates had begun to intrench and fortify this elevated position : See ren tee) = . position; but Beauregard’s quick and educated military judgment at once decided that a better defence could be made by moving his line forward to Bull Run, where the ee afforded a natural barrier, except at certain fords, where fe nee could be posted more effectively. Here he established hime Pe right of his line being at Union Mills Ford, neatly due bast eee on his left just above Stone Bridge, by which ossed on the Warrenton Turnpike leading fromy Ss Per tsa ton SERUM ay ong fi EU Paae TIO HECCLE Utes ee Lire oi eis tanked ‘ a Siieskee CT copped rer eet) ere TOS estas: ee PEE HA Ly NiLGL Wie tet | eG PoP = CAMPFIRE AND BA TT AEE ReaD). 53 Centreville to Gainesville is ‘rs (afte ston’ icipation i de , i ville. His commanders (after Johnston’s participation in the four years’ fighting that brought him high arrival), fro : rere are Sti i f 2 rival), trom left to right, were: Ewell, Supported by Holmes: rank, great honor, and a distinguished reputation. Jones and Longstreet, supported by Early; Bonham, supported by Jackson; Cocke, supported by Bee, each guarding a ford: Run. and, at Stone Bridge, Evans. The B ine of defence é e Bridge, Evans. The Bull Run line of defence denial, would have done better, for they would not have stopped force, Beauregard was liberally reinforced from Richmond, so that. his On July 18th the army arrived in front of the enemy at Bull An army of seasoned campaigners, accustomed to self- requiring a larger along the way to pick blackberries army numbered nearly twenty-two thousand men and 7 = 7 us and change stale twenty-nine guns, before he was joined by John- water for fresh in | a < 7 ZS ston with about eight thousand men and twentv- eight guns. their canteens at og every wayside well Against this force advanced General McDowell. anid spring. ihe ae : c ~ 5° who had succes ded plan agreed upon by Mansfield in com- Generals Scott and McDowell had been for an attempt to mand of operat ions south of the Poto- mac, with something 7 turn the enemy’s ess than twenty- right from the south; ; wy le TT Peas des ae To nine thousand men aa) and to conceal his and forty-nine guns. purpose McDowell With his army under ordered an advance, the commanders al- directly along the ready named, he was Warrenton Turnpike, on. Centreville, as ready and_ started though that were to be his point of attack. from Washington on But Washington was full of Confederate July 16th, within a spies, and Beauregard was well informed as week of the date he to what to expect. Tyler, whose division had planned, not- led the way, found Centreville evacuated withstanding the and the enemy strongly posted along Bull slow operations of Run, as he could see from his elevated the Government’s position at Centreville, looking across the military machinery, i Bull Run valley with Manassas looming up beyond. It was McDowell’s intention that Tyler should limit himself to making rusted by long dis- UNITED STATES MILITARY RAILROAD, BULL RUN. use and not as yet in smooth working order. The departure of his column was a the feint on Centreville, without bringing on any engagement, strange spectacle. The novelty of warfare and the general im- while diverging to the left behind him the main army attacked pression that the war was to be ended with one grand, brilliant Beauregard’s right. But neither Tyler nor his men were as yet stroke—an impression largely derived from the confidence at schooled to find an enemy flying before their advance and not headquarters that the expedition would be successful—turned yearn to be after them fora fight. Discovering the position of . “ . . : Wyte . oe py7 ¢ 215 ~1> See §4- ah alloc ~ C the march into a sort of festive picnic. Citizens accompanied the the enemy across the stream at Blackburn’s and Mitchell’s fords, column on foot; Congressmen, newspaper correspondents, sight- he brought up some field pieces and sent forward his skirmishers ; seers, went along in and as the enemy con- carriages. There was a tinued to retire before his wen tremendous turnout of successive increase of ay non-combatants, eager to both troops and artillery, GENERAL AMBROSE E, BURNSIDE, EP el 20 Riel ectdbta it Spt Sok Ree a a viene a TPE Pee see the finishing stroke to the rebellion. These were destined to share in the general rout that fol- lowed and to come pour- ing back into the security of Washington, all mixed in with the disorganized and flying troops. One member of Congress, John A. Logan, of Ill nois, a veteran of the Mexican War, followed the army from the House Of Representatives, armed with a musket, and began as a Civilian a he presently found that the reconnoissance he had been ordered to make had assumed the proportions of a small engagement with the brigades of Bon- ham, Longstreet, and Early, which he drove back in confusion, with a loss of about sixty men on each side. After this engagement, McDowell abandoned his attack from the south in favor of a, flank attack from the north, where the roads were better. His GENERAL LOUIS BLENKER.H Wee -_ : : \ Pat ‘ Aiw wh) Pa as CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. : 54 i army was now concentrated at Centreville, whither the com- ville to the Stone Bridge at Bull Run, there to feign attack until | been attracted by the sound of the engagement at he heard Hunter and Heintzelman engaged, when he would 1 there he divulged to his commanders the cross and join their attack on the Confederate left, or push on Ison’s brigade was continued at to Gainesville, west of Bull Run, and head off Johnston, who McDowell was certain was com- ing from Winchester, with or Blackburn's Ford to keep up the without “Patterson on his manders hac Blackburn's Ford, anc new plan of attack. Richare h appearance of an attack in iront, ia and the next two days, lrriday » x : i and Saturday, July 19th and heels, as General Scott had HA noth, were occupied in looking Biontice’: HW for an undefended crossing of But during McDowell's en- Bull Run north of the Confeder- forced two days of inactivity at | ate line, in resting the men, and Centreville there had been por- provisioning them from the sup- tentous happenings within the : ply trains, vhich were slow in Confederate _ lines. Johnston rif -eaching the rendezvous at had already left Winchester on | Centreville the 18th; one detachment of his The engineers reported late army had joined Beauregard on n Saturday, the 20th, a practi- the morning of the 20th; John- ston in person arrived at noon ible crossing of the stream at with a second detachment, and Sudley Ford, accessible by a de- tour of frve or six miles around the remainder of his force ar- rived on the 2Ist in time to take part in the battle, the brunt of which was borne by Johnston’s army, which McDowell had . bend of Bull Run turning sharply from the west. McDow- ell determined to send Hunter's and Heintzelman’s divisions to hoped not to meet at all! Johnston, as the ranking officer, assumed command, and he and make this flank movement over a route which took them north, then west, and brought them iH upon the enemy’s left, as they Beauregard turned their atten- | crossed Bull- Run at Sudley Ford and moved due south by tion to defending themselves against the attack now initiated by McDowell. the Sudley Road toward Man- assas. Meanwhile Tyler we ; | ean\ ee [Tyler was Hunter and MHeintzelman, ordered to proceed from Centre- hos ee whose brigades were com: | u | OP re Wd USOT Y Nr \ y ! ' i i : KG | | \ { | i 3 ON THE ROAD TO BULL RUN. Ata OT aes Dee) Og ey 5 ’ i a Whig Whee crmeircoene rt i le ha hea te eth Oceana ries eee thet eee oat ry , ene) eee eee i 4 » eA bad Dagmar LS Crt areaPe et a manded by Cols. Andrew Porter, Franklin, Orlando B. Willcox, and Sudley Ford after an unexpectedly long march unopposed about nine in the expected to hold the Confederate Evans at Stone Bridge by sharp attack, betrayed the incidental character of his d stration by the feebleness of his Oj ing from this an attack trom some other direction, rendered certain of it by th the north. Immediately, of his own motion and in tl of orders from his superiors, he mander, Cocke, of his intention, and leaving only Tyler at Stone Bridge - panies to deceive GENERAL JOSEPH £, JOHNSTON, C.S.A. to the rear and marched it to a strong position on Young’s Branch, where he faced the enemy approaching from_ his left. This action has commended itself to military critics as the finest tactical movement of the entire battle. Evans was even momentarily successful in repulsing the troops of Burnside’s brigade, which he pursued for a short distance. At the outset, General Hunter was severely wounded. Porter came to Burnside’s support, and Bee and Bartow, of Johnston’s army, aligned their brigades with that of Evans. There was sharp fighting for two hours; but the arrival of fresh supports for Burnside and Porter, including Sykes’ regiment of regulars and the regular batteries of Griffin and Ricketts, and the exten- sion of the Union line by Heintzelman’s division beyond the Sudley Road, proved too much for the Confederates, who re- treated downhill out of the Young’s Branch valley before a Union charge down the Sudley Road, But they had checked Won ERR ATR veut CULT at PU esetde E hE ats : BY sees OG ee ok estat ai tase t : Os CAMPFIRE AND Ambrose E. Burnside, W. B. Oliver O. Howard, reached , and crossed it morning. Tyler, who had been emon- erations ; and Evans. suspect- was soon e clouds of dust which he saw toward 1e absence informed his neighboring com- a few com- , he turned his command i 4 S i eA ay Deabbiclbitsiat Tit tae ShAULU tit Tit LTE eee eae LA IOI IL IS JP UIB IL ID). 55 the advance long enougl 1 for Johnston to order a general move- ment to strengthen the new line of defence which was t] 1en formed on a hill half a mile soutl 1 of Young’s Branch, under the direction of Jackson, who with his own brigade of Johnston’s army met and rallied the retreating Confederates. It was right here that Stonewall Jackson acquired his sobriquet. To encout- age his own men to stop and rally, Bee called out to them: “Look at Jackson’s brigade! It stands there like wall.” And Jackson never was called by his own name again, but only “ Stonewall.” Tyler did send Keyes’ and W. T. Sherman’s brigades across Bull Run by the ford a stone GENERA, JAMES Lone Mi above Stone CS A. Bridge in time to join in the pursuit, Sherman pushing toward Hunter and’ , Keyes remaining near Bull Run; but Schenck’s brigade he did not send across at all. 7 | As a result of the morning's fighting the whole Union line was pushed forward past the Warrenton Turnpike, extending from Keyes’ position on Bull Run to where Porter and W llcox were posted, west of the Sudley Road. The Union troops felt not only that they had the advantage, but that they had won the battle ; and this confidence, added to the fact that they were weary with marching and fighting, prepared them ill to meet the really serious work of the day, which was still before them, > pf Ane ST PSM Ls ee’ Oa Aas Mi Oe Ld 4 Modi pas oe wT jas i Pa OE sara) err; ShWtf Pr te — catalan de = se — ESR hea a ee ae OCP IT a3 dasabteneenhi ph ineaes tok Lpaeh tain sree saabeninaeneeiaent eeaeeeeemee rae pee aa ‘inne INTERIOR OF CONFEDERATE FORTIFICATION. 4 ; i od , c § { ay Ef a : ee i bY] if Pa i i 4 ; f i } ij 4 i : | i : | J matty ouch isn Bink Ok a Tete otal ne) rrr te “ = LiLbsaateannienste tl Te Teen TT ae r ‘ reer eer pete ree eae) 4 : 5 -s a ttt Oe ee ee eeeTs Mee Pa ek besuL eat aT 1/1 tye nd me ee TL Wernher dy Miss E \ 5 aM piaskteitfateacemetieet pebinrennnennebntibs UARLND ad RIA Ch MMM MUUedS HALEN aN Are TTL CMON Ue ian, Gee eee ra GULL re CAMPER, ANID) Bien Ea EAD: 57 Johnston and Beaure- seed eee control the brigades of gard came up in person Andrew Porter, Franklin, to superintend the dispo- Willcox ind Sherman a : 2 [VV X, Cc DLLE c sitions for defence. The with Howard in ee . : f : : line was formed on the back of the Warrenton c XN y i ¢ edge of a semicircular piece urmpike, “hese com ~ . : i q of woods, with * concave i ee the cone LVE mands were not available side towarc age it f the Union id up to their full strength, vance, on an elevation some for they included a good a ) c sv distance ; » firs stance south of the first | many regiments and com- position. The Confederate panies that had lost their artillery commanded both organization. From their the Warrenton Turnpike and See en re > S ae sre i Be ) the Sudley Road (the latter ee ese passing through the woods), of Young's Branch he brought and the plateau between them them forward for an attack on was subject to a cross fire. the centre and left of the enemy. Across this plateau the Union With splendid courage they ad- advance had to be made, and aTTERSON: 8 is }/ vanced over the open ground and L ROBERT E it was made under great disad- 1p \OR-GENERA GENERAL E cae made a succession of determined vantages. His effective fighting 20 ener assaults, which carried a portion of force reduced by casualties, by the retirement of Burnside’s the position attacked. About the middle of the afternoon the brigade after a hard morning’s fighting, and by the separa- regular batteries of Captains Griffin and Ricketts were brought tion from the main army of Keyes’ brigade, which made an forward to a position near the Henry house. But though their ineffectual attempt to cross Young’s Branch and get at the effectiveness from this point was greatly increased, so also was enemy’s right, McDowell was no longer superior in numbers, as their danger; and after long and courageous fighting by both in the morning. His weary men had not only to fight, but to infantry and artillery, it was the conflict that surged about these advance on an enemy in peosition—to advance over open ground guns that finally gave the victory to the Confederates. on an enemy concealed in the woods, invisible even while their Two regiments had been detailed to support the batteries, sharpshooters picked off his gunners at their batteries. The but the inexperience of these regiments was such that they were formation of the ground gave him no comprehensive view of of little service. The battestes had scarcely takenup thei: the whole field, except such as he got by going to the top of advanced position when the gunners began to drop one by one the Henry house, opposite the Confederate centre; nor could under the fire of sharpshooters concealed in the woods before his subordinate commanders see what the others were doing, and them. Sticking pluckily to their work, the artillerymen did there was a good deal of independence of action among the effective firing, but presently the temptation to secure guns so Union troops throughout the remainder of the day. inefficiently protected by supporting infantry proved strong For his afternoon attack on the new Confederate position enough to bring Confederate regiments out from the cover of McDowell had under his immediate the woods; and keeping out of the MAIOR-GENERAL JAMES 8. RICKETTS. MAIOR-GENERAL CHARLES GRIFFIN, MAJOR-GENERAL O. O. HOWARD,ee , es z ites ae eee _ - ede — pe berannrerh note sreeiab emirate ghd me ee ee ne Ot bathe etre A Ree ar ee yar ee ' — ee Teer etree a es ne eee oe oe . STONE HOUSE, WARRENTON TURNPIKE, BULL RUN. ) 1 | ee : | \ eds . , | | { wz = — | Ps =: 7 . Sa — iin Solan dergeereameakakamraceer et i a Ot OTL yy lee ee eter eC EE eae THE NEW HENRY HOUSE, BULL RUN, Showing the Union monument of the first battle, SoU aleesnh Madea ZA E rare mn Preys r ——— — $6 BUEN CTE airy jiereacn epresrenrenn fever airre Sennen TTT a : ; ° Pas aiS . ‘ i ee LL A eeenar IAL ence ; ti EWE SSEEPLPV URNS ah CMe AUC Cee Le aC BUST WLU 18 |p) ee envy a j ———— asiiilleaen tin : . 4 Jiith hat TF ms iM hy { =) eel Hp aH | ns hase 46h TT CAMEEIERE AND: BA Tniis iG iB Dy 69 line of fire, they stole nearer and nearer to the batteries. A Confederate cavalry charge scattered one of the supporting o regiments, and a voliey from a Confederate regiment, that had l'hey had not as yet become machines, as good soldiers must be. ‘They were not soldiers,” said one officer, “ but citizens—inde- pendent sovereigns—in uniform.” It was impossible, of course, ¢ tten up to within Le 5 S : ) ( l ( = O S ( y ) > j SS- O fused retreat. So close an approac fates a se an approach had been permitted by individu iSI iI c atr ee > const< 5 -orati i I ) idividual patriots; and the constant disintegration of regiments ee } and brigades gradually reduced the effectiveness of McDowell’s o him by the chief of artillery, that the troops approaching army. ; so steadily were his own supports. He realized his error too Captain Griffin under the mistaken impression, communicated lateceandewhen i f | eo Meanwhile the Confederate reinforcements from the lower aber en a volley of musketry had taken off nearly every ‘ds were arrivi i : 5 y had te ery fords were arriving > rem or C ston’s army fr EON eer , ye ) g. The remainder of Johnston’s army from s gunners, had killed Lieutenant Ramsay, and seriously wounded Captain Ricketts, the Confederates rushed in and captured the guns. ie see had already arrived; and though the Union army did not know that they had been fighting the biggest half of Johnston's army all day, they realized that they were dealing mL ™ "Ezy Sone Vik oree renee DIRECT aa sare tad as TT | Hi ee eo pity 17 3% imei ~~) PR? 2 Oi py rT ‘ if) Web? hk el] \i\3 es yt Ya i RY Ap) ae 228 LN Mie < ee I MM Pi j 7 v Ths : . | + ee ae k Pe pe IAS re io ow pe Fe iS ZL . f 4 ; { ‘ A L/L = 5 » Wr Fi aso ' = Mets itltilaol gi ae x om 7 ae» + STAND OF THE UNION TROOPS AT THE HENRY HOUSE. Then ensued a series of captures and recaptures of these same with Johnston now. During the fight of the day the Union guns, first by one side and then by the other. At the same time right wing had faced around almost to the east, and the com- there was a general fight all along the line of battle, which did bined attack of the new Johnston brigades and Early’s re- not dislodge the Confederates while it wore out the Union inforcements from the fords was delivered almost squarely on troops. They lacked both the experience and the discipline the rear of its right flank. necessary to keep them together after a repulse. The men lost A blow so strong and from such an unexpected quarter had track of their companies, regiments, brigades, officers, in the con- a’ serious effect on the troops that received it. But not as fusion, and little by little the army became disorganized, and yet was the conviction of defeat general in the Union army. that at a time when there was still remaining among them both The contest had been waged with such varying results in strength and courage enough to have won after all. It has been different parts of the field, one side successful here, another said that at one time there were twelve thousand individual there, and again and again the local advantage turning the soldiers wandering about the field of battle who did not know other way under some bold movement of an individual com- “where they belonged.” The strong individuality of the early mand, that neither army realized the full significance of what recruits of the war was in a measure accountable for this. had happened. The Unionists had begun the afternoons workPag : Y Ws as 1s CAMPFIRE AND under the impression that the victory was already theirs and that they had only to push on and secure the fruits of it. In some parts of the field their successes were such that it seemed as though the Confederate line was breaking. Many of the I) 149 i Confederates had the same P4 ~ A idea of it, and Jefferson A Davis, coming up from Ma- 2 ° : i nassas on his way from Rich- | mond, full of anxiety for the aT result, found the roads al- most impassable by reason of crowds of Confederates escaping to the rear. His heart sank within him. “ Battles are not won, he remarked, ‘“‘where two or three unhurt men are seen leading away one that is wounded.” But he continued on, only to find that the field from which his i) men were retreating had been already won, and that McDowell's a eae ae | army were in full retreat. a n 1 tute A i | McDowell himself did not know how the retreat had begun. a ° p * « e A ~ a) He had not ordered it, for he inferred from the lull in the fight- | ing that his enemy was giving way. But it had dawned on the A sa Cia: LK } Fi ‘ ~ 1 (ie i | men, first that their victory was in doubt, then that the Con- oi federates had a fighting 4 ===» Chance, and finally that a L/P the battle was lost; and al YT aa) by a sort of common i - ; consent they began to ) if 1 4 Be make their way to the ee | 4 3 Ha erst fF? . - a NIE fr F7 = Teak ine GHetimed te. iN - ) a: aes curious thing happened iH which dashed McDow- | 4 Pg ; ~. ellis hope of mak- ( 2 ick 3 oe | ee ing a stand i act ye oD ‘ a ys 3 ate St One Je i eS Oe Bridge. Al . ve | a i a i | et iy 1 oe rf : | i } a J ae tt f f ; ‘e ’ ' 4 RUINS OF THE (a a - mn - ~ — Sie rey ™ ™ este RLUVs Lend hale egy iB ia (ices hi Lucu RTE ROR / | A peveeTSOESIANS LS Ui eva Trier a etter E j . at pam tT o aN i yi “i moe EEL REy) nae eve - i : co . ra a Wy to Pe oF ” irr h UEP rae ae SN iy ‘ oe Rl ns) ame aan Cee are IBIR IP IPIL IBIGL IB IL ID though the Warrenton Turnpike was open, and Stone Bridge had been freed from the obstructing abattis of trees, offering a straight road from the battlefield to the rendezvous at Centre- ville, the troops all withdrew from the field by the same di- rections from which they had approached it in the morn- ing. And so, while the bri- eades near the Stone Bridge and the ford above it crossed directly over Bull Run, the commands which had made the long detour in the morn- ing made the same detour in retreat, adding many miles to the route they had to travel to reach Centreville. = BRIGADIER-GENERAL BARNARD E. BEE, C. S.A McDowell accepted the situation, and made careful dispost- tions to protect the rear of his retreating army. Stuart’s pursu- ing cavalry found a steady line of defence which they could not break. Confederate infantry dared not strike them. The rearmost brigades were in such good order that the The way over the e Stone Bridge was well covered by the reserves east of Bull Run, under Blenker. But now occurred an incident that greatly re- | tarded the orderly retreat and broke it into confusion. ishene had been some fighting during the day between the of Con- reserves left east Bull Run and troops who sallied out from the federate lower fords. Asa re- sult of federate Ehivs. a Con- battery had been posted on an elevation command- f? ing the Warrenton “> ¢ é HENRY HOUSE, P n CL aer ty ada eet eee SUN TTT) oft CAM PRELRIE A NED Turnpike where it crossed Cub Run, a little stream between Bull Run and Centreville, on a suspension bridge. When the retreating brigades which had made the long detour from Sudley Ford reached this bridge they were met with a shower of fire from this battery. Finally, the horses attached to a wagon were killed, and the wagon was overturned right on the bridge, completely obstructing it. The remainder of the wagon train was reduced to ruin, and the thirteen guns which had been brought safely out of the battle were captured. A panic ensued. Horses were cut from wagons, even from ambu- lances bearing wounded men, and ridden off. Even while McDowell and his officers were deliberating as to the expediency of making a stand at Centreville, the disorganized men took the decision into their own hands and made a bee-line for Washington. Portions of the army, however, maintained their organization, and partly successful attempts were made to stop the flight. The Confederates had but little cavalry, and were in no condition to pursue. There was a black-horse regiment from Louisiana that undertook it, but came upon the New York Fire Zouaves, and in a bloody fight lost heavily. The retreat was well con- ‘ 4 ' 3 AN ; ; FAT Ae HMA eae ei , ee Ltabbbet ida hes) $4101" EWE Lye BA iMRI AER ED 61 ducted; but this was due largely to the fact that the Confeder. ates were too exhausted and too fearful to continue the pursuit. It is not to be denied that on both sides, in the battle of Bull Run, there was displayed much bravery, and not a little skill. Never before, perhaps, was such fighting done by comparatively raw and inexperienced men. It was a motley crowd that thronged the highway to the capital. Intermixed were Soldiers and civilians, privates and members of Congress, worn-out volunteers and panic-stricken non-combatants, ‘‘red-legged-devil” Zouaves, gray -coated Westerners, and regular army blue-coats. They pressed right on, fearing the pursuit which, unaccountably, did not follow. Some of the men since morning had marched twenty-five miles, from Centreville and back, and that night they marched twenty miles more to Washington. All the next day the defeated army straggled into Washing- ton city—bedraggled, foot-sore, wounded, hungry, wet through with the drizzling rain, exhausted. The citizens turned out to receive and succor them, and the city became a vast soup- house and hospital. On the streets, in the shelter of house- areas, under stoops, men dropped down and slept. FORT LINCOLN, WASHINGTON, D. C. } Qaars. : fo re et th ee aye ITM ee ee. 3 De Ae hema ra Mt ee a oy Tite eT paces SoH re =< a Faerie Sen plea) “ yr MD hp MDDBu Phak calbei hee ee rere RT i, See ss beak, Seaneec a eee aire ee ae ne ee ee TN It is in the nature of things that the initial battle of a war consolidates and crystallizes the sentiments of both the con- testants. After Bull Run there was no further hope of peace- able adjustment, but only an increasing and settled purpose to fight out with the sword the great issue which was dividing the Union. Fora brief season after the battle there was a paralysis CAMPFIRE AND BA ao TERED. of the Union cause. It was as much as the authorities Tashing “C o to make themselves secure at Washington could d | BS acainst further disaster. Indeed, the Potomac River now e2s¢ i i gave positive comfort to the Government, since it fur- D>‘ a : : nished in some measure a natural barrier to the north- ward progress of the exultant Confederates. Immediate steps were taken to fortify the approaches to the capital ; but while this work was in progress the Government seemed to stand, like an alarmed sentry, on the Long ; i) Bridge of the Potomac. aN In the South as well as in the North there was much i surprise that the Confederates did not pursue the routed i Union forces at the battle of Bull Run and capture Wash- 7 ington. Perhaps (sen. Joseph ee Johnston is the best a witness on this subject on the Southern side. He says: i . ; “ All the military conditions, we knew, forbade an attempt i I on Washington. The Confederate army was more dis- 1 I organized by victory than that of the United States by a EXAMINING PASSES AT THE GEORGETOWN FERRY. defeat. The Southern volunteers believed that the ob- it jects of the war had been accomplished by their victory, 1) CHAPTER VII and that they had achieved all their count ry required of them. ! : " : Many, therefore, in ignorance of a military ees: Ul : ‘ i the army—not to return. “xaggerated ideas oO 1e ey Cee ee EU. victory, “prevailing among our troops, cost us more than the i | cas eden army lost by defeat.’’ In writing this passage General a PARALYSIS OF THE UNION CAUSE—FORTIFYING THE APPROACHES TO , , : 4 : ; i | THE CAPITAL_-WHY THE CONFEDERATES DID NOT ATTEMPT Johnston probably took no account of the effect produced in a THE CAPTURE OF WASHINGTON—EFFECT OF UNION DEFEAT IN Europe. The early narratives sent there, in which the panic of | ENGLAND AND FRANCE—SLIDELL AND MASON-——-CAPTURE OF THE retreat was made the principal figure, gave the impression that | “TRENT ’’—HENRY WARD BEECHER IN ENGLAND—SYMPATHY OF the result arose from constitutional cowardice in Northern men i | | THE RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT FOR THE NORTH. and invincible courage in Southerners. They also gave the i | impression that the Confederates were altogether superior in A THE battle of Bull Run was undertaken with precipitation, generalship; and the effect was deep and long-enduring. The ai fought with much valor on both sides, and terminated with most notable of these was by a correspondent of the London 4 present ruin to the Federal cause. For the moment the Union Zimes, who had apparently been sent across the Atlantic for 4 seemed to stagger under the blow. On the Confederate side the express purpose of writing down the Republic, writing up ! i there was corresponding exultation; a spirit of defiance flamed the South, and enlisting the sympathies of Englishmen for the if up throughout the South. rebellion. In his second letter from Charleston (April 30, 1861) he had written that men of all classes in South Carolina declared to him: “If we could only get one of the royal race of England to rule over us, we should be content.” “The New Englander must have something to persecute; and as he has hunted down 1g alle shisy Inidiians. burnt all his witches, persecuted all his opponents to the death, he invented abolitionism ff 4 ; | 3 Z 2 squnpint aie Nenana. IN FRONT OF WASHINGTON. rs SEY ry (i mai F Aen eters Prema coTerreenyret trier roy. PT sae Pree te Utah tel ith) ~ at] CAMPFIRE AND BA I DL IL IE ION IE IL, 1b). as the sole resource left to him for the gratification of his favorite passion. Next to this motive principle is his ily, meanly, and shabbily. He has acted desire to make money dishonestly, trick WT on it in all his relations with the South, IT ti TT and has cheated and plundered her in all his dealings, by villanous tariffs.” Many an Englishman, counting his worthless Confederate bonds, and trv- ing to hope that he will yet receive something for them, knows he would never have made that investment but for such writing as this, and the ac- counts from the same pen of the battle of Bull Run. At the North the spectacle of McDow- ell’s army streaming back in disorder to the national capital produced first a shock of surprise, then a sense of dis- grace, and then a calm determination to begin the war over again. It was well expressed by a Methodist minister at a camp-meeting in Illinois, the Rev. Henry Cox. The news of the battle came while he was preaching, and he closed his sermon with the words: ‘Brethren, we'd better adjourn this camp-meeting and go home and drill.” The effect of this over-discussed bat- tle upon the more confident and boast- ful of the Southerners was perhaps fairly expressed by an editorial utter- ance of one of their journals, the Louis- ville, Ky:, Counier: “As our Norman kinsmen in England, always a minority, have ruled their Saxon countrymen in political vassalage up to the present day, so have we, the ‘slave oligarchs, governed the Yankees till within a twelvemonth. We framed the Consti- tution, for seventy years moulded the policy of the government, and placed our own men, or ‘Northern men with Southern principles,’ in power. On the 6th of November, 1860, the Puritans emancipated themselves, and are now in violent insurrection against their former owners. This insane holiday freak will not last long, however; for, dastards in fight and incapable of self- vovernment, they will inevitably again fall under the control of a superior race. A few more Bull Run thrashings will bring them once more under the yoke, as docile as the most loyal of our Ethiopian chattels.” France and England had made all haste to recognize the Con- federates as belligerents, but had not eranted them recognition as an established nation, and never did. There was a constant fear, however, that they would; and the Confederate Govern- ment did its utmost to bring about such recognition. Messrs. James M. Mason, of Virginia, and John Slidell, of Louisiana, were sent out by that Government, as duly accredited ministers 5 4 A Me AN Sbistihtitss sie tee MULL ty] eee CS Te beat ALATA AE fees 63 By ; THE ‘SAN JACINTO" STOPPING THE ‘ TRENT,” to London and Paris, in 1861. They escaped the blockaders at Charleston, reached Havana, and there embarked on the British mail steamer Z7yvent for Europe. But Capt. Charles Wilkes (who had commanded the celebrated exploring expedition in Antarc- tic waters twenty years before) was on the watch for them with the United States steam frigate Sax Jacinto, overhauled the Trent in the Bahama Channel (November 8), took off the Con- federate commissioners, and allowed the steamer to proceed on her way. He carried his prisoners to Boston, and they were incarcerated in Fort Warren. This action, for which Wilkes ert Fp nd of i ov as iy PS MT veg tas bh dint thie = FE) 57 ee LATED?Reet ae ett TT TS EN IIR NOR pe Se SR ee | i arene Sameceaid “ERROR NIRA shah bana eens | iat! Ba ak aN ah poranha hihi cote rpeenens tr ferrets IN FRONT OF WASHINGTON. FORTIFICATIONia iH WallanitAiity POH BETTI HEA WiLL Wee - PLN. a ns ais Sa ro aria Larrea aday | 5 Mba ahe Pa AseNy 5) S i oJ ara pot WE re Hd -—_. oes AT Lee ee hy gr ‘na SS OUT D > ae 5 | Fr oc opm ine i Pec yie etmahngs nee hl ea SS Sadat nie komen een eee eed ee ae ern eens we ee ee tree eee canadameamemananealy sent tm, ane ~ ~~ ee tie orcas har ae erg Tere deeeprereret a. Ente reeenyeey ire teen tie au ‘de Sai lida con meen aig © p Toate ee TANS Vs eg Tee CT Ree \ ctoSHR ATR Raa iy ower PECL Pa ota re ri ote A = Csnyepes Meret sot ete pee Nint=ts _———— = nes received the thanks of Congress, GAMIZITIIRIE AIS ID. JR MM IE IBIGH TE 1b 10) |e ~ A a < META WL Gi Lei eye PETIT it CWA aa ili 4 ee Ueland meee UL LE / i yt rabbis LT 65 was denounced as an outrage on British neutrality. The entire British public bristled up as one lion, and their Government de- manded an apology and the libera- tion of the prisoners. The Ameri- can public was unable to see any way out of the dilemma, and was considering whether it would choose humiliation or a foreign war, when our Secretary of State, William H. Seward, solved the problem in a masterly manner. In his formal reply he discussed the whole ques- tion with great ability, showing that such detention of a vessel was justified by the laws of war, and there were innumerable British precedents for it; that: Captain Wilkes conducted the search in a proper manner; that the com- missioners were contraband of war; and that the commander of the 77vent knew they were contraband of war when he took them as passengers. But as Wilkes had failed to complete the transaction in a legal manner by bringing the Zvren¢ into port for adjudication in a prize court, it must be repudiated. In other words, by his consideration for the interests and conven- ence of innocent persons, he had lost his prize. Insumming up, Mr. Seward said: “If I declare this case ‘in favor of my own Government, I must disavow its most cherished principles, and reverse and forever abandon its most essential policy. We are asked to do to the British nation just what we have always insisted all nations ought to do to us.” The commis- sioners were released, and sailed for England in January ; but the purpose of their mission had been practically thwarted. This was a remarkable instance of eating one’s cake and keep- ing it at the same time But though danger of intervention was thus for the time CHARLES A. DANA, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF WAR. the beginning of the century, had averted, and the relations between the British Government and our own remained nominally friendly, so far as moral influence and bit- terness of feeling could go the Re public had no more determined enemies in the cotton States than in the heart of England. The aristocratic classes rejoiced at any- thing that threatened to destroy democratic government or make its stability doubtful. They con- fidently expected to see our country fall into a state of anarchy like that experienced so often by the Span- ish-American republics, and were willing to do everything they safely could to bring it about. The fore- most English journals had been predicting such a disaster ever since announced it as in progress when & a British force burned Washington in 1814, and now were surer t of it than ever. Almost our only friends of the London press fi were the Dazly News and Weekly Spectator. The commercial | classes, in a country that had fought so many commercial wars, - were of course delighted at the crippling of a commercial rival whom they had so long hated and feared, no matter what it might cost in the shedding of blood and the destruction of social order. Among the working classes, though they suffered heavily when the supply of cotton was diminished, we had many firm and devoted friends, who saw and felt, however imperfectly, that the ‘ cause of free labor was their own cause, no matter on which side ‘| of the Atlantic the battlefield might lie. Ss To those who had for years endured the taunts of Englishmen i . who pointed to American slavery and its tolerance in the Ameri- can Constitution, while they boasted that no slave could breathe on British soil, it was a strange sight, when our country was at war over the question, to see almost everything that had power 1) — —= Pe ee OHN SLIDELL. CAPTAIN CHARLES WILKES. (Afterward Rear-Admiral.) J JAMES MURRAY MASON,Bc aa y Re) toe Rene io CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. 66 : -obably have secured the division of the | d influence in England arrayed on the side of the slaveholders. vention that would probably have sec 1 that result, can onl ily hone ee ey fh hmen—notably John Bright and Goldwin country. How far his plans went beyond that result, can only | , famous Englishmen—notabl) Suhe A ee ER: Ce EOF ee core x be conjectured; but while the war was still in progress (1864) Smith—were true to the cause of liberty, and did much to instruct ~ c ~ 2s 1 KIC C esta blished there ars { “Ec ¢ (S c g Sig c 5 5 he thre \ a French tore Cc into Mexico, anc . conflict. Henry Ward Beecher, then at the height of his powers, | went to England and addressed large audiences, enlightening them ephemeral empire with an Austrian archduke at its head. ‘hat the possession of Mexico alone was not his object, is suggested a rhe - rebelli ‘as § -d and the seces- as to the real nature of American affairs, concerning which most of by the fact that, when the rebellion was ase ee as LOLI < < iv = 2 . 5 yee ie a ~ Z SWIC ’ > norant, and produced an effect that was prob- sion cause extinct, he withdrew his troops from Mexico and leit Jic Ly c c 3 m ~~. 4 = the archduke to the fate of other filibusters. them were grossly ig The Russian Government was friendly to the United States i ably never surpassed by any orator. The Canadians, with the usual Aa] narrowness of provincials, blind to their own ultimate interests, in the main more bitterly hostile than the mother country. Se A were throughout the struggle. The imperial manifesto for the aboli- i | ee Napoleon, then the despotic ruler of France, was tion of serfdom in Russia was issued on March 3, BO, nee | unfriendly fol the United States, and did his utmost to persuade before President Lincoln was inaugurated, and this perhaps the English Government to unite with him in a scheme of inter- created a special bond of sympathy. fe | pai bAdheeta tans eahatehbebanentine te pemmneeeercrete eed ee eee lucie HA i | oe ih i a, a i : FORT MONROE. be u IPED = (CIBVAIPIOIEIR § WIDUL. Lie HiksSi: UNION. ViGhORIES: FEDERAL NAVY—BLOCKADE-RUNNING BALLS, POW- DER, AND EQUIPMENTS BROUGHT FROM ENG- LAND FOR CONFEDERATES—THE FIRST HATTERAS EXPEDITION—CAPTURE OF FORT HATTERAS Ss | ! VRAS \ Sees 7 AND FORT -CLARK—CAPTIURE aT TON ; ‘ bE | sARK CAPTURE OF HILTON HEAD Seige : La 1 AND PORT ROYAL—GENERAL BURNSIDE’S EXPE- 2 iy DITION TO ROANOKE ISLAND—FEDERAL ViIC= aT | TORY AT M{LL SPRINGS, KY.—CAPTURE OF FORT a HENRY BY FEDERAL FORCES UNDER GENERAL ; GRANT—FALL OF FORT DONELSON—BATTLE OF : A PEA RIDGE. j aa F t i a | WHEN the war beg \ M € war began, the. creater . fe g the createt part of MAJOR-GENERAL BENJAMIN F. BUTLER. the small navy of the United States was in distant waters—off the-coast of Africa, in the news and return, many months were required. lhe navy, like the army, lost many \/ . = ~ ~ re . S ern . - Mediterranean, on the Asiatic station—and for some of the ships to receive the Twelve vessels were at home—four in ae Northern and eight in Southern ports. uthern officers by resignation or dismissal. About three hundred who had been educated Aiton cehellie, Oe Ug Do eran sernrrrrrrerereren ~ . ah ; vert reer) : b aaah S KS rendu ton acct ac re) ie eR j s SS Be “t te VTE CC aa~ ee Heel Hee (2A EEG MAT iy en REET IRS aie meee Vt ee CAMPEIRE AND for its service went over to the Confederacy ; but none of tk took with them the vessels they had commanded. ment lem ‘ ao ) The Govern- Ought all sorts of merchant craft, mounting guns some and fitting up others as transports Saas ees fe | 3 Si ad gunboats built on ninety-day contracts. It was a most miscellaneous fleet, whose principal strength consisted in the weakness of its adver. sary. The first purpose was to complete the blockade of { \ : F REN f PebiaLbahis Jt) Crd ALLRLUAR LEE 7] LUTE eet Pech PRD abhe ahd beat HA. Wile tix Puhr BUA Mab EN Fa lee aD 67 ee barefoot and ragged, and sometimes hungry, he never lacked or the most improved weapons th: ish arse 10st improved weapons that English arsenals could pro- duce, nor was he ever defeated for want of powder. A very large ie a Jiao part of the bullets that destroyed the lives and limbs of National troops were cast in England and brought over the sea in block- ade-runners. Clothing and equipments, too, for the Confederate armies came from the same source. Often when a burial party ON BOARD THE FIRST BLOCKADE-RUNNER CAPTURED. Southern ports. Throughout the war this was never made so perfect that no vessels could pass through; but it was gradu- ally rendered more and more effective. The task was simplified as the land forces, little by little, obtained control of the s 10re, when a few vessels could maintain an effective blockade from within. But an exterior blockade of a port in the hands of the enemy required a large fleet, operating beyond the range of the enemy’s fire from the shore, in a line so extended as to offer occasional opportunities for the blockade-runners to slip past. But blockade-running became exceedingly dangerous. Large numbers of the vessels engaged in it were captured or driven ashore and wrecked. The profit on a single cargo that passed either way in safety was very great, and special vessels for block- ade-running were built in England. The Confederate Govern- ment enacted a law providing that a certain portion of every cargo thus brought into its ports must consist of arms or ammu- nition, otherwise vessel and all would be confiscated. This in- sured a constant supply; and though the Southern soldier was went out, after a battle, as they turned over one after another of the enemy’s slain and saw the name of a Birmingham manufact- urer stamped upon his buttons, it seemed that they must have been fighting a foreign foe. To pay for these things, the Con- federates sent out cotton, tobacco,. rice, and the naval stores produced by North Carolina forests. It was obvious from the first that any movement that would shut off a part of this trade, or render it more hazardous, would strike a blow at the insurrection. Furthermore, Confederate privateers were already out, and before the first expedition sailed sixteen captured merchantmen had been taken into the ports of North Carolina. Vessels could enter Pamlico or Albemarle Sound by any one of several inlets, and then make the port of Newbern, Washing- ton, or Plymouth; and the first of several naval and military expeditions was fitted out for the purpose of closing the most useful of these openings, Hatteras Inlet, thirteen miles south of Cape Hatteras. Two forts had been erected on the point at the northern side of this inlet, and the project was to capture Te eta (ft) yiS P- SF Fi es, BROS re ran en gn ~ ee RTT SO = om ne nan Se ee cae ee rr tte Ee RC RO I IE SEE a, Rem ae ee Tee Oem UN ORY ED nee th tn eee ee, eee tae eT Sees ———— dA gaara ee Fre arent hope StF NGA tn eo RE = = a b i Ee > oo y a OF yr Ld i CAMPFIRE them: but, so new was everybody to the art of war, it was not at first intended to garrison and hold them. The expedition, which originated with the Navy Department, was fitted out in Hampton Roads, was commanded by Flag-officer Silas H. Stringham. , all told, carrying one hundred and fifty-eight near Fortress Monroe, and It num- bered ten vessels Two were transport steamers, having on board about F. Butler, guns. | nine hundred troops commanded by Gen. Benjamin + hers Va I i LAND FORCES STORMING THE FORTIFICATIONS AT FORT CLARK YWVO Vi Ws.) and two were schooners carrying iron surf-boats. It sailed on the 26th of August, 1861, with sealed orders, arrived at its destination before sunset. and anchored ff | . oo off the bar. rrle 4 y1 on - > - 1 made to land the troops through the surf, at a point Early the next morning an attempt was three miles from the inlet, whence they might attack the forts in the rear. But it was not very successful. The heavy surf dashed the clumsy iron boats upon the shore, drenching the . About one-third of the troops, however, were landed. with two held- men, wetting the powder, and endangering everything 2 Q ¢ a guns, and remained there under protection of the fire from the ehine ALVA Ar he nae : ships. The forts were garrisoned by about six hundred men, and meunted twenty-five guns; but they were not very strong, and c their bomb-proofs were not constructed properly. Stringham's flag-ship, the frigate Minnesota, led off in the attack, followed 2 oy SLA ae Wabash, and the guns of the smaller fort were soon silenced. The frigates were at such a distance that they could drop shells into it with their pivot-guns, while oe Ly oS i] 4 UAE ay Sty rr rrr reer? r bs { ~ {it 4 d Lhe ben LIL renee ah LT AND IBAI LIB APHIS GION the shot from the fort could not reach them. Afterward the larger work, Fort Hatteras, was bombarded, but with no prac- o was kept up till sunset. But oO vad landed through the surf had taken possession of the smaller work, Fort Clark. They also up a small earthwork, and with their field-pieces fired tical effect, though the firin meanwhile the troops that | | threw upon some Confederate vessels that were in the Sound. The next morning (the 28th) the frigates anchored within reach of Fort Hatteras, and began a deliberate and steady bombardment. As before, the shot from the fort fell short of the ships, and neither could that from the smooth-bore broadside guns reach the fort; but the pivot-guns and the rifled pieces of one vessel wrought great havoc. One plunging shell went down through a ventilator and narrowly missed exploding the magazine. At the end of three hours the fort surrendered. Its defenders, who were commanded by Samuel Barron, formerly of the United States navy, had suf- fered a loss of They had been reinforced in the night, but a steamer was seen taking about fifty in killed and wounded. away a load of troops just before the surrender. The seven un red prisoners were sent on board the flag-ship and carried to New York. seen some intention of destroying the forts and blocking up The victors had not lost a man. There had the channels of the inlet: but it was determined instead to leave a catris : =f : Bees : r ' ‘ ive a garrison and establish a coaling station for the blockading eet. Iwo of the frigates remained in the Sound, and within a fortnight half a dozen blockade-runners entered the inlet and were captured.Pr ee ae OUT) 1ST CAM PEIRE UTS aqui ALY ttn P , q aN HE Har aaa ener SFE er ee ONL ue PaMl AU ALCOR CCUM pierre HA WILLE LCP Rv j ———————— - Hinebeckion Hh OTF a — —— BINIDY IBA IP IUILIG IOUIE IL JD), pO Soe 7 er. el 7 ‘« MENDOTA." GUNBOAT A much larger expedition sailed from Hampton Roads on one of the last days of October. steam ferry-boats, and schooners commanded by Flag-officer Samuel F. Du Pont, the troops by Gen. Thomas W. Sherman (who must not be confounded with Gen. William a to the sea): with sealed orders, and every information of War telegraphed to the Governor of South Carolina and the commander at Hilton Bull’s Bay, St. Helena, Port Royal, and Fernandina had all Head where to expect it. been discussed, and the final choice fell upon Port Royal. A tremendous gale was encountered on the passage ; It consisted of more than fifty vessels—frigates, gunboats, transports, tugs. carrying twenty-two thousand men. Sherman. famous for his march The expedition had been two months in preparation, and though it sailed effort had been made to keep its destination secret, the leaked out as usual, and while it was on its way the Confederate Secretary ee ae ot MEER ae doa pe vy ¢ pee obs The fleet was COMMANDER C. R. P. RODGERS. (Afterward Rear-Admiral.) COMMANDER JOHN RODGERS. (Afterward Rear-Admiral) the fleet was scattered, one Tit eeoe Sey vals rt i rae 7 5 > ie HH ‘Nila Wat all ) i nl lin a int | Wik Hite Rees i i Ht} int {| rte Ll \ Witt | ; } } 1 | eae } Za Me i . i in i i iy f ( wi rl We | a ti | | | WS Dine \ IS el 1861. { | WAV \ | iM WAI HNN (IN =a} Hi \ aT HAT CHATTED zeae cea Ey , { | Hl ! Re i | eas we < Y : 4 ‘ ; | LAI HI | | Hl iin yd Q ee i} Dan i Te , i | \ AN | )) WHI i i Hi ATHY Wi Sees BNP | 2° ln) still, tl i Mi \ 22s i WANN i Hi i Wa NY Hi 5 {i or Sy it} HANA i HN pee | ics (hi Hi nh HH WN SSuy oa a vi i i mill Alli i) il if lh i 1) aoa : ae} lI} AH Hi ii Hy | i \\ | Neat i i Ht : i Hy AT t el Hi | i HY HI : We Whi S| oy y YN MMW TS Re ae . ar Fi: —— ~ ar OO ee ee eS Bee 2 = BYe UNITED SAGES “BEEET NOVEMBER: <7, a ee ACN se Fa || ; | I | | | ' O 4 ' | ] | WAHT | i | i j | \| HAN WIN \ | | Nik WY f it I Hh Hi \\) | WNW \ I ; 7. I \ Ml Hi Ml l oc 5 j i | | Hi li | \}| \ HI | | O ; i INH | | i WW | II mM i HANAN x ah.) | MAW AN it — | | NWN NANA ae | ANT GOA ATTRA H | Mi | i] | i I} Hill } \\ a 1 HN NN i HN Mi | i < i KK iM AANA HHI > | He AN CA © : i it \| \ il | \ Ag a HAWN | - od O OW Se eee a ccm Seem ote ; | : ft | \\\ | , a \\\] (I | a | 11] { iN) | j NVI Hi Wit HILTON HEAD, ik sar een ee ee ee ican : ty mem SE Sy aaa seer an re l ih ld ie ee ) ay 1 Phe he ot ball bik sa ws ane EE ee A oor BOMBARDMENT OF FORT WALKER, ern ee eet | i] { | Ai rihiy Wt ‘ ’ x rT] | ally MI | tea th li Uae di a aa er os — Vg, a 2 ban Toke Sat. Cee ah Ra sae . = os ; i ER RM aa ZU ecdc Pr A CAUEPTIATRE, “AND. BA Tin Eee aDE transport was completely wrecked, with a loss of seven lives > . rr ~ ‘ - g one gunboat was obliged to throw her broadside battery over- board, a transpor ‘ew over her car hi = a i ort threw over her cargo, and one store-ship was ost. yen the: stor ras rer. av eS 11) 0; , i - torm was over, only a single gunboat was in sig it from the flag-ship. But the fleet slowly came together again, and was joined by some of the frigates that were ockading Charles arbor ; blockading Charleston Harbor, these being relieved by Seam E ULL PCA MHP T foe tetateae : , MN abbas itatse aie Ure MRL LE tT Lett Ea a abbbertat been | HALAS A Ee Tk: in panic. A flag of truce was sent on shore, but there was no one to receive it, and soon after two o’clock the National colors were floating over the fort. The flanking column of vessels had attacked Fort Beauregard; and when the commander of that work saw that Fort Walker was abandoned by its defenders, he er : ; - . : : 2 ; an COLL = SS = others that had come down for the purpose. They arrived —— = Y ETON ZN — — == ( / = fN EC K el ee } : : SSS off the entrance to Port Royal harbor on the 5th and 6th = Hi 2262 Se —— ) i ] ve 1 AIM ia “yr ~ eS tae ; \ oz A ? = === : StationeCr of November. This entrance was protected by two earth- ‘ef = 2)|= = = SoS a y elrn = ay 5 Ts ee . . ve == Fn = R= = f= Vy = = =. works—Fort Walker on Hilton Head (the south side), and | =e : = 7 Fort Beauregar ‘lena Isl: aps iS EK, OSCE ——— = s a gard on St. Helena Island (the north side). SSS )89) Blurerone = is) aera ‘Se “TC Tere - s : - - ~\i45 =s\fo —= == —— \ 1ese forts were about two and a half miles apart, and 5a {Buck P =, = Saas rere arric srr & . ° = aa NZ ay = =Parepra— were garrisoned by South Carolina troops, commanded by =i May pe, = \ = SSS ~ - —_— \o= Generals Drayton and Ripley. A brother of General =) = SS SSS = Drayton commanded a vessel in the attacking fleet. SS oS = \ 32 On the morning of the 7th the order of battle was re re —— |S ( : 2 \plant? (GoN Viele 9 cristae formed. The bar was Se H SS : 3 == = a Ie CES: ‘© ©@\ Zi be ——— ten miles out from the Sey tae | NG Res ee rein eee [Milton Head entrance, and _ careful soundings had _ been made by two gunboats, a f under the fire of three me FO Spa iith We Is . , wo =, =—— N Te AOE a = Confederate vessels on £ = 5S Brame DES eat Ps ees = = 5 | es, LE Te U | ert Comfort \qico Oo = that ran out from the ES f= a == = = I J er SP eb ~~ = hia Dio tr. The main == ea aitons; Owe <= = = = eae pee O2== = column consisted of ten 8 TE NAGE rat : == 0 La YEG ———— == Te 1S . y . Oe —— LIONS SOE vessel . led by the flag g — ve & C ship Wabash, and was —_ NGF SZ { : ——— foo yu (r= : = ordered to attack Fort ——— /Abardoned by Rebs N 2 = - == 2 os smosit bore - = == = 2 + = aN 24 pdr. = = = = Walker. Another col- <\ MEd coun —— = : 2 j= Braddockset = = : SCALE OF STATUTE MILES —— umn of four vessels was = : — jo Ss ne | ordered to fire YO ~~ 4 : i up n = MAP OF HILTON HEAD, SHOWING ITS TOPOGRAPHY. Fort Beauregard, pass in, and attack the Con- federate craft. All were REAR-AOMIRAL S. F. DU PONT / under way soon after / breakfast, and were favored by a tranquil sea. The main column, a ship's length apart, steamed in steadily at the rate of six miles an hour, passing Fort Walker at a distance of eight hundred yards, and delivering a fire of shells and rifled shot. Every gun in the fort that could be brought to bear was worked as rapidly as possible, in a gallant defence. After the line had passed the fort, it turned and steamed out again, passing this time within six hundred yards, and delivering fire from the guns on the other side also retreated with his force. The Con- federate vessels escaped by running up a shallow inlet. “he loss in the fleet was eight men killed and twenty-three wounded: that of the Confederates, as re- ported by their commander, was eleven killed and fifty-two wounded or missing. General Sherman said: “ Many bodies were buried in the fort, and twenty or thirty were found half a mile distant.” The road across Hilton Head Island to a wharf whence the retreating troops were taken to the mainland was strewn with arms and accoutrements, and two howitzers were abandoned. The surgeon of the fort had been killed by a shell and buried by a falling parapet. The troops were debarked and of the vessels. Three times they thus "AIOR. cep 5 took possession of both forts, repaired and strength- ; : ay ee ER p : : went around in a long ellipse, cach time keep- ac . ened the works, formed an intrenched camp, and thus . - ~ ~ r , SH Ve ; E < ing the fort under fire for about twenty minutes. Ruan gave the Government a permanent foothold on the Then the Bienville, which had the heaviest guns, and was commanded by Captain Steadman, a South Carolinian, sailed in closer yet, and delivered a fire that dismounted several guns and wrought dreadful havoc. Meanwhile two or three gunboats had taken a position from which they enfiladed the work, and the flag-ship came to a stand at short range and pounded away steadily. This was more than anything at that stage of the war could endure, and from the mast-head the troops were seen streaming out of the fort and across Hilton Head Island as if soil of South Carolina. Roanoke Island, N. C., lies between Roanoke Sound and Croatan Sound, through which the channels lead to Albemarle Sound, giving access to the interior of the State. This island, therefore, was fortified by the Confederates, in order to com- mand these approaches. The island is about as large as that which is occupied by New York City—ten miles long, and some- what over two miles wide. In January, 1862, an expedition was fitted out to capture it, and the command was given to Gen.Br 4 | fi i ie 2 mii | | | axa) | ee Sse haet he eee Sry a neat neg avenstararessgeararsrerwlltnss kanegspesctttcinepsps ea pe os ° ny Recs ais aN aa OS SE rrr P s a) * (i as fi oh Patten ee TET ore ( o 72 CAMPFIRE AND Ambrose E. Burn- side, who had about fifteen thousand men, with a battery of six guns, carried on forty ERAMADOrES, I lre naval part of the ex- pedition, consisting | of twenty-eight ves- sels, none of them very large, carrying | half a hundred guns, | was under the imme- diate command of Carpe eons; Vi. Goldsborough. X / Among his subordi- NX y nate officers were NS 7 Stephen C. Rowan ee and John L. Worden. BRIGADIER-GENERAL T. F. DRAYTON, C. S. A. Burnside’s three bri- gade commanders— all of whom rose to eminence before the war was over—were John G. Foster, Jesse L. Reno, and John G. Parke. The expedition sailed from Hampton Roads on January 11, and almost immediately encountered a terrific storm, by which the fleet was far scattered, some of the vessels being carried out Five were wrecked, and a con- By the 28th, all that had weathered the gale passed through Hatteras Inlet into the oO to sea and others driven ashore. siderable number of men were lost. sounds. The fortifications on the island mounted forty guns; and in Croatan Sound a Confederate naval force of eight vessels lay behind a line of obstructions across the channel. On February 7th, the National gunboats, advancing in three columns, shelled Fort Bartow—the principal fortification, on the west side of the island—and the Confederate gunboats. The latter were soon driven off, and in four hours the fort was silenced. ‘The transports landed the troops on the west side of the island, two miles south of the fort, and in the morning of the 8th they began their march to the interior, which was made difficult and disagreeable by swamps and a lack of roads, and by a cold storm. On the oth, the Confederate skirmishers were driven in, and the main line was assaulted. first with artillery, and then by the infantry. The Confederate left wing was turned; and when the national troops had nearly exhausted at amin inition they made a brilliant bayonet charge, led by Hawkins’s New York zouave regiment, and stormed the works. which were hastily abandoned by the Confederates, who at- tempted to reach the northeast shore and cross to Nag’s Head, but more than two thousand of them were captured. Fort Bar- 7 . : . : tow still held out, but it was soon taken. its garrison surrender- ing [n this action the national loss was two hundred and thirty- Ce ees Testis Aig : rs : lve men killed or wounded in the army, and twenty-five in the navv : Oth. a nart of . ; 1 | roth, a part of the fleet, under C aptain Rowan, pursued the Confederate fleet u ‘le S 5 ~onlederate fleet up Albemarle Sound, and after a short envgacement lef a . 1 als : sagement deteated it. ~The Confederates set fire to their Ve SSELS and 1 -SerT ¢ | 1) Cc jo ry . 4 nd « rted them, destroying all but one, which was Capture 2owan he - ' 1 capt red. Rowan then took possession of Elizabeth City and | : +he tlying Confederates had set fire to the former ; Dut X ¢ Na S men Wy ‘~Owan's men, with the help of the colored people who Tram: TV\IIT a - + ~ remained, put out the fire and saved the city J Maenton. flames in time to save the greater part of the town. BATTLEFIELD. In this naval battle one of the first medals of honor won in the war was earned by a sailor named John Davis. A shell thrown by the Confederates entered one of the vessels and set This was near the magazine, and there was an open He at fire to it. barrel of powder from which Davis was serving a gun. once sat down on the barrel, and remained there covering it until the fire was put out. General Burnside next planned an expedition in the opposite direction, to attack Newbern. His forces, numbering about eight thousand men, sailed from Hatteras Inlet in the morning of March 12th, and that evening landed within eighteen miles of Newbern. The next day they marched toward the city, while the gunboats ascended the river and shelled such fortifications and Confederate troops as could be seen. The roads were miry, and the progress of the troops was slow. After removing elab- orate obstructions and torpedoes from the channel, the fleet reached and silenced the forts near the city. The land forces then came up and attacked the Confederates, who were about five thousand strong and were commanded by General Branch. After hard fighting, the works were carried, and the enemy fled. They burned the railroad bridge over the Trent River, and set fire to the city; but the sailors succeeded in extinguishing the Burnside’s loss in this battle was about five hundred and fifty killed or wounded; that of the Confederates, including prisoners, was Fifty-two ns and two steamers were cap- about the same. cu tured. Ten days later, Beaufort, N. C.,and- Morehead City were occu- pied by the National troops without opposition. Burnside’s army was now broken up into comparatively small bodies, holding the various places that had been taken, which greatly diminished the facilities for blockade-running on the North Carolina coast. The year 1862 opened with indications of lively and decisive MAJOR-GENERAL AMBROSE €E. BURNSIDE,s HORA MMA aR MAJOR-GENERAL JESSE L. RENO. work west of the moun- tains, and many move- ments were made that cannot be detailed MAJOR.GENER a) here. One of the most EN G. PARKE. gallant was in the region of the Big Sandy River in eastern Kentucky, where Hum- phrey Marshall had gathered a Confederate force of about two thousand five hundred (mostly Ken- tuckians) at Paintville. Col. James A. Garfield (afterward President), in command of one thousand eight hundred infantry and three hundred cavalry, drove him out of Paintville, pursued him beyond Prestonburg, came up with him at noon of January 10th, and fought him till night, when Marshall retreated under cover of the darkness, leaving his dead on the field. | In the autumn of 1861 a Confederate force, | under Gen. Felix K. Zollicoffer, had been pushed es as { \ * 2 A STOMA UUALLURLEE UT TLE w ey Cha ETA Wilt | t/a Se VICE-ADMIRAL S. C. ROWAN. line. Dhe attack was’ di- rected mainly against the National left, where the fig bloody, much of the firing hting was obstinate and being at very close quar- ters, eerie Zollrcotier thinking the Fourth Ken- tucky was a Confederate regiment firing upon its friends, rode forward to correct the supposed mis- take, and was shot dead by its colonels Speed) oy Lin: When, at length, the right of the Confederate line had been pressed back and broken, a steady fire hav- forward by way of Knoxville to eastern Kentucky, but was defeated at Camp Wildcat, October 21st, by seven thousand men under General Schoepff, and fell back to Mill Springs at the head of steamboat navigation on the Cumberland. Zollicoffer soon crossed to the northern bank, and fortified a position at Beech Grove, in the angle between the river and Fishing Creek. The National forces in the vicinity were commanded by Gen. George H. Thomas, who watched Zollicoffer so closely that when the latter was told by his supe- riors he should not have crossed the river, he could only answer that it was now too late to return. As Zollicoffer was only a journalist, with more zeal than military knowledge, Gen. George B. Crittenden was sent to supersede him. Thomas was slowly advancing, through rainy weather, over heavy roads, to drive this force out of the State, and had reached Logan’s Cross-roads, within ten miles of the Confederate camp, when Crittenden determined to move out and attack him. The battle began early on the morning of January 19, 1862. Thomas was on the alert, and when his outposts were driven in he rapidly brought up one detachment after another and threw them into REAR-ADMIRAL LOUIS M. GOLDSBOROUGH. ing been kept up on the centre, the Ninth Ohio Regiment made a bayonet charge on its left flank, and the whole line was broken and routed. The Confederates took refuge in their intrenchments, where Thomas swiftly pursued and. closely invested them, expecting to capture them all the next morning. But in the night they managed to cross the river, leaving behind their wounded, twelve’ guns, all their horses, mules, and wagons, and a large amount of stores. In the further retreat two of the Confederate regiments disbanded and scattered to their homes, while a large number from other regiments deserted individually. The National loss in killed and wounded was two hundred and forty-six; that of the Confed- erates. four htindred and seventy-one. Thomas received the thanks of the President for his victory. This action is vari- ously called the Battle of Fishing Creek and the Battle of Mill Springs. When Gen. Henry W. Halleck was placed in command of the Department of Missouri, in November, 1861, he divided it into districts, giving to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant the District of Cairo, Baa as en < eee BT T~ TorReE , OTT Gy ier meh Nia ae Aa hae bt id id peer; reaseee ees Hitt Merry Sahat il “daalieet Hse \ ag { f ‘ . ate & i iW I IE s vi i O\¢ ie van | | a i aie j 8 fz } CPE fh i A r { ~ i vf A { a Pde) re 4 7 | aa = SS eeiaietnis eeaaaaee betahaenhnaee: aeembeeeneeteme ee uJ a e a ox A S Fl 3 i 3 | — | C 1 ic EES Le LL O z O | Kiss | OQ i oO. ~< uJ Yn uJ i ~ ¥ > z : = m is fp : a a i = ii } =a ns | eoameelanrnsinilanaseaicoeemmemctnmea aie tee ee ee TT : ; es —— | 3 | a. 1 : aL AA | i is ee its ees ey OPO Rye - 7 i Pe ear taray ™ J A ) t ; ry errr = re 7 fx (it ‘ 2 ee Coenen ete eee . 5 i SoQP Pre Dea Coe ek eA eho natnt ree Pel fl) U1] oan Un ery LEED Lb aes Ta ad fea le Ua ae . si 4 , ae x 5 rh bree reetess tat bY opt) ; Ui At bibbvesbhablbbichas 110 ULce SU UMLRALLE LE C71 COTE od con cy Cha Cl) TRB t Lt At WLLL PA Pe ai ay 2 at : MIELE i iF CA MVEP RITE, AND 3B TAC EE LEED» mer py pee se eg James pe WEE re aa | ee, eta pe niet ete) LL sys AE @E MAR £1 E S CO CN D aN , vs gee ae THE BURNSIDE EXPEDITION CROSSING HATTERAS BAR. ——— FF RENO’ LATE = aie USER a ny ] . . . . . q WeirsPat which included Southern Illinois, the counties of Missouri = = CT = : —, = 2: SLA on south of Cape Girardeau, and all of Kentucky that lies Fea \ so ey west of Cumberland River. Where the Tennessee and the ee See f : i : PORE teSe=CURLEW-——— ==> -Piles & = = Cumberland enter Kentucky from the south they are about purresary Fea. — SuNkKel\Vessels === Fr BARTOW. as Gun¢ Yy von 9Guns | BATT. £ \ ten miles apart, and here the Confederates had erected two = Srormeo fesresx considerable works to command the rivers—Fort Henry U.S.Gur = ae on the east bank of the Tennessee, and Fort Donelson on the west bank of the Cumberland. They had also fortified the high bluffs at Columbus, on the Mississippi, twenty miles below the mouth of the Ohio, and Bowling Green, on the Big Barren. The general purpose was to establish a military frontier with a strong line of defence from the Alleghany Mountains to the Mississippi. A. fleet of iron-clad gunboats had been prepared by the United States Government for service on the Western rivers, some of them being built new, while others were altered freight- boats. After a reconnoissance in force by Gen. C. F. Smith, General Grant asked Halleck’s permission to capture Fort Henry, and, after considerable delay, received it on the 30th of January. That work was garrisoned by three thousand men under Gen. Lloyd Tilghman. Its position was strong, the ravines through which little tributaries reached the river being filled with slashed timber and rifle-pits, and swampy ground rendering approach from ROANOKE ISLAND, N. C., AND CONFEDERATE FORTS,ee ey Wn G Sain aaa s SS) ie fi ] , a BER a GANEREIRE AND BALGLE FIELD. cy 76 i illeri and. after serving a gun with his own hands as long / he land side difficult. But the work itself was rather poorly See oS ae Ve ae 1 aie t : Ene) achiiia. Thya 1% a white flag and surrendered. e regre vie aos of sand being largely used instead of a solid earth as possible, he ran up a w hite fl is ind surrenc Cl g | puepee °° eee of the victors at the escape of the garrison was more than eeaenen counterbalanced by their gratification at the behavior of the (ree enpeey ee a rete vais ree de peerage en ee ee ee — & > Lye pee, Se ener riten ret rnn ts Sn ) Eee ees nena enter Seinen sbsbueeee tae cans ee ee TT ee a ates an a eee eee Pegg reser ry a ¥ <\ : . ue Shee satheemetas ao ee pe LL PRET AMRNR — AU y aee Sat pe Seen tieain ate oil ising eoepaennaseicione di | e fire from the gun- ie 2 POTTS i Alay ee On the morning of February 2d the fleet of four iron-clad and two wooden gunboats, commanded by Flag-officer Andrew H. V] Foote. left Cairo, steamed up the Ohio to Paducah, thence up the Tennessee, and by daylight the next morning. were within iy sight of the fort. Grant’s land force was to codperate by the rear, an attack in it did but not ar- sunboats in their first serious trial. After the surrender, three of the gunboats proceeded up the Tennessee River to the head of navigation, destroyed the railroad bridge, and captured a large amount of stores. In consequence of the battle of Mill Springs and the fall of Fort Henry, the Confederate Gen. Simon B. Buckner, who was at Bowling Green with about ten thousand men, abandoned that joined his forces to place and Te aint wit Oe rain io Rie \ SDB see — those in Fort Donelson. M. Mitchel, by a promptly took possession of Bowl- with National Grant Gen. Ormsby forced march. ing Green troops; and General immediately made disposi- tions for the capture of Fort Donelson. This work, situ- ated at a-bend of the river, was on high ground, enclosed about a hundred acres, and also a water- had strong battery on the lower river five in time. The gunboats moved up to within six hundred yards, and opened a bombardment, to which the guns -of the fort immediately responded, and the firing was kept up for an hour. The Esser received a shot in her boiler, by which many men were wounded or scalded. in- cluding Capt. William D. Porter, son of Commodore David Porter who had won fame in another Essex in the war of 1512-15. Otherwise the fleet, though struck many times, was not seriously injured. On the ! other hand, th A xe “1+ boats knocked the sand-bags about, dismounted seven guns, brought down the flagstaff, and. together | vith the bursting of a rifled gun in the tort, created a panic. All but about one hundred of the garrison fled, leaving General Tilghman with fea Pe be : the sick and a single company of f i 1 | 4 . iw vs ‘ z ll Gag Zeer bree FiMdasiiees BURNING OF AMERICAN MERCHANTMAN = = S[S== SSSSS= —— = eee a ‘HARRY BIRCH” IN BRITISH CHANNEL, BY CONFEDERATE STEAMER ‘ NASHVILLE.”{ PP aE Abhi Se pbb LLU L CLC AQT aT TP Rees LLL Da UL aoe LE eae Teme re sien Until Tel | Tee ev) dee Mea EEA ALCS LP) (ere) ES TTP CAMERELRE AND. BA Tait AMO D). 77 front. The land side was'protected by slashed timber and rifle | immediate sortie, and so perhaps ultimately saved the victory pits, as well as by the naturally broken ground. The gunboats for Grant. went down the Tennessee and up the Cumberland, and with them a portion of Grant’s force to be used in attacking the water front. The fort contained about twenty thousand men, commanded by Gen. John B. Floyd, who had been President That night a-council of war was held within the fort, and it was determined to attack the besiegers in the morning with the entire force, in hopes either to defeat them completely or at | least to turn back their right wing, and thus open a way for , D>? Buchanan’s Secretary of War. Grant’s main force left the retreat toward the south. The fighting began early in the neighborhood of Fort Henry on the morning of February 12th, morning. Grant's right wing, all but surprised, was pressed a portion marching straight on Fort Donelson, while the re- heavily and borne back, the enemy passing through and plunder- mainder made a slight detour to the south, to come up on the ing McClernand’s camps. Buckner sallied out and attacked on right, strike the Confederate left, and prevent escape in that the left with much less vigor and with no success but as a diversion, and the fighting extended all along the line, while i the Confederate cav- Z alry were endeavor- A ing to gain the Na- Z tional rear. Grant nF was imperturbable through it all, and a when he saw that the sattack had reached its height, ‘ = ~ Set oe a aS he ordered a counter = ee A FEDERAL CAVALRY CHARGE | direction. They chose positions around the fort un- molested that afternoon, and the next morning the fighting began. After an artillery duel, an attempt \ | ] was made to storm the works near the centre of the \ : ‘ line, but it was a failure and entailed severe loss. The \ ; . | | cunboats and the troops with them had not yet come up, | and the attack was suspended for the day. A cold storm ‘ : Seat ee re | . . ay Sens . : . io 7 set in, with sleet and snow, and the assailants spent the night ee ~~ ee ey | without shelter and with scant rations, while a large part of the Se defenders, being in the trenches, were equally exposed. BRIGADIER-GENERAL he Next morning the fleet appeared, landed the troops and FELIX kK. ZOLLICOFFER, C. S.A. attack and recovery < e lost ¢ 5 D { C 5 f ( on he right, \ 1C e# et SWE ne colle fhe @. Be Smith stormed attack the batteries These were not so easily disposed of as the division of Lew Wallace, while that of C se F z H 1 ; It was a desperate fight. The plunging the works on the left. Smith rode beside the color-bearer, Aa TOS enry had been. as % < Dee Syste at struck down four hundrec : fe Hl xy rable » face a murderous fire that struck dow! : Fort struck » scunboats their most vulnerable in the face of a1 shot from the fort struck the gunboats in jo eee ee ei < . : Sean War rer eve obstruction, brous it. and made uely wounds But they stood to the work men, his troops rushed forward over e\ ery 7 e ‘ part, « ‘ 51) ri Fladed the works, drove out the defenders, . ‘+r whe - steering Id euns and enfiladed the works, manfully, and had silenced one battery when the steering up field guns ; | hile < ¢ % ssession. apparatus of two of the gunboats was shot away, while a gun on and took possess! | - aes ToT, re rrant improved the ACH) Ane oreinclece | aie: lace Another bitterly cold night followed, but G1 | another had burst and the flag-officer was w ded. 5 : up reinforcements to the positions he had gained, 2 Reon fr : 10Vve : MCs : | eee : ss and the others from time to n je ship had been struck fifty-nine times, ¢ e looked after as well as circumstances - ee thile the wounded were looked alter as as : ye - -d down the stream and while the wo : se a twenty to forty, when they all droppec ithi he fort another council of war was : : pa : ° zs -j would permit. Within the Tot out of the fight. They had lost fifty-four men killed or | 3 i ll into the wounded. But the naval attack had served to prevent an held. Floyd declared it would not do for him to fall intoSS a ee ee DSi ton tate Soper | Ani Ruben ee Saar : a ah Pepin rewenhany neyo enigulctiinrnn™ 19, Teeth eee teen eE JANUARY Prey KENTUCKY, NE an ea ren renee cone LOGAN CROSS ROADS — BATREE OF MIEE SPRINGS: eens sensp-pignedeasacy ace UbsGoak nas cabin acerca * Sea lt Sh cateeh oh Rabe anne et et rae kaneett — TOU riee a Ran ee hk a a ae an a i feb . S oN TS bohbianhbenetainaiees dememebneerameehee eee eee eT See rt ret heen eine 4 ra acieh hc tee Mi ee Te PARE tometer ars! ee eee el ee 2 \ sad » F ivcge: saat. Obpeitresel Fass ahi a = hs ee Tht ies SOT CAMPFIRE AND 34 vessel through and side that would have riddled a wooden through. Some of the shot entered her open ports, killed wwounded nineteen men, and broke two of her guns; but all that BA Ti EDIE: LED). their peaks are within a few feet of the surface; and their at- this “tinre that! the Several imperfectly known ran aground upon them. positions were so National vessels frequently devices were in wait- : i eee >¢ is. Rifled shot struck the armor bounded off like pez one. nee ble Oo make trouble from the Werrimac raked the En and then she r ing t | : | row cut a great gash in | for the iron-clad cham- yn into her so that her iron prow cuta QI S i _ : ion at this point, the side. The Cumberland at once began to oe but I e ae r =a o ,erhaps e mos the crew stood by their guns, firing broadside after | I | = Inventor of the M ynitor,"* A us u st ? I 6 l ? t 1€ Navy Department had advertised for plans for steam batteries, to be iron- of vessels clad and capable fighting the Merrimac and other 1 similar armored lat the Confederates >. x were known to be constructing. Capt features were an iron-clac The plan adopted was Its 1 hull, with to protect the machinery, that presented by John Ericsson. essential ‘ ” an “overhang all of mounted by a round revolving tower or which was below the waterline, sur- turret, in which were two heavy guns. The idea of a revolving tower was not Ericsson's; it had been put forth by especially by Abra- Lso7e But this special adaptation of it, with the appli- of The Was Was several inventors, ~ ) 7 : ham Bloodgood In cation steam his. built and launched January 30, 1862, one hundred days after power, was vessel in Brooklyn, the laying of the keel. She was named Monztor, the for the obvious significance The length her upper hull was one hundred and seventy-two feet, with a breadth of f feet, while her lower hull was one hundred and twenty-two feet long and thirty-four feet broad. Her depth was eleven feet, and when loaded she drew ten feet of water, her deck thus rising but a single foot above the surface. The turret was twe nty feet in diameter and nine feet high: Dhe only conspicuous object on the deck, besides the turret, was a pilot-house about five feet square and four feet high. built of solid wrought-iron beams, of word. extreme of forty-one Washington This was nine by twelve inches, laid{ i “ NS : a SES o ee ren SS aa 5 fon Y 3 : MPT ed le Wer eR MART, Retreats ope ean) > pein aa Nabe MiMi witout et Pell) Unie Peers a rset as Lebea td A LAL Pee ec ECU T ELE /(107) CAM PETE AND “BA Tin Eun De 85 one upon another and bolted together. At a point near the top a slight crack was left between the beams all round, through which the commander and the pilot could see what was coing and then steered straight for the Merrimac, which was now coming down the channel. The Confederates had known about the building of the Wonz- oO on outside and get their bearings. The guns threw solid shot tor (which they called the Evzcsson), just as the authorities at Washington had known all about the Werrimac. When their men first saw her, they described her as “a cheese-box on a eleven inches in diameter. The advantage of presenting so small a surface as a target for the enemy, having all the machinery beyond reach of any hostile shot, carrying two large guns, and raft,’ and were surprised at her apparently diminutive size. being able to revolve the turret that contained them, so as to Buchanan had been seriously wounded in the action of the pre- bring them to bear in any direction and keep the ports turned vious day, and the Confederate iron-clad was now commanded away from danger except at the moment of firing, is apparent. by Lieutenant Jones. This novel war-machine sailed from the harbor of New York Worden stationed himself in the pilot-house, with the pilot on March 6, in command of Lieut. John L. Worden, destined and a quartermaster to man the wheel, while his executive for Hampton Roads. She was hardly out at sea when orders officer, Lieut. Samuel D. Greene, was in the turret, commanding Sir Me ce Sa vz ns Lope ih Uke MH Sie i pies ee) +a a —. Cs eID TA) SP iG a . a PPS ee qu 5 Braet mec 3m WP UWI bi a = * at iar Bi: 3 wird Wi = : abc 5 opal Oem) = SRS wieag 6 8 Ou eta = ry op! 7 ui are. Qe vfs ela ey ; PRPC eo ee |B uate RED Ace eas m0) ew 4 ial Jeo Sow) eee nih Wy BATTLE BETWEEN THE ‘' MONITOR" AND ‘‘MERRIMAC,” HAMPTON ROADS, VIRGINIA, MARCH 9, 1862. ee re rere worke - chief engineer Stimers and ; came changing her destination to Washington; but fortunately the guns, which were worked by chie eng 3 Pe | ‘ EO ‘ ; : Z : OTN Tat 7 . in the /M072¢¢ as she could not be reached, although a swift tugboat was. sent sixteen men. The total number of men . c , « oD < ; af ee . Merrimac had abc hree hundred. I) . 3 a7 -} ascace of three. days, the perils ot fifty-seven; the MWerrzmac had about t | after her. She had a rough passage o ays, | ma ean eee econ as the two aron-clads) were hich were largely increased by the fact that her crew did not The Merrimac began firing as as whic ere largely \ Baris : 1 ‘orden reserved his fire bias oT os range of each other, but Worden rese as yet understand all her peculiarities. They neglected to stop within long range Se eae en . b: . was fairly open, the National 4 the hawse-hole where the anchor-chain passed out, and large for short range. Then the battle - : Lee ee ee cel firing solid s one in eight n es, : iti ’ - Cc -in there, besides what poured down the vessel firing solid shot, about = i : - eee ance Bee ee ee eae : Confed t used shells exclusively and fired much more ! yroke rer “1 onrederates SC . . ‘ . ) low smoke-stacks when the waves broke over her. ee a fae fee aalilwe » shells struc > turret and made nume Out ‘dine ; ll dangers she arrived in Hampton Roads on rapidly . The shells struck the tu se ' ‘i ik tad areas M 5 fe | t] nful condition of but inflicted no serious damage, except occasionally when a Mix ~ ¢ I Aro , Are ‘ “ ( aoe e. Saturday evening, March 8, where the mou! Sec tice Sete eee | ae me ~ - aoains . > at the moment -¢ | . ne ° ° . ‘ ener = i Pee C : = "770 ) was leaning as ainst t LE STGE things did not diminish the dispiriting effect ol the voyage upon g ag | I / I l 74772 7 V7 S Ss ¢ £ 7 » | - | { ( ( ussion. V\ orden had his ey Ce at the Slo t= he Cheé . C « . , < < ( ] 27171 sola S S is ] as STTUCK it ¢ Ex sloded,. tem orarily blinding 5 : ; re > c af; | C n | evervbody Was dismaved. hole W hen a . hell . Ct l k 1 and | I TAgYT | >» SO) T Sy Ing, h » M 7 é: ITC Was agroun¢ , a ( SY J ‘ - “ : 2 _ : e Inn font 1 t 1e CC m B l WV orde nh seem 5 to have had no lack of confidence in his Ves- him, anc Injuring | - i at J ‘ a aes h - 38 an h 5 a s & . | | | ) i 1e ; c G (AAS anc COOK t Cc art t Cc ; { BA Je (i i C 1d to Lieutenant rice iS SLE y 3 i x Me f 3 > Te yilot and promptly Wh) nal if b : fe = xa ane oN aoe He took Ne voluntes : y ; E | y vo >| ‘ > d t ) ram the ot 1er, ut a ne I) rh \ { S 7 S Cc a ac vaG ess attemptec ( c LVS { is / TK ; “ST i Te ; Way the action. 4aC 1 \ SSC ; y 5 Te ; ) t to hi work. He frst drov = » 0 : ae i 1 : ce , ss nae se : { me | less VW sot L without SUCCESS. Once VW hen the Monttor mm ade a C 1S l t C 1e SFU UT hs ReA 4 Re rig Pa ft mm ini eee si = Saeed IN THE FOREGROUND. FEDERAL FLEET Sebitinaenshnnassoat a: s eeaie thee nrotane MUAbiahbnahaieett nee: io-aemenaeeteneereme ee HAMPTON ROADS. TORE TE mT ee “t MERRIMAC,” AND A x Se ae hy ea - MONITOR ” SNS ota nk oh nel Wint= -_ — ' Neha ee Sere yea) ener a ne: X ; ors The ElGhiie © Sen ene Oo cmnneanateea nahin os Went woshatel ons RE = ‘ A Th heeds 4 = ree re 4 TST | , ji sh ut Ss an a HU Eee PRE EBT ss ae bela esau. i i! oe ( P cP . ie a . Ti : =\e Fe ae va wa sted Main Ne CANMERE LICE Merrimac's stern, to disable her steering-gear, the two guns were The two ponderous shots, striking close together, crushed in the iron discharged at once at a distance of only a few yards. plates several inches, and produced a concussion that knocked over the entire crews of the after guns and caused many of them I the Monitor had received peremptory orders to use but to bleed at the nose and ears. he officers of fifteen pounds of powder at a charge. [Experts say that if they had used the normal charge of thirty pounds their shots would undoubtedly have pene- trated the Merrimac and either sunk her or | compelled her surrender. The JVonitor had an | as advantage in the fact that she drew but half as | ee much water as the Merrimac and could move | with much greater celerity. The fight con- tinued for about four hours, and the Confeder- ate iron-clad then returned to Norfolk, and | Corn), ~MMANDER c i RANKL), ~~™Mand ; €: i e 1 Sne Came to fig again till never down [ith of Asputl; when no battle took place be- both ves- CAUSE sels had orders Ee RR dpa re a to remain on CAPTAIN JOHN L. WORDEN. (Afterward Rear Admiral.) the detensive, Commanding the ‘ Monitor.” eac h Crovern- ment being The indentations on the Moxztor showed that she had been struck Twenty afraid to risk the loss of its only iron-clad in those waters. twenty-two times, but she was not in any way disabled. of her shots struck the Merrimac, some of which smashed the ‘It was claimed that the Merrimac lost her outer layers of iron plates. would have sunk the Monztor by ramming, had she not the Cumberland the day before; iron prow when she rammed which was only of cast iron and but a description of the prow, not very large, makes this at least doubtful. Be ULL) PTL Se pelt h Ces AND BUC ‘HANAN ~ Ne N. Mac Times de- clared: ‘‘ [There is not nowa ship J os ¢ G Maal COVPUTH Aer esi ee TECTIA WLLL Py : wah Es Ae ee rill A le Lilo Tali lee ee) 87 Just what damage the Merrimac received in the fi known. ht is not But it was observed that she went into it with her bow up and her stern down, and. went out with her bow down and Oo o her stern up; that on withdrawing she was at once surrounded Sear tae by four tugs, into which her men immediately jumped; and she went into the dry-dock for repairs. The significance of the battle was not so much in its immediate result as in its effect upon all naval armaments, and this it world-wide attention. The London because of attracted Fat - emma MALTY MT Mid SRR wee eee LE oe Aly pe pia py Poe ib ae am mr Te ey TSE a aod of ad i in the English oe fe \f navy, apart trom LIEUTENANT S. DANA GREENE. Oa these two | the Js Executive Officer of the -‘‘ Monitor.’ Warrtor and the Tronside|\, that it ot be madness to trust to an engagement with that little The United States Government ordered the building some with two turrets, and they did excellent lil would n Monitor.” of more monitors, service, notably in the battle of Mobile Bay. a In May, when Norfolk was captured, an attempt was made to i Merrimac up the James River; but she got aground, finally abandoned When the Con- refitted her they rechristened her Virginia, but the i original name sticks to her in history. In December of that to go to Beaufort, N. C., towed by off Cape Hatteras and take the and blown up. and was federates vear the MWonztor attempted gale he bottom, carrying with her a dozen of the crew. a steamer; but she foundered in a went tot UA eect ae ke Tt ot es es RUA aa “Ce LUiq j ) pepe no ne on a ere LOSS OF THE “MONITOR” IN A STORM OFF CAPE HATTERAS, DECEMBER 30, 1862. GALLANT EFFORTS TO RESCUE THE CREW, CTC aly Ree xe THE CAPTURE OF NEW ORLEANS. NEW ORLEANS THE LARGEST SOUTHERN CITY—FORTS ON THE MISSISSIPPI—CAPT, DAVID G. FARRAGUT CHOSEN COMMANDER BENJAMIN F, BUTLER IN COMMAND OF LAND GEN. FORTS—CUTTING THE CHAIN ACROSS THE THE NIGHT—ALL THE FORTS AND THE CONFEDERATE BUTLER’S CELEBRATED “WOMAN ORDER.” FORCES—TERRIFIC BOMBARDMENT OF THE MISSISSIPPI—THE GREAT NAVAL BATTLE IN FLEET CAPTURED BY FARRAGUT— SURRENDER OF NEW ORLEANS—GENERAL THE Crescent City was by far the largest and richest in the C ule Richmond, Mobile. lion dollars’ worth of sugar lan that of any other city in the point in the Southern States. The onfederacy. In 1860 it had and seventy thousand, w] and Charleston together had f shipped twenty-five mil being larger tl] a population of nearly one hundred ewer than two-thirds as many. In 1860-61 it worth of cotton, its export trade in these articles world. Moreover, its strategic value in that war was greater than that of Many mouths of the Mississippi, and the frequency of violent gales H | it difficult to blockade commerce between that on ft] great river and the ocean: but the possession of this | 1e stream would shut it off effectively, and would go far toward . | the Confederacy in two. and ninety-two million dollars’ any other in the Gulf, rendered Owest commercial] point securing possession all the way to Cairo. This would cut and make it difficult to bring supplies from Texas and Arkansas to teed the’ armies in Tennessee and j ries ie : : : ih Virginia. Moreover. 4 great © -y is in itself a serious loss to one belligerent and a Capital prize to the other. ) XS SOON as it became evident that war was being waged against the United a be prolonged, these States in dead earnest, and that it was likely to ves to the Government, and considerations presented themse] a plan was matured for Cay ture of the largest city in the territory of the insurgents. The defences of New Orleans against an enemy approaching from the sea consisted of two forts, on either side of the stream, ‘ , we UL Ceteilntens hay tL Entree 49 Via s| MV UpiMade ded Hii ipad dedi gibeet li dig (aay Huet tne as ta i TM RY aaa a are TARTS to" hd rae) tn Feta ats ae nays Oa ALI BHT OBR ape OT Ssgee 2 PED Sahay Ee ATER Ss, Fla PANORAMIC VIEW OF NEW ORLEANS.—FEDERAL FLEET AT ANCHOR IN THE RIVERsaves CAMPFIRE AND IBAN IP UP IL IB IE MIB IE ID ( “Blaxviy its guns were en barbette—on the top, in plain sight. These rado was larger. The numbered about forty. Fort Jackson, on the right bank, This was the most power- Wy mounted seventy-five guns, fourteen of which were in bomb- ful expedition that had rf proof casemates. Both of these works had been built by the ever sailed under the Amer- United States Government. They were now garrisoned by ican flag, and the man that about one thousand five hundred’ Confederate soldiers, com- was chosen to command it nanded by Gen. Johnson K. Duncan. Above them lay a Con- Capt. David G. Farragut, federate fleet of fifteen vessels, including an iron-clad ram and a was as unknown to the large floating battery that was covered with railroad iOne ust public as Ulysses S. Grant below the forts a heavy chain was stretched across the river. had been. But he was not J perhaps suggested by the similar device employed to keep the unknown to his fellow- / British from sailing up the Hudson during the Revolutionary officers. Farragut was now cj] war. And it had a similar experience; for, at first supported by sixty years of age, being | a row of enormous logs, it was swept away by the next freshet. one of the oldest men that ; . The logs were then replaced by hulks anchored at intervals across took part in the war, and 1 | the stream, and the chain ran over their decks, while its ends he had been jn the navy ; hy vere fastened to great trees. One thing more completed the half a century. He sailed : defence—two hundred _ sh; arp-shooters patrolled the banks the Pacific with Commodore a between the forts and the head of the passes, to give warning Porter years before Grant of an approaching foe and fire at any one that might be seen and Sherman were born, ae | on the decks. and participated in the The idea at Washington, probably originated by Commander bloody encounter of the (now Admiral) Davic d D. Porter, was that the forts could |} Ve raining into them a sufficient shower Essex and Phebe in the har- reduced by bor of Valparaiso. of enormous He was nthe AL LL eyes ey slathitiaad , ayn isis iiniadlaayygietse c >: la a | | Is Di eJacksor yf ; hi ! + ae | } oat ; ‘e Mi z Alabama City | [Mulfet_Pt sville pas SS 2 Ss 2 {eda FE gan scour ee o— = =F = f , Shieldsboroe= ae ME LE SE 1281 PA S=0=EEN. Dauphin > Se — ale = = oe Cael Ship: ——— Petit Boist= SSS 2 == = = = \ Pearlingten = = Se ee Horn. — = : a —— = =— = 9 | F=f SN. /pStJosephsi=—= ae = = ¢ OR = = = ? PORN. TEA AREERICEN AES = — CAN a, | =, heer a Ye: ag S=— WoGranda= —— cau Pied= oO = = ‘4 h4 t=from 1O101BFe i T= ‘ WF INZ = Ws = a 7 | = \ Zi n= ) } ’ : MACON iD EF t — OS AN Y, we ‘ar , ie (SSS 7, Frwoop* =e LAA SE oe pigs A == 1 | : H f Lakeport / <= a = . - , {oO i > ali COME A | cag EY ORLEANS 4 a RDN Ee aS = ae = < shells, to be thrown high into the ‘e [ % Pe, TYBIE ——S 7 c A = = = . ie . 7 vr » [SSS Sy rower prea | a = = down almost perpendicularly, and explode on o ASO Nm, X “ae Ga ; : AS ake Alt) ee AON e : “eee Rese oe oy icy . . “are Wz to make aD EO * Proctorville AR =Omacdnelss ¢ striking. Accordingly, the first care was ass H S ' 3 nN) a= == Soult —— the mortars and shells, and provide the craft to carry at ess f see = I= = re Eee ee hic rere Lae, ¢ . pPlaquemunec.H = = SS iS them. Twenty-one ‘mortars were cast, which were at | =e | : cite = EE é They threw shells i} is } VERON, mo, ee E SS = —— mounted On £4 enty-one schooners. Ley 1re¢ . Lis if i ) Ve \ uN Su oi XX Se PE for ltrra = = = = : 3 ‘ : 5 o] o two hundr e d and eiohty- a lat | Sh Point Jas ~SSa S= = = € thirteen inches in diameter, weighi1 1s < Salts a = = —— —— Fk ee cae . con- it if eee Black == 7Grannt Georier== five pounds; and when one of chard was discharged, the con | =e. = = = — os : = SS = —2= S cussion of the atmosphere was so great that no man could SSS eanen ce afene latforms a] 1 2 ="\AULERON stand close by without being literally deafened. Platforms af | = —————————— 2 ae : es eR a ein for . ) \ Srp RES ————— ke projecting beyond the decks were therefore provided, for the | de =a ¥ RS: } = = z 3 5 =e . } =) at end Bivd-l= = gunners to step out upon J ] ust be fore ni Ine. = 2 ? TS HOE insonel The remainder of the fleet, as finally made up, consisted of six SS a == EN : f ~ ‘ es ee Sod i | SSS Se LE eae ee sloops-of-war, sixteen gunboats, and five other vessels, besides ad = Ke = A x a ELS s z : : (eA a) =a the=Pas. 59095 ‘WBaleee as cea tr: insports C; uryin o fifteen thousand troops commanded by Gen. j SS = = ~YWie3 Goole a Sirs Dp : i (ela. h ndr d I = fe Nez ELC SERASS: Bea Butler, 2 ie whole number of guns was over two hu ed. me ——S YE EY SSL sas : ee . i | = =I; The flagship Hartford was a ee steam sloop-of-war, one ih Ley kiss SE 3 , f | lred and twenty- H | 20 Bp —— Nou thousand tons’ burden, with a leneth of two hundred anc enty AG Oo 2 —— e: é = . - . errr oO , 1 = hve teet, and a breadth of forty-four feet. She carried twenty- | ine-Inc nty nder Parrott suns: and 7 : ide arro uns. a a) FROM PENSACOLA TO THE MOUTH OF THE MISSISSIPPI. two nine-inch Suns, two tw ny poul a ue os 1 a rifled gun on aie forecastle, while her fore and main tops were ; 1 Pentel witzer surr boiler iron to i thirty miles above the head of the five great passes through furnished with howitzers and surrounded with bo 7 Z ; : ; ae : s 2 Mahe Beran clup. joc, CHSACO re S- 3 i \ mini fe floms to the Guill, Whe smalve Rane Ce Philip, on the protect the gunners. The Lrooklyr, Richmond, Pensacola, ort. a ad ee eral . tfor The »L0- 5 left bank, was of earth and brick. with flanking batteries, and all mouth, and Onetde were similar to the Hartford. The Cok Mississippi was a large side-wheel steamer, COMMANDER DAVID op, PORTER. (Afterward Rear-Admiral.)nent as Pe plecob i ebdaba aoe Peete AUNT) trv ON WHIZ TIBIIR IS especially familiar with the Gulf of Mexico, and had pursued pirates through its waters and hunted and fought them on its islands. There was nothing to be done on shipboard that Ke could not do to perfection, and he could have filled the place of any man in the fleet—except perhaps the surgeon’s. He OS born in Tennessee, and married twice in Virginia; and if there had been a peaceable separation he would probably have made his home in the South. He was at Norfolk, waiting order when Virginia seceded, but he considered that his fret ae was to the National Government, which had educated him for its service and given him rank and employment. - When he said that ‘‘ Virginia had been dragooned out of the Union,” and that he thought the President was justified in calling for troops after the firing on Sumter, he was told by his angry neighbors that a person holding such sentiments could not live in Norfolk avery TE ese PUTO UU thence ve ri \ i - A r\ C CTT el a aye (ere ree toil Brrr at Wiual tlhe “ O Lie ees Jal ING IO) JosZal IF IP IO IB IPI IE IL, ID) Ol the United States Government, and shoot down those who war against the Union; but cultivate with cordiality the first return. ing reason which is sure to follow your success.” In a single respect Farragut was not satisfied with his fleet. He had ine faith in the mortars, and would rather have gone without them - but they had been ordered before he was consulted, and were undef the command of his personal friend Porter. Perhaps his distrust of them arose from his knowledge that, in 1815, a British fleet had unavailingly thrown a thousand shells into a fort at this very turn of the river where he was now to make the attack. [he mortar schooners were to rendezvous first at Key West, and sail then for Ship Island, off Lake Borgne, where the trans- ports were to take the troops and the war-vessels were to meet as soon as possible. A considerable portion of March was gone before enough of INGENIOUS METHOD OF DISGUISING “Very well, then.” said he, “I can live somewhere elses So he made his way North with his little family, and informed the Government that he was ready and anxious for any service that might be assigned to him. This was in April, 1861; but it was not till January, 1862, that he was appointed to command the New Orleans expedition and the Western gulf blockading squadron. He sailed from in the flag-ship Hartford. by the Sec- Hampton Roads February 2, Some sentences from the sailing-orders addressed to him retary of the Navy, Gideon Welles, are significant and ‘“ As you have expressed yourself perfectly satisfied with S COVOeS. SUSE: tive. the force given to you, and as many more powerful vessels will be added before you can commence operations, the department and the country require of you success There are other operations of minor importance which will commend them- selves to your judgment and skill, but which must not be allowed to interfere with the great object in view, the certain capture of the city of New Orleans. Destroy the armed barriers which these deluded people have raised up against the power of COMMANDER PORTER'S MORTAR FLOTILLA. the fleet had reached the rendezvous to begin operations. The The Eads jetties did first difficulty was to get into the river. not then exist, and the shifting mud-banks made constant sound- ings necessary for large vessels. Ihe mortar schooners went in by Passa Outre without difficulty ; but to get the Brooklyn, Mississippi, and ysacola over the bar at Southwest Pass re- quired immense labor, and occupied two or three weeks. The Mississippi was dragged over with her keel ploughing a furrow a foot deep in the river bottom, and the Colorado could not be taken over at all. The masts of the bushes, to render them indistinguishable from the trees on shore mortar schooners were dressed off with near the forts. The schooners were then towed up to a point within and moored where the woods hid them, so that they could not be seen from fine fOLeSs | leieuta aad of the Coast Survey had made a careful map o! that part of the river and its banks, and elaborate calculations by which the mor- tars were to be fired with a computed aim, none of the gunners being able to see what they fired at. They opened fire on April range, Gerdes i" yt) ~ F pana Cats hts 8 aa coe ae PAG ‘ See Lata iss PLi aa RER) tad Tithe , RCRA F/I ray ik ts > ss STG asap Lad Spe gia Pe pee amare rer eres a vest i se 3 — me Bade) Stata Pee eR Sy) MDD MLSenta pate aamimmsbabtareeat tn nae eee ee ee ee ee eee Eee Fife, sane hee Sa = iy y Rc = : esd i gaat 9 i Mates berate eer a GAMERA REE “AND IB) SAL DP UE IG IE JEM Tes IL ID 7: a ; “ ik oar as =p RET er eR) py pe s J ei SHIP ISLAND, 18, and kept up the bombardment steadily for six days and nights. Six thousand enormous shells—eight hundred tons of iron—were thrown high into the air, and fell in and around the torts. For nearly a week the garrison saw one of Porter’s aéro- lites dropping upon them every minute and a half. They de- molished buildings, they tore up the ground, they cut the levee and let in water, and they killed and mangled men; but they The return fire sank one of the mortar boats and disabled a steamer. Within the forts about fifty men were killed or wounded—one did not render the forts untenable nor silence their guns, for every sixteen tons of iron thrown. While the fleet was awaiting the progress of this bombardment, a new dangerappeared. The Confederates had prepared several flat-boats loaded with dry wood smeared with tar and turpentine ; and they now set fire to them one after another. and let them float down the stream. But Farragut sent out boats’ crews to meet them, who grappled them with hooks. and either towed them ashore or conducted them past the fleet, and let them float down through the passes and out to sea. In his General Orders, Farragut gave so many minute direc- tions that it would seem as if he must Thus: “Trim your vessel a few inches by the head [that is, place the contents so that she will sink a little deeper at the bow than at the stern |, so that if she touches the bottom she have anticipated every possible contingency. will not swing head down the tiver.” light Jacob-ladders mac o a blav.e le, to throw over the side for the use of stopping shot-holes, who are to be with pieces of inch-board. lined with felt, and ord Have a kedge ; the carpenters in supplied inary nails.” in the mizzen chains on the quarter, with a hawser bent and leading through in the stern chock, ready for any emergency ; also grapnels in boats. ready to tow off fire- ships.” “ Have many tubs of water about the decks, both for >= Sean ttt he BOSH natin yoni sls LiGl Windia ggi sr extinguishing fire and for drinking.” ‘‘ You will have a spare hawser ready, and when ordered to take in tow your next astern do so, keeping the hawser slack so long as the ship can maintain her own position, having a care not to foul the propeller.” It was this minute knowledge and forethought, quite as much as his courage and determination, that insured his success. In addition to his own suggestions he called upon his men to exer- cise their wits for the occasion, and the crews originated many wise precautions. As the attack was to be in the night, they painted the decks white to enable them to find things. They got out all the spare chains, and hung them up and down the sides of the vessels at the places where they would protect the machinery from the enemy’s shot. Farragut’s plan was to run by the forts, damaging them as much as possible by a rapid fire as he passed, then destroy or capture the Confederate fleet, and proceed up the river and lay the city under his guns. The time fixed upon for starting was just before moonrise On the night of the 20th two gunboats went up the river, and a boat’s crew from one of them, (3:30 o clock) in the morning of April 24. under Lieut. Charles H. B. Caldwell, boarded one of the hulks and cut the chain, under a heavy fire, making an opening sufficient for the fleet to pass through. Near midnight of the 23d the lieutenant went up again in a gunboat, to make sure that the passage was still open, and this time the enemy not only fired on him, but sent down blazing rafts and lighted enormous piles of wood that they had prepared near the ends of the chain. The question of moonrise was no longer of the slightest importance, since it was as lisht g as day for miles around. Two red lanterns displayed at the peak of the flag-ship at two o'clock gave the signal for action, and at half-past three the whole fleet was in motion. The sloop Portsmouth and Porter’s gunboats moved up to 4 mt LY,Sieben UN LLL GCUti is 1 yeemer mmm ITIP Pie TE tetas Mnne oa é a CAMPTUIRE AND) sBANImny iE a Dy i 4 . ci beh , pesLbial SLM tst lt LEO AA LLAREE Ett LLU exis point where they could engage SS eey=x the water-battery of Fort Jack- ee son while the fleet was going by. The first division of eight oe BRS ean Re ee vessels, commanded by Capt. Theodorus Bailey, who was almost as old and as salt as Farragut, passed through the opening in deliberate fashion, unmindful of a fire from Fort Jackson, ran over to the east bank, and poured grape and canister into Fort St. Philip as they sailed by, and ten minutes afterward found themselves en- gaged at close quarters with eleven Confederate vessels. Bailey's flag-ship, the Cayuga, was attacked by three at once, alltrying to board her. He sent an eleven-inch shot through one of them, and she ran aground and burst into a blaze. With the swivel gun on his forecastle he drove off the Second : and ‘to board the he was preparing third when the Oxezda and Va- yuna came to his assistance. The Onerda ran at full speed into one Confederate vessel, cutting it nearly in two, and in an instant making it a shape- less wreck. She fired into CAPTAIN DAVID G. FARRAGUT, others, and then went to the ‘atte Para AR ra assistance of the Varuna, which had been attacked by two, rammed by both of them, and was ing. now at the shore, where she sank in afew minutes. But she had done effective work before she perished, crippling one enemy so that she surrendered to the Oxezda, driving another ashore, and exploding a shell in the boiler of a third. The Pensacola steamed slowly by the forts, doing great execu- tion with her rifled guns, and in turn sustaining the heaviest loss in the fleet — thirty-seven men. In an open field men can dodge a cannon-ball; but when it comes bouncing in at a port-hole unan- nounced, it sometimes de- stroys a whole gun’s-crew in the twinkling of an eye. In such an action men are under the highest possible excitement; every nerve is awake, and every muscle tense; and when a ball strikes one it completely shatters him, as if he were made of CAPTAIN THEODORUS niral.) (Afte glass, and the shreds are scat- tered over the ship, The Ward Rear-Admiral,) BAILEY, bottom, for aught that anybody knew. ting out of her course and running upon one of the hulks, finally HE STRRR LAL EZ - 93 Mississippi sailed up in hand- some style, encountered the Confederate ram Manassas, and received a blow that disabled her machinery. But in turn she riddled the ram and set it on fire, so that it drifted away and blew up. The other ves- sels of this division, with vari- ous fortune, passed the forts and participated in the naval battle. The second division consisted of three sloops of war, the flag- The Hartford received and returned a heavy ship leading. fire from the forts, got aground ona shoal while trying to avoid a fire-raft, and a few minutes later had another raft pushed against her, which set her on fire. A portion of the Grew was detailed to extinguish the flames, and all the while her guns were loaded and fired as steadily as if nothing had hap- ot pened. Presently she was g« afloat again, and proceeded up the river, when, suddenly, through the smoke, as it was lighted by the flashes of the guns, she saw a steamer filled with men bearing down upon her, probably with the inten- her by board- tion of carrying But a ready gun planted a huge shell in the mysterious stranger, which exploded, and she disappeared—going to the get The Brooklyn, after y got through, met a large Confederate steamer, g and gave it a broadside that set it on fire, and then poured such a rain of shot into St. Philip that the bastions were cleared in a minute, and in the flashes the gunners could be seen running to shelter. A Confederate that attacked her received cunboat eleven shells from her, all of which exploded, and it then ran ashore in flames. The Richmond sailed through steadily and worked her suns regularly, meeting with small loss, because she was more completely provided with splinter-nettings than her (Comscomus, 2s | well as because she came after them. BURRELL TULIP eae DATA a es eae a A Oe ee ea ese iri eho) dpe fe eet a te By, : ee aI - Bp aa- Orc Noe Raa : — en Seta Bex ere area: . Viegi < wy CEL pte en eR eter ee se ao a ae mt eet ete ee ee s B J g eB Fj Mt ee ; F | a a f } * ’ ! } ie : ie | ; j re. 1 eon ' 4 Las 3 ee ae — hese ae ee eR am en : a { i PASSAGE OF THE SECOND DIVISION OF THE FEDERAL SQUADRON BY FORTS JACKSON AND ST. PHILIP ponnicaeararsaatithnen mageenastatatey a i 4 it « : a} F p Perr) A ae eke DeeKEL SN AUR ary F * ay i : titties oe ad Varo LC Learnt)‘ Rees j F ; Pear tit tt Tenn Pe nme poi ee ; - : eA | ‘ sats ei sh oe A ; si a ah ee ae pen ada Pst) itt eT LULL pea eile ita bbe “PRO PPT TH PL aL ST eid pe Pibistebbbet at haden bth Lah. Nua WZ ef eliliiviveal ha PV PAPAS SSA ULLS F/ULII PY GA MAILITIIRIE IN ID IBA I IIL IB JP ITB it, JD). 95 The third division consisted of six gunboats. Two of them became entangled among the hulks, and failed to pass. Another received a shot in her boiler, which compelled her to drop down A letter written by Lieutenant Perkins at the time gives a stream and out of the fight. The other three went through in vivid description of this incident, which is interesting in that it gallant style, both suffering and inflicting considerable loss from exhibits the effect upon the first people of the South who continuous firing, and burned two steamboats and drove another realized the possibility of their being conquered. ‘“ Among the ashore before they came up with the advance divisions of the fleet. instance of the fatuity that grasps at a shadow after the sub- stance is gone. pe Ree oe td wy crowd were many women and children, and the women were The entire loss had been thirty-seven killed and one hundred shaking rebel flags and being rude and noisy. As we advanced, and forty-seven wounded. the mob followed us in a very excited state. They gave three Captain Bailey, in the Cayuga, still keeping the lead, found cheers for Jeff Davis and Beauregard, and three groans: for ~~ aL) 3f- a TETAS ne ae CDRP Ne] Testa ie od = Ad he be seul) ot) id Peers Syren 5 oe a \ CAPTURE OF NEW ORLEANS. stati Inc sy begs ‘ow things at us, and shout, a regiment encamped at Quarantine Station, and compelled Lincoln. Then they began to throw things J | | ‘ acs D ‘Hane them! Hang them!’ We reached the City Hall in its surrender. On the morning of the 25th the Chalmette ang them! ang Le mee ) safety, and there found the Mayor and Council. They seemec batteries, three miles below the city, were silenced by a . | PS ag ina very solemn state of mind; though I must say, from what from the sloops, and a little later the city itself was at the mercy of their guns. At noon Captain Bailey, accompanied only by Lieut. George H. Perkins, with a flag of truce, impress me as having ind about e they said, they did not impress me as having much mind ib. | anything. The Mayor said he had nothing to do with the city, a > LO AS O ( O C 3 C c c y c W ; Were obliged to vait C1 al | | : ( t « « de C ‘re l 3 “¢ | IL ell G ¢ { he [ about half an hout this < | ‘as very Sd is manner, and silly man appeared. He was very pompous 1n his ma \ : ayor th he city be surrendered unconditionally : ae cee aa and airy in his remarks. He had about fifteen thousand troops and the Louisiana State flag at once hauled down from the staff on the City Hall. Bailey raised the stars and stripes over the Mint ; but the Mayor at first refused to strike his colors, and set out upon an elaborate course of letter-writing, juence except as it furnished another under his command, and said he would ‘never surrender, but would withdraw his troops from the city as soon as possible, when the city would fall into the hands of the Mayor, and he i i ; ; >I 3 c ) r this SWF Psegal eee Sa cee) : Neyo e itor re Re a ae Laps GANLELEIRE AND BAITLEFPIEL D. of the captured city, from May to December, was the subject te Sales > denies that he reduced of much angry controversy ; but no one denies tees | its turbulence to order, made it cleaner than it had ever been before, and averted a pestilence. He also caused provisions to be issued regularly to many of the needy inhabitants. | The most famous incident of his administration was what became known as “the woman order.” Many of the women of New Orleans, even while they were living on food issued to them by the National commissary, took every possible pains to flaunt their disloyalty and to express contempt for the wearers of the Rexmcee blue uniform. If an officer entered a street car, all the women would immediately leave it. If a detachment of soldiers passed through a residence street, many windows were thrown open and “ Dixie” or the “ Bonny Blue Flag” was loudly played on sons renrahnbangs ween aman” the piano. If the women met an individual soldier on the side- walk, they drew their skirts closely around them and passed at its Sanam edge. Andall the while they took every opportunity to display small rebel flags on their bosoms and to proclaim loudly that their city was ‘‘ captured but not conquered.” These things were borne witch patience; but when one woman, enraged at the imperturbable calmness of the city’s captors, stepped up to two or See ae y officers in the street and spat in their faces, General Butle1 judged sae hanien rohan SULA SARARRNeee ieneeennemere ee that the time for putting a stop to such proceedings had come. Accordingly, he issued General Orders No. 28, which read thus : “As the officers and soldiers of the United States have been subject to repeated insults from the women (calling themselves ladies) of New Orleans, in return for the most scrupulous non- interference and courtesy on our part, it is ordered that hereafter OLD CITY HALL, NEW ORLEANS, WHERE THE SURRENDER OF THE CITY WAS ae i DEMANDED when any female shall, by word, gesture, or movement, insult o1 show contempt for any officer or soldier of the United States. time become perfectly infuriated. They kicked at the doors, she shall be regarded and held liable to be treated as a woman otf 1er avocation. ea AC yay 9 FON OA cea . and swore they would have us out and hang us. Every person the town plying g | NT ve DT kien ole eee about us who had any sense of responsibility was frightened for This immediately produced two effects. It put an end to the i our safety. As soon as the mob found out that General Lovell annoyances, and it raised an uproar of denunciation based upon i was not going to surrender, they swore they would have us out the assumption that the commanding officer had ordered his i any way ; but Pierre Soule and some others went out and made soldiers to insult and assault the ladies of New Orleans. Of { speeches to them, and kept them on one side of the building, course no such thing was intended, or could be implied from any 2, while we went out at the other end and were driven to the proper construction of the words of the order: but in war. as in wharf in a close carriage. The Mayor told the Flag-officer this politics, it is sometimes considered good strategy to misrepre- morning that the city was in the hands of the mob, and was at sent an opponent. However honest any Confederate i our mercy, and that he might blow it up or do with it as he chose.” On the night of the 24th, by order of the authorities in the city, the torch was applied to everything, except buildings, that could be of use to the victors. Fifteen =| thousand bales of cotton, heaps of coal and wood, dry- a dozen steamboats and as many cotton-ships, ] 2 - and an unfinished ironclad ram were al] burned. Barrels Rash ch say heben Leet ete ere rolled out and broken open, the levee ran with molasses, and the poor people carried away the sugar in their baskets and aprons. The Governor called upon the people of the State to burn their cotton, and two hundred and fifty thousand bales were destroyed. i Butler had witnessed the passage of the forts, and he now hurried over his troops and invested St. Philip on the land side, while Porter sent some of his mortar-boats to a bay in the rear of Fort Jackson, and in a few days both ii works were surrendered. sath De ener eam a eT TT Lat eee eee SOIR ee Farragut sent two hundred and fifty marines into the city to take formal possession and guard the public buildings. By Ist of May, and it was then turned over to him, and it remained | in Federal possession throughout tl] \ERAL Cc itler arrived there with his forces on the major-GE" V ELL \ MANSFIEL® a le war. His administration THOS. O. MOORE, GOVERNOR OF LOUISIANA ~ : S eee li aaa , Sos “i piconet ee‘ ; } (es ny San o : cuvawelpmeeiin. t \ : rr LLESLLUCUN ELLIE. 1 1 Tt) Rye ee ane PEALE Dade PEO S Cie LEE Ah eee CAULEEFILR EE AUNIO= 3BrA LACE IEEE DD fi iy 4 c te AN COT AOTN LLC aa ee PM PRA rN eZ oT iliiiviis citizen or editor may have been in his misconstruction of it, no soldier misunderstood it, and no incivility was offered to the women who were thus subdued by the wit and moral courage of perhaps the most successful man that ever undertook the task of ruling a turbulent city. One other incident attested the firmness of General Butler's pur- pose, and assured the citizens of the presence of a power that was not to be trifled with. After Far- ragut had captured the city and raised the National colors over the Mint, four men were seen to ascend to the roof and tear down the flag, and it was only by a lucky acci- dent that the gunners of the fleet were prevented from instantly dis- charging a broadside into the streets. The act was exploited in the New Orleans papers, which ostentatiously published the names of the four men and praised their gallantry. General Butler caused the leader of the four, a gambler, GROUP OF SAILORS ON A GUNBOAT. pardon him. GENERAL BUTLER'S HEADQUARTERS, NEW ORLEANS. to be arrested and tried by a court-martial. He was sentenced to death, and in spite of every solicitation the General refused to He was hanged in the presence of an immense crowd of citizens, the gallows being a beam run out from one of the windows of the highest story of the Mint building. At the first news of this achieve- ment the people of the North hardly appreciated what had been accomplished ; many of their news- papers told them that the fleet “had only run by the forts.” But as they gradually learned the par- ticulars, and saw that in fighting obstructions, fire-rafts, forts, rams, and fleet, and conquering them all, Farragut had done what neither Nelson -nor any other great admiral had ever done be- fore, they felt that the country had produced a worthy companion for the victor of Donelson, and was equal to all emergencies, afloat or ashore. ete II FeO tare en eee DG Lea csela laa boas ae lt g are Sis Wie SO e, ‘ 1 jas Be dea Se errs ene aon petite See Pe at ae renee ete ae ean ere att raked Mereseesceenia heal in unten ection’ sare < saad veiie bacon alka 2 vueem Ubaeie sae bt ta cae Ps eee Ss $ ee CAPTURE OF ISLAND No. 10, DURING A VIOLENT HURRICANE, APRIL 1. 1862. 2 5 t | i ae ai ; Ht act | * ¢ | e f ii | ed j | } ish { | : I Lae pa paced bend ts te ze et et oes cee ct ena Se ree crecerpteeaiattaenett CEE A}| as ser tn tii ll ott eaehs CAMEEIT RE AN CONSTRUCTING MILITARY ROAD TnROUGH SWAMP GEA Re x: THE CAMPAIGN OF SHILOH. OPERATIONS AT ISLAND NO. I0 AND NEW MADRID NAVAL BATTLE ON THE MISSISSIPPI—THE BLOODIEST BATTLE WEST OF THE ALLEGHANIES—COMMENCEMENT OF BATTLE OF SHILOH, SUNDAY, APRIL 6, 1862—TERRIBLE LOSSES ON BOTII SIDES—TRAGIC DEATH OF GENERAL ALBERT SIDNEY JOHNSTON—GENERALS WALLACE, HINDMAN, AND GLADDEN KILLED GENERAL GRANT LEADING A REGIMENT PUBLIC MISUNDERSTANDING REGARDING THIS GREAT BATTLE—INTERESTING INCIDENTS OF THE FIGHT FATE OF CONFEDERACY DETERMINED AT SHILOH. WHEN the first line that the Confederates had attempted to establish from the mountains to the Mississippi was broken by the battle of Mill Springs and the fall of Forts Henry and Don- elson, their forces at Columbus were withdrawn down the river Here the Mississippi makes 10 (the the mouth of the Ohio southward) ; of 36° 30. In the first bend is Island No. to the historic latitude a great sigmoid curve. islands are numbered from and at the second bend, on the Missouri side, is New Mad rid Both of these places were fortified, under the direction of Gen. Leonidas Polk, who had been Bishop of the Protestant Episco- pal diocese of Louisiana for twenty years before the war, but entered the military service to give the Confederacy the benefit of his West Point education. A floating dock was brought 3 ait in eA) Pe anMM el CELE or M i \ jedi hy ne a iN BO | Wiltslivtrtas sie tis OUST eT itil et Pet eee ry dead Pea LULL eee TTT lida ID IE IG IG I2 IIE, Jé, 10). 90 up from New Orleans, converted into a floating battery, and anchored near the island; and there were also eight gunboats commanded by Commodore George N. Hollins. The works on the island were supplemented by batteries on the Tennessee shore, back of which were impassable swamps. Thus the Mis- sissippi was sealed, and a position established for the left (or western extremity) of a new line of Early in March, 1862 defence. a National army commanded by Gen. John Pope moved down the west bank of the Mississippi against the position at New Madrid. A reconnoissance in force demon- strated that the place could be carried by storm, but could not be held, since the Confederate gunboats were able (the river being then at high water) to enfilade approaches. both the works and the General Pope went into camp two miles from the river, and sent to Cairo for siege-guns, ae sending three regiments and a batter r Gen. J. B. Plummer, around toa point below New Madrid, ee in the ee they sunk trenches for the field-guns and placed sharp-shooters at the edge of the bank, and next y, unde day opened a troublesome fire on the passing gunboats and transports. Four guns were forwarded promptly from Cairo, being taken across the Mississippi and over a long stretch of swampy ground where a road had been hastily pre- pared for the purpose, and arriving at dusk on the i2th. That night Pope’s forces crowded back the Confederate pierces, dug trenches, and placed the guns in position. The enemy's first intimation of what was going on was obtained from a Seed ment that opened at daylight. The firing was kept up through o the day, and some damage was inflicted on both sides; but the next night, in the midst of a heavy storm, New Madrid was evacuated. “The National forces took ately changed the positions of the guns so as to command i On the 16th five batteries; but after one boat had been sunk river. Confederate gunboats attacked these and some of the others damaged, they drew off. On the 16th and 17th the National fleet of gunboats, under Commodore Andrew H. Foote, batteries on Island No. engaged the 10, and a hundred heavy} guns were in action at once. The ramparts in some places hat been weakened by the wash of the river, and the great balls went right through them. But the artillerymen stood to their work manfully, many of them in water ankle deep; and though enor- mous shells exploded within the forts, and one gun burst and another was dismounted, the works were not reduced. A gun that burst in the fleet killed or wounded fourteen men. The attack was renewed from day to day, and one of the batteries was cleared of troops, but with no decisive effect. At the suggestion of Gen. Schuyler oo Hamilton, a canal was peninsula formed by the bend of the river above cut across the pe New Madrid. This task was confided to a regiment of engineers commanded by Col. Josiah W. nineteen days. The course was somewhat tortuous, and the whole length of the canal was twelve miles. Half of. the dis- tance lay through a thick forest standing in dee e water; but by Bissell, and was completed in an ingenious contrivance the trunks of the trees were sawed off four and a half feet below the surface, and a ae fifty feet wide and four feet deep was sécured, through which transports could be passed. On the night of April 4th the cunboat Carondelet, Sa ae Henry*Walke, ran down past the batteries of Island No. escaping serious damage, and in the night of the 6th the ae With the help of these to Pope crossed in force burg performed the same feat. silence the batteries on the opposite shore, on the 7th, and moved rapidly down the little peninsula. The C ied idk | ARS AT LES FCT) aT > a PegK Ly ay Ci PLP HCL Perri rere t eT prays ery Fie IS Lp Pe eee NeaYo [ee A ‘ es ao Patel APL | ee CAMPFIRE AND IB ALTE WIL IB IPL Ia (61D SSNs SS ath a mac i ra Seca TT oo Sedans er eS ee eae ee ee nT “ ine . Se SURRENDER OF CONFEDERATE FORCES AFTER RETREAT FROM ISLAND No. 10 i greater part of the Confeder- ate troops that had been hold- eee Ee reer rere teeT Tees ing the island now attempted to escape southward, but were caught between Pope’s army and an impassable swamp, and surrendered. General Pope’s : captures in the entire campaign were three generals, two hun- dred and seventy-three officers, ] and six thousand seven hundred men, besides one hundred and hfty-eight guns, seven thousand muskets, one gunboat, a float- ing battery, six steamers, and a considerable quantity of stores. On the very day of this blood- less victory, a little log church in southwestern Tennessee gave name to the bloodiest battle that has been fought west of the Alleghanies—Chickamauga being rather zz the mountains. At | ek Corinth, in northern Mississippi, the Memphis and Charleston Railroad crosses the Mobile and Ohio. This gave that point | great strategic importance, and it was fortified accordingly and held by a large Confederate force, which was commanded by | Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston (who must not be confounded . with the Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnston). His lieuten- ants were Gens. G: T. Beauregard, Braxton Bragg, and William | J. Hardee. General Grant, who had nearly forty thousand men under his command, and-was about to be joined by Gen. Don Dire tT Tet as : : atts AY ro ; iF a each s 4 au a eS DDG PID a “ TN ee Ty a , SO \) =e = TE. REAR-ADMIRAL ANDREW H. FOO NI} anes SERS BYE Carlos Buell com- ing from Nashville with as many more, proposed to move against Corinth and capture the place. On Sunday, April 6th, Grants main force was at Pittsburg Landing, on the west bank of the Tennessee, twenty miles north of Corinth. One division, under Gen. Lew Wal- laces was “at Crump’s LIEUTEN s 1 e ry 1 ac VT A 4 oO, ; -S_ tar- LEONIOK. NT-GENER«) Landing five miles fa "OW, @ s I ther north. The advance division of Buell’s army had reached the river, opposite the landings, and the re- mainder was a march behind. For some days Johnston had been moving northward to attack Grant, and there had been skirmishing between the outposts. Early on the morning of the “f 6th he came within striking distance, and made a sudden and heavy attack. Grant’s line was about two miles long, the left resting on Lick Creek, an impassable stream that flows into | the Tennessee above Pittsburg Landing, and the right on Owl Creek, which flows in below. Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss’s division was on the left, Gen. John A. McClernand’s in the centre, and Gen. William T. Sherman’s on the right. Gen. Stephen A. Hurlbut’s was in reserve on the left, and Gen. C. F. Smith’s (now commanded by W. H. L. Wallace) on the right. There were no A ATTHOT ah phe Titre pertet ee Rel LEE oe emoN A = \ rare 3 ‘ ; Bie ae ioe 7 / , Pre red rid eet ble (WOR StLL ST UU Ue athe) Ant tis) intrenchments. S ( ras ati rj | The ground was undulating, with patches of woods alternating with cleared fields, some of which were under cultivation and others abandoned and overgrown with bushes. A ridge, on which stood Shiloh church, formed an important key-point in Sherman’s front. General Grant, in his headquarters at Savannah, down the river, heard the firing while he was at breakfast, and hurried up to 5 . 7 ' oe Pittsburg Landing. He had expected to be attacked, if at all, at Crump’s Landing, and he now ordered Lew Wallace, with his five thousand men, to leave that place and march at once to the right of the line at Shiloh; but Wallace took the wrong road, Neither did Gen. William Nelson’s advance division of General Buell’s army cross the river till oO => and did not arrive till dark. evening. The attack began at daybreak, and was made with tremendous force and in full confidence of success. The nature of the ground made regularity of movement impossible, and the battle was rather a series of assaults by separate columns, now at one part of the line and now at another, which were kept up all day with wonderful persistence. Probably no army ever went into action with more perfect confidence in itself and its leaders than John- ston’s. Beauregard had told them they should sleep that night in the camps of the enemy, and they did. He also told them that he would water his horse in the Tennessee, but he did not. The heaviest attacks fell upon Sherman and McClernand, whose men stood up to the work with unflinching courage and disputed every inch of ground. But they were driven back by overwhelm- ing numbers, which the Confederate commanders poured upon them'without the slightest regard to losses. The Sixth Missis- sippi regiment lost three hundred men out of its total of four hundred and twenty-five, and the Eighteenth Louisiana lost two hundred and seven. Sherman’s men lost their camps in the morning, and retired upon one new line of defence after another, till they had been crowded back more than a mile; but all the while they clung to the road and bridge by which they were expecting Lew Wallace to come to their assistance. General Grant says of an open field on this part of the line, over which repeated charges were made, that it was “so covered with dead that it would have been possible to walk across the clearing in any direction, stepping on dead bodies, without a foot touching the ground. On our side National and Confederate troops were mingled together in about equal proportions ; but on the remain- der of the field nearly all were Confederates. On one part, which had evidently not been ploughed for several years, bushes had A FEDERAL GUNBOAT, ME Dy PAHOA BAT vs CAMPFIRE AND ) ak. rs iv i Pobarbad niSTiLs LUA MERLELLD LEE UP TEST Ped LER cok SAN AW EL AY BA TAGE Felehle De IOI STOwn up; Some to the height of eight or Not one of these was left stand- ten feet. ing unpierced by bul- lets. The smaller ones: were alle cut down.” Many of the troops ee were under fire for : MAJOR-GENERAL SCHUYLER HAMILTON. the: first time: but Sherman’s. wonderful military genius largely made up for this def- ciency. One bullet struck Sherman in the hand, an- other grazed his shoulder, BRIGADIER-GENERAL GEORGE W. CULLUM. “another went through his hat, and several of his horses A bullet struck and shattered the scabbard of General Grant’s sword. Gen. W. H. L. Wallace was mortally wounded. On the other side, Gens. Adley H. Gladden and Thomas C. Hindman were killed; at about half-past two o'clock General Johnston, placing himself at the head of a brigade that were killed. was reluctant to attempt another charge, was struck in the leg by a minie-ball. The wound need not have been mortal; but he- would not-leave the field, and after a time bled to death. The command then devolved upon General Beauregard. In the afternoon a gap occurred between General Prentiss’s division-and the rest of the line, and the Confederates were prompt to take advantage of it. Rushing with a heavy force through this gap, and at the same time attacking his left, they doubled up both his flanks, and captured that general and two thousand two hundred of his men. On this part of the field the day was saved by Gol Je Dy Webster, of General Grant’s staff, who pidly got twenty guns into position and checked They then attempted to ra the Confederate advance. come in on -the extreme left, along the river, by < crossing a ravine. But more guns were brought up, and placed ona ridge that commanded this ravine, and at the same time the gunboats 7yler and Lexing- ton moved up to a point opposite and enfiladed it The result to the Confederates was with their fire. nothing but a useless display of valor and a heavy loss. The uneven texture of Grant’s army had been shown when two green colonels led their green regiments from the field at the first fire; and the a EI ree cP ty — Taratidie —" pe Ff y Ty) anak Liaib. PY Te itor rot anh ay cies = oe < Li c = LL O @) Ta ~ auiy srecenri r > > ~Alyrac » tT - - 1 the country, necessarily huddled themselves together under the church, by which alone he could conduct an orderly retreat. bank of the river at the landing, where they presented a pitiful ©The complete upsetting of the Confederate plans, caused by the appearance. General Grant says there were nearly five thousand death of Johnston, the arrival of Buell, and Grant’s promptness of them. There was about an equal number of deserters and in assuming the offensive, is curiously suggested by a passage : stragglers from Johnston’s army; but the nature of the ground in the report of one of the Confederate brigade commanders: “I ' was not such as to concentrate them where the eye could take was ordered by General Ruggles to form on the extreme left, | them all in at one grand review. With the exception of the and rest my left on Owl Creek. While proceeding to execute break ~when Prentiss was captured, Grant’s line of battle was this order, I was ordered to move by the rear of the main line to maintained all day, though it was steadily forced back and support the extreme right of General Hardee’s line. Having thirty guns were lost. taken my position to support General Hardee's right, I was again : Beauregard discontinued the attack at nightfall, when his right ordered by General Beauregard to advance and occupy the crest 1 as was repelled at the ravine, intending to renew it and finish the of a ridge in the edge of an old field. My line was just formed if ae Ake, ot ee ae eee ‘ar CUS } yh Se LU crray i Rye (f ji \ ] ‘ SHILOH LOG CHAPEL, WHERE THE BATTLE OF SHILOH COMMENCED APRIL 6, 1862. | ' } . aye ~ ) uh Sle >. “XYTAT yc } . rhe ner olk ordered me forward to sup- victory in the morning. He knew that Buell was expected, but in this position x hen Genel il Polk ec a | lid not know that he was so near port his line. When moving to the support of General Folk, < 7 iti ioht, and Nelson on order reached me from General Beauregard to report to him with | Lew Wallace was now in position on the right, and Nets Sea - or AG 5 he: arters. the left, and all night long the boats were plying back and forth my command at his heaaquarters ae os | wc é S g : ye a ves The fichting was of the same general description as on the I across the Tennessee, bringing over Buell’s army. A fire in the 1e fig g ‘ : : . Ce ae ‘ a ae ee -evious day, .Xce 1e advantage was | Me feaatane ‘ o the yrevious day, except that g | woods, which sprang up about dusk, threatened to add to Pe : - Sherman was ordered to advance his command ie horrors by roasting many of the wounded alive: but a merciful National troops. Sherm« a Ke Sei aes » ) as. : c d Z : : : Bs ben aia x = s rn rere < ) c ¢ : ished io 1 the two armies lay out that night in the and recapture his camps. As these were abou ? pcan ee Dae helt xg by th and that was the point that Beauregard was most anxious to . | “tj 1c -derates were sheltered by the é as é i storm. A portion of the Confederates we S BR eee ancl bloody. About che > efrwoole Ke ASE ane V100QY. LA DOL E | r were % red by hold, the struggle there was intet j c nts he other hand they were annoy ed by gs" : - ee . | OO a es - t] bv the gunboats came time, early in the afternoon, Grant and Beauregard did the the shells constantly thrown among them by te § ats. ) eee ee ; 3 . r? Eac od < é ~ by two regiments tha < At daylight Grant assumed the offensive, the fresh troops on same thing: each led ‘ charge = ) g ae ti ee Oi a heir ¢ anders Jeaurecard’s charge was not s ssful ; yirecar T ommanders. c S S : ecu a ae eer - attack. Beauregard now their c a ; ith ; Meat ene e a apogee Co eee alee that Grant’s was, and the two regiments that he launched with a } knew that Buell had arrived, and he must have known als } l Confederate line broke it, and began the rout. th ld be but one result; yet he made a stubborn fight, cheer against the Confederate line broke it, ind bega e ere cou C e re . 1SRE SAS a dr eh ee ANP Sa otal oe, , Risin re Nee Bis as CA WUPIBIIRIB. ALIN) IRAN TU UI IB IPI 12 110% TO4, im a) Str siti and with- Beauregard posted a rear guard in a strong position, a ee drew his army, leaving his dead on the field, while Grant os | — + rnc > aC YO 1e | about as many guns on the second day as he had lost on t There was no serious attempt at pursuit, owing mainly to The losses on first. the heavy rain and the condition of the roads. both sidles had been enormous. On the National side the official figures are: 1,754 killed, 8,408 wounded, 2,885 missing ; olsal 13,047. On the Confederate side they are: 1,728 killed, 3,012 wounded, 957 missin total, 10,699. General Grant says: “This estimate must be incorrect. We buried, by actual count, i more of the enemy’s dead in front of the divisions of McClernand ! for * D>? and Sherman alone than are here reported, and four thousand was the estimate of the burial parties for the whole field.” At all events, the loss was large enough to gratify the ill- wishers of the American people, who were grim satisfaction 2 to see them destroy one an- : The the looking on with other. losses were same, in round numbers, as at | a the historic battle of Blenheim, though the number of men en- "OD gaged was fewer by one-fourth. | ee S GENERAL ALBERT SIDNEY | If. we should.read in to-morrow’s Bg paper that by some disaster every man, woman, and child in the city of Concord, N. killed or injured, and in the next H., had been either day's paper that the same thing had happened in Montgomery, Ala., the life equal what took place on the mourn- ful field of Shiloh. General Grant, in loss of and limb would only first article that he ever wrote for publication, re- the marks that “the battle of Shiloh, or ERAL BRAXTON a : EN Pittsburg Landing, has been perhaps © ; less understood, or, to state the case more accurately, more per- if ~ t sistently misunderstood, than any other between National and Confederate troops during Correct reports of the battle have been these appeared long subsequent to the Bo) the rebellion, and after public opinion [| had been most erroneously { | formed.” No engagement the entire rebellion. published, but all of close of battle is ever fought that it is not for some- body’s interest to misrepre- In the of Shiloh there were peculiar and compli- cated both for inten- tional misrepresentation and for innocent error. The plans of the commanders .on both sides were thwarted and unexpected events. i One commander was killed on tl first day, and ] sent. case MAJOR-GENERAL reasons DON CARLOS BUELL. to some extent changed by To ei te 1e lis admirers naturally speculate upon the different results that might have been attained if he | had lived, The ¢ broken as to divide the engagement practically into several] separate ac- ue | clons, and what was true of one might round was so et) eee WEG salon, T oe eh wis ae ately ~ dames 7 > SA) 4 iy ~~ ae i hah sphthdpyare ke: MLL erteerPenyeey tp ter? cera ea yey “ : 7 ro ‘ Wee toe | Sa penne tT MUL UNe TE GP eit LLL NTT eee ret etree b en Mite bt bere IEE tar Ste ) rere aa FE Sted 3 Sriokana > siti AS pa SU ad Pramas TLCS LS Tent Ha SS JOHNSTON, this action encounters to an of paper and some sort of pen or pencil. not be true of another. The peculiarity of the position also brought to- gether in one place, under the river-bank, all who from fright or de- moralization fled to the rear of the Nationa] army, which produced upon those who saw them an effect altogether different that of the usual retreating and from straggling across the whole breadth of a battle line. Then there was the circumstance of Buell’s army coming up at the end of the first day, and before not coming up that, which could hardly fail to give rise to some- what of jealousy and re- crimination. And finally unusual extent that criti- cism which reads by the light of after-events, but forgets that this was wanting to the actors whom it criticises. The point on which popular opinion was perhaps most widely and persistently wrong was, that the defeat of the first day arose from the fact that pletely surprised. Grant's army was com- Public opin- ion, throughout the war, was formed in advance of the official three reports of generals in ways. There were many press correspondents with ever y army, and the main purpose of most of them was to construct an interesting story and get it into print as soon as possible. The adopted the wise policy of g1V- National Government ing the armies in the field such mail facilities as would keep the soldiers in close touch with their homes, and they wrote millions All that a soldier needed was some scrap Li h of letters every year. e happened to have no postage stamp, he had only to mark his missive “ Soldier’s letter,” and it would be carried in the mails to its destination, and the postage collected on delivery. After a battle every surviving soldier was especially anxious to let his family know that he had escaped any casualty, and he naturally filled up his letter with such particulars as had most impressed him in that small part of the field that he had seen, and sometimes with such exaggerated accounts as in the first excitement had reachedPPP ale ai yi Nees : oe ree ‘\ = TE SUN TT LTT ttt SORE ante EELS GAMER MERTS “ACNED) VB him from other parts. Finally, the journalists were not few who assumed to be accomplished strategists, and talked learnedly in their editorial col- umns of the errors of generals and the way that battles should have been fought. cal reasons for writing up certain gen- And some of them had politi- erals and writing down certain others. A good instance of innocent mis- apprehension is probably furnished in what Lieutenant-Colonel Graves, of the Twelfth Michigan, wrote: “ On Saturday was reviewed. Powell, of the came to me and said he saw Butter- General Prentiss’s division After the review Major Twenty-fifth Missouri, a MAJOR-GENERAL nuts [Confederate soldiers] looking WILLIAM J. HARDEE, C. S. A. Gen Shermans divis- ‘ton fall bagk to the g ach os Tas right ) Wlernand.\> ] fo © Lig ss A 480 C CCL ConM Cerna cha Roan To RNS C2 0° 00 leg \ CORINTH ig G; »-0° front lo mecl the eneiny| ‘>, So SHILOH 46/ 0° cong this road. 0” w x > =a a Col.MCDowell ix N ie , on Qo a3 Qe bo ILe oe a; E & |SBEHRS Xe \ — a7 ook S BATHY We Ay & 2791 8S OFCAV aN sapenre y Ge S22 yy 77 BATTERY | 2530 Uh ah ig? Sheed Us, A < ee = = SA ; \ =— SATT Vv \ o\\) I = no on 3,44 \ 2a 7 Ww Oy mccVERNAND’'S D: VI 7 > ESR HORESSERS SIO N Se sé ty \’ Y~ ‘ i — & 4 J SSL | CARMICKELS CAV- ue 4 G & —) ane »M°A -o ote eas Cat Pu ; as OF im a\Col.Ross ip REGULAR CAVALRY. — \ f COTYON F —_—=__ ‘ | LE, AY eorjon F EE Bil 0° es | ay =< i2 {Ee = i6 WIS > 25 ILL ue Bye 4 jo ity SS ALALL ; lee 2 ILL Veg oI Af? ~~ MAP SHOWING ROADS ANDO PO through the underbrush at the parade—about a dozen. Upon J] and myself, General Prentiss the representation of Major Powe th Michigan as an advance ordered out one company of the Twelf picket. About 8.30 o'clock ( captain Johnson reported 1 from the front that he could see long lines of cam} yfires, hear bugle sounds and drums, which I reported to aos Prentiss, and he re- marked that the company would be taken if left there ; that it Os, I5 IU AA ie f = ™m < 8 12 = > Ss en SITION OF CAMPS BEFORE AND OURING THE BATT RODIN ene Tedest HLA eA WLLL LD, Pee TT a AY pesbiciuN eter ti) Crt MUA LURE Ped) TPE Peon A pla le Es ee aD) 105 was merely a reconnoissance of the enemy in force, and ordered the company in. About ten o'clock I went with Captain Johnson to the tent of General Prentiss, and the The general remarked captain told him what he saw. g that we need not be alarmed, that everything was all right. Tome it did not appear all right. Major Powell Pe J Bess ~ ’ myself, and several other officers went to the head- quarters of Colonel Pez BC andi @ bu | Colonel Peabody, commanding our brigade, and related to him what had transpired. He ordered out two companies from the Twelfth Michigan and two from the Twenty- : fifth Missouri, under com- mand of Major Powell. About three o'clock in the morning the advance of the enemy came up with this body of men, who fought them till day- light, gradually — falling SMITHS_DIVISION 2 WILL CAVALRY > ~ ee ~% ; So ee HEAD QuaRTERS® iS eee = OFGENSHURLBUT. —@ 3! INOf’ “es a: % 4 \ ly, “Ee x 79 S 17 KY 1S > / is Xe mise l ie 25 KY) fe z back till they met their regi- du. fy = . © SMANNS BATY Pan MPR ments, whi eh had advanced = t \ eo BOWMANSSCAV *Y% Ww Cprt'isaune2 =] omy : about fifty rods. There the ey SOc ve AHN Gey F So De ees Oe eine “ny LNW Yy 1 \vWS Ht mn ANGI LAND [Ne My SZ7TMS “K re cee met the enemy, \ —— c = : c : - ————— ind fought till overpowered, i ial | Ki in be sn we fell back to our ae line and - re-formed. General Prentiss was SO loath to believe that the enemy was in force, that our divi- sion was not organized for eae LE OF SHILOH. defence, but each regiment acted upon its own hook, so far as I was able to observe. The point I wish to make is this: that, had it not been for these four - whole division would have day would have been lost. 1e battle of companies which were sent out by Colonel Peabody, out been taken in their tents, and the I shall always think that Colonel Peabody saved tl Shiloh.” IMME eee ee ITT ee EL fo Aoi) ns * Oe a. oo + ceticed al a ~ r | | a teer ye se FOALS i Ren eas tio ASO" Mh ees Ll a, ose 0a oy Shee aad DSS a ipeek Rg ers a Ml a DE | ER iN eR rw ‘| Va ER ( Ap, y " \ i} tj ep colt WA p ? Lo WY / AAR TI , 4 Nee He RR ~ a Depiis eennsbatas hee ed CD ee TA e PSR IN SL ia aN ih RSMO. ae “\ Alin — = Lil cL = a O =>) O oO cL — > << = ae LiJ LL = O = O ag O Li = S @ = a OY a =) mM — or =) a < or LiJ z= Lu 1 — |j— = oc O O Fa O Y) OW O O oc —l » ip sround, near the old peach orchard. The meeting was attended with but few words. Sher- man’s stock had be- come pulled around until the part that should have been in front rested under one of his ears, while his whole appearance indicated hard and earnest work. The bullets were plente- oushere. Sherman told Grant how many horses he had had killed My ee ~ e ~ Ie ET SET 64 20s se 7 TL ha MUU Tiptree ie” yr Soa eles ee ae eR p ——— = ra.aa eae) . ae oo + Chats a Sie eat he - 2 he be ? P at) Grant iM . Sitcuettie Ae and waited. Va fl Wei Ras | ae CAMPFIRE under him, showing him also the marks of bullets in his clothing. When Grant left Sherman, I think I was the only aid with him. Riding toward the right, the General saw a body of troops coming up from the and ex- i direction of Crump’s Landing, claimed with great delight and satisfaction, ‘Now we are all right, all right—there’s Wallace.’ the troops he saw were not those he so He was of course mistaken, as earnestly looked for, and of whose assist- ance he was beginning to feel the About two o'clock, at one point were need. gathered General and several of his The group consisted Mc- Raw- of ‘Grant, Pherson, lins, Webster, and This drew others. evi- the the dently attention of enemy, and they re- ceived rather more than a due share of the fire. Colonel Mc- Pherson’s horse having been shot under him, I ys [ ini - or L gave him mine, and under 2. GENER EN wr\O ert ‘ = hoa? directions went to the river on foot. The space under the bank was literally packed by thousands, ] r Suppose, of men who had from inexperience and fright ‘lost their grip,’ or were both men- tally and physically, as we say. let down Sees i S S i pate : MAJOR GENERAL | —however, only temporarily. To them it oe seemed that the day was lost, that the deluge was upon them. The Tennessee River in front. swamps to the right and swamps to the left, they could go no farther, and there lay down a mounted officer, carry- ing a United States flag, riding back and forth on top of the bank, pleading and entreating in I remember well seeing this wise: ‘Men, for God’s sake, for your country’s sake, for your own sake, come up here, form a line, and make one more stand’ The appeal fell on list- less ears. No one seemed to respond, and the only reply | some one saying, ‘That man talks well But eighteen hours afterward heard was —donst hen, these same men had come to themselves. were refreshed by meeting other troops, and assured that all was not lost, that the re was something still left to fight for, and helped also by the m agic touch of the elbow, thev did valiant service. A group of officers was gathered around Gen- eral Grant about dusk, at a smouldering fire of hay just on the | | top of the grade. The rain was falling, atmosphere murky, and | ground covered with mud and water. Colonel McPherson rode | up, and Grant said, ‘ Well, Mac. how is it?’ He gave hima report of the condition as it seeme | at least one-third of | much disheartened. d to him, which was, in is army was hors de combat dio thisithe General short, that , and the rest made no reply, and — N a cr Sg it pe ee Pie nace Tih 5 rs = t ] 4 > ° Tv VAvONErekcs Ryne tLe ePeeneey ieee op it tier re Se onto — walk n, meas i Tttitt bruset a : . rs (rt 4 a sei a oo eto Pt Pee Uberti seers PN PAT Bere) eds irs21, Peete 2 a y ee MAJOR-GENERAL JONES M. WITHERS, C. S. A. AND BoA Ulele Eee ED). McPherson continued, ‘Well, General Grant, under this condition of affairs, what do you pro- pose to do, sir? Shall I make preparations for retreat?’ The reply came quick and~short: 2, T ! ‘Retreat? No! light, and whip them. I propose to attack at day- The same writer tells of a conversation that he held with General Beauregard some years after the war. ‘“ Tomy query that it had always been a mystery why he stopped the battle when he the advan- did Sunday night, when tage, on aw the whole, seemed to be with him, = and when he had an hour or more of day- light, General Beauregard re- plied thrart there were two reasons: first. lac men Ni Cre. as he put it, “Out of h anda. had been fighting ——— os D> - sSine¢ée | : RRIGENE ch erally oleae Oy De Q RY iti aay pet ce Aes : AE i Tas ——=— = a o > AY NL SSS Prod al 4 LA SSS — Ca DELIVERING DAILY PAPERS. . ne 8 he ge ee 7 ' aster ei) fe 77 ae a i ee TUR gle A 3 = / oe ert hel cy Ps tiislin wR RAE REALE T(ULITEYneal Reiter t | » Mei Re i | CAIN PRIRE AND Belin (el Paley ET. Fi 110 | nee rare: ire ino— ing, rolling, leaping | on appeared, and before the battery had fired Our entire forces were retreating tumbling, 5) pins | DUR en ey ee Oe down the steep heights; the enemy following them murdering half a dozen rounds the Confederate sharp-shooters, i more than 3 , hill at the left, within easy range, disabled so many and taking prisoners. Colonel Devens left his command and eo : e river yrseback. The one boat in the Virginiz 7 rs that the pieces became useless. Then there was swam the river on horseback. The one b sinia ee ; f infantry in front, which, firing channel was speedily filled and sunk. A thousand men throngea Pe I ane ora antry : g er an attack by a heavy force of in : from the woods, cut down Baker's men with comparative Sialie tava. The National troops stood their sround for two hours and returned fire as effectively as they een — = ( dl - ) but the enemy seemed to ‘increase in number, and grew con- | stantly bolder. About six o'clock, | wrote Capt. Francis G. Young, mec rebel officer, riding a white horse, -ame out of the woods and beck- 1 to us to come forward. pienhaheeerheteniied cine ae ee ee ~ rent, and the shrieks of the drowning added to ¥ the horror of sounds and sights. The enemy kept up their fire from the cliff above. A Cap- \ BATTERY WAITING FOR ORDERS. 4 ae | ai WA) ee \ 4 tie BEN SS tne farther bank. Muskets, coats, and everything a oS BN “aN e ° e | ta were thrown aside, and all were desperately trying Ss to escape. Hundreds plunged into the rapid cur- H : i i | MN aRNeaNicS ILis.)aeammnnaeaas tain of the Fifteenth Massachusetts at on e moment charged gallantly up the hill, leading Oo —— eer: two companies, who still had their arms, against the pursuing foe. A moment later, SS and the same officer, perceiving the hope- oe lessness of the situation, waved a white handkerchief and surrendered the main body of his command.” Gen. Edward W. Hinks (at that time colonel of the Nineteenth Massachusetts Regi- coro ment), who arrived and took command just after the action, wrote in his report: ‘The means of transportation, for Colonel Baker advance in support or for a retreat, were criminally deficient— thought it was especially when we consider the facility for creating proper General Johnston, means for such purposes at our disposal. The place for landing and that the enemy on the Virginia shore was most unfortunately selected, being at would meet us in a point where the shore rose with greet abruptness and was Open tioht. Ratt entirely studded with trees, being perfectly impassable to artil- 3 BREYET MAJOR-GENERAL CHARLES DEVENS, of our column lery or infantry in line. The entire island was also commanded charged, Baker by the enemy’s artillery and rifles. Within half a mile, upon cheering us on, when a tremendous onset was made by the either side of the points selected a landing could have been i Perl! rebels. One man rode forward, presented a revolver at Baker, effected where we could have Bees placed spon scual terms | and fired all its charges at him. Our gallant leader fell, and at with the enemy, if it was necessary to effect landing from | the same moment all our lines were driven back by the over- the island.” i | me Seis whelming force opposed to them. But Captain Beiral, with his The losses in this action were about a hundred and fifty killed CO DAILY; fought his way back to Colonel Baker’s body, rescued about two hundred and fifty wounded and see five ce oe along to me, and then a general retreat com- captured. Colonel Baker wae “i lawuer i asiession had been -C. was U : ie , yer Dy) , he teccnd ee oe ee oe oe ee body to a friend of Lincoln’s in Springfield, Ill., had lived in California, ac a. ee i: : 1en, looking to the then removed to Oregon, and was elected United States senator ) a S no tongue can describe. from that State just before the war began. He was greatly abies. aa ruts ti F C—- rea = Fi Bett HN i . RCT AM peer ET a ta) ed tee ny, Me PE ER a BRN 8 as Soy Pe Wee oS Stace Petomest UL eLL LSra | aale SSoi PPLE LL aR eS IDeCLLLC LUNI Nib re tir 5 , mi rt re ae reeey< | Pea PP retcbl j CA VERE ILE. AgNED beloved as a man; at ioti ae ae oa though he was brave and patriotic, and 1ad commanded a brigade i x1CZ rateal ‘i - L rigade in the Mexican war, it was evident, rom his conduct of the Ball’s Bluff affair, that he had little military skill. t y > » 4. ' 2 » cr - : ete the other minor engagements was one at Edwards Venhy, Via. thea ‘hic ree f y, Va June 17th, in which three hundred Pennsylvanians, under Captain Gardner, were attacked by a Confederate force that tried to take possession of tl TY i A Sses: 1e fermy. — After a fich e hours the assailants wer £ wit a ee urs e assailants were driven off with a loss of about thirty men. Captain Gardner lost four. On July 2d there was.an engagement of six hours’ duration at Falling Waters, Va., between the brigades of Abercrombie Thomas, and Negley, and a Confederate force under General 7 | | SRE UA neaneieateadl Son - : up, | Webi rabbabLbiMi tit 1) Uren Obh ALLELE EE tC] LLCs Eek UL aaa poh endian TARALE AG er E LE IBS TE IIL IBIO NIE IL ID). tit vania, and sections of a New York and a Rhode Island battery ~ y a TArTaA r > C [he guns were placed to command approaches of the town sail> el TATA , pickets were thrown out, and the wheat was removed. On the 16th the pickets ivar Heights, w fe | pickets on Bolivar Heights, west of the town, were driven in, and this was followed by an attack from a Confederate force, consisti ree regime ee : onsisting of three regiments of infantry, one of cavairy, and seven pieces of artillery. Gen. John W. Geary, command- ing the National forces, placed one company for the defence of the fords of the Shenandoah, and with the remaining troops rm . 2 ¢ met the attack. Three successive charges by the cavalry were repelled; then a rifled gun was brought across the river and directed its fire upon the Confederate battery ; and at the same time Geary advanced his right flank, turned the enemy’s left, 9 Stes 3 She AN INCIDENT OF CAMP LIFE.—CARD-PLAYING. Jackson. It was a stubborn fignt. xhe Confederates, who had four regiments of infantry and one of cavalry, with four guns, at length retreated slowly, having lost about ninety men. The National loss was thirteen. At Bunker Hill, near Martinsburg, on July 15th, General Patter- son’s division, being oa the march, was attacked by a body of about six hundred cavalry, led by Colonel Stuart. When the cavalry charged, the National infantry opened their lines and disclosed a battery, which poured rapid discharges of shells and grape shot into the Confederates, and put them to rout. The Federal cavalry then came up and pursued the fugitives two miles. In October the Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment crossed the Potomac at Harper’s Ferry, to seize a large quantity of wheat that was stored there for the Confederate Government. A. day or two later they were reénforced by three companies of the Third Wisconsin Regiment, four of the Twenty-eighth Pennsyl- and gained a portion of Bolivar Heights. He then ordered a general forward movement, gained the entire Heights, and drove the enemy across the valley toward Halltown. From lack of cavalry he was unable to pursue ; but he planted guns on Boli- var Heights, and soon silenced the Confederate guns on London Heights. Before recrossing the Potomac the troops burned the iron foundry at Shenandoah City. In this action the National loss was four killed, seven wounded, and two captured. The Confederate loss was not ascertained, but it was supposed to be somewhat over a hundred men, besides one gun and a large quantity of ammunition. A member of the Massachusetts iving an account of this action, wrote: where regiment, in g Stimpson had a hand-to-hand fight with were many side scenes. cavalry, whom he bayoneted, illustrating the bayonet Corporal one of the drill in which the company had been exercised. Marshall was chased by a mounted officer while he was assisting one of the wounded Wisconsin boys off. He turned and shot aad ELAS O70 ha ry era aaa AE (S165 220) 3 Si Aa Sg eh ST et ee) re ase 14 eee lL! a kts d= WAMBO Waa Ura i ears ae re aa ar i, ee ros eae DasSei ae = 1862. sir draenei st ee SEPTEMBER 14, oe esse oa KENTUCKY, IE A sae UN a fe a i a? ; ‘ i t ad a ! i 4 ‘ t rf i { i ; f BATTLE OF MUMFORDSVILLE, wie by pet Se * le bel ete le eae Seats Wheat oh chateet ot bt erect SLL ee any ee epee : 5 — : , , : eben Th Tete ert ergy > Pre = Ata) :on PT re WREST aia CALVERT ET ReE his pursuer through the breast. The officer proved to be Col- onel Ashby, commander of the rebels, which accounted for the lull in the battle. We have since learned that he was not killed.” On December 20th Gen. E. O. C. Ord, commanding a brigade, moved westward along the chain-bridge road, toward Dranes- ville, for the purpose of making a reconnoissance and cathering forage. Near Dranesville, when returning, he was attacked by a Confederate force consisting of five regiments of infantry and one of cavalry, with a battery. The attack came from the south and struck his right flank. Changing front so as to face the enemy, he found advantageous ground for receiving battle, and placed his artillery so as to enfilade the Centreville road on which the enemy's battery was posted. Leaving his cavalry in the shelter of a wooded hill, he got his infantry well in hand and moved steadily forward on the enemy. His guns were handled with skill, and soon exploded a Confederate caisson and drove off the battery. Then he made a bayonet charge, before which the Con- federate infantry fled, leaving on the fied their dead and wound- ed, and a large quan- tity of equipments. His loss was seven killed and. “sixty; wounded. Ihe Con- federate loss was about a hundred. That portion of Vir- ginia west of the Alle- West never Was ghanies (now Virginia) essentially a slavehold- ing region. The num- ber of slaves held there was very small, as it always must be in a mountainous country ; and the interests of the people, with their iron mines, their coal mines, and their for- ests of valuable tim- ber, and their streams flowing into the Ohio, were allied much more closely with those of the free States than with those of the tide-water portion of their own State. When, there- fore, at the beginning of the war, before the people of Vir- ginia had voted on the question of adopting or rejecting the ordinance of secession as passed by their convention, troops from the cotton States were poured into that State to secure it for the Confederacy, they found no such welcome west of the mountains as east of them; and the task of driving them out from the valleys of the Kanawha and the Monongahela was easy in comparison with the work that lay before the National armies on the Potomac and the James. Major-Gen. George B. McClellan, then in his thirty-fifth year, crossed the Ohio with a small army in May, and won several victories that for the time cleared West Virginia of Confederate troops, gained him a vote of thanks in Congress, and made for him a sudden reputa- tion, which resulted in his being ‘called to the head of the army after the disaster at Bull Run. Some of the battles’ in West Virginia, including Philippi, Cheat Kiver, and Rich Mountain, Rg \ AND FEDERAL TROOPS FORAGING, { re bt je eC 3 AEN Debistblirias lie theca eens Pernt Tata rin He rear BAT TE lee) sD» 113 have already been described. An account ot engagements in that State is given in this chapter. There were several small actions at Romney, in Virginia, the most considerable of which took place on October 26th. General Kelly, with twenty-five hundred men, marched on that place from the west, while Col. Thomas Johns, with seven hundred, approached it from the north. other minor Five miles from Romney, Kelly drove in the Confederate outposts, and nearer the town he met the enemy drawn up in a commanding position, with a rifled twelve-pounder on a hill. They also had intrenchments command- ing the bridge. After some artillery firing, Kelly’s cavalry forded the river, while his infantry charged across the bridge, where- upon the Confederates retreated precipitately toward Winches- ter. Kelly captured four hundred prisoners, two hundred horses, three wagon-loads of new rifles, and a large lot of camp equipage. The losses in killed and wounded were small. In this action a Captain Butterfield, of an Ohio regiment, was mounted on an old team horse, which became unmanage- able and persisted in getting in front of the field gun that had just been brought up. This embarrassed the gun- ners, who were ready and anxious to make a telling shot, and fin- ally the captain shout- ed: Never mind!the old horse, boys. Blaze away!” The shot was then made, which drove off a Confeder- ate! battery anda few minutes later, when the charge was ordered, the old horse, with his tail scorched, wheeled into line and participated in it. ENG auhe when General McClel- same time lan was operating against the Confederate forces in the northern part of West Virginia, Gen. Jacob D. Cox commanded an expedition that marched from Guyandotte into the valley of the Great Kanawha. His first action was at Barboursville, which he captured. At Scarytown, on the river, a detachment of his Ohio troops, com- manded by Colonel Lowe, was defeated by a Confederate force under Captain Patton, and lost nearly sixty men. Cox then marched on Charleston, which was held by a force under General Wise. bridge, and continued his flight to Lewisburg. But Wise retreated, crossed Gauley River and burned the Here he was superseded by General Floyd, who brought reinforcements. Floyd attacked the Seventh Ohio Regiment at Cross Lanes, and defeated it, inflicting a loss of about two hundred men. He then advanced to Carnifex Ferry, endeavoring to flank Cox's force, when General Rosecrans, with ten thousand men, came down from the northern part of the State. Floyd had a strong position on Gauley River, and Rosecrans sent forward a force to reconnoitre. The commander of this, General Benham, pushed it too boldly, and it developed into an engagement (September SRR Dy aise ar es . wee EPEC RR TT See Ps ; Pa SIT Sere ay } Mee FIinne mere mn get ag oitoon rs eo Ree) ca : nie ad i cea M4, Laake ei / A DS Seen STS } i 114 ne eG lost about two hundred men, including Colone 10th), wherein he BeColons : Rosecrans made preparations Lowe and other valuable officers. ee i —aATrNes ox ay 5 ® LE TTS S for giving battle in earnest next day; but in 2 : ! ti is baggage, and took a retreated, leaving a large portion of his baggage, a1 < position thirty miles distant. Soon afterward ee orce and took command of all the Contea- General Lee arrived with another f 7 now about twenty thousand, and then . e made a in turn Rosecrans retreated. On the had ofa position held by General Reynolds aye (C heat erate troops, numbering way, Lee reconnoissance I Oo Mountain (September 12th), and in the consequent skirmishing he lost about a hundred men, including Col. John A. Wash- ington, of his staff, who was killed. Reynolds's loss was about the same, but Lee found his position too strong to be taken. l calle Taster Tirginia, and Early in November, Lee was called to Eastern Virginia, a CAMPFIRE AND BA Tila PLE D ie S ie eh YG Se Hite reh: Ss rean largely into the Confederate army, while a greater number entered the National service and were among its best soldiers. The Confederate Government was very loath to give up Ken- tucky, admitted a delegation ol Kentucky secessionists to seats in its Congress, and made several attempts to invade the State and occupy it by armed force. Oo ° r . . - [The more important actions that were fought there are narrated elsewhere. A few of the minor ones must be mentioned here. To protect the loyal mountaineers in the eastern part of the State, a fortified camp, called Camp Wild Cat, was established on the road leading to Cumberland Gap. It was at the top of a high cliff, overlooking the road, and was commanded by a The A. force of over heavily-wooded hill a few hundred yards distant. force there was commanded by Gen. Albin Schoepft. seven thousand Confederates, com- Rosecrans then planned an attack on Floyd; but it miscarried through failure ae f th dank movement, which was 1n- rusted to General Benham. But Benham pursued the enemy for fifty miles, de- feated the rear guard of cavalry, and killed its leader. On December 12th, al Milroy, who had o~ Lrener succeeded General Reynolds, advanced Confederates at his was against the Buffalo badly managed, and failed. Mountain: but attack He was then attacked, in turn, but the enemy had no better success. Three or four hundred men were disabled in these engagements. On the last day of the year Milroy sent eight hundred men of the Twenty-fifth Ohio Regiment, under Major Webster, against a Confederate camp at Huntersville. They drove away the Confederates, burned six buildings filled with provisions, and returned without loss. Through the natural impulses of a large majority of her peo- ple, and their material interests, aided by these military opera- tions, small as they were in detail, West Virginia was by this time secured to the Union, and would probably have remained in it even if the war had terminated otherwise. There never was any serious dan JV ger that Kentucky would d troops to the National a position of neutrality. Such a position being essentially impossible, such of the young men of that State as believed in the institution of slavery went secede, though her governor refuse Government and pretended to assume a veeeehttn ee teeta SEM So ha BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL manded by General Zollicoffer, marched upon this camp and attacked it on the same day that the battle of Ball’s Bluff October 21st. The had been held by but one Kentucky was fought, camp regiment; but on the approach of the enemy it was re- inforced by Ms = ? Lyon in the battle of Wilson’s Greek. many were captured. .Later in the day a company of Illinois cavalry pursued the A. Confederate force—or rather the ma- COLONEL JAMES A. MULLIGAN. retreating Confederates, and captured forty terials for a force, for the men were poorly more, with many horses. In this engage- | equipped and hardly drilled at all—commanded by Colonel ment Lieutenant-Colonel Ransom had a personal encounter ‘| Hunter, was gathered at Charleston, Mo., in August, encamped with a Confederate officer, who rode up to him and called out: about the court-house ; and on the 19th Colonel Dougherty, of | “ What do you mean? lou are killing our own men.” —* I fl the Twenty-second Illinois Regiment, set out to capture it. He know what I am doing,” answered Ransom. ‘“ Who are you?” arrived at Camp Lyon in the evening with three hundred men, | —J am for Jeff Davis,” said the stranger. “ Then you are the iearned of the position of the enemy, and said to Captain man I am after,’ said Ransom, and they drew their pistols. Abbott, who had made the reconnoissance: ‘“ We are going to The Confederate fired first, and wounded Ransom in the arm, take Charleston to-night. You stay here and engage the enemy who then fired and killed his antagonist. The National loss Rial AS OT it a iS nl a 4 i arn BURYING THE DEAD, rT Leal ad ivi S302 1 dae RMR AS ae Milled a ee ae ttn? oS t ‘ i]‘ > eee ND ST csieeeaatean tee Tt COLE «gray pra SOOO soe Se RR che SSE gga ar SE Se a ous notte i ee) Re ocd BiG ie ek tidy aoe eth deed Vepreree prety a 1 an Bg GAVE PEE ERG The Confederate loss was nknown. was one killed and four wounded. reported at forty killed; number of wounded, | when it was learned that a movement against T . / f

o board. Some of the wounded were taken the on transports, others were left on the field. The National loss was 485; the Confederate loss was 642, including 175 carried off as prisoners. I'he Unionists also spiked four guns and brought off two. Both sides claimed this action as a victory—Grant, because he had CAMPFIRE AND Bela ey oleic). accomplished the object for which he set out, preventing rein- forcements from being sent to Price.; the Confederates, because But it was generally discussed as a disaster to the National arms.. There were many One man who had both legs shot off was An- had propped himself up against a tree and thought to take a smoke. He one hand, his knife in the other, and the interesting incidents. found in the woods singing “ The Star Spangled Banner.” other, who was mortally wounded, was found dead with his pipe in tobacco on his breast. A Confederate correspondent told this story: “When the two columns to Walker's regiment was immediately opposed to the Seventh came face face, Colonel Iowa, and David Vollmer, drawing the attention of a comrade to the stars and stripes that floated over the enemy, avowed his intention of capturing the colors or dying in the attempt. The charge was made, and as the two columns came within a few ards of each other, Vollmer and a young man named Lynch Y both made a rush for the colors; but Vollmer’s bayonet first pierced the breast of the color-bearer, and, grasping the flag, he waved it over his head in triumph. At this moment he and Lynch were both shot dead. Captain Armstrong stepped forth to capture the colors, when he also fell, grasping the flagstaff.”’ ‘hve Seventh more severely than any other regiment. It fought continually Another correspondent wrote: Iowa suffered against fearful odds. Ever pushing onward through the timber, on their hands and knees, they crawled with their standard waving over them until they reached the cornfield on the left of the enemy's encampment, where their cannon was planted, and drove them from their guns, leaving them still unmanned, know- ing that other forces were following them up. Their course was still onward until they entered on the camp-ground of the foe and tore down the flag.” Besides those here described, there were many smaller en- Missouri—at Piketon, Lancaster, Salem, Black Walnut Creek, Milford, Hudson, and other places. There were also encounters in Florida, in New Mexico,-and in Texas gagements in ; none of them being important, but all together showing that the struggle begun this year had spread over a vast territory and thata long and bloody war was before the people of our country. Mr ererennett tree) Pitt core Seoter a = aro veet Tt as Ley —aeaNN b. oho. hia oe oa a CU iuetaair ABATIS,i Cepek ble Dh bibemebibtaL UNL ( AO TT Aubee eC ae Nisin Pervert iat W114. 1 ny " - t Ue ee iMate tr > re IEE) it Wyse “THE PICKET'S OFF DUTY FOREVER.” WAR SONGS. / I is probable that war songs are the oldest human compositions. In every nation they ‘nto existence at the very dawning of national life. The first Grecian iH ie have sprung chanted to inspire or maintain poems of which we have any record are war songs, warlike enthusiasm. Not only did they sing mattial melodies as they attacked their enemies, but when the conflict was over, and the victory won, they also sang triumphal odes as they returned to camp. Martial odes that were sung in Gaul by the conquering of Julius Ceasar have been handed down to the present time. The student of legions many traces of the war songs that the the history and the literature of Spain finds all-conquering Romans sang as they marched over the mountains or across the valleys a of that then dependent nationality. And long before the time of Caesar, Servius Tullius be ordered that two whole centurie should consist of trumpeters, horn-blowers, ctc., to i In these and subsequent ages, war songs were sung in chorus by | sound the charge. a whole army in advancing to the attack. If further proof of the antiquity of military Fl music were needed, a conclusive one ‘s to be found in 2 Chronicles, xx. 21, where it is said that when Jehoshaphat went to battle against the hosts of Ammon “he placed a choir of singers in front of his army. Wonderful indeed is the war song when studied as to its.influence in early times on ha By the power of arms, by the spirit of conquest, did nations arise and continue bi The warrior made the nation, and the poet sang and immortalized the warriors fame; Among old Arab tribes, fires were lighted and great rejoicings made by their warriors | history. and thus it came to pass that | to exist. great honor was bestowed upon the poets. ww i Pam TTS Ge ca Ped x \ . Dey at STU eerie beeS r BAW es — me + , ree ot ee ten ae caer eee Se eee ene ee arn anpyeeeeaeeNbiaee nanan Se ae eee ee Meas rae fm Recovanead apie stcestinetreiicecsan eer eer ee, errr: : 4 ; Fi ia 4 i : e as a4 h om oe ; Pi a f | PERV re eaten we TA I phiggaity dg cena eet j i; p Soar ree ttt J f / D sii crrereeeniety: CAME Fulekos, SAIN LD when a poet had manifested himself among them, for in his songs they anticipated their own glory. In many ancient countries, the bards that sang of battles were regarded as really inspired, and their poetic productions were considered as the anouace of the sods. Centuries passed before that admiration language of the gods. A | | ee bestowed upon the singer of war songs was impaired. ancient literature of many European countries presents numerous indications that the warrior-poets were treated with great con- 1 sideration: were forgiven by their sovereigns for serious offences on condition that they write a new war his day enormous prices for their compositions. song, and were paid w hat his d would seem at t [t is related that on one occasion King Athelstane, of the Anglo- Saxons, paid a poet sixteen ounces of pure gold for a laudatory song. When the greater value of gold in that distant age Is ¢ nsider d, it probable that no living poet is better paid for is productions than was this old singer whose ballads breathed ' bloodshed and slaughter. J rvellous influence of war songs over the ancient Norse- 1 is difficult to understand. They were aroused to a high Oo f military enthusiasm, almost to madness, by the mere words of certain songs. That it was this influence which fre- ntly drove them onward to great deeds, appears in every chapter of their life history. It was the courage and frenzy by Teutonic war songs that led to the destruction of , and shattered the civilization of southern Europe. [hat the influence of the war song over the minds and the hearts of men did not terminate with the long ago past, is appar- ent to every student of modern history. Garibaldi’s warlike Hymn of the light-hearted of the sturdy English, have of the Italians, the stirring “ Marseillaise ”’ French, the vigorous “ Britannia ”’ inspired determination and aroused courage on many a bloody battlefield. retreat checked, and the tide of battle turned. by the singing of o How frequently during our own civil war’ was “We'll Kally round the Flag, Boys,” started at the opportune moment by some brave soldier with a vigorous and melodious voice. It has been said that the Portuguese soldiers-in Ceylon. at the siege of Colombo, when pressed with misery and the pangs of hunger, during their marches, derived not only consolation but also encouragement from singing stanzas of their national Song. It is a singular fact that no great national hymn, and no war song that arousesand cheers, was ever written by a distinguished poet. It would seem that a National Hymn is the sort of mate- Fae CO oo = me ee z ee — a = \ ) 7 J Five createst American but none of them so sung as to touch the popular heart ; that is to sav. so as to secure the attention of those who do not read poetry. The anthems and great martial ballads of nearly every other country. sair2 is true of the COMPpoOse_rs of the national The thunder roar of the “‘ Marseillaise,’’ before which all the other military songs of France are dull and weak, was produced by De ’Isle, who lives in the memory of his countrymen and of the this ‘““God Save the are not the work of any one of the great British poets, for The noble measures of world alone. King” but were probably written by Henry Carey ; but this is in dis- pute, and innumerable Englishmen sing the anthem without even attempting to learn the name of the composer. The Prussian National Anthem was not written by a Goethe, a Schiller, or even a Koner. The name of the writer, Schnecken- burger, would not be found in books of reference had he not written “ The Watch the Tne song of the Italians, known as the “ Garibaldian Hymn,” is the on Rhine.” favorite national composition of Mercantini, of whom little is known. Our own country is especially fortunate in the quality of its ‘The the loftiest and purest patriotism. great national songs. Star Spangled Banner” breathes The English National Hymn is but a prayer for blessings on the head of the king—the ruler. The ‘“ Marseillaise ”’ slaughter and bloodshed. is calculated to arouse only the spirit of of to ‘Star Spangled Banner.” Truer than any these pure, lofty, and patriotic zeal is our own From our Civil War we have received at least two war songs which, simply as such, are fit to rank with the best of any coun- ~and ‘“‘ Marching through Georgia.” “My Maryland "—is It is said that fully two thousand poems and songs pertaining to the war, both North this try—‘‘ John Brown's Body | The greatest of the Southern war lyrics equal to these as a powerful lyric. and South, were written during the first of conflict. But year of them most are now wholly unknown, Except fo) the special student. Perhaps a score of compositions, the result of the poetic outburst inspired by the Civil War, possess such merit that they will survive through centuries as part of the literary heritage of the nation. Of such we give in this collection about twenty that seem to us the best and most popular, | , CY ey \ / {| {| i) fp,. f{ | : | by5 : : . PTT Eek eh edd ; i, Werte Tie URL tT LL EET ed eon) ch ee tC Ate Wil, nh ie “ : ¢ pea SRA REALE TLDS CA MUZE IR AUN DBA Tinley ea De NORTEE RN SONGS TRAMP, TRAMP, TRAMP, THE BOYS ARB MARCHING THIS is one of the numerous war songs written by Mr. George F. Root. Among his others are “Just before the Battle, Mother,” and the “ Battle-Cry of Freedom.” It is difficult to say which of these three was the most popular. There was a touch of pathos in “Just before the Battle, Mother,” which made the words impressive and thrilling to the hearts of men away from home and fireside. Many a brave soldier considered death itself preferable to captivity and incarceration in prison pens. How sad, then, must have been the lot of the soldiers who sat in prison cells and heard the “tramp, tramp, tramp,” of the marching boys! Mr. Root was the composer as well as the author of the three great songs mentioned above. In the prison cell I sit, a er 7) Thinking, mother dear, of you, hh # And our bright and happy home so far away ; And the tears they fill my eyes, oes Spite of all that I can do, ant ates) oh —) Though I try to cheer my es and be Z

== iho & at . ee days later, a Spanish cruiser attempted to escape rom the harbor of Havan: ; : avana, but was intercente at 4 as ILE a) 2 CE which with the other bloc eee ae > other blockaders poured shot into her with the usual accuracy and sank her, Acain, three of y, oi ; ee ¢ > . 7 ++ TAcocAaAlG ~ f ~ ? a eee yf the smaller vessels of Sampson's fleet found Spe naval force in the harbor of Manzanillo on the south coast of Guba. - attack it j . ie ag yf Cuba, and attacked it in the usual American style, sink ing two gunboats, a sloop, and weet a pontoon, and damaging ; : pedo-boat. ; ie BuO ee os s if to make a complete story of Spanish disaster he torpedo-boat destrover 7; an saster, : pedo-boat destroyer Terror, which had left Spai ( Spain with ervera, 4 1Sé ar CU , but had disappeared mysteriously, and was expected : ae — - x Seema ee OF CERVERA'S ta | | | | From the original painting by W A OT eed FLEET JULY 3 1898 ginal painting by Warren heppara. [he actions were so varied in circumstances and so uniform in result as to leave little presumption of accident, and to assure the American people that the skill and prowess of Jones, Hull, Bainbridge, Decatur, Porter, Stewart, Retry, Du Pont: Roote and Panasue, in their wooden walls, are paralleled by Dewey, Samp- son, Schley, and their worthy shipmates on the decks of steel. All that remained of Spain’s sea power was the home squad- ron, consisting of one battleship, one armored cruiser, several eee destroyers, and a few auxiliary craft. This squad- ron sailed from Cadiz in June, passe ee Oe neon and the Suez Canal, ee ee ae ene Sea, whence it was soca ce to Spain. Whether it never had been intended to send it to the Philippines, or whether its recall was due to the fact that a powerful squadron had been formed, under the command of Admiral John C. Watson, to threaten the Spanish coast in its absence, ; : hee RS EE ; ce, and if necessary to follow it to the Philippines, nobodyREAR-ADMIRAL CHARLES E. CLARK, OF THE OREGON.?”? doned her at sea, rather than risk the lives of the crew. In the evening of July 3d General Shafter demanded the surrender of Santiago, threatening to shell the city if his demand were refused, and giving the Spaniards till ten o'clock the next day to remove the women and children. he Spanish commander, General Li- nares, had been wounded during the fighting, and was succeeded by General José Toral, who refused to surrender. At the request of the foreign consuls the bombardment was delayed fll the Sth, and a creat stream of refugees poured out of the city to various retreats in the hills. Out of pity for these, and for other reasons, the truce was extended to a week; but military preparations were not intermitted on either side. General Shafter ex- tended his. lines westward until he completely invested the city, and the main aque- duct by which it was sup- plied with water was cut. He also brought up artillery and mortars and a dyna- mite gun, while the cruisers were ready to throw in thirteen-inch shells. . Then Ui oe N Copyright, Pe a ary) Perry mes tae enti rt CAMPFIRE beet CUNT CU (rere Cerathtlens asp ack rag eeesty by ees yepeey AND But Watson did not eet the Op- portunity to drive the last Spanish flag from knows. the ocean. It was believed that two of Cervera’s fleet —the Maria Teresa and the Crzstobal Co- fon—could be saved. and Lieutenant Hob- son undertook the task of raising the former. This he suc- ceeded in doing; but while she was being brought in tow to the United States she was found to be so unseaworthy and dan- cerous that the officer in command aban- THE OREGON'S” el RELEM He PUCCr tp ie tp ateen tron Wi pr ce op, oA yep CCR te ne be ese AY apie sia iatt Cat ate meant LAS. AL aM ELEC . : - F Hong eatie estat Sh acateate rats Jal If IP ILIB JE ICSE IL ID) , the Spanish come mander haggled about terms, and wanted to march out with the Shaf- ter insisted on an un- honors of war. conditional surrender: Toral could only act according to instruc- Madrid. On Sunday, the 1oth, tions from the truce was at an end, and firing on both sides began, which was continued through Monday, Sihiatten nee peated his demand for when surrender, which Toraly alter a dayas delay, again refused. At this juncture Gen- MIGHTY RUSH (JULY 3). — EE WpeoeaeaL, HHEDSTERERE TTT PITT Tate STP AY yaTiet Pee Lv ; a Hp PATTIE SC carey eat isy Wes ah ree “me eens, saat aia 4 ft) ca — j { 4 From the original painting by Warren Sheppard REAR-ADMIRAL ROBLEY D. EVANS, U.S. N. eral Miles arrived, and though he did-not super- sede General Shafterin com- mand, he made a thorough inspection of the trenches, the camps, and the hospi- tals, and saw that unless the affair were brought to com- pletion soon there would be serious loss from. sick- ness; for the rainy season was at its height and every thing fwas drenched, it was impossible for the soldiers to cook, and yellow fever probably communicated by the refu- had appeared, gees. An ilterview was had with General Toral, under flag of truce, and an offer was made to send all his troops back to Spain at the expense of the United States, if he surrendered without other conditions. After five days’ delay, and communication with Ma- drid, this was agreed to, and the surrender took place on the 18th. ‘Lhe officers Were permitted to retain their side arms, and the soldiers their personal prop- erty. All Spanish troops in a territory of about 5,000 square miles—nearly 23,000 —were included in the sur- render. General Toral sent his sword to General PHC ——-~ i -. tiski wath iA = r 4 aoe ~ oF - a At —— ~ ee aM sien tr seret ; ; ; : Deer S ieiereasesat iar reeit tana Lay 570 CONE PLN DD BAT GREE Fel EEL: mi : : ere awl danger to the people of the 4 Shafter, and ee Shatter fF United States; that yellow sie it | : Ee a ee, : ae courteously returned It. fever in the army at present is | st noticeable thing ; Hii The mo ee 5 not epidemic; that there are | i 1e captured city was Its : in th I : 1 only a few sporadic cases; but 5 extremely filthy condition. i ) dic Hi e Se \di a | that the army is disabled by uads of soldiers were se 7 . KesEOncl the streets inalarial fever to the extent at work to clean streets, TE EN dati inhabitants were that its efficiency is destroyed, an 1e ©inhabitants ordered to clean their houses. ch ee dea, A x and that it is in a condition to be practically entirely de- F nae i i ae But this last order had little / | ree be LN 5 | : ; fhe nef el, ee ee we ae stroyed by an epidemic of A | result, for the people had —w) ee. = ee ee amare eee mM almost no conception of clean- yellow fever, which is sure Lo | ieee come in the near future. We Another immediate work | know from the reports -of thatdevolvediupon the Amer | competent officers and from P|’ rae SR hore acti / | : personal observations. that the tute and hungry citizens. In army is unable to move into this the Red Cross Society - the interior, and ‘that there are Se cicroitan di welcome & | no facilities for such a move assistant. Indeed, that organ- [P, if attempted, and that it could ization, under the manage- : not be attempted until too ment of Miss Clara Barton, late. Moreover, the best had done good work in Cuba pol Gis pe | )= medical authorities of the from the beginning of the FIGHTING-TOP OF THE “TEXAS.” island say that with our pres- war. Another good thing in ent equipment we could not | this war wasasmall package labelled “* First 3 ive 1 ‘ior during the rainy season without losses from aid to the wounded,’’ which was furnished fever, which is almost as deadly as yellow to every soldier and could be carried in This army must be moved at once his pocket. It contained antiseptic dress- or perish. As the army can be ings and other immediately necessary se safely moved now, the articles. Nevertheless, the provision " m persons responsible for for care of the wounded was quite in- f/ = preventing sucha move adequate, partly from the situation / ~—will be responsible for and the climate, and partly, it was the unnecessary loss of said, from carelessness or inefficiency many thousands of lives. | on the part of certain officers. The Our opinions are the re- ! complaints were bitter, and the ss sult of careful personal ob- charges very specific. The most _ servation, and they arealso serious fault, according to Sur- wR, - based on the unanimous geon Senn, was that of permit- Opinion of medical officers ting refugees, many of whom | with the army, who under- were infected, to come promis- stand the situation abso- | cuously into the camps, and lutelya permitting the soldiers to enter In accordance with this, huts and houses where fever transports were sent to remove :s had been. On ‘August the army from Cuba, and a con- 3 ee Shafter received ; valescent camp was established ee = eee. from the | . #/ on Montauk Point, at the eastern ao hme) aoe 3 me extremity of Long Island, Then ey Bae. j there were complaints that the ' to a camp on high ground : SES transports were not properly in the interior. There- : : : i cw oe equipped either with medical sup- | Rane Ge plics or with such food as sick men 5 could eat. On the other hand, it was round robin addressed | ee : | ; be General sinie as ty Seid that the fault lay largely with the Bi Winch Ghee = Q 1eir requisition. 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He said: Men go into camp feeling that they can stand anything and everything, and cannot be made to believe to the core trary, and are stricken with disease. Every effort has been made from the beginning to furnish every camp with all ap- pliances asked for; but.of course the commanding officers in the field are the ones who have the direct charge of these men. One army corps commander has given orders, and enforces them, respecting sanitary affairs, and he had to-day but a fraction over two per cent. on the sick-list. Others have been less successful, and the consequence is typhoid and other fevers have been bred and spread to a considerable extent. One regiment in the Chickamauga camp has a colonel who enforces sanitary rules in his regiment, obliging the men to boil all the water they drink, keeping the camp cleanly, and the result—less than twenty-five sick. Others more favorably situated have ten times that number on the sick-list. 0 ‘Concerning the Santiago campaign, when the ships left ry Py Sep} oe Tampa they had on board three months’ provisions ee an nttclg abundance of Nea supplies. They had lighters to unload with at points of debarkation. These lighters were lost in severe storms on i way. As soon as we were notified of the fact two tows of lighters were sent from Mobile and New Orleans, which were also overtaken by storm and lost. The a Disa aad navy supplied us with lighters, and one of these was wrecked. The army disembarked, getting off a portion of its supplies y g o I Pp] and medical stores, and immediately marched to the front to a fight the Spaniards. The great difficulty of landing supplies E> . . Ve subsequently was that the wind sprang up every morning at 3 | | ten and made a high surf, rendering almost impossible the use a oo ORT RUC EEE nia onGonEmonnny i — — ae] AOS Peg Se = —— aaa ———=> : From the original drawing by Victor S. Pérard. CORSE AEA SURRENDER OF GENERAL TORAL TO GENERAL SHAFTER, aa ig [dali ce Mai py tsietalinain on commie Nc alae a il ean ae gan ae oe lt Coc ey i ielei aeah NITES Bi dee Tob: Spee oF) wy Wea Fe GAGES WANED Biz Tie ee alae). and it is hoped this will be followed by your cheer- he Government of the United States. ye very promptly realized, for there relations, ful acceptance of t This hope appeared to | was such a demand for the American flag that the General had to telegraph to the United States fora large number of flags, ‘oiven to the different municipalities. He also tele- eessneel less than a week after landing: ~ Violuntects are sur- rendering themselves with arms and ammunition. Four-fifths . le are overjoyed at the arrival of the army. Two to be a ene ee ” z ces hates eee of the peop thousand from one ] They are bringing in transportation, beef, cattle, and other lace have volunteered to serve with it. emer ee needed supplies. The custom-house has already yielded four- teen thousand dollars. ] It was learned that at Aibonito, where the military road to San Juan crosses the mountains, the Spaniards had a strong POECe. with intrenchments, and had mined the road approach- ing the place. General Miles therefore planned to take the position by flank movements. One detachment, under Gen- eral Brooke, was sent eastward on transports, landed at Ar- a — rovo, and moved northwestward. Another, under General 1 HOSPITAL SHIP “RELIEF.” Roy Stone, made a detour to the west, through Adjuntas and Utuado, toward the port of Arecibo on the north coast. At ; : ie Cte h. -t he would have been met by transports bringing wagons of small boats, with one lighter, which was all they had left for that port ie ould e DE S | Sing = aa - 1 . rT : et . a gh . an ingenuity c vise artillery for a march on San Juan. Though no important this purpose. Everything that human ingenuity could devise ind artillery fo y S I ¢ noagseme! - place, there were incidents enough to give in- , has been done to succor that army—not the ingenuity of the engagement took place, there were incidents g g ee orate nee . sa pied eesry | Secretary of War, but the result of the combined counsel of terest to the movement. a Coama the garrison of a hundred | those who have had a lifelong experience in the field. ‘Bhat and fifty men was captured. /\t Harmigueros there was a sharp some men have been neglected on transports coming home there is no doubt—all against positive orders, due, perhaps, to care- [re a | . os lessness and negligence, but largely on account-of not having - | the medical force to spare (many of whom were sick) from the =e — a Se camp at Santiago. Many medical officers sent with transports were taken ill on the way home.”’ Spanish rule in Cuba being ended, it only remained to the American forces to banish it from the beautiful and fertile island ae of Porto Rico. The defences of the city and port of San Juan —the largest city and most important harbor of the island—had been subjected to heavy bombardment by the battleships, but with little practical effect. A large military expedition, contain- ing about 35,000 men, was fitted out immediately after the fall of Santiago, and sailed for Porto Rico, under the immediate command of General Miles. A portion of the expedition sailed from Santiago, General Miles going with it; while other detach- ments, commanded by General John R. Brooke, sailed from Tampa, Charleston, and Newport News. General Miles landed, July 25, at Guanica, near the southwest corner of the island. Fifteen miles east of that place is Ponce, from which town a good military road crosses the island to San Juan, eighty-five miles. Guanica was captured after slight resistance, and Ponce after none at all. In fact, the Spanish garrison had evacuated Ponce, and the inhabitants gave the Americans an enthusiastic welcome. General Miles issued a proclamation, in which he said: | ~ In the prosecution of the war against the kingdom of Spain a by the people of the United States, in the cause of liberty, jus- Pui tice, and humanity, its military forces have come to occupy the island of Porto Rico. They come bearing the banners of free- | dom, inspired by a noble purpose, to seek the enemies of our Government and of yours, and to destroy or capture all in armed resistance. They bring you the fostering arms of a free people |? : whose greatest power is justice and humanity to all living within their fold. Hence they release you from your former political RED CROSS WORKERS—CLARA BARTON, HEAD OF THE RED CROSS SOCIETY.‘, o- PL LLANE UnsdaN (OO LTR MAT age F Lay ‘ A a Gece SLSTPESEET] SNM 3 ies te sees cmt So7 cna CANVERE IRE AND Phe | U | eer Siialalees tnt coe hy) WES cuted Prorraktc tiirenit feecietery Prehy t BAM Te (EEG Ca ~I \O skirmish, in which two Americans were killed and fourteen wounded, the Spanish loss being somewhat larger. Cape San And at Juan a company of American sailors guarding the lighthouse were attacked by a heavy Spanish force, which was finally driven off, with loss, by a fire from three war vessels. The various detachments were closing in around Aibonito, and the outposts had met and skirmished, when the news came, August 13th, that a protocol of peace had been signed in Wash- ington, and hostilities must cease. The people inland had re- peated everywhere the welcome given by those at the ports, and the island was fairly won. Meanwhile the situation at Manila, in the Philippines, had called for a strong land force, and as soon-as possible expeditions were sent thither from San Francisco. The first of these, under General Anderson, called at the island of Guam, one of the Ladrones, May 2oth, and captured it. The Spanish command- ant had not even heard that there was a war. This expedition reached Manila Bay on the last day of June, and was landed at Cavité. - The second. expedition, under General Francis V. Greene, arrived July 19th; and the third, under General Wesley SOv- July 25th. 1 General Merritt was made military Philippines, with General Elwell S. Otis, who also had come with the third expedition, second in command. The troops were placed in position and intrenched in a line extending inland from the beach, facing the Spanish works, and on the right joining the left of a line held by the insurgent forces, the city in a state of semi-siege for some time. day of July and the first two days of August the Spaniards heavily attacked the American position, and there is some sharp fighting, which resulted in the repulse of the Spaniards with heavy loss, and a loss to the Americans of four- 1 teen men killed and forty-four wounded. Within the next few days Dewey's fleet was strengthened Copyright, 1898. BOMBARDMENT OF SAN va From the original painting by Warren Sheppard. JUAN, PORTO RICO, — Pye UN oe et Lee men al tly hse ay . } it ah tA) i hiktast ekki) AEE oe errno be Saat ae ate yt LL D ; 1d 2 tat EMS UN i Oh ars PPeR TR TTI oe PT ae - vA if Pr rae CA MUP EMARIE ANIM ID by the arrival of sev- and eral vessels, General Merritt ex- tendedand strength- enred hus lines: On August 7th the Spanish com- mander was noti- fied to the women and within remove children forty-eight hours. as’ the city was to be bombarded unless it sur- rendered. The Span- ish com- mander, General A. Jaudenes, answered that he had no place of refuge for the large number of non-combatants in the city, and asked for time to communicate with the Govern- ment at Madrid. This was denied, but the attack was delayed fillthe 1th. On that day the fleet opened its batteries, con- centrating the fire on the forts at Malate. At the same time the with artillery, and half an hour later land forces opened stormed the Spanish works. They literally went through fire and water, as a heavy rain was falling and they had to wade a large creek; but nothing could stop them, and in two hours they had cleared the barricades Oi! JE PRilirA, 2 SwWirlywicly, ame hoisted the American flag over the Malate fort. Half an later a white flag appeared on hour the city walls. This action cost the Americans eight men killed and about forty wounded. With the city 7,000 Spanish soldiers were surrender of the made prisoners. The insurgents had not been permitted to par- ticipate in the capture of the city, and were not allowed to the General Merritt issued a proc- Mtey dt dite, surrender, Jamation similar to that of Gen- eral Miles in Porto Rico. This ended the war, for the protocol of had been the .day before. The peace negotiation had been con- ducted for the Spanish Govern- peace signed MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT, U. S. A BATA ae ele Dy. ment by M. Jules Cambon, French Ambassador at Washing- The protocol provided that Spain should renounce all ienty in Cuba; that Spain should cede to the and her other smaller ton. claim to sovere United States the island of Porto Rico dies, and one island of the Ladrones (to 1 States); that the United States forces and bay of Manila until the conclusion islands in the West In be chosen by the Unitec should occupy the city of a final treaty of peace, which treaty should determine the of the Philippines; that Spain should immediately disposition he West Indies; and that each Gov- withdraw her forces from t ernment should appoint five commissioners, to meet in Paris October ist and negotiate a treaty of peace. The President appointed as commissioners on the part of the United States: William R. Day, Secretary of State; Senators Cushman K. Davis of Minnesota, William P. Frye of Maine, and George Gray of Delaware; and Whitelaw Reid, of New York. The mustering out of the volunteer troops was begun at once and proceeded as rapidly as possible. The Peace Commissioners met promptly in Paris; but the haggling of the Spaniards over the question of the Cuban debt and the disposition of the Philip- pines (for which they hoped to get a large indemnity) rendered the progress of the negotiations very slow. It was believed that they expected the November elections would go against the Administration and thus aid them by causing it to weaken in its demands. But those elections, though there was some diminu- tion of the majority in the House of Representatives, sustained the Administration, and its position was firm and unchanged from the beginning. It insisted the the Commissioners to $20,000,000 as upon keeping Philippines and authorized American offer from $10,000,000 to compensation for money spent or debt incurred for betterments in the islands. The Commis- their discretion, at the mentioned, together with free sioners, in once offered largest sum entry of Spanish goods for ten years, and stood unmoved on that refusing to cede the Philippines proposition. Spain, in at all, or asking a much larger indemnity, hoped for the moral support of some or all of the but they declined to aid her in any ereat European powers; way, and at length, on Novem- ber 28, she accepted the terms. When the treaty was laid be- fore the United States Senate, a violent and persistent opposition to its confirmation was devel- oped, and there was imminent danger that it would be de- feated. The question was very warmly debated among the peo- ple as wells and those “who favored the treaty were called ec ‘expansionists ’’ and “* imperi- alists.’’ The argument against it was, that it was a violationsr Aan ek Pod cet é : , Peruri titer tien aN Saistes sina oststee i , ns : : baht 2 J BT loa eeee nee : a Prat: { Wy n x 5 ps a het heds i eencant E CS hl yer tr tees ni a Rai Pett tte eh reirert. n Mi rate Pecir reeesveret Hatt CAMPFIRE AND 15) fal IP IP IL IB IE HIB, ILI) . 581 ‘| of the Constitution to acquire < a ee J ) « juire any troreion ter as Bi ° ° . 5S erritory and was amie - a especially unwise and dangerous to a a parts of the world. Finally they said. “ 1 Z angerous to ass eee ally they said, “If wea -e | barbarous people on the en r sid ane mee eae eae Philippines, what are we to do with th ae i. pes me Cc Side oO t 1e @& . TN ries . € . 1e€ reat y is Pere Granin lanewer ae globe. The friends at last brought to a vot a : Yeas . a y answ ered by citin 1g the » acqui Hon ae I a ; 3 ) a VOLE? On E ebruary 6, 1899, when it received il : : \4e¢ eee : > ,Ouisiana three a ee. = - iH Florida, Texas, California, ; , iree more votes than the necessary two-thirc = { da, xas, California, and Al. oe , é 1e necessary two-thirds , we an z ( Al iska as cS and argued 57 to 27 The ee ae ) ils. The vote was iat, even without a precedent, it would be justified by th ae € majority was made up of 4o Republicans, 10 , C ~ : : 1Ca DY € genera emocrat Populists x: y) movement of European nations i . ats, 3 Populists, 3 Silver men dr Inc ; y ations in the way of acquiri a , and 1 Independent; the ° ay ) aA Quiring new oppone ts Sere ~ : ? colonies and the change in moder nee 5 pponents were 22 Democrats, 3 Republ s (Hoz f ans iodern naval armamen as yak publicans oar of Masse = it necessary f pe naval armament, which makes setts, Hale of Maine, and Pettig 2s tet essary lor every great nation to have naval stations in various Populist 8 ee Pakote)s and 2 ¢ yulists. os xx ooce ft DL see aad Copyright, 1892, Rockwood, New York. | Copyright, 1898, by the Woolfall Company. From the Original Design by J. A. Hughes. UNITED STATES PEACE COMMISSIONERS TO PARIS (OCTOBER 1, 1898). Ni OU ence. OU ret Usslsilj sil liebe re i Rial A. A A - iM rt Ca SEY cal i Hn we oe iat va , it “it aia , STENT ee tas Us ‘, Be ae a ta _Pies iy i H : | > { 1100 Ae) | Part eel! | ct | | f | } Hy | i at i if : i a t ba f i ‘a 4 ) iff f { : / } ' a 7 Ws ets Wen three centuries of Spanish misrule in the Philippine Islands had been brought to an end by the force of o 2 hi 1e American American arms, a new and difficult problem confronted the 4 Insurrections there had frequent, and the commanders. been natives and the Spaniards appear to have given each other lessons in barbarity. Treachery, shooting of prisoners, murder of non- combatants, and death by torture were common incidents 1 1 on botn Sometimes it was merely guerilla fighting, and again the sides. operations took the form and proportions of regular wartare. Certain shrewd Filipinos had constituted then selves the most unscrupulous of whon = and civil leaders, the shrewdest and was Emilio Aguinaldo. The latest outbreak began in 1896, when the insurgents had forces in the field that were variously estimated from 30,000 to 50,000. It was said that this was the culmination of a conspiracy that had been at work seven years. The Spaniards had initiated many natives in Free Masonry, and the secrecy of the lodges was now used by them for political purposes. They THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES—1899-1902. SUED YTS elit feae Toke Pein eae the mistake of printing a manifesto intended solely tor circulation among the natives, and a copy fell into the hands of a priest, who showed it to the Spanish authorities, who were thus These made enabled to discover the whole plot and seize the leaders. included some of the wealthiest and most respected citizens, with seven native priests, One of the principal forces that kept the ether wasa mystic ceremony called catvpunat., which was invente b a Chinese half-breed who had been educated in Europe, was a doctor of medicine, and had written books on political and social subjects. The mark of the calipunai was a peculiar cut on the left forearm, made with a curious knife engraved zith mvstic symbols. This had a powerful effect on the super- ins torcements, and the insurgent leaders became discouraged and ave exhaus xhausted The Spaniards did indeed much 1 ray : ch in that way; Government sent out heavy Opene , 19t4c Sees 5 rmM1_° I pened negotiations for peace. This was brought about in Decem- JET, : the one fae a ct ae oe )7, by a complete surrender, with a stipulation that two of Hong from the vengeance of their own followers, that they had sold out to the leaders—Aguinaldo and Llanera—should be sent to Kong, to save them which was done. It was believed Spaniards anc trave Se i: : s and betrayed the cause. Before Admiral Dewey sailed into \ ay 398 le anilé a Bay (May 1,1898),the insurrection had broken out again, and Aguinaldo was brought from Hong Kong to Cavite on an \ meri- can gunboat, and landed, May 19, that he might organize the natives Aas THE FERRY SYSTEM OVER THE more than 200. The next day a detachment of troops encountered a body of rebels in the open country, killed more than 200, and captured 98, whom they shot by sentence of court martial. In battalion suddenly went over to the insur- another fight a whole and in another a Spanish regiment was ambushed and 400 killed or wounded. set fire to the towns and massacre Spanish ee and all sorts of atrocities. WI! gents; of its men were There were frequent plots to with looting of churches, 1en the insurgents had been taught caution by their heavy losses, Aguinaldo .dvised them, in a proclamation, whenever the Spaniards advanced, and ce large numbers of them had surrendered, battle, retreat climate and hardships to send tl till the Spanish Government to avoid trust to the and thus prolong the 1eir enemies to the hospitals war Pa Si pag ona tree a ea Ta ee Liiapasees sis $a Beep ey, ma CF Salt ROGERS Sp ater BINONDO CANAL, MANILA, Po ts and weaken the Spanish power. No alliance of any kind was made with him, nor did he receive any promise of independence. dictator, Soon after landing, and g, Aguinaldo proclaimed himself lent, of the so-cé sited Philippine Republic, for which afterward presi He tried in he organized a provisional government at Bacoor. h from the American authorities, every Way to get recognition as suc American and from the first arrival of the but with no success; troops he used his ‘nfluence with the natives to prevent them from obtaining transportation or labor. As time went on, he toward the Americans but toward showed his animosity not only he way of his ambition, h of his own countrymen as stood in t suc after another of the promi- and he found pretexts for exec uting one nent men who opposed his schemes, SS ro i EF RUD ae eae ws H Te ae radiisiuustecatar s eh ot) pe er) Se nee ee de ie ata esx So BPS aa sg tae i ott os) Pi r 1 A eee eH ig yd yes %, ee oe, Die Dyn ey, » ph 4 Vi ~~ lp iy OLIVa HK ‘ +] _ eo raked b | j eae Gree REE NED 584 The men of the provinces north of Manila rallied against the Spaniards, and, under the command of Aguinaldo, they made and ee sight ae a i" Hy y HHH ‘ \\" i Hit \\\ Hi) HiT i 1 vy ‘ , Hl } a tS RR eT HA f I fi il i | occupied intrenchments in the outskirts of Manila. They also seized the water-works that supplied the city. But they were Mi hy i) unit | AY i Ny | { hl AGUINALDO. NYE TT) efit tot: Pores ee Ben Es ele Ie 1D. induced to relinquish that position and give up the trenches to the Americans. Aguinaldo then removed his capital to Malolos, commanding the railroad to Dagupan. When Manila was sur- rendered, in August, 1898, the Filipino troops, who were anxious to massacre the Spaniards and loot the city, were not permitted to enter it, and afterward General Otis compelled them to evacuate the suburbs. From that time they were openly hostile to the Americans. Aguinaldo now commanded about 25,000 men. But in the provinces farther north the Filipinos who took up arms placed themselves under another leader, who had somewhat different ideas. Unlike Aguinaldo, he did not plunder monasteries or molest the clergy. After the treaty of peace with Spain was signed, Major-General Elwell S. Otis, who had succeeded to the command of the American forces in the Philippines, by instruction of President McKinley issued a proclamation in which he announced the cession of the islands to the United States and the extension of his military government over the whole territory. He informed the natives that the Americans came, not as invaders or conquerors, but as friends, and would protect the peaceful inhabitants in their homes and their employments, and in their personal and religious rights. He promised that all who, by active aid or honest submission, co-operated with the Government of the United States in its effort to carry out these purposes should receive its support and pro- tection; and declared that all others would be brought within its COFFEE TREE ON THE ISLAND OF JOLO, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. THE TWO MEN ARE MOROS" vised Phi 5 . m A x 4 : i eh ni ve tees See ese MATAR aay ; be 4) ASS 4 Teter tese ems ry erert) CAMPFIRE lawful rule with firmness but without unnecessary severity. TI ssary S y. C paramount aim of the military administration was to win th confidence, respect and affection of the inhabitants by provi a that the mission of the United States was one af ie ee ae eas enevole assimilation, substituting the mild sway of right and justice for arbitrary and oppressive rule. Aguinaldo and his emissaries had industriously circulated among the natives the statement that th , Americans had come to oppress them, tax them, and ate se their priests and force Protestantism upon them; and the long- continued resistance to the American authorities was verv ue in his official report, due to belief in such stories. General Otis te Is what followed the publication ot his proc lamation: ereeee . + * = er ‘ ATTO MANDI OF THE ISLANO OF ZAMBOANGO, BATES’S STAFF. ALL THE OTHERS ARE THE DATTO’S BO insurgent newspapers, “The ablest of romising Luna, he who had t Malolos and edited by the uncom] an openly declared enemy of the United Manila capitulated, subsequently commanded and was assassinated while exercising chief the insurgent forces, attacked the policy declared in the proclamation, and its over the islands, with all the vigor of which went further and contended that the policy as declare a subterfuge to temporaril be inaugurated and applied to put in practice a which Spain had employed. y quiet the peo of government AND BATT Eh Tein. AL ee Soaicirtcia ment Erie e “ ci yd a an f im) PLUS Cae) an Petes tottittste rs eed y HUH, FHT ERE at ee EAT = \e Or oo On simply to a change of masters for the Filipino people without : | | This paper was published in Tagalo, poe a considerable circulation, and was assisted by other Tagalo publications: No statement reflecting upon the United States Government and its troops in Manila was too base, untruthful, or improbable for newspaper circulation, and unfortunately received credit by the more ignorant of the natives, although the subject of Aguinaldo amelioration of condition. ridicule or indignant comment by the abler Filipinos. met the proclamation by a counter one in which he indignantly protested against the claim of sovereignty by the United States in the islands, which really had been conquered from the Spaniards through the blood and treasure of his countrymen, and abused me MOST POWERFUL OF THE MORO CHI DYGUARD, ON BOARD T which was now issued at een States from the time an insurgent army military command of ‘ov of the United states as assumption of sovereignty he was capable. He 1 was merely ple until measures could 11 the odious features Everything tended ee THE MAN AT HIS RIGHT IS LIEUT. REEVES OF GEN. EFS (MAN WITH THE BOOK). N THEIR WAY TO MEET GEN. BATES AT JOLO. HE TRANSPORT CHURUOA O of the title of military governor. Even the in a document numerously signed by hat after all the men were killed off for my assumption women of Cavite province, them, gave me to understand t they were prepared to shed their patriotic blood for the liberty and independence of their country. The efforts made by Aguinaldo and his assistants made a decided impression on the inhabitants of Luzon outside of Manila, who acqui f an American citizen, wl army was especially affected by red an unfavorable opinion, to say the least, 0 1om of course few of them had ever seen. The insurgent this tirade of abuse of American of Spain and only awaited an Oppor- ar with the United States s, but agreeably so, as it had met and conquered the soldiers tunity to demonstrate its invincibility in w De eat hcl 5 ] Ol ae ! ; wre i AT ‘ oh 4 ar o me . 3 slit alae MMR Ft) 3h0 PET alae ek i ee ep Ce ; Ton Pomuetieet titi be arial ee sy) 7) vast ater Seeateenss PEP a UN LE seeSE alan ee se SRE _ ————— a 7 TE IRE ee aT. TTR oe hi ri plans nad 86 CAVE Meks AND BARRE Pik Lp. 5 Y troops cooped up in Manila and whom it had commenced te tasult and charge with cowardice. Shortly before this time the insurgents had commenced the organization of clubs in the city, Deep in. which now, I was informed, amounted to 10,000. The chiet organizer was a shrewd mestizo, a former close companion of Aguinaldo, by whom he had been commissioned to perform this work. He was a friend and associate of some of our officers; was engaged in organizing the clubs only, as he stated, to give the poorer classes amusement and education; held public entertainments in athletics, to which our officers were invited, and in which our soldiers were asked to participate. Gradually arms were being secretly introduced and bolos were being manufactured and dis- tributed. The arms were kept concealed in buildings, and many thronged with unarmed insurgent officers and enlisted men from the numerically increasing insurgent line on the outskirts, proud of their uniforms and exhibiting matchless conceit, amusing to our men, who were apparently unconcerned observers, but who were quick to take in the rapidly changing conditions. In the midst of this suppressed excitement the city was comparatively quiet, crime well suppressed, and business interests were flourishing. 3efore the treaty of peace was ratified, Agoncillo, who had been Vice-President of the so-called Philippine Republic, visited Wash- ington to negotiate for independence; but President Mc Kinley declined to receive him officially. He then sent home despatches counseling continued resistance; and when these were published he fled to Canada. PRINCIPAL BUSINESS STREET IN of them were subsequently captured. The Chinamen were carrying on a lucrative business in bolo making, but the provost-marshal had cruelly seized considerable of their stocl <. These clubs had received military org anization and were commanded by cunning Filipino officers regularly appointed 1 TN Sees pose one pas ae Le ° . 7 lhe chief organizer departed after organization had been perfected and thereafter became a confidential adviser in Malolos affairs. This organization was the subject of composed of the worst social e] police supervision as closely ry the Malolos government. grave apprehension, as it was ement of the city, and was kept under as possible. It was also dreaded by the better class of Filipino inhal tants, many of whom believed themselves selected fo; r assassination on account of t} 1e1r expressed desires for American protection. The streets of the city were ards : P Mitt ae | |aatts eeal ; a MANILA, CALLED THE ESCOLTA. Aguinaldo had put forth a declaration of Phili ppine independence (August 6), and appealed to foreign powers to recognize his govern- ment. He asserted that he had an army of 30,000 men, that he 1 Was true), and that his govern- ment controlled the island of Luzon. He declared that the Ameri- can commanders had recognized him as a military ally against the Spaniards, and complained that they had attacked Manila without his co-operation and had refused him a share of the spoils. At the same time he made several formal mander: held 9,000 Spanish prisoners (whic] demands of the American com- that certain convents in Manila should be given to him; that he should be consulted Filipino soldiers should be { their arms; that no about all civil appointments; that ermitted to enter the city at will with American should be permitted to leave itas 1c PP ee ee ee Proton Oa Bg Cat) 3 ‘ + EHEC aipiethi=s=2 onset ela sixaiieticts eette its "e rte He Kistler ‘ iad omen ett CAMPFIRE AND BAIL E EIB IODR 537 : s | without his permission. These modest demands General Merritt ; of course had refused. al Merritt minate the foreigners; but the poor fellows were mowed down by | In September a Philippine congress met at Malolos, to frame EY repeating rifles and machine guns before they comprehended | ee ere ime of the most intelligene and ae ae : as modern firearms were. Many of the native troops, how- | pinos held aloof from it, and some of those who ra ‘ ‘oa pe had rifles quite as good as those of the Americans; but they «favor of American rule. Aguinaldo went through a ae eae little skill in using them. Evidently a rising in the appointing a complete cabinet. Ss 1 O city was part of Aguinaldo’s plan, for the natives there showed | The President appointed a commission to study the situation i ; eS Oe to make trouble; but the police regulations were the Philippines, and advise him as to the acoct Token a ie ean that the rioters were at once suppressed, two of them Government to pursue. The commissioners were pte eae gee ee eee Otis was prepared for all enemies, within Dewey, Major-General Elwell S. Otis, Jacob G. Schurman es of i Oe and lus dispositions to meet a sudden attack are dent of Cornell University), Hon. Charles Denby, and Brigadi : Say O fave | reece His troops were not sorry to be assailed; : ee crrice Be Whittier. y, and brigadier- for they had been irritated almost beyond endurance by the in- | The treaty of peace had been signed in August, 1898, but it ca ae eae aoe Dy the sight of their intrenching oper- ! Beare opposed in the é S. 1ere the savages obtained elas rifles is a moot question. Senate and was not ratified by |e s = as gee Davis ae eee the Peete nea mill Bebraary 6, re, | | Americans rushed into it with This delay placed the United | | absolute fearlessness, and gave States forces at Manila in an |) oes eae oe anomalous position. They could shot. General King’s brigade, with crt op ee | : oe ee charged ae large and watch their lines, while the ee - aoe ge Filipinos were being organized = drove them into the Pasig River, zn Sp One: , ao where great numbers of them were incited to attack. General Otis drowned could not treat the armed and rest- | Tere was more fighting on Sere mea, ey LN oe : . : 2 o : less natives as Spaniard enemies, Tuesday, the 7th, when a recon- i because pew e had been declared ; noitring party was attacked heavily : nor could he treat them as rebels | and Colonel Fred. Funston’s Kan- 5 against the United States Gov sas regiment went to its rescue. = ernment, because the islands had The scene was near the town of ' A not yet been ceded. | But they Caloocan, about twelve miles north | Ey were practically enemies, and he of Marila, and the infantry were | ~ was obliged to hold them as such, assisted by the Utah battery and ‘ 7 while watching them as they con- | the light-draught gunboats, which | a structed extensive rifle trenches | shelled the town and set it on fire. 1 ; ne around the city. Moreover, the | The loss of the Filipinos could x ¥ opposition to the treaty in the | only be estimated, but it was in : Senate encouraged the Filipino the thousands. Many of them were | leaders to persist in their warfare, | captured. while their followers attributed the But Aguinaldo was not yet satis- inaction of the American troops to fied of the hopelessness of his strug- cowardice. gle. Though his followers had re- In the night of Saturday, Feb- : ceived a severe lesson, he was able fuary 4, the Filipinos made a | to retain a large number of them, | | Pancerted attack cwo or them | and he concentrated them at Caloo- approached a sentry of the First | | can. It was evident that he was pre- | Nebraska Regiment, northeast of |] -| paring to make a desperate attack | the city, and paid no attention \ | ie } onthe northern defenses of Manila. when he ordered them to halt, cs a oy aren ELWELLS. onls, = aoe But the American commander an- | whereupon he fired at them. [m- ticipated him by assuming the offen- a Filipino blockhouse, and sive. Early in the afternoon of February 11 the monitor Monadnock : Charleston opened with an effective fire of shells ile the Sixth artillery and the Utah battery After two hours of artillery fire, mediately a signal gun was fired from % It was evident that the and the cruiser from the harbor, wl bombarded from the land side. The Nebraska regiment re- General Harrison G. Otis’s brigade of infantry moved to the and poured a destructive assault. The ground to be passed over was spotted with banana s bamboo hedges, and rice fields, which offered great advan- hooters—if the Filipinos had had any men who of re only anxious 1 this was followed by a general attack. Iculated upon taking the Americans by native commander had ca liers very soon learned what surprise; but he and his deluded sol a serious mistake they had made. sponded promptly to the sentry’s alarm, At daybreak the American forces advanced inos out of their trenches and fter another, could shoot sharp. to get at the enemy, went straight t lying to the irregular fire they encountered, simply pausing hamlets.as they came 0. When they were ey they set up a yelling and fire into the savages. grove all along the line, driving the Fil ig the outlying villages, one < Admiral Dewey moved tages for sharps blockhouses, and capturit The American soldiers, who were ¢ | and burning them. At the same time, hrough everything, without up with a part of his fleet, and trained his quick-firing guns upon both flanks of the enemy with deadly effect. One tribe of natives came armed with immense bows and arrows, expecting to exter- Te] to burn such huts and in sight of the trenches at Caloocan, Pirie! Pike! ee ey oF Ht y eI aaa peer] SEEN SIR: bt ws oe y Pie oemees iy - ee ; - . ey: “upeatt i a ene sd all Wi lense io sere nye er ae a ‘ ea a , i} iG a oa £ al fe! Pp i A By 4 aaetans. TEST ARN anne i aatgmmaraa \ 1 Alama teal Minnie a kai ae ee eee ee ne et is ee eeu oe ir plan lr iat 588 CAMPFIRE cheering and quickened their pace, while at the same time a com- pany of the First Montana Regiment, which had made a detour to the east, came in on the enemy’s flank. The Filipinos broke into a disorderly retreat, and the Americans, jumping across the Many of the Fuili- pinos were brought to the ground, and many others threw away Some stopped long enough to set trenches, sent a shower of bullets after them. their weapons as they fled. fire to the town, but the Americans promptly extinguished the flames. It was found that the streets had been barricaded—as if Aguinaldo had expected his men, in case of attack, to fight to the death, or perhaps he only intended to give them a feeling of But many of the barricades had been torn in pieces The only security. by the terrible shells that were fired from the ships. flagstaff in the town belonged to an Englishman, who lent it to the victorious troops, and long before sunset the Stars and Stripes In this action the American loss The latter had were floating over Caloocan. was trifling; that of the Filipinos is unknown. about 6,ooo men in the AND TE TT BeAWeilie a ele Iopy: In the vicinity of Manila the insurgents kept up a guerilla war- fare, frequently raising flags of truce and then violating them; and < ) » Q Q there were many encounters with detachments sent out to drive them away. But there was a more dangerous enemy than the armed Filipino lurking in the suburbs. The insurgent government laid an elab- orate plot for the burning of Manila and the massacre of all persons there except Filipinos. This plan, with all its details, came to the knowledge of General Otis; but notwithstanding the fact that he was ready for it, the attempt was made in the night of the 22d, and fires were set in three different quarters of the city. The troops and the foreign residents fought the flames manfully, though they were attacked by concealed riflemen, and by morn- ing had conquered the fire. The suburb of Tondo and the business portion of Binondo were devastated. Seven Minnesota soldiers were wounded. Several Filipinos were killed, and 1,200 were placed under arrest. field, including a native regiment that had once been in the service of Spain, but had mur- dered its Spanish offi- cers and joined Agui- naldo. The insurgent attempted to open negotiations; but chief General Otis declined to have any official intercourse with him. In all these operations the United States Govy- ernment left- every - thing to the discretion of Admiral Dewey and General Otis, not ham- pering them with any specific instructions. On the (February 11) Same day when Caloocan was taken, the United States forces commanded by General Marcus P. Mil- ler captured the city of Iloilo, on the island of Panay, which had been occupied by the insurgents since Christmas, when it was abandoned by the Spanish forces. The insurgents, numbering about 10,000, burned the native portion of the town, with the Chinese quarter and two foreign consulates, but were driven out with no loss to the Americans. In this affair the Baltimore and the gunboat Petrel assisted by bombarding the town. Iloilo is about three hundred miles south by east of Manila, and ranl next to that city in importance in the Philippines. It ] fine harbor and about cS las a 7 7,000 inhabitants. As at Manila, the retiring enemy made a stand in the outlying vill Americans promptly pursued them. of Iloilo. ages, and the The village of Jaro, north Ho was the scene of an action on the rath, in which a recon- nowtring party, consisting of one battalion of infantry and : : a section of artillery, routed about 3 a thousand insurgents, who made a Sharp fight for an hour, and then retired | ; , taking their dead and wounded with them. Four Americans were wounded SIGNING THE PEACE PROTOCOL. The Americans repaired the Manila and Dagupan Railroad, and used it as far as Caloocan. They also put in order the rail- road to Malabon, where now the Filipinos had their most advanced post, who dug trenches, and from them fired at the American Outposts every night. On February rs the California regiment, with troops from Idaho and Washington and a battery of artillery, drove the Filipinos toward Laguna de Bay and destroyed the villages from which the natives had fired upon the outposts after raising flags of truce. Meanwhile, the insurgents were constantly receiving fresh arms and ammunition, and the vessels patroling the coast could neither stop the operation nor discover the source of the supply. On March to Major-General Henry W. Lawton arrived at Manila, on a transport, with the Fourth Infantry and a battalion of the Seventeenth. Three days later, General Loyd Wheaton’s “104 > . Sites b rT A . r brigade, consisting of the Twentieth and Twenty-second regularBES Pr es ee Se tT mS * phew SAI I ae ae rape “ LUNE TTT " to el F sere ealbusty Proton Toc ate ann ee CAMPFIRE infantry, Oregon and Washington volunteers, a detachment of the Fourth cavalry and a battery, set out from San Pe the Wheaton then advanced to Pasig, lro and, with assistance of a ¢g ey . ; . gunboat, captured Guadeloupe General re Tene : Pateros and Taguig, brushing TANT 4 : yey . ae away Pio del Pilar’s Opposing force, and severed the COMMUNICAL Pre toteca air er ds sors wit a IND) 183 7a\ IP IPILIB J2 It 18, ILD). Sipeebis cli teotiriet Tors ¢ 589 at Singalon, and the plan was to close in on them and capture them It was observed that the natives were learning the art of war from They now reserved their fire till and then fired low; and they observation of the Americans. their enemy was in close range - é ) remained in the trenches till the Americans charged at the double- tion between Aguinaldo’s forces and the insurgent bands at tl eth. 5 ands % Le quick, when they broke and ran for the woods. Yet they lost : 3 more heavily than in any engageme are : The Americans improvised gunboats on the lak i =e vily than in any engagement thus far. = ; he lake, and added ‘he brigades of General Irvi PAA An(e . light-draught vessels to the fleet in the bay, to assist the land Oti 7 a 3 eee LE ee ee ea Bae sie a Goda le sa Th is went straight through the lines of > ins : : forces in their attacks on the various rebel positions on bay and by eis Poe = ease R ie lines of the insurgents, cutting river Sil See 1eir force in two. ‘Then General Arthur MacArthur’s division swung round to the left, breaking up and scattering the enemy Asuinaldo had sent forces cee ti; c ra . T »¢ C170 ha 1 é f ~< e Mi 4 11 ae ae cee of Cel Negros, on that wing Otis advanced on Novaliches and Polo f indoro and Leyte, and set up his er ; a Ree SVN “S oO irom Pee e i , p his standard there Consider- Laloma, while Hale cleared the country as far as the water-works . Ts IN EK , and a system of o ssion and extorti as i y c : -V J system of oppression and extortion and Singalon, capturing Mariquina and San Francisco del Monte rl eet aon oy, ot 4 Od es Be cos — a. ae & Wat 1 me > Patines Foor : 5 OVER THE PASIG RIVER IN MANILA. BRIDGE OF SPAIN, was begun at once. But the cruiser Boston was sent trom l to Cebu and Negros, the people there and protection, and the Aguinaldan régin Late in March the battleship wonderful cruise round South America, transport with troops that ‘ncreased General Otis’s force to men. 24,000 were kept at were sent to garrison Iloilo, Negros, and Cebu. On March 25 an advance in force was made held by the Filipinos at Polo, Novaliches, San Francisco del The enemy their Oregon, which had arrived at Manila, ) Of these, were driven from and Mariquina. . river to Caloocan, ant front of the line north from the It was sup] was seized and secured. fed at Malabon an¢ insurgent troops were surroun< reamed St - y See American rule e quickly came to an end. made the and a 29,500 Manila, and the remainder upon the positions Monte trenches 1n 1 the railroad osed that the best Of Me 1 in the foothills The Montana regiment, with the Third artillery, crossed Talighan Ivanced on Polo from the southeast, while MacArthur river and a The brigade of General 1 south of and parallel with the river. d to Banlac, protecting Hale’s right, while battery held the extreme left mover Robert H. Hall move the Oregon regiment and the Utah Later in the day W heaton’s brigade advé inced and met with strong Malabon and the The he intrenchments nearest to Malabon, But the Oregon regi- river. insurgents opposition between made a eae attack on t and succeeded in getting in a cross fire. ment Sa to a position close to the town, and held it reso- lutely till the Third infantry came Up in support, when the enemy retreated hastily into Malabon. The plan for surrounding the also retreated, insurgents at Polo was not suc- though not till after cessful, and they ne ii arn ob see a None ad PT ina eer OF a a another on ot Saini na oy WES / 2 2 5 : E > =i 4 bits S races rea ulate, ibility” Hg uP Nee BS) hie LP) ioe ii~ PAE ene ne ennai EOE RAMs gaan ESAS <=) aM MEEL C. reeeaenaieierstiocictaem ee 590 GAMERS ke A ING engagement the next day, then withdrawing to Maloios. Gen- eral Otis closely followed up their rear guard, which made a stand in the intrenchments at Marilao; but as soon as the artillery came within range the Filipinos broke up and fled in panic. With the capture of Polo the Americans came into possession of considerable rolling stock, and thus were able to advance rapidly along the railroad. The Filipinos retired before them, abandon- ing Malinta, Gycanyan and Maycanayan. The enemy had con- structed defenses along the railroad, which consisted of double rows of diagonal trenches on both sides of the track, with thick earthworks capped with stones and loopholed. Some of them also had roofs of sheet iron. These works could not be carried by a front attack; but they were successively flanked and enfi- laded, when the defenders fled to the woods and thence made their way to the next line of works. South of Manila, Paranaque was bombarded by the Monadnock, and the light-draught BeAaliiely Ee aor TED stopped to rest. The total American loss in the operations just recorded (February 4 to April 4) was 184 killed and 976 wounded. While these operations were in progress, a force commanded by General Henry W. Lawton occupied eight towns south of Laguna de Bay, and also captured several gunboats. Lawton was then recalled to Manila and with a flying column cleared the jungles north of the city, as far as the mountains and Bulacan. Aguinaldo now (April 28) sent his chief of staff to ask for an armistice of thirty days, that his congress might be convened and decide the question of war or peace. But General Otis was not to be caught by any trick of the kind. He answered that he could not in any way recognize the insurgent government, and would consider no proposal except one for the complete surrender of the Filipino army; and he added that the rebels would receive amnesty on giving up their arms. General MacArthur continued his advance by the line of the gunboats shelled Mala- | bon. This town was evacuated and left in ruins, and the Ameri- cans advanced toward Malolos: Erom that place Aguinaldo sent down a body of his best ff troops to contest the advance,and MacArthur met them at Marilao on March 27. A stubborn fight ensued, which closed with a determined charge by the South Da- kota regiment, before which the enemy broke and fled. In this action the gunboats, entering Bulacan river, gave et- fective assistance. The Filipinos had damaged the railroad as much as they could; but RF f the Americans quickly repaired it, rebuilt the bridges, and had their supply trains running to Marilao. Under the or- ders of General Luna, the insurgents burned everv town that they were compelled to abandon. ? The next day after the battle at Marilao, MacArthur promptly attacked Bulacan, which was held by fresh troops. General Otis’s brigade captured that city, and General Hale’s, on the right, took Guirguinto. Three days later the American army reached Malolos. After the artillery had played on the trenches for a time, the Nebraska and South Dakota regiments flanked them on the right, and the Twentieth Kansas and First Montana on the left, assisted by the Third artillery, while the Tenth Pennsylvania assailed the centre. The enemy were soon driven out, and it appeared that only a rear guard had been left in the defenses, to make a show of resistance and set fire to the town. Aguinaldo’s main force had withdrawn to Calumpit; and when the Americans made a reconnoissance toward that place, it continued its retreat to Balinag. In the capital of the imaginary Philippine Republic the Americans IN THE SPANISH TRENCHES, railroad, and drove the insurgents successively from Apalit, Santo Tomas, and San Fernando. After the fall of Malolos, San Fer- nando was the Filipino capital till its capture, when the govern- ment was removed once more, this time to San Isidro. General Lawton’s command advanced in a line parallel with General Mac- Arthur s, and captured Novaliches, San José, Norzagaray and Bal- inag. «At the last named place he captured a large amount of stores, and then drove the retreating enemy before him to San Ildefonso and thence toward the mountains. Lawton’s advance was very rapid, and a large part of the Opposing force was ren- dered hors du combat. The people also fled betore him, as they believed the stories that the insurgent commanders had caused to be circulated among them, of the cruelty and barbarity of the Americans and their purpose to enslave old and young. West- ward of these lines the gunboats had patroled the rivers and cleared the region of rebels. lhe country bordering Manila Bay on the north is broken byVas a : . aime : Pee ed dle x it a Z ‘ . fief ETE Sat ee Tey IMM Tel ULL en Gio lltat eee 4 3 ah me ait Dict peat tePet eer hite | tie Pernt ven paige = {th vt hls ae Mtn teresstas CLUE cls etier hr repee? — CAMPRIRE AND BAL iE s ine: 591 a bewildering network of rivers : : F Sand bayous: ; > tacl sions : suing and defeating the enemv y ae and the task of pur- taining also his line of communication by rail. As soon as Captain Si See ‘ 5 nemy among Ir Windings was ex x : — ; it tremely difficult reremince ey, y ue ep MAD GIN gS! Was 16x: Grant reported at Manila he was directed to find the mouth of the ; 5 e€ reader . Operati . : , ; der of the operations on Rio Grande and pass up that stream to Calumpit, which place he the western rivers and bayous durj l aS é ay ing the War of Seces ther H g ssion, where reached withot arked incic 3 . I z it m , e May ras : the gunboats were continually subjected to rifle fire fr f] i ' arked incident on May to. e was then Y j > LTe om 1e directed to proceed up > river anc : ie ins SN1Us banks, and sometimes passed up a stream only to find that ¢] ; I - ip the river and clear the banks of insurgents A ae. ) I la 1e as far as Candaba, which he acco ishe aving as S Confederates were felling trees across it below \ e mplished, having a sharp engage- Cone BlwcllS Oe me : passage 1n ment at San Luis. These boats could navigate this river as far « 4 wie So LCEeEDOT describes one \f qi ce oe me sae : : is g J 7 | e of these difficult as Arayat, twelve miles northeast of San Fernando, and could operations. On Mav 7 Captain Grant. of the Utah actiller; or ent rant, of the Utah artillery, with keep that line open without much difficulty. It was determined, two gunboats, was instructed to proceed from +] , - 3 < ) « Li ( () O¢ ed trom \ anila ey | ( AG . < : c 2 . < < < cA. < \ General MacArthur had signified his ability to communicate with to fire action have operated to bring about a general enervation ! 1 after Grant was beyond recall, regard to the enemy Bacolor and Guagua | i of the enemy sick and wounded, leaving an effective from which the men do not seem to readily recover, although the The four regiments now ‘resent have an enlisted strength of 3,701. Of these, 1,003 are of 2,698, which, after him there, but subsequently, an¢ he reported that his situation was such with that he did not consider the movement on present conditions are very favorable. a eect ¢ > ARE 6s ~ i x force prudent. ‘At the first-named place a strong ey AOS Ee 2 * : hy ) ‘ was intrenched, and he did not think that his force at that time deducting necessary details for special duty, yields only 2,307 tor R te . al > firing line any of W C ot march five miles under Guagua line while main- the firing line, many ol whom could not was sufficient to drive it off and hold the ant a Saheb tka y Ps i U Praelad " PA a . ¢ \ " mre yyey y May ‘ ey eaten)" RGranaETT, | OTe Dod tet h beh sabhedij al di Libba yeas i paas a | salted. =a :a ¥ ) } P pA ange bites. i bone een ee we ees —— Pte Le IO — <=, 592 the conditions which obtained from Malolos to this place. The physical condition of men in the organizations which originally commenced the campaign in this division and are still at the front has during the past month been a matter of great concern. The difficulties are progressive and without any apparent fluctuation are growing worse from day to day. For four months these men have been continually under arms night and day, exposed in a relaxing climate to a scorching sun, almost as destructive and much harder to bear than the enemy’s fire, until apparently the severe, unremitting, and almost unexampled strain has told upon whole organizations to such an extent that they are now completely worn out and broken in health.”’ In July the people of the island of Negros, who had freely acknowledged the sovereignty of the United States, drew up and forwarded to the President a proposed constitution and code of laws, which they asked to have adopted for their government henceforth. Pending this, a provisional military government was established, “‘under which the people may enjoy the largest measure of civil liberty compatible with prevailing conditions, which shall conform to their desires as The administration ’) expressed in their proposed constitution. of affairs was entrusted to a military governor appointed by the Military Governor of the Philippines (Major-General Otis) and a civil governor and advisory council (of eight members) elected by the people. The qualifications for a voter were: He must be a male citizen of the island, twenty-one years of age, able to speak, read and write either English, Spanish or Visayan, or own real estate worth $500, or pay a rental on property valued at $1,000, must have resided in the island one year, must be registered, and must have paid his taxes. All necessary departments of a government were established, and provision was made for free public schools. The Civil Governor was to have a salary of $6,000 (Mexican currency), the heads of departments $3,000 each, and the members of the Advisory Council $8 a day, with mileage. Concerning this experiment, General Otis wrote: ‘In the new field of politics, upon which these people entered with alacrity, there were many disagreements—the result of personal ambitions proba- bly, as well as of antagonistic honest opinion, and complaints were heard and opposition was frequently offered to the civil officers of districts to whom they had entrusted the preserva- tion of law and order. Those exercising the civil power, ac- quainted only with Spanish methods, sought to organize a military police force which was made responsible only to its founder and which executed his orders in a very arbitrary and oftentimes cruel manner. It was unreliable, and a portion of it served the Tagalo and robber element, to which many deserted. Through all the turmoils and difficulties experienced by the advocates for United States government, General Smith retained the confidence of all factions and assisted to heal their differences. They desired an election of such classes of officers as might be permitted to direct local affairs under United States military supervision, and an opportunity to manifest their fitness for an abridged form of government has been given them.” In the island of Cebu affairs were conducted peaceably for a time; but dissensions arose between those of the natives who were friendly to American rule and some who were hostile to it. The bitterness thus engendered culminated in the assassination Ola well-known citizen simply because he favored American Protection, and attempts were made upon the lives of others. The towns first showed warlike symptoms, and then the moun- tain peaks behind Cebu exhibited preparations for defense, or CAM BIF TRIG ANID IBA IPI IITA ID IEID. possibly attack, in newly constructed rifle intrenchments. Con- traband trade along the coast of the island was active and gave the small gunboats manned by the natives considerable exciting occupation. Colonel Hamer called for additional force, and a battalion of the Tennessee regiment was sent him from Iloilo. Shortly before, incursions into the interior had been made by detached companies of the Twenty-third Infantry, at first without encountering much opposition, but afterward they met with very decided opposition. It was apparent that the rebellion was grow- UNSEEN HEROES ON A WARSHIP. ing stronger each succeeding day, and that increased force would be required to cope with it. The Cebu people possess great num- bers of small sailing craft, with which they are accustomed to conduct trade between their own and neighboring islands. With these they skirted other coasts and robbed the inhabitants. They impoverished and reduced to nunger the natives of the neighbor- ing island of Bohol, and with the aid of the Tagalos and other emissaries introduced arms and ammunition among their own people.PP dd ehh Ud ASEAN) Ut iyy bee estas ee ek A yee hee ; _ ee Os Dedik i hia ha sto s CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. 63 ! The insurgents in Cebu were commande d umanded by Francisco Llamas, local chief (the first white men that ever had entered his house) hin | and were entertained hospitably. The Sultan sulked, and refused | to honor a friendly invitation: but his mother, who was at Maibun, sent his secretary with a message of welcome, and Captain Pratt and his officers returned the call and established amicable rela- tions, which prepared the way for the negotiations that two months later were conducted by Brigadier-General John C. Bates. Another of the curious complications in this most singular of the Nineteenth Infantry to reli mS Aa part of all contests arose when General Otis’s force was weakest from dis- 1e Nineteenth intantry to relieve the Tennessee battalion, thought charge of volunteers and other causes. Whil st of his otherwise. He collected all the troops at hand—hi ) : | ie peer | rT wise. llec all the Ops at hand—his own men, were campaigning no f > Tez OS QT ally Cc two companies of the Sixth Infantry that had be T ee an ee oe Sn ee Sore 5 at had been sent from lected troops south and east of the city, till they had about 8,500 | there. These had been told that the Americans would soon be | delivered into their hands for slaughter; and among them was a | battalion of boys, who were to ‘‘throw stones at the enemy, under the guidance of Providence.’ But one or two an active and cunning fellow, who was believed by many of the natives to have supernatural powers. Colonel Hamer called far additional troops, to suppress the rebellion at once before it should STOW to serious proportions; but none could be spared from ‘zon 7 k ¢ ‘ > TX > : < a . — = a at that time. The insurgents grew bolder, and assembled a faces of about 2,000 men, with several guns, on the hills overlooking the city of Cebu. Their position appeared to be impregnable But Colonel Snyder, who had been sent to Cebu with Iloilo, a battalion of the Twenty-third Infantry, and the Ten- nessee volunteers (who were on their way home, but offered to remain and help him), and with this force he quickly cleared the of the boys were wounded, and thereupon all the rest mus- tered them- selves out of the service. re The compara- | tive inaction of the Americans emboldened the Tagalos, and , they made sev- ie eralattacks. An American force : | a see marching to Ba- linag had a run- Lj a ee ning fight in winiCh it lost : two men killed and thirteen wounded; but the enemy left on the ground ) sixteen killed aCe clas Oe Seema ine ~ number wound- ed, besides los- ing some pris- rf oners. On May NATIVE HOUSES IN THE PHILIPPINES. a ihe : SUE | hills of all insurgents, ‘‘excepting those who now lie buried there,” gents made a determined attaclyon an outpost of San Bernando: and returned to the city with a large part of their weapons. The position was held by the South Dakota, lowa and Kansas | In May a force of about 800 men was sent to Jolo (or Sulu), the volunteers, with portions of the Seventeenth and Twenty-second principal island of the small archipelago that lies between the Infantry. Ot the Americans, seven were killed and six ae islands of the Philippines and Borneo. The Spanish troops here —all belonging to the South Dakota regiment. ee 28a os had received orders to withdraw, but had not been informed that were handled very roughly, and when they retreated they left | they would be relieved by American troops. The Spanish com- fifty dead and thirty-eight wounded on the field, besides twenty- | mandant therefore had turned over Maibun to the Sultan of Jolo eight prisoners. | and Borneo, and was about to turn over Jolo also. This condition General Otis now received large accessions of regular troops, = jl of affairs called for delicate management, as the Sultan had ex- that on May 31 he had under his OL eee Sa aug | pected, with these possessions, to reward his subordinates hand- of whom nearly 26,000 wee a oO ae Ae oe as somely. It happened, fortunately, that these subordinates on were volunteers whose term oO en a é Xp ae prep | 1 terms with him, and they accord- arations were in process for sending them home. é Jolo island were not on goo¢ \ ‘cans and declared their fealty to the One of the most important and successful of the many cam- Americans < cle alt) ingly welcomed the 1 : Renin tf f ab Ane , Tr iderable force O : ‘ ; Foeers calle aions that were undertaken Wherever any cons United ‘States. Captain Pratt and other officers called on the paig : A % baa ey te RUC eS \} a S os site ECTLECATT ALIS A gedayeeaey HiT TpSeme pA tHE TLIC ISTE TF ITH Pees TPM PY te EAS Te ates! 1) Renard A Wye SUE Tee RE ls tree ct aa le) c a 2 aime NS Hite seals wal /~ A - i ve AP la Pr a i ee 594 GAVVEREIURSE, AUIN-D. the enemy could be located took place in June, in the country south and southeast of Manila, and was conducted by General Lawton. General Otis gives an admirably clear account Of it: “The latter part of May it was reported that the inhabitants at Antipolo, Morong, and other near towns east of Manila were suf- fering heavily on account of the crimes committed by General Pilar’s insurgent troops, and they called for protection. Pilar enjoys the reputation of being for years the bandit chief of that section of country. He stood high in the favor of Aguinaldo, either on account of the latter’s fear of him or because he had the ability to keep together and direct troops drawn from the criminal classes. He had within his command about 2,500 men and for- Di i BALI WIL IB IB I Ie LID) of the mountains and entered that place the following morning. Morong and Taguig were taken, and the narrow strip of land extending into the Laguna de Bay from the north was explored without discovering the presence of the enemy, unless in the guise of the ‘amigo,’ with weapon carefully concealed, a character of partisan which prevails extensively in this country when first captured by our troops. The insurgents had scattered, and most of them at least had taken the trails into the mountains, where they could not be profitably pursued. On the march to Antipolo our casualties were two men killed and nine wounded, and at Taytay two men killed. The enemy suffered a much greater loss and left nine dead and a number of wounded on the Morong field DURIAN VENDORS (NATIVE MOROS), At the left are baskets made of cocoanut leaves with Oranges In them Next are durian wra In banana ea . In ront re the r r s pped a ves a duria S, which are the rarest fruit on earth and taste like Limburger cheese. merly operated so C We yo uth of the Pasig, from which he had been driven and subsequently commanded the province of Morong As soon s Gener: aw -eturne as General Lawton returned to Manila he was instructed to collect a force and cause these insurce ie é and cause these insurgent troops to be driven off. Assem- bling 2 sn at the ng pee men at the pumping station, under command ot Brig- adier-General Hall, he directed it on J . une 3 upon Antipolo, and at the same time red eigh : Le ees € time moved eight companies of the Washington vol- unteers by lake to Morong, and the First Nort akoté alee irst North Dakota and a vattalion of the Twelfth Infantry on 7 rough character of the country in t+] the heat of the day, caused Hall aguig from Pasig. The 1e direction of Antipolo, and s column to move slowly. He et with slight resistance from a scattered force of 300 at the base alone, where our troops did not meet with any casualty. Morong was oce ep : < oo ee 4 ccupied lor a time and from it reconnoissances were made lI ¢ > \1T74 6G ¢ & ito the interior and along the shore of the Laguna. Its garrison Was remove ac 3S 1 loke . . : : moved across the lake to Calamba, when that point became a permanent station. - The enemy hz C : - ly had become again boldly demonstrative at the sou ‘ Ar : Oe . : 3 it became necessary to throw him back once more. e had intrenched himself very s icing ; : ; “a himself very strongly in the vicinity of Para- aque ¢ ean Daouio: alea on 7 a ; | mn near Taguig; also in front of San Pedro Macati. the centre of our line al (eS : ce ; ne. On June 7 General Lawton was instructed to ‘oncentrate ‘ce of ee te a lorce of 4,000 men approximately in the, vicinity she last-name wn, t t-named town, to be placed under the immediate super-PT a i al ee gan Ot 5 Faia) pee ths cx MRR UNIT Uw iery = ’ et ee rte ta Saree ie vision of Generals Wheaton and Ovenshine, move tl front and centre in two columns, disperse tl 1e€ same to the . 1e enemy in the imme- diate front, and then, swinging these columns to the right and left, place them in rear, if possible, of his strong ] flanks. Ositions on our Dispositions were completed on June 9, and early the 51x companies of the Colorados constituted the advance guard, and took the direction next -morning the command moved out. of the intrenchments in the immediate front, which they attacked "he enemy were soon driven and scattered. Wheaton, swinging to the left, soon routed the insurgents in that with great vigor. direction, who made such rapid flight to the south that few of them were caught. Ovenshine took up his swinging movement to the right to place his troops on the Bacoor road south of Las Pinas, but, unfortunately, the day was one of the most enervating of the year. The sky was cloudless, and no air stirring. The eS SUGAR CANE GRINDING IN THE PHILIPPINES. troops, who had recently arrived from the United States, began to be overcome with the heat before they had marched two miles. The colonel of the Thirteenth Infantry was prostrated from sun- stroke, and nearly all that regiment fell out on the line of march before it had General Lawton accompanied this column in person, and quickly taking in the situation, directed Wheaton’s column to join as soon as possible; but before this was accomplished the enemy, advancing from Paranaque, boldly attacked what remained of Ovenshuics men. He was repulsed after skirmishing, and, Wheaton joining, the march in the direction of Las Pinas was continued, and late in the afternoon General Lawton was obliged to halt a little south of east of Las Pinas, but could not secure the road by which it was believed the enemy would retreat. | His men had suffered severely from the hard march, and especially trom | proceeded as far south as Paranaque. some active tf Hi ipe real) Ata Pd ns bane ne 3) ae, CAMPFIRE AND BA TT is ale ep , ‘ Gielee yn Ce te Eee irtee th ea Srey Te) ANS DT DTM tetig hls eee ete ee ae 9 c at 1! CR ak ver i Redaty | Fs bal re ANG Sc P Ta Loans UA Gat ee : e ~~ 8 \ F, | Sipe] He : > i i gece oN, THUS UP yy ae oa) bie aekh bth S eer tis ote A bebeeti COUR Reha id cso] as pietat 595 lack of water, for scarcely any that was potable could be found by them. Fully fifty per cent had succumbed to the heat and fatigues of the day. The insurgents, too, had suffered from the same causes, and in addition had been signally defeated. They left on the battlefield a great number of dead, over seventy of whom were discovered and counted, while our casualties summed up at one enlisted man killed and two officers and twenty-one men wounded. That night the enemy escaped from Paranaque and Las Pinas by the Bacoor road and across the Zapote River, along which they had constructed formidable intrenchments, where they had, in 1896, gained a great victory over the Spaniards, and where they believed they would be invincible. In fact, a great number of them had made religious vows, assumed under super- stitious rites, to overthrow the Americans there or die in the ditches. The most conservative estimate of their numbers was and to meet this 3,000, con- dition of affairs new combina- must be The In- was tions made. Thirteenth fantry. brought into Mia mieia = anord placed on the NOG line. Te= the Fourth Infantry lieving and Wyoming battalion, which were sent to General Law- ton, who in the had carefully recon- mean time noitred the en- emy’s position had cluded to attack at the River bridge of and con- Zapote the Bacoor road. In reconnoitring near that point in person with two of the Twenty- first Infantry he companies was suddenly attacked on front and flanks by a large force of the enemy from its brush concealments, whereupon, retiring a short distance and hurrying up supports, he threw it back upon the river. His troops, having been resupplied with rations and ammunition, and his re-enforcements forwarded, all by water transportation ply- ing between Manila and Paranaque, he, on June 13, attacked the enemy in his intrenchments on the Zapote. The country was most ‘uninviting for military operations, and he made his disposi- tions for a main attack on the river bridge, near which, after hard persistent effort, he had secured a position which flanked a The navy had, in the mean time, at and portion of the enemy’s lines. le a point on the shore of the bay, landed from one of its vessels near Las Pinas thirty-eight men and a quick-firing gun where it could do execution on the left flank of the insurgents, should they attempt demonstrations in that direction.’ ie ¥ : 3 es. aes pane een Lerner years en ene Perth) aes Sa iS Pa Se - SHIH (iad drebebeline i tabiecsahis ih en eei ti Ps WPA nae, Dilan aaah a aia GT a. oe 596 While the fight was in progress General Lawton telegraphed to Manila: ‘‘We are having a beautiful battle. Hurry up ammunt- tion,’ which reminds one of General Phil. Kearney’s exclamation at Seven Pines, ‘‘ You'll find lovely fighting along the whole line.” The Tagalos were very bold and advanced in the open till they were within a hundred yards of the American lines; but they paid dearly for their temerity, being cut down rapidly by a steady fire. In the end they were thoroughly defeated, losing three of their five guns and fully a third of their 3,000 men. They fled south- ward, and Lawton took possession of Bacoor. The American loss was about forty. In reporting the condition of affairs that he found in that district he wrote: ‘A representative of the civil government at Imus (a few miles south of Bacoor) has just come, formally announcing the surrender of that place and inviting the Americans to enter. He says the people of that section are fright- ened and tired of war, and want peace, and welcome the Amer- CAMPFIRE AND NT rT BAL REA PLE LD. a force concealed in thick brush and swampy undergrowth, and retreated slowly, fighting skillfully at every step. [his continued four hours, when he was joined by two battalions and three guns, under General Wheaton, who at once assumed the offensive and drove the enemy back on Dasmarinas. The next day, with some fighting, Wheaton occupied that village, and in the church he found sixty of the enemy’s dead. The American loss in the two davs was four killed and twenty-three wounded. Notwithstanding the heaviness of the rainfall—forty-six inches in a month—and several typhoons, active hostilities were kept up, and there were many minor engagements. Most of these were attacks on the lines of communication. The dwellers about Laguna de Bay were very anxious for trade with Manila; but it was impossible to tell who was sincere and friendly and who was treacherous. When it became certain that a large part of the subsistence sent out of the city found its way to the insurgent jeansy 4 = 4 dhis man says that the 3 people do not wish es | war, and that they |Segeee. ssa ie : look upon the Ameri- cans as friends and are glad to see them jv come, but that Agui- naldo ; and his’ cut— throats (this is his own expression) only desire | war.” At the same time (June 16) when Gen- |: = eral Lawton was con- — ductine, = this’ battle = | south of Manila, Gen- 3 eral MacArthur’s com- | mand was fighting at San Fernando, on the river of that name, en) 4 about forty miles | a northwest of Manila. | A body of 3,000 to | 5,000 insurgents, com- manded by Aguinaldo in person, surrounded the town and attacked early in the morning. The diameter of the line of operations was about three miles. The preparations for the attack had been very elaborate, and the evident design was to cut off communication with the base of supplies at Calumpit (nine miles southeast) and capture MacArthur’s command. But once more the insurgent chieftain failed to take into consideration the vast difference between such troops as he commanded and American soldiers. The-attack was bold and vigorous, but was steadily repelled at all points, after which the Iowa and Kansas regiments made a forward movement and drove the enemv through their own works and out of sight. The American loss was twelve men wounded. The insurgents left nearly a hundred dead or wounded on the field. Nor was the struggle ended at the south, in the province of Cavite. Three days after the engagements just described, Gen- ~ ’ eral Wheaton, at Imus, sent out a reconnoitring party toward Dasmarifas, seven miles farther south, to locate the enemy. This was a battalion of the Fourth Infantry, commanded by Major Bubb, with one gun, Bubb was attacked in front and flank by far Cee Sale a a ae set ae p Sra a a ; fe > "Y: Eat 4 ieee fa < , Fae pe 5 TI aaa ae sg oe eo em é Soe 4 Se te SFP Sh eG / a A FLAG OF IRUCE. troops, General Otis placed restrictions on the traffic. Then a dismounted squadron of the Fourth Cavalry, with a launch and cascoes for transportation, visited several points on the lake and met with friendliness at some and with armed opposition at others, but in every affair drove the enemy into the woods. July 26, Brigadier-General Hall, commanding a portion of General Law- ton’s troops, captured the strongly intrenched position at Cal- amba, losing three men killed and eleven wounded.- He also captured Los Banos, where the Spaniards had erected a large military hospital. The enemy made costly but ineffectual at- tempts to retake these places. On August 31, 1899, deducting the sick (about twelve per cent) and the volunteers about to be sent home because their term had expired, General Otis had in the Philippines about 24,000 men fit for duty. Of these, a little more than 4,000 were in Jolo and the Visayan Islands and at Cavite Arsenal: 2,600 belonged to the provost guard of Manila; 1,900 were on special duty; 345 were in confinement; and nearly 900 were members of the hospital: fo real Po ye \ at ee ERP SS é 1 by fpite shee ct PUTA el LECT Lore eet Lt can et 4 ise bie Cores eta tit ist rete i rere yee 1 ‘ INQ eee e ogo Aiea eeed Cte gine Mi crete etn drt 2 CAMPFIRE AND Hea dE IP LIB ID IIB IL ID). 597 i i) corps. At that date he reported that the total ) : | < al number of casual- xy - rey ny . : One Ee. United Ghatee kunane : | 3 widely. Conservative people place it under 400,000 and some 1eS among 1€ United wotates troops in the Philippines from nee : Conia : : Neeuci eok to A ' ppines Irom educated and practical Filipino residents report it as high as f St I, 1398, to August 31, 1800, was - on a ee : : )25 me 31, 99 iS 1,900. Of these, 12° 000,000. ‘The majority of this mass is irresponsible and easily ccurre revious to Kebruary 4, 1899, when the insurcente vee s ; eo Y J ’ Cl - urgents de- excited surge age CG C r a : , Jt : ot clared war. After that date LO Oficers:and o45 nen wor kil] ae j Insurgent gents, Soule with fair social standing, 1i not es | , S and 342 men were killed prominence, and holding appointments from Aguinaldo, are con- or died of wounds, al 7 ficers an Mai SINT) “GTATA 5 0 7 1 1¢ / orm CTS and T,325 men W CI ¢ wounded. tinually plotting in Our midst, and Manila and every landed nly tour enlisted men were captured in battle. The number of SEER SES coe i ) e. The number of province under our control has its accredited insurgent governor. Under these prevailing conditions the introduction of a civil supervision of affairs by citizens, though under general military control, has been deferred. In the city a civil native police force has been organized, numbering 360, which is divided into four companies, each having its native captain and sergeants, and has worked admirably thus far in connection with the provost guard. These men, like our fire department, have thus far proved true, and are feared by the criminals and disloyal element of the popu- ~ = POAT lation much more than our soldiers who patrol the streets, because a eee they are known to and are closely watched by them. Other cities and towns in our possession were accorded local government Pent hase ea Uae ote under military supervisory restrictions. In most instances these simple local establishments answer all purposes of a temporary ha aus nature and are drawn from former Spanish decrees and customs. In some cases the president has been discovered to be an ardent insurgent, engaged in forcing money collections in the interest of > the enemy, but he 1s apt to desert his post and join his friends with cee be Bi 7p ee 4a ee. cen A ’ ie is extortions before he can be arrested. One in whom confidence Pee Fe h had been placed sold out for a general's commission and is now actively engaged in annoying our troops south of Manila. The z : lack of manifested surprise or indignation on the part of citizens CAMPAIGNING IN THE PHILIPPINES. : ON TEL Ly aa aaa by whom these criminals had been entrusted with the manage- deserters reported was 178, a few of whom joined the enemy, but ment of local affairs, on discovering that they had been deceived } most of them apparently escaped from the islands. The deaths and robbed, presents an unfavorable commentary on the moral i from accident, in the thirteen months, included five officers and complexion of the native. gi men, 58 of whom were drowned and 11 committed suicide. “The Spanish civil courts, from which criminal jurisdiction had | The deaths from disease numbered 12 officers and 426 men. The been taken [as shown on another page of his report], had volun- iS most fatal disease was typhoid fever. tarily closed their sessions in October and November, leaving the ie The difficult questions of peaceful government that entered into administration of justice by constituted tribunals to the provost | the Philippine problem are very clearly indicatéd in a passage in | 1 ié 4] General Otis’s official report, wherein he says: During this entire period (thirteen months) the varied subjects arising 1n civil administration, the settlement of affairs between Spain and the United States, and the antagonistic individual interests connected with trade and commerce gave constant perplexity and required unremitting labor. When the armed insurgents had been driven i away from the vicinity of Manila, the inhabitants of Manila asked for some sign of America’s expressed intention in inaugurating its Filipino government. We had control of nearly all the province : in which the city is situated, and it was believed for a time that we could with safety set up a provincial governor and revive, to : a certain extent, the formerly enforced civil regulations with | which the people were acquainted, amending them so that re- ported past abuses could not be practiced. [he organization of a civil government for Manila was also taken under advise- ment, but conservative precaution indicated that such action might be attended with risk, especially as to property, for the and much of it of a floating population was becoming very dense, Rage er cen 1 RNA La ae os and a measurable degree ol WASHDAY IN CAMP. lo character, and needed close watching repression. Manila is now and for some time has been looked ‘ f c ‘ r ¢ cc ‘—O = S upon by the natives as the only safe retuge 1n Luzon, and unless CC urt | a ae | bidine place were restrained, numbers requirements in commerct atters, bu ae 3 ae erty ‘transactions of inhabitants necessitate of our creation. These provost courts could meet but the business of mer- those seeking it for an a eee | assistance of a strictly civilnature. The re-establishment ame the subject of mature deliberation. A Judge Arellano, a leading to carry out necessary sanitary the public health and possibly to judicial No of civil courts bec number of conferences were held with would soon become too great measures for the preservation 0! enforce the required public regulations tor the public sate ty e ‘ » | c C » 5 yeen a : . Alle. eae PA LEE a SS ' ; . ze : j : ; ae ia se deceit NTA ta eS oa sean ni ‘antag Ferny Menirenetey ue Tae SaTH Yee iter pat ren =, a oh , | - ‘i f A (_ — ea Pr eae ilk - GANVIPHIRE AND BART LEARIELD. a 598 in Aguinaldo’s cabinet under popular pressure, from which he had tribunals have succeeded in accomplishing the objects for which withdrawn of his own volition shortly after acceptance, in the : conviction that he could not thereby serve the interests of his ‘ people. After much hesitancy he promised to comply with my | request to assist in the re-establishment of the supreme court ol the islands and those of inferior jurisdiction for the city of Manila and suburbs. He advised strongly against a purely native judi- ciary, as the Asiatic consular court practice would result, since domiciled foreigners would not submit to the orders of a native court except under protest and appeal for relief to their own gov- they were established beyond my expectation, and will, | am con- vinced, lay the foundation upon which to build an able and satis- factory judiciary for the islands when peace shall succeed war.”’ In Manila and other cities where it was possible schools were established. Both parents and children showed eagerness for primary education, and especially to learn the English language. In Manila the attendance was more than 5,ooo from _ the first, and the schools cost about 10,000 Mexican dollars a month. The instructors included former Spanish and Filipino teachers and j ° . . . e ne ° 2 5 See. = rT\ : = : = : . —- . ‘ is . ‘ over SC o <7 ernments, and this would give rise to international difficulties. some Americans. The superintendent was a discharged ae : ‘ s 6orvTm ae i i ; nost c ate r| had formerly been a teacher. General Otis says: he ai dv F , > mp nt who hac ormerly e¢ é N | He advised that judges be selected irom the most con peter , , ONE ey | lawyers of the islands, and from United States officers versed in higher education which the islands have | € enjoyed, as the law and acquainted with United States civil codes of pro- as that of a minor character, has been entirely under the control cedure, to the end that simpler forms of practice might be sub- stituted gradually for the cumbersome and dilatory methods hith- erto pursued by Spain. | The Spanish law, built 1 | upon royal preroga- my ih tive, legislative enact- | ments, and decrees of of the religious orders and has centred in Manila. The Dominican | | governing officers is- sued under conferred powers, extending over a period of centuries, has never been codi- fied. To organize tri- eee bunals of justice, with ii lineeree ncesinee akin eT TTS ee membership other than Spanish and with mod- ified powers and forms of procedure, to im- TT TET A. AAT Se pose upon the inhabit- ants the laws of Spain | intelligently amended us f in essential particulars, oo / required exhaustive re- search. This labor Judge Arellano under- took and carried to sufficient completion | to enable us to make THE BOARD OF NAVAL STRATEGY. the necessary legal ; 4° > re < in . © om . . ® a c | modifications and to organize the courts. His recommenda- Order, rich in landed estates acquired through a series of years, tion for the appointment of certain men to the bench who were inaugurating its educational policy under royal assistance, money drawn not only from Luzon but also from the Visayan Islands contributions, and decrees when the educational field was entirely was approved and orders prepared by him and Lieutenant-Colonel in the possession of the clergy, and seizing on by degrees to the Crowder, of the judge-advocate’s department, were duly issued. i f 2 : These orders were followed by others abolishing useless offices and methods of procedure, prescribing rules under which attor- neys could be admitted to practice, putting in force an educational institutions and scientific schools organized by the Jesuits under royal protection and conducted with funds from individual testators after that order had been driven from the islands, built up the University of Manila and gradually incor- amend eo if wi. 3 n4 oor " : . ; , : . ed notarial law, and announcing the appointment of notaries porated in it these Jesuit foundations. Great effort was made and other court officers. The court of the audencia took up at ' to sever them from Dominican authority by recent Spanish states- once unfinished business and the he eces . aring and deciding of appeal Civil causes. It has worked ; striously $C] i ‘hips : : vor ked industriously and conscientiously Filipinos demand that severance and a return to state Ssupervision.”’ under the able leadership of the president, and I doubt if any i Sain if former Philippine tribunal h- fein ie ( sr Philippine tribunal has displayed equal legal ability. Some t $ - men of advanced ideas, but without success, and now the leading In the year ending August 3r, 1899, the customs receipts col- lected in the islands for the United States amounted to $7,783,000. | ia The largest amount of revenue that Spain ever drew from the cial provisions of islands in one year was $17,500,000. Of this, about one-third was friction attendec i “lon attended the running of the minor courts, which has been greatly reduced and has about ceased under spe orders iss raryi iti ‘he jurisdicti 3 issued to meet varying conditions. The jurisdiction and from customs punishing power of the superior provost court has been extended , | to meet cases of fraud involving the public revenue. Al] these a quarter from cedulas personales (certificates of personal identity), which every inhabitant was obliged to purchase, and about $1,200,000 from lotteries and gambling houses and theie Pa oa Rebeca Tati ir Seiten ait Pree, Ree ah et pats pea CAMPFIRE opium and cock-fighting contractors. ceipts at Manila in the first $577,748. and tobacco in the islands, ready for export. The internal-revenue re- year of American occupation were ) 4 oOo 1c TreqaTr ATA TATA aT 2 1+4 F During this year there wer« large quantities of hemp acco in Aguinaldo issued a decree forbidding his Tagalo guards, at ports where they were stationed, to permit the entrance of anv vessel flying the American flag. As all the inter-island commerce was carried on under that AND THE MEN BEHIND THE GUNS. flag, the decree caused much suffering and discontent, because it deprived many of the inhabitants of their supplies of rice and other articles of food. In one instance the insurgents seized a vessel that had sailed before the decree was promulgated, and when a naval force went to its rescue the Tagalos burned the vessel and fired upon the rescuing party. The gunboats returned the fire, and then this was denounced by the insurgents as a barbarous act. While the insurgent authorities pursued the policy of enlisting { | SOTtS Ol and arming the bandits of the mountain regions and al criminals, thus producing a force that was a terror to the very people it professed to defend, the insurgent leaders indicated their confidence in American rule by placing their families and much ol their property in Manila. Even the gains that they had acquired through robbery were deposited in Manila banks or invested 1n trade in that city. At the same time, they continually circulated the most infamous stories of American atrocity. In Hong Kong there was an organization, made up partly of Filipinos and partly of Europeans, which printed and circulated the most glaring libels. Here is an extract from one of them: ‘‘ Do not look for the Amer- icans to do anything to assist the national progress of the ccuntry,. In America the Government takes no part in the education of the nation. All education is the work of private individuals or associa- tions. The Yankees have absolutely no interest whatever 1n raising to a higher educational level the native masses, both be- cause the Government will not interest itself in such an enterprise, and because such a policy would be contrary to the object oe the American imperialist, which 1s to convert the archipelago 1nto a field for exploitation by trusts and officeholders.’ Another of the difficulties with which the Americans had to deal is thus set forth by General Otis: “The agents of Aguinaldo . ° IT - TO > . | 1 [ e worked with great dexterity. To relieve the condition Ot a : : eee: oi -ade > Carriec inhabitants within our lines we had permitted trade to be ca from Orani on the north shore ol on by water transportation a | long the Pasig Manila Bay to Bacoor on its southern shore and a é % 5 ; herp rat rt Sith st ehhh FF RT RET ATTY hee te 4 Tp eee eet ED Ns tt renee Lt aie ia | “ RO hi ities Hrs =) } ata chans att iat ee eAt Ns uc Un aMMAN SELLA ULL e h UNS ULL accet tne phe uislcts tociets iite BA i Eee yep) 599 River, and although it was carefully supervised we discovered that Manila was supplying insurgent troops to the north and south of the city with subsistence, clothing, and articles for the manufac- ture of ammunition in quite large amounts. Therefore trade was limited to an exchange of certain particularized merchandise and products. Still the illicit traffic continued to be prosecuted to a considerable extent, but the danger to be apprehended therefrom was slight in comparison with the necessity for relieving the needs of the inhabitants, and no additional vigorous restraining measures were adopted.”’ About this time a letter was intercepted that had been written by General Pio del Pilar to a friend in Manila, in which he said that he could capture the city by January and with it the Archbishop and the American commander, but that for $1,000,000 he would deliver Aguinaldo and his entire government to the American authorities. Spaniards and Tagalo soldiers were not the only forces that the American army in the Philippines was called upon to meet and subdue. In some of the islands organized bands of robbers were taking advantage of the disturbed condition to prey upon every- body within reach that had any property worth the taking. One of the strongest of these bands was in the large island of Negros, near Bobong, and Captain Bernard A. Byrne, of the Sixth Infantry, was sent against it with a force of about a hundred men. The expedition and the ensuing battle-were unique, and furnished one more proof that the American soldier is equal to every emergency. Captain Byrne’s report describes the affair so vividly that I insert it here (somewhat condensed) as being superior to any that could be written at second-hand: ‘I landed on the island at Pontrevadra on the gth of July and immediately proceeded to procure the information necessary to carry out the design of the military governor of the island, and the regimental commander communicated to me on the steamer Sher- man to attack and destroy, if possible, the large and formidable (pre Sacra See ee : = z + | A FIELD POST OFFICE. and robbers whose depredations had for some months past made life uncertain and to a great extent paralyzed farming and other industries in the La Carlota district. ‘T at first found great difficulty in getting information from the on account of their fear ol band of murderers natives, who alone could assist me, | ? who they believed would soon be supreme 1n this I. however, after a little while succeeded, btained from spies, in locating the posi- these people, part of the island. through the information 0 i : a Uy | Feet eee oP mae (TT scr resi iil Bey” y _n tic nieapetipesasienp linens traaatitttinaset ating pe - See ee uJ ‘ SS Eid ae panel ag Lae" oo ey BO aan * Poo > ' | Hl } | j j e4 ' A ) ; i j ia lt > ! | ; , | 4 4 r i ; | > : a A ¢ yo a y | if j ] } i i } H uf ij H : i “i i q | § j i f j 4 ‘ 1 § \ | | f « ’ f r 3 600 tion of the band, and gained all necessary information about the situation of their town and its approaches, etc. I discovered that the bandits were always in considerable force at Bobong, which made it possible to attack Salupitan (the designed objective) by wav of the Camino Real without first capturing Bobong, which would enable the main body, if at Salupitan, to receive timely warning and escape, or if at Bobong, to give me a hot fight there, and then fall back on the fortified town of Salupitan, and make that place a second line of defense. I was also informed that they had an observation tower and signal station on the mountain top, from which they could observe our movements from the time we should be four miles from La Carlota, moving in their direction. GMVEBniRE AND BA idee bie ED. NOt ery on the place where the enemy happened to be strongest at the time: another column of thirty-five men was to march by the Camino Cementerio via Granja to the vicinity of Sanguinit (accord- ing to original plan) and hold the bandits might escape shoul 1 me in my the mountain pass there by which 1 they elude my column. Another consideration which influence: decision to leave the main road was the fact that the band was in the habit of sending marauding parties 1nto the valley the main road we would be sure to meet one Or More ot these, thus ait 4} making surprise 1mpossiI ‘The objective of the expeditio officers, and the time of departure not announced until just before was kept a secret Except to the 5 ; s | fs ; ia | \ 4 (4 4 ss #. en \ Oe ey be ee - he eo PROVOST MARSHAL’S OFFICE AT SAN FERNANDO, FIFTY MILES NORTH OF MANILA. THE NATIVES APPLYING FOR PASSES TO LEAVE THE ay 6 A £4, . t\deratic >f it] After a consideration of the condition mentioned, | decided on a night march. | I was well aware that the odds were verv much against making a success of a night march of fifteen miles, part of ite : oe i é . P = 3 e . | the way being through a trackless jungle; but it was that or noth- Ne 1A ‘ ' ‘ TATA +S rs -4 : ing, if the bandits were to be sut prised, and in that event only could we deliver a blow with fatal effect. “Not having suffici J vaving sulicient men for the undertaking, I was con pelled to await the arrival of Company K, from Bacolod. under command of First Lieutenant W. F. Nesbitt. Sixth Infantry, which did not reach La Carlota until the evening of July 17 This gave : Be i ¢ Oo ( e : ~ a fe ce ; = Py atter leaving men for the protection of the district, toe men Or a working co 7 joule ras i ge g column. My plan was to go 1n command of seventy men a 2 if possi iti 1 and land them, if possible, in such position on the mountain side as to comme Fe itan ¢ mand both Salupitan and 30bong, the attack to be starting. The men of course knew that something was going to happen, as preparation was necessarily commenced during the MormMing ol the day upon which we Started: every canteen was filled with coffee, and the haversacks were stocked with one cooked meal of bacon and the necessary sugar and hard bread; each man carried 115 rounds of ammunition: no blankets were taken. but each man had a poncho. ‘The officers were equipped the same as the men, except as to arms; each had a horse, but rode verv little, as riding was almost in possible after leaving the road The start was not made until 8 p. m., as the people of the town are generally in bed by that time, and to start before would hay e created a great Stir among them. (csuards were placed ( » mc there it was not expected would avail themselves of the opportunity to escape, oo 1a Ing i eon) ke CL rn is c 7 ith me. I sent one to each of the detachments for fifteen : i iy apparently that an enemy would appear. The mountain side two men wi ? ~ ¢ = Steele ran down the hill toward me | was pretty well cleared of timber for about 300 yards from the men, and then wit 1 PUMPS er } oe ; Rene! 1 Pit | village. The mountain did not descend directly to the village, the village, the riflemen taking several shots at us a a 2 7 f ri but its slope continued to a point some distance below the level below their line of sight. In thee dcad es ee i 4 of the town, where it was met by the slope of the elevation upon trumpeter sounded the assembly repeatedly, so the én « 1 which the village was situated. At the lowest point, where the would know where to assemble. : - slopes from the mountain and village would have met, there was a “My going to the f ot of the hill—a eee He ae i | | chasm of such depth as to make it impassable except by a single attached no particular importance at the time—was the most 1 footbridge; a clear, beautiful stream ran through the chasm. fortunate accident which ever befell me, and | believe saved the | | After crossing the creek, the slope was quite precipitous for a dis- lives of some of my men. When near the creek, in the deep cut i | tance of fifty or sixty feet and terminated in a level plateau of spoken of, I noticed the footbridge ee Peuuened and _went just sufficient dimensions to in that direction with the inten- ; hold the village, which was tion of waiting tor the men sent built around a plaza; the block- for, intending after their arrival | houses were on the corners, to cross and attack the Lan-= 1 commanding the view of the dits in their houses. [ had 1 slope from the creek. There hardly reached the bridge when, 1 were two roads or trails enter- much to my surprise, twelve 1 ing the village, one to the val- or tourteen of my men came [ ley below, and another to Salu- rushing down the hill on the I . pitan, another bandit strong- other side, the leader of the i 3 hold not over 800 yards distant. panic-stricken squad being readv i, These were defended by a bam- to step off the bridge just as | i | boo stockade. When I first got to it, and the others pushing ) sighted the town it was filled behind to get over. I was quite 1 with seemingly crazy men. It taken back by the occurrence, i reminded me of an ant-hill just as I was not aware that any of 7 { stirred up with a stick. They my men were over the river or ip f were running in every direction, | eee near the village. I exclaimed: not leaving the town, but charg- © ——__—_ ‘My God, men, what does tais ing back and forth in wild Po Bees mean?’ several shouted at confusion: horses were running around loose among the men, once, ‘Captain, we must get away; there are thousands of them, some saddled and in all stages of preparation for mounting. and we will be killed.’ I told the men we would all be killed : . I found that Lieutenant Nesbitt had taken a very advantageous if we ran, but would be all right if we faced them. I got the | position, which afforded him the opportunity to fire into the con- men back over the bridge as rapidly as possible. fused mass of bandits with terrible effect, and at the same time ‘This condition of affairs had been brought about as fol- to cut off their escape to Salupitan by the only trail in that direc- lows: After firing for some time and being unable to dislodge von the riflemen from the wood-piles in the village, both detachment sergeant Bennett soon arrived with the remainder of the men commanders conceived the idea of sending some sharpshooters who were able to travel, making in all fifty-five tired men for the to cross the creek, sneak up to the edge of the village, and work ahead, the remainder being too much exhausted to join the flank them out. Several of our enterprising soldiers had thought command. I sent vergeant Bennett to the right to fire into the of the same thing, and, unknown to their superiors, had gone village, also at the Seats time to be so posted that he could cut off independently on the same mission; they had all met at tie one 1 their aS to the hills on that side and cover the road to the place of crossing, the footbridge, and proceeded to get after the a i fee us duty he well pertormed. | remained between the riflemen. The bandits. quickly taking advantage of the situation, oer ee ee omy i. si Came Ott of the houses to the number of about 200 and attacked rere en ae a i a ya pak y Of about fifteen this Panny, just about the time I reached the bridge. ei on as their fire Si Pe a fee é ae eee ie z ae col ete ne } opened fire the village seemed to be deserted itn tite om SU me a te eee addition rats tice polo oe pute ban dics denness that it had but a short time Berore been Senne a Cae: as ee ee ae Se eee eee men, the riflemen alone remaining at their posts. They did not : ay ours, pee ny wassiot Gea ine peels bat uae however, leave the place, but, meh to my sur rige went into tl] : ae : Ree Ger gees re) ine pans wileke a Sue po an oon i, | Ronse mht cnera erent Se Su ee (0 the neal to where we were, groaning with pain and his face covered pt to screen them from witl 1 blood, an unfortunate incident in its influence upon the menrr a J it fe soity at this time. First Sergeant William Shuch, Company K, and “ ~ x a ‘ ar * ie : Corporal Frank 8. Swan, Company K, heroically stood their eround in the face of what seemed to be certain death. Corporal Swan fired three shots from his magazine, bringing down a bandit at each shot. He could not fire more, as thev were right on him He then clubbed his gun, mashing in the head of the first man reversing his gun, he ran the next through oD with his bayonet, killing him. killing him instantly; Sergeant Shuch also stood his ground, firing into them with deadly effect. The other men stam- peded. This was the crowd that I met on the bridge ‘After getting the men over the bridge I attempted to deploy them, but they were too much demoralized to obey command I then pushed some of them into place, it being hard to keep them where put. They were finally and quickly gotten into order after a fashion. Just at this time about six men those sent for—came over the bridge and joined the party. makine my detachment number about twenty I took the position of centre skirmisher of t and directed Trumpeter Steele to sound the charge, telling the CAMP ETRE AND BAe in iileEy ey RYU mtatts Sty ats aes Has bth tes 603 ble, roll, or drag themselves until picked up by some comrade, who would run and carry another man with comparative ease. ~ It was now 8.30 a. m., the affair having lasted in its various phases two hours and fifteen minutes. The men were afforded an opportunity to get breakfast, but expressed a desire to go else- where. The surroundings were certainly enough to paralyze the appetite of even hungry men; the dead bodies of bandits, mingled with the carcasses of carabao and horses, were on every side, SO we decided to move at once. The stock, carabao, horses, and bulls, etc., were driven in from the grazing-grounds; chickens, pigs, and goats were killed, to be brought in for food for the soldiers; such as could not be packed were destroyed; great quantities of rice and various kinds of provisions were also destroyed; also household goods of great variety, the accumulation, probably, of years of plunder and robbery, this after each man had helped himself to all he could carry. We burned the town (thirty-one houses), and also about fifty outlying houses in the neighborhood. “One bandit was taken prisoner just as the houses were being burned. He jumped from one men that at the last note I was going forward and expected 5 a ere ee v hy ale, ; Speke Pe fe and, rolled in a cloth, threw ae sae himself on the ground. He Bis dropped, covered by several rifles, just in time to save his life. “With a rear guard, and skir- mishers around the herd and three carts drawn by carabao, on one of which was the body of our dead comrade, on another the wounded man, we moved out of the mountains into the valley, where each man was then permitted to mount one of the captured animals and ride the remainder of the way. The command presented a re- markable sight, such as was never seen before and probably never will be again. Almost every man carried one or more of some sort of bandit weapon —spear, bolo, etc.—and the man who did not have a bunch them to go with me. At the last note of the trumpet we sprang up over the bank into the village. A few men werea little slow, but soon sprang into |i place; two fell down behind a |i log, but, on being shouted at, jaa got up and joined the line. All had now recovered their self- possession and would have gone into anything; they were brave good men, but had become temporarily rattled. This sud- den countercharge by the men whom the bandits had a few minutes before probably re- garded as their victims com- pletely demoralized them. They fell back across the village, with our men still after, them, when they became panic-stricken and dispersed, fleeing down the Haas Cee hill, while our men poured a deadly fire into them at close range so long as they were in sight. Lieutenant Nesbitt, who had witnessed our predicament from the hill, had started with all haste for the village and arrived shortly after the bandits had dis- appeared in the woods: he continued the pursuit so long as they could be found: they had scattered in every direction, and quite a number were killed by his men. “A notable incident of the fight, and one ol great Importance as he affecting the peace and quiet of this vicinity, was the killing of t! chief of the band, a tall, handsome man who looked like a Spaniard. He was apparently a man of great importance and 1 equipped with a good Winchester rifle, revolver, and fine ta labong, or kind of broad sword; French make (now in my possession); a man of superb courage, he used his Winchester from his horse. He died as hard, as he by two bullets through the breast he fell 1 over the ground like led, I did not see a 1 on the field; they fought; when pierced from his horse, rolled, plunged, and scramblec Of all the bandits kill wounded man except in the struggle of deat! ff the battlefield; they would hop, scram- a chicken beheaded. always got away to die 0 nfluence; was he also had a fine pair of field glasses ot ATTENDING THE WOUNDED ON THE FIELD. of chickens, a young pig, kid, or some such thing, was the ex- ception. In this manner, riding all day, the command reached La Carlota at 4.30 p. m. “The combat resulted in the killing of 115 of the bandits, according to count. This, however, 1S a very low estimate according to my opinion as well as that of my officers. I believe r a Y~ below elbow. Colonel Smith was on the ground and supervised 28 a é ‘ ' . 1a wmman 7 . ho ‘ yf the movement in his usual efficient manner. The thousands axre heet YT red ¢ Nea é ( : $ “ew people there under duress have been ordered home, and in a f¢ I t this part of days it is hoped that the excitement since our that has Ke] subside and robber bined, I but it is a fact that people by sated with Pangasinan in an uproar arrival here will the religious elements are com ble to Precisely how have not vet been a ascertain the thousands have been driven into this place and tre the most wanton cruelty. Colonel Smith saw nine women and several children who had been tortured by bolo cuts inflicted on It is also a fact that this part of Pan- large town 0! all parts of their bodies. gasinan has been terrorized by these people—th« ne Malasiqui being almost entirely depo} ulated in consequence their depredations. [ have now 1n confinement in different | between here and Dagupan six or seven desperate criminals con- h this robber organization, some or all of whom can be if quick trial could be had by military mission in this vicinity. Some of the troops employed had to make a night march of over twenty miles in ord ‘ 7 ; 2 Wat r The prompt action taken in Bulacan and ylaces nected wit com- convicted of murder er to get into position. Pangasinan scattered Tre! oS ec yy ied mn ie Ve | Are bheaot mest Citi er titers) tere ecmaaitieny! OTT ei ae saa a, yaar ae aad es aaa fe ise j rae STILE Sg aye ox mT ‘yal Sosa Ni hapa tae ik OCG aibbpeAbL AME tas bapa eT od eee 15a IP IP IL JBAP JES, IL, JD). 61s these gatherings and they gave little further annoyance, although the later disturbances in the southern part of General Young’s dis- trict were attributed to the interference of the Pangasinan fanatics who had been driven northward.” T'wo more evidences of the barbarous nature of the enemy with whom the Americans had to deal came to light at this time. General Torres was requested by a staff officer of Aguinaldo to appoint a certain man to a lieutenancy because, as he said, 1ed th government the those ‘I am inforn at this gentleman will go to Manila commissioned by our to throw dynamite bombs and to set fire to the buildings on g principal streets and the principal Many of bombs were afterward captured by the Manila police. And General Said= sake or place in th tf Nueva Ecija fit for the concentration of the that, there is no good place except the town of La Paz in Tarlac. Accord- building, especially this occupied by foreigners.”’ man’s Torres, writing to Aguinaldo’s secretary of war, ferring to your note in regard to an unhealthy town e province « I must state excepting the town of friars, Bongabong, ing to my observations, even the persons born there are attacked with malarial fevers and ague, and, if death.” Colonel Sandico, of the Filipino army, to the hites—men, women and children—also put forth a proclamation strangers, very few escape who had issued an order natives in Manila, directing them to rise and slay all the in which he said: ‘‘I can understand that in despair of an end to the conflict and in fear of being harried by brigands, by hunger and hardships, you thought of accepting autonomy to save the country, sacrificing your nationality and your flag. To this I must answer that the upon the triumph of our army or of our arms. triumph of our ideals does not depend alone and simply There are many reasons why this can be hoped for, of which, perhaps, you are not In the a party, the later aware. first place, we are not fighting against a nation, but only which may fall to-morrow or next day; in the second place, mercenary instincts of the Yankee will oblige him sooner or to enter into some settlement, owing to the American Government is put to to sustain Be- enormous expense the this war. on account of the distance, his manner of living, etc. sides. the latent Eastern question may bring about an interna- tional conflict which would oblige America to abandon her policy with regard to the Philippines, and the justice of our cause, together with the ee that you have aided America. to banish and destroy the Spanish Government on these islands, has won the sympathy of the press of Europe and Japan, in fact, that of all nations—a thing that can not escape the notice of the leaders of the state in North America, especially as they know that the posi- tion America holds in the Philippines is contrary to European and Asiatic interests.” And forth one in the autumn of “There is no doubt that the war against the Filipinos is the United States, but by what is which is in Aguinaldo’s secretary of war, also put 1899, in which he told his countrymen Ambrosio Flores, in arms: waged, not by the people of called Imperialist party, power to-day. North because it has ceased to desire them without risk and without adventures, without The Imperialist party would not the party of Mckinley, American nation prefers peace, not the riches of our soil, but because The it wants to take having to take any have attempted to seize not made it believe that the Filipinos would be found equally easy The firmness, however, of the Filipino peop le and the lissipating this delusion, but as the chances. them if the easy victory over Spain had to defeat. heroic resistance of our army 1s ut prestige of this party is greatly compromised, General Otis, who 2 S é . . . ae ~ ve ilippines, in his tenacious desire to keep up Ae = represents it in the Phi jansionists, has gone asking for re-entorce- the defense of the expansionists, has gone on asking for re if? ; pats 5 S re ———— San q Pt If are Serene MUR eos ont Hn Oat aia) on a ieeintisions bo oy par! a s wr S)) vy a. 4wr Y vit We able a ' { f Ai ‘ ) i} | | ! | i i “ a. A) a i j { H 7 i if ae “i | 5 } i H tt 1 a i) a f) i Ae Wy f | i i a f 4 f | ’ } of { 616 ments and more re-enforcements from his Government, which the people, not trusting him this time, have diminished. But the date of the Presidential election in that country is approaching, and the re-election or fall of McKinley will decide the good or bad end of this mad enterprise undertaken by him. Interference of the Continental European powers in this palpitating international question is again feared, and everything makes us believe that the Yankee army, with or without large re-enforcements, is about to make a final effort before the Imperialist party admits it is beaten. It is the general opinion within our Republic and abroad, that if we resist this attack, as in the past we have held back the American | our independence, and it will be most gallantly conquered. The It will be the line, we shall have reached the end of our sacrifices and attainec critical moment, accordingly, is approaching. moment of life or death for us, and, however great may be the force of that bastard passion, Ambition, 1t can not prevail over the courage Do = GAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. PS geen ee AYER Terre Witt rbot, Sree troops bv this route through the province of Morong. Vhe Mar1- quina line was therefore very important to them. They had clung to it tenaciously and strongly fortified it during the rebellion of 1896 against Spain. It was considered necessary to take perma- nent possession of the line before entering upon a southern cam- paign, and General Lawton, who returned to Manila on December 16. was directed to do so. He prepared a column, consisting of two squadrons of Eleventh Cavalry, only one of which was mounted, a troop the Fourth Cavalry, two guns of Taylor’s light battery of the Fourth Artillery, a battalion of the Twenty- ninth Infantry. This column began seventh and one of the Twent d LUGS d by le- tt ac a eae 2S aD Sie ADO NOD gitimate and holy desires like ours for liberty and political emancipation. 7 ‘ Hence, our dear f BME ee A and honorable § fe * Se : president, the i Mike es of wat POVErMiMment, | * Me. Rees x £ mo : en’ and the Filipino fF - BAS eS, eg people hope Sy ET BO GO w that once again | . | 4 Le — you will make a bah Oe oe our enemy bite ig aw ¥ the dust and ie : \e that once again | you will give ; proofs of that legendary valor to-day so noto- | rious and ad- | mired over the §f whole world; | and then in the | ease Of peace | you will be able | to pluck your | ) conquered lau- fis LE IEE CNT OEE TE a oe rels with the le- gitimate satisfaction which comes from duty well done. and receive the rewards which the government will bestow upon you.”’ - : eee , . . ‘ North of the pumping-station, along the east bank of the Nias Hom Rs a oan ics : : : \ Mariquina River, the towns ot Mariquina, San Mateo and Montal- ban contained armed insurgents supposed to number from 1,000 to 2,000, while eastward, in the near towns of the Mor Ng province a torce of 400 or 500 was maintained. Strong reconnoissances had driven back on Montalban the Mariqui Ry J albe 1e Mariquina River contingent: as the places captured were | ne peaks Captured were not permanently held, the insurgents 7 zt = t = . . ~ . c ; © quickly returned to their former stations and str ng intrenchments \ mY eu T TAG + ‘ ci ; The country} was rough and was easily defended. At Montalban It rose into mountains difficult to traverse, and from that town a road led north by San Jose to Norzagaray, and a trail through the mountains ran nearly j ; ; : ains Tan nearly in the same direction, terminating in upper Bulacan. T is road ar ‘ail the i | an O% er this road and trail the insurgents south kept up “communication with those of the northern Luzon provinces, passing ~ , Chow 5 } 4-] 4 oh4 hantl f VA =aaxrTa?T its march to the west and near the rignt Dank Ol the river on the evening Decembe i 0: Che intantry intended to cross a . i nd WeAddie paral cy Sea near to an trike San Mateo, and ,0CKett S Cavalry tO Cross 11 1 r a “abi = Re : FE ae lid NUE HI Pte ITPRINT Saye nyrt sl a ; a CL eMail ee aoe Syngenta . U7 ere Fp ore —_ = nate as ree “ $a Pere leia TERE geen NN Se tnt ia PE ARTES PR I gato eng P Ta i Pcl eae - Sees 618 CAMPFIRE AND appearing in considerable numbers and strengthening his works to the south and southeast of Calamba, about one mile from the town, I attacked him yesterday morning at six o’clock in three columns; one column to the west of the Santo Tomas road under command of Captain Taylor of the Thirty-ninth Infantry; one along the Santo Tomas road under Major Langhorne, Thirty-ninth Infantry, who had with him Lieutenant Charles P. Summerall with one 3.2-inch gun, one Gatling, and one Hotchkiss mountain gun. The third column, consisting of portions of Thirty-seventh and Thirty-ninth Infantry, under my immediate command, moved over the mountains by a circuitous route and took the enemy between Santo Tomas and Calamba on his right flank and rear. The first and hardest fight was in the enemy’s trenches here within a mile of Calamba, along the Santo Tomas road southward. One man was killed; Lieutenant Petite received a flesh wound in both legs, not serious, and Captain H. C. Baker had right ear perforated by bullet. The enemy fought along the Santo Tomas road for about four miles, making three stands in strongly fortified places; the last one at Puente de Vega, an extensive fort supposed to be impregnable, with a great iron bridge in front over river banks about forty feet high and precipitous. The column that moved over the mountains came in behind this bridge and on his flanks. The enemy was beaten and driven westward, some of his force over against Lake Taal, but the bulk, as seen from the mountains, passed to the north edge of Lake Taal. As nearly as could be ascer- tained, there were nine or ten or- ganized companies in the trenches about Calamba and in the fortifi- cations at Puente de Vega. At the sound of our firing in the early morning all insurgent troops moved forward to Puente de Vega, north of Santo Tomas about three miles, to assist in the defense. The troops of the column under my immediate command, which had moved over the mountains, passed in behind these troops at Puente de Vega. BAe ELD. Derr ta 6c e 7 a ne . ; on their rifles, and called themselves “ amigos (friends of the Ameri cans). This was a common trick throughout the war. Thus also a OY}. - » - 1 Bullard said in his report of the rath: “I have the country Colone | ae from Calamba to Santo Tomas and from Santo Tomas to Lake Taa closed up and thoroughly scouted. in civilian clothes and unarmed wandering through country to of Santo Tomas. Some captured admit they were Large numbers of young men northwest soldiers and say that they, the unarmed, are ordered to escape from the country back toward the north. I am turning back all that I can find. both civilians and soldiers. Some well-equipped men to the south of Santo Tomas, probably 300. They have new Mauser ammunition. Five men captured on insurgent outpost duty without arms and in civilian dress.”’ This campaign south and southwest of Laguna de Bay was pushed vigorously, and engagements with detachments of the enemy fol- Thus, on the roth Major Thomas L. ‘s of infantry, attacked an outpost at Magallanes, and then had a fight lowed one another rapidly. Hartigan, with two compani¢ with 200 insurgents in the town, killed three and captured twenty (including a colonel), and put the re- mainder to rout, having no casualties among his own men. Three days later, Major Cheatham’s battalion encountered 400 of the enemy near Santo Tomas, and routed them, killing five; one American being wounded. Colonel George S. Ander- son, on the 13th, with two regi- ments of infantry and three guns, marching south to Rosario, encoun- tered numerous detachments, all of which were defeated and driven away, and at Rosario liberated sixty Spanish prisoners and captured $20,- 000 which the enemy was taking away in carts. The insurgents left eight dead and a dozen wounded. Two Americans were killed, and one was wounded. General Schwan’s report of Jan- uary 16 contains a rapid summary of many small engagements, thus giving the reader a vivid picture of the campaign. He says: “Hayes’s After the fight Santo Tomas was WILLIAM H. TAFT, cavalry passed Cheatham (Thirty- entered without a shot being fired. Twenty-four of the enemy were killed and found on the field. The number wounded is unknown, but from the hills to the south, by which one column approached Santo Tomas, many wounded could be seen being carried to the rear toward Lake Taal. Two bamboo cannon, two brass mortars, some rifles, and a good deal of ammunition were captured. All officers and troops behaved excellently. I am to-day repairing road to Santo Tomas with some sixty prisoners who were cut off in their retreat toward the north edge of Lake Taal, on almost all of whom. when captured, ammunition was found. The telegraph line between here and Santo Tomas can be repaired in a day. Telephone line between here and Bifiang completed. Country clear of insur- gents.” Two days later, Major Frank Cheatham, vith about 100 men of the Thirty-seventh Infantry and Summerall’s battery, had another engagement with the enemy three miles west of Santo Tomas. Many of these insurgents, when their organization was broken up, made their way individually into Cavite, concealed First Civil Governor of the Phillppines, appointed June 5, 1901. seventh), and took San Pablo. Insur- gents firing from behind brick wall were soon driven out with a loss of eight killed, three wounded, fifteen guns, 200 rounds ammunition. Material destroyed. Hayes left a guard at town to await Cheat- ham and proceeded on, camped at Tiaoan, and started at 2 py im: next day for Rosario. Met insurgents’ outpost three miles from Tiaoan, and drove it across river into intrenchments. Bridge over the river was destroyed by the enemy. Our men had to cross on bamboo poles and drive enemy out, killing three. Four miles from Rosario met mounted patrol of enemy, which opened fire on our front. Fire returned, killed two. Camped at Rosario rsth, and moved here by Ibaan, arriving at 1 p. m. to-day without further Opposition. No report yet from Cheatham, who followed Hayes, he being relieved by Lovering’s battalion, which started from Santo Tomas at 3 a. m. rs5th. Other column left battalion Thirtieth (Hartigan’s) to hold Santo Tomas and Tanauan till arrival of Bullard’s headquarters with one battalion, Thirty-ninth, which I sent back from Lipa at 4 a. m. 15th. Hartigan now en route here.‘ Left one battalion, Thirty-ninth (Mulford’s), at Lipa and pro- ceeded by three roads to Batangas with remainder of command; Anderson's (Thirty-eighth) two battalions, and three guns, through San Jose; Muir’s battalion, Thirty-eighth, by Rosario and Maisart Gardener with one battalion, Thirtieth, Macabebes, and two guns, by Ibaan. Brigade headquarters went with centre column. All moved to line San Jose, Ibaan, Taisan yesterday, and advanced on Batangas this morning. Gardener’s advance found about sixty of the enemy intrenched outside of town and drove them toward Muir. Pushing on, Gardener met light fire from convent. Drove enemy in small numbers and occupied town. Three Fili- pinos killed. Muir met light resistance at Rosario, killing one Filipino. Approaching this town met band of insurgents formed as skirmishers. In ensuing engagement, killed two, wounded eight, captured seventy-four, including two captains; also eleven rifles and 1,074 rounds of ammunition, twenty-one bolos, and three revolvers. At Taisan he released sixty-nine Spanish prisoners, now here. Anderson followed Gardener into Batangas. One of his battalions sent to occupy Bauan temporarily. No casualties in command since last report from Lipa, 15th.”’ On January 15 the authorities of the city of Batangas—which is in the extreme south of Luzon, on a bay of the same name, and is the capital of the province of Batangas—agreed to surrender the place to the United States authorities, represented by the naval commander of the gunboat Mariveles, which was coasting along southwestern Luzon: but when the crew of that vessel was. about to take possession the insurgent flag was raised above the intrench- ments along the beach, which were at once strongly manned, where- upon the vessel shelled the town. The next day General Schwan arrived with a land force and captured the place. The Mariveles then transported an officer and fifty men to the town of Lobo, southeast of Batangas on the coast, for the purpose of releasing American prisoners reported to be held there by the enemy. These troops were landed at Lobo, but were unable to discover or obtain any information of the reported prisoners, and returned to Batan- gas. The next movement in this region was directed on Santa Cruz, an important town on the southwest shore of Laguna de Bay, which was held by a strong force of Filipinos. The Americans had three gunboats on the lake, which were to co-operate with General Schwan’s forces. Under date of January 24, the General thus tersely describes the whole movement: “Anderson attacked the trenches at Taal, driving out the enemy, estimated at 400 strong, and occupied the town. He reports many of the enemy killea. Our casualties were all of the Thirty-eighth. Anderson left one Taal and returned to Batangas with the rest company to garrison \ 1 from Rosario morning of 20th with of his command. I movec Thirtieth Infantry, followed by Cheatham’s and Langhorne’s bat- talions, on road to San Pablo. Passed Hayes’s cavalry on the road to Tiaoan about 11 a.m. Marched without incident, arriving San Pablo about 2 p. m. same day. Lovering reported that on the preceding day a reconnoitring party of one officer and fifty-three men had been attacked while taking midday meal near Concepcion. Our casualties were two wounded. Enemy’s loss, Six killed and some wounded. It appears that carelessness and neglect of ord1- nary precautions were permitted. I immediately sent a company of the Thirty-seventh to reconnoitre beyond Conce Dy Cruz road. This company developed an intrenched position of h strong trenches extending both pcion on Santa the enemy near San Diego, wit is sides and fully commanding the road. which ran on a narrow ridge with very precipitous sides. Moved out with command on aus), at noon, after substituting Hartigan’s battalion for Lovering’s as Sent Cheatham’s battalion and one gun garrison at San Pablo. | We found the enemy about 500 to turn the enemy’s left flank. cs © eat : : 4 at : : Testes aU be ri . siedg hh a j pict aa | REPELS MTS Sena ae Teer cpepiabasi ands Ate htt ara ra ray eer ie " as ie malig, 11) a Cala Daa PT a CAMPFIRE AND BATREE Bip D. ATUL Fe a coke F MA Sr cheba aed PLLA MANE el an thn ae ee ae i alatessi hii tetas ceeds) 619 strong, and fought him for about two hours. He had a line of trenches extending in a semicircle a mile long,,and, except on the roadside, was concealed in thick jungle. The enemy was driven out with loss, as officially reported by officers, of sixty-seven killed and a large number wounded. Langhorne’s battalion, Summer- all’s 3.2-inch and Maxim Nordenfeldt guns, and Given’s company constituted the advance guard. During the engagement two.com- panies and sharpshooters of the Thirtieth Infantry moved up to the firing line. Our casualties were one killed and thirteen wounded. Cheatham moved by trail, but was unable to come in on the flank, owing to difficult country. He pushed on, however, crossing a range of hills, and came upon an intrenched detachment of the enemy numbering 100; routed it, killing fifteen. Cheatham’s casualties, two wounded. The enemy abandoned a stock of uni- forms and subsistence, also several rifles and many bolos. The command camped about eight miles from San Pablo on the atst, Cheatham coming in about dark. Next morning the column entered Lilio without resistance. Here I detached. Langhorne with six companies and a gun to move against Majayjay, reported as held by 4o0o of the enemy, I intending to proceed with the column to Santa Cruz. A released Spanish prisoner from Majay- jay that morning reported from 1,500 to 3,000 of the enemy in the latter place, thoroughly equipped, provisioned, and intrenched Upon this I decided to move with the entire command to Majayjay, sending the wagon train, escorted by Mulford’s battalion and Cameron’s troop, down Santa Cruz road to junction with road to Majayjay. The road from Lilio to Majayjay is impracticable for wagons. Advanced to within 800 yards of the town and occupied the heights, separated from it by an apparently impassable river and a rocky gorge, with sides practically perpendicular. Found the town thoroughly intrenched and impossible of approach by roads or trails in vicinity without slaughter. Ordered thorough reconnoissance above and below the town, and. ordered Mulford’s battalion up. All prepared for attack next day. Mulford found a crossing, town on the enemy’s right flank. Observing the commencement of this movement, the enemy, already alarmed by reconnoissance to the south, withdrew.. The town was at once occupied by our troops, and Colonel Gardener, with two battalions and two guns, was sent in pursuit. The strength of the position at Majayjay can not be exaggerated. It was approached by one road exposed and, lowering men by ropes, got a position north of the for a mile to fire from carefully made and concealed intrenchments. This road crossed the gorge by a narrow bridge and wound, like an ellipse, down one side and up another, all of which could be swept by a converging fire. Barricades and entanglements were placed along it to hold troops under deadly fire. I left Langhorne’s bat- talion to garrison Majayjay. The command being much scattered and out of rations, also short of ammunition, I moved with Mul- ford’s battalion and engineers to Santa Cruz, our base and desig- nated rendezvous, arriving at 9 p. m. yesterday, the 23d instant. Haves has not yet arrived at Nagcarlan. Before receiving word of the enemy’s holding Majayjay in force, I sent Cheatham’s - bat- talion on the road to Santa Cruz, on the west side of Santa Cruz River, intending with the main column to proceed to same place via Magdalena. Cheatham occupied Santa Cruz at. two o’clock on the 22d. Along the road he had a‘ brush with a small party of the enemy, killing six.”’ At the same time, detachments of the insurgents were active around the east and northeast shores of the lake, and a force was sent down from the north to attack - tl General Schwan’s movement. Colonel Hayes, with his cavalry, made east and moved in a semicircle toward Santa Cruz, But when he had completed three-quarters remand co-operate with a wide detour to the where he arrived January 25. vasa wiate Be fs era 3 re [ae ee a p WAS a NI ayy y taseses 620 GCA MEIPIEIOSRIG, NIN ID of the semicircle he found the country impassable and Was oplsed to change his route, passing westward and through san Eablo. At Lariga he met the enemy intrenched, and in half an hou drove them out. Here he lost four men killed and two wounded. At Tayabas he again found the insurgents intrenched, and drove them out by a flank movement. There he found a record left by eleven American prisoners, which was dated January uSpand said: “We leave to-morrow, but know not to what place.’’ Hayes released twenty Spanish prisoners and five Spanish women. After the had these towns of insurgents, the peaceful inhabitants—many of whom had fled—returned to their homes and resumed their On this subject Schwan personal observation Americans cleared usual occupations. General reported, February 8: © From and the investigation of other o the conclusion that with constant vigilance and proper measures on our part the insurgents in the provinces fficers, 1 have reached of Laguna and Tayabas will be incapable of doing any serious mischief. Their attempts, on all but individuals, mere squads, or inadequately escorted trains, are feeble to a degree and are evidently induced by a spirit of bravado rather than by any hope of success. The insur- gent forces in the provinces named are split up into small fragments, who emerge from their mountain re- treats mainly for the purposes of rapine and murder They increased difficulty, control of the peaceful natives, especially of retain, though with a certain the towns- people, whom they compel on the approach of the Americans to quit their homes. The rapidity of the marches and countermarches of our troops, penetrating into out-of-the-way places, have disconcerted and de- The their homes in the Laguna province, notably the towns of San Pablo, Lilio, moralized them. people are fast returning to Nagcarlan, Magdalena, and Santa Cruz. For some reason those in the town of Pagsanjan never left them. Men and women in considerable numbers are seen at work in the fields, and on the principal roads pony pack-trains as well as bull-carts are frequently met going into the lake ports for purpose of trade. In Tayabas province a diff things still exists. Tayabas, flerent state of Lucban, Candelaria, and Tiaoan, through all of which I passed within the last two days, are absolutely deserted except by Chinese traders. The houses in the barrios are also vacant. It is believed the continued presence of troops in Tayabas will have the same effect as it had in this province, and that the great bulk of the people will soon assume their accustomed work. The more intelligent and best ele- ment see clearly that their military leaders have become robber chiefs, and that their only salvation yielding to American authority. This they are willing to do when they find permanent occupation, or occu- pation with some prospect of permanence has become a fact. lies in Permanent occupation does not, of course, imply that the troops shall sit down in idleness or at their respective posts. themselves with pursue a dull routine The officers in command must familiarize local conditions, learn whom to trust, out, break up, or destroy the insurgent or robber bands.”’ further the pacification of the region, a strong native was organized at Naic and other places, who did ee work in quieting the inhabitants, assuring them of protection, and them to return to their houses and shops. The pursuit and punishment of small detacl who now were little better than bands of rob and ferret To police force inducing iments of the enemy, bers, was ec ontinued DHHS aw alk bien Oa IBA TE IF JLIB IE IIB IE ID) vigorously. They attacked wagon trains and cut telegraph wires, and were often difficult to locate; but abitants, who had learned that the Americans were their real protectors, information that the did the class of Filipino officers, who had given up the struggle. American soldiers who were now the inh gave assisted in pursuit, as also better General Otis says that nearly a ill the captured by the enemy were stragglers or in some way illegally absent from their commands. But the whole number of these did not ceed 10 for the entire war THEODORE ROOSEVELT, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. In nearly all the southern towns trade with Manila was revived and became very active; church services were Most of the American atroc ity, resumed: and schools were organized. who had believed the now being convinced of native clergy, stories of their falsity, gave efficient aid in estabichine municipal government. In January General Otis sent out an expedition, under General William A. Kobb of €, to open and garrison some o that the Gener { the southern ports Luzon, Leyte, and Samar. t hemp might be resumed. promptly coasting trade and export il Kobbe performed this service and well: but at some places he had to fight insurgenta ‘ OO STON Carrere hia he bi net onieahre tinea sy thurs re serPoe forces who not only resisted hi > were bent \ um but were bent on destroying the people's crops rather than let them be exported. Thus at Legaspi an insurgent force of about 800 commanded by the Chinese general, Paua, was strongly intrenched and made a stubborn resistance. They were not overcome until more than fifty of them were killed. Seven Americans were wounded. On February 1 General Kobbe reported: “Occupied Tacioban in Leyte (100,000 bales of hemp in sight) noon rst instant, in time to permit entry first steamer from Cebu. Yesterday morning passed six vessels one or two hours out from Tacloban, cleared from Cebu, Iloilo and Manila. with rice and petroleum. It was necessary to overcome some resistance at Tacloban, killing ten insurgents, capturing their rifles, also cap- turing four or five field pieces and the men serving them. This after negotiating under a white flag and giving them three hours time. There was.no burning, and I am convinced that the Tagalo element there, as in Samar, is finally suppressed.”’ When General Kobbe, after opening the ports, returned to Manila, General Paua, whose troops had been driven away from Legaspi, concentrated all his strength, consisting of about 300 armed soldiers and a large number of bolo men, threatened the cities of Albay and Legaspi, burned Cagsaua, near Albay, and endeavored to burn the town of Donsol, where a single company comprised the garrison. Colonel Howe drove them back into the interior and shortly afterward sent a force to the important hemp port of Tobaco, of which he took possession. The insurgents con- tinued very active, giving the Americans no rest and engaging at times all the garrisoned points of that section, excepting Bulan and Sorsogon, even threatening the destruction of Gubat, a port~at the extreme east of the island, which was obliged to call upon the garrison of the city of Sorsogon for protection. They were severely punished and lost hope of ultimate success, when General Paua and his staff surrendered to Colonel Howe and were forwarded to Manila. On February 15 an expedition under the command of Brigadier- General James M. Bell, composed of the Fortieth and Forty-fifth Infantry, the Astor Battery, a detachment of cavalry, and details from the Medical, Engineer, and Signal Corps, sailed from Manila under the personal supervision of Major-General Bates General Bates was under instructions to take possession of the North and South Camarines provinces and western Alby, to which insurgent troops, supposed to have possession of a good many Spanish prisoners, had been forced by operations in the province of Tayabas, and had joined the insurgent force of that section. Thereafter he was to proceed with one of these regiments to the northern coast of Mindanao and take possession of the ports of Surigad, Cagayan, Iligan, Misamis and Dapitan. With his troops on board one Ol the United States transports and certain chartered coasting vessels, and convoyed by Commander Nazro, of the Navy, he sailed to southeastern Luzon through the strait of San Bernardino, and after a conference with General Kobbe or his rej lion with instructions resentative on the Legaspi coast, where he landed a batta to-march westward overland to the Camarines, continued to the Bav of San Miguel on the southeastern coast of Luzon. After considerable difficulty from shoal water he succeeded, through the by the navy, in landing the forces near the assistance rendered by he road west of the river mouth of Bicol River, two battalions, ont to which it marched, where a sharp engage- leading to Libmanam, he command ment ensued between the advance battalion, under t | of Colonel Godwin, and a large force of the enemy which had Cot centrated there. The result was a decisive victory for Colonel God- The enemy was driven from his positions, and his : scattered on every available line ot vounded, win’s troops. organizations were broken and He left on the field sixty-four dead and many V retreat. : Some insurgents were made who were cared for by the surgeons. F He ker ponte alse ie ere Basch Sesh las hha! ji i pbiabbttaidicsray ig bean atte el er ange fees CAMPRIRE AND BA imran inD: 621 prisoners, and a quantity of war material was captured. Godwin’s casualties were Lieutenant John B. Galleher killed, and eight enlisted men wounded. Eighteen Spanish prisoners held at Libmanam were liberated. The Forty-fifth Regiment (Colonel Dorst) was landed east of the Bicol River, and marched on the road by Calabanga to a point a short distance east of the city of Nueva Caceres without encountering material opposition, while Godwin, continuing his march after his engagement at Libmanam, entered the city, which the natives, fearing for their personal safety, had deserted, seeking security in the surrounding moun- tains. The city appeared to be under the charge of the Spanish representatives of the church. As soon as practicable, the troops followed the enemy's shattered forces by the roads passing north and south of Mount Isorog to the coast, and by the southeastern road leading through Pili, while other. detachments pursued to Pasacoa, on the Bay of Ragay, and northwestwardly to the city of Daet, of which they took possession. Their persistent activity was rewarded by the disintegration and demoralization of hostile organizations, the release of a good many Spanish prisoners, the capture of all insurgent artillery with a large quantity of war material, the return of the inhabitants to their towns, and the revival of trade. Meanwhile the work of occupation and pacification had gone on in the southern islands of the Archipelago, known as the Visayas Islands. The enemy had sent many soldiers thither from Luzon. A large force appeared before the city of Cebu, on the island of that name, and gradually encircled it. Colonel Snyder, who com- manded there, with three battalions of infantry and a battery, moved out on September 22 and attacked the insurgents. He killed about forty of them, captured a score of intrenched positions, and took a few guns. He lost one man killed and four wounded. The enemy fled to the mountains, where they could not be followed. There was a large force of Tagalos in the island of Panay, some of whom crossed to Negros and collected bolo men and robbers in the mountains, whom they furnished with rifles, enabling them to plunder the inhabitants and annoy the American garrisons. On October r Captain Benjamin A. Poore, with one company, attacked one of their intrenched camps, killed twenty of them (including two noted robbers), and captured a large amount of ammunition and all their stores. Lieutenant Hayden Y. Grubbs was killed, and four men were wounded. On October 21 a force under Lieu- tenant William H. Simons attacked a village of Talisanes and killed or wounded nine. A few days later Captain Houston Ve Evans attacked another band, killed ten and captured twenty, while Captain Bernard A. Byrne, of the same regiment (Sixth Infantry), found another band and killed ten and captured thirteen. This very nearly cleared that island of insurgents, and on November : General Hughes reported that it was “in a better state of lawful submission than for twenty years, and the planters were no longer in danger.”’ An election was held on that island for a civil governor and an advisory council. This was a new thing to the inhabitants. The voters were registered, and more than five thousand votes were polled. The officers elected were inaugurated November 6. The chief insurgent leader in the north of the island now voluntarily surrendered without asking conditions, and the people cheerfully went about their usual business. The form of government that had been put in operation worked well, under the supervision of General Smith. At Iloilo, in the island of Panay, the insurgents had concentrated a force of nearly 3,000 men and constructed intrenchments near As this force was made up partly of Tagalos and partly the town. r agree very long, the policy was adopted of of Visayans, who neve waiting for them to quarrel among themselves. Still, re-enforce- abe : i eee: roeksa BY : ait See sas a_i FS aa ll oe a aa POT i alas ‘ = x I al oA AN 415. 5 ly crea pgiiiaeinents htoemmeeeii yas MA aOR PL Se at PA + yay pa Dba rik, Beef EL UIE Na ead Fae ae a ; mail iQ) LDS Orgy ‘ity Je adsvete RAID AR nS be ere aaah lawton, thee 4 w APA : PPA Mins == 7 622 CAMPFIRE AND ments were sent to General Hughes, who commanded at Iloilo and he quietly pushed forward preparations lor an aggressive Excessive rains and a typhoon damaged the roads and General Hughes began his advance move- He entered and occupied successively the campaign. delayed operations. ment November 9g. a towns of Oton, Tigbanan, and Leon, meeting no serious Opposition except at Leon. On the 2oth he found the enemy strongly posted at the Aganao River, and after three hours of manceuvring and fighting drove him off. He then pushed on to Almodian, and sent a part of his force, under Colonel Gilbert S. Carpenter, to attack the enemy at Pania, and another, under Colonel Joseph T. Dickman, to attack near Jaro. Carpenter had hard fighting, and lost five men killed and twenty seriously wounded; but he punished the and advanced to and occupied Santa Barbara. enemy severely, completely Dickman attacked and carried a strong position, routing the enemy and inflicting a loss of eighteen killed and nine prisoners, and captured guns and ammunition. Six of his men were wounded. General Hughes then continued December 16 reported the results. Slight opposition on debouching at Dumaro, which\was his march northward, and on ‘Crossed Panay Mountains as proposed. brushed away by Gordon’s scouts and Shank’s battalion Eighteenth Infantry. Other towns Capiz province received us with bands of music instead of Mausers. At same time Carpenter cleared province of Concepcion. Having assistance of steamer // Cano and Captain Ackley’s naval vessels, he followed coast, scattered the insurgents, and arrived off Capiz the 12th instant. I occupied Capiz with my command on the roth. Diacno and his Tagalos reported to have escaped by steamers by this route. Documents indicate that this place is centre of insurgents’ postal service, and therefore has been taken possession of to-day by two companies Eighteenth assisted in operations against Romblon by Captain Ackley with the Concord and the gunboat Infantry. We were Paragua, Captain McFarland making land attack with two com- panies. The whole matter was settled in half an hour. Our casualties, one man killed and one wounded.” Meanwhile the pacification of the island of Negros alarmed Aguinaldo’s government and the of its effect on th Accordingly the Junta sent three agents to stir up renewed disaffection in tl reported that- ‘they Junta at Hong Kong with fear e other islands. 1e island. General Smith brought word that absolute independence would be granted by Congress in December or Januar let Negros beware. They planned and then general rising of all pueblos for 2d December, and arrangements were made with Panay to land a force between. Himamaylan and Pulupandan from Guimaras, and between Saravia and Manapla from I was unable to prevent a force of eighty-six from landing south of Miranda. Theagents succeeded in getting Millicianos of Valladolid, Pulupandan, and Bago into the field as part of the general pro- jected rising, and with 6 Tenurian gunboats. o rifles and 320 Macheteros encountered Ledyard’s scouting party, receiving such severe handling that they retreated to the mountains, leaving sixteen dead and one of their chiefs on the field. The American corporal, after the death of Ledyard (Lieutenant Augustus C. Ledyard, Sixth Infantry, killed in the action), retired to Carlota without mole station. Many of the Millicianos who were in this fight have deserted. some surrendering their arms, claiming to have been deceived: , The eighty-six Tagals retreatin nivance of people others are in hiding. g for Guimaras assaulted, with con- eleven Americans in Ginigaran, but were defeated and the chief was captured. The town was fined $10,000, and all officials and principal citizens were arrested. Valladolid, Pulu- pandan and Bago also were fined. Two padres were concerned in this trouble. What shall I do with them? American clergymen are wanted here badly. In this island are some 2,000 Babaylanes TST RIPE hie Beene eI Ie IDT. largely bequeathed by Spain, but increased by present : - s : . . e Thev have not as yet arrived at the bad dignity of from Panay necessitates three com- and outlaws, conditions. insurgents. This influence 3 inasmuch as Negros is now the of looking out for panies additional herein, ybjective of the Junta, and we have not only the duty a 2 : . 3 ee i : a : Os ourselves, but also of protecting our adherents in the pueblos. [The danger here is from the 1gnorant people, who, of course, are in the majority, and are easily imposed upon by most improbable ; timid, statements of designing persons. and only come valiantly to our side Our friends are naturally when the storm has passed. every pueblo in peaceably and quietly, and full of enthusiasm. The The elections went oft existence in the island taking part, government 1s working earnestly and energetically without friction. All would be serene here if there was no outside dreaded Tagals, and no fear that Aguinaldo may When interference, no landings of the come into power and punish Negros for what 1t has done. the influential man fears these things, he ceases to be our earnest advocate, and the ignorant and designing obtain the mastery until some deed of our arms gives confidence again.”’ Strong re-entforce- ments were promptly sent. In January a Tagalo chief asked for a conference with Colonel Byrne, and came to it with thirty men well armed and uniformed. He said he had been invited by people of Negros to take command of revolutionary forces there, but he did not like to fight the Americans, and he wished to be allowed to reside there till autonomy was granted Luzon, when he would surrender. Meanwhile, he and his officers to be permitted to wear their uniforms and side Colonel Byrne told him th Tagalos were acting the part of arms in the villages. at there could be no such arrangement; that the robbers and outlaws, and nothing would be considered but uncon- ditional surrender; that if they chose to return to the mountains they would be hunted down and destroyed. They did so choose, and Byrne promptly followed and attacked the next day at dawn. Nineteen of the insurgents were killed, and considerable captures of arms and ammunition were made. In this night march Byrne’s men climbed almost perpendicular sides of the hills. After this there was quiet in Negros. A few days earlier, Colonel Snyder had attacked the insurgents » Sudlon Mountains killing many and capturing all their guns. He then captured intrenched in the , near Cebu, and routed them, successively all the important towns in the east of the island. On January 16 General Hughes, with a large force, sailed for the west coast of Panay. He landed one battalion on the southwestern point of the island, which marched northward; and with the remainder of his troops he advanced to San Jose de Buenavista, the capital and principal city of the province of Antique. He occupied the city and moved up the coast, marching detachments to the main interior towns of the province, which met with aes sli ght resistance from a few small bands, composed principally of Tagalos abode = fled to A native priest accounted for the fear exhibited on the part of the inhabitants by the fact that they knew nothing of the Americans except what had been told them by the Spanish clergy during or just preceding the Spanish war; that they were The mass of the people deserted their places of the mountains. thoroughly impressed with the belief that all Americans were a cruel and godless lot and had come to rob and destroy them. The Tagalos had looked upon this coast as a place of comparative safety for the landing of troops and the concealment of their boats. A schooner of considerable size, which had received a part of its armament, was captured in one of the rivers quite a distance from its mouth, and a small amount of war material was obtained. By the middle of March the progress made in Panay, Negros and Cebu enabled General Hughes to look after affairs i the. more easterly islands of his district. Major Harry C. Hale, of the Forty-MPP a cls ao Mee CN TTT 03 PM te s Saeed Pees beh ay Peat Ce ae Mqetbba tit CALL OL , oD j i > Hershey a4 + | * I Hy ease ei coat PAR NS PLS : sSlbbrrh teint H sabirssahi sii = : Lt ‘ aot fourth Infantry, landed in Bohol on March eee ee , N17 without opposition. was hospitably received by the inhabitants, who had suffered greatly from the depredations of the Cebu, Leyte, and northern Mindanao insurgents. Major Hale quickly distributed his troops throughout the island, and by his judicious action in protecting the : C ; a 5 rights of the people and in opening up the former won their confidence to such avenues of trade a degree that he or any of his men were able to journey through the island in comparative personal ity ! While awaiting the time when the United States could take active possession of the security without guard or escort. island the government. This peaceably gave way to United States military control. which the people desired and for which on several occasions t] inhabitants had established a crude form of lev had asked. In his report of these operations, General Otis said: “The topog- raphy of all the Visayan Islands is Very advantageous for defense. In all, the greater proportion of the territory is rough and moun- tainous. The people who inhabit the mountain country are densely ignorant, superstitious, easily influenced by the abler natives, and many of them still hold to their ancient gods and heathen ceremonies. This class has always robbed its lowland neighbors, and from it the insurgent Tagalos have drawn their principal assistance, especially the bolo contingent, which in many instances has been induced to attack our troops, and in conse- quence has suffered severely. To reduce this class of people to submission or to check its forays on the coast towns—an occupa- tion acquired from or existing in heredity—must necessarily be a labor of time; but our troops, unlike those which were main- tained by Spain, pursue them to their mountain concealments, and inflict punishments they neither anticipate nor think possible. In the islands of Panay, Negros, and Cebu over fifty military stations are maintained; consequently the majority of the inhabitants are comparatively secure, and are gradually gaining confidence, so much so that in many instances they have given us assistance without fearing the vengeance of their adversaries, which would surely visit them were our protection withdrawn.’ Next to Luzon, the largest island in the archipelago is Mindanao, which is about as large as the State of Indiana, having an area of somewhat more than 33,000 square miles. Here the insurgent factions were at war among themselves. “At Zamboanga, a city at the southwest point of the island, one faction attained the ascendency and turned over the city to Captain Samuel W. Very, who commanded a United States vessel in the harbor, and with the city was surrendered a considerable amount of war material. Order was soon restored, and the only hostile force in the vicinity consisted of a band of Tagalos, reported to number about eighty, which had taken refuge in the near mountains. The Moro Dato of that section, a man of superior natural ability and of consider- able education acquired in Europe, had advocated United States rights and requested our military occupation ever since the Nae ation of the territory by Spain. He had raised the United States flag and had asked the permission of our officers to attack and drive out the insurgents, positive of his ability to do so without His attitude and the close blockade maintained he inhabitants our assistance. by the Navy, which caused some suffering among t for the desired articles of subsistence, was probably the chief cause of insurgent disaffection, the stronger and prevailing faction labor i { 1 1 Cc seque ( . o ing for the relief which our occupation and the consequent ae eS ie ieee of the port for the entrance of rice and other food products wi ul bestow. The warring of the factions was conducted ee itari ; or the laws aie A TiwM- regard to humanitarian sentiments or the laws Of wal ber of lives paid the penalty of their disagreements, and very few in open combat. mostly taken through some form of assassination The insurgent authorities along a as At Cottabato, an important trading the southern coast of the island fared even worse. CAMPFIRE AND IBA IE TE IL IB IP IIE IL ID 624 the Rio Grande de Mindanao, in a region inhabited by Filipinos, Moros, and Chinese (the Moro element predominating), the people, tired of the excessive taxation and the cruelties practiced by insur- gent agents, seized and beheaded them. A new government was formed, which communicated, at the first available opportunity, with great satisfaction, the news that they had cut off the heads of the late reigning officials and were ready and very desirous of receiving the flag and troops of the United States Government. This occurred during the latter part of September, but the informa- tion was not received in Manila until November zo. Many natives from neighboring towns visited the city, and native bands serenaded the Americans. The city was garrisoned with 350 men, and garrisons were established also at the towns along the southern coast. An expedition commanded by General Bates landed at Surigao, in the northeastern part of the island, which town the insurgent commander at once surrendered. General Bates then occupied other towns on the northern coast, and was well received every- where except at Cagayan. The insurgents who had evacuated that town and retreated to the hills, returned and made a night attack on the garrison. The town is encircled by dense under- brush, which enabled the insurgents to approach the outpost in the darkness and disable it. They then hurriedly rushed into the town and began an attack on the quarters. The battle was almost a hand-to-hand contest for a short time, but the enemy was badly worsted and retired in a demoralized state, leaving behind fifty-three of his number dead and eighteen wounded, not counting the casualties he suffered from the pursuing troops. The American loss was two men killed and eleven wounded. In the summer of that year (1900) the insurgents in many parts of the islands became very active again, largely for the reason that they expected the Democratic party in the United States to be successful in the approaching election, and in that event were con- fident that the Philippines would be given up to Aguinaldo and his party. Again, too, the stories were circulated among the ignorant natives that the Americans intended to place them on reservations, and let them die out, like the North American In- dians. The necessity for garrisoning about three hundred places, thus scattering the American forces, made it hard to deal with the new state of affairs, and General MacArthur (who had succeeded General Otis) asked for and received re-enforcements to the number of 65,000. After the presidential election was over, in November, the activity of the insurgents quickly subsided, and little remained of the rebellion except marauding bands. One of the most serious difficulties had been the insincerity and treach- ery of native officials appointed in good faith by the American authorities. Though the intelligent and influential men among the Filipinos, including most of the leaders, had now given up the contest and accepted American sovereignty, as long as Aguinaldo was at large some spirit of rebellion remained among the people, with a forlorn hope of ultimate success. The leaders of the various bands that were still in arms all recognized him as president of the imaginary republic and professed to act under his authority. He had been hidden for a long time in the mountains of northeastern Luzon. Early in 1901 he resolved to revive the rebellion, and sent out dispatches , ordering Simon Tecson, Sandico and Baldomero Aguinaldo to send troops to him. Cecilio Sigismundo, who was entrusted with the letters, was to guide the first column of troops to Aguinaldo’s hiding-place, which was at Palanan in the province of Isabela, on the northeastern coast. Sigismundo betrayed his chief by delivering the letters to Americans. This incident sug- gested to Brigadier-General Frederick Funston, Comes at San Isidro, a plan for the capture of Aguinaldo. The General, in > ALL Sater tay Lo ee Pe) a aT Gh cd es DIA T eid sale be eg abit | Li gi Ej —— x ree vite. Lp A ee i vy,rea NITRA ST Yet is MOTs CP Dot: Spier oar 4 ii } [Bee Oo Pra eons mu GA lee IND B21 levee EO, Kan rs Le 1D) , 624 } : Fee ames atisfactorily, anc e plan oug BE his report, gives the particulars of the delivery of the letters, which deraulsycany bey worked (owt salisiactouly) 200 a oe . id . - »5 = 2 : ~ 2 : s mAs ards art > Mec | ae tino oc: r 8 a nativ tho gave his name as succeed, though there 1s no doubt that great hardships will be ay are interesting: ““On January 8 a native, who gave Nils : a =o 5 7 endured. It should be done before Aguinaldo learns that his Cecilio Sigismundo, presented himself to First Lieutenant James D. Taylor, Twenty-fourth Infantry, commanding the station of courier has presented himasel and given up the ee It would | Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija, and said that he had been sent by be necessary to pay the Tagalos ee g0 as supposed officers pretty Emilio Aguinaldo to deliver important dispatches to Baldomero liberally, of course contingent on ee ae - Aguinaldo, Urbano Lacuna, Pablo Tecson, Simon Tecson, Teodoro General Funston was then ORO to Manila oe Soe ee Sandico, and other insurgent chiefs. This man stated that he and the result was that he was authorized to undertake the cap- | it had left Aguinaldo and a number of his officers with an escort of ture. The steamer Vicksburg was ordered to take his party to (i ay soldiers at Palanan, province of Isabela, January 14, and, accompanied by twelve armed men, had traveled by way of Casiguran and San Jose de Casignan, a small town in the vicinity of Baler. When near the latter place he had encoun~ , tered a detachment of American troops belonging to that : | station, and two of his detachment had been either killed 01 Hh captured. Upon arrival at Pantabangan he reported to the local presidente, or alcalde, who had formerly acted in that i | capacity for the insurgents, in order that he might be facili- tated on his journey. This man told him that he was now acting with the Americans, and advised him to present himself to Lieutenant Taylor, giving up his correspondence. This the man did at once. Lieutenant Taylor telegraphed the adjutant-general of the district a brief account of the man’s story and the nature of the correspondence. In reply he was ar Seperate de-teeren eerie EEN Sree instructed to send the man and captured letters with all pos- sible haste to these headquarters. Upon arrival, I ques- tioned the man thoroughly, and he did not vary from his ae Original story. Among the correspondence given up by this man were about twenty letters from Aguinaldo, or some of the DS ee officers with him, to insurgents in various parts of Luzon. There was also a considerable number of letters from soldiers of Aguinaldo’s escort to their friends. A letter to Baldomero TT aOR. on aeinate cnr tapers eg mae Aguinaldo was in cipher and was worked out with much difficulty, as we did not have the key. This letter instructed Baldomero Aguinaldo to take command of the central prov- inces of Luzon and as soon as possible select four hundred nN ont, armed men from various bands and send them to him é (Emilio Aguinaldo). . . . Sigismundo said that the only trail leading from Palanan to the valley of Cagayan was carefully watched by outposts, and any attempt to capture Aguinaldo by ordinary methods would fail, as he would | receive warning and would flee to the heavily wooded mountains.’’ General Funston then devised a plan, and pro- posed it in a letter to headquarters at Manila. He said: ‘“‘My plan is to take a company of Macabebes to Manila, arm them with Mausers and Remingtons, dress them partly in insurgent uniform and partly in the clothing of the country, take one of the Navy light-draft gunboats, and be landed at night on the east coast of Luzon, south of Casiguran. Four or five officers would be with them, carried along as supposed pris- oners, until the time came for action. I would take Nativi- dad and several other ex-insurgent officers, who would act as officers of the column until time came to throw off the Copyrighted 1901. By courtesy of Leslie’s Weekly. a ae disguise. Upon arrival at Casiguran, which we would do by marching along the beach, we would call on the presidente BRIG a CEN] FREDERICK EUNSILON; (an insurgent) to supply us with necessaries. This man oe ee ee eae \ f cs ee aud would send forward a letter signed the northeastern coast of the island. The party was made up of | y Na Ividac that we were re-enforcements from Neuva Ecija General Funston, his aid Lieutenant Burton I. Mitchell. Captain coming in obedience to his orders. I believe that we could Henry W. Newton (who had visited Cle ee eee ‘| ; deceive him until we were in his presence, and the rest would be expected to land); the exinsareent Oreos lilario place Lasaro easy. Up to this time the American officers would be prisoners nominally. It is not likely that Aguinaldo knows that Natividad cee oe ce eee Pp esented himself, but still considers himself in his service. by Captain Russell T. Hazzard and his brother, Lieutenant Oliver € native, Sigismundo, is more than willing to play his part. All P. M. Hazzard esa | Segovia, Dionisio Sato, and Gregorio Cadhit: the informer Cecilio Sigismundo: and eighty-one selected Macabebe Scouts, commanded All these men were known personally to GeneralFunston. They sailed (March 6) southward from Mani a, passed through the strait of San Bernardino, E and up the eastern coast. caretully instructed in the It was impressed upon them that they were to represent a band of insurgents of | their way to join Aguinaldo in Isabela During the voyage the natives were part. they were to play. vacuna’s command on | 2 The story that en route they had fallen in with a small detachment of Americans and had taken five prisoners, whc ‘y were carrvi k I ers, whom they were carrying with them, was e and again, so that they would be able to repea it. They were warned that gone over with tim any treachery or disobedience of orders would be punished by the Summary execution of the offenders. A few months before General Funston had captured the camp of the insurgent chief Lacuna, and found some paper that bore his headquarters seal. On this paper two letters were written to Aguinaldo, with the forged signature of Lacuna. One of the letters said that he (Lacuna) had been ordered by Baldomero Aguinaldo to send one of his best companies to Emilio, in accord- ance with which he was sending this force under Lieutenant- Colonel Hilario Placido. The letter also said that Aguinaldo’s couriér, Sigismundo, would accompany the column. The Vicksburg came to anchor in Casiguran Bay, March tra, boats were lowered in the night, and the expedition was quietly landed. The the next. morning the n Americans were dressed as private soldiers. Early larch began. The distance to Palanan was about ninety miles. The expedition waded many streams and, owing to the fact that at high tide there was no space between the water and the. mangrove jungles, they walked five miles in salt water, till they reached the town of Casiguran, at the head of the bay. There they remained three days, the supposed American prisoners being carefully guarded and sleeping on the floor. The chief magistrate of the town was completely deceived by the story that the detachment going to Aguinaldo had surprised and captured these men on the way. General Funston says: ~ We now carefully prepared a letter to Aguinaldo for the signature of Placido. ance with orders received from his chief, had left the report to Aguinaldo with a company under Captain Lasaro Segovia. This communication stated that the writer, in accord- General Urbano Lacuna, » latter’s camp near Buloc, mountains of Penaranda, to En route, while crossing the main range and on the trail between Pantabangan and Baler, he had surprised a detachment of ten American soldiers who were making maps, and had killed two and wounded three, which latter he had ordered sent to the American The remaining five had been taken As it was evident that the commander at Pantabangan. prisoners and were en route with him. unannounced approach would alarm Aguinaldo and cause him to get out of the way for the time being, | instructed: Placido and Segovia to obtain messengers to carry the three letters to Aguinaldo at Palanan, ninety miles up the coast. These men, two Tagalos and a Baluga, left Casiguran at daybreak of the 16th and reached Palanan two davs ahead of us. The letters taken through by these men threw Aguinaldo completely off his guard, and, as he told me afterwards, were the most potent factor in his undoing. The question of obtaining quick ly a sufficiently large supply 0! portable food for our seven days’ march to Palanan was a serious one. The vice-president.told Placido that by sending up the \ valley he could in four or five days get a sufficient quantity o! cracked corn for Delay was out of the question, as the Vicksburg was the march. | : Accordingly, with to be in Palanan Bay to meet us on the 25th. | | what cracked corn could be obtained on short notice (about 400 pounds) and a small quantity of dried carabao (bufialo ) meat, we left Casiguran at 8 a. m., March 17, the vice-presidente and of the town accompanying us for a couple of miles. principal men | lays’ short ration, was carried by Our food, which was about four « twelve natives of Casiguran. On account of the diff ficulties of the S CAMPFIRE AND > a Pe ay Shien Drea party nye ‘iF ebb IBA IF TP IL IS 18 HIG IL ID). 625 trail their loads were necessarily light. These pack-bearers also served as guides, as Sigismundo’s knowle dge of the trail was not sufficiently definite. The presence of the twely e pack-bearers in the column made it incumbent on us during the w oie of the march to continue to carry out the fiction that we were insurgent soldiers with American prisoners. The Macabebes played their part well and made a pretense of closely guarding the Americans, and, when in hearing of the pack-bearers, often spoke to them harshly. It was evident that if any one of those men suspected a trick he would hasten on to Palanan and give warning. Our route after leaving Casiguran was first east and then northeast for five hours along a muddy trail through dense woods until we reached the sea, and thence along the beach in a general northerly direction. : Because of the fearful nature of some portions of the trail, we could not make an average of more than a mile and a half an hour. Several times we narrowly escaped disaster in the swift mountain streams. It rained almost continuously, day and night. We helped out our rations on small fish caught by the men with their hands, and with shell-fish and snails. except by a few savages. The country is uninhabited After six days’ hard marching we reached Diundungan, where the trail for Palanan starts inland. Here we found an old Tagalo building two small sheds, which he told us were for the American prisoners and their guard. He also had a letter from Aguinaldo’s chief of staff, instructing Placido to leave the prisoners there under guard and push on with the column.” This made a difficult complication; but the Americans were equal to the emergency. They held a conference in the night, and arranged a plan to avoid compliance with the order. The main column took up the march in the morning for Palanan, eight miles distant, leaving the Americans guarded by an intelligent Macabebe corporal and ten men. In about an hour two of the Macabebes came running back with a note from Segovia to the corporal, telling him that orders had been received from Aguinaldo for the guard and prisoners to follow the column into the town. The trail was through dense woods. Half came hastily back to tell them They set out at once. way on the road two Macabebes that ten armed soldiers had been sent out from Palanan to take charge of the prisoners, that the guard might go to the town. Segovia had detained these men as long as he could, and sent back the warning. The prisoners and their guard then hid in the jungle till the soldiers had passed, and then resumed their march. The General describes in rapid language the culmination of the enterprise: ‘‘We purposely did not attempt to gain on the main column, as we knew that the river was broad and deep and had to be crossed in one boat capable of holding but ten men. It was important that we should not reach the river until most of the column had already crossed, lest some insurgent officer sent. out from Palanan would see the Americans and warn Aguinaldo that his orders were being disobeyed. Our progress, as well as that of the main body, was extremely slow because of the weakened condition of all, which made it necessary to halt every half hour. At a few moments of 3 p. m., we cautiously approached the Palanan River, here about roo yards wide, and saw the town on the other side. The last boat load had crossed, and the Macabebes were forming on the other bank and, in accordance with a previous arrangement, were sending the boat back for us. The Macabebes started up into the town, and we heard a few shots followed by a scattered firing. We hastily crossed the river, and running up into the town, found that the Macabebes were somewhat demoral- ized and firing wildly in every direction. They were gotten under control with some difficulty. Aguinaldo’s guard of about fifty armed and neatly uniformed men had been drawn up to receive the re-enforcements, and, on being fired into, broke and ran, a few of them returning the fire as they retreated. Aguinaldo, with his nif oe » i ee +=) BEL Sa AU eal ee 0 ea Ramah | a ase re WN Reise ae iu NS eee LD ot del LL) de it tak LED ire tik Areata cue ——————— Mie DT as aay yy) DD ARIOTN SSH) er } y_~ ) aa, i dhe au Pre tet ee bs 626 GA IMU IE JR IB, IND officers, had awaited in his quarters. Placido and Segovia entered the house to report their arrival, and, after a short conversation, Segovia stepped outside the house and ordered the Macabebes, who had just come up from the river bank, to open fire on the insurgents, who were standing in line at a distance of about fifty The Macabebes were so excited and nervous that their yards. But two of the insurgents were killed, fire was very ineffective. the remainder in their flight threw away 18 rifles and 1,000 rounds of ammunition. As soon as Segovia had given the order he ran back into the house and opened fire on the officers surrounding Aguinaldo. He wounded Villa and Alhambra. The latter jumped out of the house into the river and was not seen again. Villa, on surrendered, as did also Santiago Barcelona, being wounded, The five remaining officers escaped from Aguinaldo’s treasurer. Placido seized Aguinaldo and told the house and swam the river. BAG eles ID. SIA oT is oii toh: pe ea Shortly after noon River to the sea in a northeasterly direction. 1 the coast and sighted the Vicksburg coming in. Signals were exchanged, and the ship came to anchor about two miles 1 after two hours ol hard and dangerous work we reachec from the shore, an‘ we were taken off from the beach. The vessel arrived in Manila Bay, ent in the city. March 28, and the prisoners were placed in confinem Agcuinaldo was permitted to take the oath of a United States, and on April 19 he issued a manifesto announcing the fact. Meanwhile the insurgent governor of Manila province llegiance to the surrendered with his staff, and after the issuance of Aguinaldo’s manifesto similar surrenders followed rapidly. There was an attempted revival of the rebellion in September, but it had little success. One insurgent officer who was captured was hanged for massacring 103 Spanish prisoners. SIGNALING THE CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO him that he was a prisoner of the Americans. At this juncture the Americans arrivec scene ¢ io ricans arrived on the scene and gave their attention to getting the Macabebes under control and protecting the prisoners from UNM, 5 6 ¢ The 22d, the day before our arrival, was Acui- naldo’s birthday, and the town had been decorated with Aowrer and ornaments of bamboo in honor of the occasion. These dlecore. tions were still in place when the town was entered us The night of the 23d passed without event, and all dav of five sik was spent 1n recovering from the hardships and fatigues of the ae The feet of many of the Macabebes were oS Orn and ae a oe ee a oe ne j absces: oot. I had arranged with Commander Barry that the Vicksburg meet us on Pree aeiL at Palanan Bay, six miles northeast of the town. ee : , on the morning - Pe ree ees Sat g of that day we started, marching down the Palanan In the three years from June 30, 1898, to June 30, 1901, the troops that served in the Philippines bea ate Ee Ae ; I . CT . 1 In tne | hilappines numbered 3,477 officers and 108,000 enlisted men. About 61,000 were regulars, and 50,000 volunteers. The number killed was 619, and 2109 died of wounds. Two hundred non- The percentage of he deaths from all causes numbered 2 AOR. commissioned officers obtained commissions. desertions was A. 2. There was still a feeble resistance by scattered bands in the southern islands. On le & uli [ : i 1 June 5, r901, William H. Taft, of Ohio, was appointed civil governor of the Philippine stablishi V1 . 9 ete meet ee Y ippines. In establishing civil government, the O XY rr < ¢ . C ¢ ' ' ' policy was adopted of appointing natives to all offices for which ‘( > > ef 4 ¢ % . r Nis competent candidates could be found. Six hundred qualified teachers were se it: Ini ) | ¢ sent from the Unite ates ¢ assi 5 ted States and assigned to schools in the country districts where civil o y districts where civil government had been introduced.a eee ee Pt, i eR A NTR Lai Sery bet Late eet sii? or rier re CAM PP ERE A Nap "he island of Samar ranks third in size among the group. Its area 1S about 5,000 Square miles—a little larger than the State 5 are of the Malay race, and are more savage and treacherous than those of of Connecticut. Its native inhabitants any other island in the Archipelago. The Spaniards never completely occupied Samar and for some time it received little attention from the Americans. on luch of it is still in a wild State—he; wily wooded mountains. deep and jungles. Obrint nerieen 4 Pts! bs wat . ee, - ~~ San MASSACRE OF COMPANY C, NINTH U INFANTRY, AT BALANGIGA, SAMAR, P. I. When the Americans had broken up the guerilla bands ens re wa Te RRR ee ¥ ne. Sey Sy | 4 Pr.) BS She. in Luzon, many of them escaped individually to Samar and joined the insurgent forces there, who were commanded by a General Lukban. His army was thus made up largely of outlaws and irreconcilables; and this fact, together with the nature of the country, made the military problem there peculiarly difhcult. The population of the island is estimated at a quarter ot a million, and it was easy for Lukban to take advantage of their ignorance and credulity. This island was added. in toor, to General Hughes's department, which before included Leyte and Panay. Before the rainy season began (about August 1) he had made considerable pr eres ane the rebels away from the hills overlooking the towns, while gun- boats ascended the streams as far as the depth of water would permit. American garrisons were established in. twenty places, and on July 26 a body of about 500 rebels surrendered. But hele were still manv small bands roaming about, watching their oppor- tunities and violating all the rules of warfare. When it appeared as if the island were virtually pacified, an occurrence took place which revealed the unsuspected treachery and terocity of the inhabitants. A company of the Ninth Infantry, seventy-five a commanded by Captain T. W. Connell, garrisoned the town ol ‘ante fF 26. the ss See ae ry “ef fast on Se tember 26, t Balangiga. While they were at bre uk Se] roe aioe a “4 b 4 i TAMER UL GoU ety eed “A Mth oe ease st i Pah athaed Bak IP IP ILJIB IF ICS, IL, ID). ON iS) ~ presidente and a party of the townspeople visited them in apparent friendliness and managed to get between them and their stacked arms. As soon as they had accomplished this they fell upon the defenseless soldiers with their bolos, and killed the Captain, Lieutenant E. A. Bumpus and Surgeon R. §. Griswold, and forty- eight men, while the other twenty-four, many of them wounded escaped to Basei. The bodies of the slain were horribly mutilated and then burned.: Some of the attacking party had rifles that had been furnished to them by the Americans to enable them to protect themselves against the in surgents. The soldiers had been deceived and thrown off their guard by the fact that when they came to the town, a short time before. they had been feasted and treated with every demonstration of welcome. When the news of this massacre reached Calabalogan, a force of regulars and Macabebes was sent to Balangiga, but the entire population of the town fled before them to the mountains. With about 3,600 troops General Hughes now entered upon a vigorous campaign. With gunboats on the rivers and flying columns of troops on land the insurgents were’ pursued relentlessly. They were separated in small bands, but occasionally they were able to effect something by means of ambush and surprise. Thus a detach- ment of forty-six men of the Ninth Infantry was suddenly attacked Bongabon, on Gaudara River, and ten men were killed and six wounded. A re-enforcement then arrived and killed more than a hundred of the insurgents and put the remainder to fight. Again, 140 bolo men attacked twelve soldiers at San Antonio and killed two and wounded two; but Sergeant Willford and the others stood their ground and succeeded in ‘killing fourteen of their assailants. Rear Admiral Frederick Rogers, with twenty-seven- vessels, patroled the coast to prevent the insurgents from leaving the island or receiving supplies; and the commander of the troops issued. an order for all the people to concentrate in the towns, that the outlaws might be hunted down and exterminated the more speedily; and they were threatened with deportation to Guam if they harbored those who committed the massacre at Balangiga or concealed arms. Several villages were destroyed for oN Ri SF THE SURVIVORS OF COMPANY C, NINTH INFANTRY, ESCAPING FROM BALANGIGA. such offenses. General Lukban’s chief of commissary was cap- tured, and on his person were found papers implicating men who in good faith had been placed in responsible civil offices in the ‘sland of Leyte. These were put under arrest, and the ports of Leyte were temporarily closed. Thus a rising in that island was prevented. | | fot ae On seeing this development of American strength and deter 5 o “a Pt oleae 55 a Coser iimaan a ae ‘ tT A ee a ey s Ges ITU Pea a pr ead at Pp PTE NL Vie cae pe tt staan vY, s Do veh! eee | > QIN. ake ae cf . ee efit, h ui 7 fRY Fee eS I SE ee eS nae EOE RET Co PL OE EDT I METS OS Sore Royer re Te teen oP Es ebb dete aie eerer eT ee eo ha oe gee - iz pe ei . yi ae 5, 25 5 " item OP rs iene t ok: Sa ce i 628 mination in the neighboring islands, the insurgents in Cebu became disheartened and surrendered, to the number of 450 men and sixty officers; and those of the insurgents in Samar who still retained their arms withdrew to the mountains in the western part of the island. At the same time, there was renewed activity among the insurgents in some parts of Luzon, and several skirmishes and minor actions took place. General Chaffee gave it as his opinion that, as the wild and broken nature of the ground was favorable to guerilla warfare, and the insurgents were in the habit of playing friend or enemy, GAMPETRE AND “(BAM IP IE IG ID IOI (EID tances, and took advantage of the humanity sose of the inhabitants who were inclined ‘erred American rule were kept in fear of should be no reduction of military according to circums of the soldiers, while tl to be peaceable and pre! assassination by the rebels, there force in the islands before January, 1903, though meanwhile the experiment of establishing civil government was progressing as favorably as could be expected. On July 4, 1902, the President of the United States issued a proclamation declaring officially that the war in the Philippine Islands was ended. DEATH OF COLONEL LISCUM AT TIEN TSIN.‘ Leh dd Ret SarStRLGn 1a Cir: Peevepeet Ht > eae = . ae % Patt Wz i} THE BOXER WAR IN (GHINA “Toco: THE Empire of China is an anomaly among the nations. The geographical and climatic differences between its provinces, which cover a large part of the greatest continent, are not more striking than the differences in status and ideas that mark the several classes of its population. This fact, more than any other, indicates the probability of its partition at no very distant day. The appre- hension of that may be the underlying cause of the intense hatred of foreigners that occasionally leads to tragic events. The defeats of China in her conflicts with other powers—in 1842, 1860, and especially by the Japanese in 1895—opened the eyes of the more intelligent and progressive of her statesmen to the fact that her methods were antiquated, and if she would hold her own she must learn from the enemy. With the new regency, a policy of reaction was begun, and nearly all the reformatory measures were countermanded. Mean- while, the foreign aggressions on Chinese territory were a cause of serious alarm. Germany had obtained Kiao Chao, Russia wanted Port Arthur as the terminus of the great Siberian railway, England asked for a port on the opposite side of the Gulf of Pechili, and France secured the port of Kwang Chao. The Empress became furious at this state of affairs; and when the Boxer uprising occurred she was ready to welcome it and assist it. The secret society of Boxers is more than a hundred years old. This title comes from the fact that they practice gymnastics. Another title is Brethren of the Long Sword. They originated in the province of Shan Tung, and The terrible Tai-ping rebellion, which lasted ten years, could not have been suppressed had not Ward, the American, and Gordon, the Englishman, taught the Chinese how to organize and handle an army in Western fashion. Inthe sixties the Re- form party established a policy of education and administration similar to those of Europe and America, and several hundred youth were sent to the United States for their schooling, while foreign legations were estab- lished at Peking, embassies were sent abroad, and an educational system was set up at home which culminated in the Imperial University of Peking, presided over by Dr. W. A. P. Martin, an American. The young Emperor, Kwang Su, was in hearty sympathy with all this, and was himself educated as an Englishman or an American would be. But his adoptive mother, the Empress Dowager (whose son, Tung Chi, had been his predecessor) was fiercely opposed to everything of the kind, hating and fearing all foreigners and their ways. She had reigned in his stead during his minority, and in 1898, when J old, she managed to have him retired on the pretense of incom- petency, and once more took the reins. Still, her chiet minister was Li Hung Chang, the wisest and most progressive of Chinese statesmen. The hatred of the foreigner is large ue of the priests, who oppose the introduction of any new religion ; and by those who look upon for rendering the poor poore laborer and his children. 1e was twenty-eight years ly increased by the tnfluence labor-saving machinery as a device r and taking away the bread of the LI HUNG CHANG. (629) in 1803 were prohibited by an imperial proclamation, because they were considered trouble- some politically. But after the European invasion (as it was considered) they became active again and constituted virtually a political party. Dr. Martin says: Their creed takes its shape from a blending of the three religions of Buddha, Laotse and Confucius, together with all sorts of popular super- stitions. They profess certain mysteries of their own, such as hypnotism, and to this they owe the fascination which.they exer- cise over the ignorant. Meeting with susceptible persons, they employ them as mediums, and through them in a state of trance they obtain communications from their gods. Many of them possess the power of throwing themselves into this abnormal state at will. In drilling for war, all their soldiers (for the most part very young persons) are expected to do this, as well as to practice pugilism and other antics. 1 have myself seen them drilling, though I did not venture to remain long enough in their midst to take photo- eraphs with a camera. When I was riding in the street one day, of sixteen ran across in front of my horse, threw himself on a bank, and went into a trance. I was tempted to wait to see what would follow, but, reflecting that on coming out of this hypnotic state he would probably attack me and so bring on a riot, | thought it prudent to move on. On the eve of an bow themselves toward the a lad apparently encounter they kneel down and heast, which is the direction from Peking of Southern Shan Having invoked the protection of forms, they believe sout Tung, where they originated. their gods, accompanied by hocus-pocus re aro BIR . ers etsy ie tee a He reisee ae a 247 i Hanis ian dak Pye meen YEH) ZS ee) £ eae —-Seep ~ pus uinhhaaanpeh ntiee eeemeeieenateeeese ee eu vy if) di lt enge Wr tc - 630 (G JAIMIE TE IARI val IN ID ° A s . ics eS 4 c themselves invulnerable: a belief no doubt due to the tact that BeAglie th EBA |! barbarians!’’ An WUtdanipes DED other. which was entitled “‘A Sacred Edict, - ea anata oa ae er -hev are insensible to outward impressions, Issued by the Lord of Wealth and Happiness, made ae = os in! a hypnotic condition they i ; tions: ‘Phe Catholic and Protestant religions being insolent to and no longer conscious of pain. ce ae : oc peer a ve of holv things, rendering no obedience “When recently Catholic missionaries penetrated their stronghold, 3 dd i ind enraging both Heaven and Eartl the rain- a collision was inevitable, and two of them, SeamnanS, Hie TS a a eons eit : : er 8.000,000 Spirit Soldiers will descend dered. This provoked the intervention ol the IJaiser, who not clouds ee : : uel voice ea etl torneo en Ren only exacted the execution of three of the murderers but profited ic oe : e | Gs , \ r our lands; and, when the by the occurrence to get possession of a seaport in that quarter. The Wee eee aes ee | el eard, threatening woes people of the province were greatly excited, not so ee petaps bead ae ee As : : a 5 Patriot 7 OU Boxer vill by territorial aggression as by their opposition to bay HES, : ee oe oe | | 1 i Ue then, to which the Germans commenced laying out. In many instances pOue = # vee , | 1 one adherent they tore up the track and attacked the engineers. A special pe id y 5 POG uET = : aS a 1 future ranch of the order was created for the young women of th » the faith oa i 1 province.’ nisfortuns Ul: LLOIS rOvV1 €. oe f ere S to The excitement spread rapidly in the spring of r1goo, large famil 7 7 es numbers of young men joined the Boxers and an extensive work the faith, yo Ne : | : e ted oe ( { 1] 1 uk \ un1i- bOx- t, dd S\ ( lic ] el T1 eK TO ut of emplo ent. | tea essels Om ' VETe CoO (| l¢ )] ivers of th ira ns t lat had be seded rail EXECUTION OF BOXER CHIEFS. eT of murder and devastation was soon in progress. Missionaries of riers, whose labors had been materially reduced by all denominations and nationalities were slain, and their converts graph; and some were artisans in met Hl and << otton whose were massacred mercilessly. The number thus killed was estimat d hand-processes could not compete with European machinery. at thirty thousand. At first, there was a pret Of Opposing and The foreign ministers in Belune were slow to take alarm:' they punishing the Boxers: but it was soon observed that any official had persuaded themselves that 4 \ e sate place 1 the who carried out such orders fel] into -disfavor with the En press Empire: for they did not comprehend or suspect that the insur- and was removed. In one instance. when, to please and d the foreign legations, a military force was sent against the Boxers, it went out with secret instructions to fire over their heads or use blank cartridges, and not a Boxer was killed. The Boxers issued flaming proclamations. one of which, di splayed in Peking, Sain For forty years the foreigners have been turning the empire upside down. They have taken our seaports, Possession of our revenues, and they do despite to our gods and sages. Uphold the Great Pure Dynasty, and d and got estroy the ocean rection was other Government as agai mission to bring in a guard of m.; | » Which the Yat 1e when the railroad than an uprising as much against the Imperial unst helpless foreigners. Still, they asked per- arines to protect the legations, n (Chinese Department of State) objected. But to .Paoting Fu was destroved (Mav 27) Uney sent for their guards without such permission, and the marines came, to the number of four hundred more of the railroad was destroyed became impossible, and fifty. The next day , cCOMmMunication with the coast and the siege of the legations began. TherePet i ela Leas “W eset M BON ee P i SUSU TTT ty SA badivessheee bad CAMPFIRE were eleven of these, all on what was known as | and the whole number of persons now confined in tl with their attachés, /egation Street, of pel 1em—ministers, families and servants, missionaries’ and teachers who had fled thither for protection—numbered (men women and children) about one thousand. Besides these here were about two thousand native Christians to be protected | | The siege lasted sixty-six days. For the first ten days the besiegers were Boxers almost exclusively: after that the mask was thrown off and the Imperial soldiers were more prominent. | At the mouth of the Peiho are the Taku forts: AND CoML | yay ity oat bale daaoi ‘ BAS aaa a ea ER ID) 631 Chinese improved s ily 1 } ‘ ed steadily 2 j “e eS I lily in their gun practice. A grand flanking movement was then planned and finely executed by the allies uly 7 @ 9), led by the Japanese, by which the whole Chinese line was taken in reverse from southwest to northeast, with the arsenal » » » TTX os 1 1 as the final objective. The American contingent was 100 marines under Major VM aller. The Chinese were routed, and fled, leaving i ’ o ( 5) oO f r c ~ \4 1} tour guns and many flags. Five hundred Boxers who were caught were nearly all killed by the Japanese. On July 12 a re-enforcement of 1,200 Americans arrived from the ) twenty miles up the river, at the junction of the Grand Canal, is Tien Tsin; and sixty-five miles farther northwest is Peking. RON When news of the siege reached the outside world, the British admiral Seymour, with a strong force of marines, set out s ryy: mr: . 5 from Tien Tsin, to repair the railroad and reach the capital by that route; but he was unsuccessful troops being sent from Peking to oppose him. In the harbor were twenty-five warships of foreign When it became evident that the Imperial Government was governments, and on shore were goo soldiers. co-operating with the Boxers, the commanders of the fleets had a conference: As the Government was sending 3,000 additional soldiers to garrison the forts, and was proceeding to place torpedoes at the mouth of the river, it was resolved to act at once. They therefore notified Viceroy that unless the forts were evacuated they would open fire on them early on the morning of June 18. The Chinese in the forts anticipated this time by a few hours, and opened fire on the ships. The gunboats (with the exception of the American) moved up to the attack, and 1,200 men were on shore to assail the forts from the land side. The battle became hot, and might have re- sulted in a victory for the Chinese had not their ammunition been very defective. But when the main magazine of the south fort blew up with a tremendous concussion, the garrison appeared to lose heart, and then the storming parties burst in and copenred | the-forts. About one-third of the garrison had?Heen killed or wounded. The allies had lost, killed or wounded, in the boats and on shore, one hundred men. The Boxers now invested the European settlements at Tien Tsin, which were defended by about 3,000 The assailants men, who had a few machine guns. bombarded and burned many of the buildings and killed,many of the defenders. The Russians lost seven officers: and rso men. A force of 400 Russians and 150 American marines tried to reac h the city, Then a larger force, consisting of 1,500 but was driven hack. Russian troops, 380 British, 240 Germans, 100 Japan- set out (June 20) followed by 750 ese and too Italian marines, with an armored train and artillery, and in three days raised the siege. Admiral .Seymour was relieved, and besieged in the Chinese armory, and 200 of whom had been wounded. more Germans, Two days later, where he had been shut up his force was brought away, The railroad was then opened, and additional troops were taken to Tien Tsin. But a force of 10,000 Chinese regulars, sent to occupied the arsenals and forts ot oF mn Ts anc oppose them, Men Tsin, and h and English lied forces who were in the Frenc and the besieged the al Bombardment was kept up night and day, settlements. BUILDING FORTIFICATIONS AT PEKING BY AMERICAN SAILORS. and the whole force of the allies was then about 10,000. Philippines, ard fight, in which the Japanese The day before there had been a h o men, the French 60, and the British 18. the Russians, 3,100 strong, with 400 French and set out to capture the batteries on the Lutai after a Sharp engage- same day the other Q lost about 8 On the 13th German marines, Canal and clear the camps; and succeeded ment in which they lost 150 men. ‘Ware ® ———— ef AI RULE ea er ae ee ia as ya Sabyypitronaaninh ee ore ee , Eri tit fia bP) " rr a — ee ee!) BORO La ta Mie ates Pa tas! rH rere teat ar! 55% frre tt CA en z) DIM tise| : | | t i } F | i Md i ; f 4 my ty ; | } | » ‘ | / j i i t i | | ' 632 : c ity his troops of the allies made a determined attack on the city. at e i; ‘itis ral batteries, was begun with a bombardment trom the British naval bat exploded a Chinese magazine, and this was soon which soon ; f powde apanese, another great explosion of powder. The Japane tollowed by ff ! i ine, advance ains > south who had the centre of the line, advanced against the gate and had the hardest of the fighting. They were supported by the Ninth United States Infantry and by a French deve chen: With heavy losses, the Japanese hung to every toot of ground phe) gained, and at evening reached the moat before the oe oe Chinese had destroyed the bridge; and in the night the Japanese made a new bridge, preparatory to renewing operations at daylight. In the morning they crossed the moat, blew up the outer gate, scaled the walls, and found that the Chinese had retreated toward Peking.) In this action the allies lost 775 memos) whol. Wwas Colonel Emerson H. Liscum, commanding the Ninth United States CAMPFIRE AND VAG Tail Hil [ED the advance, and the Chinese were defeated. On the 6th a further ne +0 VYanetun q (Chinese stronghold, and there Uf c 5 J: 2 advance was made was a fight that lasted six , | See full share of the hard work and the casualties. he day wi ; | : : . -} g 1 7 4b \ ‘ neg > Oo ‘ntolerably hot, and many men fell from exhaustion. lhe Chinese, intolerably ee nan r field f tall broom-corn, got away, and the screened largely by fields of tall | American and Japanese s ; : ns lost seven men killed and sixty-nine In this action the American wounded, while two dt hours, in which the Americans had their batteries shelled them as they retreated. from the heat. Four-fifths of the casualties were in the Fourteenth Infantry, and some 01 these were caused by the British artillery Sie wounded were seé1 lown the river in boats, The sick and the wounded were sent « pen aoe reciimecd The Tapanese were in and on the 8th the march was resumed. The Jay = ; ee , he Russians, then the Americans, anc the advance: then followed the Russians, then the Am ~ < al ; . 1 \ ay U o Seoul 740Chemulpo KirinO ARCHIPELAGO oO E — he a ea \b [| eS eA |) > (ae x Sie, ior r Sy 7 — Ne (RD NI } RandAc 8 X SO} Ym BES for aS: a 7 Vv BT ae a ee LEI 120° MPa At ht A ae ca hg PS Ly av line § Paoting, My (ive aia o° 11 % NG OO © FY 4 of Shamo ODesort Langson O - g M O Gobi A N ok - AMLLSTE yume FE Dy ~O Puerh de 9 ij, Yn y | easton YG: Y IQs Wr XMS We ew. —RARK MOH NOOPAA KIAWNG X CHINA ailways Constructed ____- Railway Concessions Granted .._tactst tists | L- SIN L Provincial Boundaries __________._ Boundary of China-..........-.-_-- 400 LS Rarer s ease es ; Perea, aerate ETT HAs isle acai Ae Mt) 2 ceageas ae pe} 5 HL a Uo ee to bed AY e ; :NO oe niin rok Prspriie Ses kin ate ae a eee a ia ine i ; } : a } ‘ jPr et he a vane | Ou Grisiataublsicainsctaat lt 2 = E fs} S ° a AN? oS ae hinese reoccupied the gate in strong force. The Japanese assailed the Chihan gate: and when the Americans . : up they found the Russians in action at the eae they A 4 oe taken and lost. General Chaffee ordered his —- into ae once, and Colonel Aaron S. Daggett led a scaling-party through a sunken road, and crossed a moat that was swept by Aen directed against the Russians. Two companies of ee ea climbed the wall and planted the United States Fle on it ae the same time the Russians forced the gate. Mote enone entered by the gate, and the American artillery ineltod ite Suk where Chinese. soldiers were seen. The British entered a 4 southern gate, with little difficulty. The most serious Sepsis: was met with by the Japanese, at the Chihan gate. Here the Chinese massed a heavy force, and had the advantage of a laree 5 CONE loop-holed tower over the gate. as well as ] ver over the gate, as well as the battlemented wall on CAMPFIRE AND BARE iam inp» 63 3 they found five massive walls between them and the palace, with archways closed by heavy gates. These were successively pilosa open with artillery, and the infantry marched through, in each case meeting a sharp rifle fire, until they reached the last one which gave access to the palace. Here General Chaffee halted them, and, after consulting with the other generals, withdrew them to a camp outside the Tartar City. The troops of other nations were established in similar camps, but not before the city had been pillaged to a large extent. This work was done system- atically by the British, and very freely by the French and Russians. The American soldiers, in defiance of orders, indulged init somewhat. Only the Japanese refrained entirely. : Before the allies entered the city, the Emperor, the Empress Dowager, and the entire court, had fled, escorted by a strong force, to LTatyuen Fu, in the province of Shansi. Before eae LIV g yi AG y Zs Vie b WUE CAMP OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS NEAR TIEN TSIN. either side. The Japanese planted fifty-four guns, in the are of a circle, on a hill a mile from the gate, and concentrated their fire hours. As often as their infantry upon it steadily for three hem with advanced, the Chinese returned to their tower and met t The Japanese lost 200 men in attempts to a destructive fire. not have carried it at all had storm the wall, and perhaps could 1 the British, inside the city, made a diversion not the Americans anc But finally they blew down the gate, in the rear of the defenders. entered. and cleared the tower and the wall. Peking is divided into three cities—the Chinese City, the Tartar City and (in the centre of the latter) the Imperial City. The Tartar City, and during the siege the firing upon them, which had been going on for weeks from the wall of the Imperial City, was hotter than ever. To put a stop to this, haffee posted guns on one of the gates, and opened fire When his infantry advanced legations were in the General C on the walls of the Imperial City. \ [ By ctu eat apt [Shh bes) ~ iP Etter i y A : ~ mis OTNP cea DRI da siti is es a = j A ; ; 3 zi Ne eH sca de ele i FT a i the Empress had ordered the execution of four high officials who were suspected of sympathy with the foreigners. A joint admin- istration was organized by England, France, Japan, Russia and the United States. The Catholics in their cathedral were still fired upon by the Chinese, and on the 17th the French and Russians went to their relief. The troops of the other allies joined in the movement, and Peking was cleared completely of Chinese regulars and Boxers. Other points in the neighborhood were occupied, and gradually peace and order were restored. The most exciting scenes of this war were at the foreign le When the Taku forts were captured, the Chinese med the foreign ministers that, as their govern- 1ey must leave the city and gations in the city. Government infor ments were now at war with China, tl As any attempt to do this would have the country at once. the ministers refused. The resulted in immediate massacre, nny Sot Mee Sag Ca WU Tis Hey (ieee eT aaa a = a ee Uy mere) oe D Oe he (oper Sea ae Vente yy - -— 5 s os 1 Y fle: yay nin Bi] _ y —~—___ Fe al C Ls SPU Uay Y AASV VP), sary af) ae , ae ae y f eo =f / =TY le ier tebe pes ar, | heh 3 i a ee An felt Pa NT A INI ia a Le ID | 6 GANVERE TERS AND 12 Al WF WE IL IE BIE J | 34 | rricades were cleared, < large piece of ground was captured ut German minister, Baron Ketteler, was murdered in the street, and barricades were cleare 2 ee g ee | ae es h : seit oi ill1 i 3 Vere f Captain Myers’s 1 TOY ons é 1d. ut several O aq y Bri | the Boxers set numerous fires, one of which destroyed millions o1 and held 3 Se i . | )2 Sis site ° S : r . ras amon: , fy dollars’ worth of foreign goods. As the British legation was the wounded, and he was g i - ALS 5 Sy? = “ys : , ssjeged stre sned their defenses with sand- i sir C alc 2 Britis Gradually the besieged strengthe1 r one that cc » defended, Sir Claude MacDonald, the British é 1 only one that could be defended, sir C | inister aced it e disposal of his colleagues, and all were a 3 a ncaed em ee : There volunteers were constantly on guard, sometimes making sorties a See pa es arines ; abc é darec¢ bags and other devices, while the marines ind ibout a hund ed gathered there. Every day the besiegers fired upon them. 5° _ ~ Woe c € OC { a ] J »\ ) id ©, Pe 10a de 1 caretu \ a d c = C ¢ ains the ¢ 1€ nh . | ( S1¢ » a ed ] E Ja O Si d ] al t 1€ ~ ¢ © CSE p c Ce ¢ tille \ there, defense ould ha V € bee nN impossible. Dr. Mar tin, W Wad lt C Cc, Nays) that 1 t | T¢ 1¢ ad ) e a\ > 1 1 zEaVY two weeks longer all within the legation would un- doubtedlv have been massacred. In the sorties a conciderable number of the defenders were killed. When the Chinese began to use. artillery, the be- sieged constructed small bomb-proofs for the women ant children. When the churches were burned several parties went out to bring in the surviving Christians, and in the course of this work brave deeds were done. Among those who thus went out were a Swiss baker, Chamot, and his young wife. She carried a rifle, and was expert in its use. It was arranged, and well understood, that if the Chinese besiegers overpowered the defenders and entered the legation, all the women were to be killed at once by the men most nearly related to them, to save them from a worse fate. The besieged used to keep up their courage by the aid of texts of Seripture, which were posted on the gate-house every day. One of these was from Second Corin- thians, 1,8—-r1: ‘““Wewould not, brethren, have you | ignorant of our trouble which came to us in Asia, insomuch that we despaired even of life: but we had the sentence of death in ourselves, that we should not trust in ourselves, but in God which raiseth the dead; who delivered us from so great a death, and doth deliver. In whom we trust that he will yet deliver us. Ye also helping together by prayer for us, that for the gift bestowed upon us by the means of many persons thanks may be given by many on our behalf.” The besieged American missionaries had borne a valorous part in the defense of the legations; and after the siege was raised by the arrival of the troops, the United States minister, the Hon. Ed- win H. Conger, issued an address to them,in which he said: “To one and all of you, so providentially saved from threatened massacre, I beg, in this hour of our deliverance, to express what I know to be the universal sentiments of the Diplomatic Corps, the sincere appreciation of, and professed profound gratitude for, the inestimable help, which you and the native Christians under your charge have ren- dered toward our preservation. Without your in- telligent and successful planning and the uncom- plaining execution of the Chinese, I believe our salvation would have been impossible. By your SCALING THE WALLS OF PEKING BY AMERICAN TROOPS, courteous consideration of me, and your continued | - patience under most trying occasions, I have been deeply touched, and for it all I thank you most heartily. I hope and believe, somehow, in God’s unerring plan, your sacrifices and nieeIRRS: [oe eRe re a To drive the Chinese from that wall. a force of about sixty men— British, Russians and Americans—was organized and placed: under the command of Captain Myers, of the American marines. ' My dangers will bear rich fruit in the material and spiritual welfare F men,’ he said, “yonder are four hundred women and children of the people to whom you have so nobly devoted your lives and i | whose lives are dependent upon our success. If we fail, they work.”’ perish and we perish also. When I] say Go! then go.”’ The sudden rish The allied forces held possession of the Chinese capital and its onslaught of this little force took the Chinese by surprise, the neighborhood—the province of Pechili—till the terms of peaceTEU Ut ee aa ty should be agreed upon; Count Waldersee, the C rerman commander, being accepted as the ranking of icer by all except the Americans and the French. In all treatment and negotiations, the Americans and the Japanese were inclined to be most lenient toward the Chinese, while the Germans were the most inclined to be severe. The German soldiers not only were unrestrained in looting, but they shot a great many natives whom they suspected (sometimes erroneously) of being Boxers. So diverse were the ideas and demands of the representatives of the powers that had taken part in the war, that an agreement as to the terms of peace was not reached till August 16, 1901.. The protocol was signed by the Chinese commissioners on September 7. The main provisions were these: Prince Chun must go to Germany to express the regret of the Chinese Government for the murder of Baron von Ketteler: and Na-Tung to convey regrets. to the Japanese Government for the murder of Sugiyama. Prince Tuan and Duke Lan were exiled to Turkestan and con- demned to imprisonment for life. Chuang, Ying-Nien, and Chao-Shu-Chiao were ordered to commit suicide. Yu-Hsien, Chi-Hsin, and Hsu-Cheng-Ya were condemned to execution. Yang-Hi, Hsu-Tung, and Li-Ping-Heng: were condemned to 5 posthumous degradation; while Hsu-Yung- Yi, Li-Shan, Lien- Yuan, CAMPFIRE AND iA 4 yo ve ee vs ee peasilivaettata cost] LyJa\ IU ILI3, JF I IBILID) 635 Yuan-Chang, and Hsu-Ching-Cheng (who had been executed for sympathizing with the foreigners) were rewarded with posthumous honors. In the districts where foreigners had been murdered, examina- tions for office and honors were suspended for five years. Importation of arms and materials used in their manufacture was forbidden for two years. China was to pay an indemnity of 450,000,000 taels (about equal to $337,000,000), having thirty-nine years in which to pay it. This was to be divided among the allies in proportion to the part they had taken in suppressing the rebellion. The portion of the United States is one-eighth. The indemnity is paid in Chinese gold bonds bearing four per cent interest. The area set apart for the legations was to be greatly enlarged and made capable of defense, with guards of the several nationalities. All forts impeding communication between Peking and the sea coast were to be razed. The Chinese Government was to prescribe the death penalty for membership in any anti-foreign society. Amendments to the commercial treaties were to be negotiated, and China is to contribute a large sum for improvement and preservation of the Peiho channel and similar work. All the foreign troops, except the legation guards, were then withdrawn from Chinese soil. Hg a haasoer WE aD NP ey agin! FEE SL POR Te ia Rae INST Ne Ak ae ‘ * be ae . ins cea ON Be Suge ; 2 j eaaliedtas Se 4 intake t SIGNING THE PEACE PROTOCOL 5 oh - - - ce We eT Wey yr i . : r . . . es HX Tae Et 4. Be eR eae ot) i ae Fi 5 ’ a Peer Sh f c \e OF PEKING BY THE PLENIPOTENTIARIES. 4 it hile) f f De | acne aA ALY. , = ps ere aa) DR oa Ih iale aca dltta iii Jind a gel m ited oO os tit be a ™ Pa TET eye eae = Fae De ale aa a) odie k= Mid ROMO SA erSPUR i tether eon — A , . Pre ea DAR ore a — a 4 k if ii if) et i ie i | } a a a : ; H | i cracker! PEN ee oor ee ae ene ae = ET TA ANN tener —7 — INDEX Besides the usual abbreviations for titles and given names of persons, and for names of States, N stands for National or Federal, C for Confederate, port. for “A” tents, 496. Abbott, John S. C., quoted, 513, 517. i poser n C., N b’v’t Seen port., 440. , N capt., 22d Il., x17. Abb’s V alley, W. Va., captured, 339. Abercrombie, John J., N_ brig.-gen., Falling Waters, 111: port., 159 Abingdon, Va., 223. Acquia, Va., 165 Acton, Thomas C., New York draft riots, 285. —, N maj., killed, Lookout Mountain, 313- Adams, Charles Francis, U.S. minister to Eng- land ; letter from Sec’y Sumner, 372-374; in- structed by Lincoln, 374. , John, C brig.-gen., killed, 430. , John Quincy, President of the U. S., quoted on slavery, 183 —., of Mississippi, C spy, sos. , — ,N aid to Force, Atlanta, 389. Advance on Petersburg, The, 397-400. Aiken’s Landing. Va., 322. Alabama secedes, 9; 14th inf. captured by Sherman, 386. — regimental losses, 6th, 16th, 22d, 58th, 41st, 3d, 26th inf., 483, 484 C cruiser, 371; destroyed by ‘* Kear 37 3; Sumner’s letter, 374 Ns GC. 434)5 de sarge,’* 372; ill., Albemarle, C ram, Plymouth, stroyed by Cushing, 435: Albemarle Sound, N. C., 67, 71, 72 Alcott, Louisa M., port., 324; hospital services, 320. Alden, James, N rear-adm., Mobile Bay, 393. Aldie, Va., skirmishes, 250, 267 Alexander, Barton S., N b’v’t brig.-gen., port., 147. E. Porter, C brig.-gen., port., 265 Alexandria, La., 375. , Va., 25, 49, 52, 165, 353) 402. Allatoona Pass, Ga., 385; ill., 421 Alleghany Mountains. 75, 100. Allen, Henry W., C maj.-gen., port., 508. , Phebe, Miss, 539. Allen’s Farm, Va., ‘ All quiet along the Potomac to-night,” Mrs. Ethel Lynn Beers, 126. Richmond, Va., 454. N b’v’t maj.-gen., Lebanon, action, 158. American Hotel, Ames, Adelbert, Anderson, Charles, N col., ———, Rev. , George B., tam, 180. George T., C brig.-gen., 259; Spottsylvania, 358. John T., C col., residence destroyed by Hunter, 319. —, Joseph R., C brig.-gen., 319. port., 440. Tenn., 229. Galusha, 41. C brig.-gen., killed, Antie- Gettysburg, ———, J. Patton, C maj.-gen., La Vergne, Tenn., 227. , Paulding, C, Munfordville, 11s. - Richard H., C lieut.-gen., Antietam, ’ 180 ; port., 195: Shenandoah, 406. ———. Robert, N b’v’t maj.-gen., ports., 7, 11; sent to command Charleston Harbor, 10; moves from Moultrie to Sumter. 12; defends, 15; surrenders and evacuates See 17, 18; takes command in Kentucky, -, -—, N pvt., ee or Andersonville, Ga., prison camps, 321} ill., 323, 390, 524, 525. André, a modern (S. B. Davis, C lieut.), 470-472. Andrew, John_A., gov. of Mass.. Sorts 18 ; early equips State militia, 23; influence, 448. Andrews, Christopher C., N b'v’t maj.-gen., Fitzhugh’s Woods, Ark., 437. , James J., N spy, port., 529; execution, 3155 529- Annapolis, Md., 2 Anthony, Daniel R., N col., attitude toward slavery, 185 Antietam, Md., battle, 177 350 ; map of bat- tle, 179; Sanitary Cc Breen 325, 406 ; losses at bez stele, 477. 77-179, Antietam campaign, The, 175-180. Anti-slavery standard, 128 Apache Cafion, N. M.. battle, 233, 234. Appalachicola, Fla., 10 Appomattox C. H., Va., ill., 492 ; Lee's retreat at, 446 McLean house, 447, 494. Aqueduct Bridge, Potomac River, Arago, N ship, 18. Sheridan stops Lee surrenders at, 446; where Lee surrendered, ills., ill., 473. Archer, 207 267. Arkadelphia, Ark., Arkansas secedes, 35; guerilla warfare, cav., Fayetteville, 344 . James J., C brig.-gen., Gettysburg, 251, engagement, 343. 79; 1st 1st (C) inf. losses, 484. —., C gunboat, destroyed, 270. Arkansas 3 Post, Ark., captured by McClernand, 272, Atling: ton cients Va., 25. Armistead, Lewis ee C brig.-gen., Malvern Hill, 159.; Antietam, 180; killed, Gettysburg, 257; 451- Armstrong, ——, C capt., killed, Belmont, 122. , Frank C., C brig.-gen., port., 210; Brit- ton’s Lane, Tenn., 227 Army eee North and South, 47-49. Arnold, W. A., N capt , Bristoe Sta., Va., 334. Arthur, eeoe A., President of the U. S., Por- ter relief bill vetoed, 170 Asboth, Alexander, N b’v’t maj.-gen., Pea Ridge, 80; port., 81 Ashby, Henry, C co!., Somerset, Ky., 339. Bolivar Heights, Harrisonburg, , Turner, C brig.-gen.. 113; Winchester, 216; killed, 210 Ashby’s Gap, Va., 333. Aspinwall, William H., New Vork, ill. 228 Sherman’s campaign, Gate City,’’ 387 ; occupied by Sher- man, 390; ills. of battle, 384, 516: military depot, 419 ; shops and depot destroyed, 421 ; ill. of works, 424, 426; ill., 428. ——, C ironclad, surrendered to DuPont, 289, 290. Astor House, Atlanta, Ga., 307, 353: 353-3909 5 Atlanta campaign, The, 383-390. Atlantic Monthly, Atlee’s Station, Va., Kilpatrick’s raid, 531. Augur, Christopher C., N maj. gen., defence of Washington, 403 ; port., 530. quoted, 395, 425-427. Augusta, Ga., 10, 389. Averell, William W., N b’v’t mal: -gen Kelly s Ford, 332; ¢ cavalry raid, Va. 333; port., 335; W inchester, Va., 4043 a a Ww Va., Shenandoah, 406, 407; Crockett’s Cove, W. la., 433: Avery, ——, N lieut., Tranter’s Creek, N.C., 218. Averysboro’, N. C., battle, 441. Ayres, Romeyn B., N b’v’t maj.-gen., port., 443. Babcock, Orville E.. N b’v’t brig.-gen., port., 527. Bacon, A. G., N capt., Badeau, Adam, N brig.-gen., Bahama Channel, 63. Bahia, Brazil, ‘‘ Florida”’ captured, 372. Bailey, Joseph, N b’v't maj. gen., Grand Ecore, La., 381, 382. Theodorus, port., 93, 95: Railey’s dam, Red River, ill., 380, 381, 382. Baird, Absalom, N b‘v’t maj.-gen., port., 307. Baker, Edward D., N col., 109 ; port., 110, 451. killed, Sacramento, 115. port., 277- N commodore, at N. O., ’ killed, Ball's Bluff, (637) portrait, inf. for infantry, cav. for cavalry, art’y for artillery. Baker; i G:,, N'colk, ventures, 5rr. Balaklava; charge, compared with Gettysburg, 476. Bald Hill (Atlanta), battle, 387, 388. Baldwin, Philemon P., N col., killed, Chicka- mauga, 299. , Judge, quoted, 315. Balloons, 162. Ball’s Bluff, Va., battle, 109, 110. Baltic, N transport, 15, 17. Baltimore, Md., 6th Mass. regiment attacked in, 5.235 Republican convention, 412. Baltimore and Ohio R. R., 28, 45, 47, 320, 337, 400. Banks, Nathaniel P., N maj.-gen., Peninsular campaign, 154} Pope’ S campaign, 163-168; Cedar Mountain, 164; Shenandoah Valley, 216; Port Hudson, 276, 308, 345 ; under Grant, 351, 353; Shreveport, 375; ill.. 377; Sabine Cross Roads, 377; port., 378; Pleasant Hill, 378-381. Banks’s Ford, Chancellorsyille, 243. Barboursville, W. Va., 113. Barker, Mrs. Stephen, 535. Barksdale, William, C brig.-gen., killed, Gettys- burg, 254, 259, 451- Barlow, Arabella G. (Mrs. Francis C.), hospital services and death, 326, 467, 470, 535. , C. J., quoted, 317. , Francis C., N maj.-gen., Chancellors- ville, 245; port., 255 3 Spottsylvania, 3593 Bethesda Church, 365 ; Id Harbor, 365; Gettysburg anecdote, 465-467, 479. Barnard, John G., N b’v't maj.-gen., port., 159 ; quoted, 162. Barnes, James, N b’v’t maj.-gen., 259. captures Booth, 51x; ad- Gettysburg, - , Joseph K., N b’w't maj.-gen., port., 414. Barnett’s Ford, Va., 335. Barney, N gunboat, 348. Barnum, Henry A., N b’v’t maj.-gen., port., 414. Barron, Samuel, C flag officer, 68. Bartlett, Joseph J., N b’v’t maj.-gen., port., 192, 398. , William C.,N b’v’t brig.-gen., port., 386. Bartlett’s Mills, Va., 336. Barton, Clara, Fort Wagner, 291 ; hospital ser- vices, 326; port., 533- —— ., Seth M., C brig.-gen., port., 281. , William B., N col., 220. Bartow, F. S., C col., at Bull Run, 55, 451. Bate, William B., C maj.-gen., port., 313. Bates, Edward, N attorney-gen., port., 5. . Samuel P., Hooker’s comments on Chan- cellorsville, 243. Batesville, Ark., action, 343. Baton Rouge, La., 10, 270, 274. Battery Gregg, Morris Island, 290, 294. Lamar, 219. ——— Reynolds, Fort Wagner, ill., 291 ___—— Robinette, Corinth, 207. Battle Creek, Ala., 30r. “Battle Cry of Freedom, Root, 138. ‘‘ Battle Hymn of the Republic, The, Ward Howe, 127. Battle of Chattanooga, The, 305-314. —_—. of Mobile Bay, The, 391-396. Baxter, poe a b’v’t maj.-gen., Gettysburg, 252; port., - Wilderness, 357- x N bri en., Cedar Moun- payard, George DN brig-ge killed, Freder- icksburg, 196; port., 484. Bayou Lafourche. Lay,.382: Teche, La., operations, 345, 347: Beall, John Y., C, Lake Erie raid, 528. , Richard L. T., C brig.-gen., port., 265. The,”? George F. ” Mrs. Julia Rut Pe aeustjjpiii rhe a ab ht) Suis = } ais Be a - OO asec i nce PS aati ri Bean, William S., N quar.-mas.-sergt., Chicka» mauga, 303. Beaufort, N. C., 72, 87, 193. Beauregard, P. G. T., C lieut.-gen., port., 153 attacks and captures Sumter, 15-17, 49; in command C troops, 52; at Bull Run, 53, 54, 57; Corinth, 3100; Shiloh, ror- 108 ; succeeded by Bragg, 200, 206 ; comment on Secession- ville, 219 ; comment on the “ Black Flag,” 2353 siege of Charleston, 289 ; cartoon, 461. Beaver, James A., N b’v’t brig.-gen., port., 3006. Beaver Dam Creek, Va., battle, 155. Bee, Barnard E., C brig.-gen., port., 60 ; at Bull Run, 53, 55, 451. Beech Grove, Ky., 73. Beecher, Henry Ward, Rev., at Sumter, 17, 18; in England, 66 ; port., 186. Beekman, ——, N capt., Hawes’s Shop, Va., 363, 364. Beers, Mrs. Ethel Lynn, ‘ Potomac to-night,’ 126 » ——, N maj., Jonesville, Va., 433. Beginning of bloodshed, The, 29-36. Beiral, ——, N capt., Ball’s Bluff, rro. Belle Isle, Va., prison camps, 321, 323, 531- Belle Plain, Va., ill , 352, 362. Belleville, O., action, 297. Bellis, ——, N lieut., Hawes’s Shop, Va., 364. Bellows, Henry W., Rev., Sanitary Commission, 324-327 ; port., 326. Belmont, Mo., engagement, 122. Bendix, John E., N b’v’t brig: -gen., at Big Bethel, 45. Benedict, Lewis, N col., 379: Benham, Henry W., N b’v’t maj.-gen., W. Va., 113, 114 ; Charleston Harbor, 219. Benjamin, Judah P., C atty.-gen., sec’y of war, sec’y of state, port., 26; order concerning prisoners, 316. Bennett, James Gordon, cartoon, 462. ——, police officer, New York draft riots, ‘ All quiet along the killed, Pleasant Hill, 285. Benning, Henry L., C brig.-gen., Wilderness, 357- Benton, William P., N b’v’t maj.-gen., port., 392. Bentonville, N. C., battle, 44r. Berdan, Hiram, N_ b’v't maj.-gen., Manassas Gap, Va., 333 ; port., 336. Bermuda Hundred, Va., occupied by Butler, 397. Berry, Hiram G., N maj.-gen., killed, Chancel- lorsville, 242, 246 3 port., 245. ,— _N capt., 318. Berryville, Va., 334, 406. Bethesda Church, Va., action, 365. Bickerdyke, Mary A., Mrs., 534 ; port., 534- Bidwell, Daniel D., N brig.-gen., killed, Cedar Creek, Va., 410. Bienville, N gunboat, 71. Big Bethel, Va., 24 ; battle of, 453 ill., 46. Big Black River, Miss., engagement, 275 ; ill., 278. Big Creek Gap, Tenn., action, 225. Big Hill, Ky., battle, 224. Big Mound, Dak., engagement, 348. Big Sandy, Ga., Andrews’s raid, 529. Big Sandy River, Ky., 73. Billings, ——, N paymaster, recaptured, 322. Birge, Henry W., N bv’t maj.-gen., Irish Bend, La., 345- Birkenhead, Eng., ‘‘ Alabama” built, 371. Birney, David B.. N maj.- -gen., Chantilly, 169; Fredericksburg, 195: Gettysburg, 252-265 } ort., 255; Robertson’s Tavern, Va, 336; pottsylvania, 362 ; advance on Petersburg, 397 ; port., 401. , James G., port., 187. Bissell, Josiah W., N col., Island No. 10, 99. amend Fe AOI oo ie a nam Stet Ua . ay iF rf . ae > SRM es eae ‘. As iP, Ua Uoua =" ithe PT, od ot A ety - —- — aa See OK EL ——~$_a - eae Pe ays same, (Y, y ne,ee biabhietteesieh betes ar nemeateeensherenenee es ee au ah i Haldane Hr a Brack Chapter, The, 315-323. ‘‘ Black Flag, The,’’ Paul Hamilton Hayne, 133. Black flag displayed, 316. Black Walnut Creek, Mo., 122. Blackburn’s Ford (Bull Rup), 5 54is le, x¢ Blackman, Albert M., N b’v’t brig.-gen., port., 440. Blackwood’s Magazine, England, 268. Blair, Austin, gov. of Mich., port., 18 a Erancis: 2. Jr, N mayj--gen-, 38, 41; Atlanta campaign, Vicksburg campaign, 272 387, 513; (Sketch), 515 ; port., 515. Montgomery, N Postmaster-gen., port., 6; criticised by Gurowski, 236, 237. , ——, Rev., murdered, 315. Blake, Henry N.,N capt., 171 ; Chancellorsville, 245 ; quoted, 353. Blakeslee, ——, N lieut., quoted, 434. Blenheim, battle of, 104. Blenker, Louis, N brig. gen., Bull Run, 60, 143. Blockade of Southern ports, 67. 49; port., 53; at Bloodgood, Abraham, 84. Bloody Lane, Antietam, 178. Blooming Gap, W. Va., battle, 217. Blount’s Farm, Ala., engagement, 2 3lountsville, Tenn., action, 341 Blue’s Gap, W. Va., action, 216. Blunt, G. W —, James G., N maj.-gen., Old Fort Wayne, Ark., 231, 232; Gane Hill, Ark., 232, 233; Prairie Grove, Ark., 233; Fort Smith, Ark., Boggs, Charles S., N rear-adm., at N. O., port., 93 Bohlen, Henry, N brig.-gen., port., 480. Z3olivar, Mo., x Tenn., 206; skirmish, 227, 437 —_— Heights, Va., 109 ; engagement, 111 Bolton, Miss., 275. Bond, F. S., N maj., Chickamauga, 301 3onham, Milledge L., C brig.-gen., 52; at Bull Run, 53. : ‘*Bonnie Blue Flag, The,’ Harry McCarthy 136, 413 Poomer, George B., N col., Iuka, 204 Booneville, Mo., action, 41, 405. Boonsborough, Md., 175; battle, 176. Booth, John Wilkes, port., 510; reward offered for arrest, 510; captured, srr. a , Lionel F., N maj., killed, Fort Pillow, 329. 3order States, 36-47. Boston Mountains, Ark., Boteter, A. R., residence burned, 3: Bottom’s Bridge, Va., 433. Bottsford, -, N lieut., Clark’s Hollow, W Va., 218. Boulger, Robert E., N pvt. 23d Mich. inf., Bowers, Theodore S., N col., port., 31 80; engagement, 2 J wn nd Bowling Green. Ky., 75, 76, 209 ; evacuated, 22 Bowne, ——, N lieut., Hawes’s cis »p, Va., 3¢ (: 30yd, Belle, C spy, port., 506. Boynton, H.V.N.,N b’v't brig.-gen., port., 302 Bracht, , N maj., 18th Ky., Mt. Sterling, 224 Bradford, W. F., N maj., killed, Fort Pillow. 320. sradley, Amy, hospital services, 326, 53x. nec - , N maj., Big Mound, Dak., 348 Bradyville, Te nn., action, 340 sragg, Braxton, C gen., Corinth, roo ; port., ro4 192; succeeds Beauregard, 200 Berryville, 201, 203, 206; Murfreesboro’, 200-217 22. 295; Chickamauga, 297 Chatts inooga. 305-311 ; Superseded by Nolnston’ 3IT, 350; anecdote, 458; anecdote, 503. Branch, L. O’Brien, C brig.-gen., at Newbern. 72; killed, Antietam, 180. Brandy Station, Va., battle, 240. Brannan, John M , N b’y't maj.-gen., 210. 220 = Chickamauga, 302. sreckenridge, , C maj., Kelly’s Ford, Va 332. ———,, Margaret E., Mrs.., port., 534, 535. Breckinridge, John C., C maj.-gen. 43; Presi dential candidate. 117 ; MunhreeeRor an IO: port., 213 ; Baton Rouge, 270,403; New market V 33i) SEC Y OF -war, 453% Bull’s Gz ap, Tenn., 524. , Rev. Robert J 3reese, S. L., N naval comr.. port., 370. , N capt., 10 Bridgeport, Ala., 301, 305 Bright, John, 66. 342, retreat through Tenn.., Breshw ood, Rr » Ore y bristoe Station, Va., destroyed by Jackson, 166 : engagement, 333, 334. ; cee Bristol, Tenn., action, - 11. sritton’s Lane, Tenn., action, 227 s 5 : Brock ; N lieut., Gettysburg, 25«. Brooke, John R.. N b’v’t brig.-gen. a59; Cold Harbor, 367. : , Gettysburg, ir ret: Soren INDEX. Brooklyn, N cruiser, New Orleans, 90-93 ; bile Bay, 391-393 Ferry, 47- Brooks, E. P., N lieut., recaptured, 322. airo, Ill., 73, 76, 99, 122; 223 - , —, N lieut., Hawes’s Shop, Va., 364. , nenn., 227. us Brough, John, gov. of Ohio, port., 18, 287. Caldwell, Charles H. B., N lieut., ro; at ; 544) J 15 ’ ’ / )2 Brown, B. Gratz, 41 —, Egbert B., N brig.-gen., Springfield, Mo., 344. _ John C., N b’y’t maj.-gen., Bristoe sta- t10n, 334 ; : ace «“ Calhoun, John C. , John, invasion of Va., 7, 448; ill. ** Last vs 4 moments,’ 21; port., 182. Calhoun, Ky., 115 ———, Joseph E., gov. of Ga., port., 420; at , N gunboat, Bayou Teche, La., 345 odds with Davis, 420, 425 California, Sanitary Commission, ——., Theodore F., N b’y’t maj., Bristoe Sta regiment, 71st Pa. inf Vas, 334: : ‘Call All”’ (author unknown), r ——, —; Nlieut., Kelly’s Ford, Va., 332 Cameron, Simon, N_ sec’y of war, 48, 143; , Wilson, Andrews’s raid, 5 authorizes Sanitary Commission, 324. Browne, Juaus Henri, N correspondent, ad- ey _Ncol.. killed. 479 Ventures, 520-523 Camp Douglas, Chicago, IIll., prison camp, ill., —, William M., c eo , port., 45° A ee9 Brownell, Francis E 5 Lvon. Mo.. 11 , Henry ee ss ‘ Bay Fight,’ 395, 396 Wildcat ou e] 73, 114. - , Mrs. Kady, N pvt., 5th R. I. inf., 47 Camp life Brownlow, Rev. William G., 44; imprisoned, pitching and striking, 49 SHS . = = a sports Il! I Brown’s Ferry (Chattanooga s utlers, 5 Bruinsburg, Miss., 274, 276, 279 : : k I . - . Winter Nn, 49¢ 190 5 ILIs ay . I t ~ a runswi atteries, 531. B I : ae Te Campaign of Shiloh, o 3rush Knob e , 213 i : | q . : Campbell, John A., C peace m’'r, 44 uc! anan, F eat C adm. in command of ‘ B 7 > T Ss t r los aM eerinnt Xe}. , 85; por 87: Mobile Bay L el] satte S. 4 201, 32902 Ca bell’s Station, Tenn., battle James, President of the U. S., 9, 14, 19 Camps, ement of. 4 6; attitude toward slavery, 1& Canad: stil tha United States. 6 T. McKean, N comr., killed, Bayou (Canphy, Teche, 345 N M 3 2 ; Port., 527 eral: ie devastatec , ) ; se oe Buchanan, Va., devastated by Hunter, 31 Candy, Charles, N b’v’t brig.-gen., port ? ranoh- i > oO re rt T4 1 1 Buckingham, C. P., N brig.-gen., port., 414 Cane Hill, Ark.,. battle, , William A., gov. of Conn., port., 18; in Canfield, Mrs Hermann, s fluence, 448 : Canton, Miss., engagement, 34 4 Buckner, Simon B., C lieut.-gen., Fort Donel » (cira } \ » 7 ‘ r son, 76, 79; port., 80, 5 Cape Girardeau, Mo 118; a Buell, Don Carlos, N maj.-ger »: Shilol Hatteras, N. ¢ 7, 87, 4¢ IOI-I04 { pt rt., 104 : Munfordville rms: Perry Capron, Horace, N b’y’t brig.-gen., port rille Or * sed by Ser ins. : ville, 201 super eded b. Rosecran Z ; Capture f New Orleans Bowling Green. 223, 3957. iA : Carli im P N b'v’t I ].-2 l Fred rie J Ls ,N col Independene: Mo I ericktowr Mo ri Pe rrv\ Buffalo Mountain, W. Va., engagement, 114 > | § zi a Carlisle Pa Ccuy D I 5 3uffington’s Ford, O., battle, 207 Soe : 3 : Barracks, Pa 5 Buford, John, N maj -gen., Pope’s campaign ( ' Y - : aRTOU: bata S Carmody, John, N serg 163, 164: Cedar ountain i: Brandy Sta., sempae Va., 249; port., 25 Gettysburg. 2«1- . Carnifex Ferry, W. Va., engagement, 113 Manassas Gap, Va.. Rappahannock Sta Carondelet. N gunboat. Is iN I II ( arpenter D Lit New Y rK dralit r ts . Napoleon B., N maj.-gen., Corinth U nion City, Tenn., 2 2. , 1 battle. ort Asiileante x 5 Bull Pasture Mountain, battle, 21 Milliken’s Bend, La { Bull Run, Va., ist battl« 1., so, 51-61 ; effects , Joseph B., N b’v’t maj.-gen., Robertson’s of battle, 62 ; 2d battle, 1€8-171 : ills., 170, 171 Tavern. V i ¢ , Sanitary Commission, 325; reminiscences of , all hd + WY battle, 472-474; anecdotes, 464-465. Carroll, Edward, N lt.-col., port., 4 —— (stream), > 53: 54, 55, 60, 61: ill.. 167 ( Pep ya _ REY Dead ben. OOmine a si , | Gap, 217; Gettysburg { s: Widerness Bull’s Bay, S. C., 69 BOA tear oar ‘ t : 2 57; »~pottsylvania { s+ DOT... oe 3ull’s Gap, Ten 524 ’ ee) Bull's Gay of nn., 524 Carson, Christopher, N b’v’t brig-gen., port., Bummers, Sherman’s, 423 ; ill., 430 4 3unker Hill, Mass., 19 Carter, James E., N ¢ Big Creek Gap, Tenn 3 F ry = 2 x ] . —, W. Va., engagement, rrr. 29) Blounts\ ille, Tenn fine Burials, military, 497 L., Rev., murdered, 315 ‘ Burke, Deaf,” C spy, anecdote, sox. a » N capt., Point Pleasant, W. Va., Burnett’s Ford, Va., 1¢ ed, Wincheste 7 3urns, John, Gettysburg, 259; ill. of residence y OX set inchester, 407. ee ) § j ‘ , Carthage, Mo., action at, 41 Casement, John S., N col., 420 Burnside, Ambrose E., N m:z aj -gen., 49; ports., 53, 72; at Bull Run, 55,57: N. C. expedition. 4S) ai is, N maj -gen., port., 152; Peninsular 2s ills. 74,75; 163 ; Antietam campaign 17¢ Campaign, 144-156 179: port. with staff, 191; succeeds Mc- Cass, Lewis, U. S. sec’y of state.o Clellan, 193; Fredericksburg campaign. 10 ( ville. ( i eet tesy 197; on the N. C. coast, 218 Supe rseded by oe os a ocedpled by Johnston.385 Hooker, 241, 308; Knoxville, 31:, 342: in Castle Pinckney, S. C., 9. 12, 35 command pepe of the Ohio, 341 : E ast Tenn.. Catlett’s Station, Va.. 16<. 16¢ 342, 348, 351 ; Annapolis, 354: 1 ec et . see 6 : sShatenls ee 5&8: i : a NS ‘Anna, 1, araDs HEE Sab Me a Ce por oe 362, 3¢ .: ad vanceon Petersburg, 08. 2x auses of the War 59973 ill., IOI Burnside’s campaign, 191-200. avander, Rev. M., murdered, 315 ——— mine. Petersburg, 469. aves as dwellings, Vicksbur: . 2ko-282 ( ( C Burnsville, Miss., 204, 205 Cayuga, N gunboat, at N. O., 02. Bese Cyrus, N b’v’t maj.-gen., Canton, Cedar Creek, Va., battle, 410, 411 Miss., 342, 342. Cedar Mountain, Va., battle. x { 2 > 2en4- . Bulle bs Benjamin F, g incommand Cemetery Ridge, Gettysburg, 252. 2<6 = jll.. 26¢ th Mass. regime nt. 24 ; ports., 43. 66 : ser 68 He vice in Md., 43 ; at Big Bethel 45:iIncommand ¢ Fortress Monroe, 45, 49; expedition to H: ut- teras, 68 ;.at N.O , 90, 95; ‘* woman order.’ a! ‘ 7 ; refusal to return slaves, 185; outlawed Chain Bridge, D. C., ill., eon Dees Yat; aire , : : by Pres. Davis, 235 ; commands Army of the Chalmers, James R., C brig.-gen James, rP 365; under Grant, 353, 368: ad- Tenn., 306 ; Fort Pillow, 22 vance on Petersburg, 397: 3ottom’s Bridge nae TaOUPat (ati SORIa CL ae Lenore me g Chalmette batteries, N. O.. Chamberlain, Joshua L.. Gettysburg, 254. entreville, Va 154, 1€9 » 53) 54, 60, 61; evacuated, 143 , Colliersville. 5 Sutler, nae battle, 231. N b'v’t maj.-gen Butterfield, Daniel, N maj.-gen., port., 259 ; Get- tysburg, 250, 264 Chambersburg, Pa., occ upled by Lee, 250, 251: 5 burned by Early, 317, 310, 404, 405 : ’ a capt., Romney 2 “hg ion’ Pp xomney, 113 Champion’s Hill, Miss.. etree 275. sutternuts ”’ (Confederate soldiers), toc. Chancellorsville, 241-247 Byrnes, —, N col., killed, Cold Harbor, 367. —_» Va., occupied by Hooker, 241 ; battle, 241 2471 353; Map, 243; ills., 244, 246, 358, 470; 10SS€S, 477; capture of flag at, ill., 48x. Cabell, William L.. C brig.-gen., Devil’s Back “he Z . 2 ey A bone, Ark., 344. Chapman, Sam., Rev., C cav., Warrenton Junc- tion, 331. - o 9 Mo Cadwalader,.George, N maj.-gen., at Harper’s Characteristics, comparative, Northern and Southern soldiers, 502-505 harles City Cross Roads, Va., battle (ill., 157), ~ tc8 Charleston, Mo., ment, 230. S. C., State flag raised, 9; arsenal seized by rebels, 10; bombardéd by Gillmore, N, 18; N « operations against, 219; slege 288 . engagement, 117; engage- ill., 288, 307, 385 ; bombarded, 435 ; ev: acuated. 44 in ruins, ul, 52 Harbor, 5, 10, 12, 18, 35) 71: W. Va., 11 Charleston and Memphis R. R 12 Charlestown, Va., actions, 334 W. Va., Charlotte, N. C., 43, 7; 441 Charlottesville, Va., 4 Chartres, Duc de, ports., 142, 147 Chase, Salmon P., N sec’y f th treasury, port., ¢ manageme!r I finances, 4 417 5 irtoon, 4 Chatfiel John L.,N col., kille | t Wagner Chattancoga. Tenr engagemer - cam OT { Datt 5 IA, ) Chattanooga campaign, The, and battle of Chi nauga { ( Vlountain, W. \ irmis { Cheat River Valle W. \ { C} ham, Benjamin I ij.-gen., port., 427 ( raw.S. ( 14 ( irg, France, 371; bat yetween “* Kear Sarge’ and 4 Dal ~ Cherokee Indiat s Ford, Mo Cane H 2 . Chesay LiKe ( il 4 4 Chester, Pa Chestnut, James, Jr., C brig.-gen., 17; port., Chewalla, Te | 7 Chica Ill., Camp Douglas, il Demo- Cralic CO iON, 41 Chi hominy. V Dat I Chickamauga, Ga rattle lls { 1OSS€S, 477 Chickasaw, N 1 litor, Mobile Bay —— Indians, 81 Chipman, Norton P., N b'v’t brig.-ger port Chiv1 n, John M., N ma Apache non, Choctaw Indians, 81 Christian Commission Churchill, T. J., C maj..gen., surrendered to McClernand, Arkansas Post Cincinnati, O pproache y Morgar 7 N gunboat, sunk, Vicksbur Circus [Thomas's City H New Orleans, La., ill City I Va., fortified by Butler 7: ills 7; 4 $Or Clark, Charles, C brig.-gen., killed, Baton Rouge, 27 John S., N b'v’t brig.-gen. on Banks's Stall, 160 , William T., N brig.-gen., port., 345 , N lieut., sth Kan. cav., Pine Blufi eM 44 Clarksburg, Tenn ( nah k’s Hollow, W. Va.. N maj gen., port., 527. engagement, 2138. lay, Cassius M Henry, 4I Clayton, Powell, N brig.-gen., port., 341; Pine Bluff, Ark 44 , N col., Pine Bluff, Tenn., 437 Cleburne, Patrick R.,C maj.-gen., port., 303; Atlanta, 389: killed, 429 Cleveland, Grover, President of the U. S Porter relief bill signed, 170 Cleveland, O., Fremont convention, 412 Cleves, N capt., killed Clifton, Ga., 390. Fort Wagner, 290. Clingman, Thomas ate , C brig.-gen., port., 508. Clopper, John Y maj., Memphis, Mo., 231. Cloud, = “* N ae 344. Cloyd’s Mountain, Va., battle, 433 Gustave P., N col., Devil’s Backbone, Ark., Cluseret, 216, Cobb, Howell, U.S. sec’y of tl C maj.-gen., port., 177. - , Thomas R. R., C brig.-gen., killed, Fredericksburg, 106. Harrisonburg, e treasury, 9; ~ oburn, John, N b’v't brig.-gen., 205 son's Sta., Tenn., 340. , N lieut., Fort Wagner, 202. ‘ochrane, John. N_ brig.-gen., nominated fof vice-president, 412. Cocke, _Philip St. G., C brig.-gen., at Bull Run, Thomp- o~ ‘ochran, ~ ¢ Seine . Francis M., C brig.-gen., port., 392. Cockspur Island, 185, 220.Coggswell, Leander W., N col., 361. , William, N b’v’t brig.-gen Cold Harbor, Va., battle, 368, 387. Cole, Charles H., C capt., Lake Erie raid, 528 ——., Henry A., N maj., 433. Colliersville, Collins, Napoleon, N naval comr., port., 370. Colorado, N frigate, at N. O., 90, ox. Colored Orphan Asylum, New York, draft riot 286 Spottsylvania, » port., 423. 155, 156; battle, 365- Tenn., action, 3o0r. Colored soldiers, employment of, 235-240 —— troops, Butler, Me., 231; in Confeder- ate service, 235; in National Service, 237: in Revolutionary War, 237-240; losses. among, 483. Colquitt, Alfred H., C brig.-gen , port., 44s. Colquitt’s salient, Ft. Steadman, 487 Colston, R. E., Colt, Henrietta L. Columbia, Ky.., 0s, Gee, prisons), 32x°; 440; burned, 440 , Lenn., 226. Columbus, Ky., 75, 99, 122, 223, 271. Colville, William, Jr., N col charge at Gettysburg, 476. C brig.-gen., Mrs.. captured by Morgan, 297. / port » 399. port., 537, 540. Sherman occupies, rst Minn. inf., Colyer, Vincent, Commerce, Commercial, Cincinnati, O., 2rr. Concord, N. H. Confederate 7 prisoners, l., 522. States of America, founded, 5: seat of government established at Montgomery, Ala., removed to Richmond, Va., 9, 49: ill. of flag, : recognized as belligerents by France and Rineiand? 63; conscription act, 2 Christian Commission, 326. Miss., 348 , T1ot, 317 Cruisers, I-375. The, 3 guarding, 1] Congress, members of, captured at Bull Run, > 473: -, N cruiser, destroyed by ‘*‘ Merrimac,’’ 84 Connecticut /z/antry, 7th, Tybee Island, 220; 8th, Suffolk, 329; 1 th, 'F ort Wagner, 291; 13th, Irish Bend, 245; 16th, Antietam, 180, Suffolk. 329 : 25th, Irish Bend, 347; 2d heavy art’y losses, 47 Connor, Selden, N brig.-gen., Article, 495-505. Conrad’s Ferry, Potomac River, 109. Contraband of war, ill., 184, 185. Cooking in camp, 496 Cotton, C war steamer, Bayou Teche, La., 345 Cony, Samuel, gov. of Me., port., 18. Cooke, Jay. financial agent, 416 - Philip St. George, N b’v’t maj.-gen., port., 363. Cooper, James H., N capt., 158. —, Samuel], C adj.-gen., 49 ; port., 318 Copperheads, 36 Corcoran, Michael, N brig.-gen., port., 336 Corinth, Miss., 100; evacuation, 108; battle, 206-209 ; ill., 209, 308 Corse, John M., N b’v’t maj Tenn., 306; Chattanooga, toona, 420; port., 422 Corwin, N gunboat, 154, 234. Cotton gin, Eli Whitney's, 5 Couch, Darius N., N maj. 198 ; port., 242. Courier, Charleston, quoted, 435 ——, Louisville, Ky., 63, 182 C, Munfordville, 115. gen.. Coiliersville 314; defends Alla gen., Fredericksburg, Cowan, Dr., Cox, Henry, Rev., 63 -, Jacob D., N maj 113; port., 114: Franklin, Samuel S., M.C., diers, 236. . _ N, Hawes’s Shop, Va., 364- Crabb, ——. N col., Springfield, Mo., 244 Craig, James, N brig.-gen., port., 345. —_. ——. N lieut., Hawes’s Shop, Va., 364 Crampton’s Gap, Md., 176, 179 -gen., Great Kanawha, Tenn., 429 opposed to negro sol- Craven, Tunis A. M., N naval capt., killed, Mobile Bay, 391, 393; PoOrt-, 393) 45! Crawford, Dr. S. Wiley, N b’v’t maj.-gen., Antietam, 180 port., 3473 port.. rr; at Sumter, 11, 155 , Samuel J., N b’v’t brig.- Spottsylvania, 362. Creigh, David S., ‘*Crescent City ’ gen., 317, 318. (New Orleans), 88. Crew, ——, N capt., killed at Butler, Mo., 231. Crippen, Benjamin, N sergt., Gettysburg, ill., 258. Crittenden, George B., C maj.-gen., at Mill Springs, Ky., 73; port., 1c8 Thomas L., N maj.-gen., port., 108 } Murfreesboro’, 227; Chickamauga, 298. —, ——, M.C., 190. Croatan Sound, N. C., 71, 72: Crocker. Marcellus M., N_ brig.-gen 207 ; Vicksburg campaign, 274; 275 Crockett’s Cove, W. Va., fight, 433 Cromwell, ——, N maj., . Corinth, killed, Gettysburg, 266. a ey es uaa Heath x Crook, George, N maj.-gen., Antietam, 179, defeated by E arly, 404, 405 ; She nandoah, 410; Cloyd’s Mountain, 4333 port., 43 Cross, Edward E.,N col., killed, 254, 477; port., 484. Cross Keys, Va., action, 216 3175 409, Gettysburg: — Lanes, engagement, Crow’s I 5 i w’s Nest observatory, Pe ete one ill., 469. Cruft, Charles, N b’v’t m: aj.-gen. 212; Richmond, Ky., 22s. Crump’s “anding, roo, ror, Cub Run, Va,, 61 Cullum, George W. Culpeper, Va., , Murfreesboro, 107, 108. ,N brig. 163; ill., 164, gen., port., ror. 193, 249, 250, 353. —_—. €. H., Va.,.164, 166. —- Mine Ford, Va., Cumberland, Md 335) 355- » 320 ——, Army of the, commanded by Rosecrans, 209 ; Map of operations, 297 ; commanded by Thomas, 305, 38 383, 390. -, N sloop, 29, 83; destroyed by ‘‘ Merri- mac,’’ 84 Ford, Tenn., 22s. Gap, Tenn., 114, 227; surrendered, 341 Morris Island, 12, 15, 290, 292. of Pa:;. port., 18. maj.-gen., Cummings Point, Curtin, Andrew G., gov Curtis, N. Martin, N b’v’t ——, Samuel R., N maj Rid: ge >» port, or. E nahin Alonzo He burg, 259; ill., 263. William B., N comr. * Barney,” 348; destroys ram ‘‘ Albemarle,’ 435 ; adventures, port., 531 port., 439 in Mo., 79% -gen., 7 Pea N lieut., killed, Gettys- 529; 53! : Cushing’s Battery, losses, 483. Cushman, Pauline, N spy, port., 506. Custer. George A., N b’v't maj.-gen:. port., 79 ; cavalry superiority, 259), Gettysburg, 268 ° Robertson's Tavern, Shop, 363, 264, 405; 410 } Trevilian Station and 3353 port., 356 ; H: awes’s Shenandoah Valley, 406, 1 Louisa C. H., Va 433 : Waynesboro, 442; Sailor’s Creek, 446, 451. Cutler, Lysander, N b’v’t maj.-gen., port., 398. Cynthiana, Ky., action, 223 Sees —, C, 164, 165. Dada, Hattie A , Miss, port., 533, 540 Dah igre, John A.,N rear-adm., port., 289, 436 ; siege of Che urleston, 290, 2 43 Plorida, EG. 531. ——, Ulric. N col., killed, Richmond raid, 531 Daily News, London, Eng., 65 Dallas, Ga., 385. Dalton, Ga., 3 Johnston, 353, 93, 390, 529 i$ occupied by ’ Dana, Charles A., N asst. sec’y of war, port., Os. , Napoleon J. T., N maj.-gen., Antietam, 180. Dandridge, Tenn., fight. 436. Daniel juni us, C brig.-gen., killed, Spottsyl- Vania, 362, 451. Dauphin Island (Mobile Bay), 3or. Davies, Henry E., Jr., N b’v't maj.-gen., port., Thomas A., N b’v't maj.-gen., 49; Cor- inth, 206, 207. —_——, W. T., N correspondent, adventures, 520-523. Davis, Benjamin F., N col., killed, Brandy Sta., Ta , 249. Charles Henry, ay icksburg. 270. N rear-adm., port., 270; ) . Clara, Miss, 538. ——., Jefferson, calls for troops, 22; port., 263 early military advantages, 48; at Bull Run, 60. 200: outlaws Butler and proclaims against negro soldiers, 235 } letter from L. ee after Get- tysburg, 268; ‘* Neckties,’’ 3753 distrust of Johnston, 383; message to Lincoln, 412; at odds with Gov. Brown, 420, 425; evacuates Richmond, 445 ; flightand capture, 448 ; port., 449 ; refuses to treat for peace, 487. Jefferson eS N b’v’t mz aj gen at Sumter ’ Bayou Teche, La., 345. Etheridge, Annie, N dau. cf regt., 470. Evans, J. J., N capt., Mt. Shea 223 —_—_. Nathan G., C brig.-gen., at Bull Run, 53, 553 Secessionville, 219 ; oar , 281, 461. , —., N aid to Force, Atlanta, 389 Evening Post, New York, 128. Everett, Edward, speech at Gettysburg, 2609. Ewell, Richard S., € lieut.-gen., 49: at Bull Run, 53; Peninsular campaign, 154: Grove ton, 167; 2d Bull Run, 173; Cross Keys, ax¢ Culpeper. 249; Sbenandoah Valley, 250 Gettysburg, 251-256; port., 265; W ilde ress, 3543 Spottsvlvania, 362. 368 ; eaptaredl Sail or’s Creek, Va., 446; foresees the end, 448, 453. Ewing, Charles T., N brig.-gen., port., 435. , Hugh, N b’v’t maj.-gen., ———, Thomas, 519. Thomas, Jr.. Richmond, Va., 33; Gettysburg, 265 ; port., 307. N b’y’t maj.-gen, 515. quoted, 431. Manassas LCxaminer, E xcelsior Brigade, Gap, Va., 333- Fagan, James F., C maj.-gen., Fair Gardens, Tenn., fight, 436. POr.., 341. Fair Oaks, Va., battle, 146; ill., 154, 390, 470. Fairchild, ——, N col., Atlanta, 389. Fairfax, Donald M., N rear adm., port., 290. Fairfax C. H., Va., 169; raided by Mosby, 331. Fairmont, W. Va., engagement, 337. Fales, Almira, Mrs., 533, 538: Falling Waters, V. a., engagement, Falmouth, Va., 193 Farley, Porter, N adjt., Gettysburg, 260. Farmville, Va., fight, 446. Farnam, Noah L., N col., 24. Farnsworth, Elon J., N brig.-gen., killed, Get- tysburg, 259; port., 261, 268. Farnum, .N col., Manassas Gap, 333. Farragut. David G., rear-adm., 33; at NO - Port ; port., 93, 221 ; Vicksburg, 270-2 2 Q ) > aN ~~ 375 ; port., 301; fobile say, 90-97 Hudson, 276, 35°, 391-395, 451: . Mobile Bay, 393: port., 370. Farron, C., N naval eng. John, N naval capt., Alabama,’’ 37%. Faunce, | Fayal, Azores, ° Da es Seen } at Oe— rT nT eee TR AAC Onin elie ek ee actin Soci pe eae aed a if f i Pre eae a 640 Tayetteville, Ark., engagement, 344. ,N.C., 43, 440-441 ; arsenal destroyed, 517. , W. Va., engagement, 218, 339- Fenton, William M., N col., Secessionville, 219 ; Wilmington Island, 221, 223. Fernandina, Fla., 69. Ferrero, Edward, N b’v’t maj.-gen., port., 339 ; Knoxville, 342. Final Battles, The, 439-447. Finegan, Joseph, C brig.-gen., w ounded, Harbor, 368 ; Olustee, Fla., 436. Finley, Clement A., N b’v’ t brig. -gen., attitude toward Sanitary Commission, 24. First U. S. Flag raised in Richmond after the War, The, 453-454. First Union Victories, 66-82. Fisher, Joseph W., N b’v’t brig.-gen., port., 429. Fisher’s Hill, Va., 406; battle, 409. Fishing Creek, Ky., battle, 73. Fisk, Clinton B., N b’v’t maj.-gen., 41. Fitzgerald, Louis, N lieut.-col., 24 , —, arrested, 316. Fitz Hugh, Norman R., C maj., captured, 164. Fitzhugh’s Woods, Ark., fight, 437 Five Forks, Va., battle, 443; Sheridan recon- noitering at, ill., 444 Fleetwood, Va., battle, 249. Fletcher, Thomas C., gov. of Md., Flint, W. ee N capt., killed, Florence, S. C., prison ae 321, 415. Florida eee Q. ——,, C cruiser, eee Bahia, Floyd, John B., U. S. sec’y of war, 9, 10, C brig.-gen., Fort Donelson, 77, 79; port., W. Va., 113, 114; explains flight from Donel: son, anecdote, 503. Flusser, Charles W , N comr., killed, 435. Flynn, —, N capt., Libby Prison, Fogg, Mrs. Isabella, 539. Folly Island, Charleston Harbor, 290. Foote, Andrew H., N rear-adm., Ft. Henry, 76; Island No. 10, 99; port., 100. Cold port., 18. Brazil, 372. 20, au: : 348, 349- Foraging, 499; 504. Foraker, Joseph B., N capt., port., 420. Force, Manning F., N b’v’t maj.-gen., Vicks- burg campaign, 277 ; quoted, 316; Bald Hill, Atlanta, 389 ; port., 390 Ford’s Theatre, Washington, Lincoln assassinated, 449. D. C., President Foreign relations, 65, 66, 371- Forest City, Minn., attacked by Indians, 234. —— Queen, N vessel, destroyed, 348. ——— Rose, N gun-boat, Waterproof, La., 437. Forman, James B., N col., killed, Stone River, 481. Forrest, Jesse, C col., raid, 532 ——., Nathan B., lieut.-gen., Fort Donel- son, 79; Sacramento, 115; Lexington, 225; Murfreesboro’, 226: La Vergne, 227; Trenton, Tenn., 229 ; Parker’s Cross Roads, Tenn., 229 : destroys railroads, 271; Dover, 295; Fort Pillow, 320; Fort Donelson, 340; defeats Smith, 375; port., 528 ; raid, 532 ——, W. H., Ccapt., raid, s Forsyth, George A., N b’v’t brig.-gen., port., 409. Fort Barrancas, Fla., 35. —— Bartow, N. C. —— Beauregard, S. C. 71, 202. Butler, La., 382 —— Clark, N. C., ill., 68, 69 —— Columbus, N. Y., Beall executed, 528. — Craig, N. M., battle, 233. — Darling, Va., 454. — De Russy, La., captured, 37s. Donelson, Tenn, 75, 76; attack on, 77; surrender of, 79; ill., 82, 295; attacked by Wheeler and Forrest, 340. Fisher, bomb-proof, ill., 439 ; captured, 441. —— Gaines Ala., 391. —— Gregg, Petersburg, Va., 445 ; defence of, ill., 446. — Halleck, Idaho, engagement, 348 Hamilton, New York Harbor, 17. —— Hatteras, N. C., 68; ill., 69 —— Henry, Tenn., 75; surrender of, 76, 77. ——— Hindman, Ark., captured by McCler- nand, 272, 273. —— Jackson, La., 35, 90, 93; ill., 94, 9s, 22x. Johnson, Charleston Harbor, rr. King, Tenn’, 312 Lincoln, colored inf., ill., 239. — McAllister, Ga., — McRae, Fla., 3s. —— Monroe. Me commanded by Butler, 4s, 9; ill., 66, 68, 74, 143, 162, 163, 185, 349. 368, 397 ; peace conference, 441; President Davis a prisoner, 448. ——-— Morgan, Ala., 35, 391-393. Moultrie, S. C., cut. 7: abandoned by Anderson, seized by rebels, 10, 12, 15, 35, 229, 289, 292. 348; captured, 423, srq. Fort Négley, Tenn., 312. Pickens, Fla., 10; inforcements at, ill., 500 Pillow, Tenn., —— Pulaski, Ga., 25, 221 ; ill., 222, 289. ill., 475; landing re- captured, 320. bombarded, 226, 307 ; 185, 2205 — Ridgley, Minn., besieged by Indians, 234. ——— St. Philip, La., 35, 90, 93; ill-, 94, 95, 221- Ark., occupied by Blunt, 344. attack on, 485, 487; positions obstructions, 488; taken, 489. Stevens, D. C., action, 403, 404. ——— Sumter, S. C., ills., 4, 7; occupied by Anderson, 11 ; preparati one for defence, 12; bombarded, 15; surrendered and evacuated 17; destroyed by Gillmore, 18, 289-294 ; recap- ture celebrated, 18, 35 Wagner, S. C., 24: colored troops, 237, ; assaulted, 290-294; Sanitary Commission, ————-. 9m ith, Steadman, at, diagram, 487; = — Walker, S. C., — Warren, Mass., 63 Whitworth, Petersb — Wood, Tenn.., Forty Thieves, 316. Foster, Abby Kelly 23 7 ¥* il]., 70, 71. . Va., 445. 312, 313 ——., Emery, N maj., Warrensburg, Mo., 230. — John G., N maj.-gen., ports., x1, 73; at Sumter, rx Ni G. expedition, 72. advance on Petersburg, 398; port., 401; in command of Savannah, 439. Robert, S., N b’v’t maj staff, 3 34: —, Stephen Collins, * 1343 port., 134. , N maj., Lone Jack, Mo., 23r. Fox, Gustavus V.. N capt., Fox’s, Col. William F., ‘* Three Hundred ing Regiments,’ quoted, 479 ‘* Regimental Losses in Civ il War,’’ credited, 485. France, war with Austria, 23: federates as belligerents, 63; the United States, 66. Franco-German war, losses in, 476. Franklin, William B., Bull Run, 55. 57; 158; port., 150 campaign, 170-170 ; 195; Sabine Cross Roads, 377; -gen., port. with Old folks at home,” port.. 11, 15 Fight- the American recognizes Con- unfriendly to N maj.-gen., port., 49; at Peninsular cz ampaign, 141 2d Bul] Run, 169; antietam Burnside’s campaign, 193, Pleasant Hill 379: Franklin, La., Tenn., engagement, 295, 340, 341 ; Map, 426, 427, 429, 430, 51 Frazier’s Farm, Va., 159 engagement, 345. battle, Frederick, Md., 175. 250, 268 Eredericke Ure) Va.. 144, 150; ill., 193; battle I taken by Sedgwick, 241, 242, 243, 362, S=- 03, 477 Fredericktown, Mo., engagement, 11 Free Soil party, 9 Fremantle, Arthur James, British army, burg incident, 268 Frémont, John C., N maj.-gen.. candidate for presidency, 9; commands in Missouri. 79, 118 : Peninsular campaign, 154. - attempts at emancipation, Shenandoah Valley port., 218 nominated for president, 4123 withdraws 413; arraigns administration 415. Frémont’s Body Guard, I2I French, William H., N maj. gen., Fredericks burg, 195-198. 250; Rappahannock Sta., 335; Robertson’s Tavern, 33 port., 339 Frontier, Army of, 23:. a Jacob, N col., Trenton, , James B., Gettys- I62, 155; ’ 216, 217 ; ’ Springfield, Mo., 118 3+% Tenn., 229. N b’v’t maj.-gen., port., 530 , speed S., N brig.-gen:, 73; port., 77 —, C maj., Vicksburg, 282. ——_—, ——, murdered, 316. Fugitive Slave Law, 185 Fuller, Charles D., N inf., 470. ——, John W., N b’v't maj.-gen., rallying at Atlanta, ill., 516. (female) pvt. 46th Pa. division Gadsden, Ala., 295. Gaines’s Mill, Va , Battle, 155, 156. Gainesville, Va., 53, 54 Gallatin, Tenn., Galveston, Texas, ‘“‘ Hatteras” sunk, 372 Gamble, Hamilton R., N gov. of Mo.. 4I Gantt, E. W., C maj.-gen., port., 146. Gardner, John L., N b’v’t brig.-gen.. ro. ——, — N capt., Edward’s Ferry. 111 ,» —, N lieat., Butler, Mo., 221 Garfield, James A., N maj.-gen.. in Ky., 7 port., 79 ; Pound Gap, 223; Chickamauca 29Q, 301. Garland. Samuel, Jr., South Mountain, 176. Garnett, Richard B., Gettysburg, 259, 451. action, 227. captured by Magruder, 348 ; C brig.-gen., killed at C brig.-gen., killed, INDEX. Garnett, Robert S., C brig.-gen., 49 killed in W. Va., 45 N. G., 218; 2x9- Garrett, ,C col., Plymouth, Garrison, William Lloyd, 18; port., 190 Gary, M. W., C maj.-gen., 462; port., 5 Gazette, Cincinnati, O., 201; correspondent taken prisoner, 52 Geary, John W., N bvt Heights, 111}; port., 306 ; 313; occupies Savannah, , N sergt., Killed, N transport, burned, 4€9 maj.-gen., Boliva ur Chatt: inooga, Geible, Gettysburg General Lyon, General officers killed, 484, 485. Switzerland, court of arbitration, 375- George, Mrs. E. E., 540 Georgetown, D. C., 403. , Ky., Morgan’s raid, 532 soth inf., Antietam, 180; Island, 223; hopes of Geneva, Georgia secedes, 9 ; izth inf., Wilmington her secession from the Confederacy, 420; m1- litia recalled by Gov. Brown, 4 spirit of tolerance in, 423 ; legislative peace resolutions, 431 — reg gth, rsth, 2ist, — , C cruiser, 372 imental losses, roth, 18th, sth, 37th, 17th, 44th inf., 484 destroyed. 422 S. Coz Georgia Central R. R., Gerdes, F. H., lieut. U Germania Ford, Va., 335, 3 35 Germans in Mo. loyal to the U nion, 117. Germantown, Tenn., 306 , Va., 169 Getty, Va., 331: ist Survey, gI. Suffolk, ae reek, 4II N b’v't maj.-gen., qe Cedar ( George W Wilderness, 45 Gettysburg, 249-269 ——., Pa., approached by Lee, 25 : battle, 251 269; Map, 251; ills., 2¢ 64, 266, com pared with W aterloo. 259: cemetery dedi cated, 269; Sanitary Commission, 327, 361 68, 387 ; incident of battle. 465 ; Lee’s retreat, ill., 467; charge of 1st Minn. inf. compared with Balaklava, 47¢ losses at battle 477- Gibbon, John, N maj.-gen., South Mountain, 176; port, 1 Fredericksburg, 195: port., Gettysburg advance on Petersburg J t 5 Oo Gibbons, Mrs. A. H James Sloane, ‘‘ We are coming, Father Abraham,” 128 Gibbs, Alfred, N b’v't maj.-gen., port., 4 Cae ‘* Sumter ** abandoned, 37: Gibson, Horatio G., N b’v’t brig.-gen., port., 347 — , Randall Lee, C brig.-gen., port., 508. . Cc ees rt Gilbert, Charles C., N brig Perry ville, I. .-gen., Gilchrist, , C, 32 Gill, George W., b’v't brig.-gen., port., 167. Gillis, N < ipt IS Gillmore, Quincy A., N maj.Be0 destroys Sumter, 1 ee Aeulaskt; 220, 221; port., 289; siege of Charle n yo-294 : SK merset, Ky ) 34° Gilmer, Jeremy F., C maj.-gen., port., 314 Gilmore, James R., ‘‘ Edmund Kirke,’’ peace mission, 412 Patrick’S,, ‘ ymes march- ing home,” 136 Helen L When Johnny c Gilson, hospital services and death, Gist) SS: R:. C brig.-gen., killed, 430 G eae jen, Adley H., C brig.-gen., killed at iiloh, 1o1 Gane ne, William E., favors the Confederacy, >f 2 ) Glazier, Willard, 294 Glendale, Va., 150. N capt., siege of Charleston, Godwin, A , C brig.-gen., killed, Winchester, 407. Goff, Nathan, Jr., N b’v't brig.-gen., port., 440. NeiGe 441. Goldsborough, Louis M.. expedition, 72 ; port., 7 Michael, N col Goldsboro’. N rear-adm., N. C Gooding, , Perryville, 201 —, Oliver P., N b’v't maj.-gen., Bayou Teche, La., 347, 348. : Goodyear, W., N sergt., Millen, Ga , prison, 415 Goose Creek, Va.. ill.. 41 Gordon, George H.., N b’y’t maj.-gen., ports., 107, 38 )« acer John B., C lieut. gen., 403 ; Cedar Creek, a., 411; ports., 445, 487 ; Gettysburg anecdote, 405-467 ; Article, 485-494; Petersburg, 48s: ad vises Lee to surrender. 486, 493: attacks Ft. Steadman and Hare's Hill 487 ; captures the fort, 489: abandons it, 4o1: gives up Union spies to She ridan, 493 ; refuses to surrender to Sheridan, 493; ; prevents rifleman from shoot ing Sheridan, 403 » Mrs. John B., Petersburg, 488. Gordonsville, Va., 162. 164, 193, 433 Gorman, Willis A.. N brig gen., port., 530. Gosport Navy Yard, destruction of ships, 28 cut, 36, 1294 Goss, William, N pvt., Powell’s River bridge Tenn., 437 Govan, Daniel C., lanta, 390 C briy.-gen., captured, At: New York Harbor, 14. Henry C. Work, 137. Gettys Governor’s Island, into the Army,” Graham, Charles K., N burg, 265; port Granberry, H. B ‘Grafted b’v"t maj.-gen., 5 ) Cc brig.-gen., killed, 430. Grand Ecore, La., 379, 381. —— Gulf, Miss., Granger, Gordon, N Dorn, 2905 ; Chickamauga, 299-302 Knoxville, 311 ; Franklin, Tenn., 341 action, 274. attack on Van ae port 5 301 5 - Mobile, maj.-gen., = , Moses M., N col., Cedar Creek, Grant, Alfred, N capt., 523 — , Ulysses S., N gen., Cairo, 73; Ft. Henry, 75; Ft 79; Pittsburg Landing, 10 Was, Arr. ports., 31, 107, 490, Donelson, 76- Shiloh, ror—108 ; Belmont, 122; review of Porter case, 170; comment on battle of Iuka, 204 ; Jackson, 2c6; comment on battle of Corinth, 207 ; Vicksburg campaign, 270-279, 295; in command mili tary division of the Mississippi, 305; Chat- tanooga, 305 »; Christian Commission, 326, 342, 350; apt yointed lieut.-gen., 351 ; Wilder- ness, 354 ; port., 356; Spottsylvania, 358 6 62; North Anna, 62; Cold Harbor. 365, 368, »; escapes capture, 375; plans for Sher- man’s Atlanta campaign, 383, 387; plans cap- 1: advance on Petersburg, Washington, 402-404; Shenandoah, 405, 406; Winchester, 409 ; 442-446, 451; “* ple 21st Ill. inf., 483, 491, 255. ture of Mobile ; 7—400 ° defence of sends Sheridan to the despatch to Sheridan after fin al campaign against Lee, order,” 45 col. of Grapevine bridge, 147; ill., 1 Gravelly Run, Vv a., 443 , Ncol., 1 Great Kanawha Valley campaign, 113 Greble, John T., N lieut., killed at Big Bethel, 45- Graves, E. E 5; Richmond. 454. , Mrs. Ex Greeley, Horace, port., 18 with President Lincoln, 186; peace ence, 412: Davis, 448: 1win, 5 correspondence contler gives bail for cartoon, 402 Green, Thomas, C brig.-gen., killed, Pleasant Hill, 379 - -, N ord.-sergt., Plymouth, N. C., 215, 219 Green River, 115 amuel D., N comr., 85 N., N capt., Greene, S ; port., 87. ee 431 ill., at Chancellorsville Greencastle, Pa., 176. Gregg, David McM., N b’v’t maj.-gen., Brandy Sta., Va., 249; Gettysburg, 267; Robertson’s Tavern, Va., 335; Hawes'’s Shop, “ POLt., - , John Irvin, N b’v't maj.-gen burg, Va., 267 ; Gettysburg, 268: Maxcy, C brig.-gen., Antietam, 18 killed, Fredericksburg, rof Walter O., N b’v’t maj.-gen., port., Grechorn Grierson, Benjamin H., N maj.-gen., cavalry raid, 274 Griffin, Charles, Bull bs Tenn., 295; States- Tenn., 340, 341. - , Charles S., “John Brown's Body,” 136. —, Maria M. C., Miss, 538 ——, Norman J.. N col., at Sumter, rz. —,R.H., M., 233 , susan E. capt. U. S. art’y, Ft. Craig, N. , Miss. 540. , N surg., Halleck, Henry W.,N maj.-gen., commands in Mo.. 73, 75: port., 79: supersedes Frémont, 79: Corinth, 108: gen.-in-chief, 163, 169, 175, 197: plans for East Tenn., 203, 250, 270, 2713 despatch to Rosecrans, 305: letter to Grant, 397, 308, 362, 368; despatch to Grant, 4os. Spottsylvania, 36r.Halltown, Va., { II; Occupied by Sheridan 400. : Hamburg, S. C., 322. Hamilton, Andrew J., N brig.-gen., port., 3153 quoted, 315. Charles S., N maj.-gen. > C orinth, 206, 207. , Schuyler, N maj.-gen., port., ror. ——., William, N naval lieut Hamlin, Hannibal, 412 Hammersley, L. C., quoted, 517. Hammond, William A., N brig.-gen. Hampton, Frank, C lieut.-col., Sta., Va., 249. , Wade, C lieut.-gen. opposes Sherman in S.C, 531 Hampton Roads, Va., 29, ) luka, 203, 204 3 Island No. 10, 99 ; ) Mobile Bay of the U.S., > 392 Vice.-Pres. 16 310, , port., 414. killed, Brandy Pree) 259 3 POLl., 445, 462, 68, 69, ‘* Monitor’ and ** Merrimac,’ 83-87, gr ; FE lorida * sunk, 372- Hancock, Winfield maj.-gen., Peninsular campaign, 143; port., 173; fredericksburg 195-199; Gettysburg, 252-265; port., 255: Wilderness, 354-356; Spottsylvania, 358-361 : North Anna, 362, 363; Cold Harbor, 36s ; ad- vance on Betensbutg 397-400, 451; Gettys- burg, 476; Wincl lester, 486 ; port., 532. ——, ——, N spy, anecdote, 5009. Hankinson’s Ferry, Miss., engagement, 274. Hanover, Pa., engagement, 268. — Junction, Va., 144, 362, 363 — Old Church, Va., engagement, 1sr. Hanson, Roger W., C brig.-gen., killed, Mur- freesboro’ , 211. Hardee, William J., C lieut.-gen., Corinth, 100 ; Shiloh, 103; port., 105; Pine Mount: Lin, 386: evacuates Savannah, 423; evacuates Charles ton, 440; Averysboro’, 441. ‘“ Hardee’s Tactics,” 23, 456. Harding, Abner C., N brig.-gen., Dover, 295; Ft. Donelson, 340 Hare’s Hill, battle (Ft. Steadman), 485, 487 Harker, Charles G., N brig.-gen., killed, Kene- saw Mountain, 387 Harland, Edward, N brig.-gen., Suffolk, Va., 331. Harney, William S., N b’v’t maj.-gen., 28 ; port., 29, 39, 49 Harper, Kenton, C maj.-gen., Va Harper's Ferry, Va., U. S. arsenal seized by John Brown, 7; ill., 13 ; destroyed by N gar militia, 2§ / rison, 27; ill., 36¢ operations about, 47; de- stroyed ‘and dese rted by C, 47, 111; Aap of vicinity, 141; ill., 174; Antietam campaign 175-180, 192, 250, 403, 406; anecdote, 4 Harriet Lane, N gun-boat, Ft. Sumter, 15 ; Gal- veston, 348. Harris, ‘‘ Coon,”’ executed, 5 , Elisha, , Isham G., Tenn., 44, 227 ———, Matthias, N chap., 12, 18. , Mrs. Haerist ourg, Pa N Spy, Sanitary Commission, 324, 325 gov. John, 533. , approached by Lee, 250 Harrison, Benjamin, N b’v’t brig.-gen., port., 423. ——. M. La Rue, N b’v't brig.-gen., Fayette ville, Ark., 344 Harrisonburg, Va., action, 216; occupied by Sheridan, 409. Harrison’s Island, Potomac River, 109 - - Landing, Va., 160, 163. Harrodsburg, Ky., 2or. Harrold, Daniel C., reward offered for arrest, 510. ‘“‘ Harry Birch,’? N merchantman, ill., 76. Harsen, Dr., Sanitary Commission, 324 Hart, Orson H., N brig.-gen., port., 150 sheter..17. 135 Hartford, N cruiser, New Orleans, 90-93 ; Mo- bile Bay, 391-395; ill., 394. Hartranft, John F., N b’v’t maj.-gen., Antie- tam, 179 Hartsuff, George L., N maj.-gen., port., 297- Hartsville, Mo., engagement, 344, 345. ——, Tenn., captured by Morgan, 229 Harvey, Cordelia P., Mrs., port., 534 ; 536 Hatch, Edward, N b’v’t maj.-gen., port., 337 Wyatt’s, Miss., 343 , John P., Hatteras, Cape, 409- -- N steamer, sunk by N. C., 67; 72. N brig. N b’v't maj ‘General Lyon gen., 163 »’ burned near, ‘ Alabama,” 372. Inlet, Haupt, Havana, Hawes’s: Shop, Va., Hawkins, Morton L., N lieut., 407. ———. Rush: :C., dition, 72. Hawkin’s Zouaves, 72, 218. Hawley, Harriet F., Haxall’s Landing, Va Hermann, -gen., port., 167. Cuba, 63. action, 363, 364. Winchester, Ve N b’v’t brig N.C .gen., . EXPe- Mrs., 538. +» 159, 368. Hayes, Rutherford B.. N b’v *t maj. ‘gen. , South Mountain, 176 ; Clark’s Hollow, 278 ; port., 219 5 Winchester, 407; Cedar Creek, 411, 401. Hayne, Paul Hamilton, ‘‘The Black Flag,” 133. Hays, Alexander, N b’v’t maj.-gen., Bristoe Sta., Va., 334; Robertson’s T avern, Va., 336 3 killed, W ilderne: SS, 357 ; port., 361. C brig.- -, Harry: T; port., 3603 o* gen,, Antietam, 180; ~ , William, N brig.-gen., port., gor. Hazel Grove, Chancellorsville, 242. Run, Fredericksburg, 190. Hazen, William B., N maj.-gen. Murfreesboro’, 212: Fort 423, 513, 514 ; (Sketch), srq. Hazlett, Charles E., N lieut., burg, 254, 260, 261 Heath, 401. Heg, Hans C., N col., killed. Chickamauga, 299. Heintzelman, Samuel Bs Bull Run, 54, » ports., 30, 514 5 McAllister, Ga., killed, Gettys- Herman H., N b’v’t maj.-gen., port., N maj.-gen., port., 49 ; 3 553 ; Peninsul: ur campaign, 1433 Pope’s campaign, 168 ; port., Helena, Ark., engagement, 344. pel Benjamin H., C_ brig.-gen., killed, Chick: imauga, 299. Helper, Hinton R., ‘ Henry, Impending crisis,” 182. N b’v’t brig Bull Run, 57; Guy V., Henry house, -gen., port., 436. ills., 58, 60, 165. Hensie, , Murdered, 216. C brig Herons Francis J.. N maj rk., 233 Herbert, ——, Iuka, 206. -Fen., -gen., Prairie Grove, aa Henry, C maj.-gen., of P ete rsburg, 400. Hickman, Hicks, , gov. Md., 43 Eig Binson: Thomas W.,N col., oldiers, 239 ill : Ambrose P2C port., 399; defence Ky., 226. Thomas H writes on negro lieut.-gen., Peninsular campaign, 154-262; port., 158; Antietam campaign, 176-179; Chancellorsville, 242; Culpeper, 249 ; Shenandoah Valley, 250; Bris- toe Sta., Va., 334; Wilderness, of Petersburg, 398, 400; 492 — , Daniel H., C campaign, 154 campaign, 176. 354; defence killed, 445, 451, 491, Peninsular Antietam lieut.-gen., 15g; port., 158; , Joshua, 425. , Sylvester G., N b’v’t brig.-gen., killed, 4 ) Hillier, case of, 31s. Hilton Head, S. C y: il., 70, 7x, 18 Hindman Thomas C., C maj. -rairie Grove, 233. Thomas A., C capt Hinks, Edward W., N b’v’t maj.-gen., 25: Ball’s Bluff, xrzo, port., 114; Petersburg, 397. Hitching, J. H., N Creek, Va., 410 Hodgensville, Ky., action, 115. Hodge’s Mills, N. C., 218. Hoff, H. K., N rear-adm. Hogg, , N lieut.-col., eke Robert F., 317, 433-434. Holden, William W., 5, 219. gen., Shiloh, ror ; Hines, , Imprisoned, 526 after advance on killed, Cedar brig.-gen., port., 370. killed, Bolivar, Tenn., C maj.-gen., Plymouth, N.C., peace candidate, N. C., 420. Hollins, George N., C commodore, 99 Holly Miss., 271. Holmes, Oliver Wendell, comment on Brownell, Springs, captured by Van Dorn, 395; at Antietam, 478. ——, Theophilus H., C lieut.-gen., at Bull Run, Helena, Ark., 344. es ,N capt., mangled by hounds, 322. Holt, Joseph, N sec’y of war, 14, 20, 48. Home, Jessie, Miss, 538. Homestead bill, vetoed by Buchanan, 183. Hood, John B., C gen., Antietam, 177; Gettys- burg, 252, 254 ; Chickamauga, 303; port., 383; Atlanta campaign, 385-390 ; supersedes John. ston, 387; protests to Sherman, 419; pursued by Sherman, 420; Nashville, 427; Franklin, Tenn., 427-430; Nashville, 430; compared with Logan, 517. Hooker, Joseph, N maj.- paign, 143 33, port , 150; -7en. Peninsular cam- Groveton, :68 - ed Bull Run, 169; Antietam campaign, 176-180 ; Burn- side’s campaign, 193-196: port., 241. Super- sedes Burnside, 241; Chancellorsville, 241 243; Culpeper, 249; relieved of comm: und, 250, 263; in dienn:; 205 : Lookout Mountain, 308, 309, 313 >t, 332, 358: Resaca, Ga., 385; near Marie tta, 286: Peach Tree Creek, 387 ; retired, 390; cartoon, 459. Horseshoe Ridge, Chickamauga, 299. Hospital corps, aoe aie drill, Hough, Daniel, N artilleryman, 17. ill., 497 Hovey, Alvin P.,N b’v’t maj.-gen., Champion’s Hill, Miss., 275. Howard, Henry W. B., Articles, 455-459, 507- 512. ie { PT aes ae? we INDEX. a beer Se ent ees? sikh ia ha! 5 ~ i . NN i ube seo UMULcinir ty] Pte ea hee eben A t wet A Howard, Oliver O., N maj.-gen., ports., 30, 57, 513 3 49; at Bull Run, 55) 57.5 Chancellorsville, 241-245 } Gettysburg, 251, 252; Chattanooga, 314; Atlanta, 390; commands Army of the Tenn., 390; in march to the sea, 422-430 ; Article, 513 51g. Howe, Mrs. Julia Ward, Republic,” 127. Howland, Mrs. Joseph, 53 , Mrs. Robert S., 537 Hubbard, —-, N maj., Roan’s Tanyard, Mo., 230. Hudson, Mo., 122. BUCY Pennock, N b’y’t brig.-gen., Chancellors- ville, 242. “Battle Hymn of the Huger, Benjamin, C maj.-gen., 493 147, 150; port., 155. Hughes, John, archbishop, Roman Catholic Church, 36. Fair Oaks, —, , C guerilla, killed at Independence, Mo., 231. Humes, Thomas W., Rev., quoted, 316. Humonsville, Mo., engagement, 230. Humorous Incidents of the War, 455-459. Humphreys, Andrew A.., burg, 252 263, 445. Hunt, Henry J., burg, 202. N maj.-gen., Gettys- N b’v’t maj.-gen., Fredericks- 195 3 Getty sburg, 257,. 263, 265; port., , Lewis C., N brig.-gen., Hunter, Andrew, port., dence burned, 319. , David, N Run, 545 553 port., 159. 183 3 arrested and resi- maj.-gen., port., 49; at Bull 163 ; attempts at emancipation, 182, 185; Ft. Pulaski, 221; depredations in Shenandoah Valley, 317-319, 368, 4023; suc- ceeded by Sheridan, 40s, 406. ——, D. C., C col., Charleston, Mo., 117. , R. M. T., C peace com’r, 44r. Huntersville, Va., raided, 114. Hunton, Eppa, C brig.-gen., Huntsville, Ala., ——., Mo., 230. Hurlbut, Stephen A., port., 105 3 port., peace meeting, 43r. 508. , Shiloh, 100; 209; Vicksburg cam- N maj.-gen Corinth, 207 paign, 273, 308; Memphis, 340; Meridian, 375, 532. Husband, Mary M , Mrs., port., 536; 537. Hutchinson family, singers, 182 Hutchinson, Minn., attacked by Indians, 234. Illinois Jz/antry, 11th, Lexington, Frederickstown, 1183 19th, Chattano 2zoth, Vicksburg, 277, Atlanta, Bae Charleston, 117; 23d, Lexington, 118 ; Vicksburg, 279, Atlanta, 389; 31st, ee 389; ggth, Pleasant Hill, 379; 56th, ‘‘ Lyons” disaster, 469; 58th, peas 379; 730, 412: 74th, Murfreesboro’ 2TIr oN Dover, 295 ; 88th, g6th, rr5th, Chickamauga, 299. — Cavalry, 2d, Bolivar, 227; 7th, Charles- ton, 230; oth, Ripley, 340. — regimental losses, Rocky Crossing, 342; 2oth, 11th and 8oth inf., 481 ; 21St, 31St, 36 th, 4oth - 55th, 93 2d inf., 483. Illinois Central R. R., 140, 193. Imboden, John D., C brig.-gen., 27; Gettys- accusation against ‘Hunter, 317- burg, 259: Newmarket, 319; Charlestown, Va., 334; Va.,; 4333; port., 434. ‘Impending Crisis,’ Helper’s, 182. 464-472. Mo., engage Incidents, Thrilling, Independence, dered, 231 ement, 230; surren- Dept. of, 8r. Shirley’s Ford, 231; 6th, Chickamauga, 299; 7th, Richmond, 224; 2oth, Manassas Gap, 3333; 32d, Munfordyv ile, TO: 33d, Camp Wildcat, 114; 48th, luka, 204 ; 51st, 3a! 8; 55th, Richmond, 224 ; 68th, C hickamauga, 299; 69th and 71st, Richmond, 224; 8oth, Pleasant Hill, 379. oth cav., in “Sultana” inf. loss at Bull Run, 477. — regimental losses, r4th inf., 48x ; rgth inf., 48r 3 27th int., 48r. Indian Territory, Indiana /xfantry, 3d, Hodgensville, 115, Bolivar, 4373 16th, disaster, 469 ; 19th Indianola, N gunboat, Vicksburg, 277. Indi ians, rising in Northwest, 234, in Confederate service, 80, 231; up- 348 ; Tennessee, 317. Individual Heroism and Thrilling Incidents, 404-472. Infantry, U. S., 8th (colored), Olustee, Fla., 436. eek Rufus, N b’v’t maj.- port., 308. ——, ——, N quar.-gen., 156. Ingersoll, Robert G., N col., Lexington, Ky., 225 Ingraham, Duncan N., C commodore, siege of Charleston, 280. Innes, W. P., N col., Iowa Jnfantry, sth, Iuka, 204; 7th, Belmont, 122: roth and 16th, Iuka, 204; 23d, Milliken’s Bend, 240; 39th, Parker’s Cross Roads, 229. —— 1st cavalry, Jackson, 230 5th, 7th, oth, 22d, 483. gen., Corinth, 207; Murfreesboro, arr. regimental losses, Ireland, —— Ncol., Lookout Mountain, 313. Irish Bend, La., battle, 345, 347 ; ills., 346, 376. ake ‘Trish Brigade” (63d, 6th, and 88th N.Y 2975299: ‘Tron Brigade,” (23d ut inf.) Ironside, English vessel, 87. Irving, Washington, quoted, 450. Gettysburg, 251. 641 , Lexington, 118; . Inf.), Fredericksburg. Irwinsville, Ga., President Davis captured, 448, Island No. 10, ill., 98, 99, 226, 307. battle Iverson, Alfred, C brig.-gen Iuka, 252. Ives, Joseph C., C col., liss., €, 203-206. Jacinto, Miss., 204, 205 Jackson, Conrad F., ericksburg, Claiborne F. make the State secede, 38 ; proc N brig.- 196. > GOV. sion of State by U. S. troops, , James S., ville, , Thomas J., Harper’s Ferry, 28, 47, 4 prayer III} 201. N brig.- ‘ Stonewall,’ 22° “3 JO?) port., 450. gen., of Mo., gen., 73.e 30. killed, Gettysburg, killed, Fred- fforts to ’ claims inva- Perry- > C lieut.-gen., 9; Bull Run, in camp, iii 130; 53; 55> Peninsular campaign, 143-162, 163 ; Cedar Mountain, 164 ; Sa Springs, 166 ; Bull Run, 168, 169 } un, Antietam Valle Y, 193, cellorsville, 242; port., 451 3 ated, 2453 campaign, 216; Groveton, 167, Manassas Junction, 171 ; 75-177 5 fk “redericksburg, 195.3; Chan- Sher 168 ; 2d nandoah 241-246 ; killed, Chancellorsville, anecdote, 463. Jackson, Mi 342; —,Mo.,a ——,, Tenn., Jackson’s Ford, Jacob’s Ford, Va., Jacques, James F., N col., S: ction, 230. 206, 207, 271. 335) 336- Chancellorsville SS., 270, 274; Captured, 275 37 243. advocates the black flag, 316, 3 evacu- peace mission, 412. James, Army of the, commanded by Butler, 351, 395 5 Grant’s left wing, Petersburg, 397 James Island, Charleston Harbor, 292, 293 River, ill., 468. 351; advance on 95° —— River Canal, locks destroyed, 442. Jamestown, Va., 44. Janeway, ——, N maj., Hawes’s Shop, Va., 364. Jardine, Edward, N b’v’t brig.-gen., px Jefferson, Va., 166. Jefferson City, Mo., 39, 118. Jenkins, Albert G., > 59: killed, 433. 356. , Micah, , Thornton A., jeenil e, Va., ‘John Brown’s Body,” C brig.-gen., fight, 446. C brig.-gen., N rear-adm., Charles S. Hall, x port., ort., 285. Gettysburg, killed, Wilderness, 393: 36. 2 John Cabin Bridge, near Washington, ill., 404. John Ross house, near Ringgold, Johns, Thomas D., N b'v't brig.-gen., II. Johnson, port., 227.6 Andrew, mil. gov. Tenn., Ga., 1 reviews armies in Washington, 450. ——, Bushrod R., C maj.-gen., port., erdy, 43 , Richard W., at Gallatin, —-, William P., C col., —, Rev , Bradley T., C brig.-gen., Chambersburg, port., 319, 403 5 4II, 531. Tenn., 227. jaa IN Capt, x05, Johnson‘s Johnston, sylva nia, , James D., C comr., , Joseph E.. C gen N capt., Rose, W aterproof, Island, Lake Erie, prison, Albert Sidney, killed at Shiloh, ror ; Edward, comdeg. La., 437 port., C maj.-gen., > 359, 302. N b’v’t maj.-gen., C gen., 104, 451. captured, Spott- port., 450. lie 460. Romney, { “ , 44, 2263 nominated for vice-president, 412 ; burning of Penn. rai d, 404, 80. captured gunboat Forest 528. Corinth, 1 Mobile. Bay, 39 Harper’s Ferry, 2 49 ; port., 553 Bull Run, 54, 57, 59, 62 ; Pen- elaucantoaian , 140-146, 151 ; Jackson, Miss., 275, 276, 3423; 205; supersedes Bragg, 311; Dalton, Ga., 353; port, 383; Atlanta cam- paign, 383-390; Dalton, 383; Resaca, 385; Kenesaw Mountain, 387; superseded by Hood, 387; blamed by Davis, 420; rein- stated, 439; opposes Sherman in the Caro- linas, 439 44055 surrender to Sherman at Dur- ham Sta., 446; foresees the end, 448; cartoon, 463. ————.. Robert. D= C Spottsylvania, 362 Sarah R., Mrs. 5 Joinville, Prince de, por ’ 36. C., 142. Jones, Catesby, C com., 85. , David R., C maj.-gen.. nD port., brig.-gen., , Edward F., N b’v’t brig.-gen. -, John B., , John M., 361. quoted, 413. C brig.-gen., —, Roger, N lieut., , Samuel, 222} port., ville. Va., 433. “ PO anes iid Xe Cc maj.-gen. a aries wounded. at Bull Run, 53, Gettysburg, 259 3 Rocky Gap, Va., 335: : Fairmont, W.Va. 337 > Jones: AF = + 7 CTa Th rs) Wrenn eH pba oUF spel Perry! ive ENED E XG 642 L oga an, John A A.. N maj aj.-gen , ports., 3 ’ ye TT 5173 McCook, Ans , Anson G N : b’v’t bri rig.-gen » port., : : 1 } } ee We Elinixc a Jone ee | y | a s Island, Ga., 2 7. Jonesboro’, G +) 220. } | Jonesb ro’, Ga., 390, 422 Lanman, Ja ae) | Jonesborough, Miss ae Miss. WacobyG:yNiPay: if 4 Jonesvill alata SS., 209. Teast'G ote v’t maj.-¢g { e. Va., fi } Last ( j.-gen., Jacks ae ‘ Ary ficl Sonfederz : ’ Jackso Jord ut, 4 era n i i : ano N git, 433- Last Days of te Council of W : Ae, Jour nal, col., capture ez Days of the Conf of War, 492 Chan 1 Chicago, Ill ed, 295. atane, Williz ‘onfederacy, 48 oa SUT a Hill, 4 ; | —, Wouisy 1 TUS rz. 7-4 La V iam, C capt J} 485-494 307, 316 ; Atlant: Miss. <=> v a Bie . ry e K zp a ergne aT = eek 5 517- . Le Q 9 “s/o? ick b a Sn =e : ‘ y-; a 5 5 er 5i- / 389, 390 ¢ sburg, 27 Ae i | T , Wilmington 209: Law. E. M In., 211; engage Logan’s C 0, 483, 5135 (sh 279; Eee i } Journal of Gon ; quoted 431 Harbor McIver, C maj gagement, 227 ie ‘ 4 “ross Roads K ) g bridge . “82 eh, ene eee “gen 1,3 : | Sense Infantr . I Mills, Mo. ndered by Quantrel — = \¥/ Ber. Ss LIE. 22,16 D.N esaw Mount me hickamauga mi} 232; 6th, 2t77, 1st, losses, 4§ vawrence +» 344- y Quantrell, 345 , Va., 368 ae : N., N col or oae Sa, 302 5 4 Ref Cane i nde Ber aencews 483 ; 2d, Cane Hi ee ceburg, Ky., acti 345: Lon; gfell “H —, Racrard N _ Dandridge. T ’ it erase aes ast col , 230; 7th a e Hill. son. ———— ao _ action, 225 Ship,” 35: enry W. fe ville, 201 d M..N b’v’ Tenn : } | WZ 5th cavalry, Pi jlored reg x 185; r1th Lawton, A ; surg.-gen 5 Lon: 35; port., 190; om ‘ Build McCu ; port., 389; ; vt mai.-g 5 430. 7 Kautz, Au ys Pine Blufi g., Butler, 23 ; 180 : , Alexander R S7ecU death, 2 [p gstreet, J me ' quoted Or cine of the W ulloch, Ben, C eaSZAD Newnan ie n., Perry if Kea August V., N b’ f, 344. 231. 80; port., 508 _. © brig > 324 Run, 53 James, C di } slavery 7 ‘Json’s Cr _C brig.-g Ga... 200 ry- ; + arney, PI ? vt maj Leap for Li aD eee g.-gen., A : lar c .; port., 55; ut.-gen Ji +. Ridge reek, g.-gen., Dug S : | paign, hilip, N maj. aj.-gen., port Tet r Liberty, A Antietam, 166 ampaign oh air Oaks, , 49; at Bull Mc( Ze, 60, Ol. 413 port., 45 i Spring and y ean eeerea aj.-gen., Peni -» 443 .ebanol , 5 445 52355 6.167: Gr , 154-162 5 KS, 15 McCullou; 4c: kill 1g < 1 / port P : sninsul : 1, Ky 3-524. oe / srove ah renin ugl led < > A t. 168) ope’s ninsular c Venice 75-180 ; oveton, 1 rou’ su gn, it Pe f } 470 3; killed, C h Soe Ampaign, sa TACal , Tenn aptured by Mor 197 Ci ; Culpeper te - Antiet eo Gap McDonald , Ccol., Boliv = H { Ly AA r6¢ FQ 1 no Y 410 os I7 + ot - tam R Pp; 1d, , ) poe Se ree ia Kearsag 1 ly, WE 108 3 Le ler , engagemen gan, 207 port ulpé eper, 24 ID 3 Fredericl campal} n 292 _N colo ar. Tenn f , irsage, N crui 169. 451 Cc N it. 220 / ts So6e. Cl 24 au cksburs tm P*) M r-seret ‘ , 227 Yama,’ 372 Se ill lh ae or yette ., N capt., p : 7S eES a etgusSO Ne B05; ns Dowell, Irwi gt., Fort W - ; Ke 2 + ill., 373: , 3713 destr etter, ——., C » pOrt., 142 sex: Wi Suffolk liga, 2 s 68 at Bull R rwin, N ; agner Keenan. Peter . 373° stroys ‘‘ Ala Ledlie, Jz col.. ax at Boa Wilderness, - Va.. 32 3-302, aaa a ull Rut _N maj.-gen ’ t port., cece? Nona fla- Pe saa umes H 310. Spottsylv Sos SS, 354-357 ; »: Knoxvill ; Jn ular cain ’ 1545 a en., 24, 49 | ss 245. aj-; Chancell ters burg .N brig Ft. Ste: ania. 258.26 - wounded e, ‘ “Gant \paign ~ AS / Fs port., sz: A Keifer. ] 2 Aw orsville Lee. A 200s g.-gen., Adv Be Steadman : ’ 2g: forese ed, il] a \ 7-199 5 carto¢ I41—-1f > Pc roc P + 51 ie néss. 45 Warren, N b’ 24s , Albert L., Nt advance on_ I ae 1 480, 4915 C es the end - McDowell, V DA ; Pope’s camy SOLD: i | 357s _N b'v’t maj eoeee oe Ty “* orig ook , Cover ’ 148 : vas ~e aig i } Kell v’t maj.-ge - Edmt rig.-gen., pr ookout M rs Lee’s ret ’ McGo. a.. engager paign, a elley, B enjamin | Uta Wilder ter, 31 ind I., reside » port., 302 304 Mountain, T rear S] wan, Sam 7 gement f i 39 nin F 3 we Sine sidence de oe » 309, 3105 , denn Spottsy] eS ‘a 3 at Phili _N b’v’ S destroy I - bat } , 2 vivani © br a rf lippi, 45 ; Saeed stroyed t Sonia GY attle 208- ; Seay \ ylvania, 3 brig.-ge ogg, Rol Bee. RoHiNey Sik ote : Trev Fitzhugh, C maj py Hun- omis, Cyrus 0 N 13. 14; ills [cIntire, - sen., Wou rille pri bert H., N , 113, 216. pou ilian Sta., V maj.-gen ea Murfreest b’v't br : McIntost N, Som inded son, 32 sergt Tce —————, (F ya Aone 164; ain oro rig.-gen., P Intosh, J Somerset, K , 321; Flor rgt.-ma 5; Gre . 433; 4 43 port., 265 » 314. Warroad n.. Perryvill Ride Jam : Kiev 4 K = ae orence, S. ¢ j., Anderson 45° W. C., C maj poke , 265; Loomis’s B 212, Look eke = Eee es, © brig.-g aps Kelly. Jz capt., recz +; 41 on 1aj.-gen Kc Jattery t Moun- : g.-gen, kill y; James N = ecaptured __. Robert ., port., 165 Lorena”’ cry, 1 3S 0 \ 11 Tohn B.. Nt killed at P , orp.. kil g rt E 5; 445 a” (é 205 alley ,Nb’v’t ea j Bats kN p-; killed. Gettysl pee 487 ; art ES C lieut.-ger +45> Loring. Wil wuthor unknow!1 McK y, 40 »v't mai.-gen é Vee? CO _ c ee : O (eS and ul.-£e 5 9 ili i LO 1 4 rr JSC, Welly S verr col., Frederi ysburg, 200 m U. S. ser nds Va. tr 1., ports., 17 W.Va illiam W.. C » 13 : me al Thom: Shenandoz me ry, Tenn., ar icksbure Wan 40s 4 SerViCe. 2< roops, 28 dud 165. Te a., 21 “5 maj.-ger tithe 20602 is J., N loah ze ord, Va , anecdote, 468 Sales SRS PODS Peninsul: in ymmands in Wa, ne at Gett gen., Fayettevill McKinst eal b’y’'t maj 334: , 165, x66 sa cam against cam] ; rz ran ettysburg oro , stry, Ju aj.-gen., C 7 7] * acti paign ‘ st Po paign, a., anco-( ! and 1 Mel Justus N ; or i Keltor ction “ eri « V7rHo if 143-1 age of Cru d Water] Laugh] ,N bri; f ton, John C , 332 ; actio cksburg, 193 180 ; 103-171 162 ; ge of, in Nat an Wari 47 iter 100 ighlin, N. B rig -g i] ener fohn ( EN ble be ction, 246 burg, 193-197 W RBCS: Antietam 476; He ae landi@oete highest 476 ; at Ft. St NA Bo Dav en., port., 23 Ed | 259 a r, James ] rig.-gen = Davis ter Gett Le 2a7 3 » Char ncell IQI 5 Fred- Vania Wil ratl e it G nfed« ait ass perce nt= M«¢ I aw BOD) 4 ee brig ren : : i 4, © maj.-ge CLE 176 Shenan ter Gettysburg 269; le orsville, 241 cellorsvil ilderness, Ch rettysbur egiments camp Lafayett . , captured i Kendrick R j--gen., Gettyst vandoah V UTS, 200 tter to P ts mel ville, Antiet: Chickam rg, spott |. ‘ paign, 17 tte, C m : CK Rey, : ysburg 4. 33C° 7 alley Diy ate r¢ lents, 477 . tielal a amaugs a CUS) VI = 5 re Al. =< Ieneanun ey. J. Rylanc Irg, eee Roberteonend R:z treat thro ss Tose? 177-485 N, 477: | 1, and ( Lean, Natl *“port:, “BED; Anti S and 51 rt Lf u ,O rs at LI ] aw Mountai 4 d, quote i - Orang son’s T t pahan int oh st Mour eparat MclI lan ¢ r 1tietam Johnst ntain, G . ed, 423. ness, 35 ge CG: Bet ICK OTe aband Intain, parate res n | , N br r OD, 355 Jan, ill ~- 254 . H V ’ f Ao anaon ol ra., OC } re S¢ 7 .-7eCn Ken 335. 380 ; by . 266: : Harb 1-35 S ; ne : ’ I 1ed ; cupied by ndered AT Ss ven., por nnedy, John A ; battle, 38 : occupied I ; OFn 1305 pot sy lvaniz 23 3 W 1d -oudoun H ane Johnst McM d, ills pomattor } ROME 42 Ke in A., draft ri 3 397- »y 397-400. >» 3 - de Br ee er- eight ; Jo sLon : icMahon, M 147, 494 where ag ntucky, efus raft riots S draw 406; plans - defence of P 62; Col Louisa (¢ eo! Va., 111 ’ _ 1, Martin “ : Lee su ye uses to in New York ss s in retrea f to escal f Peters! d 1 H.. Va II AR SE 18 I BSE pantry secede rk, 28> 2, 445: at from Cape GTa tersburg Louisian Va., ight MecMic] b’v't maj i okout nr, gins q3 5 Se 355 struge] Be Goa 4455 saeenders RacimGual 142 5 arr he nf ont secedes : t M Michael Mae aeh ) losses, AQrt: nta a 1 losses ggie for, sur rene 44i larev 1 sto Grant ae and Pet r le, 4UKa f- 7 J th int Vi Mill : N may \ I rt., mond 401 ; 2 14; 15th, 481: 8 SUIT nder , well ad nt at A CI I : I F435} llen, VW j., Chi ond, 225: 4 th, Mt Ste Perryville, 8th, in Rashi to Grant address to hii ppomattox is Napole ’ eers ( ’ I his McM » YY I N } hickamaus aah othe aac erling, 201 hmond and Sileeaa7 i: Es erate 6otance eon, unt : Gase ree Minny brig.-gen ga > ‘y, 7th, B we 22 ment In dand Pete 447; beg my, 446 ; nirien ‘ urs Mo? ile, Tenn ren., port 229. 7tD, Big Hill Mise ve bride Rict : Dereeek March 1 Petersburg yegs for ra . Tonal ily t then { McNeil. Jol 1 port ao r 3 22 9 dg E , 1905 Y, 405 1 < ISVIII¢ nited ‘ } nn + 1 Keokuk, N i 243 8th, Rur Sct aneratics 487; las 486 ; orders discours - pees 1 states leau, Mo N b’y’t m Kerns, ironclad, sieg . al Hilt attox, ill. ast council « ‘s Gordon ee Ky., MicPher naj.-gen., ( zm eee Mark. Nc : ge ot Chz . Wm, | ne? 494 » War, 4 ae Love, ; 7 . ( 7 son, lan pe Gira Kernstow capt., 158 iarleston, 2 . H. F., © maj 4933540 I , N capt t) soa es B., N af K i wn. Va.. z : 5°. 3 2 Wee _Cocol ‘ maj.-gen ovell. Mansfi tps { paign : + pol 0 ; IT poke tN 1] on f y West. Fl 10N, 331 Reo Het attle ane River 3 : N col at N.O.,.1 La . Res Keven aewOre : mauga, 3 eber. N b’ cdote. 4 4; por 3 : . port..ot compared Asn j 2S, Erasm Leffer on v't brig.-g ee es ; Killed at | : ired with I ee ne ol ; f Run, co. o7 us De IN atents Mar ; p.-£en., Ghicl ~. A ball] é yauley e Williar ofan, S rKc 55:57 3 Pe maj. Pr 24. 25)" rshall N 11cKa- y s nist M : liam { = yO« RINSULIE -7en., 4 : 25+ ee col.. 7tl : 118 Ccol.. kil t, port : McRae 4] 74 Kilmer, G campaign, 9; at Bull Le Gendre. 73 mth N. Y.r I ay l., killed, Fred 9 154) 1 Craig ye x.. capt Kilpat seorge L., Art 143; port. 276. Charles W. egiment 2 well, Charl redericktown. M M o N. M apt., WES. « rick ., Articles, 5 P aya . edar harles R ] ew lackey, J . av., killed riority. y Judson: ae es 520-532. Legeett, Mori t brig.-gen., f ir Creek. V + . Jr.,N_ bri ’ Macon J., C capt cilled. Ft 1 267 Sia Zz5O. ( ij.-ge : Atlan as imer , port = Ja a9 4 rig.-gen., kil ; 1, Ga { Bee 268 ; Rap xettysburg, Des cavalry s Le Anta, 367, aa D., N maj ‘ Loy ames Russell n., killed Madison 0, 4 t oe 405 . a pahannock 2593 Aldi supe- eggett’s H ; : port aj.-gen., Bal OY al Mour ll, quote 4 ’ v 5 n: Galea 0rO’", 441 march to tl Stas a9< lie, Va Leig! ill (Atlant > 414 ald Hill Lubbocl ntaineers.”’ d on slaver Madison U 425-427 rs i Wace 3353 : = i Z sf . OCK . sg GI aie \ - Un Kimball, N ST3haPOrt Pe sea, 422 ; pilante LeR sone N 1), battle, 3 Luray \ , Francis R., C gee SAAS ¥ versity, H | s » 520, 5 22 Ax; ’ Le : 5 307 “ XT os} n BLA ’ m fownene athan N pi : 531- ; Averys oy, Willi capt.,adve ay Valley, V C col Ma 1 from, 47 amilton. N. Y ¢ - ; . Bethel, 4 B..C ma = , Rufus, N | ut., port., So awiepiy y., N capt., 52 RET, 310, Lyon ra \ i mont, 122 M ’ captures vas pening, a rt VaSst< : re yrrest ISON (“+s ‘ O-, 4I 1eTeat , Capture an ; 445° sts nn¢ ] . ral Kirk. E s\@25 AOX. you Teche, Lz —.N cunt tated by Hi rest, 225, 22 beque op ARENT AR cs by] a McCull ae pahannock df “'zoth: aes EEC tees P, free eowatd N +a. 345- 34° 5 Gran D Oat, Shilc | inter - a levor athed to U C and kille : defeated tl, st ea ey ty sburg 35 2 roth. ia sboro’, 211. N brio.-- Libbv P and Ecore. I] gb Wort » 319 * oe oat .S. gor on 41 pr oat fora oan NGS acy Rap.- ote . 9 .-9e ; 5 - Seae of WV udg perty O ,477° ; C land, Williz en., killed, i 454 3 eae op ills., 3o2 Donelson, 3 William fF ge, Richmo I PG ae Majtl ma 177; sth baty . ' Cold ei eae W..Ct , Mur- Lib - tunnel and ¢ 20, 520 killed. C} im H..N br 1ond, 454 ae: jthenyl, N Cy, Winche rs Ao “3 . eo : 1 22 ; Vic “1 oY NV } . +: “Ss 73) 308 ile Bay in xs c: 1e U NLIS 109; P ~ A orintl anass . ,at N.O 5 15% t yas 9 306, 3 oe ay. 2 augural < 1S. Lev S.'9° piece, : “ree Tiir N tn, as Gal S On" Harbor, Yaar N col ERIS Ss 3 een: 35 5 ural ‘address, iews 7th N.’ first call 6; McCartl isular cam brig.-gen., B Manassas G p, Va., battle j ill., 94- { Dias 1., Fair Oak a aos for mi = military ¢ ae proc lo W.. rep for 136 1y, Harry ae MEN 154 , Ball's Bluff Man as Gap Railroad 3 31 472 Lafav aks, 147; C 142 Te tro¢ y embar umed r af : 2 anassas Jt road, r0¢ e { afayette, Ga 7; Cold oe 3; port., 1 PS: feyn 15 a assments. ebe lic, in. McCauley. ¢ Bonnie Blu evac sere otra tion. Va ; é. la Grz a., 297; 298 ponden 47. hatr ninsul. 48: calls McC harle e Flag.” Ma » 14 166 2) » 4 - ro | I ange, Te / 8. cipatior ce with H ed of sl: ir cam] cae sS.. N « e nhattan. N 5 of I 53) 545 p 14 { wake ye, Lenn., 27 ( 1 pre orace very, 18 Jalen, Ch; a Jol f omm \ aroecinen m ade y CO, 140 § \ ( Borgne, La 274. A llan: prociana tion, Creel: ey 182: cor Met umbersburg in, C brig odore, lansfield. J See Mobil 40 5 ae Provi va., Ol. to | : cised by 167 “A 150; em McClellz awe 519, 32 g.-gen ey eS , Joseph Kk. F Je Bay, Lam< ee ee Lz 269 ; Pee ae ad Gurowski,’ visits Vee 140 ; Beane B aos Ad » burning of 180, 451 Antietam ‘ _N cat ee u imont, — Al. 2728 tude a FO Ges - add 22 C- sea ilipy he ON g & 451. _ 1797-180: aj.-gen 3 —, 2 2733 t 1 res 2a mal Pl < m N 7-180, K - por f Lamph cs Ccav.. T zh ill.. 274 Doi oward S int at V s at Get 1) 2 let- id Me and Rich } aj.-gen Tans‘ nM killed. A ct. 49, ere, — , Lom nts ¢ anitary ickst ty sb 13) 9 of the Poto: lou » por Ky Mahlo Antieté Lamp JNii s Brook V Minist srant lie tary Con IUTg, 2 urs) P eneral-i 1e Potom ntain, 45 Lone ics 424 n D., Nt am sampson, R. ieut., Ri » va ster A ut.-g 1miss 77; at aign n-chi act ner ant - in com. M “aseas : rig in H., ch «5 410. fire. F Adan ren, = ; ions eae ti- ‘ , 140-162: ef. ox , 45, 100: A om- 1 irch o.-7en. ee i gton, N lieu mond, Ky S} Fort Ste mS) 74% 251: inst 3243 ap Young N ; po 4 Per ye ANA AY to the Se a , Richmo Lancast 348 t.-comr., ‘*M V., 224 St ; fe vens, 4 port., 4: ructions ing, 1 i apole ss rt : res uneulan a., Marchi ea. The nd, i aster MS Mou aus Wi AD, = 4 5 ] > 402, CX O t : 63; A ma (aa * Littl cam- ng tl > 419 Bi ; oO : nt W: nchest 405 5 d etter . 1roug r} } } eS », 122, ash- 412! er, 4 espatcl to Gr: to N , oward am ca : arri - sAvhal ’ 1 Georgi: we I2, wen 400° 1 in An 3 amp: es son \ Lander, a ygae sion at Slected ); renominat s Sherid: epout Aaa I slavery a Pale Ds Uses s Land larietta, Ga * Henry C. W pate + 4a ec ¥ ricic : OI, aie > T8r-]j O° -z . . ae Alt E Gap, Pea NT 2d made Monroe, receives ee pre gene ROiinate by Gurow succeeded inaction ; fee MaAMO0 Cou ae ce La 218 b 455-46 gural ad 5 CUBR E yeace Cc nt Ce ated fe »wski ed by B ifter yy N unty, T align, 385 : vandru riz.-ge 3-403 5 < addres ; asse commis ar toc rr Presider 236, 2 y Sur y Negley, 2 enn » 35, 52 mi. J. gen.,B Li ; anecdc ess qu assinz nis- MN, 45¢ reside » 237 nside, M;z giey, 22¢ .. Ssecessi 529- La Vor, IN -, Bloomi Attle, dotes, 45 otea, ated, d 450; ane ent, 413; 65, 3° arma ; e essionists eae H. se -col., Cy Ing 206. Henry, @ a 457: Visits pk ee z , Mrs. Geor cdote, Be 7 ‘de feate a 309 deau ee John S., C sts assessed or t anthi Li ig.-ge Ss CAMP, 5 ’ ; H ge B » O., 2 ae sori maj 368. brig.-g iana. - Attle gen., ki 502. ’ B ~ , por 2 230 , aj.-g : en a, 223 e Rock , killed McC 3., C maj port., 1 233 : Prairi port j.-gen., C +» woun , I ck, A d, lukz McClellz major eae Ark ; Prairie G . 231: ape Girt de = Little Ark s ika, - ar > jor, Ryn os e Grov 31: ie ane yirar- led, Cold vat 2ound T » 35: 47° 1) (204, McCler id, U.S. reve 104» Marsh 344 Sprinenc a Ark Sean Hill. ee 26 : ; ; > al: ghe «5 233 > ‘ Liv ee op, Gettyst Wena Tohn A nue cutter Mars] Jason, N col . » Mo., 344 »; Pine Bluff aiverm< sburg G on, 7: ; N waa Marshall , Murf Eke : re 2, 252: j ol >» 77%. Shi ’ maj 2 3 irfree ; Mary ACM 2523 ites a imbus, Ky Shiloh. maj.-gen River, 72 umphrey C bri esboro, 211 "9 rs 2535 / 270 Ve, 222° eas 1 age 49: For 73, 223 5, DP fe rio .-ge . .. por McC .: Vick re ip rt —, rans port., 225 g.-gen., Big S t., 536, 540 IcCook, Mex: icksburg por , 108: “Mound, iliam R 225. Big Sandy 205; Murf ander M a paied , Dak., 348. N b’v't bri : 301. reesboro’ cD., N maj : aN es brig.-gen . , 2103 Cl naj.-gen Murat corp., Boli gen., Big ’ 1icka , port on, Gi | . Bolivar amauge 9 67 1iman ar Heigl! a, 298- Ma di: _N brig.-2& ohts, 111 j Martin = g.-gen C I. . Fre “5 LO Mich. ranks N (fen ld Harbor, +) 470. nale) pvt., 8tl , 8th and 2sthaa, eT tt ry Hp ° STO NUN LUCY eT NS if ~ Sebi bhtinteete ier arte } AT 1} TNIDE Xe. 643 | Martin, Tl | Martin, Thomas S., N lieut.-col., port., 48> Milliken’ ’ ; " *y 405. Milliken’s Bend, La., battle, 240, 271. 27 N Ctl 2 i s, N z | | Martindale, William F., N capt.. Shepherds oars 40, 271, 277. Mount \ €rnon, action, Ala., 10, 35. Niagara Falls, N. Y., peace conference, 4r2. SR MWA aleear " apt., shepherds- 1 ee y Sobert a N ne aj.-gen., Buffalo Moun- Mount Washington, N gunboat, 348. Nichols, Edward T., N naval com’r, port., 37 a tS eenhi SLO: ain, 114; cDowell, 216; port., 217; Win- Oe : NAN eS if T ; oe } Martinsburg, W. Va., engagement, 111, eee. chester, Va., 250. pee —, N cav., Warrenton Junction, a a ae W ard, N maj., quoted, 422. 406, 407. Milton, Tenn.. battle. sce. 21c 2 Nicholls, Francis T., C brig.-gen., port., 260. } Pe aoe OU nent AOU SAO: Mouton, Alfr ig.-gen., killed, Sabi : Marye’s Hill, Va., ill., 194; battle, 10s, 197. Mine Run, Va., action, 336, 337, 353. Gress Ree brig.-gen., killed, Sabine — Nields, Henry C., N actg. ensign, Mobile Bay, Maryland, struggle for 433 invaded by Lee Minnesot< inf ‘i ch’s W en 392) 393: aS aS 58 | » 433 ‘ y Lee, I sota, 3d inf., Fitzhugh’s Woods, Ark.. Mower, Joseph A., N maj.-gen., port I: ° } 175 ; 2d inf., Antietam, 179 ; slavery abolished, 437; St inf., che arge at Gettysburg compared Cu ere) 4: NEO nel ~ a ie FIS:) 30; 514; Nims, Ormond F., N capt., Sabine Cross Roads, 415; 6th (N) inf., losses, 481; xst (C) inf., with Balaklava, 476. 73793 377: losses, 484. Mullany, J. R. M., N naval com., Mobile Bay, Marvland Heict Md ——., N cruiser, 68, 8x. 393 Nolen, ——, N capt., Charleston, Mo., 23¢. aryland Heights, Md., 4o2. arate ss : 393° Norfolk. Va Riou as eae. re Macon Ch: wa Nigce a Minor Engagenents of the first year, 109-122. Mulligan, James A., N b’v’t brig.-gen., port., ortole Va., 28, 83, 87; surrenders to Wool, mason, UNarles, IN spy, executed, 507. Minor Events of the second year, 215-23 117 ; Lexington, Mo., 118. eee ——, James M., 63; port., 6s - : Y elas : Norfolk and Petersburg R.R., 398. x » 63% ) 65. : of the third year, 329-349 Munfordville, Ky., battle, 115; ill., x12, 200. = E 3 : : “OL Virginia, e Spy, 505 5 : MII TAs > North Anna, \ a., 362, 363. » IYO: — of the fourth year, 431-437. Munsell, Mrs. Jane R., 540. 2 ae Massachusetts /x/axtry regts., 6th, attacked in yyint North Atlantic squadron, 234. , New Orleans. Lz Sire Munson, Gilbert D., N col., Bald Hil], Atlanta, : : : Baltimore, 5, 23; ill., 32; 8th, 24, 25 5 ay \ ; a Lay oul 380: = North Carolina secedes, 35, 43 ; xst inf., Tran- Pope’s campaign, 171 ; Chancellorsville Minty, Robert H. G., N b’v’t maj.-gen., Mur- Miacircecbace T b : = ter’s Creek, 218 ; proposes to secede from Con- 13th, Bolivar He ichts. Sent ee Rallis Bluit frecsboro noo ] urtrees 0T 0", enn ate 2097253 “a1. 202 } federacy, 316; peace movement in, 420; regi- 110 ; rgth, 110; Fredericksburg, 195, 478; 2 th, Missionary Ridge, Tenn., 262° ill..2 i ap, 2 rit a DEULE( »y Pillow, 226, 227, 295, mental Josses, 26th, r1th, 4th inf., 483; 27th, FE redericksburg, 195; sundry battles, 477-47 b ile. oe as ue: +» 263 3 1l., 296, 303-312 5 298, 340, 405. 2d inf,, 484. 38th, Bayou Teche, 348 ; 54th, Fort Wagner, Mi ES i to A inf. Shilot Murphy, R. C., N col., Holly Springs, 271. North Carolina, C ram, 53r. 230, 200. ALISSISSIPP1 Secedes, 9; 6th inf., Shiloh, rox ; 6th a j ee ze nape - 5 ¥ : e ; 3 9 ae nee inf., Gettysburg, 260. Murray, ,N pads 3d Ky. Cavalry, 115. Northrop, Lucius B., C com.-gen., brutality, 320, avalry, 4th, Richmond, 454. = ua ae Bs “My Maryland,’ James Ryder Randall, 131, 321. Se mnental | lS i ———-, regimental Josses, 16th, 18th, 29th, 6th, 5 fi : ‘ ———., regimenta osses, infantry, 12th, Antie- 8th inf., 484. Z 413. Nugent, Robert, N b’v *t brig. gen., port., 190 3 tam and Manassas, 477 ; 15th, 477. : Fredericksburg, 198, 199 < ; : ——, N cruiser at N. O., 90, 91, 93; ill. 9 ee Massanutten Mountain, Va., C signal station, 99s Fs 935 ine Naglee, Henry M., N brig.-gen., ports., 159, 552. Nuilification Act of S. C., 7 4Il. - Z ples ary division of the, commanded by Nee eiHoaaNaG . = srant, 205 Nag’s sad, N. C., 72. Matchett, Charles G., N capt., Franklin, Tenn., a Pa Ae a , 3 ° "Rrie Ti ae Pe ee EAT] ae Mississippian, Jackson, Miss., quoted, 316. Nashville, Tenn., 79, 209, 226, 307, 308, 340, 383; | O Brien, Fitz James, N capt., 24; fatally 341. M ae ; Ae : battle, Map, 426. wounded, Blooming Gap, 217. Mz ias, Charle ca. 20 diSSOUurl, struggle for, 35, 38 ; guerilla warfare, : a : : ne ae J Matthi aS, Charles L., N col., Iuka, 204. 79; minor engagements, 117-122. —, C cruiser, ill., 76; destroyed, Fort Mc- —, Henry J., Ncol., killed, New York draft Maxey, Samuel B., C brig.-gen., port., 318. ae res Beth Winer f fh Tul Allister, Ga., 348. T1OtS, 267. rp; E infantry, cksburg, 272; 11th, Iuka, eer ee wine eee zs May, , C col., mayor of Richmond, 454. 204 $ Z ith and 14th, Lexington, 118: 2sth, Nashville and Chattanooga R.R., 209. Oglesby : Richard I fog INS maj.-gen., port., 276. — —, , N lieut.-col., Rural Hills, Tenn., 105; 2¢ Luka; 204. Nassau, West Indies, 288. Ohio Jnfantry, ee eS 201 5 anes, i 2 . c : : 68 ; and sth, Blue’s Gap, 216; 6th, Kelly’s Sad: = - Cavalry, 1st, Sugar Creek, 231; 7th,War- Natchitochez, La., 379. For 1 Soe Gress Tae = > 8th BloGars Mayfield, Ky., 223 re nsburg, 230; 18th, Rocky Crossing, 342. National finances (The), 415-417 TeIGa Ree oth So sanisiGrces Roads, 73; < : x < S fa iN c < . ’ /* 5 ¢ » 217. 9 3 “Uc s SS aQs, 7335 Mayne, Frank, N (female) sergt., 126th Pa.inf., — aE Eeumental Losses (N) rith inf., 483; 12th Nayal Academy, U.S., 25, 47. snd Ba enor MurtreesDotol 21% stat 470. *3 4935 13 INT., 403. ee as ite : : fra a and 17th, Camp lidcat, 114 : 2oth, Vicksburg, Maysville, Mo., battle, 232. compromise, 7. NAVY; the condition at the opening of the war, 77, 279: 230, Clark’s Hollow, 218; South ae : eT oe Mannan 176; 25th, Huntersville, 114 ; 34th, Mcade kGcorre Cy) Nomaj_gen.) 2d Bull Run Uae Dept Olt) 73; ‘Neckties, Jeff Davis's,” aie Fayetteville, 218: Winchester, 407; 4oth, 16 9; BE weds ciCksbure . 195 y Supersedes es RST Mitchel, Ormsby M., N maj.-gen., Bowling Negley, James S., N maj.-gen., Falling Waters, Lookout Mountain, 313 ; é2d and 67th, Fort eat % 68 ; ursues Lee, y R: Ap] 1 on :nnock STEED 70. II1; port., 226 ; Sweeden’s Cove, 226; Nash- W SOS 20 L295 78th, Atlanta, 389; 82d, ge Bae e aa Ser son Wa 2. Mitchell, Robert B., N_ brig.-gen., Perryville, ville, 227. McDowell, Z50%¢ one Shilo 107 , 93d, Le: ota., 334 5 S( a-, 335, 3305 BET, Se Gti elena 5 : : ws anon, 229; 96th ickamauga, 303; 102d, : T. x0 203 ; port., 205 ; Chickamauga, 299. Tale pet ae Pe Ae a » 229; goth, Iga, 3933 Mine Run, Va., 337: Wilderness, 354, : are , ane 99 Nelson, William, N maj.-gen., Shiloh, BOE 103; Sultana disaster, 469 ; 107th, Gettysburg, 255; ; Cold Harbor, 365, 368 ; advance on P¢ tersburg. Mitchell’s Ford (Bull Run), 53. or3 3 Ric BO ney 311 423)3 DOLE:s) 220i; ANC 108th, Hartsville, 229 ; 115th, Sultana disaster, ES 397: Mizner, John K., N b’v't brig.- ge , Luka, 203. yy Wen. Je AVIS, 513- 469 ; 122d, Cedar Creek, 411, ES —, Rich ard K., N ag lieut., port., 11; at Moale, Edward. 1x. Nelson’ s Farm, Va., 159: 2 — , sth cavalry, Rocky Crossing, 342. Ey Sumter, 12; joins C, ee Mop Ala., 307, 353 375) 391-3095. Neosho, N gunboat, Grand Ecore, La., 38r. =" josses, 7th inf. 48x- asd inf., 48x ; 25th, ee —— : Oo yr. 207 e 7 . Tew: rc 2 - ie S avis j Que ee ’ ’ N col., Ki r a Cold Harbor, 367. Mobile Bay, defences, 391 ; battle, 391-396 ; ill., Newark, O., arrest of (C) Lieut. S. B, Davis, s inf., 481 ; Sands’s batt’y, 48 : Meagher, Thomas F., N brig -7en., Antietam, 296. 471. Ohio, Army of the, SAL by Schofield, Qo: e . ‘rederick o 07. £02 ee Taw Re > y > Siler ry 02 28> 180 3 port : z 6 : E rede ricksburg, 197, 502. Mobile and Ohio R.R., 100, 375. New Berne, N. C., 67, 72; 193- So Measure of Valor, The, 476-485. Moccasin Point, Tenn., 312, 314. New Carthage, La., 274. sf Old Folks at Home,”’ Stephen Collins Foster, Mechanicsville, Va., Peninsular campaign, 144 Mohain, ——, Capt., port ot Newcomer, ——,, N private, spy, sro. _ POL; 134: aos Molineaux, Edward L., N b’v’t maj.-gen., 24 New Era, N guuboat, Fort Pillow, 320. Old Fort Wayne, Ark., battle, 232. r . i al . 4 < 7 m4 ° x as oe pe = eo T ~ Mecklenburg, N. C., 190. Monitor, N ironclad, invented by Ericsson, 84; | New Hampshire Zn/fantry sth, losses in battle, Olden, Charles S., gov. of N. J., port., 18. oO O onciad, Inve ft ) y Ss O4 < ~ . 3 ° me oes quis aha ~ . or Meigs, Montgomery C., N brig.-gen., port., 23, pat ilauwn ith stenjerciniaan ow Se. lore Ds 84 77; Antietam, 178, 179; 6th, Antietam, 178, Oliver, John M.,N b’v’t maj.-gen., Corinth, 206. . i IUAC, +» 05, 863 - a an ire z ee Z Be 2s = 45 dered, ill. : 179; 7th, Olustee, 436; 9th, Spottsy lvania, Olmstead, Charles H., N col., Fort Pulaski, 220, - GC ’ : ayy 261 : roth, Cold Harbor, 367 ; 13th, Fredericks- : Memminger, C. G., N sec’y of the treasury, ‘Monitor ” 5 “ Merrimac.” 89-87 Paes ee oul : 221. a¥A.\ < 4 Sonoran hndh %S Ls & Qo. . , . ernucde ort., 26. 5 A ‘ z a : : Olmsted, Frederick Law, sanitary commission ; SNA 5 : Monocacy, Md., battle, 402, 403. New Hope Church, Ga., battle, 385 ; ill., 466. nous i Memphis, Mo., engagement, 230, 231. . aie ae : s é 325. : Tenn.. 206, 270, 271, 273, 306, 340; Smith’s ~ lonongahela River, 113. : é New Hope Church, Va., 335. : Olustee, Fla., colored troops, 237 ; battle, 436. raid, 375 : : Montauk, N monitor, destroys the ** Nashville, New Ironsides, N frigate, Fort Wagner, 292, Olean ee ONT coll ailledsGhattanoorauers . ; - 348. 202. ; 3 Memphis and Charleston Railroad, 100 foe 3 : “On to Richmond,” 52, 140. Montgomery, Ala., seat of C government, 9, 32, New Jersey, 15th infantry, Spottsylv ania, 361: : 8 2 Mendon) Mass;, x90 , 33) 520-532. ist cavalry. Harrisonburg, 216 ; Hawes’s shop, See aee nee New Orleans, go, 93; ill., Meredith. Solomon, N b’vt maj.-gen., Gettys- — Monticello, N cruiser, 531. 363, 364; 2d cavalry,.348; infantry losses—sth, 943; Mobile Bay, 393. burg, 251. M tlo. G a rath, rsth, 480. Opdyke, Emerson, N b’v’t maj.-gen., port., 302. : : Niontl O, Ga., 427. : E ; S - ; , Judge, Richmond, 454 . E : iene New Lisbon, O., Morgan’s surrender, 297. Opequan, Va., 406; battle, 407, 409. L Sate Moore, Absalom B.,N col., Hartsville, Tenn., . 5 : AS Meridian, Miss., captured by Sherman, 375 Sn New Madrid, Mo., oo, Orange and Alexandria R.R., 166, 250, 334. Merion, N. L., warden Ohio penitentiary, 527. , Thomas O., gov. of La., port., 96. New Market, Va., 159, 433: Orange Court House, Va., Lee’s headquarters, Meriwether, ——, C lieut.-col., killed, Sacra- N capt., Ripley, Tenn., 340. New Mexico, invaded, 233, 234. 353: : f : ’ ’ SEE +> : Orchard Knob, Tenn., ill., 296, 312, 313. mento, 115 a r ONT +i as Newn: Ga.. 2900 - < Jus 352 Mooretield, W. Va., action, 337. Newnan, Ga., 390. z z ss z D : ' i ry? : > % } : Sih . > 7 aj.-g ranesville. Merrill, Lewis, N b’v’t brig.-gen., Hartsvill IG New Orleans. La..10, 35, 83; important toCon- Ord, Edward O. C., N maj.-gen., ; } Moorehead City, N. C., 72. New Orleans, Ua., 10; 35; 93/5 Important oar vs ca, 203-205 ; port 17 Corinth, 207 5 Mo., 344) 345 ee eee We ONGmaice sorte 180 federacy, 88; ill., 89; defences, 90 ; determina- Sree eo amen R- ave ee Merrimac, N frigate, 28, 29 ; as C ironclad, ill., Morell, George W., N maj.-gen., port., reo. tion of U. S. to capture, 91 ; captured, 96, 270, LUE 2723 3 83 ; destroys ‘* Cumberland ”’ and Eo DE TESS : M organ, Edwin D., gov. of N. Y., port., 18 5 in- 307, 350; 375; 391, 395: O’Bierne, James R., N bv *t brig.-gen., port., vt , 35, 86, 87 : nce 5 1 T y 552- 4; battle with ** Monitor,”’ ill., 85, 86, 87 ; de fluence, 448. Newport News, Va., 45- _ 93 : ; red, 217 Seorgze W -io.-oe Ticksburg = 50 ° iS O rick H., N lieut, Ft. Pulaski, stroyed) i217: : Rok : —, George W., N brig.-gen., Vicksburg Newton, John, N b’v’t maj.-gen., port., 192. O ROE eeu ae 254, 261; port., 26r. Merritt, Wesley, N maj.-gen., 268; Kkobertson s campaign, 272. x nae NTE 221 ; F ys &, 254, 261; 2 ’ ’ Jo r ; ~wtow 2 rnstown, Va., 216. ; : Tavern, 335 ; port., 356, 405; Shenandoah Val- John H., © brig.-gen., Murfreesboro’, New tom n, near Kerns . Osage Island, Mo., battle, 23r. ley, 406-410. 09, port., 211; Cynthiana, Ky., 223; Harts- New Ulm, Minn., Indian massacre, ue Foe Ossipee, N gunboat, Mobile Bay, 392. ; Ravina rille. Te 2209 : Milton. Tenn 295 5 raidintO) New York Jz/fantry regts., 1st, 2d, 3d, ig z Eee N -tacomet, N gunboat, Mobile Bay, 392 ville, Tenn 52290 3; 1 : 7 NeW ¢ y : a aus > Nma -gen., port., 423, 82, ei idas, N col., Big Hill, 22 Ohio, 297; port., 297; Vaught’s Hill, Tenn., Bethel, 25; 4th, Kelly’s Ford, 332 ; sth (Dur- Osterhaus, Peter J., j.-gen., port., 423, 4 Metcalfe, econ fa oe sae mee 40: Snow Hill, Tenn., 341; Crockett’s Cove, yea’s) Zouaves, Big Bethel, 45; 6th, 25; 7th, Ould, Robert, C col., 322. Mexico, French forces in, 66, 382. W. Va., 433, 526-532: Big Bethel 453 sth, oreo abu draft riots, Overend, W. H., artist, 394. eG wile 76% ettysburg, 254, 260; 2 Miami, N gunboat, Plymouth, N. C., 434. ; tre John H., port., 211 oe aa de cae neal 479 ; eRe of Overland campaign, The, 350-369. n ) —— : — . ‘ sig ye 2 a 799 <. ; Michigan /zfantry, 1St, loss at Bul Run, 477 ng —, John T., C brig.-gen., port., 427 and 474} camp, 48; port. group officers, 287; 4sth, Tybee Ovwasco, N steamer, Galveston, 348. , = ain 78-8 Secessionville, Epil ente : Ne : : ce and sth, 470 s 7th, ce 47 8 j 8th; aecessl0) My == Article, 472-47 1 Island, 220: 48th, 220; 51St, Hace um I 79 5 + Owen, Joshua T., N brig.-gen., port., 357: 219, Wilmington Is and, Jay 40S : Le Ree ____. __—. N maj.; Pleasant Hill, La., 379: s7th, ambulance corps, ‘Qll., 475 53d, 69th Tien) Raye Dalee nee. freesboro, 226; rath, 105 ; 22d, Chickamauga, eS pee Fredericksburg, 198, 1993 _71St, 253 81st, 8sth, as 9 303% asth. 47°; losses—1St, 4th and 24th, 453} gth Morgan's Escape, 526, 5 7 Fair Oaks; 1473 Both, Suftolk, 320. 478 5 o2d, Owl Creek, Shiloh, 100, 103. engineers, Murfreesboro, 211; 1st CaV., 47°; Morris, George U., N lieut., port., 84 Fair Oaks, 147; 95th, 479; g8th, Fair Oaks, Oxford, Va.. 362. 4th cav., Murfreesboro, arr, __. William H., N brig.-gen., port., 357: 147,150; Cold Harbor, 365, 367 5 1 rxr2th, Suffolk, Oe OMa. = 5 ce Erie raid. 528, 520. a2q 2 118th, Cold Harbor, 367 ; 121st, Rappa- zarK, MO., 344. —, N gunboat, Lake Erie raid, 528, 5 : ; col., killed, Cold Harbor, 367. Pas : aE St: th, Gettysburg, 254, 260; . : aT alee Erie. <28 x : en 3 Z qyannock Sta., 335 3 124 »23 RO ess te anc Lake ET IG: S28: Morris Island, Charleston harbor, 5, 12,14, 15, 125th, Rappahannock Sta., BR cs es Pactolus, N. C., 218. Middleburg, Va., action, 250, 267. 288-294. burg, 254, 260; Cavalry, ist, Shepherdstown eo ‘ 5) . 3 : 9 404) 49 , , ¢ sah. -, 70, 320: Miles, Dixon S., N b’v’t brig.-gen., 49; Harper's = gorton, Oliver P., gov. of Ind., port., 18; 1n- 319: sth, Warrenton Junc., Va., 331: 8th, Badu ah, KY-, 7 ys N bivit maieent attitude Ferry, 175, 176 fluence, 448. Brandy Sta., 249; Artillery, 14th, b battle flags. Paine, Halbert ] V aj.-gen., < genni eae : ivance¢ n SOrdaVc ill., 472 ; Petersburg Crater, 479; regimental toward slavery, 185 . “Ta / 4j.-2e advance o .c Ri ‘ 23 +» 472 5 3 . = ee —, Nelson A., N maj gen ; C Morton's Fore 1. 335: ce —s losses, inf., 5th (Duryea’s Zouaves), Bull Run, Paine’s Cross Roads, Va., fight, 446. 2 ) . ‘ V Petersburg, 400, 479 ; port., 530- Mosby, John S., C cole 164 ; Operations in Va., 479; 40th, 42d, 44th (Ellsworth Avengers), Sea ec Ree aa —--, W, Porcher, © capt-, 17. 31: quoted, 331, 3325 ore 332. 48th, AC yth, sxst, 52d, soth, 61st, 62d, 6oth, “zoth, Paintsville, Mis a Ft Pen nai rOale Milford, Mo., 122 Moss, Lemuel, Christian commission, 326. 76th, 79h, 8xst, 82d, 83d, 84th, 86th, tee oan Palmer, tons N., v t maj.-gen., : : G soaiesth a oe Baa ay ; = - Rs ; : II 50; POIt., 159. es ° . 9 : a7.-2e sylvanie th, rooth, 479° 101St, 477s 109 t 150) : : Military railroad, ill., 486. Mott, Gershom, N ma)j.-gen., Spottsylvania, o7 St eect eee thera Oth 137th, goth © yjJames'S., N commodore, Mobile Bay, Tee ree ; Sane A 78 . rt., 530- pi noth So: regimenta Mill Springs, Ky., battle, 73, 76; ill., 78. 359 5 PO SAR 147th, r49th, 164th, roth, 480; 292. Mille ee illenGa se Si amuel R., N b’v't. brig.-gen., Chancel- 1acsee. heavy arty., 7th. 8th, oth, 4th, 478 } 36 Nonny MG iNiEmayeeens Murfreesboro! eee ent te aimee ille, 246. furnished one sixth of all troops. 479- Seen La Vergne, Tenn., 227, 229, Millen), Ga-) PUSOD Cam DS: 3229 ao) sae. Moultrie ville Si G.,.22 N York, N. Y., departure 7th reg., 24; iL) 2125) 3 port. Sa see Hoe iberty Mot > 9 Ds a9 tre ew YO , s aes 514. 7 rt maj.-gen., Liberty y . z draft Mr John F.,N b’vt J--& Mount Roan, Va.. 335: 33 : mass; meeting in Union Square, 23 a Palmerston, Lord, favors the Confederacy, 269. : ap, 297. riots, 285-287 ; 2anite Mount Sterling, Ky., 223, 224 ’ , M. M., N capt., Milliken’s Bend, 240. a ra : ays ai a ; ie artis Patera il phere sistiethar ae do Bitter hee Fe ee TT tae a est i. sesame lake aml or oi Se ase Me ( : i ge ) re 3 i Se: NY pris & ior tee Popes oe OT CP if i ae ei AAT TINGS ae 644 | aie ! | Palmetto flag, cut 9, raised at Charleston, 9. Picket, N gunboat, exploded, 2109. Powell’s River Bridge, Tenn., firht, 437- Reynolds, John F., N maj.-gen., Cheat Moun: : | ‘ ~ pa . ~ ° ~ . . , I ‘ > > ‘ 7 Qs ‘| Pamlico Sound, N. C., 67. Pickett, George E., C maj.-gen., Gettysburg, Prairie Grove, Ark., battle, < tain, k ih Z pokes marae 166, 108, port., S a 7-268: ATT Se 2 5 cyiled, xCLLYS ures, 251-207, 451; Mm < Paris, France, treaty, 374- 257-268 ; port., 203, 3°7 Preble, George H., N commodore, port., 370. ment, 552 7 eet Onn ai til V 6 Mrs. Lasalle Corbell, article, 453 ae pe | - , Va., 267- 3) 5 sen < 2 453) 45 Preliminary Events, 5-18. a | i Pierce. E. W., N b'v’t brig.-gen., at Big Be per k : : 2 : - _ Joseph J., N maj.-gen., ( hickamauga . Comte de, ports., 142, 147- ete Tac? Beko 23h 5 Preliminary Operations in the West, 375-38: 298, 299. as 45- . - : . : : So5e 2 ; . Parke, John G., N maj., North Carolina expe- Pr ki d Fe UTS ea6ri Prentiss, Benjamin M., N maj.-gen., Shiloh, Rhode Island, 1st inf., 25, 193; Kelly’s Ford Aig dition, 72; port., 73; advance on Petersburg, sae Ase a ieee ent of the VU. ~ 4 39's oe 100-107 ; port., 105 ; speech on negro si ldiers, 3 sth inf., 47 ; if 399 ; near Bee , 4435 445 ae : oward Slavery, 183 } Opposec to the 230; Helena, Ark., 344 R e : : 2 e 4 war, 284. : : Rice, James C., N_ brig.-gen., killed, Spottsyl- Parker, Ely 5. a b’v’t brig.-gen., port., 530. Pierpc errancisi Ht W. Va port Preparation for Conflict, 19-29 ; 1 the North, vania, : Toxh: 5 os O , . . +> 453 Port., 22 : 1 xe ee er A.. N comr., Mobile Bay, 392. 48. 39/3534 Rich Mountain, W. Va., action, 45 ee > ovt 7 : re . P eee deniial Election (The), 412-415. - } = 1 ze Reuben, R pvt., 1st Vt. inf., adventure pjerre Bayou, Miss., 274. 5 cae ( 412-415 Richardson, Albert D., N correspondent, ad » 502 : a es ress, Nashville, quoted, 507 ntur 523. } pat amn Groce Roadsralie battle: Goc Pike A pete if brig.-gen., 80, 813; ‘* Dixie, : ees A =a ; 2 : Parker’s Cross Koads, 1enn., pattle, 229, 230. : port., Preston, John 8., C brig.-gen., port., 318. a _ Israel B., N maj.-gen., 49; at Bull Run : paca r piste Eille sarAati! +80" : i 1 —_— Store, Va., 335- Brees a 2 ——., William, C maj.-gen., purt., 201. 4; killed, Antietam, 180; port., 4¢ } Parrott . c Te r 2c _ - i] > yy? Jric -ve - rrott, E. A., N col., Dog Walk, 225. Pillow. Gideon J., C brig.-gen., 41 ; Fort Donel- Prestonburg, Ky., 73: William | b’v't brig.-gen., port., 414 i | Pp LTS ns, Charles Cc; N lieut.. Perryville, 201; son, 79} port., 80. P rice. Sterling, C maj -fen., AL: port.. 4 Richm md, K y:; ; battle, 224, 34 , j i Mur f ) . , - : - : . Bes) | Pilot Knob, Mo., 118; ill., 119. in Mo., 79, 118, 1223 in Ark., luka , Miss., 27 a | 2 Emi - . “ 6 : rl} 20 len ‘A ' od 1 : > Pin Indians, 8r. | 206 ; Corinth, 206 ; Helena, Ark., 344. _WVa.. seat of C government, 9, 33; ill. of : » 4 Ox: Pine Bluff, Ark., engagement, 344. A Henry, N brig.-gen., port., 335 Robert capitol » 140-102, 103; 4, 193, 197- 307; ‘ Datricl be RN b’v't maj.-ge ; sr : son’s Tavern, Va., 336. Libby Prison, ills., 520: prison cz / I k ena R., I vt maj.-gen., port., = Tenn.. fight, 437 7 J 20, 520; prison camps, iy > Bo. : ? aC aust cede ae Princeton, W. Va., 218. 321 ' )s 7: 7 ; map of vicinity, if Patriotism, Oration on, 464 I ine Mountain, Ga., occupied by Johnston, 385 ; Dee a ecapes cos 6a9 oz, 406: visit of peace commissioners, if ‘ r © : Sana oa é Polk killed, 300. . ay Od 4125! vacuated, 445 warehouses fired, iron- AG) Patterson, Joseph, Christian commission, 32¢ Pinkerton, Allan port. : Pryor, Roger A., C brig.-gen., 17; port., 508 lads blown up, 4453 occupied by Gen. Weit- H / -- Robert, N maj.-gen., at Harper’s Ferry, DselOscan By Nica “p = fies Pulaski Monument, Savannah, Ga, ill., 11 zel, 445 | ‘ U. S. flag raised, 454; C | 7: at Bull Run, 64; port., 57; Bunker Hill, IDE Yin eCe sce erryvl 201. FED OnnlaacTC INI Col 5 cemetery, 11] 12 ; N cemetery, ill., 525. IE | rit Pipe Creek, rene 52, 263. ores Blas, JT et) lh N cruiser. at N. O 5 ae Patton, W. 7T., C col., 113. Pittsburgh Landing, Tenn., 100; ilJ., 102, 107. as faldimand S., N col., killed, Fort Wag Ricketts. James B., N b’v’t n i ; ‘3 nae j er, 290 ckett Ss b., yv't maj.-gen., port ,57; Paul. Gabriel R., N maj.-gen., port., 257 ;et- Pittsburgh, N gunboat Island No. 10, 99. at Bull Run, 7. Thoroughfare Gap H bY SOULS a2 Pleasant Hill, La., battle, 378, 379 167; defence of Washington, 4 i Paulding. Hiram, N rear-admiral, 29 ; port., 370 Pleasonton, Alfred. N maj.-gen., ( hancellore Ou teu ates Coe nen a Ind pendence _M _R. Bruce, N capt., Gettysburg, 254, 255. if F Pawnee, N cruiser, 15, 29. ville Brandy Sta., Va., 249 ; Aldie a coe? Warrensburg, Mo., 230 , ~awrence, Kan Riddle, William, N maj., Gettysburg, 267 i ) gE i 1-27) *} 1 25 25 Gettysburg 1 en oS) “93 PerTVille, R el private, killed t 5 ville ) Hgsg cn.) Killed, Chancellors Va., 267 PI Quarantine Station, Teas. 05 Riggen, _N private, killed, Gettysburg, 255 ' 3 242 yn lav > at Ay. H 7 = - >lumme ceph B ee en ee NT A ‘Oueen Caroline,”’ 1: Ripley, Roswell S., C brig.-gen., at Port Roya i) Pea Ridce. Ark. I lator ill., 8x, 231 I onan rs J cae er oN brig een at New Queen Caroline,’ 154 - < Antietam. 3 5 yal ees : [adrid, 9 ‘redericktown, |! 18 Ouinb S > Soe Fee mn Peabody, Everett, N col., ros. s ae eric V , 118. Ouinby, Isaac F., N brig.-gen., Vicksburg cam Ripley. Miss lymouth, ( 67: engagement oe palgn, 273. Ay t Peace Pon ere ) - engagement, 216, 2109, / s a Sa eed) thats Lae SUT EHC aptured by ( sen. Hoke, 433-434- , Tenn., actior 4 — convention, 182. r > iss hr 1% ~ 4 owes . ~ ven Oe 2 ——e N frigate, 20. Raccoon F rd. Va.. 1 1 16 R Mae John, N b’y t brig ren Shirley's Ford —— negotiations, 441. > | , D 1 T a Pocahontas, N vessel, 15 Radcliffe, - C sup] gent, 5 ) Peach Tree Creek, Ga., battle Se Mis a . I \ ke Is 1) aN’... 71 map, 7 Peck, John J., N maj 1., Suff ik V ay paainee Raids and Raiders, Union and Confederate S NW. C eck, JONI “9 naj.-gen., DUMOlkK, a.. 220 Pocotalis . . C : und, 4 7i- ; : cotaligo, o. U., 22 43 x Pegram, John C acy are ana, 72 : : é aa sa ; Roan ne = egram, ) yhn Cena) gen., in W. Va., 45, Poe, Orlando M., N b'v’t brig.-gen., port., 55 Rains, Gabriel J., C brig.-gen., port., 277 Roan’s Tanyard. Silver Creek, Mo., engage i 19; POFt., 204 5 Domerset, Ky oy SERS W ilder- a g--§ | ) ss ment. f ness, 357- roe Poindexter, - ,C col., Roan’s Tanyard, Mo —— ., James E., C brig.-gen., port., 158 ; ki 1 Rohl To.) , yay i ees 22 “4 a Z Viurfreesb ro" ATI. i VV Le! ae ah ns, Walter R.,N b's t brig pen Hawes | | —, ,C capt. art.at Petersburg mine, Pp Rocke Raleich. N.C : Shop, Va., ‘ | 4 Oint Of INOCKS, Va., 2¢ 7 walelgn, \- > 441 i : > D] : ae : XX Roberts, Benjamin S., N b’v't maj en Ft mS Pelham, » John, © artillery, Killed, Kelly's Ford, Point Pleasant, W. Va., action, 337 Court House, W. Va., 339. Crai M 2 ee b T - ’ ; . = > * “ ‘ ° i} . Vat. Polk, James K., President of the U. S., attitude - , C gunboat, Reberon is lachenVateartion || Pelouzeliiouis Hl. N bivit brig-gen., port, toward/slavery, x83 Ramsay, George D., N brig.-gen., port., 414 R te. S. ( , ; f z Ame“ \4sey | t 4 Se Leonidas, C lieut.-ger . } | kill at . 1 peenenaenena leut,-g¢ 9; port., Se -, Joseph G., N lieut., killed at Bull R > Obinsor 1] 1 [ Pemberton, John C., C lieut.-gen., supersedes Shiloh, 103, 209: Chickamauga, 208 M« 59 t Bull Rus R nson House, Bull Run, ill., 1¢ Van Dorn 20 AT < i aise ridian. 275: Atlant eens 2 ad Robinson umes Ib ’v’tm 2 oe 209, 271; Vick burg, 274-280 ; pce sete Cae CS EMA) Shc killed, Ramseur, Stephen D., C maj.-gen., wounded : nson, James 5., N’b/v t maj.;gen:, Port:; 380. port., 275 Lost Mountain, 386, 451 | : : 5 wounded Jol GAN -bDivt ( t Los ems: Spottsylvania, 362, . - killed Gri n \ 1 b’v't maj.-gen, Gettysburg Pender. William D., C maj.-gen., killed, Get- Pollard, E. A., quoted, 213, 31 ee } illed, Cedar Creek ) g ty b O22 E60 # : ’ ° Chee A are te 259: Pope, John, N maj yen,., 70° New Madrid. oo: Randall A. W.,. Gov. of Wis port x Samuel. N Spy ; ¢ xecuted, s2o. Pendleton, George H.. nominated for vice-presi- Island No. 10, 100; port., 163; commands Tay dy : . Be Rock Creek. Gettys! m¢ dent. 413. Army of Va ré - campaign, 1 = 7 james Ryder, ‘ Mv Marvla 1 pos < K yCTLYSDUrEZ, 252, 254. aaa - : rn Learner tla: 353) IAD ‘* Boy Major,” ‘ Re 1 ( ——. William C., C brig.-gen., 49 of operations, 100, 356; Cartoon, 457. Rand 2 \] _ eee ree id : y : : IAna) Z = Xandol, Alanson \ b’v’t brig reT 2Zocky Crossin 1 t Peninsula Campaign (The), 140-162. EOpe/sicampaigny 103217 Rankin’s Hotel SS Ga ee ge ne Mee Uae ! . “71 NK ote voi ir } fo D y : Pennsylvania /zfantry, 3d and 16th, Kelly’s Poplar Grove Church, ill., 350. . : Soc onan mYs> 2 Rocky Gap, Va., engagement Tor’ rs - > . ns tthoaru r As D~. : a 5 | Ford, 322° 27th 24% 28th. Bolivar Hei ohts. Port Gibson. Miss.. action ie Ra om, Matthew Vi . C ma -O€I port., 401 KRodes Robert Ee... © may ven.. port 146: An ; a , 5 x al fs 1 7 7 try . . BS i hie - j III 5 4th Kelly s Ford, 332: 46th, 470°: 4 >, 1 é . Robert. Jr., C may I ntiet - tictam, 90 5 R »bertson S Tavern 6: Ft f Ray 4 470; 4oth, Port Hudson, La., 240, 27: eI. OFA” SILTeD : aj.-gen., Antietam, 180; , ; : 336; Kt. appal Jannock Sta., 335; 51st, Antietam, 178, dered, 276, 308, 345 en 21 BI) Pisce port., 195 : stevens, D. C., 4 K , Winchester, 407; 179 > 51st, losses, : 63d, Manassas Gap, RP rt R : I | a : Th San | rt 411 IR 71St, Ball’s Bl uff, 100: 81st. Antietam a CpUD ICS Was. aACLION: 2x01": (OC cupied by 1omas | G N_ b’v’t maj.-gen., 316; Rodcers. C. R. P.. N rear-adm s 178,179; 85th, 322; rogth, Fair Oaks, 146-1: Early, 409 i Sabine Cross Roads, 378 | i is ae ee ‘¢ Ee Rappahannock Bae aemazothwiazon | Cnt RovaloaC:s:60), 72.) 280: , N lieut.-col. 22d IIl., 117 Charl John, N rear-adm., port., 69; siege of , 141St, losses, 470; Cavalry “Hi: we } > s R ' ee arleston, 290 19)3 SAUAITYs s’s Shop Porter, Andrew, N brig 1D sull Rappahannock rd, V Se ae ‘ , ; 9 4 C 7 ,-L€ Z 4 > -< ananno¢ I ord . r6Hé 363 | 1) Murfreesboro’ 21x" Sth. Chancel sae oe n., 49; at Bull Run, VI = d, Va : Rodman, Isaac P.. N brig.-gen., killed, Antie- lorsvil >42: 15th, Murfreesboro’, 211; losses Dy : : Station, Va., 166 ; action, 334 : tam : sig a ] f 40 »>8th ints. 450 + zoth inf.. 4s 5 ivid, commodore [ Se nav y; 76, 0. Raritan. N cruiser. 29 R rers\ We re batile j2d inf., 480; bad inf., 480: o3d inf _ David D., N rear-ad ' BTR ee Nena ere aa ; ; \Ie. 450%) 02 inf 480° c ; rear-adm.. port - at > atior fer aot 1] 119th inf., 480; xr4goth inf ee » 490; Me Ras Roos. Se I toes AEN @*. Rations, Confederate, short, in March, 186s Rolla, Mo., 79 Pane WIN; area ors } ickSburg Cam 455. } : j enrose. William a _ N brig.-gen., port., 406 page ip 277; Alexandria, La., 375; Grand R oe BNI Rome. Ga.. 7, : ancarnl: =, ; : arene Score. La.. 281. 28 Andi , xaum, Green b., brig.-gen Or sine : r XY Pensacola, Fla., 10, 393; bombardment, ill 2 R . pon sa Romney, W. Va., engagements, 1r3, 216 475 ’ "$ . Bliza G. Mrs. x 4 Rawlins, John A., N b'v’t mayj.-gen 107. I R hls I E T = wm Clie, $ 5 XLOOL veorge Ff Ree : Soe Ss ports., 31, 552 , ramp tramp, tramp, the Pensacola, N sloop, at N. O., 90, 91, 93 I WZobn N maj.-gen., at Harper’s Ferry R 31 boys are marching,” 125; “ The Battle Ree a 1 : 3 93e A7: > s . YA TC ¥ 4) < on nry » A ‘e 3 eee ’ , Perkins, George H., N nayal capt., New O1 nan pconsmlar campaign, 155-162: Pope’s . ie I - ECE J., Republican convention, Freedom MANS a mAs ee C +5 ANC i= vc WAILQN, 1060-1703 or 68 + “( Giz, \«< ON, 402 rr leans, 95 ; Mobile Bay, 3092 tialed, x¢ Aeatiataen BS t., 168; court-mar- : M ' Rosa, Ruc iol Iph, N col., Tybee Island Perrin, Abne : Sree’ Od ISS., actlON, 274, 27& é ne , Abner, C brig.-gen kille . s9 ’ T . 5° ; ed, § Vl- , ~ osecr ald; = . vania, 362, 451. = Spottsyl = 5 Horace, By b’v’t brig.-gen., Fort Pulaski Reagan, John H., C postmaster-genl., port., 2¢ ~ e eS) Ne liam S., N mae cD 10 VW Vz 2275 ckamauga, 202 : port.., 530 captured witl tie 2 ; ase) 45. 113 5 ports., 114, 204; 1lUuKa, 203 x: Cor = James H., N col oe I : VIS, 44¢ : Sauer as s Je os ol., 47 : AEA : inth, 206-2090 : Superse Hh a s Persil : 479 , Peter A., N col., killed, 478. Realf, Richard, N lieut., Chicl SU cTs eee 1, 203, 209; Mur- erryville, MS , battle, 201, 307, 405 Willi D., N See ee oon freesboro’, 209-212, 215; Chickamauga, 297 / 7 < ; 7; 405. : iam é , ‘ - a é - - Z p he Pec 2 Bee WW IGe IG licnl Coe nieae. A eae commodore, Fort Henry, Ream’s Station, Va., action, 4ot 03 ; Superse ded by Thomas, 5, 308: anec- On zs aaa Gas aspy, 507. Bek Meri! ‘*Rebels ’? (author unknown), 132 dote, 457, 481 ; deceived by Mrs. Col Thomas I oes, Va 53, 368, 387; approached by = , —, N col., killed, Cold Harbor, 367 Rectontour nny sa » 132. in Tennessee. anecdote. cot Grar ia : : orf n$ < > yh ' Z - . bP) “CLO wn, ae oO <7 aan 397-400 ; Map of vi inity, 99 - explosion Porterfield, G. A., col., Va. vols 2 2 ; won gu nee: Rosengarte J 3 j 3 of mine, 399 vill. 4 Ae ALY sic : 2 = 44. Red River Expedition, 375-382 garten, Joseph G., N maj., Gettysburg ae 402, 406 < fizhting before Portsmouth, Va., 217, 2 LIT 30%s 6 : : oI 143; outer defences taken, 445; evacuated. Bee a2 Redfield, H. V., quoted, so02 AP 492 5 Court House, ill. 468 - Birnonais , N vessel ; at N. O., oo, 92 ‘ J: N lt ill Zi Ross, Anna M., Miss, 528. 1] sx (€ WA 1 aN > — *, ~ Hee col.. kille nN . ; 4 TOV ( ( ) aoe = % Cd, 420 < A : t v’s Nest obs servatory, ills, 469. Posey, Carnot, C brig.-gen., Bristoe Sta., Va Redwood, Minn., dest lt 7 I Joon chief Cherokee indanecs eters argar 34. a) . , destroyed by 1 . ; Peterson, Margaret At : } ’ y indians, 234 “ M ; aralea igusta, hospital .e 5 at , Marion A., N spy, exe ‘d. <2 i sa sa a] service > en sod alg Reese ‘ ’ rte yeaa py, executed, 52 . and death, 327 ; port., 327. Be eens ie aye ae tlie commanded by McClel cese, Harry, N sgt. at Burnside’s Mine, Peters- Rosser, Thomas L., © maj Wild Pettigrew. J. Tohr = ‘ an; 455 165, 169, x75: com z : of eho - , 409 2 - as fey aj.-gen.. 1 erness, { grew, yhnston, € brig.-gen : ce j ; 75: commanded by Burn- ¥ ; : 356 ; Tom’s Brook, Va TO" Devtas a g.-g > POL TEs side, 193; commanded by Hooker, 241; co Refusal of Governors of certain States to furni aes Nae : , 10; Rectortown, Va. f 1; C col., 493 manded by Mez oe 50; pur I G ane troops, 36 Ee oe urnIsh 33) Os 49) ot ‘ 250; pursues Lee ; Gr: : by 393° 37° . , } elp S el xy ° is : srants : R ey < { Ips, 5. Ledyard, N lieut.-com., Peninsular pead (darters 533 Organization, 354; Register, Baltimore, Md RSS US ea) 299) 2 f ‘ 1 impaign, 154 : ay advance on P S A At 1394 3 : lies Te, Md., 33 2 ; > . i 154. yn. Peter sburg. 97; defence of Was} 2 , Rough and Ready, Ga 5 Thomas S.. N rear ington. 402: review in WV Senin ash Reilly, James W., N brig.-gen C6 3 z Cee $22. Potom yee rear-adm., 156; survey of winter quarters, ill ; O013"459)) 1D “Remingte C Round Mountain, Ala., iron-works burned, 2 tomac River. 2 ve / ‘ >, 121., 499. eton, -, N lieut., Gettysburg, 2¢ > — 2 I é — : River, st Ve Remi NAT ae . 2 &, 200. Round Pop, Gettysburg, 252, 263, 265 ‘hiladelphia, Tenn., action, 342 il] , Surveyed, 234; aqueduct bridge iniscences of the Battle of Bull Run, 472 R N ees ( Phil; ippi = Valiteniaen 342. ill.. 473. gC, 474. > 477 LoUsseat Lovell H., N maj.-gen., 41; Perry- ; ein jk, . Va., Dattle, 1 > e + - Ville, 2 , OK! Y aN OY : . : a0 4 5° Potter. Robe 2 bade : : he : €, 201 ; port., 205 ; Murfreesboro »I2, 2 Philippi races. 4: ee ber B., N maj.-gen., Antietam, 179 ; Reno, Jesse L., N maj.-gen., N. C. expedition Robben G OLOls 2325 2033 f i 1. 45 «5 401. 73 72° port 72 P »? 7 pate Ree ’ ober, Lenn., action, 340 Phillips. Tess< ae + I 1 73 opes campaign 164- : 84 rh ¥, esse ee s ia a . 4--109 5 . = i t abet ce I , N b’v't brig.-gen., Rocky = ENicolvciranterisl(Grecieane Guers killed, South Mountain, 176, 451. Rowan, Stephen C., N vice-adm ee Ne Guex ssing, Miss., 342. Soe 218. ea a : ee a, s ae ROS oases Hi -, Wendell, p rt Potter House, /.clanta, Ga., ill., 428 Renshaw, W. B., N com’der, killed, Galveston pedition, 72; port., 73: siege of Charleston, t ’ c “AVY, jose) , 190 > p - pidies| : 348. ’ . ; 2Q3- , Philo Parsons, Lake ste: oe Pound Gap, Ky., action, 223. Republic: Rowlett’s S % . ¢ BenGeeinse gare nett captured by raid- Powell, William H., N b’v’t maj epublican, Lynchburg, Va., quoted, 316 > pation sya (see Muntorduie) ' Piebene " : ae aj., 105. Republican Party, convention, 412 Royall, William B., N capt., 151. } -kens, Hrancis W., gov. S. C 33 see “ S na D an Bice > = Ses r 7 ' ) EOS 74: —, —, Ncol., Wytheville, Va Resaca, Ga., battle, 383, 385. pubadeau — N sergt., killed, Spottsylvania, ; oa fa. Q. WIP UY ey . 301 : ) » 339 Review of the Army, 450; ill 2 rn OR 1 Mae) 452+ Ruffin, Edmund, ts.Ruger, Thomas H., 306. Ruggles, Daniel, C brig.-gen., ’ . N b’v’t maj.-gen., Rocky Crossing, Miss., 342. Runyon, Theodore, N brig.-gen., 49, Rural Hills, Tenn., engagement, 225. Russell, David A., port., 411. } N b’v’t maj.-gen hannock Sta., 335; Shiloh, TE ae port s sie 103 5 Rappa- killed, W inchester, 497 | , John, Lord, favors the Confederacy, 260 -——, ——, Earl, neutrality discussion, Russia, friendly to the United States, 66. Sabine Cross Roads, Sacramento, Ky., 1., battle, 377; engagement, r15. Safford, Mary J., Miss, 538 3; port., 539 Sailor’s Creek, Va., Se ences 446. St. Helena Island, S. C., 69, 7: St. Joseph, Mo., 38. St. Louis, Mo., S co St. o> Michael’s Church, Charleston, S. 7i- 27D 7 ’ / 372 378. ; loyal Germans, 41, 392. . Louis and Cincinnati R.R., ro. St. Luke’s Hospital, New York, wer: riot, “il, St. Peter’s Church, near White aes Vas alle I55- Salem, Mo., 122. Salem Heights, Va., Salisbury, N. C. battle, 243 , prison camps, 321, 440, 520 Salkehatchie River, S. C., fight, 440 Sanders, William P., N brig.-gen., killed, Knox- ville, 342 3 port., 480 — : , N col.,.Somerset, Ky., 340. Sandford, ——, N b’v’t maj.-gen., at Harper’s Ferry, 47. Sandusky, O., Lake Erie raid, 528. Sanitary and Christian Commissions (The), 324- 328 Sanitary Commission, 324-328; port., group officers, 326; ill. of headquarters; 27, 448; ill of hospital, 54o. San Jacinto, N frigate, 63; ill., 63. Santa Fé, N. M., 233. Satraps, 283 Savage’s Station, Va., battle, 158 Savannah, Ga., 22; Pulaski Monument, ill., 115, 220, 289, 290, 423; riot, 430, 439 : Davis a prisoner, 448. Tenn., ror. Sawyer, Charles C., over,”” 127. ———, Henry W.,N capt., Libby Pris: 3409- Saxton, Rufus, N b’v’t maj.-gen., 239; 414 Scales, Alfred M., 250. Scarytown, W. Va., Schenck, Robert C 55; Shenandoah \ ,N sergt.. ‘When this cruel brig.-gen 113 ,N mé 1j.-gen., 49; Bull Run, Talley, 216; port., 217 President War 1S MN, 345, port., Gettysburg killed, Spottsylvania, 361 Schiller, J. C. F. von, quoted. 498 Schimmelpfennig, Alex., N brig.-gen., Charleston, 440 Schoepf, Atbin, N brig.-gen., IT4. Schofield, John M., campaign, 383-387; at Nashville, 421 ; boro > 441 Sherman at Golds N maj.-gen., 413 port., 335; Franklin, 427-430 ; Schurz, Carl, N maj.-gen., port., 254. Schuyler, Philip, Jr., executed, 529. Scott, John, N spy, ———, Thomas M., -___—. Winfield, N 52 20, 38, 48, 49 » 525 535 =. Johns, © col-, C brig -,2n., port., b’v't lieut.-gen , port., 12, attitude N maj., 2 Somerset, Ky 54; retires, 140, toward Sanitary Commission, 324 Scribner, Benjamin F. 202 202. _N b’v't brig.-gen., IC Camp Wild¢ 5 cupies al, 73; Atlanta with Thomas joins ) 339, 340 341 port., Searcy Landing. Little Red River, Ark., en- yagement, 231. Secession, contemplated, 7: begun by South G arolina, ordinances by other States, 9. Secessionville, S. C., battle, 219; ill., 22 ‘*Secret History of the ainrene ee 2 16. Sectional feeling a cause of the war, 7. Sedgwick, John, N 180; F redericksburg, 241, 242, Salem Heights, 243 ; Rappahannock Sta. Spottsylvania, 358; 2d Mich. inf., 47¢. Selma, Ala., 375- maj.-gen., Gettys rai 252, 259. quoted, Antietam, 178, 2435 port., 242 5 A>: 324, - Wilderness, 354 5 "ailed: Be ill., 360, 451. Seeley’s Battery, losses, 483 Seelye, Miss (‘S Frank Thompson "), N Seminary Ridge, Gettysburg, 251-259. Semmes, Paul J., burg, 259. ‘* Alabama,’’ 371 372 5 port., 372. brig.-gen., killed, battle with * Sequatchie Valley, Tenn., 226. Serrell, Edward W., Charleston, 294. N b’v’t brig.-gen., private Gettys- Raphael, C rear-adm.. 9; commands : ‘ Kearsarge, siege of Seven Days, 160. Seven Pines, Va., battle, 146. Sevierville, Tenn., fight near, 436. Seward, William H., N Secy.of State, port., 6, 65 3 emancipation, 18g ; criticised by Gurowski, 7, 283; letter to Minister Adams, 372-374, 375; with Lincoln at Ft. Monroe, 441; at- tacked by an assassin, 449. —-., William H., Jr., N brig.-gen., port., 362, 476. Seymour, Horatio, Gov. of New York, opposed to the war, 284; port., 285; speech to rioters, 287 ; Democratic convention, 413 ———.,, Thomas H., proposed for president 413. ——., Truman, N b’v’t maj.-gen., port., 11; at Sumter, 11 ; 2d Bull Run, 169; Wilderness, 357; Olustee, Florida, 436. Shackelford, James M., N_ brig.-gen., East Tenn., 341. Shadrack, Perry G., N spy, executed, 529. Shady Grove Church, Spottsylvania, 359. Shaler, Alexander, N b’v’t maj.-gen., 24 ; port., 355 W ilderness, 357 Sharpsburg, Md., Antietam campaign, 175-179. Shaw, Jas., Jr., N b’v’t brig.-gen., port., 552. ——., Robert G., N col., port., 238 ; commands first colored regiment, 239; killed, Fort Wag- ner, 24, 239, 290 3 courage, 2o1. , William T., N col., Pleasant Hill, 379. —, N lieut., Hawes’s Shop, vane 364. Shelby, Joseph O., C brig.-gen., 437. Shelbyville, Tenn., 510, 529. Shenandoah, C cruiser, 372. Army of the, commanded by Sheridan, 405- City, Va., 111. — Valley, 143-152, 163, 193; campaign, 216; invaded, 250; Lee’s retreat, 333, 353; :68, 402 ; Sheridan’s operations, 405-411 ; map, Shepherdstown, W. Va, 177, 180, 250, 319. Sheridan, Philip H., N maj.-gen., Perryville, 201; port., 203: Murfreesboro’, 210 ; cavalry superiority, 250; Chickamauga, 299, 301 ; Chat- tz sn O0RS lL, 300 W ilderness, 354-356 ; port., 3563 Todd’s Tavern: <8; Yellow Tavern, 359; Nowth Anna, 363; Cold Harbor, 365; Shenan- doah Valley, 404-411; port., 408; Trevilian Station and Gordonsville, Va., 433; raid on the upper James, 442; Five Forks, 443-53 reconnoitring at Five Forks, ill., 444; stops Lee’s retre at at Appomé ittox a H., 446, 451 ; on > James, 486; quoted, 518 — in the Shenandoah, 405-411. Sherman, Thomas W., N b'v’t maj.-gen., 693 port., 71. William T., N gen., ports., 30, 519; under first fire, 39. 49; at Bull Run, 55, 57; Shiloh, r1oo-ro8; Vicksburg campaign, 27 275: Chattanooga, 305-314; Knoxville, 342; under Gri unt, 3517353 j quoted, 358 ; Meridian, Miss., 375; ‘‘Hairpins,’ 375; Atlanta_cam- paign, 383 - Resaca, 385; Kenesaw Moun- tain, 387 ; Dl. ans, ¢ apture of Mobile, 391, 397; °M:z rch fe the:Sea,”’ 419-430 5 correspond- ence with Gen. Hood and aes of Atlanta, 41g ; instruc ions for the march, march through the Carolinas. 439-44 : receives Johnston’s surrender at Durham Station: 446 army reviewed in Washington, 450) 451 ; anec- dotes, 456, 458, 513, 5173; quoted, 51 (sketch) 515 and his generals, history suggested by picture, group of, 513-519 Shields. James, N b’v’t_maj.-gen., 143: port., - Winchester, 216 ; Port Republic, 216, 217 ; port., 219 Shiloh, Tenn., battle, ror-1og ; Map, 104. Church, ror; ill., 103. Ship Island, Miss., 91; ill., 92 Shipping Point, Potomac River, ill., 146. Shirley’s Ford, Spring River, Mo., engagement, 231 Shreveport, La., 270, 271; capture attempted by Banks, 375 Gen Kirby Smith euirenders the last Confede rate army at, 446. Shufeldt, Robert W., N naval com’d., port., 370. Sibley, Henry H., C brig.-gen., port., 232 5 Fort Craig, N. M., 233- _N brig.-gen., Indian c campaign, 234. Sibley renta, 496. Sickles, Daniel E., N maj.-gen., Chancellors- ville, 241-246; Gettysburg, 252-266; port., 262, 301, 479- Siege of Charleston, The, 288-294. Sigel, Franz, N maj.-gen. Carthage. 41: Pea Ridge, 80: Pope’s campaign, 163-168 ; port., 168, 172; under Grant, 353; Newmarket, W. Ware, 433. Signal Hill, Chattanooga, 313. Station, near Washington, ill., 431. Sill, Joshua W. _N brig.-gen., killed, Murfrees- boro’, 211 3 - port., 483, 52! Silver Creek, Mo., sccapemenr 230. Simpson, _N col., Charlestown, Va, 334- Sioux Indians, atrocities, 234. Slack, William Y., C brig.-gen., Pea Ridge, 20. Slater, —, N lieut., 437- Slavens, Samuel, N spy, executed, 529. Slavery, a cause of the war, 5, 182. dea OD prekee beset a “gn, § Pen a INDEX. Slemmer, Adam J., N b’v’t brig.-gen., ro. Slidell, John, 63; port., 65. Slocum, Henry W., N maj. -gen., port., 30, 51 18 ; Chancellorsville, 243. 250; Getty sburg, 252 succeeds Hooker, 390; Atlanta, 390, 420; in march to the sea, 422 ; Averysboro’, 441 ; Ben- tonville, 441, 513 ; (Sketch) 518. Small, Jerusha R., Mrs., 539. Smith, Andrew J., N maj.-gen., Alexandria, La., 375; Pleasant Hill, 378, 370. , A. J., N maj., Cedar Creek, Va., 411 —., Caleb B., N Secy. of the Interior, port., 6. —, Charles F., N maj.-gen., 75; Fort Don- elson, 77; port., 79; Shiloh, roo. , Edmund Kirby, C.gen., invades Ky., 223, 224; Richmond, Ky., 224; port., 225; Pleasant Hill, 379; surrender at Shreveport, Tea. 446. , Gerrit, gives bail for Davis, 448. ———.,, Giles A., N maj.-gen., Atlanta, 389. — , Goldwin, 66. —, Gustavus W., 150, 151 5 port., 427. , Joseph, N rear-adm., port., 84. , Morgan L., N brig.-gen., Atlanta, 380. , Patrick, N priv ate., Bayou Teche, La., C maj.-gen., Fair Oaks, 348. - , Preston, C maj.-gen., killed, Chicka- mauga, 299- , Tr. Kilby, N b’v’t maj.-gen., port., 378 ; ’ Pleasant Hill, 379. , William, C maj.-gen., port., 508 William F., N maj.-gen., Peninsular campaign, 343; Cold Harbor, 365 ; advance on Petersburg, 397. Wiliiam Sooy, N brig.-gen., raid from Memphis, 375 ——, ——, N lieut., Lookout Mt., 313. ——, —,N ensign., recaptured, 322. Smyth, Thomas A., N b’v’t maj.-gen., port., ede 357- Snake Creek Gap, Ga., 385. Sneedsboro’, S. C., 440. Snicker’s Gap, Va., 406. Snow Hill, Tenn., battle, 295, 341. Snyder, George W., N 1st lieut., port., 11; at Sumter, 11. Solferino, Italy, 23, 169. Somerset, Ky., action, 339, 340. Sons of America, 52 Sons of Liberty, 528. Soule, Pierre, 96. South Carolina, Nullification Acts of, 7; secedes, 9; 1st inf , Antietam, 180; colored “regiment, 185; 8th C inf. captured, 406; 18th and 72d inf. at Petersburg mine, 470. ———, regimental losses, ist inf., 483; 7th, ryth, 23d, 12th inf., 484. South Carolina railroad destroyed, 440. South Mountain, Md., battle, 176. Southampton, Eng., 372. Southern life under blockade, 425. Southfield, N gunboat, Plymouth, N. C., 434. Southside Railroad, Va., 443. Southwest Pass, Miss. River, La., gr. Speed, ——, N lieut., quoted, 429. Spencer, R. H., Mrs., port., 537, 53 Sperryville, Va., 163. Spies and scouts, Northern, 507-512. —., Southern, 505-507: Spinola, Francis B., N brig.-gen., Gap, 333: Spottsylvania, Va., 358; battle, 359-362, 47°; losses at, 477 3 Kilpatrick’ s raid, 531. Sprague, William, gov. of R. I., port., 18. Spring Place, Ga., 385. Springfield, IIl., 38. ; ———., Mo., 41, 79} engagement, 118-121 ; ill., 120; action, 344. Springfield Landing, La., 379. I. co Manassas Stafford, ——, N sergt., Gettysburg, 255. Stahel, Julius X., N maj.-gen., Cross Keys, 216; port., 218, 268. Z Standard, Raleigh, N. C., quoted, 431. Stanley, David S., N b’v’t maj.-gen., Iuka, 203, 204; Corinth, 206, 207 5 Murfreesboro, 211 ; port., 212; Snow Hill, Tenn., 295, 341, 3953 Bradyville, 340; Atlanta campaign, 386 ; with Thomas at Nashville, 42t. Stannard, George J., N b’v’t maj.-gen., Gettys- burg, 259, 262. Stannard’s Battery, Camp Wild Cat, 11 Stansbury Hill, Fredericksburg, 199. Stanton, Edwin M., N sec’y of war, port., 6, 48, 143) 154) 295) 349) 405 ; cartoon, 463 ; offers reward for arrest of Booth and accomplices, 510. See of the West, N vessel, ‘Star Spangled Banner,” 122. Starke, William E., C brig.-gen., killed, Antie- tam, 180. State sovereignty, a cause of the war, 5, Statesville, Tenn., action, 340. “ ow n 5 His a ain ‘ asipaay Sa 645 Staunton, Va., devastated by Hunter, arz, 318; by Torbert, 409. Steadman, N capt., 71 Stedman, Griffin A., Jr., N b’v’t brig.-ger., port., 362. Steedman, James B., N maj.-gen., port., 30x Chickamauga, 3c2, 303. Steel, ——, N maj., Warrenton Junction, 33r. Steele, Frederick, N maj.-gen., Vicksburg cam- paign, 271. Steele’s Bayou, Miss., 273. Stein, ——, C, killed, Praitie Grove, 233. Steinwene? Adoiph von, N brig.-gen., Gettys- burg, 252; port., 255. Stephens, Alexander H., C vice-pres., port., 28; speech against secession, 31 ; speech defend: ing slavery, 32; writing about effect of Lin- coln’s proclamation of rebellion, 35 ; speech, Charlotte, N. C., 307; peace commissioner, 441. ——., Malvina, N guide, sar. Stevens, Aaron F., N b’v't brig.-gen., Fred: ericksburg, 199. — , Alanson J., N lieut., Gettysburg, 254. Atherton H., Jr., N maj., 454. —, Isaac I., N maj.-gen., killed, Chantilly, Va., 169 and 479; Secessionville, 219. , Thaddeus, M. C., financial proposition, 416 Stevensburg, Va., 165. Stevenson, Carter L., C maj.-gen., port., 275. Thomas G., N brig.-gen., killed, Spott- sylvania, 362. Stewart, Alexander P., C lieut.-gen., port., 313. —, George H., C brig.-gen., captured, Spott sylvania, 359, 362 : William C., Tenn., 229. ———, ——, N lieut., Hawes’s Shop, Va., 364. Stiles, ese! N., N b’v’t brig.-gen., 429. Stimers, ——, engineer, ‘‘ Monitor,”’ 85. Stimpson, ——,N, Bolivar Heights, rrz. Stiner, J. H., balloonist, 162. Stokes, James H., N capt., Murfreesboro, 212. Stone, Charles P., N brig.-gen., 20, 22; port., 29; at Harper's Ferry, 47; Ball’s Bl it. 109 < Sabine Cross Roads, 377. ——., Ray, N b’yt brig.-gen., Gettysburg, 25r. Stone Bridge (Bull Run), 52, 53, 54. 55, 603 ill., 172. — House (Bull Run), ill., 58. — — River, Tenn., battle, 209-213; ill., 202; Map, 211, 308. Stoneman, George, N maj.-gen., Warrenton, Ta., 3315 cap tured, Clifton, Ga., 390. Stoner, ——, N ensign, recaptured, 322. Stoughton, Charles B., N b’v’t brig.-gen.. cap- tured, Fairfax C. H., Va., 331. Stevall, Marcellus A., N brig.-gen.. port., 303. Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beecher, port., 189. Strahl, Oscar F., N brig.-gen., killed, 430. Stranahan, Mrs. James S. T., port., 539, 540 Strasburg, Va., 28, 409, 410. Streight, Abel D., N b’v’t brig.-gen., raid in Ala. and capture, 295. Stringham, Silas H., N rear-adm., port., 66, 68. N maj.-gen., killed, Fort N color-bearer, Lebanon, Strong, George C., Wagner, 290. —-, George T., Sanitary Commissicn, 325. William E., N b’v’t brig.-gen., ports., 277, 418. Stuart, George H., Christian Commission, 326. —_——, James E. B., C lieut.-gen., at Bull Run, 60; Bunker Hill, rrr ; Peninsular campaign, 150-152; port., 158 ; Operations against Pope. 164-166, 1g2 ; Chancellorsville, 242 ; Culpeper. 249; Aldie, Va., 250: Gettysburg, 259, 267 268; in Va., 2323 Wilderness, 354 3 Yellow Tavern, 359, 451- ——, N lieut.-col., Chattanooga, 314. Sturgis, Russell, 15. ———. Samuel D., N b’v’t maj.-gen., 41; An- tietam, 179; Fair Gardens, Tepn., 436; port., 437- Sudley Ford (Bull Run), 54, 55, 61. ——— Mill (Bull Run), 1673; il., 169. —— Road (Bull Run), 54, 55, 57- - Springs, Va., 169. Suffolk, Va., af of vicinity, 141; actions, 331. Sugar Creek, Ark., Ee ) iS) ‘Oo 80; action, 231. Sugar Valley, Ga., occupied by McPherson, 385. Sullivan, Jeremiah C., N brig.-gen., Iuka, 203. Sullivan’s Island, Charleston harbor, rr, 292. Sully. Alfred, N b’v’t maj.-gen., Whitestone Hill, Dak., 348. Sulphur Springs, Va., 166, 333. Sultana, N steamer, fatal explosion, 468. Summerton (Chattanooga), 314. Sumner, Charles, port., 189, 375: _ Edwin V., N maj.-gen., 49: Peninsular campaign. 143-158 } port., 152; 2d Bull Run. 169; Antietam, 177-179; port., 192; Burr< side’s campaign, 193. Met oa Dear i ™ Saat Ot atssigan Peas ‘| 646 TEINS DEE XG 1 itt Hs Sumter, C i ; | ete: cruisers abandoned, Gibraltar, 372 Torr ; i at aoe = » 372: e : | ii! Surratt, John H., reward offered for arres nce, N maj., Roan’s Tany< Surrender of Lee, ill yao ne oo s Tanyard, Mo., Virginia, invaded by Jo! : 4 ee. ill, 447 : a a, ed by Jo B iim } . 447- Tette , - . ohn Brown, 7: secedes - ; Susauehz cena en, Joseph G. Diy? ne 9, 33 ; Measure 7: secedes, Webste aq ge i : anna, N cruiser, 68. 49. e , N b’y’t maj.-gen., port., 35 try, 32 3 east esHonce efence, 27; Slave indus 46 r, Fletcher, N col., killed / | zi 35; “ 325° geile ik Adee ‘ apes = 7 f ) 3 ; 78 se a =e amp Angel, 204. Tourtellotte. John E.. N Ford, 332; N x3th int ee Sop ios Kelly’s | TEs iy a ae 0 7 ey <9 . 3 ., Poin 4S% : ose _ Sweeden’s Cove . J a5 b ‘ : (Oy 3 easant, 237 , Joseph I rs : a ty S dens Cove, Ala., engagement, 22 Allatoona, 420. v't brig.-gen., at 54th inf., anecdote, 468 Ls 10I, 108 J., N b’v't maj.-gen., Shiloh ih f weeting, Harry - ; Towns re regiment: 8 - +l g, Harry, C cav ‘ Z owns. — _ x , regimental 1 , ~ , yl { 331. J cav., Warrenton Pe nction T ; , N capt., 318 ss Cir lad osses, 17th, 32d, 4th inf., 4 ; , N maj eth Ohi ; ma ownsend, E J . ’ onclad (see ‘*‘ Me .3 Wee : jJ-5 25 110, 114. if Gorter: dward D., N b’v’ . e ‘‘ Merrimac ’’) Weed, Ste] { aD | Switzerlan ‘ ae SOME b’v’t maj.-ge : pe ac). , Stephen H : a ) BEER d, N ram, Waterproof, La, 437 29, 49. j.-gen., port., , Army of, 163 burg, 254, 261 , N brig.-gen , killed, Gettys a } | ro) s. George N ao 3/* ss ee fe TA = PIA . 5 ; me ge, maj.-gen., < , Frederick } i 5 ¢ ehaw ae Gettysburg, 252, 2¢ ao Nea Run, 55 ; Bethel ee N b’v’t brig.-gen., at Big peree/ ORE NSee Army of, C, Gettysburg, 262 ; Weehawken, N monitor, sie f Cl z a ‘ t if ~ 252, 205; 200° oted. 479 ~ a 5 = z *, © g at. A Ags. yc Oro J o, 202 , Ro 9 ge Oo 12 1 : 4 i 79. ee } seen wy De 53; organization, 35 7 arieston, 4 t j 1] Tracy, Benjamin Fy, Nib’v't bri et nder to Grant, 44¢ : 1307.5 Weekly Spectat ie ee “Tr: : a ig.-gen., 480 irginia and Tenne ; y Spectator, London, Eng., 6s H | h | Tacony, C cruiser, 372 une. ee RD tramp, the boys are marc! Z ‘ Ss i Tennessee R. R., 316; destroyed Weitzel, Godfrey, N mz “NE-, O5 me a Talbot, Tt "5 Ser SOOGEZ5 mere game re os 5; Ver aN j.-gen., Frankl : | yt, Theodore, N ist lie Tr: 1 C 2 Virgini 45: Vermillion Ba , Franklin, La j Et ieut., ae ranter’s SAL ie ginia Centré you, La., 347 A. ; hi ¥ Sumter, rr. port.; 11; at T er’s Creek, N. C., battle, 218 Virgin 5; es RR; 362) 363) 499) 5 \ occupies Richmond, Va 7 1 3473, POKL5 445.5 ca {4 Dal orate aren rebra, —— . Vicente ginia ary - re re 5: 454- ahi a Taliaferro, William B., C brig.-ge . a La _N lieut.-col., 32d Ind ea } itary Institute burned by Hunter Veldon R. R., Va., action st 4 | | 293: C brig.-gen., 28; port., Trent, British steamer, ¢ . i «> IIh. " 1 ; cadets, 43 ) nter, Welles! Gideon iN S; 396, 400. i. r ih ra ie Pe ce ple Fr 163°% 11, 635.65 ollmer, Davi : sana? sec’y of the ay 1 Tallahassee. C cruiser, 372 Trent affair, 63, 65 : anne id, C, killed, Belmont, 122 49391 : he navy, port., ¢ } z . é Tt Ss Y O yOrcke T . i i| Tammany regiment, N. Y AAT Trenton, Tenn., captured by F V a : e, C164 Ws lls, George D., N b’v’t t ; é ; : » 4 ., 42d inf., 109. — Si 7 VCP d by Forrest ‘ on Is: s } : dé ; le ro Pt Drig.-ge ¢ ; i » Taney, Roger B.. U. S. chief-just ) Trevilimestatione Van all J rest, 229. a silsa, Leopold, N col., Chance racevil| ra edar Creek, Va., 41 g.-gen., kill { 284 oe Stice, 43, 186 Tr s » Wa., Il., 432. 245 psOTSV IIIS: essells, Henry r } ) ribune, Cinc : 7 ’ enry W N_ bri i | Se Soa , Cincinnati, quote Voris. Alvin C.. N b’w’ Sic . ") brig.-gen Die, A | Taney town, Md., 252. ONS GLE ON Wu d, 52 esi in C., N b’v’t maj.-gen., Fort W 3 “+ 4337434. = , Plymoush, i} ; Taylor, Benjamin F., c : ee neice tale \ , 186 - office attacked by a “oo Westfield. N vessel, destroyed. G Ht Rattle TEAS LOUEIME _ correspondent, describes Trobria ; S ‘ yrrespondents captured, 52 7 West Liberty. K1 yyed, Galveston, ie x is + e aL ara 2 uot j = ) land, > oj : sore : 4 ‘ — Rly, AY . action sui Hy | =—(G. Ered., N'col., port C5850 262: Getty See ge NI b’v’t maj.-gen., port Wabash, N cruiser West Point. Va.,. 1- goose ‘a ~ a3 iba 3 404 — ! ’ g, 205, 200 ; iser. 68. 71 : a., g a | ————. rank Trobriand’s lade West T a iF 78. rank E., N lieut., Pleasant Hill, I ao briand’s (de) Zouaves, 4 Wade, Jennie, killed, Gettyst est Tennessee, Army of, 2ot it a 37 i l], La., Tanballetenrce GuRes 499. 267, 538 ettysburg, 259; port., West Virginia, admitt os i i Py —_——,, , e . s ? Uxe , capture Se NTT . I at ae ed to x Ty : i ellie M., Mrs., port., 533, 53 _ er, 291, 292. ptured, Ft. Wa _ Mary E.. Mrs., port mation of, 44, 453 | eae en i nion, 9; for HT : "Richa hard, C lieut.-gen., S Tull: on Tenn Waderorhlomea SN . ps Saree dnt al| of Confederate a | Roads, La Le 1. §Cil.. Sabine Cross » £9) | ci » JAMICS ~N b’v’t maj ve tain, 21 sth inf Seon >u Pasture M iH) » La., 3773 leasant Hill, 379 ; port ; Tunnel, Libby Prison, s yurg, 267; killed, Wildert t maj.-gen., Gettys- ; 1 inf. Blooming Gap Mou = I : , Samuel B., quoted, 526 1s er ce Tunnel f ] pues Wagner, George aR +51 , Army of, Shenand ea a walter Cy Sau + ill. Ga., fortified by Johnston ann eorge D., N brig ey Frankl inf. losses, 4 enandoah Valley 411: 7th f Valter I Co fs Ir - y Johnston, 353 l , 427. 5 ankliin | I > ; t Junction, a . killed, Warrenton rner, Nat. insurrection vk: Walke. Henry. Nr : ne pba 212: Dover. R Tera sboro’. . » 4: y, ear-adm =f 10; Fort Donels 2099 over ennecceatetrucclert PoRe Re @ may ee ie port., 27 idm., Island N Atlant f nelson, 24 Vaucht's See -nn., c 7 4S Hid O 2 ° Dt t ? JC 1 r a ’ ty we CAS : ~ > 5S + ’, 211 ; terrorism in, 31 ele , J. Bryant, N f pposes Sherman in § ate cavalry vie ae ISM 1N, 317 Turner's Gap _M nt, N capt.. Atlanta = lanin dS. ¢ ra yy 5 reg! mental losses ne 4 d., 177 ._Tohn G re s ; eae Wheeling. W. V aee. pa ~cth 2 Eds 8th inf 48 Qa? Tus lo fs re elie ma en T - ~ ~ oJ a., 44, 5 : Sih: th. oth. 22d. 62d t] 483, 484 : roth, caloosSa, TS ‘6 175 ; port Een 5 Harpe s Fern When Tol 1, 4 Q, 23U, 1d, 2 ] / } x Tr » ai 177; 22 C Hhnnvy 54 32d th, inf Tuscaror: s : Y | Iny comes marching < meron: m ) Ts Ta, N gunb at. Gibraltar. 272 _Lerov P.. € sec’v of war. port rick S. Gilmore 4 ching home. Pat- nclad, Mobile Bay, 301, 3 wiggs, David E., U.S. bri : W. H. T., € maj te vy 4 When this cruel w \rmv of th } ; Tvbee es : ©. DIIg.-Ben., 35, 4 svlvani $ : Md ren... wounded Bate Sawv Aun! ar iS Over.” ae 2 j nt oe J os the. commanded by McPI Tybee Island, Ga., 22 i $0) lvanla, unded, Spott- aWYEr, 127, 4 l Ver ( harles Cc I eS) Goes inded by Howard each 1€r- Tyler Daniel N | pee ’ C col Bel Whig, Richm { ———. Army an ae G, 390. we Y Ay i Drig.-ge ; ery as ’ O sSelmont eae chmond, quoted : ; 5 Seay and dept. of, C 387 53: 54: 5 gen., 49; at Bull Run : - ‘ Whilldin be eceg Tenting on the old cz : ane mprisoned, 31 eee \, , capt., 349 | Kittridge, 139, 41 + I 7} , ill. of bridge ‘| sf Dee imecas. C 1, Munfordville, r1- Be ye Nias action’ oF: 240. Ward. William T.. N11 Whitestone Hill, Dak g . Xas, C spy, 505 ; Upt oe ee coo) eee ce at b’v’t maj.-gen » ak., engagement g Texas, annexaiion of, 7: ae ania, 15, EMOLYs N b’y’t maj.-gen Ware, W. W.., 34 dee De DOES 4 wi hiting, William, quoted one zs Iuka. 206: 1st inf (aes. secedes, 9: 2d ai U I 359; port., 367, 480 j).-gen,, Spottsy l Warin Gear f i On emancipation, 19 484. : ses. 84: et . . te 4 ble, orge F r . . ni 4 4 sth. inf.. losses ndians. Ft. Halleck. Idah« ‘ Jr., Ncol., Batesville, Arl =“ W YG. Goma, 4 $ < ) 9 : ‘ 4 K.. ‘ 1a1.-7en t 1oburn, Joseph, N col., k ! Warner campaign 1aj.-gen., Peninsular * Tq.. 410 col., killed Cedar C ’ , N maj Gett zs on — a ; , Cedar Creek, Valland Cc : ysburg, z Whitney, El Thomas, George allandigham, Clement 5 , , C capt : vy, Eli, cotton-gin, Mil H., N maj.-g¢ emancipati ia ee MaG= 61 Warren. ( Whittier, Jol . i Mill Spring ae j.-gen., po ation, 1g0 < ; oppose en, Gouverneur , John G., ft 6 § M Sh Ua, 7721 § ER iD port., - at 282: bani yO; Opposition t 7 Bet! verneur K N m omie,”* , trom Brown of Murfreesboro’, 210. 26. ine W aters ace yanishment, 284 o Lincoln, Sethel, 45; 2d Bull R 2}--5e0 Big nie, 21, 162; port., z n of Ossawat- ; maug Chey, oi : pe Saul ss cratic conve 204; port., 285; De tae »UlL 2un re Get ig Wick I t LaUuga 298-302 ; su ort., 298; Chick r vention, 413 “MO0- r > 3 Port., 257 Brist c settysburg ckham, William C Chattan¢ 0g a, on persedes Rosecrans es \ alparaiso, Mine Run 7 Wi ild anos, ta Va ‘ +34 ne bee eee port ; a oe 0. : : g é Raa 209: Atlan : ; 5) , Vania a ; aerness . ’ ; nee coe S2358°7 > 2 “Circus,”” 383; See campaign, Van Allen, James H., Nt Peter See 1; North Anna pottsy! Wickliffe, M. C 307 3 organizes an , ee ‘each Tree Creek, Van Buren. Dr ’ rig.-gen., port., 247 pe sburg, 400; relieved. 445, 47 advance on Wiedri \ ae 2 430, 451; anecdote, 4<7 y at Nashville, 421 Vv r., Sanitary Commi » 247 Warrensbure. Mo 145; 47 : ck, Michael, N capt , Getty ——, Lorenzo. N b’ eaeoas oa ance, Robert B., C br . seat) ied Warrenton 3 Tio; engagement, 2 Wilcox, Cadmus M., C (FEL SOUT 254: on 2 »'v’t maj.-ge Op =m ig.-gen., port z : on, Va., 193-197 id Gettysburg Same maj.-gen : colored soldiers, 238, a) §en., 49; address z , Zebulon C., gov. N. C Bs Warrenton Ji Ww yapure. a7 shetty Jeslien, Chih — . Mrs: Col 7 Van Cleve. H f quoted, 420 Mosby inction, Va if : Vilcox’s Landing, V Rosec spec: (C), of Tent ] : Chické » Horatio P., N b’y’ sby, 331; Grant escay attacked by Wil Syme cee as p secrans, anecdote, sof deceives Gen AUCKAMAUGA, 301 yvt maj.-gen Warrenton J uk escapes Capture, 375 J Vild, CG icav.. Ww. ) S Sn : lz ar] : ; ite , ; ton Turnpike 1] ; ones arren . mhomy 500; Rrancew Nd Vanderbilt, Cornelius, gi 650565 Alles pike (Bull Run i Wilderness: ane ton Junction, 33r. ire ieut.-c¢ > Te S, gives bail for : » 172 92) 53) 55; 57; > 335) 339, 353: 1 =, =e fountain. 216. it.-col., Bull Pas- Van Dorn. Earl. C ee ail for Davis, 448 Warrior. Englis} , 57; Map, 355 Oo, 7 ; ill., 354; battle, 355 . Frank Q a aj.-Zer Pe ‘ A eee Nglisnh v > is BD D3 iad ; 4OSSCS, 477 ~) 7 7 arank ( Miss Seelye), x pert ’ 81, 203; C orinth, Be , Pea Ridge. 80: Warwick River V essel. : W ilder ness sore Be ny a + 7. ; 2d Mich. inf., (female) pyt y Pemberton, 209: H sire Sup rseded Ww River, Va., 14 3 , Va., Grant's headquarter - vag ar < ‘i ¢ ( h} z < ers ee Cie ie 272 - Franklin, Epavne : y cae ings, Miss ashburne, Elihu B., M. C W itl ces. C] = j i en Bae Van Gilder 295. 341. cock, 26r, mi ee . tribute to Han 1arles, N capt.. 63, 65: , Jacob, U. S. sec’y e ve. IN! ord:-sere : Wash < Wilkeson a : 3, 65; port., 65 conspires with (C) Li S of | the interior OO aa gt., Spottsylvania \ BLO , John A C Ie) W sat Sueno eds Soe 528. Aeut. Ss (Be Davies 9; Van Pelt fart 2 Mountain, 114 col., killed at Che illard’s Hotel, W ; AVIS, 471 ( armhouse, Bull R | J cee Wall ashington, D. ¢ —— Me Jeff ? 495 11 Run, hospit BG illcox, Orl 295 ‘ al, f - ; aide ’ rlando B N Mc , © brig.- ge we T Txy / 2 y » port., 7 57 a) maj.-gen if = [o., 118; Charlestown, Men Fredericktown Van Wyck, Charles H., N bri Washington, D. C., C sy : W " ] 3 POLE 40x: oS , at Bull Run, Weronoe d, r, ; ‘io -pe ; : sym Thompson’ s Station, Ten 239%) DOLL. 3' 23% Varuna, N cruiser, at N, ¢ rig.-geNn., port., 147 Pe s for defence, 20 ympathizs rs, 19: meas illiam Aiken, U. S. revenu Thoroughfare Gap, V » engagement, 34. Vaught’s Hill, T -O., 935 il)., 94. pub Slan Cam Palen ce met RPentaNeane William and Mary Coll “Sea — < ai. 166 6 ata Soo ; wenn’. acti “arly, 402-4 ’ ; Ziv LOLe na Y eas o1llege, 33 y . 167. . ON. 240 . + 4O< atene , \ =. eE ( Tilghman, Lloyd, C brig 4 Verdiersville, Va., r¢ SA S4Xs NEG SoD Villiams, Alpheus S., N b’v't ; : 75.763 port., 275; kille gen., at Et. I Vermili Brie eres 67, 218; battle, 21 eR AG maj.-gen., 513. ; Miss.. 27- 275: killed, Champic Jenry, re lion Bayou, La., ill : Washington Colleg : 219 a y. C., N ensign, Red Rive eS rs 73° pion’s Hill, rattle, 347 , Uls. of battle Q ege, Va , threate Der diver expeditio ' * Y Times. Londc s V 7° » 330, 343° 1 , threatened by Hunte ns } ‘ f -ondon, Eng., 62, 87, 106 ermont, 1st and stl Was! = , John S., C br | i SW; - 2, 07, 190. 2 “ee and sth cav Bak ashington 1 I g T1ig.-gen ) ‘ | - - heeling, Va th inf.. losse SSG ¢ y KS ttle Run, Va Wat 1 Danger, 102-404 Thomas ONG SS , port., 330. oc SI oe: art’y, 5 edar Cr Seen SOL aterioo ¢ Satty Aer rer ’ rig.-ge ¢ aL oy EN capt., 523 ] seca pee, 178: 2d inf lone Es tie TS hvy Water re ee ttysburg compared Sa Y 2) 205) killed 'B a. 2 sy acutude toward odd’s Taive : 3 523- S 1n ilder . ses, 478: th aterproof, Ica ‘ < Cc, 250 : ato ouge, 270 avern, Va..e anecd lerness, 473; N | inf . .a., fight, 437 ; N liet . 79+ j Toland. J engagement, 2<8 ote, 502 7 ewport Ney Watkins, I W Ft. Halleck. Idal < { 2 ohn T.. 3 of Wane News ; , Louis D.. N b'v’ ; illiamsburs - , 1daho, 348. ly 218; killed, V N col., Fayetteville, V sey, Denmark, ins Wauhatchie, T vit brig.-gen., 507 \ B, Va-, battle) 143-2 Ton B N ytheville, Va I ies 7. Va Vicksbure. Mi Surrection, 448 W ie, Tenn., action : , » 507 A illiamsport, Md rs 3-144. ‘ n’s Brook. Vz 3 39. ’ : iss Pe. ; = avnesborc s » 205, 312 Will; yA , 250: fight i: ; a., action : ay ay lle s ampaign, 270-282: a ro, Va., actio Villiston. Edwar - > 45 if Tae Reber cle: A. a1 oe Si poTacaiaee ae 28: Tap ae on, 409; engagement Va., 43 vard B., N lieut., Trevilian Stz rig.-ge im . -C Y OI State S s ampaign, Th iA 939%) 375: : e are : y d ° hee 14 ree en., Antietam, 180 te, port., 26: Wielew Bete €, 270-282. Siac’ coming. Father Abr: Willoushby Run. Ge opliff, E. A., N pvt., P =, Egbert L., N brig Sloane Gibbons, ra! Abraham,’’ Jame Wil : , Gettysburg, 251 Tt »Npvt., Parker’s Cros 217; port., 22 Ip-Cen.s 24.0 ON Wead Uns ou’ illoughby’s P y oA a, a orbert. Alfred T ross Roads. - ve » 221. > 4; Norfolk ad, N \ Oint. Va.. 217 Hehe ey red T. A.. N b’y’t ads, 230, | Wienna, Va., sz ’ killed. 267, col., Cold Harbor. V WillowsGor end 55 nenandoah Val] maj. -gen., pc Vici va ee 3 » 307 arbor, Va.. 26c: OW Springs Miss : ta., Va., 433. alley, 406-410: Serene aie igintal crop, the Weatherby a F 395 5 ae 5» + ., engagement, 274 f } evilia > 33: : 79 , . Ts LIM 1N § ‘ = ag n Vincent, Strong, N 3 Webb. Al ieut., Vicksburg, 27 ington Island, Ga., engageme 261 ; kil brig.-ge : Alexander S.. N b’v’ ites, Wil > ENE ApeEMeEDL 223 ; killed, n,, Getty sulz ) b’v nis ilson, ¢ : ~ tyst irc vt - Ge ; ysburg, 252, a am pz Lien, See naj.-gen., Penin- ex —N lieut.. Wilming 5 3: Bristol Sta a ; ce eutes : ngton Istana, 3 a., 3 I 257. 259, Lobertson’s Tav George D., N : , N spy, executed, 529. 25 3 . ern, 336; 339 ; Spottsyly aniae oe re) . 4. , Henry, roo.ea Brgy Hs UMMA AL Neen one eee 2 betbedshi thr Rta tars cre 1 SAE bd nate ee. tes saad i arte INDEX. 647 / Wilson, James H., N maj. -gen. cavalry supe- Wi ric ‘ity, 250; North Anna. 363: Le sronsin; regimental losses, 2d inf., 483 ; Ic a ; Long Bridge, i; ie A +» 483; 7th Woolsey, Georgia M., Mis : 368 Deeooat 407; Nz shy ille, 430; cap a if., 483 ; 20th inf,, 483 a ee one .» Miss., 538. Yazoo Pass, Miss., 272. ures Davis, 448. Se; Henry A., C brig-gen., in W. Va.. 113 ; a é : 1SS., 538. Yellow Medicine, Minn destroyed byilndione omecareenee . SOV. O a: - Q, ’ ) + F Zp » aia es s } ’ 7 . N capt., Lookout Mountain. oe ne ( 1. port., 183. acer eae ara adm., N. C. expedi- 234. Wilson Small, N transport, 3 itherell, Mrs. E. C., 539. the ‘ Nashville, me See : port., 87; destroys Yellow Tavern, Va.. action 359 Talent @raak y Withers, Jones 4 el aoe 2 : ag 3 r 3 sey ea Wilson's Creek, Mo., battle, qr ; ill., 42. Witt Jones M., € maj.-gen., port., 108. Work, Henry C., ‘‘ Marching through Georgia,’ York, Pa., occupied by Lee, 250, 251. Winchester, Tenn.. 226 ve enm« yer, Annie, Mrs., 538. 129 ; “Grafted into the Army,” 137- Yorktown, Va., 143; ills. of battery, 149, x51, “ , Va., 47, 54, 59. 213, 143, IOL: enoAcement Volford, Frank, N col., Somerset. Ky., 340. Wormeley, Katherine P.. Miss ma 463. 9 Oh - , r + . zt Are Sin ? es — tosh > 1) 7 |) Tone ° . apd To Cc 4 s7c —r a 200 captured by Ewell, 250, 403 : action, yen 7B. Nicol. Phi adelphia, Tenn., 342. Wright, Ambrose R., C maj.-gen., Antietam Young, Francis G., N capt., Ball's Bluff, rro. a 6, Dattle, 407, 409; Sheridan’s ride. 410, 4II. Woman's Contribution to the Cause, 533- ma 180, . te , Pierce M. B., C maj.-gen., port., 508 Wi Z gy .-9 -: re ox aes »*) 9337549- nes g -) POFL., 500. ee ae co S., © brig.-gen., killed, Cedar © Women’s Central Association of Relief. 324. yeorato) Sou Nima) sRen; Secessionville, »——; N adjt., Gettysburg, 255. ; Wood, Robert C.. N 5’v" ce me 219; Rappa Jannock Sta., ; Spottsylvaniz Ne A 5 is s ae Vit brio.-ce f moat aS 335 3 Spottsylvania, ; ; eng. corps, Pleasant Hills P vemos ue 7gen., port., 318 ; Libby Commission, 324 een Sanitary 229) 3248 ene pete 302, 303; Cold Harbor, 379: . at ae rison, 321, 9: nder Pa ee Aare a 365; advance on etersburg, 398: defence of a Se ee ss 3 34 sonville, 390; death, — = Thomas J., N maj.-gen., Chickamauga, Washington, 404; port., 409: oy cdctence ot Young Men’s Christian Association, 325. 298-302; Chattanooga, 309; Atlanta cam- 410, 411, 445. 1Y > Young’s Branch (Bull Run), 555 57 W_ nebago, N monitor, Mobile Bay, 310. paign, 386. W iow, Jot in A., N nz val capt., port., Wey as NSS Lacon a3) 371 } Woodford, Stewart L., N b’v't brig.-gen., port., Wyndham, Percy, N col., Harrisonburg, 216 ; ¢ amands “‘ Kearsarge”’ and de Sstroys ° al arsé oys ‘Ala: SAG or buenas atiportiess: } | 290. Port., 218. fe FDL nance, N maj., cay., Springfield, Winthrop, Theodore, N maj., 24: port a Woods, Charles R., N byt maj.-gen., port. W ynkoop, ——,N lieut., Hawes’s Shop, Va., lo., 118-121; port., I2I. killed, Big Bethel, 45, 451. — 2) 35) 311; Atlanta, 285 ; 364. Zclitch, ——,N ensign, Mobile Bay, 393. Wisconsin /x/fantry, st, Di inridge, 436; 2d Woodsonville, Ky. (see Munfordville) Wytheville, Va., action, 339. Zollicofter, Felix K., C brig.-gen., C amp Wild losses, Bull Run, 477: 3d, Bolivar Ee iereere. ) : Cat, 73, 114; killed, Fishing Creek, 73; port., 4th, 185 5th, Rappahz Tanck Sta., 23<° 6th Woodstock company, ist Vt. inf., anecdote. 77> 45%- and 7th, Gettysburg, 259 ; rath, Atlanta 38: 507 Yankee, N steam-tug, = Zook, Samuel K., N b’y’t maj.-gen., killed, Get- sth, Pach anaue a 299; 16th, Atlanta, 389; Wool, John E., N maj.-gen., port Yates, Richard, gov. of IIll., t., 18 oY ePuB 3 DOr zr: a spanner ee tn » 389; 1, John E.., aj.-gen., port., 23. 49° cap- ates, Richard, gov. o ort., 18. cc nen sth art’y, Perryville, 2or. 5 I 3349") (CAP = E ; Zouaves, “ Duryea’s,” 24; ‘Chicago,’ 25: tures Norfolk, 217. Zazoo City iss € rfolk, 217 Yazoo City, Miss., 273. ** Fire,” 25, 61 ; ‘‘ Hawkins’,”’ 72, 218 : ill. x08. SUPPLEMENTAL INDEX. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES, THE BOXER WAR IN CHINA. THE WAR WITIT SPAIN, 1898. 551. Miles. ( f Te Sno eee Acerraderos. 566 less gene ds ar elson A., 563, 566, sates, Bi rigadier-( reneral John C., Kkobbe, General William A., 620, Aibonito, 578 Mindanao, ‘island of, 559 I O88: ee OO: ozil- Alger, General Russell A., Secretary Moron, 554 : ss BAL one on Te veelote, 600, 601. SEW 79 Morro Castle. 56 ao ong, OlLx. rae saguna de Bay, 588, 590, 594. Netarionteoaduardo: 555: NSA Sao (eh a eeee Bell, Colonel James M., 605, 606, Laguna Province, 620. Aguillera, Manuel A. 552 NfOntOION. Spanish AGAIN GO een a c E Nes Langhorne, Major, 618. Alphonso XIII King of Spain, 553. BGI. : ; Ee 1S UK 70 0. a Ledyard, Lieutenant Augustus C Alvarez. Be lisario. 552 Nati ony: Gat eee suse > nnett, sergeant, 602. killed, 622. Ry S Sa ruard, mobilizing of, 557. Biac-na-bota, 613 Leyte, 589 Arecibo, 97! Neville, Lieutenant Wende ye DOD 3j Oi el See Augustin, Governor-General, 561. Osorio, Francisco Sees RRO ee icoe ve aoe Dena Cots f. 604. 3agley, Ensign Worth, GENS Otis ( S565 AAA aingayen, Gulf of, 60 Ble é rths Wess aN: pels eae an Gane eRe et maior awe illiam H., 605, 606. Liscum, Colonel, death of, 628. Barton, Miss Clara, 574, 578. Pasig River, 559. Bohelisiana at 592 ees Ly BEN CIs CO, 0983. > ‘ pe = : : ; nian » Va. dle sTa, VSS. Bee O Coe John B S62 P ae ae ar-Admiral John W., U.S Bouter es iM leutenant. killed, GOT. Lawton, General, 588, 590, 591, Betancourt, Salvador Cisneros, 552 e G spani ‘ Brushtielc LCCC DAT Us wounded, ood, 299, O96, O04, 60%, G12; Be we isneros, 2 Pieltain, re ne ral, Spanish Com- 615 death of. 616 slanco, Genera tamon, 5995 mander, 552 eC! ‘itv 1G ay KOK Blue. Lieut. Victor, 564, 565. Pierce, President, instructs Minis- Bull an Ge onal Oe. 417 ras) : RAS OeO: f ie ) oe \ ullard, Colonel Robert L., 617, Logan, Major John A., killed, 609. Brooke, Maj.-Gen. John R., 565, ters to England, France and 618 ; ROR Raq a hiaf 2 2 i Sai EE eS ee Treaty of peace signed, 057. Cu 2 f Peal 655. i a pelfsang 632 iq nx SIUPY; ane Visavas Islands. 621. Torts to be razed, Ooso0 aria < me Neca, oe a6 a5 1 San Jacinto, 609, 610. rsecalls. Colonel Henry W., 608 Hasiwu, 682. Peking, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633. San José, Day Messe natal “588 589, 59D, Hsu-Cheng-Ya condemned to death, ee as pantie 631. ] Se 4uis,, 991. : ’ SS umnea a ir\O AH i6 15 ir4 3 Tai-ping rebellio 629. 7 San Mao aptured! 617. 596, 604, 609, 610-612, vas - ee r-Chenge 685 Tah tuto “631 5° captured, 633 i | San Nicolas. 610 Whittier, Brig.-Gen. Charles B., 05¢. Hsu-Ching-Cheng. boo... martar’ Clty. 633 ob et SN COs aaice Whittington, William L., Acting Hsu-Tung, degraded, 635. wartar CUNY, Goo. 7 g . on Tien Tsin, allied forces besieged Santa Cruz, 619. ] : : a eaten rar gaat i Santo Tomas, 590, 618. Assistant Surgeon, oe Ve (RIG aS Ae 622 63 San Ps "6. : roung, General Samuel B. M., 606, mperil y, Goo. | ie _ Gol San Pablo, oar G@ 587 ne eneral Indemnity to be paid by Chinese. Treaties, commercial, to be nego- Schurman, Jacob G., o9S1. p14. a —e : has @ar 619, 620 Zamboanga, 623 _ 630. eo __ tiated, 630. eo Ketteler, Baron, murdered, 634, [roops,, foreign, to be withdrawn, Zante iver Brees 635 635. Schwan, General, 605, Sexmoan, 591. »*) Tuan, Prince, exiled, 635. 4 ‘ x “oa Ts *. vat) as Shuch, Sergeant William, 60». ne a ee 1900. 629 rawGeChao. 629 Bf Sigismundo, Cecilio, 628, 624. [He Boxer WAR IN ‘et Of “E29 ae Kwang Chao, 629 Tungpien gate, forcing of, 632 wis ‘| > ear 14 ‘s 329 Joxers, secret society OL, O«d. LWang whao. ve ~ MILE otuNs 5 ’ ve. f ' Smith, Ceneial on 622 Chaffee Maj.-Gen. Adna R., 682, Kwang Su, Emperor, 629. Waldersee, Count, German com- i | Snyder, Colonel Serer oe 611 £22 ; ne Lan. Duke, exiled, 635. mander, 635. } SU > é : 2r GG. dey . JOO. . i shy f . Por +2 Te . 970r ‘2 : : See aa Gd rene! Chao-Shu-Chiao ordered to commit Legations, area set apart for, 050 Fee or 631. j et , § bay, ; g Pee Lor Lien-Yuan, 635 uan-Chang, 635. 4 x ‘ < 99 SUI ide, b50. 4 3 : . < as) = 4 \ | Sudlon Mountains, Gee. ae : sult , f miled 222 Li Hung Chang, 629 Yane-Hi degraded. G35. i Swan, Corporal Frank S8., 605. Chihan gate assailed ea h. 635 Li-Pine-He1 lacraded, 635 Yauetun 1632 } Pie a . ‘hh; wg ; , a6 +2 in: eng degraded, ow é gr he ore. y Tabo: 607. Chi-Hsin condemned to death, 000 4l SALONS a es . : oe ; Web aoe 621 Chuang ordered to commit suicide, Liscum, Colonel Emerson H., killed, Yu-Hsien condemned to death, 635 fant De an, 621. : 1a] sae ti | Taft. William H., first governor of 635. O62, if i] Philippines, 618. } 1 il \ ml a | a a } i i fi; | ! | i , o i PRESS AND BINDERY OF : AVIL PRINTING COMPANY b 3941-43-45 MARKET Sr. PHILADELPHIA, PAwe te 20d Phi benetee ; CULO LUCY RT Eure er teats “ pase t ; : : Sar cays hea qusten 8 shame Ss ier i=" Mad ari Hn ifr aah Te (Tite ek [eas MIF ral 5 i f ae eye a 7 > aN j f wy ee eg ae a OM ot ta ts 2 ES eects eect 5 iF lg us ES SOT pl Nl ian sean Ts acd Wika iid Lies ate) 4Wither ate OA i itor toe ere a, Ke ib “ iw Pra Urea Ei - y een Pr RAE TT a 5 H | H r } i | H . i a ¢ ; } i iaPE i ek Q ‘ rp PLEASE RETURN TO ALDERMAN LIBRARY DUE 2 ell | | DUE By eRe LURAY er Py = Sse 7 ~e Fae oI PONCE fie * Bihd bee SPars wail i pas) ohhh 7 EY oi Pid COFi, rR! Vv a ne DP AIDS. Val MX OOO &34 O16 piste el gee As oe PN Se rN ~~ Odreeci a eet a aie i aca Sl PRAY ET ei , he ;

disputing the claim of Mrs. Ethel Lynn Beers. She died in Orange, N. J., October 10, 1879. > oO ‘All quiet along the Potomac,” they say, ‘Except now and then a Stray picket Is shot, as he walks on his beat to and fro, By a rifleman hid in the thicket. | ‘Tis nothing—a private or two now and then Will not count in the news of the battle ; 2 § Not an officer lost—only one of the men, SE, Moanine”’ out, all alone, the death-rattle. | g : Mitch! (ene All quiet along the Potomac to-night, Where the soldiers lie peacelully dreaming ; * Their tents in the rays of the clear autumn moon. Mr the licht of the watch-fire, are gleaming. A tremulous sigh of the gentle night-wind Through the forest leaves softly is creeping; While stars up above, with their glittering eyes, Keep ard, for the army is sleeping. | oD There’s only the sound of the lone sentry’s tread, As he tramps from the rock to the fountain, And thinks of the two in the low trundle-bed CLcaiteeareenierathekins cia a eeten eet Far away in the cot on the mountain. His musket falls slack; his face, dark and grim, Grows gentle with memories tender, As he mutters a prayer for the children asleep, eerie eth uae ee For their mother may Heaven defend her! The moon seems to shine just as brightly as then, That night, when the love yet unspoken Leaped up to his lips—when low-murmured vows Were pledged to be ever unbroken. Then drawing his sleeve roughly over his eyes i He dashes off tears that are welling, And gathers his gun closer up to its place ’ As if to keep down the heart-swelling. He passes the fountain, the blasted pine-tree— The footstep is lagging and weary: oD ’ aS Yet onward he goes, through the broad belt of light, Toward the shade of the forest so dreary Hark! was it the night-wind that rustled t ' Was it moonl ie leaves ? ight so wondrously flashing ? It looked like a rifle . ela! : Mary, good-by !” , The red life-blood is ebbing and pl ashing, See et ae nee waar All quiet along the Potomac to-night ; No sound save the rush of the river: ! While soft falls the dew on the face of the dead— The picket’s off duty forever! et eee ' Cereb rt sal babe My here VU SDS E EL SELeTT eee . ze at" Mi Nhe wed me at Poy lini OO4 we Preah ees iad an TePeTiC oat ad] tit }} . N\ oh fbb lees pebbabtes AIL lel ETA eT ere \ Pra eee i SANT THAT atlas, eerie ELT Ay Piel Wee Pap a x} Ail CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. THE BATILE HYMN OR tHe PPO BEL PERHAPS the ‘“ Battle Hymn of the Republic,” by Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, may be considered the most lofty in sentiment and the most elevated in style of the martial songs of American patriotism. During the close of the seat 1861, Mrs Howe oa Ss ae o i : sited \ ee ible there she attended a review of the Union troops on the Virginia side of the otomac and not far from the city. During her stay in camp she witnessed a sudden and unexpected attack of the enemy. Thus she had a glimpse of genuine warfare. On the ride back Cl tne f ; ACK to he ICY h 7 yarty Sane a numb miki ‘ar SC iS 1 { 6 ’ ” “ c ? w< JE! ot Wal Sone G ‘ John Brown S Body. I oe z 1gs, 11) ludins f f One of the party remarked th: , ~ - < / c LOL lat the 5 las ¢ YC =" c : oe r -{ c Mrs. Howe responded to a 4 age tune was a grand one, and altogether superior to the words o IVLTS. = Jie: ( e effect that she wot ‘ndeavor ‘rite +r words th; Tot er CtTG sae suld endeavor to write other words that might be sung to this stirring the song. melody [hat night, while she was lying in a dark room, line after line and verse after verse of the “ Battle Hymn of the Republic”’ Was composed t { ae Be - as n this way every verse of the ; ie ee a , , , le son y thought out. Then, springing from the bed, she It ¢ was carefull found a pen and piece of paper and wrote out the words of i ae ro ee nae this rousing patriotic hymn. was often sung in the course ar and under a great variety of circumstances. Mine eyes have seer » olory of the coming of the ~ yes e seen the glory of the coming of the Lord ; I have read a fiery gospel, writ in burnished rows of steel: He is trampling out the vintage whe ; Ss tr it tl itage where the grape wr are stored: ‘As ye de: ritl ie pling vintag € the grapes of wrath are stored; As ye deal with my contemners, so with you my yrace shall deal :” 34 e has loosed the fateful lightning of H -rrible sw \ dal 2 a ay é a S FS is terrible swift sword ; Let the hero, born of woman, crush the serpent with his heel, re His truth is marching on. INC i 5 “chi Fs 8 Since God is marching on. be a a 2 ; see is f have seen Him in th atch-fire “@ ‘line c : | 1. BS - pocc ly In t atch-fires of a hundred circling camps ; He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call retreat ; ' vey have builded Him an tar in the evening de\ d dal P i ifti i IS ] ) . aa \ 3 3 in altar in the evening dews and damps ; He is sifting out the hearts of men before His judgment seat ; . lave reat Is righteou entence in t y ) ‘ubil i . 1g ous sentence in lim and flaring lamps Oh, be swift, my soul, to answer Him! be jubilant, my feet! v « ] : . x eek ° e e ¥ . e : 4 His day 1S Marching on, Our God is marching on. > | yi ae “4 ’ « ~ ° a In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea, Fl With a glory in His bosom that transfigure and a R Nn a giory IS som la anshgures you and ME ; > aa As He died to make men holy, let us die to make men free, While God is marching on. WHEN THIS CRUEL WAR Is OVER. y . . : WitrH the English soldiers a popular song in war times 1s the well known “Annie Laurie.” It is said that during the j Crimean War this sentimental ditty was sung by the English forces more frequently than any other melody. Several songs | of similar sentimentality were famous on both sides during the civil war. The bovs in gray sang “Lorena” at the very beginning of the war, and never stopped till the last musket was stacked, and the last campfire cold. The boys in blue . Tust before the Battle, Mother,” ‘‘ When this Cruel War is Over,” and other songs i sang ~ Mother, I ve Come Home to Die,’ a “When this Cruel published in the autumn of More by Mr. Sawyer are “Swinging in the Lane’ and is Over” was written by Charles -C. Sawyer, of Brooklyn, N. Y., and was War One of sentiment and affection. 1861. than million copies of the song have been sold: Some of the other compositions “Peeping through the Bars.” f SL Reenny yi xn § Dearest love, do you remember Lonely, wounded, even dying, Calling, but in vain. When we last did meet, . How you told me that you loved me, | Kneeling at my feet? [f, amid the din of battle, f Ohvahow, proud yourstoca elCue sn Nobly you should fall, |; In} your ssurt of blue, Far awav from those who love you, When you vowed to me and country None £6 hea oul calli Ever to be true: Who would whisper words of comfort ? Weeping, sad and lonely, Who would soothe your pain? be Hopes and fears, how vain; Ah, the many cruel fancies Yet spray Ever in my brain! When this cruel war 1s over Praying that we meet again. ae But our country called you, darling, Angels cheer your way ! When the summer breeze is sighing While our nation’s sons are fighting, oe dS? eaves are falling Mournfully alon Or when autumn Sadly breathes the song. Oft in dreams I see you lying On the battle-plain, peer sprees ed nn Paints” oO We can only pray. Nobly strike for God and liberty, Let all nations see How we love the starry banner, Emblem of the free! eS SrRe cua — 8 GA VEETIEROE, AINGD BA ie Eales ED. 12§ WE ARE COMING, FATHER ABRAHAM. 1 ( I C { y ; n O R « «< ( | L ¢ ( ( 1] ys eee lilmington, Del., living in New York City, wrote: Gibbons, a native of Wilmington, Del., g ) Mr. James Sloane ] pe i ing, We - Abrahz ‘ee hundred thousand more. “We are coming, Father Abraham, three | ae : ee ees ‘ising which it relates. The stanzas were first | Thi > contributed largely to the accomplishment of the military uprising which : | I This must have contributed largely z ng Post of July 16, 1862. Owing to this fact, perhaps, its authorship was at first 2) : Teele rane r Post « uly 16, 1862. , a published anonymously in the New York Avening Fost of July S } / a attributed to William C. Bryant. Mr. Gibbons joined the aboli- tion movement when only twenty years of age, and was for a time one of the editors of the Avwtz-Slavery Standard. When the ij =S Emancipation Proclamation was issued, he illuminated his _ resi- et dence in‘New York City. A short time afterward, during the drat nots he awas - mobbed, and only by nuabenth mete beeing t be eee Max the assistance of friends EE . was he able to save his Es | life by escaping over Z the roofs of adjoining = LE . houses to another street, where a friend had a Carriage waiting for him. He died October Us 1592. 1 ak m\ 4 HQ) \ 4 \ SNS Vf A EN NY \4 LATA 44, Mir NEN \\ NY at We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred thousand more, From Mississippi's winding stream if and from New England’s shore: y We leave our ploughs and workshops, I our wives and cl] ildren dear, With hearts too full for utterance, WJ with but a Silent tear : | We dare not look behind us, but steadfastly before: We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred thousand more! If you look across the hill-tops that meet the northern sky, T Long moving lines of rising dust your vision may 1 descry ; And now the wind, an instant, tears the cloudy veij] aside, And floats aloft our spangled flag in glory and in pride ; And bayonets in the sunlight gleam, and bands brave music pour: We are coming, Father A yraham, three hundred thousand more! ® If you look all up our valleys where the growing harvests shine, You may see our sturdy: farmer boys fast falling into line: And children from their mother ’s knees are pulling at the And learning how to reap and sow (, against their country’s leeds ; And a farewell] group stands weeping at every cottage door: We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred thousand more ! } | You have called us, and we're coming, by Richmond's bloody tide j we / ’ ee pinta eee Acuantinsh ae aneeee ee eee oe To lay us down, for Freedom’s sake, our brothers’ bones beside : a 1 ' d Or from foul treason's pavage grasp to wrench the murderous blade And in the face of loreign foes its fragments to parade, Six hundred thousand loyal men We are coming, Father A} and true have gone before: Sraham, three hundred thousand more! ay nner recente an Steen a AAs suas 5 tr = rr = Ae ELCrs tere bn Tt ihe acne TOT . i 5 Cece errr = ie : A PEROT A ree ore Wty iin Li Mee y precast NU MeDRe arora . TA : 5 aa a s Nat a aaah Shan “SSL vA ree tenons at) Rea aH naaabalatTL) EL in| Vt p> ati MARCHING THROUGH GEORGIA. ALL the great songs of the civil war, with one exception, were written during the first year of the conflict. This exception is . Marching through Georgia.” It was written to commemorate one of the most remarkable campaigns of the war. Now that the war has been over for nearly thirty years, and the old soldier has no military duty more serious than fighting his battles o’er again, ‘‘ Marching through Georgia” has become the song dear o » DS ~~ « — est to his heart. At theannual encampments of the Grand Army TT ST Bring me the good old bugle, boys! we'll sing another song— Sing it with that spirit that will start the world along— Sing it as we used to sing it, fifty thousand strong, o While we were marching through Georgia. CHORUS : « Wurrah, hurrah! we bring the Jubilee! Hurrah, hurrah! the flag that makes you free!” So we sang the chorus from Atlanta to the sea, While we were marching through Georgia. How the darkies shouted when they heard the joyful sound! How the turkeys gobbled which our commissary found ! How the sweet potatoes even started from the ground ! While we were marching through Georgia. CAMPFIRE AND \ ibaebipN ttt a Ube OAM CIEL Erer/ PLLC LEL er ead bene an Soria WiLL aie al (Cate BA IPIPIL 1B 18218 J, ID). 35 of the Republic, and < C site at numerous meeting : : : the Grand Army sts, t] TI a i‘ Coa ! y posts, the writer has heard this sung more fre- ay than any other. The words were composed by Mr. enry C. Work, author of many well-k vi Ca Works, nan »l1- ms 3. Fe eee : ny well Know n songs. Among the est known of his patriotic lyrics are “Grafted into the \rm a >> ‘ a4 ye o 1 ‘ ”? T * ys) 1 Yilss und Kingdom Come.’ Mr. Work was born in Middle- town, Conn., October 1, 1832. When he was very young his father removed to Illinois. He was an inventor as well asa song writer, and among his successful inventions are a_ knitting machine, a walking doll, and a rotary engine. He died in Hart- ford, June 8, 1884. Yes, and there were Union men who wept with joyful tears, 1g they hadn’t seen for years ; | d from breaking out in cheers, When they saw the honored fl Hardly could they be restraine While we were marching through Georgia. ‘ , . r ? s ~ = eo «© Sherman’s dashing Yankee boys will never reach the coast: So_the saucy rebels said, and ‘twas a handsome boast ; Had they not forgotten, alas! to reckon with the host, While we were marching through Georgia? o> So we made a thoroughfare for Freedom and her train, Sixtv miles in latitude—three hundred to the main: Treason fled before us, for resistance was in vain, While we were marching through Georgia. RSA ASA TLLE TUITE Mh a ae a PS ao ead tas od be ot Peay: mengepmey PRE ape ae Bae sodet a: Nees es Ne De ee PES > tp ee Be Ener ae a peed. eee ee JACKSON’S CAMP Fe STONEWALL ” a +h H 7 4 rm) H ae | 4 at Bee | 4 a a a) 4 : H ay : | f E oa ; t i } a -f ‘iF PRAYER IN # Siieesenekensd ations TO yd = of Ne a Cee eee nie a eT eee - ee ae eee mn ens Saal heen ahaa note” et eres 0 fe eens eth BZ = — TE aT aT a pay a 7 Neca Peer Wes ty a “\7te rye pL et? Te. | Lf ey er set) Tt ee err iT ees Piet : : : eer (ses ; ee Hee aE . dis A eek Ue beasbsl Es SQ EEN e th HD WAH itt Hin Litabtah eke SM Utat settee UROL tT] | CTT ea ech cla Pee Crtietiitate Wilde Va beer eesti disatevilin CA MARTA Kee WANED SBYA TG EE Dy SOUTHE RN SONGS. Halt not till our Federation Secures among earth’s powers its station. Then at peace, and crowned with glory, DIXIE. Hear your children tell the story. THE tune ‘“ Dixie” was composed in 1859, by Mr. Dan D. eee "ae ee ieee eg / ictory soon shall bring them gladness Emmett, for Bryant’s Minstrels, then performing in New York . - City. It hit the taste of the New York play-going public, and was adopted at once by various bands of wandering minstrels, who sang it in all parts of the Union. In 1860 it was first sung in New Orleans. In that city the tune was harmonized, set to new words, and, without the authority of the composer, was published. As from Boston ‘“ John Brown’s Body” spread Exultant pride soon banish sorrow, Smiles chase tears away to-morrow. MY MARYLAND. : : Ses “My MARYLAND” is regarded by some as the greatest song through the North, so from New Orleans “ Dixie spread : eat : vil ys 1 ts 1 % eS oe a ee Inspired by the civil war, and if we consider these songs as through the South; and as Northern poets strove to find fitting : Seas : a : i ,0ems it is the best. Its burning lines, written early in 1861, words for the One, SO Southern poets wrote flery lines to fill the I > ) se ee ee helped to fire the Southern heart. Its author, Mr. James Ryder measures of the other. The only version possessing any literary : : ae ee ae oe - ¢ ; Randall, is a native of Baltimore. He was professor of English merit is the one given in this collection. It was written by es : oe a 2 aes : z literature in Poydras College in Louisiana, a short distance Gen. Albert Pike, a native of Massachusetts. In early life Mr. : ; | a : from New Orleans, and there in April, 1861, he read the news Pike moved to Little Rock, Ark., editing a paper and studying Tae re . ie ee: ae of the attack on the Massachusetts troops as they passed aw in that city. He served in the Mexican war with distinc- tion, and on the breaking out of the Rebellion enlisted on the Confederate side a force of Cherokee Indians, whom he led at the battle of Pea Ridge. It is said that President Lincoln requested a band in Washington to play ‘“ Dixie” in 1865, a short time after the surrender of Appomattox, remarking “‘ that, as we had = it _ : PI > = “John Pelham,’ commonly called “The Dead Cannonneer, through Baltimore. Naturally he was greatly excited on read- sl 37 Shae ms ing this account, and it inspired the song, which was written within twenty-four hours of the time he read of the assault. a Sl “My Maryland” is one of a number of songs written by Mr. od Randall, but none of the others attained popularity. His v ees ay. iL captured the rebel army, we had captured also the rebel tune. : : oe : isa much finer poem. After the war he became editor of the Southrons, hear your country call you! Constitutionalist, published in Augusta, Ga., in which city he Up, lest worse than death befall you! still resides. eines To arms! To arms! To arms, in Dixie! Lo! all the beacon-fires are lighted— Mpc rdes Pols shecieis one chy eSHorc, Maryland! Let hearts be now united. , e . . ic fe ic ¢ r ) > f ov anmns! sLo-arms! Lo agms. in Pixel His torch fe 2 ae le door, Maryland ! Advance the flag of Dixie! Shs \\. Fas zi Wt me ene Avenge the patriotic gore it urrah! hurrah ! : F ee sah That flecked the streets of Baltimore, eS or Dixie’s land we take our stanc : Fs, Reet fe foe) ' And be the battle-queen of yore, And live or die for Dixie! T 1 oo ' Maryland, my Maryland ! o arms! o arms:! : : : And conquer peace for Dixie! Hark to an exiled son’s appeal, To arms! To arms! Maryland ! - . . “ Mm And conquer peace for Dixie! My Mother State, to thee I kneel, bei Maryland! "7 2ar the Northern thunders mutter ! a / : a te le ea For life and death, for woe and weal, Northern flags in South winds flutter. ai en = [hy peerless chivalry reveal, x ] ~ _ m d 2 < end the Dack your herce dehance ; : ; Pines. Se ene a uae - iii : And gird thy beauteous limbs with steel, Stamp upon the accursed alliance. z : Maryland, my Maryland! ‘ear no danger! Shun no labor ! pa : Ln peat ns Thou wilt not cower in the dust, ; Maryland ! Thy beaming sword shall never rust, Lift up rifle, pike, and sabre. Shoulder pressing close to shoulder, : > ; ake eac -art bolder. Let the odds make each heart bc Maryland ! How the South’s great heart re- Remember Carroll’s sacred trust, i joices Remember Howard's warlike thrust, At your cannons’ ringing voices ! And all thy slumberers with the just, Ror faith betrayed, and pledges Maryland, my Maryland ! broken, oe Come! ’tis the red dawn of the day, Wrongs inflicted, insults spoken. Maryland! Strong as lions, swift as eagles, Come with thy panoplied array, | Back to their kennels hunt these Maryland ! | beagles ! With Ringgold's spirit for the fray, 26 Cut the unequal bonds asunder ; With Watson’s blood at Monterey, ! : S ie ra Let them hence each other plun- With fearless Lowe and dashing May, [ee RA fee MY | oa der! Maryland, my Maryland! iG ¥ js ae x Nees | } Swear upon your country’s altar Dear Mother, burst ue tyrant’s chain, | = Never to submit or falter, Maryland ! ; ee Till the spoilers are defeated, Virginia should not call in vain, 6 ; ee nd! BRIGADIER-GENERAL ALBERT PIKE, C. S. A Till the Lord’s work is completed. Maryland 1}Pe \ A Re cu as oe Lan CAMPFIRE AND BA Tee DD 132 i Rebels! ‘tis a patriots name. She meets her sisters on the plain,— In struggles it was given , th “ Sic semper L” tis the proud retrain “ We ere at then when tyrants raved, Tijnes (Deltites; jeafitonss etehs eleaeitsy And through their curses ‘twas engraveG Maryland : On the doomsday-DOoOoK of heaven. Arise in majesty again, aryla ; Maryland! ~ ok Brn eer at Maryland, wy ) Rebels! ’tis our fighting name. For peace rules o’er the land rae a aes ic rio and strong, : = a Come! for thy shield is bright and S> Until they speak of craven woe, yy ; eee Th rl | a . : vA f Maryland! ) Until our rights receive a blow a \y : . cr = Wee. =| ly- nN sc 1ee Wrong, oS . 1 lai Come! for thy dalliance does thes g From foe's or brother's hand. | 7 ay i Maryland ! j ity = me pees ParAnee 1eroic throng En Come to thine own heroic th D> R hels ! ’tis our dying name ! oe ST eto AAT iberty along Seer H a Stalking WIEN Libert) ES For lt} ougn Wie 1S dear, i hal : z 2ss slogman-SONng, : ; i} And chant thy dauntless vs lk Yet, freemen born and freemen bred, a arvland, my Maryland: ve 1 Maryland, m\ } We'd rather live as freemen dead, oi 3 g a Aeea: Than live in Slavisn fear. i I see the blush upon thy cheek, a Maryland ! ‘¢ Bay) ee 1 Then call us rebels, if you will— ah” For thou wast ever bravely meek, | 4 \We olory In the name; ia Maryland ! : at i t | : f | hriek For ben ne under unjust laws, ‘| a 20t lo! there surges forth a SNrlek, > : im But Oe phe ey: And swearing faith to an unjust Cause, if From hill to hill, from creek to creek, f wi : : We count a greater shame. a | Potomac calls to Chesapeake, a | Marvland, my Maryland! ie J / ¢ eo a a ne Lk aie] ] ll i Thou wilt not yield the vandal toll, : } ti Maryland ! G/NEIL, ANILIE; 5 Thou wilt not crook to his control, it Maryland! : A ‘ ; A. ete ‘ Tuts Southern war song, which was first published in the Better the fire upon thee roll, : 1 T ) 7 ~ ae ) roe > > ¢ i y Better the shot, the blade, the bowl Rockingham, Va., Regzster in 1861, became quite popular with if Cc i I . < - 1c f Wi, = : a Than crucifixion of the soul, the bovs in Oray. lt 1s published here because of its peculiarities . Maryland, my Maryland! rather than on account of its literary merit. ' me! } , | i I hear the distant thunder-hum, Whoop! the Doodles have broken loose, / Maryland! R yarInge rouns¢ wake the Very cdeuce ! ! The Old Line’s bugle, fife, and drum, cena Dt hungry pack iB AiTiarcenlanaclid : ; : Es : : ai Maryland ! Aiter m, DOYS, ind drive ’em back. | She is not dead, nor deaf, nor dumb; a ~ Ae Huzza! she spurns the Northern scum— Bulledoc. terrier. cur. and fice i She breathes! She burns! She'll come! She'll come! Back to the besearly land of ice: r ae we eee } | Re . ; = i i Maryland, my Maryland! Worry ’em. bite ’em. scratch and tear an t “A , } ybo evel hel ie Old Kentu is caved from under, ! 2 1S — A RES BIEIGS: Te} nessee 1S spilt Sunder Alabama awaits attack t ‘ ere oe f ele ; 3 ET re ae 7: : And Georg! stiles ack, FirST published in the Atlanta Confederacy. The authot s a eae is unknown. Ve feet . Old John Brown 1s dead and gone! Rebels! ‘tis a holy name! oul his spirit 1s marching on The name our fathers bore Lantern-jawed, and legs, my boys When battling in the cause of Right, Long as an apes from Illinois! Against the tyrant in his might, a In the dark days of vore, W int a weapon ? Gather a brick, a Club or cudgel, Ol Stone Oo; Stick . f Rebels! ‘tis our family name! Anything with a blade or butt, 4 Our father, Washington, Anything that can cleave or cut; i Was the arch-rebel in the fight, y And gave the name to us—a right Anything heavy, or hard, or keen— Er ~ a “ = : . % . ' ai. O! father unto son. Any sort of slaying machine ! ie Anything with a willing mind ar) f ebels ! ’tis - given name! | =) ebels ! tis our given name! And the steady arm of a man behind. i Our mother, Liberty, Received the title with her fame, Want a weapon? Why, capture one} f ANTC are © fence Lee . . In days of grief, of fear, and shame, Every Doodle has got a gun, j i Whe a > ae eS a : 5 : : = 1 Vhen at her breast were we. Belt, and bayonet, bright and new; Kill a Doodle. ; ny a er Rebels! ’tis our sealéd name! Doodle, and capture two! A baptism of blood ! Shoulder to shoulder, son and sire! The war ay, and the din of strife— All, call all! The fearful contest, life for life— 3 an The mingled crimson flood. to the feast of fire! Mother and maiden, and child and slave, ieee ante A common triumph or a single grave, Mad asrcsatl ratte att = . { x {rt PAM seit eu ty eCer eee eneyy tf? : vive yer Uy ent RNP ‘ia * i ; Ff “eee fie N oe ea sa an WTAE SULT Ute et Rh | TTA Pee ata oli cadit icra te 4 H itis Gb Seteeiests theieae yee rete ted Ue eae yal gd bn ofAN TORT TES Ty Ly ePreiPittt eis titel sere veers wh ee THE BLACK ELAG. THE raising of the black flag means death without quarter. It means that prisoners taken should be slaughtered at once. It is contrary to the spirit of modern warfare. General Sher- man, in his celebrated letter to the Mayor of Atlanta, says, “War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it.” War arouses the fiercest, most tiger-like passions of mankind. Were it not so, the poet. who wrote “The Mountain of the Lovers” could never have written ‘The Black Flag.” Paul Hamilton Hayne was born in Charleston, S. C:, in 1830. He abandoned the practice of law for literary pursuits. He contributed to the Southern Literary Messenger, and for a while edited the Charles- ton Literary Gazette. He entered the Southern army at the outbreak of the civil war, and served until obliged to resign by failing health. His house and all his personal property were destroyed at the bombardment of Charleston. He wrote extensively both in poetry and prose. Like the roar of the wintry surges on a wild, tempestuous strand, The voice of the maddened millions comes up from an outraged land; For the cup of our woe runs over, and the day of our grace 1s past, And Mercy has fled to the angels, and Hatred is king at last! CHORUS: Then up with the sable banner! Let it thrill to the War God’s breath, For we march to the watchword—Vengeance ! Ke And we follow the captain—Deat In the gloom of the gory breaches, on the ramparts wrapped in flame ’Mid the ruined homesteads, blackened by a hun lred deeds of shame: ] Wheresoever the vandals rally, and the bands of the al We will crush the heads of the hydra with the stamp of our armed fee lien meet, They have taught us a fearful lesson! ‘tis burned on our hearts 1n fre, And the souls of a host of heroes leap with a herce desire ; And we swear by all that is sacred, and we swear by all that is pul That the crafty and cruel dastards shall ravage our homes no more. We will roll the billows of battle back, back on the braggart foe, Till his leaguered and stricken cities shall quake with a coward’s throe ;: ey y 5S > awful meaning o eC ct their lus gun, They shall compass the awt l g of tl ynflict their lust begun When the Northland rings with wailing, and the grand old cause lath won. LORENA. Tuts doleful and pathetic song of affection was very popular the start, and among the Confederate soldiers. It started at | | the last never stopped till the last musket was stacked anc camp-fire cold. It was, without. doubt, the song nearest ae Confederate soldiens heart. lit was the. | Annie Waune ol the Confederate trenches. “Each heart recalled a different name, But all sawzg ‘ Annie Laurie. The years creep slowly by, Lorena, The snow is on the grass again ,; The sun’s low down the sky, Lorena, And frost gleams where the flowers have be Labrie birt ceases SSPPCPUELIN Cc SCL AUREUS Ln cote Ui ANAM Ae ey (ITPIEF: CAMPHIRE AND BA WEE DADE 39 But the heart throbs on as warmly now As when the summer days were nigh. Oh! the sun can never dip so low Adown affection’s cloudless sky. One hundred months have passed, Lorena, Since last I held that hand in mine; I felt that pulse beat fast, Lorena, But mine beat faster still than thine. One hundred months! ’Twas flowery May, When up the mountain slope we climbed, To watch the dying of the day, And hear the merry church bells chime. We loved each other then, Lorena, More than we ever dared to tell ; And what we might have been, Lorena, Had but our loving prospered well— But then, ‘tis past, the years have flown ; I'll not call up their shadowy forms ; I'll say to them, “Lost years, sleep on— , Sleep on, nor heed life’s pelting storms.’ It matters little now, Lorena, The past is the eternal past; Our heads will soon lie low, Lorena, Life’s tide is ebbing out so fast. But there’s a future, oh! thank God— Of life this is so small a part. 'Tis dust to dust beneath the sod ; But there, up there, ‘tis heart to heart.” mS <. =, a po _- sh atin, FUEIA rate S veo ie0 he ) . | me inter ean tos = tty tj | 2a nl pS > ™“ tenes eho gee selbteih ted omen. hee ee WY \ Za RE SE ae ee ee AE ieematiioas - = wenegted in. eee ee tegen e enna aire nen A Ea pe = eee ~ N SN CAMPFIRE AND STEPHEN COLLINS FOSTER. ee ee RE SEER SY iS een All up and down de whole creation Sadly I roam, Still longing for de old plantation, And for de old folks at home. “2 eee eee ee EN RET REN ep eccrarer er rere: ~ Serr le Oates Sts Ngee a ) re om ~ ONS et TE 64 vee ee Ss ; cD ee ae —~ Ten i} aD ernTee FF BATTLEFIELD. G(OILID) HOILIKS Agr IOMOS,« Mr. F. G. DE FONTAINE, a celebrated Southern war corre- spondent, writes that the most popular songs with the soldiers of the Confederate armies were negro melodies, such as “Old Folks at Home” and “My Old Kentucky Home.” This is our reason for publishing the pacific and kindly words of the melody, among that breathe threatening and slaughter. It is difficult to why such songs were popular with men raised in the South. They would bring forcibly to mind the distant home, and the dear associations of early life on the old plantations. “Old Folks at Home” was written by Stephen Collins Foster. He wrote between two and three hundred popular songs—more Among the most familiar of his most celebrated negro songs not understand than any other American. compositions are “Old Uncle Ned,” “ Massas in the Cold Cold Ground,’ “Old Dog Tray,’ and “My Old Kentucky Home.’ Mr. French and German, was an amateur painter of ability, and a talented musician. It is that he fifteen thou- Folks at Home.” finely ~ Foster was educated, was proficient -in said received sand dollars for ‘ Old Way down upon de Swanee ribber, Far, far away, Dere’s wha my heart is turning ebber, Dere’s wha de old folks stay. % , eat. cae tala) heen ae nt eamesPerr at ae At be ttl 718 CAMP AIRE THE BLACK BEAG: THE raising of the black flag means death without quarter. It means that prisoners taken should be slaughtered at once. It is contrary to the spirit of modern warfare. General Sher- man, in his celebrated letter to the Mayor of Atlanta, says, “War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it.”’ War arouses the fercest, most tiger-like passions of mankind. Were it not so ’ wrote ‘ The never have written ‘“‘ The Black the poet. who Mountain of the Lovers” could lag.” Paul Hamilton Hayne was born in Charleston, S. C., in 1830. He abandoned the practice of law for literary pursuits. He contributed to the Southern Literary Messenger, and for a while edited the Charles- ton Literary Gazette. We entered the Southern army at the outbreak of the civil war, and served until obliged to resign by failing health. His house and all his personal property were destroyed at the bombardment of Charleston. He wrote extensively both in poetry and prose. Like the roar of the wintry surges on a wild, The voice of the maddened millions comes up from an outraged land; For the cup of our woe runs over, und the day ol our grace 1S past, & ae And Mercy has fled to the angels, and Hatred is king at last! CHORUS: Then up with the sable banner! Let It tnt to thr Wa God's breath For we mari to 1lé Val vO Ven ince * And we follow th ( ytain Le ! In the gloom of the gory breaches, on the ramparts wrapp d in flame eo So d i ’Mid the ruined homes s, blackened b I cle S70! 1m W heresoever the Vandals Pali tne ya ) { wulen mM [ We will crush the heads of the hydra with the stamp ol our armed leet Thev have taught us a fearful lesson! tis burned on our hearts In hr > een 1 . ( ‘ Se ee And the souls of a host of heroes leap with a herce desire ; \nd we swear by all that is sacred, and we swear Dy ali that ls pul That the crafty and cruel dastards shall ravage our homes no more. . } ] ] 2 =I» tla hr y 1" > We will roll the billows of battle back, back on the braggart toe, Pill his leaguered and stricken cities shall quake wl . coward’s throe: i the When the Northland rings with wailing, and the grand old cause lath conflict their lust begun, Thev shall compass the awful meaning « won. LORENA. Tus doleful and pathetic song of affection was very popula among the Confederate soldiers. It started at the start, and never stopped till the last musket was stacked and the last It was, without. doubt, the song nearest the «“ Annie camp-fire cold. Confederate soldier's heart. It was the Laurie ol the Confederate trenches. ‘«“EKach heart recalled a different name, But all savzg ‘ Annie Laurie. The years creep slowly by, Lorena, The snow is on the grass again ; The sun’s low down the sky, Lorena, And frost gleams where the flowers have been. 9 N ett Te TUK TH Ue hetvriy THIN IO) IBAA I U1 18 JAMIE IL ID). ‘ 5 / 5 : : A : balbaslPi Lik Ale Abd tbh ALLL tt] LLU et ee Cee cd chan Haha TAAL Ay But the heart throbs on as warmly now As when the summer days were nigh. Oh! the sun can never dip so low Adown affection’s cloudless sky. One hundred months have passed, Lorena, Since last I held that hand in mine; I felt that pulse beat fast, Lorena, But mine beat faster still than thine. One hundred months! ’Twas flowery May, When up the mountain slope we climbed, To watch the dying of the day, And hear the merry church bells chime. We loved each other then, Lorena, More than we ever dared to tell ; And what we might have been, Lorena, Had but our loving prospered well— But then, ‘tis past, the years have flown; I’ll not call up their shadowy forms ; I'll say to them, ‘Lost years, sleep on— Sleep on, nor heed life’s pelting storms.” It matters little now, Lorena, The past is the eternal past ; Our heads will soon lie low, Lorena, Life’s tide is ebbing out so fast. But there’s a future, oh! thank God— Of life this is so small a part. ‘Tis dust to dust beneath the sod ; But there, up there, ‘tis heart to heart.” prays ep r3S LEIBA ST ALP Ls) Ker wa *, A es Soe ea ot, eas area Tae de kT rer ibe bt, a BS Tuy aX% 7 — oi Bee Bs cn GAMPFIRE AND BATE ae Ey Pel by LoD 136 Brown’s Body ’’ was the most popular war song among the i = ~ ae i | THE BONNIE BLUE FLAG. Northern soldiers on the march and around the campfire. Niecy In fact, it became the marching song of the armieS of the THE most popular war songs of the South were ‘ De Sent Shi, Sonuie Tneencer eee eee Seen eee a. re ae homes of the North. The Pall Mall Gazette, of October 14, Flag” began its popular career in New Orleans. The words . | 1865, Sata we Ul he street boys of London have decided in favor were written by an Irish comedian, Mr. Harry Mc¢ artny, and : of “john Brown’s Body’ against ‘My Maryland’ and ‘The Was first sung by his SISTECT, Mi S Marion Me urthy Bonnie Blue Flag. The somewhat lugubrious retrain has the song le 1S. “all the Variety Theatre in New Orleans in 1861. The tut old and popular Irish melody, “ The Irish Jaunting Car. It is Na- John Brown’s body lies a-mouldering in the grave ; excited their admiration to a wonderful degree. said that General Butler, when he was commander of the : : : ~ L PT ge re eaten len Ey hn Brown’s body lies a-mouldering in the grave; tional forces in New Orleans in 1862, made it very profitable by John brow! S fining every man, woman, or child, who sang, w histled, or played John Brown ue eS ee tee In the grave; this tune on any instrument, twenty-five dollars. It hasalso been L is 1g said that he arrested the publisher, destroyed the stock of sheet Glory, halle—hallelujah! Glory, halle—hallelujah ! music, and fined him five hundred dollars. Glory, halle—hallelujah ! His soul is marching on! We are a band of brothers, and native to the soil, Fighting for the property we gained by honest toil ; He’s gon to be a soldier in the army of the Lord! (thrice.) And when our rights were threatened, the cry rose near and far: His soul larching - > . hee a le ees lA chat re or the ( lue Flaw that bears a single star! : a ee Hurrah for the Bonnie B ue Flag 5 John Brown’s knapsack is strapped upon his back ! (¢hrice.) Hurrah! hurrah! for the Bonnie Blue Flag 0 genera min ew—a nepapiatgamvrearepboiign hareclenansii x a a - : 3 eA = 2 BS 28 2 TT SL ee eee ee = vi 9 J en His soul is marching on! That bears a single star! BEAN G tis pet lambs will meet him on the way ; (thrice. As long as the Union was faithful to her trust, Flis | ‘ ap ) ri ae : eee As they go marching on! Like friends and like brothers, kind were we and just; 1 5 But now when Northern treachery attempts our rights to mar ae ; ‘ i ees a ee Be ee , ee They will hang Jeff Davis to a sour apple tree ! (¢hrice.) We hoist on high the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single stat oe ] First, gallant South Carolina nobly made the stand; Then came Alabama, who took her by the hand; Se om a a Se geen eet ee et ee if T . ] ° : . ° > ° >) . \S e ire marching on ! i Next, quickly Mississippi, Georgia, and Florida— 5 All raised the flag, the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star cee So ee i o 2 2 Glory, halle—hallelujah ! Glory, halle—hallelujah ! f “ } si] “"F rh ] > } } eli ! Ye men of valor, gather round the banner of the right; Glory, halle—halielujah ! I Texas and fair Louisiana join us in the fight. Hip, hip, hip, hip, hurrah! | Davis, our loved President, and Stephens, statesmen are; Now rally round the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star 7 o o> WHEN JOHNNY COMES MARCHING HOME. And here’s to brave Virginia! The Old Dominion State : teen With the young Confederacy at length has linked her fate. \ | : 7 ¢ = j T( Tr >D ’ a y c oO 7 le > ’ . = - a [inpelled by her example, now other States prepare = - Ce a ns bet a ENS ECO tS popular mn To hoist on high the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star England as in this country is “ When Jo Home.’ It was written and composed RE ta nny Comes Marching h by; Min Ratricke ss (Gil more, leader of the celebrated Gilmore’s Band. The words do averted ear Then here’s to our Confederacy! Strong we are and brave; Like patriots of old we'll fight, our heritage to save; And rather than submit to shame, to die we would preter. not amount to much, but the tune is of that rollicking order ’ So cheer for the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star. which is very catching. Without doubt the author built up the r words of this song to suit the air, o1 > same principle that i [hen cheer, boys, cheer, raise the joyous shout, 2 : , on the same principle that in For Arkansas and North Carolina now have both gone out: Georgia they build a chimney first and erect the house against > = 3 . rY * . . : c And let another rousing cheer for Tennessee be given. it; Dhis rattling war song has kept its hold on the ears of the The single star of the Bonnie Blue Flag Nas grown to be eleven. people to the present time. Mr. Gilmore afterward composed Hurrah! hurrah! for the Bonnie Blue Flag | an ambitious national hymn which has never attained the popu- That bears a single star! larity of his war song. When Johnny comes marching home again, NORE ERIN SONGS. Hurrah ! hurrah ! We'll give him a hearty welcome then, Hurrah! hurrah! JOHN BROWN’S BODY. The men will cheer, the boys will shout, The ladies they will all turn out, And we’ll all feel gay, ay | JOHN BROWN was hanged in December, 1859, and a little When Johnny comes marchinc- more than a year after this time the celebrated | ae o marching-tune, “John Brown’s Body,” came into being. lt 16 a singular fact The men will cheer, the boys will shout, | that the composer of the stirring and popular air of this song is ne ages uy will all turn out, Y unknown. Possibly it had no composer, but, like Tonsy, * it ae Wie ee ae ; was not born, but just ProWedie ihe eee ec ee 1en Johnny comes matching home, reasonable theory of its origin. The words of the SOc AC oven The old church-bell’ will] peal with iov in this collection, with the exception of the first Cee ars Hurrah! hurrah ! written by Charles S. Valle toe Charleston, Wines. ohn To welcome home our darling boy, Hurrah ! hurrah ! SS htnn we Sits aeare ere . & <<. rata pevcten tts Wey eden See EVER apt aes Lr fTTITET) any te ee he en WERK plats latire SY TAQ ;iy Rrra Meet testa atti ta canes . Pil] ad y y ba \ pete lh Sita! tad yy) ‘ PL Pye tr Ee AT cart] : 4 \ u + o ak erences! reves Se EE Ui rests Petts: ae babbetibabalbisthtrtat 1 it Ue AMAL LL Et] ELLE t eed Eas Gee erstatet eli beal sett N LLL LLP Pe Petia) CAM ERIELRE AND BA Tee El Eas Dy 137 The village lads and lasses say, With roses they will strew the way; And we'll all feel gay, When Johnny comes marching home. Get ready for the jubilee, E Hurrah ! hurrah ! 4 We'll give the hero three times three, E: Hurrah! hurrah! / The laurel wreath is ready now \ To place upon his loyal brow ; ] And we'll all feel gay, a SIP = S Cy When Johnny comes marching home. : Let love and friendship on that day, Hurrah! hurrah! Their choicest treasures then display, Hurrah! hurrah! And let each one perform some part, To fill with joy the warrior’s heart ; And: we'll all: feel XT gay , When Johnny comes marching home. The men will cheer, the boys will shout, The ladies they will all turn out, And welll all feel When Johnny comes marching home. v7 gay ; Drest up in his unicorn—dear little chap! They have grafted him into the army ; GRA LED INTRO, THE AkKMY: per It seems but a day since he sot on my lap, But they have grafted him into the army. 3Y ENRY C. WORK. : } : By HENR‘’ OEE And these are the trousies he used to wear— Thein very same buttons—the patch and the tear— ) | NEM NDA Ni But Uncle Sam gave him a bran new pair Doel pie Pe When they grafted him into the army. t Now in my provisions I see him revealed— They have grafted him into the army; i ay A picket beside the contented field, tk They have grafted him into the army. s He looks kinder sickish—begins to cry— A big volunteer standing right in his eye ! Oh, what if the duckie should up and die, Now they’ve grafted him into the army! Our Jimmy has gone to live in a tent, They have grafted him into the army ; He finally puckered up courage and went, When they grafted him into the army. I told them the child was too young—alas ! At the captain's forequarters they said he would pass— They'd train him up well in the infantry class— So they grafted him into the army, CHORUS: O Jimmy, farewell! Your brothers fell reais aA Me ‘igs ? ; | Y] N*Y y | / “$s , Vg TTX } YAY R07) Way down in Alabarimy ; YQ) Att Oe LESAN OMA | I thought they would spare a lone widder’s heir, Niji . | Wt’ But they grafted him into the army. |7 v ie _ Wis Re cn, AD hieeatie CAMPFIRE AND BA RB LEED. TPES, BYVIINLIS, CIR Os FREEDOM. Mass.. August 30, 1820, and he was the founder of the music-publishing firm of i Ade, 4 > - aS ) = ’ 5 r in Sheffield, : et ona Wane GHORGE BH, Root was) bor inh he Hutchinson family at a mass meeting in New | Root & Cady. His celebrated “Battle Cry of Freedom” was net eure Dy ay 6 Wea, ab dc CRN Cone 7 ee eee ‘ing the terrible fight in the iderness, on Way VU, SOND < Se Mere iy Me ee Sees - to a flank attack and was driven back in disorder with heavy : >mv’s line by an assault, became exposed ken the enemy’s line by an ass I re enemy. Just then some gallant having bro | ang aes ywever, re-formed, < age onted tl 1 but a few hundred yards, however, re-formed, and again contr | loss. They retreatec ) cee fellows in the ranks of the Forty-fifth Pennsylvania began to sing: «“ We'll rally round the flag, boys, rally once again, y } c ~ ” Shouting the battle cry ol Freedom. Hi The refrain was caught up instantly by the entire regiment and by the Thirty-sixth Massachusetts, next in line, There the a conflict. The air was filled with the smoke and crackle of burning underbrush, the ld scrim ranks stood at bay in the dead oo I 3 but above all, over the exultant yells of the enemy, ly pitiful cries of the wounded, the rattle of musketry, and shouts of men; rose the inspiring chorus: { “ The Union forever, hurrah! boys, hurrah! Down with the traitor, up with the star. as ‘ched into acti re. th: ce its strains arose o This song was often ordered to be sung as the men marched into action. More th in once its Gace | e " the Tes 1 “1 MITA r { » Vr . . wf > . > y 21s battlefield. With the humor which never deserts the American, even amid the hardships of camp life and the dangers of battle, the gentle lines of “Mary Had a Little Lamb” were fitted to the tune of the “Battle Cry of Freedom, and ~ c > D> a) many a regiment shortened a weary march, or went gayly into action, singing: “Mary had a little lamb, Its fleece was white as snow, Shouting the battle cry of Freedom. And everywhere that Mary went, The lamb was sure to go, Shouting o the battle cry of Freedom,” Yes, we'll rally round the flag, boys, we'll rally once again, Shouting the battle cry of Freedom ; We will rally from the hillside, we'll gather from the plain, Shouting the battle cry of Freedom. SESE “ S = = e . TI Down with the traitor, up with the star; ’ e Union forever, hurrah! boys, hurrah! ea While we rally round the flag, boys, rally once again, Shouting the battle cry of Freedom. ere me me A ap, mea =e We are springing to the call of our brothers gone before, Shouting the battle cry of Freedom: And we’ll fill the vacant-ranks with a million freemen more, Shouting the battle cry of Freedom. ya 3 a tN ge Mik ine eee We will welcome to our numbers the loyal true and brave, Shouting the battle cry of Freedom And although they may be poor, not a man shall be a slave, Shouting the battle cry of Freedom. De bea eh eet tel eT See SO we're springing to the call from the East and from the West, Shouting the battle cry of Freedom; And we'll hurl the rebel crew from the land we love the best, Shouting the battle cry of Freedom. meh cnne-mmaeynye tran aaianenes oes pete nett lince x = tT Linea lt i aa sata itil The Union forever, hurrah ! boys, hurrah ! Down with the traitor, up with the Star; W hile we rally round the flag, boys, rally once again, Shouting the battle cry of Freedom. TE Io, — bie Gd ea eo yihibioeetere cet pe eee nt Taran rm . vue 4 i aie TETAS UPL eer Se } h =H te rR H be? Le = pees ‘ a Sars e pew Sy Stoweiy eb oiaten 5 ; . Yon enema TY ciel sce - SCTE RN PTY aaa ete ny PUT Vey tran RAS Pea) ten : cay Mihi a Pree n nT ee{ , S : 4 . Pe nN A Pret a sa Weettiit) \ 7 rae as " ie a “AOU HIATT ORs yes oc oN = oi ree et be Seb ber? | iA | a AG 4 OE ee - G , be a SE ‘ peepee PSO T HACIA aay illiia Prot ats WL LWN PA ath ia eer YPIEP Gial WIIG IIE, NIN ID) IBAA ICU IL IB IF Mia IL, ID. TENDING ON THE, OLD. CAMPGROUND: THE author of “Tenting on the ( 5 +rc ee T hee ae 1e Old Camp-Ground” is Walte -‘idoe. w TAG : . October 8, 1822. He was B public sin : s W ae Kittridge, who was born in the town of Merrimac, N. H., 6, 1532. > was % c singer and a composer, as well as a writer of popular 5 allads 2 c « AT os ¢ ¢ e ~ a On ” of the civil war he published a small original “Uni S Papa iees popular songs and ballads. In the first year ae gin. Jnion Song-Book.” In 1862 he was drafted, and while preparing to go to 1e tron 1e wrote in a few minutes b TOLGS) % ” . Beer aS both words and music of “Tenting on the Old Camp-Ground. Like many other good things in literature, this song was at first refused publication. But when it was published, its sale reached hundreds of thou- sands of copies. v io it aFiAS SS yy =e: ; VS ALS TP SIN (Se a. , . ‘ oun = ‘ a eR ; , ar ee eK AY | Feet EP e2z ‘ SS re SS Shuts ; fon ois —— SSS VF a 4 i Ze Fy r SD ye , Gy cf ot J —— eee kG EE = OM LYLE BASIL LE We're tenting | -Hight on the old c imp-ground, Give us a song to cheer Our weary hearts, a song of home And friends we love so dear. Many are the hearts that are weary to-night, Wishing for the war to cease Many are the hearts looking for the right, To S¢Cee the d iwn of pea e We are tired of war on the old camp-ground ; [ oD Tenting to-night, tenting to-night, Many are dead and gone Tenting on the old camp-ground. Of the brave and true who've left their homes ; We've been tenting to-night on the old camp-ground, Others have been wounded long. Thinking of the days gone by ; Of the loved ones at home, that gave us the hand We've been fighting to-day on the old camp-grounu: , > , > Da y oD And the tear that said, Good-by ! Many are lying near ; Some are dead, and some are dying, Many are in tears ! Ast ESPON A FES Vth os Se e Qe = as} ey AR a a 4 0 ad aa ie Ty eee arene a ue WR SzS 4 . e oz 7 7 f Lh) a SS wh ae : Sg , ws> a ~~ e OSE aes | te = er —e ae SS so USSSE ,. Se 5 ei —_ VG peer rT Te i nial i lame Tet nee te Pia) pre Pini c sere HTS sts we EARP PELLEE GIT) —_ 7 Fass ys hs are oe ak 4 ayitia sa idacel= "yaad ernie ia) ae ste aati) Tt aes —_ Dp ips 7 Fy ee os YONPhe a PISiFAA lhe ibis : “: ‘ a Oh — Sescil apod GAVE AND BAT TE /9 IE NIB Ib IO) 140 tion of hostile batteries on its southern bank; the enemy’s | flax was flying within sight from the capital, and the question : 2 4 ‘ 2 os 5 c ° A - b a eS ee of foreign interference was becoming exceedingly grave. On the ist of November General Scott, then seventy-five years ee a of ace. retired, and McClellan succeeded him as General-in-Chief SS) a | NT (OE of all the armies. i [ID GIVEN ' ‘LELLAN—-HIS PLANS—APPOINTMENT OF a ; 3 | ae alae ee JIE PENINSULA BATLLE OF WIL- Soon after this his plans appear, from subsequent revelations, SECRETARY STANTON—ON THE PENINSULA—B. JE 7 ODI eo : to have undergone important modification. He had undoubt- ON THE CHICKAHOMINY—THE BATTLE OF FAIR COMMAND—STUART S$ moment Gu an SWAN CSE LEE IN edly intended to attack by moving straight out toward Manassas, ee ee he APPROACH TO RICHMOND—ACTION AT BEAVER where the army that had won the battle of Bull Run was still DAM CREEK—-BATTLE OF GAINES’S MILLS—BATTLE OF SAVAGE'S encamped, and was still commanded by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. BATTLE OF He now began to think of moving against Richmond by some STATION—-BATTLE OF CHARLES CITY CROSS-ROADS i MALVERN HILL—CRITICISMS OF PENINSULA CAMPAIGN. i erly one that he finally took. But, whatever were his thoughts more easterly route, discussing among others the extreme east- WITHIN twenty-four hours after the defeat of McDowell's and purposes, his army appeared to be taking root. The people i Ee : ‘ ; : is ee nen ea ae Sage Aen Deses army at Bull Run (July 21, 1861), the Administration called to began to murmur, Congress began to question, and the | resident Hi Washington the only man that had thus far accomplished much began to argue and urge. All this did not signify; nothing , 2 o = - or made any considerable reputation in the field. This was Gen. could move McClellan. He wanted to wait till he could leave George B. McClellan. He had been graduated at West Point in 1846, standing second in his class, and had gone o at once into the Mexican war, in which he acquitted him- self with distinction. After that war the young captain was employed in engineering work till 1855, when the Government sent him to Europe to study the move- ments of the Crimean war. He wrote a report of his observations, which was published under the title of “The Armies of Europe,’ and in 1857 resigned his commis- sion and became chief engineer of the Illinois Central Railroad, and afterward president of the St. Louis and Bape | Cincinnati. He had done good work in Northwestern | Virginia in the early summer, and now, at the age of thirty-five, was commissioned major-general in the regular army of the United States, and given command of all the troops about Washington. For the work immediately in hand, this was probably 5 the best selection that could have been made. Washing- ton needed to be fortified, and he was a master of engin- eering; both the army that had just been defeated, and the new recruits that were pouring in, needed organiza- tion, and he proved preéminent as an organizer. Three p months after he took command of fifty thousand uni- formed men at the capital, he had an army of more than one hundred thousand, well organized in regiments, brigades, and divisions, with the proper proportion of artillery, with quartermaster and commissary departments f going like clockwork, and the whole fairly drilled and dis- ciplined. Everybody looked on with admiration, and the public impatience that had precipitated the disastrous “On to Richmond” movement was now replaced by a marvellous patience. The summer and autumn months went by, and no movement was made; but McClellan. in taking command, had promised that the war should be “short, sharp, and decisive,” and the people thought, if i they only allowed him time enough to make fhoroush | preparation, his great army would at length swoop down 2 upon the Confederate capital and finish evervt] Ts peek bahas aee CeT OT See ling at one a ack Shae blow. At length, however, they began to grow weary of Fi the daily telegram, “ All quiet along the Potomac,” and the monotonously repeated information that “General McClellan rode out to Fairfax Court-House and | | morning. The Confederacy was daily erowing | 7 Shane. o ack this stronger: the Potomac was being closed cas oie) Ing closed to navigation by tl le Crec- MAJOR GENERAL GEORGE B. 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CO OO pete ae ‘ny 4 SS e s NCS 8 x an “Uy, if Vz SNE OW =o “Wy 4 W > = YAWN COfnk 5 io if Zon EAN 22 “pk LF Jet MONROE‘ I =R “ik ge SMITHFIELD 5 LY) "ee NEW = UX An ~)) (s sx ee S A = rate pT SCALE OF MILES Sa “SS, O_ ~ KQNORF OLI Le, 20 30 40 § "a ef Hod SS SON SUFF rae aes MAP SHOWING THE SEAT OF WAR FROM HARPER'S FERRY TO SUFFOLK, VA. the defences of Washington, place a members of his cabinet. General McClellan was then confined to his bed by an-illness of a month's duration. At this con- bi . . —~ , ee: said, according to General McDowell's an enormous garrison in strong corps of observation along the Potomac, and then move out with a column of one hundred and fifty thousand men against an army that he believed to be as numerous as that, though is now known that war, not want to use the army, he could see how it could be made to do something.” Immediately upon McClellan's recovery, the President called him to disclose his plan for sultation Mr. Lincoln memorandum ; “If something was not soon done, the bottom [. in truth it was then less than half as large. It would be out of the whole affair; and if General McClel lan did ul that, from the beginning to the end of his career in he would like to borrow it, provided i | General McClellan constantly overestimated the force opposed On the 1oth of January, 1862, the President held a long McDowell and Franklin and some to him. consultation with Generals him to a similar council, and asked wae eae pers TTS Sareea mL mits tT iMy enn cen nee fene, 0 ibbnanierh abe seperation ie re en 7 a + k \ Captain LeClerc. Comte de Paris, Captain Mohain. Duc de Chartres. Prince de Joinville. FOREIGN OFFICERS AND STAFF AT GENERAL McCLELLAN’S HEADQUARTERS. MEG ee) HlsterrenanWere a ere MSU SAUNT ttm . PELL Ra Dect ie eee . AN CHER eiicriee ter cer A thee » wiésarers MT ie bests He et CAP bya buibbebabbaslbilitss te Chee eA ELL rv) a . pk REG AAAVR il nn Ae pemee SRS LLS E/LLII EY CAMEETTREE AND “BAM E ILE ED). a campaign, which he declined to do. Finally the President asked him if he had fixed upon any particular time for setting out ; and when he said he had, Mr. Lincoln questioned him no further. A few days later, in a letter to the President, he set forth his plan, which was to move his army down the Potomac on transports, land it at or near Fort Monroe, march up the peninsula between York and James rivers, and attack the defences of Richmond on the north and east sides. The Presi- dent at first disapproved of this plan, largely for the reason that it would require so much time in preparation; but when he found that the highest-officers in the army favored it, and con- sidered the probability. that any general was likely to fail if sent to execute a plan he did not originate or believe in, he finally gave it his sanction, and once more set himself to the difficult task of inducing McClellan to move at all... And yet the Presi- dent himself still further retarded the opening, of the campaign by delaying the order to collect the means. of transportation. Meanwhile General Johnston quietly removed. his stores, and on the 8th of March evacuated Centreville and Manassas, and placed his army before Richmond. This reconciled the President. to McClellan’s plan of campaign, which he had never liked. The order for the transportation of McClellan’s army was issued on the 27th of Febryary, and four hundred vessels were required ; for there were actually transported one hundred and twenty-one thousand men, fourteen thousand animals, forty-four batteries, and all the necessary ambulances and baggage-wagons, pontoons and telegraph material. Just before the embarkation, the army was divided into four corps, the commands of. which were given to Generals McDowell, Edwin V. Sumner, Samuel P. Heintzelman, and Erasmus D. Keyes. High authorities say this was one of the causes of the failure of the campaign ; for the army should have been divided into corps long before, when McClellan could have chosen his own lieutenants instead of hav- ing them chosen by the President. General Hooker said-it was impossible for him to succeed with such. corps commanders. But his near approach to success rather discredits this criticism. Another element of the highest importance had also entered into the problem with which the nation was struggling. This was the appointment (January 21, 1862) of Edwin M. Stanton to succeed Simon Cameron as Secretary of War. Mr. Stanton, then forty-seven years of age, was a lawyer by profession, a man of great intellect, unfailing nerve, and tremendous energy. He had certain traits that often made him personally disagreeable to his subordinates ; but it was impossible to doubt his thorough loyalty, and his determination to find or make a way to bring the war to a successful close as speedily as possible, without the slightest regard to the individual interests of himself or anybody else. He was probably the ablest war minister that ever lived— with the possible exception of Carnot, the man to whom Napo- leon said, “I have known you too late.” It is indicative of Mr. Lincoln’s sagacity and freedom from prejudice, that his first meeting with Mr. Stanton was when he went to Cincinnati, some years before the war, to assist in trying an important case. He found Mr. Stanton in charge of the case as senior counsel, and Stanton was so unendurably disagreeable to him that he threw up the engagement and went home to Springfield. Wet he afterward gave that man the most important place in his cabinet, and found him its strongest member. One division of the army embarked on the 17th of March, and the others followed in quick succession. General McClellan reached Fort Monroe on the 2d of April, by which time fifty- eight thousand men and one hundred guns had arrived, and aS mere 143 immediately moved with this force on Yorktown, the place made famous by the surrender of Cornwallis eighty years before. The Confederates had fortified this point, and thrown a line of earthworks across the narrow peninsula to the deep water of War- wick River. These works were held by General Magruder with thirteen thousand effective men. General Johnston, who was in command of all the troops around Richmond, says he had no expectation of doing more than delaying McClellan at Yorktown till he could strengthen the defences of the capital’ and collect more men; and that he thought his adversary would use his transports. to pass his. army around that place by water, after destroying the batteries, and land at some point above. McClellan, supposing that Johnston’s entire army was in the defences of Yorktown, sat down before the place and~con- structed siege works, approaching the enemy by regular parallels. As the remaining divisions of his army arrived at Fort. Monroe, they were added to his besieging force; but McDowell’s entire corps and Blenker’s division had been detached at’ the last moment and retained at Washington, from fears on the part of the Administration that the capital was not sufficiently. guarded, though McClellan had already left seventy thousand men there or within call. The fears were increased by. the threatening movements of Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley, where, however, he was defeated by Gen.-James Shields near Winchester, March 23. General Johnston had to contend with precisely the same difficulty that McClellan complained of. He wanted to bring together before Richmond all the troops that were then at Nor- folk and in the Carolinas and Georgia, and with the large army thus formed suddenly attack McClellan after he should have marched seventy-five miles up the peninsula from his base at Fort Monroe. But in a council of .war General Lee: and: the Secretary of War opposed this plan, and Mr. Davis adopted their views and rejected it. Johnston therefore undertook the campaign with the army that he had, which he says consisted of fifty thousand effective men. McClellan spent nearly a month before Yorktown, and when he was ready to open fire with his siege guns and drive out the enemy, May 3d, he found they had quietly departed, leaving “Quaker guns” (wooden logs on wheels) in the embrasures, There was no delay in pursuit, and the National advance came up with the Confederate rear guard near Williamsburg, about twelve miles from Yorktown. Here, May 4th, brisk skirmishing began, which gradually became heavier, till reinforcements were hurried up on the one side, and sent back on the other, and the skirmish was developed into a battle. The place had been well fortified months before. The action on the morning of the 5th was opened by the divisions of Generals Hooker and William F. Smith. They attacked the strongest of the earthworks, pushed forward the batteries, and silenced it. Hooker was then heavily attacked by infantry, with a constant menace on his left wing. He sustained his position alone nearly all day, though: losing one thousand seven hundred men and five guns, and was at leneth relieved by the arrival of Gen. Philip Kearny’s division. The delay was due mainly to the deep mud caused by.a heavy rain the night before. Later in the day, Hancock’s brigade made a wide circuit on the right, discovered some unoccupied redoubts, and took possession of them. When the Confederates advanced their left to the attack, they ran upon.these redoubts, which their commanding officers knew nothing about, and were repelled with heavy loss. Hancock’s one thousand six hundred men suddenly burst over the crest of the works, and bore down aerate = ese Le y Gye de a . hea Ra Ae LOLI ha Na Fa Z Teed AM fe od 5 bd Ba do ah) Sk ae AA a Lee Zo _ 4L,3 UE AST get EEN phoma) AT — PSA AION of Aa aa \ i RL res Rs S CH es AND el Pi, [BIC NIE 1G 1D “Ete ate Tee other enetatnteny RR SN — AM MN ami ERR ee TT ee et fee abet eee eee AES “tebe nee = lima ar at. keen Paihia el Spi ae pcheetnasd en eR oe ee me eT AMRIT LAIN cee 144 ee CAMP OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC AT CUMBERLAND LANDING, upon the enemy with fixed bayonets, routing and scattering them. McClellan brought up reinforcements, and in the night the Confederates in front of him moved off to join their main army, leaving in Williamsburg four hundred of their wounded, because they had no means of carrying them away, but taking with them about that number of prisoners. The National loss had been about two thousand two hundred, the Confederate about one thousand eight hundred. This battle was fought within five miles of the historic site of Jamestown, where the first permanent English settlement in the United States had been made in 1607, and the first cargo of slaves landed in 1619. Gen. William B. Franklin’s division of McDowell's corps had now been sent to McClellan, and immediately after the battle of Williamsburg he moved it on transports to White House, on the Pamunkey, where it established a base of supplies. As soon as possible, also, the main body of the army was marched from Williamsburg to White House, reaching that place on the 16th of May. From this point he moved westward toward Rich- mond, expecting to be joined by a column of forty thousand men under McDowell, which was to move from Fredericksburg. On reaching the Chickahominy, McClellan threw his left wing across that stream, and sweeping around with his right fought small battles at Mechanicsville and Hanover Junction, by which he cleared the way for McDowell to join him. But at this Meth pee a ISS “ST as 7/4 critical point of time Stonewall Jackson suddenly made another raid down the Shenandoah Valley, and McDowell was called back to go in pursuit of him. Johnston resolved to strike the detached left wing of the National army, which had crossed the Chickahominy, and ad- vanced to a point within half a dozen miles of Richmond, and his purpose was seconded by a heavy rain on the night of May 30th, which swelled the stream and swept away some of the bridges, thus hindering reinforcement from the other wing. The attack, May 31st, fell first upon Gen. Silas Casey’s division of Keyes’s corps, which occupied some half-finished works. It was bravely made and bravely resisted, and the Confederates suffered heavy losses before these works, where they had almost surprised the men with the shovels in their hands. But after a time a Confederate force made a detour and gained a position in the rear of the redoubts, when of course they could no longer be held. Reinforcements were very slow in coming up, and Keyes’s men had a long, hard struggle to hold their line at all. They could not have done so if a part of: John- ston’s plan had not miscarried. He intended to bring in a heavy flanking force between them and the river; but was delayed several hours in getting it in motion. Meanwhile McClellan ordered Sumner to cross the river and join in the battle. Sumner had anticipated such an order as soon as he 3 Wy seen aed 25 2231 PRET TROT i poe 2 Oy, AERA BOSSSicsit atid youl sind eds Witaga asa PB Satan 9, |i: Tih eel DSS, rts f SRR earCOPYRIGHT 1897 BY KNIGHT & BROWN. eeu ail ye t ? & whe Py, ey si atrs) ny tat iit | AW LUG EPA PLE it rh mane ‘ PARES TTI P M i = xt - ped ien Veene 4 ree rcsey olde re ¥ ji Sasa te 4 as LF Satan — i Sans a DI ean en Q Delanats fee Cates aS Ae 2 MDM ts ect ae robe aeame y A oe ETE erp nee ree rna PT Dan a Ce Oe SU mea CNR DOM ee AER See ae Roe es Re ats ; NS a aineeenetee eee ee ese Tae TES ds Lents 9 he cement nal Se eeeipde en ony aaa a egg TS oh ees eo ae aed eer er bento enna Se epee eT ie Tet fi Pe a aa ’ TV TR EPS ELEON EN ie ee eed Pacman Te eer TC arent asA RECUUC LS GGT lit) 711% wa r Thee PPT Ta ae he prem MN per CAMPETRE AND BA Ts ED Ey ED) SRS tse Tr rf IRTH BATTERY OF CONFEDERATES AT SHIPPING POINT, POTOMAC heard the firing, and when the order came it found him with his corps in line, drawn out from camp, and ready to cross instantly. He was the oldest officer there (sixty-six), and the most energetic. There was but one bridge that could be used, many of the supports of this were gone, the approaches were under water, and it was almost a wreck. But he unhesitatingly pushed on his column. The frail structure was steadied by the weight of the men; and though it swayed and undulated with their movement and the rush of water, they all crossed in safety. Sumner was just in time to meet the flank attack, which was commanded by Johnston in person. The successive charges of the Confederates were all repelled, and at dusk a counter-charge cleared the ground in front and drove off the last of them in confusion. In this fight General Johnston received wounds that compelled him to retire from the field, and laid him up for a long time. The battle—which is called both Fair Oaks and Seven Pines—cost the National army over five thousand men, and the Confederate nearly seven thousand. It was a more destructive battle than any that, up to that time, the Eastern armies had fought. A participant thus describes the after appearance of the field: ‘Monday, June 2d, we visited the battlefield, and rode from place to place on the scene of conflict. We have often wished that we could efface from our memory the observations of that day. Details were bury- ing the dead in trenches or heaping the ground upon them where they lay. The ground was saturated with gore; the in- 10 trenchments, the slash- ing, the rifle-pits, the thicket, many of the tents, were filled with dead. Inj the Bair Oaks farmhouse, the dead) the dyine. and the severely wounded lay together. Along the Williamsburg road, on each side of it, was one long Confederate grave. An old barn; near where the. One Hundred and Fourth Pennsylvania volun- teers first formed, was filled with our dead and wounded; and far- ther to the right, near the station, beside an old building, lay thir- teen Michigan soldiers with their blankets over them and their names pinned on their caps. Near the railroad, by a Dl i} ELE LULLLULE/f amend 145 MAJOR-GENERAL E. W. GANTT, C. S. A. MAJOR-GENERAL R. E. RODES, C. S. A. BP 7a baa ee . snest tH REE ai pniale sages Lt AN Tea we oon mets) RSET TTP ee mie eet TEI LTE aE ope eatin} a y ae bbe Lap OZ, eio H a BA rd aaaaats Woe aro be : rat oyt | ~ yer is eae ; tse Tea + Pyteset inks! ; : adeas a 4 . Se ——<—<———— fy KS. ie titty a RUN] he re ay . oan AL) y ¢ Ns Tr L \ My NL p coh < / aay ‘| as ( { hy + oY / , I X , a line | 2 / { ) - f i ™ | | j } on le” tex LS LE A NOS} A ‘ \ ie =o Alita ] Dp [| eieeates| |S ORD Sag A ane A ALC [ised SN SE BS A Se / i i \ ee tet am ai | HT a } \ ll " \ Wl s i} 1 | = NT i fe) Fee | See : . eS STEP | SS SIS ah 7, i pol WSN Sv \ ig second New York volunteers and Peck’s brigade fought with Huger, the dead were promiscuously mixed together, and lay in sickening and frightful proxim- ity; strong and weak, old and young, officer and private, horse and man— dead, or wounded in the agonies of death, lay where they fell, and furnished, excepting the swaths on the Williamsburg road, the darkest corner on that day’s panorama. ” Col. William Kreutzer, of the Ninety-eighth New York Regiment, which went into that battle with three hundred and eighty-five men, and lost eighty-five, gives some interesting particulars of the action: “The whole of Company A =< Uy) ———— = | = “Ne = = = went to work on the road near the Grapevine bridge. Details were made for men to make abatis and work on the breastworks, Company A left its rifles in peor rips Pa ; ale in aT ce :bey ) aa Ne Rr rt ac KrF eee i ee Souler. deeteeeeecee ee - ht ne ee TABBS HOUSE, YORKTOWN. parties jumping over the logs oe = =a A RN OT ls em en a and making their way through the brush and bushes, and hear Ce ree at intervals the sharp report of their rifles. A little later a dense mass of men, about two rods wide, ae headed by half a dozen horsemen, is seen marching toward us on the Williamsburg road.. They move in quick time, carry their arms on their shoulders, have flags and ban- ners, and drummers to beat the step. Our three batteries open simultane- ously with all their power. Our regi- ment pours dts volleys into the slashing and into the column as fast as it can load and fire. The One Hundred and Fourth Pennsylvania vol- unteers aims at the column and at the : skirmishers approaching its right front and flank. Unlike us, that regiment CONTRABANDS.—AT FOLLER'S HOUSE. Cony eae 2 AY ANDi has no slashing in its front. The cleared { G. < coe eee th regi is fire it : | te J d the regiment, on the his fire upon it; too near the approaching column of attack, it Spent Seana medbamihuisecesee ans came ee UN oer Ist of June, it appeared like a c i Sy AL are <€ a company of pioneers, or sx rs Parent el ae ; pany I ers, OF Sappers interfered with the range and efficiency of our batteries behind. ig and miners, carrying axes. s rels. ; Sele. > a after one o'clock e aa snes angypicks: ==. Soon Its position was unfortunate. As the light troops pressed upon é one ‘k our pickets beg BATT e) ae ve : | Pe ce ae ds ¢ a ee eae to come in sight, retiring it, Colonel Davis ordered it to charge them at the double-quick. isk ” ods and slashing before the enemy. The skir- The regiment rushed forward with spirit, jumped over a rail mish line of the enemy pursued them. We could see both ee fence in its front, with a shout and yell; but it was met so reso< o Pikes teat Ulsan aan ie MAN Rp Ra 5 cw eT ER A DD pag eee OTe Tet ERENT 5 , ’ Fest NOSE yank taas Pamir Coe ort | Pa a7 TH) Anis 7 Fi zh BOUT a ; 4 A + Td Ay RCA He Hecate Sehiabaeeibaieee NLL aL sHeviVaeaer peel aU ATTA en HTT ea terete weet ibiats tp cree honra shee OLIN P2EP es aned atest dP < n A SAT Ae HINT Malia see enero ins VLSI) ack 2 oe ap ee es per aoe Dh Engel Ae fem e fap 6 sce aah Se sn Lane et eri ty T Male hoa Ve pyres ein] ae Ree nan SRR BATTERY No. 1 IN FRONT OF YORKTOWN. (FIVE VIEWS.) s OMS aaa TUTE eee oe a i Teooe ss at ni ayee nantly: a sucheiamnasiecdoc. a eines one ei Re rats , Va 1 GANEPRTOER E AND 150 ralli ( r the foe at it fell back lutely and with such a galling fire by the foe, that it fell be in disorder, and did not organization again during the day. appear on the field as an Colonel Davis was wounded, and his ‘Ringgold Regiment | fought its first battle as we have seen. “The One Hundred and Fourth falling back, cleared the field opposite the advancing column, and igave the Ninety-eighth better opportunity to fire upon it asit moved deliberately on. The charging mass staggers, stops, resumes its march again, breaks in two, fills up its gaps; but sure and steady, with its flags and banners, it moves like the tramp of fate. Thinned, scattered, broken, it passes our right, and presses for the batteries. As it ad- vances and passes, we pour our volleys into it with no uncertain aim, no random fire. The gaps we make, the swaths we mow, can be seen in the column, for we are only ten or fifteen rods away. MAJOR-GENERAL behind W. B. FRANKLIN The men those before. The head final- lv reaches the redoubt. One of the mounted leaders ascends the parapet and is shot with a pistol by an artillery officer. The whole col- fort back, severed, broken, staggers, The rifle-pits, breast-works, press on umn, from the sinks into the and the Ninety-eighth have cleared the road. “To this time the Ninety-eighth has not lost a man earth. by the enemy; but our batteries behind have killed and wounded of it half ascore. There is a lull in the battle; the coast looks clear; the foe may not appear We look at the Down along again. main road—it 1s one gray swath of men. the railroad by Fair Oaks station, we hear but a few reports. Smith has had farther to march along the Nine-mile road, and has not struck our right flank yet; on our left, Palmer has not been attacked ; Huger is not Casey’s division has driven back those of Longstreet alee ee MOU High over our heads, around on time. batteries open. us, beside us, the lead is whistling, and the iron hissing, (SWZ Zio whirling. Every mo- ment has a new terror, every instant a new hor- ror. Our men are fall- We leave the dead and the dying, and ing fast. send the wounded to Palmer's regi- fallen back: the enemy is on Colo- nel Durkee tries to move the rear. ments have all our left and rear. the regiment by the left flank back to the rifle- pits; a part only receive MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH HOOKER. Sits: RTE aa Poem ie eR SD ITT e5' Be Tai) vere). writer rallies a part of the BREVET BRIGADIER-GENERAL O. H. HART. TC Ln eee NIM PY eter ok Speen The enemy is getting so near, our experience in battle the order. | is so imperfect, that many of us will not, is so limited, our dril cannot, stand upon the order of our going. Durkee passes the rifle-pits with what follows him, and goes to our old camp. The regiment around the flag at the half- deserted intrenchments. There we use, officers and men, the hooter’s practice against the enemy. effect of our fire; no rifle was dis- sharp-s We can mark the cl fe charged in vain. Many of the men ae “ could pick a squirrel from the tallest v7 trees of Wayne and Franklin, and they load and fire with infinite merrt- ment and good-nature. ak For some time after the battle of MAJOR-GENERAL E. D. KEYES. Fair Oaks, heavy rains made any movement almost impossible for either of the armies that confronted each other near Richmond. Gen. Alexander S. Webb says: “The ground, which consisted of alternate layers of reddish clay and quicksand, had turned into a vast swamp, and the guns in battery sank into the earth by their own weight.” McClellan kept his men at work, intrenching and strengthening his position, while he himseif seems to have been constantly oc- cupied in writing despatches to the President and the Secretary of War, alternately promising an almost immediate advance on Richmond, and calling for reinforcements. He wanted McDowell's corps of forty thousand men, and the authorities wanted to give it to him if it could be sent by way of Fredericksburg, and united with his right wing in such a way as not to uncover Washington. But in one despatch he declared he would rather not have it at all unless it could be placed absolutely under his The Chickahominy was bordered by great swamps, whose malarial command. In several respects his position was very bad. influences robbed him of almost as many men as fell by the His base was at White House, on the Pamunkey; and the line thence over which his supplies must come, instead of being at right angles with the line of his front It was im- bullets of the enemy. and covered by it, was almost a prolongation of it. CCP ws Veer S3eh sit a5 « BON CRC cragN Pe a s a Pee tel hebeeb bbb UN LULL Ltt pp | possible to maintain permanent bridges over the Chickahominy, and arain of two or three days was liable at any time to swell the stream so as to sweep away every means of crossing. He could threaten Richmond only by placing a heavy force on the right bank of the river; he could render his own communications secure only by keeping a large force on the left bank. When it first occurred to him that his true base was on the James, or how long he contemplated its removal thither, nobody knows ; but he received a startling lesson on the 12th of June, which seems to have determined CANMEPETRE AND! BAG Ma nia Ee Dy { a b} 4 LUPO cee Ue eet eet ten La oe e : a ase lute LL LT tT LT eet ancy Leben iyiaia ARAAL ea aii eet iaay 151 McClellan's total effective force, including every man that drew pay the last week in June, was ninety-two thousand five hun- dred. His constant expectation of reinforcements by way of Fredericksburg was largely, if not wholly, what kept him in his false position, and it is fair to presume that but for this he would have swung across the peninsula to the new base on the James much sooner and under more favorable circumstances. Wishing to know the extent of McClellan’s earthworks on the right wing, Lee, on June 12th, sent a body of twelve hundred cavalry, with two light guns, to his apparently indeter- minate mind. When Gen. Joseph E. Johnston was wounded at Fair Oaks, the com- mand devolved upon Gen. (Ge W. Smith but two days later Gen. Rob- ert E. Lee was given the BATTERY No. 4 IN (Three Views.) 3 command of the Confederate forces in Virginia, which he re- tained continuously till his surrender brought the war to a close. AMove plan that he had opposed, and caused Mr. Davis to reject, when Johnston was in command—of bringing large bodies of troops from North Carolina, Georgia, and the Shenandoah Valley, to form a massive army and fall upon McClellan—he now adopted and proceeded at once to carry out. Johnston enumerates reinforcements that were given him aggregating fifty-three thousand men, and says he had then the largest Confederate army that ever fought. The total number is given officially at eighty thousand seven hundred and sixty-two. This probably means the number of men actually carrying muskets, and excludes all officers, teamsters, musicians, and mechanics} for the Confederate returns were generally made in that way. the dashing Gen. J. BE. B. Stuart, | reconnoitre. It wascommanded by + commonly called saijeb | Stuart. a who used to dress in gay costume, Z| ee | iy ae = Fala paca pase ea Ve aae ey ean pot ‘ Pn ae _ Be y Di FLL Call . ~ 1 retr r > > “a ~ = i Porter, destroy them before help could reach them, and seize Porter fell back some- McClellan's communications with his base. Jackson, who was what to a position ona : to have appeared on the field at sunrise of the 26th, was for range of lowhills, where | r~ <> > 1 1 > a1 » a y a : once behind time. The other Confederate commanders became he could keep the nervous and impatient; for if the movement were known to enemy in check till the McClellan, he could, with a little ss and s ; ' : cc uld, with a little boldness and some fighting, stores were removed to have captured Richmond that day. Indeed, the inhabitants of | the other side of the the city expected nothing else, and it is said that the archives river, which was now of the Confederate Government were all packed and ready for | instant removal. At midday Gen. A. P. Hill's corps drove the small National force out of Mechanicsville, and advanced to Mc- Call’s strong position on Beaver Dam Creek. This they dared iD, P Ee ARTY | not attack in front; but they made desperate attempts on both flanks, and the result was an afternoon of fruitless fighting, in Ye Re wrey IPE Ty which they were literally mown down by the well-served artil- lery, and lost upward of three thousand men, while McCall MAJOR-GENERAL BENJAMIN HUGER, C.S.A | ' maintained his position at every point and lost fewer than three hundred. his only object. McClellan Phat night, in } . : ~ sent him five thousand more —- pursuance of the - ee plan fora change men in the course of the of base. the heavy guns that / day, being afraid to send any greater number, because he believed that the bulk of the Confederate army was Te py! pe A had thwarted aya a) Lee in his first attack were car- in the defences on his left, ried across the and a show of activity there Chickahominy, still further deceived them. together with a gprigadIER-GENERAL J. J. PETTIGREW, C.S. A. On the morning of the 27th Porter had eighteen thousand infantry, two thousand five hundred artillerymen, and a small force of cavalry, with which to meet the attack 6 of at least fifty-five thousand. Longstreet and the Hills ii had followed the retreat closely, but, warned by the ex- | perience of the day before, were not willing to attack until Jackson should join them. The fighting began about two ! o'clock in the afternoon, when A. P. Hill assaulted the ia centre of Porter’s position, and in a two hours’ struggle was driven back with heavy loss. Two attacks on the bit right met with no better success. The effect on the new . troops that had been hurried up from the coast was com- plete demoralization. The Confederate General Whiting | says in his report: “Men were leaving the field in every direction, and in great disorder. Two regiments, one from } } South Carolina and one from Louisiana, were actually i marching back from the fire. Men were skulking from the R front in a shameful manner.” But at length Jackson’s men arrived, and a determined effort was made on all parts of the line at once. Even then cl 1 fora time as if victory might rest with the little and in all probability it would, if they | bh intrenchments as the men afterward learned Hy but their breastworks were it seemec army on the hills ; had had suc how to construct very quickly ; Id be made from hastily felled trees, a few h only such as cou The Confederates had the rails, and heaps of knap-sacks. advantage of thick woods in which to form and advance. As they emerged and came on in heavy masses, with the i ; a Aan NEAR WHITE HOUSE Confederate yell, they were answered by the Union Gheer: Vi ST. =TER' >H, N ) B) : ae a Volley responded to volley, guns were taken and re-taken, i (George Washington was married in this church.) ‘ee asa OS t aa aZ a ar Treea ihe : Pir,’ % eo i db rh oF CAMPFIRE AND 156 er a ‘vy supports re and cannoneers that remained after the infantry sup] ‘as ill sunset that the i ‘red were shot down; but it was not till sunset ae | Na irly dis -d. at the left centre, when National line was fairly disrupted, < as ‘etire Two regiments were the whole gave way and slowly retired. Two regiments 1e 5° “) 7 c >» c 5 ; ] GI 1) . an ) ~. ED os . was . o for oe In oht O tet > | V\ S 1 Cc ¢ the ni aoe i. ind destroyed the bridges. This was called by the Conte feder: es and destroy Q IBIA IE IP IG IB IB IE ILI D sons, and two thousand five hundred head of cattle. Gen. wagons, < ee a Silas Casey’s division, in charge of the stores at White House, Silas Casey : loaded all they could upon transports, of cars filled with supplies were put under the and and destroyed the re- mainder. Trains full tons ft ‘acks into the river. Hundreds of speed ind run off tracks into the f ammunition millions of rations, were burned or O c , otherwise destroyed. eal als as S States Navy, gives a AAT “7 homas S. P hel ys, United St: yi, S f the Chickahominy; but it takes its oe known Reat Admiral I Ee Gese GEA: gE ee rte At the battle of the ak ans oe sar the scene of action The vivid ee Olett re SCE ap e oe een ai name from two mills (Gaines s) near the scene ag | ) vessels fled down the river in panic: “Harassing the enemy ; Fe a , ie ; Z i g ri : . : erate OSS ess . : a : e . . . 7 total National loss was six thousand men. The Contec -otecting the worthy fully occupied my time until the | total IN< : : Seem robable that and protec ing ) ) ; -operly ascertained, which renders it probable t | Was never properly ascerts ’ iy = = = 1 = 1 = = HH a Ant = as : 1 a i = = i = a : a2 ie ; Se FANS ‘arate Sa es SE = = i 2 Bima © Cet Ops Ora ee oe Been. = Ei ES bade eae Ze 2 : aa S Wess fe Hoes Ree i th _ ah AAA op dee, | = ee stk < Papel ae nila Le Haha ae i : ep = | vd 4 1 : ¢ | iy 7 | SONS ir eweetatarrpetett a BATTLE OF MALVERN aise ts it was much larger. Some of the wounded lay on the field four This action is sometimes called the first battle . ot Colle Islay, Whe aysanfies under Grant and Lee fou: the same ground two years later. Weewana Jackson believed that they had been fighting the whole of McClellan’s force s, and secured the safe ty of days uncared for. cht oO! another mistake They took it f > that they made that army. for granted that 5 Eg nen acheathn RemeAaaRme Aare ee en. a ee ee even listance down the stream, which gave McClell twenty-four hours of precious time to get through the roads with his immense trains. | | the National commander, driven from his base at White House. : would retreat down the peninsula, taking the same route by which he had come. Consequently they remained with theit large force on the left bank of the Chickahominy, and advanced some an swamp He had five thousand loaded Fe uns ete = HILL. LEE'S ATTACK. afternoon of June 27, 1862, when Quartermaster-General Ingalls Came down after the river on a boat provided especially for his use, directing an assistant to abandon the diately continued on his way to Yorktown. Soon afterward the Pamunkey, far appeared crowded with a confused mass of side-wheel boats, propellers, brigs, and ind Point, imme- as as the eye could reach, schooners, and as they dashed past my vessel there appeared to be as complete a stampede as it has ever been my misfortune to witness. In answer to the hail, ‘ What is the trouble?’ I was greeted with, ‘The rebels are coming! The whole country is full of them : go to the mast-head and you will see thousands of them!’ ns nothing further of a satisfactory nature, nothing but empty fields, I directed a count to be flee ag vessels, and by Grenier dusk six hundred and seeing made of the\ Pra te ae eA eet Stati tif) 7] - A NN MbERL EE LC AECUnO LUE Ce ead Cea si See etait itbest HAL Wil VS hee SP TITY eee ot ads coches Uh ee gilts —= —— — I { \ i ui fa ele Re \ \ we ANT \\ i ¥ | STi ri ‘ 5g Ih Ri! Sh H| 4 Ag i Y ay La aK i, So) . ath shay | ih" | Sau W = Bit RRC i aeaeat ty | S ae : : J K ca fk eu rp Py e ia i od a 5 N WO CO oO a w~ A 5 Ny = Ki = ; =) 7, WY) ye a 2 O y : Or = a = | ”Y ~Y Nera on sh Re Ee Cte a faves aceon : eet ee ern O Ss S ae: O 3 Is ” \ eon: Lil ne Ze 3%, Sle Ls J Li 4 O f ; ' : “ a i eh ke -- ~ ~ uF — * “Re | a 13 10s | inh y Pa a: /; f Le ae / fi a |} sh oe: YY; af j 4 ¥ ; 4 . + : j \s 2 4 1 x se ‘- } 4x DL we At 2 : oe | Ge! re a Ase | ; 7 : 7 # 2 reet ee eh . river farther stre< arched around the ) ee York Rivers and up the James had crossed the rivet farthet up stream, m irche ) : the amed down the Pamunkey and) ¥ onic KIVETS, : : ¢ -uck the retreating army near Charles City Cross- \t tl | f 4 long despatch to the Secre- swamp, and struck the retreating army ne< < j OSS L VE GLOSG OL «~ $ Sp< = pa See eee ; : as aa : = Roads, on the 30th. There was terrific fighting all the afternoon. } ste HH to the new base. | - ; tary of Wat, on the! 28th, General McClellan said: If save BA Wales Fala aD 169 his advance guard had erates, with six guns, struck taken up the strongest the left of the position position he had yet oc- cupied. The battle just They boldly advanced their artillery to within eight hun- dred yards of the cliff; but names — Glendale, Fra- before they could get at zier's Farm, Charles City Cross-Roads, New- market, Nelson’s Farm. McClellan here lost ten described has several work, a fire of twenty or thirty guns was concentra- ted upon? their batt emy, which knocked it to pieces guns. The losses in men in a few minutes; and at cannot be known exact- the same time some huge ly, as the reports group shells from a gunboat fell the losses of several days among a small detachment of cavalry, threw it into toseth er. Longstreet and the two Hills re- confusion, and turned it ported a loss of twelve back upon the infantry, thousand four hundred breaking up the whole at- and fifty-eight in the tack. BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN G. BARNARD ng to the 30th. The last stand made by McClellan for delivering battle was at oD hting from the 27th Lee was not ready to as- sault with his whole army till the afternoon of July Malvern “Hill. This is a plateau near Turkey Bend of James ist. An artillery duel was kept up during the forenoon, but BREVET BRIGADIER-GENERAL J. J. ABERCROMBIE. River, having an elevation of sixty feet, and an extent of about the Confederate commander did not succeed in destroying the a mile and a half in one direction and a mile National batteries, as he hoped to; on the ee contrary, he saw his own disabled, one after in the other. It is so bordered by streams == and swamps as to leave no practicable ap- | ee another. The signal for the infantry attack proach except by the narrow northwest face. | was to be the usual yell, raised: by Armi- Here McClellan had his entire army in posi- stead’s division on the right and taken up tion when his pursuers came up. It was by the successive divisions along the line. disposed in the form of a semicircle, with jj But the Confederate line was separated by the right wing “refused ” (swung back) and thick woods; there was long waiting for the prolonged to Haxall’s Landing, on the James. signal; some of the generals thought they His position was peculiarly favorable for the heard it, and some advanced without hear- use of artillery, and his whole front bristled | ing it. The consequence was a series of with it. There were no intrenchments to separate attacks, some of them repeated three or four times, and every time a con- speak of, but the natural inequalities of the sround afforded considerable shelter for the centrated fire on the attacking column and men and the guns. It was as complete a a bloody repulse. The men themselves be- c S . < < c - trap as could be set for an army, and Lee rk Ps gan to see the hopelessness of it, while their walked straight into it. Under or- officers were still urging them to re- edie atic Come dinary circumstances, both newed efforts C and On, GCOMmeEe On; commander my men,” said men would / i one Confederate properly hesi- tate to attack an enemy so colonel, with the erim humor OL a soldier; ““do you BRIGADIER-GENERAL yosted. Butto ‘ I L. C. HUNT. want to live for- the confidence with which the ever?” There S were some brief Southerners be- : counter-charges, in gan the war was < one of which the now added the colors were taken from a North Caro- lina regiment; but in general the National peculiar elation produced biy a week's pursuit of a } retreating army; and : : Cucaline oe troops only maintained appare r it did not ipparently it their ground, and occur to them that they though fighting was kept were all mortal. In the first contact seven thousand Confed- up till nine o’clock in the as Gen- evening, the line SES ELLA Tg LP = ba! les igi Ee py ee get ho Js . = Me eA asGhametipepasteeeccn Se ee ee So eee a ees Se a 4 Wi etl ‘ Sh 4 et a M4 TAL — bo CAMPFIRE AND I eral Webb, then assistant chief of artillery, tells: on ee for one instant broken or the guns in eee S : : z - cost Lee five thousand men, and at its close he ae i a sora The National loss was less than one-thirc AIS ¢ : é : That ae McClellan withdrew his army to Harrisons Lane ag on oe ence where he had fixed his base of ae ane where the gunboats could protect his peson a ee is known as the Seven Days, and the losses are a # Ke fifteen thousand two hundred and forty-nine on the ve side, and somewhat over nineteen thousand on the Contederate. BAGEL EPILLD,. and a commander that could think. There can ie no oe that the Administration was over-anxious about the fe ‘1 the Shenandoah, and should have sent McDowe ‘eaee McClellan at once; but neither can there be much eeu : a : Little Mac, the Young Napoleon, as he was fondly ae cs been a general of the highest order, he would have oe Lee’s army and captured the Confederate capital with the ample forces that he had. It was not General McClellan alone ce was in a false position when his army was astride the Chicka- hominy, but the Administration and the people of the loyal yi), GRAPEVINE From that time there was an angry controversy as to the military abilities of General McClellan and the responsibility for the failure of the campaign, and partisanship was never violent than over this question. The General highest personal regard of his soldiers. and they unwilling or unable to look at the matter in t] criticism that simply asks, What was req more had won the were mostly 1e cold light of the uired? and What was accomplished? The truth appears to be, that General McC] ellan, like most men, possessed some virtues and | acked others. He organized a great army, and to.the end of its days it felt the benefit of the discipline with which he endowed it. But with that army in hand he did not secure the purpose of its creation. He was an accomplished engineer, and a gigantic adjutant, but hardly the general to be sent against an army that could move BRIDGE. States as well. Their grand strategy was radically vicious, for they stood astride of the great central question of the war itself. To a student of the art of war, this disastrous campaign and the many criticisms that it evoked are exceedingly interesting. Nearly every military problem was in some way presented in it. Two or three quotations from the best sources will indicate its importance and the complicated questions that it involved. General McClellan himself Says in his report: “It may be asked why, after the concentration of our forces on the right bank of the Chickahominy, with a large part of the enemy drawn away from Richmond, upon the opposite side, I did not, instead of striking for James River fifteen miles below that place, at once march directly on Richmond. juncture tl It will be remembered that at this 1€ enemy was on our rear, and there was every reason .~ ; a . Dae TL a Ue 4 ite Ritstetstsieee 5 PI ; i yi S : 5 4 SOUT Ta eH als eS " : holes Malti UO Ne eee EL eae oak ah) aREDML EUs : PE ia thei Soc rr, a Pra Lian eet te LA ye May the ree a mn bees ud mie EDN eas et Sat Md ee . i gen Nt * GENERAL McCLELLAN’'S ARMY BETWEEN BIG BETHEL AND YORKTOWN. ne Ne oe a enactar | eh an, me NR spe eae > ne i heal ans a e ——- he . = it Aah Abe Penge nnn seat ‘Sed abe awed ‘ A 1 aera VT fase AND 162 CAMPFIRE AN cations with our to believe that he would sever our commun! on hand but a supply depot at the White House. We had limited amount of rations, and if we had advanced directly on 1 it would have required considerable time to carry the Richmonc hat place, during which our men would strong works around t destitute of food; and even if Richmond had fallen enemy could still have occupied our supply boats, and have been before our arms, the communications between that place and the gun turned their disaster into victory. If, on the other hand, the enemy had concentrated all his forces at Richmond during the progress of our attack, and we had been defeated, we must in all probability have lost our trains before reaching the flotilla. The battles which continued day after day in the progress of our flank movement to the James, with the exception of the one at Gaines’s Mill, were successes to our arms, and the closing engage- ment at Malvern Hill was the most decisive of all. McClellan’s severest critics, Gen. John G. ? One of General Barnard. in an elaborate review of the campaign, wrote: “It was a blunder unparalleled to expose Porters corps to fight a battle by itself on the 27th against overwhelming forces of the enemy. With perfect ease that corps might have been brought over on the night of the 26th, and, if nothing more bmilliant could have been thought of, the movement to the James might have been in full tide of execution on the 27th. could not have been chosen, for, besides Jackson's own forces, A. P. Hill’s and Longstreet’s corps were on the left bank of the A more propitious moment Chickahominy on the night of the 26th. Such a movement need not have been discovered to the enemy till far enough advanced to insure success. At any rate, he could have done no better in preventing it than he actually did afterward. He has spent weeks in building bridges which establish a close connec- tion between the wings of his army, and then fights a great battle with a smaller fraction.of his army than when he had a single He, with great labor, con- oO available bridge, and that remote. ¢ ‘ structs ‘defensive works’ in order that he ‘may bring the greatest possible numbers into action, and again exhibits his ability to utilize his means by keeping sixty-five thousand men idle behind them, while thirty-five thousand, unaided by ‘ defen- sive works’ of any kind, fight the bulk of his adversary’s forces, and are, of course, overwhelmed by ‘superior numbers.’ We believe there were few commanding officers of the Army of the Potomac who did not expect to be led offensively against the enemy on the 26th or 27th. Had such a movement been made, it is not improbable that, if energetically led, we should have gone into Richmond. Jackson and A. P. Hill could not have got back in time to succor Magruder’s command, if measures of most obvious propriety had been taken to prevent them. We might have beaten or driven Magruder’s twenty-five thousand men and entered Richmond, and then, reinforced by the creat moral acquisition of strength this success would fave aiven| have fought Lee and reéstablished our communications. At any rate, something of this kind was worth trying. Our army is now concentrated on the James; but we have another day's fighting before us, and this day we may expect the concen- trated attack of Lee’s whole army. We know not at what hour it will come—possibly late, for it requires time to find out our new position and to bring together the attacking columns—yet we know not when it will come. Where, this day, is the com- manding general ? Off, with Captain Rodgers, to select ‘the final positions of the army and its depots.’ He does not tell us that it was on a gunboat, and that this day not even ‘signals’ would keep him in communication with his army, for his journey iui SS Te PO aS “ Ds ey try: “ate A Re ce ns Pan | ED ERT > TIEF, ee ND te Hite BUA ae rel Lele D. was ten or fifteen miles down the river! and he was thus absent till late in the afternoon. This is the first time we ever had reason to believe that the highest and first duty of a general,’on the day of battle, was separating himself from his army to re- connoitre a place of retreat! . If the enemy had two hundred thousand men, it was to be seriously apprehended that, leaving fifty thousand behind the ‘strong works’ of Richmond, he would march at once with one hundred and fifty thousand men on Washington. Why should he not? General McClellan and his eulogists have held up as highly meritorious strategy the leaving of Washington defended by less than fifty thousand men, with the enemy in its front estimated to be one hundred and twenty thousand to one hundred and fifty thousand strong, and moving off to take an eccentric line of operations against Richmond: and now the reverse case is presented, but with an important difference. ive General McClellan’s movement, could either fly to the defence learning Manassas, on g enemy at General McClellan says that this latter course was not to McClellan on the James, on learning that Lee with one hundred and fifty thousand men is marching on Washington, can only attack Richmond ; by of Richmond or attack Washington. be feared. no possibility can he fly to the defence of Washington. Besides, he is inferior in numbers (according to his own estimate) even to Lee’s marching army. Here, of the folly of the grand strategic movement on Richmond, as in a nutshell, is the demonstration given. by its own projector.” An English military critic thus analyzes the great campaign: “As regards the value of the plan, in a merely military point of view, three faults may be enumerated: It was too rash; it violated the principles of war; its application was too timid. (1) An army of one hundred and thirty thousand volunteers should not be moved about as if it were a single division. (2) The choice of Fort Monroe as a secondary basis involved the neces- sity of leaving Washington, or the fixed basis, to be threatened, The between these two places were open to an attack from the morally at least, by the enemy. communications also Merrimac, an iron-plated ship, which lay at Norfolk, on the south side of Hampton Roads. The first movement to Fort Monroe was the stride of a giant. The second, in the direction of Rich- mond, was that of a dwarf. When the army arrived in front of the lines at Yorktown, it numbered, probably, one hundred thousand men, and here there was no timid President to inter- fere with the command; nevertheless, McClellan suffered himself to be stopped in the middle of an offensive campaign by Magru- der and twelve thousand men. The hour of his arrival in front of the lines should have been the hour of his attack upon them.. Two overwhelming masses, to which life and energy had been communicated, should have been hurled on separate The The result of the campaign, points. Magruder not only defeated but destroyed! morale of the Federal army raised! : although it might not have been decisive, would have been more honorable.” On the Confederate side the criticism was almost as severe, because, while claiming the result of the six days as a Con- federate success, it was also claimed that the campaign should have resulted in the complete destruction of McClellan’s army. I'he use of balloons for reconnoitring the enemy’s position formed a picturesque feature of this campaion, LS. & Lowe; J. H. Stiner, and other aéronauts were at the National head- quarters with their balloons, and several officers of high rank accompanied them in numerous ascents. But it eerie have been demonstrated that the balloon was of little practical value. OVA. UTES Sree Peer ee LEFT EES BONN Cans (eo. *Pr a ae peUEOSLULLL SOU att ti) oie CART Shox; eh tee eee: és CAMPFIRE AND BA Le ela Bowley Dy, MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN POPE. CEA PER: Sal Vz POPES CAM PANG Ni. FORMATION, OF THE ARMY OF VIRGINIA—HALLECK MADE GENERAL- IN-CHIEF — McCLELLAN LEAVES THE PENINSULA — BATTLE OF CEDAR MOUNTAIN — POPE AND LEE MANCZUVRE— BATTLE OF GROVETON—THE SECOND BULL RUN—BATTLE OF CHANTILLY— THE FPORTER DISPUTE—GENERAL GRANT’S OPINION—COMPLI- CATED MOVEMENTS OF THE CAMPAIGN—INTERESTING INCIDENTS, WHILE McClellan was before Richmond, it was determined to consolidate in one command the corps of Banks, Frémont, and McDowell, which were moving about in an independent and ineffectual way between Washington and the Shenandoah Val- ley. Gen. John Pope, who had won considerable reputation by his capture of Island No. 10, was called from the West and given command (June 26, 1862) of the new organization, which was called the Army of Virginia. Frémont declined to serve under a commander who had once been his subordinate, and consequently his corps was given to General Sigel. General Pope, on taking command of this force, which numbered all told about thirty-eight thousand men, and also of the troops in the fortifications around Washington, had the bad taste to issue a general order that had three capital defects: it boasted of his own prowess at the West, it underrated his enemy, and it con- tained a bit of sarcasm pointed at General McClellan, the com- mander of the army with which his own was to codperate. Pope { * ii eter Mane io Uih i Pere ENC Gaal THOS WiLL fae 163 says, in his report, that he wrote a cordial letter to McClellan. asking for his views as to the best plan of campaign, and offer. ing to render him any needed assistance; and that he received but a cold and indefinite reply. It is likely enough that a courteous man and careful soldier like McClellan would be in no mood to fall in with the suggestions of a commander that entered upon his work with a gratuitous piece of bombast, and seemed to have no conception of the serious nature of the task. When it became evident that these two commanders could not act sufficiently in harmony, the President called Gen. Henry W. Halleck from the West to be General-in-Chief, with headquar- ters at Washington, and command them both. Halleck had perhaps more military learning than any other man in the coun- try, and his patriotic intentions were unquestionably good; but in practical warfare he proved to be little more than a great obstructor. He had been the bane of the Western armies. pre- venting them from following up their victories, and had almost driven Grant out of the service; and from the day he took com- mand at Washington (July 12) the troubles in the East became more complicated than ever. McClellan held a strong position at Harrison’s Landing, where, if he accomplished nothing else, he was a standing menace te Richmond, so that Lee dared not withdraw his army from its defence.. He wanted to be heavily reinforced, cross the James, and strike at Richmond’s southern communications, just as Grant actually did two years later; and he was promised rein- forcements from the troops of Burnside and Hunter, on the coast of North and South Carolina. -Lee’s anxiety was to get McClellan off from the peninsula, so that he could strike out toward Washington. He first sent a detachment to bombard McClellan's camp from the opposite side of the James; but McClellan crossed the river with a sufficient force and easily swept it out of the way. Then Lee sent Jackson to make a demonstration against Pope, holding the main body of his army ready to follow as soon as some erratic and energetic movements of Jackson had caused a sufficient alarm at Washington to deter- mine the withdrawal of McClellan. The unwitting Halleck was all too swift to codperate with his enemy, and had. already determined upon that withdrawal. Burnside’s troops, coming up on transports, were not even landed, but were forwarded up the Potomac and sent to Pope. McClellan marched his army to Fort Monroe, and there embarked it by divisions for the same destination. Pope’s intention was to push southward, strike Lee’s western and northwestern communications, and cut them off from the Shenandoah Valley. He first ordered Banks (July 14) to push his whole cavalry force to Gordonsville, and destroy the railroads and bridges in that vicinity. But the cavalry commander, General Hatch, took with him infantry, artillery, and a wagon train, and consequently did not move at cavalry speed. Before he could get to Gordonsville, Jackson’s advance reached it, and his movement was frustrated. He was relieved of his command, and it was given to Gen. John Buford, an able cavalry leader. As soon as Jackson came in contact with Pope’s advance, he called upon Lee for reinforcements, and promptly received them. On the 8th of August he crossed the Rapidan, and moved toward Culpeper. Pope, who had but recently taken the field in person, having remained in Washington till July 29th, attempted to con- centrate the corps of Banks and Sigel at Culpeper. Banks arrived there promptly on the 8th; but Sigel sent a note from Sperryville in the afternoon, asking by what road he stould march. “As there was but one road between those two points, aa Lo a SUHLILU Lusi Fi ea fai Sy, Peas ene eee i be ieeae ; WW, “ff Seer Bea a Ty ares asee : y preneragaqnal Aosetrtigcgeree sas Pde aa : 3 ‘ on ane ee ee a ee rE Wi a at J i 164 CAMPFIRE AND “and that a broad stone turnpike, I was at a loss Id entertain any doubt as to On the morning of the he enemy at Cedar says Pope, to understand how General Sigel cou hich he should march.” ps went out alone to meet t 1 men (Pope says he had the road by w gth Banks's cor Mountain. Banks had eight thousanc supposed that corps numbered fourteen t an enemy twice as strong. He first struck Jackson’s right wing, and afterward furiously attacked the left, rolled up the flank, opened a fire in the rear, and threw Jackson's whole line into ‘f the two commanders had changed hat, to housand), and attacked confusion. It was as characters, and Banks had suddenly assumed the part | according to the popular idea, Jackson was always supposed play. If Sigel had only known what road to take, that might have been the last of Jackson. But Banks’s force had become Ivance through the woods, and at the forced, so that Jackson was Banks in turn somewhat broken in {tS} ac same time the Confederates were rein able to rally his men and check the movement. 7 was forced back a short distance, where he took up a stron position. Sigel’s corps arrived in the evening, relieved Banks's corps, and made immediate preparations for a renewal of the fight in the morning. The dead were buried, the wounded carried forth, and through the night trains were moving and everything being liness, but at daylight it was discovered that the enemy put in reac Partly because of had fallen back two miles to a new position. the strong position held by each, and partly because of the very hot weather, there was little further disposition to renew the fight, and two days later Jackson fell still further back to Gor- In this action, which for the numbers engaged was Ome OF the fiercest and donsville. most rapid of the war, the Confederates lost about thir- teen hundred men and the National army BALRGLERIE LD. about eigh- teen hundred. ‘¢Besides which,” says Gem eral ROpey fully one thousand MN(Siol SGierwcliee sled back to Culpepes Court House and beyond, ana Me vet entirely re- tuEned to their com- mands. On thee hand: the cavalry under Buford and Bayard pursued the enemy and captured many stragglers. other VIEW IN CULPEPER. The Confederate Gen. Charles S. Winder was struck by a shell and killed while leading his division. Immediately position along the On the 14th of August General Pope was reinforced by tains. after this action the cavalry. resumed its former Rapidan from Raccoon Ford to the moun- eight thousand men under General Reno, whereupon he pushed his whole force forward toward the Rapidan, and took up a posi- tion with his right on slopes of Cedar Mountain and his left near Raccoon Ford. | Robertson’s River, his centre on the From this point he sent out cavalry expeditions to destroy the enemy's communications with Richmond, and one of these captured General Stuart’s adjutant, with a letter from Lee to General Stuart, dated plans. thus related August 15th, which to a large extent revealed Lee's The incident that resulted in this important capture is by Stuart’s biographer, Major H. B. McClellan: “ Stuart reached Verdiersville on the evening of the 17th, and POPE’S BAGGAGE-TRAIN IN THE MUD, alla eee isdlasansr >» |e Tn DRAPE rl SOA TATED STLE LAL ESET TPT meme VINO ET te) ee pe ca Diy ee al, rir) Pee n ea te es penn Taare eer cole oe Y 4 Tl smoke Pam eT 2 “or iy Pulls hoe eer ee : ATR 6 : \ hearing nothing from Fitz Lee, sent his adjutant Major Norman R. Fitz Hugh, to meet him and ascertain his position. A body of the enemy's cavalry had, however, started on a reconnoissance on the previous day, and in the darkness of the night Major Fitz Hugh rode into this party and was captured. On his person was found an auto- sraph letter Stuart which disclosed to General Pope the design of turning his left flank. The fact that Fitz Hugh did not return aroused no apprehension, and Stuart and his staff imprudently passed the from the commanding general to night on the porch of.an old house on the Plank Road. At daybreak he was aroused by the noise of approaching horsemen, and sending Mosby and Gibson, two of his aides, to ascertain who was coming, he himself walked. out to the front gate, bareheaded, to greet Fitz Lee, as he supposed. The result did not justify his expectations. In another instant pistol shots were heard, and Mosby and Gibson were seen running back, pursued by a party of the enemy. Stuart, Von Borcke, and Dabney had their horses inside of the inclosure of the yard, Von Borcke gained the gate and the\ Pert ey uaa CO eR AT ELLE CTP Bibi vale! } ; - ) , eh 2 aL oo yee, Gist ee eee ty PrN hha ens abba ter et bi be MAD SLL Coes eH Pe CAMPEIRE AND BAGEL BRELEED. 165 road, and escaped HENRY AND ROBINSON HOUSES, BULL RUN. (From photograph taken in 1884.) unhurt after a for the purpose of affording all time possible for the arrival of the Army of the Potomac at Acquia and Alexandria, and to embarrass and long and hard hun: otuart and Dabney were compelled to leap delay the move- Ene ya ta fence ments of the enemy as far aS practica- ble. On the 18th of August it became anad take aGross the fields to the nearest woods. They were pur- apparent to me that sued but a_ short this advanced post- distance. Re- ; oa tion, with the small CONFEDERATE DEAD FOR BURIAL. force under my com- turning to a post of observation, mand, was no longer Stuart saw the:enemy depart in tenable in the face triumph with his hat and cloak, of the overwhelm- which he had been compelled to ine’ forces or the leave on the porch where he had emem yn = ldeter- slept. He bore this mortification mined, accordingly, with good nature, In a letter of to withdraw behind about that date he writes: ‘I am the Rappahannock ereeted on all sides with congratula- with all speed, and, fions and “Where's your hatg I as I had been in- intend to make the Yankees pay for structed, to defend, that hat.’ And Pope did cancel the debt a few nights afterward at Catlett's Statfon. ” The captured despatch revealed to Pope the fact that Lee intended to fall upon him with his entire army and crush MAJOR-GENERAL G: We (Cy EEE: GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE, C. S.A. COLONEL WALTER TAYLOR. as far as practicable, the line of that river. I directed Major- General Reno to send back his trains, on the morning of the 18th, by the way of Stevens- burg, to Kelly's or Burnett’s Ford, and, as soon as the trains had gotten several hours in eTcne® advance, to follow them with his whole corps, “ and take post behind the Rappahannock, him before he could be reinforced from the Army of the Potomac. Pope says: “1 held on to my position, thus far to the front, « Vue! pip gar eee MT ritephreenes th nyars Se Sea Tus mT ities Wee pe PE eI TTT ye HO ia = nt ae ek has —s a ~ OA Lad on ian i1 ees ie PS perce feet ve er ist Se esr e emt BP Sera stat Petras Lab g peas Py Poe \ bi : S Pi Re a oo : | | | 66 CAMPFIRE AND BRAD REE ELE LD. I l : | asse “horoughfare Gap in the Bull Run Mountains | Ford to passed through Thoroug Cav all his cavalry in the neighborhood of Raccoon ne ae ee pus iy | ae t. General Banks’s corps, wh ich had been on the 26th, destroyed Bristoe station on the Orange and Alex- ie ee a: (tC) 1 ; - ition at Culpeper Court House, sent out Stuart to Manassas Junction, where O a y with the river between. | Se | ise was not kept, the only ' ae : ° y \ \ . y = a e if Ror two dave they made | | (tN a ees CLARHKSBURGH troops that were added to eg : N WADESVILLE, FSS oe ts < cree ae : : strenuous efforts to cross, \ CP Be" cto VHILLSBORY Sesenesvile, Cy his army during the next \ / RS SSTEPHENSONS 74 on ¢ WINCHESTER but a powerful artillery fire, (ATERFORO four days being seven thou- which was kept up contin- sand men under Generals Reynolds and Kearny. RT Tw La - H a uously for seven or eight No mi i : < ; wt SH/CHERSVIILE 1 miles along the river, made Lee, whose grand strat- ; . . . ae any crossing in force impos- egy was correct, had here ' ‘ ie . . . f sible. Lee therefore sent blundered seriously in his Ah Jackson to make a flank manceuvres, dividing his I g H march westward along that | MIOQLEBORG army so that the two parts A stream, cross it at Sulphur Zs = oR were not within supporting 4 Se : GS HAM YN if Springs, and come down Ap AS GAP | ne MV oP sean distance of each other, and a ) OR ‘ys _P_ EE SPRIPOFIELD | Ns i upon I opes right. But AKG FRONT, arena, GEORGETOWN \% \%, the united enemy was be- : i J c : “lee eS ; pa enaltgh apt aA LEM, \2 \% Bie when Jackson arrived at the Ke AL carl rhone cumineNes NS \ tween. An ordinarily good a fee . : : ae NG : ; a crossing, he found a heavy 2 site we Ney NIE gyn) AU | ceneral, standing in Popes Se n S is ~ is reiGAYEU/£ fs c Ye Aen AN Sing Oy cK FER VIL LL : = force occupying Sulphur AH wage 5 W/o iTTS say boots, would naturally have Springs ; “er r a \ FA/ [AEA &% STATION ee onaD| : | ie ee read} to ect ee ey Se q ’ BURKE? Soames | fallen in force upon Jack- 1im. Meanwhile Gen. Ame MVERNONS| \ 463! son, and could have com- off SC WICH A coun < 4 CS WASHINGTON © .__—_—HARP?. ead @ LN fe AN Go \ uf BMISTe STOW 2 eBRENTVILLE James E. B. Stuart, with fifteen hundred cavalrymen, pletely destroyed or cap- tured him. Bute Exo) pre out-blundered Lee, and in the dark and stormy so. ERR YVIDLE he night of August 22d, had gave the victory to the ridden around to the rear of racer: Confederates Pope’s position, to cut the ‘ S IOS ; ce \ > Ox r se o See gy toe Gaara ie Na i ELKTON He began by sending c ad, . CK ope 5 yeP £0 » f “t y t} wiv 1 > | 1 \ et Rl hse orty thousand men unde ~~ % headquarters at Catlett’s | : 1 FARLE ye o~ Station, captured three | McDowell, on the 27th, toward Thoroughfare Gap, \ \ f ul bs “ana NDY cuabihheh it Aiea ee . Sh eee ee ee hundred prisoners < 1/ \ ene 5 op and ae FAIRFAX s- to occupy the road by i} - personal Daggage anc CULPEPPER CL, } z : ; e OD } t { 2c y ~ 4 DA DEL OCCnG: Ate ri STEPHENSBY 3 5 eee if which Lee with Long- paper: commander, Sf ay |i = | NQ9UA CRIL. ye Reet tc ee oe | Aen Waele ue Year, hil avreneces S / Ss street’s division was march- : : So aGK In) Sail etiv. ON py f iS Ss ax : se 2) TI oe oe Z ue dtl [S c Ns eeu Se . HAMPSTEAD ing to join Jackson ; and at i 1ese papers informed Lee Locus ple wed f Szcore \ {bso ou EN th ame time he moved De ae en eae e same > he re ay of Pope’s plans and dispo- CLE A ea i Re eRiCK BORE | KING GEORGE iy : of hi Sieione. i iG sere \ F\ \ oe EO. #2. with the remainder 11s t 3 Ms / \ a; lee Yr F 4 army to strike Jackson at H | Jackson, being thwarted [SS Uj SS Seer ees t i | at Sulphur Springs, moved ca Lyne C.H. x ewe FO LOL Pa eae Fell MECC LS x Lon: a good beginning, but was still farther up the south Ja. fafonmsn SPOTTSYLVAMA EX { Bae it Aa erat | bank of the Rappahannock, CA] > eumntys immediately ruinec » ce I | crossed the headwaters, and ol LCORDO VSVILLE \ \ own lack of steadiness. : turned Pope’s right He or The advance guard had an SDC Le THE SEAT OF MILITARY OPERATIONS RATIONS IN AUGUST ANO SEPTEMBER, 1862, engage ement. at that place Sierra ne ee Bice arn etn I ea peer mee TIE a) a ag rel rts ee rary ine fee een eon sey\ Retr STUN LATE : ; wae ; BLT ULCER LE tT) Lee TEAC) aa CAMPFIRE AND! BA Tiel Elen ee. Perea edie ead 5 ee Sa DAM ACROSS BULL RUN, NEAR BLACKBURN'S FORD. which Longstreet was to join him. railroad formed J along this he placed his troops, oe ho o BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL GEO. H. GORDON : a UPT: ERMANN ns 5 GENERAY aRiGAdien™ with Jackson's rear cuard, while his main body retired to Manassas Junction. Pope became elated at the prospect of a sreat success, and ordered a retrograde movement by McDowell, telling him to march eastward on the 28th, adding: “If you will march promptly and rapidly at the earliest dawn upon Manassas Junction, we shall bag the whole crowd.” McDowell obeyed, the way was thus left open for Jackson to move out to meet his friends, and of the opportunity Jackson promptly took advantage and planted himself on the high land around Groveton, near the battleneld of Bull Run, ere Kings division ae BREVET BRIGADIER-GENERAL GEO, W. GILL. food or Pa a strong, ready-made General Pope says of his forces at this time: 18th of August until the morning of the in this country. bbied HAL WVU S LEA eee 167 of McDowell’scorps came suddenly in Contact with the enemy, and a sharp fight, with severe loss on either side, ensued. Among the Confederate wounded was Gen. Richard 7S: one of their best ers Ewell, commanders, who In the night, King’s men fell back to Manas- sas; and Ricketts’s lost a leas division, which Me- Dowell had left to delay Longstreet when he should Ave PE oO: plaisis through Thorough- fare Gap, was also retired. AMI appreh en sions on the part of the lucky Jackson were now at an end. His enemies had removed every ob- struction, and he was in possession of the Warrenton Turnpike, the road by The cut of an abandoned intrenchment, and his right flank being on the turnpike and his left at Sudley Mill. ‘From the 27th the troops under my command had been continuously marching and hting night and day, and during the whole of that time there was scarcely an interval 7 of an hour without the roar of artillery he men had had little sleep, were greatly worn down with fatigue, had had little time to get proper to eat it, had been engaged in constant battles and skirmishes, and had per- formed services laborious, dangerous, and excessive be- yond any previous experience AS was to be expected under such cir- cumstances, the numbers of the army under my command have been greatly reduced by deaths, by wounds, by sick- ness, and by fatigue, so that on the morning of the 27th of August I estimated my whole effective force (and | A! hee igaiiy enn fond uw as area ahs Pep Pees Meat LL) eat ae en a yy tds oh 3 MEd WM RN Ui he PB at wT pete ae sas ass PEI Pi APD bape ReeCAMPFIRE AND | 168 think the estimate was large) as follows: Sigel’s corps, mine Banks’s corps, five thousand men; McDowell's ive hun- of army), thousand men; luding Reynolds’s division, fifteen thousand five corps, inc the corps dred men; Reno's corps, seven thousand men; | Heintzelman and Porter (the freshest by far in that about eighteen thousand men—making in all fifty-four thou- sundred men. Our cavalry numbered on paper about . sand five | but their horses were completely broken bi four thousand men; | and there were not five hundred men, all told, capable down, such service as should be expected from cavalry. of doing The corps of Heintzelman had reached Warrenton Ht Junction, but it was without wagons, without a artillery, with only forty rounds of am- munition to the man, and without ly even horses for the general HH and field officers. The corps of Porter had Warren- with a very of provisions, and but forty also reached Junction iW ton small supply rounds of ammunition for : | each man.’ on their Longstreet reached the field in the forenoon of the took position at the other small 29th, and Jackson's right, on of the also the He was confronted by Fitz John side turnpike, covering Manassas Gap railroad. Porter’s corps. McDowell says he ordered Porter to move out and attack Longstreet ; Porter says he ordered him simply to hold the At three i o'clock in the afternoon Pope or- ground where he was. Jackson Hooker, who dered Hooker to attack directly in front. was never loath to fight where there was a prospect of success, remonstrated; but Pope insisted, Hook- ers men charged with the bay- and the attack was made. onet, had a terrific hand-to-hand fight in the cut, and actually ruptured Jackson's seemingly im- pregnable line; but reinforcements were brought up, and the assail- ants were at length driven back. Kearny’s division was sent to sup- | port Hooker, but too late, and it also was repelled. An hour or two later, Pope, who did not know that Longstreet had arrived onthe field, sent orders to Fitz John Porter to attack Jackson's right, supposing | that was the right of the whole (| Confederate line. es There is a dis- pute as to the hour at which this order reached Porter. But it was impossible for him to obey it, since he could not move upon Jackson’s MAJOR-GENERAL PHILIP KEARNY, a Ts SEPT eres A arte Ce Damm MW thaiadaresos it irdad thant ure err a. rs si sal TAIT tog IBA TC IP IO IB IEMIZIOLY MAJOR-GENERAL FRANZ SIGEL. their imperilled left ; to back. battle of Groveton. Pope’s forces had been and that night, re-formed his lines, and pre- flank without exposing his own flank to Longstreet. About six o'clock, when he imagined Porter’s attack must have begun, Pope or- dered attack on the Confederate left. It was gallantly made, and in the first ful. Jackson’s extreme left another rush was success- was doubled up and broken by Kearny’s men, who seized the cut and held it At this point regiment for a time: a Confederate that had exhausted its am- munition fought with stones. There were plenty of fragments of rock at hand, and several men were killed by them. Again the Confederates, undisturbed right, hurried across reinforcements to and Kearny’s division, too hold what it had gained, was driven I This day’s action is properly called the considerably cut up but he got them together scattered, pared to renew the attack the next day. Lee at the same time drew back his left somewhat, advanced and strengthened his right, and prepared to take the offensive. Each intended to attack the other's left flank. When Pope moved out the next day (August 30th) to strike Lee’s left, and found it withdrawn, he imagined that the enemy was in retreat, and immediately McDowell to it “press the enemy vigorously the whole day.” of McDowell's force—had no sooner begun ordered follow up and Porter's corps—the advance this movement than it struck the foe in a strong position, and was subjected to a heavy artillery fire. Then a cloud of dust was seen to the south, and it was evident that Lee was pushing a force around on the flank. meet and check it. McDowell sent Reynolds to Porter then attempted to obey his orders. He advanced against Jackson’s right in charge after charge, but was met bya fire that repelled him every time with bloody loss. street found an eminence that commanded Moreover, Long- a part of his line, promptly took advan- tage of it by placing a battery there, and threw in an enfilading fire. It was 1mpos- sible for anything to withstand this, and Porter’s corps in a few minutes fell back defeated. The whole Confederate line was ’, \ a % \ yma ne 9% “! 2 “os y We SR ay ‘ J a * Peeks ade Reon aS U NTT) Uttar A ie i PE , rea Eh a pease aL PoE UCC Pte Sea : : A SETTER LO LAN aaa ee phe BETTE ALN iwi il ie? GAWVWPEIRE AND BA DT FoI ERED). 169 Se eget Mathie Lee igo es J fies aa MILL AND HOTEL AT SUOLEY SPRINGS. Ss advanced, and an attempt was made, by still-further extending ride away was shot dead. Kearny was one of the most experi- Hl EB their right, to cut off retreat; but key-points were firmly held enced and efficient soldiers in the service. He had lost an arm } i by Warren's brigade and the brigades of Meade and Seymour, in the Mexican war, was with Napoleon III. at Solferino and ri 1) and the army was withdrawn in order from the field whence it Magenta, and had just passed through the peninsula campaign if had retired so precipitously a year before.. After dark it crossed with McClellan. r i the stone bridge over Bull Run, and encamped on the heights Lee made no further attempt upon Pope's army, and on Sep- 4 around Centreville. tember 2d, by Halleck’s orders, i The corps of Sumner and Frank- 2st eee cs it was withdrawn to the fortifica- Pai lin here joined Pope, and the whole ; oe | tions of Washington, where it was | army fell back still further, taking | Zi ee ear f | merged in the Army of the Poto- j a position around Fairfax Court eae EBay | mac. In this campaign, both the House and Germantown. eee aN See | numbers engaged . on either side | A meanwhile ordered Jackson to peomen aie eZé| and the respective losses are in wit make another of the flank marches dispute, and the exact truth never d \ Si that he was so fond of, with a view will be known. Lee claimed that ‘ of striking Pope’s right and per- he had captured nine thousand he haps interrupting his communica- prisoners and thirty guns, and it is i tion with Washington. It was the probable that Pope's total loss 1 evening of September 1st when he numbered at least fifteen thou- fell heavily upon Pope's flank. He sand. Pope maintained that he | was stoutly resisted, and finally would have won the battle of repelled by ieucrornitimniamcds ar Groveton and made a successful Cae Hooker and Reno, and a part of campaign if General Porter had | ee those of McDowell and Kearny. i Tilt ORN WN a obeyed his orders. Porter, lor General Stevens, of Reno’s corps, Ligpeennicn Ze this supposed disobedience, wee : was killed, and his men, having BRISTOW STA court-martialed in January, Ne? Git used up their ammunition, fel y aug we condemecd and dismissed back. General Kearny sent. Bir- ; MULES Te on Se from the service, and HOTENES os: A ney’s brigade into the gap, and iS Sn es ee eee qualified Irom poe a ae ser: brought up a battery. He then | of trust or profit under the Gov- Git | rode forward to reconnoitre, came [i eee : $$$ —___§_ ; Lee ernment Ol poe Wboniee ae tates. suddenly upon a squad of Con- MAP OF SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN, SHOWING IMPORTANT POSITIONS Thousands ol Dees have been : 1% written and printed to prove or F federates, and in attempting to OCCUPIED FROM AUGUST 27th TO SEPTEMBER lst oTLet 4a gee DVM AH RIE ae ee nme) | D i teh a PMG : Fda ibaa ctSieernenieen a ae ee ms Ae Sis Shenae ah be eabeiabeeneee | ee : | | | eens SECOND BATTLE (From a perfectly clear by drawing two simple diagrams. This, he says, disprove his innocence, and the evidence has been reviewed again anc g again. It appears to be established at last that he is what Pope supposed to be the position of the armies when he did not disobey any order that it was possible for him to obey, ordered Porter to attack: and that he was blameless—except, perhaps, in having exhibited a spirit of personal hostility to General Pope, who was then his superior officer. A bill to relieve him of the penalty was passed JACKSON z PORTER by the Forty-sixth Congress, but was vetoed by President Arthur. Substantially the same bill was passed in 1886 and was signed by President Cleveland. It restored him to his place But this is what the situation really was: as colonel in the regular army, and retired him with that rank. but with no compensation for the intervening years. General Grant, reviewing the case in 1882, came to the con- clusion that Porter was innocent, and gave his reasons for it in a magazine article, significantly remarking that “if he was cuilty, the punishment awarded was not commensurate with the offence committed.” But some other military authorities still believe that his sentence was just. Grant seems to make the question Grease, IL Samia pak aaa P pean bse ae CEP TILOUENT UB arse JACKSON LONGSTREET PORTER POPE The movements of this campaign were more complicated than those of any other during the war, and it appears to have been oy bs a 3Per ss eA daa a ne ee hee EE Soap 4: OF BULL RUN. War-Time Sketch.) carried on with less of definite plan and connected purpose on either side. It is not probable that its merits, if it had any merits, will ever be satisfactorily agreed upon. On the part of Pope’s army, whether by his fault or not, it was a disastrous failure. On the part of Lee’s, while it resulted in tactical suc- cesses, it did not seriously menace the safety of Washington, and it led him on to his first great failure in an attempted inva- sion of the North. It is only fair to give General Pope's last word on the subject, which we quote from his article in “ Battles and Leaders of the Civil War.’ “At no time could I have hoped to fight a successful battle with the superior forces of the enemy which confronted me, and which were able at any time to out-flank and bear my small army to the dust. It was only by constant movement, incessant watchfulness, and hazardous skirmishes and battles, that the forces under my command were saved from destruction, and that the enemy was embarrassed and delayed in his advance until the army of General McClellan i co \ i? Dtrest vit Cea AULULUE ET td iti prey mn er Tet TA rt mrt Vi Uy LEP i 171 * Pes Se. was at length assembled for the defence of Washington. I did hope that in the course of these operations the enemy might commit some imprudence, or leave some opening of which I could take such advantage as to gain at least a partial success. This opportunity was presented by the advance of Jackson on Manassas Junction; but although the best dispositions possible in my view were made, the object was frustrated by causes which could not have been foreseen, and which perhaps are not yet completely known to the country.” From Capt. Henry N. Blake, of the Eleventh Massachusetts regiment, we have these interesting incidents of the campaign: “ Matches were very scarce upon this campaign, and a private who intended to light one gave public notice to the crowd, who surrounded him with slips of paper and pipes in their hands. Some soldiers were in a destitute condition, and suffered from blistered feet, as they had no shoes, and others required a pair of pants ora blouse; but all gladly pursued Jackson, and his capture aap Huss aaa TT ct al es Per GTP) HH, meade ~ eee a P SS aoe ei ak an A DEN) ™ RLF PR TREL ae Sipe aide dad ieee, we hasnt) ieee PTA PD jp JITee : ~) y, RC aoe xy a ecsine CAMPFIRE AND 172 was considered a certain event. The column cheered General Pope when he rode along, accom and he responded: ‘I am glad to see you in such good spirits The stream was forded, and the graves and 1, the rusty fragments of iron, and the weather- led the men that they were le of panied by a vast body-guard, to-day.’ bones of the deac beaten aébris of that contest reminc again in the midst of the familiar scenes of the first batt Bull Run. The cannonading was brisk at intervals during the Large tracts of the field were black and smoking from the crass which the shells ignited, and a small oo day. effect of the burning BALEREE LIE ED. iich they had so cowardly fled. A range of the artillery from wl ranks the fearless and enraged suppor ; : Meg fone aged support, and did not halt within the which dic an Acaa . ‘ Jid not discharge one piece in response. near the position. ‘It is coming.’ After waiting fifteen minutes for this body to appear, the officer returned and said that ‘ the because the charge had not been Each general was much displeased ’ made, and the order was at once issued: ‘ Fix bayonets.’ man was inspired by these magical words ; creat enthusiasm arose when this command was ‘ passed’ from company to com- pany, and the soldiers, led by their brave general, advanced upon a hidden foe through tangled woods which constantly interfered with the formation of the ranks. ‘Colonel, do you know what we are going to charge on?’ a private inquired. «Yes ; a good dinner.’ The rebel skirmishers were driven in upon their reserve behind the bank of an unfinished railroad, and detachments from PATE IETs . ‘ ETNA Sa 7 — BRU MONS Scent ar hamy yess fislodo eds ndiad ting ger TR 5; 5 af a a ray a Me1 . ; i. phates Pes . bs \ Seer tt ay Dre 4 : " aby Mall allel SULTS Fibs 2) lava) yi 1a] a Pei E Bs Ton = un ' LH REES Cictarieee toeeeEP Pris Toit terete Pree meEt, Teetets ay tele st UY CUT aa , RG AAT HC, eae, wa} _ ¥ _ SU CAMPFIRE AND BARRED ERIE ED. 173 five brigades were massed in three lines, under the command of the animal, mad with pain, das 4 ; < pain, dashed into the ranks of the enemy Hi: Ewell, to resist the onset of the inferior force that menaced them. y- i The woods always concealed the movements of the troops, and of bullets which flew through bayonet and sword—weapons that do not pierce i soldiers in nine-tenths of the battles that are fought 5 | —were used with deadly effect in several instances, A corporal exclaimed in the din of this combat, ‘Dish ish no place for de mens,’ and fled to the rear with the speed of the mythical Flying Dutch- (ony man. In one company of the regiment a son was ee killed by the side of his father, who continued to | the air seemed to create a [Re breeze that made the leaves upon the trees rustle, and a shower of small boughs and twigs fell upon the ground. The balls penetrated the barrels and shattered the stocks of many muskets; but perform his duty with the firmness of a stoic, and the soldiers who carried them remarked to his amazed comrades, in a tone which picked up those that had been showed how a strong patriotic ardor can triumph dropped upon the ground by —" helpless comrades, and a lowed no slight accident of tion of affection : ‘I had rather see him shot dead f over the deepest emo- 1) as he was than see him run Apert am AWWEN¥o 0 0 «Oo SCs WI@i@Rs ! this character to rallied the fugitives after this ee a interrupt them | in the noble fg” ; repulse, and their superior force enabled tial them to assault in front and upon both at work. The railroad bank == flanks the line which had been contracted ( was gained, and the col- by the severe losses in the charge, and the brigade fell back to the BOG first position under a fire of grape and canister which was added to the musketry. The regimental flag was torn from the staff by un- umn with cheers passed GATHERING UP DEBRIS OF POPE'S RETREAT AFTER THE SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN. over it, and advanced over friendly limbs in passing through the forest, and the eagle that surmounted it was cut off in the contest. The commander of { the color-company saved these precious emblems, and earnestly the groups of the slain | (From a War Department photograph.) and mangled rebels who had rolled down the declivity when they lost their strength. | The second line was broken; both were scattered through the shouted, when the lines were re-formed: ‘ Eleventh, rally round 1 the pole!’ which was then, if possible, more honored than when port, that had rested upon their breasts on the ground, sud- it was bedecked in folds of bunting. General denly rose up and delivered a destructive volley which forced aS Grover, who displayed the gallantry throughout : ‘Oi es this action that he had cx- woods, and victory appeared to be certain until the last sup- the brigade, that had al- err gem re Nig " one ly lost more than one hibited upon the peninsula, ready los yre th > ar waved his hat upon the third of its number in killed . ee ae and wounded, to retreat. point of his sword to ant- mate his brigade and pre- Ewell, suffering from his S Ke pare for a renewal of the Bony shattered knee, was borne B . ; fight. Many were scarcely ii to the rear in a blanket, 2 We able to speak on account of (" and his leg was amputa- er ce ee ee ei ted. The horse of General MO AO ee ieee - A d. Se reneré | Gr | | tense cheering, and some th rrover was shot upon the ee ea es aa La i railroad bank while he was officers ae a ok ae , | of their hands by waving I encouraging the men to go See eS ; a nae GENERAL HANCOCK AND FRIENDS. swords when they charged ie forward, and he had barely Ain einctie Conmemnennsen” ae j { (From a War-Time photograph.) with , i i time to dismount before ; |rep ticannesycatmeglihtnins > Cc Lil © x O Ei Li Lo < o LW OQ ud LU = © O ud as tr Li © Fae O Y Y Lu ~Y ~Y O OW ae RARREReS: BERRY rn Oita oe oie Damm een eet mK TT mre ” ae RON PECANS ey, 8 bs’ ; ee ‘ a Md el Ethie Labia rh. elebemeib beh UN LLL ULIUT INTE tp war {y it : i | 2 - ——+ . La! se lcatry eaeteay ee Mee SL Lit sll) Utara MRL tT] et eet new) aan Me aoa Vat | Nie a CT ‘ 1 it i ed y ul CANVIPELRE AND “BAM nb Es Is Dy 175 Thebans against Philip of Macedon, but to bring about an alliance by offering to help them against him. But the Confederate chief- tain was sadly disappointed in the effect of his proclamation and his presence. When his army marched into the State singing “My Maryland,” they were received with closed doors, drawn blinds, and the silence of a graveyard. In Frederick all the places of business were shut. The Marylanders did not flock to his recruiting-offices to the extent of more than two or three hundred, while on the other hand he lost many times that num- ber from straggling, as he says in his report. Several reasons have been assigned for the failure of the people to respond to his appeal, in each of which there is probably some truth. One was, that it had always been easy enough for Marylanders to go to the Confederate armies, and those of them that wished to enlist there had done so already. Another—and probably the principal one—was, that Maryland was largely true to the Union, especially in the western counties; and she fur- nished many excellent soldiers to its armies—almost fifty thou- sand. Another was, that the appearance of the Southern vet- erans was not calculated either to entice the men or to arouse the enthusiasm of the women. The Confederate General Jones says: “ Never had the army been so dirty, ragged, and ill-provided for as on this march.” General Lee complained especially of their want of shoes. It is difficult to understand why an army that claimed to have captured such immense supplies late in ap ES : SS ~ re = = pay, = JZ August should have been so destitute early in September. 75 ESA Aes : = 2 4 ON On the 2d of September the President went to General Ty Py vai I 4 RI yi McClellan’s house .in Washington, asked him to take command B q again of the Army of the Potomac, in which Pope’s army had a now been merged, and verbally authorized him to do so at | & once. The first thing that McClellan wanted was the with- | drawal of Miles’s force, eleven thousand men, from Harper's at o£ Ferry—where, he said, it was useless and helpless—and its iB WAITING THE CHARGE. cet: ao nee s ‘(a : : addition to his own force. All authorities agree that in this he i . . soe : ; Ie Giscecs bi was obviously and unquestionably right, for Harper's Ferry had ee ANB Ov no strategic value whatever; but the marplot hand of Halleck ! if CSI Me intervened, and Miles was ordered to hold the place. Halleck’s IEF ANTIETAM CAMPAIGN principal reason appeared to be a reluctance to abandon a place | where so much expense had been laid out. Miles, a worthy CONFEDERATE ADVANCE INTO MARYLAND— THE ARMY OF THE subordinate for such a chief, interpreted Halleck's orders with / IN D&S LINES u £ £11 4 i L iVi AUN sii i aaa 4 AL IN1 4 : : : abs > literalness, < ‘emained in the town, instead of hold- i POTOMAC SENT AGAINST THEM—LEE’S PLANS LEARNED FROM A absolute literalness, and re ee ae a t r placi is force C > heights that command It. ny LOST DESPATCH—CAPTURE OF HARPERS FERRY—BATTLE OF ing it by placing his force on the heig its u a‘ oe ea | TCHTING As soon as it was k at Lee was in Maryland, WicClellan SOUTH MOUNTAIN—BATTLE OF ANTIETAM—TERRIFIC FIGHTING As soon as it was known that Lee was in Mary land, { i AT THE DUNKERS’ CHURCH AND THE SUNKEN ROAD—PORTER'S set his army in motion northward, to cover W ashington and ME “ n - . r a r- +1 TT XY > - > > 1 a } INACTION—FIGHTING AT THE BRIDGE—GENERAL CONDUCT OF Baltimore and find an opportunity for a decisive battle. He | 1 1 oie re “fo 4 Tre sricle > 9 - > , THE BATTLE—THE RESULTS. arrived with his advance in Frederick on the 12th, and met with a reception in striking contrast to that accorded to the army - +r : poe { | 2 hi anassas, anc > > town two days before. Nearly every house | AFTER his success in the second battle of Manassas, and the that had left the town UM . ‘i cn 1 7 ° = . > Nott Vo > streets were -ongec I | retirement of Pope’s army to the defences of W ashington (Sep- displayed the National flag, the streets tee ir oy | | | 2¢ siness places were Ste verybody wel- tember 2, 1862), General Lee pushed northward into Maryland people, all the business places were open, and ever) j : ° . : ~e a ‘ S Dien 7 ? : with his whole army. His advance arrived at Frederick City on comed the Boys in Blue. i er ae i é ; ‘< Antteringe receptic ras > best fortune tha the 8th, and from his camp near that place he issued a procla- But this flattering ee : as ae ae ae ee sae : Ve -ecite > fe > Union army in Frederick. ny INS arrival im the : mation to the people of Maryland, in which he recited the befell the Union j = eats comeat a s Tans . ee (@anei -Clellan came O. possess j Ta wrongs they had suffered at the hands of the National Govern- town, General McClellan a 2 I fet a ; S A : WE. e’s order, date ‘ee days before, in whic i ment,and told them “the people of the South have long wished General Lee’s order, oe oe ae one fi 1 1 1 { { x i > YW acal 7 a Ce Jaion was laid out. Vy MS Onder, jac as to aid you in throwing off this foreign yoke, to enable you again whole campalg Hy Ghaenebuce. cress ee Potomac fi ae irecte arc ‘ough Sharpsburg, cross ace ‘njoy the inalienable rights of freemen and. restore the inde- directed to march through | 7 cic | to enjoy the inalienable rights Sic ae ee ey: | JOS i : 2 Sen fim enhe capture the force at Martinsburg, anc assist in the cay | pendence and sovereignty of your State. At the same time he ay classics W yerhaps be reminded Boonsboroug ee Frederick. The reader of the classics will perhay , Harper’s Ferry, take possession of the heights commanding it, 4 of the shrewd advice that Demosthenes gave the Athenians, arper’s Fe : , Be sacpecune: seceble. Renee aia st asl > assis e 2 1 capture the force there ass WE Ss ; als | when he counselled them not to ask the assistance of the and cap | | * ¥ jira Pe gece s iq stay i re era i = a Cn eee fs Cee Bg ttre in ennighnengitt) US TRIE 8 paeeng eneeryaneeinnerenennege men 176 CAMPFIRE AND to invest that place from the other side and assist McLaws , D. H. Hill’s division was to form the rear guard. forces were to be united again at Boonsborough or Hagerstown. General Lee had taken it for granted that Martinsburg and Harper’s Ferry would be evacuated at his approach (as they should have been); and when he found they were not, he had so far changed or sus- pended the plan with which, he set out as to send back a large part of his army to capture those places and not leave a hostile force in his rear. On the approach of Jackson’s corps Gen- eral White evacuated Martinsburg, and with his garrison of two thousand men joined Miles at Harpers Ferry. That town, .in the fork of the Poto- mac and Shenandoah rivers, can be bombarded with the greatest ease from the heights on the opposite sides of those streams. Miles, instead of taking possession of the heights with all his men, sent a feeble detach- ment to those on the north side of the Potomac, and stupidly remained in the trap with the rest. McLaws sent a heavy force to climb the mountain at a point three or four miles north, whence it marched along the crest through the woods, and attacked three or four regiments that Miles had posted there. This force “was soon driven away, while Jackson was approach. ing the town from the other side, and a bombardment the next day compelled a surrender when Jackson was about to at- tack. General Miles was mortally wound- ed by one of the last shots. About eleven thousand men were included in the capitu- lation, with seventy-three guns and a con- siderable amount of camp equipage. » | 4 : Se rel ag EE riage ial ame rts, i PP ce i : stu SS — a Ne, Se ES ae gpa ae Deena Sa =a eee phn tUhaaRaa ADEA atne be teeieheeaaecemepaniaes em as ees ee FT or re A pate — I TE Aa Tr ee a aera See aan shinies hel Nn een ian SLL UST (TREE PNT a 7 ST) F . t i dias Bt MUS OAS oo oD TP Tih ayes ~~ ea al : a Vermee 1 HUPVPorere nt rear rere i, samen eee Stet at ay H{ of AS rd ad tl Ardebronetete are generally eee as the battle of South ] Mountain, | out are sometimes called the battle of Boonsborough. In that the the ground held, and the passes used, it was a victory, and a brilliant one, for McClellan. But in that Lee, by delaying the advance of his enemy a whole day, thereby gained time to bring together his own scattered forces, it was strategically a victory, though a costly one, for him. But then again it might be argued that if Lee could have kept the four thousand good troops that McClellan deprived him of at South Mountain, it might have fared better with him in the struggle at Antietam three days later. W Ren Wee s Gap, he with- drew across the Antietam, and took up a position on high ground between that stream and the vill: ige of Sharpsburg. His right, under McLaws, after detaining Franklin till Harper’s Ferry was surrendered, crossed Shepherdstown, and c enemy Was driven away, retired his left wing from Turner’s the Potomac at that place, recrossed it at came promptly into position. Lee now had his army to- gether and strongly ‘ is \ eee OT ce eT eee re UST raee in CE abe ELS red arene Peers PTET So eie eet Pon EES Peete CAMPFIRE AND sug ox TT Analisis | eet . Lae ne Wit | eee BATHE EERE DY We flowed in front, was advantageous. four stone bridges and a ford, and bridge were strongly guarded. ows, cornfields, and patches outcropping ledges. on the 15th. The creek was crossed by all except the northernmost The land was occupied by mead- of forest, and was much broken by McClellan only reconnoitred the position On the 16th he developed his plan of attack, which was simply to throw his right wing across the Antietam by the upper and unguarded bridge, assail the Confederate left, and when this had sufficiently engaged the enemy’s attention and drawn his strength to that flank, to force the bridges and cross with his left and centre. Indeed, this was obv iously almost the only practicable plan. All day long an artillery duel was kept up, in which, as General Hill ae the Confederate batteries proved no match for their opponents. It was late in the after. noon when Hooker’s corps crossed by the upper bridge, advanced through the woods, and struck the left { flank, which was held by two brigades of Hood’s men. Scarcely more than a skirmish ensued, when darkness came on, and the lines rested for the night where they MAJOR-GENERAL COBB, A\NELL ¥ OR-GENERAL neh MAJO™ posted. But it had been so reduced by losses in battle and that it numbered but little over forty thousand com- The effect upon the army straggling, batants. country with troops so poorly supplied had probably not been itself of invading a rich anticipated. Lee complained bitterly that his army was “ruined egling,” and General Hill wrote in his report: “ Had all our stragglers been up, McClellan’s army would have been com- by stra Thousands of thievish poltroons General Hill, in his McClellan had somewhat over seventy thousand men, and though he used but little more than half of them in his attacks, there 1s no reason pletely crushed or annihilated. ° >”? had kept away from sheer cowardice. anger, probably overestimates the effect; for to suppose he would not have used them all in a defence. The men that Lee did have, however, were those exclusively that had been able to stand the hard marching and resist the tempta- tion to straggle, and were consequently the flower of his army; in a chosen position, a battle that they ) and they now. awaited knew would be decisive of the c The ground occupied by the Confederate army, with one flank resting on the Potomac, and the other on the Antietam, which ampaign, if not of the war. JOHN G. WALKER, C. S. A. | MAJOR oat -GE Cc WS c 7 % S. A. were. If Lee could have been in any doubt before, he was now told plainly what was to be the form of the contest, and he had all night to make his dispositions for it. The only change he o thought it necessary to make was to put Jackson's fresh troops in the position on his left. Before morning McClellan sent Mansfield’s corps across the Antietam to join Hooker, and had Meanwhile, all but two thousand o So the 17th of September dawned in that peaceful little corner of the world Sumner’s in readiness to follow at an early hour. f Lee’s forces had come up. in readiness for a great struggle in which there with everything ee could be no surprises, and which was to be scarcely anything more than wounds for wounds and death for death. In the vicinity of the little Dunker church, the road running northward from Sharpsburg to Hagerstown was bordered on both sides by woods, and in these woods the battle began when Hooker assaulted Jackson at sunrise. There was hard fighting for an hour, during which Jackson’s lines were not only heavily pressed by Hooker in front, but at length enfiladed by a fire from the batteries on the eastern side of the Antietam. This broke them and drove them back; but when Hooker attempted Be Ny ins am PM ken LaF OTT UIT Sarre eee tied A ld ake r aye Tass CET i +> i Sy Be* . B ‘ G BS Ped 5 ( t yi A Meets = fa ORO eesaciid bar cae, at oe . 0 puaitshahahaeenerataas tanaahananginele ete temetateeeeneeeemaes ee CAMPFIRE AND 178 is li > road and seize the to advance his lines far enough to hold the ro id a | n turn was met by fresh masses of troops Mansfield’s corps ler was mortally woods west of it, he 1 and a heavy artillery fire, and was checked. was moving up to his support when its command we : wounded. Nevertheless it moved on, got.a position in the woods west of the road, and held it, though at heavy cost. At this moment General Hooker was seriously wounded and borne from the field, while Sumner crossed the stream and came up with his corps. His men drove back the defeated divisions of the enemy without much difficulty, and occupied the ground around “ine church. His whole line was advancing to apparent victory, when two fresh divisions were brought over from the ety Seer BATTLEFIELD. concentrated upon that spot, that when the woods were cut 1. and the logs sent to a saw-mill, the saws down, years alterwarc were completely torn to pieces by the metal that had penetrated the wood and been overgrown. A short distance south and east of the Dunker church there was a slightly sunken road which crossed the Confederate line at one point and was parallel with it for a certain distance at other points. A strong Confederate force was posted in this sunken road. and when the National troops approached it there was destructive work on both sides; but the heaviest loss here fell the Confederates, because some batteries on the high upon of the Antietam enfiladed portions ol the road. yround east ¢ < THE CHARGE ACROSS THE BURNSIDE BRIDGE, Confederate right, and were immediately thrust into a wide gap in Sumner’s line. Sedgwick, whose division formed the right of the line, was thus flanked on his left, and was easily driven back out of the woods, across the clearing, and into the eastern woods, after which the Confederates retired to their own posi- tion. Fighting of this sort went on all the forenoon, one of the episodes being a race between the Fifth New Hampshire Regiment and a Confederate force for a commanding point of ground, the two marching in parallel lines and firing at each other as they went along. The New Hampshire men got there first, and, assisted by the Eighty-first Pennsylvania Regiment, from that eminence threw a destructive fire into the ranks of the regiment they had out-run. The fighting around the Dunker church was so fierce, and so much artillery fire was itl ee TTT ES Re Pai eee Prd HEH 2 x ASS: Nee vad Damm tee et n Roe ET Tee Biss, a This sunken road, which was henceforth called Bloody Lane, has made some confusion in many accounts of the battle, which is | explained by the fact that it is not a straight road, but is made up of several parts running at different angles. While this great struggle was in progress on McClellan’s right, his centre and left, under Porter and Burnside, did not make any movement to assist. Porter’s inaction is explained by the fact that his troops were kept as the reserves, which McClellan refused to send forward even when portions of his line were most urgently calling for assistance. He and Porter agreed in cling- ing to the idea that the reserves must under no circumstances be pushed forward to take part in the actual battle. This con- duct was in marked contrast to that of the Confederate com- mander, who in this action had no reserves whatever. Maa eee\ Par bd : 7 ee my wo Hee Bt F eet) Ute 7 et nie TELL ee aia ure pth tbat ieee Ere! HIDEan Era tero rset petal Piet ty CAMPFIRE AND At noon Franklin arrived from Crampton’s Gap, and was sent over to help Hooker and Sumner, being just in time to check a new advance by more troops brought over from the Confederate right. At seven o'clock in the morning Burnside was ordered to have his corps in readiness for carrying the bridge in his front, cross- ing the stream, and attacking the Confederate right, wl he promptly obeyed. An hour later the order for this move. ment was issued by McClellan, but it did not reach Burnside till nine o’clock. The task before him was more diffi- 1ich order H i - \ pebbielbiitat lle Uh ty) epee pone eee i tiey a ARAL ee BATTLEFIELD. 179 fighting at the bridge cost Burnside -about five hundred men. The Fifty-first New York lost eighty-seven, and the Fifty-first Pennsylvania one hundred and tw enty. At the same time other troops crossed by a ford below the bridge, which had to be searched for, but was at length found. These operations occupied four hours, being completed about one o’clock P.M. Could they have been accomplished in an hour or tw o, the destruction or capture of Lee’s army must have resulted. But by the time that Burnside had crossed the str cam, captured a battery, and occupied the heights over- cult than his commander realized or than would be supposed from most de- scriptions of the action. The bridge is of stone, hav- ing three arches, with low stone parapets, and not very wide. On the eastern side of the stream, where Burnside’s corps was, the land is comparatively low. The road that crosses the bridge, when it reaches the western bank has to turn if immediately at a right AVI} angle and run nearly par- allel with the stream, be- cause the land there is high oO \ j PHY UMOLSEL Ze" ¥ and overhangs it. As a matter of course, the bridge was commanded by Con- federate guns _ advanta- geously placed: on the heights. The problem be- fore Burnside was therefore exceedingly difficult, and the achievement expected of him certain in any case tombe costly. = ine task of first crossing the bridge fell upon Crook’s brigade, W hich moved forward, mis- took its way, and _ struck the stream some distance above the oa Uuon Works bridge, where it immedi are found itself ame Confederate « under a heavy fire. Then the Second Maryland and YY: Ki oY sixth New Hampshire looking Sharpsburg, the fighting on McClellan’s right was over. This left Lee at liberty to strengthen his imperilled right by bringing troops across the short interior line from his left, which he promptly did. At the same time the last division of his forces CA Ee Ens) two thous sand strong, arrived from Harper’s Ferry; and these fresh men, together with those brought over from the left, assumed the offen- sive, drove Burnside from the crest, and retook the battery. Here ended the battle; not because the day was closed or any apparent victory had been achieved, but because both sides had been so severely punished that neither was inclined to resume the fight. Every man of Lee’s force had been actively engaged, but not more than two-thirds of McClellan's. The reason why the Confederate army was not annihilated or cap- MAP OF THE tured must be plain to any RAS 2 Ws « BATTLE.“ “ANTIETAN| intelligent reader.. It was 16°& 17% Sept. 1862 not because Lee, with his en ae: army divided for three days in presence of his enemy, had not invited destruc- regiments were ordered to charge at the double quick and carry the bridge. But the fire that swept it was more than they could stand, and they were obliged to retire unsuccessful. Then another attempt was made by a new storming party, consisting of the Fifty-first New York and Fifty-first Pennsylvania regiments, led by Col. Robert B. Potter and Col. John F. Hartranft. By this time two heavy guns had been got into position where they could play upon the Con- federates who defended the bridge, and with this protection and assistance the two regiments just named succeeded in crossing it and driving away the immediate opposing force, and were imme- diately followed by Sturgis’s division and Crook’s brigade. The tions. Mon Mecause the seventy thousand, acting in concert, could not have over- whelmed the forty thousand even when they were united. It was not for any lack of courage, or men, or arms, or Oppor- tunity, or daylight. It was simply because the attack was made in driblets, instead of by heavy masses on both wings simultaneously; so that at any point of actual contact Lee was almost always able to present as strong a force as that which assailed him. In a letter written to General Franklin the evening before the battle of South Mountain, General McClellan, having then received the lost despatch that revealed Lee’s plans and situation, set forth with much particularity his Pru eee, SIT ie ep Peete) Ce iesyy Ht cone J oe a ee ee See: ee Pi Tere sagen ern innss omen arene een rte er erens 180 CAMPFIRE AND BA TEE LD. 1 and wounded around me. A man could purposes for the next few myself from the dea . f - line 2 foot on their days, and summed up by have walked from the head of out line to eae on S ; Coy 9) : s ee 5 os a ee eee 2 -etrez : rery or srlxr saving ae My ceneral idea bodies. The survivors ot the beet retreatec ee 3 erly rs ae | Anderson’s brigade rested. The brigade is to cut the enemy in two back to where Genera : : : James’s South Carolina battalion was nearly And beat him in detail.” suffered terribly. . | ce . . ~ a a Belen - 7 . Y “ r v 1T ‘Oo - No plan could have been annihilated. The Fiftieth Georgia lost teal le Be een : a better or more scientific ; missioned officers.” The First South Carolina Kegiment, : uch . ; Foht wi 3 ad but fifteen men and one but curiously went into the fight with 106 men, had ee ee oven A Gontederate battery, being larcely, enough officer when it was over. 2 oh, e disabled bv the work of sharp-shooters, was worked for a time, at the crisis of the fight, by General Longstreet and members of his staff acting as gunners. [Three generals on each side were killed. Those on the National side were Generals Joseph K. Mansfield, Israel B. Richardson, and isaac 2. Rodman- those on the Confederate side were Generals George B. An- derson, L. O’B. Branch, and William E. Starke. The wounded generals included on the one side Hooker, Sedgwick, Dana, : ee Crawford, and Meagher; on the other side, R. H. Anderson, Wright, Lawton, Armistead, Ripley, Ransom, Rhodes, Gregg, MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN GIBBON. when it came to actual battle General McClel- lan’s conduct was the and Toombs. General McClellan reported his entire loss at 12,469, of whom 2.010 were killed. General Lee reported his total loss in the Maryland battles as 1,567 killed and 8,724 wounded, saying nothing of the i, exact opposite of this. $y unnecessary and unaccountable delays 7 , NS MPSE GAYE Woe missing; but the figures given by his enemy time to con- division commanders foot up_ 1,842 , killed, 9,399 wounded, and 2,292 miss- 533, Lf McC@lellanis re \ port is correct, even this statement falls short of the truth. He says: “ About 2,700 of the enemys dead centrate his forces, and then made his ing—total, 13, attacks piecemeal, so that the en- emy could fight 2 os aS Ma} = s : s him in detail. MARSEW, es ENERA) were counted and buried upon the y » Pg ~ ° 3 gett Whatever had been the “TRICK battlefield of Antietam. A portion of their dead had been previously buried by the ‘enemy.0) i= the straggling on the march, none of the commanders complained of any flinching after the fight. began. They saw veterans taking, wounded were in the usual propor- relinquishing, and retaking ground that was soaked | tion, this would indicate Confede- with blood and covered with dead; and they saw | rate casualties to the extent of at green regiments “go to their graves like beds.” least 15,000 on that field alone. There had been a call for more troops by the But whatever the exact number National Administration after the battles on the may have been, the battle was peninsula, which was responded to with the greatest bloody enough to produce mourn- alacrity, men of all classes rushing to the recruiting- | ing and lamentation from Maine W. MORELL- Re offices to enroll themselves. It was a common thing a_GENERAL & to Louisiana. It was the bloodi- MAJO for a regiment of athousand men to be raised, equipped, est day's work of the whole war. The bat- and sent to the front in two or three weeks. Some of those tles of Shiloh, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the new regiments were suddenly introduced to the realties of Wilderness, and Spottsylvania were each more costly, but none war at Antietam, and suffered frightfully. For example, the of them was fought in a single day. sixteenth Connecticut, which there fired its muskets for the first Nothing was done on the 18th, and when McClellan deter. time, went in with 940 men, and lost 432. On the other side, mined to renew the attack on the 19th he found that his enemy Eawtonis © . Sein denn: si cee Z ae ; i a ee t ns Confederate brigade went in with 1,150 men, and lost had withdrawn from the field and crossed to Virginia by the ford 554, including g five out of its six regimental commanders, while at Shepherdstown. The National commander reported the cap- Hays’s lost 323 out of 550, including every regimental com- the staff officers. An officer of the Fiftieth Georgia Regiment said in a published letter: “The Fiftieth were posted in a narrow path, washed out into a regular oy . . . ; ture of more than six thousand prisoners, thirteen guns, and mander and al thirty-nine battle-flags, and that he had not lost a gun ora color. As he was also in possession of the field, where the enemy left | cully, all their dead and two thousand of their wounded, and had ren- and were fired into by the enemy from the front, rear, and left dered Lee’s invasion fruitless of anything but the prisoners flank. The men stood their ground nobly, returning their fire : until nearly two-thirds of their number lay dead or wounded in that lane. Out of 210 carried into the fight, over 125 were killed and wounded in less than twenty minutes. The slaughter was horrible! When ordered to retreat, I could hardly extricate carried off from Harper’s Ferry, the victory was his. CODE bs Prete Er ee er says RO Cas » UTES TIE PME eee ee on Hem es me ena IT SUES AEST ED ra it, eyI meet tira it TN | ; « 2) al it rh ih , / CTE petite PED aire _— = ae Piitievesds ... > Meets bine \ ie TAC) hoa ’ aah bee hh bend Hi Lal Mee " gee teel Plater ea cank PRIMARY CAUSES OF THE WAR—THE NEGRO AND COTTON. Gil A Rak be eel. EMANCIPATION. This Chapter ts illustrated with portraits of early abolitionists, and Virginia officials at the time of the celebrated John Brown Raid. LINCOLN’S ATTITUDE TOWARD SLAVERY—McCLELLAN’S ATTITUDE—THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY'S ATTITUDE—PREDICTIONS BY THE POETS— SLAVES DECLARED CONTRABAND—ACTION OF FREMONT—HUNTER’S PROCLAMATION—BLACKS FIRST ENLISTED—DIVISION OF SENTIMENT IN THE ARMY-—-MARYLAND ABOLISHES SLAVERY—-THE PRESIDENT AND HORACE GREELEY CORRESPOND ON THE SUBJECT—-EMANCIPATION PROCLAIMED-—-AUTUMN ELECTIONS—-ABOLITION OF SLAVERY IN DELAWARE, KENTUCKY, AND MISSOURI THE FINAL PROCLAMATION— THE RIGHT OF THE PRESIDENT TO DECLARE THE SLAVES FREE, ‘September, 1862) been in progress almost a year and a half; and nearly twenty thousand men had been while an unknown number had died of disease contracted THE war had now ( shot dead on the battlefield, and upward of eighty thousand wounded, PURGE A eds, Tt ne an ate meet oh ae rere oe a r alk Y Soy tere ae ee FTE M Soe a Fie yes “ Fg aesch dteeasenrs thn ct ianUnNnRneLnteen beeeteheememeneeenereee ee 182 CAMPFIRE AND in the service, of been carried away into captivity. The money that had been spent by the United States Government alone amounted to about one billion dollars. All this time there was not an intelligent man in the country but knew the cause of more than a hundred thousand American the war, and yet before a single blow was de- citizens were killed or mangled | livered directly at that cause. General Frémont had aimed at it; General Hunter had aimed at it; but in each case the arm was struck up by the Administration. One would naturally suppose, from the thoroughness with which the slavery question had been discussed for thirty years, that when the time came for action there would be little doubt or hesitation on either side. On the Confederate side there was neither doubt nor hesitation. On the National side there was both doubt and hesitation, and it took a long time to arrive at a determination to destroy slavery in order to preserve the Wintone. | she old habit of compromise and concili- ation half paralyzed the arm of war, and thousands of well-meaning citi- zens were unable to comprehend the fact that we were dealing with a question that it was useless to com- promise anda force that it was im- possible to conciliate. Mr. Lincoln had hated slavery ever since, when a young man, he made a trip on a flat-boat to New Orleans, and there saw it in some of its more hideous aspects. That he realized its nature and force as an organized institution and a power in politics, appears from one of his celebrated speeches, delivered in 1858, wherein he declared that as a house divided against itself cannot stand, so our Government could not endure per- manently half slave and half free. “Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the enn States, old as well as new, North as well as South.” Why, then, hating slavery personally, and understanding it politically, and knowing it to be the cause of the war, did he not sooner declare it abolished ? On the one hand, he was not, like some of our chief magis- trates, under the impression that he had been placed in oftice to carry out irresponsibly a personal policy of his own; and, on the other, he was shrewd enough to know that it would be as futile for a President to place himself far in advance of his people ona great question, as for a general to precede his troops on the battlefield. Hence he turned over and over, and presented again and again, the idea that the war might be stopped and the question settled by paying for the slaves and liberating them. It looked like a very simple calculation to figure out the cost of purchased emancipation and compare it with the probable cost of the war. The comparison seemed to present an unanswerable argument, and in the end the money cost of the war was more eee UOTE PH Thesis SST - _ : as ile nr STs PocmmmnsT Oren Leura ean 1 rare » . oO BROWN. RAL UP UIC IB LEN TB Ib Ib): than one thousand dollars for every slave emancipated, while in the most profitable days of the institution the blacks, young and old together, had not been worth half that price. The fallacy of the afgument lay in its blindness to the fact that the Confeder- ates were not fighting to retain possession of their actual slaves, but to perpetuate the institution itself. ~The unthrift of slavery as. an economic system had been many times demonstrated, notably in Helper’s ‘ Impending Crisis,’ but these demonstra- tions, instead of inducing the slaveholders to seek to get rid of ‘+ on the best attainable terms, appeared only to excite their anger. And it ought to have been seen that a proud people with arms in their hands, either flushed with victory or confident in their own prowess, no matter where their real interests may lie, can never be reasoned with except through the syllogisms of lead and steel. Perhaps Mr. Lincoln did know it, but was waiting for his people to find it out. The Louisville (Ky.) Courzer, in a paragraph quoted on page 63 of this volume, had told a great deal of bitter and shameful truth; but when it entered upon the prophecy that the North would soon resume the yoke of the slaveholders, it was notso happy. And yet it had strong erounds for its confident prediction. Not only had a great Peace Conven- tion been held in February, 1861, which strove to prevent secession by offering new guaranties for the protection of slavery, but the chief anxiety of a large number of North- ern citizens and officers in the milt- tary service appeared to be to mant- fest their desire that the institution should not be harmed. The most eminent of the Federal generals, McClellan, when he first took the field in West Virginia, issued a proclamation to the Unionists, in which he said: ‘‘ Notwithstanding all that has been said by the traitors to induce you to believe our advent among you will be signalized by an interference with your slaves, under- stand one thin: ge clearly: not only will we abstain from all such interference, but we will, on the contrary, with an iron hand crush any attempt at insurrection on their part.” In pursuance of this, he returned to their owners all slaves that escaped and sought refuge within his lines. It was an every-day occurrence for slaveholders who were in active rebellion against the Government that he was serving, to come into his camps under flag of truce and demand and receive their runaway slaves. The Hutchinsons, a family of popular singers, by permission of the Secretary of War, visited his camp in the winter of 1861-62, to sing to the soldiers. But when the general found them singing some stanzas of Whittier’s that spoke of slavery as a curse to be abolished, he forthwith issued an order that their pass should be revoked and they should not sing any more to the troops. And even after his retreat on the penin- sula, McClellan wrote a long letter of advice to the President, in the course of which he said: “Neither confiscation of Tei. \ ‘ = : ‘ 1 , ni peyener ve werttiiii’) S Twi Hi y \ \ TT ie ee ALLL eee NT CLT hee cence ee fl ea EFS ists EE ecdeeeobes PRL OL TERT ES Step SEPM REOT HET ESE TUT TE RSH OTHE UE eer CA MER ITE AND. property => = . nor. forcible abolition of slavery should: be contemplated for a moment. Military power should not be allowed to interfere with the relations of servitude, either by supporting or impairing the authority of the master, except ’ for repressing disorder.’ In all this General McClellan was only clinging blindly and tenaciously to the idea that had underlain the whole administra- tion of the government while it was in the hands of his party : that the perpetuation of slavery, whether against political oppo- sition or against the growth of civilization and the logic of polit- ical economy, was the first purpose of the Constitution and the most imperative duty of the Government. Democratic politi- cians had never formulated this rule, but Democratic Presidents had always followed it. President Polk had obeyed it when with one hand he secured the slave State of Texas at the cost of the Mexican War, and with the other relinquished to Great Britain the portion of Oregon north of the forty-ninth parallel, but for which we should now possess every harbor on the Pacific coast. President Pierce had obeyed it when he sent troops to Kansas to assist the invaders from Missouri and overawe the free-State settlers. President Buchanan had obeyed it when he vetoed the Homestead Bill, which would have accelerated the development of the northern Territories into States. And innumerable other instances might be cited. The exist- ence of this party in the North was the most serit- ousembarrass- ANDREW HUNTER. ment with Prosecuting Attorney at the trial of John Brown, which the Ad- ministration had to contend in the conduct of the war—not even excepting the border States. As individuals, its members were undoubt- edly loyal to the Constitution and Government as they under- stood them, though they wofully misunderstood them. As a party, it was placed in a singular dilemma. It did not want the Union dissolved; for without the vote of the slave States it would be in a hopeless minority in Congress and at every Presti- dential election; but neither did it wish to see its strongest cohesive element overthrown, or its natural leaders defeated and exiled. What it wanted was “the Union as it was,’ and for this it continued to clamor long after it had become as plain as daylight that the Union as it was could never again exist, ee oN bbeLbl tt ba Tale CEs SMAULLE TELE er Tt ey) rae) bad Poe tra Wik eee BATA E al Bae 183 Whenever the National armies met with a reverse. if 7 an election was pending, this party was the gainer thereby ; if they won a victory, it became weaker. Whenever a new measure was proposed, Congress and the President were obliged to consider not only what would be its legitimate effect, but whether in any way the Democratic press could use it as a weapon against them. Hence the idea of emancipation, though not altogether slow in conception —for many of the ablest minds had leaped at it from the be- ecinning— was tardy in execution. As early as 1836 John OW im © y Acdrar ms = speaking COLONEL ROBERT E. LEE. Commanding Virginia troops that captured John Brown. in Congress, had said: “ From the instant o States become the that your slaveholding theatre of war, from that instant the war- powers of the Constitution extend to interference with the institution of slav- ery in every way in which it can be interfered with.” And in 1842 he had expressed the idea more strongly ana fully: ‘‘ Whether the war be civil, ser- vile, or foreign, I lay this down as the of nations—I say that the military authority takes for the time the place of all municipal institutions, slavery among the rest. Under that state of things, so far from its being true that the States where slavery exists have the exclusive man- agement of the subject, not only the President of the United States, but the commander of the army has power to order the universal emancipation of the slaves.” The poets, wiser than the politicians, had long foretold the great struggle and its re- sults. James Russell Lowell, before he was thirty years of age, wrote: “Out from the land of bondage ’tis decreed our slaves shall go, And signs to us are offered, as erst to Pharaoh ; If we are blind, their exodus, like Israel's of yore, Through a Red Sea is doomed to be, whose surges are of gore.” Twenty vears later he saw his prediction fulfilled. But generally the anticipation was that the institution would be extinguished - 4 - ~ al- LO > CARI RICRSTS VAUNED yi Pe ELLE SLE IAL WP WIL 18 JPH IB IL 1D). 185 to Congress, recommended the adoption of a joint resolution to the effect that the United States ought to codperate with, and render pecuniary aid to, any State that should enter upon a gradual abolition of slavery ; and Congress passed such a reso- lution by a large majority. Gen. David Hunter, who commanded the National forces on the coast of South Carolina, with headquarters at Hilton Head, issued a general order on April 12; 1862, that all slaves in Fort Pulaski and on Cockspur Island should be confiscated and thenceforth free. On the oth of May he issued another order, wherein, after mentioning that the three States in his depart- ment—Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina—had been declared under martial law, he proceeded to say: “Slavery and martial law, in a free country, are altogether incompatible. The per- sons in these three States heretofore held as slaves are therefore declared forever free.” On the 19th of the same month the President issued a proclamation annulling General Hunter’s order, and adding that the question of emancipation was one that he reserved to himself and could not feel justified in leaving to the decision of commanders in the field. General Hunter also organized a regiment of black troops, designated as the First South Carolina Volunteers, which was the first body of negro soldiers mustered into the National service during the war. This proceeding, which now seems the most natural and sensible thing the general could have done, created serious alarm in Congress. A representative from Kentucky intro- duced a resolution asking for information concerning the “ regi- ment of fugitive slaves,” and the Secretary of War referred the inquiry to General Hunter, who promptly answered: “No regiment of fugitive slaves has been or is being organized in this department. There is, however, a fine regiment of persons whose late masters are fugitive rebels; men who everywhere fly before the appearance of the National flag, leaving their servants behind them to shift as best they can for themselves. In the absence of any fugitive-master law, the deserted slaves would be wholly without remedy, had not their crime of treason given the slaves the right to pursue, capture, and bring back these persons of whose protection they have been so suddenly benefits Frémont’s and Hunter’s attempts at emancipation created a ereat excitement, the Democratic journals declaring that the struggle was being ‘‘turned into an abolition war,’ and many Union men in the border States expressing the gravest appre- hensions as to the consequences. The commanders were by no means of one mind on the subject. Gen. Thomas Wil- liams, commanding in the Department of the Gulf, ordered that all fugitive slaves should be expelled from his camps and sent beyond the lines; and Col. Halbert E. Paine, of the Fourth Wisconsin Regiment, who refused to obey the order, on the ground that it was a “violation of law for the purpose of returning fugitives to rebels,’ was deprived of his command and placed under arrest. Col. Daniel R. Anthony, of the Seventh Kansas Regiment, serving in Tennessee, ordered that men coming in and demanding the privilege of searching for fugitive slaves should be turned out of the camp, and that no officer or soldier in his regiment should engage in the oO arrest and delivery of fugitives to their masters; and for this Colonel Anthony received from his superior officer the same treatment that had been accorded to Colonel Paine. The division of sentiment ran through the entire army. Soldiers that would rob a granary, or cut down trees, or reduce fences oo to firewood, without the slightest compunction, still recognized (ee Se ee od a eg EL | ee AT pe ait) Deb MD A= Mild at pees Pay Leder ast) ;5 . : puuiahebenenenesihos ena ah Sn ee HORACE GREELEY. the ancient taboo, and expressed the nicest scruples in regard to property in slaves. On the 14th of July the President recommended to Congress the passage of a bill for the payment, in United States interest- bearing bonds, to any State that should abolish slavery, of an amount equal to the value of all slaves within its borders ac- cording to the census of 1860; and at the same time he asked the Congressional representatives of the border States to use their influence with their constituents to bring about such action in those States. The answer was not very favorable; but Maryland did abolish slavery before the close of the war, in October, 1864. On the very day in which the popular vote of that State decided to adopt a new constitution without slavery, October 12th, died Roger B. Taney, a native of Mary- land, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, who had been appointed by the first distinctly pro-slavery President, and from that bench had handed down the Dred-Scott decision, which was calculated to render forever impossible any amelio- ration of the condition of the negro race. On July 22, 1862, all the National. commanders were ordered to employ as many negroes as could be used advantageously for military and naval purposes, paying them for their labor and keeping a record as to their ownership, “as a basis on which compensation could be made in proper cases.” Thus events were creeping along toward a true statement of the great problem, without which it could never be solved, when Horace Greeley, through the columns of his Zrzbune, addressed an open letter to the President (August 19), entitling it “The Prayer of Twenty Millions.” It exhorted Mr. Lincoln, not to general emancipation, but to such an execution of the existing laws as would free immense numbers of slaves be- longing to men in arms against the Government. It was im- passioned and powerful; a single passage will show its character: eben TPP TN kaye Pa irir TS Paha oy tials a LOSS ee SETI yee Je TSE Fhe ; eS — WZ pa) eet reins ED MAKE Ree” EG CAMPFIRE AND BA IP DE 1b IG PIE IG IO) yrivyie won sito eee = = PS Ta Re OAS ae. ey President, there is not one “On the face of this wide earth, Mr. 7 of the Union disinterested, determined, intelligent champion cause who does not feel that all attempts to put down the rebellion, and at the same time uphold its exciting cause, are preposterous and futile: that the rebellion, if crushed out to-morrow, would be renewed within a year 1 slavery were left in full vigor; that army officers who remain to this day devoted to slavery can at best be but half-way loyal to the Union: and that every hour of deference to slavery is an hour of added and deepened peril to the Union.” Any one less a genius than Mr. Lincoln would have found it Gadveult to answer Mr. Greeley at all, and his answer was not one in the sense of being a refutation, but it exhibited his view of the question, and is perhaps as fine a piece of literature as was ever penned by any one in an official capacity: “If there be percepti- ble in it Mr. Greeley’s letter] an impatient and dictatorial tone, I waive it in deference to an old friend whose heart I have always supposed to be right. As to the policy I ‘seem to be pursuing, as you say, I have not meant to leave any one in doubt. . . - My paramount object is to save the Union, and not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; if I could save it by free- ing all the slaves, | would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. I have here stated my purpose according to my views of official duty ; and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men everywhere could be free.” In truth, the President was already contemplating emancipa- tion as a war measure, and about this time he prepared his preliminary proclamation; but he did not wish to issue it till it could follow a triumph of the National arms. Popes defeat in Virginia in August set it back: but McClellan’s success at Antietam, though not the decisive victory that was wanted, appeared to be as good an opportunity as was likely soon to present itself, and five days later (September 22, 1862) the proclamation was issued. It declared that the President would REY. HENRY WARD BEECHER,7 ‘ A . 7 Preiia te alae Uo tt ii) titans Tel RW), at the next session, renew his sugges- tion to Congress of pecuniary aid to the States disposed to abolish slavery gradually or otherwise, and gave notice that on the Ist of January, 1863, he would declare forever free all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof should then be in rebellion against the United States. On that day he issued the final and decisive proclamation, as promised,in which he also announced that black men would be received into the military and naval service of the United States, as follows: ‘“ Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in the year of our Lord 1862, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, con- taining, among other things, the fol- lowing, to wit: «That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord 1863, all per- sons held as slaves within any State JAMES or designated part of a State, the peo- ple whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Execu- tive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, orany of them, : = Ry foc in any efforts SS SSS4)\— SESE Se y) L ~ = ~———,)\ a= hy ae oats “YY, I Vy TA ES PAS the ve may; “thy A ise ———N Vege 5 © “Cage (MAL Mp ea —— ; ty make for their ee Gey Nes wee aay = ) eet ee et I tia ee, ma ee eT: ~ POPs ay cdi did hte Oe. FPa; iA | isGlee ; Vette re ane Hiaasen we VE E. TAYEOR: i rf : é : 2il oe 4 ts eet ete / +4 1s | i) ace ta ; iz ' j eS | wd i a i i £2 - | y ‘ eas < a he eee Le Cie i an i jae { ry ; ‘ee 8 ; iit § * ; : f \ f Ty 1 i tf s i | " ' Ls oa ‘ ¥ BY JAMES f oy ey S| ORIGINAL DRAWIN¢ FROM AN THE BROKEN SHACKLES. ALLEGORICAL PICTURE, LO AS ee bi Serersravee ba pliscadthisean} 1 j 4 3 ‘ ‘ : Hl xs saad Pete Leann nant | 1 seer EST PTET) see TTCA 1 i + SSTEET ED At UU Ut riers Ler rh ry, iv , Wt pier rig eerpeeonenen pire ier it folkand Ports- mouth), and which except- ed parts are; for the pres- ent, left pre- cisely as if this proclamation Well ex nuost issued. And. by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and de- clare that all persons held as slaves with- in said desig- nated States and parts of States are and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, Government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons. “And I hereby_enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence ; and I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages. “And I further declare and make known that such persons, of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service. “And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God. “In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my name, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. (GES) “Done at the city of Washington, this first day of January, in the year of our Lord 1863, and of the Independence of the United States the 87th. “ By the President: ABRAHAM LINGOEN. “WILLIAM H. SEWARD, Secretary of State.” The immediate effect of this action was what had been expected. The friends of liberty, and supporters of the Admin- istration generally, rejoiced at it, believing that the true line of combat had been drawn at last. Robert Dale Owen probably expressed the opinion of most of them when he wrote, “The true and fit question is whether, without a flagrant violation of official duty, the President had the right to refrain from doing it.’ The effect in Europe is said to have been decisive of the question whether the Confederacy should be recognized as an established nation; but as to this there is some uncertainty. It CAMPFIRE AND ora ast 4] Prrou en Tne yy Tee Pe lew per rit it ft Ll he BATTLEEIELD. 189 is certain, however, that much friendship for the Union was won in England, where it had been withheld on account of our attitude on the slavery question. In Manchester, December Bil a mass-meeting of factory operatives was held, and resolutions of sympathy with the Union, and an address to President Lincoln, were voted. The full significance of this can only be understood when it is remembered that these men were largely out of work for want of the cotton that the blockade prevented the South from exporting. The Confederate journals chose to interpret the proclamation as nothing more than an attempt to excite a servile insurrection. . The Democratic editors of the North assailed Mr. Lincoln with every verbal weapon of which they were masters, though these had been somewhat blunted by previous use, for he had already been freely called a usurper, a despot, a destroyer of the Constitution, and a keeper of Bastiles. They declared with horror (doubtless in some cases perfectly sincere) that the proclamation had changed the whole character of the war. And this was true, though not in the sense in which they meant it. When begun, it was a war for a temporary peace ; the proclamation converted it into a war for a permanent peace. But the autumn elections showed how near Mr. Lincoln came to being ahead of his people after all; for they went largely against the Administration, and even in the States that the Democrats did not carry there was a falling off in the Republican majorities; though the result was partly due to the failure of the peninsula campaign, and the escape of Lee’s army after Antietam. Yet this did not shake the great emancipator’s faith in the justice and wisdom of what he had done. He said on New Year’s even- ing to a knot of callers: “‘ The signature looks a little tremulous, for my hand was tired, but my resolution was firm. I told them in September, if they did not return to their allegiance and cease murdering our soldiers, I would strike at this pillar of their strength. And now the promise shall be kept, and not one word of it will I-ever recall.” If we wonder at the slowness with which that great struggle arrived at its true theme and issue, we shall do well to note that it has a close parallel in our own history. The first bat- tle of the Rev- olution was fought in [Noel W7/7S, but the Dec- laration of Independence was not made till July, 1776 a period of nearly fifteen months. The first battle in the wat otf secession took place in April, LeOL. ana the Emancipation Proclamation was issued in Septem ber, 1862 — seven- CHARLES SUMNER. SSG He, oe } + 1 i ; f : ie - By a A Li F a 7) ce BA BB Bs Fe a! eB ry , By wW & "i j ht bf “at re ime} hh “ Ps | i hi, .S ; i} rs . iA | 190 CORRE RE AND BA GREE PIE LD. i | | i sJaware. Kentucky, and Missouri slavery continued until feel teen months. In the one case, as in the other, the interval was In Delaware, Kentucky, and Mis: slavery | itati | ivi ; dele ’s it was < ished by the Thirteenth Amendment to the National Glled with doubt, hesitation, and divided counsels; and Lincoln's it was abolished by | reluctance finds its match in Washington’s confession that when i he took command of the army (after Lexington, Con- | cord, and Bunker Hill had been fought) he still | abhorred the idea of independence. And again, Li as the great Proclamation was preceded by | the attempts of Frémont and Hunter, so the great Declaration had been preceded mt l by those of Mendon, Mass., Chester, Ay | Penn., and Mecklenburg, N. C., which we) anticipated its essential propositions by two or three years. A period of fifteen Constitution, which in December, 1865, was declared ratified by three-fourths of the States, and consequently a part of the fundamental law of the land. The President’s right to proclaim the slaves free, as a war measure, was questioned not only by his violent political opponents, but also by a considerable number who were friendly to him, or at least to the cause of the Union, but whose knowl- edge of international law and war powers was limited. Among these were Congressman Crittenden and Wickliffe, of Kentucky, who were an } a WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON AND DAUGHTER. or seventeen months, however slow for an individual, is perhaps for an entire peo- ple as rapid development of a radical pur- pose. as we could have any reason to ex- pect. In the District of Columbia there were three thousand slaves at the time the war Abe began. In December, 1861, Henry Wilson, is senator from Massachusetts, afterward Vice- ue || President, introduced in the Senate a bill for the JOHN G. WHITTIER. stanch supporters of the Union, and Mr. Wickliffe offered resolu- tions declaring that the Presi- ght whatever to dent has no) 1 interfere with slavery even during a rebellion. The whole subject was treated in a masterly way by the Hon. William Whiting in his book entitled “War Powers under the Constitution of the HENRY W. LONGFELLow. United States.” He says: “‘ The liberation immediate emancipation of these slaves, with a pro- ai vision for paying to such owners as were loyal an i average compensation of three hundred dollars for each slave. The bill was opposed violently by z senators and representatives from Kentucky and M by some otl of slaves is looked upon as a means of em- aryland, and barrassing or weakening the enemy, or of strengthening the ) 1ers, Conspicuous ¢ AC SS NT aes 710 ay By ame Neverthe! I us among whom was Mr. \ allandig- military power of our army. If slaves be treated as contraband Soe . Be / : 5S e r oVel L - “ : | heless, 1t passed both houses, and the President of war, on the ground that they may be used by their masters HD signed it April 16, 1862. = o : j e aste to aid in prosecuting war, as employees upon military works, VAY yp ip 5 Peer a ota . - 7 - . al LTTE 1 3 Baaeis sess PRET an SU sad Pam Teme et T eamiis [Furr ED Cnn te Petar at tj a See KLUL RANA\ PO LL eh ak CAMPFIRE AND or as laborers furnishing by their industry the means of carry- ing on hostilities; or if they be treated as, in law, belligerents, following the legal condition of their owners: or if they be deemed loyal subjects having a just claim upon the Government to be released from their obligations to give aid and service to disloyal and belligerent masters, in order that they may be free to perform their higher duty of allegiance and loyalty to the United States ; or if they be regarded as subjects of the United States, liable to do military duty; or if they be-made citizens of the. United States, and soldiers: or if the authority of the masters over their slaves is the means of aiding and comforting the enemy, or of throwing impediments in the way of the Goy- ernment, or depriving it of such aid and assistance, in successful prosecution of the war, as slaves would and could afford if re- leased from the control of the enemy; or if releasing the slaves would embarrass the enemy, and make it more difficult for them to collect and maintain large armies; in either of these cases, the of the enemy, and putting them to the aid and service of the United taking away of these slaves from the ‘aid and service’ States, is justifiable as an act of war. The ordinary way of depriving the enemy of slaves is by declaring emancipation.” He then cites abundant precedents and authorities from Brit- = . yr > Ue CU rte . fe ar ANT PECL Eset =r Tatts! err it IMAP PELTSWit titre tres ePEeMeE. Titel ire beat as beige W fox: breibiirtse a) Cree AUP ty) Tee ae hid LULL [fd] Pe tits 4 / coe “ele , BA THE Es IED), tot i ish, French, South American, and other sources, one of the most striking of which is this quotation from Thomas Jefferson’s letter to Dr. Gordon, complaining of the injury done to his estates by Cornwallis : “ He destroyed all my growing crops and tobacco; he burned all my barns, containing the same articles of last id year. Having first taken what corn he wanted, he used, as was to be expected, all my stock of cattle, sheep, and hogs for the sustenance of his army, and carried off all the horses capable of service. He carried off also about thirty slaves. Had this been to give them freedom, he would have done right. From an esti- mate made at the time on the best information I could collect, I | suppose the State of Virginia lost, under Lord Cornwallis’s hands, that year, about thirty thousand slaves.” Whiting says in conclusion: “It has thus been proved, by the law and usage of modern civilized nations, confirmed by the judgment of emi- nent statesmen, and by the former practice of this Government, that the President, as commander-in-chief, has the authority, as an act of war, to liberate the slaves of the enemy ; that the United States have in former times sanctioned the liberation of slaves— CRETE ame) Ya ena 3 RRS Tet — care a r Les even of loyal citizens—by military commanders, in time of war, yi without compensation therefor, and have deemed slaves captured in war from belligerent subjects as entitled to their freedom.” re wee a a a Sa es a wT, MAJOR-GENERAL AMBROSE Gh A ran EAR BURNSIDE’S McCLELLAN’S INACTION LETTERS OF LINCOLN TO ATTACK UPON FOR STRATEGY—BRAVERY VISIT AND HEIGHTS—THE THE RESULT—GENERAL OF THE SOLDIERS—THRILLING AFTER the battle of the Antietam, Lee withdrew to the neigh- borhood of Winchester, where he was reinforced, till at the end of a month he had about sixty-eight thousand men. McClellan followed as far as the Potomac, and there seemed to plant his army, as if he expected it to sprout and increase itself like a field of corn. Ten days after he defeated Lee on the Antietam, he wrote to the President that he intended to stay where he was, and attack the enemy if they attempted to recross into Maryland! At the same time, he constantly called for unlimited reinforcements, and declared that, even if the city of Washing- —. BURNSIDE AND STAFF. CAMPAIGN. HIM——SUPERSEDED BURNSIDE’S INCIDENTS OF OVINE AT FREDERICKSBURG— NATURAL APTITUDE BRIGADE. : \ POSITION LINCOLN’S BY BURNSIDE—THE JUDGMENT—PRESIDENT OF THE IRISH LACK OF THE BATTLE—GALLANTRY ton should be captured, it would not be a disaster so serious as ey the defeat of his army. Apparently it did not occur to General McClellan that these two contingencies were logically the same. & For if Lee could have defeated that army, he could then have marched into Washington; or if he could have captured Wash- ington without fighting the army whose business it was to defend it, the army would thereby be substantially defeated. On the 1st of October the President visited General McClellan at his headquarters, and made himself acquainted with the con- dition of the army. Five days later he ordered McClellan to veers pes UA , eRe wee eT itt heeacer nai et eae Sa lame aon ~~ Se Pe i a MC pl eR Sy ? i = ~ Se en | en ee Ye, Lr er ransT aerate tances ange TT NR HAs Ba A neem yn ey amie tin vban bh A TT Ta Raa OI meen = aioe 192 “ cross the Potomac, and give battle to the enemy, or drive him south dhe despatch added, “Your agmy must move DOW; while the roads are good. If you cross the river between the enemy and Washington, and cover the latter by your operation, you can be reinforced with thirty thousand men.” Neverthe- less, McClellan did not stir. Instead of obeying the order, he inquired what sort of troops they were that would be sent to him, and how many tents he could have, and said his army could not move without fresh supplies of shoes and clothing. While he was thus paltering, the Confederate General Stuart, who had ridden around his army on the peninsula, with a small body of cavalry rode entirely around it again, eluding all efforts for his capture. On the 13th the President wrote a long, friendly letter to General McClellan, in which he gave him much excel- lent advice that he, as a trained soldier, ought not to have needed. A sentence or two will suggest the drift of it: “Are you not over-cautious when you assume that you cannot do what the enemy is constantly doing? In coming to us, he [the enemy] tenders us an advantage which we should not waive. Weshould not so operate as to merely drive him away. It is all easy if our troops march as well as the enemy, and it is unmanly to say they cannot do it.” The letter had outlined a plan of campaign, but it closed with the words, characteristic of Lincoln’s modesty in military matters, “ This letter 1s in mo sense an order.” liweliwe daiys more of fine weather were frittered away in renewed complaints, and such _ in- quiries as whether the President _, wished him to move at once or wait for fresh horses, for the general said his horses were fatigued and had sore tongue. "Ajop ee yo Here the Presi- "ENE p, dent began to show some Sy impatience, and wrote: “ Will NER you pardon me for asking what the horses of your army have done since the battle of Antietam that fatigues anything?” The gen- eral replied that they had been scouting, metenne and making reconnoissances, and that the Bree dent had done injustice to the cavalry. Wiktere: upon Mr. Lincoln wrote again: “ Most certainly | intend no injustice to any, and if I have d one any I deeply regret it. d To be told, after more than five weeks’ total inaction of the army, and during CAMPFIRE AND BUA aa Ep Lele ED. which period we had sent to that army every fresh horse we possibly Gould: amounting in the whole to 7,918, that the cavalry horses were too much fa- tigued to move, pre- sented a very cheer- less, almost hopeless, PLEospect. tor, the future, and it may have forced some- thing of impatience into my despatches.” That day, October 26, McClellan began to cross the Potomac; but it was ten days (partly owing to heavy rains) before his army was all on the south PE head PO Tis a a Reel Seer freee ap DAIFUPINN NY ft BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL J. J. BARTLETT. ~ side of the river, and meanwhile he had brought up new ques- tions for discussion and invented new excuses for delay. He wanted to know to what extent the line of the Potomac was to be guarded; he wanted to leave strong garrisons at certain points, to prevent the army he was driving southward before him from rushing northward into Maryland again; he discussed o the position of General |] srage’s (Confederate) army, which was four hundred miles away beyond the mountains; he said the old regiments of his command must be filled up with recruits before they could go into action. McClellan was a sore puzzle to the people of the loyal States. But large numbers of his men still believed in him, and—as is usual in such cases—intensified their personal devotion in pro- portion as the distrust of the people at large was increased. After crossing the Potomac, he left a corps at Harper's Ferry, and was moving southward on the eastern side of the Blue Ridge, while Lee moved in the same direction on the western "7 AER ESSN EMP PN addr neg RT ear e IT ispyr9 ~7 a E \ RG Pua ac nae OSES SSF Via) is sae Sey dio ‘ LP . ve iB arg : , o ; hee a rl eet UT Urey er ek a a ba eed gs ee rt aati br MC orn SNM tay liaise: ewes 4 p VRS BOTT AKAL A Piatt thie ll es LS P aie mye ets WN abkoakor ie SUT Pree pear Pte ete OS " pELSI US USie irc ets SS Et ge pee ieee eee pak) He CAMPRFIRE AND 3A ICU IL IG IPTG IL, 10). 193 side, when, on November 7, the President solved the riddle that These two generals were had vexed the country, by relieving him of tl warm personal friends, and McClellan remained a few days to put Burnside in possession, as far as possible, of the essential facts in relation to tl condition of the forces. 1e Mexican At this time the rigl 1e€ Command. The successor of General McClellan was Ambrose E. Burnside, then in his thirty-ninth year, who was eraduated at West Point fifteen years before, had commanded cavalry during tl 1€ position and ° { it wing of Lee’s army, under Longstreet, | war, had invented a breech-loading rifle which was commercially was near Culpeper, and the left, under Jackson, was in tl unsuccessful, and at the breaking out of the rebellion was Shenandoah Valley. treasurer of the Illinois Central Railroad. When the First Rhode Island Regiment went to Washington, four days after 1e Their separation was such that it would require two days for one to march to the other. McClellan said he intended to endeavor to get between them and either beat the President's first call for troops, Burnside was its colonel. them in detail or force them to unite as far south He commanded a brigade at the first battle of Bull Run; led an ville. expedition that captured Roanoke Island, New Berne, and Beau- as Gordons- Burnside not only did not continue this plan, but gave | up the idea that the Confederate army was his true objective, She ah arr ERTS Sees | . 1 — “ad oe Pe ee Oe Rees eas ia ot ead eer SN ee er Te ance AD i Tuya a ATTACK ON FRECERICKSBURG, DECEMBER, 1862. a. Rte 2 ic D such, and set out for that } f | Gos anded one wing of Mc- assumed the city of Richmond to be oe | SE ieee ere cey ice? and commands: 5 | l by way of the north bank of the Rappahannock and the | : fountain and Antiet Thether he place by way 3 ee it Clellan’s army at South Mountain and Antietam. Whether | 2 <6 Bredscinatie set OMe ee ti ‘ yr -OSsi > Antietam early in the day city Of rederick: S> ¢ ee : i - eae (oe pena ee ome d his army into three grand divisions, under Sumner, Hooker, and in e e i chai x S oe - . > VS < j sic oe pee et ee eee ee ee ae Frankl On the 15th of November he began the march from a < Ye A . z . aye - . i y tran < rhe Ss 7) o sti io > wor ‘hile to discuss it, were it not that question. It might be worth while Se : -eached Falmouth on cod hy a he ; first column reached Faln ] fterward accepted a heavier responsibility and incurred a Warrenton: the head of his 1e€ aiterwe c , ‘ ‘ mie ne - rhole army was there. By some | ; iG , » 20th the whole army was t S ‘ more serious accusation. The command of the Army of the the 17th, and Pye es rhose) the pontoon train that was to ‘ 5 ; or been offered to him twice before, but he had blunder (it is uncertain WIKOSe)) ae Re ee | Potomac 1ac 9e€en. al have met the army at this point, and < : refused it, saying that he “was not competent to command such ie | f the ri +. did not arrive till a week later ; and by this il & Se » woady 5S c as ce Sis > river. dic Nok < c c ’ 7 é oe ss STifiz ’ yssine Of tne rivet, : eee wil id a large army.” When the order came relieving McClellan and oe g | hose to cover his own capital and cross the path ' c c D> c yim . eee . =~ jee. Ww 10 G . L . : f 4 é iad Spee mame eA Ai at general and with his staff time ee Ptionehad ati appor ting hime \cousulbed with that genera 2a f his enemy, rather than strike at his communicatic 5 . fection °: they took the ground of his e y) Ae, eee otheers, maling thCcemeebjertion suk ticyetos 3 | laced his army on the heights south and west o ‘ ‘| : z : ee - ans and so yIl< - c ) c ; sa . ~ las a out i‘ Pihn Oe er er ev ee cee iolent ae and at once began to fortify them. His line was f : as he says, “i > midst of a violen $< ¢ ‘ he accepted the place, as he says, “in the ‘ ee Pe Q¢ sood natural Vv I Ik little of.” five and a half miles long, and was as strong as a go Sal In < sition that cnew little Ol. 5 snow-storm, with the army in a pos 13’ Rudisl “ Pret y et os oaree — ee ae omens 10 rene ete ereneryner=sm aren a= te paph gg eerenrnp Linas nena HEIGHTS. ee te eres | i | eS ye Te THE STONE WALL UNDER MARYE’S SO meee RD) TerTae \ fe ed } , ES tt tte TT aed meri Sy) : = eee tibet icteer eee erat hte Mbbeabisihitist sie tLe u uit Thy] ) tr Pelipenr) dace ero am V4) 1 Ee CAMPFIRE AND BATE ET ED), 195 position, earthworks, and an abundance of artillery could make ing his left wing and Jackson’s his right, with every sun in YO it. He could not prevent Burnside from crossing tl ae YS Poel le river: for tion, and every man ready and know; the Mee al 7 ne y mz c and Knowing what to expect. The > oO = >» > z € 1 ~e > -A » “tf yp- ~ 1 s : na 2 : j : the heights on the left bank rose close to the stream, com. weak point of the line, if it had any, was on the right. where the le - > x > 7 » id r - L Sars Sis - , . 7 : D> ) manding the intermediate plain, and on these heights Burnside ground was not so h igh, and there was plenty of room for the deployment of the attacking force. Here Franl Acquia with about half of the National army; and | Creek, it was the Ioth of December before the National] com- Burnside’s first te made. But and had one hundred and forty-seven guns. . What with waitine for yet ! | g ~GEyy ANDEp ERA W3On, town they had better shelter, the mC alc he fre = > and the fire of the second line, along the front of the delivered on the flanks as well as ° National guns could not be depressed in front, drove them back. The enough to shell them, and the work on the three divisions of Gibbon and Doubleday upper bridges came to a standstill. Burnside tried had followed in support, which re- bombarding the town, threw seventy tons of iron into lieved the pressure upon Meade ; it, and set it on fire; but still the sharp-shooters clung and when all three eS to their hiding places, and when the engineers tried to unsuccessful and BO considerable renew their task on the bridges, under cover of the confusion, Birney's moved out and NTE . rsuing enemy. bombardment, they were destroyed by the same mur- stopped the pursuing } derous fire Sumner’s attack was made with : C i , “oes . : he divisions of French and Han- At last General Hunt, chief of artillery, suggested | 6 (the ie i ie { iff a { sock, Which moved through the town a solution of the difficulty. Three regiments that MAJOR-GENERAL ROBERT RANSOM, JR., C. S.A. cock, whicl g : ae ator and deployed in columns under the volunteered for the service—the Seventh Michigan, c P10} : ae S Gantedernnte ries. This was very destructive and the Nineteenth and Twentieth Massachusetts—crossed the fire of the Confederate batteries. rae is see of - one af : adlies ine : > = lad EO) Meee river in pontoon boats, under the fire of the sharp-shooters, but was not the deadliest thing that the men ¢ = wR se eee ras skirted near its landed quickly, and drove them out of their fastness, capturing Marye’s Hill was skirtec ere ; of which was a stone wall; and in this road base by an old sunken road, a hundred of them, while the remainder escaped to the hills. at the outer edge enc! : ee were two brigades of Confederate infantry. It could hardly be seen. at a little distance, that there was a road at all. When ‘rench’s charging cc ; had rushed across the open ground the Fredericksburg side of the river. French's charging columns ee we cee nes On the morning of the 13th Burnside was ready to attack, and under an artillery fire that ploughec ee é - g = - 7S nly confronted a shee ame and lead from Lee was more than ready to be attacked. He had concentrated ranks, they suddenly confronted a sheet of flame anc ; derates here were so . PREC AA LO COTS TOnIIE -he rifles in the sunken road. The Confederat his whole army on the fortified heights, Longstreet s corps form the rifle The bridges were then completed, and the crossing was begun ; but it was evening of the 12th before the entire army was on SILLS | a Uti od oe eeao Ni {) al ey Pr ciao a Ey | 196 CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. Ei ia numerous that each one at the wall had two or three behind to to the north bank of the Rappahannock, and the sorry campaign load muskets and hand them to him, while he had only to lay was ended. them flat across the wall and fire them as rapidly as possible, If it had been at all necessary to prove the courage and ly more than his head. discipline of the National troops, Fredericksburg proved it Nearly half of French’s exposing scarcel) men were shot down, and: the remainder fell back. Hancocks abundantly. | in the: same manner, and some of them There were five thousand chargec approached within twenty yarc | back a part of the distance, leaving two My thousand of their number on the field. Three other divisions cember morn- advanced to the attack, but with no better result ; and all of ing who did | in a position where they were Just out of 1 but were still played upon by Is of the wall; but within a quarter few among of an hour they also fel them that De- them remainec reach not look upon of the rifles in the sunken roa¢ . the Confederate artillery. Burnside now grew frantic, and ordered Hooker to attack. That officer moved out with three divisions, made a reconnols- silloipies: 7 yet it as hopeless for as sau lt those fortified to tell Burnside it was useless and persuade they obeyed : sance, and went back him to give up the attempt. But the commander insisted, and their orders, co Hooker’s four thousand rushed for- ward with fixed bayonets, and presently came back like the rest, leaving seven- hls Baas teen hundred dead or wounded on the field. The entire National loss in this battle was twelve thousand six hundred and fifty-three in killed, wounded, or missing, though some of the missing afterward ¢< Pm tAES he Annemarie yn = rejoined their commands. Hancock's owe - BREVET BRIGADIER-GENERAL G. A. DE RUSSEY. division lost one hundred and fifty-six p ae officers, and one of his regiments lost and moved out to the work as if they ; nie a : fe C OlWK aS Cy two-thirds of 1ts men. -PdeTate fer i S ts men. The Confederate expected victory, suffering such frightful fe ag ate Et ee he —— —— ss was five thous: -ee | -e l a vas five age three hundred losses as bodies of troops are seldom called and seventy-seven. Four brigadier-gen- MOMSEN our brigadier-gen upon to endure, and retiring with little erals were killed in this battle; on the li i 4p : disorder and no panic. The English cor- National side, Generals George D. Bay iN< c : Cy : all, : YE S « AV - “2 r oye eres g ' respondent of the London TZzmes, writing from Lee’s headquarters, exultingly pre- dicted the speedy decline and fall of the American Republic. Tf he had been shrewd enough to see what was indicated, rather than what he hoped for, he would have written that with such courage and discipline as the Army of the Potomac had displayed, and superior resources, the final COLONEL ROBERT NUGENT. (Afterward Brevet Brigadier-General.) victory was certain to be theirs, however they might first suffer from incompetent o ard and Conrad commanders; that the Republic that had set such an army in iP. JAGkSoms the field, and had the material for several more, was likely to on the Confed- contain somewhere a general worthy to lead it, and was not erate, Generals likely to be overthrown by any insurrection of a minority of its Blromas kek. people. Cobb and Max There er ‘ Max- ere never was any S > gallantr ioti : : was any question of the gallantry or patriotism cee -AOOo Se ee . r ne i | re n of General Burnside, but his woful lack of judgment in the con the night the duct ‘of the b: ‘rederick EAT ae i a : ake ie battle of Fredericksburg (or perhaps it should be ( 7 . .- oO 7 - - > ) | He TOOps said, in fighting a battle at that point at all) has ever remained yrought in their inexplicable 1S m atte ime ates | b : g ne 3 | e. His own attempt to explain it, in his official | : : rounded anc report, 1s brief, < {Si as | Be a ce ae eee 3 A 3 port, is bricf, and is at least manly in the frankness with which | ? eked =S ; 3 entir ae ae some 1e puts the entire blame upon himself. He wrote: “ During 8 Ol Een NG ’ preparations ; | 1 ? Sano ae Ths (esses ihadl basa. Boned al . dead. m) preparations for crossing at the place I had first selected, I | ee , Burnside planned to make a discovered that the enemy had thrown a larg 1i ssh attempt the next day, with the Ninth Corps (his ol 5 oe SOME Goncue: Suomen! Ol tus at Wee. y, a I orps (his old force down the river and elsewhere, thus weakeni | | and), which he proposed to lead in person; but General in front 1 al l Ce eeu a ee F 3 ae i. He : ner ‘Ont, and also thoug iscovere Cl i Sumner dissuaded him, though with difficulty The Hire ene ught I discovered that he did not anticipate Hy if ee _ S y. n the night the crossing of our whole force at Fredericks - > . - . - i . : > oS io 5tn, e muidstyot a storm, the army was withdrawn by rapidly throwing tl See ae eee ) ing the whole command over at that place to FASS | TURAL ~ SSNS oe Dammam Semen TALON T Ge SCT ENTS 6277 7 » 7B OAT ci STC c1 \ " pseu Pe tieae tt iti) yo T (rrr ia M5 5 4 cone mall UU UCT ab Sule MILLE CU Pie tte ecee Le UL ea habboadre bee SS Libis pis teh eee PEPE Le Teel een EER. Teele thee CAVERE IRE AND Hee , Pitta te tee UALMORLE Tey tet eet powes pene etre y a ALAA Vee LSA) IE HW IL IS ION IE IL ID). separate, by a vigorous attack, the forces of the enemy -7-— on the river below from the forces behind and on the crest in the rear of the town, in which case we could fi we had to gain a height on the extreme right of the ght him with great advantage in our favor. To do this crest, which height commanded a new road lately made by the enemy for purposes of more rapid communica- tion along his lines, which point gained, his positions along the crest would have been scarcely tenable, and he could have been driven from them easily by an attack on his front in connection with a movement in the rear Ofsthiecrest= = = Failing in accomplishing the main object, we remained in order of battle two days—long enough to decide that the enemy would not come out of his strongholds to fight us with infantry—after which we recrossed to this side of the river unmolested, with- out the loss of men or property. As the day broke, our long lines of troops were seen marching to their differ- ent positions as if going on parade—not the least de- o moralization or disorganization existed. To the brave officers and soldiers who accomplished the feat of thus recrossing the river in the face of the enemy, I owe everything. For the failure in the attack I am respon- sible, as the extreme gallantry, courage, and endurance shown by them was never exceeded, and would have The fact that I decided to move from Warrenton on to this line rather against carried the points had it been possible. the opinion of the President, Secretary of War, and yourself, and that you left the whole movement in my hands, without giving me orders, makes me the only one responsible.” When Burnside’s plan was submitted to the President and General Halleck, there was considerable opposition to it, and when finally Halleck informed Burnside that the President con- sented to that plan, he added significantly: “ He thinks it will Though Mr. Lincoln was not a soldier, his natural aptitude for strategy has succeed if you move rapidly; otherwise, not.” been much discussed, and it is therefore interesting to remember this saving clause in his consent to the experiment of Freder- icksburg. How near the National troops, with all their terrible disadvantages, came to piercing the lines of the enemy on Marye’s Hill, we know from the testimony of General Long- ree, “2 4 SSS es ay Ppa iG RELIEF FOR THE WOUNDED, 197 \Z LZ uc Y Se Za WA / ZEEE LW, | o27LZE WA lt >. EE \ SSRN \\\ » \ SS C \ ) VA \\ ee ASRS eM “A — 2 A HASTY MEAL. street, who says: “General Lee became uneasy when he saw the attacks so promptly renewed and pushed forward with such persistence, and feared the Federals might break through our lines. After the third charge he said to me, ‘ General, they are massing very heavily, and will break your line, I am afraid.’ ” Longstreet represents himself as having no such fears whatever, but it further appears from his testimony that when in the night they captured an officer on whom they found an order for renewal of the battle the next day, General Lee immediately gave orders for the construction of a new line of rifle-pits and the placing of more guns in position. General Lee, instead of following up his good fortune by counter attack, went off to Richmond to suggest other opera- tions. No such fierce criticism for not reaping the fruits of victories has ever -been expended upon him as some of the National commanders have had to endure for this fault, though many of his and their opportunities were closely parallel. In Richmond he was told by Mr. Davis that the Administration considered the war virtually over, but he knew better. The story of the battle, so far as its strictly military aspect is But it was full of incidents, though mostly of ‘the mournful kind, and the reader would fail to get any adequate conception ol what was done and suffered on that field without some accounts General Meagher, com- concerned, is extremely simple, and makes but a short though dreadful chapter in the history of the great struggle. written at the time by participants. manding the Irish brigade, made an interesting report, in which he pictured graphically the manner in which that organization went into the action and the treatment that it received. A few palulve brigade never was in finer spirits and condition. The arms and accoutrements were in perfect order. The required amount of ammunition was on hand. Both officers and men were comfort- ably clad, and it would be difficult to say whether those who were to lead or those who were to follow were the better pre- A few minutes extracts will include the most interesting passages. pared or the more eager to discharge their duty. ai Els Cady ¥ rH Ps Vee med veg > IF A (a REO ty Nd eS A ae —_ spe Seasonsere gye u ree — vn labererrs pe A es ES - re ‘ pte bee ee a ee See a = 198 after four o’clock P.M., word was conveyed to me that a gallant f volunteers had crossed the river in boats and taken body o Immediately on the possession of the city of Fredericksburg. receipt of this news, an order reached me from Brigadier-General Hancock to move forward the brigade and take up a position closer to the river. In this new position we remained all night. At seven o'clock the following morning we were under arms, and in less than two hours the head of the brigade presented itself on the opposite bank of the river. Passing along the edge of the river to the lower bridge, the brigade halted, coun- termarched, stacked arms, and in this position, ankle-deep in mud, and with little or nothing to contribute to their comfort, in complete subordination and good heart, awaited further orders, An order promulgated by Major-General Couch, com- manding the corps, prohibited fires after nightfall. This order was uncomplainingly and manfully obeyed by the brigade. Officers and men lay down and slept that night in the mud and frost, and without a murmur, with heroic hearts, composed them- selves as best they could for the eventualities of the coming day. A little before eight o’clock A.M., Saturday, the 13th inst., PLL E r ARWSN ¥ ~ r rn [ry aN ean.» ct at Da boast Ut ora LoL Oret | poor ear gr ss GAM PFIRE AND ZQUAVYE COLOR-BEARER AT FREDERICKSBURG, Sen Thee ee . LIFT HIRES gees . - pee e i BA UIC IE JON IB IE SD. we received orders to fall in and prepare instantly to take the field. The brigade being in line, I addressed, separately, to each regiment a few words, reminding it of its duty, and exhorting it to acquit itself of that duty bravely and nobly to the last. Im- fter. the column swept up the street toward the scene mediately a led by Col. Robert Nugent, of the Sixty-ninth, of action, heac and his veteran regiment—every officer and man of the brigade wearing a sprig of evergreen in his hat, in memory of the land of his birth. The advance was firmly and brilliantly made through this street under a continuous discharge of shot and shell. several men falling from the effects of both. Even whilst I was addressing the Sixty-ninth, which was on the right of the brigade, three men of the Sixty-third were knocked over, and before I had spoken my last words of encouragement the mangled remains of the poor fellows—mere masses of torn flesh and rags _were borne along the line to the hospital of French’s division. Emerging from the street, having nothing whatever to protect it, the brigade encountered the full force and fury of the enemy's fire, and, unable to resist or reply to it, had to push on to the mill-race, which may be described as the first of the hostile de- quae eee : ss ee CUCU Ua eS atin" Cr. : weet phn tires. ‘ eeu ULC w etree hei a) ba ih ELA CAMPFIRE fences. Crossing this mill-race by means of a single | bridge, the brigade, diverging to the right, had to deploy into line of battle. This movement necessarily took some time to ecxecute. The Sixty-ninth, under Colonel Nugent, being on the right, had to stand its ground until the rest of the brigade came up and formed. I myself, accompanied by Lieutenant Emmet of my staff, crossed the mill-race on: foot from the head of the Street through which the column had debouched. Trudging up the ploughed field as well as my lameness would permit me, to the muddy crest along which the brigade was to form in line of battle, I reached the fence on which the right of the Sixty-ninth rested. I directed Colonel Nugent to throw out two companies of his regiment as skirmishers on the right flank. This order was being carried out, when the other regiments of the brigade coming up with a brisk step and deploying in line of battle, drew down upon themselves a terrific fire. Nevertheless the line was beautifully and rapidly formed, and boldly advanced, Colonel Nugent leading on the right, Col. Patrick Kelly, commanding the Eighty-eighth, being next in line, both displaying a courageous soldiership which I have no words, even with all my partiality for them, adequately to describe. Thus formed, under the unabating tempest and deluge of shot and shell, the Irish brigade advanced against the rifle-pits, the breastworks, and batteries of the enemy. ~ 2 ihe man of the next day, a little after sunrise, every officer and brigade able again to take the field, by order of Brigadier-General Hancock, recrossed to Fredericksburg and took up the same position, on the street nearest the river, which we had occupied previous to the advance, prepared and eager, notwithstanding their exhausted numbers and condition, to sup- port the Ninth Corps in the renewal of the assault of the pre- vious day, that renewal having been determined on by the seneral-in-chitf. Of the one thousand two hundred I had led into action the day before, two hundred and eighty only appeared on that ground that morning. This remnant of the Irish brigade, still full of heart, still wearing the evergreen, inspired by a glow- ing sense of duty, sorrowful for their comrades, but emboldened and elated by the thought that they had fallen with the proud bravery they did—this noble little remnant awaited the order that was once more to precipitate them against the batteries of the emeniya” Gen. Aaron at that time commanded the Thirteenth New Hampshire Regi- Stevens (afterward member of Congress), who ment, made an interesting report, in the course of which he said : “Just after dark we moved to the river, and crossed without opposition the pontoon-bridge near the lower end of the city. My regiment took up its position for the night in Caroline Street, one of the principal streets of the city, and threw out two companies as pickets toward the enemy. At an early hour on Saturday morning, the eventful and disastrous day of the battle, e took up our position with the brigade under the hill on the bank of the river, just below the bridge which we crossed on Here we remained under arms the entire day, distant from the line of the Thursday night. our position being about a mile enemy’s batteries. Occasionally, during the day, fragments of shell from his guns reached-us or passed over us, falling in the damage-; One of our own which threw river and. beyond, doing but little guns, however, on the opposite bank of the river, shells over us toward the enemy, was so unfortunately handled as to kill two men and wound several others in our brigade. As yet all the accounts which I have seen or read, from Union or rebel sources, approach not in delineation the truthful and ter- rible panorama of that bloody day. Twice during the day I AND Ly ‘ ™ 1 ‘ — Disa kU POSAULLLLULIE TT Pedi titi iy) pane hoo a ae Pace retry i) Wit We ‘ SLE” BAT WIL 1B PIB IL, 1D). 199 rode up Caroline Street to the centre of the city toward the point where our brave legions were struggling against the terrible com- bination of the enemy’s artillery and infantry, whose unremitting fire shook the earth and filled the plain in rear of the city with the deadly missiles of war. I saw the struggling hosts of free- dom stretched along the plain, their ranks ploughed by the merciless fire of the foe. I saw the dead and wounded, among them some of New Hampshire’s gallant sons, borne back on the shoulders of their comrades in battle, and laid tenderly down in the hospitals prepared for their reception, in the houses on either side of the street as far as human habitations extended. I listened to the roar of battle and the groans of the wounded and dying. I saw in the crowded hospitals the desolation of war ; but I heard from our brave soldiers no note of triumph, no word of encouragement, no syllable of hope that for us a field was to be won. In the stubborn, unyielding resistance of the enemy | could see no point of pressure likely to yield to the repeated assaults of our brave soldiers, and so I returned to my command to wait patiently for the hour when we might be called to share in the duty and danger of our brave brethren engaged in the contest. By stepping forward to the brow of the hill which covered us, a distance of ten yards, we were in full view of the rebel stronghold—the batteries along the crest of the ridge called Stansbury Hill and skirting Hazel Run. For three-fourths of front of > brow of the hill and watched ae fire of the an hour before we were ordered into action, I stood 1 my regiment on the rebel batteries as they poured shot and shell from sixteen different points upon our devoted men on the plains below. It was a sight magnificently terrible. Every discharge of enemy's g artillery and every explosion of his shells were visible in the dusky twilight of that smoke-crowned hill. There his direct and enfilading batteries, with the vividness, intensity, and almost the rapidity, of lightning, hurled the messengers of death in the h the murder- midst of our brave ranks, vainly struggling throug ous fire to gain the hills and the guns of the enemy. Nor was it any straggling or ill-directed fire. The arrangement of the enemy’s guns was such that they could pour their concentrated and incessant fire upon any point occupied by our assailing troops, and all of them were plied with the greatest skill and animation. During all this time the rattle of musketry was incessant. « About sunset there was a pause in the cannonading and musketry, and orders came for our brigade to fall in. Silently but unflinchingly the men moved out from under their cover, ind, when they reached the ground, quickened their pace toa As the head of the column came in sight of the enemy, at of about three-fourths of a mile from their batteries, run. a distance when close to Slaughter’s house, it was saluted with a shower of shell from the enemy’s guns on the crest of the hill. It moved on bv the flank down the hill into the plain beyond, crossing a small stream which passes through the city and empties into Hazel Run, then over another hill to the line of railroad. We moved at so rapid a pace that many of the men relieved them- selves of their blankets and haversacks, and in some instances ot their great-coats, which in most cases were lost. By counter- led our line along the railroad, the right resting march, we extenc Run. Lhe words, toward the city, and the left near Hazel ‘Forward, charge!’ ran along the lines. The men sprang for- ward. and moved at a run, crossed the railroad into a low muddy which reaches down to Hazel Run, the right cround, all the time the ir terrible fire and pour- swamp on the left moving over higher and less muddy batteries of the enemy concentrating the Lies . er ~ Ms Nee are terre ne meiner tere aT aaT Sr — = ie > { { t ! i 4 { b) « é | ; fCE en eee w ; : i —_ = = = r nat See eee 4 _ ne en ee 200 CAMPFIRE AND Suddenly the cannonading and The shouts of our men also line save the ing it upon the advancing lines. musketry of the enemy ceased. were hushed, and nothing was heard along the ‘ Forward, men—steady—close up.’ until within about twenty yards of the cele- Before we reached the point of which I have lar ravine or gully, into which, immediately command: In this way we moved forward, brated stone wall. been speaking, we came to an irregu in the darkness of night, the lines plunged, but gained the opposite side, and were advancing along the level sround toward the stone wall. Behind that wall, and in rifle- pits on its flanks, were posted the enemy s infantry—according to their statements—four ranks deep; and on the hill, a few yards above, lay in omincus silence their death-dealing artillery. It was \\ »Y of ipod y Laie \ A= — eT, =< Hj I p> : , Ly £ ae SL) Ba ale etal EL: while we were moving steadily forward that, with one startling crash, with one simultaneous sheet of fire and flame, they hurled on our advancing lines the whole terrible force of their infantry The powder from their musketry burned in our and artillery. 1 the breath of their artillery was hot upon our very faces, anc cheeks. The ‘leaden rain lines upon those who were close to them and iron hail’ in an instant forced back the advancing in the rear: and before the men could be rallied to renew the charge, the lines had been hurled back by the irresistible fire of the enemy to the cover of the ravine or gully which they had just passed. The enemy swept the eround with his guns, kill- ing many—our men in the meantime keeping up ing and wound a spirited fire upon the unseen foe.” FS) S AGpINs. \ 1} ll iF . HA | iQ UL Wr \ tS i nl Vy OSA > Ha he yay pe ws ff ty: is / wy vi i f i. GENERAL GRANT DIKECTING THE DISPOSITION OF TROOPS GLVA Pay ERS Ova Te: WEAR UN EE Wer Sih CONSCRIPTION ACT PASSE IPTION ACT PASSED BY CONFEDERATE CONGRESS — GENERAI ae OPERATIONS IN KENTUCKY AND EAST TENNESSEE—BATTLE = PERRYVILLE — GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF THE CONFEDERATE ae ee OF IUKA—BATTLE OF STONE RIVER, OR MUR- ee. ESTRANGEMENT BETWEEN GRANT AND ROSECRANS— BATTLE OF CORINTH—CONFEDERATE RETREAT—-HEAVY LOSSES ON BOTH SIDES. e | ee ( onfederate Congress in 1862 passed a sweeping conscrip- lon act, forcing Into the ranks every man of military ace. Even ee of sixteen) were taken out of school and sent. foeamps of ee Chis largely increased their forces in the field, and ae so sopscdl y they exhtbited a corresponding activity. oo 2 scauregard, whose health had failed, was succeeded by ren. Braxton Bragg, a man of more energy than ability cohhe od = 7? me with forty x y thousand men, marched northward into eastern Ken- d LI aigeg ip = = = = Va Yay ——— tucky, defeating a Natic gg, == = ie ti ae a National force near Richmond, and another at aes, ordville. He then assumed that Kentucky was a State of MARCHING THROUGH TENNESSEE, dais ETON SS the Confederacy, appointed a provisional Se ae Peay eres Dae i PUT) ST aaa aT 8 Be car . ee oa a rovernor, forced Ken. ¢ < SU Aas < ~ if f ert a usa cheba bene UNL LOU t Tre E A es Th Hat» moet tae / - - - 7 : — ba mkadon ere) us Lb TSP at ome One. Ptr Tere asec ns teh Per esy LU fetes ites CAMPFIRE AND tuckians into his army, and robbed the farmers not only of tl stock and provisions, but of their wagons for carrying 1eir away the plunder, paying them in worthless Confederate money. He urried with him twenty thousand muskets, expecting to f Ce ind that number of Kentuckians who would enroll themse!| ves in his command; but he confessed afterward that he did not even secure enough recruits to take up the arms that fell from the hands of his dead and wounded. With the supplies collected by his army of ‘“liberators,’ as he called them, in a wagon- train said to have been forty miles long, he was moving slowly back into Tennessee, when General Buell, with about fifty-eight thousand men (one-third of them new recruits), marched in pursuit. Bragg turned and gave battle at Perryville (October 8), and the fight lasted nearly all day. At some points it was desperate, with hand-to-hand fighting, and troops charging upon batteries where the gunners stood to their pieces and blew them from the very muzzles. The National left, composed entirely of raw troops, was crushed by a heavy onset; but the next portion of the line, commanded by Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, not only held its ground and repelled the assault, but followed up the retiring enemy with a counterattack. Gooding’s brigade (National) lost five hundred and forty-nine men out of fourteen hundred and When night fell, the Confederates had been repelled at all points, and twenty-three, and its commander became a prisoner. a portion of them had been driven through Perryville, losing many wagons and prisoners. ] whole army, continuing his retreat to East Tennessee, leaving Buell prepared to attack at day- ight, but found that Bragg had moved off in the night with his a thousand of his wounded on the ground. He also abandoned twelve hundred of his men in hospital at Harrodsburg, with large quantities.of his plunder, some of which he burned, and made all haste to get away. Buell reported his loss in the battle as forty-three hundred and forty-eight, which included Dies meio ) Brage S Gens. James S. Jackson and William R. Terrill killed. loss was probably larger, though he gave considerably smaller figures. The battle of. Perryville is more: noteworthy for its fierce 1 hting and numerous instances of determined gallantry than fig for any importance in its bearing on the campaign. It was especially notable for the work of the artillery, and the struggles to capture or preserve the various batteries. One National battery of eight guns was commanded by Capt. Charles C. Parsons, and the Confederates making a fierce charge upon it captured seven of the pieces, but not without the most des- perate hand-to-hand fighting, in the course of which Parsons at one time was lying on his back under the guns and firing his revolver at the assailants. Sixteen years afterward this man, who in the meantime had become a clergyman, sacrificed his life in attending to the victims of yellow fever on the Mississippt. When Sheridan was heavily pressed by the enemy and his right was in special danger, the brigade of Colonel Carlin was sent to his relief. Carlin’s men, reaching the brow of a hill, dis- covered the advancing enemy, and immediately charged at the double quick with such impetuosity that they not only drove back the Confederates, but passed entirely through their lines where they were in momentary danger of being captured ez masse. But, during the confusion which they caused, they skilfully fell back, carrying with them a heavily loaded ammuni- tion train which they had captured with its guard. Pinney s Fifth Wisconsin battery was worked to its utmost capacity for three hours without supports, and withstood several charges, Soke S SrtA Wiha Lt Nee BAT TREE EEL Ese 201 piling its front with the bodies of the slein. In the Third Ohio Regiment six color sergeants were shot in succession, but the flag was never allowed to touch the earth. That regiment lost two hundred out of five hundred men. A correspondent of the Czz. cunatt Gazette, who was on the field, thus relates one of the many interesting incidents of the battle: “The Tenth Ohio were lying upon their faces to the left of the Third, near the summit of the same hill, and upon the other side of a lane. The retreat of the Third Ohio and Fifteenth Kentucky had left the right wing of the Tenth uncovered, and a whole brigade of the enemy, forming in mass, advanced toward them over ground of such anature that if the Tenth did not receive warning from some source the rebel column would be upon them, and annihilate them before they could rise from their faces and change front. Colonel Lytle was expecting the enemy to appear in his front, over the crest of the hill, and had intended to have the gallant Tenth charge them with the bayonet. And they still lay upon their faces while the enemy was advancing upon their flank, stealthily as a cat steals upon her prey. Nearer and nearer they come. Great heavens! Will no one tell the Tenth of their fearful peril? Where is the eagle eye which ought to overlook the field and send swift-footed couriers to save this illustrious band from destruction? Alas, there is none! The heroes of Carnifex are doomed. The mass .of Confederates, which a rising ground just to the right of the tent has hitherto concealed from view, rush upon the hapless regiment, and from the distance of a hun- dred yards pour into it an annihilating fire even while the men are still upon their faces. Overwhelmed and confounded, they leap to their feet and vainly endeavor to change front to meet the enemy. It is impossible to do it beneath that withering, murderous fire; and for the first time in its history the Tenth Regiment turns its back upon the enemy. They will not run; they only walk away, and they are mowed down by scores as they go. The noble, gifted, generous Lytle was pierced with bullets and fell where the storm was fiercest. One of his ser- geants lifted him in his arms, and was endeavoring to carry him from the field. ‘You may do some good yet, said the hero; ‘1 can do no more; let me die here.’ He was left there, and fell into the hands of the enemy.” On hearing of this disaster to the Tenth Ohio Regiment, which formed the right of Lytle’s Seventeenth Brigade, General Rous- seau immediately rode to the scene of it. He says in his report: ‘‘ Whilst near the Fifteenth Kentucky, I saw a heavy force of the enemy advancing upon our right, the same that had turned Lytle’s right flank. It was moving steadily up in full view of where General Gilbert’s army corps had been during the day, the left flank of which was not more than four hundred yards from it. On approaching, the Fifteenth Kentucky, though broken and shattered, rose to its feet and cheered, and as one man moved to the top of the hill where it could see the enemy, and I ordered.it to lie down. I then rode up to Loomis's battery, and directed him to open upon the enemy. He replied he was ordered by General McCook to reserve what ammunition he had for close work. Pointing to the enemy advancing, I said it was close enough, and would be closer in a moment. He at once opened fire with alacrity, and made fearful havoc upon the ranks of the enemy. It was admirably done, but the enemy moved straight ahead. His ranks were raked by the battery, and terribly thinned by the musketry of the Seventeenth Brigade; but he scarcely faltered, and finally, hearing that reinforcements were approaching, the brigade was ordered to retire and give place to them, which it did in good order. The reinforcements CNUs ipey ‘ > ee ae POAT, “2 Malic sacle a ahah are TTI Let AD Le Pe 4 Poke haa se — ceallnte [pr pas fa se . la rat ee Ee SfSSRN LOE nT eit: EST. 121) STE oe red \ f hi ih i RAP UL Mit WLU, a li) Wy EDR we mene ' 5 | i ra AN m0 | | } a eA LY: | | a Via? \ NI FG ¥ F r SERRE Oo ee ee tl Le Bee Mee er es Lr eda panei nmap Se eet tn eed SLT TT aa 3 CHARGE OF THE FEDERAL TROOPS ACROSS THE RIVER. Q ee a BAIRGEE OF STONE RIVER—THE DECISIVE POTTS n Me — . PI SSoua ete reste rr rare Rennes oer e577 ic ns { Sent LSETT ESTES Le ea| a Coney A . 4 ie . ve yet (cE HUMAN a « oe HRN HMR T Sy, Ned yey pe AAMC MUN ego en ALLER ; tu - ei S seta aire pe al Steric eee TeMEOBeL, Teste cc rac estas Steer preraeeioes wary PEt Lh Unt LE pies ot raeLetee ihe Mallee || Pat Ee ions. Og Ce eae san ts CAMPEIRE AND BARRE REEE ED: were from Mitchell’s divi- sion, as | understood, and were Pea Ridge men. [| wish I knew who com- manded the brigade, that I might do him justice; x he nts Ua I can only say that the brigade moved directly into the fight, like true soldicrs, and opened a terrific fire and drove back the enemy. After repuls- ine the enemy, they re- tired a few hundred yards into a piece of woods to encamp in, and during the night the enemy advanced his pickets in the woods on HELE? our left front and captured edeg acd Mic ot -* Mid Sie he tte A i a good many of our men who went there believing we still held the woods.’’ ee oe ee hale): General Halleck, at Washington, now planned eo for Buell’s army a cam- y PT) ey IT Lede paign in East Tennessee ; but as that was more than MAJOR-GENERAL PHILIP H. SHERIDAN. i? two hundred miles away, and the communications were not provided for, Buell declined west. There are two roads running south from Iuka, about two : to execute it. For this reason, and also on the ground that if miles apart, and Grant intended that Rosecrans should approach | he had moved more rapidly and struck more vigorously he by both of these roads, so as to cut off the enemy’s retreat. But i might have destroyed Brageg’s army, he was removed from Rosecrans marched only by the westernmost road, leaving the ‘| | command, and Gen. William S: Rosecrans succeeded him. eastern, known as the Fulton road, open. Hamilton's division 4 Oe In September, when Bragg had first moved northward, a was in advance, and at four o'clock in the afternoon, at a point it i Confederate army of about forty thousand men, under Generals two miles from Iuka, the head of his column, ascending a long ih Price and Van Dorn, had crossed from Arkansas into Missis- hill, found the enemy deployed across the road and in the woods sipp! with the purpose of capturing Grant’s position at Corinth, a few hundred yards beyond its crest. Hamilton had thrown and thus breaking the National line of defence and coéperat- out a heavy skirmish line, which for four or five miles had kept if ing with Bragg. up a running fight with sharp-shooters. The enemy, in force, Price seized luka, occupied a strong line along a deep ravine, from which they Ae a southeast of Cor- moved forward to attack as soon as Hamilton’s men appeared i i inth, and Grant sent on the crest. Hamilton himself, being close to the skirmish 4 out against him a line, saw.the situation with its dangers and its advantages, and 4 if force under Rose- made haste*to prepare for what was coming. He deployed his ee crans, consisting of infantry along the crest, got a battery into position under heavy 4 about nine thousand fire where it could command the road in front, placed every ; men, which included regiment personally, and gave each regimental commander a the divisions of orders to hold his ground at all hazards. As the remainder of 1) Gens. David S. Stan- his forces came up, he placed them so as to extend his flanks ley and Charles S. and prevent them from being turned. But while he was doing } Hamilton, and the this, the enemy was advancing and the battle was becoming very HT | cavalry under Col. serious. The enemy came on in heavy masses against his u | John K. Mizner. It centre, charging steadily up to his guns, which fired canister ; | was Grant’s inten- into them at short range, until nearly every man and horse in ie tion that while this the battery was disabled, and it was captured. Brig.-Gen. Jerc- & | force moved toward miah C. Sullivan then gathered a portion of the right wing, ‘ hi Iuka from the south, which had been thrown into some disorder, and retook the ibd | Gene b, ©. @& Oxdis battery, driving the Confederates back to their line; but rally- Wi | . command, consisting ing in turn they captured it a second time, and a second time ‘ 4] a of eight thousand it was recaptured. General Stanley s division was now brought | COLONEL WILLIAM P, CARLIN. : men, should move up to the assistance of Hamilton’s, and the Confederates were ; (Afterward Brevet Major-General.) upon it from the driven back once more. They then made an attempt by march- bl Berti; | Ura Tit ewe— — — ene . ee alias pais oer la idee ee. eembte , ne Rn F uw eu ane ¢ aot apap ee ety ene aren, igi emer etn atten 204 ing through a ravine to fall upon the National left in heavy but their movement was discovered, and the Tenth lowa her with part of a battery, met them with such The front on which ong enough to permit be in action force ; Regiment, toget a reception that they quickly withdrew. the troops could be deployed was not ] more than three thousand men of the Nationals to | at once; but along this line the fighting was kept up until dark, when the enemy retired, and in the morning, when Rosecrans prepared to attack him, it was found that he was gone. The losses in the National army in this battle were 141 killed, 613 wounded, and 36 missing. On the Confederate side, where not many more men could be engaged at once than on the National, the fesse were reported as 85 7 > » ¥* ” }2 >» too highly of the energy and skill displayed by General Rose- crans in the attack, and of the endurance of the troops under him.” In his “Memoirs” he wrote: ‘General Rosecrans had previously had his head- General Rosecrans, in a congratulatory order to his troops a few days later, said: ‘“‘ You may well be proud of the battle of Iuka. On the 18th you concentrated at Jacinto; on the 19th you marched twenty miles, driving in the rebel outposts for the last eight ; reached the hh front of Price’s army, advantage- > ously posted in unknown woods, and opened the action by four PM. On a narrow front, in- /. tersected by ravines and f covered by dense under- / srowths, with a single : battery, Hamilton's di- vision went into action | against the combined S rebel hosts. On that unequal ground, which permitted the enemy to outnumber them three \ to one; they fought a \ glorious battle, mowing \ down the rebel hordes, \ until, night closing in \ ) \ they rested on their arms on ‘ ‘ the battleground, from which ight, leaving us masters of the field. The the enemy retired during then MAJOR-GENERAL general commanding bears cheerful WILLIAM S. ROSECRANS testimony to the fiery alacrity with which the troops of Stanley's division moved up, cheering, to support the third division, and took their places to give them an Opportunity to replenish their ammunition; and to the mag- oO nificent fighting of the Eleventh Missouri under the gallant Mower. To all the regiments who participated in the ficht, he presents congratulations on their bravery and good conduct Me deems it an especial duty to signalize the Forty-eighth Indiana, which, posted on the left, held its ground until the brave IXddy fell, and a whole brigade of Texans came in through a ravine on the little band, and even then only yielded a hundred yards until relieved. The Sixteenth Iowa, amid the roar of battle, the rush of wounded artillery horses, the charge of the rebel brigade, and a storm of grape, canister, and musketry, stood like a rock, holding the centre; while the glorious Fifth Iowa, under the brave and distinguished Matthias, sustained by Boomer with part of his noble little Twenty-sixth Missouri, bore the thrice defeated charges and cross-fires of the quarters at Iuka. While there he had a most ex- cellent map _ prepared, showing all the roads and streams in the sur- rounding country. He was also personally fa miliar with the ground, so that I deferred very much to him in my plans for the approach. Soa roh aa Ord was on the. north- west, and even if a rebel movement had been possible in that direc- tion te could have brought only temporary relief, for it would have carried Prices army to the rear of the National forces and isolated it —————— from allssupport. Jt MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN PEGRAM, C. S. A looked to me that. if Price would remain in Iuka until we could get there, his annihilation was inevitable. On the morning of the 18th of September General Ord moved by rail to Burnsville, and there left the cars and moved to perform his part of the programme. He was to get as near the enemy as possible during the day and intrench himself so as to hold his position until the next morning. Rosecrans was to be up by the morning of the Igth on the two roads, and the attack was to be from’ all three quarters) simultaneously <. = 1 remained at Burnsville with a detachment of nine hundred: men from Ord’s command and communicated with my two wings by courier. Ord met the advance of the enemy soon after leaving Burnsville. Quite a sharp engagement ensued, but he drove the rebels back with considerable loss, including one general officer killed. He maintained his position and was ready to attack by daylight the next morning. I was very much disappointed at receiving a despatch from Rosecrans after midnight from Jacinto, twenty miles from Iuka, saying that some of his command had been delayed, and that the rear of his column was not yet up as far as Jacinto. He said, however, that he would still be at Iuka by two o'clock the next day. I did not believe this possible, because of the distance and condition of the roads. I immedi- ately sent Ord a copy of Rosecrans’s despatch and ordered him to iti ae SSS SRO, boty SD rear r Sr esT er eyot { Es : i Trier ed daha retwereitii) ) Tern \ re . PF : WTA ATE Y ire he ey , A +o Ta a ’ ban A ’ Levba re aes aA [Re Ree ea thet ls AY NLL PPA A - u : SN 1 CAMPERIRE AND BATE Els: 205 be in readiness to attack the m . f ‘ att oment he heard the sound of suns of guns the enemy had take ’ is Sd ee a ee Sul j had taken advantage of this neglect and retreated by g 9 e wind blew in that road during the night I rode 1 OW 1d fe the wrong direction to transmit sound, either toward : me ee eee 2 ee | = ee es ; er toward the point the enemy was not being pursued even by the cavalry. I ordered where Ord was or to Burnsville where ‘emaine (Thi ee : i Poe Be te Ria Ly here i remained. [This pursuit by the whole of Rosecrans’s command, and went on with appears to be the “unexpected accident” to which General him a few miles in person Se a EON ic He followed only a few miles after I Rosecrans refers in his congratulatory order.] A couple of left him, and then went into camp, and the pursuit was continued hours before dark, o 1c DVS GREK or he i ee ee Rosecrans arrived with the no further. I was disappointed at the result of the battle of 1ead of his column at barnets e here turned c rithout : : S- d north “3 me yas Ay We 5 eee without Iuka, but I had so high an opinion of General Rosecrans that I sending any troops to the Fulton road. While still moving in 2 oD column up the Jacinto road, he met a force of the enemy and had his advance badly beaten and driven back upon the main road. In this short engagement his loss was _ consider- able for the number engaged, and one battery was taken from him. The wind was still blowing hard, and in the wrong direction to trans- ithe, ee Sara mit sound toward either Ord or me. Neither he nor I nor any one in either command heard oe ae a gun that was fired e upon the battlefield. After the engagement \ Rosecrans sent me a de- spatch announcing the re- bearing the message was compe lled to sult. The courier oO S move west nearly to Jacinto be- fore he found a road leading to Burnsville. This made SS RESP VAD TDD IT PF poe fem late = ve D Cs | ee ae. & = = : => a t 5 mn cart a b 4 bi ; ) ra mG ieee em, = egueennP Feeley name . ee OD a me LOOMIS'S BATTERY IN ACTION, found no fault at the time.’ General Grant says that the plan of the battle, which included the i occupation of the Fulton road, was suggested by Bay Rosecrans himself. 1) A Confederate soldier, who participated in the engagement, gave a craphic account of it in a let- } spowe ter, a few extracts from which are interesting and Bt A EXANDE hour of MAJOR-GENERAL LOVELL H. ROUSSEAU. suggestive. ‘T wrote you a short communication i from Iuka, announcing its peaceable capture on the the night before h h. by the army under General Price I believe I was a little T learned’ of the battle that had taken place during the atter9 4'l> >) CC ee Ce as eS j noone i at oncesnotined Ord of the fact and) ordered tiny to congratulatory in my remarks, and spread out on the rich fruits is attack early in the morning. The next morning Rosecrans of the bloodless capture. Indeed, it was a sight to gladden (| : % ; ‘ 5 a : eC fer whose r die yr some time himself renewed the attack and went into Iuka with but little the heart of a poo! soldier whose only diet for s had been unsalted | beef and white leather nore stacks resistance. Ord also went in according to orders, without hear- x ing a gun from the south of the town, but supposing the troops of cheese, crackers, preserves, mackerel, coffee, and other eood 4 coming from the southwest must be up before that time. Rose- things that line the shelves of the sutlers’ a 10ps, aie fill the i commissary stores of the Yankee army. But, alas! - The good crans, however, had put no troops upon the Fulton road, and Caw met heeOn ie ee Patti erent tblangs Gye etal Daa Pe 206 CAMPFIRE AND hich should have been distributed to the brave men who held in reserve for what purpose I know not, he teeth of those higher in authority (whilst things w won them were unless to sweeten t the men were fed on husks), and I suppose were devoured by ie fiames on the day of ourretreat. We held peaceable pos- session of Iuka one day, and on the next day were alarmed by the booming of cannon, and called out to spend the evening 1n battle array in the woods. _How on earth, with the woods full of our cavalry, they could have approached so near our lines, is a mystery ! They had planted a battery sufficiently near to shell General Price’s headquarters, and were cracking away at the Third Brigade in line of battle under General Herbert when our brigade (the Fourth) came up at a double quick and formed on their left. And then for two hours and fifteen min- utes was kept up the most terrific fire of musketry that ever dinned my ears. There was one continuous roar of small arms, ] while grape and canister howled in fearful concert above our S . - + - heads and through our ranks. General Little, our division commander, whose bravery and kindness had endeared him to the men under his command, was shot through the head early oOo in the action, and fell from his horse dead. He was sitting by General Price and conversing with him at the time. The Third Brigade was in the hottest of the fire. They charged and took the battery, which was doing so much damage, after a desperate struggle, piling the ground with dead. the Ghird Louisiana Regiment, of this brigade, entered the fight with two hundred and thirty-eight men, and lost one hundred and eight in killed and wounded. The Third Texas fared about y o as badly. The troops against which we. were contending were 1 Western men, the battery manned by Iowa troops, who fought bravely and well. I know this, that the events of that evening have considerably increased my appetite for peace, and if the Yankees will not shoot at us any more I shall be perfectly satis- fied to let them alone. ~All night could be heard the groans of S the wounded and dying of both armies, forming a sequel of hor- ror and agony to the deadly struggle over which night had kindly thrown its mantle. Saddest of all, our dead were left unburied, and many of the wounded on the battlefield to be taken in charge by the enemy. During the entire retreat we lost but four or five wagons, which broke down on the road and were ‘left. Acts of vandalism disgraceful to the army were, however, per- petrated along the road, which made me blush to own such men as my countrymen. Cornfields were laid waste, potato-patches robbed, barn-yards and smoke-houses despoiled, hogs killed, and all kinds of outrages perpetrated in broad daylight and in full view of officers. I doubted, on the march up and on the retreat, whether I was in an army of brave men fighting for their coun- try, or merely following a band of armed marauders who are as terrible to their friends as foes. The settlements through which we passed were made to pay heavy tribute to the rapacity of our soldiers. This plunder, too, was without excuse, for rations were regularly issued every night.” Early in October the combined forces of Price and Van Dorn attempted the capture of Corinth, which had been abandoned by Beauregard in May, and from that time had been held by Grant's forces. Grant was now in Jackson, Tenn., where he had been ordered to make his headquarters, and Rosecrans was in immediate command at Corinth with about twenty thousand men. The place was especially tempting to -the Confederates because of the enormous amount of supplies in store there, and also for other reasons, which are well stated in Van Dorn’s report made after the battle: “Surveying the ee ber tis Sor ETE Re Te eP prose rs EFF RST re _ - . : ear : SS SEN be 2 rrr Pers reser eye obs ARE ae IBAL IP WEIL JE IP MIB IL ID whole field of operations before me, the conclusion forced itself irresistibly upon my mind, that the taking of Corinth was a condition precedent to the accomplishment of anything of importance in West lennessee. lo take Memphis would be to destroy an immense amount otf property without any adequate military advantage, even admitting that it could be held without heavy guns against the enemy's gun and mortar boats. The line of fortifications around Bolivar is intersected by the Hatchie River, rendering it impossible to take the place by quick assault. It was clear to my mind that if a successful attack could be made upon Corinth from the west and north- west. the forces there driven back on the Tennessee and cut . a ety : ne é off. Bolivar and Jackson would easily fall, and then, upon the arrival of the exchanged prisoners of war (about nine thousand), West Tennessee would soon be in our possession, and communication with General Bragg effected through middle Tennessee. I determined to attempt Corinth. I had a reason- able hope of success. Field returns at Ripley showed my strensoth to be about twenty-two thousand men. Rosecrans = o 7 at Corinth had about fifteen thousand, with about eight thou- sand additional men at outposts from twelve to fifteen miles distant. I might surprise him and carry the place before these troops could be brought in. It was necessary that this blow should be sudden and decisive. The troops were in fine spirits, and the whole Army of West Tennessee seemed eager to emu- late the armies of the Potomac and Kentucky. No army ever marched to battle with prouder steps, more hopeful counte- nances; or with more courage, than marched the Army of West Tennessee out of Ripley on the morning of September 290th, on its way to Corinth.” Rosecrans had several days’ notice of the attack, and had placed the main body of the troops in an inner line of intrench- ments nearer the town than the old Confederate fortifications. Skirmishing began on the 3d of October, when the Confederates approached from the north.and west. The skirmishers were soon driven in, and the advance troops, under McArthur and Oliver, made a more determined resistance than Rosecrans had intended; his idea in thrusting them forward being that they should merely develop the enemy's purpose, find out what point he intended to attack, and then fall back on the main body. In the afternoon this advanced detachment had been pushed back to the main line, and there the fighting became very obstinate and bloody. General Hamilton’s division was on the right, Daviess next, Stanley's in reserve, and McKean on the left. The force of the first heavy blow fell upon McKean and Davies. As the Confederates overlapped Davies a little on his right, General Rosecrans ordered Hamilton to move up his left and connect with Davies, then to swing his right around the enemy’s left and get in his rear. Hamilton asked for more definite in- structions than he had received verbally from the staff officer, and Rosecrans sent him a written order, which he received at five o'clock. Hamilton says: “A simple order to attack the enemy in flank could have reached me by courier from General Rosecrans any time after two P. M. in fifteen minutes. I con- strued it [the written order] as an order for attack, and at once proceeded to carry it out.’”’ A somewhat similar misunderstand- ing arose between General Hamilton and his brigade com- manders, in consequence of which Buford’s brigade went astray and a precious hour was lost. During that time the battle was apparently going in favor of the Confederates, although they were purchasing their advantages at heavy cost. Each com. mander believed that if he could have had an hour more of sum Melehnahitttienee' ‘ a wed y(t Lebkdacos ROS LUnr ine es J of CAMPFIRE AND light the victory would have been his that day. In the evening Rosecrans assembled his division commanders and made his dispositions for a renewal of the battle on the morrow. At half-past four o'clock in the morning the Confederates opened the fight with their artillery, to which that of Rosecrans promptly replied, and extended their infantry lines farther to the north of the town. Here, on their extreme left, they formed behind a low hill, and then suddenly advanced in line of battle only three hundred yards distant from the National intrench- ments. They were soon subjected to a cross-fire from the bat- teries, their line was broken, and only fragments of it reached the edge of the town, from which they were soon driven away by the reserves. Kosecrans then sent forward one of Hamilton’s brigades to attack the broken enemy, which prevented them from re-forming and drove them cone eas Avavet) ol eae Cesieaencila re Lt etd DBs Aye 3 s = ‘ Mabanchi bans ts ete ie Saabs Oe ay si UpAneeehN ALEC LU nod Tet Ta watt We Bre Eel e ele 307 battery and a battalion of cavalry, took the route south of the arya [hase = ete ) ~y CE c q railroad toward Pocahontas; McKean followed on this route with the rest of his division and Ingersoll’s cavalry; Hamilton followed McKean with his entire force.” says in his ‘“ Memoirs ”’ But General Grant “General Rosecrans, however, failed to follow up the victory, although I had given specific orders in advance of the battle for him to pursue the moment the enemy was repelled. order after the battle. He did not do so, and I repeated the In the first order he was notified that the force of four thousand men which was going to his assist- ance would be in great peril if the enemy was not pursued. General Ord had Joined Hurlbut on the 4th, and, being senior, took command of his troops. This force encountered the head of Van Dorn’s retreating column just as it was crossing the Ellatchve bya into the woods. ) — At the most ad- a £ | ——— vanced point of : — = = the National = line, which was Sk: Sap ‘ . oa oon Soa a small work ; called Battery heaviest fight- 1 . tee ing of the day foo kK place: Here for more than two hours the roar of ar- tillery and small NOS Wes hoe cessant and the smoke was in Ehiek clouds: Through this heavy smoke the Confeder- bridge some ten miles: out from Corinth ~ he bottom land here was swampy and bad for the oper- ations of troops, LOSER RS, making a good place to get an into. wg PIG enemy Ord attacked the troops that em lInardl Grosisied the bridge and drove them back in a panic. Many were el eds anid others were drowned by be- ing pushed off the bridge in oO o ates made three determined charges upon Battery Robin- ett, and= thie = troops on either side of it, all of which were re- pelled. The heavy assaulting columns were raked through and through by the shot, but they persistently closed up and moved forward until, in one instance, a colonel carrying the colors actu- ally planted them on the edge of the ditch, and then was im- After this the Confederates gave up the fight At sunset General McPherson arrived mediately shot. and slowly withdrew. from Jackson with reinforcements for the Nationals, and Gen- eral Hurlbut was on the way with more. says: “ Our pursuit of the enemy was immediate and vigorous, but the darkness of the night and the roughness of the country, coveted with woods and thickets, made movement impracticable General McPherson’s General Rosecrans by night, and slow and difficult by day. brigade of fresh troops with a battery was ordered to start at daylight and follow the enemy over the Chewalla road, and Stan- ley’s and Davies’s divisions to support him. McArthur, with all of McKean’s division except Crocker’s brigade, and with a good MAJOR-GENERAL EDWARD 0. C. ORD AND STAFF. their hurried re- Ord fol- lowed, and met BELEAe. the main force. Hie was) too weak in num- bers to assault, but he held the bridge and compelled the enemy to resume his retreat by another bridge higher up the stream. Ord was wounded in this engage- | Rosecrans dic k ment, and the command devolved on Hurlbut. not start in pursuit till the morning of the 5th, and then too the wrong road. Moving in the enemy's country, he travelled with a wagon train to carry his provisions and munitions of war. h was therefore slower than that of the enemy, who was Two or three hours’ pursuit on the His marc moving toward his supplies. day of battle, without anything except what the men carried on their persons, would have been worth more than any pursuit commenced the next day could have possibly been. Even when he did start, if Rosecrans had followed the route taken by the enemy, he would have come upon Van Dorn in a swamp, with a stream ‘1 front and Ord holding the only bridge ; but he took h and toward Chewalla instead of west, the road leading nort hed as far as the enemy had moved to and, after having marc , eI aa : hig _—* “Br. ee nae eee ees —— IFT DAT vs Le ee vo —> Seat iaa - er ed fie y het SO LTA DY pa 0 U of eae ELLaju- Fe potest, Ls teeth eee eee Pre T. TREGO.) ILLIAM BY = =D) YW”) > =) A: a IN¢ Tee (FROM A PAIN Soe ees CS RR a Sh ‘ ; tiie Ce ETE eye) Dr ore raters a : . ee un‘ NN PE i get to the Hatchie, he was as far from battle as when he Hurlbut had not the numbers to meet any such Dorn’s if they had been in any mood for fi Started. force as Van ghting, and he might have been in great peril. I now regarded the time to accomplish anything by pursuit as past, and after Rosecrans reached Jones- boro’ I ordered him to return.” General Grant considered that General Rosecrans had the same serious mistake twice, at Iuka and at Corinth made > and for this reason Rosecrans was soon relieved from further service that department. in The Confederate authorities also were dis. satishied with their general, for they accounted the defeat at Corinth a heavy disaster, and Van Dorn was soon superseded by Gen. John C. Pemberton. Rosecrans superseded Buell October 24th, when his army— thenceforth called the Army of the Cumberland—was at Bowling Green, slowly pursuing Bragg. Rosecrans sent a portion of it to the relief of Nashville, which was besieged by a Confederate force, and employed the remainder in repairing the railroad from Louis- ville, over which his supplies must come. This done, about the end of November he unitéd his forces at Nashville. At the same time Bragg was ordered to move forward again, and went as far as Murfreesboro’, forty miles from Nashville, where he fortified a strong position on Stone River, a shallow stream fordable at nearly all points. There was high festivity among the secessionists in Murfreesboro’ that winter, for Bragg had brought much plunder from Kentucky.’ No one dreamed that eA \\ ee " \ RAN Is NY \\ thes iN XX) % " o — a Wee MART aay) \ SAN SLL a Aye wey UA ah bite ees CLUS Ed ett ik Tere) uti o CAMPFIRE AND aE " ‘ wL ri Ute CAVA A AIM aay iiisi sees es WLLL LS LE) mht " yey sas +} ahs b IBAN IP 0 I, 18 IPILIB IE, 1D). 209 Rosecrans would attack the place before spring, and several roving bands of guerilla cavalry were very active, and performed some exciting if not important exploits. The leader of one of these, John H. Morgan, was married in Murfreesboro’, the cere- mony being performed by Bishop and Gen. Leonidas Polk, and Jefferson Davis being present. It is said that the floor was car. peted with a United States flag, on which the company danced, to signify that they had put its authority under their feet. The revelry was: rudely interrupted when Rosecrans, leaving Nashville with forty-three thousand men, in a rain-storm, the day after Christmas, encamped on the 30th within sight of Bragg’s intrenchments. A correspondent of the Louisville Journal, who went over the ground at the time and witnessed the battle, gave a careful description of its peculiarities, which is necessary to a complete understanding of the action: “As the road from Nashville to Murfreesboro’ approaches the latter place, it suddenly finds itself parallel to Stone River. The stream flowing east crosses the road a mile this [west] side of Murfreesboro’. Abruptly chang- ing its course, it flows north along the road, and not more than four hundred yards distant, for more than two miles. It is a considerable stream, but fordable in many places at low water. The narrow tongue of land between the turnpike road and the river is divided by the Nashvilleand Chattanooga Railroad, which, running down the centre of the wedge-like tract, bisects the turnpike half a mile this side of where the latter crosses the river. SA \ Wt yy = a ) RNY NA CHARGE OF THE FEDERALS AT CORINTH. Hse (SF a - LIE oe “ame ae set ta ee Se otet. ee Pe a ee ST a = ene PCY LO pe oeeNer-TETT Oe eee 210 CAMPFIRE AND here the third milestone from Mur- 1 railroad—at that point about ht cut, and this a few rods The result is to convert Just in rear of the spot w freesboro’ stands, the turnpike anc sixty yards apart—run through a slig farther on is succeeded by a slight fill. lroad and turnpike for a distance of two or three hundred On each side of the road -at this That on the left extends to a cur- he river, and also half a mile to the both rai yards into a natural rifle-pit. point there are open fields. tain of timber which fringes t front along the road, where it gives place to an oak wood of no great density or extent. To the left and front, however, it opens out into a large open plain, which flanks the wood just mentioned, and extends up the river in the direction of Mur- In the field on the left of the railroad great height sloping down to the railroad ie ground to the front and right. It was he freesboro’ for a mile. there is a hill of no and commanding all tl here that Guenther’s and Loomis’s batteries were posted in t terrible conflict of Wednesday. The open field on the right of the turnpike road, three hundred yards wide, is bounded on the west by an almost impenetrable cedar forest. Just in rear of the forest, and marking its extreme northern limit, is a long, narrow opening, containing about ten acres. There is a swell in the field on the right of the road, corresponding with the one on the left. The crest of this hill is curiously concave. From its beginning point at the corner of the cedars, the northern end of the crest curves back upon itself, so that after fortifying the front of the position it renders the right flank well-nigh impreg- nable.” Rosecrans intended to attack the next day; but Bragg antici- pated him, crossed the river before sunrise, concealed by a thick fog, reached the woods on the right of the National line, and burst out upon the bank in overwhelming force. McCook’s command, on the extreme right, was crumbled and thrown back, losing several guns and many prisoners. Sheridan's command, MAJOR-GENERAL JAMES B, McPHERSON. ARR a ieee PAYGP IT its Err rot IBA TP UF 1b, 18 IP IUS Ib 1D) next in line, made a stubborn fight till its ammunt- tion was nearly exhausted, and then slowly re- tired. General Thomas's com- mand, which formed the cen- tre, now held the enemy back till Rosecrans estab- lished a new line, nearly at right angles to the first, with artillery ad- vantageously posted, when Thomas fell back to this and main- tained his ground. Za Through the fore- BRIGADIER-GENERAL FRANK C. ARMSTRONG, C. S. A. noon the Confed- erates had seemed to have everything their own way, and they had inflicted grievous loss upon Rosecrans, besides sending their restless cavalry to annoy his army in the rear. But here, as usual, the tide was turned. The first impetuous rush of the Southern soldier had spent itself, and the superior staying quall- ties of his Northern opponent began to tell. Bragg hurled his men again and again upon the new line; but as they left the cedar thickets and charged across the open field they were y effort was fruitless. Even when seven thousand fresh men were mercilessly swept down by artillery and musketry fire, and ever drawn over from Brageg’s right and thrown against the National oo o centre, the result was still the same. The day ended with Rosecrans immovable in his position; but he had been driven from half of the ground that he held in the morning, and had lost twenty-eight guns and many men, while the enemy's cavalry was upon his communications. Finding that he had ammunition enough for another battle, he determined to remain where he was and sustain another assault. His men slept on their arms that night, and the next day there was no evidence of any dis- position on either side to attack. Both sides were correcting their lines, constructing rifle-pits, caring for their wounded, and preparing for a renewal of the fight. [This came on the second day of the new year, when there was some desultory fighting, and Rosecrans advanced a division across the stream to strike at Bragg’s communications. Breck- enridge’s command was sent to attack this division, and drove it arl> . . “117 Ar , . -earl-anri ~o ; r { f back to the river, when Breckenridge suddenly found himself subjected to a terrible artillery fire, and lost two thousand men in we r ' Wel ay ve c aie - ~ YYrCy A T ‘ | ea minutes. Following this, a charge by National in fe “a7 - TO 7 Vonil> va r val “ lantry drove him back with a loss of four guns and many prisoners, and this ended the great battle of Stone River, or “tennc ry / 1+ > “> . - * Murfreesboro’. After the repulse of Breckenridge, Rosecrans advanced his left again, and that night occupied with some of his batteries high ground, from which Murfreesboro’ could be shelled. The next day there was a heavy rain-storm, and in the ensuing night the Confederate army quietly retreated, leaving M “Treec ary) + . r > ) . ~er a : ; a * : urfreesboro’ to its fate. Rosecrans reported his loss in killed and wounded as eight thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight, eS NEL ET errr rae ery “Aes ees Tey reer ys " 00 " : O) BAUM ke aisiela? el\ lia hy ane SCHR ang, , | re ; if ! Pd ol eds ef 1 bla oa ' ; Otte une bet As } (da ETP Grit on are es ‘ ayer be ‘ er ati ae 0 1) AAL Eee — wi Sait $ ere Sra ere) ote ta eth trans Spy reer aes ° : 4 : ; CAMPFIRE AND BA W UIC IB IE UIE Ie, Jd). ati and in prisoners as somewhat fewer than twenty-eight hundred. A correspondent of the Cincinnati Commercial, in an account Bragg acknowledged a loss of over ten thousand, and claimed of the battle written on the field) sayse ““Golonel Innes aith that he had taken over six thousand prisoners. " the Ninth Michigan engineers, posted at La Vergne to protect the road, had just been reinforced by several companies of the Tenth Ohio, when Wheeler’s cavalry brigade made a strong dash e. at that position. Colonel Innes had protected himself by a g.-Gens. Joshua stockade of brush, and fought securely. The enemy charged W. Sill and Edward N. Kirk among the killed, while on the several times with great fury, but were murderously repulsed. Confederate side Brig.-Gens. James E. Rains and Roger W. About fifty rebels were dismounted, and nearly a hundred of the horses were killed. Wheeler finally withdrew, and sent in a flag of truce demanding surrender. Colonel Innes replied, ‘We don’t surrender much.’ Wheeler then asked permission to bury his dead, which was granted. . . . General Rose- crans, as usual, was in the midst of the fray, directing the movement of troops and the range of batteries.” Some of the things that soldiers have to endure, which. are not often mentioned among the stirring events of the field, are indicated in the report of Col. Jason Marsh of the Seventy- fourth Illinois Regiment. He says: “My com- mand was formed in line of battle close behind a narrow strip of cedar thicket, nearly covering our The number of men engaged on the National side was about forty-three thousand, and on the Confederate about thirty-eight thousand, according to the reports, which are not always reliabl The losses on the National side included Bric Htanson were killed. The incidents of this great and complicated battle were very numerous, and have been related at great length by different correspondents and participants. The cavalry fighting that pre- ceded the infantry engagement was severe, and in some respects brilliant. This arm of the service was commanded on the National side by Gen. David S. Stanley, and on the Confederate byaGen. Jioseph Wheeler, Col. R: El. G. Minty, commanding the First Bri- gade of the National cavalry, says in his account of the first day’s battle: “Crossing Overall’s Creek, I took up position parallel to and about front, and skirting a strip of open level ground about three-quarters of a mile from the twenty rods wide to the cornfield occupied by the Murfreesboro’ and Nashville enemy’s pickets. Being thus satisfied of the close pike; the Fourth Michigan form- proximity of the enemy in strong force, and appre- ing a line of dismounted skir- hending an attack at any moment, I deemed it mishers close to the edge of the woods. My entire force at 7 this time numbered nine hun- — ee forces dredt amd tity mene. he —— (anfederute enemy advanced rapidly with twenty-five hundred cavalry, mounted and dismounted, and three pieces of artillery. ititeydigovie- back thre Fourth Michigan, and then attacked thie Sieventt h Pennsylvania with great > JOHN fury, but met with a de- RGAN termined resistance. I went for- ward to the line of dismounted skirmishers, and endeavored to move them to the right to strengthen the Seventh Pennsylvania; but the moment the right of the line showed itself from behind the fence where they were Ore! posted, the whole of the enemy’s fire was directed on it, Soe can CSONY ; . Fiftee se eM Vag een turning it completely round. At this moment the Fifteenth me - Pennsylvania gave way and retreated rapidly, leaving the battalion of the Seventh Pennsylvania no alternative but to retreat. I fell back a couple of fields and re-formed in the rear of a rising ground. The rebel cavalry followed us up Seees ge 0%, iS “eae tes Tete Q) WITHERS u Vike 7 R48 ray promptly into the open ground, and now menaced us with three strong lines. General Stanley ordered a charge, and he himself led two companies of the Fourth Michigan, with about fifty men of the Fifteenth Pennsylvania, against the line in front of our left. He routed the enemy, and cap- tured one stand of colors. At the same time I charged the —~e TF Tl; first line in our front with the Fourth Michigan and } irst Mile -necennne Tennessee, and drove them from the field. The second line was formed on the far side of a lane with a partially de- | es oe stroyed fence on each side, and still stood their eround. I re- foo a sas The enemy again broke formed my men and again charged. [The enemy aga! a Se oe AH Seda, Ve j Ve a PPA eka cau peers Bad f , CAMPFIRE AND 212 necessary to use the utmost precaution against surprise, and, in addition to general instructions to biv- gin OUAG without « MKes, scare , , | and to maintain a cautious, quiet vigi- lance, I ordered my command to stack arms, and each man to rest at the butt of his musket without using his shelter tent. Although the was dark, chilly, somewhat rainy, and night and the men cold, wet, weary, and hungry, I deemed it objection- able to use their shel- fees ieee ter tents, not only Ol the Case of a BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL D. S. STANLEY. because hin- drance in sudden attack, but even in a dark night they would be some guide to the enemy to trace our line. At a little before four o’clock A. M., our men were quietly waked up, formed into line, and remained standing at their arms until moved by subsequent orders. As soon as it became sufficiently light to observe ob- jects at a distance, I could plainly discern the enemy moving in three heavy columns across my front, one column striking out of the cornfield and moving defiantly along the edge of the open ground not more than eighty rods from my line. It was plainly to be seen that the fire of my skirmishers took effect in their ranks, and in emptying their saddles; to which, however, the enemy seemed to pay no attention.” Some of the most stubborn fighting of the day was done by iting oO Palmer’s division, and especially by Hazen’s brigade of that division, on the National left, in the angle between the rail- When -the had been driven back, heavy columns of the Confederates were road and the turnpike. right of Rosecrans’s army directed against the exposed flank of his left, which was also sub- jected to a fierce artillery fire. Palmer's men formed along the railroad and in the woods to the right of the pike, with Cruft’s brigade nearest to the enemy, and several batteries were hastily brought up to check the advancing tide. The Confederates moved steadily onward, apparently sure of a victory, overpowered Cruft and drove him back, and were still advancing against Hazen, some of whose regiments had expended their ammuni- tion and were simply waiting with fixed bayonets, when Grose’s brigade came to the relief of Hazen, and all stood firm and met the enemy with a terrific and unceasing fire of musketry, to which Parsons’s remarkable battery added a rain of shells and canister. The ranks of the Confederates were thinned so rapidly that one regiment after another.gave up and fell back, until a single regiment was left advancing amd came within three hun- dred yards of the National line. At this point, when every one of its officers and half its men had been struck down, the re- mainder threw themselves flat upon the ground, and were unable either to go forward any farther or to retreat. In the afternoon the Confederates made two-more similar attempts, but were met in the same way and achieved no success, (BEAU ey le ELE) Rousseau’s division, which had been held in reserve, was ht into action when the fight became critical, and per- A. par- broug of the most gallant work of the day. iC iven a VIVI sscripti ot > scenes in ticipant has given a vivid description of some of the scenes formed some Rousseau’s front: ‘The broken and dispirited battalions of our right wing, retreating by the flank, were pouring out of the corn- fields and through the skirts of the woods, while from | he field rose the indescribable crackle and slowly curling The line of fire no-v grew rapidly the tar end of the f smoke of the enemy’s fire. seeming to close in slowly, but with fatal cer- nearer and nearer, tainty, around our front and flank; and presently the lines of the enemy, three or four deep, could be seen The right long gray through the cornstalks vomiting flame on the retreating host. division opened its lines and let our brave but unfortunate columns pass through. The legion came through in this way with fearfully decimated ranks, drawing away by hand two pieces of our artillery. When all the yelonging to the battery, and all the other guns, had been of Rousseau’s sallant and invincible oD horses disabled, the brave boys refused to leave these two béhind, and drew them two miles through fields and thickets to a place of safety. It was a most touching sight to see these brave men, in that perilous hour, flocking around Rousseau like children, with acclamations of delight, and every token of love, as soon as they recognized him, embracing his horse, his legs, his clothes. Fly- ing back to the open ground which was now to be the scene of so terrific a conflict, Rousseau galloped rapidly across it, and read with a single eagle glance all of its advantages. Guenther’s and Loomis’s batteries were ordered to take position on the hill on the left of the railroad, and Stokes’s Chicago battery, which had got with our division, was placed there also. History furnishes but few spectacles to be compared with that which now ensued. The rebels pressed up to the edge of the cedar forest and swarmed I saw the first few gray suits that dotted out into the open field. the dark green line of the cedars with their contrasted color thicken into a line of battle, and the bright elitter of their steel flashed less chain of lightning thick heavy green of the This] before our fire, open- like an end- amid the and thicket. saw ing on them around the whole extent of our line, engirdled a belt of flame smoke. After that I saw them no more, nor will any them with and human eye ever see them more. Guen- ther, Loomis, and Stokes, with peal after peal, too rapid to be counted, mowed them double- down with shotted canister: the lines of infantry poured a LIEUTENANT-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER, C. S. A, left of our ATP AL LET: in QIU pp BESS Boa SS Wace aes nyse eae CaSUAS UNIT Tt ritre ; poaiharbbat by chs Pre) vitae eters continuous sheet of flame into their front, while the right of our line, posted in its remarkable position by the gemitne of Rousseau, enveloped their left flank and swept their havin line with an enfilading fire. Thick smoke settled down upon the scene; the rim of the hill on which our batteries stood BY erm, BURYING A COMRADE. seemed to be surrounded by a wall of living fire ; the turnpike road and the crest of the hill on the right were wrapped in an unending blaze; flames seemed to leap out of the earth and dance through the air. No troops on earth could withstand such a fire as that. One regiment of rebels, the boldest of their line, advanced to within seventy-five yards of our line, but there it was blown out of exist- ence. It was utterly destroyed; and the rest of the rebel line, broken and decimated, fled like sheep into the depths of the woods. The terrific firing ceased, the smoke quickly rolled away, and the sun shone out bright and clear on the scene that was lately so shrouded How still everything was! Every- in smoke and mortal gloom. g body seemed to. be holding his breath. As soon as the firing ceased, General Rousseau and his staff galloped forward to the ground the rebels had advanced over. Their dead lay there in frightful heaps, some with the life-blood not yet all flowed from their mortal wounds, some propped upon their elbows and gasp- ing their last. The flag of the Arkansas regiment lay there on the ground beside its dead bearer. Every depression in the field was full of wounded, who had crawled thither to screen themselves from the fire, and a large number of prisoners came out of a little copse in the middle of the field and surrendered themselves to General Rousseau in person. Among them was one captain. They were all that were left alive of the bold : y ” Arkansas regiment that had undertaken to charge out line. There was great disappointment and dissatisfaction among CAM PHI RE AND , \ | Wee i nin ttf, Me {{\! Ht DoS Ne S Spaz Sea WILLS LP Wal IIE IOIB IE IIE IL ID). 213 the secessionists at the failure of Lee’s invasion of Maryland and Brage’s of Kentucky. Pollard, the Southern historian, wrote, GS INE ee Estat ; Beers 2 No subject was at once more dispiriting and perplexing to the South than the cautious and unmanly reception given to our armies both in Kentucky and Maryland.” They seemed unable wr BEE =o) ————— oS Gy Pease ae ty, CO IC eames Yy— ZY YE VP x pe ZV Zi feo YT Ze BRIGADIER-GENERAL ROBERT B. VANCE, C. S.A. to comprehend INOW tineire could be such a thing as a MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE, C. S. A. Slave’ Staite that did not want to break up the Union. Pollard, in his account of the response of the people of Maryland to Eecs proclamation, says, “Instead of the twenty or thirty thousand recruits which he had believed he would obtain on the soil of Maryland, he found the people content to gaze with wonder on his ragged and poorly equipped army, but with little disposition to join his ranks,” ee HHL ia 5 ABI rome LAL A Pile inane tee” * Pe wy aie ‘ oy (ary Ch Ue [Pe mot iit eck ie alk Ne | reed hid pe NIT Oe ete ABD ILBI LS. i Vie ci oi fan a « 4 i fWye Pee ok Weft rs Lani > a =8- dé Sh ee a ee IN; THE WEST atthe pe = eres : . as —— Oe enn - = : ~ : ee ne INDIANS ACTING AS SCOUTS FOR THE FEDERAL ARMY DELAWARE ied tS 53k So ERE — <= VLE Cad Vaal Paar er errer rar rst rer Pa geas f Brea ~~ Raaie yan MEU ee MCC wth Aa Daba Cs cbc Eid, Sieben ed 8 Ty id ed dada a er: , — roel ed i hh sebiirbass. SELLOUT LTTE N LCL LLU LS 0/7 Aacel arr Pe Parnes A SUTLER’S CABIN. GENRE Re Saxe MINOR EVENTS OF THE SECOND YEAR. OF BLUE’S GAP, VA.—MARCHING OVER THE SNOW NORFOLK, VA., BY GEN. JOHN BURNSIDE ON FORT PULASKI—BATTLE WINCHESTER AND McDOWELL—CAPTURE OF E. WOOL—WEST CONFEDERATES—FIGHTING WITH BUSH WHACKERS—OPERATIONS UNDER THE NORTH CAROLINA COAST—UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT TO CAPTURE CHARLESTON—ENGAGEMENTS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY—GUERILLA GEN. JOHN H. MORGAN—EAST TENNESSEEANS LOYAL LO) DAE UNION—OPERATIONS IN EAST TENNESSEE BY GENERAL FOREST—BATTLES AROUND NASHVILLE— THE FIELD—BOMBARDMENT AND CAPTURE OF VALLEY—BATTLES OF LARGE ARMIES IN —OPERATIONS IN THE SHENANDOAH VIRGINIA CLEAR OF GENERAL RAID UNDER THE COMMAND OF AND RAIDS BUFORD—RAPID AND DARING IN NEW MEXICO—INDIAN OPERATIONS IN THE NORTHWEST. UNDER GENERAL NEGLEY COLONEL FIGHTING GUERILLAS IN MISSOURI—FIGHTING | year of the war, though the struggle did not then culminate, some of the largest armies were gathered and At the East, McClellan made his Peninsula campaign with Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, on known as the Second Bull Run, followed by the moderate armies, the results were more brilliant S received the first surrender Old IN the seconc some of the greatest battles fought. and Pope his short and unfortunate campal At the West, with smaller son and 1 was a reverse on the first day and a vic- and the Seven Days, of Antietam and the horror of Fredericksburg. | the country when he captured Fort Done in April by the battle of Shiloh, whic h. Thomas had gained his first victory at Mill Springs, and Buell forth. Two great and novel naval engage- pture of New victory Grant had electrifiec and this was followed ——A po and satisfactory. Confederate army ; tory on the second, and still later by the capture of Corint had fought the fierce battle of Perryville, where the genius of Sheridan first shone ments had taken place—the fight of the ‘ron-clads in Hampton Roads, and Farragut’s passage of the forts and ca | all this there were hundreds of minor engagements, subsidiary expeditions and skirmishes, all costing something Some of them were properly a portion of the great campaigns; others were separate llas, which had become very numerous, especially at the West. and interesting of these, generally omitting those occurring Orleans. Amic in destruction of life and property. actions, and still others were merely raids of Confederate gueri This chapter will be devoted to brief accounts of the more important LI (TF rate BETH * Se Le eRe er Pemaa i ye in patAuins Ale ae es Bs z hs] Me ARMOT ome « BIG CAMPFIRE AND in the course and as a part of any great campaign. While they had little to do with the results of the struggle, some account of them is necessary to any adequate idea of the condition of the country and the sufferings of that generation of our people. On the 6th of January a force of about 2,500, principally Ohio and Indiana troops, was sent out by General Kelly, under com- mand of Colonel Dunning, to attack a Confederate force of about 1,800 men strongly posted at Blue’s Gap, near Romney, Va. They marched over the snow in a brilliant moonlight night, and as they neared the Gap fired upon a small detach- ment that was attempting to destroy the bridge over the stream that runs through it. The Gap is a natural opening between high hills with very precipitous sides, and was d lefended with two howitzers and rifle-pits. There were also entrenchments on the hills. The Fourth Ohio Regiment was ordered to carry.those on the one hill, and the Fifth Ohio those on the other, which they did with arush. The advance then ran down the hills on the other side and quickly c After this the soldiers burned Blue’s house and mill, and also a few other houses, on the ground that they had been used to who had fired at them from the windows. 40 men killed and aptured the two pieces of artillery. shelter the enemy, the Confederates lost nearly There was no loss on the other In this affair about the same number c side. The fertile ind the Alleghenies, was important to both sides, strategetically, 1d to the 1861 Gen. Jackson’) was given command there with a Confederate force aptured. Shenandoah Valley, between the Blue Ridge Confederates especially as a source of supplies. In Thomas J. Jackson (commonly called ‘ Stonewall of about 11,000 men. But he did nothing of consequence dur- ing the autumn and winter. manded at first by General Frémont, and Banks. _The first serious conflict was at Winchester, The National forces there were com- afterward by General March 23, 1862. Winchester was important for military purposes ee it was at the junction of several highroads. Jackson’s army during the winter and spring had been reduced about one-half, but when he learned that the opposing force was also being reduced by the withdrawal of troops to aid General McClellan, he resolved to make an attack ae the force of General Shields at Winchester. His cavalry, under Turner Ashby, a brilliant leader who fell a few months later, Be the engagement with an attack on Shields’s cavalry aided by other troops, and was driven back with considerable loss. In this engagement General Shields was painfully wounded by a fragment of shell. The next day at sunrise the battle was renewed at Kernstown, a About 6,000 men were engaged on the Confederate side, and somewhat more than that on the National. back half a mile short distance south of Winchester, and lasted till noon. The Confederates were driven by a brilliant charge, and there took a strong position and posted their artillery ad\y vantageously. Other destructive fighting, when they retired, slowly at first, and afterward in complete rout, guns. They were pursued and shelled by a detachment under Colonel Kimball until they had passed Newtown. The National loss in this action was nearly 600; the Confederate, a little Over 700. charges followed, with ly losing three The next important engagement in this campaign took place, May 8th, near McDowell. After a slow retreat by the Con- ederates, which was followed by the National forces under Gen- ral Schenck, the former turned to give battle, and in heavy force, probably about 6,000, attacked General Milroy’s brigade and the Eighty-seco nd Ohio Regiment, numbering in all allborutt 22600: Milroy’s advance retired slowly, one battery s helling the adyanc- - ein PALS ; a al3LgF AUC LT bia 7 rr Ser a rrr BA TM Es lee Le Dy ing enemy upon his main body, and the next day it was dis- covered that the Confederates had posted themselves on a ridge in the Bull Pasture Mountain. Milroy’s force went out to attack him, and when two-thirds of the way up the mountain began the battle. It was soon found that this was only the advance of the Confederates, which slowly fell back upon the main body posted in a depression at the top of the mountain. One regiment after another was pushed forward, and the fighting ree hours, when Milroy’s men gave was pretty sharp for two or tht An incident of this up the contest as hopeless and fell back. fight that illustrates the humors of war is told of Lieut:-Col Francis W. Thompson of the Third West Virginia Regiment in Milroy’s command.’ He was writing a message, holding the paper against the trunk of a tree, when a bullet struck it and fastened it to the bark. ‘“‘ Thank you,” said he; “‘ | am not post- ing advertisements, and if I were I would prefer tacks.” The National loss in this action was reported at 256, and the Con- federate at 499. General Frémont’s army, moving up the valley, reached Harrisonburg June 6th, and there was a spirited action between a portion of his cavalry and that of the Confederates. The fight fell principally First New Jersey cavalry regiment, which, after apparently driving the here infantry suddenly appeared upon the enemy a short dis- tance, fell into an ambuscade, w on both sides of the road, protected by the stone walls, and fired into the regiment, which sustained considerable loss, including the capture of Colonel Wyndham. Other Cluseret and General Bayard, were then pushed forward, and the forces, under Colonel enemy, which was the rear guard of Jackson's army, commanded by Gen. Turner Ashby, was driven from the field. During this action each side successively suffered from an enfilading fire, and General Ashby was killed. Three Confederate color sergeants were shot, and a considerable number of officers either fell or were captured. Capt. Thomas Haines of the New Jersey cavalry, who was one of the last to retire from the ambush, was approached and shot by a Virginia officer in a long gray coat, who sat upon a handsome horse; and the next moment a com- rade of the captain's, risingin his saddle, turned upon the foe shouting, “Stop,” and shot the Virginian. While Frémont’s force was thus following up Jackson directly, General Shields’s division was moving southward on the eastern flank of purpose was rather to get away than to fight, the Shenandoah, expecting to ey him. Jackson's for by this time he was very much wanted before Rees Two days after the affair at Harrisonburg, Frémont overtook, at Cross Keys, Ewell’s division, which Jackson had left there to delay Frémont’s ad- vance, while he should prepare to cross the Shenandoah with his whole force. Frémont attacked promptly and met a spirited resistance, which he gradually overcame, able loss. Stahel’s brigade At the close « although at consider- ,on his left, was the heaviest sufferer. of the action Ewell retired, and Frémont’s troops Frémont had lost nearly 700 men. The Confederate loss is unknown. slept on the field. The next day Shields, coming up east of the river, encountered Jackson’s main force at Port Republic, and was attacked by it in overwhelming numbers. His men, however, stood their eround and made a brilliant fight, even capturing one gun and a considerable number of prisoners, but were finally routed, and lost several of their own guns. Frémont was prevented from crossing to the aid of Shields by the fact that Jackson had promptly burned the bridge. In this engagement Shields lost about 1,000 men, half of whom were captured. Jackson’s loss in the two engage- ments together was reported at 1,150, and his loss in the entire mC UC UN. \ ii Afa u oo ria aa PN pnp 12 | ‘ | eA eto ene at Peo ELL Lee athe UH eit ttere sere rereees tice cet bt LL eh ipictortet tl neeee | CAMPFIRE AND campaign at about I,g00. After this battle he hurried away to join Lee before Richmond, while Frémont and Shields received orders from Washington to give up the pursuit, and thus ended the campaign in the valley. On the 1oth of May, Gen. John E. Wool, with 5,000 men, landed at Willoughby’s Point, Va., and marched on Norfolk. As he approached the city he was met by the mayor and a portion of the Common Council, who formally surrendered jit. On taking possession, he appointed Gen. Egbert L. Viele military governor, and a little later he occupied Norfolk and Portsmouth. His capture of Norfolk caused the destruction of the Merrzmac, which the Confederates blew up on the 11th. The navy yard, with its workshops, storehouses, and other buildings, was in ruins: but General Wool’s captures included 200 cannon and a large amount of shot and shell. The Norfolk Day Book, a violent secession journal, was permitted to continue publication until it assailed Union citizens who took the oath of allegiance, and then it was suppressed. < West Virginia had been pretty effectively cleared of Confeder- ates during the first year of the war, but a few minor engage- ments took place on her soil during the second year. One of the most brilliant of these was an expedition to Blooming Gap under Gen. Frederick W. Lander, in February. General Lander crossed the Potomac with 4,000 men, marched southward, and bridged the Great Cacapon River. This bridge was one hundred and eighty feet long, and was built in four hours in the night. It was made by placing twenty wagons in the stream, using fs ae Ly Eon tn Wie WILE IPH 1B ILID. 217 them as piers, and putting planks across them. General Lander then, with his cavalry, pushed forward seven miles to Blooming Gap, expecting to cut off the retreat of a strong Confederate force that was posted there and hold it until his infantry could come up. He found that they had already taken the alarm and moved out beyond the Gap, but by swift riding he came up with a portion of them. Bringing up the Eighth Ohio and Seventh Virginia regiments of infantry for a support, he ordered a charge, which he lead in person, against a sharp fire. With a few followers he overtook a group of Confederate OMicers, «cut Ol thein Letreat) and then dismounted, greeted them with, “Surrender, gentlemen,’ and held out his hand to receive the sword of the leader, ive of the officers surrendered to him, and MAJOR-GENERAL ROBERT H. MILROY. four to members of his staff. Meanwhile the Confederate infantry had rallied and made a stand. At this point Lander's cavalry became demoralized and would not face the fire ; but he now advanced his infantry, which cleared the road, cap- tured many prisoners, and pursued the flying enemy eight miles. The total Confederate loss was near 100. The National loss was seven killed and wounded. Among the latter was Fitz-James O’Brien, the brilliant poet and. story writer, who died of his wound two months later. The Eighth Ohio Regiment was- commanded by Col. Samuel S. Car roll, who received special praise for his gallantry in this affair, and two years later, at the request of General Grant, was pro- moted to a brigadier-generalship for his brilliant services in cc a Acme oe oN er eee: tz es P Aa eg Or TTT lin a a= Mid Mae esNps eBid cer, | UA j i See = - = ~ ; are sed = iY : 4 oa a Pe ep Se ea en GAVIPEERE AND BALLER PEE LD. | 218 | the North Carolina coast there were numer- ous small expeditions thence to the interior. These were partly for the purpose of for- aging, partly for observation to detect any the Wilderness. General Lander, who was mt especially complimented for this affair in a | letter from President Lincoln, died in March from the effects of a wound received the im ‘ements arge bodies of Confederate j i previous year. He was one of the most movements of large boc | 7 ee renee roops, and partly to give protection and patriotic and earnest men and promising t | I ) 5 I Hh He officers in the service, and, like his staff | officer who fell here, was himself somewhat encouragement to Union citizens, of whom were many in that State. On June 5th a f £ reconnoissance in force was made from of a poet. There were many little bands of bush- whackers in the mountainous portions of Washington, N. C., for the purpose of test- ing the report that a considerable force of the territory covered by the seat of war. cavalry and infantry had been gathered near Pactolus. The expedition was commanded by Colonel Potter of the First North Caro- lina (National) volunteers, and was accom- Commonly they occupied themselves only in seeking opportunities for murder and | robbery of Union citizens, but occasionally a they made a stand and showed fight when panied by Lieutenant Avery of the Marine the bluecoats appeared. Early in May one artillery with three boat-howitzers. The day a | company of the Twenty-third Ohio infantry MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN C, FREMONT. ht with such a band at Clark's Hol- ous. All along the route slaves came from was oppressively hot, and the march labort- had a fig | ow, W. Va. -Under command of Lieutenant Bottsford they their work in the field, leaned upon the fences, and gave the scouted the hills until they found the camp of the bushwhack- soldiers welcome in their characteristic way. The enemy were ers, which had just been abandoned. Resting for the night at first found at Hodge’s Mills, where they were strongly posted the only house in the hollow, Bottsford’s men were attacked at between two swamps with the additional protection from two | daybreak by the gang they had been hunting, who outnum- mills. They had cut away the flooring of the mill flumes to bered them about five to one. They took possession of the prevent the cavalry from reaching them, and on the approach of house, made loop-holes in the chinking between the logs, and, the National advance they opened fire. The artillery was at being all sharp-shooters, were able to keep the enemy at bay. once ordered forward within half musket range, and opened such The leader of the bushwhackers called to his men to follow him a sharp and accurate fire that in forty-five minutes it completely in a charge upon the house, assuring them that the Yankees riddled the buildings and brought down many Confederate would quickly surrender; but as he immediately fell, and three sharp-shooters from the trees. When the main body of the 14 of his men, endeavoring to get to him, had the same fate, the troops rushed forward to charge the position, it was found that remainder retreated. Soon afterward the rest of the regiment, the Confederates had disappeared. The National loss was 16 commanded by Lieut.-Col. Rutherford B. Hayes, came up and men killed or wounded; the Confederate loss was unknown, but made pursuit. The flying bushwhackers set fire to the little was supposed to be nearly a hundred, including the colone! village of Princeton and disappeared over the mountain. In commanding. In their flight they left behind them large num- f this affair the National loss was one killed and 21 wounded ; of bers of weapons and accoutrements. This action is known as the bushwhackers, 16 were killed and 67 wounded. the battle of Tranter’s Creek. On the roth of September, at Fayetteville, the Thirty-fourth On the 2d of September it became known to the commander Ohio Regiment, under command of Col. John T. Toland, looking of the Federal force occupying Plymouth, N. C., that a detach- for the enemy near Fayetteville, W. Va., found ment of about 1,400 Confederates was march- more of him than they wanted. ing on that town with the | [The Confederates were in avowed intention of burn- heavy force, commanded by Gen. William W. Lor- ing, and were posted in ing it. Hastily bringing together a company of g Hawkins’s Zouaves, a com- the woods on the summit pany of loyal North Caro- of a steep hill. After three cet ' eee of a steep hill. After three linians, and a few civilians who were willing to fight in defence of their homes, making in all about 300 hours of fighting Toland g S was unable to gain the woods or to flank thie ae ae! a te ae men, the! captain= im ¢om- fetire, while the Conteder- ; 7 mand sent them out under ates fired upon him from the charge of Orderly-Ser a the heights as he passed eee Zoe | a : ae ; geant Green. Three miles Ee naa lost, im eililed, 7 a | from the town they met the wounded, and missing, 109 ' { b men. The loss of the Con- ; federates was not ascertained. enemy, which consisted of in- fantry and cavalry commanded : : by Colonel Garrett. They but was probably very slight. ) eos ae were bivouacked in the woods, and Green’s force, making a ) After Burnside had estab. a lished a basis of operations on sudden dash, surprised them H. STAHEL. and fought the whole force for HAM. D MAJOR.G L PERCY WYN SOR-GENERAL JuLius iia SF EPL ORE re or yy res eirers oe ” on = pO ae Vai TTL eae EST "= alas eo DAUR US RR4 Per a ’ SLUT IIT Lily irre we Le n Pt eee! so ihieeeys GAVE VA INGD, Colonel Garrett and 40 of his men were captured, and about 70 were killed or wounded. an hour, when they broke and fled. Green lost three men. The civilians who had joined the ex- pedition proved to be among the most efficient of the volun- teers. Four days later (September 6th) the Confederates attempted a similar enterprise against Washington, N.C. Early in the morning three companies of the National cavalry, with three guns, had gone out on the road toward Plymouth, when the Confederate cavalry dashed in at the other end of the town, fol- lowed by a body of about 400 infantry. The troops remaining in the town were surprised in their barracks, and a special effort was made to capture the loyal North Carolinians. But the men quickly rallied, the Confederate cavalry was driven back, and a The troops that had gone toward slow street fight ensued. o Plymouth were recalled, and guns were planted where they could sweep the streets. The National gunboats attempted to aid the land forces, but were largely deterred by a heavy fog. When, however, they got the range of the houses behind which the Confederates were sheltered, the latter quickly retreated, carrying off with them four pieces of artillery. During the fight the gunboat Picket was destroyed by the explosion of her mag- azine. The National loss was about 30, and the Confederate considerably larger. Throughout the war there was a strong desire to capture or punish the city of Charleston, which was looked upon as the cradle of secession, and also to close its harbor to blockade run- ners. Elaborate and costly operations on the seaward side were maintained for a long time, but never with any real success. The lowlands that stretch out ten or twelve miles south of the harbor are cut by many winding rivers and inlets, and broken frequently by swamps. At a point a little more than four miles south of the city was the little village of Secessionville, which was used as a summer resort by a few planters. It is on com- paratively high ground, and borders on a deep creek on the one side and a shallow one on the other. Across the neck of land between the two was an earthwork about two hundred yards long, known as Battery Lamar. There were similar works at other similar points in the region between Secessionville and the southern shore of the harbor. The Nation- al forces on these islands in 1862 were commanded by Gen. H. W. Benham, who in June planned an advance for the pur- pose of carrying the works at Secession- ville and getting striking dis- tance of the The division of Gen. Isaac I. Stevens was within city. to form the assault- ing column, and Wright’s division and Wil ACH aCe ales The made on June 16th, ¢ liams’s brigade to support. movement was LIEUTENANT-COLONEL RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, (Afterward Brevet Major-General.) rented BELA THe du Ls dese rteeterenesy pry tier | Tee ternt Tien Ute xt yas * Se, - \ Ls i ibbebssbi sl biti] PY al \ "2 . abut Also 13 Ah ELECT Prey od erect ine W14 Aal hi BAT TAE EEA IS IED. 219 at daybreak. The orders were that the advance should be made in silence, with no firing that could beavoided. Stevens’s men pushed forward, captured the. Confederate picket, and approached the works through an open field. But the enemy were not sur- prised, and a heavy fire of musketry and artillery was opened upon them almost from the first. It was found that the front presented by the work was too narrow for proper deployment of much more than a regi- ment, and the assailants suffered accordingly. There was also a line of abatis to be broken through, BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL JAMES SHIELDS. and a deep ditch; and yet a portion of the assaulting forces actually reached the parapet, but, of course, found it impossible to carry the works. The Eighth Michigan, which was in the advance, lost 182 men out of 534, including 12 of its 22 officers. Col. William M. Fenton, who commanded this regiment, says: “ The order not to fire, but use the bayonet, was obeyed, and the advance companies reached the parapet of the works at the angle on our right and front, engaging the enemy at the point of the bayonet. During our advance the enemy opened upon our lines an exceedingly de- structive fire of grape, canister, and musketry, and yet the regi- ment pushed on as veterans, divided only to the right and left by a sweeping torrent from the enemy’s main gun in front. The enemy’s fire proved so galling and destructive that our men on the parapet were obliged to retire under its cover. The field was furrowed across with cotton ridges, and many of the men lay there, loading and firing as deliberately as though on their hunting grounds at home.” Even had they been able to carry the work, they could not have held it long, for its whole inte- rior was commanded by elaborate rifle-pits in the rear. Artil- ht up and well served, but made no real impres- sion upon the enemy. When it became evident that no success General Stevens withdrew his command in a slow anes Point lery was broug was possible and orderly manner. General Beauregard says: attacked by Generals Benham and I. I. Stevens was the strong- est one of the whole lesigned to be some five miles in length. ht have overcome the obstacles in their front Even as it was, the line, which was then unfinished and was C The two Federal commanders mig had they proceeded farther up the Stone. fight at Secessionville was lost, in a great measure, by lack of Is Benham and Stevens. It was saved by the skin of our teeth.” The National loss in this action was 683 men, out of about 3,500 actually engaged. The Confed- by Gen. N.G. Evans, lost about 200. set out from tenacity on the part of Genera erates, who were commanded In October an expedition was planned to 2 a eee eles Hilton Head, S..©., go up Broad River to the Coosahatchic lestroy the railroad and bridges in that vicinity, 1n order to sever harleston and Savannah. It was under the command of Brig.-Gen. J. M. Brannan, and AN At ene Dec Nat c included about 4,500 men. Ascending Broad River on gunboats and ¢ the communications between C a5 “ LN “ Tht ay aber HAL 11 eer os} Hetil ‘Hy © BAD OR EES ee SREP ng Pl tt ne ed a) Sees ee Der ret— Se eS en eee eee a aaeaneenneaeet ieee 220 GATLPFTRE “AND and transports, October 22d, they landed at the junction of a Pocotaligo and Tullafiny, and immediately pushed inland es Pocotaligo bridge. They marched about five miles before t Hey encountered any resistance, but from that point were fired upon by batteries placed in commanding positions. As one after Another of these was bombarded or flanked, the Confederates retired to the next, burning the bridges behind them, and in some places the pursuing forces were obliged to wane through swamps and streams nearly shoulder deep. At the Pocotaligo there was a heavy Confederate force well posted behind a swamp, with artillery, commanded by General Walker, and here Brannan’s artillery ammunition gave out. As the day was now nearly spent, and there seemed no probability of reaching the railroad, Brannan slowly retired and returned to Hilton Head. A detachment which he had sent out under Col. William B. Barton, of gE ae oe a iy (apelond vi HILTON HEAD: 2 EGRO QUARTERS N the Forty- eighth New York Regi- ment, had marched directly to the Coosahatchie and poured a destructive fire into a train that was filled with Confederate sol- diers coming from Savannah to the assistance of General Walker. He then tore up the railroad for a considerable distance, and pushed on toward the town, but there found the enemy in a posi- tion too strong to be carried, and, after excl langing a few rounds, retired to | us boats. The National loss in this expedition was about 300; that of the Confederates was probably equal. The situation of Fort Pulaski relatively to Savannah was quite similar to that of Fort Sumter relatively to Charleston. It stood i SE. UST "iat Paci i TIT | pea RT LES ES FUEz 7G ¥) ~~ e THY se iter IB HA IC UE IL IB IE UIE JG IO) on an island in the mouth of Savannah River and protected the entrance to the harbor. Just one year after the bombardment and reduction of Sumter by the Confederate forces, Fort Pulaski was bombarded and reduced by the National forces. This work was of similar construction with Fort Sumter, having brick walls seven and a half feet thick and twenty-five feet high. It was on Cockspur Island, which is a mile long by half a mile wide, and commanded all the channels leading up to the harbor. At the Ait WANNA Taz Clea NTI PAH) > 1 VMAs yy. ? NR ee We AWS ay WY Grd "A AA APA NK AWE LAWS = = Sen |B, et f ge AM Wi Aisy 2 / IN upd, ae IW, KN Vy A NORTH CAROLINA SWAMP. opening of the war it was seized by the Confederate authorities, and it was garrisoned by 385 men, under command of Col. Charles H. Olmstead. It mounted forty heavy guns, which protected blockade-runners and kept out National vessels. Soon after the Ccap- ture of Port Royal, Gen. Quincy A. Gillmore was ordered to make a reconnoissance of this work and the ground on Tybee Island southeast of it, with a view to its reduction. He reported that it was possible to plant batteries of rifled guns and mortars on Tybee Island, and also on Jones Island, with which he believed the work could be reduced. Jones Island is northwest of Cockspur Island. The Forty-sixth New York Regiment, commanded by Colonel Rosa, was sent to occupy Tybee Island, and a passage was opened between the islands and the mainland north of Savannah, so that guns could be brought through and placed on Jones Island. This was done with tremendous labor, the mortars weighing more than eight tons each and having to be dragged over deep mud on plank platforms, most of the work being done at night. The Seventh Connecticut Regiment was now sent to join the Forty-sixth New York on Tybee, and the construction of batteries and magazines PA TAC aea Pr a Bye Gee La ett ate iete sa ias hat Matisse x ereTivaatar Sit Arvo Uk ell iii) \ pep r ret, Sweeny Sh Sees ‘ Ml AA be he bead MALTS | rT ee eran pepe er. er ‘ CAMPFIRE AND-BATPTLERIEED. 221 BATTLE OF SECESSIONVILLE, JAMES ISLAND, S. C. on that island was begun. Here, also, the guns had to be carried across spongy ground, 250 men being required for the slow movement of each piece, and all the work being done at night and in silence; for the batteries were to be erected within easy reach of the guns of the fort. Their construction occupied about two months, and screens of bushes were contrived to conceal from the Confederates what was going on. There were eleven batteries ranged along the northern edge of Tybee Island, mounting twenty heavy guns and sixteen thirteen-inch mortars. When all was ready, the fort was summoned to surrender by Gen. David Hunter, who had recently been placed in command of the department. Colonel Olmstead replied: “I can only say that I am here to defend the fort, not to surrender it.” There- upon the batteries opened fire upon the fort, and a bombard- ment of thirty hours ensued—April 10 and 11. At the end of that time ten of the fort’s guns were dismounted, and, as the fire of the rifled guns was rapidly reducing its masonry to ruins, it was evident that it could not hold out much longer; whereupon Colonel Olmstead surren- dered. The only casualties were one man killed on the National side, and three wound- ed in the fort. It was found that the mortars had produced very -little effect, the real work being done by the rifled guns. General Hun- ter said in his report: “ The result of this bombardment must cause, ]-am convinced, a change in the construction of fortifications as radical as that foreshadowed in naval archi- tecture by the conflict between the Monttor and the Merrimac. No works of stone or brick can resist the impact of rifled artillery of heavy calibre.’ And General Gillmore said: “ Mortars are unavailable for the reduction of works of small area like Fort Pulaski. They cannot be fired with sufficient accuracy to crush the casemate arches.’ A. fortnight later, the attempt to reduce Forts Jackson and St. Philip led Farragut to the same con- clusion concerning the use of mortars. One who participated in the bombardment Ves SNE Po Fi st AE, aX. Lol koe > We Shes AE al A S =e Ww py EZ ME relates an amusing incident. The batteries were under the im- mediate command of Lieut. (afterward General) Horace Porter, who went around to every gun to ascertain whether its captain was provided with everything that would be necessary when the firing should begin. At one mortar battery fuse plugs were wanting, and the officer was in despair. This battery had the position nearest to the fort, and its four mortars were useless without the plugs. Finally he remembered that there was a Yankee regiment on the island, and remarked, ‘“‘ All Yankees are whittlers. If this regiment could be turned out to-night, they might whittle enough fuse plugs before morning to fire a thou- oD sand rounds.” Thereupon he rode out in the darkness to the camp of that regiment, which was immediately ordered out to whittle, and provided all the fuse plugs that were needed. The first gun was fired by Lieut. P. H. O’Rourke, who afterward fell at the head of his regiment at Gettysburg. . It is said that the first gun against Sumter had been fired by a classmate of BRIGADIER-GENERAL EGBERT L. VIELE. his. One who was in the fort says: “At the close of the fight all the parapet guns were dismounted except three. Every casemate gun in the southeast section of the fort was dismounted, and the casemate walls breached in almost every instance to the top of the arch. The moat was so filled with brick and mortar that one could have passed over dry shod. The parapet walls on the Tybee side were all gone. The protection to the maga- zine in the northwest angle of the fort had all been shot away, the entire corner of the magazine was shot off, and the powder ex- posed. Such was the condition of affairs when Colonel Olmstead called a council of offi- cers in the casemate, and they all acquiesced in the necessity of a capitulation in order to save the garrison from destruction by an ex- which was momentarily threatened ” . plosion, On the 16th of April the Eighth Michi- gan Regiment, Col. William M. Fenton, with 4 detachment of Rhode Island artillery, was 7 irae eee UE ; " AME mer uth ie ‘ aa ¥ etd Matt 74 region ” I.att kK , ecu Preto: A ee = —_ 1862 I} 1, APRIL es Ta ud = OQ ad +ron< a : ce : - i ; » c c y. : ae ae ae ee, ae 1S Lecture Nashville. About this time the roving Confederate cavalry, commanded : so ak ee sl a os gee of a squad of cavalry- by Gen. N. B. Forrest, who two years later obtained such an of a female eee ae ee ee en principal unenviable reputation for his conduct at Fort Pillow, began to ae en a ane 5 ne Crate service. attract special attention by the rapidity and daring of its move- ae ing in Union men to the ewe Shee nee ee and bring- ments. On the 13th of July he made an attack on Murfreesboro’ alternative of enlisting as Confederate ee Lee - oe Bese oh pew re hae CE ae eae ey 3 Andrew Johnson, military governor of Thenneccee eee a aa oe on Sealy dispercc or very well disciplined. | i self suffered much persecution at the hands of ne pee ae fell principally on the Ninth Michigan Kegiment, 1a oh and was very bitter toward them, had declared ene aos ore Re Mee dent coulascoushy ane to hand tor twenty minutes | should be made to pay for the depredations of the ae and put the enemy to-flight, losing about 90 men. The attack 4 Confederate bands upon Union men. In reanianes ers Be Bens BY a larger force, and finally resulted in the b eral Nealey: antec a One ne v eee oe of the Michigan men. Meanwhile another portion of } secessionists in Marion County and assessed them two heed ee : cotmmand had attacked the court-house, where a dollars apiece, appropriating the money to the relies i - Dontion oN Hie Se took shelter and kept up a destructive of Union fire from the windows. Being unable to drive them out, the rset or re eo) RAT Gl TAS confo re i et LeU UN TUT tree fe MBE Hs el LULL ee a res bemtoee a! aa a rer yy PLS hs aasor tein Satis terer eporeetrerttieist iter CAM PETRE AND 1By I IE IL IB IE IIB IL, 1D) 227 il rates : f ildi , ees ee = Saas was a severe skirmish near Bolivar, between oe i a ee Re two regiments of infantry and two detach- retire. The Confederates captured and pa- ments of cavalry, and a large Confederate | roled most of the garrison, packed up and aes : ae i A ve : g : E ciate | carried off what they could of plunder, and was eee 2 x : oe a a Bes a | 4 burned a large quantity of camp equipage a dillon: har ae ee oe aa a ge arg nal troops. In this charge Lieutenant-Colonel Hogg, of the Second Illinois cavalry, fell in a hand-to-hand fight with Colonel McCullough. The next ) day, two regiments of infantry, with two fut companies of cavalry and a battery, com- manded by Colonel Dennis, moving to at- tack this Confederate force in the rear, en- countered them at Britton’s Lane, near Denmark. Dennis, who had about 800 men. selected a strong position and awaited attack in a large grove surrounded by cornfields. 1 The Confederates, commanded by Brigadier- General Armstrong, numbered at least 5,000, al and were able merely to surround the little | tee band. They soon captured the transporta- ie and clothing. The garrison was commanded by Brig.-Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden, who was severely censured for the mismanage ment that made the disaster possible. Early in August Colonel De Courcey went out with his brigade from Cumberland Gap southward toward Tazewell on a foraging expedition. Near that town they were at- tacked by four Confederate regiments under Colonel Rains, and the advance regiment of De Courcey’s force was immediately deployed across the road with artillery.on the flank. The enemy charged in columns, and was re- ceived in silence until he had approached within two hundred and fifty yards, when eae!) ee ke Galletin, and ordered an attack. a terrible fire was opened upon him and ANDREW JOHNSON. tion train and two guns, but before the fight of threw him into disorder. In the meanwhile Military. Governor of Tennessee, afterward President. was over Dennis’s men recaptured them. F | f a battery of six guns, unobserved by the For four hours the Confederates persisted in Confederates, had gained an eminence in their rear, and when making successive charges, all of which were gallantly repelled, aan it began firing they at once turned and fled. The National loss — when they retired, leaving Dennis in possession of the field. i in this short but brilliant action was 68, 50 of whom were Their loss in killed and wounded was about 400. Dennis lost | prisoners, being two companies who were out on detached 60.men. service and were suddenly surrounded. The Confederate loss In October General Negley, commanding at Nashville, learning was about 200. that a considerable Confederate force under Generals Anderson, Brig.-Gen. R. W. Johnson, setting out with a force of infantry, Harris, and Forrest was being concentrated at La Vergne, fifteen ray cavalry, and artillery to pursue the raider Morgan and his men, miles eastward, for the purpose of assaulting the city, sent out | ile found them (August 2Ist) at a force of about 2,500 men, i under command of Gen. John M. Palmer, to attack them. A portion of this force marched i directly by the Murfreesboro’ tl | road, while the remainder made ee a detour to the south. The Hi All seemed to be going well for a time, until confusion be- gan to appear in his command, and soon a panic arose and half of his men ran away. He end some of his officers tried Confederate pickets’ and) yi { : f in vain to rally them, and final- dettes were on the alert, and " Hf ly he was obliged to order a re- made a skirmish for several ; { a treat of such of his men as had miles, enabling the main body : HE stood their ground. »He then to prepare for the attack. The Te ‘al : G 2 was opene >fire of the marched for Cairo on the Cum- battle was opened by fire of the berland, but, before reaching Confederate artillery, but this that place, found the enemy was soon silenced when a shell pressing so closely in his rear chest. Almost at the same \ a I) exploded their ammunition | | that he was obliged to form } i . moment the detachment that line of battle to receive them. i had made a detour came up Again, when the firing became é HO I | and struck the Confederates on Gt the flank, at the same time de- ly brisk, most of his men broke and fled, while with the re- . : ploying skilfully so as to cut off i mainder of his command he oe oe i ; : their retreat. In this difficult | held the enemy in check until | iti situation the Confederates held . [ the fugitives were enabled to 4 h | | 1 hi their ground and fought for “ross ~ river, whe > and his : eTOss the river, when he a half an hour before they broke i little band were surrounded and captured. He had lost 30 men killed, and 50 wounded, and 75 a were made prisoners. 2 eee ey z On tl - teOf AN t there & SONG AROUND THE CAMPFIRE. were captured, besides three n the 21st o ugus e and retreated in confusion. b They had lost about 80 men killed or wounded, and 175 ,rer — V4 j Pree Ste ee et 2 Rene. Bea, ; ; 254 4 daria? Sr rte sate ct : oe ea IN ag ne teD ¥ i von ee viet " a % bo Ot RR ae Mee es Peek aber . AY Ye iter rel 5 ~ te GOING TO THE FRONT—REGIMENTS PASSING THE ASTOR HOUSE, NEW YORK.ara oe et eet Pe ob ML Lt UOT Aww Ph. \ iy , rs ar f 4 x ap err bicter ret (7 reeee bey) i guns, a considerable amount of stores, stand of colors. etc. General Palmer lost 18 men. On the 18th of November 200 men of the Eighth Kentucky Regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel May, was guarding a sup- ply train bivouacked on an old camp-meeting ground at Rural Hills, seventeen miles southeast of Nashville. While they were at breakfast the next morning the crack of rifles was heard, and in a moment two columns of Confederate cavalry were seen rushing upon them from their front and their right. The boys in blue seized their muskets, fell into line, and in a moment met the enemy with a sharp and continuous fire. Presently a section of National artillery was brought into action, and not only played upon the enemy immediately in front, but also upon a larger body that was discovered somewhat more than a mile away. This was answered by two or three Confederate guns, and the fight was continued for half an hour, when the assailants with- drew, leaving a dozen dead men on the field. Colonel May lost no men. A similar affair took place on the 6th of December, at Lebanon, where the Ninety-third Ohio Regiment, under Col. Charles Anderson, was suarding a forage train. Seeing an enemy in front, who were evidently preparing to intercept the train, he marched his regiment in double-quick time through the fields skirting the road, in order to get ahead of the train and prevent an attack upon it. By the time he got there the Con- federates were in position to receive him, and a sharp fight ensued, which ended in the flight of the Confederates. In these little affairs there was often displayed a dash and courage by individual soldiers, which in a war of less gigantic dimensions would have immortalized them. Every historian of the Revolu- tionary war thinks it necessary to record anew the fact that when the flagstaff of Fort Moultrie was shot away Sergeant Jasper leaped down from the wea and recovered it under fire. Without disparaging his exploit, it may be said that it was sur- passed in hundreds of instances - men on both sides in the civil war. Inthe little action just described, William C. Stewart, a color-bearer, was under fire for the first time in his life. Col- onel Anderson says he ‘“ stood out in front of his company and of the regiment with his tall person and our glorious flag elevated to their highest reach ; nor could he be persuaded to seek cover or to lower his colors.’ At Hartsville on the Cumberland, about forty miles from Murfreesboro’, 1,900 National troops, under command of Col. Absalom B. Moore, were encamped in a position which would have been very strong if held by a larger force, but was danger- ous for one so small. Against this place Morgan the raider, at the head of 4,000 men, marched on the 7th of December. He crossed the river seven miles from Hartsville, at a point where nobody supposed it could be crossed by any such force, on account of the steepness of the banks. With a little digging he made a slope, down which he slid his horses, and at the water's edge his men remounted. Coming up unexpectedly by a by- road, they captured all the National pickets except one, w ho gave the alarm and ran into the camp. The Nationals formed quickly in line of battle, but at the first fire the One Hundred and Eighth Ohio broke, leaving the flank exposed. The Con- federates saw their advantage, seized it, and quickly poured ina cross-fire, which compelled the remainder of Moore's forces to fall back, though they did not do it without first making a stubborn fight. Soon afterward Colonel Moore, considering it sufficiently evident that further resistance was useless, raised a white flag and surrendered his entire command. Seid CAMINTIRIS AINID IBA IFIPIL IB IPIIBILID. 229 A similar surrender took place at Trenton, December 20th, when Forrest's cavalry attacked that place for the purpose of breaking the railroad and cutting off General Grant’s supplies. Col. Jacob Fry, who was in command there, had been notified by Grant to look out for Forrest, as he was moving in that direc- tion. He got together what force he could, consisting largely of convalescents and fugitives, and numbering bit 250 in all, and prepared to makeadefence. He had a few sharp-shooters, whom he placed on two buildings commanding two of the principal streets, and when in the afternoon the enemy appeared, charging in two columns, they were met by so severe a fire from these men that they quickly moved out of range. Forrest then planted a battery of six guns where it could command the position held by the Nationals, and opened fire with shells. Colonel Fry says: ‘Seeing that we were completely in their power, and had done all the damage to them we could, I called a council of officers. They were unanimous for surrender. The terms of the surrender were unconditional; but General Forrest admitted us to our paroles the next morning, sending the Tennessee troops immediately home, and others to Columbus under a flag of truce. Thus far in his raiding operations General Forrest had had things mainly his own way, but in the closing engagement he was not so fortunate. While he was marching toward Lexington a force of 1,500 men, commanded by Col. C. L. Dunham, was sent out to intercept him,and came upon a portion of his troops at Parker’s Cross Roads, five miles south of Clarksburg, on the 30th of December. Mer some preliminary skirmishes Dunham, Seong that he was soon to be attacked, placed his men in readi- ness, and with two pieces of artillery opened fire. This was rep vied to by the Confederates with six guns, and Dunham then retreated some distance to a good position on the crest of a ridge, placing his wagon train in the rear. The enemy in heavy column soon emerged from the woods, and made a movement evidently intended to gain his flank and rear; whereupon he promptly changed his position to face them, and opened fire. But the Confederate artillery gained a position where it could enfilade his lines, and at the same time he was attacked in the rear by a detachment of dismounted cavalry. Again he promptly changed his position, facing to the rear, and drove off the enemy with a considerable loss, completing their rout by a brilliant bayonet charge. A detachment of cavalry also made two charges upon him from another direction, and both times was repelled. This was the end of the principal fighting of the day. A few minutes later Forrest sent in a flag of truce demanding an unconditional surrender, to which Colonel Dun- ham replied: “You will get away with that flag very quickly, and bring me no more such messages. Give my compliments to the general, and tell him I never surrender. If he thinks he can take me, come and try.” In the course of the battle Dunham's wagon train was captured, and he now called for volunteers to retake it. A company of the Thirty-ninth lowa offered them- selves for this task and quickly accomplished it, not only recap- turing the train but bringing in also several prisoners, including Forrest's adjutant-general and three other officers. Reinforce- ments for Dunham now approached, and the Confederates departed. The National loss, in killed; wounded, and missing, was 220. The Confederate loss is unknown. Another instance of peculiar individual gallantry is here mentioned by the colonel in his report. ‘As our line faced about and pressed back in their engagement of the enemy in our rear, one of the guns of the battery was left behind in the edge of the woods. All the either) en Fer awe tar hak di Adair rst cae sy) er eh em nes HE pacahedie eh ia + Hoe phen Mid Sata >. (i, me r Ot ne Ne 2 " = Reka an baa te eee acta emer mn, ets inte ner) VA ; i at teed PEA tee as CAMPFIRE AND horses belonging to it had been killed but two. After everybody had passed and left it, Private E. A. Top- liff, fearing that the enemy might capture it, alone and under a smart fire disen- gaged the two horses, hitched them to the piece, and took it safely out.” Although the struggle to determine whether Mis- souri should remain in the Union or go out of it had been decided in the first year of the war, her soil was by no means free from contention and bloodshed in the second year. The earliest conflict took place in Randolph County, Janu- BRIGADIER-GENERAL JUSTUS McKINSTRY, ary 8th, where 1,000 Confederates, under Colonel Poindexter, took up a strong position at Roan’s Tanyard, on Silver Creek, seven miles south of Huntsville. Here they were attacked by about 500 men under Majors Torrence and Hubbard, and after half an hour’s fighting were completely routed. Their defeat was owing mainly to the inefficiency of their commander. The victors burned the camp and a considerable amount of stores. In February Captain Nolen, of the Seventh Illinois cavalry, with 64 men, while re- connoitring near Charleston, struck a small detachment of Confederate cavalry under Jeff Thompson. Nolen pursued them for some distance, and when Thompson made a stand and brought up his battery to com- mand the road: the Illinois men promptly charged upon it, cap- tured four guns, and put the Confederates to flight. The most infamous of all the guerilla lead- ers was one Quantrell, who seemed to take delight in murdering prisoners, whether they were combatants or non-combatants. His band moved with the usual celerity of such, and, like the others, was exceeding- ly difficult to capture, or even find, when any SEE SN tr NISMy Tie itor Te Lae Reety sab SOREL Ege BATE EE [LED On the 22d of March a detachment of the Sixth out to attack it. uantrell near _ Independence, killed Kansas Regiment overtook O seven of his men, and caused the remainder to retreat precip1- hem who were captured. tately, except eleven of t ll’s guerilla band was had at Another encounter with Quantre Warrensburg, March 26, where he attacked a detachment of a Mis- souri regiment commanded by Major Emery Foster. Although Il had 200 men, and Foster but 60, the latter, skilfully Quantre plank fence for protection, succeeded in inflicting using a thick so much loss upon the guerillas that they at length retired. Nine of them were killed and 17 wounded. The National loss was 13, including Major Foster wounded. The same night about 500 cuerillas attacked four companies of militia at Humonsville, but were defeated and driven off with a loss of 15 killed and a large number wounded. On the 26th of April the Confederate general John S. Marma- duke attacked the town of Cape Girardeau, but after a smart action was driven off, with considerable loss, by the garrison, under Gen. John McNeil. the cavalry force that formed the advance guard on his retreat In the evening of the next day was surprised and attacked near Jackson by the First Iowa cavalry and other troops. Two howitzers, loaded with musket balls. were fired at them when they were not more than thirty yards away, and the next instant the Iowa cavalry swooped down upon them in a spirited charge, from which not one of the Confederates escaped. All that were not killed were cap- tured, together with a few guns, horses, etc. One of the most desperate fights with guerillas took place near Memphis, Mo., on the 18th of July. A band of 600 had chosen a strong position for their camp, partly concealed considerable force set A MILITARY PONTOON BRIDGE. BaA aceite tel eetl WHER ett, SUSUMU UCT rite at a beat vet Th | yererey Sei Taped “ nn | ral ate ee CA VER TERE sAINED, by heavy brush and timber, when they were attacked by a force of cavalry and militia, commanded by Major Johny Ye Clopper. Clopper first knew their location when they fired from concealment upon his advance guard, and he immediately made dispositions for an attack. His men made five successive charges across open ground, and were five times repelled ; but, nothing disheartened, and having now learned the exact posi- tion of the concealed enemy, they advanced in a sixth charge, and engaged him hand to hand. of the their dead and wounded The result of the fight was the complete defeat euerillas, who fled, leaving on the field and in the woods. Clopper lost 83 men. In guerillas were by these affairs the no means always defeat- ed. When in August a band of 800 had been gathered by one Hughes, it was to attack determined make an upon the National at pendence, prin- small gar- rison Inde- cipally for the purpose of ob- taining addi- tional arms. The gueril- MA | JOR ep las set ®-GEN surprised, ERAy A0DUKE | & Cc captured, and murder- § ed the picket before they could give an alarm, and then entered the town by two roads, and attacked the various build- ings where detachments of the garrison were Nit aiscaboah bh o baat i at WUE AS IEA Wg Hiigek sty ne IAL IO WIL IB JOU SS JL IO) 231 place on the 29th of October, near Butler, in Bates County. A band of them, who had been committing depredations, and were threatening several towns, were pursued by 220 men of the First Kansas colored regiment, commanded by white officers. The guerillas in superior force attacked them near Osage Island, charging upon them and making every demonstration of special hatred for the blacks; but the colored men stood their ground at eel ee ia like any other good soldiers, and dealt out severe punishment to the guerillas. When, finally, the cavalrymen succeeded in rid- ing’ in the o hand-to-hand en- among colored troops, many desperate counters ensued. Nota soldier would der; leaders of the gueril- colored surren- and one of the las, in describing the PFDA, ~ action, said that ‘‘ the black devils fought The character of much +3 Ls Rab hiker tigerssm WULF ACRE eT ay of ‘the ower lila PO STi rary Tt ~ Tore, Je fighting may be sa sed seen from a few all incidents of this battle. While Lieutenant cst BE 7p fas = Gardner was lying wound- @@l sine! ine SEMSM OIG, a a : | cuerilla ap- EB SAA alae v4 Y Gos proached 7 g\BLE* '€ Sa him, cut his re: ») = ENERA 2 Be erichd!= volver from the belt, and if fired it at his head. Fortunately the St ; | ball only grazed the skull, and the next in- Swan | stant a wounded colored soldier near by i raised himself sufficiently to level his musket stationed. A gallant resistance was made | 1 and shoot the miscreant dead. Captain Crew | at every possible point; but as the guerillas ee | had been killed, and a guerilla was rifling | outnumbered the defenders two to one, and his pockets, when another wounded colored there was no prospect of any relief, Lieut.- | soldier summoned strength enough to get to qe Col. J. T. Buell, commanding the town, finally his feet and despatch the guerilla with his © i surrendered. Hughes and many of his men | bayonet. | On the approach of reinforcements {oy had been killed. Several of the buildings BRIGADIER-GENERAL for the little band, the guerillas retreated. | were riddled with balls, and 26 of the garri- son lost their lives. Again, at Lone Jack, Mo., five days later (August 16th), the guerillas were successful in a fight with the State militia. Major Foster at the head of 600 militiamen was hunting guer- illas, when he suddenly found more than he wanted to see at one time. They were estimated at 4,000, and on the approach of Foster’s little force they turned and attacked him. Foster's men fought gallantly for four hours, and were not overpowered until they had lost 160 men, the loss of the guerillas being about equal. On the approach of National reinforcements the cuerillas retreated. A month later, at Shirley’s Ford on Spring River, the Third Indiana Regiment, commanded by Colonel Ritchie, attacked and defeated a force of 600 guerillas, including about 100 Chero- kee Indians, 60 of whom were killed or wounded before they retreated. One more desperate fight with guerillas in that State took JEFF M. THOMPSON, C. S. A. The National force lost about 20 men. ; | Northern Arkansas, as well as southern Missouri, was infested by bands of Confederate guerillas, though it was not so rich a field for their operations, as the number of Unionists in that ae State was comparatively small. In February, the First Missouri cavalry, hunting guerillas there, were fired upon from ambush at Sugar Creek, and 18 Pi men fell. The regiment immediately formed for action, and Bae artillery was brought up and the woods were shelled, but with oy no result except the unseen retreat of the enemy. 4 : So 5 : ! At Searcy Landing, on Little Red River, 150 men of oe ‘) lati ce he y ith < wice their number o | National force had a fight with about t : i Confederates, whom they routed with a loss of nearly 100 ae : ‘io.-Ge é 1and- eg On the 22d of October, Brig.-Gen. James G. Blunt, comn : | ing a division of the Army of the Frontier, set out me Bea {) ; (o brigades, After ils march of thirt Ridge with two brigades, After a toilsome mar y i ra at ne ee:ii r vi Pre ea at |e rea, rs PRACTICE BATTERY, NAVAL ACADEMY, ANNAPOLIS, MD. miles he came upon a Confederate force at Old Fort Wayne, near Maysville, which consisted of two Texas regiments and other troops, numbering about 5,000 in all. He found them in position to receive battle, but believing that they intended to retreat he made haste to attack them with his advance guard and shell them with two howitzers. The enemy promptly answered the artillery fire and showed no signs of retreating, but on the contrary attempted to overwhelm the little force. General Blunt hurried forward the main body of his troops and flanked the enemy upon both wings, then making a charge upon their centre and capturing their artillery. This completely broke them up, and they fled in disorder, being pursued for seven miles. Blunt lost about a dozen men, and found 50 of the enemy’s dead on the field. On the 26th of November General Blunt learned that Marma- duke’s Confederate command was at Cane Hill, and immediately set out to attack it with 5,000 men and 30 guns. After a march of thirty-five miles he sent spies into the enemy’s camp to learn its exact location and condition, who discovered that on one of the approaches there were no pickets out. He therefore made his dispositions for an attack on that side, and was not discovered until he was within half a mile of their lines, when they opened upon him with artillery. He replied with one battery, and kept up a brisk fire while he sent back to hurry up the main body of his troops. Placing guns on an eminence, he shelled the enemy very effectively, and then formed his command in line for an advance, expecting a desperate resistance, but found to his sur- prise that they had quietly retreated. They made a stand a few miles distant at the base of the Boston Mountains, and there he attacked them again, when they retired to a lofty position on the mountain side, with artillery on the crest. The Second and Eleventh Kansas and Third Cherokee regiments stormed this position and carried it, when the enemy fled in disorder and was pursued for three miles through the woods. Here another stand was made by their rear guard, which was promptly charged by Blunt’s cavalry. But the position defended was in a defile, and the cavalry suffered severely. Bringing up his guns, Blunt was about to shell them out, when they sent in a flag of truce with a request for permission to remove their dead and wounded. General Blunt granted this, but it proved that the flag of truce alae UCU .iS bs oo hee plete was only a trick of Marmaduke’s to obtain time to escape with his command. Darkness now came on, and the pursuit was abandoned. Blunt had lost about 4o men, and Marmaduke about 100, A much more important action than of those just recorded took place at Prairie Grove on the 7th of December. Learning that General Hindman’s forces had joined those of General Mar- maduke, making an army of about 25,000 men, General Blunt, fearing an attack, ordered the divisions commanded by Gen. F. J. Herron to join him at once. Herron obeyed the order promptly ; but the Confederates, learning of this movement, made an advance for the purpose of interposing between Blunt and Herron. They attacked Herron first, who drove back their advance and then found them in position on a ridge command- ing the ford across Illinois Creek. Herron sent a detachment of his men to cut a road through the woods and come in upon their flank, thus drawing their fire in that direction and enabling his main force to cross the ford. . This movement was successful, and in a short time his command had crossed and brought its guns to bear upon the enemy’s position. He then pushed forward his infantry in several charges, one of which captured a battery, but all of which were finally repelled. The Confederates then made a grand charge in return and came within a hundred yards of Herron’s guns, but the fire of artillery and musketry was too much for them, and they retired in disorder. Again, in his turn, Herron charged with two regiments, again captured a battery, and again was forced to retire. While this action was in progress Blunt was pressing forward to the relief of Herron with his command, and now came in on the right, joined in the fight and defeated the enemy, who repeated their trick with a flag of truce and escaped in the night. In this battle the total National loss, killed, wounded, and missing, was 1,148. The Confederate loss is not exactly known, but was much larger, and included General Stein among the killed. The great war extended not only over the Southern States, but into some of the Territories. In the summer of 1861 the Confederate government commanded Gen. H. H.. Sibley to organize a brigade in Texas and march northward into New Mexico for the conquest of that Territory. He moved up the Rio Grande in January, 1862, and early in February came within striking distance of Fort Craig, on the western bank of the river, which was the headquarters of Col. (afterward Gen.) E. R. S. Canby, who commanded the National forces in New Mexico. Canby planned to attack him, and began by sending a force of cav- wie alry with two batteries to cut . off the Texans from their ee meee SS rte) CONSTRUCTING WINTER QUARTERS, a \ |e : We THORN ATR A gyn Ray ’ erry ‘ his. BAP OITE i ae bhi eee ee CANMEPEERE “AND lial UU AIGIB ION IB Ib 1b), Supply, of water at the river. Inthat vicinity, on VECOunt Of thie site) banks, there was only one point where the stream Gow ld “bre reached. This detachment, however, was a little too late, as the Confederates had already « gained the water. Colo- nel Roberts, in command of the detachment, fired upon them with his bat- teries, dismounted one of their guns, and drove them off. Rob- ALLAN PINKERTON AND SECRET SERVICE OFFICERS. erts then crossed to the eastern bank, and the fight was renewed with varying suc of cess, until the Confederates charged upon and field with more o es captured some of his guns. Colonel Canby then came upon the f his forces and ordered an advance to attack the enemy where he appeared to be lurking in the edge of a wood. But the Confederates did not wait to be attacked. After a sharp musketry fire on the right flank, they made desperate charges to capture Canby’s two batteries. The one against Hall’s battery was made by cavalry, and the horsemen were struck down so rapidly by the fire of the guns that they could not reach it. The other was made by infantry, armed principally with revolvers. The guns, commanded by Captain McRae, were served rapidly and skilfully, and made awful slaughter of the Texans; but they continually closed up the gaps in their ranks and steadily pushed forward until the battery was theirs. The infantry supports, who should have prevented this capture, miserably failed in their duty and finally ran away from the field. last minute, and most ci them, including Captain McRae, were killed. With the loss of the battery, hope of victory McRae and his men remained at their guns till the was gone, and. the National troops retired to the fort. Canby had in this fight about 1,500 men, and lost about 200. The Confederates numbered about 2,000, and their loss is unknown. Another fight in this territory took place at Apache Cafion, twenty miles from Santa Fé, on the 28th of March, where Major Chivington with 1,300 men and six guns overtook and attacked a force of about 2,000 Texans. The first shots were fired by a small party of the Texans in am- bush, who were immediately rushed upon and dis- posed of by the advance guard of the Nationals. Chivington then pressed forward, surprised and captured the pickets, and about noon attacked the main force of the enemy. The battle lasted four hours, and Chivington with his six guns had a great advantage over the Texans, who had but one. The result was a complete defeat of the Confederates and capture of their entire train am ep a z a = ee PP hag Tol Pah Li he ah v3 TOP ta She ar) rirrirei tyr a Pe et ee hah . i. ciate ig DprA D apresU ete sind me SANT ee = 22 aR annie Bn = yo in. \ermeiehtidesed ee ameter eee To . pala LanTthoe pene remmmgpupigee 1-6 temneens feomggpeceeryeasinie aes gps ierpu gts oebainanthnase oh “on 4 es wv Ki tome OS ee Sowa. A. SAS et are ee ee eS ss HEADQUARTER GUARD, ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. consisting of sixty-four wagons. The Texans had made four by the artillery and cavalry of the Confederates. During the : if ae ’ 6 : . : fis 1 no ae eae a attempts to capture Chivington’s guns, as they had captured winter months it was frequently necessary to break th« ice in Canby’s, but only met with heavy loss. The total Confederate order to prosecute the work. While thus engaged, he assisted loss was over 300 killed or wounded, and about 100 taken materially in the blockade of the river and in breaking up the prisoners. Chivington’s loss was 150. haunts of the contrabandists. The magnitude of the work may be imagined from the fact that on the Kettle-bottoms alone, In obedience to an Act of Congress, Lieut.-Com. Thomas S. a section of the river about ten miles in length by an average i Phelps, in command of the steamer Corwzz, was detached from of four miles in width, more than six hundred miles of sound- the North Atlantic blockading squadron and ordered to make a ings were run, necessitated by the immense number of small regular survey of the Potomac Kiver, to facilitate the operations shoals on this ground which were dangerous to navigation. of the army, no survey of this river ever having been made. He The length of river surveyed was ninety-seven miles. began the work in July, 1862, and rapidly pushed it to its com- pletion in March, 1863, Enraged by real or fancied wrongs in the failure of payment | most of the of annuities, the Sioux Indians took the opportunity when the | time opposed Government, as they supposed, had all it could do to grapple with the rebellion, to indulge in a general uprising in the North- west. In August they attacked several frontier towns of Minnesota and committed horrible atrocities. The village of New Ulm was almost destroyed, and more than 100 of its citi- zens—men, women, and children—were massacred. They also destroyed the agencies at Redwood and Yellow Medicine, and attacked the villages of Hutchinson and Forest City, but from these latter were driven off. They besieged Fort Ridgley, but did not succeed in capturing it. Altogether they committed about eco! murders. ‘Col: Hi. EH: Sibley with a strone force was sent against them, and in September overtook several bodies of the Sioux, all of whom he defeated. In the principal - battle two cannon, of which the Indians have always been in mortal terror, were used upon them with great effect. The Indians asked for a truce to rescue their wounded and bury their dead, but Sibley declined to grant any truce until they should return the prisoners whom they had carried off. Ultimately = about 1,000 Indians were captured. Many of them were tried BRINGING IN A PRISONER, : and condemned, and 39 were hanged. ESS) CUCUA . ee ‘ 1a . f \ rr oa P WHEE HTN MARR A Gis Rhys r UT GL | s ‘ < Ud ttealgat tba an ; HEUTE ACCT Peet $ b LY eh bratibl aha hbaade S-Ttisesrsry ne ET Serene Stes Slee! Mei bid bate CAMPEITRE AND BAT Rs E iEnD: CELIA PAGE RY XOxe EMPLOYMENT OF COLORED SOLDIERS. | ENLISTMENT OF COLORED SOLDIERS DENOUNCED IN THE SOUTH—NEGRO ASSISTANTS IN CONFEDERATE ARMIES—CONFEDERATE THREATS ) AGAINST NEGRO SOLDIERS AND THOSE WHO LED THEM—DEMOCRATIC JOURNALS IN THE NORTH DENOUNCE THE ENLISTMENT OF COL- ORED SOLDIERS—INTENSITY OF FEELING ON THE SUBJECT OF SLAVERY—INTERESTING CRITICISMS BY COUNT GUROWSKI—BLACK SOLDIERS IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR-—BRAVERY OF COLORED TROOPS—OPANION OF COL. THOMAS w. NEGRO SENTINELS IN CONFEDERATE .ARMIES. HIGGINSON—AN INTERESTING STORY— > rahe 2AA = ae ee A SAO ° HE year 1863 began with several for the execution of Abolition prisoners, after January next, been events of the first importance. passed? Do it, and England will be stirred into action. It is On December 31st and Jan- high time to proclaim the black flag after that period. Let the Zz ns LAY ay ya 7 uary 2d there was a great execution be with the garrote.” Mr. Davis, late in December, a i SS battle in the West, 1862, issued a proclamation outlawing General Butler and all ; which has just been commissioned officers in his command, and directing that when- i described. On New ever captured they should be reserved for execution, and added, | S Years Day the final ‘“That all negro slaves captured in arms be at once delivered L f proclamation of eman- over to the executive authorities of the respective States to ty cipation was issued, which they belong, to be dealt with according to the laws of F l and measures were _ said States,” and, ‘‘ That the like orders be executed with respect . £ a taken for the immedi- to all commissioned officers of the United States, when found SS AN GY) WBE ate enlistment of serving in company with said slaves.’ The Confederate Con- ORS Ss WY = — black troops. Onthat — gress passed a series of resolutions in which it was provided that B day, also, in the State on the capture of any white commissioned officer who had of New York, which a A furnished one-sixth of —2= = — — ee all the men called into ) aS the National service, THE COOK i the executive power passed into hands unfriendly to the Administration. The part of President Lincoln’s proclamation that created most excitement at the South was not that which declared the freedom of the blacks—for the secessionists professed to be amused at this as a papal bull against a comet—but that which announced that negroes would thenceforth be received into the military service of the United States. Whatever might be said of the powerlessness of the Government to liberate slaves that were within the Confederate lines, it was plain enough that a determination to enlist colored troops brought in a large resource hitherto untouched. Military men in Europe, having only sta- tistical knowledge of our negro population, and not understand- ing the peculiar prejudices that hedged it about, had looked on at first in amazement, and finally in contempt, at its careful exclusion from military service. The Confederates had no special scruples about negro assistance on their own side; for they not only constantly employed immense numbers of blacks in building fortifications and in camp drudgery, but had even armed and equipped a few of them for service as soldiers. Ina review of Confederate troops at New Orleans, in the first year of te the war, appeared a regiment of free negroes, and early the next year the legislature of Virginia provided for the enrolment ot . } the same class. i But the idea that emancipated slaves should be employed to fight against their late masters and for the enfranchisement of their own race, appeared to be new, startling, and unwelcome ; and the Confederates, both officially and unofficially, threatened Va ds Y : ‘¢ inst < rt should lead black soldiers a a i) F the direst penalties against all who shoul s | s : Me) is El as agai SUC iers themselves. eneral Beauregar q as well as against such soldiers t S EVERING) AT) AV NECHON CAEING j wrote to a friend in the Congress at Richmond: “ Has the billSe es ee een eee eer eaan eT 26 CAMPFIRE J 2 led negro troops against the Confederacy, armed, organized, or 1 put to death or other- he should be tried by a military court anc wise punished. Democratic journalists and Congressmen at the istment of black North were hardly less violent in their opposition to the enl TAO They denounced the barbarity of the proceeding, declared that white soldiers would be disgraced if they fought on. the came field with blacks, and anon demonstrated the utter inca- and laughed at the idea that they pacity of negroes for war, , Most of the Democratic senators would ever face an enemy. 1 rr > r aiey4 - > - - a7 "i D Si or and representatives voted against the appropriation bills the moneys supported amendments providing that “no part ol shall be applied to the raising, arming, equipping, or paying of iegro soldiers,’ and the more eloquent of them drew pitiful bo yictures of the ruin and anarchy that were to ensue. ‘Every man along I Represen- tative Samuel S. Cox, then of Ohio, said: he border will tell you that the Union is forever rendered hope- of taking the slaves from the U less if you pursue this policy masters and arming them in this civil strife.” It is impossible at this distance of time, and after the question of slavery in our country has been so thoroughly settled that nobody disputes the righteousness and wisdom of its abolition, to convey to younger readers an adequate idea either of the diversity of opinion or the intensity of feeling on the subject, and was complicated with Not only Emancipation Proclamation was issued, but for a considerable when it was still under discussion great military and political problems. before the time afterward, these opinions were tenaciously held and these feelings expressed. The so-called conservatives of the Northern States constantly affirmed that abolitionists of whatever degree, and active secessionists, were equally wrong and blameworthy that the latter had no right to break up the Union for any cause, and that the former had no right to emancipate the slaves even to save the Union. They assumed that the Con- stitution of the United States was perpetual, perfect, and infallible for all time, and ignored the natural antagonism June, ~ between the systems of slave labor and free labor. In 1862, the conservative members of Congress held a meeting, and adopted a declaration of principles which included the following: “ At the call of the Government a mighty army, the noblest and most patriotic ever known, sprung at once into the field, and is bleeding and conquering in defence of its Govern- ment. Under these circumstances it would, in our opinion, be most unjust and ungenerous to give any new character or direc- tion to the war, for the accomplishment of any other than the first great purpose, and especially for the accomplishment of any mere party or sectional scheme. The doctrines of the secessionists and abolitionists, as the latter are now represented in Congress, are alike false to the Constitution and irreconcilable to the peace and unity of the country. The first have already involved us in a cruel civil war, and the others—the abolitionists —will leave the country but little hope of the speedy restora- tion of the Union or peace, if the schemes of confiscation, emancipation, and other unconstitutional measures which they have lately carried, and attempted to carry, through the House of Representatives, shall be enacted into the form of laws and remain unrebuked by the people. It is no justification of such acts that the crimes committed in the prosecution of the re- bellion are of unexampled atrocity, nor is there any such Justification as State necessity known to our government or laws.” On the other hand, at a great mass meeting held in Union AND ye LE Nhe ed 4 PI ls trot Dat, Serene BAL IP IPIE IB ION TE IO ID) Square, New York City; July, 15; 1862, a series of resolutions was adopted which included the following: | “That we are for the union of the States, the integrity of the country, and the maintenance of this Government without any eaadition or qualification whatever, and at every necessary sacrifice of life -or treasure. “That we urge upon the utmost skill and vigor in the prosecution of this war, unity of Government the exercise of its design, comprehensiveness of plan, a uniform policy, and the ‘sign, : stringent use of all the means within its reach consistent with the usages of civilized warfare. “ That we acknowledge but two divisions of the people of the United States in this crisis—those who are loyal to its Constitu- tion and every inch of its soil and are ready to make every sacrifice for the integrity of the Union and the maintenance of civil liberty within it, and those who openly or covertly endeavor to sever our country or to yield to the insolent demand of its enemies: that we fraternize with the former and detest the latter: and that, forgetting all former party names and distinc- rally for one tions, we call upon all patriotic citizens to undivided country, one flag, one destiny.” The extreme of opinion in favor of immediate and unqualified emancipation, and of employment of colored troops, with im- patience at all delay in adopting such a policy, was represented Count f Gurowski. Gurowski was a Pole who had been exiled for partict- picturesquely, if not altogether justly, by Adam pating in revolutionary demonstrations, and after a varied career had come to the United States, where he engaged in literary pursuits, and from 1861 to 1863 was employed as a translator in the state department at Washington. He was now between fifty and sixty years of age, and was a keen observer and merci- less critic of what was going on around him. He had published several books in Europe, and his diary kept while he was in the state department has also been put into print. It is exceedingly outspoken in every direction; and though it is often unjust, and represents hardly more than his own exaggerated eccentricity, yet in many respects he struck at once into the heart of important truths which slower minds comprehended less readily or less willingly. The following extracts are suggestive and Their dates range from April, 1862, to April, 1863. “Mr. Blair | Montgomery Blair, Postmaster-General] worse a1 “Mr. Blair [Montgom Bl Post ter-General 1d interesting. worse; is more hot in support of McClellan, more determined to upset Stanton; and I heard him demand the return of a poor fugitive slave woman to some of Blair's Maryland friends. Every day I am confirmed in my creed that whoever had slavery for mammy is never serious in the effort to destroy it. Whatever such men as Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Blair will do against slavery will never be radical by their own choice or conviction, but will be done reluctantly, and when under the unavoidable pressure of events. Mr. Lincoln is forced out again from one of his pro-slavery intrenchments; he was obliged to yield, afid to sign the hard-fought bill for emancipation in the District of Columbia. ened And to think that the friends of humanity in Europe will credit this But how reluctantly, with what bad grace he si it! Good boy; he wishes not to strike his mammy. emancipation not where it is due, not to the noble pressure exercised by the high-minded Northern masses! Mr. Lincoln, Cc his friends assert, does not wish to hurt the feelings of any one with whom he has to deal. Exceedingly amiable quality in a private individual, but at times turning almost to be a vies in a man intrusted with the destinies of a nation. So he neve could decide to hurt the feelings of McClellan, and this after all ae ae CoPerry uae Perret bes tnt 1 Ut wien Ce te Pel ate Be19¢ 5 ‘ eth | a prey ee) ts se : WA if ieee tetas Ti-rc Uae OCI TLO TCL U LN 0) ocr nr " i. Pett) eee hererpe ered, Perey Sea tics eee CAMPHIRE AND BA ICU ILIS JEU IG Jb, 1D). 237 an act of justice and of self-conscientious force, as an utterance == of the lofty, pure, and ardent aspirations and will of a high- minded people. Europe may see now in the proclamation an action of despair made in the duress of events. . . . Every time an Africo-American regiment is armed or created, Mr. Lincoln seems as though making an effort, or making a gracious concession in permitting the increase of our forces. It seems as if Mr. Lincoln were ready to exhaust all the resources of the country before he boldly strikes the Africo-American vein.” One hundred and seventy thousand negroes were enlisted, and many of them performed notable service, displaying, at Fort Wagner, Olustee, and elsewhere, quite as much steadiness and courage as any white troops. If the expressions of doubt as to the military value of the colored race were sincere, they argued inexcusable ignorance ; for black soldiers had fought in the ranks of our Revolutionary armies, and Perry’s victory on Lake Erie in 1813—which, with the battle of the Thames, secured us the creat Northwest—was largely the work of colored sailors. The President recognized the obligation of the Gov- ernment to protect all its servants by every means in its power, and issued a proclama- tion directing that “for every soldier of the United States killed in violation of the laws of war, a rebel soldier shall be executed; and for every one enslaved by the enemy or sold into slavery, a rebel soldier ny AA AA TGR ee va 3 \ lh a | AN Wi \ se SS = yl = : th , = Wet PLANTER’S RESIDENCE IN LOUISIANA. the numerous proofs of his in- capacity. But Mr. Lincoln hurts thereby, and in the most sensible Vi yi ‘ a i f; ati manner, the interests, nay, the lives of the twenty millions of peo- ple. 4 4 Whe last draft could be averted from the North if the four ifs OTs 7 Y ] | ye ips meres AY BUA HPN (BEA 4 \ oe hi SL \) sy at ih Teli Mn ALES als PASAT ye AA | Ps Whe ns H i | Me ~ millions of loyal Africo-Americans were yy called’ to arms: But Mir. Lincoln, with the Sewards, the Blairs, and others, will rather see MN ICONTRABANDE every Northern man shot than to touch the pal- ladium of the rebels. . . . Proclamation conditionally abolish- ing slavery from 1863. The conditional is the last desperate effort made by Mr. Lincoln:and by Mr. Seward to save slavery. The two statesmen found out that it was dangerous longer to resist the decided, authoritative will of the masses. But if the rebellion is crushed before January Ist, 1863, what then? If the rebels turn loyal before that term? Then the people of the North will be cheated. The proclamation is written in the meanest and the , : ie g Ys ped i most dry routine style: not a word to evoke a generous thrill, | aa ay a word reflecti > war and lofty comprehension and Miafe DC SSS 1/7 not a word reflecting the warm and lofty compre UE OE . ° . . - $3 Sedes x lt 44 y en feelings of the immense majority of the people on this question = j of emancipation. Nothing for humanity, nothing to humanity. How differently Stanton would have spoken! General Wads- worth truly says that never a noble §ubject was more belittled by the form in which it was uttered. . . . The proclamation of ih September 22d may not produce in Europe the effect and the tie vt J enthusiasm which it might have evoked if issued a year ago, as NEGRO CABIN ON SOUTHERN P Vat ay JA bast) hes) (lie i) ey if Y — enue ttle rea argos a ee Peeve es HIT Pies RETA Coupee s —~ cere Ngee: ~ * saan so ece pecan” . 7 Pig mt ue) Kee Sh Pate aa) alk eh aot =" ad eran a Spurs potas!) > 28) Eto Se Ea) aa ee ae pS tp mIpan A plas 1 erate CAMPFIRE AND BA idee REELED: 238 hall be placed at hard labor on the public works.” But such “Tf our old soldiers were like you, traitors might have broken shall be placed at hz é liati never resorted to up the Government without resistance. retaliation was Neve SC D\ ie eae | is | the war it had been a constant complaint of the South- “Yes. sa: dar would hab been no help for it. J wouldn t put my life in de scale ’ginst any gobernment dat ever existed; for < Pi ii Before A 7 : erners, that the discussion of schemes for the abolition of slavery, 5 i h no gobernment could replace de loss to me. over ‘ . at aroued the right of every o scattering of OC uments that argucc oO a e r ; 4 Te 1sce y | the = a Do you think any of your company VM ould hav e miss¢ d you anc ) man to liberty, were likely to excite bloody insurrection among the slaves. And many students of this piece ot history have 1 surprise that when the war broke out the blacks did if you had been killed? “Mav be not. sa: a dead white man ain’t much to dese sogers, expressec 5 crs ne ae pay ) ee | not at once become mutinous all over the South, and make it let alone a dead nigga; but I’d a missed myself, and dat was de H : 3 ° . > i ~ re . ° ~ > e : , i : impossible to put Confederate armies in the field. But it must pint wid me. 7 | ee i ae { > struggle res deat ir Incidents like this were eagerly reported by journals that be remembered, that although the struggle resulted in their < eae | | 2 pepe lees lik tion. vet when it was begun no intention was expressed chose to argue that the colored men would not fight in any case, iberation, } ; as beg l on the part of the Government except car Tee —_—— eee ae aS repeated by them long after they had 4 determination to save the Union, and (ig I ) 8 ) | fought most gallantly on several fields. and such assertions were kept up and the war had been in progress a year Hy and a half before the blacks had any pet ‘ ak ne ce eee nee ne en ee Somebody in describing one of these reason to suppose it would benefit | battles used the Sie ge ce Lhe col- tl whichever way it might turn ored troops fought nobly, and this was them whicheve ay g : ; | Thev were often possessed of more seized upon and repeated sneeringly 11h hi wdness than they were credited hundreds of head-lines and editorials, Snre L1ESs c =) She | | | | . with. Their sentiments up to the time always with an implication that it was of the Emancipation Proclamation were buncombe, until the readers of those sconce Rintrs SAO 9 einen eng? * Aro RPrran airen nae gesentyqnasinienrwnarnepe | } perhaps fairly represented by one who | journals were made to believe that such was an officer's servant in an Illinois troops did not fight at all. The fact was regiment, and was at the battle of Fort | that their percentage of losses on the Donelson. A gentleman who afterward whole number that went-into the ser- met him on the deck of a steamer, and vice was slightly greater than that of was curious to know what he thought the white troops; and when we con- of the struggle that was going on, sider that they fought with a prospect questioned him with the following | of being either murdered or sold into result : slavery, if they fell into the hands of ‘Were you in the fig “Had 4a little taste of it, sa.’ “ Stood your cround, did you?” the enemy, it must be acknowledged Initerraes | that they were entitled to a full measure of credit. Immediately after the proc- ”? lamation of emancipation was issued, i COIN. sake Lauins: “ Run at the first fire, did you ? e } Lorenzo Thomas, adjutant-general of had knowsad it war comin a+ | “Viess sa and would ha tm soona i | the army, was sent to Louisiana, where | he explained his mission in a speech to “Why, that wasn’t very creditable the soldiers, in the course of which he oe — _ ——_—-1 to your courage. COLONEL: ROBERT G. SHAW. said: “Dat isn’t in my line, sa; cookin’s (Commanding the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Colored Regiment.) “Look along the river, and see the my perfeshun.” multitude of deserted plantations upon | “Well, but have you no regard for your reputation ?”’ its banks. These are the places for these freedmen, where they “ Refutation’s nuffin by de side ob life.”’ can be self-sustaining and self-supporting. All of you will some “Do you consider your life worth more than other people’s?”’ day be on picket-duty; and I charge you all, if any of this un- “Its worth more to me; sas: fortunate race come within your lines, that you do not turn them “Then you must value it very highly?” away, but receive them kindly and cordially. They are to be “Yes, sa, I does; more dan all dis wuld; more dan a million encouraged to come to us; they are to be received with open of dollars, sa: for what would dat be wuf to a man wid de bref arms; they are to be fed and clothed; they are to be armed. out of him? Self-perserbashum am de fust law wid me.” This is the policy that has been fully determined upon. I am “But why should you act upon a different rule from other here to say that I am authorized to raise as many regiments of men! blacks as I can. I am authorized to give commissions, from the ce ISA v4 ‘ “oO a —¢ - - ‘ Because different men set different values upon dar lives: “2k highest to the lowest ; and I desire those persons who are earnest mine is not in de market.” in this work to take hold of it. I desire only those whose hearts .., fe Ce ee oe ee | But if you lost it, you would have the satisfaction of know- are in it, and to them alone will I give commissions. I don’t on ing that yc ie -yourc “yy”? es : 4 2 ae you died for your country. care who they are, or what their present rank may be. I do not 6 71a Ss eplelpiag uae e : : : : t : Soe : . 5 oe lat pvoecuon would dat be to me when de power ob hesitate to say, that all proper persons will receive commissions. feelin’ was gone? uo lef “While I am authorized thus in the name of the Secretarv of hen patriotism and honor are nothing to you?” ee ee oe 3 - War, I have the fullest authority to dismiss from the army any ] whatever, sa: Oe adem as among de vanities; | and den de Gobernment don’t know me: I hab no rights ; may i be sold like old hoss any day, and dat’s all.” man, be his rank what it may, whom I find maltreating the freed- men. This part of my duty I will most assuredly perform if any case comes before me. I would rather do that than give com- IRCx PSS TUN Utrera oe sla dive aca aleetetsat ys missions, because such men are unworthy the name of soldiers. his, fellow soldiers, is the determined policy of the Adminis- tration. You all know, full well, when the President of the United States, though said to be slow in coming to a determi- nation, once puts his foot down, it is there; and he is not going s f 2 . oD oD to take it up. He has put his foot down. Iam here to assure you that my official influence shall be given that he shall not arsenite Major-Gen. B. M. Prentiss then made a speech, in which he said, that “from the time he was a prisoner, and a negro sen- tinel; with firm step, beat in front of his cell, and with firmer CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. Bae knowledge of the gun, and, above all, a readiness of ear and imitation which for purposes of drill counterbalanees any defect of mental training. As to camp life, they have little to sacri- fice; they are better fed, housed, and clothed than ever in their lives before, and they appear to have fewer inconvenient vices. They are simple, docile, and affectionate almost to the point of absurdity. The same men who stood fire in open field with perfect coolness, on the late expedition, have come to me blub- bering in the most irresistibly ludicrous manner on being trans- ferred from one company in the regiment to another. This morning I wandered about where different companies were COLORED INFANTRY AT FORT LINCOLN. voice commanded silence within, he prayed God for the day of revenge ; and he now thanked God that it had come.” General Prentiss, it will be remembered, had*been captured at the battle of Shiloh, and from this incidental testimony it appears that he found the Confederates had negroes doing duty as sentinels at least. Col. Thomas W. Higginson, who saw much service in General Saxton’s department on the coast of South Carolina, and who theré raised and commanded a regiment of colored troops, wrote: “It needs but a few days to show up the absurdity of distrusting the military availability of these people. They have quite as much average comprehension as whites of the need of the thing, as much courage I doubt not, as much previous target shooting, and their glee was contagious. Such exulting shouts of ‘Ki! ole man,’ when some steady old turkey-shooter brought his gun down for an instant’s aim and unerringly hit the mark: and then, when some unwary youth fired his piece into the ground at half cock, such infinite cuffawing and delight, such rolling over and over on the grass, such dances of ecstasy, as made the Ethiopian minstrelsy of the stage appear a feeble imi- fatiomey The first regiment of colored troops raised at the North was the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts, commanded by Col. Robert G. Shaw, who fell at their head in the desperate assault on Fort Wagner. The whole-heartedness with which, when once per- mitted to enlist, the colored soldiers entered into the war, is egies em Serie =. = —— al cette ane cal — il TSS ALT EE TL PTL err © ares oe --s'P Pere peas! wa eS ae aay~ if ) Hl tht ao a Pris ls Se ake 5 ES LT err ee hie 240 > the fact that their en- indicated by Ided not only to the mus- Ael thusiasm add kets in the field, but also to the music and poetry in the air. A private in | the regiment just mentioned produced a song which, whatever its defects as poetry, can hardly be criticised for its sentiments. ‘i Frémont told them, when the war it first ; begun, How to save the Union, and the way it should Ve one But Kentucky swore so hard, and Old Abe he 1d his fears Till ever ope 1s lost but the colored 3 volunteers CHORUS. . Oh, vive us a flag all free without aslave! We'll fig to defend it as our fathers did SO brave. The gallant Compny A will make the re yels danc And € St und b Lhe Union, lf we only : a, Gnance: McClellan went to Richmond with two hundred thousand brave; He said, ‘Keep back the niggers,’ and the Union he would save. Little Mac he had his way, still the Union is in tears: Now ey call for the help of the colored volunteers. Cho.—Oh, give us a flag, etc. | Old Jeff says he'll hang us if we dare to meet him armed— \ very big thing, bu e are not at all alarmed: For he first has got to catch us before the way is clear, And “that’s what's the matter” with the colored volunteer. Cho.—Oh, give us a flag, etc = { So rally, boys, rally! let us never mind the past. t We had a hard road to travel, but our day is coming fast ; For God is for the right, and we have no need to fear; The Union must be saved by the colored volunteer. Cho.—Oh, give us a flag, etc. / How many of them Jeff Davis did hang, or otherwise murder, it will never be known; but it is certain that many of those cap- tured were disposed of in some manner not in accordance with At the surrender of Port Hudson not a single the laws of war. o colored man was found alive, although it was known that thirty- the It is no wonder that when they did go into battle they 7 oe oO five had been taken prisoners by the Confederates durin SLE OE. V fought with desperation. The first regular engagement in which they took part was the battle of Milliken’s Bend, La., June 7, 1863 ; concerning which an eye-witness wrote: { : LE FEMME KS NS a ZEN pp, SUS ‘ APES SIX MU Ye eMt LA dudes TRO OG et a yi gal ial yp Ne TL ANE ‘ \ I A MGUY, Al 4 Vd be\\ ye RP She tay eee etter ie aiicr rs “A force of about five hundred negroes, and two hundred men of the Twenty-third Iowa, belonging to the Second Brigade, Carr’s division (the Twenty-third Iowa had been up the river with prisoners, and was on its way back to this place), was surprised in camp by a rebel force of about two thousand men. The first that the commanding officer received intimation was from one of the black men, who went into the colonel’s tent, and said, The colonel ordered him CO have the men ‘Massa, the secesh are in camp. load their guns at once. He instantly replied: ‘ We have done did that now, massa. Before the colonel was ready, the men were in line, ready for action. As before stated, the rebels drove our force toward the gunboats, taking CONTRABAND.” INTELLIGENT colored men prisoners and murdering This so enraged them that they rallied, and charged the o> them. enemy more heroically and desperately than has been recorded during the war. It was a genuine bayonet charge, a hand-to-hand ficht, that has never occurred to any extent during this prolonged Upon both sides men were killed with the butts of conflict. muskets. White and black men were lying side by side, pierced In other black—were bv bavonets, and in some instances transfixed to the earth. one instance, two men—one white and the found dead, side by side, each having the other's bayonet through his body. If facts prove to be what they are now represented, this engagement of Sunday morning will be recorded as the most desperate of this war. Broken limbs, broken heads, the man- sling of bodies, all prove that it was a contest between enraged men—on the one side, from hatred to,a race; and on the other, desire for self-preservation, revenge for past grievances and the inhuman murder of their comrades. One brave man took his former master prisoner, and brought him into camp with great gusto. A rebel prisoner made a particular request that his own ’? negroes should not be placed over him as a guard Capt. M. M. Miller, who commanded a colored company in that action, said: “I went into the fight with thirty-three men, htly. The enemy charged us so close that we fought with our bayo- and had sixteen killed, eleven badly wounded, and four slig nets hand to hand. I have six broken bayonets to show how bravely my men fought. The enemy cried, ‘No quarter!’ but some of them were very glad to take it when made prisoners. Not one of my men offered to leave his place until ordered to fall No prisoner by the rebels in this fight.” back. negro was ever found alive that was taken a AS CUNOMAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH HOOKER. CEA ER xexd: GHANE PE LORS VEL bk, “FIGHTING JOE HOOKER ’—LETTER FROM PRESIDENT LINCOLN—RE- STORING THE DISCIPLINE OF THE ARMY — CAPTURING THE HEIGHTS OF FREDERICKSBURG—SKILLFUL MOVEMENT BY ‘“ STONE- WALL” JACKSON—HEROIC CHARGE OF CAVALRY COMMANDED BY MAJOR PETER KEENAN—ACCIDENTAL SHOOTING OF GENERAL JACKSON—DEFEAT OF THE NATIONAL FORCES—GENERAL HOOK- ER’S EXPLANATION OF HIS FAILURE—NUMEROUS INTERESTING INCIDENTS. AFTER Burnside’s failure at Fredericksburg, he was super- seded, January 25, 1863, by General Joseph Hooker, who had commanded one of his grand divisions. Hooker, now forty- eight years old, was a graduate of West Point, had seen service in the Florida and Mexican wars, had been through the penin- sula campaign with McClelian, was one of our best corps com- manders, 3nd was a tavorite with the soldiers, who called him* “Fichting Joe Hooker.” In-giving the command to General Hooker, President Lincoln accompanied it with a remarkable letter ren not only exhibits his own peculiar genius, but sug- gests some of the complicated difficulties of the military and political situation. He wrote: “I have placed you at the head of the Army of the Potomac. Of course I have done this upon what appear to me sufficient reasons, and yet I think it best for you to know there ave some things in regard to which I am not -quite satisfied with you. I believe you to be a brave and skilful oldier, which of course I like. I also believe you do not mix politics with your profession, in which you are right. You have confidence in yourself, which is a valuable if not indispensable CAVEEIERE YAIND BAT PAEINER M/E ae 2 AI quality. You are ambitious, which, within reasonable bounds, does good rather than harm; but I think that during General Burnside’s command of the army you have taken counsel of your ambition, and thwarted him as much as you could, in which you did a great w rong to the country, and to a most meritorious and honorable proce officer. I have heard, in such a way as to believe it, of your recently saying, that both the army and the government needed a dictator. Of course it was not for this, but in spite of it, that I have given you the command. Only those generals who gain successes can set up dictators. What I now ask of you is military success, and I will risk the dictator- ship. The Government will support you to the utmost of its ability, which is neither more nor less than it has done and will do for all commanders. I much fear that the spirit which you have aided to infuse into the army, of criticising their com- mander, and withholding confidence from him, will now turn upon you. I shall assist you as far asI can to put it down. Neither you nor.Napoleon, were he alive again, could get any sood ore of any army while such a spirit prevails in it. And now, beware of rashness! Beware of rashness! But with energy and sleepless vigilance go forward and give us victories.” Hooker restored the discipline of the Army of the Potomac, which had been greatly relaxed, reorganized it in corps, and opened the spring campaign with every promise of success. The army was still on the Rappahannock, opposite Fredericks- burg, and he planned to cross over and strike Lee’s left. Mak- ing a demonstration with Sedgwick’s corps below the town, he moved a large part of his army up-stream, crossed quickly, and had forty-six thousand men at Chancellorsville before Lee guessed what he was about. This “ville” was only a single house, Eastward, between it and Fredericks- burg, there was open country; west of it was the great thicket known as the Wilderness, in the depths of which, a year later, a bloody battle was fought. Instead of advancing into the open country at once, and strik- named from its owner. ing the enemy’s flank, Hooker lost a day in inaction, whick gave Lee time to learn what was going on and to make dispositions to meet the emergency. Leaving a small force to check Sedg- wick, who had carried the heights of Fredericksburg, he moved toward Hooker with nearly all his army, May Ist, and attacked at various points, endeavoring to ascertain Hooker's exact position. By nightfall of this same day, Hooker appears to have lost con- fidence in the plans with which he set out, and been deserted by his old-time audacity ; for instead of maintaining a tactical offen- sive, he drew back from some of his more advanced positions, formed his army in a semicircle, and awaited attack. His left and his centre were strong sly posted and to some extent in- g trenched; but his right, consisting of Howard’s corps, was “in the air,’ and, moreover, it oe the Wilderness. When this weak spot was discovered by the enemy, on the morning of the 2d, Lee sent Jackson with twenty-six thousand men to make a long detour, pass into the Wilderness, and, emerging suddenly from its eastern edge, take Howard by surprise. Jackson’s men were seen and counted as they passed over the crest of a hill; they were even attacked by detachments from Sickles’s corps; and Hooker sent orders to Howard to strengthen his position, advance his pickets, and: not allow himself to be surprised. But Howard appears to have disregarded all precautions, and in the afternoon the enemy came down upon him, preceded by a rush of frightened wild animals driven from their cover in the woods by the advancing battle-line. Howard’s corps was doubled up, thrown into confusion, and completely routed. The enemy was a Pam ener 2i LVIEPRIRE AND BADTLE RTE LD. 7) ! 242 Bay | : ¢ heavily to the ground. | es i n exultingly, when General Sickles sent Gen. Alfred the men was struck, and the eee aa . 5 ie ty ot ing oO Siy me z 2 : s . itz < 5 arm was amputated, ill | aa ith tw oe ents of cavalry and a battery to occupy He finally reached the hospi eae : | Pleasonton with two reg1 ) : but he died at the end of a week. Jacksons corps renewed | Grove, which was the key- iE 1 just in its attack, under Gen. A. he | ill was wc .d and borne from the field. | Confederates were ‘ard the same Hill was wounded < ite e se that the Confederates were making towa 2 oe eee i re We The, next mornines point and were likely to secure it. There was . Vise but one way to save the army, and Pleasonton : quickly comprehended it. He ordered Major Pete MN. Keenan, with the Eighth Pennsylvania cavalry oD an advantageous position at Haze P. Hill, but without success, and point of this part of the battlefield. Pleasonton arrivec May 3d, it was renewed again under Stuart, the cavalry leader, and at the same time Lee attacked ecoime q r hundred strong, to charge : regiment, about fou 5 2 in front with his entire immediately upon the ten thousand Confederate force. The Confederates infantry. ‘It is the same as saying we mus . ee poe ? ee 1ad sustained a serious killed.’ said Keenan, “but we'll do it. This charge, in which Keenan and most of his command | were slain, astonished the enemy and stopped their onset, for they believed there must be some more disaster the evening be- fore, in the loss of Lee’s ablest lieutenant; but now e a more serious one befell formidable force behind it. ” er ee as the National army, for In the precious minutes thus gained, Pleasonton C iL iStery renera ooker was ren- brought together twenty-two guns, loaded them : cn fo ee eer dts dered insensible by the with double charges of canister, and had them nites eh : shock from a cannon-ba depressed enough to make the shot strike the ‘II +l : that struck: a pillar of the sround half-way between his own line and the ot Bh i Chancellor house, against edge of the woods where the enemy must emerge. , ag When the Confederates resumed their charge, which he was leaning. After this there was no ise werey stir che | by. plan or organization to L ay 4 > y 4 < : : aayeln a Son OF fom as the battle on the National ae ayaa rat ach corps nothing human co uld ide—though each corps withstand; other troops commander held his own V . c 1 JX » were brought up to the as well as he could, and support of the guns, and the men fought valiantly We A ee tnpediee Cai —=while Wee was at his what little artillery tne BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL = i Confederates had ad- D. N. COUCH. best. The line was forced vanced to the front was back to some strong 1n- knocked to pieces. trenchments that had been prepared the night be- Here. about dusk, Gen- fore, when Lee learned that Sedgwick had defeated eral Jackson rode to the the force opposed to him, captured Fredericksburg front to reconnoitre. As heights, and was promptly advancing upon the he rode back again with Confederate rear. Trusting that the force in his his staff, some of his own front would not advance upon him, Lee drew off men, mistaking the horse- a large detachment of his army and turned upon Sedgwick, who after a heavy fight was stopped, : men for National cavalry, 2 fired a volley at them, by and with some difficulty succeeded in crossing the which several were killed. river after nightfall. Lee then turned again upon Another volley inflicted Hooker; but a great storm suspended operations three wounds upon Jack- for twenty-four hours, and the next night the Na- son; and as his frightened tional army all recrossed the Rappahannock, leav- horse dashed into the ing on the field fourteen guns, thousands of small- woods, the general was arms, all their dead, and many of their wounded. | thrown violently against In this battle or series of battles, the Nationat loss the limb of a tree and Da was about seventeen thousand men, the Confed- ; injured still more. Afterward, when his men were bearing erate about thirteen thousand. Hooker had commanded a him off, a National battery opened fire down the road, one of about one hundred and thirteen thousand five hundred, to it Pies GOs Lee’s sixty-two thousand (disregarding the different methods Ue of counting in the two armies); but as usual they were * 2 , ; d Oc : as usué ey were not This is the story of Keenan’s charge as told by General Pleasonton, and generally : : s tat : 5 accepted, which has been made the theme of much comment and several poems. In action simu taneously) » INany were hardly in the fight at all, MAME. oR TM tet Nobody questions that the charge was gallantly made, and resulted in heavy loss to and at ev ery point of actual contact, with the exception of the intrepid riders; but several participants have recorde ir testi ; i S ick’ S i 41ers ; é é ants have recorded their testimony that it Sedgwick’s ‘st engageme > ~-derates rere s > ere eee UE ae S J sedgwick’s first engagement, the Confederates were superior f z Ww", 4, @® Wy, 9 X A at Ss Cay Z Ah Paws 4 Z P lr: on Dm Aj Y oo a A = ‘ CS ALE a Kem Hi" =n < x iE By ARIE OF C HANCELLORSVILLE SCALE Or’ mMiLes AN ° OY OF 38, vor® + = : a AS A ? < ‘ / / / t 1 v ' A v Fun ws on one tin? g— z t =6 oa ae — General Jackson, as already mentioned, was mortally wounded, eral Lee had moved out with his whole army,and by sunrise was and several others were hurt, some of them severely. in firm possession of Jackson's Ford, had thrown up this line of Sedewick’s part of this engagement is sometimes called the breastworks, which you can still follow with the eyes, and it was battle of Salem Heights, and sometimes the second battle of bristling with cannon from one end to the other. Before I had Fredericksburg. proceeded two miles the heads of my columns, while still upon Two coincidences are noticeable in thisaction. First, each com- the narrow roads in these interminable forests, where it was im- mander made a powerful flank movement against his opponent's possible to manceuvre my forces, were met by Jackson with a right, and neither of these movements was completely successful, full two-thirds of the entire Confederate army. I had no alter- although they were most gallantly and skilfully made. Second, native but to turn back, as I had only a fragment of my com- each commander, in his after explanations accounting for his mand in hand, and take up the position about Chancellorsville failure to push the fight any farther, declared that he could not which I-had occupied during the night, as I was being rapidly conscientiously order his men to assail the strong intrenchments outflanked upon my right, the enemy having open ground on of the enemy. which to ‘operate. . - . Very early on the first day:of the General Hooker’s explanation of his failure, so far as it could battle I rode along the whole line and examined every part, be explained, was given in a conversation with Samuel P. Bates, suggesting some changes and counselling extreme vigilance his literary executor, who visited the ground with him in 1876. Upon my return to headquarters I was informed that a contin. Mr. Bates says: “ Upon our arrival at the broad, open, rolling uous column of the enemy had been marching past my front fields opposite Banks’s Ford, three or four miles up the stream, since early in the morning. This put an entirely new phase General Hooker explained, waving his hand significantly : ‘Here upon the promi and filled me with apprehension for the sacety on this open ground I intended to fight my battle. But the of my right wing, which was posted to meet a front attack from the south, but was in no condition fora flank attack from the trouble was to get my army on it, as the banks of the stream lictated a despatch to Generals Slocum are, as you see, rugged and precipitous, and the few fords were west. I immediately « By making a and Howard, saying that I had good reason to believe that the enemy was moving to our right, and that they must be ready to meet an attack from the west. . =. ; The failure of Floward is. or [Os siti anc vas forced, in the to hold his: ground cost us our position, and Iy strongly fortified and guarded by the enemy. powerful demonstration in front of and below the town of Fred- ericksburg with a part of my army, I was able, unobserved, to withdraw the remainder, and, marching nearly thirty miles up a : , < x es , alae e S\X7 Nee the stream, to cross the Rappahannock and the Rapidan unop- ~ presence of the enemy, to take up a new one. posed, and in four days’ time to arrive at Chancellorsville, within Se a —__ ——— five miles of this coveted ground. . . . But at midnight Gen- * ‘Battles and Leaders of the Civil War,” vol. iii. p. 217. ef seg TMA Geetha. He Ry ‘ hes a er SLT) ~ Ze oe enw) PLFA haere mah Ne og SULT Ts nr i m See ae ee hata eer 5a on, += ond ies Z3F) et eae iba A Bp ee - i! a [ \ | 1) Gia ke ! F ) BtOye e it . Sop ees tere elie teas = 2 : if “die | Pele et ea ES St peieiatainaeee Seohen ahaeanannemeeneees eoeeeee CONFEDERAT ATnAGK OF REPELLING On NC. CO MAY 3 SUNDAY. re BAIEE OF (CrANGEEEORSM! ERE:. Pas Lalas eS UNIT CUP tnt Picriet bey - , Pepe bem reer General Howard says he did not receive that despatch, and in his report he gave the following reasons for the disaster that Over took his corps: “I. Though constantly threatened and ap} yrised of the moving of the enemy, yet the wood : ey S were so dense that 1e Was able to mass a large force, whose exact whereabouts neither patrols, reconnoissances, nor scouts ascertained. He succeeded in forming a column Opposite to and amisilerel hos 7 right. II. By the panic produced by the enemy’s ees Ae regiments and artillery were thrown suddenly upon fess ‘, position. III. The absence of Genera] Barlow’s brigade which I had previously located in reserve and ex echelon en Col Von Gilsa’s, so as to cover his right flank. ? one] 7 This was the onlv general reserve I[ had.’ Every suc attle has its interesti inci ) ch battle has its interesting incidents, generally enough to fill a volume, and they are seldom repeated. Some of the most interesting incidents of Chancellorsville are told by Capt. Henry N. Blake, of the Eleventh Massachusetts Resiment Here are a few of them: = | “A man who was loading his musket threw away the cartridge, with a fearful oath about government contractors; and I noticed that the paper was filled with fine grains of dry earth instead of gunpowder. In the thickest of the firing an officer seized an excited soldier—who discharged his piece with trembling hands near the ears, and endangered the lives, of his comrac ceed kicked him into the centre of the road. Trade prospered throughout the day, and the United States sharp-shooters were constantly exchanging their dark green caps for the regulation hats which were worn by the regiment. The captain of one of the companies of skirmishers was posted near a brook at the base of a slight ascent upon which the enemy was massed, and there was a scattering fire of bullets which cautioned all to ‘lie down.’ While he was rectifying the alignment he perceived with amazement one of his men, who sat astride a log and washed his hands and face, and then cleansed the towel with a piece) Of soap which he carried. One_ sharp-shooter shielded himself behind a blanket: od and another con- cealed him- MAJOR PEIEK KEENAN, Aetarah bee bis tat tees’ trees CAMPRE ERE. ANID) Wer TEESE aD) ea) LIEUTENANT-GENERAL THOMAS J. (‘‘STONEWALL’’) JACKSON, C. S. A. self behind an empty cracker-box, the sides of which were half an inch in thickness, exposed his person as little as possible, and felt as secure as the ostrich with his head buried in the sand. “The ominous silence of the sharp-shooters in front was a sure indication that the main force was approaching; and a rebel officer, upon the left, brought every man into his place in the ranks by exclaiming to his command: ‘ Forward, double-quick, march! Guide left!’ The hideous yells once more disclosed their position in the dark woods; but the volleys of buck and ball, and the recollection of the previous repulse, quickly hushed their outcries, and they were again vanquished. The conflict upon the left still continued, and the defeated soldiers began to reinforce the troops that were striving by desperate efforts to pierce the line, until a company swept the road with its fire and checked the move- ment, and only one or two rebels at intervals leaped across the deadly chasm. A demand for ammunition was now heard—the most fearful cry of distress in a battle—and every man upon the right contributed a few cartridges, which were carried to the scene of action in the hats of the donors. The forty rounds which fill the maga- zines are sufficient for any combat, unless the troops are protected by earthworks or a natural barrier ; and the extra cartridges, which must be placed in the pockets and knap- sacks, are seldom used. “Tt was after sunset; but the flashes of the rifles in the darkness were the targets at which the guns were fired, until the enemy retired at nine P.M., and the din of musketry was succeeded by the groans of the wounded. The song of the whippoorwills increased the gloom that pervaded the forest; and the pickets carefully listened to them, because the hostile a Pte ae Fy 4 mer tL? wy ra assy OT Mohd bod > Mid beeper = Lf eat MEE oahe Shia Nf ae: pt NE oe idea dS PEs DUS Py a a “a ~ ri Wim eon i me = aFs SSeS as = ae ~ > >» x Ky eC * - ~ yr > they compelled the surgeons to discharge Chds un Cancel) lest their duty in a number of cases by threaten- squad of three hundred prisoners uttered a ing to shoot them. The heat was very severe; many cannoneers _ yell of joy when they saw a cannon-ball enter a large tent 1a divested themselves of their uniforms while they were working; | which was crowded with the dying and disabled. The direc- I and a number of the skirmishers, who were posted in the open tion of the firing was changed, and caused utter dismay when BR field, and obliged to lie low without any shelter, were sometimes — some of the number were killed by the missiles that were hurled Rk afflicted by sunstroke. ‘I will win a star or a coffin in this by their comrades in the army of Lee.” battle,’ remarked a colonel as he was riding to the scene of con- flict in which a bullet checked his noble military aspirations. ae ‘To take a soldier without ambition is to pull off his spurs.’ ‘I have got my leave of absence now,’ gladly said an officer, a. whose application had always been refused at headquarters, | Te : : ule when he left the regiment to go to the hospital. The appear- : nt 1 1 - : A. a ance of a rabbit causes an excitement and a chase upon all i J l - : a“ a 7) occasions, and one ran in front of the 2 line as the action commenced; and the birds were flying wildly among the trees, as if they anticipated a storm; and a soldier shouted, ‘ Stop him, stop him! I could make a good meal if I had him.’ ‘This is English neutral- “z= ity, an intelligent metal moulder re- marked, in examining the fragment of a shell, and explaining the process of its manufacture to the company; while the rebel batteries every minute added | some specimens to his collection. The officials in Richmond published at this time an order, directing that the cloth- ing should be taken from the bodies of their dead and issued to the living. Perens ee pos They always stripped the dead and the dying upon every field; and I noticed that one man who had been stunned, i and afterward effected his escape, wore merely a shirt and hat when he entered | the lines. 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INVASION OF THE NORTH DETERMINED ON—CAVALRY SKIRMISH AT FLEETWOOD, WHICH MARKS A TURNING POINT IN THAT SER- VICE—HOOKER’S PLANS—HE ASKS TO BE RELIEVED—MEADE IN COMMAND BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG—POSITION OF CONFEDER- ATE FORCES—NUMBER OF MEN ENGAGED ON EACH SIDE—SURFACE OF THE COUNTRY ABOUT GETTYSBURG THE RIGHT BLOODY FIGHTING ON GENERAL HANCOCK SUPERSEDES GENERAL HOWARD —RAPID CONCENTRATION OF THE ARMIES—TERRIFIC FIGHTING IN THE PEACH ORCHARD—DRAMATIC CHARGE OF THE LOUISIANA TIGERS—THE CHARGE OF PICKETT’S BRIGADE—ROMANTIC AND PATHETIC INCIDENTS OF THE BATTLE—RETREAT OF THE CON- FEDERATE ARMIES—VICTORY DUE TO DETERMINATION AND COURAGE OF THE COMMON SOLDIERS—EFFECT OF THE CONFED- ERATE DEFEAT IN EUROPE—GREAT NATIONAL CEMETERY ON THE BATTLEFIELD—LINCOLN’S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS. AFTER the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, public opinion in the South began to demand that the army under Lee should invade the North, or at least make a bold movement toward Washington. Public opinion is not often very discriminating in an exciting crisis; and on this occasion public opinion failed to discriminate between the comparative ease with which an army in a strong position may repel a faultily planned or badly managed attack, and the difficulties that must beset the same army when it leaves its base, launches forth into the enemy’s country, and is obliged to maintain a constantly lengthening line of communication. The Southern public could not see why, since the Army of Northern Virginia had won two victories on the Rappahannock, it might not march forward at once, lay New York and Philadelphia under contribution, and dictate peace and Southern independence in the Capitol at CAMPFIRE AND pie Se HMA aA HULL Hom ictetceccnweces RYE reepepen etctstt there tore prety) BA ale Eula 249 Washington. Whether the Confederate Government shared this feeling or not, it acted in accordance with it; and whether Lee approved it or not, he was obliged to obey. Yet; in the largest consideration of the problem, this demand for an invasion of the North was correct, though the result proved disastrous. For experience shows that purely defensive warfare: will not accomplish anything. Lee’s army had received a heavy. rein- forcement by the arrival of Longstreet’s corps, its regiments had been filled up with conscripts, it had unbounded confidence in itself, and this was the time, if ever, to put the plan for indepen- dence to the crucial test of offensive warfare. Many subsidiary considerations strengthened the argument. About thirty: thou- sand of Hooker’s men had been enlisted in the spring of 1861, for two years, and their term was now expiring. Vicksburg was besieged by Grant, before whom nothing had stood as yet ; and its fall would open the Mississippi and cut the Confederacy in two, which might seal the fate of the new Government unless the shock were neutralized by a great victory in the East. Volunteer- ing had fallen off in the North, conscription was resorted to, the Democratic party there had become more hostile to the Government and loudly abusive of President Lincoln and his advisers, and there were signs of riotous resistance to a draft. Finally, the Confederate agents in Europe reported that anything like a great Confederate victory would secure immediate recognition, if not armed intervention, from Eng- land and France. Hooker, who had lost a golden opportunity by his aberration or his accident at Chancellorsville, had come to his senses again, and was alert, active, and clear-headed. As early as May 28, 1863, he informed the President that something was stirring in the camp on the other side of the river, and that a northward movement might be expected. On the 3d of June, Lee began his movement, and by the 8th two of his three corps (those of Ewell and Longstreet) were at Culpeper, while A. P. Hill’s corps still held the lines on the Rappahannock. It was known that the entire Confederate cavalry, under Stuart, was at Culpeper; and Hooker sent all his cavalry, under Pleasonton, with two brigades of infantry, to attack it there. The assault was to be made in two converging columns, under Buford and Gregg; but this plan was disconcerted by the fact that the enemy’s cavalry, intent upon masking the movement of the great body of infantry and protecting its flank, had advanced to Brandy Station. Here it was struck first by Buford and afterward by Gregg, and there was bloody fighting, with the advantage at first in favor of the National troops; but the two columns failed to unite during the action, and finally withdrew. The loss was over five hundred men on each side, including among the killed Col. B. F. Davis, of the Eighth New York cavalry, and Colonel Hampton, commanding a Confederate brigade. Both sides claimed to have accomplished their object _-Pleasonton to have ascertained the movements of Lee’s army, and Stuart to have driven back his opponent. Some of the heaviest fighting was for possession of a height known as Fleet- wood Hill, and the Confederates name the action the battle of It is of special interest as marking the turning- point in cavalry service during the war. Up to that time the Confederate cavalry had been generally superior to the National. This action—a cavalry fight in the proper sense of the term, between the entire mounted forces of the two armies—was a drawn battle; and thenceforth the National cavalry exhibited superiority in an accelerating ratio, till finally nothing mounted Fleetwood. Seg HTH HY tr) Rr ae st ol . rete! Sanne ta ? nJOR-GENERAY : garrison, should haver taucht him better, his’ new cause of trouble, added to previous dis- sreements, was more than Hooker could a stand, and on the 27th he asked to be relieved from command of the army. His request was promptly complied with, and the next morning the command was given to General Meade, only five days before a great battle. George Gordon Meade, then in his forty-ninth year, was a eraduate of West Point, had served through the Mexican war, had done engineer duty in the survey of the Great Lakes, had been with McClellan on the peninsula, and had commanded a corps in the Army of the Potomac at Antietam, at Fredericks- burg, and at Chancellorsville. The first thing he did on assum- ing command was what Hooker had been forbidden to do: he ordered the evacuation of Harper’s Ferry, and the movement of its garrison to Frederick as a reserve. At this time, June 28th, one portion of Lee’s army was at Chambersburg, or between that place and Gettysburg, another at York and Carlisle, and a part of his cavalry was within sight of the spires of Harrisburg. The main body of the cavalry had gone off on a raid, Stuart having an ambition to ride a third time around the Army of the Potomac. This absence of his cavalry’ ‘, \ a Asan ar j Pere re gece ts He NY MART A Rava Pe CLE Pag Po cate arity pes teeter A Rte ieee! eeormest Ca Tivistitetas cent rasa es. a Lela Lhe boas: » 5 di x Seen etn \ ie CAMEPTEERE “ANID! 3BYA LTE TE Ee aan 251 left Lee in ignorance of the movements of his adversary, whom he of the village, and Reynolds disposed his troops, as fast as they appears to have expected to remain quietly on the south side of arrived, so as to dispute the passage on both roads. The key- the Potomac. When suddenly he found his communications in point was a piece of high ground, partly covered with woods, danger, he called back Ewell from York and Car] between the roads, and the advance of both sides rushed for it. the concentration of all his forces at Gettysburg. Many converg- Here General Reynolds, going forward to survey the eround, ing roads lead into that town, and its convenience for such con- was shot by a sharp-shooter and fell dead. He was one of the centration was obvious. Meade was also advancing his army ablest corps commanders that the Army of the Potomac ever toward Gettysburg, though with a more certain step—as was had. The command devolved upon Gen. Abner Doubleday, necessary, since his object was to find Lee’s army and fight it, who was an experienced soldier, having served tl isle, and ordered 1rough the Mexican war, been second in command under Anderson at Fort ria Sumter, and seen almost constant service with the Army of | the Potomac. The Confederate force contending for the woods oring- was Archer’s brigade; the National was Meredith’s “ Iron Bri. ing on the great battle at Pipe Creek, southeast of Gettysburg, gade.” Archer’s men had been told that they would meet noth- where he marked out a good defensive line; but the First Corps, ing but Pennsylvania militia, which they expected to brush out under Gen. John F. Reynolds, advanced rapidly to Gettysburg, of the way with little trouble; but when they saw the Iron and on the Ist of July encountered west of the town a portion Brigade, some of them were heard saying: “’Taint no militia; of the enemy coming in from Chambersburg. Lee had about there are the seventy-three thousand five wherever it might go. His cavalry, under Pleasonton, was doing good service; and that general advanced a division under Buford on the 29th to Gettysburg, with orders to delay the enemy till the army could come up. Meade had some expectation of | black-hatted fellows again; it’s the Army of the Potomac!” The result here was that Meredith’s men not only secured the woods, but captured Gen- eral Archer and a large part of his brigade, and then ad- vanced to the ridge west of the run. On the right of the line there had been bloody fight- hundred men (infantry and artillery), and Meade about eighty-two thousand, while the cavalry numbered about i rit x Ww My 3 Wy \\ 3 Gril YONGE CANIN =—_= VR“) 4h SY f 4 + NG eleven thousand on each side, and both armies had gA ’ +4 xf X44, WON rw WY GMT ONN WT \s Nii SNS . MY more cannon than they could use.* Wohren” Reynolds sad: vanced his own corps (the First) and determined to ing, with unsatisfactory r i sults, owing to the careless | posting of regiments and a | Se PA SSS fornaughio want of concert in, action. |e ard’s) to come up to its Ge & a =e SE St RSLoeg Two. National regiments im Support. he country, Tai ON 'S S : were driven from the’ field, i \\ hold Gettysburg, he or- ul / 7 WH “Wf ei We Z Uy" ON ex scan = IS YA y dered the Eleventh (How- (1 SY Y | ~ y WTS t a | 4 : i = 4 See ee oy about Gettysburg is broken 3S qe 4 and a gun was lost ; while ie into ridges, mainly parallel, Ke 1 = - on the other hand a Con- | Os and running north and =a wy ee L i federate force was o - it - ; hs ; Wit SUZ : ee EN into a railroad cut-for shel- : “ct ridoe Sr = BN iy NO NG it, © Nay da Te < . south. On the first ridge SSS ; IWS Me Figo! wand them eubiectedurt | west of the village stood a fe or Ain Pebrene 2biew Suv) cecs f° YG ) snfilading fire through Bi theological seminary, which \ ‘ an enfilading fire t S ieee. gave it the name of Semi- Zz e the cut, so that.a large por- w My Mf) nary Ridge. Between this tion were captured and the Ly Zi > and the next is a small . ‘ \ remainder dispersed. 1 ys Whether any commander — ean stream called Willoughby ) i Wy f on either side intended to Run, and here the first Wey ssi day's battle was fought bring on a battle at this : i) c S c a. . ’ : : : ; é ee 7p. point, is doubtful.’ But Bey Buford held the ridges till TAN ee ( ies ale Aiea. slimt SF ow both sides were rapidly and the infantry arrived, Cli He WA Mn so WE i heavily reinforced, and both ' ' : lfry Cc > ; me fe 4 SSN . ) ing in the peel of the oe LFA fought with determination. | tH seminary and looking anx- ae ey Bet, ous Q | oe ee rere top Se The struggle for the Cham- Bai Slya tor their Comune. _ sels é i] a © ; ; a eas bersburg road was obstinate, Hy 1e Contederates were ad- ; i i especially after the Confed- hie vancing by two roads that aoe : slanted: several ae met ini a: point at the edge MAP or tHe BATTLE €rates Nad ple aS é i me a’ | c > xyuns to sweep lite “We 4 OF c GETTYSBURG Rave come to stay,’ said : “ re %¢ 4 7, = md = oe ie me P | * Various figures and estimates showing Lositions hel Roy Stone's br igade, as are given as representing the JULY £37 22&37 1853. they came into line under | strength of the two armies, some of Bo che: fre of these cuns to ; which take account of detachments Confederate Sup DOHERA Baten Be / | op eee Hee Hel aioe See Le own; and “ the battle after- } Mepy ucarlyathe sorces: actually gyal Reproduced by permission of Dick & Fitzgerald, N. Y., Ame “« Twelve Decisive Battles of the War,”’ ward became so severe that able for the battle.= ee, TR eae ais aa RT 5 al ro enna a et wf gtr thangs a 252 the greater portion did stay,” says General Doubleday. A division of Ewell’s corps soon arrived from Carlisle, wheeled into position, and struck the right of the National line. resting Robinson's division, on Seminary Ridge, was promptly brought forward to meet this new peril, and was so. skilfully handled that it presently capture de +t himere North Carolina regiments. ~ < Gen. Oliver ©. Howard, being the ranking officer, assumed command when he arrived on this part of the feld: and when his-own corps (the Eleventh) came up, about one o'clock, he placed it in right, longing the line of battle far around to the north of the position on the pro- town. This great extension made it weak at many points; and as fresh divisions of Con- | Ef federate troops were con- | ‘1 stantly arriving, under Lee’s | general order to concentrate on the town, they finally be- | came powerful enough to | break through the centre, roll- ing back the right flank of the lens (oy Oo CAMPFIRE AND BA EPTLEFIEL D. First Corps and the left of the Eleventh, and throwing into confusion everything except the left of the First Corps, which retired in good order, protecting artillery and ambulances. Of the fugitives that swarmed through the town, about five thou- But this had been effected only ¢ sand were made prisoners. at heavy cost to the Confederates. At one point Iverson’s Georgia brigade had rushed up to a stone fence behind which Baxter’s brigade was sheltered, when Baxter's men suddenly rose and delivered a volley that struck down five hundred of Iverson's in an instant, while the remainder, who were sub- jected also to a cross-fire, immediately surrendered—all but one regiment, which escaped by raising a white flag. In the midst of the confusion, Gen. Winfield S. Hancock arrived, under orders from General Meade to supersede Howard in the command of that wing of the army. He had been instructed also to choose a position for the army to meet the great shock of battle, if he should find a better one than the line of Pike Creek. Hancock's first duty was to rally the fugitives and restore orderand confidence. Steinwehr’s division was in reserve on Cemetery Ridge, and Buford’s cavalry was on the plain between the town and the ridge; and with these standing fast he stopped the retreat and rapidly formed a line along that crest. The ridge begins in Round Top, a high, rocky hill; next north of this is Little Round Top, smaller, but still bold and rugged: and thence it is continued at a less elevation, with gentler slopes, northward to within half a mile of the town, where it curves around to the east and ends at Rock Creek. The whole length is about MAJOR-GENERAL GEORGE G Seminary Ridge west of this, and three miles. ictal mile nearly parallel with its cen- tral portion. Hancock with- out hesitation chose this line, placed all the available troops in position, and then hurried back to headquarters at Taneytown. Meade at once accepted his plan, and sent forward the remaining corps. The Third Corps, commanded “by General Sickles, being al- ready on the march, arrived at sunset. Lhe Second (Han- cock’s) marched thirteen miles and went into position. The Fifth (Sykes's) was twenty- three miles away, but marched all night and arrived in the morning. Lhe Sixth (Sedg- wick’s) was. thirty-six miles away, but was put in motion at once. At the same time, Lee was urging the various divisions of his army to make the concentration as rapidly | as possible, not wishing to at- tack the heights till his forces were all up. It is said by General Long- street that Lee had promised | his corps commanders not to MEADE fight a battle during this ex- pedition, unless he could take a position and stand on the defensive ; but the excitement and confidence of his soldiers, who felt themselves invincible, com- pelled him. While he was waiting for his divisions to arrive, forming his lines, and perfecting a plan of attack, Sedgwick’s corps arrived on the other side, and the National troops were busy constructing rude breastworks. Between the two great ridges there is another ridge, situated somewhat like the diagonal portion of a capital N. The order of the corps, beginning at the right, was this: Slocum’s, How- ard’s, Hancock’s, Sickles’s, with Sykes’s in reserve on the left. Sickles, thinking to occupy more and Sedewick’s on the right. advantageous ground, instead of remaining in line, advanced to the diagonal ridge, and on this hinged the whole battle of the second day. For there was nothing on which to rest his left flank, and he was obliged to “refuse” it—turn it sharply back toward Round Top. This presented a salient angle (always a weak point) to the enemy; and here, when the action opened at four o'clock in the afternoon, the blew fell. The angle was at a peach orchard, and the refused line stretched back through a wheat-field; General Birney’s division occupying this ground, while the right of Sickles’s line was held by Humphreys. Longstreet’s men attacked the salient vigorously, and his ex- treme right, composed of Hood's division, stretched out toward Little Round Top, where it narrowly missed winning a position that would have enabled it to enfilade the whole National line. Little Round Top-had. been occupied only by signal men, when General Warren saw the danger, detached Vincent’s brigade fromserch : a E shi slab sf Peete UNTILL) UU riers b 1 | 4 A ‘ S rere eep rey itt ee % NY , 5: = z a Dhol 4 LULU Pee ey : - TM 2 ‘ - eh LL ob Basg hid on eta Dat Gives: ek ena pruterenrtrerrt eae ns: SE PTL: Ba +) 2 pi biip Daas us Jake a GENERAL HANCOCK AND STAFF NEAR LITTLE ROUND TOP, i ee eae aD aes < \ i aes | parent ers Simao 4 S i | f f FIELD HOSPITAL._HEAD QUARTERS. Bi (From the Panorama of Gettysburg. at Chicago.) c P33 or tenes~ A 4 “acd a att i Get a ee 254 a division that was going out to rein- torce Sickles, and ordered it to occupy the hill at once. One regiment of \Veed’s brigade (the 140th New York) also went up, dragging and lifting the guns of Hazlett’s battery up the rocky slope; and the whole brigade soon followed. They were just in time to meet the advance of Hood’s Texans, and engage in one of the bloodiest hand-to-hand conflicts of the war, and at length the Texans were hurled back and the position secured. But dead or wounded soldiers, in blue and in gray, lay everywhere among the rocks. Gen- eral Weed was mortally wounded; General Vincent was killed; Col. Pat- rick H. O’Rorke, of the 140th, a recent craduate of West Point, of brilliant promise, was shot dead at the head of his men; and Lieut. Charles E. Haz- lett was killed as he leaned over Gen- eral Weed to catch his last words. “I would rather die here,’ said Weed, “than that the rebels should gain an inch of this ground!” Hood’s men made one more attempt, by creeping up the ravine between the two Round Tops, but were repelled by a bayonet charge, executed by Chamber- lain’s Twentieth Maine Regi- ment; and five hundred of them, with seventeen officers, werersmade ‘prisoners, Uhe peculiarity of Chamberlain's charge, which was one of the sisted in pushing the regiment forward in such a manner that the centre moved more rapidly than the flanks, which gradually brought it into the shape of a wedge that penetrated. the Confederate line and cut off the five hundred men from their comrades. Meanwhile terrific fighting was going on at the salient in the peach orchard. Several batteries were in play on both sides, and made _ destructive died a prisoner. There were GAVE MAJOR -GENERAL ABNER DOUBLEDAY, repeated charges and counter-charges, and numerous bloody incidents; for Sickles was constantly reinforced, and Lee, being under the impression that this was the flank of the main line, kept hammering at it till his men finally possessed the peach orchard, advanced their lines, assailed the left flank of Humphreys, and finally drove back the National line, only to find that they had forced it into its true position, from which they could not dislodge it by any direct attack, while the guns and troops that now crowned the two Round Tops showed any flank movement to be impossible. About sunset Ewell’s corps assailed the Union right, and at heavy cost gained a por- tion of the works near Rock Creek. One of the most dramatic incidents of this day was a charge on Cemetery Hill by two Confederate brigades led by an organization known as the Louisiana Tigers. It was made just at dusk, and the charging column im- mediately became a target for the bat- teries of Wiedrick, Stevens, and Rick- etts, which fired grape and canister, each gun making four discharges a minute. But the Tigers had the reputation of never having failed in a charge, and in spite of the frightful gaps made by the artillery and by volleys of musketry, they kept on till they reached the guns, and most brilliant manceuvres ever made a hand-to-hand fight for executed on a battlefield, con- them. Friend and foe were fast becoming mingled, when Carroll’s brigade came to the rescue of the guns, and the remnants of the Confederate column fled down the hill in the gathering darkness, hast- ened by a double-shotted fire from! Ricketts battery, Of the seventeen hundred Tigers, twelve hundred had been struck down, and that famous organization was never heard of again. Many exciting incidents of if work ; a single shell from one this twilight battle are told. l of ae Doe guns killed or When “thie Confederates 1 wounded thirty men in - ‘iedrick’ ; | Le ee charged on Wiedrick’s battery, a) many Of thirty-seven. i 7) a y ee ) is mele there was a difficulty in de- i | enetal Zook wast led, Colo- pressing the guns sufficiently, A nel Cross was killed, General 1 or they probably never would Sickles lost a leo, and the have r Juni ; ; rave reached it; and when | Confederate General Barksdale di | ae oa : they did reach it the gunners J le ally wounded an | ) stood by and fought them with pistols, handspikes, rammers,. vax 4. \ Pr hy ie Ree Te eee Oe a peer er STE rsh eyes iit 1 coe AULT eon, Petite tists cris rere] 4 Te Eitvel poet aes CAMEPEERE A Nap (BVA Tie Ge a Fa ee Ea) 255 id mental colors, but was immediately shot, and the flag fell outside. Adjutant Young then Jumped over the wall and rescued it, while at the same time the color-sergeant of the Eighth Louisiana was rushing up at the head of his eke Pe Li ape - : 1 regiment and waving his flag. Young sprang upon him, | pe ar : Boe seized the flag, and shot the sergeant; but he also re- | ceived a bullet which passed through his arm and into his lung, and at the same time a Confederate officer | aimed a heavy blow at his head, which was parried by a j comrade. Clinging tenaciously to the captured flag, Young managed to get back into his own lines, and sank 4 fainting from loss of blood; but his life was saved, and he was promoted for his gallantry. While the actions of the first two days were compli- cated, that of the third was extremely simple. Lee had tried both flanks, and failed. He now determined to at- 4 tempt piercing the centre of Meade’s line. Longstreet, wiser than his chief, protested, but in vain. On the other hand, Meade had held a council of war the night before, ADOLPH VON STEINWEHR. and in accordance with the vote of his corps commanders BRIGADIER-GENERAL determined to stay where he was and fight it out. L HENR and stones; for they Whether Genera! Meade contemplated a retreat, has been BREVET MA JOR-GENERS had received orders not to disputed. On the one hand, he testified before the Committee pes limber up under any circumstances, but on the Conduct of the War . Y BAXTER: . to fight the battery to the last, and they obeyed their orders that he never thought of | literally and nobly. Nearly all of them, however, were beaten such a thing; on the other, \», down by the Confederate infantrymen, and the battery was General Double- \ . captured entire; but the victorious assailants were now sub- day, in his at” | jected to a flank fire from Stevens’s battery, which poured in “‘Chancellors- Ny Ni ee it : double-shotted canister at point-blank range, before the arrival ville and Get- ws fae | \ : of Carroll's brigade completed their destruction. At Ricketts’s tysburg,”’ gh ee + battery a Confederate lieutenant sprang forward and seized the guidon, when its bearer, Private Riggen, shot him dead with his revolver. The next moment a bullet cut the staff of the guidon, and an- other killed Riggen, who fell across the body of the lieu- tenant. Another Confeder- ate lieutenant, rushing into are “ar the battery, laid his hand upon a gun and demanded a its surrender; his answer was a blow from a handspike that dashed out his* brains. At another gun a Confederate sergeant, with his rifle in his hand, confronted Sergeant Stafford with a demand for Peer mmerenari, PMS ie ere escalate the wurrender of sthe. piece: Pugs sa | coat ee |; \ eae Ua eT RON Mh whereupon Lieutenant Brock- | oe way threw a_stone that | knocked him down, and Staf- i ford, catching his rifle, fired 1 it at him and wounded him seriously. Sergeant Geible, of the One Hundred and Seventh Ohio, sprang upon BRIGADIEK-GENERAL FRANCIS C. BARLOW. the low stone wall when the VIATOR GENERA DAVION ov BIRNEY. J charg Gj GENERAL JOHN GIBBON. Confederates were charging, BRIGADIER se J | : RAL WINFIELD S. HANC and defiantly waved the regi- MA JOR-GENEpininannacvosonuinseabanes-wanarenrunn er —— lA ; alu i 256 CAMPFIRE AND testimony that seems to leave no reasonable doubt. There is nothing intrinsically improbable in the story. Meade’s service ‘n that war had all been with the Army of the Potomac, and it was the custom of that army to retreat after a great battle. The only exception thus far had been Antiétam; and two great battles, with the usual retreat, had been fought since Meade had been in command of the entire army Antietam. in the days, and he cannot be said to have been, ordinary sense of the term, the master-spirit at Gettysburg. is who went out to meet the enemy, and stayed selected but a few It was Reynolc his advance, on the first day; it was Hancock who position for the second day; it was Warren the advantageous The fact of calling a who secured the neglected key-point. council of war at all implies doubt in the mind of the com- mander. But, after all, the question is hardly important, so far at least as it concerns Meade’s place in history. He is likely to be less blamed for contemplating retreat at the end of two days’ fighting when he had the worst of it, than for not con- templating pursuit at the end of the third day when the enemy was defeated. There are some considerations, however, which must give Meade’s conduct of this battle a very high place for ceneralship. He seemed to know how to trust his subordinates, and to be uninfluenced by that weakness which attacks so many commanders with a fear lest something shall be done for which they themselves shall not receive the credit. He unhesitatingly accepted Hancock’s judgment as to the propriety of receiving battle on Cemetery Hill, and showed every disposition to do all that would tend to secure the great purpose, without the slightest reference to its bearing on anybody's reputation. Fur- IB AL IP IIL IB JANIS 16 IW. thermore, he had, what brilliant soldiers often lack, a complete hension of the entire situation, as regarded the war, and compre sortance of the action in which he was about appreciated the im} .. This is proved by the following circular, which he to engage one day before the battle, to his issued on the 30th of June, j subordinates : “The commanding expected with the enemy, corps and all other general requests that, previous to the engagement soon commanding officers will address their troops, explaining to them briefly the immense issues involved in this struggle. The enemy are on our soil. The whole country now looks anxiously to this army to deliver it from the presence of the foe, Our failure to do so will leave us no such welcome as the swelling of millions of hearts with pride and joy at our success would give to every soldier in the army. Homes, firesides, and domestic altars are involved. The army has fought well heretofore. It is believed that it will fight more desperately and bravely than ever if it is addressed in fitting terms. Corps and other com- manders are authorized to order the instant death of any soldier who fails in his duty at this hour.” Lee’s first intended movement was to push the success gained at the close of the second day by Ewell on the National right ; but Meade anticipated him, attacking early in the morning and driving Ewell out of his works. In preparation for a grand charge, Lee placed more than one hundred guns in position on converging their fire on the left centre of Seminary Ridge, Meade’s line, where he intended to send his storming column. Eighty guns (all there was room for) were placed in position on Cemetery Ridge to reply, and at one o'clock the firing ARTILLERY COMING INTO ACTION. (From the Panorama of Gettysburg, at Chicago.)Pod ol Ld SLL eee eM MATAR aay Sy IT dy 7 aT a} ats =UR mere a egan. lis Was one of the most terrific artillery duels ever witnessed. ‘There was:.a continuous and deafening roar, which was heard forty miles away. = The shot and shells ploughed up the ground, shattered gravestones in the cemetery, and sent their fragments flying among the troops, exploded caissons, and dismounted guns. ~A house used for Meade’s headquarters, in the rear of the line, was completely riddled. Many artillerists and horses were killed; but the casualties among the infantry were not numerous, for the men lay flat upon the ground, taking advantage of every shelter, and waited. for the more serious work that all knew was-to follow. At the end of two hours Gen. Henry J. Hunt, Meade’s chief of artillery, ordered the firing to cease, both to cool the guns and to save the ammuni- tion for use in repelling the infantry charge. Lee supposed that his object—which was to demoralize his,enemy and cause him to exhaust his artillery—had been effected. Fourteen thousand of his best troops—including Pickett’s division, which had not arrived in time for the previous day’s fighting—now came out of the woods, formed in heavy columns, and moved forward steadily to the charge. Instantly the National guns re- opened fire, and the Confederate ranks were ploughed through and through; but the gaps were closed up, and the columns did not halt. There was a mile of open ground for them to’ traverse, and every step was taken under heavy fire. As they drew nearer, the batteries used grape and canister, and an infantry force posted in advance of the main line rose to its feet and-fired volleys of musketry into the right flank. Now the columns began visibly to break up and melt away ; and the left wing of the force changed its direction somewhat, so that it parted from the right, making an interval and ex- posing a new flank, which the National troops promptly took advantage of. But Pickett’s diminishing ranks still pushed on, till they passed over the outer lines, fought hand to hand at the main line, and even leaped the breastworks and thought to cap- ture the batteries. The point where they penetrated was marked by a clump of small trees on the edge of the hill, at that portion of the line held by the brigade of Gen. Alexander S. Webb, who was wounded; but his men stood firm against the shock, and, from CAMPFIRE AND BA Te Tele halala ley DEVIL’S DEN. Position occupied by Confederate Sharp-shooters, the point from which they shot at Union Officers on Little Round Top. From photograph by W. H. Tipton, Gettysburg, the eagerness of all to join in the contest, men rushed from every side to the point assailed, mixing up all commands, but making a front that no such remnant as Pickett’s could break. Gen. Lewis A. Armistead, who led the charge and leaped over the wall, was shot down as he laid his hand on a gun, and his surviving soldiers surrendered themselves. On the slope of the hill many of the assailants had thrown themselves upon the eround and held up their hands for quarter; and an immediate sally from the National lines brought in a large number of pris- oners and battle-flags. Of that magnificent column which had been launched out so proudly, only a broken fragment ever returned. Nearly every officer in it, except Pickett, had been either killed or wounded. Armistead, a prisoner and dying, said to an officer who was bending over him, ‘ Tell Hancock I have wronged him and have wronged my country.” He had been opposed to secession, but the pressure of his friends and relatives BRIGADIER-GENERAL ALFRED N. DUFFIE- Oe = Aare Tes omy Tee a iF Fe dal ay ton dd RL eS BT eee) ho ye Hea Pris See TE eta LS eee te ET 1 — a oe ta) a co eels OS hieeA : 4 She ae eee oe oop aac ay MTV se Witch So wallace se a tecap horas Star PUTED Baste ‘ ey rpond sis Eset Sad i eye ase igtiarastsgeaisiaistre eres secetie las br pot at ey beste siete bebe td eters rans ——- ssl ee AS” @ 73 Stel hak a oi PPR ae ee | 2 | | | | a a a ee Se AN HEROIC INCIDENT—COLOR SERGEANT BENJAMIN CRIPPEN REFUSES TO SURRENDER THE GEAG: A ia PPT a use SUSU UNIT UT trent Aa : ery poate , CR eeeset eae rept bat CAMPFIRE AND had at length torced him into the service. Hancock had been wounded and borne from the field, and among the other wounded on the National side were Generals Doubleday, Gibbon, Warren. Butterfield, Stannard, Barnes, and Brook; General Farnsworth was killed, and Gen. Gabriel R. Paul lost both the killed on the Confederate side, besides those already men- tioned, were Generals Garnett, Pender, and Semmes eyes. Among ; and among the wounded, Generals Hampton, Jenkins, Kemper, Scales, J. M. Jones, and G. T. Anderson. While this movement was in progress, Kilpatrick with his cavalry rode around the mountain and attempted to pass the Confederate right and capture the trains, while Stuart with his cavalry made a simultaneous attempt on the. National right. Each had a bloody fight, but neither was successful. This closed ‘the battle. Hancock urged that a great return charge should be made immediately with Sedgwick’s corps, which had not participated, and Lee expected such a movement as a mat. ter of course. But it was not done. That night Lee made preparations for retreat, and the next day—which was the 4th of July—the retreat was begun. Gen- eral Imboden, who conducted the trains and the ambulances, describes it as one of the most pitiful and heart-rending scenes ever witnessed. A heavy storm had come up, the roads were in bad condition, few of the wounded had been properly cared for, and as they were jolted along in agony they were groaning, curs- ing, babbling of their homes, and calling upon their friends to kill them and put them out of misery. But there could be no halt, for the Potomac was rising, and an attack was hourly expected from the enemy in the rear. Meade, however, did not pursue for several days, and then to no purpose; so that Lee’s crippled army escaped into Virginia, but it was disabled from ever doing anything more than prolong- Gettysburg was essentially the Waterloo of < ing the contest. the war, and there is a striking parallel in the losses. The num- Oo g bers engaged were very nearly the same in the one battle as in the other. At Waterloo the victors lost twenty-three thousand one hundred and eighty-five men, and the vanquished, in round A S numbers, thirty thousand. At Gettysburg the National loss was twenty-three thousand one hundred and ninety—killed, wounded, and missing. The Confederate losses were never officially re- ported, but estimates place them at nearly thirty thousand. Lee left seven thousand of his wounded among the unburied dead, and twenty-seven thou- sand muskets were picked up on the field. The romantic and pathetic incidents of John Burns, a resident of Gettysburg, seventy great battle are innumerable. this years old, had served in the War of 1812, being one of Miller’s men at Lundy’s Lane, and in the Mexican war, and had tried to enlist at the breaking out of the Rebellion, When the armies approached the town, he joined the but was rejected as too old. Seventh Wisconsin Regiment and displayed wonderful skill as a sharp-shooter; but he was wounded in the afternoon, fell into the hands of the Confederates, told some plaus- K TRS ible story to account for his lack of a uniform, and was finally carried to his own house. Jennie Wade was baking bread for Union soldiers when the advance of the Confederate line surrounded her house with enemies; but she kept on at her work in spite of orders to desist; BSD Te. os Kt yd ey i} PEt ho EN | ti et eanci hoe LeeLee. pies te rere ae ee L3 al JE WIL AS JOU IB Ib 1D). until a bullet dead. An Confederate mortally within stray struck her unknown officer lay, the Union lines, and one of wounded the commanders sent to ask his name and rank. eel himes ward the dying man, “ that I shall soon be where there is no rank;” and he was Lieut. Alonzo H. Cushing com- manded a battery on General Webb’s line, and in the cannonade preced- never identified. ing the great charge on the third day all his guns but one were disabled, and he was mortally When the charging column ap- wounded. proached, he exclaimed, ‘“Webb, I will give them one more shot!” ran his ie / = 259 MAJOR-GENERAL DANIEL BUTTERFIELD. (Chief of Staft to General Meade.) gun forward to the stone wall, fired it, said “ Good-by!” and fell dead. ist, and had done much to bring on the war. Barksdale, of Mississippi, had been an extreme secession- At that part of the line where he fell, the Union commander was Gen. David B. Birney, son of a slaveholder that had emancipated his slaves, had been mobbed for his abolitionism, and had twice been the presidential candidate of the Liberty party. A general of the National army, who was present, remarks that Barksdale died “like a brave man, with . dig nity and resignation.” On that field perished also the cause that he represented; and as Ameri- cans we may all be proud to say that, so far as manly courage MEADE’S HEADQUARTERS, teat Tere, Oe os SENT OP CNN 5 ae Ammen i, meSP Sas od hale ge = ee Lee - A FERS PH NER Rite ete \ jj Vy f | Aig - - eC T areas ten 1 Pr th Ou is i = 4 i = elalos sete tate aihets could go, it died with dignity if not with resignation. — sce Gen. Rufus R. Dawes, who was colonel of the Sixth Wisconsin Regiment, gives some par- ticulars of the fight at the railroad cut on the first day: “ The only commands I gave, as we advanced, were, ‘Align on the colors! Close up on that color!’ The regiment was being broken up so that this order alone could hold BRIGADIER-GENERAL FRANCIS T. NICHOLLS, ¢. 5s. 4. men _ started PART OF THE BATTLEFIELD OF GETTYSBURG. ie (From a War Department photograph.) _ as a regiment from the turnpike oe fence, of whom two hundred and forty reached the railroad cut. Years afterward I found the distance passed over to be one hundred and seventy-five paces. Every officer proved himself brave, true, and heroic in encouraging the men to breast this deadly storm; but the real impetus was the eager, determined valor of our men who carried muskets in the ranks. The rebel color could be seen waving defiantly just above the edge of the railroad cut. A heroic ambition to capture it took possession of several of our men. Corporal Eggleston, a mere boy, sprang forward to seize it, and was shot dead the moment his hand touched the color. Private Anderson, furious at the killing of his brave i the body to- young comrade, recked little for the rebel color; but he swung 5 gether. Mean- aloft his musket, and with a terrific blow split the skull of the while thie rebel who had shot young Eggleston. Lieutenant Remington | colors were was severely wounded in the shoulder while reaching for the | down upon colors. Into this deadly mélée rushed Corporal Francis A. : | the ground Waller, who seized and held the rebel battle-flag. It was the flag ea several times, of the Second Mississippi Regiment. . Corporal James | but wege Kelly turned from the ranks and stepped beside me as we both i raised at once moved hurriedly forward on the charge. He pulled open his | by the heroes woollen shirt, and a mark where the deadly minié-ball had ! of the color- entered his breast was visible. He said: ‘Colonel, won’t you ie. guard. Not please write to my folks that I died a soldier?’ ” NY One) of the The story of the critical struggle for the possession of Little | eteirGa CSc Round Top, or at least of an important portion of it, has been | a caped, every graphically related by Adjutant Porter Farley, of the One Hun- | } man being dred and Fortieth New York Regiment, which went up at the ae killed or same time with Hazlett’s battery. Captain Farley writes: | wounded. “Just at that moment our former brigadier, Gen. G. K. | Four hundred Warren, chief engineer of the army, with an orderly and one or | and twenty two officers, rode down toward the head of our regiment. He came from the direction of the hill-top. His speed and mannerA m f ( ; Reet Se rrr en eam 4 1% eeneeetony eta ba oe > piel Pheer, rents ae CAMPATIRE A Nip indicated unusual excitement. Before he reached us he called out to O’Rorke to lead his regiment that way up the hill. O’Rorke answered him that General Weed |} expected this regiment to follow him. answered Warren, ‘ I’ll take the responsil and manner carried conviction of the im iad gone ahead and ‘Never mind that,’ oility.’ Warren’s words portance of the thing he asked. Accepting his assurance of full justification, O’Rorke turned the head of the regiment to the left. and, following’ one of the officers who had been with Warren, led it diagonally up the eastern slope of Little Round Top. Warren rode off. evidently bent upon securing other troops. The _ sun ¢ ) ee 1 gentle slope, with the sun at the backs of the assailants, the best dossible arrangeme pee On ibi | 3 possible arrangement for a grand display; it exhibited magnificent courage oreat ¢ d 0 f | > ~O t} > At f | a } | t | t ™»2™ NC Oo ws courage a De 2 pz ge and confidence on the part of those who met and thwarted it. ese reasons that it has been made unduly famous; There were other charges eC It is, perhaps, for th for, after all, it was a blunder and a failure.Pt la da yer) in the war that tested quite as much the dev ance of soldiers, and they were not all failures. The charge of Hooker's and Thomas's men up the heights of Lookout Mountain and Mission Ridge was even more picturesque, and was a grand success. The National position at Gettysburg is always represented as being : otion and endur- along a ridge, and this, in a gen- eral way, is true; but near the centre the ridge is so low that it almost dies away into the plain, and Pickett’s men, being directed toward this point, had only the very gentlest of slopes to ascend. Gen. Alexander S. Webb, whose command was at this point, said in conversation: “We had no intrenchments there, not asod was turned.”’ “But why did you. not in- trenchi2 . pt i. eT nde 4 a te Sy osSee eee eee Pr RE ES RRR 266 CAMPFIRE AND under him. Major Warner of the same regiment was borne past me for dead, but was only terribly wounded. He afterward re- covered. His horse came dashing by a few moments afterward, and my own having been disabled from wounds and rendered unfit for use, I caught and mounted him. The poor brute that I was riding had two minie balls buried in him—one in the shoulders, the other in the hip and was so frantic with pain had wellnigh broken my neck in his violent fall. My a dozen yards from me, and was picked up that he sword was pitched by one of the men and returned to me that night. CCl Ve bla elliss ofthe One Hundred and Twenty-fourth New York, one of the most chivalrous spirits that ever breathed, had received his mortal wound. He was riding at the head of his regiment, waving his sword in the air, and shouting to his men—his orange blossoms, as he called them, the regiment hav- ing been raised in Orange County, New York—when a bullet struck him in the forehead. He was borne to the rear, his face covered with blood, and the froth spirting from his mouth. He died in a few moments. Major Cromwell, also of that regiment, was killed almost at the same instant by a shot in the breast. He died without a groan or struggle. The adjutant of the regi- ment was killed by a shot through the heart as it was moving off the field. He had fought bravely for hours, and it seemed hard that one so young and hopeful should be thus stricken down by a chance shot after having faced the thickest of the fight un- harmed. I learned afterward that the noble young soldier was engaged to be married to a beautiful young lady in his native State. “Tt happened by the merest accident that I was within a few BAL IPI IBLE MIF IG IDK feet of General Sickles when he received the wound by which he lost his leg. When our command fell back after being relieved by General Sykes, I hastened to find General De Trobriand, and, a knot of officers near the brick house into which General seeing hether he Sickles was so soon to be taken, I rode up to see w (De Trobriand) was among them. The knot of officers proved to be General Sickles and his staff. I saluted him and was just | De Trobriand, when a terrific explosion seemed asking for Genera This was instantly followed by another to shake the very earth. 1 the horses all began to jump. I instantly equally stunning, an¢ | Sickles’s pants and drawers at the knee noticed that Genera were torn clear off to the leg, which was swinging looses he jumping of the horse was fortunate for him, as he turned just in time for him to alight on the upper side of the slope of the hill. As he attempted to dismount he seemed to lose strength, and half fell to the ground. He was very pale, and evidently in most fearful pain, as he exclaimed excitedly, ‘ Quick, quick! get something and tie it up before I bleed to death. These were his exact words, and I shall never forget the scene as long as I live, for we all loved General Sickles, who commanded our corps. He was carried from the field to the house I have mentioned, coolly smoking a cigar, quietly remarking to a Catholic priest, a chaplain to one of the regiments in his command, ‘ Man pro- poses and God disposes.’ His leg was amputated within less than half an hour after his receiving the wound.” Major Joseph G. Rosengarten says of General Reynolds: “ In all the intrigues of the army, and the interference of the politi- cians in its management, he silently set aside the tempting offers to take part, and served his successive commanders with un- — } Th — HE STONE WALL, —GENERAL O. 0. HOWARD'S POSITION NEAR CEMETERY HILL. (From the Panorama ot Gettysburg, at Chicago.)N seuwig ah a bd TTe-Pre n fi a ji bs = i PP el Lh dah ‘ Uebeembibiblee ON LUL GULIUT CTI. (yarn HANH) TLR bbbabealbe tise nie keto URAL TE Trt) eed pes vi SLE Yee Sit] tity eer ess ‘ th eter ta Lond SORTED pvt TPoes ‘ haewechi jase plea lelt alia Mati! Si ptelaeecemcat itty te nauk meee Sere rwes een tAE Shel bee teat] CAMPEIRE AND BA LACIE ERE ERD) 207 Wi swerving loyalty and zeal and faith. In the full flush of life mishes or engagements between the two cavalry forces, all of 1 and health, vigorously leading on the troops in hand, and ener- _—which were decided successes for us, and terminated in driving getically summoning up the rest of his command. watching and Stuart’s cavalry through the gap at Paris. Kilpatrick’s brigade, . . ° . . 5 = = even leading the attack of a comparatively small body, a glorious moving in the advance of the second division. fell upon the picture of the best type of military leader ane enoacement ofthe anecs . . . : SS oO and horse and man sharing in the excitement of tl 1 several brilliant mounted charges 1e enemy’s were made, terminating in the retreat of the ene sharp-shooters. He had taken his troops into a heavy growth of timber on the slope of a hill-side, and, under t] , superbly mounted, enemy at Aldie, and there ensued 1e shock of obstinate character, in whicl battle, Reynolds was, of course, a shining mark to tl my. On June Igth, the division advanced to Middleburg, where a part of Stuart’s force was posted, and was attacked by Col. Irvin Gregg’s brigade. Here, as at Aldie. the fight was very obsti- nate. The enemy had carefully selected the most defensible position, from which he had to be driven step by step, and this work had to be done by dismounted skirmishers, owing to the unfavorable character of the country for mounted service. On 1eir regimental and brigade commanders, the men did their work well and promptly. Returning to rejoin the expected divisions, he was struck by a minie-ball fired by a sharp-shooter hidden in the branches of atree almost overhead, and was killed at Once: Ens horse bore him to the little clump of trees, where a cairn of the 19th, Gregg’s division moved on the turnpike from Middleburg in the direction of Upperville, and soon encountered the enemy’s cav- alry in great force. The attack was promptly made, the enemy offering the most stubborn resistance. The AESTes , eel long lines of stone fences, which are sO common in that region, were so tia got et oS Son many lines of defence to a force in retreat ; these could be held until our advancing skirmishers were almost upon them, aS RESIDENCE OF JOHN BURNS, THE OLD HERO OF GETTYSBURG. stones and a rude mark on the bark, now almost overgrown, still but then there OM tell the fatal spot. At the moment that his body was taken to would be no es- a the rear, for his death was instantaneous, two of his most gallant cape fot those I staff officers, Captains Riddle and Wadsworth, in pursuance of behind; it was ti his directions, effected a slight movement, which made prison- either to sur- | | | ers of Archer’s brigade, so that the rebel prisoners went to the render or at- : | hii rear almost at the same time, and their respectful conduct was tempt escape i in itself the highest tribute they could pay to him who had thus acro Ss the ss 2 open fields ISS JENNIE w fallen. il I MO, THE ONLy wo ij O ). McM. Gregg, who commanded one of the two cavalry to fall bree GETTy MAN KILLED 5 zen. - WLCIVL. UATE ge, V ily G f SBURG AT : . mn = ) - \re > > J 5 5 divisions of the Army of the Potomac, while Gen. John Buford fore the deac “ O Se | i : : é alee ; > carbines ‘suers. saver commanded the other, in a rapid review of the part taken by the carbines of the pursuers Pat i i . , eee rer in the day General Buford’s division came in on the right, apr the cavalry in the campaign, writes: “The two divisions were in the day See - aoe Hi > id ake exactly the and took the enemy in flank. Then our entire force, undet aii put in motion toward the Potomac, but did not take exactly ) aaa ; : relent General Pleasonton, supported by a column of infantry, movec ii same route, and the Army of the Potomac followed their lead. xenera Cas you , h U eat ae : ) aoe eh “oug erville the 1 me The advance of Stuart’s Confederate cavalry command. had forward and dealt the finishing blow. Through Upperv C Cc be S A : : a : a. one r rine | o test fi eached Aldie, and here, on June 17th, began a series of skir- pursuit was continued at a run, the enemy flying in the grea T > = 6 . ; Cme RTE 268 GANERFIRE AND e théy permitted to re-form until night put confusion ; nor wer Our losses a stop to further pursuit at the mouth of the gap. : in the fighting of these three days amounted to five hundred in killed, wounded, and missing; of the latter there were but few. The enemy's loss was much greater, particularly in prisoners. Our captures also included light guns, flags, and small arms. our cavalry left our infantry These successful engagements of an hour, to the field of free to march, without the loss of Gettysburg. At Frederick, Md., the addition of the cavalry, formerly commanded by General Stahl, made it third division, the command of which was given to General Kilpatrick. Buford, with his division in advance of our ist. first encountered the enemy in the vicinity of necessary tO organize a army, on July Gettysburg. How well his brigades of regulars and volunteers resisted the advance of that invading host, yielding so slowly as ample time for our infantry to go to his support, is well to give Kilpatrick's division marched from Frederick well to known. the rig skirmish, and reached Gettysburg on the Ist. On the left of d, one of his brigades, led by General Farns- ht, at Hanover engaged the enemy's cavalry in a sharp our line, on the 3 worth, gallantly charged the enemy's infantry and protected that flank from any attack, with the assistance of General Merritt’s regular brigade. Gregg’s division crossed the Potomac at Edward’s Ferry and reached Gettysburg on the morning of the 2d, taking position on the right of our line. On the 3d, during that terrific fire of artillery, it was discovered that Stuart’s cavalry was moving to our right, with the evident inten- tion of passing to the rear to make a simultaneous attack there. When opposite our right, Stuart was met by General Gregg with two of his brigades and Custer’s brigade of the Third Divi- sion, and on a fair field there was another trial between two cavalry forces, in which most of the fighting was done in the saddle, and with the troopers favorite weapon, the sabre. Stuart advanced not a pace beyond where he was met; but after a severe struggle, which was only terminated by the dark- ness of night, he withdrew, and on the morrow, with the de- feated army of Lee, was in retreat to the Potomac. The obstinate blindness of Eng: lish partisanship in our great strug- gle was curiously illustrated by an incident on the field of Gettysburg. One Fremantle, a lieutenant- BATA Ss FC ED colonel.in the British army, had come over to visit the seat of war, and published his observations upon it in Blackwood’s He was near General Longstreet when Pickett’s Standing there with his back to the sun, him, Magazine. charge was made. and witnessing the operation on the great slope before he, although a soldier by profession, was so thoroughly pos- sessed with the wish and the expectation that the Confederate ht succeed, that he mistook Pickett’s awful defeat for a glorious success, and rushing up to General Longstreet, ? cause mig o congratulated him upon it, and tolc him how glad he was to be there and see it. ‘“ Are you, indeed , said Longsteet, surprised. Tea inlet Ota About a month after the battle, General Lee wrote a letter to Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy, in which he said : “ We must expect reverses, even defeats. They are sent to teach us wisdom and prudence, to call forth greater energies, and to prevent our falling into greater disasters. Our people have only to be true and united, to bear manfully the misfor- tunes incident to war, and all will come right in the end. I know how prone we are to censure, and how ready to blame others for the non-fulfilment of our expectations. This is unbe- coming in a generous people, and I grieve to see its expression. The general remedy for the want of success in a military com- mander is his removal. This is natural, and in many instances proper ; for, no matter what may be the ability of the officer, if he loses the confidence of his troops, disaster must, sooner or later, ensue. I have been prompted by these reflections more than once since my return from Pennsylvania to propose to your Excellency the propriety of selecting another commander for this army. I have seen and heard of expressions of discon- tent in the public journals at the result of the expedition. I do not know how far this feeling extends inthe army. My brother officers have been too kind to report it, and so far the troops have been too generous to exhibit it. It is fair, however, to sup- pose that it does exist, and success is so necessary to us that noth- ing should be risked to secure it. I, therefore, in all sincerity, request your Excellency to take meas- ures to supply my place.” Mr. Davis declined to relieve General Lee from his command of the Army of Northern Virginia, and, consequently, he retained it until he surrendered himself and that army as prisoners of war in the spring of 1865. MAJOR-GENERAL GEORGE G. MEADE AND OFFICERS,r ‘ Se bbeeta ea CUN LT UU rin 7 Pr ad ed a Uhe effect that the news of Gettysburg produced in Europe is said to have been the absolute termination of all hope fora recognition of the Confederacy as an independent power. A writer in the London Morning Advertiser says: “Mr. Disraeli, although never committing himself, as Mr. Gladstone and Lord John Russell did, to the principles for which the Southern Con- federacy was fighting, always regarded recognition as a possible card to play, and was quite prepared, at the proper moment, to play it. The moment seemed to have come when General Lee invaded the Federal States. At that time it was notorious that the bulk of the Tory party and more than half of the Ministe- rialists were prepared for such a step. I had frequent conversa- tions with Mr. Disraeli on the subject, and I perfectly recollect his saying to me that the time had now come for moving in the matter. ‘But, he said, ‘it is of great importance that, if the move is to be made, it should not assume a party character, and it is of equal importance that the initiative should come from our (the Conservative) side. If the thing is to be done, I must do it myself; and then, from all I hear and know,.the resolution will be carried, Lord Palmerston being quite disposed to accept the declaration by Parliament in favor of a policy which he personally approves. But I cannot speak without more knowl- edge of the subject than I now possess, and I:should be glad if you could give me a brief, furnishing the necessary statistics of the population, the institutions, the commercial and political prospects of the Southern States, in order that when the moment comes I may be fully armed.’ I procured the necessary informa- tion and placed it in his hands. Every day seemed to bring the moment for its use nearer, and the general feeling in the House of Commons was perfectly ripe for the motion in favor of recog- nition, when the news of the battle of Gettysburg came like a thunder-clap upon the country. General Meade defeated Lee, and saved the Union,’and from that day not another word was heard in Parliament about recognition. A few days afterward I saw Mr. Disraeli, and his exact words were, ‘ We ‘nearly put Our TOOL I it. @ A great national cemetery was laid out on the battlefield, and the remains of three thousand five hundred and sixty soldiers of the National army who had fallen in that campaign were placed in it, arranged in the order of their States. This was dedicated on the 19th of November in the year of the battle, 1863; and this occasion furnished a striking instance of the dif- ference between natural genius and artificial reputation. The orator of the day was Edward Everett, who, by long cultivation and unlimited advertising, had attained the nominal place of first orator in the country; but he was by no means entitled to speak for the men who had there laid down their lives in the cause of universal liberty; for, through all his political life, until the breaking out of the war, he had been a strong pro-slavery man. President Lincoln was invited to be present, as a matter of course, and was informed that he would be expected to say a little some- thing. Mr. Everett delivered a long address, prepared in his usual elaborate and artificial style, which was forgotten by every hearer within twenty-four hours. Mr. Lincoln, on his way from Washington, jotted down an idea or two on the back of an old envelope, by way of memorandum, and when he was called upon, rose and delivered a speech of fewer than three hundred words, which very soon took its place among the world’s immortal ora- tions. Some time after the delivery of the address, Mr. Lincoln, at the request of friends, carefully wrote it and affixed his signa- ture. This copy is here reproduced in such a way as to give an exact fac-simile of his writing. CAMPEILRE AND BY DTT EE ED + | Meu TG UME TT ree 269 Acres olebveret al Fhe oleclicetiw fhe eee Ee hong hc forh on Ral Contra 0 hve Leow, conceruecn tv UcOEA, ane hectic Le he profieritiun Lx abe (ew are Cre Now wre ane or lela, Uhw wore wrke Little (not pov premamtrey Wheel wwe sao Heres, brs case never forget Whar thay obiw Fars. AG 1s forbs has ter fertthecr Lorre WShiek Che, 15 foo few Che groex teri pe fee Pt fac fok0 pproarird of chevrolet fy Phe fat fo Oe rari phat def Novembev (4, /8€ 3, ee nes ecillnetesll Peete —— PO orn magn oer nc a =? ee uu PPA (tc crits goad Flee eS ae CAMPFIRE AND BA aE ee ED | | ———— a oe railways. Between these two points the great Red River, coming from the borders of Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana, flows into the Mississippi. As the Confederates drew a large part of their supplies from Texas and the country watered by the Red River, it was of the first importance to them to retain control of the Mississippi between Vicksburg and Port Hudson, especially after they had lost i New Orleans, Baton Rouge, and Memphis. ! | After taking New Orleans, in April, 1862, Farra- : | gut had gone up the river with some of his ships, in May, and demanded the surrender of Vicksburg ; |! but, though the place was then but slightly forti- fied, the demand was refused, and without a land mi | force he could not take the city, as it was | i ae too high to be damaged by his 1 suns. He ran by the ) | | batteries in June, and | | | communicated with the river fleet of Capt. Charles | H. Davis. But all the “ COMMUNICATING WITH THE FLOTILLA. while new batteries were al | being planted on the bluffs, is / and after a time it became CHAPTER XXIII. i exceedingly hazardous for / any sort of craft to run the THE VICKSBURG CAMPAIGN. | l OPERATIONS ON THE MISSISSIPPI—GRANT PLACED IN COMMAND— _ [ff PLANS THE CAMPAIGN—LOSS AT HOLLY SPRINGS—SHERMAN AND PORTER DESCEND THE RIVER—SHERMAN’'S ATTEMP1 ON THE YAZOO—AT HAINESS BLUFF—CAPTURE OF ARKANSAS POST—-CUTTING A CANAL—YAZOO PASS ATTEMPTED—STEELE’S BAYOU—-GRANT CROSSES THE [ISSISSIPPI— GRIERSON’S RAID—ACTION AT RAYMOND ! ( —CAPTURE OF JACKSON—BATTLE OF CHAMPION’S HILL | : —PEMBERTON IN VICKSBURG—SIEGE OF THE CITY Afterwary OF Figg | BEGUN — SURRENDER — OPERATIONS OF GUNBOAT aaa ON THE RIVER—A DUMMY GUNBOAT—INTERESTING INCIDENTS DURING THE SIEGE. gantlet under i In the autumn of 1862, after the battles of Iuka and Corinth, their plunging fire. In | the National commanders in the West naturally began to think August, a Confederate ; of further movements southward into the State of Mississippi, force, under Gen. John C, and of opening the great river and securing unobstructed navi- Breckinridge, attempted gation from Cairo to the Gulf. The project was slow in execu- the capture of Baton tion, principally from division of authority, and doubt as to Rouge, expecting to be | what general would ultimately have the command. John NV assisted in the assault | McClernand, who had been a Democratic member of Congress by an immense iron-clad from Illinois, and was what was known as a “political general,’ ram,the Arkansas, which spent some time in Washington, urging the plan upon she Presi- was coming down the COMMODORE W. D. PORTER. dent (who was an old acquaintance and personal friend), of course river. The city was oc- iH Fi eee ete Be pie a its execution. cupied by a force under Gen. Thomas Williams, who made a | ee OUuNe Sak ith General Halleck. At this time stubborn and bloody fight, driving off the enemy. General ; | Se eee ee es the limits of his command, Williams was killed, as were also the Confederate General a or whet 1er, indeed, he really had any command at all. Clarke and numerous officers of lower rank on either side, and (ear | Vicksburg is on a high bluff overlooking the Mississippi, where more than six hundred men in all were killed or wounded. ; it Bae a Ee bend enclosing a ae: narrow peninsula. The The ram failed to take part in the fight, because her machin- | burg through eae the State so al. Te nee eehcen Mere. eee ae Se eee i ae i, ee ce (ope a eee oe oes si ce sic iad been disabled her crew abandoned her and yi J es. About a hundred miles below set her on fire, and she was blown into a thousand fragments. Vicksburg is Port Hudson, similarly situated as to ri | : = 5 son, similarly situated as to river and After this defeat, General Breckinridge turned his attentionPe a to the fortification of Port Hudson, which was made strong as Vicksburg. On the 12th of November, 1862, General Grant received a despatch from General Halleck placing him in command of all troops sent to his department, and telling him to fight the enemy where he pleased. almost as Four days later Grant and Sherman had a conference at Columbus, and a plan was arranged and afterward modified, by which Grant (who then had about thirty thousand men under his personal command) was to move southward and confront an equal force, commanded by Gen. John C. Pemberton, on the Tallahatchie ; while Sherman, with thirty thousand, was to move from Memphis down the eastern bank of the Mississippi, and, assisted by Porter and his gunboats, attempt the capture of Vicksburg from the rear. If Pemberton moved toward that city, Grant was to follow and engage him as soon as possible. Sherman and Porter, with their usual energy, went to work with all speed to carry out their part of the programme. Grant moved more slowly, because he did not wish to force his enemy back upon Vicksburg, but to hold him as far north as possible. He established his dépét of ae Reem ere eee Wel ae ress ITC Est Rioro Ly) CAMPPIRE AND BA LACIE EM eae Dye i va 5 A oe i p ‘S Pe Te dieu UO SL LUL in ENT eters aed ye Aaa eceeeeat tt ten bates ern 3 = wigs re RY i MRO CO 271 and gone down the river in a long procession, the gunboats being placed at intervals in the line of transports. Sherman says: “ We manceuvred by divisions and brigades when in motion, and it was a magnificent sight. What few of the inhabitants remained at the plantations on the river bank were unfriendly, except the slaves. Some few guerilla parties in- fested the banks, but did not dare to molest so strong a force as I then commanded.” The guerilla bands alluded to had been a serious annoyance to the boats patrolling the river. Besides the sharp-shooters with their rifles, small parties would sud- denly appear at one point or another with a field gun, fire at a passing boat, and disappear before any force could be landed to pursue them. Farragut had been obliged to destroy the town of Donaldsonville, in order to punish and break up this practice on the lower reaches of the river. The expedition arrived at Milliken’s Bend on Christmas, where a division was left, and whence a brigade was sent to break the railroad from Shreveport. The next day the boats, with the three remaining divisions, ascended the Yazoo thirteen miles to a point opposite supplies at Holly Springs, and waited for Sherman’s MAP OF THE movement. But the whole =) scheme was ruined by the activity of two Confederate Vedird Ry! ST.JOSEPH Rew cavalry detachments under wing Generals Van Dorn and For- , [Neegandny Si rest. On the 20th of Decem- Rvanteo ut PAR 3 ber Van Dorn made a.dash \ buttons ipo. at Holly Springs, which was pes rR held by fifteen hundred men Sey” under a Colonel Murphy, one oe and captured the place and PoryGieson” its garrison. Grant had more A Jé than two million dollars’ o 5 worth of supplies there, and | ia Pe is ah as-Van Dorn could not re- ‘ = move them he burned them AY, all, together with the store- Ly | houses and railroad build- FP Fes Burto. lon ~~ ings. Forrest, making a wide detour, tore up a por- tion of the railroad between > Ve Jackson, Tenn., and Colum- bust akG so that ‘Grantis army was cut off from all communication with the North for more than a week. It had not yet occurred to anybody that a large army could leave its communica- tions and subsist on supplies gathered in the enemy's country; so Grant gave up this part of his plan. and moved back toward Mem- phis. But Sherman and Porter, not hearing of the disaster at Holly Springs, had pro- \ VICKSBURG CAMPAIGN Seulg 2 1miules to one tuck. the bluffs north of Vicks- burg, where the troops were landed. They were here on the low bottom-land, which , was crossed by numerous bayous, some parts of it nv | < : es cE P Aiftaw har J, cx WW heavily wooded, the clear- Brust Mra ings being abandoned cotton plantations. The bluffs ( | were crowned with artillery, FSS Si and along their base was a . | Qas 37 S S/ | deserted bed of the Yazoo. Slean SM a Most of the bridges were destroyed, and the whole district was subject to in- undation. It was ugly ground for the operations of an army; but Sherman, confident -that Grant was holding Pemberton, felt sure there could not be a heavy force on the heights, and resolved to capturé them Wine 27Aile and 28th were spent in re- without delay. connoitring, selecting points for attack, and placing the troops. On the 29th, while the gunboats made a diver- sion at Haines’s Bluff, and a part of Steele's division made a feint on the right, near Vicksburg, the main force crossed the interven- ing bayous at two points and attacked the centre of battle was begun by a heavy artil- lery fire, followed by mus- the position. The ketry, and then the rush of the men. They had to face ceeded with their prepara- tions, embarked the troops, By permission of Dick & Fitzgerald, N. Y., from ‘‘ Twelve Decisive Battles of the War.’” guns, at the foot of the bluff, DY | AMET the = eae ee asi cee: eee: Deira ahd De (dn WALES at ae? aati he ah vi) PBS, spot Wt ae > —> Pr x 7 Bees,A ; POR et 4MPFIRE AND 272 CA MP that swept the narrow approaches, and at the same time endure t a cross-fire from the heights. Blair's brigade reached the base orte , Morgan’s, and of the hills, but was not properly supported by Morgan Se f ral saving five -ed of its men behind. had to fall back again, leaving five hundred of its The Sixth Missouri Regiment, at another point, had also gone 1 unsupported, reached the bluff, and could not Se The men quickly scooped niches in the bank with thei hands and sheltered themselves in them, while many Or ste enem) came to the edge of the hill, held out their muskets vertically at arm’s-length, and fired down at them. These men were Fat able to get back to their lines till nightfall. This assault cost forwarc SEN CAS \ IWS WN RRA IANS \\ NN QS \ \ SN \ me \ —— ie BA (anda fs Eels ED On the 4th of January, 1863, General McClernand assumed command of the two corps that were commanded by Generals Sherman and George W. Morgan. A fortnight before, a Confed- erate boat had come out of Arkansas River and captured a mail boat, and it was known that there was a Confederate garrison of fve thousand men at Fort Hindman, or Arkansas Rost, on the Tt occurred to Sherman that there could be no Arkansas. ; he Mississippi near the mouth of the Arkan- safety for boats on t sas till this post was captured or broken up; | asked McClernand to let him attack it with his corps, assisted by McClernand concluded to go himself and accordingly he some of the gunboats. GUNBOATS PASSING VICKSBURG IN THE NIGHT, Sherman eighteen hundred and forty-eight men, and inflicted upon the Confederates a loss of but two hundred. He made arrangements to senda heavy force on the transports to Haines’s Bluff in the night of December 30, to be debarked at dawn, and storm the works there, while the rest of the troops were to advance as soon as the defences had been thus taken in reverse. But a heavy fog prevented the boats from moving, and the next day a rain set in. Sherman observed the water-marks on the trees ten feet above his head, and a great deal more then ten feet above his head in the other direction he saw whole brigades of reinforcements marching into the enemy’s intrenchments. He knew then that something must have gone wrong with Grant’s co-operating force, and so he wisely re-embarked his men and munitions, and steamed down to the mouth of the Yazoo. with the entire army, and Porter also accompanied in person. They landed on the roth, below the fort, and drove in the pick- ets. That night the Confederates toiled all night to throw up a line of works reaching from the fort northward to an impassa- bleswamp. On the 11th the whole National force moved forward simultaneously to the attack, the gunboats steaming up close to the fort and sweeping its bastions with their fire, while Morgan’s corps moved against its eastern face, and Sherman’s against the new line of works. The ground to be passed over was level, with little shelter save a few trees and logs; but the men advanced steadily, lying down behind every little projection, and so annoying the artillerymen with their sharp-shooting that the guns could not be well served. When the gunboats arrived abreast of the fort and enfiladed it, the gunners ran down into% H tS i ae SU betiti) ) at ATT WR AGI Rr m \ y ah ad reid Hd +} er 4 ; A x 0m MM nasabslanc . ah GAL Ubttetbh MUR LALLE EE OU Ce eed hones Choa i rl end U bl bar Tee sate. i Tir ihe eae ree te ? 273 the ditch, a man with a white flag appeared on the parapet, and presently white flags and rags were f fluttering all along the to thwart it. The banks of the streams where his boats had to pass were heavily wooded, and ereat trees were felled across the channel. Worse than this, after the boats had passed in and removed line. Firing was stopped } at once, and the fort was =e. 4 = surrendered by its com- mander, General Churchill. SS : ee ; About. one hundred j << SS Many of the obstructions, d0ut o1 undred anc Ss 8 S it was found that the fifty of the garrison had bel 5 ee 5 1 enemy were felling trees ie een killed, anc 1e re- 2 BES across the channel behind 7 ay »1 y ve Ye —— . mainder, numbering forty 2S them, so that they might eight hundred, were made a — 7 ec re not get out again. Earth- prisoners. The National works also were thrown up at the point where the Yallabusha and Talla- hatchie unite to form the loss was about one thou- sand. The fort was dis- mantled and destroyed, and the stores taken. on board the fleet. McCler- nand conceived a vague project for ascending Yazoo, and heavily manned. Hiere athe ad= vance division of the expedition had a slight the river farther, but on peremptory orders engagement, with no result. Reinforce- from Grant the expedition returned to the ments arrived under Gen. Isaac F. Quinby, Mississippi, steaming down the Arkansas who assumed command, and began opera- in a heavy snow-storm. tions for crossing the Yallabusha and In accordance with instructions from i ian sl rendering the Confederate fortification pots Washington, Grant now took personal useless, when he was recalled by Grant, command of the operations on the Mis- Se who had feund that the necessary light- sissippi, dividing his entire force into —_ = —— draught boats for carrying his whole farce four corps, to be commanded by Gen- erals McClernand, Sherman, Stephen A. Hurlbut, and James B. McPherson. Hurl- but’s corps was left to hold the lines east of Memphis, while the other troops, with reinforcements from the North, were united in the river expedition. through to that point could not be had. One more attempt in this direction was made before the effort to flank Vicksburg | Ri ee on the north was.given up. It was pro- . i posed to ascend the Yazoo a short distance ai) from its mouth, turn into Steele’s bayou, ascend this, and by certain passes that had been McClernand and Sherman went down the penin- discovered get into Big Sunflower River, and then descend that stream into the Yazoo above Haines’s | Bluff. Porter and Sherman took the lead in this sula enclosed in the bend of the river opposite REAR-ADMIRAL HENRY WALKE. Vicksburg, and with immense labor dug a canal (Commander of the ‘' Tyler” and across it. _Much was hoped from this, but it wemondelety expedition, and encountered all the difficulties of i proved a failure, for the river would. not flow the Yazoo Pass project, magnified several times— H } through it. Furthermore, there were bluffs commanding the the narrow channels, the felled trees, the want of solid ground | river below Vicksburg, and the Confederates had already begun on which troops could be manceuvred, the horrible swamps and i if to fortify them ; so that if the canal had succeeded, navigation anebrakes, through some of which they picked their way with C of the stream would have been as much obstructed as before. lighted candles, and the annoyance from unseen sharp-shooters t e 2 rA+T . - y » r » “a +] ) oF 294752 5 » | > TAS Still the work was continued till the 7th of March, when the hat swarmed through the whole region. Porter at one time was Bobi] river suddenly rose and overflowed the peninsula, and Sher- on the point of abandoning his boats; but finally all were extri- | man’s men barely escaped drowning by regiments. cated, though some of them had to back out through the narrow I Grant was surveying the country in every direction, for some pass for a distance of thirty miles. ; feasible approach to the flanks of his enemy. One scheme was In March, Parragut with his flagship and one gunboat had ma | to move through Lake Providence and the bayous west of the by the batteries at Port Hudson, but the remainder of his fleet | Mississippi, from a point far above Vicksburg to one far below. had failed to pass. Several boats had run by the Babteties a i] This involved the cutting of another canal, from the Mississippi Vicksburg; and Grant now turned his attention toa Biol cc for i to one of the bayous, and McPherson’s corps spent a large part moving an army by transports through payous west of the Mis- of the month of March in digging and dredging; but this. also sissippi to a point below the city, where Porter, after running by I was a failure. On the eastern side of the Mississippi there had the batteries with his iron-clads, was to meet him and ferry the win once been an opening, known as Yazoo Pass, by which boats troops across to the eastern bank. Loe Core ae et from Memphis made their way into Coldwater River, thence into finally given up, and the army tare 1e¢ , y o aye e | the Tallahatchie, and thence into the Yazoo above Yazoo City ; fleet ran by the batteries on the night a sae ne a . wee ‘ 1) but the pass had been closed by a levee or embankment. Grant as it was discovered ee = Oe ee Md blew up the levee, and tried this approach. But the Confederates immense piles of wood that oe ge Ee aa ane ee had information of every movement, and took prompt measures —_ whole scene became as light as day, and for a1Hi 274, Eye NEPA Te Te IIE EEA ing several small the fleet was under a heavy fire, which. it returned as it steadily floundering Fi 1 ag steamed by; but beyond the destruction of one transport there ones, ; was no serious loss. through swamps, A Bridges had to be built over bayous, and a suitable place dis- swimming rivers, con- ia | covered for crossing the Misstssipp!. New Carthage was tried, spreading but found impracticable, as it was nearly surrounded by water. sternation by the celerity and un- 1 and on the 29th of April seven a ii Grand Gulf was strongly fortifiec They fired five hundred shots certainty of his of Porter’s gunboats attacked it. ay | an hour for five hours, and damaged the works somewhat, but OVENS, and i | only killed or wounded eighteen men, while the fleet lost twenty- finally riding into | Hi y six men, and one boat was seriously disabled. Grant therefore Baton Rouge at | gave up the project ol crossing here, moved his transports down the end of sixteen | i stream under cover of darkness, and at daylight on the 30th days with half his | : began the crossing at Bruinsburg. McClernand’s corps was in men asleep in | ae Hl the advance, and marched on Port Gibson. that night. At dawn “nei SAGlGlless | 4 1 the enemy was found in a strong A 1 position three miles west of that a i) | | place. There was sharp fighting all J | day, the Confederate force number- lapis 1 ing about eight thousand, and con- Mi A testing every foot of the ground ; roe . p . 7) but the line was finally disrupted, | 1 and at night-fall they made an or- derly retreat, burning bridges be- fi hind them. The National loss had | been eight hundred and forty-nine | LIEUTENANT-COLONEL men, killed, wounded, or missing ; CHARIEES (RIVER Sse ool the Confederate, about one thou- | sand. Grant’s movements at this He had lost but twenty- time were greatly assisted by one seven. of the most effective cavalry raids The fortifications at of the war. This was conducted Grand Gulf were abandoned. by Col. Benjamin H. Grierson, who Porter took possession of with seventeen hundred men set them, and Grant established ( out from La Grange, Tenn., on the his base there. A bridge ; : Z had to be rebuilt at Port — KS Gibson, and then Crocker’s w/e division pushed on in pur- K i) 0 suit of the retreating Con- cn WAZ, federates, saved a burning | aE bridge at Bayou Pierre, came up with them at Wil low Springs, and after a | slight engagement drove | them across the Big Black at Hankinson’s Ferry, and saved the bridge. There was | cer PAOUIKE NE a slight delay, for Sherman's : corps and the supplies to I AUN Opi — Ze\yoyailll arrive, and then Grant pressed on resolutely with his whole and rode south- army. He had with him about forty-one thousand men, subse- 1 ward through quently increased to forty-five thousand ; and Pemberton at this | the whole State time had about fifty thousand. | of Mississippi, Grant moved northeasterly, toward Jackson, and on the 12th tearing up rail- of May found a hostile force near Raymond. It numbered but roads, burning three thousand, and was soon swept away, though not until it q bridges, destroy- had lost five hundred men and inflicted a loss of four hundred ine smulp p liiesy, and thirty-two upon the National troops. It was the purpose of eluding every the Union commander to move swiftly, and beat the enemy as / strong force that much as possible in detail before the scattered forces could con- i} EON moaraites was sent out to centrate against him. Believing there was a considerable force stop him,defeat-. at Jackson, which he would not like to leave in his rear, he\ b rE re, hha, 4 , STUNT Uttar ; SSPE CENT hep eis marched on that place, and the next conflict occurred there May 14th. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston (whom we took le : when he was wounded at Seven Pines, nearly a year before) had just been ordered by the Confederate Government to t | mand of all the forces in Mississippi, and the evening of the 13th ake com- arrived at Jackson in , finding there about twelve thousand men subject to his orders. Pemberton was at Edwards Station, thirty miles westward, and Grant was between tl telegraphed to Richmond that he was too | measures he could for defence. 1em. Johnston ate, but took what It rained heavily that night, and the next morning, when the corps of Sherman and McPher. led roads that were a foot under water. McPherson came up on the west, and Sher- man on the southwest and south. son marched against the city, they travel The enemy was met two miles out, and driven in with heavy skirmish- ing. While manceuvring was going on before the intrenchments, the Union commanders seeking for a suitable point to assault, it was dis- covered that the enemy was evacu- ating the place, and Grant and his men went in at once and _ hoisted the National colors. They had lost two hundred and ninety men in the skirmishing; the enemy, eight hun- dred and forty-five, mostly captured. Seventeen guns were taken, but the Confederates burned most of their stores. Leaving Sherman at Jackson to destroy the railroad, and the facto- ries that were turning out goods for the Confederacy, which he did very LIEUTENANT-GENERAL thoroughly, Grant ordered all his up Ko ABIES, GS Os other forces to concentrate at Bol- ton, twenty miles west. Marching thence westward, keeping the corps well together, and ordering Sherman to send _for- ward an ammunition-train—for he knew that a battle must soon be fought—Grant found Pemberton with twenty-three thou- sand men waiting to receive him at Champion’s Hill, on high ground well selected for defence, which covered the three roads leading westward. The battle, May 15th, lasted four hours, and was the bloodiest of the campaign. The brunt of it, on the National side, was borne by the divisions of Hovey, Logan, and Crocker; and Hovey lost more than one-third of his men. Logan's division pushed forward on the right, passed Pemberton’s left flank, and held the only road by which the enemy could retreat. But this was not known to the Union commander at the time, and when Hovey, hard pressed, called for help, Logan was drawn back to his assistance, and the road uncovered. A little later Pemberton was in full retreat toward the crossing of the Big Black River, leaving his dead and wounded and thirty guns on the field. Grant’s loss in the action—killed, wounded, and missing—was twenty-four hundred and forty-one. Pemberton’s was over three thousand killed and wounded (including General Tilghman killed), besides nearly as many more captured in battle or on the retreat. The enemy was next found at the Big Black River, where he had placed his main line on the high land west of the stream, and stationed his advance (or, properly speaking, his rear guard) along the edge of a bayou that ran through the low ground on ave of CTA WLLL Ee vets itivepete ss CAMPFIRE AND BATE RIGhEE Dy. 275 the east. This advanced position was attacked vigorously on the 17th, and when Lawler’s brigade flanked it on the right, that general leading a charge in his shirt-sleeves, the whole line gave way, and Pemberton resumed his retreat, burning the bridge behind him and leaving his men in the lowland to their fate. Some swam the river, some were drowned, and seventeen hundred and fifty were made prisoners. Eighteen guns were captured here. The National loss was two hund red and seventy-nine. Sherman now —_—« came up with his corps, and Grant ordered the building of three bridges. One was a floating or raft bridge. One was made by felling trees on both sides of the stream and letting them fall so that their boughs would interlace over the channel, the trunks not being cut entirely through, and so hang- ing to the stumps. Planks laid crosswise on these trees made a good roadway. The third bridge was made by using cot- pei Ss tom ~bales for pon- .¢.¢4 toons. Sherman’s troops made a fourth bridge far- ther up the stream ; and that night he and Grant sat on a log and watched the long pro- cession of blue-coated men with gleaming muskets march- ing across the swaying struc- ture by the light of pitch-pine torches. All the bridges were finished by morning, and that day, the 18th, the entire army was west of the river. Memiblert on smranmeherd straight into Vicksburg, which had a long line of defences on the land side as well as on the water front, and shut himself up there. Grant, following closely, invested the place on the I9th. Sherman, holding the right of the line, was at cc BRIGADIER-GENERAL Haines's Bluff, occupying the LLOYD TILGHMAN, C. S. A. very ground beneath which his men had suffered defeat some months before. Here, on the Yazoo, Grant established a new base for supplies. McPherson’s corps was next to Sher- man’s on the left, and McClernand’s next, reaching to the river below the city. Sharp skirmishing went on while the armies were getting into position, and an assault in the afternoon of the 19th gained the National troops some advantage in the advancement of the line to better ground. Grant's army had been living for three weeks on five days’ rations, with what they could pick up in the country they passed through, which was i 4 y f ; « 4 j } } ™“~ ome ’ rr a () 7 Oe ht kN Mad -* hl books Yi aa TySS en RTT ST Ce rn Sea Sama 7 CAMPFIRE AND BA al EOE Eye The entire Confederate loss in Mississipp1, from the 1 the State at Bruinsburg to the surrender, Grant’s was about nine thousand. Mississippi not alittle; and his Vicksburg. time Grant enterec was about fifty thousand ; But the great triumph was in the opening of the | he Confederacy completely in two. no firing of salutes, first care was to con- struct roads in the rear of his line, so River, which cut t By Grant’s orders there was no cheering, surrender: because the 1 the object Of it all that supplies could be brought up from the Yazoo rapidly and regularly. He had now about thirty no expression of exultation at the triumph was over our Own countrymen, anc was to establish a permanent Union. thousand men, the In his correspondence with Pemberton, while d line of defences be- unconditional surrender, Grant had written: ~ Men who have shown so much endurance and courage as those now in Vicks- the respect of an adversary, and I can emanding an fore him was eight burg will always challenge expected an attack assure you will be treated with all the respect due to prisoners from Johnston in the of war Ll do not favor the proposition of appointing commis- At ten o'clock sioners to arrange the terms other than those indicated above.” render was effected, the famished Confederate army was liber- ood. Grant’s men taking it out of their own miles long, and he rear. terms of capitulation, because I have no onthe 22d, therefore, As soon as the sur- he ordered a grand assault, hoping to ally supplied with f carry the works by haversacks. All the prisoners at Vicksburg and Port Hudson MAJOR-GENERAL RICHARD J. OGLESBY. storm. But though were immediately paroled and furnished with transportation and the men at several supplies, under the supposition that they would go to their points reached the breastworks and planted their battle-flags on homes and remain there till properly exchanged. I them, it was found impossible to take them. reported that he had carried two forts at his end of the line, and asked for reinforcements, which were sent to hime anad a re- This caused addi- cation across The codperation of Porter's fleet of river sunboats above the McClernand falsely city, and some of Farragut's vessels below it, had been a great assistance during the siege, in cutting off the city from communi- the river. General Grant’s thoughtfulness and newal of the assault was made to help him. mastery of details in great military move- tional loss of life, to no purpose, and shortly afterward that seneral was relieved of his command, which was given to Gen. KS ments are suggested by one of his : Be ©. G Ord? Hh letters to Farragut at this time. After this assault, which had cost him nearly twenty-five te . Knowing that Farragut’s hundred men, Grant settled down to a siege of Vicksburg Jl \ ships would need a constant by regular approaches. The work went on day by day, I aN \ supply of coal, he sent with the usual incidents of a siege. There was mining / pA him a large cargo, and and counter-mining, and two large mines were exploded / : } wrote: ‘“ Hearing noth- under angles of the Confederate works, but without / Ag \ ing from Admiral Por- any practical result. The great guns were booming a night and day, throwing thousands of shells into the city, and more than one citizen picked up and threw into a heap hundreds of pounds of the iron fragments that fell into his yard. Caves were dug in the banks where the streets had been cut | through the clayey hills, and in these the people found refuge from the shells. A newspaper was issued regularly even to the last day of the siege, but it was printed on the back of wallpaper. Pro- visions of course became scarce, and mule-meat was eaten. Somebody printed a humorous bill of fare, which consisted entirely of mule-meat in the various forms of soup, roast, stew, etc. All the while the be- siegers were digging away, bringing their trenches closer to the defences, till the soldiers of the hostile lines bandied jests across the narrow intervening space. At the end of forty-seven days the works arrived at the point where a grand z 7 ] x 4 ° s assault must be the next thing, and at the same time famine >) threatened, and the National holiday was at hand. After some BRIGADIER-GENERAL negotiation General Pemberton unconditionally surrendered the NEAL DOW city and his army of thirty-one thousand six hundred men, on ah the 4th of July, 1863, one day after Lee’s defeat at Gettysburg. ter, I have deter- _ Port Hudson, which Banks with twelve thousand men arial mined to send Farragut with his fleet had besieged for weeks, was surrendered you a barge of Ks hss : : y sa with its ¢ is - 2 s garrison of six thousand men, five days after the fall of coal from here. es wots GENDReXo ere ota KARA rer cS CAMPFIRE AND BRIGADIER-GENERAL a Ea BREVET BRIGADIER-GENERAL WILLIAM E. STRONG The barge will be cast adrift from the upper end of the canal at ten o’clock to-night. Troops on the opposite side of the point will be on the lool out, and, should the barge run into the eddy, will start it adrift again.” c< One of the most ludicrous incidents of the siege was the career of the dummy monitor, sometimes called the “Black Terror.” The /ndtanola, of Porter’s fleet, had been attacked by the Con- federates and captured in a sinking condition. They were hard at work trying to raise her, when they saw something comin down the river that struck them with terror. Admiral Porter had fitted up an old flat-boat so that, at a little distance, it looked like a monitor. Oo o It had mud furnaces and a smokestack made of pork barrels. Fire was built in the furnaces, and she was set The men at the Vicksburg batteries were startled at the appearance of a adrift on the river without a single person on board. monitor in those waters, and opened a furious cannonade, but did not succeed in stopping the stranger, which passed on with the current. In the excitement, orders were given to destroy the /zdtanola, and she was blown up just before the trick was discovered. A few days after the capture of Vicksburg, President Lincoln wrote this characteristically frank and generous letter to General Grant: MY DEAR GENERAL : I do not remember that you and I ever met person- ally. I write this now as a. grateful acknowledgment for the almost inesti- mable service you have done the country. I wish to say further: when you first reached the vicinity of Vicksburg, I thought you should do what you finally did—march the troops across the neck, run the batteries with the transports, and thus go below ; - and I never had any faith, except a general hope that you knew better than I, that the Yazoo Pass expedition and the like could succeed. When you got below and took Fort Gibson, Grand Gulf and vicinity, I thought you should go down the river and join General Banks ; and when you turned northward, east of the Big Black, I feared it was a mistake. I now wish to make a personal acknowledgment that you were right and I was wrong, Yours very truly, A. LINCOLN. After the surrender Grant reorganized his army, issued instruc- tions for the care ;and government of the blacks who had escaped from slavery and come within his lines, and gave orders for furloughs to be granted freely to those of his soldiers who : ADAM BADEAU. . 5 ie 5 OTP pss ae, AS 7 ; P Hel tilt Rott Inu Uo PNT) ty ed eens tee MCT HAM WLU Sear Ratatat tat- + ot eer ATs boesdeeabe ahs 53 tbs Tse hy pee Oolitic eet PAP tt 3 saLLirhivicssid Ps o Lo oor ba iz 2 i haha hae Weal IE I IL IB JON IE IL ID, 277, had been conspicuous for their valor and attention to duty during the campaign. It is said that he also took par- ticular care that no exorbitant prices should be demanded of these soldiers on the steamboats by which they as- cended the river in going to their homes. His own modesty and loyalty are exhibited in a letter that he wrote, a month later, when the loyal citizens of Mem- phis proposed to give him a public dinner. He said: “In accepting this testimonial, which I do at great sacrifice of personal feelings, I simply desire to pay a tribute to the first public exhibition in Memphis of loyalty to the Government which I represent in the Department of the Tennessee. I should dislike to refuse, for considerations of personal convenience, to acknowledge anywhere or in any form the existence of sentiments which I have so long and so ardently desired to see manifested in this department. The stability of this Government and the unity of this nation depends solely on the cordial support and the earnest loyalty of the people.” Of the innumerable incidents of the marches and the siege, in this campaign, some of the most interesting were told by Gen. Manning F. Force in a paper read before the Ohio Commandery of the Loyal Legion, all of them being drawn from his own experience. In that campaign he was colonel of the Twentieth Ohio infantry. ‘About the 20th of April I was sent, with the Twentieth Ohio and the Thirtieth Illinois, seven miles out from Milliken’s Bend, to build a road across a swamp. When the sun set, the leaves of the forest seemed to exude smoke, and the air became a saturated solution of gnats. When my mess sat down to supper under a tree, the gnats got into our mouths, noses, eyes, and ears. They swarmed upon our necks, seeming to encircle them with bands of hot Tortured and blinded, could neither iron. we Cau nok see: We Got é quantity of cotton. and made a circle the and around group, set it on fire. The pungent smoke made water stream from oureyes, but drove the gnats away. Wier = G hye mn SWDDOeSG i anguish, but in) peacens = sent back to camp and got some mos- quito netting from a sutler. Covering my BRIGADIER-GENERAL GABRIEL Jj, RAINS, C. SA Fee tae ot err narrates Kee, Se Se ete MEW 8g ete Lie Sr eI TOF ae en alas raaaoe Se ie Saad aetn tre ev roe ee , nM -~ ha Py Ts ei eae rote Ser Pete ta lg STE oa) tO CO oO > <= = = = 2 ea > mM ( ud a Oo S< O < = t a 5 mo Li ee kK O ZL Y Y O oO O Y) OW oO O O =L - aa LJ LJ }- Li Le LJ el i O or =D) oO Y SS O > za © uJ O = OQ < Lu) c -iS Pera a Pe Ret UUtwtven inn at ake MPS sc racks rece etree ene prenr earns OOH ek Hida dd) LA CA MIATISIS ZNINID IB/ IPT It, 18 IP ITB IE, 1D). head with many folds, I slept, waking at intervals to burn a wad of cotton. Many of the men sat bythe fire all night, fighting the gnats, and slept next day. In the woods we found strav cattle, sheep, and hogs. =X ey oe pK a ley’, ater page SS Ra etna ea y ae shatterspeta a teen ape heme ee ae Ce a ee Ee ah eee AtARRIE ome Se . cenit 1M 2E AND _ CAMPFIRE A rise in the enemy’s trench with a third shell in his hand—but he never threw it.” : 7 ieg eneré 5 ssued an order When the siege began, General Pemberton issue 7 that all non-combatants leave the city ; but many of them refusec hey had no other home, or means to sus- to go—some because t F ren were tain themselves elsewhere—and a few women and child , among those who remained. One lady, wife of an officer in Pemberton’s army, published the next year an account of her life in the city during the siege, which 1s especially interesting for its picturesque and suggestive details, many of which are not to be found elsewhere. A few passages are here reproduced : “The cave [of a friend] was an excavation in the earth the size of a large room, high enough for the tallest person to stand perfectly erect, provided with comfortable seats, and altogether quite a large and habitable abode (compared with some of the the) > house. The Bey | : 1 twice by a woman in the crowd; seeing three negroes on a roof, they set fire to the h | i i Mosnewomcer was stabbee Wie _ 1 by a victims hung at the edge of the roof a long time, but were . [ fl aes - disabled by a blow from an iron bar, was Saved Dy « ! > 5 : : pee | I | and another, disabled by « sp aa : ‘fore , police could procure ladders. This p | | | German woman, who hid him between two mattresses when the obliged to drop before the p« IGeTC ee t] ki j | | =2rm< an, ee its worst express > sacking Peer chino hem house tombim= Im the atter- phase of the outbreak found its worst expression in the sacking if pursuing mob was searching he oo a ae and burning of the Colored Orphan Asylum, at Fifth Avenue | noon a small police force held possession of a gun facto y. 5) < Se ee eS ieee cinta ee fl } S 1 Avenue for four hours, and was then compelled to retire and Forty-fourth Street. 1e two hunc -Iples: t Second Avenue S, ¢ d= Ne re ee ee ea Ta pee pee ete eh f I ‘stent attacks of the rioters, who hurled stones with great difficulty taken away by the rear doors while the mob ! > HO F 9ETrSISTE c c is =p) 2 - rt™ ts . : 7 oye ry° . ee pear Weatin the doors were battering at the front. The excitement of the rioters was ey | through the windows and beat in the ors. ns sot so great as to prevent them from coolly robbing the building ie ! Toward evening a riotous procession passed down Brow eNy eee : f l Pau =) , ; 7 ; > r a » re re > re vy se i ai pee ee kets. pistols, pitchforks, clubs, and of everything valuable that could be removed before they set it mee | with drums, banners, muskets, pistols, | , , { Va ies 4 ————— fig = SSS | = eee = ——| t = : = eer ———— () ae VOR | LN: . Ky KY S WAN K faces TAFINE WATCH FREE J == —— = BN N 2 agp 4 ano100 Lance SizePaize|| WAROS SHIRTS SS 000 [aah | = ee ee eS eit TOTAETO NEW RECRUITS $ 677; G8 fiicwsrms [sent evenrnzes! peg 2 (Count Bounty Casu Yown = $ 500) ae “a yy (OLDENBUTTSE | §.£-RlckaRDS tco}evEL eR ETPRESS) si os a _US-BOUNTYTOVETERAN SOLDIERSixm=~100 | «seq Bf |_OoMSUSTA ESS | STATE BOUNTY == Os TOTAL TO VETERAN SOLDIERS % 777 | BESTTONICH Foxrnsw oreenswarcicens 815 = —— U.S. BOUNTY FOR NEW RECRUITS . 502) | ST TPT) WORLD foam sry = = a - = Peat ray Ta Th, N MAN EXPRESS [PIONEER BADGE MANUFACTURERS | we G 15 00s Be eH | res nih " i \ Y } puivoe BY THE SINCLE ONE 100. OR 1090 &SENT BY MAIL DROWNE& MOORE 1208.BROADWAY. NY ao _ WEW YORK — ee ree eae “ ¥ = = a — — ‘ee RECRUITING OFFICE IN NEW YORK CITY HALL PARK (From an engraving published in ‘‘ Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly,’ during the war.) é boards inscribed “No Draft!” Inspector Carpenter, at the on fire. Bed-clothing, furniture, and other articles were passed head of two hundred policemen, marched UD co meet its balis out and borne off (in many cases by the wives and sisters of the orders were, “ Take no prisoners, but strike quick and hard.” rioters) to add to the comfort of their own homes. Several The mob was met at the corner of Amity (or West Third) Street. tenement houses that were occupied by negroes were attacked \ | The police charged at once in a compact body, Carpenter knock- by the mob with a determination to destroy, and were with A ing down the foremost rioter with a blow that cracked his skull, difficulty protected by the police. : | and in a few minutes the mob scattered and fled, leaving Broad- The office of the 7rzbune was especially obnoxious to the b way strewn with their wounded and dying. From this time, the rioters, because that paper was foremost in support of the P. police were victorious in every encounter. Administration and the war. Crowds approached it, singing During the next two days there was almost constant rioting, oa - ” oo. a mobs appearing at various points, both up-town and down-town. ee ee eS The rioters set upon every negro that appeared—whether man, and at one time its counting-room was entered by the mob and | woman, or child—and succeeded in murdering eleven of them. a fire was kindled, but the police drove them out and ex- ih, a ae Ne Panged toa see u (‘Thirty-second Street, tinguished the flames. The printers were then supplied with a ) Mis Only onmence being the color of his skin. At another place, quantity of muskets and bomb-shells, and long board troughs 2 - cs re j us eae aT}H ie (ee aatil ft tte lr Relat t tno snl et Ens ] beter lta. T, presi whabbadtestales CAMPFIRE AND were run out at the windows, so that in case of an attack a shell could be lighted and rolled out, dropping from the end of the trough into the crowd, where its explosion would produce incal- culable havoc. Happily the ominous troughs proved a sufficient warning. A small military force was brought to the aid of the police, and whenever an outbreak was reported, a strong body was sent at once to the spot. The locust clubs, when wielded in earnest, proved a terrible weapon, descending upon the heads of rioters with blows that generally cracked the skull. A surgeon who attended twenty-one men reported that they were all wounded in the head, and all past recovery. One of the most fearful scenes was in Second Avenue, where the police and the soldiers were assailed with stones and pistol-shots from the windows and the roofs. Dividing into squads, they entered the houses, which, amid the cries and curses of the women, they searched from bottom to top. They seized their cowering assailants in the halls, in the dark bedrooms, wherever they were _ hiding, felled them, bayoneted them, hurled them over the balusters and through the windows, pursued them to the roof, shot them as they dodged behind chimneys, refusing all mercy, and threw the quivering corpses into the street as a warning to the mob. It was like a realization of the imaginary taking of Torquilstone. One of the saddest incidents of the riot was the murder of Col. Henry J. O’Brien, of the Eleventh New York Volunteers, whose men had dispersed one mob with a deadly volley. An hour or two later the Colonel returned to the spot alone, when he was set upon and beaten and mangled and tortured horribly for several hours, being at last killed by some frenzied women. Page after page might be filled with such incidents. At one time Broadway was strewn with dead men from Bond Street to Union Square. A very young man, dressed in the working- clothes of a mechanic, was observed to be active and daring in leading a crowd of rioters. A blow from a club at length brought him down, and as he fell he was impaled on the picket of an iron fence, which caught him under the chin and killed him. On examination, it was found that under the greasy over- alls he wore a costly and fashionable suit, and there were other indications of wealth and refinement, but the body was never identified. Three days of this vigorous work by the police and the sol- diers brought the disturbance to an end. About fifty policemen had been injured, three of whom died; and the whole number eee aoe cen ceri rma: 13 Jal IE WIL IS IE IIB IL ID). 237 of lives destroyed by the rioters was eighteen. The exact num- ber of rioters killed is unknown, but it was more than twelve hundred. The mobs burned about fifty buildings, destroying altogether between twe million and three million dollars’ worth of property. Governor Seymour incurred odium by a speech to the rioters, in which he addressed them as his friends, and promised to have the draft stopped, and by his communications to the President, in which he complained of the draft, and asked to have it suspended till the question of its constitutionality could be tested in the courts. His opponents interpreted this as a subterfuge to favor the rebellion by preventing the rein- forcement of the National armies. The President answered, in substance, that he had no objection to a testing of the question, but he would not imperil the country by suspending operations till a case could be dragged through the courts. Fourteen of the Northern States had enacted laws enabling the soldiers to vote without going home. Insome of the States it was provided that commissioners should go to the camps and take the votes; in others the soldier was authorized to seal up his ballot and send it home to his next friend, who was to pre- sent it at the polls and make oath that it was the identical one sent to him. The enactment of such laws had been strenuously opposed by the Democrats, on several grounds, the most plausi- ble of which was, that men under military discipline were not practically free to vote as they pleased. The most curious argument was to this effect: a soldier that sends home his ballot may be killed in battle before that ballot reaches its des- tination and is counted. Do you want dead men to decide your elections? These were the darkest days of the war; but the riots reacted upon the party that was supposed to favor them, the people gradually learned the full significance of Gettysburg and Vicks- burg, and at the autumn election the State of New York, which a year before had elected Governor Seymour, gave a handsome majority in favor of the Administration. In Ohio, where the Democrats had nominated Vallandigham for Governor, and made a noisy and apparently vigorous canvass, the Republicans nominated John Brough. When the votes were counted, it was found that Mr. Brough had a majority of one hundred thousand, the largest that had ever been given for any candidate in any State where there was acontest. Politically speaking, this buried Mr. Vallandigham out of sight forever, and delivered a heavy blow at the obstructive policy of his party. OFFICERS OF THE FORTY-FOURTH NEW YORK INFANTRY. VTA yo, ma lite bs > ad SVeeerinyh ass Prboess ae dass cokers Eten = ee a ri ee sey eames: Le ie eee riage La 7) i MALErm hy ¥ Pree (a tease ae Bills : i Os ke nc S an ee ee stad ee Ee, A ar ee a pals lepers er cniee sakemannnannieenates comeeneeeenr ee ; PPh ate eee es — POA So bale eras eres: ue a = 2 SSE THE ATTACK ON CHARLESTON, CIBUAIPINIBIR OK W. Die SleGh OF CHARI ESION. BLOCKADE OF THE HARBOR—DU PONT’S AT TACK DEFEAT- ITS CAPTURE—THE SWAMP ANGEL— BOMBARDMENT OF DAY—STEADY CANNONADING FOR FORTY HOURS. AS Charleston was the cradle of secession, there was the heaviest penalties of war. Sumter, and kindled the flames of civil strife. they had been dragged into ruin by the have been pried off from the rest of the Union and slidden into the depths of the sea. reason for directing vigorous Operations against Charleston. their cotton to Europe and receivin looms and arsenals. were loaded with stone. towed whether this barbarous | ’ Sebastopol had been obstructed in the from coming in. The strong currents at C] vessels had to be sent there to maintain the distance near the shore of Morris Island first to the British port of had been closed in in England for this special -CAPTURE OF THE “ATLANTA ” They wanted poetic vengeance to fall upon the very And there were not a few at the South who shared thi politicians of South Carolina. g in return the army clothi Early in the war the Government attemy into the channel, and sunk. at which there “was yroceeding, as it was called. was > Same way; but that was done by the Russians, wl larleston soon swept away the old hulks blockade. , and was protected by batteries. Nassau, in the West Indies consequence of the occupation of Morris Island by service, slipped in by the shallower passes. GILLMORE § SIEGE—-ASSAULT ON FORT WAGNER— CHARLESTON ACCURATE FIRING FROM MORTAR GUNS—TURNING NIGHT INTO a special desire on the part of the Northern people that it should undergo men that had taught disunion, fired upon s sentiment, believing that Many would have been glad if the whole State could But there was a better than sentimental Its port was exceedingly useful. to ‘the Confederates for shipping ng, rifles, and ammunition that were produced. for them by English ted to close this-port with obsttuctions. Several old whale-ships a great outcry; and the books were searched to see permissible under the laws of war and of nations. In.1854 the harbor of 10se harbor it was, to prevent the enemy or buried them in the sand, and a dozen war This was an exceedingly difficult task. The main channel ran for a long The westward-bound blockade runners commonly went , and thence with a pilot sailed for Charleston. After the main channel National troops, steamers: of very light draft, built A great many were captured, for the blockadersHAcUU sein sal pape ah , cere emmetiridtih in AAA Uae rare) ; ss BAGH HLH | Peer vereemen. frcteis tevet-+ St eeiray meat Rai it eae TSS ha THe Bp wm Athi | yi Ai 7 a a pa . ——_—— F lett iaettncneksme pie cere rmenoel ee ee Sea Sea SS Ka lgP Unger enengagupegtst oun thetweneeveemselanerqunstiesteuieongnston - = ; Say - eee Sepien Semen s thangs ne —yeertetence Ne cere ee Tee I SCs [SY ARENT SAA Se inn En hae te We i }ri { F \: i Ro \e hse tT Chet tA AUALEORLE EE CTU Cet ot Ebony a ~~ ——— ~ a pen igs te developed re- mia k a ble skill in de- tecting their movements, but the prac- tice was never MAJOR-GENERAL QUINCY A. GILLMORE. wholly brok- en up till the city was occupied by the National forces in February, 186s. In January, 1863, two Confederate iron-clads steamed out of the harbor, on a hazy morning, and attacked the blockading fleet. Iwo vessels, by shots through their steam-drums, were disabled, and struck their colors; but the remainder of the fleet came to their assistance, and the iron-clads were driven back into the harbor, leaving their prizes behind. General Beauregard and Captain Ingraham (commanding the military and naval forces of the Confederacy at Charleston) formally proclaimed this affait a victory that had “ sunk, dispersed, and driven off or out of sight the entire blockading fleet,” and, consequently, raised the block- ade of the port. These assertions, repeated in foreign news- papers, threatened for a time to create serious complications with European powers, by raising the question whether the blockade (supposed to be thus broken) must not be re-pro- claimed, and notice given to masters of merchant vessels, before it could be reéstablished. But the falsity of the claim was soon shown, and no foreign vessels accepted the invitation to demand free passage into the port of Charleston. This affair increased the desire to capture the port, put an absolute end to the blockade-runnine there, and use it as a harbor of refuge for National vessels. Accordingly, a powerful fleet was fitted out for the purpose, and placed under the com- mand of Rear-Admiral S. fF. Du Pont, who had reduced the forts of Port Royal in November, 1861. It consisted of seven moni- tors, an iron-clad frigate, an iron-clad ram, and several wooden gunboats. On the 7th of April, 1863, favored by smooth water Du Pont steamed in to attack the forts; but most extraordinary precautions had been taken to defend the city. The special desire of the Northern people to capture it was off- REAR-ADMIRAL JOHN A. DAHLGREN AND OFFICERS, set by an equally romantic determination on the part of the Secessionists not to part with the cradle in which their pet theory had been rocked for thirty years. Besides the batteries that had been erected for the reduction of Fort Sumter, they had established others, and they occupied that fort itself. All these works had been strengthened, and new guns mounted, including some specially powerful ones of English manufacture. All the channels were obstructed with piles and chains, with innumer- able torpedoes, some of which were to be fired by electric wires from the forts, while others were arranged to explode whenever a vessel should run against them. The main channel, between Fort Moultrie and Fort Sumter, was crossed by a heavy cable supported on empty barrels, with which was connected a net- work of smaller chains. In the south channel there was a tempting opening in the row of piles; but beneath this were some tons of powder waiting for the electric spark. The monitor Weehawken led the way, pushing a raft before her to explode the torpedoes. Not a man was to be seen on any of the decks, and the forts were ominously silent. But when the Weehawken had reached the network of chains, and had become somewhat entangled therein with her raft, the batteries opened all around, and she and the other monitors that came to her assistance were the target for a terrible concentric fire of bursting shells and solid bolts. The return fire was directed principally upon Sumter, and was kept up steadily for half an hour, but seemed to have little effect ; and after trying both the main and the south channel, the fleet retired. The monitor Keokuk, which had made the nearest approach to the enemy, was struck nearly a hundred times. Shots passed through both of her turrets, and there were nineteen holes in her hull. That evening she sank in an inlet. Most of the other vessels were injured, and some of the monitors were unable to revolve their turrets because of the bending of the plates. Du Pont’s defeat was offset two months later, when the Con- federate iron-clad AZ¢/anta started out on her first . cruise. She was originally an English blockade-runner, and a she was unable to get out of the port of Savannah after the fall of Fort Pulaski, the Confederates conceived the idea of iron-plating her Si Vise Sash mS Sy rr Te vee WORE US tui tare Le ne C Poa} ep YP AD em ONS Berea SS ee ee — = wa a ita oe ee = Ae Ve ae peas Al, rT ee ede eo) Ode ys e iter rs! ~ 290 (CA IWIZIEIIRIS AIK ID a Ti alg ele EDD. its cuns from any possible attack on the land side. Behind the sea-face was a well-con- after the fashion of the Werrzmac and send- ing her out to sink the monitors and raise the blockade of Charleston. It was said that the ladies of Charleston contributed their structed bomb-proof, into which no shot ever ‘penetrated. The land-face was constructed with reéntering angles, so that the approaches -ould all be swept by cross fire, and the work teen months of hard labor she was ready for could pt by ate was surrounded by a ditch filled with water, action. But Du Pont had heard the story, S j hic ‘as a line of boarding-pikes fastened and sent two monitors to watch her. On in which w a u Lins : O-D1K 2 C ones te ptr hie together with interlaced wire, and there were the 17th of June, early in the morning, she dropped down the channel, followed by two ilso pickets at the front of the fort with inter- c iewelry to pay the expenses, and after four- steamers loaded with citizens, including many | woven wire aslight distance above the ground, i : ; > STEDS ‘ ANI oO “Ce ladies, who anticipated a great deal of pleas- to impede the steps of any assaulting force. ure in seeing their powerful iron-clad sink It was one of the most elaborate works con- structed during the war. Its engineer, Cap- the monitors. These came up to meet her, : ; , rete al ‘leves as killed by one 1e firs the Weehawken, Captain Rodgers, taking the tain Cleves, was killed by « of the first lead. Rodgers fired just five shots from his shells fired at it. : enormous eleven-inch and fifteen-inch guns. On the morning of July loth, Gillmore One struck the shutter of a port-hole and suddenly cut down the trees in his front and broke it, another knocked off the Ad¢lanta’s opened fire upon the most southerly works pilot-house, another struck the edge of the on Morris Island, while at the same time the fleet commanded by Admiral Dahlgren, who 2 deck and opened the seams between the plates, and another penetrated the iron ar- REAR-ADMIRAL D. M. FAIRFAX. had succeeded Du Pont, bombarded Fort mor, splintered the heavy wooden backing, Waener. Under cover of this fire troops Thereupon the Az/anta hung out a were landed, and the earthworks were quickly taken. and disabled forty men. The day being terribly hot, the advance on Fort Wagner was white flag and surrendered, while the pleasure-seekers hastened back to Savannah. It is said that the vessel might have been postponed till the next morning, and then it was a failure. A handled better if she had not run aground. She was carrying week later a determined assault was made with a force of six an immense torpedo at the end of a boom thirty feet long, which thousand men, the advance being led by the first regiment of projected from her bow under water. She was found to be pro- colored troops (the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts) that had been visioned for a long cruise, and was taken to Philadelphia and raised under the authorization that accompanied the Emancipa- exhibited there as a curiosity. tion Proclamation. A bombardment of the fort by the land The city of Charleston, between its two rivers, with its well- batteries and the fleet was kept up from noon till dusk, and fortified harbor, bordered by miles of swampy land, was exceed- during its last hour there was a heavy thunder-storm. As soon ingly difficult for an enemy to reach. General Quincy A. Gill- as this was over, the assaulting columns were set in motion. more, being sent with a large force to take it, chose the approach They marched out under a concentrated fire from all the Con- by way of Folly and Morris Islands, where federate batteries, then met sheets of musketry fire the monitors could ee ES ee | SS that blazed out from Wagner, then assist him. Hidden crossed the ditch by a fringe of trees, waist-deep in water, he first erected power- while hand-grenades ful batteries on Folly werc thrown from the Island. Onthe north- parapet to explode EWNMOs: Point Of among them, and Morris Island (Cum- even Iehmbed up to ming’s Point) was the the! aim pid ine. but Confederate Battery here the surviving rem- S39 nant met a stout resist- d Sumter at the opening g, the one that had “ACG > ne most damage to ance and were hurled back. General Strong, Colonel Chatfield, Colo- nel Putnam, and Robert Ol WHS Were, Sowiclry Oi this was Fort Wagner, and Stil farther south G. Shaw, the young com- ee other works. mander of the black regi- ‘ort Wagner was a very ment, were all killed, and strong earthwork, measur- | 4a total loss was sustained a a a ee ‘SIX hun- ae SER e Pugs e of fifteen hundred men, ae ah : ae a from | one while the Confederates lost ae i S ow 2 EO hun- but about one hundred. dred and seventy-five feet In burying the dead, the from north to south. It h. JER-GENERAY B h to; : lad pm eae Ee! a most scorching shee as ay sun and on burning ons white sand, which reflected back both light and heat rays with torturing rigor. We were Whe dns MI Mate Oo WL CREEL —- 4 compelled to work we he night and day, twelve hours on and twelve off, all wee ne dy kip Se DRO DISA) = a se . BATTERY REYNOLDS.—FIVE TEN-INCH MORTARS BEARING ON FORT WAGNER. of which was swept by a deadly fire, crossing the ditch and mounting the parapet, Colonel Shaw ex- — oe hibited a physical courage ¢ < that it was impossible tg surpass; while in organiz- ing and leading men of the despised race that was now POR struggling toward liberty, he showed a moral courage such as the rebels neither “ 7 shared nor comprehended. Among those who par- = cle = S : 4 ; ticipated in this sorrowful HEADQUARTERS OF FIELD OFFICERS ON THE SECOND PARA Enterprise was the Rev. é ‘plodi shell fr some quarter. ; S Ke Leg > while der shot and exploding shell from some q i Henry Clay Trumbull, chaplain of the Tenth Connecticut Regi- the v hile undet ee a es ee ae ! ment, who was so assiduous in his attentions to the wounded, When off duty we ee . we eee | \ ds he _ 1 ; ‘as - sand-waves silently thrown up by the 3 | irelid * them, that he was the low sat j . , and remained so long on the field among t ‘ | 7 ee A ee ee : eet ine C a lerates, who held him a prisoner for tired bodies became so exhausted under the great De } captured py the Contederates, ( é e eee tially -he burning sands, even when : | : al nt] \mong those in attendance at the hospital us that we would stretch out on the g a | screen anit Ci B ho afterward became under the greatest danger, and snatch a few hours o ful, ie z > first parallel was Clara Barton, who atterwé c , C 7 tee ee i] at the first pa ace anxious sleep, frequently to be awakened by the exy | j. Cee eee ae led in tl f some great shell. The land and sea breezes kept the ait ') : x Tip ate SoG eee ape rounded in 1e or s OT Ee : 4 | Gen. Alvin C. Voris, who was seriously we gee : a ee ee lt Fort Wagener, has given a vivid description of full of floating sand, which ]| c ) o— i assault on Fort Wagner, has g é : Wa De eo A eT F— ee A ; ns Ws ey a 3 292 eyes, ears nostrils—and at the height of the wind would fly x = : c = = . = le. with such force as to make the face and hands sting with pain. : | ee “Just at dark ten regiments of infantry were formed along the beach, one and a half miles below the fort, and the charge Ouietly the column marched until its was at once undertaken. he head had passed the line of our field battertes. No sooner hac han one thousand six hundred men in Wagner this taken place t ) | opened on the advancing columns and Gregg sprang to arms an¢ in | with shot, shell, and musketry, which called to their immediate assistance the armed energies of Sumter, Moultrie, and Beaure- all the batteries on Sullivan’s and James’s Islands. When we cot within canister range of the fort there were added to this awful cataclysm double-shotted charges of canister from card, and directly raking our approach, each discharge ailful of cast-iron bullets, three-fourths of an Every moment some unfortunate comrade eight heavy guns o> equal to a double { inch in diameter. more, but we closed up our shattered ranks and fell, to rise no pressed on with such impetuosity that we scaled the walls and planted our banners on the fort. The Sixty-seventh, with heroic cheers, flung her flag to the midnight breezes on the rampart of Wagener, but only to bring it away riddled to tatters. Seven one of eight of the color-guard were shot down, and Color- Sergeant McDonald, with a broken leg, brought it away. Lieutenant Cochran went alone to headquarters, two thousand five hundred yards to the rear, for reinforcements, assuring General Gillmore that we could hold the fort, and then went back to Wagner and brought off eighteen out of forty men with whom he started in the column in that fatal charge. Two other lieutenants, with a dozen men, held one of the enemy’s large guns for nearly two hours, over which they had hand-to-hand contests with the soldiers in charge of the piece. “T was shot within a hundred and fifty yards of the fort, and so disabled that I could not go forward. Two boys of the Sixty-second Ohio found me and carried me to our first parallel, where had been arranged an extempore hospital. Here a surgeon sent his savage finger-nail into my lacerated side and pronounced the bullet beyond his reach, and said I would not need his further attention. Like a baby I fainted, and, on reviving, little strength. That blessed chaplain, Henry Clay Trumbull, laid my poor aching head on a sand-bag to recruit a | found me and poured oil of gladness into my soul and brandy into my mouth, whereat I praised him as a dear good man and cursed that monster of a surgeon, which led the chaplain to think the delirium of death was turning my brain, and he reported me among the dead of Wagner.” General Gillmore now resorted to regular approaches for the reduction of Fort Wagner. The first parallel was soon opened, and siege guns mounted, and the work was pushed as rapidly sy the 23d of July a second parallel was established, from which fire C as the unfavorable nature of the ground would admit. BE was opened upon Fort Sumter, two miles distant, and upon the intervening earthworks. As the task proceeded the difficulty increased, for the strip of land grew narrower as Fort Wag- ner was approached, and the men in the trenches were sub- jected to cross-fire from a battery on James’s Island, as well as from sharp-shooters and from the fort itself. A dozen breaching batteries of enormous rifled guns were established, most of the work being done at night, and on the 17th of August all of them opened fire. The shot and shell were directed mainly against Fort Sumter, and in the course of a week its barbette suns were dismounted, its walls were knocked into a shapeless mass of GAMPEIRE AND BA Ty Ele Do. Rey Saks 1h ge gee Te yee Hears ruins, and its value as anything but a rude shelter for infantry was gone. The paralle through ground so low that high tides washed over it, and finally pedoes had been planted. When they had ls were still pushed forward toward Wagner, partly inally where mines of tor arrived so near that it was impossible forthe men to work under ordinarv circumstances, the fort was subjected to a bombard- ment with shells fired from mortars and dropping into it almost vertically, while the great rifled guns were trained upon its bomb- o proof at short range, and the iron-clad frigate Mew Lronsides came close in shore and added her quota in the shape of eleven- ‘nch shells fired from eight broadside guns. Powerful calcium lig the bombardment went on incessantly. At the end of two days, hts had been prepared, so that there was no night there, and three columns of infantry were ready to storm the work. when it was discovered that the Confederates had suddenly abandoned it. Battery Gregg, on Cumming’s Point, was also evacuated. It is easy to tell all this in a few words ; but no brief account of that operation can give the reader any adequate idea of the enormous labor it involved, the danger, the anxiety, and the dogged perseverance of the besiegers. It required the efforts of three hundred men to move asingle gun up the beach. General Gillmore was one of the most accomplished of military engineers, and we present here a few of the more interesting passages from his admirable official report: At the second parallel the “Surf Battery” had barely escaped entire destruction, about one-third of it having been carried away by the sea. Its armament had been temporarily removed to await the issue of the storm. The progress of the sap was hotly opposed by the enemy, with the fire of both artillery and sharp- shooters. At one point in particular, about two hundred yards in front of Wagner, there was a ridge, affording the enemy good cover, from which we received an unceasing fire of small-arms, while the guns and sharp-shooters in Wagner opened vigorously at every lull in the fire directed upon it from our batteries and scunboats. The firing from the distant James's Island batteries was steady and, accurate; One vattenipr jon the 2st; ‘to ob- tain possession of the ridge with infantry having failed, it was determined to advance by establishing another parallel. On the night of August 21st the fourth parallel was opened about one hundred yards from the ridge, partly with the flying sap and partly with the full sap. At the place selected for it the island is about one hundred and sixty yards in width above high water. It was now determined to try and dislodge the enemy from the ridge with light mortars and navy howitzers in the fourth paral- lel, and with other mortars in rear firing over those in front. The attempt was made on the afternoon of August 26th, but did not succeed. Our mortar practice was not very accurate. Brigadier- General Terry was ordered, on the 26th of August, to carry the ridge at the point of the bayonet, and hold it. This was accom- plished, and the fifth parallel established there on the evening of the same day, which brought us to within two hundred and forty yards of Fort Wagner. The intervening space comprised the narrowest and shallowest part of Morris Island. It was simply a flat ridge of sand, scarcely twenty-five yards in width, and not exceeding two feet in depth, over which the sea in rough weather swept entirely across to the marsh on our left. Approaches by the flying sap were at once commenced on this shallow beach, from the right of the fifth parallel, and certain means of defence in the parallel itself were ordered. It was soon ascertained that we had now reached the point where the really formidable, pas- sive, defensive arrangements of the enemy commenced. An4 CAMEREIRE “AND. BYA ilaa rae Dy elaborate and ingenious system of torpedo mines, to be exploded silent with an overpowering by the tread of persons walking over the re 7 dl j oe dE persons walking over them, was encountered, and curved fire from siege and we were informed by the prisoners taken c > ridge th. : ) prisoners taken on the ridge that the coehorn mortars, so that our entire area of firm ground between us and the fort, as well as the glacis of the latter on its south and east fronts, was thickly filled with these torpedoes. This knowledge brought us a sense of engineers would have only the more distant batteries of the enemy to annoy them; a: Mien ae ft beatae aw ak ad security from sorties, for the mines were a defence to us as well and, second, to breach the Neo ? as O » » » es rT y yr “(a0 i » by oO . - a sr 1 is to the enemy. By daybreak on the 27th of August our sap- bomb-proof shelter with pers had reached, by a rude and unfinished trench, to within one rifled guns, and thus deprive hundred yards of Fort Wagner. The dark and gloomy days of the enemy of their only the siege were now upon us. Our daily losses, although not ¢ Secure ‘cover im the work heavy, were on the increase, while our progress became dis- and, consequently, drive couragingly slow, and even fearfully uncertain. The converging them from it. Accordingly ~ a : = Si fire from Wagner alone almost enveloped the head of our sap, all the light mortars were delivered, as it was, from a line subtending an angle of nearly moved to the frome and ninety degrees, while the flank fire from the James’s Island bat- placed in battery; the capac- teries increased in power and accuracy every hour. To push ity of the fifth parallel and | forward the sap in the narrow strip of shallow shifting sand by the advanced trenches for day was impossible, while the brightness of the prevailing har- sharp-shooters was creatly | vest moon rendered the operation almost as hazardous by night. enlarged and improved; the MAJOR-GENERAL ) Matters, indeed, seemed at a standstill, and a feeling of despond- rifled guns in the left breach- WILLIAM B. TALIAFERRO, C. S. A. q ency began to pervade the rank and file of the command. There ing batteries were trained t seemed to be no adequate return in accomplished results for the upon the fort and prepared for prolonged action; and power- 1 i daily losses which we suffered, and no means of relief, cheering and ful calcium lights to aid the night-work of our cannoneers E : encouraging to the soldier, appeared near at hand. In thisemer- and sharp-shooters, and blind those of the enemy, were got in ) y gency, although the final result was demonstrably certain, it was readiness. The codpération of the powerful battery of the Mew i an determined, in order to sustain the flagging spirits of the men, to Tronsides, Captain Rowan, during the daytime, was also secured. By commence vigorously and simultaneously two distinct methods These final operations against Fort Wagner were actively inaugurated at break of day on the morning of Sep- (SES “ tember 5th. For forty-two consecutive hours the se " Sa AB pp a spectacle presented was of surpassing sublimity and bj erandeur. Seventeen siege and coehorn mortars un- - ceasingly dropped their shells into the work, over the ‘ heads of our sappers and the guards of the advanced o o Pe ee trenches; thirteen of our heavy Parrott rifles—one ee hundred, two hundred, and three hundred pounders— ho pounded away at short though regular intervals, at \, the southwest corner of the bomb-proof; while during the daytime the Mew Jronsides, with remarkable regu- larity and precision, kept an almost incessant stream of eleven-inch shells from her eight-gun broadside, Mj “e ricocheting over the water against the sloping parapet ie in en ” a of Wagner, whence, deflected upward with a low re- i maining velocity, they dropped nearly vertically, ex- sr ploding within or over the work, and rigorously y every part of it except the subterranean shelters. Ot ALLACIK. searching rhts turned night into day, and while throwing Viz. first, to ihe calemmelic illuminated every object in front, and brought the minutest details of the fort into sharp relief. ner perfectly keep Wag- around our own men an impenetrable obscurity, they brilliantly I ( In a few hours the fort became practically silent. | The next night, after the cap- ‘ ture of Fort Wagner, a few hun- dred sailors from the fleet went i to Fort Sumter in row-boats and | attempted its capture. But they 1% \; found it exceedingly difficult to i ) vy a. : = bee “See i climb up the ruined wall; most of ain | : : their boats were knocked to pieces 3 by the Confederate batteries; they 4 BOMB PROOF met an unexpected fire of musketryEN Sabian eens ree ree $ sana nt Se GANEPIANR A NED 204 and hand-grenades, and two hundred of them were disabled or captured. While all this wor establish a battery near enough to Cl A site was chosen on the western side But the k was going on, General Gillmore thought to yarleston to subject the city itself to bombardment. of Morris Island, and the necessary orders were issued. ground was soft mud, sixteen feet deep, and it seemed an impos- able task. Whe captain, a West Pointer, to whom it was assigned, was told that he must not fail, but he might ask for whatever he needed, whereupon he made out a formal requis!- indred men eighteen feet high,” and other things in The jest seems to have been appreciated, but the tion for ‘a ht proportion. jester was relieved from the duty, which was then assigned to Col. Edward W. Serrell, a volunteer engineer, who accomplished the work. Piles were driven, a platform was laid upon them, and a parapet was built with bags of sand, fifteen thousand being required. All this had to be done after dark, and occupied fourteen nights. Then, with great labor, an eight-inch rifled gun was dragged across the swamp and mounted on this platform. It was nearly five miles from Charleston, but by firing with a high elevation was able to reach the lower part of the city. The soldiers named this gun the “Swamp Angel.” Late in August it was ready for work, and, after giving notice for the e removal of non-combatants, General Gillmore opened fire. A few shells fell in the streets and produced great consternation, Blade rales Joi. but at the thirty-sixth discharge the Swamp Angel burst, and it never was replaced. Gillmore had supposed that when Sumter was silenced the feet would enter the harbor, but Admiral Dahlgren did not think it wise to risk his vessels among the torpedoes, especially as the batteries of the inner harbor had been greatly strength- ened. As Fort Wagner and Battery Gregg were nearer the city by a mile than the Swamp Angel, Gillmore repaired them, turned their guns upon Charleston, and kept up a destructive g bombardment for weeks. As a protection to the city, under the plea that its bombard- ment was a violation of the rules of war, the Confederate author- ities selected from their prisoners fifty officers and placed them in the district reached by the shells. Capt. Willard Glazier, who was there, writes: “ When the distant rumbling of the Swamp Angel was heard, and the cry ‘Here it comes!’ re- sounded through our prison house, there was a general stir. Sleepers sprang to their feet, the gloomy forgot their sor- rows, conversation was hushed, and all started to see where the messenger would fall. At night we traced along the sky a slight stream of fire, similar to the tail of a comet, and followed its ! course until ‘whiz! whiz!’ came the little pieces from our mighty two-hundred pounder, scattering themselves all around.” 2x7 Art r / f * f 5 es sy placing an equal number of Confederate officers under fire the Government compelled the removal of its own. k et ELA OL, an ge te Pa AP GI OREO epee mp » = v4 cna Me oF eam = cmp ned a ER TI, s Seer aed ae Ee a aneaeeee, * ST, MICHAEL'S CHURCH, CHARLESTON. § C,Fi { Hi ie ; ~ : vi we Mbt CLM tT) LTE d ebancs oh wee RE ETE AY Ny ae oe dinon eke tal Th oI sai eam te etal ibalal Sse eer Rta ts tod vate a reeetrat. ert CAME ARE AND) BUA MMA aE Dy 295 4 ( ia nessed some of the most notable exploits of the guerilla bands ; that were operating in the West, all through the war, in aid of the Confederacy. Late in January, 1863, a Confederate force of cavalry and artillery, about four thousand men, under Wheeler and Forrest, was sent to capture Dover, contiguous to the site | of Fort Donelson, in order to close the navigation of Cumber- | ae land River, by which Rosecrans received supplies. CHARTER SOG THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA. ROSECRANS AND BRAGG—FIGHT AT DOVER—AT FRANKLIN—AT MIL- The place was held by six hundred men, under command of Col. A. C. Harding, of the Eighty-third Illinois Regiment, who, with the help of gunboats, repelled two determined attempts to storm | the works (February 3), and inflicted a loss of seven hundred men, their own loss being one hundred and twenty-six. Early in March, a detachment of about twenty-five hundred National troops, under Colonels Coburn and Jordan, moving TON—MORGAN’S RAID IN OHIO—MANCEUVRING FOR CHATTA- NOOGA—BATTLE AT CHICKAMAUGA—NUMBER OF MEN ENGAGED ON EACH SIDE—OPERATIONS OF THE FIRST DAY—RETREAT OF FEDERAL FORCES AT CHATTANOOGA NUMBER OF OFFICERS AND MEN KILLED AT CHICKAMAUGA—GENERAL ROSECRANS’S OPINION OF THE GENERAL. CONDUCT OF THE BATTLE—INSTANCES OF PERSONAL COURAGE AND GALLANTRY CISMS OF GENERAL POLK. GENERAL BRAGG’S CRITI- south of Franklin, Tenn., unexpectedly met a force of about ten thousand Confederates under Van Dorn, and the stubborn fight WHILE Grant’s army was pounding at the gates of Vicksburg, that ensued resulted in the surrounding and capture of Coburn’s those of Rosecrans and Bragg were watching each other at entire force, after nearly two hundred had been killed or wounded Murfreesboro’, both commanders being unwilling to make any — on each side. A. few days later, Van Dorn was attacked and grand movement. General Grant and the Secretary of War driven southward by a force under Gen. Gordon Granger. Still 4 wanted Rosecrans to advance upon Bragg, lest Bragg should later in the month a detachment of about fourteen hundred men reinforce Johnston, who was a constant menace in the rear of the army besieging Vicksburg. The only thing Grant feared under Colonel Hall went in pursuit of the guerilla band com- manded by John Morgan, fought it near Milton, and defeated it, oe hime nee was, that he might be attacked heavily by Johnston before he inflicting a loss of nearly four hundred men. Early in April a could capture the place. But Rosecrans refused to move, on the another detachment of National troops, commanded by Gen. sais ° . : ~ ~ ne Las oe < . Sea ee : 2 "4 eround that it was against the principles of military science to David S. Stanley, found Morgan’s men at Snow Hill, and fight two decisive battles at once, and that the surest method of | defeated and routed them so thoroughly that it was two weeks holding back Bragg from reinforcing Johnston was by constantly before the remnants of the band could be brought together standing ready to attack him, but not attacking. As it happened again. that Bragg was very much like Rosecrans, and was afraid to stir In the same month Col. A. D. Streight, with eighteen hundred Do ’ eS ? 1 1 royce es alee -7) 4 Arc Pen ao c - , ~ tic lest Rosecrans should go to Grant’s assistance, the policy of men, was sent to make a raid around Bragg’s army, cut his i successf Oo far at least asi di : ications, ¢ sstroy supplies. This detachment was a quiet watchfulness proved successful—so far at least as immedi- communications, and destroy supplies t les ere pursued by For- | ate results were ae 3 ; S ar = c . a’ a and Lebanon, reached the Ohio, captured two steamers, and 1, y al, PE pe s { ° ae se 1A 2 se pets Cue eh 5 : i ; co he burned mills and bridges, tore up rails, plundered right and vented him from using the ford, and he was obliged to turn and left, and spread alarm on every side. But the home guards give battle. The fight was severe, and resulted in Morgan’s were gathering to meet him, and the creat number of railways defeat. Nearly eight hundred of his men surrendered, and he ee Nee DIAL, with the remainder retreated up the river. They next tried ty \ h to cross at Belleville by swimming their horses; but the gun- BS boats were at hand again, and made such havoc among the if troopers that only three hundred got across, while of the | if others some were shot, some drowned, and the remnant driven ot ~ ‘ep * veal back to the Ohio shore. Morgan with two hundred fled still Laat farther up the stream, but at last was compelled to surrender at New Lisbon. He was confined in the Ohio penitentiary, but escaped a few months later by digging under the walls. A pathetic incident of this raid was the death of the vener- able Daniel McCook, sixty-five years old. He had given f eight sons to the National service, and four of them had he become generals. One of these was deliberately murdered y iW . Sf by guerillas, while he was ill and riding in an ambulance in i i / Tennessee. The old man, hearing that the murderer was (tn in Morgan’s band, took his rifle and went out to join in the fight at Buffington’s Ford, where he was mortally wounded. CHICKAMAUGA ~ ie 3 : 2 ci ; | 7 5 When at last Rosecrans did move, by some of the ablest Po 3 ° . t j strategy displayed in the whole war he compelled Bragg to wa fall back successively from one position to another, all the way from Tullahoma to Chattanooga. This was not done oe eee: without frequent and heavy skirmishes, however; but the superiority of the National cavalry had now been developed at at the West as well as at the East, and they all resulted in one way. Colonel (afterward Senator) John F. Miller was Fn | conspicuous in several of these actions, and in that at Liberty | Gap one of his eyes was shot out by a rifle-ball. LAS | The purpose of Rosecrans was to get possession of Chat- a eater “SS oe mee tanooga; and when Bragg crossed the Tennessee and occu- a | GUNTERSVILC ES SK Vy Pee je “ = ¢ 6 I\ y : i i. : , sre BOND Ede ey i 7 \ is pied that town, he set to work to manceuvre him out of it. Sy = = a £r- f 5 }) \ | y SS Ba : = y ee : Yaa . tee” f; fa | Nee Sf Sy To effect this, he moved southwest, as if he were intending to ROH IGEORG ass around Chattanooga and invade Georgia. This caused ; Be SCENE OF OPERATION OF THE ARMY OF THE CUMBERLAND IN TENNESSEE, GEORGIA, pass a Se. aon : 7 ! AND ALABAMA. Bragg to fall back to Lafayette, and the National troops too | wi eee Se lak FRE INT Tipoe ee Ee ee ee on Se a a eel a deh et ann ee AES ee eat i y, if yak i Ree HAA GET 2098 GAEDE a AN LD ez Tule & lee ED. NT ES geo UL Oye rere with a counter-movement when possession of Chattanooga. But at this time Rosecrans was tor a while in a critical situation, a more skilful general would probably him: for his where than Bragg have destroyed three corps — commanded by Thomas, Crittenden, and Mc- Cook—were widely separated. 7 7 The later movements of this campaign had _ been rendered tediously slow by the heavy the almost impassable — rains anc nature of the ground; so that although Rosecrans had set out Murfreesboro’ in June, it from J middle was now the of Sep- tember. Supposing that Bragg was 1n full retreat, Rosecrans began to follow him; but Bragg had re- ceived large reinforcements, and turned back from Lafayette, in- tent upon attacking Rosecrans. The two armies, feeling for each other and approaching some- what cautiously for a week, met at last, and there was fought, September 19 and 20, 1863, a great battle on the banks of a creek, whose Indian name of Chickamauga is said to signify an opportunity offered; but there was no lack of bloody and fighting. and divisions moved forward to persistent Brigades the charge, were driven back, and charged again. Batteries were taken and re-taken, the horses were killed, and the cap- tains and gunners in some in- stances, refusing to leave them, were shot down at the wheels. Brigades and regiments were shattered, and on both sides many prisoners were taken. Thomas’s line was forced back, but before night he regained his first position, and the day closed with the situation practically unchanged. During the night both sides corrected their lines and made what preparation they could for a renewal of the struggle. Bragg intended to attack again at day- break, his plan (now perfectly evident to his opponent) being substantially the same as on < the day before. He wanted to National left, centre, and make a crush the force back the erand left wheel with his entir “river of death.” MAJOR-GENERAL Rosecrans had about fifty-five thousand men; Bragg, after the arrival of Longstreet at mid- night of the 18th, about seventy thousand. The general direc- tion of the lines of battle was with the National troops facing southeast, and the Confederates facing northwest, though these lines were variously bent, broken, and changed in the course of Thomas held the left of Rosecrans’s line, Critten- sand McCook the right. his plan was, while making a feint on the National the action. Brage was the attacking den the centre go o party, and 9 right, to fall heavily upon the left, flank it, crush it, and seize the 1 roads that led to Chattanooga. If he could do this, it would not only cut off Rosecrans from his base and insure his decisive yossession of Chattanooga, where defeat, but would give Bre he could control the ss | river and the passage through the moun- tains between the East and the West. The concentration of the National forces in the valley had been witnessed by the Confederates from the mountain height southeast of the creek, who therefore knew what they had to meet and how it was disposed. The battle of the 19th began at ten o'clock in the forenoon, and lasted all day. The Confederate army crossed the creek without | attack. by the command of Gen. George H. Thomas, who for a slow opposition, and moved forward confidently to the But the left of the position—the key-point—was held and stubborn fight was perhaps the best corps commander pro- duced by either side in the whole war. Opposed to him, on the Confederate right, was Gen. (also Bishop) Leonidas Polk. There was less of concerted action in the attack than Bragg had planned for, partly because Thomas unexpectedly struck out E GEORGE H. THOMAS, army, placing his right firmly across the path to Chattanooga. But the morning was foggy, Polk was slow, and the fighting did not begin till the middle of the forenoon. Between Polk and Thomas the edge of battle swayed back and fortn, and the Confederates could make no permanent impression. Thomas was obliged to call repeatedly for reinforcements, which some- times reached him and sometimes failed to; but whether they came or not, he held manfully to all the essential portions of his ground. Rosecrans was constantly uneasy about his right centre, where he knew the line to be weak; and at this point the great disaster of the day began, though in an unexpected manner. It arose from an order that was both miswritten and misinterpreted. This order, addressed to Gen. Thomas J. Wood, who commanded a division, was written by a member of Rosecrans s staff who had not had a military education, and was not sufficiently impressed it vaseyol g % Iave general commanding directs that you close up on Reynolds as t o with the exact meaning cf the technical terms. fast as possible, and support him.” It was impossible to obey both clauses of this order; since to “close up” means to bring the ends of the lines together so that there shall be no gap and y they shall form one continuous line, while to “support,” in the technical military sense, means to take a position in the rear, ready to advance when ordered. The aid that wrote the order evidently used the word “ support” only in the general sense of assist, strengthen, protect, encourage, and did not dream of its conflicting with the command to ‘close up.” General Wood, a West Point graduate, instead of sending or going to Rose- crans for better orders, obeyed literally the second clause, andcs AN - % ’ ue. 1a Wet oe TRE ibbeeetbDn LULL CUUCTIRTT TIO. ut Riera terete noncsiti EE Ay Ey HL SS a CANMIPTOT RIE AND. withdrew his command from the line to form it in the rear of Reynolds. Opposite to the wide and fatal opening thus left was Longstreet, the ablest corps commander in the Confederate service, who instantly saw his advantage and promptly poured his men, six divisions of them, through the gap. This cut off McCook’s corps from the rest of the army, and it w as speedily defeated and routed in confusion. The centre was crumbled, and it looked as if the whole army must be destroyed. Rose- crans, who had been with the defeated right wing, appeared to lose his head completely, and rode back in all haste to Chatta- nooga to make arrangements for gathering there the fragments of his forces. At nightfall he sent his chief of staff, Gen. James A. Garfield (afterward President), to find what had become of Thomas, and Garfield found Thomas where not even the destruc- tion of three-fifths of the army had moved or daunted him. When Thomas's right flank was exposed to assault by the disruption of the centre, he swung it back to a position known as Horseshoe Ridge, still covering the road. Longstreet was pressing forward to pass the right of this position, when he was stopped by Gordon Granger, who had been with a reserve at Rossville Gap, but was wiser and bolder than his orders, and, instead of remaining there, moved forward to the support of Thomas. The Confederate commander, when complete victory was apparently so near, seemed reckless of the lives of his men, thrusting them forward again and again in futile charges, where Thomas's batteries literally mowed them down with grape and canister, and a steady fire of musketry increased the bloody harvest. About dusk the ammunition was exhausted, and A the last charges of the Confed- erates were repelled with the bayonet. Thomas had fairly won the title of ‘“‘ the rock of Chickamauga.” In the night he fell back 4 BATTLEFIELD. 299 in good order to Rossville, leaving the enemy in possession of the field, with all the dead and wounded. Sheridan, who had been on the right of the line and was separated by its disrup- tion, kept his command together, marched around the moun- tain, and before morning joined Thomas at Rossville, whence they fell back the next day to Chattanooga, where order was quickly restored and the defences strengthened. The National loss in the two-days’ battle of Chickamauga— killed, wounded, and missing—was sixteen thousand three hun- dred and thirty-six. The Confederate reports are incomplete and unsatisfactory; but estimates of Bragg’s loss make it at least eighteen thousand, and some carry it up nearly to twenty- one thousand. With the exception of Gettysburg, this was thus far the most destructive action of the war. Tactically it was a victory for Bragg, who was left in possession of the field; but that which he was fighting for, Chattanooga, he did not get. Among the killed in this battle were Brig.-Gen. William H. Lytle on the National side, and on the Confederate side Brig.- Gens. Preston Smith, Benjamin H. Helm, and James Deshler; also on the National side, three colonels who were in com- mand of brigades—Cols. Edward A. King of the Sixty-eighth Indiana Regiment, Philemon P. Baldwin of the Sixth Indiana, and Hans C. Heg of the Fifteenth Wisconsin. The number of officers of lower rank who fell, generally when exhibiting notable courage in the performance of their dangerous duties, was very great. Of General Whittaker’s staff, ct > numbering seven, three were killed and three > wounded. His brigade lost nearly a > thousand men, and Colonel Mitchell's \ brigade of four regiments lost near- es : SCAN ly four hundred. The Ninety- sixth Illinois Regiment went into the battle with four LEE AND GORDON’S MILLS ON THE CHICKAMAUGA. aT | tz > e ee es ia ek i SAUER 4 MAC SRELoh See —~ 2 i pel Ah i Ri : iidieti bes. aeeamane ) — ete weed 1863. a “ Oth, AND 19th SEPTEMBER < G BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA, phen keene PO A a a Perey ee aes\ os Pe CLE A Pes hited OA MIZTILIS ZAIN ID JRA TE IIE IB PILE JE, 1D). 301 i its twenty-three officers, eleven were either : ity. As chief of staff he wrot | y. JOAN e sic ) WFOUE Every Order killed or wounded. In the fall of Gener: - . c = reneral ~cC > r Ss > ,r- B) } _ issued by General Rosecrans during the action, except the blundering order that ie ) caused the disaster by the withdrawal of were not extensive, whose name must be Wood's division from the lin H 0d": lines e was olaced on the roll with those of Winthrop adv | rop, advanced to the rank of major-general “ for Lytle we lost another man of great literary promise, though his published writings Lander, and O’Brien He was the author UE c : as > autho all< g { { i ce | | | 3 tho: gallant and meritorious services at the bat- ) > ) all c SON TE NK : SCs ” ee popular poem that begins with the tle ot Chickamauga. General Rosecrans, in his official report, I am dying, Egypt, dying. says of his own personal movements on the 7 held: “ At the moment of the repulse of Another poet who distinguished himself Davis's division [when the Confederates poured through the gap left by Wood] I was standing in rear of his right, waiting ie the completion of the closing of McCook’s on this field was Lieut. Richard Realf, of the Eighty-eighth Illinois Regiment, who was honorably mentioned, especially for his services in going back through a heavy fire corps to the left. Seeing confusion among and bringing up a fresh supply of ammuni- Van Cleve’s troops, and the distance Davis’s tion when it was sorely needed. Realf was : | men were falling back, and the tide of a personal friend of Lytle’s, and the bullet | battle surging toward us, the urgency for that killed Lytle passed through a sheet of | Sheridan’s troops to intervene became im- paper in his pocket, containing a little poem = 4 minent, and I hastened in person to the that Realf had addressed to him a short MAJOR-GENERAL JAMES B. STEEDMAN. extreme right, to direct Sheridan’s move- time before. Someof Realf's war lyrics are ment on the flank of the advancing rebels. among the finest that we have. Here are two stanzas from one: It was too late. The crowd of returning troops rolled bacl | ack, and the enemy advanced. Giving the troops directions to rally “JT think the soul of Cromwell kisse . . : ‘ ie i rer omwell kissed behind the ridges west of the Dry Valley road, I passed down [The soul of Baker when, 5 y e e ee it, accompanied by General Garfield; Major McMichael, and i With red sword in his bloody fist, : : - e Sa ny Higidied aimonohicemen Major Bond, of my staff, and a few of the eéscort,- under the < > J ~ . : S f A i! i I think, too, that when, Winthrop fell, shower of grape, canister, and musketry, for two or three hun- Fy BS Ping) (aceuto wand theltoe: dred yards, and attempted to rejoin General Thomas and the 7" J ae : | | John Hampden shouted, ‘All is well! troops sent to his support, by passing to the rear of the broken in Above that overthrow. portion of our line, but found the routed at troops far toward the left ; and hearing ‘«“And Lyon, making green and fair : : ‘ aes Ey on: Beta eek the enemy's advancing musketry and The places where he trod ; J 5 ) cheers, I became doubtful whether the left had held its for Rossville. On consultation and And Ellsworth, sinking on the stair Whereby he passed to God ; eround, and started And those whose names are only writ In hearts, instead of scrolls, further reflection, however, I deter- Still show the dark of earth uplit mined to send General Garfield there, i bi DEY Sale while I went to Chattanooga to give ( And here is a sonnet suggested by orders for the Se ena of the Pontos i I ie locce of many of his comrades) on bridges at Battle Creek and Bridge- win 7 yort, and to make preliminary disposi- the battlefield: EY | y I tion, either to forward ammunition and “ Thank God for Liberty's dear slain ; they give supplies should we hold our ground, or bad ae c - ~acryjty if: ; . . penpeaa coe ee aie Me "4 to withdraw the troops into good PpoOsl- {) Ouickeninge the clay of our insensitive | Dull a se aaear tion. ull natures with the awe ol inhnite : 3 ~ . 7 ee > .r- E “ > - 2S - ~ > > } Sun-crowned transfigurations, such as sit General G irfield despatched me é 1 - > nce) > £ > >f 4 nA “2 On the solemn-brooding mountains. Oh, the from Rossville that the left and centre dead ! still held its ground. General Granger Hy How they do shame the living; how they warn had sone to its support. @eneral Our little lives that huckster for the bread Sheridan had rallied his division, and ' Of A, ¢ “e si > world’s poor : 4 Ocoee ember ar 2o re was advancing toward the same point, ‘ scorn, 2 and General Davis was going up the And pick their steps among the flowers, and | f Som: i | tread Dry Valley road, to our right. Gen- Pits Daintily soft where the raised idols are ; eral Garfield proceeded to the front, [ Prone with gross dalliance where the feasts remained there until the close of the Bik a . are Spree fight, and despatched me the triumph- i 4 Vhe Ly Ss stride forth, and flash ; ei : \ When most they should stride forth, and beh leioncey Gun troops Sic ane afar MAJOR-GENERAL GORDON GRANGER. } . ” ; ; ” cainst the assaults of the enemy. Light like the streaming of heroic war ! ag J 4 te yy)! aT. Fi Perey Lobe )~ y | / (4 coca bom PTA eae i tf | G i fi af i” i t { ‘i fi 302 CAMPFIRE AND General Rosecrans says concerning the general conduct of the ‘The fight on the left, after two P. M., was that of the battle: Never, in the history of this war at least, have troops army. fought with greater energy 0! determination. Bayonet charges, often heard of but seldom seen, were repeatedly made by bri- cades and regiments in several of our divisions. After the yield- oO . rf Q “ao and severance of the division of the right, the enemy bent all efforts to break the solid portion of our line. Under the of the rebel onset, the flanks of the line were gradually i pressure retired until they occupied strong, advantageous eround, giving the whole a flattened, crescent shape. From one to half-past three o'clock the unequal contest was sustained throughout our ne. Then the enemy, in overpowering numbers, flowed around r right, held by General Brannan, and occupied a low gap in the riage > of our defensive position, which commanded our rear. The moment was critical. Twenty minutes more, and our right vould have been turned, our position taken in reverse, and prob- ‘bly the army routed. Fortunately Major-General Granger, - whose troops had been posted to cover our left ae ‘r. with the instinct of a true soldier and Sel ee and 1€« il, hearing the roar of the battle, and being a CeNneral, WEE He MS J. / / beyond the reach of or- BREVET BRIGADIER-GENERAL H. V. N. BOYNTON. ders from the general commanding, moved to its assistance. He soon encountered the enemys skirmishers, whom he disregarded, well knowing that at that stage of the conflict the battle was not there. Posting Col. Daniel McCook’s brigade to take care of any Gade to take Care Ol any- thing in that vicinity and beyond our line, he moved the re- mainder » scene actio ‘eporting } ‘AP a e to the scene of action, reporting to General Thomas, who directed hi ur suffering rig ; ted him to our suffering right. He discovered at nce the peril and the point of danger—the gap—and quick as thought directe is advance _ brig: lirected his advance brigade upon the enemy. ae ) reneral steedman, taking a regimental color, led the column. g Switt was the charge and terrible the conflict, but the enemy was broken. A thousand of our brave men, killed and wounded, paid for its possession, but we held the gap. Two divisions of Longstreet’s corps confronted the position. Deter- mined to take it, they successively came to the assault. A bat- tery ox six guns, placed in the gorge, poured death and slaugh- BATTLE PEELD. ter into them. They charged to within a few yards of the pieces; but our grape and canister and the leaden hail of our musketry, delivered in sparing but terrible volleys, from car- tridges taken, in many instances, from the boxes of their fallen companions, was too much even for Longstreet’s men. About sunset they made their last charge, when our men, being out of ammunition, rushed on them with the bayonet, and gave way to return no more.” General Rosecrans adds that: “The battle of Chickamauga was absolutely necessary to secure Our concentration and cover Chattanooga. It was fought in a country covered with woods eyqual wlinl Cl @ir= growth, and = ae a wholly un- ee known to us: Every division lie Came into ac- tion opportune- ly, and fought squarely on the roth. We were largely outnumbered, yet we foiled the enemy's flank movement on our left, and oe secured our own position on the road to if COLONEL B F (Afte rward Brevet Br gale r-General SCRIBNER. - Chattanooga. In this battle the National army expended two million six hundred and fifty thousand rounds of musket cartridges and seven thousand three hundred and twenty-five rounds of artillery ammunition. With figures like these the reader may realize how nearly true is the saying that it requires a man’s own weight of metal to kill him in battle. Rosecrans lost thirty-six pieces of artillery and eight thousand four hun- dred and fifty stand of small arms. He took two thousand prisoners. He says in his report: “A very great meed of praise is due toy Capt. Mlorace Porter, of the Ordnance, for the wise system of arming each regiment with arms of the same calibre, and having the ammunition wagons properly marked, by which most of the difficulties of supplying ammunition where troops had exhausted it in battle were obviated.” Gen Is )- Wood says in his report, concerning the: fight on his part of the line: ““A part of the contest was witnessed by that able and distinguished commander Major-General Thomas. I think it must have been two o'clock P.M. when he came to where my command was so hotly engaged. His presence was most welcome. The men saw him, felt they were battling under the eye of a great chieftain, and theiroe PI ae geet SUNT Ut rieny & tptles gh TBhetgem ore reret ee Tor beg ert pete i CAM PETRE AND courage and resolution received fresh inspiration from this con- sciousness.” In this terrible two days’ struggle there were innumerable instances of the display of special personal courage and timely gallantry. When the One Hundred and Fifteenth Illinojs ) ‘ + TC ote oe ls a £ ar Regiment was struggling to rally after being somewhat broken, General Steedman took the flag from the color-bearer and advanced toward the enemy, saying to the regiment: “ Boys, Ill carry your flag if / {f) - }: Ih ‘sh og eS ae : es , ’ % ‘f pr Say A y 1 ( Wry \ LAR tt VF P = AWN tas “DO NOT SKULK HERE——' you ll defend it.”” Whereupon they rallied around him and went into the fight once more. William S. Bean, a quarter- master’s sergeant, whose place was at the rear, and who might properly have remained there, went forward to the battle line, and is said to have done almost the work of a general in encouraging the bold and animating the timid. Lieut. C. W. Earle, a mere boy, was left in command of the color company of the Ninety-sixth Ohio Regiment, and stood by his colors unfalteringly throughout the fight, though all but two of. the color-guard were struck down and the flag was cut to pieces by the bullets of the enemy. The Twenty-second Michigan Regiment did not participate in the first day’s battle, but went in on the second day with five hundred and eighty-four officers and men, and lost three hundred and seventy-two. Its colonel, Heber LeFavour, received high praise for the manner in which he led his regiment in a bayonet charge after their ammunition was exhausted. He was taken prisoner late in the action. a the 21st. BRIGADIER-GENERAL MARCELLUS A, STOVALL, C. S. A. Po tee Ld hee y EH UMW a tebe rcuecrapaicn » Stay MEET tr abana ahi bh ed Pel aet ieee eb Pht yahht n cet “ary BATTED E PIED. 303 General Bragg, in his report of the battle, complains bitterly of General Polk’s dilatoriness in obeying orders to attack, and says: “ Exhausted by two days’ battle, with very limited supply of provisions, and almost destitute of water, some time in day- light was absolutely essential for our troops to supply these necessaries and replenish their ammunition before renewing the contest. Availing myself of this necessary delay to inspect and readjust my lines, I moved, as soon as daylight served, on Our cavalry soon came upon the enemy’s rear guard where the main road passes through Missionary Ridge. He had availed himself of the night to withdraw from our front, and his main body was already in position within his lines at Chattanooga. Any immediate pursuit by our infantry and artillery would have been fruitless, as it was not deemed practicable, with our weak and exhausted forces, to assail the enemy, now more than double our num- bers, behind his intrenchments. Though we had defeated him and driven him from the field with heavy loss in arms, men, and artil- lery, it had only been done by heavy sacrifices, in repeated, persistent, and most gallant assaults upon superior numbers strongly posted and pro- tected. Our loss was in proportion to the pro- longed and obstinate struggle. Two-fifths of our gallant troops had fallen, and the number of general and staff offi- cers stricken down will | best show how these | troops were led. Mayjor- | General Hood, the mod- el soldier and inspiring | leader, fell after contrib- uting largely to our suc- MAJOR-GENERAL = Sie PATRICK R. CLEBURNE, C. S.A cess, and has suffered the irreparable loss of a leg.” General Bragg believed that although he did not gain possession of Chattanooga by the battle of Chicka- mauga, he had only to make one more move to secure the prize. And perhaps he would have been correct in this calculation if the commander opposed to him had not been succeeded about a month later by General Grant. Bragg advanced his army to positions on Look- out Mountain and Missionary Ridge, and put the town of Chattanooga into a state of siege, managing to stop the navigation of the river below and cut off all Rose- crans’s routes of supply except one long and difficult wagon road. This campaign virtually closed the military career of General Rosecrans. He had shown many fine qualities as a soldier, and had performed some brilliant feats of strategy; but, as with some other commanders, his abilities appeared to stop suddenly short at a point where great successes were within easy reach. It was not more science that was wanted, but more energy. When Grant appeared on the scene, with no more knowledge of the military art than Rosecrans, but with bound- less and tireless energy, the conditions quickly changed. Geert yatiad ane oR, ~ a ae i Tee ri Ce PRT Set) Tare nee ane ret pt wt ED, SeEER: . N= ne DISTANCE. bhbnenhanthhaies or eeaeheecieenonanmiemnneteet Senn x MOUNTAIN BRIDGE ACROSS TENNESSEE RIVER—CHATTANOOGA AND LOOKOUT\, bs - ‘ HAUL s Pen i PRtert ry | Relat tetas \ \ ows PT a yor yommeen Spates sit teh bibotoar et eater ater —————————— —— SS = GENERAL SHERMAN’S HEADQUARTERS AT CHATTANOOGA. Ch Nea Re CV: THE] BALEILE, OF CHATTANOOGA GRANT’S ARRIVAL AT CHATTANOOGA—GENERAL ROSECRANS’ INACTION—OPENING A NEW LINE OF SUPPLY—DESPERATE FIGHTING UNDER GENERAL SHERMAN PAROLED PRISONERS FORCED INTO THE CONFEDERATE ARMY—FIGHTING AROUND KNOXVILLE—THE BATTLE ABOVE THE CLOUDS—CAPTURE OF MISSIONARY RIDGE—BRAGG’S ARMY COMPLETELY DEFEATED—PICTURESQUE AND ROMANTIC INCIDENTS. A MONTH after the battle of Chickamauga the National forces in the West were to some extent reorganized. The departments of the Ohio, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee were united under the title of Military Division of the Mississippi, of which General Grant was made commander, and Thomas superseded Rosecrans in command of the Army of the Cumberland. General Hooker, with two corps, was sent to Tennessee. Grant arrived at Chattanooga on the 23d of October, and found affairs in a deplor- able condition. It was impossible to supply the troops properly by the one wagon road, and they had been on short rations for some time, while large numbers of the mules and horses were dead. From the National lines the tents and batteries of the Confederates on Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge were in plain sight; their sentinels walked the rounds in a continuous line not a thousand yards away; and from these heights their guns occasionally sent a shot within the lines. When General Sherman, on his arrival, walked out and surveyed the situation, he turned to Grant and exclaimed in surprise, ‘‘ Why, General, you are besieged.” ‘Yes,’ said Grant, “it is too true,” and pointed out to him a house on Missionary Ridge which was known to be Bragg’s headquarters. General Rosecrans, like a similar commander at the East, was able to give most excellent reasons for his prolonged inaction. And so able a soldier as Gen. David S. Stanley, in an article read by him before the Ohio Commandery of the Loyal Legion, seems to justify Rosecrans. The unpleasant and unsatisfactory correspondence of this period, between Rosecrans and the War Department, culminated when the former, having -ainst McMinnville, received a despatch from General Halleck, which said: “ The Secretary reported the success of an expedition ag of War says you always report your successes, but never report your reverses. And Rosecrans replied: “If the Secretary of War says I report my successes, but do not report my reverses, the Secretary of War lies.” It may be that the poor condition of the cavalry, and other discouraging circumstances, were really a proper cause for non- action to a general who was more inclined to study the safety of his own army than the destruction of the enemy ; but somehow or other, wherever General Grant appeared, reasons for inactivity seemed to melt away, and the spirit of determined aggression to take their place. , _Grant’s first care was to open a new and better line of supply. Steamers could come up the river as far as Bridgeport, and he ordered the immediate construction of a road and bridge fo reach that point by way of Brown's Ferry, which was done. Within five davs the “cracker line,” as the soldiers called it, was opened, and thenceforth they had full rations and abundance of everything. The enemy attempted to interrupt the work on the road: but Hooker met them at Wauhatchie, west of Lookout Mountain, and after a three hours’ action drove them off. . . . , a . Chattanooga was now no longer in a state of siege; but it was still seriously menaced by Bragg’s army, which held a most gla es tue eee . ) peur cs gr mee TTS tn) ee ae LL a PET ior) TC : MALS ot - dd weep bets Aa epegras rena hangs nineteen ee * 306 Its flanks were on the northern ends of Look- 1 Missionary Ridge, the crests of which were centre stretched across singular position. out Mountain anc occupied for some distance, and its Chattanooga Valley. This line was twelve miles long, and most of it was well intrenched. lered Sherman to join him with one corps considerable railroad Grant or¢ , and Sher- man promptly obeyed; but, as he did he did not reach Chattanooga till the 15th repairing on the way, had to fight occasionally, and be of November. Moreover, he ready to fight all the time. At Colliersville he was aroused from by a great noise about the train, and was al Nap! in the car had’ been driven in, and there was informed. that the pickets every reason to suppose that a large cavalry force would soon make an attack. Sherman immediately got his men out of the train and formed them in a line on a BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL fF JOHN W. GEARY. knoll near a railroad cut. Presently a Confederate officer appeared with a flag of truce, and Sher- man sent out two officers: to meet him, secretly instructing them to keep him in conver- sation as long as possible. When they returned, it was with the message that Gen- eral Chalmers demanded the surrender of the place. Sher- man ordered his officers to return again to the line and talk as long as possible with the Confederate officer, but finally give ce nim a negative < SW er ab fl ; ; Gal gative answer. In the little time thus gained he gota telegraph message sent to Memphis and Germantown, ordering oo ae care Peri ; s rc ; So Corses division to hurry forward, and at the same time backed 4} the train into the depot, which was a loopholed brick building, and drew his men into some smaller works that surrounded it Pe en Son, aon eee ern ring sides, and then attacked Sher- pens little band in their intrenchments. Sherman ordered all ; Romses that were near enough to shelter the enemy’s sharp- Shooters to be set on fire, and, finding some muskets in the depot, put them into the hands of the clerks and orderlies making every man available for an active defence. The Con: federates had some artillery, with which they knocked his foc ec to pieces, and set fire to the train; but many of Sher- ue s men were excellent marksmen and trained soldiers and AXT > Ira : 1ey not only kept the enemy at bay but managed to put out GANNETT RE ANED Be a lealoels Fels LED TE She he eee GPC Tie etter ote Some cea This state of things lasted about three hours, when the fire. h of Corse’s division caused the enemy to withdraw. the approac Corse’s men hac General Sherman, in his graphic “ Memoirs,” gives many inct- h, some of which were not only interesting 1 come twenty-six miles on the double quick. dents of this marc but significant. Just before he set out, a flag of truce came in one day, borne by a Confederate officer with whom he was acquainted, and escorted by twenty-five men. Sherman invited the officer to take supper with him, and gave orders to his own escort to furnish the Confederate escort with forage and what- ever else they wanted during their stay. After supper tlie con- versation turned upon the war, and the Confederate officer said : “What is the use of your persevering? It is simply impossible to subdue eight millions of people. The feeling in the South has become so embittered that a reconciliation is impossible.” \ WY) AK } | Ni SSN \ \ } \ ww NY \ DESPATCHES FOR HEACQUARTERS, Sherman answered : “ Sitting as we are here, we appear to be very comfortable, and surely there is no trouble in our becom- inc iniends:;. “| Yes, said the Gonfederateoficer, — that 1S) vieny, true of us; but we are gentlemen of education, and can easily adapt ourselves to any condition of things; but this would not apply equally well to the common people or the common soldiers.” Thereupon, General Sherman took him out to the campfires behind the tent and showed him the men of the two escorts mingled together, drinking coffee, and apparently having a happy time. “ What do you think of that?” said he. And the Confederate officer admitted that Sherman had the best of the argument. Nevertheless, in spite of the fact that the war had now continued more than two years, that the territory held by the Confederates had steadily diminished, that they had Raed the climax of their military resources while those of the North were still abundant, that Gettysburg and Vicksburg had rendered their terrible verdicts, and that all hope of foreign assistance or even recognition was at an end—the opinionsIS Tere ge ‘3 c A 7 gg tik 2 a Mery Pe P eet CUUCT RTT E wr Py * tins 8 UAB 23 CAM PRERE AND expressed by the officer just quoted were very general at the South. people and the soldiers in the the philosophy of war in its | their generals and their Government continual the state ot affairs, should have believed that tl ble. known better; yet either they did not know better ly helc It is perhaps not wonderful that the ordinary 1 ranks, few of whom understood arger aspects, and to all of whom ly misrepresented ley were invinci- But their educated generals and statesmen ought to have , or they con- cealed their real opinions. Alexander H. Stephens, by many considered the ablest statesman in the Confederacy, late in July of this year (1863), made a speech at Charlotte, N. C., in which he assured his hearers that there was no reason for anything but the most confident hope. He said that the loss of Vicksburg was not as severe a blow as the loss of Fort Pillow, Island No. 10, or New Orleans, and, as the Confederacy had survived those losses, it would also survive this one. He declared that if they were to lose Mobile, Charles- fi ve \ THOU PT Leet boner Btn LLG P//ceey didnot Leia 2 ase Eebekbaheha ct eae eet Gs etree eee te Wa) IW IE IB IPI IL IO). 307 statesmen, demagogues, generals, ministers of the gospel, jour- nalists, and other citizens of lesser note, the Southern people were induced to continue the terrible struggle, until, when the final surrender came, they had hardly anything left to surrender except the ground on which they stood. Another incident of the march was one that gave the Fifteenth Corps its badge. An Irish soldier of that corps one day straggled out and joined a party of the Twelfth Corps at their campfire. Seeing a star marked on every tent, wagon, hats ete: he asked if they were all brigadier-generals in that corps; and they explained that the star was their corps badge, and then in turn asked him what was the badge of his (the Fifteenth) corps. Now, this corps as yet had not adopted any badge, and the Irishman, had never before even is 5 oe . PRES SE RR heard of a corps badge; : | but he prompt- ly answered, ton, and Richmond, it would MAJOR-GENERAL HUGH EWING. not affect the heart of the Confederacy, which would survive all such losses and finally secure its independence. The enemy, he said, had made two years of unsuccessful war, and thus far had not broken the He alluded to the fact that during shell of the Confederacy. the Revolutionary war the British at one time had possession of North Carolina, South Carolina, New York, and Philadelphia, and yet did not conquer our forefathers; and he added: “In the war of 1812 the British captured the capital of the nation, Washington city, and burned it, yet they did not conquer us; and if we are true to ourselves now, true to our birthright, the Yankee nation will utterly fail to subjugate us. Subjugation would be utter ruin and eternal death to Southern people and all that they hold most dear. Reconstruction would not end the war, but would produce a more horrible war than that in which we are now engaged. The only terms on which we can obtain permanent peace is final and complete separation from the North.” With such argument and appeal as this, from BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL ABSALOM BAIRD. “Forty rounds in the cartridge box and twenty in the pocket.” When General Logan heard this story, he adopted the cartridge box and forty rounds as the badge of his corps. The condition of affairs at this time in that department, and the reasons for it, are set forth with admirable clear- ness in a letter addressed by General Halleck to General Grant, under date of October 20, 1863: “Tt has been the constant desire of the Government, from the beginning of the\war, to rescue the loyal inhabitants of East Tennessee from the hands of the rebels, who fully appreci- ated the importance of continuing their hold upon that coun- try. In addition to the large amount of agricultural products drawn from the upper valley of the Tennessee, they also ob- tained iron and other materials from the vicinity of Chatta- nooga. The possession of East Tennessee would cut off one of their most important railroad communications, and threaten their manufactories at Rome, Atlanta, etc. “When General Buell was ordered into’ East Tennessee in the summer of 1862, Chattanooga was comparatively unpro- tected; but Bragg reached there before Buell, and, By threaten- ing his communications, forced him to retreat on Nashville and Louisville. Again, after the battle of Perryville, General Buell Sata ii ube } peyscomene aly 3 t PT Soa LARS he aU ot Phe F el ae Pn re ——— ir ~~ = PA ty RLF i ae aT eT rete st) ~ are cial pic A pipenia " = — ~~ ome NR Rp waeae | SR OT a eeereee . Se aS lt ee Ree eee n * oer ee Swen rT _— eee as “aaa a (Ret NOt eer ame aeeee Ree lS eerie on 208 CAMPFIRE 308 was urged to pursue Bragg’s defeated army and drive it from o ~ ox ; Ee East Tennessee. The same was urged upon his successor; but the lateness of the season, or other - the battle of Stone River. Causes, prevented fu rther operations afte1 “Last spring, W hen your movements on t Tennessee a large force of the enemy, It yat opportunity he Mississippi River had drawn out of again urged General Rosecrans to take advantage of tl | to carry out his projected plan of campaign, General Burnside being ready to cooperate with a diminished but still efficient force. But he could not be persuaded to act in time, preferring II till your campaign should be terminated. “ When. General Rosecrans finally determined to advance, he was allowed to select his own lines and plans for carrying out the He was directed, however, to report to lie sti objects of the expedition. his movements daily, till he crossed the Tennessee, and to con- nect his left, so far as possible, with General Burnside’s right. General Burnside was directed to move simultaneously, ing his right, as far as possible, with Gencral Rosecrans'’s left, so connect- that, if the enemy concentrated upon either army, the other could move to its assistance. When General Burnside reached Kingston and Knoxville, and found no considerable number of the enemy in East Tennessee, he was instructed to move down the river and coéperate with General Rosecrans. These instruc- tions were repeated some fifteen times, but were not carried out, General Burnside alleging as an excuse that he believed that Bragg was in retreat, and that General Rosecrans needed no reinforcements. When the latter had gained possession of Chat- tanooga he was directed not to move on Rome as he pro- posed, but simply to hold the mountain-passes, so as to prevent the ingress of the rebels into East Tennessee. That object accomplished, I considered the campaign as ended, at least for the present. “The moment I received reliable information of the depart- ure of Longstreet’s corps from the Army of the Potomac, | ordered forward to General Rosecrans every available man in the Department of the Ohio, and again urged General Burnside I also te but, Sherman, and yourself, to forward all available troops in o g to move to his assistance. legraphed to Generals Hurl- your department. If these forces had been sent to General Rosecrans by Nashville, they could not have been supplied; I therefore directed them to move by Corinth and the Tennessee River. The necessity of this has been proved by the fact that the reinforcements sent to him from the Army of the Potomac have not been able, for the want of railroad transportation, to reach General Rosecrans’s army in the field. “It is now ascertained that the greater part of the prisoners paroled by you at Vicksburg, and General Banks at Port Hud- son, were illegally and improperly declared exchanged, and forced into the ranks to swell the rebel numbers at Chicka- mauga. This outrageous act, in violation of the laws of war, of the cartel entered into by the rebel authorities, and of all sense of honor, gives us a useful lesson in regard to the character of the enemy with whom we are contending. He neither regards the rules of civilized warfare, nor even his most solemn engage- ments. You may, therefore, expect to meet in arms ‘howe sands of unexchanged prisoners released by you and others on parole not to serve again till duly exchanged. Although the enemy, by this disgraceful means, has been able to concen- Euate! in Georgia and Alabama a much larger force than we anticipated, your armies will be abundantly able to defeat him. Your difficulty will not be in the want of men, but in the means of supplying them at this season of the year. A single-track AND shh in a ee Sa AHA te Ay BA TGS Fle ED. railroad can supply an army of sixty or seventy thousand men, with the usual number of cavalry and artillery ; but beyond that number, or witha large mounted force, the difficulty of supply is very great.” Meanwhile, General Longstreet, with about twenty thousand men. was detached from Bragg’s army and sent against Burnside at ‘lle. which is about one hundred and thirty 1 Knoxvi of Chattanooga. int had about eighty thousand men. side of the Tennessee, Thomas in the centre, across Chattanooga valle niles northeast After Sherman’s arrival, G1 He placed Sherman on his left, on the north opposite the head of Missionary Ridge; id Hooker on his right, around the base of Lookout Mountain. He purposed s right, to have Sherman advance against Bragg’s right and capture the heights of Missionary Ridge, while Thomas and Hooker should press the centre and left just enough to prevent any reinforce- ments from being sent against Sherman. If this were successful, Bragg’s key-point being taken, his whole army would be obliged to retreat. Sherman laid two bridges in the night of November 22d, and next day crossed the river and advanced upon the unexpected difficulties in the Hooker, obeying enemv’s works; but he met with nature of the who had more genius for fi chti ng than for strictly - cround, and was only partially successful. orders, moved around the base of Lookout Mountain, and attacked the seemingly impregnable heights. General Geary’s command led the way, encountering intrench- ments and obstructions of all sorts, both in the valley and on the slope of the mountain. Having crossed the Tennessee River below, it moved eastward across Lookout Creek, and thence marched directly up the mountain till its right rested on the palisaded heights. At the same time Grose’s brigade advanced farther up stream, drove the Confederates from a bridge, put it into repair, and then moved on. At this moment the Confeder- ates were seen leaving their camps on the mountain and coming down to the rifle-pits and breastworks at its foot to dispute the progress of their enemy. Then another brigade was sent still farther up the stream to make a crossing, and a section of artillery was placed where it could enfilade the position just taken by the Confederates, while another section was established to enfilade the route they had taken in coming down the moun- tain. All the batteries within range began to play upon the Confederates, and it was made so hot for them that they were glad to abandon their intrenchments in the valley. Then the remainder of Hooker’s men were pushed across the stream, and the ascent of the mountain began in earnest. They climbed up over ledges and bowlders directly under the muzzles of the guns on the summit, driving their enemy from one position after another, and following him as closely as possible, in order to make him a shield from the fire of the batteries. The advance had begun at eight o'clock in the morning, and by noon Geary’s men had reached the summit of the mountain. Other brigades came up in rapid succession at various points, and on the summit the Confederates found themselves surrounded and subjected to a rapid fire from every direction save one, in which direction (southward along the ridge) all of them who could get away retreated, but many were taken prisoners. At this point the movement of Hooker’s men was arrested by darkness. Clouds had been hanging over the summit of the mountain during the morning, and had gradually settled down toward the valley, so that the last of the battle was fought above them, spectators from below seeing the troops go up into those clouds and dis- Hooker’s line was then established on the east side of the mountain, with the left near the mouth of Chattanooga Creek, appear.x beh Rte tt) = PTE eed yer peer tet at ~ a rer] and the rig >palisades. * me: ght on the palisades. To prevent the bringing forward O ar l 2r{r > » ay AO . > : : oe Confederates had undermined the road and covered it with felled timber. During the night Hooker’ removed the timber < z es eee et 1e timber and placed the road in a serviceable con ition, while all the time an irres ) ing é e an irregular fire was ke Pe gee g fire was kept up along the ee : e€ a serious attack was threatened by the Confeder ates. Bu fore mornings thev:; ae “ ee morning they abandoned the mountain entirely eaving behinc (CF quipage : a = g id the camp equipage of three brigades. This action is famous as Hooker’s “battle above ‘the clouds.” and that yy c - c evening, when the moon rose over the crest of the mountain. a c > c CAMPFIRE AND ETc cant st) E ES Sates ial WI IL IB IP IIE 1610) 309 them from the batteries at the top, reached the summit and swept everything before them. | eu General Sherman advanced, according to orders, against Mis sionary Ridge, but met with a more determined eee and fea a much slower fight on the 25th. The enemy massed heavily in a ae and Thomas sent a division to his Recess when the whole line was pushed forward ; and at lengt enemy retire hastily, ae the works “at eo ae Goa ee g oot of the hill, and were closely followed up the slope to the crest, which was soon cap tured, with many prisoners and all the guns. Gen. Thome 1. BATTLE OF LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. strange spectacle was seen of troops apparently marching across its yellow disk. The next day, the 25th, Hooker was to pass down the east- ern slope of Lookout Mountain, cross Chattanooga valley, and strike the left of Bragg’s position, as now held on the crest and western slope of Missionary Ridge. But the destruction of a bridge by the retreating enemy delayed him four hours, and Grant saw that Bragg was weakening his centre to mass troops against Sherman. So, without waiting longer for Hooker, he ordered an advance of the centre held by Thomas. Under the immediate leadership of Generals Sheridan and Wood, Thomas's men crossed the valley, walked right into the line of Confederate works at the base of Missionary Ridge, followed the retreating enemy to a second line halfway up the slope, took this, and still keeping at the very heels of the Confederates, who thus shielded Wood says in his report: “Troops in line and column check- ered the broad plain of Chattanooga. In front, plainly to be seen, was the enemy, so soon to be encountered in deadiy con- flict. My division seemed to drink in the inspiration of the scene, and, when the advance was sounded, moved forward in the per- fect order of a holiday parade. “Tt has been my good fortune to witness, on the Champs-de- Mars and on Long Champ reviews of all arms of the French ser- vice, under the eye of the most remarkable man of the present generation. I once saw a review, followed by a mock battle, of the finest troops of El Re Galantuomo. The pageant was held on the plains near Milan, the queen city of Lombardy, and the troops in the sham conflict were commanded by two of the most distinguished officers of the Piedmontese service—Cialdini, and another whose name I cannot now recall, In none of these dis- ee ema Mee py ak TTT nn rh a aes > en eI | eae ie ns Hiren Ta he a Mieaoee 4 Matai did vy ret iP a eet ke ame Ie . LE “apie | ope pie oF ed Be — ) a =pPC as eee: i Ya = igs bh nacre Y ip EDN | ay. * y es . eT ton, FP ‘ ei 5 Joma perenne pmqnerqnne nl een nnt ett tnnteartne cinaign nape gil LASa7® Pore euurne or LJ = or LJ uJ ” ” LJ Zz Zz LiJ bk a = <- Ge o A PA a Sas y pal] | ty ij | TS anda ba ttle Pnnntinangighy) (10 tenons pemagemnnrqenritesacenamngp r : oy . 5 : a ~ Ricddnsaahallhataaeinneanhaetit aiid asada atten Sd acaetineatil aes eren na #2 ; - Me ge ; oy CAMP DOUGLAS, AT CHICAGO Confederate prisoners were confined here.) deliberately walked up to the dead-line for the purpose of large South American bloodhounds outside of the stockade at being put out of their misery. There were many escapes Macon. At Andersonvillé they had a large pack of blood- from these prisons; but the fugitives were generally soon hounds.” | missed, and were followed by fleet horsemen and often The crowded condition of the prisons in 1864 was owing to tracked by bloodhounds, and though they were always be- the fact that exchanges had been discontinued. A cartel for friended by the negroes, who fed them, concealed them by the exchange of prisoners had been in operation for some time; day, and guided them at night, but few ultimately reached but when it was found that the Confederate authorities had the National lines. determined not to exchange any black soldiers, or their white 1 A captain in the Eighty-fifth Pennsylvania Regiment, who was officers, captured in battle, the United States Government re- a prisoner in the hands of the Confederates, gives this leaf from fused to exchange at all, being bound to protect equally all who his experience: “ During the night of July 27,1864, while several had entered its service. Paroling prisoners on the field was also hundred of my brother officers were being transported from discontinued, because the Confederates could not be trusted to Macon to Charleston by rail, Captain Kellogg, of Wisconsin, observe their parole. There had been much complaint that Ensign Stoner, of New York, Ensign Smith, now of Washington, Confederate officers and soldiers violated their word in this : Lieut. E. P. Brooks, of Washington, Paymaster Billings, of the respect, either because in their intense hatred of the North they United States Navy, and myself, jumped from a car and escaped could not realize that they were bound by any promise given to to the swamp, through which we hardly thought an alligator it, or because their own Government forced them back into its could have followed us. Late in the afternoon of the second service. Many of them were captured with arms in their hands, day, however, we heard the deep baying of the dogs, and soon while they were still under parole from a previous capture. All we were surrounded with dogs, which we held at bay with stout such, by the laws of war, might have been summarily executed, clubs until the two fiendish hunters had called them off. Before but none of them were. The thirty thousand taken by Grant at starting on our weary march back to that dread imprisonment, Vicksburg, and the six thousand taken by Banks at Port Hud- one of our captors took occasion to say: ‘It’s a good thing for son, in July, 1863, were released on parole, because the cartel you-uns that our catch-dogs gave out half a mile back, for J designated two points for delivery of prisoners—Vicksburg in i) reckon they'd a tored you-uns up fore we-uns got thare.’ He the West, and Aiken’s Landing, Va., in the East—and Vicks- a said the dogs that recaptured us were a mixture between the burg, having been captured, was no longer available for this pur- , fox-hound and the beagle-dog, but that the large, brutish catch- pose, and Aiken’s Landing was too far away. Three months : dogs etc : cross between the full South American bloodhound later, the Confederate armies being in want of reinforcements, and the bull-dog. He said he kept two large packs of these dogs, Colonel Ould, Confederate commissioner of exchange, raised the ae oe = nu a eaten dass: or bloodhounds, at Ham- technical point that the prisoners captured by Grant and Banks foo ae) he hired out for the purpose of hunting escaped had not been delivered at a place mentioned in the cartel, and ae Bone and runaway niggers. I saw Captain Holmes, therefore he declared them all released from their parole, and are ee - ee i Macon, ae o J Wye 18e4, they were restored to the ranks. At Chattanooga, in November, y mangled and torn by a catch-dog in Grant's army captured large numbers from Brage’s army whom i Alabama while he was trvi : ( ; | rot > Nie “We PS Ne x x . S ; : ? < : ; ‘ vas trying to escape. I frequently saw two they had captured in July with Pemberton and had released onSmee RTT) sa Ree ie an ee NG HL: : sever tai tiry mer ter Tete ‘ th hie teete te OTT tre een : a solemn promise that they would not take up arms again until properly exchanged. Other difficulties arose to complicate still further t] of exchanges. At one time the Confederate autl to make any but a general exchangc—all | 1€ question 1orities refused 1 1eld by either side to be liberated—which the Nationa] Government declined, held an excess of about forty thousand. since it It was observed, also, when partial exchanges were effected, that the men returning from Southern prisons were nearly all wasted to skeletons and unfit for further service, while the Confederates returning from Northern prisons were well clothed, well fed. and generally in good health. Photographs of the emaciated men from Anderson. ville and Belle Isle were exhibited throughout the North, and caused more of horror than the report from any battlefield, Engravings from them were published, in the summer of 1864, by newspapers of both parties, for opposite purposes—the Re- publican, to prove the barbarity of the Confederate authorities and the atrocious spirit of the rebellion; the Democratic. to prove that President Lincoln was a monster of cruelty in that he did not waive all questions at issue and consent to a general exchange. Ata later period, the Confederate authorities, being badly in need of men to fill up their depleted armies, offered to give up their point about black soldiers, and exchange man for man—or rather skeleton for man—without regard to color. But as the war was nearing its close, and to do this would have rein- forced the Southern armies with some thousands of strong and well-fed troops, and prolonged the struggle, the National Govern- ment refused. Efforts were made, both by the Government and by the Sanitary Commission, to send food, clothing, and medical supplies to those confined in the Confederate prisons; but only a small portion of these things ever reached the men for whom they were intended. At Libby Prison, at one time, boxes for the prisoners arrived at the rate of three hundred a week; but instead of being distributed they were piled up in warehouses insight of the hungry and shivering captives, where they were plundered by the guards and by the poorer inhabitants of the city. In one case, a lieutenant among the prisoners saw his own home-made suit of clothes on a prison official, and pointed out his name embroidered on the watch-pocket.* The total number of soldiers and citizens captured by the Confederate armies during the war was 188,145, and it is esti- mated that about half of them were actually confined in prisons. The number of deaths in those prisons was 36,401. The num- ber of Confederates captured by the National forces was 476,169, of whom 227,570 were actually confined. The percentage of * See ‘‘ Narrative of Privations and Sufferings of United States Officers and Soldiers while Prisoners of War in the Hands of the Rebel Authorities. Being the Keport of a Commission of Inquiry Appointed by the United States Sanitary Com- mission. With an Appendix containing the Testimony.” (1864.) Valentine Mott, M.D., was chairman of the commission. — My, Wie £ / Wy \ He \W, | SS Hy ViAl SSN AN A Sh} A el ZNWHI Zt NOY 4" “fi Mi Wu vy \ NY ky if NV te YUAN SRG AF SNA st HG AMMHUNR)3 a = NZ Ny es aa = A A BS Kidd “ats => = - ow! BNI CLL Aart uth MCAT CC CAMPFIRE AND ni } eo BATU cr alii t-a 2 ok Stet cig ee eee IBMT IPIL 18 JPN IE Ib JD. 323 mortality in the Confederate prisons was over 38; in the National prisons it was 13.3. There has been much acrimonious controversy over this ques- tion of the prisoners, and attempts have been made, by juggling with the figures, to prove that they were as badly treated in Northern as in Southern prisons. The most plausible excuse for the starving of captives at the South is in the assertion that the Confederate army was on short allowance at the same time. It is a sorrowful subject in any aspect, and presents complicated questions; but if it is to be discussed at all, several principles should be kept in view, some of which appear to have been lost sight of. No belligerent is under any obligation to enter into a cartel for the exchange of prisoners. In the war of 1812-15, between the United States and Great Britain, there were no exchanges till the close of the contest. Every belligerent that takes prisoners is bound by the laws of war to treat them well, since they are no longer combatants. A belligerent that has not the means of caring properly for prisoners is in so far with- out the means of carrying on civilized warfare, and therefore comes so far short of possessing the right to make war at all. Every time a soldier is put out. of the combat by being made a prisoner instead of being shot, so much is gained for the cause of humanity; and if all prisoners could be cared for properly, the most humane way of conducting a war would be to make no exchanges, since these reinforce both sides, prolong the contest, and increase the mortality in the field. Whatever may be said of individual experiences in the prisons, North or South, and whatever may have been the brutality, or the humanity, of this or that keeper, one great fact overtops everything and settles the main question of the treatment of prisoners beyond dispute. The prisons at the South were open stockades, with no building of any kind inside, no tree, no tent, no shelter furnished for the prisoners from sun or rain, not even the simplest sanitary arrangements, and an enormous num- ber of prisoners were crowded into them. At Belle Isle the prisoners were packed so close that when they lay sleeping no one could turn over until the whole line agreed to turn simul- taneously. On the other hand, the Northern prisons contained buildings for the shelter of the prisoners, with bunks as com- fortable as in any barracks, and stoves to heat them in cold weather, while the sanitary arrangements were carefully looked after, and good rations issued regularly. It is impossible to look upon these contrasted pictures and not say that it was the inten- tion of the one Government that its prisoners should suffer as much as possible, and the intention of the other Government that its prisoners should be made as comfortable as prisoners in large numbers ever can be. ee iY EAI \\\\ 4 FY dh ] | } ij 4 NEE = ) pera TAAT TY BS Mika aeeee MIAN LES td od ai HURT eg ee aha pee rae 4 ) ab TLD BLEE artes Fa = x Pall SET ar a en ee Y Ry ao Are) Neai ‘| iv i ; i | fy j He | ie i i 1 H i | a t F H i bi ; | a i t j ig ‘ f | : i { i 9 i { ia ‘ ; og % 4 i 7 ii iu Pe Mic a A 324. CAMPHEIRE AND CHAPTER XXIX. THE SANITARY AND CHRISTIAN COMMISSIONS. WOMEN IN THE WAR—SANITARY COMMISSION FORMED—THE PUBLIC IDEA ABOUT IT—WORK OF THE COMMISSION—SANITARY F AIRS— THE CHRISTIAN COMMISSION—VOLUNTARY HOSPITALS—MISS DORO- NURSES—THE VAST AMOUNT OF WORK DONE BY WOMEN IN THEA L. DIX, MISS ALCODL, AND MANY OTHERS. THE ancient sarcasm, that women have caused many of the liest of wars, was largely disarmed by the part they played blooc Their contribution to the comfort and in the war of secession. efficiency of the armies in the flelc d. and to the care of the sick and wounded soldiers, was on the same vast scale as the war itself. Their attempts to assist the cause began with the first call for volunteers, and were as awkward and unskilled as the green regiments that they equipped and encouraged. But as their brothers learned the art of war, they kept even pace in learning the arts that alleviate its sufferings. When the Presi- dent issued the first call for troops, in April, 1861, the women in many places held meetings to confer as to the best methods by which they could assist, and to organize their efforts and re- sources. Lhe statement of the objects of one of these organiza- tions suggests some conception of the contingencies of war ina country that for nearly half a 7 century had known almost un- SISTER OF MERCY, broken peace : ‘‘ To supply nurses for the sick; to bring them home when practicable; to purchase clothing, provisions, and matters of comfort not supplied by Government regulations; to send books and newspapers to the camps; and to hold constant communication with the officers of the regiments, in order that the people may be kept informed of the condition of their friends.” On one of the last days in April, the Rev. Dr. Henry W. Bel- lows and Dr. Elisha Harris met casually in the street in New York, and fell into conversation concerning the evident need of sanitary measures for the armies that were then mustering A . o 2s They agreed to attend a meeting of women that had been called to discuss that subject, and from that meeting a call was issued r hin Ce? ‘ - “Cyr 177 a F to all the existing organizations of women for a general meet- . u se : L, 4 : ~ i . . . . . : . . ing to be held in Cooper Union. This invitation, which furnished the basis on which the Sanitary Commission was afterward formed, was signed by ninety-two women. The hall was crowded, and the Women’s Central Association of Relief was organized under a constituti rritte 7 Dr rs stitution written by Dr. Bellows, who was chosen 7 NS age AVeee ye eas BOA Mie le Ie A committee was sent to Washington to offer the oreanization to the Government, and learn in oO 1is committee, con- its president. services of the what way they could be most effective. Tl f Dr. Bellows and three eminent physicians—Drs. Van sisting O to the War Department Buren, Harsen, and Harris—presented pomuens an address whose suggestions were based largely upon the of the British forces in the Crimean war of 1854-55. who were overflowing with patriotic en- 1d distrustful of every- experience Being sent by women thusiasm, to officials who were jealous al thing outside of the regulations, they had a difficult and delicate task. The Government was already embarrassed somewhat in the adjustment of authority between regular and volunteer off- cers. and dreaded a further complication if a third element of Even Mr. Lincoln is said civilian authority should be introduced. to have spoken slightingly of their proposition as a fifth wheel to a coach. General Scott received the committee kindly, but was not willing to give the proposed commission any authority. He would, however, consent to their acting in an advisory capacity, provided the head of the medical bureau agreed. After an inter- view with Acting Surgeon-General Wood, they obtained his consent to the formation of a ‘commission of = inquiry and advice ea in respect to the | sanitary interests of the United States forces,’ and | he also wrote a letter commending | the project to the other officers whose | consent was Mneces- sary. Most of these officers looked upon the project with dis- | trust and _ suspicion, and at length the com- mittee were asked to | “tell outright what they | really did want, under | this benevolent dis- guise. After fighting “10 o their way through these obstacles, the committee MIs Spee { icf ' SS LOUIS, met with a misfortune in ALCOTT. r CO . the death of Surgeon-Gen- eral Lawson. His successor, Dr. Clement A: Finley, frowned upon the whole matter, but after a long struggle was induced to tolerate a commission that should not be clothed with any authority, and should act only in connection with officers of the volunteer army. Binally, on June 13, 1861, the committee received from President Lincoln and Secretary of War Simon Cameron an order authorizing them to form an association for “inquiry and advice in respect to the sanitary interests of the United States.” Their first work was to bring about a re-inspection of the volunteer forces, which resulted in the discharge of many boys and physically unsound men who had been accepted and mus- tered in through carelessness. When the committee returned to New York, the fact that there was a wide popular demand for the establishment of such an organization as they had pro- posed was made evident through articles in the newspapers,‘ era oe ae Pere Te eae ret nae vite tet Peteect mee Rael, ih 6, rn th cotthbestrelt emit h itt CAMPFIRE AND opinions of physicians, and a multitud e of letters from all parts of the country. Dr. } 3ellows was made president of the Com- mission, Frederick [Law Olmsted secretary, and George T. with them were associated a score known men, including several eminent Strong treasurer, and of well- physicians. In the organization, the first division of the duties of the Commission was into two departments—those of Inquiry and Advice. The was subdivided into three—the first. to have charge of such immediate aid Department of Inquiry and obvious recommenda- tions as an ordinary knowledge of the principles of sanitary urge upon the authorities: the second, to have charge of the Inspecti science would enable the board to on of recruiting stations, transports, camps, and hospitals, and to consult with military officers as te the condition and wants of their men ; the third, to investigate questions of cleanliness. cooking, clothing, surgical dressings, malaria, climate, etc. The Department of Advice was also subdivided. The general object was “to get the opinions and conclusions of the Commission approved by the Medical Bureau, ordered by the War Department, and acted upon by officers and men.’ One sub-committee was in direct com- munication with the War Department, another with army officers, and a third with the State governments and the | associations. ocal The popular idea of the Sanitary Commission seemed to b that its chief purpose was to form dépéts for receiving o ec supplies of clothing, medicines, and delicacies for the camps and hospital and forwarding them safely and speedily. S; And this part of the work soon grew to proportions that had never been contemplated. The Commission issued an address “to the loyal women of America,’ urging the formation of local societies for providing these articles, and in response more than seven thousand such societies were organized. They were managed entirely by women, and were all tributary to the Sanitary Commission. Of the fifteen million dollars’ worth of articles received and dis- tributed, more than four-fifths came from these local societies. The Commission was managed as nearly as possible in accordance with military ideas of discipline and precision. Every request that the stores furnished by a State or city might be con- veyed to its own regiments was met with the answer that all was for the nation and must be turned in to the general store. The Commission rapidly disarmed prejudice, and won the admiration of everybody in the military service. It employed skilled men to cooperate with the regimental surgeons in choosing sites for camps, regulating the drainage, and inspecting the cooking. It constructed model pavilion hospitals, to prevent the spread of contagion. It established a system of soldiers’ homes, where the sick and the convalescent could be provided for on their way back and forth between their homes and the front, and where whole regiments were sometimes fed when their own com- missariat failed them. It fitted up hospital steamers on the Mississippi and its tributaries, with surgeons and nurses on board, to ply between the seat of war and the points from which Northern hospitals could be reached. Dr. Elisha Harris, of the Commission, invented a hospital car, in which the stretcher on which a wounded man was brought from the field could be suspended and thus become a sort of hammock. The cars were built with extra springs, to diminish the jolting as much as possible, and trains of them were run regularly, with physicians and stores on board, until the plan was adopted by the Govern- ment Medical Bureau. Supplies were constantly furnished in abundance, and the Commission established dépdéts at conven- lent points, where the articles were assorted and labelled, and 5 | PU COOL Gos nen : b esdsmeeees ’ rf BELLO OM CT |e ed cone bist A REE Ley A BAI I IIL IS ION IG IL, ID). 325 the army officials were key such things, in such and requisition. When 9t constantly informed that such and such quantities, were subject to their it was found difficult to transport fresh vegetables from distant points, tl 1e Commission laid out gardens of its own, wl lere vegetables were raised for the use of the soldiers in the field. The Commission also had its own horses and wagons, which followed the armies to the battlefield, carrying supplies that were often welcome when those of the medical department were exhausted or had gone astray. . After the battle of the Antietam, when ten thousand wound held, the train containing the medical Baltimore: ed lay on the stores was blocked near but the wagon-train of the Sanitary Commission had been following the army, and for four days the only supplies were those that it furnished) ‘On’ this) occasion i issued over twenty-eight thousand shirts, towels. pillows, etc., thirty barrels of lint and bandages, over three thousand pounds of farina, over two thousand pounds of condensed milk, five thousand pounds of beef stock and canned meats, three thousand bottles of wine and cordial, several tons of lemons, and crackers, tea, sugar, rubber cloth, tin cups, and other conveniences. In the course of the war, the Commission furnished four million five hundred thousand meals to sick and hungry soldiers. In many instances, notably at the second battle of Bull Run and at the assault on Fort Wagner, the agents of the Commission were on the actual battlefield with their supplies, and were close at the front rescu- ing the wounded. At Fort Wagner they followed up the storm- ing party to the moat. A large part of the money and supplies was raised by means of fairs held in nearly every city, and the generosity exhibited ina thousand different ways was something for the nation to be forever proud of. Those who could not give cash gave all sorts of things—horses, cows, carriages, watches, diamonds, books, pictures, curiosities, and every conceivable article. The managers would be informed ‘that a farmer was at the door with a cow, which he wished to give, and some person would be deputed to take. the cow and find a stable for her until she could be sold. Another would appear with a portion of his crops. Men and women of note were asked to furnish their autographs for sale, and papers were printed, made up of original contributions by cely by auction, and rich men would bid off articles at high prices, and then give them o well-known authors. The sales were lar back to be sold over again. The amount of cash received by the Commission was over four million nine hundred thousand dollars. The State of California, which was farthest from the seat of war, and contributed but few men to the armies, sent more than one million three hundred thousand dollars. The value of articles received by the Commission was estimated at fifteen million dollars. It established convalescent camps, which were after- ward taken by the Government, and a system of hospital direc- tories, and a pension bureau and claim agency, by which soldiers’ claims were prosecuted free of charge. From beginning to end there was never a deficit or irregularity of any kind in its finances. At the beginning of the war, many of the volunteers were members of the Young Men's Christian Association, and through these an especial solicitude was felt in that organization for the spiritual needs of the soldiers. Almost as soon as the first call for troops was made, measures were taken to supply every regiment with religious reading-matter, prayer-meetings were held at the recruiting stations, and a soldiers’ hymn-book was compiled and printed by thousands. When the army began to move, men volunteered to go with it, at their own expense, and ee e/a aan sak TNT ae as . PE 7 ee harem eh Si heen kel PPL ari reply TT 7A aaa get ES oe UM, i RIT ae IOP a eee Ts) eet iocpereieibemen = sie te — Hist Can eeAE om a La ~ ae j . ; / } ee PPA ti Al cle CAMPFIRE AND 326 hese was Vincent Colyer, the artist, continue this work. One of t a he field, wrote to the chairman who, after spending ten weeks in t \ ) me of the national committee of the Association, urging the forma- tion of a Christian Commission to carry on the work Syetemall Asa result, such a commission was organized on N ovember al of the President and the War Depart: ly than in the case of the Sanitary licit any cally. 14, 1861. The approv ment was obtained more readi but the appeal to the people did not e Commission, : | Even the religious press was 1n some immediate enthusiasm. TE a ee eee PUPAE YTS eile Oe, Somer BUA aa EEG ple kitchens were established in the hospitals, the service called as extended, and schools were opened for Thousands of letters were written s of packages for- ‘individual relief children of colored soldiers. for disabled men in the hospitals, and thousand ack: warded to the camps. Jacob Dunton, of Philadelphia, invented a “coffee wagon” and presented it to the Commission. Coffee could be made in it in large quantities, as it was driven along. Like the Sanitary Commission, the Christian Commission had its and followed the armies with medical supplies. In own teains, | the course of its existence, it sent out in all six thou- sand delegates, none ol whom received any pay. One hundred and twenty of oe these were women employed mainly in the diet kitchens. There were also many women in the service of the Government as volunteer nurses. Lhe first of these was Miss Dorothea L. Dix, who offered her services OFFICERS OF THE SANITARY COMMISSION (From a War-time Photograph.) instances distrustful and discouraging. For nearly a year the means of the Commission were limited, and its work was feeble. In May, 1862, after an earnest address to the public, it was enabled to equip and send out fourteen delegates, as they were called, ten of whom were clergymen. By the end of that year, they had sent four hundred to the army, and had more than a thousand engaged in the home work. They had distributed in the armies more than a hundred thousand Bibles, as many hymn- books, tens of thousands of other books, ten million leaflets, and hundreds of thousands of papers and magazines; they had formed twenty-three libraries, expended over a hundred and forty thousand dollars in money, and distributed an equal value in stores. At the close of the second year the Commission had one hun- dred and eleven auxiliary associations, and the work in the field was more perfectly organized. General Grant, then in command in the West, issued a special order giving the Commission every opportunity for the prosecution of its work, and tried, but in vain, to obtain permission for its delegates to visit the National soldiers in Confederate prisons. George H. Stuart, of Philadelphia, was chairman of the executive committee, Joseph Patterson treas- urer, and Lemuel Moss secretary. The work increased rapidly. Chapel tents and chapel roofs were furnished to the armies, diet . \ eight days after the N \ call for troops in \ April, 1861, and was accepted by the Sur- geon-General, who re- quested that all women wishing to act as nurses re- port to her. Miss Dix served REV. DR. HENRY W. BELLOWS, through the war. Miss Amy (President of the Sanitary Commission.) Bradley, besides having charge of a large camp for convalescents near Alexandria, Va., assisted twenty-two hundred men in collecting arrears of pay due them, amounting to: over two hundred thousand: dollars. Arabella Griffith Barlow, wife of the gallant General Francis C. Barlow, spent three years in hospitals at the front, and died in the ser- vice. Miss Clara Barton entered upon hospital work at the beginning of the war, had charge of the hospitals of the Army of the James during its last year, and after the war undertook the search for the missing men of the National armies. Miss Louisa M. Alcott, author of “ Little Women,” served as a nurse, and published her experiences in a volume entitled ‘‘ Hospital Sketches.” Many other women, less noted, performed long and arduous service, which in some cases cost them their lives, fori A I . La et c a . 7 . rr oa Euan UNCLE QLUUTIEY STE oat (Sete eee ace alaitri-iro pas eset as gases I rl ‘eB CAMPFIRE AND BA IU IGIE JEU JL, ID), 327 4 which they live in the erateful remembr | g emembrance of those who came its cl O) Ce ose, probably from the effects of her ard inves Chee care ; J arduous work, at the tees ire. woe age of thirty-two. A ge these was Miss Hele Pil mee cere S ce — 1S ISS lelen L. Gilson, a teacher in Boston, Besides the labors of such women in the field hospitals, a vast Fave S answer - “AC we Bee : ? 5 pera ae i Tt] 4 i Te nee eins: bri St rte! ~~ ey i = gy TA7 fi aie =a Fert, as ' + ee Li a) eR. Tat a QAR AND BATE ER TE LD. Tiss fie Colonel John S. Mosby, C. S. A A GROUP OF MOSBY'S RAIDERS. number, and now had to give up the fruits of victory, and in turn to fly to prevent capture. My men fled in every direction, taking off about fifty horses and a number of prisoners. Only one of my men, Templeman, was killed, but I lost about twenty captured, nearly all of whom were wounded.” In March General Hooker, learning that a Confederate force, under Stuart, had set out for Fauquier and the adjoining counties to enforce the draft, determined to send out a large cavalry force to intercept them, and at the same time to make a reconnoissance on the south side of the Rappahannock. The troops chosen for this work were the First and Fifth regulars, the Thirty-fourth and Sixteenth Pennsylvania, the First Rhode Island, the Fourth New York, and the Sixth Ohio, with a battery of six guns, all under the command of Gen. William W. Averill. At the close of the first day’s march the expedition encamped near Kelly’s Ford on the Rapidan, and the next morning, the 17th, on riding down to the ford, found the passage disputed. The Confeder- ates had constructed abatis along the southern bank and were in strong force. Several attempts to cross the stream by separate regiments were ineffectual, until a squadron of the First Rhode Island, led by Lieutenant Brown, plunged boldly through the stream, cut their way through the abatis, charged up the bank, and routed the enemy in their immediate front. The whole force then crossed and formed in line of battle. As they moved on, the Confederates charged upon them, but were met in a counter charge and broken. Rallying, they attempted it again, and again were broken and put to flight. Meanwhile the Penn- sylvania regiment struck them on the flank, and the artillery opened upon them. When a point about a mile and a half from the river had been reached, General Averill re-formed his line, which then moved through the woods and fired as it went. The Confederates now, for the first time, brought their artillery into play, of which they had twelve pieces, and the shot fell fast among Averill’s men. Following this, the Confederates made another charge, but were broken by the Third Pennsylvania. A participant says: ‘“‘ From the time of crossing the river until! now there had been many personal encounters, single horsemen dashing at each other with full speed, and cutting and slashing with their sabres until one or the other was disabled. The wounds received by both friend and foe in these single combats were frightful, such as I trust never to see again.” A running fight was now kept up, the Confederates retreating slowly, and occasionally halting to use their artillery, until a point six miles from the river was reached, when General Averill, finding that his artillery ammunition was nearly exhausted, and that there were strong intrenchments not far ahead, ordered a return. The Confederates, who had been retreating, now advanced in their turn, and annoyed the retiring column somewhat with their artillery. General Averill lost nine men killed, thirty-five wounded, and forty captured. The Confederate loss is not exactly known, but Averill’s men brought away sixty prisoners, including Major Breckenridge, of the First Virginia cavalry. In7 rs nL Pr instant UNIT COU Criteria ‘ rer 7 Cen i | ns ——— = . b ; f rites CAM PRITERE WANED BAT iain aDE this action was killed John Pelham, commander of Stuart’s horse artillery, who was called the “ Boy Major” and had won hign reputation as an artillerist. His fall is the subject of the finest poem produced at the South during the war, written by James R. Randall. o. “Just as the spring came laughing through the strife With all its In the bright April of historic life, y “Oe ] ; AS) F gorgeous cheer, Fell the great Cannoneer. The wondrous lulling of a hero’s breath His bleeding country weeps ; Hushed in the alabaster arms of Death Our young Marcellus sleeps. Nobler and grander than the child of Rome, Curbing his chariot steeds, The knightly scion of a Southern home Dazzled the land with deeds. Gentlest and bravest in the battle-brunt, The champion of the truth, He bore his banner to the very front Of our immortal youth. A clang of sabres ’mid Virginian: snow, The hery pang ol s 5 An es a O nmemoria OC In Alabama dells. The pennon arops t e( Sa .long ( mson field T | Leo a 5 S {rom ( I iess ind {) I eG SDO!I S d VA | I | } j t C | I TAZe upon tT it yeauteous \ \\ 1 LI ¢ eS Co n marbD Sium Dé nash e yvrace Ola Vine sul : © mother of a bies soul on high I irs } ) } ) S Chin )| y rin S Ol ¢ sky, {mong the sSot id ! enh A es H must he sm yn this dull wo yeneath, Fevered S rel H the mal imal reath Pwining V iC res Cro } When Lee, after Gettysburg, retreated southward up the Shenandoah Valley, Meade pursued on the eastern side of the Blue Ridge in a parallel line, taking possession of the passes as far southward as Manassas Gap. On the 22d of April, he learned that a Confederate corps was near the western end of that gap, which was held by Buford’s division of cavalry alone. Ihe Third Corps, then guarding Ashby's Gap, was thereupon ordered down to Manassas Gap, and made a prompt and swift march, reaching Buford at midnight. The next day, from a lofty point on the mountains, the movements of a large part of the Con- federate army could be seen. One immense column was. in plain sight, consisting, first, of several thousand infantry, fol- lowed. by disabled soldiers mounted on horses that had been taken in Pennsylvania, the rear being brought up by a large body of cavalry, while the wagon trains were moving on a parallel road further west, and all were pushing southward as rapidly as possible. It was thought that a movement through the gap might cut the Confederate column Berdan’s sharp-shooters, the Twentieth in two, and this was accordingly ordered. { 1 \ PTO UML rere [Pryyree Indiana, the Sixty-third Pennsylvania, and the Third and Fourth Maine Regiments, of high reputation as skirmishers, were pushed forward, and soon brushed away the small Confederate force that occupied its western end. This fell back upon a supporting force posted on a lofty hill. Here the sharp-shooters kept the attention of the Confederates while the Maine regiments silently crept up the face of the hill, unobserved from its summit, delivered a volley, and then made a rapid charge which cleared the hill of all Confederates except those that were disabled or made prisoners. It was then discovered that the main body of the Confederate force that was intended to dispute the passage of the gap was on another line of hill, still farther to the west, and strons > ly fortifed. The Excelsior brigade, commanded by General Spinola, was now brought forward to dislodge the enemy. Passing through the line of skirmishers, the men of this brigade soon reached the slope of the hill, which was ragged and pre- cipitous and swept bya fire from the crest. Without a minute's hesitation they scrambled up the ascent, which was more than three hundred feet high, grasping at the bushes and points of rock until they reached the summit, when they fired a volley, fixed their bayonets, gave a shout, and rushed upon the enemy, who immediately fled in confusion. General Spinola was twice wounded in this assault, and the command devolved upon Colonel Farnum, who immediately re-formed the line and set out to carry in a similar manner another crest, which he succeeded in doing, ind took a considerable number of prisoners. At this point of time, General Meade, having learned that a Confederate corps was moving down the valley to take part in this action, ordered the troops to discontinue their advance and hold the points already gained. At the same time he brought up the bulk of his army in anticipation of the battle the next day. But when the sun next arose the Confederates had all disappeared. By 1 sa this movement General Meade lost two days in the race of the armies southward, which enabled the Confederates to get back to their old ground, south of the Rappahannock, before he could reach’ it... This action is known as the battle of Wapping Heights. The National loss was one hundred and ten men, killed or wounded; the Confederate loss is unknown. In August, General Averell’s cavalry command made an expedition through the counties of Hardy, Pendleton, High- land, Bath, Green Briar, and Pocahontas. They destroyed saltpetre works and burned a camp with a large amount of equipments and stores. They had numerous skirmishes with a Confederate cavalry force, commanded by Gen. Samuel Jones, and at Rocky Gap, near Sulphur Springs, a serious engagement. This battle lasted two days. On the first day the Confederates opened the fire with artillery, which was answered by Averell’s suns, and a somewhat destructive duel ensued. The Confeder- ates attempted to capture Averell’s battery by charging across an open field, but were repelled by its steady fire. On the other hand, similar charges were made seven times in succession by a portion of Averell’s men, and not one of them was successful. When, finally, Averell’s ammunition was nearly exhausted, and he learned that the enemy was about to be reinforced, he with- drew from the field in good order. The loss in this engagement was about two hundred on each side. In an irregular and unsatisfactory campaign of manceuvres between Meade and Lee, along the slopes of the Blue Ridge, after the battle of Gettysburg, but before the retirement to winter quarters, there were some engagements which would . notable had not the whole campaign resulted in f these was at Bristee Station, three miles west have beet nothing. One o a pee iit Serre i nae eM es Maid tT NS MARS SELLE 7 TA) n ae fees oe rab a) oi vpearians on ae hea we ea i ydeks FR a re, ae by pe Gi a 4 ie “ul SRDS ISATee ee a er a AGB wen! ne a a a Ss q : cs "i NT a" eee ret nee Ea nese awa RGAEOE SE Say sen ee j ND 334 CA IMIPITHAC IS, Za of Manassas Junction, October 14th, when Meade was making retrograde movements, and Lee attacked his rear guard with A. P. Hill’s corps. The Second Corps formed the rear of Meade s line, and marched to Bristoe on the south side of the track of the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, with flankers well out on both sides, and skirmishers deployed. About noon, the advance of this corps, which was Gen. Alexander 5S. Webb’s division, reached the eastern edge of woods that look out toward Broad Run. The rear of the Fifth Corps, which preceded the Second on the march, had just crossed the Run. Suddenly they were fired upon by artillery which emerged from the woods by an obscure road, and then a line of Confederate skirmishers appeared on the hill north of the railroad. Immediately General Webb's division was thrown forward in a line south of the railroad, with its right resting on Broad Run, and General Hays’s division took position at Webb’s left, while Caldwell’s faced the railroad, and a section of Brown’s Rhode Island battery was put in position on the other side of Broad Run where it could enfilade the enemy’s skirmishing line, and the remainder was placed on a hill west of the Run. Arnold’s famous battery was also put in a commanding posi- tion. Very soon Con- is er federates opened a , /mg@y furious fire of artillery Z and musketry from the “3 edge of the wood; but when the National battery began its work | their batteries were very soon silenced, and their skirmishing line melted away. General Warren or- dered a detail of ten men from each regiment in that part of the Fifth Corps which had par- ticipated in the fight, to rush for- ward and bring off the Confederate guns, which, for the minute, seemed to have been deserted. With a cheer the men icrossed’ the railroad track; climbed the hill, wheeled pieces into posi- tion, and fired them at the retreating Con- federates, and then dragged them away. But eee ee they had not gone far when the enemy came e , out of the wood again and charged upon them. — Whereupon they dropped the battery, resumed their small arms, drove back the charge, and then brought off the guns. /\ participant says, “I have heard some cheering on elec- tion nights, but I never heard such a yell of exultation as rent the air when the rebel guns, caissons, and equipments were brought across the railroad track to the line of our infantry.’ The Con- federates now tried the experiment of attacking the Second Corps, and two regiments of North Carolina troops charged upon its right over the railroad. When they reached the track, they were met by two or three deadly volleys, which sent them rapidly back again. They became broken, and hid themselves behind rocks and logs, or came in as prisoners, when the National line was advanced. Still their main body kept up the fight until dark, when they finally retired into the woods, after losing six guns, two battle flags, seven hundred and fifty prisoners, and an unknown number in killed or wounded. Among the Confederate losses in this section was Brig.-Gen. Carnot Posey, mortally wounded, IB AN TP I 1b 1B 18 118 Ib I) There was considerable desultory fighting around Charles.uwn, Va. On the 15th of July a National cavalry force overtook and attacked a Confederate force near that place, and captured about one hundred prisoners, afterward holding the town. On the 18th of October a Confederate cavalry force, under Gen. John J. Imboden, attacked the garrison, finding them in the court-house and other buildings, and demanded the surrender ; to which the commander, Colonel Simpson, answered, “‘ Take me if you can.” Imboden then opened fire on the court-house with artillery at a distance of less than two hundred yards, and of course soon drove out the occupants. After exchanging a volley or two, most of the National troops surrendered, while some had escaped toward Harper's Ferry. Iwo hours later a force came up from @ oom that place and drove ; retired slowly toward out Imboden’s men, who Berryville, fighting all the way. in eS AMmy, OL | , slow pursuit of the Northern Virginia, BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL R. S. FOSTER, AND STAFF. the Army of the Potomac, early in November, came up with that army at Rappahannock Station, where the Orange and Alex- andria Railroad crosses the Rapidan River. General Lee showed an intention to get into winter quarters here, for the ground was elaborately fortified on both sides of the river, and his men were known to be building huts. General Meade made his dispositions for a serious attack at this point. Lee had a strong force in- trenched with artillery on the north side of the river to prevent any crossing, and works extended thence for a considerable dis- tance in each direction, while the main body of his army was on the south side of the river and also intrenched. - General Meade placed the Fifth and Sixth Corps under the command of General Sedgwick, fronting Rappahannock Station. General French was placed in command of the First, Second, and Third Corps, and ordered to move to Kelly’s Ford, four miles below Rappahan- nock Station, cross the river, carry the heights on the south side, and then move toward the enemy’s rear at Rappahannock toA, \ Da ES : F \ % Lon ET o \ A A POI Atal) vitae i 5 p \, ‘ Ss ‘ s sey mathebhlltes tel. aE = CULT A bae oboe eit an) , cu \ of Al vm rH er LTTE) St pea EES a Srecnives SOT TCILICIP IT PTI THT el ped ibexes tia Femme icin Vd hier Me 4 St id cl —— ae bo Ul potty Sesame aka Bs TELL (TF CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. 335 i i ‘ ~ . . . } | assist General Sedgwick’s column in its front attack. Gene i | 1 ‘ attack. General the National commander from g | , : 5 a reer ane eae teen ) pursuing in time to effect any- i SiGe y was to cross the Rappahannock above these thing. positions, and General Kilpatrick's below. Sedgwick’s column When the Army of Northern Virginia retired from the action cae within a mile and a half of the river at noon, on the 7th at Rappahannock Station to the south side of the Rapidan, it of November, and threw out skirmishers to examine the enemy’s ok ut i iti | Xe > enemy s took up an intrenched position stretching nearly twe iles | works. At the same hour, French's col arrived < elly’ hee : | [ee ii KS. Si : enchs column arrived at Kelly's along the river, from Barnett’s Ford above the railroad crossing wi Ford. General French promptly opened the battle with his artil- to Morton’s Ford below. The cavalry were thrown out to | | lery, sent a brigade across the river which captured many prisoners watch the fords above and below this position. Lee then con- | | in the rifle trenches, and an hour later crossed the division and structed a new intrenched line, nearly at right angles with the | “eo » a 4? fr “1 r - { 1 1 i h h | began the laying of pontoon bridges, so that his entire command main line, to protect his right flank. As . ~ ~ > c . é crossed before night. General Lee, believing that the ae soon as the railroad was _ re- demonstration at Rappahannock Station was a eae paired, General Meade began c it c 1 < 5S° \ feint and that at Kelly’s Ford the real movement, | another advance, and after con- heavily reinforced his troops at the Ford. Those sidering Lee's new position, on the north side of the river at Rappahannock determined to attack him by Station were also reinforced. Sedgwick’s plan of. | crossing at the lower fords | ie and moving against his right oO o attack was to have the Fifth Corps get possession of the river bank on the left, and the Sixth Corps on flank. He planned to move the right, and plant his batteries on high ground, | three columns simultane- from which he could compel evacuation of the ously, concentrating two of works. This movement them at Robertson’s tavern, was made, and the batter- | and then advance rapidly f ies opened their fire, but westward by the turnpike 4 | “ { BP SS and the plank road to strike - the Confederates did not leave the works. In the Lee’s right and overcome me edge of evening it was if before) it could be xe- determined to make an inforced from the more assault im heavy force. distant wing. The orders The artillery kept up a were issued for the move- rapid fire, until the as- ment to begin on the igi PLL GD Le Rey) saulting column, led by Gen. David A. Russell, had moved forward and ' 24th of November, but : 1 ' a heavy rainstorm de- he a at Se a a i * ) layed. it two days. Be EVET wAJOR-GENERAT Everything was Care- La VERED fully explained to the approached near to the W. AVERELL BR WILLIAM ye works. Lhis movement ete need appears to have been a corps commanders, and all pos- surprise to the Confeder- sible pains were taken to make the different parts of the great machine move harmont- la ously. The Third and Sixth Corps were to 7 cross at Jacob’s Ford and move to Robert- MAJOR-GENERAL SAMUEL JONES, Cc. S. A. ates, and it was carried out so systematically and rapidly that the storming party, led by the Fifth son's Tavern, through wood roads which were Wisconsin and the Sixth Maine Regiments, : : a carried the works in a few minutes. The Forty- not known except through inquiry. The w 4 ninth and One Hundred and Nineteenth Penn- ground to be moved over was a part of the He svylvania were close after them, and the Fifth so-called Wilderness, which was made famous | ‘i / when Grant began his overland campaign the | Maine and One Hundred and Twenty-first New York at the same time carried the rifle-pits on the right, while the One Hundred and Twenty-fifth New York and the Twentieth Maine, which had been on next spring. The Second Corps, crossing at Germanna Ford, was also to move to Robertson’s Tavern. Dhe First and Fifth Corps were to eross at yer Mine Ford, and move to the plank road at oa ~ —_ ‘ a picket duty, promptly joined in the assault. huis BG InIne GENERAL Culy ep aul eee alle affair was a C lete success, and Ge ral Parker’s Store, advancing thence to New Hope Church, | gallant affair was a comp ete success, art yenere HENRY PRINCE. ‘ f Rol . ce l ras the firs there a road comes in from Wobertson s avern. 1 Wright remarked at the time that it was the first | whe e = OO ee ee i instance during the war in which an important intrenched Gregg’s cavalry division w as fo cross at Ely: g ‘ Kt left flank, while the other division, under Custer, was to guarc position had been carried at the first assault. The National ne 7 ee a ee areciene wa ‘ed % seventy forde above tacing: the main Une Ol Eno ee yas iy loss in killed and wounded was three hundred and seventy- the fords above g ! OS eee He cavalry was to protect the trains. Every experienced solaiet one men. The Confederate loss, killed, wounded, and miss- 7 ce 3 oe 2 be -luding thirtee ie chow ditieult ious to: brine abouiv SsimuUcean COU Se ecu | ing, was nearly seventeen hundred, including thirteen hundred knows how | a S 2 eee, i captured. The captures also ‘ncluded seven battle-flags, twelve centric movements, ov large DOdies) ONO OR See aa . \ | | a ) , ; able distance, « avine bv different routes. Any one wer hundred stands of small arms, and four guns. When the Con- considerable distance, and moving by different : 1 | ea ed a 2 is f many contingencies may stop the progress of any column or a federate commander learned of the disaster, he burned his of many co! gE ) ¢ | al ; mele Ros send it astray, and very few such plans have ever succeeded. } a pontoon bridge, and in the night fled back to Mount hkoan, se E y, \ eae } ek : “his : teneral Meades was devised WwW! st Cz | from which position the next dav he withdrew to his old camps This one of General Meade s was a ee ae i] Ray 2 26 svery possible provision against miscartlage - three miles from the river, while the tavern 1s six or seven miles from the river by the road. These fords had all been watched by Confederate cavalry, and the movements of the Army of the Potomac were by this SS SRT ESS = ssdutneeetntienseeenenme earners ee anne ime well known at the Confederate headquarters. Chey fs ail lis > c ] es ie - > oO - had been inferred still earlier when the Confederate signal the troops and trains moving in the morning. -whether Lite nen eaereargag =n Se tetas jen ewe cement aerate na nageenvtlicauhg feared angle yy tes on sommes ~ ae — ae” Bee - c - — Co) \= — fa y : A J a Sf = a s = ing, however, General Lee did not know : intention to attack his army where it was, or to move eastward toward Richmond and draw it out of its In the night of thes 26th Ibee intrenchments. drew his army manera e veh out of its lines and put it in motion ready to act in accordance these movements of Meade, as the event might determine. Thus affairs were in a state likely to produce exactly such a eer te n conflict in the Wilderness as actually was produced when Grant crossed the Rapidan in the spring of 1864, but there was this difference, that it was Meade’s in- tention to Neh ban TT ST EL i te ei eS turn WeSt- ward and at- tack Lee where h S was, while it was Grant's intention to MOWe (east- ward, get out of the Wil- derness if DO SS il lll @, | plant himself across Lee's communica- | tO ns) and _ @ 5 e compel him ‘ | 4 | e to leave his | | & cc... (Neem canle ‘wid ments. In Yeas thie atten e | | , Be | ai & noon of the Z 27 et Ne | j ia leading di- es Ee eee oe OTB GG: vision of the BRIGADIER-GENERAL JOHN S. WILLIAMS, Cc. Ss. A. Fifth Corps, AIM ID IBALU TIL IB IPI IB IO LD DIER- BRIGA ate Reyyi iver aie EN DSS as hae od eke ~ORAN far aE, CORCOE MIC oe GENERAL COLONEL HIRAM BERDAN. commanded by Gen. Alexander Hays, came into collision with the leading divi- sion of Earlv’s Confederate corps, and drove back his skirmishers | on the turnpike, while Webb's division to the right, with Rodes’s Confederate division in its front, promptly deployed, and drove back his skirmishers toward Raccoon Ford. The National troops in deploying possessed themselves of a strong position, and the Confederate commanders were not willing to attack until rein- forced, but their reinforcements were delayed near Bartlett’s Mills by being expectation of an att: fred upon by the Third Corps pickets, and the General French, com- manding the [Third Corps, appears to have blundered as to the was to take, and at the forks took the right hand instead oO road he of the left, which not only threw his corps nearer the enemy, appearing where he was expected at but prevented him from Kobertson's Tavern at the same hour when the Second Corps arrived there. He then blundered still further by halting and sending word that he was waiting for the Fifth Corps, when in fact the lifth was waiting for him. By the time that orders had passed back and forth explaining his error, the enemy had begun to throw out a large infantry force upon his right flank. The plan of action was then necessarily so far changed, as that his front at } xa being those of General. French was ordered to attack the enemv i! once, which he did, the divisions engage Carr, Prince, and Birney. The heaviest fighting fell upon Carr’s division, and there were charges and countercharges, the lines swaying back and forth several times. General Meade. unwilling to bring on a general engagement until he could geet his army together, had been holding the First and Fifth Corps in their positions waiting for French’s corps to join them, and there was a little fighting in front of the Fifth when the enemy came close : to its lines. General Lee was quite as reluctant to attack in force as was General Meade, and that night he drew back his army within its. intrenchments. delayed all A hard storm the next day evening, Meade advanced to the eastern bank of Mine Run, he found that the movements, and when, toward Confederate intrenchments on the western bank were altogether too strong to justify an assault. 4 Sending the Fifth Corps, in the night of the 28th, to threaten the Confederate right flank in theacento CT POCO Le 3 { ‘ ihe Wa ctsbinniaraeiestesdciinsh ie) POU MAINTE LCE TU TCL Ee tat Ga ee Be CeCe CSCIELOOE SHCA W110) 1 (0) /acee mera — w qi x 1 ‘ z 4 . a ee ize mga es PL WIA es yy a 5 P 3 f 5 i A 2 A Fy ot Satis BOP p alahyrciees eat ha Hh a a UN Bae ALE! Lie nsPe Pee —— vy s seeateiehtiadeeet oe nee, ee ee ee a ‘ | | ea eto ET RNA Se eeae | \ . d's LA Gd alee "Th PSS MUTT Ute P ath eames tor Ter Ms \ : 1 WTEC UUMMUURLESEIA TT TINT] TT EE Ped et] eee Se ELECT Ae Wil tt We ’ mies MiP) = ae ee CAMPFIRE AND BA Tage RE lela oD) 337 morning, and turn it if possible, Meade directed his other commanders to search for possible weak points in tl corps __ passable. General Meade, therefore, withdrew his army to the ae le enemy’s north side of the Rapidan in the night of December Ist. In this unfortunate and altogether unsatisfactory affair, Meade lost about a thousand men, most of them in the Third Corps; the : 3 leir Confederate losses were reported at about six hundred. | front. A simultaneous assault on these points was arranged for lines. One was found on the extreme Confederate left and another near the centre, while the First and Fifth Corps com- manders reported that there was no weak spot whatever in tl Early in the morning of January 3d, a strong Confederate Hl) cavalry force made a dash upon Moorefield, | pe W. Va., and, after a contest of several hours , with the garrison, was driven off. The Con- oN federates, however, carried away sixty-five prisoners and some arms and horses. hi > In April a Confederate force of i ee One AG five hundred men descended the ; ee Kanawha on flat-boats and attacked Point Pleasant, which was garri- ee? ee eee soned by fifty men under Captain Carter of the Thirteenth Virginia (National) Regiment. A fight of four hours ensued, the gar- i] ae ah ae Pea PEPE PTET Te Te < Tyr Say rison successfully defending themselves in the court house, and refusing to sur- render even when the Con- a Zs federates threatened: to burn ‘== the town. Affer the assail- . cane ae, “==, ants had lost about seventy K| ae pa men, and inflicted a loss on yakgu hep the garrison of nearly a dozen, they withdrew, and their retreat was hastened by | some well-directed shots from } a Government transport in oe the river. | ; [ The most considerable en- M gagement that resulted from un A FORAGING PARTY. an expedition under General i | Jones was near Fairmount, 4! the morning of the where the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad crosses the Monongahela : | 30th, to be covered, River. The defensive forces here consisted of only three hun- hab as usual, by a heavy dred men, while the Confederates numbered several thousands. tH artillery sire. “ihre At their approach, a company of militia and armed citizens went f guns opened prompt- out on the hills to meet them, and made such good preparations K it ly at the designated for disputing their passage by the turnpike, that a force was sent df {1 hour, and were as around the slopes to drive them off, which was accomplished 4 promptly replied to after some fighting. As the Confederates approached the sus- a4 by the Confederate pension bridge, a part of the defensive force made a gallant artillery; but before stand, taking shelter in a foundry and firing with great effect : if the assault began, upon the Confederate skirmishers and sharp-shooters. After a Bie General Warren sent time, this little force fell back, and the Confederates crossed by | q word to General the suspension bridge and advanced toward the railroad bridge. Meade that he found At the latter there was a similar attack and defence, until the the enemy had so detachments that had crossed at the suspension bridge came up Ry BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL EDWARD HATCH. aes: i ee strengthened the in the rear of those who defended the railroad bridge, and the f works on their right, as to make an assault there hopeless. Gen- little band was summoned to surrender. This, however, they rile eral Meade, therefore, gave orders to suspend the attacks that did not do until they were completely surrounded and could j were already begun at the other points, and here the campaign fight no longer, when they raised a white flag and=the fring | virtually ended. There was no other possible movement, except ceased. Hardly had this taken place, when a eae oi i to march around the right of the Confederate position, and for National troops came up the railroad with two guns, and shelled il this it would have been necessary first to bring over the trains the Confederates on the west side of the river. The Confeder- A which had been left on the north side of the river. Further, ates then set about destroying the railroad bridge, which at that : i the weather was very severe; some of the pickets had been time was the finest in the United States. It was of iron, sup- 1p frozen to death, and the roads were rapidly becoming im- ported on tubular columns of cast iron, which rested on massive i ed rs Ott ‘ a TN « Gap iver Pipe eatrtenct epee Ty aH irre Mc atictsati: Sct Teco a ‘ baad Hiv gi z : ese htt : a FATT bah . base AT i <& =f ee 2 . Eire! bs i taal why ~ Pare} Laat] be shnath:: Mis bhabey OAM 9 i ‘ a ioS oP tote = vy , iy if At. yall Gat iia mT LP SLC Lt ay YA eee he oa eae a »: ee eee Oona Se z a — ue is Fe perenne A < we enya hh ae BRIDGE BUILT BY UNITED STATES TROOPS, WHITESIDE TENN (FROM A GOVERNMENT PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN DURING THE WAR)A { \ Se deere re ae $ Aerie g H . ¥ : SMa mS : ‘ Peri aaa Eee Lee UATT T/T Un taritvees) PPT Nye " - i ) salient tela ebireremewebins hth Lions Wri SeMee nee eee CU lia eae eee ee eA La ato ret : Cali ELE CA MRI TIRGE. AND Z- fty miles. About ab id ments left by the wounded. Laying the muskets with the muz fi - be eh zie on a stump, one heavy stamp of the foot bent the barrel, midway etwee a broke the stock, and made the piece useless. The accoutre- them is Hanovet Junction, where the ments we heaped together and threw on the fire, and with hasty ; ee Ze ‘ailroad trot X1ich- i steps sought the regiment. ra ; ae | r Ati > ff ing ar as sylvania, fr ond to Kredericks- The National losses in the fighting around Spotts) lvania, from mond < hundred burg is crossed by the Virginia Central road. Grant did not the 8th to the 21st of May, were thirteen thousand six led. wounded, and missing. Somewhat over half of this There are no exact statistics of the Ek loss occurred on the 12th. in | Confederate loss; but it appears to have been ten thousand on wish to conceal his eee mii the 12th, and was probably about equal in the aggregate to the movement alto- F eS oe Pil | National loss. The losses were heavy in eeneral officers. In so Sta ; the National army, besides Sedgwick, Gens. I G Stevenson i, || im é and J. C. Rice were killed, and Gens. H. G. Wright and Alex- / * ' ander S. Webb and Col. Samuel S. Carroll were wounded ; ul the last named being promoted to brigadier-general on the J i) field. Of the Confederates, Generals Daniel and Perrin y/ | were killed; Gens. R. D. Johnston, McGowan, Ramseur, / | and Walker wounded, and Gens. Edward Johnston and / . Steuart captured. General Grant had written to Halleck on the 11th: “ We have now ended the sixth day of very hard fight- ing. The result up to this time is much in our favor. But our losses have eo mY. ae been heavy, as well as those of the 2s ay 4 si we | gether. Hewas anxious to enemy. . . . lam now send- dA = | =6 i / induce the enemy to fight ing back to Belle Plain all my I ee _ / without the enormous ad- wagons fora fresh supply of fj cur , Ge # “a ] vantage ofintrenchments. So provisions and ammunition, eo = y he planned to send one corps and purpose to fight it out / Bee AY OF : toward Richmond, hoping that on this line if it takes all a | | y Lee would be tempted to attack Summer. A week was ee it with all his army, whereupon the spent in manceuvring to | bees other corps might follow up sharply find a new point of attack Pecrinmenecuep. and wdttack the Confederates betore that promised success, but they had time to intrench. When the | without avail, and at the movement was begun, Lee, instead of moving at once end of that time it was de- in the same direction, sent Ewell’s corps to attack the \ ]/ National right. It happened that six thousand raw \ / recruits, under Gen. R. O. Tyler, were on their way to reinforce the Army of the Potomac, and had not quite ‘ | reached their place in line when they were struck by | Ewell’s flank movement. Grant says they maintained their ) ! position in a manner worthy of veterans, till they were reinforced i by the divisions of Birney and Crawford, which promptly moved q BREVET BRIGADIER-GENERAL up to the right and left, and Ewell was then quickly driven back GRIFFIN A. STEDMAN, JR. with heavy loss. This was on the 19th of May. The corps thrown forward as a bait was Hancock's, and it termined to move marched on the night of the 20th, going easterly to Guinea again by the left Station, and then southerly to Milford. Warren’s corps fol- flank. The move- lowed twelve hours later, and twelve hours later still the corps ment was to the of Burnside and Wright. Some trifling resistance was met by North Arnina the advance; but the Confederates had no notion of taking any Wy River? “again- it risk. They made a reconnoissance to their left, to be sure that | was a race, and Grant had not kept a corps at Spottsylvania to fall upon their this time the Con- rear, and then set out bya shorter line than his to interpose i federates had the themselves once more between him and their capital. | shorter line. The new position that was taken up after some tentative P| he distance movements was one of the strongest that could have been devised. Pi from Spottsyl- The Confederate left stretched in a straight line, a mile anda y vaniaCourt House halt long, from Little River to the North Anna at Oxford. H eas is Richmond is a Here, bending at a right angle, the line followed the North | : . O. TYLER, ittle more than Anna down stream for three quarters of a mile, thence continu- a LePe aa ing in a straight line southeastward, to and around Hanover Junction. The North Anna here makes a bend to the south, andon the most south- erly point of the bend the Confeder- ate line touched and held it. If we imagine a ring cut in halves, and the halves placed back to back, in con- tact, and call one the line of Confed- and the other erate intrenchments the river, we shall have a fair repre- sentation of the essential features of the situation. It is evident that any enemy approaching from the north, and attempting to envelop this posi- tion, would have his own line twice divided by the river, so that his army would be in three parts. Any rein- forcements passing from one wing to the other would have to cross the stream twice, and, long before they their destination, the could reach army holding the intrenchments S could strengthen its threatened wing. The obvious point to assail in such a position would be the apex of the salient line where it touched the Burnside was ordered to But th river: and force a passage at that point. steep, and the passage was covered by enfilading fire from the north bank was intrenchments at right angles to the mz crossed the river above the Confederate some miles of the Virginia Central Rail- road: while Hancock’s crossed below, and destroyed a large section of the road to Fredericksburg. By this time they had learned the effective method of not only tearing up the track, but piling up the ties and setting them on fire, heating the rails, and bending and twisting them so that they could not be used again. These operations were not carried on without frequent sharp fighting, which cost each side about two thousand men; but there was no general battle on the North Anna. Before the next flank movement was made by the Army of the Potomac, Gen. James H. Wilson's cavalry divi- sion was sent to make a demonstra- tion on the right, to give the enemy the impression that this time the turn- ing movement would be in that direc- tion. In the night of May 26, which was very dark, the army withdrew to the north of the North Anna, took up its pontoon bridges, destroyed all the others, and was put in motion again by the left flank. Sheridan's cavalry led the way and cuarded the crossings of the Pamunkey, which is bank Ce NIZA IRIS JAIN). IBAL IF IP IL AB PIB IL ID. . 1 KR NP) Ns S A RO ; \ WY \\\ aw WN BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN C..ROBINSON. J J e banks were high. and artillery. Moreover, an thwarted by traverses— uin line. Wright's corps position, and destroyed BRIGADIER-GENERAL HARRY T. HAYS, C. S. A. was forming for attack. e Ls WIPE OU LUETRISIPIT Pedi) TTR pei iponey dean { i / Teh AA WL TVS Pye 363 formed by the junction of the North and South Anna Rivers. The Sixth Corps was the advance of the infan- try, followed by the Second, while the Fifth and Ninth moved by roads farther ihe southeast, and the north. direction was about thirty miles to a point at which the distance army would cross the Pamunkey and move southwest toward Richmond, the crossing being about twenty miles from that city. But between lie the swamps of the Chickahominy. In the morning of the 28th the cavalry moved out on the most direct road to Richmond, and at a cross-roads known as Hawes’s Shop encountered a strong force of Confederate cavalry, dismounted and in- After a bloody fight of some hours’ duration, the divisions which was trenched. commanded by Gens. David M. Gregg and George A. Custer broke over the intrenchments and forced back the enemy; the other divisions came up promptly, and the position was held- A member of the First New Jersey cavalry, which participated in this action, writes; “One company being sent on each flank, mounted, o Captain Robbins-with four companies, dismounted, moved for- ward and occupied a position on the right of the road, opening a rapid fire from their carbines on the line of the enemy, which The remainder of the regiment was moved to the left of the road, and hav- ing been dismounted, was ordered to the support of the First Pennsylvania, which was hotly engaged. Robbins, as usual, moved with a rush to the assault, and soon cleared his immediate front of the rebels, chasing them across the open ground beyond the wood in which they had taken cover. In this field there was a double ditch, lined by fenc- ing, with another of the same character facing it, only forty or fifty paces dis- tant. As Captain Beekman, heading his men, sprang across the first fence at charging speed, they were met by a desperate volley from the second line of the rebels lying in the other cover. Instinctively, as they saw the flash, the men threw themselves upon the ground, and now Beekman, rolling into the ditch, called his troops there beside him. From the two covers there was kept up a tremendous fire—our men sometimes charging toward the hostile ditch, but in each case falling back, and the fight going on, both parties hold- but neither gaining Meanwhile ing their own, sround upon the other. Captain Robbins, on the right of the ALLA if (6 || ela ra as CA MIPIFTIRIR, ALIS ID IBA IE ICIE 1B JOLT ID IBY. a a ee PONTOON BRIDGE AT DEEP BOTTOM ON THE JAMES RIVER. : road, was being sorely pressed. Major Janeway was sent with two bruised by some missile that struck him in the breast. but, squadrons to his relief, and the fight redoubled in intensity. The though suffering severely from the blow, he did not leave the ammunition of the men giving out, a supply was brought from field. Still the men bravely held their own. And now Custer. i the rear and distributed along the line itself by the officers, sev- coming up with his Michigan brigade, charged down the road, Bi eral of whom fell while engaged in the service. Captain Beekman the whole body of the First Jersey skirmishers simultaneously was shot through both hands as he stretched them forth full of ammunition. Lieutenant Bellis was almost at the same moment ing him from the field, and pursuing him until the whole mass mortally wounded 1, as was also Lieutenant Stewart. Captain had melted into disordered rout. Robbins was wounded severely in theshoulder, Lieutenant Shaw severely in the head, Lieutenant Wynkoop fearfully in the foot. Lieutenant Bowne was the only officer of the first battalion on the field who was untouched, and he had several narrow escapes. till, toward the close of the action. ] Major Janeway also had a narrow escape, a ball passing so close disabled him. to his forehead as to redden the skin. As Lieutenant Brooks springing from their cover and dashing upon the enemy, sweep- Meanwhile the fighting on the left of the road had been of the severest character. Malsbury received a mortal wound; Dye was killed instantly ; Cox was hit in the back, but remained the only officer with the squadron 1e received a wound which The total loss of the nine companies of the First New Jersey engaged, in killed and wounded, was sixty-four, ie: was manceuvring the fifth squadron under fire, a ball fired close eleven being officers.” at hand struck him near his belt-clasp, slightly penetrating the Soon after noon of that day three-fourths of the army had { skin in two places, and, doubling him up, sent him rolling head- crossed the Pamunkey, and the remaining corps crossed that . i long for thirty feet across the road. As he recovered steadiness, night. Here were several roads leading to the Confederate | he saw his whole squadron hurrying to pick him up, and, in the capital; but the Confederate army, as soon as it found the excitement, losing all sensation of pain, he ordered them again enemy gone from its front, had moved in the same direction, F forward, and walked after them half-way to the front. There he by a somewhat shorter route, and had quickly taken up a strong | was obliged to drop upon the ground, and was carried from the position across all these roads, with flanks on Beaver Dam and field. Lieutenant Craig also, of tl 1¢ same squadron, was badly Totopotomoy creeks, Moreover, at this time it was heavily- % La x Xa PeeiabeetL UNL Utter rey ea) Tee 4 CULM Spee ey eet me Ste : reeds PP ae Pa i i i LUAU red pone ha mer et Aa Wild) || WPA CAMERT TRE VANGD {BAM Ma alias Dy 365 reinforced by troops that were drawn from the defences east of Richmond. [he next day the opposing forces were in close proximity, each trying to find out what the other was about, and all day the crack of the skirmisher’s rifle was heard. Near Bethesda church there was a small but bloody engagement, where a portion of Early’s corps made an attack on the National left and gained a brief advantage, but was soon driven back, with a brigade commander and two regimental commanders among its killed. At dusk, one brigade of Barlow’s division made a sudden rush and carried a line of Confederate rifle-pits. But it was ascer- tained that the position offered no chance of success in a serious assault. Furthermore, Grant was expecting reinforcements from Butlers Army of the James, to come by way of White House, at the head of navigation on York River, and he feared that Lee would move out with a large part of his army to inter- pose between him and his reinforcements and overwhelm them. So he extended his left toward Cold Harbor, sending Sheridan with cavalry and artillery to secure that place. Sheridan was heavily attacked there on the morning of June Ist, but held his eround, and twice drove back the assailants. In the course of o the day he was relieved by the Sixth corps, to which the ten thousand reinforcements under Gen. William F. Smith were added. At the same time the Confederate line had been ex- tended in the same direction, so as still to cover all roads lead- ing to Richmond. The Army of the Potomac, in its movement down the streams, was now at the highest point that it had reached in its movement up the peninsula, when led by Mc- Clellan two years before. At six o’clock in the evening, Smith’s and Wright's corps attacked the Confederate intrenchments. Along most of the front they were obliged to cross open ground that was swept by artillery and musketry ; but they moved forward steadily, in spite of their rapid losses, and everywhere carried the first line of works, taking some hundreds of prisoners, but were stopped by the second. They intrenched and held their advanced position ; but it had been dearly bought, since more than two thousand of their men were killed or wounded, including many officers. When the other corps had followed the Sixth, and the entire army was in its new position at Cold Harbor, eight or ten miles from Richmond, with its enemy but a little distance in front of it, an attack was planned for the morning of the ed. The Con= federate position was very strong. The line was from three to six miles from the outer defences of Richmond, the right rest- ing on the Chickahominy, and the left protected by the woods and swamps about the head-waters of several small streams. The Chickahominy was between it and Richmond, but the water was low and everywhere fordable. Ihe only chance for attack was in front, and it remained to be demonstrated by experiment whether anything could be done there. If Lee’s line could be disrupted at the centre, and a strong force thrust through, it would for the time being disorganize his army, though a large part of it would undoubtedly escape across the river and rally in the intrenchments nearer the city. At half-past four o’clock on the morning of the 3d, the Second, Sixth, and Eighteenth (Smith's) corps began the attack as planned. They moved forward as rapidly and regularly as the nature of the ground would admit, under a destructive fire of artillery and musketry, till they carried the first line of intrench- ments. Barlow’s division of Hancock's corps struck a salient, and, after a desperate hand-to-hand contest, captured it, taking Aas Sens pyc] eae a Hy ’ id nearly three hundred prisoners and three guns, which were at once turned upon the enemy. But every assaulting column, on reaching the enemy’s first line, found itself subjected to cross- fires from the enemy’s skilfully placed artillery, and not one of them could go any farther. Most of them fell back speedily, leaving large numbers prisoners or bleeding on the ground, and took up positions midway between the lines, where they rapidly dug trenches and protected themselves. General Grant had given Orders to General Meade to suspend the attack the moment it should appear hopeless, and the heavy fighting did not last more than an hour, though firing was kept up all day. A counter-attack by Early’s corps was as unsuccessful as those of the National troops had been; and one or two lighter attacks by the Confederates, later in the day, were also repelled. The Ninety-eighth New York regiment was among the troops that were brought up from the Army of the James and joined the Army of the Potomac two or three days before the battle of Cold Harbor. account of the regiment’s experience during those first three Its colonel, William Kreutzer, writes a graphic days of June: “After ten o'clock, Devens, putting the Ninety-eighth in charge of one of his staff, sent it, marching by the right flank, through the wood to support one of his regiments. Soon the rattling of the men among the brush and trees attracted some one’s attention in front, and he poured a volley down along our We stop; the ground rises before us, and the Staff-officer says: men, there is some mistake; wait awhile, and the firing will Staff-officer goes to report, hastens: for orders and instructions, and never line lengthwise. aim of the firing is too high. “These are our oD stop.’ Firing does not stop, and the aim is better. comes back. Our position is terribly embarrassing, frightfully uncomfortable. Our ignorance of the place, the darkness, the wood, the uncertainty whether the firing is from friend or foe, increase the horrors of that night’s battle. The writer walked from the centre to the head of the regiment and asked Colonel Wead replied: ‘ We are the vic- We su the regiment, or fire at the enemy in front. Our men are being killed or wounded fast. Wead what the firing meant. tims of some one’s blunder.’ egested: ‘ Let us withdraw We can’t stay here and make no reply. Wead remarked: ‘I have no orders to do either; they may be our men in front. and one of his staff has gone to report the facts to him. He If we are all killed, I don’t see that I am here by direction of General Devens, will return in a short time. I can prevent it, or am to blame for it.’ “We asked Colonel Wead to have the men lie down. The order, ‘ Lie down,’ was passed along the line, and we returned to our position by the colors. Subsequently, Colonel Wead joined The firing continued ; the range became lower; the Colonel us there. € men lying down were wounded fast. We all lay down. Wead was struck a glancing blow on the shoulder-strap by a rifle-ball, and, after lying senseless for a moment, said to the writer, ‘I am wounded; take the command. We arose immed)- ately, walked along the line, and quietly withdrew the men to the lower edge of the wood where we had entered. In that lunder the regiment lost forty-two men, killed and During the night and early morning, Colonel Wead regiment. The more night’s b wounded. and the wounded crawled back to the carried back half a mile farther to an old severely wounded were barn, where their wounds were dressed and whence they were taken in ambulances to White House. Nothing could equal the horrors of that night’s battle; the blundering march into the enemy's intrenchments, his merciless fire, the cries of out SS ee eee PTE 5D la es Be eae hanes a UC ATTA Eee or aa Sa a fo wee tes es et Poe, Pee: WF DTA as OU Dunit aricedi Phe ANN Lean rere Pitta AWPT BARAT ahs A petals Pas GA. sleet ae aes No Sales Zz < = = O = = << Y Lil Fa LiJ Na = hey BAL I IPI, 18 IP IIB It, ID). 367 “On the night of the 4th the Ninety-eighth moved from the second line through the approach to the front line, and relieved the One Hundred and Eighteenth New York and the Tenth New Hampshire. It had barely time to take its position when the Confederates made a night attack along our whole front. For twenty minutes before, the rain of shells and balls was terrific; the missiles tore and screamed and sang and howled along the air. Every branch and leaf was struck; every inch of the trees and breastworks was pierced. Thenthe firing ceased along his line for a few minutes, while the enemy crossed his breastworks and formed for the charge, when, ‘At once there rose so wild a yell, As all the fiends from heaven that fell Had pealed the banner cry of hell COLONEL SAMUEL S. CARROLL, (Afterward Brevet Major-General.) But no living thing could face that ‘rattling shower’ of ball and shell which poured from our lines upon them. They fell to the ground, they crept away, they hushed the yell of battle. The horrors of that night assault baffle description.” The entire loss of the National Army at Cold Harbor in the Grst twelve days of June—including the battles just described and the almost constant skirmishing and minor engagements— was ten thousand and eighty-eight ; and among the dead and wounded were many valuable officers. General Tyler and Col- onel Brooke were wounded, and Colonels Porter, Morris, Meade, cM AHON: ne al.) sa _Genet / re ot Major and Byrnes were killed.* * The lines of the two armies were so close to each other that it was impossible to care for the wounded that lay between them, except by a cessation of hostilities. As the National forces had been the assailants, most of the wounded were theirs. General Grant made an immediate effort to obtain a cessation for this humane pur- pose, but General Lee delayed it with various trivial excuses for forty-eight hours, and at the end of that time all but two of the wounded were dead. See a part Il., pp. 273 ¢¢ seg. As to the of the correspondence in Grant’s Memoirs,” Vol. The figures given above are losses here and at Spottsylvania, authorities differ. from a statement compiled in the Adjutant-General’s office. Dal of é i ee STerer ater erprevetptstoest ere +f Pe TH tatithe te pit) aTeiriy iy poereneen Dn hE ti ees SARL he aa Nf UHH te HHH tite sy PROT PR ERNTL ORT) Ley TPT PLDT T] cad ete eee Pt ee MS Cw sa ae sath saif Penh . if NE eer or rire ay riba /aas 3 4 a a iE ad wt a LH } CIILPRIRE AND BALREEE HILL D. 3038 bit] Tas The Confederate channel of the James as far up-stream as Beret ee ae | ay eee \oceewhich imelud-= Confederate gunboats could not come down and attac me army | i es. Ae neal hile it was crossing. A large number of vessels had been col- et ed Brigadier-Genera W : CNIS ea i ee 3 2 the lected at Fort Monroe, to be used as ferry oats Wi ) Doles AnnoOMm~e , a Meee ives 2 on the killed, and Brigadier- should reach the James. The so-calle aie ae 4 Ge ale Kirkland Chickahominy were now only names of geographical points, for | ies and Fin. all the bridges had been destroyed; but each column was to os : a . carry its pontoon train. ae ae ; ie a The ea began in the evening of June 12th, and at midday i\ . ms a : ‘ t “ was of the 13tha pontoon was thrown across at Long Bridge, fifteen | SOO aoe: ere GC arbor siti and Wilson’s cavalry much smaller than the miles below the Cold Harbor position, a ar tl . National. The attack crossed and immediately moved out a short ee 3 é of June 3d is recog- roads toward Richmond, to watch the movements of pee nized as the most se- and prevent a surprise. The Fifth corps followed quite oe rious error in Grant's took a position covering these roads till ene remaindes ic : - hy military, career We army could cross. The Second, Sixth, and Ninth corps ee | baaneelt says, in the Chickahominy a few miles farther down; while the a | his “Memoirs,” that teenth had embarked at White House, to be sent around BY | he always regretted it water. In the evening ol the 13th, the Fifth ; cached Reset er lever anade lt Landing on the James, ten miles below Haxall S, where McC el- was as useless, and lan had reached the river at the close of his peninsula campaign. almost as costly, as The other carps reached the landing on the wath. he river Lee’s assault upon there is more than two thousand feet wide ; but between four BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL P. ST. GEORGE COOKE. Meade’s centre at Get- o'clock, P.M., and midnight a pontoon was laid, and the ee tysburg. But we do began. The artillery and trains were sent eve ee not read that any of Grant’s lieutenants protested against it, infantry followed ina long procession that occupies Eye : as Longstreet protested against the attack on Cemetery Ridge. hours, the rear guard of the SD Cope Bee oe Gao For onic days Grant held his army as close to the enemy as night of the 16th. Thus ae oe a ee Pe ee erg possible, to prevent the Confederates from detaching a force to thousand men was taken from a ne ee : ¥ ps! S operate against Hunter in the Shenandoah Valley. yards of the Sys mance wey ee a , ae a a a General Halleck now proposed that the Army of the Potomac phernalia, carried across two Ty ers and p aces ie a es B should invest Richmond on the north. This might have pre- threatening that enemys capital, without a serious collision ot vented any possibility of Lee’s launching out toward Washing- disaster. General Ewell said that when the Naligoaly sy; a. ton, but it could hardly have effected anything else. The Con- across the James River he knew that the Confederate cause federate lines of supply would have been left untouched, while was lost, and it { ; the National troops would have perished between impregnable was the duty 7 intrenchments on the one side and malarious swamps on the of their authori- other. Grant determined to move once more by the left flank, CleSHatO) Mmaykae swing his army across the James, and invest the city from the south. A direct investment of the Confederate ————<“ : sy AE ee - in bie RAMA q > 5 i jer i: ETS Wi My } ih , Lich) Sabb) eens : bbc aiat bie eae euneteeeethe [PTR os eee AN AAA ei i Sets [MI —— ee u of ee ee ~~, a - Vs ee) B Bi “ - oh eae se sae . “ . a 1 ; - RK pe oT ae ee a ae ee © Ro es wee a is ae ee ee Ve . mo | Capt. J. A. Winslow, | is CAPTAIN JOHN A, WINSLOW AND OFFICERS ON THE DECK OF THE ' KEARSARGE.” (From a Government photograph.) CHARTER Sood: : THE CONEEDE RAGE (GR UIs Rise i THE “*ALABAMA’”’ SUNK BY THE ‘‘ KEARSARGI —— ae “cUMTER’ AND OTHER CRUISERS—PROTEST OF OUR GOVERNMENT TO THE BRITISH I \ Lg DESPA TCHES—PRIVATEERING—WHY ENGLAND DID NOT INTERFERE—ARBITRATION AND AMOUNT a GOVERNMENT—SECRETARY SEWARDS OF DAMAGE OBTAINED FROM THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. T = . . . . fod . co . . . . . i WHILE the Army of the Potomac was putting itself in fighting trim after its change of base, a decisive battle of the war took pia 5 ! place three thousand miles away. A vessel known in the builders’ yard as the “290,” and afterward famous as the Alabama, had le been built for the Confederate Government in 1862, at Birkenhead, opposite Liverpool. She was of wood, a fast sailer, having | I both steam and canvas, was two hundred and twenty feet long, and rated at one thousand and forty tons. She was thoroughly fitted in every respect, and cost nearly a quarter of a million dollars. The American minister at London notified the British t built in an English yard, in violation of the neutrality laws, and demanded that she be ae hrough design or stupidity, the Government moved too slowly, and the cruiser | sent out to her. in a merchant ei Her crew were mainly Government that such a ship was being prevented from leaving the Mersey. But, either t escaped to sea. She went to Fayal, in the Azores, and there took on board her guns and coal, Her commander was Raphael Semmes, who had served in the United States navy. the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and the Gulf of Mexico, and captured sixty-nine American merchantmen, most of which were burned at sea. Their crews were sent away on passing vessels, or Several war-vessels were sent out in search of the A/abama, but they were at constant disad- | port, the first that leaves must have been gone twenty-four ship from London. Englishmen. For nearly two years she roamed the seas, traversing put ashore at some convenient port. vantage from the rule that when two hostile vessels are in a neutra hours before the other is permitted to follow. In French, and especially in British ports, the Alabama was always welcome, and yi enjoyed every possible facility, because she was destroying American commerce. In June, 1864, she was in the harbor of Cherbourg, France. The United States man-of-war Kearsarge, commanded by John \ st . silica , F a eo tna By airgetien Ty PN ) a ee 2) } JV Cey Ty Toasted stat tee. Fee Caiten yee yO! Rett a a etithe Spats) GA Stargisis res aa pei ry) j Mut anes hi es olan tial t ra oe Piece 4h , Lina ues a a sss 7ADr a ee, neue ae eRe Ean seek ieieneniieeen bene: temenen eee a? A = APY Al ere Ss Lan tbat CAMPFIRE AND 372 A. Winslow, found her there, and lay off the port, watching her. By not going into the harbor, Winslow escaped the twenty-four- hour rule. Semmes sent a note to Winslow, asking him not to vo away, as he was coming out to fight ; but no such ehallenec was called for, as the Kearsarge had come for that purpose, and was patiently waiting for her prey. She was almost exactly fhe size of the Alabama, and the armaments were so nearly alike as to make a very fair match. But her crew were altogether superior in gun-practice, and she had protected her boilers by chains, “stoppered’’ up and down the side amidships, as had been done in the fights at New Orleans and elsewhere. On Sunday morning, June Igth, the A/abama steamed out of the harbor amid the plaudits of thousands of English- men and Frenchmen, who had not a doubt that she was going to certain victory. The Kearsarge steamed away as she approached, and drew her off toa distance of seven or eight miles from the coast. Winslow then turned and closed with hisenemy. The two vessels steamed around on opposite sides of a circle half a mile in diameter, firing their starboard guns. The practice on the Alabama was very bad; she began firing first, discharged her guns rapid- ly, and produced little or no effect, though a dozen of her shots struck her antagonist. But when the Kearsarge began Se firing there was war in earnest. X Her guns were handled with great skill, and every shot told. One of them cut the mizzenmast so that it Cr o fell. Another exploded a shell amon the crew of the Alabama’s pivot gun, kill- CAPTAIN] RAntinT cee ing half of them and dismounting the piece. Balls rolled in at the port-holes and swept away the gunners: and several pierced the hull below the water line, making the ship tremble from stem to stern, and letting in floods of water. The vessels had described seven circles, and the AJa- bama’s deck was strewn with the dead, when at the end of an hour she was found to be sinking, her colors were struck, and her officers, with a keen sense of chivalry, threw into the sea the swords that were no longer their own. The Kearsarge lowered boats to take off the crew; but suddenly the stern settled, the bow was thrown up into the air, and down went the Alabama to the bottom of the British Channel, carrying an unknown number of her men. An English yacht picked up Semmes and about forty sailors, and steamed away to Southampton with them: others were rescued by the boats of the Kearsarge, and still others were drowned. In January, 1863, the Alabama had fought the side-wheel steamer Hatteras, of the United States Navy, off Galveston, Tex., and injured her so that she sank soon after surrendering. The remainder of the Alabama’s career, till she met the Kear- sarge, had been spent in capturing merchant vessels and either burning them or releasing them under bonds. Before Captain Semmes received command of the Alabama, he had cruised in the Sumter on a similar mission, capturing eighteen vessels, when her course was ended in the harbor of Gibraltar, in Feb- Sy We atte et ee DALAT CC Te re te ot ee ell BPA A ME EKG ED. ruary, 1862, where she was blockaded by the United States steamers Kearsarge and Tuscarora, and, as there was no proba- bility that she could escape to sea, her captain and crew aban- doned her. A score of other Confederate cruisers roamed the seas, to prey upon United States commerce, but none of them became quite so famous as the Sumter and the Alabama. They in- cluded the Shenandoah, which made thirty-eight captures; the Florida, which made thirty-six; the JZallahassee, which made twenty-seven; the Zacony, which made fifteen; and the Geor- £la, which made ten. The Morida was captured in the harbor of Bahia, Brazil, in October, 1864, by a United States man-of- war, in violation of the neutrality of the port. For this the United States Government apologized to Brazil, and ordered the restoration of the /lorzda to the harbor where she was captured. But in Hampton Roads she met with an accident and sank. It was generally -believed that the apparent accident was contrived with the connivance, if not by direct order, of the Govern- ment. Most of these cruisers were built in British shipyards; and whenever they touched at British ports, to obtain supplies and land prisoners, their commanders were ostentatiously welcomed and lionized by the British merchants and officials. The English builders were proceeding to construct several swift. iron- clad cruisers for the Confed- i) : erate Government, when the United States Government protested so vigorously that the British Government pre- vented them from _ leaving port. One or two passages from Secretary Seward’s de- spatches to Charles Francis Adams, the American min- ister at London, contain the whole argument that was afterward elaborated before a high court of arbitration, and secured a verdict against England. More than this, these passages contain what | probably was the controlling es reason that determined Eng- land not to try the experi- Se ON BS INCE OW: ment of intervention. Sec- Ofenyala Reat-Agm|ral,) retary Seward wrote, under date of October 5-6, 1863: “T have had the honor to receive and submit to the Presi dent your despatch of the 17th of September, which relates to the iron-clad vessels built at Laird’s shipyards for war against the United States, which is accompanied by a very interesting correspondence between yourself and Earl Russell. The posi- tions you have taken in this correspondence are approved. It is indeed a cause of profound concern, that, notwithstanding an engagement which the President has accepted as final, there still remains a doubt whether those vessels will be prevented from coming out, according to the original hostile purposes of the enemies of the United States residing in Great Britain. ‘Earl Russell remarks that her Majesty’s Government, having\ 4 2 \ fe Pere USL CON UUTU ari ri vem at sralpreeabinaeeettdttenntslns Tah} ll Pr ia + Pry eet loot; CAMPFIRE proclaimed neutrality, have in good faith exerted themsel maintain it. ves to I have not to say now for the first time. that, how- ever satisfactory that position may be to the British nation, it does not at all relieve the gravity of the question in the United States. The proclamation of neutrality was a concession of belligerent rights to the insurgents, and was deemed by this Government as unnecessary, and in effect as unfriendly, as it has since proved injurious, to this country. The successive prepara- tions of hostile naval expeditions in Great Britain are regarded here as fruits of that injurious proclamation. . . . It is hardly necessary to say that the United States stand upon what AND : abbas HAL PWILWU LS PPA Tan j le3Jal I WIL IE IP HIS, IL IO). 373 war broke out, we distinctly confessed that we knew what great temptations it offered to foreign intervention and aggression, and that in no event could such intervention or aggression be en- dured. It was apparent that such aggression, if it should come, must travel over the seas, and therefore must be met and encountered, if at all, by maritime resistance. We addressed ourselves to prepare the means of such resistance. We have now a navy, not, indeed, as ample as we proposed, but yet one which we feel assured is not altogether inadequate to the pur- poses of self-defence, and it is yet rapidly increasing in men, material, and engines of war. Besides this regular naval force, OPENING OF THE FIGHT BETWEEN THE ‘*KEARSARGE" AND THE ‘ ALABAMA. they think impregnable ground, when they refuse to be dero- gated, by any act of British Government, from their position as a sovereign nation in amity with Great Britain, and ee upon a footing of equality with domestic insurgents who have risen up in resistance against their authority. Q 0 “Tt does not remain for us even to indicate to Great Britain the serious consequences which must ensue if the iron-clads shall come forth upon their work of destruction. They have been fully revealed to yourself, and you have made them known to Den Russell, within the restraints which an honest and habitual respect for the Government and the people of Great ee imposes. It seems to me that her Majesty S eee mueot be expected to perceive and AP PLEClate them, even if we ae henceforth silent upon the subject. When our unhappy Civ “POTATO ee rrr renee gee PeeeeTTEea Tere yr at er er tert Bh oan I Maem ate ace a . Dy eal the President has asked, and Congress has given him, authority to convert the mercantile marine into armed squadrons, by the issue of letters of marque and reprisal. All the world might see, if it would, that the great arm of naval defence has not been thus invigorated for the mere purpose of maintaining a blockade, or enforcing our authority against the insurgents ; for practically they have never had an open port, or built and armed, nor could they from their own resources build and arm, a single ship-of-war. “ Thus the world is left free to understand that our measures of maritime war are intended to resist maritime aggression, which is constantly threatened from abroad and even more con- stantly apprehended at home. That it would be ale ss a that purpose, if such aggression should be attempted, wou Ca BRA LEST T/T TeentaalTS RII ew Kite i (_— “ Prine h E AND avi CAMPFIR seem certain, unless, indeed, there should be reason to suppose that the people do not in this respect approve of the policy and hize with the sentiments of the executive Government. sympat the means 1n our But the resistance o and at the hazarc one point of policy on which tl 1 in complete harmony with the President. f foreign aggression by all ns i 1. if need be, of the National life itself, power, | is the ie American people seem to be unanimous an¢ “ The United States understand that the Alabama is a pirate ship-of-war, roving over the seas, capturing, burning, sinking, and destroying American vessels, without any lawful authority from the British Government or power, in violation of the law ol! from any other sovereign nations, and contemptuously defying all judicial tribunals equally of Great Britain and all The United States understand that she was pur- posely built for war against the United States, by British sub- in a British port, and prepared there to be armed and - construction that other states. JEGES; equipped with a specified armament adapted to he: for the very piratical career which she is now pursuing , her armament and equipment, duly adapted to this ship-of-war and no other, were simultaneously prepared by the same British subjects, in a British port, to be placed on board to complete her preparation for that career; that when she was ready, and was equipment were equally. ready, ~ and she her armament clandestinely and by connivance sent by her British holders, and the armament and equipment were at the same time clandestinely sent through the same connivance by the British subjects who had prepared them, to a common port outside of British waters, and there the armament and equipment of the Alabama as a ship-of-war were completed, and she was sent forth on her work of destruction with a crew chiefly of British subjects, enlisted in and proceeding from a British port, in fraud of the laws of Great Britain and in violation of the peace and sovereignty of the United States. ‘Tire! Wmited sStates that the building, armament and equipment, and expedition of the understand purpose of the vessel was one single criminal intent, running equally through the building and the equipment and the expedition, and fully the Alabama finally spatched; and that this intent brought the whole transaction of completed and executed when was de- building, armament, and equipment within the lawful jurisdic- tion of Great Britain, where the main features of the crime were executed. The United States understand that they gave sufh- cient and adequate notice to the British Government that this wrongful enterprise was begun and was being carried out to its completion ; and that upon receiving this notice her Majesty’s Government were bound by treaty obligations and by the law ( { nations to prevent its execution, and that if the diligence which was due had been exercised by the British Government the expedition of the A/abama would have been prevented, and the wrongful enterprise of British subjects would have been The United that some effort was made by her Majesty’s Government, but it was put forth too too Upon these principles of law and these assumptions of fact, the United States do insist and must continue to insist, that the British Government is justly responsible for > damages whic acef justly respon: ible for the damages which the peaceful, law-abid- ing citizens of the United States sustain by the depredations of the Alabama. defeated. States confess late and was soon abandoned. 1 es Though indulging a confident belief in the correctness of our positions in regard to the claims in question, and others, we shall be willing at all times hereafter, as well as now, to consider the evidence and the arguments which her Majesty’s Govern- IBA UP WIL IB IENTE 1 1D) to show that they are invalid; and if we shau ment may Offer, orm of conventional not be convinced, there is no fair and just f arbitrament or reference to which we shall not be willing to submit them.” In 1856 the great powers of Europe signed at Paris a treaty by which they relinquished the right of privateering, and some powers afterward accepted a general invitation to See lists of goods captured by American privateers in the war of 1812: swan-skins. 6 tons of ivory, $40,000 in gold dust, $80,000 in specie, $20,000 worth of indigo, $60,000 in bullion, $500,000 worth of dry goods, 700 tons of mahogany,” etc. In Coggeshall’s ‘‘ History of American Privateers.”Pe a ade Wer tibet vit POUT CAM PETLIRE sisted the importunities of Louis Napoleon, resisted the clamor of its more reckless subjects, resisted its own prejudice acainst ~ o republican institutions, and refused to recognize the Southern Confederacy as an independent nation. It may have been this consideration also that induced it, after the war was over. to agree to exactly that settlement by arbitration which was suo- wi i o gested by Secretary Seward in the des; D> 1872 the international court of yatch quoted above. In arbitration, sitting in Geneva, United ] regard to responsibility for the Conted: Switzerland, decided that the position taken by the States Government ji erate cruisers was right; and that the British Government, for failing to prevent their escape from its ports, must pay the United States fifteen anda half tlement of the 17 million dollars. So far as set- Ameri- the satisfaction they could desire; but the sum named ’ principle was concerned, the award gave cans all fell far Sumner, short of the damage that had been wrought. Charles speaking in his place in the Senate, had contended with great force for the exaction of what were called ‘ conss quential damages, which would have swelled the amount to hundreds of millions; but in this he was overruled. CLEAR ER. SOc ie PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS IN THE WEST. GENERAL SHERMAN CAPTURES MERIDIAN, MISS. RAILROADS AND SUPPLIES ENERAL BANKS ATTEMPTS TO CAP- TURE SHREVEPORT, LA. ATTLE I SABINI ROSS-ROADS TEMPORARY ROUT AND DEFEAT OF THE UNION FORCES DEFEAT OF THI CONFEDERATES \'l PLEASANT HILI INCIDENTS OI HEROISM ON BOTH SIDES BUILDING OI] DAMS IN LHI RED RIVER—SUCCESSFUL PASSAGI Ol CHI RAPIDS BY GUNB( EDITION, LOSSES AND INCIDENTS OF THE EX! ments at the West in 1864 were for the purpose of S€ curing the Mississipp x Wy nt } fl Win I] nN iif | River, posses- —_ sion of which had been won by the victories of Far- ragut at New Orleans and Grant at Vicksburg ’ ting free the Re required to hold and set- pare that were places on its 3d of F eb- the important banks. On the ruary Gen. William T. Sherman set out from Vicksburg with force of somewhat more than twenty thousand men, in two columns, commanded respectively by Generals McPherson and ey Hurlbut. Their destination was Meridian, over one hundred 1 ls . ; : et ea ee miles east of Vicksburg, where the Mobile and Ohio Railroad Jackson to Selma. The march was is crossed by that from except that made in eleven days, without notable ncident, General Sherman narrowly escaped capture at Decatur. He had stopped for the night at a log house, Hurlbut’s column had Ta A IV 1D) gunboats destroyed a { ess ee ree ‘ CUS URUnSMAURLLSCOA ET CEO) LULL eof erat i ee ROR COS LELOST UIT NOs WLAN LP // ce jaja Hh IIb Je JEU IE Jb,1b). 375 passed on to encamp four miles beyond the town, and McPher- son's had not yet come up. A few straggling wagons of Hurl- but’s train were attacked at the cross-roads by ya detachment of Confederate cavalry, and Sherman ran out of the house to see wagons and horsemen mingled in a cloud of dust, with pistol bullets flying in every direction. With the few orderlies and clerks that belonged to headquarters, he was preparing to barri- cade a corn-crib where they could defend themselves, when an infantry regiment was brought back from Hurlbut’s corps and quickly cleared the ground. General Grant had an equally narrow escape from capture just before he set out on his Virginia cam- paign. A special train that was taking him to the front reached Warrenton cavalry, Junction just after a detachment of Confederate still in sight, had crossed the track at that point. General Leonidas Polk, who was in command at. Meridian, marched out at the approach of Sherman’s columns, and retreated into Alabama—perhaps deceived by the report Sherman had caused to be spread that the destination of the expedition was Mobile. at once began a thorough destruction of the arsenal and store- The National troops entered the town on the 14th, and houses, the machine-shops, the station, and especially the rail- roads. Miles of the track were torn up, the ties burned, and the trails heated and then bent and twisted, or wound around trees. rly called “ Jeff Davis’s neckties’ These were popula and ‘* Sher- man’s hairpins.” Wherever the columns passed they destroyed ry untouched only the the mills and factories and stations, leaving dwellit 1g-hotr USES. roads so completely that the Confederates could hot use them again, and in this he succeeded, as he did in everything he undertook personally. But another enterprise, intended to be He sent Gen. W. Sooy Smith with a cavalry force to destroy Forrest's Confed- carried out at the same time, was not so fortunate. erate cavalry, which was very audacious in its frequent raids, and liable at any time to dash upon the National railroad communi- cation in middle Tennessee. .Smith had about seven thousand men, and was to leave Memphis on the 1st of February and go straight to Meridian, Sherman telling him he would be sure to encounter Forrest on the way, and how he must manage the ficht. But Smith did not leave Memphis till the rith, and, nstead of defeating Forrest, allowed Forrest to defeat him and drive him back to Memphis; so that Sherman waited at Merid- ‘an till the 20th, and then returned with his expedition to Vicks- burg, followed by thousands of negroes of all ages, who could not and would not be turned back, but pressed close upon the army, in their firm belief that its mission was their deliverance. While the gap that had been made in the Confederacy by the of the Mississippi was thus widened by destruction of Is east of that river, General Banks, in command at New seizure railroac Orleans, attempted to perform a somew hat similar service west of it. With about fifteen thousand men he set out in March-for Shreveport, at the head of steam navigation on Red River, to 1 at Alexandria by ten thousand men under Gen. A. J. the occasion by Sherman from the force at be joinec Smith (loaned for t Vicksburg) and by Commodore David D. Porter with a fleet of cunboats and transports. Smith and Porter arrived promptly x the rendezvous, captured Fort de Russey below Alexandria, and waited for Banks. After his arrival, the army moved by parallel with the river, and the gunboats kept even pace though with great difficulty because of low water. Small bodies of Confederate troops appeared frequently, but were easily brushed aside by the army, while the fire from the great many who were foolhardy enough roads with them, A Se uay hie Poa tT ea ra Sherman was determined to disable those rail- males e ils LP _ aupreunt — wh ae a tf 35 ia ~ = —- WED OLGA ESTA Dy ee7 , A Pred ta eta yans mca nn et ee ee Ee | — Tate ye he 1863. ee ee APRIL, - s 0 Zz Li ~ Zz = Oa = EANDING ©F FEDERAE FORGES AilCAM PELE E, ANID to attack them with musketry and field troops become to this proceedin So used had the g, that common precautions were relaxed, and the army jogged alon ouns. strung out for twenty miles on asingle road, with a small cavalry force in the advance, then en the infantry Sabine the wagon-trains, and th As they approached Cross Roads, April 8, they were confronted by a strong Confederate force commanded 1 @ent Taylor, and suddenly there was a battle, though neither commander intended it Richard Taylor, before camping for the night, back the advance guard of the expedition. But the men on both sides became excited, had sent out troops merely to drive and the Nationals fought persistently to save their trains, while a . ie bo tc =a street ee y » i es ot % Ga ‘ pies Rog aa \ Cs Jet Te ke “s (uate cit Ay g f ay 7 Se Ea EL are SS kt SES = esha L. bf So ae pe ete - Wage eee? Fe ee Ge See ee = < ~~ + BT =e pan") = a 7 Ey j Banks tried to bring forward his infantry, but in vain, because his wagons blocked the road. When the the Confederates advanced in heavy force, and for a time there Several of the National batteries were On the left was skirmish line was driven back on the main body, was very fierce fighting. pushed forward, and fought most ga Ulantly. Nim’s battery, doing terrible execution, when the enemy prepé ared to make a charge upon it in great this. ordered that the battery be withdrawn but it was found that this was impos- horses had been killed. The gun- charges of grape and canister into down a great many of them, which was force. Gen- eral Stone, observing to save it from capture ; sible, because nearly all the ners continued to fire double the advancing enemy, and struck including Gen. Alfred Mouton, who was leading the But this did not stop the assailants, who rapidly closed up their suns, while the other charge. ranks and pushed on, capturing four of the two were hauled off by hand. Many of the horses of the wagon fan reas! 8 ‘ Wa os Yate Ti itaet tf ri i ul { 1 : . \ : TOU TE | TREE LTA Wil tit tt Ween BATU E EE ED 377 trains became frightened, broke loose, and dashed wildly through the lines of the infantry ; and, amid the increasing confusion, the Confederates pressed closer to follow up their advantage. eral Banks, Gen- General Franklin, and others of the commanders, were in the thick of the fray endeavoring to rally the men and hold them up to the fight eral Franklin, and one member of his staff lost both cannon shot. and a half the line suddenly Gen- feet by a had been in progress an hour ¢ Two horses were killed under When the battle gave way, and the cavalry and teamsters rushed back in a disorderly mass, followed closely by the victorious enemy. were useless, and he was borne away by the tide. Pa its ‘ Banks's personal efforts to rally them Three miles ice a : ee 5 by, = Wiig. rt Fa = 2G ar Bis res) Sf we a, = 2 IES Be in the rear the Nineteenth Corps was drawn up in line, and here The Confederates attacked this line, but Banks had lost over the rout was stayed. could not break it, and at nightfall retired. three thousand men, nineteen guns, and a large amount of stores. \ participant in this battle, writing an account of it at the time, Everything said: “ General Banks personally directed the fight. that man could do he did. Occupying a position so exposed that nearly every horse ridden by his staff was wounded, and many. killed, he constantly disregarded the entreaties of those around, who begged that he would retire to some less exposed position. General Stone, his chief of staff, with his sad, earnest face. that seemed to wear an unusual expression, was constantly front, and by his reckless bravery did much to encourage And so the fight Our army was merely forming into post- tion to make a sure battle. Then able events that no genius or courage can control. ait elie the men. temporary advantage. raged. The enemy were pushing a came one of those unaccounte The battle Seren eneaern riaormmeme mn eirrmeret nt a a a i ALSIP i ee MPa heOREN ss a) Re Py erica) sateen Ssauara a ~~ Ya Pa Pe ae? Py — oe ligt yh pea w Nene en eet — ‘ 5 ae are ee ee eeee aa Lo 2 ae ee reesr a Sciemeghaetseaoren aleseeetadooroen = Se SSS ee cet hit RNS. oe AE Let ! | GAMER TURES VAIN TD, was progressing vigorously. The musketry firing was loud and continuous, and having recovered from the danger experienced by Ransom’s division, we felt secure of the position. was slowly riding along the edge of a wood, conversing with a friend who had just ridden up about the events and prospects of the dav. We had drawn into the side of the wood to allow an ammunition-wagon to pass, and although many were observed 1 A soing to the rear, some on foot and some on horseback, we re- Deg carded it as an occurrence familiar to every battle, and it occa- sioned nothing but a passing remark. Suddenly there was a rush, a shout, the crashing of trees, the breaking down of rails, the rush and scamper of men. It was as sudden as though a thunder-bolt had fallen among us and set the pines on fire. What caused it, or when it commenced, no one knew. I turned to my companion to inquire the reason of this extraordinary proceeding, but before he had the chance to reply, we found ourselves swallowed up, as it were, in a hissing, seething, bub- | whirlpool of agitated men. We could not avoid bling the current; we could not stem it; and if we hoped to live in that mad company, we must ride with the rest of them. Our line of battle had given way. General ¢ Banks took off his hat and implored his men to remain; his staff-officers did the same but it was of no avail, — Phen the general drew his sabre and endeavored to rally his men, but they would not lis- “ ten. Behind him the rebels were shout- ing and advancing. | SOR Their musket-balls_ | f ‘= \ filled the air with | oo ee that strange file- rasping sound that war has made famil- lar to our fighting men ihe teams were abandoned by the drivers, the traces cut, and the animals ridden off by the frightened men. Bareheaded riders BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL CUVIER GROVER rode with agony in their faces, sands tor at least ten minutes it seemed as if we were going to destruction to- gether. It was my fortune to see the first battle of Bull Run. and to be among those who made that celebrated midnight retreat toward Washington. The retreat of the fourth division was as much a rout as that of the first Federal army, with the exception that fewer men were engaged, and our men fought here with a valor that was not shown on that serious, sad, mock- heroic day in July. We rode nearly two miles in this mad- cap way, until, on the edge of a ravine, which might formerly have been a bayou, we found Emory’s division drawn up in line. Our retreating men fell beyond this line, and Emory prepared to meet the rebels. They came with a rush, and. as the shades of night crept over the tree-tops, they encountered our men. Emory fired three rounds, and the rebels retreated. This ended the fight, leaving the Federals masters. Night, and the paralyz- ing effect of the stampede upon our army, made pursuit impos- cNERAL major GENER Be Tale LICE Dy. sible. The enemy fell back, taking with them some of the wagons that were left, and a number of the guns that were abandoned.’ That night Banks fell back fifteen miles to Pleasant Hill, General Emory’s command burying the dead and caring for the wounded before following as the rear-guard. Here General Smith’s command joined him, making his full force about fifteen thousand men, and he formed a strong line of battle and waited to be attacked again. The line was stretched across the main road, with its left resting on the slight eminence known as Pleas- ant Hill. The Confederates spent a large part of the day in gathering up plunder and slowly advancing with skirmishing oO until about four o'clock in the afternoon. At that hour they mance’ their lines in heavy charging columns against the eemitie: which fought stub- bornly for a while and then fell back slowly upon the re- serves. The Confed- erates then pressed upon the right wing, when the reserves were pushed - for- ward and charged them vigorously in turn, while the cen- tre was rallied and re-formed and _ ad- vanced so as to strike BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL THOMAS KILBY SMITH. them) in’ the flank: What took place at this time is well described by an eye-wit- ness: “This fighting was terrific—old soldiers say it never was surpassed for desperation. Notwithstanding the ter- rible havoc in their ranks, the enemy pressed fiercely on, slowly pushing the men of the Nineteenth Corps back, up the hill, but not breaking their line of battle. SATHANY NAT A sudden and bold dash of the rebels on the right gave them possession of Taylor's battery, and forced our line still further back. Now came the grand coup de main. The Nineteenth, on arriving at the top of the hill, suddenly filed off over the hill and passed through the lines of General Smith. The rebels were now in but two lines of battle, the first having been almost annihilated by General Emory, what remained being forced back into the second line. But these two lines came on exultant and sure of victory. The first passed over the knoll, and, all heedless of the long line of cannons and crouching forms of as brave men as ever trod Mother Earth, pressed on. The second line appeared on the crest, and the death-signal was sounded. Words cannot describe the awful effect of this discharge. Seven thousand rifles, and several batteries of artillery, each gun loaded to the muzzle with grape and canister, were fired simultaneously, and the whole centre of the rebel line was crushed down as a field of ripe wheat through which a tornado had passed. It is estimated that one thousand men were hurried into eternity or frightfully mangled by this one discharge. No time was given them to recover their good order, but General Smith ordered a charge, and his men dashed rapidly forward, the boys of the Nineteenth joining in.e rrr) mind ahs UE Lr riaeTy ' com Perk CINMMIPTON IIE, AN INTO The rebels fought boldly and desperately back to the timber, on reaching which, a large portion broke and fled, fully two thousand throwing aside their arms.”’ After being thus routed, the Confederates were pursued nearly Their losses this day included Gen. Thomas Green, killed. The Confederate general, E. Kirby Smith. three miles. who com- manded that department, says: “Our repulse at Pleasant Hill o was so complete, and our command was so disorganized, that, had Banks followed up his success vigorously, he would have met but feeble opposition to his advance on Shreveport Assuming command, I was consulting with General Taylor when some stragglers from the battlefield, where our wounded were still lying, brought the intelligence that Banks had precipitously retreated after the battle, converting a victory which he might have claimed into a defeat.” General Banks, in his official report, gives the reasons why he retreated to Grand Ecore ety after his brilliant victor at Pleasant Hill: “At the party found itself enon rations and water. ee To clear the field for the fight, the train had been sent to the rear upon the single I close of the engagement the line of communication through the woods, and could not be brought to the front during the night. There was water neither for man nor beast, except such as the now exhausted wells had afforded during the day, for-miles around. Previous to the movement of the army from Natchitoches, orders had been given to the transport fleet, with a portion of the Sixteenth Corps under the command of Gen. Kilby Smith, to move up the river, if it was found practicable, to some point near Springfield Land- ing, with a view of effecting a junction with the army at that and supplies were point on the river. The surplus ammunition on board these transports. It was impossible to ascertain whether the fleet had been able to reach the point designated. The rapidly falling river and the increased difficulties of naviga- tion made it appear almost certain that it would not be able to attain the point proposed. A squadron of cavalry sent down to the river, accompanied by Mr. Young, of the Engineer Corps, who was thoroughly acquainted with the country, reported, on the day of the battle, that no tidings of the fleet could be ob- tained on the river. These considerations, the absolute depriva- tion of water for man or beast, the exhaustion of rations, and the failure to effect a connection with the fleet on the river, made it necessary for the army, although victorious in the ter- rible struggle through which it had just passed, to retreat to a point where it would be certain of communicating with the fleet. and where it would have an opportunity of reorganization.” Another reason for Banks’s retreat was that he had been ordered to return Smith’s borrowed troops immediately. The principal hero of this battle was Gen. Andrew Jackson Smith, whose prompt arrival with his command Friday night, together with his energy and good generalship in the battle of the ensuing day, probably saved Banks's army from a second defeat. With him was the gallant Gen. Joseph A. Mower, hardly less conspicuous in the fighting. far as energy and valor were concerned, however, every officer there rose to his full duty. General Banks was under fire much of the time, and a bullet passed through his coat. General Franklin exhibited great skill in manceuvring his troops. A staff officer was riding down the line with an order, when a cannon shot took off his horses heads. (Col. W. ©. loynch, at the headvot aism. ull detach- ment pursuing the enemy, iptured three caissons filled with ammunition. As he was attempting to jump his horse over a ditch, a bullet whistled past his ear, and turning, he saw that it eh m nn “at Sa I - doit aa) Sega ry aa He b rt ihr itt ines ead nh gibi) iAH} Tih af e HA KR H A PoC GPP i er Ate WiC VW p/P CAG Hise Piel lg i ee) 379 had been fired by a wounded Confederate soldier in the ditch, who was just preparing to take a second and more careful shot at him. The colonel drew his revolver and prevented any further mischief from that quarter. Col. Lewis Benedict was wounded early in the fight, but refused to leave the field, and remained with his brigade until he fell at its head, of a mortal wound. Col. W. T. Shaw, commanding a brigade, observed prep- arations for a cavalry, charge intended to break his line, and ordered his men to reserve their fire until the enemy should be within thirty yards. This order was obeyed, and as the Confed- erate horsemen rode up at a gallop, each infantryman selected his mark, and when the volley was fired, nearly every one of the It was said that not more than ten of the cavalrymen escaped. A participant says: ‘In the very thickest of the fight, on our left and centre, four hundred saddles was instantly emptied. rode the patriarchal-looking warrior, Gen. Andrew Jackson Smith, whose troops received an increased inspiration of heroism from his presence. Wherever he rode, cheer after cheer greeted him.” The same writer says: ‘‘ There was something more than solemn srandeur in the scene at Pleasant Hill, at sunset, on Saturday, April gth. left and centre of our line, I could see the terrible struggle The sun Standing on a slight eminence which overlooked the between our well-disciplined troops and the enemy. shone directly in the faces of our men, while the wind blew back the smoke of both the enemy’s fire and that of our own gallant men into our ranks, rendering it almost impossible at times to All ofa sudden, our whole front seemed to gather renewed strength, and distinguish the enemy in the dense clouds of smoke. they swept the rebels before them like chaff.” The Forty-ninth Illinois Regiment, led by Major Morgan, charged a Confederate battery and captured two guns and a hundred prisoners. A brigade, consisting of the Fifty-eighth and One Hundred and Nineteenth Illinois, and the Eighty-ninth Indiana, being a part of the force that struck the Confederates in the flank, retook one of the batteries that had been lost the day before, and with it four hundred pusoneiss It was said that one reason for the recklessness with which the Confederates threw away their lives in hopeless charges was that they had found a large quantity of whiskey among the cap- tures of the previous day. The writer last quoted gives a vivid description of the appearance of the field after the battle. He says: ‘“On Sunday morning, at daybreak, I took occasion to visit the scenes of Saturday’s bloody conflict, and a more ghastly Over the field and upon the broken muskets, spectacle I have not witnessed. Shreveport road were scattered dead horses, and cartridge-boxes stained with blood, while all around, as far as the eye could reach, were mingled the inanimate forms of patriot and traitor, side by side. Here were a great many rebels badly wounded, unable to move, and not a drop within two miles, and no one i get it for them ! water! dying for want of water. Their groans and piteous appeals for ‘ Water! water: were heart-rending, and sent a shudder to the most stony heart I saw one sweet face, that of a young patriot, and upon his icy lingered a heavenly smile, speaking of calmness and resignation. The youth was probably not more than nine- teen, with a full blue eye beaming, even in death, with meekness. The morning wind lifted his auburn locks from off his marble face, exposing to view a noble forehead, which was bathed with I dismounted for a moment, features there the heavy dew of Saturday night. hoping to be able to find some trace of the hero’s name, but the chivalry had stripped his body of every article of rales The fatal ball had pierced his heart. a -_T Re eo Pa . balan sth) wep DUT we aukwnicse Wat fh iinee ti ) Not twenty feet from this Dey Ty)Ar wt: eau as toe yO ttre: a TTT nanan Une aud iaesmaneieae ieates domemeneeaneme ee eee Sere RED RIVER: BAILEY’S DAM,Pe ee a rent dreary picture lay prostrate the mutilated body of an old man. His cap lay by the side of his head, in a pool of blood, while his long flowing A. shell while his gray beard was dyed with his blood. had fearfully lacerated his right leg, In front of the long belt of woods which skirted the open field, belt was pierced in two places. and from which the rebels emerged so boldly, was a deep ditch, and at this point the slaughter among the rebels was terrific. In many places the enemy’s dead were piled up in groups, inter- mixed with our dead.’ Banks’s loss in the three days, April 7-9, was three thousand nine hundred and_ sixty-nine men, of whom about two thousand were prison- ers. The Confederate loss never was reported ; but there is reason to believe that it was even larger than Banks's. When the army and the fleet were once more together at Grand Ecore, a new difficulty arose. There was a rapid in the river about a mile long, in ascending had been taken over it with great difficulty. ‘ Ree ree ree ek \ rig heey LIEUTENANT-GENERAL RICHARD TAYL and the fleet The water had now fallen, bringing to view many ragged rocks, and leaving it impossible to find any channel of sufficient depth for the boats to descend. They were in imminent danger of being cap- tured, and it was seriously proposed to abandon or destroy them. Admiral Porter says: tion of the best part of the Mis- “T saw nothing before me but the destruc- OR} (C.7S: 7A; seemed as if nothing but destruction awaited her. of beating hearts looked on, anxious for the result. { \ SOLES WNL LS p/p - ms i SUP tsa hte the eT Ted tiee) Gad CAMPRIRE AND. BAG EAE: 381 reaching from the left bank of the river straight out into the stream. It was made of the heavi- est timbers he could get, cross-tied, and filled with stone. Four barges were floated down to the end of it, and then filled with brick and stone until they sank. ght bank a similar dam was run out until it nearly met the barges. From the ri At the end of eight days the water had risen sufficiently to allow the smaller gunboats to go down, and it was expected that in another day it would be deep enough forall; but the pressure was too much, and two of the barges were swept away. This accident threatened to diminish the accumulated water so rapidly that none of the boats ordered that one of the larger vessels, the Lex- could be saved, when Admiral Porter ington, be brought down to attempt the passage. dihis was done y and he says she steered directly for the opening in the dam, through which the water was rushing so furiously that it g Thousands The silence was so great as the Lexington approached the dam, that a pin might almost be heard to fall. She entered the gap with a full head of steam on, pitched down the roaring torrent, made two or three spasmodic rolls, hung for a moment on the rocks below, was then swept into deep water by the current, and rounded-to safely into the bank. Thirty sissipplI squadron.” But headds: ‘There seemed to have been an especial Providence looking out for us, in providing a man equal to the emergency.” This man was Lieut.-Col. Joseph Bailey, engineer of the Nineteenth Corps, who had foreseen the difficulty and proposed its rem- edy just before the battle of Pleasant Hill. was to build a His proposition, which dam or dams and raise the water sul- ficiently to float the boats down over the rapid, was ridiculed by the regular engineers. But it had the sanction of General Banks; and with three thousand men he set to work. Two regi- ments of Maine lumbermen be- gan the felling of trees, while three hundred teams were set in motion bringing in stone and logs, and quarries were opened, and flat-boats were hastily con- - structed to bring material down the stream. Admiral Porter says: “ Every man: seemed to be working with a vigor I have Baas seen while ee: seldom equalled, perhaps not one in fifty believed fopclahd = 8) Re ene in the success of the undertak- thousand voices rose in one deaf- ening cheer, and universal joy seemed to pervade the face of The WVeosho followed next; all her hatches every man present. battened down, and every pre- caution taken against accident. She did not fare as well as the Lexington, her pilot having be- come frightened as ‘he ap- proached the abyss, and stopped her engine when I particularly ordered a full head of steam to be carried; the result was that for a moment her hull disap- peared from sight under the Every one thought she She swept along over the rocks with water. was lost. rose, however, the current, and fortunately es- caped with only one hole in her bottom, which was stopped in Two the course ol more of the boats then passed am ho udae through safely. This filled success everybody with enthusiasm, and partial the soldiers, who had been work- ing like beavers for eight days, some of them up to their necks in water, set to work with a will to repair the dams, and in three days had done this, and also con- ing.” Bailey first constructed a dam three hundred feet long, A LOUISIANA SUGAR PLANTATION, pr Saree Net eee te tsi ate ~ , BHR ys MPP Tsay Hin tetee er y et shay z ] structed a series of wing dams on ae 2 a ay el (halen ree ' o rears —— PORN ences tt TT ih widens At i Re tet Ye x Ses Bt a . ov Cra TEEPE IESE TP a Pan LaF Oa SS ae Soa ee ap ie +4 aoeu ee, iy H if s Pre crea 382 CAMPFIRE AND the upper falls. The six large vessels then passed down safely without any serious accident, anda few hours later the whole fleet was ready to go down the river with the transports under convoy. Admiral Porter says, in his report: “ The highest honors that the Government can bestow on Colonel Bailey can never repay him for the service he has rendered the country. He has saved to the Union a valuable fleet, worth nearly two million dollars, and he has deprived the enemy of a triumph which would have em- boldened them to carry on this war a year or two longer ; for the intended departure of the army was a fixed fact, and there was nothing left for me to do, in case that occurred, but to destroy every part of the vessels, so that the rebels could make nothing of them.” In this expedition the fleet lost two small quartermaster's boat, which they were convoy- gunboats and a ing with four hundred troops ae < __ eee At eee \ on board. ae Bayou, — \ 2 » Sgt ie Dunn’s three hundred miles below Alex- andria, a powerful land force, with a | series of batteries, | attacked thiese boats, pierced their with shot, \ and killed or wound- boilers _—— ed many of the sol- | diers with rifle-balls. The their vessels as long Crews foucht | as possible, but at length were obliged to IVER supe thes COMEESt, and one of the gun- boats abandoned and other was burned, while ‘the was surrendered because her commander would not set fire to her had so when she many wounded men on_ her io ww H. EMORY: Ss — willl decks. NERAL E. C. Williams, who was majOR-GE an ensign in the fleet on this expedition, says, in the course of his ‘‘ Recollections,” read before the Ohio Commandery of the Loyal Legion: “ Ourstation for coal- ing was at Fort Butler, a small earthwork at the mouth of Bavou Lafourche, occupied by a small garrison from ¢ Banks’s army. The garrison had erected a very tall flag-staff, reaching far above the fog-bank that in that latitude usually shut out all view of the land in the early fall and spring mornings. 7 From our boat it was a sight of rare beauty to watch the flag as it was each morn- ing unfurled over the little fort. Shut out from all view of the surrounding country by the impenetrable fog as completely as though we had been in mid-ocean, our attention would be first attracted to the fort by the shrill notes of the fife and the rattle of the drum as they sounded the color salute, when, watching the top of the staff, which was usually visible above the bank a fog that covered the lowlands from Our view, we would see the a tise to the peak; and as the last shrill note of the fife oe sounded, accompanied by the roll of the drum, the halyards SIE es feito ke Seen IBA UE IL IB IP UIB IL IO). were cleared, and the flag, full and free, floated out in the heavens over us, far above the clouds, and the mists, and the gloom with which we were surrounded. Officers, at their own request, were repeatedly called from their sleep to see the sight which I have so faintly portrayed. “Tt was part of our duty—at least we made it so—to take on board all escaped slaves that sought our protection, and turn them over to the nearest army garrison. Many affecting inci- dents occurred in connection with these poor people seeking the freedom vouchsafed them by Uncle Sam under Lincoln’s procla- mation. river peculiarly infested with marauding bands of the rebel forces, I remember one day when we were in a part of the a hail from shore was reported. Under cover of our guns, a boat was sent off to see what was wanted, and, returning, reported that a large number of slaves were near at hand, concealed in brush. They had been hiding in the the dense cotton-wood woods for several days, fearing re-capture by some of the roving 7 oe ‘ sore Pe at 4 | wl bands of the ene- my, and a scout- ing party was even then hard upon them, from which 1 i 5 not they could 2 hope to escape un- less we gave them protection by tak- ing them on board. We at once made for the designated spot, not far dis- tant, and, running inshore, taking all precaution against a surprise, threw open a gangway, and, as the slaves showed them- selves, ran out a long plank, and called to them to board. On they came—a hurry on ALBERT L. LEE. great crowd of them, of COLONEL motle 4 (Afterward Brigadier-General.) both sexes and all ages, from babies in arms to gray-headed old patriarchs. One of the latter—and who was evidently the leader of the party—stood at the foot of the plank encouraging the timid and assisting the weak as they hurried on board, and, when he had seen all the others safely on, stepped on the plank himself; and as he reached the guard before coming on board, little heeding our orders to hurry, he dropped on his knees, and, reverently uncovering his head, pressed his lips fervently to the cold iron casemates, and with uplifted eyes, and hands raised to heaven, broke out with, “ Bress We’s free! We’s free!’ ” There was much speculation as to the real or ulterior object of this Red River expedition. God and Massa Lincum’s gunboats ! Some writers spoke of it flippantly as a mere cotton-stealing enterprise, while others imagined they discovered a deep design to push our arms as far as possible toward the borders of Mexico, because a small French army had recently been thrown into that country, and was supposed to be a menace to our Republic.Pa a a 7 ; CAMPFIRE a PaaS OURS CUNT UUtrtre npn at ' py ret et teed Seo AEA rly Peery AND { { \ : pbb 1 Dit aki URAL Te ELE fray doe Cra Wil Tit | Aa BAGEL ELLE EDD 333 GENERAL JOHAN BB, HOOD CAPA Re XOxOxchve Thnk ALLAN TA CAM PALG IN SHERMAN AND JOHNSTON—SHERMAN BEGINS TH!) AMPAIGN—JOHN- STON ABANDONS RESACA FIGHTING AT NEW HOPE CHURCH THt POSITION AT PINE MOUNTAIN—JOHNSTON AT KENESAW— FALL OF GENERAL POLK—SHERMAN EMPLOYS NEGROES—BATTLE OF KENESAW—CROSSING THE CHATTAHOOCHEE—HOOD SUPER- SEDES JOHNSTON—ACTION AT PEACH TREE CREEK BATTLE Of ATLANTA—DEATH OF GENERAL McPHERSON THE LOSSES—CAV- ALRY EXPEDITIONS—STONEMAN 'S RAID—FALL OF ATLANTA. THE expeditions described in the foregoing chapter were pre- liminary to the great campaign that General Grant lad designed o for an army under Sherman, simultaneous with that conducted by himself in Virginia, and almost equal to it in difficulty and importance. The object was to move southward from ¢ hatta- nooga, cutting into the heart of the Confederacy where as yet it had been untouched, and reach and capture Atlanta, which was important asa railroad centre and for its manufactures of military supplies. This involved conflict with the army under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, by some esteemed the ablest general in the Confederate service. If he was not the ablest in all re- spects, he was certainly equal to the conducting of a defensive campaign with great skill. There could be no running over an army commanded by him; it must be approacl The distance from Chattanooga to At- 1ed cautiously and fought valiantly. lanta, in a straight line, is a hundred miles, through a country of hills and streams, with a great many naturally strong defen- sive positions. Johnston was at Dalton, with an army which he sums up at about forty-three thousand, infantry, cavalry, and artillery. But this (according to the Confederate method of counting) means only the men actually carrying muskets ot sabres or handling the guns, excluding all officers, musicians, teamsters, etc. If counted after the ordinary method, his army probably numbered not fewer than fifty-five thousand. To contend with this force, Sherman had about a hundred thousand men, consisting of the Army of the Cumberland commanded by Gen. George H. Thomas, the Army of the Tennessee commanded by Gen. James B. McPherson, and the Army of the Ohio com- manded by Gen. John M. Schofield. The dis- crepancy in numbers seems very great, until we consider that Sherman was not only to take the offensive, but must constantly leave detachments to guard his communications ; for he drew all his supplies from Nashville, over one single-track railroad, and it was liable to be broken at any time by guerilla raids. Ashe advanced into the enemy’s country, this line would become longer, and the danger of its being broken still greater. Johnston, on the contrary, had nothing to fear in the rear, o 1is OWn ground, and for he was fighting on g could bring his entire force to the front at every cmergency. All things considered, it was pretty nearly an even match. In one respect, however, Sherman had a decided ad- he possessed the confidence of the At least, Davis did not trust him as he Vantage ; Government that he served, while Johnston did not. Johnston complains that Mr. should, and thwarted him in many ways; and in this the gen- eral appears to be corroborated» by the circumstances of the campaign. When Sherman concentrated his forces at Chattanooga, and considered the means of supply, he found that about one hun- dred and thirty cars loaded with provisions must arrive at that point every day. But that railroad had not cars and locomo- tives enough for such a task, and so he sent orders to Louisville for the seizure of trains arriving there from the North, and soon inn Caen chine provided liberally for necessary supplies, he excluded all luxu- had rolling-stock in great abundance and variety. ries. Tents were taken only for the sick and wounded. The sole exception to this was made in favor of General Thomas, who needed a tent and a small wagon-train, which the soldiers Sherman had no immediately christened “Thomas's Circus. tent or train. Every man, whether officer or private, carried provisions for five days. Thus equipped and disciplined, the army set out from Chat- tanooga on the 5th of May (the day on which Grant entered the Wilderness), following the line of the railroad south toward Atlanta. A direct approach to Dalton was impossible, because of Johnston’s fortifications at Tunnel Hill. feint of attacking there, and sent McPherson southward to So Sherman madea march through the gap in the mountains, strike Resaca, and cut the railroad over which Johnston drew all his supplies. Here at outset was the brilliant opportunity of the campaign, the very Resaca, but found not to occur again. McPherson reached fortifications and an opposing force there, and just lacked the boldness to attack promptly and vigorously, thrusting sosition where it would have made the destruc- Instead of this, he fell back necessary his army into a { tion of Johnston’s almost certain. to the gap, and waited for the remainder of the army to join him there. But this enabled Johnston to learn what was going on, and when Sherman had passed down to the gap with his entire 7 lun ai BI Pmt aT err tere Pe ast irs a B PB ERT ge A UY - Elf oo oe| Pou rts soars Sea . ~< es aaa py oarvehewiena penne naserynneene— errr apn eevicheaintinagn wne~neatneniit cane 1864. er a an ses > — =) =) < © tHE BATEEE OF AimEANTA:Pr ad ee es Gtk Pal etn) eee army, he found, of course, that his an- CAM PRI RE AND BAG hE Blea Dy { 1 ; | ; : i SUT chart AC hn a UG: Eesti Goad Rear Seed 1 At Wilde Weare 385 tagonist had fallen back to Resaca and concentrated his forces there in a strong position. General Sherman says of this error of McPherson’s: “ McPherson had startled Johnston in his fancied security, but had not done the full measure of his work. He had in hand twenty-three thousand of the best men of the army, and could have walked into Resaca (then held only by a small brigade), or he could have placed his whole force astride the railroad above Resaca, and there have easily withstood the attack of all of Johnston’s army, with the knowledge that Thomas and Schofield were on his heels. Had he done so, I am certain that Johnston would not have ventured to attack him in position, but would have retreated eastward by Spring Place, and we should have cap- tured half his army and all his artillery and wagons at the very beginning of the campaign. But at the critical mo- g ment McPherson seems to have been a little cautious. Still he was perfectly justified by his orders, and fell back and assumed an unassailable defensive posi- tion in Sugar Valley, on the KResaca side of Snake Creek Gap. As soon as informed of this, I determined to pass the whole army through Snake Creek Gap, and to move on Resaca with the main army. On the 14th of May, Resaca on the north and west, and on that and the Sherman’s army was in position around next day there was continual skirmishing and artillery firing, though nothing like a great battle. Neither general was willing to fight Sherman would not attack the intrenchments, McPherson, on the at disadvantage ; and Johnston would not come out of them. right, advanced his line of battle till he gained an elevated posi- tion from which his guns could destroy the railroad bridge over the Oostenaula in the Confederate rear, and all attempts to drive him out of this position ended only On the left of the line, Hooker exhibited something of his usual dash by capturing a small portion of the enemy’s intrenchments, with Meanwhile, Sherman had thrown in bloody repulse four guns and some prisoners. two pontoon bridges across the river three miles below the town, so that he could send over a detachment to break the railroad, and had also sent a division of cavalry down the river, to cross at some lower point for the same purpose. Johnston, therefore seeing his communications threatened so seriously, and having no good roads by which he could retreat eastward, did not wait to be cooped up in Resaca, but in the night of the 15th retired southward across the river, following the railroad, and burned the bridges behind him. Sherman thus came into possession of Resaca; but Resaca was not what he wanted, and without the slightest delay he started his entire army in pursuit of the Hooker crossed the river fords and ferries above the town: Thomas and Schofield repaired the half-burned bridges and used them ; McPherson es by the pontoons. 1 position at Cassville, enemy. The enemy was found, on the toth, 1 just east of Kingston, and apparently ae to fight ; but when ~ Sond) 4 aay mae as a dart ie cS corer nt . ul MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN M. SCHOFIELD, Sherman’s columns converged on the place the Confederates, after some sharp skirmishing, retreated again in the night of the 20th, and crossed Etowah River. Johnston had really intended to fight here, and he explains his refusal to do so by saying that Hood and Polk told him their corps could not hold their positions, as a portion of each was enfiladed by the National: artillery. Hood’s version of the mysterious re- treat is to the effect that he wanted to assume the offensive, marching out with his own corps and a part of Polk’s to overwhelm Schofield, who was sep- arated from the remainder of the Na- tional army. Here Sherman halted for a few days, to get his army well together, re-pro- vision it, and repair the railroad in his rear. [Twenty years before, when he e had ridden from Charleston, S. C., to northwestern Georgia, and he was a young lieutenant, h through the country still retained a good recollection of the topography. Knowing that Allatoona Pass, through which runs the railroad south of Kingston, was very strong and would probably be held by Johnston, he diverged from the railroad at Kings- ynsiderably west of it, and ton, passing Cc directed his columns toward Dallas; his purpose being to threaten Marietta and Atlanta so as to cause Johnston to with- draw from Allatoona and release his hold on the railroad, which became more and more necessary to the invading army as it advanced into the country. Johnston understood this ma- noeuvre, and moved westward to meet it. The armies, in an irregular way—for each was somewhat scattered and uncertain of the other’s exact position—came into collision at the cross- roads by New Hope Church. Around this place for six days there was continuous fighting, sometimes mere skirmishing, and sometimes an attack by a heavy detachment of one party or the other: but all such attacks, on either side, were costly and fruit- less. The general advantage, however, was with Sherman ; for as he gradually got his lines into proper order, he strengthened his right, and then reached out with his left toward the rail- road, secured all the wagon-roads from Allatoona, and sent out a strong force of cavalry to occupy that pass and repair the rail- road. Johnston then left his position at New Hope Church, and took up a new one. Thus ended the month of May in this campaign, where each commander exercised the utmost skill, neither was guilty of anything rash, and the results were such as would naturally follow from the military conditions with which it began. The losses on each side, thus far, were fewer than ten thousand men killed, wounded, and missing; but strong positions had been successively taken up, turned, abandoned; and Sherman was steadily drawing nearer to his goal. Johnston’s new position was on the slopes of Kenesaw, Pine, and Lost Mountains, thus crossing the railroad above Marietta. It had the advantage of a height from which ev erything done by Sherman’s approaching army could be seen; but it had the FRA ye fom cae ; th CRIA INLET z Pm cei canes: a ee tn lole dake HY al at 7 / BEA sod A eee ae=, 4 PP ss 386 CAMPFIRE AND a line ten miles long, and so disposed that one disadvantage of Though heavy rains part could not readily reinforce another. were falling, the National army kept close to its antagonist, and intrenched at every advance. The railroad was repaired behind it, and the trains that brought its supplies ran up almost to its front. In one instance, an engineer detached his locomotive and ran forward to a tank, where he quietly took in the necessary supply of water, while a Confederate battery on the mountain Gred several shots, but none of them quite hit the locomotive, which woke the echoes with its shrill whistling as it ran back out of range. When the rain was over, Sherman occupied a strongly in- trenched line that fol- [ lowed the contour of Johnston’s, and was at nearly all points Both maintained close to it. sides Skirmish lines that wene alnvost as strong as lines of bat- tle, and occupied rifle- Ditss = Gom enese ative roar of musketry was < sketry was almost ice sci: and On June 14, me reconnoitring the enemy's position, he observed a battery on the crest of Pine Mountain, and near it a group of officers with field-glasses. t ae mas < Peat tere co acoN© here was a steady loss are of men. while General Sherman was Ordering a battery to fire two or tl f é j re two or three volleys at them, he rode on. A few hours later, his signal officer told him that the Confederates had signalled from Pine Mountain to Marietta, “Send an ambulance f , or General Polk’s pe Mehrescr for Gene al Polk's body. [he group on the mountain had con- sisted of Generals Johnston, Hardee, and Polk, and a few soldiers that had gathered around them. One of the cannon-balls had a uck General Polk in the chest and cut him in two. He was cE lea years old at the time of his death, had been educated re Ties 8 2s s i ; : West Point, but afterward studied theology, and at the out- yreak of the war had been for twenty years the Protestant Epis- copal Bishop of Louisiana. BRIGADIER-GENERAL VW Fe a time Sherman IBA TE WIG IB IGLOS IO ID The next day Sherman advanced his lines, intending to attack between Kenesaw and Pine Mountain, but found that Johnston had withdrawn from. Pine Mountain, taking up a shorter line, from Kenesaw to Lost Mountain. Sherman promptly occupied the ground, and gathered in a large number of prisoners, includ- ing the Fourteenth Alabama Regiment entire. The next day gain, only to find that the enemy had still oD iis lines, abandoning Lost Mountain, but he pressed forward a further contracted | still occupying Kenesaw, and covering Marietta and the roads to Atlanta with the extension of his left wing. positions to which Johnston's army had fallen back were pre- The successive pared beforehand by gangs of slaves impressed for the purpose, so that his soldiers had little digging to do, and could save their strength for fichting. After BARTLETT adopted a simI- BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL W. Q. GRESHAM. lar policy, by setting at work the crowds of negroes that flocked to his camp, feeding them from the army supplies, and promising them ten dollars a month, as he was authorized to do by an act of Con- sress. The fortifications consisted of a sort of framework of rails and logs, covered with earth thrown up from a ditch on each side. When there was opportunity, they were finished with a heavy head-log laid along the top, which rested in notches cut in other logs that extended back at right angles and formed an inclined plane down which the head-log could roll harmlessly if knocked out of place by a cannon-shot. Miles of such works were often constructed in a single night; and they were abso- lutely necessary, when veteran armies were facing each other with weapons of precision in their hands. 7 “Sherman was now facing a little south of east, and kept pressing his lines closer up to Johnston’s, with rifle and artillery firing gsoing on all the time. On the 21st the divisions of Generals Wood and Stanley gained new positions, on the southern flank of Kenesaw, where several determined assaults failed to dislodge them; and the next day the troops of Hooker and SchofieldPerry De SUP SCO UU TT Ur rritrent naan rh se oe PH TRS tale aE pressed forward to within three miles of Marietta, and withstood an attack by Hood's corps, inflicting upon him a loss of a thou- sand men. As the National line was now lengthened quite as far as seemed prudent, and still the Confederate communications were not severed, Sherman determined upon the hazardous ex- periment of attacking the enemy in his intrenchments. He chose two points for assault, about a mile apart, and on the morning of the 27th launched heavy columns against them, while firing was at the same time kept up all along the line. He expected to break the centre, and with half of his army take half of John- ston’s in reverse, while with the remainder of his troops he held the other half so close that it could not go to the rescue. But his columns wasted away before the fire from the intrenchments, and as in Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg, and Grant’s assault at Cold Harbor, only a remnant reached the enemy’s works, there to be killed or captured. Among those sacrificed were Brig.- Gens. Daniel McCook and Charles G. Harker, both of whom died of their wounds. This experiment cost Sherman over two thousand five hundred men, while Johnston’s loss was but little over eight hundred. It was evident that any repetition would be useless, and the approved principles of warfare seemed to supply no alternative. What General Sherman therefore did was to disregard the maxim that an army must always hold fast to its communications; and by doing the same thing on a grander scale six months later he won his largest fame. He determined to let go of the railroad north of Kenesaw, take ten days’ provisions in wagons, and move his whole army southward to seize the road below Mari- etta. toward Atlanta, or ments—which, as both commanders well knew, was almost cer- In the night of July 2, This would compel Johnston either to fall back farther come out and fight him in his intrench- tain destruction to the assaulting party. McPherson’s troops, who had the left or north of the line, drew out-of their works and marched southward, passing behind the lines held by Thomas and Schofield. This was the same ma- nceuvre as that by which Grant had carried his army to its suc- cessive positions between the Wilderness and the James River, except that he moved by the left flank and Sherman by the right, and Grant never had to let go of his communications, being supplied by lines of wagons from various points on the Potomac. When Johnston saw what Sherman was doing he promptly abandoned his strong position at Kenesaw, and fell back to the Chattahoochee : cross the stream at once. him on the north bank, and here he stopped. but he did not, as Sherman hoped, attempt to Intrenchments had been prepared for Sherman, expect- ing to catch his enemy in the confusion of crossing a stream, and ran up against what pressed on rapidly with his whole army, of field fortification he he says was one of the strongest pieces had ever seen. A thousand slaves had been at work on it fora And vet, like many other things in the costly business f purpose. month. of war, it was an enormous outlay pied ground that overlooked it, but to serve a very brie For Sherman not only occu held the river for miles above and below, and was t Johnston must have known hus able to cross over and turn the position. this when the fortifications were in process O yrotect his army from assault while it was f construction, and their only use was to } On the oth of July, Schofield’s army crossed crossing the river. laying two pontoon bridges, and above the Confederate position, ‘ntrenched itself in a strong position on the left bank. John- ston, thus compelled to surrender t! burned the railroad and other bridges most as cautious in the pursuit, ye stream, crossed that night with his entire army, and behind him. Sherman was al CAMPFIRE AND i | ‘ = \ . ToT eee CH MTT eg HLL Pea hie SeRot Tate WiLL LVS Pee BEA Male ale LD) 387 wherever there was any serious danger, as Johnston was in the retreat; and he not only chose an upper crossing, farther from Atlanta, but spent a week in preparations to prevent disaster, This he did on the 17th, and the next day moved it by a grand right wheel toward the city of Atlanta. before he threw over his entire army. The Chattahoochee was the last great obstruction before the ortifications ¢ s Gate City were reache t cations of the Gate City were reached, and on the day that Sherman crossed it something el opinion of many military critics, was even more disastrous to se took place, which, in the the fortunes of the Confederacy. This was the supersession of the careful and skilful Johnston by Gen. John B. Hood, an im- petuous and sometimes reckless fighter, but no strategist. The controversy over the wisdom of this action on the part of the Confederate Government will probably never be satisfactorily closed. The merits of it can be sufficiently indicated by two brief extracts. The telegram conveying the orders of the War Department said: “As you have failed to arrest the advance of the enemy to the vicinity of Atlanta, far in the interior of Georgia, and express no confidence that you can defeat or repel him, you are hereby relieved from the command of the Army and Department of Tennessee, which you will immediately turn over to General Hood.’ General Johnston said in his reply: “ As to the alleged cause of my removal, I assert that Sherman's army is much stronger compared with that of Tennessee than Wet the enemy has been compelled to advance much more slowly to the Grant’s compared with that of Northern Virginia. vicinity of Atlanta than to that of Richmond and Petersburg, and penetrated much deeper into Virginia than into Georgia. Confident language by a military commander is not usually regarded as evidence of competence. Within twenty-four hours the National army learned that its antagonist had a new commander, and there was eager inquiry as to Hood’s character as a soldier. Schofield and McPherson had been his classmates at West Point, and from their testimony and the career of Hood as a corps commander it was easily inferred that a new policy might be looked for, very different from Johnston’s. Sherman warned his army to be constantly prepared for sallies of the enemy, and his prediction did not wait long for fulfilment. On the 2oth, at noonday, as his army was slowly closing in upon the city, the Confederates left the intrenchments that Johnston had prepared for them along the line of Peach Tree Creek, where he would have awaited attack, and made a heavy assault upon Thomas, who held the right of the National line. The weight of the blow fell mainly upon Hooker’s corps, and the attack was so furious and reckless that in many places friend and foe were intermingled, fighting hand to hand. A heavy column of Confederates attempted to fall upon an exposed flank of the Fourth Corps; but Thomas promptly brought several batteries to play upon it, and at the end of two hours the enemy was driven back to his Hooker also lost intrench- ments, leaving hundreds of dead on the field. heavily, because his men fought without intrenchments or cover of any kind. The Confederates now abandoned the line of 1 fell back to the immediate defences of the works along Peach Tree Creek, anc city. It was seen that one then called Bald Hill, but since known as Leggett's Hill—from which, if it could be occupied, the city could be shelled. After a consultation between Generals Blair and McPherson on the it was agreed that this hill ought to be to Gen. Mortimer D. Leg- point in their line was an eminence— afternoon of the 2oth, captured, and the task was assigned eth —e Det td) a ee try Was ee SIT OG 1s Ad Be ee die il seh HORTA Sy Me hse Th otitis day 7S Mati A —— Sop! oat by ey Ss Ame’ a pl eT As a)i i Kwan oes cent Pt REE seruhieeteics ememeaemniemenememnneees eee 5 SES ae See Se ase : — . a — CL ret eine , i} l/ | ad eT ae NEAR ATLANTA. FALL OF GENERAL JAMES B. McPHERSON,Pe a CAMPFIRE (AND gett’s division. Leggett accordingly said to Gen. M. F. Force. who commanded his first brigade: hill. I will sup- port your left and rear with the rest of the division, and the = want you to carry that Move as soon as it is light enough to move. fourth division will make a demonstration as you go up to dis- tract the attention of the enemy in their front.’’ Accordingly, at daylight, Leggett’s skir- mish line cautiously went forward, and got as nena possible to the Confeder- ate works without alarm- After some little delay, caused ing the enemy. by waiting forthe fourth division, General Force gave the order for the What then followed is told by Col. Gilbert D. Mun- son, of the Seventy- eighth Ohio KRegi- oD assault. ment: “The skirt mish line sprang the bri- gade debouched forward: from its conceal- in the In the ment wood. front line came the Twelfth and Six- teenth on Wisconsin, close supported by the Twentieth, DThiptreth. Thirty-first —the second line of battle; flags flying, bayonets fixed ; arms and Illinois right shoulder shift and unloaded ; Force and his aid, Adams, Just Im Tear of the Wisconsin regi- ments, and his adju- tant-general, Capt. J. Bryant Walker, and another aid, Evans, with the Illinois boys —mounted ; all regi- mental officers on foot. ers, The skirmish- for a moment, distracted the enemy by ad- vance and firing; then the brigade received and enveloped them as it reached the crest of the hill, and exposed its full front to the steady fire of Cleburne’s fell in bunches; still came the charging column on; faster and faster it pressed forward. ‘Close up! close up!’ the command, and each regiment closed on its handsomely, their rapid BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL EDWARD -M. McCOOK. rifles. Our men colors, and over the barricades went the first line, eagerly, and well aligned. Then began our firing and our fun. Into the gray-coats the Sixteenth Wisconsin poured a rattling commanding the fourth division, he told him the hill was won and held by Force, but Smith would hardly believe him: he thought he was joking. | important ie Force’s brigade, met with a stubborn UTA NIELS PE mY PPD Pe BAL LEE PEED. 389 fire, as they scattered and ran along the level ground, down the slope of the hill, and on toward Atlanta. I joined General Force after the skirmish line was merged in his line of battle, | and was with him when it came to and went over the barricades. ; | ‘Our orders are to carry this hill, General; the Sixteenth are away beyond, where, I understand, we are to go.’ Force said something about being able to take the next hill, too, but im- mediately sent Captain Walker after Colonel Fairchild, and his ‘Right about, march, brought the regiment back. Captain ‘| Walker then reported the capture of the hill to General Lég- i gett, who was with the rest of the division. Walker said to e for Gen. Giles A. Smith, me, on his return, that, having a messag > It seemed doubtful to him that such an A point had been won so quickly.” hha i The fourth division, on the right of ATTN Tae AS ha ae) resistance, but finally overcame it, eta Saat" wal pokes rT ; and other troops were brought up, \ oi \ and after a little the place was ’ This hill | key-point of the line, and its cap- was the \ firmly held. \ ture was what caused Hood to come out and give battle the next day. ~ He found that r Sherman’s left flank, which crossed the line of railroad to Augusta, was without proper protection, and | consequently he moved ( At o to the attack at that on point. Hemarched by aM a road parallel with if the railroad, and the ; a) a of the ‘og and the hid Un el his, mien COM TOUL groun d forests him Roe a \\: : ort ot seized a battery that was moving | ! burst in upon the rear re Sherman's extreme left, through the woods, and took possession of some of the camps. But McPherson's vet- : erans were probably in expectation of such a move- a ment, and under the direction of Generals Logan, Charles Ie ei Wood, and Morgan L. Smith, quickly formed to meet it. That flank of the army was ‘“‘refused”—turned back at a \ right angle with the main line—and met the onsets of the ie Confederates with steady courage from noon till night. ct Seven heavy assaults were made, resulting in seven bloody | 4 repulses, guns were taken and retaken, and finally a counter ; j attack was made on the Confederate flank by Wood's divi- sion, assisted by twenty guns that fired over the heads of Wood's men as they advanced, which drove back the enemy, 1 slowly to their defences, carrying with them some who retirec : It had been intended that Wheelers | l of the captured guns. | . | Confederate cavalry should capture McPherson s supply-trains, : which were at Decatur; but the troopers were fought off. till ei rawn back toa place of safety, and Wheeler only secured a very few wagons. The National loss in this thirty-five hundred and twenty-one men killed, the trains could be d << - ¢ battle was } " : . oAiiys Zu mer ike HRY Ht f° epare Th! > / STRAT a alne eee moe pono SiR ow TRL orm Sar 390 GALE TRIER EA NED wounded, and missing, and ten guns. The total Confederate loss ig unknown, but it was very heavy; General Logan re- ported thirty-two hundred and twenty dead in front of his lines, housand prisoners, half of whom were wounded. The most grievous loss to Sherman was General McPherson, who rode off into the woods at the first sounds of battle, almost and two t alone. His horse soon came back, bleeding and riderless, and an hour later the general's. dead’ body was brought to head- quarters. McPherson was a favorite in the army. He was but thirty-four years old, and with the exception of his error at the outset of the campaign, by which Johnston was allowed to escape from Dalton, he had a brilliant military record. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, who had lost an arm at Fair Oaks and was now in command of the Fourth Corps, was promoted to Mc- Pherson’s place in command of the Army of the Tennessee ; whereupon General Hooker, commanding the Twentieth Corps, who believed that the promotion properly belonged to him, asked to be relieved, and left the army. His corps was given to Gen. Henry W. Slocum. Sherman now repeated his former manceuvre, of moving by 4 ] <4 the rig pel him either to retreat again or fight at a disadvantage. The ht flank to strike the enemy’s communications and com- Army of the Tennessee was withdrawn from the left on the 27th, and marched behind the Army of the Cumberland to the ex- treme right, with the intention of extending the flank far enough to cross the railroad south of Atlanta. The movement was but partially performed when Hood made a heavy attack on that flank, and for four or five hours on the 28th there was bloody fighting. Logan’s men hastily threw up aslight breastwork, from which they repelled six charges in quick succession, and later in the day several other charges by the Confederates broke against the immovable lines of the Fifteenth Corps. Meanwhile Sher- man sent Gen. Jefferson C. Davis's division to make a detour, and come up into position where it could strike the Confederate flank in turn; but Davis lost his way and failed to appear in time. In this battle Logan’s corps lost five hundred and sev- enty-two men; while they captured five bat- BL IP WF IL IB IPH IB JE ID is illustrated by many anecdotes. Sherman had duplicates of the important bridges on the road that brought his supplies, and whenever the guerillas destroyed one, he had only to order the duplicate to be set up. On the 26th Gen. George Stoneman had set out with a cavalry force to break up the railroad at Jonesboro’, with the intention of pushing on rapidly to Macon and Andersonville, and releasing a large number of prisoners that were confined there in stockades; while at the same time another cavalry force, under McCook, was sent around by the right to join Stoneman at Jonesboro’. They destroyed two miles of track. burned two trains of cars and five hundred wagons, killed eight hundred mules, and took three or four hundred prisoners. But McCook was surrounded by the enemy at New- nan, and only escaped with a loss of six hundred men; while Stoneman destroyed seventeen locomotives and a hundred cars, and threw a few shells into Macon, but was surrounded at Clif- ton, where he allowed himself and seven hundred of his men to be captured in order to facilitate the escape of the remainder of his command. Perhaps it was quite as well that he did not reach Anderson- ville. for General Winder, in command there, had issued this order on July 27th: “The officers on duty and in charge of battery of Florida artillery will, on receiving notice that the enemy has approached within seven miles of this post, open fire on the stockade with grape-shot, without reference to the situa- tion beyond this line of defence.” The conduct of those on guard duty at the prison leaves little doubt that this order would vave been obeyed with alacrity. Two or three weeks later, Wheeler's Confederate cavalry passed to the rear of Sherman’s army, captured a large drove of cattle, and broke up two miles_of railroad; and about the same time Kilpatrick’s cavalry rode entirely round Atlanta, fought and defeated a combined cavalry and infantry force, and inflicted upon the railroad such damage as he thought it would take ten days to repair; but within twenty-four hours trains were again running into the city. oD Finding that cavalry raids could effect tle-flags and buried about six hundred of the enemys dead. The total Confederate losses during July, in killed and wounded, were re- ported by the surgeon-general at eighty-eight hundred and forty-one, to which Sherman adds two thousand prisoners. Sherman re- ports his own losses during that month— killed, wounded, and missing—at ninety-seven hundred and nineteen; but this does not in- clude the cavalry. Johnston’s estimate of Sherman's losses is so enormous that if it had been correct his government would have been clearly justified when it censured him for not driving the National army out of the DSlLave. Sherman had sent out several cavalry ex- peditions to break the railroads south of} At- lanta, but with no satisfactory results. They tore up a few miles of track each time. ry the damage was quickly repaired. The mar- vellous facility with which both sides mended broken railroads and replaced burned bridges BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL MANNING F. FORCE. nothing, Sherman posted Slocum’s corps at the railroad bridge over the Chattahoochee, and, moving again by the right, rapidly but cautiously, concealing the movement as far as possible, he swung all the remainder of his army into position south of Atlanta, where they tore up the railroads, burning the ties and twistirig the rails, and then advanced to- hting, and ward the city. There was some fig Govan’s Confederate brigade was captured entire, with ten guns; but the greater part of Hood's forces escaped eastward in the nicht of September ist. hey destroyed a large part of the Government property that night, and the sound of the explosions caused Slocum to move down from the bridge, when he soon found that he had nothing to do but walk into Atlanta. A few days later Sherman made his headquarters there, disposed his army in and around the city, and prepared for permanent posses- sion.\ Pert es ala Weber tN YT (tin CAVE TRGE CHARTER XOxOay. THE BATTLE OF MOBILE BAY. DEFENCES — ADMIRAL FARRAGU r'S PREPARATIONS — PASSING THE FORTS—LOSS OF THE ‘“‘ TECUMSEH ”’—FIGHT WITH THE RAM “TENNESSEE —COST OF THE VICTORY—CRAVEN’S CHIVALRY— OFFICIAL REPORT OF ADMIRAL FARRAGUT—POETIC DESCRIPTION OF THE BATTLE BY A POET WHO PARTICIPATED 1N THE CONFLICT. THE capture of Mobile had long been desired, both because of its ee as a base of operations, whence expeditions could move inland, and communication be maintained with the fleet, and because blockade-running at that port could not be entirely prevented by the vessels outside. Grant and Sherman had planned to have the city 7 taken by forces moving east from New Orleans and Port Hudson; but every- thing had gone wrong in that quarter. The principal defences of Mobile Bay were Fort Morgan on Mobile Point, and Fort Gaines. three miles northwest of it, on the extremity of Dauphin Island. The passage be- tween these two works was obstructed by innumerable piles for two miles out from Fort Gaines, and from that point nearly to Fort Morgan by a line of tor- pedoes. The eastern end of this line was marked by REAR-ADMIRAL DAVID G. FARRAGUT a red buoy, and from that point to Fort Morgan the channel was open, to admit blockade- runners. Farragut’s fleet had been for a long time preparing to pass these forts, fight the Confederate fleet inside (which included a powerful iron-clad ram), and take Bee of the bay. But he wanted the coéperation of a military force to capture the forts. This was at last furnished, under Gen. Gordon Granger, and landed on Dauphin Island, August 4th. Farragut had made careful preparations, and. as at New Orleans, had given minute instructions to his captain The attacking column consisted of jitors and seven wooden sloops-of-war. To sunboat on the port (or left) side, to disabled. The heaviest fire was four iron-clad moi each sloop Was lashed help her out. in case she were expected from Fort Morgat - On the he morning of the sth all were under way, right, or starboard, side Before six o'clock in t the monitors forming a line abreast of the wooden ships and to the right of them. The Broorlyn headed the had an apparatus for picking up torpedoes. into close » line of the wooden vessels, because she in beautiful style, coming up so that there were spaces of but a the bow of the next. They steamed along order as they neared the fort, few yards from the stern of one vessel to The forts and the Confederate fleet, v vhich lay just inside of the line of torpedoes, opened fire upon them half an hour before ere cheat zi i) SF eee at TS Dead atu ra Yu AND Fae HEMET DEN iy rote PTT =y 5 canted Ah: cae eee ibd Ye On { { nes = LY B SDE tl chee ALLELE | Perera Vil ial We Wei Jal IE MIL IB IGM IE IL ID). 301 they could bring their guns to answer. They made the Hart. Jord, Farragut’s flagship, their especial target, lodged a hundred- and-twenty-pound ball in her mainmast, sent great splinters flying across her deck, more dangerous than shot, and killed or wounded many of her crew. One ball from a Confederate gun- ] 1 boat killed ten men and woundec five. The other wooden ves- sels suffered in like manner as they anprodchedk but when they came abreast of the fort they poured in shells, 1 tions and silenced the batteries. rapid broadsides of srape-shot, shrapnel, and vhich quickly cleared the bas- The captains had been warned to pass to the east of the red buoy; but Captain T. A. M. Craven, of the monitor Zecumseh, eager to engage the Confederate ram Tennessee, which was behind the line of torpedoes, made straight for her. The consequence was that his vessel struck a torpedo, which exploded, and she ith her the captain and went down in a few seconds, carrying wi most of the crew. The Brooklyn stopped when she found torpe- wl does, and began to back. This ee to throw the whole line into confusion while under fire, and defeat the project; but Farragut instantly ordered more steam on his own vessel and 2, and led the line to vic- the Hartford, and him to one of the shrouds, As the fleet passed into the bay, several of the eee vessels were attacked her consort, drew ahead of the Brooklyn tory. All this time he was in the rigging of a quartermaster had gone up and tied so that if wounded he should not fall to the deck. by the ram Zennessee and considerably damaged, while their shot seemed to have little At length she withdrew to her anchorage, and the order was given from the effect on her heavy iron mail. flagship, ““Gunboats chase enemy cunboats,’ whereupon the *S lashings were cut and the National gunboats were off in a flash. 1 the Confed- where the Ina little while they had destroyed or captured all t erate vessels save one, which escaped up the bay, water was too shallow for them to follow her. But as the fleet was coming to anchor, in the belief that the fight was over, the Zennessee left her anchorage and steamed boldly in and attempting to: ram them. fight in the most gallant manner, against the monster, avoiding her ind trying to run her down till some of them hammered their to the midst of her enemies, firing in every direction The wooden vessels stood to the throwing useless broadsides blows by skilful manceuvring, The three monitors pounded at her to more bows to splinters. shot that penetrated Thev fired one fifteen-inch solid purpose. shutters so that the port- her armor; they jammed some of her holes could not be opened; they shot away her steer ing-gear, and knocked off her smoke-stack, so that life on board of her became ‘ntolerable, and she surrendered. Her commander, the United States navy, had been sert- Franklin Buchanan, formerly of ously wounded. This victory cost Farragut's fleet f 1 and seventy wounded, besides one hundred and thirteen Knowles, the same old quar- Afty-two men killed and one hundrec¢ that went down in termaster that had tied Farragut in the rigging, admiral coming on deck as the twenty- five dead sailors of the Hartford were being laid out, “and it was the only time I ever sentleman cry, but the tears came into his eyes like a little child.” The Confederate fleet lost ten men killed, six- teen wounded, and two hundred and The loss Thev were surrendered soon afterward the Zecumsch. says he saw the saw the old ¢ eighty prisoners. in the forts is unknown. to the land forces, with a thousand men. Of the four iron-clads that went into this fight, two—the Tecumseh and the Manz: Lattan—had come from the Atlantic coast, while the Chickasaw and the Winnebago, which had been Te al a Sat ek ver tisdiisiesihy een cen cee Pie erate Pas 17 30 ppg at tthe SHE, nd eae ~ eae DES— v mf ae rf eT iY + CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. | e once attacked by the wooden vessels, but they made no 1mpres- i 7 s B. Eads, came down the Missis- npr Pog aera : her. An order was now brought from Admiral ; E ig dency: { 1 en) 5 xpressed as to the ability of sion upor! Hye | sippi. Much doubt had been exg , k re Auten he aD . ting them to P| ee two river-built monitors to stand the rough weather of the Farragut to the iron-clads, by, Dr Palmer; a : : : | Gulf. and Captain Eads had visited the Navy Department, and attack the Tennessee ; but when they approachec NE EAS TONE alee eles off toward the fort again. | followed straight after her with foe ae » expenses in case they failed. It is agreed offered to bear all the expenses in case ) Bie ee ; aor = Bs s by all authorities, that in the fight with the ram Zennessce, which the Chickasaw, and, overtaking her, I poured solid shot into her was amuch more serious affair than passing the forts, the best as fast as I could, and after a short engagement forced her to WdadSc ae Se i : a < work was done by the monitor Chickasaw. The commander of surrender, having shot away her smoke-stack, destroyed her this vessel, George H. Perkins, and his lieutenant, William Ham- steering-gear, and jammed her after-ports, rendering her guns | ee = useless, while one of my shots wounded Admiral Buchanan. I mi y | ‘Iton. had received leave of absence and were about to go North, sae Pa | when they learned that the battle was soon to take place, and followed her close, my guns and turrets continuing in perfect : 1 | | volunteered toremain and take part in it. They were then at order in spite of the strain upon them. When Johnston came A New Orleans and were assigned to the Chickasaw. As this ves- on the roof of the Zennessee, and showed the white flag as . sel passed thence down the Mississippi on her way to Mobile, signal of suimend er no | she took a pilot for the navigation of the river. It often hap= | | vessel o! our fleet, excep yy | pened that the National vessels were obliged to take Southern ee | the Chickasaw, was within men as pilots in the Southern waters, and they were not always a quarter of a mile. But | to be trusted. In this instance, Captain Perkins, being called the Ossipee was approach- ing >? | | | and her captain was much older than myself. away from the pilot-house for a few minutes, observed that his vessel’s course was at once changed and she was heading for a I was wet with perspira- wreck. Rushing back to the pilot-house, he seized tion, begrimed with pow- the wheel and gave her der, and exhausted with an = oO the which he drew his pistol and told the pilot that if the ship touched ground proper direction, after | constant and violent exer- , tion; so I drew back and allowed Captain LeRoy to receive the surrender, or ran into anything, he though my first lieuten- would instantly blow out ant, Mr. Hamilton, said at his brains. Lhe pilot the tinve; «Captain seer muttered something about kins, you are making a BRIGADIER-GENERAL F. M. COCKRELL, C. S, A. the bottom of the river mistake.’ ” being lumpy, and the best Admiral Farragut says pilots not always being in his official report: ““As I had an elevated position in the able to avoid the lumps. main rigging near the top, I was able to overlook not only ! But Captain Perkins told the deck of the Hartford, but the other vessels of the fleet. t him he could not consider I witnessed the terrible effects of the enemy’s shot, and the any such excuse, and if he good conduct of the men at their guns; and although no touched a single lump he doubt their hearts sickened, as mine did, when their ship- | would instantly lose his mates were struck down beside them, yet there was not a life. There was no more moment's hesitation to lay-their comrades aside, and spring trouble about the piloting. again to their deadly work. . . . I must not omit to call a The Chickasaw was a the attention of the department to the conduct of Acting double-turreted monitor, BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL W. P, BENTON. Ensign Henry C. Nields, of the Wetacomet, who had charge of carrying two eleven-inch the boat sent from that vessel, when the Tecumseh sunk. He guns in each turret, and she was the only iron-clad that re- took her under one of the most galling fires I ever saw, and mained in perfect condition throughout the fight. This, per- succeeded in rescuing from death ten of her crew within six hun- haps, was owing to the fact that Captain Perkins, who was dred yards of the fort.” Commodore Foxhall A. Parker, in his nS enthusiastic, and ambitious, personally inspected every- very accurate account of this battle, describes more particularly thing on the ship while she was in preparation and before she the exploit of Ensign Nields: “ Starting from the port quarter went into action. 1 he place of the ships in line was determined of the Mefacomet, and steering the boat himself, this mere boy by the rank of their commanders, and the Chickasaw came last pulled directly under the battery of the Hartford, and around t os the monitors. In the fight with the Zennessee, she fired solid the Brooklyn, to within a few hundred yards of the fort, exposed | oe of them striking her about the stern. The pilot of to the fire of both friends and foes. After he had gone a little ! oto ee a oe eee Fe Bung ae distance from his vessel, he seemed suddenly to reflect that he ; Aeete hres eee ae : a Ne nee had no flag flying, when he dropped the yoke-ropes, picked up Pie Seca i see oe i Pe a urret IN pocket a small ensign from the bottom of the boat, and unfurling it | : ane aoe eee Se Cet fe orn - scam wien he shipped in a socket made for it in the | ie GS ON GPE Ge, Mas Glee Ge a eles H 2 ae eet ne threw it full to the breeze, amid the loud cheers i Morgan. Some of our vessels anchored einer kept under DS i s ne ae mes eae ee ee |, San Red) che Wienadere caste ie ie ae P : erway, wnessee,‘how I felt at witnessing this most gallant act. The gain, she was at muzzle of our gun was slowly raised, and the bolt intended forcl BOLD HOR he, DOLSOUN TT Ute ; irr) r Py ri th | Ts | c ' \ res ae if bi Das oe COUN a aiid oi sertiten ROTO NR me rie 7 CAMPFIRE AND (RAGE ie IED. 393 the Tecumseh flew harmlessly over the heads of that glorious boat’s crew, far down in the line of our foes. After saving Ensign Zelitch, eight men, and the pilot, Nields turned, and, pulling for the fleet, succeeded in reaching the Oxezda, where he remained until the close of the action.” In a memorandum discovered among Admiral Farragut’s papets he said: ‘‘General orders required the vessels to pass inside the buoys next to Fort Morgan. When the Tecumseh reached that point, it looked so close that poor Craven said to the pilot, ‘The admiral ordered me to go inside that buoy, but it must be a mistake.’ He ran just his breadth of beam too far westward, struck a torpedo, and went down in two minutes. Alden saw the buoys ahead, and bes This ie liked to have proved fatale to) all of uss. | saw the difficulty, and ordered the Flartford ce ahead, and the fleet to follow. Allowing the Brooklyn to go ahead stopped his ship was a great error It | lost not only the Ze- I. cumseh, but many valu- fs able lives, by keeping usunderthefireofthe | forts for thirty min- | utes: whereas, had | | led, as I intended to | do, I would have gone inside the buoys, and all would have fol- lowed me. The off- cers and crews of all the ships did their duty likemen. There was but one man who showed fear, and he was allowed to resign. This was the most des- CAPTAIN TUNIS A. M. CRAVEN perate battle I ever fought since the days of the old Essex. The thorough discipline and devotion of the crews is illustrated by an incident on the Oneida. A shot penetrated her starbo: ird boiler, and the escaping steam At this one gun’s-crew shrank back aptain Mullany shouted, “ Back scalded thirteen men. for a moment, but when C to your quarters, men!” they instantly returned to their Soon afterward, Captain Mullany lost an arm and re- guns. i | chief engineer in the Ze- ° ° . hs ceived six other wounds. Cravens cumseh, C. Farron, was an invalid in the hospital at Pensa- cola when the orders were given to sail for Mobile, but he insisted on leaving his bed and going with his ship, with which he was lost. A Confederate officer who was in the water battery at Fort Morgan expressed unbounded admiration at the manceuvring of the vessels when the Brooklyn sto pped and the Hartford drew AWead and took the lead. =“uAt fimsthe he says, “they appeared to be in inextricable confusion, and at the mercy of our guns; Ries A but when the Hartford dashed forward, we realized that the grand tactical movement had been accomplished.” An officer of the Hartford wrote in his private journal: ‘The order was, to go ‘slowly, slowly,’ and receive the fire of Fort Morgan. At six minutes past seven the fort opened, having allowed us to get into such short range that we apprehended some snare; in fact, 1 heard the order passed for our guns to be elevated for fourteen hundred yards some time before one was fired. The calmness of the scene was sublime. No im- patience, no irritation, no anxiety, except for the fort to open; and, after it did open, full five minutes elapsed before we answered. In the mean time the guns were trained as if at a target, and all the sounds I could hear were, ‘Steady, boys, steady! Left tackle a little—so! so!’ Then the roar of a broadside, and an eager cheer as the enemy were driven from their water bat- tery. Don’t imagine they were frightened; no man could stand under that iron shower ; and the brave fellows returned to their guns as soon as it ule only, to be driven away again.’ Farragut, who was a man of deep ae g ized the perils of the enterprise igious convictions, fully real- upon which he was entering, and did not half expect to survive it. In a letter to his wife, written the even- ing before the battle, he said: “I am going into Mobile Bay in the morn- ing, if God is my leader, as I hope he is, and in him I place my trust. If he think it is the proper place for me to die, I am ready to submit to his will in that as in all other things.” In spite of the universal sailor superstition, he fought this battle on Friday. One incident of this battle suggests the thought that many of the famous deeds of Old-World chivalry have been paralleled in American his- tory. When the Tecumseh was going down, Captain Craven and his pilot met at the foot of the eed ler that afforded the only escape, and the pilot stepped Aciden Cotter Our pllOcmesaa Craven, drawing ack, for he knew it was by his own fault, not the ieoy s, that the vessel was struck. “ There was nothing after me,” said the pilot, “ for the moment I reached the deck the REAR-ADMIRAL THORNTON A. JENKINS. in telling the story ; vessel seemed to drop from under me, and went to the bottom.” Sa a bh One ea Te am pert sisi(ena)y oie ee Wheat Sos tans Wantetter he weeks 4 ety ad SUES REA hit 7; Prt a nian chee aoe editor eteninsiiident ee ee ee a = = Senin RN SS ae BARTEE OF MOBIEE BAY. 3 ui ow a o } Tr iy | : i Dg , (=) | C Z i a : 3 Eo | < < i cE i 2 re ON BOARD THEpas PAM hs hh es WESC AUNT Unt f tether GA NMEPTATL RE , anes he ae ah ee PAT Loe NF UNCLES, Mah: Mid cares Da hea WONT TALS oT Ade ae Ea oake k ; Ea ia A. B'S on aeeet epee en a es = aaa ~ Se es — oa "i ie Pr nae 396 But weary to the hearts of all The burning glare, the barren reach Of Santa Rosa’s withered beach, And Pensacola’s ruined wall. And weary was the long patrol, The thousand miles of shapeless strand, From Brazos to San Blas, that roll Their drifting dunes of desert sand. Yet, coast-wise as we cruised or lay, The land-breeze still at nightfall bore, By beach and fortress-guarded bay, Sweet odors from the enemy’s shore, Fresh from the forest solitudes, Unchallenged of his sentry lines— The bursting of his cypress buds, And the warm fragrance of his pines. Our lofty spars were down, To bide the battle’s frown, (Wont of old renown)— But every ship was drest In her bravest and her best, As if for a July day. Sixty flags and three, As we floated up the bay; Every peak and mast-head flew The brave red, white, and blue— We were eighteen ships that day. On, in the whirling shade Of the cannon’s sulphury breath, We drew to the line of death That our devilish foe had laid— Meshed in a horrible net, And baited villanous well, Right in our path were set Three hundred traps of hell! And there, O-sight forlorn! There, while the cannon Hurtled and thundered— (Ah !- what ill raven Flapped o’er the ship that morn !)— Caught by th e under-death, In the drawing of a breath, Down went dauntless Craven, He and his hundred ! A moment we saw her turret, A little heel she gave, And a-thin white Spray went o’er it, Like the crest of a breaking wave. In that great iron coffin, The channel for their grave, The fort their monument, (Seen afar in the offing), Ten fathom deep lie Craven, And the bravest of our brave, Trust me, our berth was hot ; Ah, wickedly well they shot ! How their death-bolts howled and stung ! And their water batteries played With their deadly cannonade Till the air around us rung. So ‘the. battle raged and roared— Ah! had you been aboard To have seen the fight we made! vr Py AL ht +40 tee Te tac CAMPFIRE Never a nerve that failed, Never a cheek that paled, Not a tinge of gloom or pallor. There was bold Kentucky’s grit, And the old Virginian valor, And the daring Yankee wit. There were blue eyes from turfy Shannon, There were black orbs from palmy Niger; But there, alongside the cannon, Each man fought like a tiger. And now, as we looked ahead, All for’ard, the long white deck Was growing a strange dull red; But soon, as once and again Fore and aft we sped (The firing to guide or check), l 1] You could hardly choose but tread } ] On the ghastly human wreck, (Dreadful gobbet and shred That a minute ago were men)! Red, from main-mast to bitts ! Red, on bulwark and wale— Red, by combing and hatch— Red, oer netting and rail! And ever, with steady con, The ship forged slowly by ; And ever the crew fought on, And their cheers rang loud and high, Fear? A forgotten form ! Death? A dream of the eyes ! We were atoms in God’s great storm S That roared through the angry skies. A league from the fort we lay, And deemed that. the end must lag ; When lo! looking down the bay, There flaunted the rebel rag— The ram is again under way And heading dead for the flac! > c AS « Steering up with the Stream, Boldly his course he lay, Though the fleet all answered his fire, And, as he still drew nigher, Ever on bow and beam Our monitors pounded away— How the Chickasaw hammered away ! Quickly breasting the wave, Eager the prize to win, First of us all the brave Monongahela went in, Under full head of steam— Twice she struck him abeam, Till her stem was a sorry work, (She might have run on a crag!) The Lackawanna hit fair— He flung her aside like cork, And still he held for the flag. Heading square at the hulk, Full on his beam we bore; But the spine of the huge sea-hog Lay on the tide like a log— He vomited flame no more. AND BAT MRE EEE LD. By this he had found it hot. Half the fleet, in an angry ring ’ Closed round the hideous thing, Hammering with solid shot, And bearing down, bow on bow— He has but a minute to choose; Life or renown ?—which now Will the rebel admiral lose? Cruel, haughty, and cold, He ever was strong and bold— Shall he shrink from a wooden stem ? He will think of that brave band He sank in the Cumberland— Ay, he will sink like them! Nothing left but to fight Boldly his last sea-fight ! Can he strike? By Heaven, ’tis true! Down comes the traitor blue, And up goes the Captive white! Ended the mighty noise, Thunder of forts and ships, Down we went to the hold— Oh, our dear dying boys! How we pressed their poor brave lips (Ah, so pallid and cold !) And held their hands to the last (Those that had hands to hold)! O motherland, this weary life We led, we lead, is ‘long of thee! Thine the strong agony of strife, And thine the lonely sea, Thine the long decks all slaughter-sprent, The weary rows of cots that lie With wrecks of strong men, marred and rent, ‘Neath Pensacola’s Sky. And thine the iron caves and dens Wherein the flame our war-fleet drives— The fiery vaults, whose breath is men’s Most dear and precious lives. Ah, ever when with storm sublime Dread Nature clears our murky air, Thus in the crash of falling crime Some lesser guilt must share! To-day the Dahlgren and the drum Are dread apostles of His name; His kingdom here can only come By chrism of blood and flame. Be strong! already slants the gold Athwart these wild and stormy skies; From out this blackened waste behold What happy homes shall rise! And never fear a victor foe— Thy children’s hearts are strong and high; Nor mourn too fondly—well they know On deck or field to die. Nor shalt thou want one willing breath, Though, ever smiling round the brave, The blue sea bear us on to death, The green were one wide grave,Per i a CEAP TER Xoo I: THE ADVANCE ON PETERSBURG. GENERAL BUTLER’S MOVEMENT—BEAU- REGARD’S COUNTER-MOVEMENT—ADVANCE FORCES UNDER GEN- ADVANCE ON PETERSBURG ERAL SMITH—HANCOCK’S ATTACK—CUTTING OFF THE RAILROADS —THE FIGHT AT WELDON ROAD—BURNSIDE'S MINE—EXPLOSION AND THE SLAUGHTER AT THE CRATER—FIGHTING AT DEEP BOTTOM—THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN ARMY RAILROAD—SIEGE OF PETERSBURG BEGUN. IT had been a part of Grant’s plan, in opening the campaign of 1864, that Gen. B. F. Butler, with a force that was called the Army of the James, should march against Richmond and Peters- burg. He moved promptly, at the same time with the armies led by Grant and Sherman, embarking his forces on transports at Fort Monroe, and first making a feint of steaming up York River. In the night the vessel turned back and steamed up the James. Early the next day, May Oth, the troops were landed at City Point, at the junction of the James and the Appomattox, and intrenchments were thrown up. Detachments were sent out to cut the railroads south of Petersburg, and between that city and Richmond; but no effective work was done. General Butler was ordered to secure a position as far up the James as possible, and advanced to Drury’s Bluff, where he was attacked by a force under General Beauregard and driven back to Bermuda Hundred. At the point where the curves of the James and the Appomattox bring those two streams within less than three miles of each other, Butler threw up a line of intrenchments, with his right resting on the James at Dutch Gap. and his left on the Appomattox at Point of Rocks. The position was very strong, and it would be hopeless for the Confederates to assault it. The disadvantage was, that Beauregard had only to throw up a parallel line of intrenchments across the same neck of land, and Butler could not advance a step. What he had secured, however, was after- ward valuable as a protection for City Point, when Grant swung the Army of the Potomac across the James, which became thenceforth the landing-place for supplies. Grant had reinforced Butler with troops under Gen. William F. Smith, and planned to have an immediate advance on Petersburg while the Army of the Potomac was crossing the James (June 14, 1864). The work was ‘ntrusted to Smith, who was to get close to the Confederate intrenchments in the night, and carry them at daybreak. He unexpect- edly came upon the enemy fortified between City Point and Petersburg, and had a fight ‘an which he was successful, but it caused a loss of precious time. Grant hurried Han- cock’s troops over the river, to follow Smith. But this corps was delayed several hours waiting for rations, and finally went on with- outthem. It appears that Hancock’s instruc- tions were defective, and he did not know that CAMPFIRE AND { \ : | ~ A . ia bbebDbLErAas hit cba CUM MO Tails | eee Ree art 10) Wiest We p BAT OLE iaT bed) | 307 he was expected to take Petersburg till he received a note from Smith urging him to hurry forward. Smith spent nearly the whole of the 15th in reconnoitring the defences of Petersburg, which were but lightly manned, and in the evening carried a portion of them by assault, the work being done by colored troops under Gen. Edward W. Hincks. In the morning of the 16th Hancock’s men captured a small additional portion of the works; but here that general had to be relieved for ten days, because of the breaking out of the grievous wound that he had received at Gettysburg. Gen. David B. Birney succeeded him in the command of the corps. General Meade came upon the ground, ordered another assault, and carried another portion. But by this time Beauregard had thrown more men into the fortifications, and the fighting was stubborn and bloody. It was continued through the 17th, with no apparent result, except that at night the Confederates fell back to an inner line, and in the morning the National line was correspondingly advanced. In these preliminary operations against Petersburg, the National loss was nearly ten thousand men. There is no official state- ment of the Confederate loss, but the indications were that it was about the same. When Lee found where Grant was going, he moved east and RR SSS psc OE TO - ~ : ESE a= (~ = Sik aes ok hes ee Te. ay LN eee RT RB a aS CS EC / south of Rich- mond, crossing the James at Drury s Bluff, and pres- ently confronting his enemy in the trenches east and e CITY POINT—A FEDERAL SUPPLY STATION. _ —-—— —— iQ en Age sD i: Bee Rees Ore tee a ace gael coc Aus te not at elas ae fi 2 "= Mid Mae Hr HAs as - f eet et oh kas a < a ean TT pm, eae, Kip 4 a eee SOON iraeNI hie tee tobe Seino ‘ ei} aus CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. iF | ae ee but did not succeed in E | : south of Petersburg. The country is well adapted for defence, an | striking it by countermin- and the works were extensive and very strong. Seeing that the | city itself could not be immediately captured, Grant endeavored to Sever its important communications. The Norfolk Railroad was easily cut off; and the Army of the Potomac, which for ing. They came to have vague and exaggerated fears of it, and many ‘ ac ee Ene -ople in Petersburg be- some time had hardly known any difference between day and people in Petersburg be nisht. was allowed a few days of rest and comparative quiet. lieved that the whole city ] 5 4 J - « ts a . ¥e . >t ' > A > But the most important line was the Weldon Railroad, which was undermined. lhe brought up Confederate supplies from the South, and Grant and work occupied nearly a ! oO AA rt Meade made an early attempt to seize it. On the 2Ist and 22d month, and when finished Hi | | Birney’s corps was pushed to the left, extending south it consisted of a straight ul of Ae city; while Wright's was ‘| Seni. bi, a tunnel five hundred feet route further south to strike di- | long, ending in a Cross- } rectly at the railroad. Wright / a gallery seventy feet long. came into a position nearly at | In this gallery was placed a | right angles with Birney, facing eight thousand pounds [i west toward the railroad, while of powder, with slow- i Birney faced north toward matches. Ihe day fixed | | the city. They were not in for the explosion was the | COnMeenIOns however, and 3oth of July. To distract did not sufficiently guard attention from it, and di- their flanks. A heavy Con- BRIGADIER-GENERAL LYSANDER CUTLER, minish if possible the federate force under Gen. / force that held the lines \. P. Hill, coming out to [ss / immediately around Petersburg, Hancock was sent across the meet the movement, i . / James at Deep Bottom, where an intrenched camp was held by drove straight into the | / a force under Gen. John G. Foster, to make a feint against the fap, turned the left | works north of the river. This had the desired effect, as Lee, flank of the Second anxious for the safety of Richmond, hurried a Corps, threw it into. | large part of his army across at Drury’s Comfusion, and «cap= | || Bluff to confront Hancock. With tured seventeen hun- this exception, the arrangements dred men and four reve, Ave for the enterprise were all guns. The fighting was JJ Baar cc NERAL bad. The explosion of the not severe; but the movement a mine alone would do against the railroad was arrested. little or no good; but ! Hill withdrew to his intrenchments in the it was expected to ; evening, the Second Corps reéstablished make such a breach its line, and the Sixth intrenched in the enemy’s line itself in a position facing the rail- that a strong col- road and about a mile and a half from it. On this flanik, affairs remained substantially ‘5.4% in this condition till the middle -<¢ 2 of August. umn could be thrust through o and take the works in reverse Forsuchataskthe But meanwhile something that best of troops promised great results was going on are required ; near the centre of the line, : but Barn in front of Burnside’s corps. Siders corps A regiment composed large- was by no of Pennsylvania miners 1 i; ; means the dug a tunnel under the near- est point of the Confederate best in the o! army, and works. [These works con- i | the choice sisted of forts or redans at ‘ ivi . of a divi- intervals, with connecting oH lines of rifle-pits, and the i " tunnel was directed under one of the 4 Y bt er : . . . é . forts. The digging was begun ina “ ravine, to be out of sight of the enemy, and the earth was carried out in barrows made of iL cracker-boxes, and hidden under brushwood. The Confederates i} ) lear i ocati ned what was being done, and the location of the tunnel, BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL RUFUS INGALLSi Pe a ee ibs) that tli) 1 vt ere teen (a a ; } Ayu tarteeetins TTR hp, TTLkd Pau eS ee ’ Tess rl eee eee tee H * bit iy yaa — f " ; j : here re Drea tisth i itrereeeeeth “Gata cist! Ce Pat detibn aba ALU tC CHALOM ALTER CRTC TLC ol cect Oa eMC ERT LT NOS WLAN L | Pp PAS HATO A LEP SIDES A CAMP IRE AN DBA Til Exiale lp o7 wH Fs LEE, CG: S, A i /( eS AIS Ser s < - HanoverT. VS \ t sion to lead, being determined by ZN \U \ NL Ss Es ete : oy © — 3 & lot, fell upon Gen. James H. Led- wee a New Castle Spins tre BE EAR eee S Re OLN ee RS lre’s, which was probably the worst, : and certainly the worst command- length sent his black division, which ed. Furthermore, the obstructions charged through the crater and up were not properly cleared away to the slope beyond, but was there met permit the rapid deployment of a by a fire before which it recoiled; large force between the lines. for the Confederates had constructed iL A few minutes before five o'clock an inner line of breastworks com- rah in the morning, the mine was ex- manding the front along which the | ploded. A vast mass of earth, explosion had been expected. Final- i surrounded by smoke, with the ly, both musketry and artillery were a flames of burning powder playing concentrated upon the disorganized wae: through it, rose two hundred feet mass of troops huddled in the crater, : \ into the air, seemed to poise there while shells were lighted and rolled J | fora moment, and then fell. The down its sloping sides, till those who vd fort with its guns and garrison— were left alive scrambled out and Ne 4 about three hundred men of a got away as best they could. This i i South Carolina regiment — was affair cost the National army about Wy completely destroyed, and in place four thousand men—many of them ie of it was a crater about thirty feet prisoners —while the Confederate i deep and nearly two hundred feet loss was hardly a thousand. Soon 7 i long. At the same moment the after this General Burnside was re- it heavy batteries in the National lieved, at his own request, and the ( line ‘opened upon the enemy, to command of his corps was given te [ protect the assaulting column from Gen. John G. Parke. General Grant cul Rchilere fires lWedlies division had never had much faith in the | pushed forward into the crater; success of the mine, and had given aa and there stopped. General Led- only a reluctant consent to the ex- i lie himself did not accompany the periment. | Perhaps this was because | en andl thererecemed! to bene he had witnessed two similar ones at Vicksburg, both of which were failures. He could hardly escape | ever, that it was his duty either to forbid it j Thy INITY. one to direct them. Thirty golden PETERSBURG, RICHMOND, AND VIC minutes passed, during which the the criticism, how Confederates, who had run away in terror from the neighboring feb a “4 ro : AT eATrW » > > a o ~ ~ ~ oO intrenchments, made no effort to drive out the assailants. At altogether or to give it every element of success, including el the end of that they began to rally to their guns, and presently _—_ especially a competent leader for the assault. d On the 13th of August, Hancock made another and more directed a heavy fire upon the men in the crater. Burnside trie to remedy the difficulty by pushing out more troops, and at serious demonstration from Deep Bottom toward Richmond. jigs ee ete ae ; te LY ry COP errr Ten r Wet tater ee Rvos tet teat et at Tot aaat YET thes rare) We edi 3g) tenes) Ce e arr _ i a A BAS Bed 7 hee nf LRT? 9 oped) : 6 Pct ph a THT cM ad~ iz Pret eiaae Sarna a! Hi 400 CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. at He assaulted the defences of the city, and fighting was kept up the National line could be enfiladed by artillery, and after a ) He gained nothing, for Lee threw a strong _ brisk bombardment assaulted, carried the works, and captured i , But three batteries. Miless men were rallied, retook a part of the line and one of the batteries, | for several days. | force into the intrenchments and repelled his attacks. there was great gain at the other end of the line; for Grant took advantage of the weakening of Lee’s right to seize the Weldon Railroad. Warren’s corps was moved out to the road on the and formed a new line, which they held, assisted by the dis- 18th, took a position across it at a point about four mounted cavalry, who poured miles from Petersburg, and intrenched. On the 19th, and again on the 21st, Lee made determined attacks on an effective fire into the flank of the this position, but was repelled with heavy loss. Warren advancing Confeder- | clung to his line, and made such dispositions as at length ates. At night both | enabled him to meet any assault with but little sides withdrew from loss to himself. A day or two later, the field. Hancock Hancock returned from the north had lost twenty-four side of the James, and was rapidly | . aes hundred men, seven- | marched to the ex- < aE ik teen hundred of treme left, to pass whom were prison- beyond Warren and ers. Lhe Conteder destroy some miles ate loss is unknown, but it was severe. of the Weldon Rail- fOads. sien tore: ap From that time the track and com- Grant held _ posses- pletely disabled it to sion of the Weldon a point three miles Railroad, and what- south of Reams Sta- ever supplies came tion, andonthe2sth @ HED to the Confederate Sent out Gibbon’s =2=== === =e He alec Lf : fhe = ae army by that route division to the work ee . had to be hauled thirty some miles farther. Es miles in wagons. The 2 7 ry - . But the approach of National army constructed for a heavy Confederate its own use a railroad in the force under Gen. A. rear of and parallel with its long P. Hill caused it to line of intrenchments, running from City fall back to Reams Point to the extreme left flank. This road Station, where with was not particular about grades and curves, if Miles’s division (six but simply followed the natural contour of thousand men in all) the ground. Then began what is called the and two thousand siege of Petersburg, which was not a siege cavalry it held a line in the proper sense of the word, because of intrenchments. the Confederate communications were open; Rae ee but the military preparations and PHTELSESIES a ane were identical with those known as siege pe ed, with bloody operations, and every possible appliance, me- loss to the Confed- ! 2 : chanical or military, that could erates. General Hill . . assist in the work then ordered Heth’s a * ae , EXPLOSION OF THE MINE BEFORE aD was, -DRomeie division to make PETERSBURG a : = lere. another ass: c = ther assault and ‘ > carry the works at all hazards. Heth | Ss rc : . : found a place from which a part of IN pee gh Ge ! oS [oe eRe i (a ty 3 t a Sean ea : “ om eacommiiacounas ae Po eapejuari eS | Pa a i Cie... t defeated a force under Gen. George Crook, and drove it across NH i ae Mt! | \ Yass ZB the Potomac, after which he sent his cavalry, under Generals ne My eg McCausland and Bradley T. Johnson, to make a raid into Pennsylvania. McCausland, in the course of his raid, burned TT | eI | LE Chambersburgh, the particulars of which have been given in \\ another chapter. i i 4 his raid created a panic among the inhabitants of western Maryland and southern Pennsylvania, many of whom fled from their homes, driving off their cattle and carrying whatever they AN EARNEST REQUEST FOR A FURLOUGH. could te > ins ert a tePe ee SUNT T) itr! Piss cprten qh TBtitg wi he CAMPFIRE AND CARTER SOOeValll: SHERIDAN IN THE SHENANDOAH. IMPORTANCE OF THE VALLEY—HUNTER ASKS TO BE RELIEVED— SHERIDAN'S -CARE ER—GRANT'S’ INS TRUCTIONS—INTERFERENCE AT WASHINGTON—LINCOLN GIVES GRANT A HINT—SHERIDAN MARCHES ON WINCHESTER—MINOR ENGAGEMEN TS—SHERIDAN’S OPPORTUNITY—BATTLE OF THE OPEQUAN—EARLY GOES WHIRL- ING THROUGH WINCHESTER—BATTLE OF FISHERS HILL— DESTRUCTION IN THE VALLEY—ACTION AT TOMS BROOK— BATTLE OF CEDAR CREEK. IT had become plainly evident that something must be done to cancel the whole Shenandoah VY; ley from the map of the theatre of war. The mountains that flanked it made it a secure lane down which a Confederate force could be sent at almost any time to the very door of Washington; while the crops that were harvested in its fertile fields were a constant temptation to those who had to provide for the neces- Sities' Of am army. General Grant took the matter in hand in earnest after Earlys raid and the burning of Chambersburg His first care was to have the separate military departments in that section. con- solidated, his next to find a suitable com- mander, and finally to send an adequate force. Hewould have been satisfied with General Hunter, who was already the rank- ing officer there; but Hunter had been badly hampered in his movements by MAJOR-GENERAL H. G. WRIGHT. constant interference from Washington, and knowing that he had not the confidence of General Halleck, he asked to be relieved, since he did not wish to embarrass the cause. In this, Grant says, Hunter “showed a patriotism that was none too common in the army. There were not many major-generals who would voluntarily have asked to have the command of a department taken from them on the supposition that for some particular reason, or for any reason, the service would be better performed.’ Grant accepted his offer, and telegraphed for General Sheridan to come and take command of the new department. Sheridan was on hand promptly, and was placed at the head of about thirty thousand troops, including eight thousand cavalry, who were named the Army of the Shenandoah. Sheridan was now in his thirty-fourth year ; Stanton, with a wise caution, made some objection, on the and Secretary * Shedd ts Unity C4 aed) Ly st iS el Ltn ne { : ; : i ae PeWbbaabehLM Lid 1 \O ULM LIEUY UCL pd cere ua TECHN WIL VLG p/n lejJal MIP ILIG IE NIB IL 1b). AOS ground that he was very young for a command so important. He had not stood remarkably high at West Point, being ranked thirty-fourth in his class when the whole number was fifty-two ; but he had already made a brilliant record in the war, winning his brigadier-generalship by a victory at Booneville, Mo., and conspicuous for his gallantry and skill at Perryville, Murfrees- boro’, Chickamauga, and Missionary Ridge, and for his bold riding around Lee’s army in the spring campaign of 1864. Undet him and Custer, Crook, Merritt, and Kilpatrick, the cavalry arm of the National service, weak and inefficient at the opening of the war, had become a swift and sure weapon against the now declining but still defiant Confederacy. It had been noted by everybody that Grant exhibited an almost unerring judgment in the choice of his lieutenants. In his instructions, which were at first written out for Hunter and afterward transferred to Sheridan, Grant said: ‘“ In pushing up the Shenandoah Valley, where it is expected you will have to go first or last, it is desirable should be left to invite ne enemy that nothing to return. Take all pro- and stock wanted for the use of your visions, forage, command. Such ascannot be consumed, destroy. It is not desirable that the buildings should be de- | stroyed—they should \ rather be protected; but the people should be in- formed that so long as an army can subsist among them recurrences of these raids must be ex- pected ; and we are de- termined to stop them at all hazards.” The condition of things at Washing- ton—where Halleck \ alwavs, and Stanton | sometimes, interfered with orders passing A. T: that way—is vividly 7 MAJOR-GENERM BREVE ested by a despatch sent in sugg his time, August 3. Mr. Lincoln cipher to Grant at this ti “TW havesseenayour despa, in which you say, ‘I want the troops in the field, with wrote ; Sheridan put in command of all instructions to put himself south of the enemy and follow him to the death.. Wherever the enemy goes, let our troops go also.’ This I think is exactly right, as to how our forces should move. But please look over the despatches you may have received from here, even since you made that order, and discover, if you can, that there is any idea in the head of any one here of ‘ putting our army south of the enemy, or of ‘following him to the death ’ in any direction. JI repeat to you, it will neither be done nor attempted unless you watch it every day and hour, and force it.’ This caused Grant to go at once to Maryland and put things in train for the v igorous campaign that he had planned in the valley of the Shenandoah. P erhaps Mr. Lincoln had found a way to give Halleck also an mee hint ; for the very next “rs, and day that general telegraphed to Grant : “JT await your orde shall strictly carry them out, whatever they may be.” Pn TR: Salil i SEELEEEE G2= vos , Pe Rise ra : : 406 Grant, who had all confidence in Sheridan, wrote to him: ‘‘ Do not hesitate to give command to officers in whom you repose others on account ol confidence, without regard to claims of rank. If you deem Torbert the best man to command the cav- nd give Averell some other com- alry, place him in command, a him to mand, or relieve him from the expedition and order report to General Hunter. What we want is prompt and active movements after the enemy, in accordance with the instructions feel every confidence that you will do to act on t you have already had. I he very best, and will leave you, as far as possible, your judgment, and not embarrass you with orders anc ] tions.” In accordance with this, Torbert was made Sheridan s chief of cavalry, and Merritt was given com- cor 4 1 instruc- mand of Torbert’s division. When Grant visited Sheridan, before the battle of the plan of matele in his pocket; but )pequan, he carried a he says he found Sheridan so thorou ighly ready to move, with so perfect a plan, and so con- fident of success, that he did not | even show him his plan or give I 7 him any orders, except author- | NE. ity to move. | 7 ees ee Early, whose main force was on the south bank of the Poto- mac, above Harpers Ferry, still had a large part of his cavalry in Maryland, where they were loading their wagons with wheat on the battlefield of Antietam and seizing all the cattle that the farmers had not driven off beyond their reach. ae these were llec now recalled. As soon as Sheridan one get fe force well in hand, he moved it cilft ully southward toward Winchester, in order to threaten Bae 5 communications and draw him into a battle. Early at once moved his army into a position to cover Winchester, but was unwilling to fight without the reinforcements that were on the way to him from Lees army; so he retreated as far as Fisher's Hill to meet them, and was followed by Sheridan, who was about to attack there when warned by Grant to be cautious, as the enemy was too strong for him. He therefore withdrew to his former position on Opequan Creek, facing west toward Win- chester and covering Snicker’s Gap, through which reinforce- ments were to come to him. Here he was attacked, August 21, and after a fight in which two hundred and sixty men on the National side were killed or wounded, he drew back to a stronger position at Halltown. He had complained, in a letter to Grant, that there was not a good military position in the whole valley south of the Potomac. In his retrograde move- ment, as he reported, he “destroyed everything eatable south of Winchester.” Early reconnoitred the position at Halltown and found it too strong to be attacked, but for three or four weeks remained with his whole force at the sie S ie force at the lower end of the valley, threatening raids into Maryland, Pennsylvania, and West \ Irginia, breaking the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Chesapeake Canal, keep- ing the authorities at Washington in a constant state of anxiety CAMPFIRE AND BA ase Perle (ED She at ay ASP ire soir and all the time inviting attack from Sheridan. [There were fre- quent minor engagements, mainly: by cavalry, with varying results. In one, Custer’s division only escaped capture by cross- ing the Potomac in great haste. In another, a force under Gen. John B. McIntosh captured the Eighth South Carolina infantry entire though that regiment now consisted of but one hundred and six men. It had probably consisted of a thousand men at the outset, and the wear and tear of three years of constant war- he fare had reduced it, like many others on either side, to these meagre propor- tions. 5 : Grant and Sheridan were in perfect accord as to the best policy, and they pursued it steadily, in spite of the uneasiness at Washington, the complaints of the Maryland farmers, nd the criticisms _ of the news- papers. They knew that with the Army of : = Potomac constantly FE rr busy in his front, feeling out for new positions beyond | ee is Pe ee massing north of the James in | ee proximity to Richmond, or threat- ening to break through Sige his centre, the time Fes iD must come when Lee y would recall a part of the forces that he had sent to the vee and that would be the moment for Sheridan to spring upon Early The opportunity Yel Nate ee | arrived on the t1oth | ‘ -S 2 oe | Lee had recalled the September, when Gommand of Re ok Anderson, with which he had reinforced Early in August, and BREVET BRIGADIER-GENERAL W. H. PENROSE. Early, as if to double his danger, had sent a large part of his remaining troops to Martinsburg, tweaty miles away. Grant’s order to Sheridan at this juncture was “Go in,” and Sheridan promptly went in. The various movements of the two armies had brought them around to substantially the same positions that they held in the engagement of August 21—E arly east of and covering Winches- ter, Sheridan along the line of Opequan Creek, which is about five miles east of the city. Sheridan’s plan was to march straight on Winchester with his whole force, and crush Early’s right before the left could be withdrawn from Martinsburg to assist it. He set his troops in motion at three o’clock in the morning, to converge toward the Berryville pike, a macadamizedPe ia ir Rote iaeiens shitter arte, mt SAULT LU triere tt yn , f ; Bombe beh thatthe TD Tah CAMPFIRE road crossing the Opequan, Serr , \ i é ahaa rod panel a ot A = tn Avitelet HATER WUT - passing through a ravine, and leading into Win- chester. Wilson's cavalry secured the crossing of the stream, and cleared the way through the ravine for the infantry ; but there was, as usual, some difficulty in moving so many troops by Sf / a single road, and it-was SJ} “ xf / midday before the battle Ss) / Z 9 / SS began. This delay gave USS < PIs Early an oppor itv. te MOOREFIELDS = — Sze, ae portunity to | PETERSBURGO é bring back his troops from y Martinsburg and unite his whole force in front of Win- WOODSTOCKS se ; ; . é SVK X ‘ : chester. Sheridan s intan- [~ Lnegee'/ SZ try deployed under a heavy |\/a@e \ IWS a Me JACKSON S ASSN artillery fire from Early's UGE ANA ricsht wing, and advanced t W MnP || SS 5 S) al advanced to Key FS = the attack, when the battle began almost simultaneous- 1 = 1 i 1 qs ly along the whole line, and was kept up till dark. There were no field-works, the only shelter being such as was afforded by patches of woodland and rolling ground, and the fighting was obst! The usual. difficulty of BE : serving the line intact whil advancing over broken ground was met, and wher- ever a gap appeared it was advantag of. In one instance, a Con- federate force led by Gen. promptly taken AND BATDRLE ERLE ELD. 407 HANCOCK a nM Winchester. The National Uf bes a loss was nearly five thousand 2 pend com men. “he Confederates EE lost about four thousand —including two generals, and Godwin—with five guns and nine battle- flags. Early established a strong rear Rodes y TR =F [) cphaceszenny Li Fuar d , and managed to save his trains. This battle, which in pro- to the engaged was one of the most portion numbers destructive of the war, had its many curious and valor- fi\ ‘MANASSAS GAP. — ; Near its © RECTOR™. ous incidents. close General Russell re- Sy] AYMARKETO ah ceived a bullet in his breast, x sreoeinine GARY but did not mention it even to his staff officer, and con- tinued urging forward and encouraging the troops. A little later, ment of victory, a fragment of shell tore heart. | Jeremt: Hawkins, of fourth Ohio Regiment, writes: ‘Here fell badly gallant divi- sion commander, Gen. I. H. Duval: and while crossing a cornfield, and just before edge of the Bud, the in the very mo- through his Morton L. the Thirty- wounded our reaching the sanguinary Red chivalrous and manly Car- ter, at the head of Company D, my old regiment, fell dead at my feet, struck in the forehead with a musket Rodes drove n Robert E. between the Sixth ~ THE SHENAN Nineteenth Corps, crum «i led fanks. and turned to take the Nineteenth in reverse; but ‘on of the Sixth Corps under Gen. David forward to fill the ae struck the flank of filaded it with a rapid their at this juncture a divis A. Russell, the intruding Confederate force coming ol ebbaak, Gre of canister from the Fifth ve ee and sent it back in confusion, capturing a large number of prisoners. In this id Russell were both k ‘led. On the movement Generals Rodes a1 National right the fighting was at first in favor of ates, and that wing was temporarily borne back some distance. Sheridan now brought up his reserves, which he had intended hester to cut off retreat, and sent them while the cavalry a detour and the Confeder- to move south of Winc right flank; divisions of into the fight on his Merritt and Averell, under struck Early’s left, pushing back his cava portion of his infantry. From this time The Confederates found some soon came in by Iry and getting into the Sheridan Torbert, rear of drove everything before him. shelter in a line of Geld-works near the and fled through the streets But darkness favored them, Their severely wounded were left in town, but were in complete rout and driven out, and most of them confusion. escaped up the valley. “ eau a ae ete a ~ “Au ‘ ul ¥ DOAH VALLEY ball: c ) ore \ Sra iitaree Pe TE mee RA No ~ fs F but never faltering, with our eyes fixed on the enemy, who at that time were advancing to the opposite side of the Red Bud, we pushed on, amic simply Emerging on the opposite bank, we the elevation and met them face to face. Then ensued a hand- to-hand contest. The ranks of Union and Confederate regi- ments mingled indiscriminately, the colors of both floating in the breeze together, the blue and the gray, man to man. Duval carried to the rear with a musket ball in his thigh, but lent of the United States, assumed 1 by his presence in the battle Cool and vigilant, scores of 1 a shower of musketry that was murderous. ascended had been Gol. R. Be Hayes; since Presic the command of the division, anc encouraged his men to deeds of daring. horse amid that leaden rain, while le went down around him. Finally the tide turned in our favor. Down the hill, hotly pressed by the men, went that valiant band of rebels. The day was Won alhe flacsotunerol | Thirty-fourth never looked so beau- tiful, nor was borne so maa as on that glorious day, w hen in the thickest of the fight its shadow fell on its brave defenders.” al of a Confed- h this is the entry in the journ as wounded and captured: - “7 never saw our wreck he sat upon his veterans on either SiC Union In contrast wit erate officer who w ea sere trey reat RfarivePat op [ote ula Tea an aed me Vi retr Phe) BING adi a Feat Ay Pie ke Meas aa Via Dae NN PEN ST TST pe Sy, 7 set rhe il nt A ATT LILES ay,Weert ith) a eee , es (Pe Al eee A rd Tee a aen aU iimnanenhinaiatienees tomenek eae Oe ee SHERIDAN AND STAFF. E Oo = et o st < or uJ = uJ S o- O S) < =t A Pert Lae iti ve A Se a Lh kn a! boi eebbbhibL UNI ULL QULIUTIRTETS PS iat * ! : ry 4 ~~ ae rey tbl SH); . Te Lee ha Deon ros CAMPFIRE AND troops in such confusion before. Night found Sheridan’s hosts in full and exultant possession of much-abused, beloved Win- chester. The hotel hospital was full of desperately wounded \ and dying Confederates. The entire building was shrouded in darkness during the dreadful night, and sleep was impossible as the groans, sighs, shrieks, prayers, and oaths of the wretched sufferers, combined with my own severe pain, banished all thought of rest. Our scattered troops, closely followed by the large army of pursuers, retreated rapidly and in dis- order through the city. It was a sad, humill- ating sight.” General Early attributes his defeat largely to the fact that his cavalry was inferior in numbers and equipments to the National cav- alry that opposed it. ihe battle received with un- news of this was measured enthiu- siasm in the Army of the Po- tomac, in Wash- ington, and at the North, where every newspaper repeated in its bold Sheridan's €x- head-lines pression that he had “sent Early whirling through Winchester. President Lin- BRIGADIER-GENERAL N. P. CHIPMAN coln telegraphed | to General Sheridan: ‘“‘ Have just heard of | your great victory. God bless. you all, officers and men. Strongly inclined to come up and see you.” General Grant telegraphed: “I congratulate you and the army serving under you for the great vic- It has been most op- | It will \ tory just achieved. portune in point of time and effect. open again to the Government and to the N public the very important line from Baltimore to the Ohio, and also the Chesapeake Ganrall: Better still, it wipes out much of the stain upon our arms by previous disasters in that locality. May your good work continue, is now the prayer of all loyal men.” For this brilliant success, lier-general in the regular army. When Early retreated southward after this battle Opequan (or battle of Winchester as the Confederates called it), lill, where the valley is but Sheridan was advanced to the grade of brigac of the he took up a position at Fisher's I As Sheridan had said, there was no really military position in the valley, unless for a much larger army than either he or Early commanded. ‘At Fishers Hill, the Con- North Fork of the Shenandoah, and , it; but for the left there was no good r four miles wide. federate right rested on the was sufficiently protected by of Fas BREVET BRIGADIER-GENERAL NICHOLAS DAY. ' | Troe a te 2 Mp Tas tsi teen Mae nto seit Et] i nih ae * yy iets pauh eke preneeree Hi Ht WANs ue ; eee at eat Hit LLG We “ BAT TE ETE TED. 409 natural protection. Early’s men set to work vigorously con- structing intrenchments and preparing abatis. Sheridan followed promptly, his advance guard skirmishing with the Confederate There was an pickets and driving them through Strasburg. eminence overlooking the Confederate intrenchments, and after a sharp fight this was gained by the National troops, who at to cut down the trees and plant batteries. me When Sheridan \ noitred the position, he planned to send once began had thoroughly recon- \ the greater part of his cavalry through the Luray Valley to get into the rear of the Confederates and cut off retreat ; then to attack in front with the Sixth and Nineteenth Corps, while Crook, with the Eighth Corps, should make a detour and come in on the enemy's left. flanke = dhe broken that the manceuvres were ground was so necessarily slow, and it was almost sunset when Crook reached Early’s flani. But the lttle that remained was used to the Crook came daylight utmost advantage. out of the woods so suddenly and silently that the Confed- erates at that end of the line were simply, astounded. eRAL Th ai . qeeRcee Their works were taken in cet BRIDE acY it: : ; 5 areEvE! ee On reverse, and their dismounted cav- p ORGS ° Tr Ge alry was literally overrun. The forward movement of the troops in front was prompt, the _ right of the Sixth Corps joining properly with \ the left of Crook’s, and everywhere Sheridan . and his lieutenants were with the men, re- command to push forward peating the for anything. constantly, without stopping The result was a completerout of the \ Confederates, who fled in confusion once | more up the valley, leaving sixteen of their guns behind. But Sheridan‘s plan for their capture was foiled because his cavalry, meeting a stout resistance from | Early’s cavalry, failed to get through to | their rear. Pursuit was made in the night, / but to no purpose. In this battle, which roucht on the 22d of September, the was toug National loss was about four hundred; the y Confederate, about fourteen hundred. For the next three days-the retreat was continued, Sheridan's whole force following rapidly, oe the skirmish- and often being near enough to engag change shots with the artillery. Early went ‘c to meet reinforcements that were s army, and there stopped. ers or €X to Port Republ on the way to him from ee fantry at Harrisonburg, but sent his cavalry The column under Torbert reached arge quantity of arms, ammuni- Sheridan halted his in still farther up the valley. Staunton, where it destroyed a l tion, and provisions, and then tore up the track of the Virginia Central Railroad eastward to Waynesboro’, and pulled down the iron bridge over the stream at that point. Here it was attacked “, force, and retired. Grant wanted the movement continued to Charlottesville; but Sheridan found serious difficulties in his aed Rei p Mv waeees eu) a es Arie ao a wot eC) Sr tS LTE ik u Lea Pea iA petal HOY 410 CAMPFIRE AND lack of supplies and transportation so far from his base. He adopted the alternative of rendering the valley untenable for any army that could not bring its provisions with it, and Grant had repeated his early instructions, saying, “ Leave nothing for the subsistence of an army on any ground you abandon to the enemy.” On the 5th of October the march down the valley was begun. The infantry went first, and the cavalry followed, being stretched entirely across the valley, burning and destroy- ing, as it went, everything except the dwellings. Sheridan said in his report: “I have destroyed over two thousand barns filled with wheat, hay, and farming implements; over seventy mills filled with flour and wheat; have driven in front of the army over four thousand head of stock, and have killed and issued to the troops not less than three thousand sheep.” Early, being reinforced, now turned and pursued Sheridan. At Tom’s Brook, on the 7th, the National cavalry under Torbert, Merritt, and Custer engaged the Confederate cavalry under Rosser and Lamont. After a spirited engagement Rosser was driven back twenty-five miles, and Torbert captured over three hundred prisoners, eleven guns, and a large number of wagons—or, as was said in the report, ‘everything they had on wheels.” Sheridan halted at Cedar Creek, north of Strasburg, and put his army into camp there, while he was summoned to Washing- ton for conference as to the continuation of the campaign, leaving General Wright incommand. Early, finding nothing in the val- ley for his men and horses to eat, was obliged to do one thing or another without delay—advance and capture provisions from the stores of his enemy, or retreat and give upthe ground. He chose to assume the offensive, and in the night of the 18th moved silently around the left of the National line, taking the precaution yids ier toh errs BAe lee EA EMAE TED). to leave behind even the soldiers’ canteens, which might have made a clatter. In the misty dawn of the 19th the Confederates burst upon the flank held by Crook’s corps, with such suddenness and vehemence that it was at once thrown into confusion and routed. They were among the tents before anybody knew they were coming, and many of Crook’s men were shot or stabbed before they could fairly awake from their sleep. The Nineteenth Corps was also routed, but the Sixth stood firm, and the Confederates themselves became somewhat broken and demoralized by the eagerness of the men to plunder the camps. Wright’s Sixth Corps covered the retreat; and when Sheridan, hearing of the battle and riding with all speed from Winchester, met the stream of fugitives, he deployed some cavalry to stop them, and inspired his men with a short and oft-repeated oration, which is reported as, “Face the other way, boys! We are going back to our o camps! We are going to lick them out of their boots!” This actually turned the tide; a new line was quickl S y formed and intrenched, and when Early attacked it he met with a costly repulse. Inthe afternoon Sheridan advanced to attack in turn, sending his irresistible cavalry around both flanks, and after some fighting the whole Confederate line was broken up and driven in confusion, with the cavalry close upon its heels. All the guns lost in the morning were retaken, and twenty-four be- sides. In this double battle the Confederate loss was about thirty-one hundred; the National, fifty-seven hundred and sixty- four, of whom seventeen hundred were prisoners taken in the morning and hurried away toward Richmond. Among the losses in this battle on the National side were Brig.-Gens. Daniel D. Bidwell, Charles R. Lowell, J. H. Hitching, and George D. Welles, and Col. Joseph Thoburn, all killed; on the Confederate side, Major-Gen. Stephen D. Ramseur, killed. A VIEW ON GOOSE CREEK, VIRGINIA. (From 3 War-time Photograph,)PT ah A dd Vad The explanation of Early’s well-planned attack upon the camp is found in the fact that the Confederates had a signal station on Massanutten Mountain from which everything in Sheridan’s On the day before the battle Gen. John B. Gordon climbed to that signal station, where with his field army could be seen. oe -glass he says, “I could distinctly see the red cuffs of the f the ] I could see members of Sheridan's staff coming and ) In front « Jelle Grove mansion artillerymen. oing. I could not imagine better making out an enemy's po- I men ox oD a opportunity for sition and Strength. could even count the who were there. I marked the position of the guns, | and the pickets walking to o and fro, and observed where the cavalry 1S placed.” The explanation of the surprise is, that the Confederates by careful approach captured a picket and obtained the counter- done if Sheridan had re- .) sign. They then pro- mained at Winchester, | BR ceeded to capture more of AA Us cannot tell. Called from his bed : the pickets, exchanged as to fight an enemy already on his flank and | clothes with them and put | rear and partly within his lines, his promptness and in their own men on guard decision enabled him to withdraw from Early’s grasp almost This, of cours nabled =R-GE L all that was not in his hands before Wright’s eager haste brought them to open the door of 3R JOHNSON, C. S.A him from bed to battle. When his black horse brought Sheri- the camp, so to speak, in dan to our lines on that October forenoon, Wright turned over perfect silence for their appr aching army. _ to him an army ready, eager, and competent to win success that lf The story of Sheridan’s return, and how he changed the defeat afternoon.’ Hi. into a victory, as here told, is that which is g nerally received. Sheridan’s campaign in the Valley of the Shenandoah was now \ But some of his soldiers say it is more dramatic than strictly practically ended, and the people of the loyal North were no i truthful. They-say that when he ar- longer obliged to call it the Valley of | rived General Wright already had ae 2 ae Humiliation. | restored order, and had the Sixth Corps | An incident of this campaign inspired in perfect condition for an advance 1 one of the most vigorous and popular movement. Still there is no doubt that of the war poems, entitled “ Sheridan’s the presence of Sheridan brous ht with Ride.” We quote two stanzas: itanimspiralion, SOS RS Os ns < But there is a road from Winchester town, eve menmy wien iy Wes made. Gol: A good broad highway leading down ; ( Moses M. Granger, of the One Hundrea And there, through the flash of the morning { and Twenty-second Ohio Regiment, light, 2 iN which was ie the Sixth Corps, says: A steed as black as the steeds of night ? Was seen to pass, as with eagle flight, “When Sheridan arrived, the line in position consisted of the cavalry, with its right on the pike; the second di- vision. Sixth Corps, with its left on the pike; then Hayes, with part of the Army of West Virginia ; and next to him our Second Brigade, third division, Sixth Corps. I had with me, but at the time, I supposed that we connected with Getty not far from ten o'clock in the forenoon. As our breakfast been very early hasty, we the dinner hour, made coffee, and soon felt freshed—ready for anything. While we were in this state of good feeli no W atch had and now -advanced BREVET MAJOR-G Killed = a Eee Cte Ti taat A oe u CAMPELIRE AND rN HAUT ttle " Oo Ry ctth i rtbtst-+ Ot eel staat ieee » iB) BAT TOE EME Ey. 4it General Sheridan, attended by Major A. J. Smith, came riding along the line. Just in my rear, as I was sitting on a stump, he drew rein, returned our salute, gave a quick look at the men, Re and said: ‘You look all right, boys! We'll whip a ‘em like before nichts Ae this: iE hearty cheers broke out, and he rode is on, passing from the rear to the front of our line, through the right wing of my regiment, and thence westward, followed ever by cheers. Instantly all thought of merely defeating an attack upon us_ ended. iin ks stead was a conviction that we os were to attack and defeat them S that very afternoon. Thus % before Sheridan arrived Wright rnd eal 1 Bg | a aa IE had given orders for the estab- lishment of a strong and well- manned line, and made it cers that the rebel stop. Teka bait brie a advance What Wright might or would have tain must there prea $ a al ey As if he knew the terrible need ; He stretched away with the utmost speed ; Hills fell—but his heart was gay, With Sheridan fifteen miles away. rose and hurrah for Sheridan ! hurrah for horse and man! placed «¢ Hurrah Hurrah ! And high Under the dome of the Union sky, when their statues are on ’ The American soldier's Temple of Fame, name, There, with the glorious general S Be it said, in letters both bold and bright: ‘Here is the steed that saved the day By carrying Sheridan into the fight From Winchester—twenty miles away ENERAL DAVID A. RUSSELL. 1*™ at Winchester, Va. me 2) = pe Oh Mus Wa dake a} ¥ & cf a Penne ts ei Atte— aa, FP eee sinthsas ans tadhenceeaaeimnabanemmatalie athe NAS Sea ea eae SST ce 412 GANTT KE AINE (CIBUAIP IMEI OOO THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. EFFORTS TOWARD PEACE—THE FREMONT CONVENTION—THE REPUB- LICAN CONVENTION—NOMINATION OF LINCOLN AND JOHNSON— THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION—ITS DENUNCIATION OF THE WAR—NOMINATION OF McCLELLAN AND PENDLETON—FREMONT WITHDRAWS—CHARACTER OF THE CANVASS—THE HOPE OF THE CONFEDERATES—THE ISSUE AS POPULARLY UNDERSTOOD—ELEC- TION OF LINCOLN—MARYLAND ABOLISHES SLAVERY—THE HIGH- EST ACHIEVEMENT OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. THE length of time that the war had continued, the drain Af + > upon the resources of both belligerents, and especially the rapidity and destructiveness of the battles in the summer of 1864, had naturally suggested the question whether there were not some possibility of a satisfactory peace without further fi were people, who believed that sucha peace was possible ; and ghting. In each section there was a party, or at least there the loud expression of this opinion led to several efforts at nego- tiation, as it also shaped the policy of a great political party. In July Col. James F. Jacques, of the Seventy-third Illinois Regi- ment, accompanied by James R. Gillmore (known in literature by his delineations of Southern life just before the war, under the pen-name of “Edmund Kirke”), went to Richmond under flag of truce, where they were admitted to a long interview with the chief officers of the Confederate Government. They had gone with Mr. Lincoln’s informal sanction, but had no definite terms to offer; and if they had, Mr. Davis’s remarks show that it would have been in vain. At the close he said: “ Say to Mr. Lincoln, from me, that I shall at any time be pleased to receive proposals for peace on the basis of our independence. It will be useless to approach me with any other?’ In that same month of July, three Southerners of some note created a great sensation by a conference at Niagara Falls, with Horace Greeley, on the subject of peace; but the affair came to nothing. The first Presidential convention of the year met at Cleveland, O., on the last day of May, in response to a call addressed “to the radical men of the nation.’ The platform declared, among other things, “that the rebellion must be suppressed by force of arms, and without compromise: that the rebellion has destroyed slavery, and the Federal Constitution should amended to prohibit its reéstablishment: that the question of the reconstruction of the rebellious States belongs to tl through their representatives in Congress, and tive; and that confiscation of the lands of the rebels. and their distribution among the soldiers and actual b € 1e people, not to the Execu- settlers, is a measure Of Usiicewa Gene ohne Ge Ereémont was nominated for the Presidency, and Gen. John Cochrane for the Vice-Presidency. Though this was the least of the conventions, yet in all the points here quoted from its platform, with the last, it indicated the policy that w the nation; and it is a singular fact tl] (confiscation) was objected to by both of acceptance. The Republican National Convention met in Baltimore on the 7th of Nune. Tt dropped the word « Republican” for the time being, and simply called itself a Union Convention, to accommo- date the war Democrats, who were now acting with the Repub- the exception of as ultimately pursued by vat the exceptional plank candidates in their letters / ts LEST Terrie BA ee EE MEE LED). lican party. Not only the free States were represented, but some that had been claimed by the Confederacy and had been partially or wholly recovered from it, including Tennessee, Lou- isiana, and Arkansas. The platform, reported by Henry J. Ray- mond, one of the ablest of American journalists, was probably written largely, if not entirely, by him. Its most significant passages were these: : “That we approve the determination of the Government of the United States not to compromise with the rebels, nor to offer them any terms of peace except such as may be based upon an unconditional surrender of their hostility and a return to their full allegiance to the Constitution and the laws of the United States. “That as slavery was the cause and now constitutes the strength of this rebellion, and as it must be always and every- where hostile to the principles of republican government, justice and the national safety demand its utter and complete extirpa- tion from the soil of the Republic. We are in favor, furthermore, of such an amendment to the Constitution, to be made by the people in conformity with its provisions, as shall terminate and forever prohibit the existence of slavery within the limits of the jurisdiction of the United States. That we approve and applaud the practical wisdom, the unselfish patriotism, and unswerving fidelity to the Constitution and the principles of American liberty, with which Abraham Lincoln has discharged, under circumstances of unparalleled difficulty, the great duties and responsibilities of the presidential office; that we approve and indorse, as demanded by the emer- gency and essential to the preservation of the nation, and as within the Constitution, the measures and acts which he has adopted to defend the nation against its open and secret foes ; that we approve especially the Proclamation of Emancipation, and the employment as Union soldiers of men heretofore held in slavery. “That the National faith, pledged for the redemption of the public debt, must be kept inviolate ; that it is the duty of every loyal State to sustain the credit and promote the use of the National currency.” On the first ballot, all the delegations voted for Mr. Lincoln, except that from Missouri, whose vote was given to General Grant. According to the official report of the proceedings, the first ballot for a candidate for Vice-President resulted in two hundred votes for Andrew Johnson, one hundred and eight for Daniel S. Dickinson (a war Democrat), one hundred and fifty for Hannibal Hamlin (who then held the office), and fifty-nine scattering ; several delegations changed their votes to Johnson, and he was almost unanimously nominated. But accordin the testimony of one who was on the floor as g to a delegate, the nomination of Mr. Lincoln was immediately followed by an out- burst of cheering, yelling, and the wildest excitement, and in the confusion and uproar it was declared that Mr. Johnson had somehow been nominated. He had been a poor white in the South, and a life-long Democrat, but had done some brave things in withstanding secession, and some bitter things in thwarting the slave-holders. Mr. Lincoln had appointed him military governor of Tennessee in March, 1862, and that capacity. Whatever may h nating a war he was still acting in ave been the wisdom of nomi- Democrat when the war was so near its close, the Republican party found reason in the next four its choice of Andrew Johnson as bitterly as its predecessor, the Whig party, had repented the choice of John Tyler, a life-long Democrat, in 1840. years to repent But the nominating conventions that have\ Per deka CAMPFIRE AND sufficiently considered the contingent importance of the Vice- Presidency have been exceedingly few. The Democratic National Convention, called to meet in Chi- cago, did not convene till nearly three months after the Repub- In the meantime, the hard { lican, August 29. hting around Richmond, and on Sherman’s road to Atlanta, the fruits of which cy 1g were not yet evident, the appearance of Confederate forces at the gates of Washington, and the delay of Sheridan’s movements in the Shenandoah Valley, had produced a more gloomy feeling than had been experienced before since the war began; and this feeling, as was to be expected, operated in favor of whatever opposed the National administration. The suffering and the discontented are always prone to cry out for a change, without defining what sort of change they want, or considering what any change is likely to bring. Seizing upon this advantage, the Democratic convention made avery clear and bold issue with the Republican. It was presided over by Horatio Seymour, then governor of New York, while Clement L. Vallandigham was a member of the committee on resolutions, and is supposed to have written the most significant of them. The platform pre- sented these propositions: : “That this Convention does explicitly declare, as the sense of the American people, that, after four years of failure to restore the Union by the experiment of war, during which, under the pretence of military necessity of a war power higher than the Constitution, the Constitution itself has been disregarded in every part, and public liberty and private right alike trodden down, and the material prosperity of the country essentially impaired—justice, humanity, liberty, and the public welfare demand that immediate efforts be made for a cessation of hostil- ities, with a view to an ultimate convention of all the States, or other peaceable means, to the end that, at the earliest practi- cable moment, peace may be restored on the basis of the Federal Union of the States. “That the aim and object of the Democratic party is to pre- serve the Federal Union and the rights of the States unim- paired.” On the first ballot, Gen. George B. McClellan was nominated for President, receiving two hundred and two anda half votes, against twenty-three and a half for Thomas H. Seymour, of Con- George H. Pendleton, of Ohio, an ultra-peace man, General McClellan, in his necticut. was nominated for Vice-President. letter of acceptance, virtually set aside a portion of the platform, and said: “The reéstablishment of the Union, in all its integrity, ‘s and must continue to be the indispensable condition in any settlement. No peace can be permanent without Union.” The declaration that the war had been a failure received a crushing comment the day after the convention adjourned; for on that day Sherman’s army marched into Atlanta. And this success was followed by others—notably Sheridan’s. brilliant movements in the valley—all of which, when heralded in the Republican journals, were accompanied by the quotation trom the Democratic platform declaring the war a failure. Frémont withdrew from the contest in September, saying in his General published letter: “The policy of the Democratic party signifies either separa- tion or reéstablishment with slavery. The Chicago platform is simply separation ; General McClellan’s letter of acceptance is The Republican candidate is, on reéstablishment with slavery. iment of the Union with- the contrary, pledged to the reéstablisl out slavery; and, however hesitating his po ure of his party will, we may hope, force him to it. Between licy may be, the press- RE Se ae \iemiemeeanae cileal Saar ye OGM CUN TTT Un tw treet ce UTI LGEs pi ctePe eee res SUT y pi bso Tks one. PURE io 2a dana eg) i} Ate 2 { { SLD Gu tt See Mit meh S prey TTS orp peat aaa bE Lat LO UCM CU UC vert ; 2 Se ad eh ad bea ROLL | BA TAIMEE iE. 413 these issues, I think no man of the Liberal party can remain in doubt; and I believe I am consistent with my antecedents and my principles in withdrawing—not to aid in the triumph of Mr. Lincoln, but to do my part toward preventing the election of the Democratic candidate.” The canvass was exceedingly bitter, especially in the abuse heaped upon Mr. Lincoln. The undignified and disgraceful epithets that were applied to him by journals of high standing were not such as would make any American proud of his coun- try. This course had its culmination in the publication of cer- tain ghastly pictures of returned prisoners, to show what Lincoln —the usurper, despot, and tyrant, as they freely called him— was doing by not disregarding “ nigger soldiers’ and continuing the exchange of whites. They constantly repeated the assertion with which they had greeted the Emancipation Proclamation, that the war had been wickedly changed from one for the preser- vation of the Union into one for the abolition of slavery. On the other hand, the Republican press freely accused the Demo- cratic party of desiring the success of secession—which was not true. Aside from all patriotic considerations, that party had the strongest reasons for wishing to perpetuate the Union, because without the Southern vote it was in a minority. There were many members of that party, however, who, while they by no means desired the destruction of the Union, believed it was in- evitable, and thought the sooner the necessity was acknowledged the better. One of the most effective arguments of the canvass was fur- oOo oO nished in a condensed form by one of Mr. Lincoln’s famous little stories, and in that form was repeated thousands of times. An- swering the address of a delegation of the Union League, a day or two after his nomination, he said: “I have not permitted myself to conclude that I am the best man in the country; but I am reminded in this connection of the story of an old Dutch farmer, who once remarked to a companion that ‘it was not best to swap horses when crossing streams.’ ” There was singing in the canvass, too, and some of the songs rendered by glee-clubs every evening before large political meetings were very effective. One of the most notable had been written in response to the President’s call for three hundred thousand volunteers, and bore the refrain, «We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred thousand more !” Much of the popular parlor music of the time consisted of songs relating to the great struggle, prominent among which were “ Tenting on the Old Camp-Ground ” and “ When this Cruel War ‘< over.’ At the South, as at the North, there had been an out- burst of lyric enthusiasm at the beginning of the war, which found expression in “ My Maryland,” the “ Bonnie Blue Flag, and “ Dixie;” but the spirit that inspires such poems seems to have died out there after the war had been in progress two or three years, when its terrible privations were increasing every day. The Confederates were now looking eagerly for the result of the Presidential election as a possible solution of the great ques- tion in their favor. John B. Jones, who was a clerk in the Con- federate War Department, recorded in his published diary that Mr. Vallandigham, when banished to the South, had assured the officers of the Government at Richmond that “if we [the Con- federates] can only hold out this year, the peace party of the North In dynasty out of political existence. would sweep the Linco This was now their strongest hope; and it was common talk Si : — Piss e eas Fe ger a atic i coe Pet Lt apa) HT ty 3 7 J wet WF ae en ie ya ae inde tetMeierie} ; Lert ne enensrene te tm henenines te carn eran nt entre atlas BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL Amos B. EATON, BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL MAJOR-GENERAL MORTIMER LEGGET® AND STAFF.eo Heel Bb enti, eS NUN TTT tet ‘ f :| 67 et i! +++ — ry Tea across the lines, between the pickets, that in the event of McClel- lan’s election the Confederates expected a speedy cessation of hostilities and ultimately their independence. And such is the unaccountable elasticity of the human mind, in dealing with facts and principles, that a large number of the bravest and most devoted soldiers in the National service, knowing this, were pre- paring to cast their ballots in away to give the utmost assistance and encouragement to the very enemy into the muzzles of whose cuns they were looking. Whether General Frémont's arraignment of the Administra- tion as “politically, militarily, and financially a failure “a was 1st or unjust, whether it was true or not that the triumph of General McClellan and his party would result in a final disruption of the country, before the canvass was over the land had settled down to the belief that the only way to secure the continuance of the war to a successful termination was to reélect Mr. Lincoln, while a vote for General McClellan meant something else nobody knew exactly what. The solemnity of the occasion appeared to be universally appreciated, and though a heavy vote was polled the election was the quietest that had ever been held. The citizens were dealing with a question that, in most of its aspects at least, they by this time thoroughly understood. When they sprang to arms in 1861, they did not know what war to was; but now they had had three years of constant schooling its burdens and its horrors. They had seen regiment after regi- ment march away to the music of drum and fife, with a thousand men in the ranks, and come back at the end of two years’ service with perhaps two hundred bronzed veterans to be mustered out. They had read in their newspapers, after every great battle, the long lists of killed and wounded, which the telegraph was quick to report. Every city had its fair for the relief of the widows and orphans, every hamlet its two or three crippled soldiers hobbling about in their faded blue overcoats, almost every house its incurable sorrow. They had seen the wheel turning in the provost-marshal’s office, in places where volunteering was not sufficiently rapid, and knew that their own names might be the next to be drawn for service at the front. They knew how many graves there were at Gettysburg, how many at Shiloh, how many at Stone River; they knew what was to be seen in the hospitals of every Northern city, and something of the unspeak- able horrors of captivity. They saw the price of gold go beyond two hundred, while the Government was spending between two and three millions of dollars a day, piling up a national debt in undreamed-of proportions, for which they were already heavily taxed, and which must some day be paid in solid coin. Seeing and understanding all this, and having the privilege of a secret and unquestioned ballot, they quietly walked up to the polls and voted for a vigorous prosecution of the war, re électing Mr. Lincoln by a popular majority of more than four hundred thousand, and giving him the votes of all the States excepting Delaware, New Jersey, and Kentucky The vote of the soldiers in the field, so far ly (for in some States it was sent two hundred and twelve against twenty-one. as it could be counted separate home sealed, and mingled with the other ballots in the boxes), showed about one hundred and nineteen thousand for Lincoln, and about thirty-four thousand for McClellan. of the Confederate prisons held an election at The soldiers confined in some who were exceedingly curious the suggestion of their keepers, 7 g Sergeant Robert H. Kel- to see how the prisoners would vote. loge tells us that in the stockade at Florence, S. C., where he was confined, two empty bags were hung up furnished with black and white beans and marched past in single , and the prisoners were Vea cau ca . 2 i y Bh : CAM PETRIE AND BATHE Tai EaDe 415 file, each depositing a black bean for Lincoln, or a white one for McClellan. The result was in the proportion of two and a halt for Lincoln to one for McClellan. In the prison at Millen, Ga., Sergeant W. Goodyear tells us, the vote was three thou- sand and fourteen for Lincoln, and one thousand and fifty for McClellan. In Congress, the number of Republican members was increased from one hundred and six to one hundred and forty-three, and the number of Democratic members reduced from seventy-seven to forty-one. Meanwhile, in October, Maryland had adopted a new consti- tution, in which slavery was prohibited. In answer to serenades after the election, Mr. Lincoln made some of his best impromptu speeches, saying in one: ‘‘ While I am duly sensible to the high compliment of a reélection, and duly grateful, as I trust, to Almighty God for having directed my countrymen to a right conclusion, as I think, for their good, it adds nothing to my satisfaction that any other man may be disappointed by the result. May I ask those who have not differed with me to join with me in this same spirit toward those who have?” If there is any one act of the American people that above all others, in the sober pages of history, reflects credit upon them for correct judgment, determined purpose, courage in present difficul- ties. and care for future interests, that act, it seems to me, was the reélection of President Lincoln. GH APA Re DeIe: THE NATIONAL BRINANGEHS: AN EMPTY TREASURY—BORROWING MONEY AT TWELVE PER CENT.— SALMON P. CHASE MADE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY—THE DIRECT-TAX BILL—-ISSUE OF DEMAND NOTES—CHASE’S COURAGE CHE BANKS FORM SYNDICATE—ISSUE OF BONDS—AMOUNT OF COIN IN CIRCULATION—SUSPENSION OF SPECIE PAYMENTS—PAY OF SOLDIERS GREENBACKS—CHASE S PLAN FOR A NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM—THE FRACTIONAL CURRENCY—FLUCTUATIONS OF GOLD—THE COST OF THE WARK. \WueEN President Lincoln came into office he found the treas- ury empty, and the public debt somewhat over seventy-six mil- lion dollars. In the last days of President Buchanan’s adminis- tration the Government had been borrowing money at twelve per cent. per annum. In December, 1860, Congress passed a bill for the issue of ten million dollars in one-year treasury notes. Half of this amount was advertised, and offers were received for | portion, at rates of discount varying from twelve to The twelve per cent. offers were accepted, and subsequently a syndicate of bankers took the remainder of the five millions at that figure. The other five millions were taken a month later at eleven per cent. discount. In February, 1a loan of twenty-five millions, to bear and to be paid in not less than ten nor The Secretary succeeded in negotiat- a smal thirty-six per cent. 1861, Congress authorizec interest at six per cent., more than twenty years. ing one-third of the amount In Mr. Lincoln's cabinet, Salmon P. Chase (formerly governor of Ohio, and then United States senator) was made Secretary of the Treasury. Under the existing acts he borrowed eight millions in March at ninety-four and upward—rejecting all offers under ninety-four—and early in April issued at par nearly five millions in two-year treasury notes, receivable for public dues into six-per-cent. stocks. On the 12th of at rates from ninety to ninety-six. and also convertible THrrreS Heaps ee peer tren HP] orseret re hy Pathe ane Al , ioe et) 7 1 - ia : FT ES PFN CN eo s aaa) 7 3 ea Je f all i e Mies coz5 a aR TET ee = se mow — 416 that month the war was begun by the firing on Fort Sumter. In May seven millions more of the six-per-cent. loan were issued at rates from eighty-five to ninety-three, and two and a half millions in treasury notes at par. These transactions were looked upon as remarkably successful, for many considered it questionable whether the Government would survive the blow that was aimed at its life, and be able to redeem any of its secur- ities. The existing tariff, which was low, produced an annual income of not more than thirty millions. Congress met, at the call of the President, on the 4th of July, 1861, and on the 17th passed a bill (with but five dissenting votes in the House of Representatives) for the issue of bonds and treasury notes to the amount of two hundred and fifty millions. It also increased the duties on many articles, passed an act for the confiscation of the property of rebels, and levied a direct tax of twenty millions, apportioned among the States and Ter- ritories. The States that were in rebellion of course did not pay. All the others paid except Delaware, Colorado, Utah, Oregon, and the District of Columbia. The law provided for collection by United States officers in such States as should not formally assume and pay the tax themselves. In some of the seceding States, lands worth about seven hundred thousand dol- lars were seized and sold for non-payment. In August the first demand notes were issued as currency, being paid to clerks in the departments for their salaries. Though these were convertible into gold, there was at first great reluctance to receive them, but after a little time they became popular, and in five months about thirty-three millions were issued. In August also Mr. Chase held a conference with the principal bankers of New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, to negotiate a national loan on the basis of the recent acts of Congress. Most of them expressed their desire to sustain the Government, but they made some objections to the terms and rates of interest. When it looked as if the negotiation might fail, the Secretary assured the bankers that if they were not able to take the loan on his terms, he would return to Washington and issue notes for circulation, “for it is certain that the war must go on until the rebellion is put down, if we have to put out paper until it takes a thousand dollars to buy a breakfast.” The banks agreed to form a syndicate to lend the Government fifty million dollars in coin, to pay which the Secretary was to issue three-vear notes bearing seven and three-tenths per cent. interest. convertible into six-per-cent. twenty-year bonds. These were popularly known The ‘peculiar rate of interest was made both as a special inducement and for ease of calculation, the interest being two cents a day on each hundred dollars. They were issued in denominations as low as fifty dollars, so that people of limited means could take them, and were very popular. [he coupon and registered bonds that were to run not less than five years nor more than twenty were popularly known as “ five- twenties.” as “‘seven-thirties.” Subscription-books were opened in every city, and the people responded so promptly that the ( soon enabled to repay the banks and mal lar terms. rovernment was > Ce ’ * Confederate cause than those of the former, but still there was among them more latitude of f opinion, and criticisms on the polit- ical and military status were not so rigorously repressed. Owing > to her greater extent of territory y, her less eee civil insti- tutions, and her more composite population, Georgia had long been characterized by a broader spirit of tolerance than South Carolina, and she manifested that spirit during the war. Not a few might be found in almost any community who had no heart in the pending conflict, and. little faith in its successful issue. Besides, her governor, Joseph E. Brown, early showed a disposition to do his own thinking, and to take sround which was not always pleasing to the autocratic will of Jefferson Davis. This naturally encouraged freedom of thought and utterance among the people at large. At the beginning of 1863 I received a call to the pastorate of the Baptist church in Madison, a village on the Georgia rail- road, and made my home there for the remainder of the war. It was an ideal refuge amidst the storm and stress of the time. especially for a man with my peculiar convictions. The village was one of the pleasantest and most attractive in the State, comprising in its population a considerable number of wealthy, educated, and refined families, a large share of which belonged tomychurch. In the ante-bellum days it had been ae as an educational centre for girls, with two flourishing seminaries —one Baptist, the other Methodist. When I went there the war had closed both of them. Just on the line which divides the upper from the lower country, Madison was as remote from the alarms of war as any place in the war-girdled South could well be, and fairly: promised to be about the last spot which the invaders would strike. lo its various attractions Madison added, for me, one other, which at the time was not generally esteemed an attraction at all, but rather a serious reproach. I refer to its reputation for somewhat lax loyalty to the Confederacy. It was known throughout the State as a town much given to croaking and criticism, with asuspicion of decided disaffection on the part of some of its leading citizens. Fore- most among these sullen and recalcitrant Madisonians was Col. Joshua Hill, familiarly known as‘ Josh Hill,’ confessedly the most prominent man in the community, and about as much at odds with the Confederate Government as one could well be without provoking the stroke of its iron hand. He had beena member of the United States Congress when the secession fury began, and having stuck to his post as long as possible finally retired from it ina eo ir and honorable way. “ Preaching as I did only on Sunday mornings, I often availed myself of the Bh nity to attend, in theafter-part of that day, the re ‘ligious services Of the colored people ; sometimes preac she ing to them myself, but more commonly listening to the eee ers of their own race. While, as might be expected, there was asad lack of any real instruction in their pulpit performances, tnere was superabundance of fervor and not a little of genuine yratorical effectiveness. It interested me especially, in these meetings of the colored people, to watch their attitude toward the pending war, in whose issues they had so great a stake, and by which they were placed in an extremely delicate relation to their masters. Their shrewd- ness was simply amazing. Their policy was one of reserve and silence. They rarely referred to the war in their sermons or prayers, and when they did mention it they used broad terms which meant little and compromised nobody. Of course they could not betray sympathy for the invaders, but they certainly exhibited none for the other side. lo any keen observer their CAMPFIRE AND Men aA CaT ty Di irtet iat sae era aa 133 dal IP IP IL IB IPICTE Ik, 1b). 425 silence was significant enough, but nobody cared to evoke their real sentiments. The subtlest sagacity could not have dictated a more prudent line of conduct than that which their instincts chose. Indeed, the conduct of the colored people through the whole war, whose import they vaguely but truly divined, was admirable, and such as to merit the eternal gratitude of the Southern ie Under the most tempting opportunities, out- rages upon women and children were never fewer, petty crimes were not increased, and of insurrectionary movements, so far as I knew, there were absolutely none, while the soil was never tilled with more patient and faithful industry. No doubt their conduct was largely determined by a shrewd comprehension of the situation, as well as by their essential kindliness of nature. They understood that bodies of soldiery were never far away, and that any uprising would be speedily and remorselessly crushed. They knew, too, that it was wiser to wait for the com- ing of ‘Massa Linkum’s’ legions, whose slow approach could not be concealed from them. “If the colored people dimly saw that their deliverance was approaching with the advance of the Federal armies, the faith of the whites in the perpetuity of the divine institution lingered long and died hard. It seemed to them impossible that this institution should come to an end. Indeed, there was mani- fested on the part of some very good and devout people a dis- position to hazard their faith in the veracity of God and the Bible on the success of the Souther arms, he Bibles they argued, distinctly sanctioned slavery, and if slavery should be overthrown by the failure of the South the Bible would be fatally discredited. me those trying days some few compensations came to us for the deprivations inflicted by the blockade. For one thing, the tyranny of fashion was greatly abated. Style was little thought of, and fine ladies were made happy by the possession of an English or French calico gown. For another thing, cut off from magazines, reviews, and cheap yellow-covered literature, and with newspapers so curtailed of their ordinary proportions that they were taken in at a coup dail, we were driven back upon old standard books. I suspect that among the stay-at- homes a larger amount of really good, solid reading was done during the war than in the previous decade. Now and then a contraband volume slipped through the blockade, and was eagerly sought after. Somehow, a copy of Buckle’s ‘ History of Civilization’ got into my neighborhood, and had a wide cir- culation. Victor Hugo’s ‘Les Misérables’ appeared among us in a shocking edition, printed, I think, in New Orleans. ‘The ever-beginning, never-ending topic of conversation was the war, with its incidents and prospects. We _ breakfasted, dined, and supped on startling reports of victories or defeats, and vague hints of prodigious things shortly to occur. 1s noteworthy that our reports were almost uniformly of victories, frequently qualified by the slow and reluctant admission that, having won a brilliant success, the Confederate forees at last fell back. This trick of disguising defeat came, after a while, to be so well understood, that ‘to conquer and fall back ’ was tossed about as a grim jest. ‘As the tide of war surged southward, and at last reached Chattanooga, our village, like nearly all others on railway lines, became a hospital station, and the large academy was appropri- ated to the sick and wounded. After the battle of Chickamauga great trains 0) cars came lumbering through our town, crowded with Union captives. They were a sad sight to look upon, Standing one day by the tesa) See Tht re rr 5 res Cy yee Se lig oui AR aes ny yy .™ Nien”. dean «Agile cue seks es pee: a “£53, So ML anole ; ED 1 Dap sien enpo eT eeyy MITTEN YTISe Hrteen the eo pecrne a AZ se GANERTAER E A NED BA IC TIL IB IENMIE IL ID), : PF 426 Pyle : track as such a train was slowly passing, the irrepressible prison- approached the first officer I could make out, and requested : ) ee Re enc aan let -rmissi ) 2O < Ce ny home on the outskirts of the ee | ers shouted to me, ‘Old Rosey will be along here soon: Old permission to go at once 3 I z : : : i Rosey’ never came, but ‘Uncle Billy’ in due time put in an village. He informed me that must wait until the arrival of | than fulfilled what at the the colonel in command. So it was that for a space of five or unmistakable appearance, which more I moment seemed the prediction of mere reckless bravado. Ht “During the summer of 1864 our secluded little village was | rudely shaken by its first experience in the way of invasion. ni After steadily pushing back the Confederate columns, Sherman ten minutes I may be said to have been a prisoner under the flag of my country. The colonel soon rode up, a stalwart, square- built, kindly-faced Kentuckian—Colonel Adams, as I afterward learned—who promptly granted my request, and directed an bis had at last reached Atlanta, and his hosts were in fact only officer to see me safe through the crowd of soldiers. At my gate ae a about seventy miles away from us. In certain conditions of the I found two or three soldiers, quietly behaved, and simply ask- ren qgrines eteene genre mine the atmosphere we could hear the dull, heavy thunder of his guns. ing for food. Gratefully receiving such as we could give them, I Ht Yet, strangely enough, this proximity of war in its sternest form they departed, leaving us quite unharmed. ‘In November an important ministerial service called me to es — created no panic among us. In fact, a kind of par: al) SiS NOW S enaieaest 4 benumbed the sensibilities of the people. The paak of the Con- southwestern Georgia, and, as all seemed quiet. about Atlanta, federacy had been definitely broken in the preceding summer by I hesitatingly ventured, accompanied by my wife, upon the the battle of Gettysburg. Nearly all discerning persons were journey. Starting homeward after a few days, we reached conscious of this, and but for the foreordained and blind obstt- Forsyth, and paused there on the edge of the desert. Hor a Aaa Hi nacy of Jefferson Davis and his satellites efforts would have been desert it was that stretched for some sixty miles between us and made to save the South from utter wreck. Alexander H. Madison, a terra incognita, over which no adventurous explorer Stephens was understood to entertain very definite ideas as to had passed since Sherman’s legions had blotted out all knowl- ha ten ren et Se anrnee S edge of it. Only wild rumors the hopeless and disastrous ed the air. At last a friend course of events under Davis’s fill Sa ee rent ss r=. VF ”y « ° “ i) policy. f SK took the serious risk of letting " “On a hot July morning I was SHWARE us have his carriage, with a pair et is . E ~ . ss . as . ie GS Spring rc . _ 4 sitting, Southern fashion, with a ST Tetace | of mules and a negro driver, for i number of gentlemen before a the perilous journey. Having 1 store just outside of the public crossed the Ocmulgee, we at once 7 ar Te wer - ryCCTN< tioch\— ™ ; 2 s i square. We were canvassing a “ous 20] struck the track of Sherman’s 1 strange rumor which had just rie. 2p _-* % army, his right, under Howard, a > a “ > > > 4¢ reyrd + ~ : 2 | reached us, to the effect that oS , crgng as ) having kept near the river. In | | Yankee soldiers had been seen f Shiyfnaly S yer that day’s ride we met on the i ee aete | C : pefferson ) 1, | not far from the town. At that Stalvarh z is road But one human being—a t s ; ; fl It C c oC ( : G - & a em : ° | wae a man from the coun ee & negro on horseback. A white cB ry rode up to our gro ¢ : a se : Fn ave \ 3 y t t ul ae up, and, ——— S woman rushed frantically from a learing the topic o onversa- SLAIN alt { 1 { if i g 4 a conversa “oo Hike Ton RE zh her little cabin to inquire if any tion, generously ere > “ez ve ok \ , < i f ZEenel y ered Ee eat | ANS \ \ more: Yankees were coming, a 4 | all the Union soldiers within ten | a> Gftentort How onV SO AWe hoe RF ORO question which I ventured to 4 miles of Madison.’ Scarcely had nse! aan None J Pe Seek ae ~ ) Namie ‘ a ve os answer with a very confident he uttered these reassuring words < r rati > | : os : TortanesENS negative. Rather late in the when a man in uniform gallope f : 1\ Bale F a i i. g ce 8 67 Kagle afternoon, as we were passing a into the square. Now, we said, “~X- Bethurs tidy. Fersailles | | & W's Ks versailles pleasant farm-house, a gentleman we shall get trustworthy informa- rae fe SS Christ i a | a Muudlet came out to our carriage and with f tion, thinking that this was a Raden ih Gidion Myddleton g Ke algh oF Union a very solemn voice and manner Paka Confederate scout. In a mio- ZS 2 Fulton wy warned 1 t \ = — Maplin ott arned us against going any ment, however, another cavalry- CORUM J oe REV) | oF oa see 5 Ooh eae ) ge a urther. He had just been in- man dashed around the corner, \ for 7 . oy eR 6 formed that ten thousand Yan- and fired a pistol at a fugitive | | Idi I Nth Sans ach : ee truth instantly flashed upon us, BN erlin Fane ¢ oe , nd he de : Ay clarec lat we were a1 and with a cry of ‘ Yankees] : \ . Y ol : er eae Ne oh : d Mburé straight into t ranks. This we all sprang to our feet. Not AG heey Ti panies uals : mpbeth <= ellast chiens re . . much alarmed myself, I cage d i oe 6 B ae iF is BIS Pot) Meee mee 3 Sut a little reflecti rince to my friends, ‘ Don’t run!’ but Aorkis V oe Shimon f z = ce eon ce ay . A : me of the violent 1 -obability Lif : the most of them, disregarding mV nersV etl : ee f me 5 : : ‘ “AS O 1e Ole 2 ¢ li . s os A my advice, took themselves off Sy ~ Spfing Pl q ice ees i in remarkably quick time. The ord echland Cee ees ee oe mes Ie tones if strange intruders, coming upon hope Map of the Oe Bon vee Tvereoe ne GO Ene ; : Riel TEN . : . on Se ‘et us as suddenly as if they had ; CE COE RAuIONS Some oun Ryne ie hey dropped out of the summer sky ale J covered by the Battles of before a planter’s house to spend i = 7) | j \ ; | Vii Li LE y TR S¢ r now poured into the square ee FRANKEN! ano) NASHVILLE the niphe we saw not a human a a and overflowed all the streets. PULASKI Bow SL being, scarcely aliving thing. In- ay : SSEAVETTVILLE. deed. tl} tide 7 tle rq Boldivne pa = A eed, the wide, dead silence wa: \ VY tanding my ground, I By permission of Dick & Fitzgerald, New Tene EF From “Twelve Decisive Battles of the Wa s of the War.” ? ; : ; i es of the War.” the most marked sign that wex XN \ . bt Pa cake Ce CLL TUNTTLT) Cv arierg iinhramaetennen ae febtresbatlaslanisns tt a rer yy ri < Woseeyere were i the path over which a few days before a great army had passed. The road here and there was considerably cut up, Shows Ing that heavy wagons had recently gone over ‘a Fences were frequently down or missing, and two or three heaps of blackened ruins, surmounted by solitary chimneys, denoted that the torch had done some destructive work. The next day, in passing through Monticello, I saw the charred remains of the eOunty jail, but the signs of conflagration were surprisingly few. “The family with whom we spent the night had had the strange experience of being fora while in the midst of an en- camped army. The soldiers, they informed us, had swarmed about them like bees, but had behaved as well as soldiers com- monly do. The planter’s horses and cattle had been freely ap- propriated, and as much of his corn and vegetables as ‘were needed ; but there was no complaint of violence or rudeness, and an ample supply of the necessaries of life was left for his house- hold. Indeed, from my observations in this trip across the line of Sherman’s march, that march, so far from having been sig- nalized by wanton destruction, was decidedly merciful. No doubt bummers and camp followers committed many atrocities, but the progress of the army proper was attended by no unusual incidents of severity. The year had been one of exceptional bounty, and there was no want in Sherman’s rear. Such was the plenty that I believe he might have retraced his steps and subsisted his army on the country. “On reaching Madison we found the place substantially intact. Not a house had been destroyed, not a citizen harmed or insulted. The i 1 the invasion were the turkeys and chickens. The country was thickly strewn with the htered inno- cents. When I expressed toa friend feathers of these slau: some doubt as to Sherman's ability to reach the sea, he replied, ‘If you had been here and seen the sort of men composing his cohorts, you vould not question that they could eo wherever they had a mind to “Our life between the time of Sherman’s march and Lee’s surren- der, with the scenes and incidents that attended and followed that sur- render, was as strange and abnormal as a bad dream. We had, indeed, an MAJOR-GENERAL GUSTAVUS W. abundance of the necessary articles of food and clothing. I have hardly ever lived in more physical comfort than during the last year of the war. The few fowls that had escaped the voracious appetites of the invaders soon Coffee at twenty- »¢)( provided a fresh supply of chickens and eggs. five dollars a pound (Confederate money), and sugar at not much less cost, were attainable, and I managed to keep a fair of them for my little family. But though our physical condi- yainful strain of uncer- supply tions were tolerable, life was subject to a ] tainty and anxiety, relieved only by the conviction that the war, of which all were weary and sick unto death, was nearly over. When the end came, confusion was iumble so bewildering as scarcely to be credited i ll of negroes, wan- confounded in a with reality. [he town streets and country roads were fu soing they knew not whither dering about idle and aimless, a pitiful spectacle of enfranchised slaves dazed by their recent CAMPFIRE AND SMITH, C. S. A. hinderec \ 7s eg aeiLtt | ay a ry \ Ath NTI eM Bag liid (2 Li —l =) = oO it seemed as if the darkness eee ee ai TAPIA a ke Fare Oana Py, es Be a ae rertreonnts Ue ah ties 7 J Pp pS er ORT Oa a CEE heey a eee ees ae7 4 i ns Al's Af ——_ P. | een fl I § ii, { | } ' 1 | i> ‘ f i i j { | ml a | i aih 4 ay H f i ahh) | 4H i A j 1 i i ii 3 fa a i ar Py j iy { i f b) it 4 / ; : ‘ { ) 430 CAMPFIRE AND of night were coming on prematurely. No doubt this circum- stance contributed largely to the terrible losses of the Confeder- ates. Forrest’s cavalry, which was expected to cross the river and capture Schofield’s trains, did not accomplish anything. The reason given for its inaction was lack of ammunition. In this bloody encounter Hood lost more than one-third of his men engaged. His killed numbered one thousand seven hundred and fifty. The number of his wounded can only be computed, but it is not probable that they were fewer than seven thousand. Lib Major Sanders, of the Confederate army, estimates the loss in brief and two of the brigades at sixty-five per cent. These losses included Major-Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne and Brig.-Gens. John Adams, Oscar F. Strahl, S. R. Gist, and H. B. Granberry, all killed ; also six general officers wounded and one captured; and more than thirty colonels and lieutenant-colonels were killed or wounded. Schofield lost two thousand five hundred men, and his army took ven hundred prisoners and thirty-three stands of colors. At Oe midnight Schofield crossed the river and retreated to Nashville. Hood followed him, and there confronted the whole of Thomas's army. Schofield has been criticised for thus retreating after his victory; but if he had remained at Franklin the conditions for a battle the next day would have been materially changed. Hood ght up all his artillery in the night, intending to open upon the works in the morning, and it is not probable that Forrest’s pbrou vigorous cavalry would have remained inactive another day. i i s a f% 4 ' te 1) e.-* 7 Te e hale os 5 ie , J | NE ereyri iy a itor (RAL IP IE IE 1B EI IB IL 1D) Everybody complained of Thomas’s slowness, and he was in imminent danger of being superseded ; but he would not assume the offensive till he felt that his army was prepared to make sure work. When all was ready, he still had to delay because of bad but on the 15th of December (one day atter Sherman Thomas's weather ; reached the sea) the long-meditated blow was given. army advanced against Hood’s, striking it simultaneously in front and on the left flank. The weight of the attack fell upon the flank. which was completely crushed, and a part of the intrenchments with their guns fell into the hands of the National forces. In the night Hood retreated a mile or two, to another line on the hills, made some new dispositions, and awaited attack. He was seriously embarrassed by the absence of a large part of Forrest’s cavalry, which should have been protecting his flanks. In the afternoon of the 16th, Thomas, having sent Wil- son’s cavalry around the enemy’s left flank, attacked with his whole force. He made no headway against Hood’s right, but again he crushed the left flank, and followed up the advantage so promptly and vigorously that all organization in the Confed- erate army was lost, and what was left of it fled in wild confusion toward Franklin, pursued by Wilson’s cavalry. Thomas cap- tured all their artillery and took forty-five hundred prisoners. The number of their killed and wounded was never reported. Brig.-Gen. Sylvester His own loss was about three thousand. G. Hill was among the killed. a : Wy a cert a ete | Dg eS oe 1G eS ae ; aks SR earabah 2" s&s ‘ae fo EP ER nea al) 4 , ‘ $ oe Se. gpd cat “SPs: Pwr moe > a tye ; x ak . asco ieee Le x id 2 .—— a oe reemmeammmmetsy|| “Seg ad j one sald a i ee he sha ee gee be arr : Pe * Wh ‘ oe f ? SHERMAN’S FORAGERS ON A GEORGIA PLANTATION.{ { era ty ae (omen eh enn MATAR gy aera Dailey S pe pteg " ‘ oth Bisoti tt Li WH dhe, “= ee ny \ ¥ ; acta ee ih rer rl TOOT teres eat sree Mn mabe Uhh LL Uo AAT ti CAM PEPIRE AND BA TIAL E LiL ED: 431 relations to the rest of the Confederacy, a single doubt that much of our future is involved in the result of the next spring campaign in upper Georgia.”” The Confederate Congress passea, in secret session, a bill to prohibit exportation of cotton, tobacco, naval stores, molasses, sugar, or rice, and one to prohibit impor- tation of luxuries into the Confederacy, both of which bills were promptly signed by Mr. Davis. At Huntsville, Ala., a meeting of citizens was held, at which resolutions were passed deprecating CHARTER Xen MINOR EVENTS OF THE FOURTH YEAR. DESPERATE CONDITION OF THE CONFEDERACY—THE EXPORTATION OF COTTON, TOBACCO, AND SUGAR PROHIBITED—THE THREAT- ENED SECESSION OF NORTH CAROLINA FROM TIIE CONFEDERACY— end ae eee ae ORCS UNDE ek CENERSL BUTTER theactionomthersoutnwand calling upon the Government to con- ATTEMPT TO CAPTURE RICHMOND—NUMEROUS MINOR ENGAGE- MENTS IN THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY—BATTLE BETWEEN CAV- ; ; or the restoration of peace and the rights and liber- ties of the people. The legislature of Georgia, in March, adopted resolutions, declaring that the Confederate Government ought, after every success of the Confederate arms, to make to the United States Government an official offer to treat vene the legislature, that it might call a convention to provide ; some mode ALRY FORCES AT TREVILIAN STATION—PLYMOUTH, N. C.. CAP- TURED BY THE CONFEDERATES—BLACK FLAG RAISED AND NEGRO PRISONERS SHOT — THE DESTRUCTION OF THE RAM ‘“ALBEMARLE’’ BY A FORCE UNDER LIEUTENANT CUSHING —DEFEAT OF FEDERAL FORCE AT OLUSTEE— : se . ; ENGHIG MENTS AD AD HIDE RNDUDATER CIEE yy a for peace. The Richmond Examiner said: “ Peo- DENS) TENN: —OPERATIONG IN LOUISIANA Z ple and army, one soul and one body, feel AINIDE MISCIGSIOET: 4 alike, in their inmost hearts, that when the clash comes it will be a struggle for life WITH the dawn of the fourth year of \ or death. So far we feel sure of the the war the statesmen and journalists issue. All else is mystery and uncer- tainty. Where the first blow will fall, when the two armies of Northern of the Confederacy showed by their utterances that they knew how des- Virginia meet each other face to face, how Grant will try to hold his own perate were its straits, and how much its prospects had waned since the vic- tories of the first’and second years. \ against the master-spirit of Lee, we ithe fuchmond Whiz said: “ The ut. Cart YS tgS UES cr BURL ISaCleaaaiG most nerve, the firmest front, the most 1e experienced eye that the approach ; ; 4 ae ing campaign wi ing il action two undaunted courage, will be required dur- 5 npaign will bring into action twe sa ie Bae tay eee ete 1] new elements not known hereto- 1g the coming twelve months from a ; a Pee . ee f fore in military history, which who are charged with the management o , , reece : may not unlikely decide the fate affairs in our country, or whose position ) ) ya of the gigantic crusade. The eives them any influence in forming ot aa . ae 2 : 5 — r enemy wil array against us cuiding public sentiment. The Wil- ) ee 2 rT Cc his new iron-clads by sea and mington (N. C.) Journal said: ‘ Moral : 3 ; his colored troops by land. courage, thes power {oO resist the ap- ae A ; si In the western districts of proaches of despondency, and the fac- : : ee North Carolina the-execu- ulty of communicating this power to : : : ; tion of the Confederate others, will need greatly to be called ie : oe Ff conscription law created into exercise; for we have reached great excitement, and sev- eral public meetings were > that point in our revolution—which is inevitably reached in all revolu- ig : ¢ : held to consider the ac- tions—when gloom and depression o Cert et ee er) 4 | tion of separating from take the place of hope and entnu- L mG cess a the Confederacy and siasm, When despair Is ny POEUN na fo: she ¢ - - \- ra ~\y > t 7) 3 i taba and ides ponderieyais neue, )6©6CU nion. The Xa- even more to be leich Standard dc- dreaded clared boldly, that, if the than defeat. Whether a crisis be measures proposed by the Confederate Govern- ment were carried upon us or 4 Qué, the people of North Carolims would take their af- not, there can be in ae fairs into their own ee hands and proceed, es in convention as- sembled, to vindi- cate their liberties at the map of Georgia and consid- and privileges. ers her geo- As the war pro- SNAL STATION NEAR WASHINGTON. graphical A FEDERAL SIGNA jp LP DET Tt RAN ~ Oe peas) reringyt yrert eee i 7 f i ri Pro ae VIRGINIA ICT sisiehastieieiee ne chnee SIA imenaRpmeiehieaier iecmeeetoemiememeeeneneenes oO ae Lr a ry eee eee ten | } i: | CHARGE OF CONFEDERATE CAVALRY AT TREVILIAN STATION,NE enous (i a . ‘ 5 PTT Lala ee CUCU TU Cree ein ae (ni Py Saat arnt este gE Tests Corpetes uate nit hr estaetoet MRS nea Sten Chst adele f gressed, and the Confederate armies were depleted by the casu- alties of battle and the illness attendant upon the hardships of the camp, the conscription became more sweeping, and at last it was made to embrace every man in the Confederacy between eighteen and forty-five years of age. This almost emptied the colleges, until some of them reduced the age of admission to sixteen years, when they were rapidly filled up again. But even these boys were held subject to military call in case of necessity, and in some of the battles of the last year cadets of the Virginia Military Institute took part, and many of them were killed. Another noticeable effect was the diminution in the number of small and detached military operations, because the waning re- sources of the Confederacy were concentrated more and more in its principal armies. On the first day of the year a detachment of seventy-five men, commanded by Major Henry A. Cole, being on the scout near Harper's Ferry, suddenly encountered, near Rectortown, a por- tion of General Rosser’s Confederate command, and a stubborn fi either killed or captured, and the remainder made their escape. ght ensued. The result was that fifty-seven of Cole’s men were Two days later a Confederate force, under Gen. Sam Jones, sud- denly attacked an Illinois regiment, commanded by Major Beers, near Jonesville, and after a desperate fight compelled them to surrender. On the 6th of February, an expedition, organized by General Butler for the purpose of dashing into Richmond and releasing the prisoners there, marched from Yorktown by way of New- Kent Court House. They failed in their purpose to surprise the enemy at Bottom’s Bridge, where they were to cross the Chicka- hominy, because, as a Richmond newspaper said, ‘‘a Yankee deserter gave information in Richmond of the intended move- ment.” The Confederates had felled a great number of trees across the roads and made it impossible for the cavalry to pass. There was great consternation in Richmond, however, and in the evening of the 7th the bells were rung, and men rushed through the streets crying, ‘‘ To arms, to arms! the Yankees are coming.’ The home guard was called out, and the women and children ran about seeking places of safety. Early in May, General Crook, with about seven thousand men, moving from the mouth of New River through Raleigh Court House and Princeton toward Newbern, met a Confed- erate force, under Albert G. Jenkins, on Cloyd’s Mountain, on the 9th. In the engagement that ensued, the Confederates were defeated and General Jenkins was killed. The next day a cavalry force under General Averell was met at Crockett’s Cove by one under General Morgan, and was defeated. General Crook, after the battle of Cloyd’s Mountain, destroyed the bridge over New River and a considerable section of the Virginia and Tennessee railroad. On the 15th of May, General Sigel’s force in the Shenandoah Valley being in the northern outskirts of the town of New- market, General Breckenridge moved up from the south to attack him. The town is divided by a ravine running at right angles to the Shenandoah, and in the beginning the contest was mainly an artillery battle, both sides firing over the town. Then General Breckenridge’s cavalry, with one or two batteries, made a detour to the right, and obtained a position on a hill where they could enfilade the left of Sigel’s line, and drove back his cavalry on that wing. At the same time Breckenridge advanced his infantry and pushed back Sigel’s whole line about half a mile. Later in the day, repeating the same tactics, he pushed Sigel back a mile farther, but did not accomplish this without severe fight- TFT i rt eae a ae Ieee Taare RET eee tee an Nimans cae eee CAMPFIRE AND Vidal PIL IB IOIIE Jb) 0), 433 ing. One notable incident was the capture of an unsupported battery on the right of Sigel’s line, which had been playing with terrible effect upon Breckenridge’s left. One regiment of veter- ans and the cadets of the Military Institute were sent to capture it, which they did at terrible cost. Of the five hundred and fifty men in the regiment, two hundred and forty-one were either killed or wounded, nearly all of them falling in the last three hundred yards before they reached the battery. Of the two hundred and twenty-five boys from the Institute, fifty-four were killed or wounded. When night fell, Sigel crossed the river and burned the bridge behind him. General Imboden, who com- manded Breckenridge’s cavalry in this action, says: “If Sigel had beaten Breckenridge, General Lee could not have spared the men to check his progress (as he did that of Hunter, a month later) without exposing Richmond to immediate and almost inevitable capture. The necessities of General Lee were such that on the day after the battle he ordered Breckenridge to join him near Richmond with the brigades of Echols and Wharton.” Early in June General Sheridan was sent out with the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac, about eight thousand strong, to strike the Virginia Central Railroad near Charlotteville, where it was expected he would meet the force under General Hunter moving through the Shenandoah Valley. He intended to break the main line at Trevilian Station, and the Lynchburg branch at Charlotteville. He encountered the enemy’s cavalry near Trevilian Station on the morning of the 11th. Sending Custer’s brigade to the left, and Torbert with the remainder of his divis- ion to the right, Sheridan moved directly forward with his main body. The enemy was found dismounted in the edge of the forest, his line stretching across the road. Sheridan’s men also dismounted, and promptly attacked. Sharp fighting ensued, in the course of which the enemy was driven back two miles with a heavy loss. Williston’s battery was then brought up, and with great skill sent its shells into the mass of fleeing Con- federates, whose retreat was turned into a wild rout. A portion of the defeated force, retreating toward Louisa Court House, was struck by Custer’s brigade, which defeated them, and captured about three hundred and fifty men. But a little later Fitz Lee’s Confederate cavalry came up in the rear of Custer, and captured his wagon-train and headquarters baggage. One of his guns also was captured, but was recaptured in a charge that he led in person. Custer and his whole command came so near being captured when the enemy closed around them, that, when his color-bearer was killed, he tore the flag from the staff and hid it in his bosom. That night the remainder of the enemy retired toward Gordonsville. The next day Sheridan’s men destroyed about five miles of the railroad. In the afternoon Torbert ad- vanced toward Gordonsville, and found the Confederates in position across the railroad, facing east. Here they attacked them again, chiefly on their left wing, and again bringing forward Williston’s battery, punished them severely, but not so as to drive them from their position before dark. In these actions Sheridan lost about six hundred men. The Confederate loss is not fully known, but it was probably larger. Sheridan now learned that Hunter would not conclude to meet him, and that he was likely instead to encounter Ewell’s corps. He therefore turned back, and recrossed the North Anna. Plymouth, N. C., had been held for some months by a garrison of sixteen hundred men, under General Wessells, when it was attacked on April 17, 1864, by the Confederate General Hoke, with about five thousand men. Skirmishing and artillery fring began early in the morning, and very soon the National camps oan : anys Shite t) reat eyed F FP ee ery ert eta Shi bah he Rat it aaah aa fig aL MR aw : SHE 4 nib if ) oe Sn PUY RDVWGDLE Tey pHNYVITS GT yids toe tee: pesca % a | ee fi aa PPL eu at ; GAYE there ALNeD Bea ala oereara lets 15e Dr. , Be were in such numbers that we had to yield. The gate had been crushed down | | i i by a rebel shot, and the enemy poured in, to the number of five or six hundred, | with thousands on the outside. . Great confusion then ensued; guns were ae spiked, musket barrels bent, and all sorts of mischief practised by the Union soldiers, while the enemy were swearing at a terrib take off equipments and inform them 1f the guns could be turned on the town, le rate because we would not and in trying to reorganize their troops, who were badly mixed, to take the next work. We were prisoners, and as we marched out of the fort, we could see at what a fearful cost it was to them. Of the eighty-two'men in this fort, but one was wounded.” The Confederates then worked their way from one redoubt to another, each of which was obstinately defendéd, but finally captured, until all were taken, and Plymouth was theirs. Lieutenant Blakeslee says: ‘‘ The rebels i raised the black flag against the negroes found in uniform, and mercilessly shot | them down. The shooting in cold blood of three or four hundred negroes and two companies of North Carolina troops, who, had joined our army, and even ul murdering peaceable citizens, were scenes of which the Confederates make no | mention, except the hanging of one person, but of which many of us were eye- b witnesses.” The loss of the garrison in the fighting was fifteen killed and | about one hundred wounded. The Confederate loss is not ex- | actly known, but it appears to have been well nigh | two thousand. When the iron-clad ram Albemarle , came down the Roanoke to assist General Hoke in the capture of Ply- mouth, she not only bombarded the garrison, but attacked the National flo- tilla there and destroyed or scattered it. She wrecked the Southfield by ramming, BRIGADIER-GENERAL WILLIAMS C. WICKHAM, C. S. A. and when the wooden gunboat Mzamz | gallantly stood up to the work and fired | i were riddled by shot from the guns. . The skirmishers retired within their works, and the Confederates pressed up to these in heavy masses, and were : shot down in great numbers. One of t ; the forts, which stood some distance | in front of the general line of for- tifications, was supplied with hand erenades, and these were used with a ereat effect. But at last this work tf 4 was captured. The next day the BRIG AD /g A | attack was renewed, and a most gallant GENERAL | | | defence was made. General Hoke, who had been * L¥on ‘ promised a promotion in case of his capturing the place, was determined to do it at whatever cost. Three times he demanded its sur- render, and three times he was refused, when he said: “I will fill your citadel full of iron; I will compel your surrender if I have to fight to the last man.” It is doubtful, however, if he would have succeeded but for the assistance of the ram Albemarle, which came down the river and got into the rear of the National position. Lieutenant Blakeslee, of the Sixteenth Connecticut Regiment, says: ‘“ There was a force. of five or six thousand | in line about six hundred yards in front of our works. At this hour a . 3 rocket was sent up as the signal for the attack, and a more furious charge we never witnessed. Instantly over our heads came a peal of thunder from the ram. Up rose a curling wreath of smoke—the batteries had opened, : li i and cule Hesica herce forks of flame—loud and earth-shaking roars in + quick succession. Lines of men came forth from the woods—the battle had begun. We on the skirmish line fell back and entered Coneby re- doubt, properly barred the gates and manned the works. The enemy, with yells, charged on the works in heavy column, jumped ‘into the i ditch, climbed the parapet, an d for fifteen murderous minutes were shot down like mown grass. The conflict was : ae 5 conflict was bloody, short, and decisive. The enemy BRIGADIER-GENERAL JOHN D. IMBODEN, C. S. A.ri i 1 ig i Mra Ee eG ete ats Tar , f ‘ia PP te tt thee a a i puter Midlaisislals LO) bye iif i OL teen Hohl} Sent teats ea ea 435 its broadsides against h : them r S S ; her iron walls, the shot , U usting EO make his launch slip simply rebounded or ! over them into the rolled off, and one of enclosed space where these returning shots the ram lay. In this struck and killed Lieut. C. W. Flusser who was in command he was successful. By this time the crew of | i the ram were thor- of the Wzama. oughly alarmed, and In the awtumn. reut. William B: Cushing, of the Unit- ie F as Cushing stood on the bow with the ex- 2 | ploding line in his ed States navy, wWno hand he could hear had performed many Sa ea ene : i j every word of com- gall: ‘xploits, and gallant exploit mand on the ram, and . . “ ] » 7 ,¢ : e whose brother was his clothing was per- killed beside lis gun forated with bullets. at Gettysburg, formed | ) “~- cad ae ie mom ordered jhe a plan forthe destruc- [Eggers ae eer boom to be lowered tion of the Albemarle. E dees until the motion of Be obtained the ai i BE ey pene ete a ee Ra eee ee the launch pushed the sanction of his SupC- BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL DAVID McM. GREGG AND STAFF. torpedo under the rior officer for the ex- Lames (Olver hiamior. periment, which Cushing himself considered so hazardous that he Then he pulled the detaching line, and, after waiting a little for asked leave to make a visit to his home before carrying it out. the torpedo to rise in the water and rest under the hull, he pulled On his return he fitted up an open launch about thirty feet the exploding line. The result to the ram was that a hole was long with a small engine, atwelve-pound howitzer in the bow, torn in her hull which caused her to keel over and sink. At and a boom fourteen feet long swinging at the bow by a hinge. the same instant a discharge of grape shot from one of her This boom carried a torpedo at the end, so arranged that it guns tore the launch to pieces, and a large part of the mass could be lowered into the water, pushed under a vessel, and then of water that was lifted by the torpedo came down upon her detached from the boom before being exploded. With fifteen little crew. Cushing commanded his men to save themselves, picked men in this little craft, in the night of October 27th, and throwing off his sword, revolver, shoes, and coat, Jumped Cushing steamed off in the darkness and found the ram at her into the water and swam for the opposite shore. Making his mooring at Plymouth. When he drew near he was discovered way through swamps, and finding a skiff, Lieutenant Cushing at and sharply chal- ae, dF last, almost exhausted, reached the National fleet. One of his lenged, whereupon — Hee — crew also escaped, | i he ordered on all twowere drowned, steam and steered and the remain- Sita fon tne dey aw ee cape tuned: | Dhe Ai bemarle was of no ram. Hewas fired upon, but in the darkness the shot Fach enace fatked. of Its Dinnina the mache hen a early days of the large fre was year a constant lighted on the fire was kept up bank, and this upon Charles- revealed to him ton, and some- tite taee that the Albemarle times as many aS) ween tay: was protected shells, loaded by a circle ofr with Greek boom of logs. fire, were Without hesi- tation. ihe thrown into the eity inva glaw, Wln & drew back ae Charleston about a hun- Ih one fea : Courier said : dred yards, | Bee ae : . oe “The dam- and then un- ata o age eing der full head- | i: eo ee NG. done is éx- way drove Se ERAL CHARLES | EWI MAJOR-GENERAL GEORGE SADIER-GED traordinarily EORG BRIG é j straight at E CROOK (oar mare 1) SME ' ee : : ° Tr ] ‘ z vA 4 oo a + 5 ate tuyaste eames ey Senet Lin bh bis eukay gh Sroetrer Rae bad Hue ih Paes ae ar sees if 5 ys iA auaikha Pda a EO Th wuss! Aa , tHe / | — "ee “ ri 7 zs a ‘ BIT ah Z tr a ee a es . a Gite. TorRe 2.2. Aa naererireniy Tyr ee — Spe. se a ak ae ae oes ON Fa me Pte AdNHSifawnlses sts ea ee A SS } it a ' palais z i 436 CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. | arison with the number of shot and weight of Y small in comp metal fired. The whizzing of shells overhead has become a , attention matter of so little interest as to excite scarcely any from passers-by. | In Savannah, April 17th, there was a riot h the streets in procession, demanding bread or They seized food wherever of women who marched throug blood, many of them car1ying arms. they could find it. After a time soldiers were called out, and mei | | the leaders of the riot were arrested and put into jail. Early in February, Gen. Truman Seymour, by order of Gen- eral Gillmore, left Hilton Head with five thousand five hundred men for Jacksonville, Fla., accompanied by five gunboats under Admiral Dahlgren. The object of the expedition was to pene- trate the country west of Jacksonville for the purpose of making i an outlet for cotton and lumber, cutting off one source of the enemy's supplies, obtaining recruits for black regiments, and taking measures to protect any citizens ho might be disposed ORE UET GRIGADIERTGENERAL | to bring the State back into the Union. It was unfortunate GUY V. HENRY Yi that the immediate commander of the expedition, General Seymour, did not altogether believe in its objects. Marching Mary’s River to engage inland, he dispersed some small detachments of Confederate the enemy, who threw i soldiers and captured some guns. He then pushed forward for forward some troops to BE eee ee eT a eet eee Suwanee River to destroy the bridges and the railroad, and meet him. They met prevent communication between East and West Florida. Mean- near Olustee, and a battle ensued, which was fought on level c > while the Confederate general, Joseph Finegan, had been collect- ground largely covered with open pine forests. Seymour massed ing troops to oppose the expedition, concentrating them at Lake his artillery in the centre, and opened from it a fierce fire which City, and got together a force about equal to Seymour's. On was very effective. He then endeavored to push forth his infan- the 20th of February Seymour moved out from his camp on St. try on both flanks, and at the same time the whole Confederate line was advanced. The Seventh New Hampshire and Eighth United States colored regiment, being subjected to a very severe AO fire, gave way. The fire of the Confederates was then concen- trated largely on the artillery, and so many men and horses fell in the short time that five of the guns had to be abandoned. The Confederate reserves were then brought up to a point where they could put in a cross-fire on the National right, and at the same time the whole Confederate line was advanced again. The Ta +7 , ' . ni vie Crna TOO NITONT. . ae National line now slowly gave way, and at length was in full re- treat; but there was no pursuit. The Confederate loss was nine hundred and forty men; the National loss was one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one. An escort of eight hundred men, who had charge of the wagon train with commissary stores for the garrison at Peters- burg, was suddenly attacked, January 29th, near Williamsport, by several detachments of Confederates who rushed in from different directions. There was a stubborn fight, which lasted from three o'clock in the afternoon until dark. When at last the Confederates, after several repulses, succeeded, they had lost about one hundred men killed and wounded, and Phe Nationals had lost eighty. On the 17th of January, a Confederate force made a sudden and determined assault upon the National lines near Dandridge, Tenn. But the Nationals, though surprised, stubbornly stood their ground, and a division of cavalry under Col. D. N. McCook charged the enemy and decided the fate of the conquest. The National loss in this affair was about one hundred and fifty men, nearly half of which fell upon the First Wisconsin Reeiment. A body of National cavalry, commanded by General Sturgis, attacked the Confederate force on January 27th, near Fair Gardens, ten miles east of Sevierville. The fight lasted from daylight until four o’clock in the afternoon, the Confederates UNION TRANSPORT ON THE SUWANEE RIVER ee ee ee ae LE ee Navona caval charged with a yell, completely routingie Pra ee ad aa PUSS SMUT Trt - A Neat blettsh F p tint hits sere orety) the enemy, and capturing two guns and more than one hundred prisoners. Early in February, a detachment of the Seventh Indiana Regiment entered Bolivar under the supposition that it was still occupied by National troops, and were surprised to find there a large detachment of Confederates. When they learned that these were Mississippi troops, the Indianians, shouting, ‘“ Remem- ber Jeff Davis,’ made a furious attack and drove out the Con- federates in confusion, killing, wounded, or capturing a large number of them. At Powell's River bridge, February 22d, there was an engage- ment between five hundred Confederates and two companies of the Thirty-fourth Kentucky infantry. The Confederates made four successful charges upon the bridge, and were repelled every time. Finally they were driven off, leaving many horses, arms, saddles, efe. on the field. A: pantici- pant says: “ The attack was STURGIS: -ENERAL S: D: ~ ER-GEN BRIGAD! made by the infantry, while the cavalry pre- pared foracharge. The cavalry was soon in line moving on the bridge. BRIGADIER-GENERAL W. L. McmiLLEN. On they concen steady solid column, covered by the fire of their infantry. In amoment the Nationals saw their perilous position, and Lieutenant Slater called for a volunteer to tear up the boards and prevent their crossing. There was some hesitation, and in a moment all would have been lost had not William Goss leaped from the intrenchments, and running to the bridge, under the fire of about four hundred guns, thrown ten boards off into the river, and returned unhurt. This prevented the capture of the whole force.” Shelby’s Confederate force was attacked on January 19th at a point on the Monticello Railroad, twenty miles from Pine Bluff, by a National force under Colonel Clayton, which in course of two hours drove the Confederates seven miles and completely routed them. Clayton’s men had marched sixty miles in twenty-four hours. An expedition commanded by Gol. G) G, Andrews on the Third Minnesota infantry ascended White River and marched thirty miles to Augusta, from which place he set out April Ist in search of a Confederate force under Colonel McCrae. It proved that McCrae’s forces were divided into scattered detach CAMPFIRE AND ' i! L338) IU IL IB IP HIE Ib ib). 437 ments, which were successively overtaken and defeated by Col- onel Andrews. At Fitzhugh’s Woods, however, a large force of the enemy was concentrated, and attacked Colonel Andrews’s men in a sharp fight that lasted more than two hours. Andrews took a good position, and thwarted every effort of the enemy to carry it or flank it, when at last they gave up and retired. He lost about thirty men, and estimated the enemy’s loss at a hundred. In the middle of February, the Confederates made a deter- mined attempt to capture the fort at Waterproof, La. First, about eight hundred cavalry drove in the pickets and assaulted the garrison, who might have been overcome but for the assist- ance of the gunboat forest Rose, Captain Johnson, which with its rapid fire sent many shells into the ranks of the Con- federates, and after a time drove them away. This proceed- ing was repeated later in the day with the same result. Next day the Confederates, largely reinforced, tried it again. Before the fight was over the ram Swtzerland arrived and took part in it, and the result was the same as on the pre- vious day. SLAVES GOING TO JOIN THE FEDERAL ARMY. v, ee Oe TE erst ey SAY TTT quia a i ake el ee rhlba ad’ > ne 4 tras rere F Stet trie ery rey eyes TESS Rea ROY biel HOY aly ’ VCore ie | Ps bevshanatcertaheal Soa taal) teers: One rat yt PP Soe weelc Oo re iS iCGes EC »ther stride taward three weeks, he gathered up his forces for anot pn eae eT Ay. TES TTT eee be RPE Paper ere ate AY bay Rta ty a” nnn MAS ne al Wat) alta Avy 4S aay ads A) aT j 4 % _— MEG ‘ ~ = by the weather and A BOMB PROOF, FORT FISHER ENE MOCCASIN Orr final preparations, the northward march was begun on the Ist of February. Sher- man had sent out rumors that represented both Charleston and Augusta as his immediate goal ; but instead of turning aside for either of those cities, he pushed straight northward, on a route midway between them, toward Columbia. This march, though not so romantic as that through Georgia, where a great army was for several weeks hidden from all its friends, was really much more difficult and dangerous, and re- quired greater skill. In the march from Atlanta to the sea, the army moved parallel with the courses of the rivers, and found highways between them that it was not easy for any but a large force to obstruct or destroy. But in the march through the Carolinas, all the streams, and some of them were rivers, had to be crossed. A single man could burn a bridge and stop an army for several hours. Moreover, after the disasters that befell Gen- eral Hood at Franklin and Nashville, public sentiment in the Confederacy had demanded the reinstatement of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, and that able soldier had been placed in command of whatever remained of Hood's army, to which were added all the scattered de- tachments and garrisons that were available, and with this force he took the field against his old antago- nist. Of course he was not able now to meet Sherman in anything like a pitched battle ; but there was no telling how a sudden blow BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL N. M. CURTIS. ——, pet NaF See ea nn SL Mi abate BEPC amee soc i sae eet eee etd Ch Naa al > Rt fais ey MeO IY Asoo; a. et erie enti hansen 1 oe ee oeOO Ye ition koh rarer A se ao Wren a GAMPEIRE AND BATILERIEL D. streets were on fire, there was a high wind, and the flakes of cotton were fly- ing through the air like a snow-storm. In spite of all efforts of the soldiers, the fire persistently spread at night, several buildings burst into a blaze, and before morning the heart of the city was a heap of ruins. There has been an acrimonious dispute as to the responsibility for lads fire. It seems probable that Hampton's soldiers set fire to the cotton, perhaps without orders, and it seems improbable that any one would purposely set fire to the city. At all events, Sherman’s men did their utmost to extinguish the flames, and that general gave the citizens five hundred head of cattle, and did what he could to shelter them. He did de- stroy the arsenal purposely, and tons of powder, shot, and shell were taken BREVET MAJOR-GEN®RAL ADELBERT AMES AND STAFF. autor a toed A the river, and sunk might fall upon an army on the / in decsiwitee Be march. Another danger, which was Ae dese ete seriously contemplated by Sher- ‘ia cent Gee man, was that Lee, instead of re- ; =i a establishment in ee ee maining in his intrenchments while ; wa which the Confed- his source of supply was being cut ts, ae eon s Gracy Ss) Papier, off, might with his whole army slip money was print- | away from Grant and come down ed, large quantities to strike Sherman somewhere be- ; ce nee Ae cae tween Columbiaand Raleigh. With | cena an eee a caution that admirably balanced his Scie oe cate boldness, Sherman arranged to have 7 diers. the fleet coéperate with him along the ae That same day, | f coast, watching his progress and estab- the 18th, Charles- a: lishing points where supplies could be reached and refuge taken if necessary. He even sent engineers to repair the railroads BREVET BRIGADIER-GENERAL that, starting from the ports of Wilmington NATHAN GOFF, JR. ti : . BREVET é and Newbern, unite at Goldsboro’, and to ERIGAUIE SCE ET f : collect rolling-stock there. He intended, when once under Way, COM ALBERT M, BLACKMAN. y to push through to Goldsboro’, four hundred and twenty-five was ' miles, as rapidly as possible. evacuated by the Wheeler’s cavalry had been considerably reduced by its con- Confederate forces stant efforts to delay the march through Georgia, and Wade under General Har- Hampton’s, heretofore with the Army of Northern Virginia, dee, and a brigade of was now sent down to its assistance. They felled trees in the National troops com- e's roads, and attempted to make a stand at Salkehatchie River: manded by General i but Sherman’s men made nothing of picking up the trees and Schimmelp fennig e : casting them one side, while the force at the river was quickly promptly took pos- brushed away. The South Carolina Railroad was soon reached, session of it. be and the track was destroyed for miles. Then all the columns On the 2oth, leav- pushed on for Columbia. Sherman expected to meet serious ing Columbia, Sher- e Opposition there, for it was the capital of the State; but the mans army _ bore i) i Confederate leaders were holding their forces at Charleston and away for Fayette- i { il Augusta, confidently expecting those cities to be attacked, and ville, the right wing ye | ' nothing but Hampton’s cavalry was left to take care of Colum- going through Che- a HE bia. The main difficulty was at the rivers, where the Confeder- Taw, and the left | i ates had burned the bridges, which Sherman’s men rapidly through Lancaster i, eae 7a le National troops entered Ene city and Sneedsboro’, — a | [ : y teit it. Bales of cotton piled up in the and threatening BREVET BRIGADIER-GENERAL JOSEPH G. ABBOTT. | nnerPeres Gaahee eUN UT LU tvityt az fi teteeredtr) rpemereH arity oc Charlotte and Salisbury. The most serious difficulty was met at Catawba River, where the bridges were destroyed, the floods interfered with the building of new ones, and there was a delay of nearly a week. In Cheraw was stored a large amount of valuable personal property, including fine furniture and costly wines, which had been sent from Charleston for safe-keeping. Most of this fell into the hands of the invading army. Here also were found a large number of arms and thirty-six hundred barrels of powder; and here, as at Columbia, lives were lost by the care- lessness of a soldier in exploding the powder. Fayetteville was reached on the 11th of March, and here communication was opened with Gen. Alfred HH. Terry, whose men had captured Fort Fisher, below Wilmington, after a gallant fight, in January, and later the city itself, thus closing that harbor to blockade-runners. In taking the fort, Terry's men had fought their way from traverse to trav- erse, and the stubborn gar- rison had only yielded = when they literally reached the last ditch. Allthis time the Confederate forces, somewhat scattered, had hung on the flanks of Sher- man’s column or disposed themselves to protect the points that were threatened. But now they knew he was going to Goldsboro’, and according they concen- ly trated in his front, between Fayetteville and that place. At Averysboro’, thirty- five miles south of Raleigh, on the 16th of March, the left wing suddenly came upon Hardee’s forces in- trenched across its path. The left flank of the Con- federates was soon turned, and sunlevw fell baci to) 7a stronger position. Here a direct attack was made, but without success, and Kil- patrick’s cavalry was rough- ly handled by a division of Confederate infantry. Gen- eral Slocum then began a movement to turn the flank again, and in the night CAMPELERE AND SBAGMna lap: 4A4I Averysboro’ is about forty miles west of Goldsboro’. Midway between is Bentonville, where on the 19th the left wing again found the enemy intrenched across the way, this time in greater force, and commanded by General Johnston. Thickets of blackjack pro- tected the flanks, and it was ugly ground for fighting over. Slocum’s men at- tacked the position in force as soon as they came uponit. They quickly broke the Confederate right flank, drove it back, and planted batteries to command that part of the field. On the other flank the thickets interfered more with the organization of both sides, the Na- tional troops threw up intrenchments, both combatants attacked alternately, and the fighting was very bloody. After nightfall the Confederates withdrew toward Raleigh, and the-road was then open for Sherman to march into Golds- boro’. At Bentonville, the last battle fought by this army, the National loss was sixteen hundred and four men, the Confederate twenty-three hundred and forty-two. At Goldsboro’ Sherman was joined by Schofield’s corps, which had been transferred thither from Thomas's army. Several attempts to ne- gsotiate a peace were made during the winter of 1864— 65, the most notable of which took place early in February, when Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-President of the Confederacy, accom- panied by John A. Camp- bell and Robert M. T. Hun- ter, applied for permission to pass through Grant's lines forthe purpose. They were conducted .to Fort Monroe, met President Lin- coln and Secretary Seward on a steamer in Hampton Roads, and had a long and free discussion. The Con- federate commissioners pro- posed an armistice, with the hope that after a time, if trade and friendly relations were resumed, some sort of settlement or compromise could be reached without more fighting. But Mr. Lincoln would consent to no peace or armistice of any Pal Unt ae ~~. = POG? a 7 Peder sas a ik a saree Ud Mid obs noe thas # a7 . & ee Hardee retreated. Each ey coat ton coudition side had lost five hundred - oo ee: men. BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL GFORGE A. CUSTER. TTT E A heey ate ite eyretet etre a FF ene te aye j Pert riniy Laeneees cia ry U > Tt Re rty shied oT A eas tate iat EE bel a! ames “a wT , » ti Ea NS PW eee bak ,eT ni te ison YY ITE Sey re ects Ba! Tl ff in Pret, f iu | GAN iia A NED Bed (IRE ED: head.” The Confed- Wl) age erate commissioners ' ee were not authorized to oy z ; concede the _ restora- i < tion of the Union, and i i | thus the conference i f ended with no practt- 1 ! | cal result. 5] By | | Mate in Bebruany : hy | : : General Sheridan, at i the head of ten thou- \ sand cavalry, moved mt far up the Shenandoah : | ae Valley, and at Waynes- 1) boro’ histhird division, | | commanded by Gen- } eral Custer, met Early s | ; force on the 2d of iH March. In the engage- a} ments that ensued, 4 Early was completely : defeated, and about ; fifteen hundred of his men were captured, to- ji cether with every gun A he had: and alle his } trains. Sheridan then | ruined the locks in the o James River Canal, ; "| F destroyed portions of : i | the railroads toward ¥ | es c Lynchburg and Gor- 1 donsville, and rode if | down the peninsula to | “| White House, crossed a | feo, } over to the James and | 4 joined Grant, taking post on the left of the 3 army, and occupying fi : Dinwiddre Court “ 4 House on the 20th. f 4 Grant and Lee had ait both been waiting 1m- a patiently for the roads a to dry, so that wagons | and guns could be moved—Lec, because . he saw that Richmond 4 could not be held any lomeen.) sand= was ed anxious to get away; 2 Grant, because he was GENERAL WILLIAM T. SHERMAN. anxious to begin the Se cere final campaign and pre- | Pie ae) 2 Sooke ayant e cou cummen tthe restoration of vent Lee from getting away. The only chance for Lee to y see Poe apoleion OL SENT With these points Se- escape Was by slipping past Grants left, and either joining ced, us was willing to concede everything else. Mr. Stephens, Johnston in North Carolina or taking a position in the moun- hoe 2 convince Mr. Lincoln that he might properly recognize tainous country to the west. But Grant’s left extended too far : itor baa icon eon eae ee aa ae ce: oe on lim to contract his lines, drawing in’ his) leit Wee planned a \) 3 p depend mainly on Secretary Seward bold attack on his right, which-was executed in the night of the for that. 2 ‘emember abc Jharles is f at. All I remember about Charles is, that he lost his 24th. Large numbers of deserters had recently left the Confed-Sav Pra es slant “a Rc yo SRN IMA H HSA iiapay {55703 ban Tota bo Lt by be bed ret yy repay et CAMWONANRIE LIND) BA TIFILERPIBILD, We i oe over the sodden road and kept the wheels of the guns from sinking hopelessly in the mire and quicksands. Grant's extreme left, where the critical | movement was to be made, was now held by his most energetic lieutenant, General Sheridan, with his magnificent cavalry. By Grant’s orders, Sheridan made a march through Dinwiddie Court House, to come in upon the extreme Confederate right at Five Forks, which he struck on the 31st. He had no difficulty in driving away the Confederate cavalry; but when a strong infantry force was encountered he was ~~ Pee Me MELT himself driven back, and +2, Ca aoe ~ A } a calle O he yr SDE i BReve eee ae x C lled upon Gr ant fe r help v winds ) \\ \ Grant sent the Fifth Corps rf ANY : : . EB LK, ANS 4 to his assistance; but it was FS 1 S3SREVET MA!IOR GENERA = - \ | A Shee N i a - : - s BS erate army and walked BREVET MAIOR GENERSE ENR i eel Je INI, unusually slow in moving, 5 . , : ° ° e Ty or i vit S\\ N\\\\ \h, LA \ : across to Grant's lines, bringing their een ‘e \ NANI and was stopped by the ; 7 ; a : : \ ema AT \\ AVES SSN SN - ue d ; ee arms with them, and this circum- , Vey Yj \ \\\\\ DWF Wace loss of a bridge at Grav- stance was now used fora = NA, GprXi'\\ elly Run, so that it was ruse. At a point where midday of April Ist be- 4 the hostile lines were not ‘ a fore Sheridan began to i more than a hundred yards Q\(\\ cet it in hand. Lee y apart, some of General Gor- me had strengthened the ms EB don’s men walked out to the C force holding Five National picket-line as if . Forks; but Sheridan was determined to cap- they were deserte cS; seized the pickets, and sent them back as ture the place, and when prisoners. chen a column his troops were all up, charged through the gap, sur- late in the afternoon, prised the menin the main line, he opened the battle on and captured a section ol the a well-conceived plan. | ] works. But General Parke, com- manding the Ninth Corps, wher A, [ANUS RNAS i oe si = | the assault was delivered, promptly ; made dispositions to check it. Th Confederates were headed off in both directions, and a large number of guns were soon planted where they could sweep the ground that had been captured. A line of intrenchments was thrown up in the rear, and the survivors of the charging column found themselves where they could neither go forward, nor retreat. nor be reinforced. Consequently they were all made prisoners.. [his affair cost the Confederates about four thousand men, and imflieted’ a loss ol twe thousand upon the National army. | Grant. instead of contracting his lines, was making dis- positions to extend them. Jhree divisions under Gens 2: O. C. Ord were brought from his right, before Richmond, in the night of the 27th, and plac: d on his extreme left, while a movement was planned for the 290th by which that wing was to be pushed Out to the Southside Railroad. When the day appointed for the movement arrived, heavy rains had made the ground so soft that the roads had to be corduroyved before the artillery could be dragged over them. But the army was used to this sort of work, and performed it with marvellous quickness. Small trees were cut down, and rail fences disappeared in a ri = -. Ra ing ; constructed stretche ut = while the rude flooring thus constructed stretched o Prec, pen ean aetna } MAJOR-GENERAL GODFREY WEITZEL, i twinkling, at a San ears ti . . 7 - 4 os : 5 Bui te a ae Pia nisi ina yD aS Geren iY iiss : POM aie ee a dae ea alt [ie =x Ar ho alee F : eee :sagt bee ae | a es S ol - é Prt MST grr Rea SIN 2 ee Manila. Pett casa b) Ree war ar. ex ve Se —— ty ts mt SHERIDAN AND HIS GENERALS RECONNOITRING AT FIVE FORKS (DINWIDDIE COURT-HOUSE).{ n . » bid I s \ 5 : 7 AO } Pea ala Meet atl hikA y , ; HF ed CTE LOO Ef ober ap : are et MAHARAR Avis . aa a CUD HOHE Let ete ~~ \ : SHEE &. A pees ie SEA cule AcE CL UCU ] ‘ pr ien ted hereto ich lake ities els CAMPHIRE AND BATTELLE EIELE D: coins “ne : . ; aes the enemy with his cavalry in front, he used the line from a point on the ee eee ae Fifth Corps as if it were his i ra we 5 as Ss immense rig Ry ey Seem ee e right arm, swinging it Appomattox River above as so as to embrace and crush the Confederate force. to one below. Twostrong With bloody but brief fighting ; = / - Ing the MN< GE Ate. TAS . me eae . .7A +e . aes ene ee S 7 3 | lanoeuvre was successful; earthworks, Forts Gregg SOIWas ee CULeG sand more than five thousand prisoners and Whitworth, salient to were taken. Sheridan’s loss was about c - all ; Ss as < ut one thousand. In the the inner C aderate ]i Watt ration Came lOrdercl it Pek a ; 7 1er Confederate line, y came orders from Sheridan relieving Warren of still held out. But Fos- his command, because of that officer’s slowness in bringing his ters division of the corps: to the attack. Whether this harsh action was justified or Twenty-fourth Corps not, it threw a blight upon the career of one of the best corps Carticdbort Giese cee ~ ; ene ; - : . o> = commanders that the Army of the Potomac ever had, and ex- a costly assault, and Fort S . y as ; 14 cited the Lesrety lie Not the indignation, of every man that had served under him. Judging that Lee must have drawn forces from other parts of his line to strengthen his right, Grant followed up the advantage by attack- ing Lee’s centre __— ee | —a 3 5 BRIGADIER-GENERAL sf STEPHEN ELLIOTT, JR, C S. A. \\ Ly is , | { \ a \ St \ =) & 7 lee | \ ry i beg L é | \ i BRIGADIER-GENERAL A. H. COLQUITT C. S. A. \ \ FY | LIEUTENANT-GENERAL \ WADE HAMPTON, C. S. A. | \ hi Whitworth then et surrendered. In pe) : ~ ; - ; % the fighting of this day the at daybreak the Confederate general A. P. next morning, Hill was killed. Sunday, April General Lee now sent a telegram 2d, with the corps to Richmond, saying that. both MAJOR-GENERAL ' of Wright and cities must be evacuated. It was & W. © CEE, C. S.A Parke, the Sixth received in church by Mr. Davis, ‘ and Ninth. Both who quietly withdrew without waiting for the service to be of these broke Gnished. As the signs of evacuation became evident to the x : : j through the Con- __ people, there was a general rush for means of conveyance, and fs federate lines in property of all sorts was brought into the streets in confused Re | the face of a mus- masses. Committees appointed by the city council attempted ketry fire, took to destroy all the liquor, and hundreds of barrelfuls were poured | large portions of into the gutters. The great tobacco warehouses were set on o < < os them in reverse, fire, under military orders, and the iron-clad rams in the river | \ — and captured blown up; while a party of drunken soldiers began a course of as ae ‘| ar d. three or four pillaging, which became contagious and threw everything into aa ; oi ae thousand prison- the wildest confusion. The next morning a detachment of black MAJOR-GENERAL WILLIAM MAHONE, C. S. A. - epee = ers and _ several troops from Gen. Godfrey W eitzel’s command marched into the > See oe ee Soe Roe Te leon Tp) eee a8 Se eS suns. The Second Corps, under Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys, city, and the flag of the Twelfth Maine Regiment was hoisted and three divisions under General Ord, made a similar move- over the Capitol. ment, with similar success; Sheridan moved up on the left, and When Lee, with the remnant of his army, withdrew from in the outer defences of Petersburg were now in the possession Richmond and Petersburg, he fled westward, still keeping up of the National forces, who encircled the city with a continuous the organization, though his numbers were constantly diminish- — SU e a gL a eee Pe OTH eta eit t Lac ae oe ‘Li Sinister er y es2 1 0ie : Pre al ers 446 CAMPFIRE AND ing by desertion, straggling, and capture. Grant was in close pursuit, striving to head him off, and determined not to let him escape. He moved mainly on a parallel route south of Lee's, attacking vigorously whenever any portion of the hostile forces approached near enough. Some of these engagements were very sharply contested ; and as the men on both sides had attained the highest perfection of destructive skill, and were not sheltered by ‘intrenchments, the losses were severe, and the seventy miles of the race was a long track of blood. There were collisions at letersville, Detonville, Deep Creek, Sailor's Creek, Paine's Cross Roads, and Farmville ; the most important being that at Sailor’s Creek, where Custer broke the Confederate line, capturing four hundred wagons, sixteen guns, and many prisoners, and then the Sixth Corps came up and captured the whole of Ewell’s corps, in- cluding Ewell himself and four other generals. Lee was stopped by the loss of a provision Eran and spent a day in trying to col- lect from the sur- rounding something for his country famished soldiers LOVEAE When he arrived at Appomattox COwr: Ibnlouse. April oth, a week from the day he set out, he found Sheridan’s dis- mounted cavalry in line across his path, and his in- fantry advanced confidently to brush them away. But the cavalry- men drew off to the right, and dis- closeda heavy line of blue-coated in- fantry and gleam- ae | | f | ing steel. Before this the ‘weary Confederates recoiled, and just as Sheridan was preparing to charge upon their flank with his cavalry a white flag was sent out and hostilities were suspended on information that negotiations lor a surrender were in progress. Grant had first demanded Lee’s surrender in a note written 6n the afternoon Olathe 7th. hee or tour other notes had passed between them, and on the gth the two commanders met at a house in the village, where they wrote and exchanged two brief letters by which the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia was effected; the terms being sim- ply that the men were to lay down tl 1eir arms and return to their homes, not to be molested so | ong as they did not again nai ISSA UP TE Ib 1B JEW TE IG IDX take up arms against the United States. The exceeding gener- osity of these terms, to an army that had exacted almost the last life %: had power to destroy, was a surprise to many who re- membered the unconditional surrender that General Grant had demanded at Vicksburg and Fort Donelson. But he considered that the war was over, and thought the defeated insurgents would at once return to their homes and become good citizens of the United States. In pursuance of this idea, he ordered that they be permitted to take their horses with them, as they ‘ would need them for the ploughing.” The starving Confederates were immediately fed by their captors; and, by General Grant’s or- dens. Ghee rina. firing of salutes, and other demon- strations of exul- tation over the i \ great and _ deci- ID rt : sive€ victory were allay a immediately Stop ped. ihe eS or - h iP i Pee number of officers and men paroled, according to the terms of the sur- We TGdiet.. Was twenty-eight thousand three hundred and _ six- ty-five. The next day, General Lee issued, in the form of a general order, a farewell address to his army in which he lauded them in unmeas- ured terms, to the implied disparage- ment of their con- querors, and as- sured them of his “unceasing ad- miration of their DEFENCE constancy and de- OF FORT GREGG, PETERSBURG votion to) their country. It seems not to have occurred to the general that he had no army, for it had been taken away from him, and no right to issue a military document of any kind, for he was a prisoner of war; and he certainly must have forgotten that the costly court of last resort, to which he and they had appealed, had just de- cided that their country as he defined it had no existence. General Johnston, who was confronting Sherman in North Carolina, surrendered his army to that commander at Durham Station, near Raleigh, on the 26th of April, receiving the same terms that had been eranted to Lee; and the surrender of all the other Confederate armies soon followed, the last being the command of Gen, BE. Kirby Smith, at shreveport, Wasson the 26th of May. The number of Johnston’s immediate command surrendered and paroled was thirty-six thousand eight hundred and seventeen, to whom were added fifty-two thousand four hundred and fifty-three in Georgia and Florida.Tre LL i Astle RAUL LCC. Melis Winner ac eter Ee: aie Syl seis ee ee ba eseaaeen 2A Masia LAM ar HARMAN eer nvigs ; = : t i ; tet pibsebehctiitsis toe dtioe z av, Xx — Pe | es ee ~. Xe fy A We i Ses. \p a > B j f ey ; Or eS cRe m ¢ s << wy 3 + | BS Ae bs a Le i 7 ee OSI Lanoa sFa- set eens mE —— Ss pe Pep) ae th, Se vl pete oa : See eos . it ars, 2 ioe fj a er ki EPIRA th ae areca : Pe cere gt ISO ELE D - a ey en le | VY | IANA ee NY ¥% 8, \\ \ x AY wt . a THE McLEAN HOUSE WHERE GENERAL LEE SURRENDERED TO GENERAL GRANT ce eae agente! } Hh Mi me (SN) fe GN TASS at NAHE } > 5 , - 1 ! PETS IA! TTS saa) JO EG ET i ae Sp Pr A AN Mee { on Noe | Tah) T Hh mS! p Q 4) 1 th Z L i ~ rg a ; ; \ \. \ by i4 Y if Yay ( Ly \ af vi Xi ii ) , \X Mee fA iy l i er 5 Hi} ti a? ’ My ° i j y YN (Lge i | Wit wei aie I ( Nai Tar ! \ If : ry x s Zi f ~ cms rae A OME fi CH mal \! ce ak? | 4 * | THE SURRENDER OF GENERAL LEE. ~ Tee “ een ie Ore ee —— 7 i. bE ae Lost . Fis ad a soe c 4 . ‘nebe Tito ei) 7 td Ke \) at ataae UL iam } | re 4 las i ae Uk i ary i " : : pirrorsrsaeyy . Seats | :LO RAT 5 LENT TY ’ Ra ee at ee EE eS ee 448 CAMPFIRE AND GRUNER DER] XE: PEACE. THE WAR GOVERNORS—CIVILIAN PATRIOTS—THE SUDDEN FALL OF THE CONFEDERACY—CAPTURE OF MR. DAVIS—CHARACTER OF THE INSURRECTION—MAGNANIMITY OF THE VICTORS—THE As- SASSINATION CONSPIRACY—LINCOLN’S SECOND INAUGURAL AD- DRESS—-LINCOLN IN RICHMOND—THE GRAND REVIEW — THE HOME-COMING—LESSONS OF THE WAR. No account of the war, however brief, can properly be closed without some mention of the forces other than military that contributed to its success. The assistance and influence of the “war governors,’ as they were called—including John A. Andrew of Massachusetts, William A. Buckingham of Con- necticut, Edwin D. Morgan of New York, William Dennison of Ohio, and Oliver P. Morton of Indiana—was vital to the cause, and was acknowledged as generously as it was given. There was also a class of citizens who, by reason of age or other disability, did not go to the front, and would not have been permitted to, but found a way to assist the Government perhaps even more efficiently. They were thoughtful and scholarly men, who brought out and placed at the service of their country every lesson that could be drawn from history; practical and experi- enced men, whose hard sense and knowledge of affairs made them natural leaders in the councils of the people; men of fervid eloquence, whose arguments and appeals aroused all there was of latent patriotism in their younger and hardier country- men, and contributed wonderfully to the rapidity with which quotas were filled and regiments forwarded to the seat of war. reat numbers of devoted women, who performed There were ¢ uncomplainingly the hardest hospital service,and managed great fairs and relief societies with an enthusiasm that never wearied. And there were the Sanitary and Christian Commissions, whose agents went everywhere between the dépét in the rear and the skirmish-line in front, carrying not only whatever was needed to alleviate the sufferings of the sick and wounded, but also many things to beguile the tedious hours in camp and diminish the serious evil of homesickness. It was a common remark, at the time, that the Confederacy crumbled more suddenly in 1865 than it had risen in 1861. It seemed like an empty shell, which, when fairly broken through, had no more stability, and instantly fell to ruins. It was for- tunate that when the end came Lee’s army was the first to surrender, since all the other commanders felt justified in fol- lowing his example. To some on the Confederate Side. espe- cially in Virginia, the surrender was a surprise, and came like a personal and irreparable grief. But people in other parts of the South, especially those who had seen Sherman’s legions march- ing by their doors, knew that the end was coming. Longstreet had pronounced the cause lost by Lee’s want of generalship at Gettysburg; Ewell had said there was no use in fighting longer when Grant had swung his army across the James; Johnston and his lieutenants declared it wrong to keep up the hopeless struggle after the capital had been abandoned and the Army of Northern Virginia had laid down its weapons, and so expressed themselves to Mr. Davis when he stopped to confer with them, in North Carolina, on his flight southward. He said their for- tunes might still be retrieved, and independence established, if . ee het ate ad -— iM De Iai hae ee iis IB AL IPT 1b 1B IP ILE IO Ib those who were absent from the armies without leave would but return to their places. He probably understood the situa- tion as well as General Johnston did, and may have spoken not so much from judgment as from a consciousness of greater re- sponsibility, a feeling that as he was the first citizen of the Con- federacy he was the last that had any right to despair of it. Neo ertheless: he continued his flight through the Carolinas into Georgia; his cabinet officers, most of whom had set out with him from Richmond, leaving him one after another. When he had arrived at Irwinsville, Ga., accompanied by his family and Postmaster-General Reagan, their little encampment in the woods was surprised, on the morning of May 11th, by two detachments of Wilson’s cavalry, and they were all taken prisoners. In the gray of the morning the two detachments, approaching from dif- ferent sides, fired into each other before they discovered that they were friends, and two soldiers were killed and several wounded. Mr. Davis was taken to Savannah, and thence to Fort Monroe, where he was a prisoner for two years, after which he was released on bail—his bondsmen being Cornelius Vanderbilt, Horace Greeley, and Gerrit Smith, a life-long abolitionist. He was never tried. The secession movement had been proved to be a rebellion and nothing else—although the mightiest of all rebellions. -It never rose to the character of a revolution; for it never had pos- session of the capital or the public archives, never stopped the wheels of the Government for a single day, was suppressed in the end, and attained none of its objects. But although it was clearly a rebellion, and although its armed struggle had been maintained after all prospect of success had disappeared, such was the magnanimity of the National Government and the Northern people that its leaders escaped the usual fate of rebels. Except by temporary political disabilities, not one of them was punished—neither Mr. Davis nor Mr. Stephens, nor any member of the Confederate cabinet or congress; neither Lee nor John- ston, nor any of their lieutenants, not even Beauregard who ad- vocated the black flag, nor Forrest who massacred his prisoners at Fort Pillow. Most of the officers of high rank in the Confed- erate army were graduates of the Military Academy at West Point, and had used their military education in an attempt to déstroy the very government that gave it to them, and to which they had solemnly sworn allegiance. Some of them, notably General Lee, had rushed into the rebel service without waiting for the United States War Department to accept their resigna- tions. But all such ugly facts were suppressed or forgotten, in the extreme anxiety of the victors lest they should not be suffi- ciently magnanimous toward the vanquished. There was but a single act of capital punishment. The keeper of the Anderson- ville stockade was tried, convicted, and executed for cruelty to prisoners. His more guilty superior, General Winder, died two months before the surrender. Two months after that event, the secessionist that had sought the privilege of firing the first gun at the flag of his country, committed suicide rather than live under its protection. The popular cry that soon arose was, ‘Universal amnesty and universal suffrage ! ” No such exhibition of mercy has been seen before or since. Four years previous to this war, there was a rebellion against the authority of the British Government: six years after it, there was One against the French Government ; and in both instances the conquered insurgents were punished with the utmost sever- ity. In our own country there had been several minor insurrec- tions preceding the great one. In such of these as were aimed against the institution of slavery—Vesey’s, Turner’s, and Brown’s| ‘ ’ \ ‘ hs x : eer Pe EWR ATR iy A j Wh Pot c : Ke 4 = ; . : y ’ erate thats At ; 5h ' iret tite a ~ a \4 or c ™ ps ne 5 4 wer ‘ htt ; | { porch itis tou iu UAC UA en oo H OULU EZ a Ta Siac “ - bean etc Ol tieees te A TU Baw ye oi thas burakes , Thy eB Py, et ee PP DATA 0 TR TTT PIN ne pee yore bt COPYRIGHT 1897 BY KNIGHT & BROWN. Hous lore, GEL 4A SOF SY CAPP OCU? 7 SLC CALAMW Lyuiyiirasayipee Pere ie aah FS Hy o> ae TT ec tirn ere air ease t eee eee EE LE a cast he re ee ee eau \ / ¥, Th th hi ia | j iit g \ +> { rf ? ; , i i | if elas! _ j | | eet ob eeePerr Dae —the offenders suffered the extreme Shays’s, Dorr’s, and the whiskey war—they were punished very lightly or not at all. The general feeling in the g country was of relief that the war was ended— | li | hardly less at the South than at the North. il the various armies, the soldiers so recently in arms against each other behaved more like brothers than like enemies. | A a i The Confederates were fed liberally National dant supplies of the many of them were furnished with States. distant them had been absent fr to their homes in Om) ing the whole war. If the people of the North had any disposition to be boisterous over the final victory, it was completel the sorrow that suddenly fell | quelled by shadow of a great A conspiracy had been for a long time among a few half- crazy secessionists in an capital. It culminated on of Good Friday, April 14, 1865. On of the conspirators forced his way into Secretary Seward's house and attacked the Secretary with a knife but did not succeed in killing him. Mr. Seward had been thrown from a carriage a few days before, and was ncased 1n lying in bed with his jaws « ametallic frame-work, which pr 1b ibly saved his life. The chief conspirator, ne “ ‘ 2 JEFFERSON DAVIS. (From a photograph taken In 1881.) Dwi ce ie a. Sia trom commissariat, their families dur- { : 4 Peete UNTIL Ut eer ns | rd aera! RUC on ots we \ acai aiaeaatae 53 sD ul aA MOU A 2] Sa aes CAMPFIRE AND BAT EADIE LD. penalty of the law; in the others—Fries’s, After the surrender of the abun- and transportation Some of r iim (et (| an obscure actor, ie made his way into om the box at Ford’s ¢ Theatre where the President and his wife were sitting, witnessing the : comedy of “Our American Cousin,” shot Mr. Lincoln in the back of the 1 head, jumped from the box to the 1f stage with a flourish of bravado THE LAST MEETING OF THE CONFEDERATE shouting S76 semper tyrannis Loe i CABINET. and escaped behind the scenes and | out at the stage door. The dying 4 President was carried to a house across the street, where he expired | the next morning. As the principal Confederate army had already i surrendered, it was impossible for any one to suppose that the killing of the. President could affect the result of the war. Furthermore, Mr. Lincoln had long been in the habit of going to the War Depart- ment in the evening, and returning to the White House, unattended, late at night ; so that an assassin who merely wished to put him out of the way had abundant opportunities for doing so, with good chances of escaping and concealing his own identity. It was therefore perfectly obvi- ous that the murderer’s principal motive was the same as that of the youth who set fire to the temple of Diana at Ephesus. And the newspapers did their utmost to give him the notoriety that he craved, displaying his name in i large type at the head of their columns, and repeating about him every anecdote ik y that could be recalled or manufactured. Ihe consequence was that sixteen years later the country was disgraced by another Presidential ce assassination, mainly from journalists repeated their fol ce the same motive; and, as the ly on that occasion, we rpaas aE ae | rahe e neg ress Te saree i Deh a oat Se Tet tM yi tioset tPTe Rte ne We TH teiii he epabbish tl Gabi NE. ‘ie Tn » Ge ap bi rasa ea Feet a) 3 ame Kyi al tte J wi JD ras aay THR yr gall hs st Mei) A ) *ys ee She dl ee he c DVI lie eat toe, Sienna ae ae, ne Pe a a = Deane ier Pe ssAde apes biel Ae) i : 5 pet Ts — 450 shall perhaps have still another by and by. Mr. Lincoln had grown steadily in the affections and admiration of the peo- ple. His state papers were the most remarkable in American annals; his firmness where firmness was required, and kind- heartedness where kind- ness was practicable, were almost unfailing; and as he successive events of the war called forth his powers, it was seen that he had unlimited shrewd- ness and tact, statesman- ship of the broadest kind, and that honesty of pur- pose which is the highest wisdom. Moreover, his lack of all vindictive feel- ing toward the insurgents, and his steady endeavor to make the restored Union a genuine republic of hts, gave tone to equal rig g the feelings of the whole nation, andat the last won many admirers among his foes; in anmse. Unehis second inaugural address, a month before his death, he seemed to speak with that insight and calm judgment which we only look for in the studious historian in aftertimes. pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bond- man’s two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said, ‘ The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive to finish the work we are in, to bind up the natiom ss wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a last- ing peace among ourselves and with all nations.” A day or two after the evacuation of Richmond, Mr. Lincoln walked through its smoking and disordered streets, where the negroes crowded about him and called down all sorts of uncouth but sincere blessings on his head. He had lived to \ “Neither party expected ; for the war the magnitude enter the enemy’s capital, i or the duration which it lived to see the authority has already attained. of the United States re- Neither anticipated that JEFFERSON DAVIS'S BODYGUARD. stored over the whole the cause of the conflict country, and then was might cease with, or even before, the conflict itself should cease. snatched away, when the people were as much as ever in need cf Each looked for an easier triumph and a result less fundamental his genius for the solution of new problems that suddenty con- and astounding. Both read the same Bible, and pray to the fronted them. \ same God, and each invokes his aid against the other. It may The funeral same route over which Mr. j seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God’s Lincoln had gone to Washington from his home in Springfield, assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men’s Ill., four years before; and to the sorrowful crowds that were i faces. But let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayer gathered at every station, and even along the track in the country, of both could not be answered; has been it seemed as if the light of the nation had gone out forever. | answered fully. If we shall suppose that American slavery The armies returning from the field were brought to Washing- j is one of those offences which, in the providence of God, must ton for a grand review before being mustered out of service. ‘ AT AAT ee . aie) Saas . : ‘ : Bs . ; ; | rs Te cr oe cet i Ie and South this terrible war as the woe dire fo those by whom ie s ee ws ae ee NS es aooe | the offence came, shall we discern therein any dlewatunee from ae a eee a ee 4 those divine attributes which the believers in : loving God ' aes oa Sheen: Pan oes Coop. Taken | Nee cube une ab ont do ae i. oe 's ‘ ing in close column around the Capitol and down Pennsylvania i ) pe, fervently do we Avenue to the music of their bands. As they passed the grand stand at the White House, where President Johnson and hisPe ie Wc UES UN TT FT Cre 7 ey ieieicr ieee mebtr ct FeTTo ere eet eH rer} cabinet reviewed them, the officers saluted with their swords, and commanders of stand. The armies were quickly disbanded, and eacl arrival home, was given a publ divisions dismounted and went upon the 1 regiment, on its Ic reception and a fitting welcome. The men were well dressed and well fed. but t] and their tattered and smoky battle-fla 1eir bronzed faces gs told where they had been. It was computed that the loss of life in the Confederate service was about equal to that in the National. Their losses in battle, as they were generally on the defensive, were smaller. but their means of caring for the wounded were inferior. Thus it cost us nearly six hundred thousand lives and more than six thousand million dollars to destroy the doctrine of State sove- reignty, abolish the system of slavery, and begin the career of the United States as a nation. The home-coming at the North was almost as sorrowful as at the South, because of those that came not. In all the festivi- ties and rejoicings there was hardly a participator whose joy was not saddened by missing some well-known face and form now numbered with the silent three hundred thousand. Grant was there, the commander that had never taken a step backward ; and Farragut was there, the sailor without an equal; and the unfailing Sherman, and the patient Thomas, and the intrepid Hancock, and the fiery Sheridan, and the brilliant Custer, and many of lesser rank, who in a smaller theatre of conflict would have won a larger fame. But where was young Ellsworth ?—shot And Winthrop—killed And Lyon fallen at the head of his little army in Missouri, the first summer dead as soon as he crossed the Potomac. in the first battle, with his best books unwritten. of the war. And Baker—sacrificed at Ball’s Bluff. And Kearny at Chantilly, and Reno at South Mountain, and Mansfield at Antietam, and Reynolds at Gettysburg, and Wadsworth in the mEitero lc Ter er CAMPETIRE AND ‘ \ \ PUNT et ey LAL ULAR EAT ag Pa fee Pe tt oe see Sis pte nan SOSA oe MEST Co pata BA Tails EEN a Dy 4st Wilderness, and Sedgwick at Spottsylvania, and McPherson before Atlanta, and Craven in his monitor at the bottom of the sea, and thousands of others, the best and bravest all gone—all, like Latour, the immortal captain, dead on the field of honor, but none the less dead and a loss to their mourning country. The hackneyed allegory of Curtius had been given a Startling illustration and a new significance. The South, too, had lost heavily of her foremost citizens in the great struggle—Bee and Bartow, at Bull Run; Albert Sidney Johnston, leading a desper- ate charge at Shiloh; Zollicoffer, soldier and journalist, at Mill Spring ; Stonewall Jackson, Lee’s right arm, at Chancellorsville ; Polk, priest and warrior, at Lost Mountain: Armistead, waver- ing betwéen two allegiances and fighting alternately for each, and Barksdale and Garnett—all at Gettysburg; Hill, at Peters- burg; and the dashing Stuart, and Daniel, and Perrin, and Dear- ing, and Doles, and numberless others. The sudden hush and sense of awe that impresses a child when he steps upon a single grave, may well overcome the strongest man when he looks upon the face of his country scarred with battlefields like these, and considers what blood of manhood was rudely wasted there. And the slain were mostly young, unmarried men, whose native virtues fill no living veins, and will not shine again on any field. It is poor business measuring the mouldered ramparts and counting the silent guns, marking the deserted battlefields and decorating the grassy graves, unless we can learn from it all some nobler lesson than to destroy. Men write of this, as of other wars, as if the only thing necessary to be impressed upon the rising generation were the virtue of physical courage and contempt of death. It seemsto me that is the last thing that we need to teach ; for since the days of John Smith in Virginia and the men of the MWayflower in Massachusetts, no generation of Americans has shown any lack of it. From Louisburg to At gett Sot, m » et RICHMOND AFTER THE EVACUATION—SHOWING THE EFFECT OF THE FIRE. (From a War Department Photograph.) — ¥, Tey) Sia cee emi ibd festa Lindh nia Pea ae pete h J ’ Ae 7 ] iy Re eee ei Ro Le et a om gs P re eiap eer reentry Trays vA PONT 7 Bee M Moe SDE a an Oi set eet SPP gee itn aN . : s STH ie and PNT 5 es, EET. ees a ed ees dM hs ML bee Ui eaeT a toa en 1 Mee Eerie ans sete Piety,eR eee 1865, as o | + N > < = GRAND REVIEW OF THE ARMY, WASHINGTON, #1! 19m Aled Naf ayia APENG (APeas aa (et EHR MAT ay Tt Re ante! cores . ; ttt eos er) Petersburg—a hundred and twenty years, the full span of four generations—they have stood to their guns and been shot down In greater comparative numbers than any other race on aaah In the war of secession there was not a State, not a county yrobably not a town, betwee » Ores ces i | 1 » between the great lakes and the gulf, that was not represented on fields where all that men could do with powder and steel was done, and valor was exhibited at its highest pitch. It was a common saying in the Army of the } courage was the cheapest thing there ; and it might have been said of all the ot! . Potomac that ? ler armies as well. There is not the slightest necessity for lauding American bravery or im- pressing it upon American youth. But there js the gravest necessity for teaching them respect for law, and reverence for human life, and regard for the rights of their fellow-men, and all that is significant in the history of our run to evil and they country—lest their feet make haste to shed innocent blood. | would be ad? to convince my com- ed patriots that it is not enough to think they are right, but they are bound CO know they are right, before they rush x into any experiments Yee that are to cost the Dy 2 lives of men and Cte oe = Se eh the tears of orphans, in their own land Or in any other. |] would warn them to beware of provincial conceit, I would = have them compre- hend that one may fight bravely, and still be a perjured felon; that one may die humbly, and still be a patriot whom his country cannot afford to lose; that as might does not make right, so neither do rags and bare feet necessarily argue a noble cause. I would teach them that it is criminal either to hide the truth or to refuse assent to that which they see must fol- low logically from ascertained truth. I would show them that a political lie is as despicable as a personal lie, whether uttered in an editorial, or a platform, or a President’s message, or a colored cartoon, or a disingenuous ballot; and that political chicanery, when long persisted in, is liable to settle its shameful account ina stoppage of civilization and a spilling of life. These are simple lessons, yet they are not taught in a day, and some whom we call educated go through life without mastering them at all. It may be useful to learn from one war how to conduct an- other; but it is infinitely better to learn how to avert another. _I am-doubly anxious to impress this consideration upon my readers, because history seems to show us that armed conflicts have a tendency to come in pairs, with an interval of a few years, and because I think I see, in certain circumstances now existing within our beloved Republic, the elements of a second civil war. No American citizen should lightly repeat that the result is worth all it cost, unless he has considered how heavy was the cost, and is doing his utmost to perpetuate the result. To strive to forget the great war, for the sake of sentimental iy S } by Sul ws . mre POPEEPTIT ere Tia ths eee eg ve Pata the i cere id sean i ad See | a mer 2 gs A N c y tN hii iat CAMPFIRE AND { \ BATTLEFIELD. 453 politics, is to cast away our dearest experience and invite, in some troubled future, the destruction we so hardly eeapedl in the past. There can be remembrance without animosity, but there cannot be oblivion without peril soenisiondos s POS =i | AN EXPLODED GUN IN THE DEFENCE OF RICHMOND, THE PIRSD UNITE DESTALTES EEAG RAISED ONE TRI C He IMUOUNIDD AMEIDIB IR ICEL, WW AIR. BY MRS] CASALEE CORBELE, RIGISE ii Wife of Major-General George E. Pickett, C. S. A. THE first knell of the evacuation of Richmond sounded on Sunday morning while we were on our knees in St. Paul’s Church, invoking God’s protecting care for our absent loved ones, and blessings on our cause. The intense excitement, the tolling of the bells, the hasty parting, the knowledge that all communication would be cut off between us and our loved ones, and the dread, undefined fear in our helplessness and desertion, make a nightmare mem- ory. General Ewell had orders for the destruction of the public buildings, which orders our Secretary of War, Gen. J. C. Breck- enridge, strove earnestly but without avail to have counter- manded. The order, alas! was obeyed beyond “the letter of the law.” The terrible conflagration was kindled by the Confederate authorities, who applied the torch to the Shockoe warehouse, it, too, being classed among the public buildings because of the ST es ap ccocit maa 2 toes! Ee Hit Ps mach: Cs Ue ha, ee ee Fea ELIT McA = Wd Brg Te 7 sak ahh Ne ro ae iat To Pie eae — ped JT) oySIE Miter rat Pore sp | (ee é : ve Wr tc isa oe : = ae 4 es ; pscatacte ‘ - es ‘ — See a — - a SE tae i a snaiciaabes aoe ana CAMPFIRE AND 454 cing to France and England stored init. A fresh the fire swept on in its short tobacco belong breeze was blowing from the south; haste and fury over a great area in an almost incredibly time, and by noon the fames had transformed into a desert waste all the city bounded by Seventh and Fifteenth Streets, and Main Street and the river. One thousand houses were The streets were filled with furniture and every destroyed. ares, dashed down to be trampled in the mud or description of W buried where they lay. At night a saturnalia began. commissary began the destruction of its stores. catching the liquor in basins and About dark, the Government Soldiers and citizens gathered in front, h their hats and some with their boots. It this to make a manifestation as dread so frenzied pitchers ; some wit took but a short time for as the flames. The crowd became a howling mob, that the officers of the law had to flee for their ae under Arnold rode reviving memories of 1781, when the British down Richmond Hill, and, flren.citiy,. | 1 emptied the provisions and a into a cutters, making invading broke open the stores and even the uninitiated cows and hogs drunk for lays All through the night, crowds of men, women, traversed the streets, loading themselves with At midnight, soldiers drunk with vile liquor, followed dashed in the pana children supplies and plunder. a reckless crowd as drunk as themselves, by plate-glass windows of the stores, and made a wreck of every- ee About nine o’clock on Monday morning, terrific sions, rapid and continuous, added to the terror of the scene, and gave the impression that the city was being shelled by the retreating Confederate army from the south side. But the shell explo- explosions were soon found to proceed from the Government arsenal and laboratory, then in flames. Later in the morning, eight o’clock when the Federal troops entered the city. It required the greatest effort to tame down the riotous, crazed mob, and induce them to take part in the struggle to save their BEA Tia ela ale). north side of the James River, but a few been stationed on the ind he had only to march in and take miles from Richmond, « He despatched Major A. H. Stevens of the Fourth Major E. E. Graves of his staff, to reconnoitre the roads possession. Massachusetts cavalry, and with about a hundred mounted men, They had then they saw a shabby, and works leading to Richmond. cone but a little into the Confederate lines, W drawn by a pair of lean, lank horses, the They met this flag-of-truce distance old-fashioned carriage, occupants ee a white flag. party at the line of fortificatio: the Osborne turnpike and New Market road. Colonel Mayo—Judge Mere- The fourth Judge Lyons, our former minister to 1s, just beyond the junction of The carriage contained the mayor of Richmond dith of the Supreme Court, and Judge Lyons. worthy I cannot recall. England, and one of the representative men of Virginia, made his own characteristic way, and then Colonel the flag-of-truce party, handed the introductions in Mayo, w to Major Stevens a small Tt 1S proper to fo ho was in command of slip of wall paper, on which was writ- ten the following: rmally surrender to the o 7 Federal authorities the city of Richmond, id the defences protecting hitherto capital of the Confederate States of America, a1 it up to this time.” That was all.” fhe of, and Major Stevens most courteously accepted the terms for document was approved his commanding general, to whom it was at once transmitted, and moved his column upon the evacuated city, taking posses- sion and saving it from ashes. His first order was to sound the alarm bells and to take com- mand at once of the fire depa those who were rtment. which consisted of four- teen substitute men, exempt from service because of disease, two steam fire engines, four worthless hand engines, and a large amount of hose, destroyed by the retreat- ine half-crazed Confederates. His next order was to raise the > Quick 4 merciful Providence caused a lull in the breeze. The terrific stars and stripes over the Capitol. as thought, two explosion of the laboratory and of the arsenal caused every soldiers, one from Company E.and one from Company H of the | if window in ourhome to break. The old plate-glass mirrors, built Fourth Massachusetts cavalry, crept to the summit and planted 1 in the walls, were cracked and shattered the flag of the nation. Iwo Beets tasteful guidons were | Fort Darling was blown up, and later on the rams, It was hoisted by the halyards in place of the red cross. The living colors of the Union were greeted, while our ‘“‘ Warriors’ banner took its flight to meet the warrior’s soul.” That flag, whose design has been accredited alike to both « 7 > are > r ar ‘¢ ‘ : nee ' ! - = : ° out: ‘Attention, creation! by kingdoms, right wheel, march /’ And then we git! It was a solitary relic left behind after one of Sherman’s advances, that, communing with himself, said: “ Well, I'm badly whipped and somewhat demoralized, but no man can say I am scattered.’ Among the humorous miscellanies of the war, General Grant’s ‘pie order ’’ must have an immortal place. It was during Grant’s early campaign in Eastern Missouri that a lieutenant in command of the advance guard inspired the mistress of a wayside house with exceptional alacrity in supplying the wants of himself and men by announcing himself to be Brigadier-General Grant. Later in the day the general himself came to the same house and was turned away with the information that General Grant and staff had been there that morning and eaten everything in the house but one pumpkin pie. Giving her half a dollar, he told her to keep that pie till he sent for it. That evening the army went into camp‘some miles beyond this place, and at the dress parade that was ordered, the following special order was pub- lished: WAR HUMOR THE BADINAGE OF THE ARMY—NO RESPECTER OF PERSONS -“6 PICKIN’ LIKE PREACHIN’”’—WHAT IS A ‘“BEE-LINE’ ?—FUN AMONG THE SOCIETIES AND AT THE BEDSIDES OF THE WOUNDED. OUTHERN soldiers, like their Northern oppo- nents, soon found that a intel = humor was a_ safety EWS YX N valve—a diversion | : se from the Ora en thoughts that, in their lonely hours, lingered around the wife, mother, and children in the distant home. Withal, it was a spon- taneous good humor, such. as Washington Irving calls the oil and wine of a.merry meeting,’ where the companionship Was contagious and the jokes small, but the jollity was abundant. It might not have been as polished as that of Uncle Toby or Corporal Trim, nor as philosophical as Dickens makes the obser- vations of the elder Mr. Weller and his son “Sam,” but it exem- he rough, and overflowed harmlessly. plified human nature in t comparison have, Those who have had occasion to make the without doubt, observed salient points of difference between the styles of badinage prevalent in the Northern and Southern armies. Your Southerner was no respecter of persons. He e of an individuality that presented a ludi- seized on any featur short, or lean or crous side. Ifa stranger was unusually long or fat, he was sure to be a target for ridicule. aEETeE Jet oe Saree Sm ie - = i : ; Sie titere cc reverts bee b aralaiaien TE tie Mi RMA a r Pe (An NWiLLUA WEA perp - BSc el pe xb peta t. Cher rept pees CAMPFIRE AND { ax eo Fi \ HALE eA ALN bsete {4 r earet BATA ER ITEE DD: 459 : ‘‘“ HEADQUARTERS, ARMY IN THE FIELD. ‘(SPECIAL ORDERS, No. —. “Lieutenant Wickfield, of the —th Indiana Cavalry, having on this day eaten everything in Mrs. Selvidge’s house, at the crossing of the Ironton and Pocahontas and Black River and Cape Girardeau roads, except one pumpkin pie, Lieutenant Wickfield is hereby ordered to return with an escort of one hundred cavalry and eat that pie also. ‘We Sy GRANT: “ Brigadier-General Commanding.” Virginia mud and Virginia swamps were celebrated by the invention of the response to the question, “‘ Did you go through Virginia?”’ ‘ Yes—in anumber of places;’’ and the exclamation of the trooper who was fording a stream flanked by miles of swamp on either side: ‘“ Blowed if I don’t think we have struck this stream lengthwise.” It is impossible here to attempt more than a suggestion of the combination of good nature and pluck that, all through the dread- ful days of the war, rendered hardships endurable, lent courage to the faint-hearted, and cheered the low-spirited. ‘‘ The humor of the war” was no mere ebullition of school-boy fun: it was as potent a factor in accomplishing the results of the war as powder and shot—a stimulant that carried men over hard places better than whiskey. IN: DEE SOUtGgn A CHUNE”’ FROM A BASS DRUM—SWEARING THAT WAS ‘SPLUM NIGH NEGROES—STONEWALL JACKS IN’S BODY-SERVANT—WOMEN IN SEWING Passing through Frederick in the first Maryland campaign (1862), a good-natured-looking citizen, who evidently had not been able to tie his shoestrings for a number of years, stood on his doorstep watching us as we Dpasse@a ax Hi, there! Hog-kill- ing time, boys,” suddenly astonished his ears, and was the signal for an instant fire of playful chaff. “Aint he swelled power- ful?” “Must have swallowed a bass drum.” “TI say, stranger, buttermille or commedns “Docs! it huge mucha a \ibat hurt 2” ventured the fat man, quizzically. “Why, totin’ them rations around with yer all day.” In a minute or two the old gentleman, very red in the face, carried his ab- dominal rotundity into the house, but quickly reap- neared with a demijohn in each hand. “Here, boys!’ he exclaimed, “ wash your mouths out with some of this applejack, and ‘have a bit of mercy on a fat man.” It is needless to say that the boys promptly cheered their vote of thanks. The colonel of a South Carolina regiment, having returned from his furlough with a pair of high top boots —boots were then worth seven or eight hundred GENERAL HOOKER. ayy ee. Cad peptone ghey ay bh re jl rahe : : eA ters Seren Wee TH tee pyost er tay ys aare meee att Rist re 4 f Ro i : 3 PU HHH eg add , statis Tu dad “ae by ) — " res 77 TAN LPAI POPES Sy Oe a eratererrirerecny tyr J; wiz 3 Ce oe hh i callin aoeert Ree ee carte ¥ snare tO! aise a ot aim Dy “A sass eine rah hane gage aimee pevite't Serenen ent meehitci, a sere Sa ining pcs i tn ete SR. a tke + ee w adalat Ay OPC RAGA ERI i Le a ~aoensing me ae ‘ ST a eT nares so aR RRERnAan duties neteneiieesiaheenememmnenns Oo ee ne RIT SNE 9RAPH.) GA.—MISSIONARY RIDGE ON THE RIGHT PHOTO Seta ES NT VERNME tpt GRRE a | | OREN ns aaa “ae Nay _ ee A (FROM NEAR RINGGOLD, GOV Sa ’ See THE OLD JOHN ROSS HOUSEe MLS NT teiert , eer) Per ee dollars—had the temerity to run the gauntlet of a neigh- boring brigade, and heard comments like these: “I say, mister, better git out’r them smokestacks; know you're in thar ‘cause we kin see GENERAL BEAUREGARD yer head st tekine Outer “Boys, the kern'l ‘s gone into winter quarters.” “What mout be the price o’ them nail kags?”’ etc. An officer wearing no- ticeably bushy whiskers was unfeelingly invited to “come out from be- hind that bunch of har! ‘Taint no use t’ say yer aint in thar, ’cause yer ears is workin’ monstrous aC under these powerful It was rarely safe, circumstances, to answer with either wit or abuse. Our soldiers had little respect tor what were fellows who ’? known as ‘ bombproots =the had easy positions in the rear. On one occa- sion a smartly dressed young officer belonging to this kindred cantered up to a depot where a regiment of men were awaiting transfer. As soon as they saw him they began whoop- ing: “Oh, my! aint he pooty le “8 Say, mils: ter, whar’d ye git that biled shutiem «= Woes how?” yer grease that har with ham fat, or And so they plied the poor fellow with all manner of questions concerning his age, occupation, religious and political convictions, that were calculated to make a man feel uncomfortable. One feather, however, broke the camel's back. A long, cadaverous specimen of humanity, who had evi- dently been making a comical survey of the victim—his hand- some uniform, and well-polished boots taking a step or two forward as if to show his intense interest, out: “ Was yer ra-a-ly born so, oF did they put yer together Strikes me yer must have Then somebody suggested solemnly drawled ? f rere 1 ‘ drove by corntract © got yere im aan or ben picked afore you was IIpe. ; that “sich a nice-lookin roostet ought to git down ind scrat¢ : ohter that fc re » was for a wurrum”’; and amid the laughter that followed, he S glad to put spurs to his horse and gallop out of hearing. : Cavalrymen were called by the infantry “ buttermilk rangers, and the musicians came in for more than their share of good- natured chaff. Rather than be tormented, the latter would sometimes leave the line of march and go through the fields, Nok ter tn Tt ty) : Y GENERAL McDOWELL. | | ee Te ert Ee Pari re toren rey y, pa Ser ins Hab AH | CS ae eL a ie a ’ between the lines. ! \ 4 Tonelli A , \ ot ibaa HEN Ga Ut oe ry Mi ree ener e POR Hai pth ss? pease Ren alee UMUC Led i Dbaee niin rtiih—-eckeatits atti ai he Seren OL ov aS U a re oa tha} a} CAMPFIRE AND BATELE FiBL D.. 461 thus avoiding the frequent invitation to “ give us a toot on yer One day a old funnel,” or “brace up with yer blow-pipe.” bass drummer, plodding along, was attracted by a pitiful voice coming from a group of men resting by the roadside: “ Mister, oh, mister, please come yere?”’ Turning in the direction, he found it proceeded from a woe-begone-looking Mississippian, whose sickly appearance was well calculated to arouse the sym- “Well, what can I do for “Oh, a heap,a heap. Ive pathy of a tender-hearted musician. your said the man with the drum. got a powerful misery, and I thought as how you mout Ky. set down yere and pick a chune for a sick man on that Ls ar thing you tote around on your stomach.” Shouts Wa fo, of laughter told him that he was “sold,” and he never heard the last of the applications for the soothing tones Of “that ar things This drollery of expression cropped out even amid the turmoil and excitement of the battlefield. The story is told of a young fellow who was under fire at Manassas for the first time, one of those hundreds of thousands on both sides behind whose inexperience was too much pride of char- acter to permit them to show the white feather, and whose fear of the contempt of their comrades, as well as of the dis- He had become srace at home, made them good fighters. pretty well warmed up and was doing excellent service when suddenly he caught sight of a rabbit loping across the field Dropping his gun, as he was about to shoot, he looked dolefully at the little animal for an instant and then yelled with hon- est pathos: ‘“ Go it, cotton tail, go it. Im ez skeered ez you be, an’ ef I hadn’ta reputation to lose I'd run too.” At the battle of Kinston, N. @. Gen. Ne 2y Evans; of South Carolina, famil- iarly known in the old \)\ army as “Shanks,” posted a body of raw militia at the crossing of a creek, but they were met by |“ ie n ; es we a severe fire and forced Ree es | west ots iy ses , > dis ia te $a cn ne togive way. In the dis- ana CORRS | val | | A s } order that followed, the general caught one of the fugitives and with a number of emphatic adjectives demanded : « What are you running away for, you blank, blank coward? You ought to be ashamed of ‘Taint run- ” yourself nin’ away, gineral, [’m jes’ skeered. Why, them f ellers over thar are shootin’ bullets at us big ite VOR ae eee) hh - Ree Tee nae “ ep ee i ers TT uaa HS aeikiy Pada , ao Le eae a ELI Faas aT Ped aM cea ue rer _ X Td pis” aoa)NTO tise Hite tebe Soe aS ir Prune ate AP / #4 ae { . we eg) Poa un | ne | Pa | ie | alt Hee CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. many phrases, especially in battle, that are not Wi ! One on ’em Jem | soe ons, boo-hoo-hoo: One 7 } | j oa as ewatermiliions, ont ea || | | often heard in polite society. His old body- r re =erst my head—right peerst—« 545 | é é | ene a 0, ee servant, commenting on this habit, gave the er go home. on: Want [cls ey a, 5) following description of the manner in which “ Well. why didn’t you shoot back, sir : : S : Ae li] eat Y his master stormed and swore at some dis- ; Ti “ “"r aa tA y y ij are crying l1ke a DabDy. : A . You Ee. obedience of orders during one of the fights. | “J know it, gineral, I know it, boo-hoo ! and 7 ; 7 | : es assi » way de ole mz I wish I was a baby, and a gal baby too, and | I golly, massa, but eee y e man f ” } moub about dat day was ‘scrutiatin. He went then I wouldn’t have ben cornscripted. ) : \ oat | This reminds us of another North Carolina dis away an’ he went dat away wabin his sword 11S re S SiC < i Xe ‘ \ 7 ft at = Tek Baa me ‘ went yere and he 4 a story. During the Rebellion the staff of Gen- like a scythe blade. He went yere a he | i eral Wise was riding through a rather forlorn went dar; but to hear de a ae a pats | : , Prot ) ee ry hard wuds -langidge «< >S part of that State, and a young Virginian of |b aR tery on de hard w uds in de ung! a inc as a Ih wo frow um aroun’—frow um aroun loose—I de- the staff concluded to have a little fun at the A e | ne a u 7 coe ee ae re 4 2 2-—& J eaint lar ss, it were plum nigh like preachin’. expense of a long-legged specimen of the genus oe = Fees | Clar, boss it were ]| n nig * 1 : ee — RASS ae e eS ee ie ee j homo who wore a very shabby gray uniform and ff “ : a | ie At first, the ne CessIty for ¢ IsSCcipline was not a bestrode a worm fence at the roadside. Kein- [ge . WeTwree Gracesy) ei gms) TCCOSTIIZG d by the raw Southern volunteers, ing in his horse, he accosted him with ee How a ae ete cr. ae —_— - _ and Instances ot the verdancy which pre- ae ate voul North Carolina pe = ; | vailed were common. When a picket guard ‘How are you, Virginia’? ’’ was the ready re- TRIBUNE__HERALD—_TIMES at Harpers Ferry, where our first troops as- sponse. sembled, was being detailed for duty, one of The staff officer continued: “ The blockade on turpentine the men stoutly protested against any such arrangement, be- makes you rather hard up, don’t it? No sale for tar now?” cause, as he remarked, ‘‘ What’s the use of gwine out thar t’ | “ Well—yes—” was the slow response. ‘‘ We sell all our tar keep ev rybody off? We've all kim here t’ hev a fight with the to Jeff Davis now.” Yankees, and ef yer keep fellers out thar t’ skeer ’em off, how in “The thunder you do! What on earth does the President thunder are we gwine to hev a scrimmage?’ want of your tar?” An officer, while inspecting the sentinel lines one day, asked a North Carolina answered, ‘He puts it on the heels of Vir- picket what he would do if he saw a body of men coming. ginians to make them stick on the battlefield.” “Halt ‘em, and demand the countersign, sir!” “ But suppose The staff rode on. they wouldnt halt?” - “Then I'd shoot.” “Suppose they Speaking of General Evans, an incident is recalled concerning didn’t stop then, what would you do?” “TJ reckon I’d form his brother-in-law, Gen. Mart Gary, who succeeded Wade Hamp- a line; sit “Ay liner What kind of a liners “aAy beeline ton in the command of the Hampton Legion. Gary employed straight for camp, and run like thunder!” S ) ) S I ‘ : f J bb 4 4 : f d t f } ' | ei f } LINCOLN SIGNING THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.—FROM A SOUTHERN WAR ETCHING.Pera asa mL AUNT TTT ter Sera tae ie ni ee eee te arr i { Pern rare 7 oe Na F i r NORMA RAL iapaaelbyl ilu eal iatltta UM Via ea Ta CAMPEIRE “AND BATA ET Ie Dy; 463 A young lieutenant, fresh from a country drill ground and sadly ignorant of the tactics of Hardee or Scott, didn’t know exactly what to do when the commanding officer ordered him ba ae one morning to “ mount guard.” He marched off with his squad of men, however, and about an hour afterwards was found sitting : o under a tree and talking to some one in the branches. ‘ Well lieutenant, have you mounted guard?” “Qh, yes, sir,” was the cool reply; “‘got ‘lev n up this tree and t’others ’r’ over yander roost’n’ in another.” The Southern negroes also furnished abundant humor of their peculiar kind. During the occupation of Yorktown, Va., a shell entering camp made a muddle of a lot of pots and kettles. Mingo, the cook, at once started off for a safe place in the rear. On the way he was met by one of his eee servants, who ‘“ Wot's de matter, Mingo? Whar’s yo’ gwine wid such a hurrification ?’ inquired : ‘Ain't gwine nowhar p't’c'lar; jis’ gittin’ outen de way dem waggin hubs dey’s frowin at us. ‘Eh, eh, Mingo, I for ef yo’ was a good Chrishun yo’ nebber be skeer by dem shell. spects dats a sign you's a wicked nigger, Ef yo’ listen to de Good Book, yo’ find dat Massa up yander am pintin’ eb’ry one ob em, an’ know ‘zactly whar to drap um!” “ Da’ mebb« in't fool dis chile. Hear me, Jupiter. so, mebbe so; but yo’ « Dar’s too much powder in dem t’ings for the good Lor’ to meddle wid ’em, and « needer. And dar’s dem Minnie bullets, too. flyin’ troo de air singin’ de chune, whar is yer, whar is yer: | lis chile ain’t gwine ter bu’n hisself, When dey come ain’t gwine for to stop and say whar I is fur de bessest cotton patch im the “lan. Ise “a twenty-two-hundred-dolla ur nigger, Jupiter, an’ I’se gwine t’ tek keer ob what b'long t’ massa. It 1s said that the body servant of Stonewall knew when he was tH Jackson always about to engage —_— pe — ff | — ky } ce = ° . if ET — = > inabattle. Some rae’ £ re Ld AY Ay ii > : near ° A fi~y Hf i} Sp = one asked him [ASS /f fix, WS ——— TS fra ee aii WN . ‘VS how he came to be so much in the confidence of his master. CeO te: sir.’ was the re- ply, =de gin'rul nebber tell me nuffin. De way I know 1s dis; massa say he prayer twice a day—mornin’ an’ night; but wen he git up two or tree time in de night to pray, den I begin to pack de haversack de fus’ t’ing, ca’se I know dere] be de ole boy "to pay right away. In the early Che Stanton ‘ “re was uch UNIVERSAL ADVICE Tes RAHAM: '' DROP EM! there Was OS a by pe Dy s. ee gisbilstle od 8 i xR DS ao en See Ne ss Seta ert part of the war Tapopetowrt equality between the officers O and privates. Many of the : latter were socially and intel- lectually “superior toy the former. In the course of an altercation one day, a subor- dinate made an irritating re- mark, when his captain ex- claimed: ‘‘If you repeat that, I'll lay down my rank and fight you.” ‘Lay down your rank!’’ was the indignant re- sponse. “That won't make you a gentleman. A coward ought to fight with straps on his shoulders, but it takes a gentleman to fight for eleven dollars a month!’ The women of the South called the From the very beginning they made it disgraceful for any GENERAL JOHNSTON. furnished what may be nerve-force of the war. man of fighting age to stay at home without sufficient cause. Their earliest associations were soldiers’ sewing societies. Yet not all of the ladies were at first adepts in fashioning men’s attire, and sometimes comical results followed. Stockings failed to match, and buttons would be sewed on the wrong side of a man’s shirt or breeches. In one instance a friend of the writer turned over to the matron president of her society in Charleston a pair of trousers with one leg. “ Why, what in the world did you make that thing for?” was asked by the old why, that’s for a one-legged soldier, of course,” gasped the young patriot in her confusion. “ That’s all right, Miss Georgia; very OO il, very thoughtful. But,” looking at them quizzically through her spectacles, “ Miss IS lady. <@h=—er—er- ~ Georgia, you’ve got ’em buttoned up behind.” After the battle of Leesburg, Va., a group of ladies visited the wounded, and seeing one of the latter prone upon his stomach, the sympathetic question was asked, as would be quite natural: “ Where are you hurt?”” The man, an Irishman, pretended not hear, and replied: “ Purthy well, I thank ye, mum but where were you wounded?” again fired away one of the ladies. “Faith, it’s nothing at all, at all, that I want, leddies. I think I'll be on me way to Richmond in about tin days,” again answered Pat, with a peculiarly distressed look, as if he wished to avoid further conversation on a delicate subject. Thinking that he was deaf, an old lady, who had remained in the background, now put her mouth down to his ear and shouted: “ We—want—to are—hurt—where—you 1-so—_we—can—do—something—for—you ! © know—where—you —are—woundec Pat, evidently finding that ‘f the bombardment continued much longer he would have to strike his flag, concluded to do rosy as a boiled lobster and so at once, and with a face as ‘“Sure, leddies, it’s not humorous twinkle in his eye replied: deaf that I am; but since ye’re determined to know where I've been hurted, it’s—it’s where I can’t sit down to take my males. The rascally bullet entered the behind o’ me coat!” llowed, and the story circulated among Sudden locomotion fo but while Paddy the fair sex like quicksilver on a plate of glass ; plenty of sympathy, they pestered him with no more ques- HENRY W. B. HOWARD. had tions of ‘ Where are you hurt?” ae er NS i iru wos erat iH oT a> Cheese ers Zs pay Fit is= A y | oo Paw Al Bill BARR: = 464 CAMPFIRE AND INDINGIDUAE Lie ROISM “AND TREE TNG [NCID EN as: KINDNESS TO FEDERAL PRISONERS BY MEMBERS OF THE FIFTY-FOURTH VIRGINIA REGIMENT—AN ORATION ON PATRIOTISM—THE LAS! WORDS OF AN HEROIC SOLDIER—HE DIES FOR US—MATCHING AN GALLANT AND CHIVALROUS DEEDS OF PREVIOUS WARS IB AL IPT Ie Je JOU 1 IG ION made out that some one was kneeling by a wounded man and examining his wounds. I heard the injunction given, “Tell me honestly, doctor, what my chance is... He had been shot in the Adotien and all too soon came the verdict, ‘“ My poor fellow, you will not see another sunrise.” I heard his teeth grate as he struggled to control himself, and then he spoke: “ Doctor, will you do me a favor ?’’—“Certainly, was the response; “ what is it?’ —“‘ Make a memorandum of my wife's address and write her a line telling her how and when and where I die.” Out came the surgeon’s pencil and memorandum book, and made note of | INCIDENT OF GETTYSBURG—HOW GENERAL JOHN B. GORDON the name and address. I did not remember them the next day, a GAVE AID AND COMFORT TO HIS ENEMY, GENERAL BARLOW or since. |] only recall it was some town in Michigan. i; WOMEN WHO DARED AND SUFFERED FOR THE FLAG MRS. It appeared that the dying soldier was a man of some property, | f i BT a) a ono keh IN: TIME OF Pao and in the clearest manner he stated his advice to his wife as to : | Se eam UN DiS aoe ee BERS Ob USNs the best way to handle it. All this was noted down, and then : All SO he paused; and the surgeon, anxious, it is to be presumed, to 1 | | AN ORATION ON PATRIOTISM. get along to others who so sorely needed his, aid: said, * Is that a) all, my friend? “No, he replied falteringly; ‘that is not all. ae I HAVE listened to the best speakers our country has possessed I have two little boys. Oh, my God!” Just this one outburst 7 in the thirty years which have elapsed since the war, but not from an agonized heart, and then, mastering his emotion, he ) one of them has made the impression on my mind which a few drew himself hastily up, resting on his elbows, and said: “ Tell am words, falling from the lips of a private soldier, did away back my wife, doctor, that with my dying breath I charge her to so rear 1) in 1862. our boys that if, when they shall have come to years of manhood, | | It was the night of the 30th of August, 1862, and I, with their country shall need their services, even unto death, they } others, was lying in the Van Pelt farmhouse, on the field of will-give them as fully as, I trust under God, their father gives A the Second Bull Run. The time of night I do not know. I his life this night hat was all. He sank back, exhausted, | had been semi-unconscious from the joint effect of chloroform and the surgeon passed along. In the gray of the morning, Hl and amputations. The room in the old farmhouse in which | when I roused enough to be aware of what was transpiring | h lay was crowded with desperately wounded men, or boys, for around me, I glanced toward him. A cloth was over his face. ee a : some of us were not nineteen years of age—one hundred and and soon his silent form was carried out. I repeat, I have heard A seventy odd men in and around the house. With returned the best speakers of my time, but after all these years I still a consciousness, sometime in the night, I became aware of voices ea) near me. a4 i I turned my head as I lay on the floor, and next beyond me i} I saw the dim light of a kerosene lamp on the floor. I soon \ { ( : | WE DRANK FROM THE SAME CANTEEN,Pea a ry toe Eta T abo tt eet gets ey et pronounce the dying utterances of that unknown soldier grandest oration on patriotism I have ever listened to, as the HE DIED FOR US: As I stir the memories of those days, there comes to mind one experience which, even after the lapse of all these years, stirs me deeply. For over three hundred years English history has been enriched by the recital of the chivalrous act of Sir Philip Sidney, who, stricken with a mortal wound at Zutphen, and being offered a drink of water, took the cup, but, when about to raise it to his lips, saw the eyes of a wounded private soldier fixed longingly thereon. With all the grace and courtliness which had at any time characterized him when treading the salon of Queen Eliza- beth, the gallant knight handed him the refreshing draught, say- ing, “Friend, thy necessities are greater than mine, drink.” The private drank, and the knight died. I have a pride in the belief that in our four years of bloody strife we matched the most gallant, chivalrous deeds that pre- vious history has recorded. It was my good fortune to meet and participate in the beneficence of a lineal descendant, in spirit, if not in blood, of Sir Philip Sidney, albeit he was garbed in the uniform of a private soldier of the Union army. Some of us who were lying there in the Van Pelt farmhouse, after the battle of the Second Bull Run, and who had suffered amputations, were carried out of the house and placed in a little tent in the yard. There were six of us in the tent, and we six had had seven legs amputated. Our condition was horrible in the extreme. Several of us were as innocent of clothing as the hour we were born. Between our mangled bodies and the rough surface of the board floor there was a thin rubber blanket. To cover our nakedness, another blanket. I was favored above the others in that I had a short piece of board set up slanting for a pillow. Between us ind the fierce heat of that Virginia sun there was but the poor protection of the thin tent-cloth. There were plenty of flies to pester us and irritate our wounds. Our bodies became afflicted with loathsome sores, and, horror indescribable! maggots found lodging in wounds and sores, and we were helpless. Cremation made converts in those hours. A very few attendants had been detailed to stay behind with us when it was apparent we must fall into the enemy's hands, but they were entirely inadequate in point of numbers to min- ister to our wants. Heat and fever superinduced an awful thirst, and our moans were for water, water, and very often there was none to give us water. We lay there one day when there was none to answer our cry ; but outside of our tent the ground was strewn with wounded men, one among whom was Christ-like in his humanitarianism. Sorely wounded in his left side, torn by a piece of a shell, he could not rise and go and get us drink, but it always seemed to > us that, like his prototype of more than three centuries ago, he said in the depths of his great heart, “ Their necessities are sreater than mine,” for he could crawl and we could not. Some little distance across the grass he saw where some apples had fallen down from the branches overhead. Every motion must have been agony to him, yet he deliberately clutched at the crass, dragged himself along until he was in reach of the apples, some of which he put in the pockets of his army blouse, and then turning, and keeping his bleeding side uppermost, he dragged himself back to our tent and handed out the apples. As I lay nearest, I took them from him one by one and passed 1 / CAMPFIRE AND BA LEE aii [e Dy i } TON ete a Seas} a Sesbaesclab. 465 them along till we each had one, and I had just set my teeth in the last one he handed in, and it tasted as delicious as nectar, when, hearing an agonizing moan at my right, I turned my head on my board pillow, and saw our unknown benefactor, his hands clutched, his eyes fixed in the glare of death: a tremor shook his figure, and the eternal peace of death was his. This was all we ever knew of him. His name and condition in life were a sealed book to us. I saw that he was unkempt of hair, unshaven of beard: his clothes were soiled with dirt and stained with blood—not at all such a figure as you would wel- come in your parlor or at your dinner table; but this I thought as I gazed at the humble tenement of clay from which the great soul had fled, that in that last act of his he had exhibited SO much of the purely Christ-like attribute in the effort to reach out and help poor suffering humanity, that in the last day when we shall be judged for what we have been and not for what we may have pretended to have been, I had rather take that man’s chance at the judgment bar of God than that of many a gentle- man in my circle of acquaintance of much greater pretensions. AN INCIDENT OF GETTYSBURG* Though never a war was fought with more earnestness than our own late war between the North and the South, never a war was marked by more deeds of noble kindness between the men, officers and privates, of the contending sides. Serving at the front during the entire war as a captain of engineers.of the Con- federate army, many such deeds came under my own personal attention, and many have been related to me by eye-witnesses. Here is one especially worthy of record: The advance of the Confederate line of battle commenced early on the morning of July 1, 1863, at Gettysburg. The infantry division commanded by Major-Gen. John B. Gordon, of Georgia, was among the first to attack. Its objective point was the left of the Second Corps of the Union army. The daring commander of that corps occupied a position so far advanced beyond the main line of the Federal army, that, while it invited attack, it placed him beyond the reach of ready support when the crisis of battle came to him in the rush of charging lines more extended than his own. The Confederate advance was steady, and it was bravely met by the Union troops, who for the first time found themselves engaged im battle on the soil of the North, which until then had been virgin to the war. It was “a far cry from Richmond to Gettysburs, yet Lee was in their front, and they seemed resolved to welcome their Southern visitors ‘with bloody hands to hospitable graves.” But the Federal flanks rested in air, and, being turned, the line was badly broken, and, despite a bravely resolute defence against the well-ordered attack of the Confederate veterans, was forced to fall back. Gordon’s division was in motion at a double quick, to seize and hold the vantage ground in his front from which the oppos- ing line had retreated, when he saw directly in his path the apparently dead body of a Union officer. He checked his horse, and: then observed, from the motion of the eyes and lips, that the officer was still living. He at once dismounted, and, seeing that the head of his wounded foeman was lying in a depression | * The account here given of this interesting incident is taken from an article by Capt. T. J. Mackey, of the Confederate army, recently published in J/cClure s Mag: azine, POT SET Ny oa PRT ey ya PELE ear peDTU adie itl tone bate enn ec toad Ds a 7 i 5 5 ~, tm oa B 5 ote to fa) -—— if 4 ples au GA. Saag neranyearinags et en ERD (FROM A WAR-DEPARTMENT PHOTOGRAPH.) INTRENGHMENTS ON THE BATTLEFIELD OF NEW HOPE CHURCH, A Sea, LJ — < or LJ O Lu Le Zz O O{ : ; i \, bela PP inate nmi 5 ee 4 > 4 ri bectsettl Mbit and ~ enna LA calALiCLCTT TT rer CAMPFIRE AND. BATTLEFIELD. 467 i in the ground, placed under it a near-by knapsack. While rais- | He hastily penned a note on i ivi ing him at the shoulders for that purpose, he saw that the bl ie | ce, eae eee ood General Barlow's message to his wi ere : : ¢ ssai 9 his wife, but stated th I was trickling from a bullet-hole in the back, and then knew that ss 2G Te. was still living Mah serious wo “ : the officer had been shot through the breast. He then cave hj ng, though seriously wounded, and informing her where n ae len gave him he lay. Addressing the note to “ Mrs. General Barlow, at Gen . g a drink from a flask « “ rs HAT. ae | : | | isk of brandy and water, and, as the man re- eral Meade’s headquarters,” he handed it to one of his staff. and | vived, said, while bending over him, “I am very sorry to see vou | in this condition. I am General Gordon. Please tell me who = = you are. I wish to aid you all I can.” : told him to place a white handker. chief upon his sword, and ride in a gallop toward the enemy’s line, The answer came in feeble tones: “Thank you, general. I am Brigadier-General Barlow, of New York. You can do noth- ing for me; I am dying.” Then, after a pause, he said, “ Yes, you can. My wife is at the headquarters of General Meade. If you survive the battle, please let her know that I and deliver the note to Mrs. Bar- low. The officer promptly obeyed the order. He was not fired i wpon, and, on being met by a died doing my duty.” General Gordon replied: ‘“ Your message, if I live, shall surely be given to your wife. Can I do nothing more for you?”’ After a brief pause, General Barlow responded: “May God bless you! - ou. Peat TT PTPITSS eer reeset Only one thing more. Feel in the Union officer who breast pocket of my coat—the left advanced to learn c c c breast—< ake yreast—and take his business, he Presented the note, which was received out a packet of ee letters.” el ae As General Gor- q ~ and read, with the assur- ance that it should be de- livered instantly. don unbuttoned 5 TT PEL the blood-soaked 3 . coat, and took out eae Pa Ey ee PERE) | WEES a Let us turn from Gettysburg to the spacicet athe (see | | ——— the capital, Washington, where, seemingly dying : eleven years later, General Gor- don held with honor, as now, a seat as senator of the United States, and was present at a dinner party given S@llabi~@se Geiitale ‘ Now please take out one, and read by Orlando B. Potter, a representative in Congress | from the State of New York. es Upon Mr. Potter’s introducing to him a gentleman it to me. They are from my wife. I wish that her words shall be the with the title of General Barlow, General Gordon last I hear in this remarked: “Are you a relative of the General Bar- world.” low, a gallant soldier, who was killed at Gettysburg?” Resting on one The answer was: ‘‘I am the General Barlow who knee at his side, was killed at Gettysburg, and you are the General General Gordon, Gordon who succored me!” The meeting was ted in clear tones, but worthy of two such brave men—every inch Ameri- | can soldiers. I should add, that, on receiving her husband’s nt with tearful eyes, fread: themletter. note, which had been speedily delivered, Mrs. Bar- “ It was the missive of a noble woman low hastened to the field, though not without } to her worthy hus- danger to her person, for the battle was still in : S ; band, whom she ———— = \\ \= progress. She soon found her husband, and had kniewe fo. be) in him borne to where he could receive surgical at- daily peril of his tendance. ) lite. and with . Through her devoted ministrations he was enabled to \ pos femvior => resume his command of the ‘“ Excelsior Brigade, and add ; breathed a prayer RETREAT OF LEE’S ARMY AFTER GETTYSBURG. to the splendid reputation which it had achieved under for his safety, and General Sickles, its first commander, commended him to the care of the God of battles. As the read- ing of the letter ended, General Barlow said: “ Thank you. Now please tear them all up. I would not have them read by others.” AN INTERESTING INCIDENT. General Gordon tore them into fragments and scattered them on the field “shot-sown and bladed thick with steel.’ Then, pressing General Barlow's hand, General Gordon bade him good- by, and, mounting his horse, quickly joined his command. luring the war, that, however savage and ang 1t be in action, there was It was a curious fact ¢ hostile the armies and the troops mig a certain friendly relation subsisting between individuals on the Peete XE P re tr Pee i inks Grerccrriry int Ais rs See game rh cape ce ad " bapeMUR Pe Hic ise eran ‘A iy | eae i eS Pal pele et A CAMPFIRE AND BA DP IP IG 1B AP IEIB IE IO) opposing _ bacon, sugar, beef, preserved fruits, everything—and started ‘ 5 < et , : ‘ x for the ferry, where they surrounded and hugged : sides. and with a yell : 7 | even between the Virginians like so many reunited college-mates, and spread | special com- before them the biggest feast they had seen since the Old mands. Lire Dominion seceded from the Union. i emi-inter- COWRSE oe tween the THE “SULTANA DISASTER: | picket a alINes aa ne . ee ti | is a familiar z he Mississip pi steamer ee : alle : ‘ as eee : Peape A ! story; it was 1865, on her journey from New o eans to St. sous ae g a based _ princi- on board nineteen hundred and sixty-four Union prisoners from 1! pally on an Columbia, Salisbury, Andersonville, and elsewhere, who had yl F ao Te emye nit been exchanged in regular manner, or set free through the sur- that the pop- rend ‘flight of their jailers. i | ping over of fees anxious to proceed North, the poor fellows gave little i} an occasional heed to the fact that the Sz/tana was already carrying a heavy iI | poor devil who load of passengers and freight, and that workmen were busy re- | | omnes ee ase happened to pairing her boilers as she lay at the wharf. So great was the COURT HOUSE, PETERSBURG, VA. : Hh be exposed swarm that when they came to lie down for sleep every foot of was not compensated for by any material military gain, so the available Space on all the decks, and even the tops of the cabins pickets were generally suffered to perform their lonesome vigil and the whee I-house, was occupied by a so.dlley wrapped in his t | without being shot like squirrels. But there was also a touch of blanket, and making light of his uncomfortable berth in anticipa- 7 the common humanity in this intercourse, which went beyond tion of a speedy arrival home. mere military conventions. A pleasant episode of warfare in From Vicksburg the Sw/tana steamed to Memphis, and there Tennessee marked the kindly relation that sometimes was Estab took on coal, leaving the wharf at one A. M. on the 27th. The lished between regiments. The Third Ohio Regiment were next news of her received at that port came from the lips of sur- among the ee after a certain engagement, and when they vivors snatched from the rushing current of the river. When entered a Tennessee town, on their way to the prisons in Rich- about eight miles above Memphis, one of her boilers had blown mond, they were visited, through curiosity, by a number of the up, with frightful effect. To add to the horror, the woodwork | iy Fifty-fourt th Virginia, who wanted to see how the Yankees liked around the engines had been set on fire by the accident, and the it to be hungry and tired and hopeless. The melancholy picture steamer burned to the water's edge, compelling all who had been that met their gaze was enough to touch their hearts, and it did so. spared by the explosion to leap overboard for safety. They ran back to their camp, and soon returned reinforced by The force of the explosion hurled hundreds of the sleeping others of their regiment, all bringing coffee (and kettles to boil it soldiers into the air, killing many, mangling others; while others | in), corn-bread, and bacon; and with these refreshments, which again, terribly scalded, fell into the water and were swallowed up | ; were all they had themselves, they regaled the hungry prisoners, by the resistless tide, never again to rise. The few survivors | mingling with them and doing all they could to re- lieve their distress, and the ne xt morning the pri ison- z ers departed on their weary way, deeply grateful for ) 4 the kindness of their enemies, and pe never : ‘ to forget it. It was not long before the Oppor- | ke Bi ah tunity came to them to show that they remem- | { bered it. In due time they were exchanged, and, | returning to service, they found themselves en- | camped near Kelly’s Ferry, on the Tennessee | River. When Missionary Ridge was stormed, a lot of prisoners were Palen from the Confederates, and among the number was the Fifty-fourth Vir- | | ginia, and they were marched nine miles to Kelly’s , Ferry. It happened that at the landing there were some of the Third Ohio, and they asked what regi- be) : ment this was. The answer, “The Fifty-fourth | Virginia,’ had a most surprising effect on them. : They left the aS on the run, and rushing up to el ( their camp they shouted out to the boys, “ The t HH Fifty-fourth Vi irginia is at the fering ie lite they, . had announced the appearance of a hostile army in force, they could not have started up a greater 1 . or a quicker activity in the camp. The men ran | about like mad, loaded themselves up with every =’ i he eatable thing they could lay their hands on—coffee, JAMES RIVER, BELOW DUTCH GAP,a Ber eee ee aL UNTO UU Eri yt Veet shore, which, owing to tl eee c - oO oO > + r : 9 | g 1e unusual high waters, was a long d tance from the channel. : who had escaped all these perils finally reached the Ar] iS- Among the soldiers on board were thirty commissioned off cers, of whom only three were rescued. The dead at the Scere of the accident numbered fifteen hundred, nearly all of then soldiers belonging to Western States. The heaviest loss in any one regiment fell to the One Hundred and Fifteenth Ohio which numbered eighty-three victims on the list. The One Hundred and Second Ohio counted seventy, and the Ninth Indiana cavalry was represented by sey enty-eight. | A catastrophe of similar character, not quite so appalling in results, had occurred on the Atlantic coast only three weeks yrevious. Ihe ste Gencr ion, fr ‘ilmi [ fo) Che steamer Gencral Lyon, from Wilmington, bound CAMPEIRE AND BAIA EAE aay CAMILA tsteiccases ; an at prey ake ala AEE ON ED UUM acre Te Peeeakhs Streets ehirelaeh Valbtaieih ic ica: bhatt 459 with a score of his fellows, all experienced coal miners, set to work with their ordinary camp tools, and, under cover of night . > , in one month excavated, concealed from the enemy’s eyes eighteen thous subic- feet of ear reati : Ba ig | thousand cubic feet of earth, creating a tunnel nearly Six 1undred feet long. On two occasions Reese, by personal effort, saved the enterprise from failure; once when the shaft opened into a bed of quicksand, and again when the army engineers through faulty measurements located the powder- chamber outside the limits of the fort to be destroyed, instead cr . . _ - : of directly under it. Finally came the hour for the explosion. The troops stood ready to charge 1 breach, < z Vs ion es oe nto the breach, and the long fuse was ignited »y Reese, who, with a group of his mining companions, stayed at the mouth of the shaft, awaiting the result. Generals and es — eee 2 oN be LESS PP RSS * ' g @ * 3 2 ~~ - ct aR SNORE < PSS ; Pe © ae ae a * A Qa CROW'S NEST,'’ AN ARMY OBSERVATORY, NEAR PETERSBURG. (From a War Department photograph.) for Fortress Monroe, burned to the water’s edge off Cape Hat- teras, on the night of March 31st. Out of five hundred on board, over four hundred of them soldiers, only twenty escaped. Among the lost were eleven officers and one hundred and ninety-five men belonging to the Fifty-sixth Illinois, with nearly two hundred released Union prisoners. THE HERO OF BURNSIDE’S MINE In the ranks of the Forty-eighth Pennsylvania, the regiment which placed the powder magazine of Burnside’s mine, at Petersburg, underneath the doomed Confederate fort, was a sergeant known as Harry Reese. He had been the first to propose the mine seriously. Per- mission to construct it having been granted at headquarters, he, obvi Vealalat ny Lr abies Ma rititlck it at — ae ie Na ae WWE eee Site «) a ; . ' \ PTROe < % Sere ee Tao Be HERI 4 idl " aids anxiously studied their watch-dials, that would show the flight of moments beyond the appointed time. Grant tele- 1 eraphed from army headquarters over his special field-wire: “Is there any difficulty in exploding the mine os and agains «9 he commanding general directs, if your mine has failed, that your troops assault at once.” The mine had failed. Daylight was spreading over the trenches, and the enemy were alert even to the point of expect- ing an assault. Reese drew his soldier’s clasp dirk, and, turning to a comrade, said: ‘“I am going into the mine. If it don’t blow up, give me time to reach the splice in the fuse. and then come to me with He creeps into the shaft with resolute fresh fuse and twine.’ caution, following up the tell-tale streak of black ashes, which shows that the fuse has surely burned its way toward the powder- cells in the chamber beyond. It may reach there any second, Peo rte Abbots LaF ot LICE, Ad : “ore vs De iN a td pea, a oe = > ee rapes aera nt We) Fee A) eeseenunhnene beeemeameneheeemnents ae et — meme ag tg Pa tise | i { iy ; I j | a | \ { | } : { ~S on Pre Tc cas cele qf MPFIRE AND 470 CAM v and then! At last, just ahead of him, the brave miner sees a stretch of fuse outwardly uncharred. A fine thread of flame hrough its core, nevertheless, one spark of which may be eating t 3 Reese knows this, is enough to set the terrible train ablaze. | for a man accustomed to handling powder cannot for an instant lose consciousness of its quick and awful violence when the connecting flash is struck. He knows his peril, yet presses on, and with his blade severs the fuse beyond the charred streak. Danger for that moment Is over. The delay had been caused by a splice wound so tightly that the fire could not eat through freely. He made a new short fuse, relit the flashing string, and escaped to the mouth of the tunnel, just as the magazine chambers exploded, spreading a mass of ruins where the armament of Lee had stood grim and threatening in the morning light but a moment before. The fort thus destroyed was occupied by Capt. R. G. Pegram's Virginia battery, and the trenches—which means the system of walled ditches, bomb proofs, and other shelter for troops on both sides of the battery—by the Eighteenth and Seventy-second hese men, numbering several hun- The battery South Carolina infantry. dred, lay sound asleep, all except the sentinels. and the sections of work adjoining were hoisted into the air, and two hundred and eighty-eight officers and soldiers were buried in the débris, while their comrades who escaped injury fled in gap in the line twenty or thirty confusion, leaving a defenceless ¢g rods wide, into which Burnside’s corps charged without a mo- ment’s hesitation. The Union advance was promptly met by a sharp fire from the Confederate reserves, and the fight which ensued in the breach is known as the battle of the Crater. EE ARKANSAS BOW SPY. When the Confederate army abandoned Little Rock in 1863, one of its military operators, David O. Dodd, stayed back and lived some time in the Union lines. He was a lad of seventeen. Shortly after the town was Unionized he left there, ostensibly to go to Mississippi, but returned in a few days and lingered about in his old haunts. A second time he passed out of the picket lines, unrestrained until he reached the outposts, where the guards, searching him, discovered some curious pencil marks in a memorandum book carried openly in his pocket. He was arrested, and at headquarters the marks were shown to be telegraphic dots and dashes that gave a full description of the Union fortifications and the distribution of forces about the city. His act was that of a spy, and his life was the forfeit. Having admitted that he had accomplices, he was offered pardon if he would betray them. A last appeal was made at the scaf- fold by his friends and relatives, but he firmly put the tempta- tion aside and signalled the executioner to do his duty. Then the drop fell, carrying him and his secret to another world. My informant, who witnessed the hanging, declared that the lad met his doom with the coolness of a stoic, while the spectators, chiefly soldiers, wept like children. WOMEN WHO DARED AND SUFFERED FOR THE FLAG. War calls women to weep, not to take up the sword in battle, yet to such lengths does their devotion run that the place of danger finds them on hand unasked. On the Union side in the civil war military heroines came from every class and from every stage of civilization. Of those who put on uniforms the NID lise itor tok Spree IB AL TE IL IB IP MAB IG IY, record is hard to trace, but their dead and mangled forms on countless battlefields proved that the American amazon was no myth. Not to speak of these, there were women who openly faced ali the terrors and hardships of war. Michigan seems to have eclipsed the record in this class of heroines. When the Second Michigan volunteers started for the seat of war in 1861, Annie Etheridge, a young woman just out of her teens, volunteered as daughter of the regiment. a riding habit, and she wore a military cap as a badge of her Her dress was calling. A pair of pistols rested in her holsters for use in emer- Annie served four years, part of the time with the oencies. aie ; : : s Epes : : 3 . ) pees : = Fifth Michigan, and always in the Army of the Potomac. Her service was the relief of wounded on the field, which means under fire. General Kearny presented her with the “ Kearny badge”’ for her devotion to his wounded at Fair Oaks. Once while bandaging a wound for a New York boy a Confederate shell killed him under her hands. Though not called on to fight, Annie had spirit enough to make a battle hero. At Chancellorsville she went to the out- posts with the skirmishers, and was ordered back to the lines. The enemy was already shooting at the pickets. On the way back she passed a line of low trenches where the Union soldiers lay concealed, and spurning the thought that the affair must end ina retreat. she turned her face to the front and called out to the men, “ Boys, do your duty and whip those fellows!”’ A hearty cheer was the response, and “those fellows” poured a volley into the hidden trenches. Annie was hit in the hand, her skirt was riddled, and her horse wounded. At Spottsylvania she turned a party of retreating soldiers back to their place in the ranks by offering to lead them into battle. No one but a mis- creant could spurn that call. The other Michigan heroines were Bridget Divers, of the First cavalry, an unknown in the Eighth and in the Twenty-fifth regt- ments who passed as Frank Martin, and Miss Seelye who served in the Second as Frank Thompson. ‘ Thompson © and “ Mar- tin’? wore men’s disguise. Bridget Divers was the wife of a soldier, and performed deeds of daring in bringing wounded from the field, under fire. Two Pennsylvania regiments carried women into battle in men’s disguise—Charles D. Fuller, of the Forty-sixth, and Sergt. Frank Mayne, of the One Hundred and Twenty-sixth. ’ was killed. “ Mayne The Fifth Rhode Island Regiment pro- duced a heroine in Mrs. Kady Brownell, wife of a sergeant. She is credited with having been a skilful shooter with a rifle and also a brave color-bearer in time of danger. The wives of officers were accorded great freedom of action at the front, and many a gallant and noble deed was called forth by devotion to husband first and incidentally to the cause. Madame Turchin, wife of the Illinois general, went into battle and rescued wounded men, besides cheering and inspiring the soldiers of the general’s command. Gen. Francis C. Barlow,.of New York, was accom- panied by his wife, who attended the wounded on the field. This devoted woman served at the front until 1864, and died of fever contracted in the hospitals at Petersburg. A MODERN ANDRE. Lieut. S. B. Davis, of the Confederate service, probably came the nearest of any officer on either side to playing the réle of the André of the Rebellion. He did not, it is true, lose his life in an attempt to nogotiate for the surrender of an enemy’s for- tress, as did the noted British spy; but he was sentenced to beta PA GLE hie Adhd a P wr Shei Wi Maan , Saray r eT ete eset pea esas NAT esse shew beden md tae baie) igen eee OEE CAMPFIRE AND et — te 28 pate ~ A COMPANY OF SHERMAN’'S VETERANS hanged for complicity, under disguise, in negotiations be- tween citizens of the United States and Confederate officials in Richmond and in Canada for the delivery of the States of Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana, and certain military positions on the lakes, into the power of organized and armed emissaries of the South, led by Confederate officers. Lieutenant Davis was but twenty-four, a native of Delaware, a State that did not secede, and entered into the part he played on his own motion: that is, he volunteered to act as a messenger between Richmond and Canada. He was provided with a Brit- ish passport under an assumed name, had his hair dyed, and put on citizen’s dress. The regular route of communication between Richmond and Canada was by steamer, vid Bermuda ; but for some reason never yet explained Davis went from Rich- mond to Baltimore, and from there to Columbus, O., where he certainly communicated with people of suspicious character at the time. From Columbus he went to Detroit, and from there to Wind- sor, Canada, where he met the notorious Jacob Thompson and other Confederate emissaries. There were many points about the young man to give him peculiar fitness for his work: there was also a fatally weak spot in his harness. He was well bred and of prepossessing appear- ance. A native of Delaware, he could mingle with Northern people without arousing suspicion. He was a distant relative of Jefferson Davis, and had the respect and confidence of the Con- federate chieftains. Too young to have attained prominence before the war, and never having served in the regular army, his personality was not likely to be known on the Union side of the lines. But he had served a long time on the staff of General Winder, commander at Andersonville prison, where many Union soldiers had seen him often. Fortune favored him in his daring enter] ed to be his final trip southward from Canada, at yrise until his arrival, on what prov Newark, O.° He was travelling in the passenger Cars of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad; had passed safely through Colum- bus and other public centres most dangerous to him. At Newark two Union soldiers entered the car where the disguised Confederate sat. They had been in Andersonville ea i \o { r , maqendidil fil tye TH bs heticcwacrcie: — , iN A ‘ Pep eMC oA Gd a CLL Ce lijcAh MP ILIB IOI Id 1b, ID). prison, and after eying their fellow passenger for a time one ex-prisoner whispered in his comrade’s ear, ‘‘ There is Lieutenant Davis, of Andersonville!” Both arose, and, approaching Davis, one called out bluntly to the stranger, “ Aren’t you Lieutenant Davis?” “No, sir; my name is Stewart,” was the prompt reply. “Yes, you are Lieutenant Davis, and you had charge of the prison when I was in Andersonville,” persisted the soldier. A crowd of passengers quickly surrounded the parties, and seeing that his stubborn cross-questioners would not be convinced, the Confederate yielded, and said: “Well, boys, you’ve got me. I am Lieutenant Davis.” The provost marshal of Newark was summoned, and the prisoner was speedily hurried to the common jail. A search of his person failed to disclose any secret papers, and he was left in the main room with a number of ordinary county criminals. Soon after the military had left the place the stranger was seen to remove from inside his coat-lining a number of despatches and drawings upon white silk, and to burn them in the fire which was blazing in an open stove. The link that would have removed all doubt as to his purposes and condemned him to the eallows was thus hopelessly destroyed; but a court martial held that his presence in the Union lines in disguise constituted the offence for which the penalty is death. When the evidence was all in and the case clear against him, the prisoner rose, facing the officers and witnesses, every one wearing the colors of his mortal enemies, and some of them scarred with the conflicts in which he and his own had been pitted against them. There was no reason to expect mercy, and he did not ask it. After stating his case briefly, he looked over his accusers and judges, and said: “I do not fear to die. I am young and would like to live, but I deem him unworthy who should ask pity of his foemen. Some of you have wounds and scars ; I can show them, too. You are serving your country as best you may; I have done the same. I can look to God with a clear conscience; Vit eee en i ey teuee rent te ahead bbs ws 2 aed erent uit rea” ~~ IP OGTANG wa ue hs MiLuaeae r “ ys Pre MH a alk Na : +eee ener ee Ce ee ne eaten manne Te enon eet Tee nN AE A OTR ee mip tee MTT TT Te ” ae LASER Fe aoc TST SE ee. ne —— r, , ii i a rc cE 472 CAMPFIRE AND and whenever the chief magistrate of this nation shall say, Go, whether upon the scaffold or by the bullets of your soldiery, I will show you how to die. S | The sentence was that he be confined in the military prison at ' 1 by ee “IAT XT 2K Johnson Island, in Lake Erie, until the 17th of February, 1865, then “to be hung by the neck until he is dead. 3 During the night of the 16th of February, when all prepara- o < tions had been made, and Davis had, as he believed, beheld the 7 rn tna : 7 - last sunset on earth, a reprieve came from President Lincoln. { . “ ln era 2 . 7+ a He was placed in a dungeon at Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, and before the reprieve ended the war closed. Then the authori- ties permitted him to go free. To the end he kept the secret of his mission to Ohio. ) THE BATTLE FLAGS AND MARKERS OF THE FOURTEENTH , REGIMENT NEW YORK ARTILLERY, 4 j ENGAGEMENTS IN WHICH THE REGIMENT, WITH THESE FLAGS, TOOK PARI : WILDERNESS, VA., May 5-7, 1864. SLOMISMEVANIA, @. Ee. May 10-19, 1864. NorTH ANNA RIVER, VA., May 23-26, 1864. Tocoporomy Creek, Va., May 30, 1864. BETHESDA CHURCH, VA., May 31, 1864. SHADY GROVE Roap, Va., June 2, 1864. 1 COLD HARBOR, VA., June 3-12, 1864. PETERSBURG FRONT, Va.. June 16-18, 1864. SIEGE OF PETERSBURG, First, June 19 to August 19, 1864. CRATER, VA., July 30, 1864. BLIELL’S STATION, Va., August 19, 1864. WELDON RAILROAD, WiAee PEEBLES F August 21, 1864. ARM, VA., September 20, 1864. ( FOPLAR SPRINGS CHURCH, WAN September 30, 1864. DIEGE OF PETERSBURG, SE¢ OND, November 2 ), 1664, to April 3, 1865. ForT HASKELL, WAN. March 25, 1865, FORT STEADMAN, VA., March 25, 1865. CAPTURE OF PEI ERSBURG, VA., April 3, 186s. APPOMATTOX, VA., April 9, 1865, Surrender of Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia, AYA rts so ton Dale ener ices IB AL WEIL IE ION IB 1610) =a REMENISCENCES OF BULLE Welle, yw Ove RUN. BY GENERAL JOHN D MORGAN, Css: A: THE battle of Bull Run—the first battle of Manassas—was a sreat and decided victory for the Confederate army, and aroused the pride and enthusiasm of the Southern people as no other event ever did. Yet there is a painful recollection in every mind that it was the first act in an awful drama, the first great field upon which the hosts of the North and the South measured arms and opened the series of great tragedies of the civil war, in which millions of men perished. If that had been the last battle of the war instead of the first, and if it had been accepted as the final arbitrament of the ques- tions that could not have been settled otherwise, I would stil] recall its incidents with pride, but also with sadness. But the olory of it would have scarcely compensated for its sacrifices. | doubt if any humane person can recall without pain even the most gratifying victories of a great war in which he was a par- ticipant. The excessive toil and anxiety are only made toler- able, and the suffering and waste of human life can only be of our interest in the cause that demands endured, for the sake altar of sacrifice. such victims for the Yet war, like other intense passions, often becomes a consum- Ing desire, as the hope of victory verges upon the recklessness of despair. My earlier impressions of civil war may be illus- trated by a few personal incidents connected with the first battle of Manassas. With the exception of a few “regulars”’ in either army, every experience of actual warfare was then entirely new to the sol- diery, and not a man in any position failed to seriously question his heart as to its fortitude in the approaching crisis of battle. None, perhaps, were about to march upon that great and open field who did not overdraw the pictures of danger and distress that he meet. It excessive tension that enabled men of highly nervous condition would be called to was a relief from this to quiet their emotions and to engage in battle like trained veterans, when its realities were found to be less harrowing than they expected. It is probable that no two armies of trained soldiers ever con- fronted each other with a less daunted spirit than the hundred thousand proud men who, in almost full view of the extended lines of each army, marched steadily into action across the open fields about Manassas. For many miles the view was uninter- rupted. The approaches of the martial hosts, in line after line of sup- porting columns, under the fire of artillery that covered the held with the bluish haze of battle, were marked with an air of firm defiance, which spoke of the cause at stake, and of a con- test for principles which, as they were felt to be involved. com- manded the devotion of each army. It was not a flag ora government for which either army was fighting, but a dispute about rights under the Constitution of a common country. War under such circumstances is always desperate, and too often becomes ferocious. When men make war as political or reli- gious partisans, they often forget the honorable zeal of the true soldier and lend themselves as the instruments of vengeance. We had not then reached that stage of hostility. On this field there met in battle many thousands of the best and most en-‘ Per ea ah rere lightened men of a great nation, all Americans, and all inspired with the love of acommon country, and many in the opposing ranks were of the same families. They were gallant and chival- ric men, and their fierce onsets left the field thickly strewn with dead and wounded. Almost every man who fell had some personal history in which whole communities felt a proud and crateful interest. The survivors in such armies could not be cruel. As the incidents of the battle were narrated in the camps of the victors, and by parties returning from the pursuit of McDowell's shattered forces, it was clearly manifested that it was political antagonism and not sectional animosity that had brought on the war. When the death or capture of some leading Federal officer was announced, respectful silence was observed and personal sympathy was manifested with sincerity ; but, when the cap- ture of a leading politician or of a member of Congress was announced, the wildest rejoicing was heard in the crowds of delighted listeners. That was a grand field of battle, and it was occupied by armies that were all the more eager for war because they did not then realize its terrible significance. Few strategic surprises were possible on such a field, and none An approaching column could be seen, as it bl Do were attempted. was headed toward a point of attack, when it was miles away ; and the clouds of dust, rolling up in vast volume, indicated its strength. Then, suddenly, arose the opposing cloud, and pres- ently both were ‘Ilumined with flashes of artillery, and roared with the spiteful din of musketry, in their quickened dash, and were clamorous with hoarse cheers from thousands of sturdy men. A. few crashing volleys; the swaying back and forth of the lines, as repeated charges were met and repulsed—and the Feld was won and lost by some impulse, in which all seemed to share at the same moment, that was as much ‘a mystery to It was what is called t the victors as it was to the vanquished. “a square stand-up fight ’’ in an open field, without military defences: and the result was a notable victory of the soldiers engaged, not a victory won by superior strategy or callant leader- The battle ended late in the afternoon, and by nightfall, ship. in bivouac, while the beaten army the successful army was Lata By Dee. - - oP ee / Taree) b= H ARTS TY) se hpReE PE a Pers kite eae Peeaepeeays ot Serta Peet aren 1 ----- a PN i TU re eee TT tear Daamalae inne tae i . yo Otel MAT ay vee AI CAMPFIRE AND i Pj " H POLO dU UL Ae ‘ 5 iy “ghicetarh 4 et ty Pi P ri Py 2 4 Z; bg aeeeei Pe vesyobe ahs Littell HAL AlAs i Penrmtcetsaniror: TALUS P(A (ic Sf eerste nae eee BA TEE EEL ENED. 473 was in flight for Washington, unpursued. The rain began to fall in floods as the night came on, adding to the misery of the wounded of both armies, who were treated with every possible kindness. Toa novice in warfare, the battlefield was a fearful scene, as the bright morning of the next day dawned upon it, with the dead scattered over it, lying beside dead horses, broken artillery, muskets, wagons, and shattered trees. It was the silent reproach of havoc and death upon the fierce injustice of a resort to war as the arbiter of differences of opinion as to civil government, which had been exaggerated to such awful conclu- sions, and could not, after all, be in any wise settled by such means. Peace and wiser judgment finally came out of the thousand succeeding conflicts, but were not created by them. They were only made possible by the failure of war to convince anybody of errors. Taking a half-dozen cavalry and a brother officer along, we moved, at daylight, under orders given to me to follow and reconnoitre the army that had moved off in column at the close of the battle, but was supposed to have camped not far away. We soon found that nothing remained of that army but the evidences of panic which had overtaken almost every command. The wounded had, in some cases, been left to their own re- sources, and, at bridges that were broken, there were piled in wild confusion, dead men and horses, guns and caissons, wagons and sutlers’ goods, tents, muskets, drums, ambulances, spring wagons, and the lighter vehicles that had brought the picnic parties from Congress to witness the consummation of their “policy.” It was to them a sudden and frightful adjournment, sine ate. As we rode over the field, gray-haired fathers and mothers from the nearer homes in Virginia were already there looking for their dead or wounded sons. All was silent save the moanings of the sufferers, and the subdued chirrup of little wrens as they sought for their mates. The birds seemed as sad as the vener- able seekers for their loved ones. The dead seemed to preserve their personal characteristics, and the tense strain of the conflict was settled upon their features. In most cases, death on the battlefield is instantaneous and painless, and the latest thoughts seem to linger on the faces of the dead. As we rode along the farm lanes where the rail fences had AQUEDUCT BRIDGE, POTOMAC RIVER. Wen Hitresat HE RTT ee bps Leh kt Me — ess { ae a ia) LL nee PO aks Coen ak rn Ua aT , Fae Leithe Ae 7.i AL anurans oS teenie beeen nee ear ae ye ererenaterne gee tern lhnhga nea n ET RT MMA AA maths en — | me some whiskey. Maybe if I eat and take a stimulant, I may live to see her.” It I was a hard, rough crust of corn-bread, which he munched with energy, and the canteen contained a few spoonfuls of common whiskey, a part of which he drank. I said, “This business is urgent, and we will gallop to your lines with your message.”— “Yes, he said, ‘““a race fora life, that has but one hope, that I may see her—my wife—before I die.” Wesoon met a sur- geon at a field hospital—a few blankets on which wounded soldiers were stretched—and he went at once to the sufferer in the tree-top. The message was despatched, and the loving wife came~to find that, after one last kiss from his conscious lips, she was a widow indeed. The glory of our victory was sad- near by, into which we saw a man dart like an arrow as we rode up. From | the tree-top came low moanings, as | from one who feared discovery, and yet | could not stifle his voice when spasms __| of pain returned upon him. It proved | to bea field officer of a New Jersey or Delaware regiment, whose thigh had been crushed by a cannon shot in the battle. His servant had laid him in the tree- top, with leaves and a horse blanket for When the servant saw us halt, he came out timorously a bed, and was guarding him. from his hiding, and was weeping and pleading for the life of his master. I said to him, “ What do vou take us for?”—“But be you not rebels?” he said. I answered, “We are called rebels, and yet your kin- dred. —“ Be you Christian men?” JI said that was our faith. “And you will be merciful to the major?” I re- “Iam a major, and have no ill- will toward majors, even if they are plied, ® 39 = . ° enemies. The major, hearing our con- ee dened to my heart by the reflection that the blood that enriched the fields was American, and was poured out from hearts that were alike and equally patriotic. Yet the sacrifice was volun- tary, and may have been needed to demonstrate again the devotion of the American people to what they believe to be their duty in the defence of their liberties as they understand them, and in the enforcement of our laws as they are written. This grand result, which seems to be perfectly assured, and this demonstra- tion of American manhood is worth all that it has cost. The battle of Bull Run was the last political battle of the civil war. It set Congress to passing vain resolutions to stop the war, and to reconcile the the States. After that awful event, war for the sake of war, and not for peace or justice, swept over the land and raged with unheard-of fury, until the sheer power of numbers people and versation, invited us to dismount and BRIGADIER-GENERAL JOHN T. MORGAN, C. Ss, A, — prevailed, and peace came from exhaus- tion, but not from a broken spirit.\ : . aT ‘ ie ! 5 A pepbbbbabbees ee Ld 5 natal 1 . tH MUU Pat ee eT te - rae EM | over tees rT, Pe ites eter ety ance ta exer NY LCC Cee ; eae: = as! bette teaterie tera Sire Lecce Etat ; im oid Foye asus tenes eect x tase Peas aa re ; P THE WOUNDED, FIFTY-SEVENTH NEW YORK AMBULANCE CORPS 5 Sisal a e; ie > eel ce Pr Se dd iP bis DI ot nS a. AS op ma S, SANTA ROSA ISLAND, PENSACOLA BAY. EN BOMBARDMENT OF THE CONFEDERATE LINES BY FORT PICK r ? : | ! e : al ate rs tact + ri s +t rr a oy Ss 1 i fie - 2 = ae 22 eee at ; aah Titi PN ol ~» "¢ ; l ; f eT CenApt teal) NO ld elie tobe Pree ~~ y i ae Fees ’ palais Oey eu ———" (Pts ma meee Pen peny pear Sy oat ereeeen tr _ - : : PICKETT'S CHARGE AT GETTYSBURG z ‘ ene PRN Tes ~- _ a = = ener mate TT WER SRS eR RE — if f bee | DEE MEASURE OF VALOR. d 50) far’ as valor is to be measured by dangers voluntarily encountered and losses Sustained, the ea ee coe | : justly compare with pride the incidents and statistics of the great civil war with those of any modern conflict in Europe. . : | our chapter on Gettysburg the close resemblance between that battle and W aterloo—in the numbers engaged on each side aug : the losses—has been pointed out. When comparison is made of the losses of regiments and other organizations, in particular : cngagements, the larger figures are with the Americans. . The charge of the British Light Brigade, at Balaklava, in 1854, has been celebrated in verse by Tennyson and other poets, and is alluded to over and Over again as if it were the most gallant achievement in modern warfare. Every time that some old soldier chooses to say he is one of the Survivors of that charge, the newspapers talk about him as a wonder, report. his words and publish his portrait. Yet that exploit sinks into insignificance when compared with the charge of the First Minnesota Regiment at Gettysburg. The order for the charge at Balaklava was a i blunder, blunderingly obeyed; it accomplished nothing, and the total loss to the Light Brigade was thirty-seven per cent. At Gettysburg, on the second day, General Hancock observed a gap in the Nationa] line, and saw that Wilcox’s Confederate Brigade Was pushing forward with the evident intention of passing through it. He looked about for troops to close the gap, and saw nothing within immediate reach but the First Minnesota, though others could be brought up if a little time could be gained. i Riding up to Colonel Colville, he said: “Do you see those colors?” pointing at the Confederate flag. “Take them!” Instantly | the regiment dashed forward and charged the brigade; there was a short, fierce fight, and the regiment lost eighty-two per cent. ' of its numbers jn killed and wounded, but the onset of the enemy was stayed, the desired time was gained, and even the colors ! WY were captured and brought off. In the Franco-German war of 1870 the r | heaviest loss Sustained single battle was In the National service In some single action rican regiments that, in t] a fraction more than regiments that sustained a | making a hundred by any German regiment in a forty-nine per cent. Oss of over fifty per cent. during the civil war there were sixty-four and seventeen Ame , and in the Confeder ate service there were fifty-three, lis respect, surpassed the Germ an regiment of highest record.4 Samal 1. TT de : A Pete hee ‘ Pr ee ee earetccn t Prarie : Ro ; PaTsisievertisisinr eat net speetrers ‘ ae yt ‘ mavasblddbassialelsL ws " LAUER 6 POON Ut ae i 5 ier eeer PELE eS eae eee MUM Ue b PL ‘ BDA TF OTE Som CAM PET RE AND BA aly hve IDy 477 7 There were thirteen battles i ha ; attles in which one side or : > side or the other the N« Al eerie oe | . . ational service Z 1 Ee ‘ cite . (in most instances each) lost more than 10,000 men, taking a ul service in a single engagement was that sustained . < 0H O)0,0 : ‘ ¢ . - 5. Besa is : Sea ee ay a ee : Pecountofm the ereat ‘capitulati ota cing no oy the First Maine heavy artillery (acting as infantry) in the © < < ¢ ( ; de 4 5 : 5 od \ c 7 eecunine \ 7 hod 7 Oe Donelson and assault on the defences of Petersburg, June 18, 1864, when 210 Cksbuns, And an the least of se Sa ates ‘ ; : =) Bee aa = were ee ad on the field. Ty] oe nearly 1,900 men of its men were killed or mortally wounded, the whole number : Ce O e eid. 1e greatest losses on | 5] : . 5 greate sses oth sides of casualties be 2 af < | were sustained at Gettysburg Next i dee (Gherceat isualties being 632 out of about g00 men. This regiment Ba BN ) oo In order (aggregating was also the one that suffered most in aggregate losses in battle e losses On DOTH sides”) Cc : cylvania. 26 200: = \0,V/5 : . : - z z SSeS C 5 S : ) es“) come Spottsylvania, 36,800; the Wilder- during the war, its killed and wounded amounting to 1,283. Over ness, 35,300; lickamauga, 34,600; « ‘ellors 2 ie ped ee : ga, 34,000; and Chancellors- nineteen per cent. were killed. Another famous fighting s fig g vill , 30,000. B t Ca 3 ) { 1¢ ( d< ( @ let ) ( ht -,, > \ | > i y < C \ | ~* . . more than one d LY The bloodiest ingle 1 | GH > \ un d 7} adhe fs , S = +* day whi 1ad ¢ 5 7 ZI C i re “ ) ' - - c ~ ~~ J men killed or mM ortal i TC z Was September 5 1902, at the Antietam / : ve : ; battle, the greatest loss, 69, occurring at Cold \, \ where the National army lost 2,108 y lo 2,108 men Harbor, June 1, 1864. Its first colonel, Edward killed and 9,549 wounded, with about 800 E. Cross, was killed while leadi feet . . rr . 2 = YO) ay < ; ~< (oy . missing. The Confederate loss cannot be : i oe Me thal - (ove sa A t] ; ‘i ; thickest of the second day’s fight at Gettys- Stated with €xacimess: Gener. E'S ; : a: renera Lee burg. Another was the One Hundred and report gives only consolidated figures for ; = | gives y consolidated figures fot Forty-first Pennsylvania, which lost three- the whole campaign, including Harper's f umpale ling pe quarters of its men at Gettysburg, and at Ferry and South Mountain, as well as : _ the main battle; and these figures fall short by a thousand (for killed and Sora w/ wounded alone) of those given by his See Eee “puis aN AE aU Ld oS fda ya pn, wt ene Sonne => a "de eit . ee fea” a . Pa LIEUTENANT JOHN T. GREBLE. Killed at Big Bethel. Chancellorsville lost 235 out of 419. At the second Bull Run (called also Manassas), Af COLONEL JAMES H. PERRY. SS SSK the One Hundred and First New York lost 4 eee a eeerey aeivadiat ort Pulaekt | 124 out of 168; the Nineteenth Indiana lost 259 out of 423; the Fifth New York lost 297 out of 490; the Second Wisconsin lost 298 1 out of 511; andthe First Michigan lost 178 out division commanders, who also report more of 320. At Antietam the Twelfth Massachu- than 2,000 missing. On the other hand, Mc- Clellan says that “ about 2,700 of the enemy s dead were counted and buried upon the battle- Se / setts lost 224 out of 334. It had lost heavily Geld of Antietam,” while “a portion of their dead SS ee also at Manassas, where Col. Fletcher Webster (only son of Daniel Webster) was killed at its head. It lost, cl had been previously buried by the enemy.” AVEI- cCoLONEL ULRIC DAHLGREN. aging these discrepant figures, and bearing in Mind Killed at Walkerton, Vac=Kilpat- altogether, 18 officers in action. Another famous Massa- Si that there were no intrenchments at the Antietam, rick’s Raid on Richmond. down the losses as equal on the two sides, which would give a total. on that field in one day, of 4,200 killed and 19,000 wounded. chusetts regiment was the Fifteenth, which at Gettys- burg lost 148 men out of 2309, and at the Antietam, 318 out of 606, and, out of a total enrolment of 1,701, lost during the war in killed and wounded 3879. Another Massachusetts hed by hard fighting was the Twentieth, we may fairly put The number of prisoners was not large. regiment distinguis The heaviest actual loss that fell upon any one regiment in which General Humphreys compliments as “one of the very Z best in the service.” Its greatest loss, in. killed (48), was at ly the round numbers are given Fredericksburg, where it was in the brigade that crossed the to clear the rifle-pits of the sharp-shooters that * As there are discrepancies in all the counts, on : river in boats, here. ah Oe A= oe PTC ete ee COTY est Naat ieee RPPTy ny da u = er rit tak THAT eat 7 bg | ) yoe eee BEST OSE phate) ores ace err 478 CAMPFIRE AND were making it impossible to lay the pontoon bridges. This regiment had the task of clearing the streets of the town, and as it swept through them it- was fired upon from windows and house-tops. The other regiments that participated in this ex- ploit were the Seventh Michigan, the Nineteenth Massachusetts, and the Eighty-ninth New York. Some nameless poet has made it the subject of one of the most striking bits of verse produced during the war: They leaped in the rocking shallops, Ten offered, where one could go, And the breeze was alive with laughter, Till the boatmen began to row. In silence how dread and solemn! With courage how grand and true?! Steadily, steadily onward The line of the shallops drew. *Twixt death in the air above them, And death in the waves below, Through ball and grape and shrapnel They moved, my God, how slow! And many a brave, stout fellow, Who sprang in the boats with mirth, Ere they made that fatal crossing Was a load of lifeless earth. And many a brave, stout fellow, Whose limbs with strength were rife, Was torn and crushed and shattered— A helpless wreck for life. The Twentieth lost 44 men killed at Gettysburg, 38 at Ball’s Bluff, 36 in the Wilderness, 20 at Spottsylvania, and 20 at the Antietam. During its whole service it had 17 officers killed, including a colonel, a lieutenant-colonel, two majors, an adjutant, and a surgeon. The story that Dr. Holmes tells in “ My Hunt after the Captain” relates his adventures in the track of this regiment just after the battle of the Antietam. Among the Vermont regiments, the one that suffered most in a single action was the Eighth, which at Cedar Creek lost sixty- cd. The Pitst Heavy Artil eight per cent. of its numbers engage g most of the time as infantry, with cy lery from that State, acting a total enrolment of 2,280, lost in killed and wounded 583. The Second Infantry, with a total enrolment of 1,811, lost 887. Its heaviest loss was at the Wilderness, where, out of 700 engaged, 348 (about half) were disabled, ‘ncluding the colonel and lieu- tenant-colo- nel killed. And a week anteline vant Spottsyl- vania, near- lyehialif of the remain- ) die (122 were killed or wound- ede. Uth ie Fourth In- Haliitiaye walt the Wilder- Ness, Went imeto the fight with Ser? SPER eo 3 5 fewer than AFTER THE FIRST DAY'S BATTLE AT GETTYSBURG. 600) mien. BRIGADIER-GENERAL R. S. GARNETT, C, S. A. NY Pais ei ton rat Seine BVA Midas Ei Ie TD. and lost 268, includ- ing seven officers killed and ten wound- ed. In the fight at Savage Station, the Biheh» VWeenm ont walked -.over a regi- ment that had thrown itself on the ground BRIGADIER-GENERAL ROBERT HATTON, C. S. A. and refused to advance any farther, pressed close to the enemy, and was taken by a flank fire of artil- lery that struck down 44 out of the 59 men in one company. Yet Killed’ neariCarickis Ford. “Vas the regiment held its ground, faced about, and silenced the battery. It lost 188 men out of 428. In the second and third years of the war, several regiments of heavy artillery were raised. It was said that they were intended only to garrison the forts, and there was a popular belief that re number of men “¢ oO their purpose was to get into the service a lat who were not quite willing to subject themselves to the greater risks incurred by infantry of the line. But after a short period of service as heavy artillery, most of them were armed with rifles and sent to the front as infantry, and many of them ranked among the best fighting regiments, and sustained notable losses. The First Maine and First Vermont have been mentioned already. The Second Connecticut heavy artillery, the first time it went into action, stormed the intrenchments at Cold Harbor with the bayonet, and lost 325 men out of 1,400, including the colonel. At the Opequan it lost 138, including the major and five line officers: and at Cedar Creek, 190. The Seventh. Eighth, Ninth, and Fourteenth New York heavy artillery regiments all distinguished themselves similarly. The Seventh, during one hundred days’ service in the field as infantry (Grant’s overland campaign), lost 1,254 men, only a few of whom were captured. The Eighth lost 207 killed or mortally wounded, at Cold Harbor alone, with more than 200 others wounded. Among the killed were eight officers, including Col. Peter A. Porter (grandson of Col. Peter B. Porter, of the war of 1812), who fell in advance of his men. Its total loss in the war was 1,010 out of an enrol- ment of 2,575. The Ninth had 64 men killed at Cedar Greekwisi at the Monocacy, 43 at Cold Harbor, and 22 at the Opequan. Its total loss in killed and wounded was 824 in an enrolment of 3,227. This regiment was commanded, a part of the time, by Col. William H. Seward, Jr. The Fourteenth had 57 men killed in the assault on Petersburg, 43 at Cold Harbor, 30 in the trenchesPera a ro before Petersburg, 26 at Fort Stedman, 22 at the mine explosion, and 16 at Spottsylvania. It led the assault after the mine explosion, and planted its colors on the captured works. Its total loss in killed and wounded was 861, in an enrolment of 2,506. In comparing these with other regiments, it must be remem- bered that their terms of service were generally shorter, because they were en- listed late in the war. The Fourteenth, for instance, was organized in January, 1864, which gave it but fifteen months of service, and it spent its first three months in the forts of New York harbor: so that its actual experience in the field covered somewhat less than a year. In that time one-third of all the men enrolled in it were disabled; and if it had served through the war at this rate, nothing would have been left of it. This explanation applies equally to several other regiments. The State of New York furnished one-sixth of all the men called for by the National Government. BRIGADI PRESTON SMITH, C. S. A. Of Fox’s “Three Hundred Fighting Regiments © ee (those that had more than 130 men killed during the war), New York has 59—nine more than its proportion. The Fifth In- fantry, known as Duryea’s Zouaves, met with its heaviest loss, 297 out of 490, at Manassas, and lost 162 at Gaines’s Mill. This regiment was commanded at one time by Gouverneur K. War- ren, afterward famous as a corps commander, and General Sykes pronounced it the best volunteer regiment that he had ever seen. The Fortieth had 238 men killed in battle, and lost in all 1,217. Its heaviest losses were in bee bidtat ees Cees LU RaLLULTUN TTT UU twit a (aie ny. : papeveuirmrelbtlnishe lithe dh Labi { : oe } MeL TE Lae ; CULL eet iat = ny Mor. f j of a Wert hr eist itera nn Toren eittpest tee Webi prejaeibeesab ALAS Le CaM ALLE CITE Loa ct : Fae re oad =a 58 Es sae ten Sead bettescittat hee se rs CAMPEIRE AND BAGEES La. Db: 479 losing 87 men, and the Pennsylvanians 120. The Fifty-second New York lost 122 men at Fair Oaks, 121 in®the siege of Petersburg, and 86 at Spottsylvania. It was a German regi- es bridge at the Antietam, the New York regiment \ ment, and two Prussian officers on leave of \ absence fought with it as line officers at \ Spottsylvania and were killed in the terri- ble struggle at the bloody angle. The Fifty-ninth went into the battle of the Antietam with 321 men, fought around the Dunker Church, and lost 224, killed or wounded, including nine officers killed. The Sixty-first lost 110 killed or wounded at Fair Oaks, out of 432; 106 in the siege of Petersburg, and 79 at Glendale. Francis C. Barlow and Nelson A. Miles were two of its four successive colonels. One company was composed entirely of students from Madison University. The Sixty-third, an Irish regiment, lost 173 men at Fair Oaks, 98 at Gettysburg, and 59 ER-GENERAL at Spottsylvania. The Sixty-ninth, another Irish regiment, lost more men killed and wounded than any other from New York. At the Antietam, where it contended at Bloody Lane, eight color-bearers were Chickamauga. shot. The Seventieth lost 666 men in a total enrolment of 1,462. Its heaviest loss, 330, was at Williamsburg. Daniel E. Sickles was its first colonel. The Seventy-sixth lost 234 men out of 375 in thirty minutes at Gettysburg. In the Wilderness it lost 282. The Seventy-ninth was largely composed of Scotch- men. It lost 198 men at Bull Run, where Colonel Cameron (brother of the Secretary of War) fell at its head. At Chantilly six color-bearers were shot down, when the Seven Days’ battles, 100; Fred- ees aa ericksburg, 123; Gettysburg, 150; and Kf sence the Wilderness, 213. The Forty-second | Be lost 718 out of 1,210 enrolled, its heavi- ae a | ‘ est loss, 181, being at the Antietam. The Forty-third lost 138 at Salem Church, and 198 in the Wilderness, its colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and major all being killed there. The Forty- fourth, originally called “ Ellsworth Avengers,” was composed of picked men from every county in the State. It lost over 700 out of 1,585 enrolled. At Manassas, out of 148 men in action, it lost 71. It was a part of the force that seized Little Round Top at Gettys- burg. The Forty-eighth was raised and commanded by a Methodist min- ister, James H. Perry, D.D., who had been educated at West Point. He died in the service in 1862. The regiment participated in the assault on Fort Wagner, and lost there 242 men. At Olustee it lost 244. Its total loss was 859 out of an enrolment of 2,173. The Forty-ninth had two colonels, a lieu- tenant-colonel, and a major killed in action. The Fifty-first New York and Fifty-first Pennsylvania carried the Killed at Y | Pity raat 5 RU g ut MAJOR-GENERAL JAMES B GORDON, C. 5. A “My r ‘ Fi yu r " Set tied 1d aed t wu er ee General Stevens (who had been for- ; BS merly its colonel) seized the flag and led the regiment to victory, but was shot dead. The Ejighty-first lost 215 men at Cold Harbor, about half the number engaged. The Eighty-second, at the Antietam, lost 128 men out of 339, and at Gettysburg 192 out Ol 2Oss including its colonel. The Eighty-third lost 114 men at the Antietam, 125 at Fredericksburg, 115 in the Wilderness, and 128 at Spottsylvania. The Eighty- fourth, a Brooklyn zouave regiment, lost 142 men at Bull Run, 120 at Ma- nassas, and 217 at Gettysburg, where, with the Ninety-fifth, it captured a Mississippi brigade. The Eighty-sixth lost 96 men at Po River, and over 200 in the Wilderness campaign. The Eighty-eighth, an Irish regiment, lost 102 men at the Antietam, and: 127, at Fredericksburg. The Ninety-third lost 560 men in the Wilderness, out of 433. The Ninety-seventh at Gettysburg lost 99 men, and captured the colors and 282 menofa North Carolina regiment. The One Hundredth lost 176 men at Fair Oaks, 175 at Fort Wagner, and 259 at Drewry’s Bluff. The One Hundred ellow Tavern, Va Pe ToT ets igre elf aaa , Pn eee A is + t4 of T haeadaed 4 i got Tooke a 1a Regiment at UCnancello It was not in the famous battles alone that heavy regimental losses were sustained. At Honey Hill, an action seldom men- tioned, the Twenty-fifth Ohio had 35 men killed, with the usual proportion ofwounded; and at Pickett’s Mills, hardly the Eighty-ninth Illinois lost 154. at Stone River, lost 125 out of 320 men, It was commanded by Lovell H. Rous- Its total loss was 581, in an enrolment recorded in any history, t ibhese and at Chickamauga 125. ifth Kentucky, seau, an eminent soldier. of 1.020. The Fifteenth, its field officers killed. [ts killed at Stone River. Its total killed and wounded numbered 516, in.an enrolment of 952. The Fourteenth Indiana lost 181 men at the Antietam, out of 330. At Gettysburg it formed part of the brigade that annihi- lated the The Nineteenth suffered, during its whole term of service, a loss of 712 killed and wounded, in an enrolment of 1,246. The Twenty-seventh lost 616 from an en- rolment of I,IOI. The Eleventh Illinois lost, at Fort Donelson, 500. It was commanded by W. H. L. Wallace, who was after- at Perryville, lost 196 men, including all - 1g ‘boy colonel,” James B. Forman, was Louisiana Tigers. 339 men out of Wits — a SE ae ne ee yo Pee r o£ a3 eh iis p ined i He Raab Hi ss! Be Ladle ee a rin (ease sonia 4 a TELL T Ate REL ier) paras oe a ae Nissan Laeady 7 SOF 7] ve a err eg ts TieWIMPY Tee Hike pee Sop —~ iy ii ie ral via Al io nif ¥ Mag 1345 F A ted of Poe ed ES Ne ia, ra eS 7 ne, rer coe ah oe oe CTR cob aa RE Peres ls & weer McPHERSON’S DEATH, ATLANTA, GA., JULY 22, 1864. SCENE OF MAJOR-GENERAL JAMES B. (FROM A WAR DEPARTMENT PHOTOGRAPH.)Berd ULSD ONT Unt witty eee ea arses bee h ARF . ex pasted itis & hieetiel ot eer aor ye ward a brigadier-general and fell at Shiloh. The Twenty-first lost 303 men at Stone River, and 238 at Chickamauga. Its first colonel was Ulysses S. Grant. The Thirty-first: lost 176 at Fort Donelson. Its first colonel was John A. Logan. The Thirty- sixth lost 212 at Stone River. The Fortieth lost 216 at Shiloh, and gained special credit for keeping its place in the line after its ammunition was exhausted. The Fifty-fifth lost 275 at Shiloh 12. The Ninety-third lost 162 at Champion Hill, and 89, including its colonel, at Mission Ridge. The First Michigan lost, at Manassas, 178 out of 240 men, / Outs OL 5 including the colonel and fifteen other officers. The Fourth lost 164 at Malvern Hill, including its colonel. At Gettysburg it was in the wheat-field, and lost 165 men. Here a Confederate officer seized the regimental:colors and was shot by the colonel, who the next moment was bayoneted by a Confederate soldier, who in his turn was instantly killed by the major. This regiment had three colonels killed in action. The Twenty-fourth, at Gettysburg, lost 363 men, including the colonel and twenty-one other officers, out of 406. The Second Wisconsin lost 112 men at the first Bull Run and 298 at the second, including its colonel killed; and the Seventh had a total loss in killed and wounded of 1,016 from an enrolment of 1,630; and the I[wenty- sixth lost 503 from an en- rolment of 1,080. The Fifth Iowa lost 217 men at Luka. and the Seventh, at Belmont, lost 27 Out OL ALO, At hea Ridge the Ninth lost 218 Out Of 500, In the as- sault on Vicksburg the Twenty-second lost 164, and was the only regiment that gained and held any portion of the works. Of a squad of twenty-one men that leaped inside and waged a hand-to-hand ficht, Mineteen were killed. [Ee The Eleventh Missour! had a total loss of 405 from an enrolment of 945. Its heaviest loss was in the assault on Vicksburg, 92. Joseph A. Mower, afterward eminent as a general, was at one time its colo- nel. The Twelfth Missouri lost 108 in the assault on Vicksburg, and the Fifteenth lost 100 at Chickamauga. General Osterhaus BRIGADIER-GENERAL J. W. SILL. Killed at Stone River. was the first colonel of the Twelfth. The First Kansas lost 106 men killed and wounded at Wil- son’s Creek. The losses in the cavalry were not so striking as those of the infantry, because they were seldom so heavy in any one engage- ment. But the cavalry were engaged oftener, sometimes in a constant running fight, and the average aggt was about the same as in other arms of the service. In the artillery there were occasionally heavy losses when the enemy charged upon a battery and the gunners stood by their pieces. At Luka, Sands’s Ohio battery had 105 men, includin drivers. It was doing very effective service when two Texas -egate of casualties oC oD i Parte AURA ec: heer ig ee Pee A eae eT EN OP Pee Sipe gear te Mier Ty we cio fet eaertg ts thas ty rec Ce TH eh s/o Geese E) i " ey Va na PUMA eg ie i CAMERA NED, i epee { MOLECU Ue i ih “= B a ates base: atte me Ald iy vet t {=e itahe bela bsaetititteete iis cee) ed IRA TF IF ib IB IPE 10,00). 483 regiments charged it, and 51 of its men were killed or wounded. It was captured and recaptured. Seeley’s battery at Chancel- lorsville lost 45 men, and at Gettysburg 25. Campbell’s lost 40 at the Antietam, and Cushing’s 38 at Gettysburg. The Fifth Maine battery lost 28 at Chancellorsville, 28 at Cedar Creek, and 23 at Gettysburg. The colored regiments, which were not taken into the service till the third year of the war, suffered quite as heavily as the white ones. They lost over 2,700 men killed in battle (not in- cluding the mortality among their white officers), and, with the usual proportion of wounded, this would make their total of casualties at least ———————————— -—s«d2, 000. | ihe reecimen tial | losses in the Confed- erate army were at | least equal to those | in the National, and | were probably great- | er, for the reason that for them “there was no discharge in that war. Every organi- zation in the Nation- al service was enlisted on a distinct contract to serve for a definite term—three months, nine months, two years, or three years and when the term expired,the men were sent home and mus- > Sas, 45, percent, And ethese 4 2 » — losses include very few pris- — : oners. At Gettysburg, be- COLONEL E. E. ELLSWORTH Wy sides) the resuments | K a | already mentioned, the : 1 heaviest losers 56 per cent., and the Eighth Arnone Mississippi, 47 per cent. At Mechanicsville the me forty-fourth Georgia lost "ae 65 per cent. At Malvern | Hill the Third Alabama lost 56 per cent. ; the ornty— fourth Georgia, 46 per cent.; and the Iwenty-sixth Ala- bama, 40 per cent. ; BEI CABIER. GENERAL ee ee ae Some writers have asserted GEORGE D. BAYARD \ \ “SUTENANT-COLONE Se et that the CONIC Clale eps d j Killed at Fredericksburg Killed at the Ba tle of the We as WEEG pevter led than the Na- pe cerness. tional, and that this is proved ees : by the oreater loss of irr ete ee. a : commanding officers. But r the statistics do not bear | Out any such assertion. ig On each side one army | commander was. killed | | Gen. J. B. McPherson and | i | Gen. Albert Sidney Johns- | ae: Se eines at ton. On each side three Be a COLONEL ae corps commanders were ee ee a killed— National, Generals i | the Con- | | Mansfield, Reynolds, and | federates were: the SEC | | Sedgwick; Confederate, | | | ond North Carolina, 64 | Jackson, Rolks and As PB: | | | ae Ny mine LE. | Hill. On the } National | ) Sao per SOU or ae —$—_—__— side fourteen division com- ) une Fifteenth Georgia, COLONEL C. FRED. TAYLOR. manders were killed, and i | | ee ee ang the Killed at Gettysburg. on the Confederate, seven. . | | | ‘irst Maryland, 48 per in ee oun | ue ae comparing losses of | | | cent. At oh lo h the brigade commanders, it should be explained, that in the Confed- | eae | oa Mississippi lost 70 prac service, aS soon as a man was put in command of a Fi x er er na oe | He coe ee meade he Wes made a brigadier-general, but the National COv- ; eee ee me : 7 a cuuuient was more chary of rank, and often left a colonel for a JO pet cent. the long time at the head of a brigade. Counting such colonels whore : Re oe ee CLO UNIT IT tr Sra ieee hes aeteerryant BRT eee eee Teeiy actually fell at the head of their brigades as brigadiers, we find that eighty-five brigade-commanders were killed on the National Side, and seventy-three on the Confederate. On any other subject, the. figures that crowd this chapter would be “dry statistics,’ but when we remember that every unit here presented represents a man killed or seriously injured, a citizen lost to the Republic—and not only that, but its loss of the sons that should have been born to these slaughtered men— every paragraph acquire sa deep, though mournful interest. We may well be proud of American valor, but we should also feel humiliated by the supreme folly of civil war. NoTr.—For the statistics of this chapter, we are largely indebted to Col. William F. Fox's admirable compilation of ‘‘ Regimental Losses in the American Civil War” (Albany, 1893). MAJOR AE NERAIL SRAEL B RICHARDSON, > \ | > : Kil j tn Secone Battie of Bu Ru ‘ ) | ible a ie vrs LAST DAYS OF THE CONEEDERACYE.: BY GEN. JOHN B. GORDON, C. S. A. I‘WILL give you from my personal knowledge the history of the struggles that preceded the surrender of General Lee's army, the causes that induced that surrender—as I had them from General Lee—the detailed account of the last assault ever made upon the Federal lines in pursuance of an offensive purpose, and a description of the last scenes of the bloody and terrible civil war. This history has never been published before. No official reports, I believe, were ever made upon the Confederate side for after the battle of Hare’s Hill, as the attack upon Fort Steadman was called, there was not an hour’s rest until the surrender. From the 25th of March, 1865, until the 9th day of April, my men did not take their boots off, the roar of cannon and the rattle of musketry was scarcely stilled an instant, and * This article was dictated by Gen. John B. Gordon to the late Henry W. Grady, and prepared by him for publication. It appeared originally in the Philadelphia Times. It is reprinted here by permission, after revision and correction by General Gordon i ae hs Reeeare if prenen nies vt THe tte CAM ERE RE AND en esa nesirer f beet TH iv yf De TH RSD t5) p/p) beece sett re Pare Ths Rs ‘ aL HIS at os { \ Nate hts ? ee BATTLEFIELD. 485 the fighting and marching was continuous. Hence no report of these operations was ever made. You will remember the situation of affairs in Virginia about the first of March, 1865. The Valley campaign of the previous summer, which was inaugurated for the purpose of effecting a diversion and breaking the tightening lines about Richmond and Petersburg, and from which so much had been expected, had Toe in disaster. Grant had massed an enormous army in front Petersburg and Richmond, and fresh troops were hurrying to = aid. Our army covered a line of over twenty miles, and was in great distress. The men were literally starving. We were not able to issue even half rations. One-sixth of a pound of beef a day, I remember, was at one time the ration of a portion of the army, and the men could not always get even that. I saw men often on their hands and knees, with little sticks, digging the grains of corn from out of the tracks of horses, and washing it and cooking it. The brave fellows were so depleted by the time Grant broke our lines, that the slightest wound often killed them. A scratch on the hand would result in gangrene and prove fatal. The doctors took me to the hospitals and showed me men with a joint on their fingers shot off, and their arms gangrened up to the elbows. ‘The men are starved,’ they said, “and we can do little for them.” A TERRIBLE SITUATION. The sights that I saw as I walked among these poor, emacti- ated, hungry men, dying of starved and poisoned systems, were simply horrible. Our horses were in no better condition; many of them were hardly able to do service at all. General Lee had gone in person into Petersburg and Richmond, and begged the citizens to divide what little they had with his wretched men. The heroic people did all that they could. Our sole line of sup- plies was the railroad running into North Carolina and pene- trating into “Egypt,” as we called Southwest Georgia, which was then the provision ground for our armies. Such was the situation. My corps (Stonewall Jackson’s old corps), after severe and heroic work in the Valley campaign, had been ordered back to Petersburg and placed upon the right wing of the army. I had general instructions to protect the flank of the army, prevent General Grant from turning it, and, above all, to protect the slender line of road from which solely we received our scanty supplies. We were almost continually engaged in fighting, making feints, and protecting our ‘skirmish lines, which the enemy were feeling and pressing continually. Before daylight on the morning of the 2d of March, 1865, General Lee sent for ( me. I mounted my horse at once and rode to the generals headquarters.. I reached the house in which he was staying at about four o’clock in the morning. As I entered the room to which I had been directed, I found General Lee alone. | shall never forget the scene. The general was standing at the fireplace, his head on his arm, leaning on the mantelpiec the first time I ever saw him looking so thoroughly ie jected. A dim lamp was burning on a small centre-table. On the table was a mass of official reports. General Lee remained motionless for a moment after I opened the door. He then looked up, greeted me with his usual courtesy, motioned me to the little table, and, drawing up a chair, sat down. I sat opposite him. ‘I have sent for you, General Gor- don.” he said, “to make known to you the condition of our affairs and to confer with you as to what we had best dows he night was fearfully cold. The fire and lamp both burned low -_— rere : : eer Heme ONT ST fe ae Seen i TTT Uae Japhet adele i Me = ace hie Saas ta ne) es Da ba AED has Mk Be bie en a Ms orl ta il vy ( ie Pe ga Dasa,TSA A IMk bie ote er ae WW Se ae omen ee EE Cee ee gt tenet ‘ ane nner rer tees a TT ama: rapa mei rnin seeming i — cent h ij Fi > Prd as 486 CA WAP IFT IRIS Zl IN ID as General Lee went on to give me the details of the situation. ‘T have here,” he said, “ reports sent in from my officers to- night. I find, upon careful examination, that J have under my command, of all arms, hardly forty-five thousand men. These men are starving. They are already so weakened as to be hardly efficient. Many of them have become desperate, reckless, and disorderly as they have never been before. It is difficult to con- trol men who are suffering for food. They are breaking open mills, barns, and stores in search of food. hunger, they are deserting from some commands in large num- My horses are in equally bad condition. It has come Almost crazed from bers and going home. The supply of horses in the country is exhausted. to be where it is just as bad for me to have a horse killed as a man. I cannot remount a cavalryman whose horse dies. Gen- eral Grant can mount ten thousand men in ten days, and move around your flank. If he were to send me word to-morrow that I might move out unmolested, I have not enough horses to move my artillery. He is not likely to send this message, how- Evel, knew what I had for breakfast every morning. and yet,” smiling, “he sent me word yesterday that he I sent him word ] that I did not think this could be so, for if he did know he would surely send me something better. But, now, let us look at the figures. I have, as I have shown you, not quite 45,000 men. My men are starved, exhausted, sick. His are in the best condition possible. But beyond this there is Hancock, at Win- chester, with a force of probably not less than 18,000 men. To oppose this force I have not a solitary vidette. Sheridan, with his terrible cavalry, has marched almost unmolested and unop- posed along the James, cutting the railroads and canal. Thomas is approaching from Knoxville with a force I estimate at 30,000, and to oppose him I have a few brigades of badly disciplined cavalry, amounting to probably 3,000 in all. General Sherman is in North Carolina, and, with Schofield’s forces, will 65,000 men. the following telegram from General Johnston. have As to what I have to oppose this force, I submit The telegram reads: ‘General Beaureguard telegraphed you a few days ago that, with Governor BAe AE PRE E Dy. General Grant’s, makes over a quarter million. To prevent these from uniting for my destruction there are hardly 60,000 men My men are growing weaker day by day. Their suf- My horses are broken down available. ferings are terrible and exhausting. and impotent. I am apprehensive that General Grant may press around my flank and cut our sole remaining line of supplies. Now, general,” he said, looking me straight in the face, ‘‘ what is to be done?” With this he laid his paper downand leaned back in his chair. . WHAT IS TO BE DONE? I replied: ‘Since you have done me the honor to ask my opinion, I will give it. The situation as you portray it is infi- nitely worse than I had dreamed it was. [ cannot doubt that vour information is correct. I am confident of the opinion, therefore, that one of two things should be done, and at once. We must either treat with the United States Government for the best terms possible, or we should concentrate all our strength at one point of Grant's line—selecting some point on the right bank of the Appomattox—assault him, break through his lines, destroy his pontoons, and then turn full upon the flank of his left wing, sweep down it and destroy it if possible, and then join General Johnston in North Carolina by forced marches, and, com- bining our army with his, fall upon Sherman.” “And what then?” ‘Tf we beat him or succeed in making a considerable battle, then treat at once for terms. I am forced to the conclusion, from what you say, sir, that we have no time for delay.” ‘So that is your opinion, is it ?’’ he asked, in a tone that sent I ought to have remembered that it was the blood to my face. a way that General Lee had of testing the sincerity of a man’s opinion by appearing to discredit it. I replied; ‘‘ but I should not have ventured it, had Olt iss Sit, it not been asked; and since you seem to differ from the opin- ion I hold, may I ask you what your opinion is?” At once his manner changed, and, leaning forward, he said, oO blandly: “I entirely Vance’s Home Guards, we could carry 20,000 I find, upon close inspection, men into battle. that we cannot muster Over 12,000) mens.” (This, General Gordon said, was, as nearly as he could recollect, Gen- eral Johnston’s tele- ee gram.) ‘‘ So there is the situation. I have here, say, 40,000 men able for 1 ] duty, though none of my poor fellows are in good condition. They are opposed directly by dn arin, TOL 160/000 strong and confident men, and converging on my little force four sep- arate l armies, number- ng, in the aggregate, 130,000 MmOrne men. agree with you, gen- eral & Does Davis and the Congress President know these facts? Have you expressed an opin- ion as to the propriety of making terms, to President Davis or the Congress?” General Lee replied to this question: ‘‘ Gen- eral Gordon, I am’ a soldier. It is my duty to obey orders.” eves * | » but If syou Le plied: read the Lee, papers, General you cant shut your eyes to the fact that the hopes of the Southern people are’ centred im and on your army, and if we wait until we are Lhis force, added to A MORTAR MOUNTED ON A FLAT CAR, UNITED STATES MILITARY RAILROAD, beaten and _ scattered\ re . a aah ee UN OULU trp Sree se efit a pp emis vb dh TOT Svar amie iae ric ote Crs CAMERE TRE AND BVA TMD E THEE ED. 487 extreme right of General Lee’s army, stretching from Hatcher’s Run, south. g ward along the Boydton plank road. He proposed to transfer my corps to lines in and around Petersburg, and have me familiarize myself with the strong and weak points, if there were any weak ones, on Grant’s line near the bank of the Appomattox River. He ordered my command into Petersburg to replace the troops which were there. Ispent a week z examining Grant's lines, learning from deserters and men captured the names of the Federal officers and their commands in the front. At last I selected a point which I was sure I could carry by a night assault. Iso reported to General Lee. It wasin the last degree a desperate undertak- ing, as you will presently see; but it was the best that could be suggested—better than to stand still. Almost hopeless as it was, it was less so than 5 the certain and rapid disintegration, T GENERAL ROEEE through starvation and disease and desertion, of the into the last army we could ever organize. The point on my line from moun- which I decided to make the assault was Colquitt’s salient, which tains be- had been built by Governor Colquitt and his men and held by fore we them, when, to protect themselves, they had to move under cov- make an ered ways and sleep burrowed in the ground like Georgia gophers. LIEUTENANT-GENERAL JOHN B. GORDON, c.S.A effort at terms, the people will not be satisfied. Besides, we I selected this point because the main lines here were closest to will simply invite the enemy to hunt us down all over the eether, being not more than two hundred yards apart, I should say, country, devastating it wherever they go.” while the picket lines were so close that the Confederate, and the General Lee said nothing to this for some time, but paced the Federals could easily converse. firing between the pickets nearly ceased during the day, so that I 1 stand upon my breastworks and examine General Grant's. By a sort of general consent the floor in silence, while I sat gloomily enough, as you may know, at the fearful prospect. He had, doubtless, thought of all I said coulc long before he sent for me. I don’t wish you to understand that It is necessary that you should know precisely the situation of I am vain enough to believe for a moment that anything I said the lines and forts, as I can illustrate by a rough diagram: induced him to go to Richmond the next day. As I said before, he had probably decided on his course before he sent for me, and only feigned a difference of opinion or hesitation in order to see with what pertinacity I held my own. He did go to Richmond, and on his return sent for me again, and in reply to my question as to what had occurred, he said: “ Sir it is enough to turn a man’s hair gray to spend one day in that Congress. The members are patriotic and earnest, but they will neither take the responsibility of acting nor will they clothe me with authority to act. As for Mr. Davis. le as unwilling to do anything short of independence, and feels that it is useless to try to treat on that basis. Indeed, he says that, peace at Hampton Roads, he is having failed in one overture of not disposed to try another.” “Then.” said I, “there is nothing left for us but to fight, and the sooner we fight the better, for every day weakens us and strengthens our opponents.” r9Q¢ 2c e ’ ~ ATE AC - > > +S Oo ne y 7} | : : = . Tene ae conferences) that eee es Pea ee A, Colquitt’s salient. 2, the main line of Federal intrenchment, with Fort Stead- almost hopeless attack I made upon the 25th of March on man in the centre and two other forts flanking it. C, line of Federal resets % ? ‘ tort Steadm: and Hare’s Hill, in front of support Fort Steadman and the troops in the main trenches J, second line ae Grantis slimes) (20 pone ee ae aa ae Federal forts, so arranged as to command Fort Steadman and the main line 9 Petersburg. My corps Was, as I tell you, at that time on the intrenchments, should these be broken. yw t nt ip Oe ae AT OPEN, TT tN) ail ry Tyrie! Fy 1 oa : ; 4 on = Dg eee tay Veen? erent CURR Eee Th nen H ty ’ aa ‘Ed aerate de ree: F big Aa a SS er pr er f eae eam Pee Te es) py cecr Tee a rere Lo . 7 * Sak TNT Ths dl ca x ree Bh - Pee Das A)a eae = r aeaneiameees i a agen a VV Pre co ee 488 GANER AIRE “AN PD A STRONG POSITION. You can see at a glance how desperately strong was even this, the weakest point on Grant’s line. It was close to Colquitt s salient where the fearful mine was sprung called the Crater. The whole intervening ground between Fort Steadman and Colquitt’s salient, over which I had to make the assault, was raked not only by a front fire, but by flank fires from both directions from the forts and trenches of thé mainline, B. An attack, therefore, by daylight would have been simply to have the men butchered, without any possibility of success, so that nothing but a night attack was to be thought of. Between the main line of trenches and forts and the rear line of forts, ), was a heavy line of Federal reserves, C, and the rear forts were placed with such consummate engineering skill as to command any point on that portion of Grant’s line which might be cap- tured. It was, therefore, necessary to capture or break through the reserves and take the rear line of forts as well as the front. This rear line of forts was so protected by abatis in front that the whole of General Lee’s army could not have stormed them ge them was by a front attack, and the only possibility of securin to capture them from the rear, where there was an opening. This could only be done by stratagem, if it could be done at all. I finally submitted a plan of battle to General Lee, which he It was briefly this: To take Fort Steadman by direct assault at night, then send.a separate approved and ordered executed. body of men to each of the rear forts, who, claiming to be Federals, might pass through the Federal reserves and take pos- session of the rear line of forts as-if ordered to do so by: the Federal commander; next, then to press with my whole force to the rear of Grant’s main line and force him out of the trenches, destroy his pontoons, cut his telegraph wires, and press down his flank. Of course, it was a most desperate and almost hopeless undertaking, and could be justified only by our desperate and hopeless condition if we ee idle. We both recognized it as the forlornest of forlorn hopes. Let me par- ticularize a little more. The obstructions in front of my own lines had to be removed, and removed silently, so as not to attract the attention of the Federal pickets. Grant’s obstruc- tions had to be removed from the front of Fort Steadman. These obstructions were of sharpened rails, elevated to about breast high, the other end buried deeply in the ground, the rails resting on a horizontal pole and wrapped with telegraph wire. They could not be mounted or pushed aside, but had to Deveut away with axes. Whishad to be done inmediately in front of the guns of Fort Steadman. These funs were at night doubly charged with canister, as I learned from Federal prison- ers. The rush across the intervening space between the lines had to be made so silently and swiftly as to take the fort before the gunners could fire. The reserves a to be beaten or passed and the rear line of forts taken before laylight. All this had to be accomplished before my main forces could be moved across I and placed in position to move on Grant’s flank, or rather left ae THE PLAN OF ATTACK. My preparations were these: I called on my manders for a detail of the bravest men in t] rush over the Fede division com- 1eir commands. To ‘ral pickets and into the fort and seize the Federal guns, I selected a body of only one hundred men, with empty rifles and fixed bayonets. To precede these, to cleat an opening to the fort, I selected fifty of the most stalwart and brave just gathering ignited ince en BAT Wale rales ED. men 1 could find, and armed them with axes to cut down the obstructions in front of the fort. They were ordered to remove my own abatis, rush upon the Federal obstructions, and cut ASK a brigade front. The one hundred with empty rifles and eee bavonets were to follow immediately, and this one hundred and fifty men were not to falter or fire, but to go into Fort Spence if they had to do it in the face of the fire from all the forts. Immediately after these axemen and the one hundred had cleared the way He seained the fort, three other squads of yne hundred each were to rush across, pass through Fort Stead- man, and go pell-mell to the rear, and right through the Federal reserves, crying as they went: “The rebels have carried our lines in front, captured Fort Steadman, and we are ordered by General McLaughlin, Federal commander of Fort Steadman, to go back to the rear forts and hold them against therebels.” I instructed each commander of these last squads as to what par- ticular fort he was to enter; and a guide, who had been raised on the ground, was placed with each of these three squads, or com- panies, W through the reserves and to the rear of the forts. If they were halted by the Federal ho was to conduct them reserves, each commander was instructed to pass himself off as ] j one of the Federal officers whose namesI had learned. JI remem- ber that I named one commander of one of the companies xeue tenant-Colonel Pendergrast, of a Pennsylvania regiment—lI think that was the name and regiment of one of the Federal officers in my front. As soon as Fort eae ae ld = taken, and these three bodies of one hundred men each had succeeded in entering the rear forts, the main force of infantry and cavalry were to cross over. The cavalry was to gallop to the rear, cap- ture the fu wires, and give me constant info - gitives, destroy the pontoons, cut down the telegraph rmation, while the infantry was to move rapidly down Grant’s lines, attacking and breaking his division in detail, as they moved out of his trenches. Such, | say, was the plan of this most desperate and last aggressive assault ever made by the, Confederate army. General Lee had sent me, in addition to my own corps, a por- tion of Longstreet’s corps (Pickett’s division) and a portion of A. P. Hill’s and a body Et cavalry. Durin the 24th of March I was on horseback, making About fou close around me the fifty axemen and four companies, one hun- o the whole night ot preparations and disposing of troops r o'clock in the morning I called dred each, of the brave men who were selected to do this hazard- ous work. I spoke to them of the character of the undertaking, and of the last hope of the cause, which was about to be confided to them. Around the shoulders of each man was bound a white strip of muslin, which Mrs. Gordon, who sat in a room not far distant listening for the signal gun, had prepared, as a means of recognition of each other. The hour had come, and when every- thing was ready I stood on the breastworks of Colquitt’s salient and ordered two men to my side, with rifles, who were to fire the signal for attack. The noise of moving our own obstructions was going on and attracted the notice of a Federal picket. In the black darkness his voice rang out: “Hullo there, Johnny Reb! what are you making all that fuss about over there?” The men were just leaning forward for the start. This sudden call disconcerted me somewhat; but the rifleman on my right came to my assistance by calling out in a cheerful voice: Weare you know rations are mighty short oD “Oh! never mind us, Yank: lie down and go to sleep. little corn ; over here. There was a patch of corn between our lines, some of it stilli 5 ne PA CLL Lib la ek WOU Nt) Un twit PaaS Pah atty Dah tots coat TT =r g eer gc bista tes petye ra) ehtets i aT Veet? = a LY icesb tenet prema y try hanging on the stalks. After afew moments there came back the kindly reply of the Yankee picket, which quite reassured me. He said: “All right, Jchnny; go ahead and get your corn. I won’t shoot at you.” As I gave the command to forward, the man on my right seemed tO have some compunctions of conscience for having stilled the suspicions of the Yankee picket who had answered him so kindly, and who the next moment might be surprised and killed. So he called out to him: “Look out for yourself now, Yank; we’re going to shell the woods.” This exhibition of chivalry and of kindly feelings on both sides, and at such a moment, touched me almost as deeply as any minor incident of the war. I quickly ordered the two men to “ Fire.” Bang! Bang! The two shots broke the stillness, and “ F or- ward!’’ I commanded. The chosen hundred sprang forward, eagerly following the axemen, and for the last time the stars and bars were carried to aggressive assault. FORT STEADMAN TAKEN. In a moment the axemen were upon the abatis of the enemy CAMPFIRE AND { Uae eee ae Ha UUMUA RUD RECALL EPA bonrat \ bf . | Reis Pesttrnerny ae ee ; MMA OU See Para (a WLU hacer erate wares y AteTiee trea bowie tote eee bia SAibhddg 1-4, (asitithiink an BALREE LIBEL D: 489 through the gap made by the axemen up the slope of Fort Steadman, and it was ours without the firing of a single gun, and with the loss of but one man. He was killed with a bayonet. The three companies who were to attempt to pass the reserves and go into the rear forts followed and passed on through Fort Steadman. Then came the other troops pouring into the fort, We captured, I think, nine pieces of artillery, eleven mortars, and about six hundred or seven hundred prisoners, among whom was General McLaughlin, who was commanding on that portion of the Federal line. Many were taken in their beds. The prison- ers were all sent across to our lines, and other troops of my command were brought to the fort. I now anxiously awaited to learn the fate of the three hundred who had been sent in companies of one hundred each to attempt the capture of the three rear forts.. Soon a messenger reached me from two officers commanding two of these chosen bodies, who informed me that they had succeeded in passing right through the line of Federal reserves by representing themselves as Federals, and had cer- tainly gone far enough to the rear for the forts, but that their guides had abandoned them or been lost, and that they did not know in what direction to move. It was afterward discovered, when daylight came, that these men had gone further out than the forts, and could have easily entered and captured them if the and hewing it down. I shall never know how they whisked guides had not been lost, or had done their duty. Of course, after this line of wire-fastened obstructions out of the way. The one dawn they were nearly all captured, being entirely behind the hundred overpowered the pickets, sent them to the rear, rushed Federal reserves. : CITY POINT, VIRGINIA. ea eh j iY te edt pte? Mees tud TET eNE Cpe ra pL ereet te tte Sibi st CPN eel AI) aa rs (From a War-time Photograph.) a oe aie at " F ; SET ie # a Se re iceman nh Or a ce all eal Voce! v9 Litas aN > ee UE “t Ay es) WLP ACL. re wis Flap sia) Sai Ad ih ae ii ocala i, 1 asd a Pe i A ee eed adef ee . ada oR Rap ey ey f F Meeapoeses Rai ponrettbntgs png GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT,as TCE ti MLAs P SECU UUM UU wiry rend FAILURE OF THE ATTACK. In the mean time, the few Federal soldiers who had escaped from the fort and intrenchments we had captured had spread the alarm and aroused the Federal army. The hills in the rear of Grant’s lines were soon black with troops. By the time it was fairly daybreak the two forts on the main line flanking Fort Steadman, the three forts in the rear, and the reserves, all opened fire upon my forces. We held Fort Steadman, and the Federal intrenchments to the river, or nearly so. But the guides had been lost, and as a consequence the rear forts had not been cap- tured. Failing to secure these forts, the cavalry could not pass, the pontoons could not be destroyed, and the telegraph wires were not cut. In addition to these mishaps, the trains had been delayed, and Pickett's division and other troops sent me by General Lee had not arrived. The success had been brilliant so far as it had gone, and had been achieved without loss of any consequence to ourarmy ; but it had failed in the essen- tials to a complete success or toa great victory. Every hour was bringing heavy reinforce- ments to the Federals and rendering my position less and less tenable. After a brief correspondence wit General Lee, it was decided to withdraw. My loss, what- GveL if was, OCCUIred In withdrawing under concen- Pes trated fire from forts and es infantry. The fighting over the picket lines and main lines from this time to the surrender was too incessant to give me an opportunity to ascertain my lOsSe ut was considerable: and although 1 had inflicted a heavy loss upon the enemy, I felt, as my troops reéntered Colquitt’s salient, that the last hazard had been thrown, and that we had lost. I will give you here the last note I ever received from General Lee. and one of the last he ever wrote in his official capacity. It is as follows: 4.30 P.M., HEADQUARTERS, March 24, 1865. GENERAL: I have received yours of 2.30 P.M., and telegraphed for Pickett’s division, but I do not think it will reach here in ume, still we will try. I! you need more troops, one or botn of Hetl ‘SDE gade scan be c illed to Col- quitt's salient, and Wilcox’s to the Baxter road. Dispose of the troops as needed. I pray that a merciful God may grant us success, and deliver us from our enemies. Very truly, Ri E. LI E, General. GEN. Jo Bb; GORDON: P. S.—The cavalry is ordered to report to you at Halifax Road and Nor- fo k R vilroad (iron bridge at three A.M. to-morrow. Ate te Lee to be in ist dS a , . 2 + vicinity of Monk’s Corner at six A.M. Ree THE DEATH CARI Gia ks I had very little talk with General Lee after our withdrawal. I recognized that the end was approaching, anc did. It will be seen from hits semi-official note, quoted above, that he became very much interested in the success of our 1 of course he a : rl rt Pye R AT tM See yt HY gg be | Hi ti aye ey matty LY s aaa me sath ee We aes Ro \ we : - ”) PTS To Lema ue) a} “We r Pe Sean sip beas Ti ire y ile , ie y ap Ay UHRA 4 ; . oo I Fs) Tel MUD porese CRIT UTiet Abeta ri ih ty CAM PETRE AN Dy 33 Aiea eae Dr 491 movement. While he had known as well as I that it was a desperate and forlorn hope, still we had hoped that we might cut through and make a glorious dash down the right and seek Johnston in North Carolina. The result of the audacious attempt that had been made upon his line, and its complete success up to the time that it was ruined by a mischance, was to awaken General Grant's forces into more aggressive measures. A sort of respite was had, for a day, after the night attack on Fort Steadman, and then the death-struggle began. Grant hurried his masses upon our starved and broken-down veterans. His main attack was made upon our left, A. P. Hill's corps. Grant’s object was to turn our flanks, and get between us and North Carolina. The fighting was fearful and continuous. It was a miracle that we held our lines for a single day. With barely six thousand men I was holding six miles of line. I had just one thousand men to the mile, or about one to every two yards. Hill and Longstreet were in not much better trim, and some part of this thin line was being forced continually. The main fight was on my line and Hill’s, as General Longstreet was nearer Rich- mond. Heavy masses of troops were hurled upon our line, and we would have to rally our forces | at a certain point to meet the attack. By the time we would re- pel it, we would find another point attacked, and would hurry to de- fend that. Of course, withdrawing men from one part of the line would leave it exposed, and the enemy would rush ine | «) hen swe would have to drive them out and reéstab- lish ourline. Thus the | battle raged day after : J day. Our line would MAJOR-GENERAL THOS. L. ROSSER, C. S. A. bend and twist, and swell and break, and close again, only to be battered against once more. Our people performed prodigies of valor. How they endured through those terrible, hopeless, bloody days, I do not know. They fought desperately and_ heroically, although they were so weakened through hunger and work that they could scarcely stand upon their feet and totter from one point of assault to another. But They fought sternly, erimly, as men they never complained. And we held our lines. who had made up their minds to die. Somehow or other—God only knows how—we managed day by dav to wrest from the Federals the most of our lines. Then the men, dropping in the trenches, would cat their scanty rations, try to forget their hunger, and snatch an hour or two of sleep. THE EVACUATION OF PETERSBURG. Our picket lines were attacked somewhere every night. f April. Early This thing went on till the morning of the 2d o that day it became evident that the supreme moment had come. The enemy attacked in unusuall of mine and Hill’s corps. It became absolutely necessary ta y heavy force, and along the line ms 1 rey = F nee ANI a cd Pai aes eer ei Yer ( ue ae Te aaa) pat wore —_ - SS nee he Sp eeVEST IA eg Pa yi Are esky aif eee » dis as PS Hi Ny | ' GAVEL TREK VAINGD) BPA Dee tele 1 D. pl ao 2 xy, pressing upon our heels! We Fy e no - =r C Ss De | l line, in order to make torious army, fresh and strong, ] 2 sive our aceon : ints along my line, . svery hilltop to meet them, and give c¢ agon- ‘ate a few menat points 5 ; : es yn every hilltoy ‘ : | pe ‘esistance. This left great gaps in my line of pune” Upon ieee time to get ahead. Instantly they would | | specie miled tesiste F b tl ing Save a vidette o1 two: trains and artillery time tc e es They never broke iy | | ! stworks (OLEGEE yanything s< c - fe invariablv repulsec 1em. ) : { f ITS unpro Cc ) J oe : ‘ike us we invariably I : Bey | Dre Ot +h the ndefended passes, strike us, , ean fonoht mee . Seealce = : , ae, - + > h: yugNnt tor an aya || OF ST ai as a ee Ge i hav through my dauntless heroes; but after we had f ug t 7 | 25 j 7 breastworks. J ESE SIGN aS 5 2 asses n pressing down j yo te [Cc > > selves in my breastw O! De < : ee 5 huge masses of men pressil g and established themse 4 : the points I defended, I began hour or two, we would find : Ss ea ie ouldina cee 5 “0 se 5 2s attacking the pc . y < ee -e@a f yeINE surrounde < - Ue oa hee : f = t with avalor and a des- our flanks, and to keep from : eg 1 order, though ig . . , | r > G Oo c c Y c - r oe sae “7 “0 » Oo e ; | reéstablishing my line. My men fough Wi Sete withdraw my men. We always retreated in good o i 5 | on rarely e ee ‘ ‘e would wheel and fire, or ° at has been rarely equalled, in my Pare ; we retreated we would wheel « perate courage coe tured position after position, and by always under fire. As we re ie acento 1 So Pe aoe S blished my whole line repel a rush, and then stagger on to the ne: P; g ‘ : : : S ad reéstablishec . 4 ’ four o'clock in the afternoon I had reéstabli ) ii I >| fi I | | ¥ i i 1) } | rH | ; | an Hf err S i” ey ut \ | } 1 4 , 7 } if ) :" j i 4 f ( | APPOMATTOX COURT-HOUSE (From a War Department Photograph.) except at one point. This was very strongly defended, but I ground, where a new fight would be made. And to move by Gen- eral Lee’s retreat men then confessed they spies, and b hey knew that the penalty of their course was death, I should kill longer, anyhow. °] the war not them, as could only last a few days kept them prisoners, and ae them over after the nae | lsat sent the and a short time afterward received That night was held Lee’s last ral Fitz- alry, and Pendleton, as chief of Longstreet was, I think, too Lee th ibited to us the that day, to General Sheridan surre ynce information to General Lee, orders to go to his headquarters. There Lee, as head of council of war. were present General Lee, Gene hugh the ca\ myself. General to attend. artillery, and General en exh Grant tuation. It seemed usily engaged had had with General and the only ch. correspondence he opinion of that surrender The asked out was inevitable. ince of escape was that I could cut General a way for the army through the lines in front of me. Lee asked me if I could do this. I replied that I did not know what forces were in front of me; that if General Ord had not arrived—as we thought then he had not—with his. heavy masses of infantry, | could cut through. I guaranteed that my men would cut a way through all the cavalry that could be massed in front of them.- The council finally dissolved with the understanding that the army should be surrendered if 3) discovered the next morning, after feeling the enemy's line, that the infantry had arrived in such force that I could not cut my Way thre uch. NEARING THE END. My men were drawn up in the little town of Appomattox that night. I still had thousand armv had been divided into two commands and given to General about four men under me, as the Early on the morning of the oth I pre- the assault upon the enemy last 1 Virginia. My men ru shed forward gamely and f the enemy and c iptured two pieces of artillery. to i what { did not know ee anted cavalry. Longstreet and myself. pared for ’s line, and began the fighting the still whether I was striking knew that further General done in broke line of l was unable I was fighting; nfantry or I only men were driving them back, and were getting lust then I had a message from was in existence, my and further Lee, tellin it to my discretion as to what course to pursue. I sent at once to hear from General through. me a flag of truce leaving My men were still pushing their way on. Longstreet, feeling that, if he was marching toward me, we might still cut through and carry the army forward. I learned that he with his face just opposite from mine, I thus saw that the drove the enemy the further we drifted trains and was about two miles off, fighting for life. The further each of us apart, and the more exposed we left our wagon Every line either of his case was hopeless. artillery, which were parked between us. } ee . rN if ay) ae, ee he peat Oia eh ahd HHS Piss ere te we A BATTLE ELIA D: Pt 5 ; aeons At at Xie oe “pain 3 sich years Prey) Co Cae sesh Nitsa Nr Nag 493 us broke only opened the gap the wider. I saw plainly that the Federals would soon rush in between us, and then there would I, there I called Colonel have been no army. fore, determined to send a flag of truce. Peyton of my staff to me, and told him that I wanted him to earry a flag-of truce forward. -He replied: “General, I have no flag of truce.” I told him to get ome. He replied: ‘General, we have no flag of truce in our command.” Chen said I, ‘‘ Get your handkerchief, put it on a stick, and-go forward.” ‘“T have no handkerchief, General.” “Then borrow one and go forward with:it.” He tried, and reported to me that there was no handkerchief in my staff. “Then, Colonel, “You see, General, At last. 1 b cave it to us, and I+tore off the back ai, Sorelle, (Ce instructed him to >? use your shirt ! shirts.” elfeve, we found a man who had a white shirt. He that we all have on flannel and tail, and, tying this to lines: 1 dan that General ylonel Peyton went out toward the enemy's simply say to General: Sheri Lee had written me that a flag of trucé had been sent from his and Grant’s headquarters, and that he could act as he thought best on this information. In a few moments he came back with some one representing General Sheridan. This officer said: ‘General Sheridan requested me to present his compliments to you, and to demand the unconditional surrender of your army. “Major, and say that I will not surrender.” you will please return my compliments to General Sheridan, “But; ‘I am perfectly well aware of my situation. General, he will annihilate you.” oave Sar I simply General Sheridan some information on which he may or may >) not desire to act. THE FLAG OF .TRUCE. He went back to his lines, and in a short time General Sheri- dan came forward on an immense horse, and attended by a very Just here an incident occurred that came near hav- As General Sheridan was ease I large staff. ing a serious ending. noticed one of my sharp-shooters drawing his rifle down upon called’ to: him’; ~~ Rut this But he simply settled it to his shoulder and I leaned forward and but I I at once down your gun, Sit: him. is\ a flag of truce: was drawing a bead on Sheridan, when ierked his gun. He struggled with me, finally raised it. I then loosed it, and he started to aim again. all broken with grief and streaming with tears, up to me, and sauxalg Y WWWelll then let him keep on his own side.” The fighting had continued up to this point. Indeed, after the flag of truce, a regiment of my men, who had been fighting their way ae toward where we were, and who did not know of a flag of truce, fired into some This was speedi ily cm en however. I I caught it agarn, when he turned his stern white face, General, of Sheridan’s cavalry. showed General Sheridan General Lee’s note, and he determined to await events. He did the same. Then, the first time, the men seemed to understand what it all The men cried dismounted, and | for meant, and then the poor fellows broke down. like children. Worn, and bleeding had rather have died than have surrendered. hurled themselves on the enemy, and have starved, At one word from me they would have . ; Hie 0 Pet ty eas ass ws ty PO we ei ver etree pate ar inte prety it ier he wi erst ae ge Hii velba baal as they were, they rea rita I iT} ee aint 4 a eny a iatstares eB Pee Tyr hd a ace pues nT De eedar Pea SD RTT TT a TG 7 Se ee aren nner oe Ve yj ¥ Ve id dod CAMPFIRE cut their way through or have fallen to a man with their guns But I could not permit it. The great drama But men are seldom permitted to That these men should have wept at surrendering so unequal a fight, at in their hands. had been played to its end. look upon such a scene as the one presented here. being taken out of this constant carnage and storm, at being sent back to their families ; that they should have wept at having their starved and wasted forms lifted out of the jaws of death and placed once more before their hearthstones, was an exhibi- tion of fortitude and patriotism that might set an example for all time. ISHS, IIND), Ah, sir, every ragged soldier that surrendered that day, from the highest to the lowest, from the old veteran to the beardless boy, every one of them, sir, carried a heart of sold in his breast ! it made my heart bleed for them, and sent the tears streaming down my face, as I saw them surrender the poor, riddled, battle- stained flags that they had followed so often, and that had been made sacred with the blood of their comrades. The poor fel- lows would step forward, give up the scanty rag that they had held so precious through so many long and weary years, and AND Sey whet a BOA mel elee elias aD. then turn and wring their empty hands together and bend their heads in an agony of grief. Their sobs and the sobs of their LO comrades could be heard for yards around. Others would tear the anc flags from the staff and hide the precious rag in their bosoms 1 hold it there. and saw the men crying, and heard them cheering ‘“ Uncle Rob- As General Lee rode down the lines with me, ert’’ with their simple but pathetic remarks, he turned to me and said, in a broken voice: ‘Oh, General, if it had only been my lot to have fallen in one of our battles, to have given my life I told him that he should not feel that way, that he had done all that mortal man to this cause that we could not. save!” ZA a * Mal Hh i ih Wil H A i] phy { ti N | Hn Hil A ea a A SOUTHTERN plan ie | PLANTER'S RESIDENCE IN RUINS, could do, and that every man and woman in the South would cNoe noe But, General, I have the con- feel this and would make him feel it. he said) “there will be many who will blame me. solation of knowing that my conscience approves what I have done, and that the army sustains me.” In a few hours the army was scattered, and the men went back to their ruined and dismantled homes, many of them walking all the way to Georgia and Alabama, all of them penniless, worn out, and well-nigh heartbroken. Thus passed away Lee’s army ; thus were its last battles fought, thus was it surrendered, and thus was the great American tragedy closed, let us all hope, forever.e ; Nie PL Acs ee Pree be UNI Trier i ; a STE aes ATE it Ses Sb eR Blea t eet eaten, seb: pata) Nett tO a cee CCiriviet tists lark vert { if 5 3 } ; \ PC CULE LL Resa Fabel oat toe ny ee r AbPepet asf Cet . pe etieepertis Coe Hianebalb als LOU a OP Ree CAMPEERE “AND BATE alla De 405 the boys of ’76 very likely were; and so, mingled with the glow of patriotic ardor in their breasts, and the determination to do their duty whatever might betide, there was a keen sense of the novelty of the soldier's life. \ soldiers from Cesar to Zack Taylor, and were filled with the traditional pride of They had read of wars and American citizens in the heroism and ex- ploits of the men who achieved independ- - ence. The greater number of them had - recollections, more or less clear, of cheering for Buena Vista and Resaca de la Palma. old, far-off entirely out of date, inconsistent But wars were unhappy, things,” alike with “thespirit of the times ’ and “the principles of free popular government.” — “The American boys of this peaceful age would never be called upon’”’— But, hark! the drum! Partings were sad, with home, - kindred, friends. The old life-plans with all their courses, ambitions, hopes, and dreams, were temporarily turned to the regorets or wall. There was no room for reg I forebodings. Duty called, and their coun- try’s flag waved jts summons to them. War’s dangers were before them ; but there were in prospect also the experience of a oldier’s life, the zest of the sharp change PUNISHMENT INFLICfED FOR MINOR OFFENCES CAMP] Tetrix. BY GENERAL SELDEN CONNOR. A MAJORITY OF SOLDIERS IN THE UNION ARMY WERE YOUNG MEN— THE WAR A COLOSSAL PICNIC CHI ATTRACTIONS OF CAMP LIFE FOR YOUNG MEN DRILLING AND GUARD DUTY—STYLES OF TENTS USED IN THE ARMY LOG HUTS FOR WINTER QUARTERS—A NEW USE FOR WELL-SEASONED FENCI RAILS—RISE AND FALL OF A LIGH 1 TOWN OF CANV NSee GENUINE LOVE FOR HARD-TACK— DRAMATIC AND THE TRIALS AND DANGERS OF AN ARMY SUTLER MINSTREL ENTERTAINMENTS IN CAMP HORSE-RACING AND THE “DERRY” OF THI ARMY OF THE POTOMAC—CARD-PI AYING AND OTHER GAMES CAMPS OF NORTHERN SOLDIERS KEPT IN BETTER CONDITION THAN THOSE OF SOUTHERN SOLDIERS—FENCING, BOX- ING, AND DRILLING STUDYING GEOLOGY. FROM one point of view the war for the Union was a colossal Not that it was in the spirit of a summer holiday, with picnic. heart. that a million of the bravest and best of the pure gayety of country took to the tented field to interpose their lives between their country and all that would do her harm. No soldiers were the serious nature of the contest for ever more impressed with ‘men’ which they had enlisted than were those of ’61.. But the who composed the Union armies were by far and away a majority very young men; they were then really “the boys’ now to each other when veteran com- in the sight of all the world, as they are “ Toe,” and the wrongs of time are rades meet and “ Bill’ greets “ , memories of the time when forgotten in the vividness of their and ate the very hard bread of Uncle they wore the blue livery 1ose of to-day, and as Sam. They were real human boys, like tl \ cS) 4) Note Pte S from the dull monotony of peaceful pur- suits to the stir and novelty of the camp. They took up the new life with a kind of “fearful joy.” It had its drawbacks, but on the whole it had many and strong attractions to lusty and imaginative youth. “It amuses me,” said a veteran of the Mexican war toa company just enlisted in a three-months regiment under the President's first call for troops, “to hear you boys talk about coming home when your term of When you once follow the drum you are bound The boys found service 1s out. to keep on just as long as the music lasts.” that the veteran was right. At the conclusion of their three months’ service they reénlisted almost, if not quite, to a man, and most of them became officers. It did not quite suit the dignity of the young soldiers, as free and independent American citizens, to yield implicit obedience to any man, and especially to be “ bossed”’ by officers who, as their neighbors, had no claim to superiority, and to have all their in- comings and outgoings regulated by the tap of the drum. When they realized, as they were not long in doing, that officers as well as men had to obey at their peril, and that good discipline was essential to their well-being and efficiency as soldiers, they accepted the situation, and rendered a ready and dutiful obedi- ence: The secret of the charm of the soldier's lif The soldier is care-free, absolved from that © pernicious liberty of choice” which makes ordinary life weary and anxious, and his responsibility is limited to his well-defined line of duty. Above loser than in any other form of e is not far to seek. all, the bond of sympathy is c To pursue the same routine, to go to bed and rise call. to be served with the same food, drink, and to share the same hardships and ed in a common association. up at a common clothes by a common master, perils, to own one leadership, and to be engag purpose with hundreds of thousands of others, constitutes in the yy, At Heid gh aH dS aon er) WAPI te cn) Tt hy oe TTT toe al ati : Li UE Se es \ a” pit LUN ae e rer Aan ert bilan > OTT Fin maa amen m deel LICL Sonus ‘at eal ion Cae Uae ka aw Pt OS alam nie = CEN ne eee: STERT TT ceed tae n-nonane ees memeeenememeeee renee en eae Se nN Sea 7 =z TT RAS aM et po Sm oe. — rh ea ion ; 496 hat unity which Cicero found to be the essence of friendship, the bond of nearness and dearness known to the soldier as “comradeship.” Allied to this feeling, and aiding to exalt the soldier’s profession, is that “esprit de corps’? which fills his heart with pride in his company, his regiment, corps, and that he shares the sinewy strength of the h ighest degree t army. Asa rider feels steed under him, so the soldier, though a unit among thousands, exults in the dread power and beauty of the bounding column or long line of which he forms a part; in the order and precision which transform a multitude of individuals into one terrible engine. The Roman citizen was not more proud of his country than the Union soldier was of his army. A soldier of the Army of the Potomac writes in a home letter dated April, 1863: “1 have just taken a ride of about fifteen miles through the army. It is really a sight worth while to go through this vast army and see how adm lirably everything is “oon icted. The discipline is fine, the men look healthy and are in the best possible spirits, ind the cleanliness of the camps and grounds is a model for sewives.” The delights of the gypsy-like way of living of the soldier had a large part in forming the bright side of the new hoi vocation. It seemed good to turn from the comforts and luxuries of easeful homes, and go back to the simple and nomadic habits of the hardy primitive man ; to live more eee with Nature, and ng moods: to have the sod for a couch, be subject to her var ‘yl in illaby, and to be constantly familiar with and the winds for a h the changing skies fromsearly morning through the day and the watches of the night. The pork and beef boiled in the kettles hung over the campfire, the beans cooked in Dutch ovens buried in the embers, owed nee sweet savor to the picturesque manner of the cooking as well as to uncritical appetites sharpened by living in the open air, and by plenty of exercise, drilling, guard duty, and “fatigue.” And what feast could compare with the unpurchased chicken broiled on the coals, sweet Bone roasted in the ashes—trophies of his ‘‘ bow and spear”’ in foraging—and his tin cup of ration coffee; the product of the ee Ss own culinary skill, over his private fire, served ‘‘a la fourchette”’ and smoking hot; with perhaps the luxury of. a soft hoe-cake, Meenined by barter of some “auntie,” in lieu of the daily hard bread ! Not least among the fascinations of the soldier’s life is the He has no local habita- tion. He may flatter himself that the army is going to remain long enough to make it worth his while to provide the comforts uncertain tenure he has of his camp. and conveniences within the compass of his resources and inge- uity, and when he has fairly established himself and contem- plates his work with complacency, the ruthless order comes to “break camp,’ and.down goes his beautiful home as if it were but a child’s house of blocks. He grumbles a little at the sacri- fice, but the prospect of fresh scenes and adventures is sufficient solace of his disappointment, and he cheerfully makes himself at home again at the next halt of his regiment. In the matter of habitation: the soldier did not pursue the order of the pioneer who begins with a brush lean-to, then builds a log house, and continues building nobler mansions as his labors prosper and fortune smiles, until, maybe, a brownstone front shelters him. The home of the soldier of the War for the on was, like the bumble-bee, “the biggest when it was born.” In 1861 the volunteer regiments were generally fitted out, before leaving their respective States, with tents, acon mess furniture, and all other “ impedimenta,” according to. the requirements of army regulations. The tents commonly fur- nished for the use of the rank and file were the «“ A.” and the GIRLIE: AND BAT IEE fl EL 1D “ Sibley = patterns. The “A” was wedge-shaped, as its name indicates, and was supposed to quarter five or six men. The “Sibley’’ was a simple cone, suggested by the Indian “ tepee,”’ with an opening at the apex for ventilation and the exit of the — smoke of the fire, for which provision was made in the centre of the tent by the pole. It Sree accommodated fifteen or sixteen men, the use of a tall iron tripod as a foundation for lying feet to the pole, and radiating thence like the spokes of wheel. This tent, improved by the addition of a curtain, or wall, is now in use by the regular army, and it is known as the ‘conical wall tent.’ Officers were provided with wall tents, canvas houses, two to each field or staff officer above the rank of captain, one to each captain, and one to every two subaltern officers. Each company had a “cook tent,’ and the cooking was done over a fire in the open. The fires of the cooks of companies from the northern lumbering regions could always be distinguished by the ‘bean holes,” in which the covered iron pot containing the frequent “ pork and beans,” the favorite and distinctive article of Yankee diet, was buried in hot embers and, barring removal by unauthorized hands, allowed to remain all night. The lumberman and the soldier declare that he who has not eaten them cooked in this manner does not really ‘know beans.” The regimental camp of ve was arranged according to regulations, with such modi fications as the nature of the ground might make desirable. The company “streets: were at right gai with the ““color line or ““tront and camping began when, after a period 1 of stripping for the campaign by sending the sick to hospitals and all one baggage to the rear for storage, of outfitting with all the required clothing, arms, equipments, and tion, and of repeated inspections and reviews to make sure that 1mMmMunNi- everybody and everything was in readiness, the troops were A NEW RECRUIT BEING INITIATED drawn out of winter quarters and put on the march toward the enemy. Every man had to be his own pack animal and carry upon his shoulders and hips his food—rations for one day or a week, according to the nature of the enterprise in hand and the prospect of making a connection with the wagon trains; drink in his canteen; cartridges—a cartridge box full and oftentimes as Many more as could be crowded into knapsacks and pockets: and, lastly, his lodging, a woollen blanket and one of rubber, and the oblong piece of cotton cloth which was his part of the “shelter tent.” This tent was invented by th long been in use by them. It is one of the of the It is but a slight addition to his urden, and a very great one to his comfort. > French and had most, useful] articles soldier's equipment. Two or more coImM- rades, by buttoning their several sections together, and the use of a few slight sticks, or sticks and cord. can speedil very effective protection against the dew heaviest of the rain.” sections to form a tent: ily prepare a l,and ‘the Generally three comrades joined their two sections made , the winc and one an end, the other end either remaining open to admit the heat of a fire or being closed by a rubber blanket. When four men tented together, which they could do by “packing close,” the sides the extra DUNST IMR beer ead te BAM ME EFI LD. section was used instead of the rubber blanket, and then the squad was very thoroughly housed. Schiller’s word-picture of a military camp vividly recalls to the soldier one of the most characteristic and impressive pictures of his army life: “Lo there! the soldier, rapid architect! Builds his light town of canvas, and at once The whole scene moves and bustles momently. With arms and neighing steeds, and mirth and quarrel, The motley market fills: the roads, the streams, Are crowded with new freights; trade stirs and hurries, But on some morrow morn, all suddenly, The tents drop down, the horde renews its march. Dreary and solitary as a churchyard The meado VS and down-trodden seecd-plot lie, And the year’s harvest is gone utterly. The rise and fall of ‘‘the light-towns of canvas,’’ movable cities that attended the progress of the army, seemed wonderful and magical. Imagine a broad plantation stretching its sunny acres from river to forest, a vast “ and lonely area with no signs of human occupancy anywhere, perhaps, the toil-bent figures of a few bondservants of the soil at their tasks in the fields, Except, under the eye of the overseer, lending by the unjoyous monotony of their labor an air « to the and quietly from the road at the »f gloom and melancholy oppressive loneliness of the scene. Suddenly edge of the forest a few horsemen ride into the open, a banneret bear fluttering moving column of ing some cabalistic device over them, closely followed by a rapidly men whose cleaming muskets indicate afar off their trade; and o presently, when the centre of the regiment breaks into view and Old Glory appears in all its beauty against the background of da may behold that one of the grand armies of the R rk forest, it announces to all who epub- As the regiment emerges in the lic is on the march. easy marching disorder of “‘route step”’ and “‘arms at will,” it seems to be a confused tide of men flowing A few sharp orders ring out, and the throng is transformed al- | steadily along and filling the whole roadway. most instantly toa solid military machine; officers take their posts, “ files cover,’ arms are carried uniformly, the cz adence step is taken—“ short on the right” that the men may “close up’ to the proper distance—and, under the guidance of a staff officer, the regiment marches to its assigned camping-ground, where it is With whoops and cries expressing their gratification that the day’s brought to a front, arms are stacked, and ranks broken. march is over and a rest is in prospect, the released soldiers scatter, unstrapping their irksome knapsacks and throwing them off with sighs of tion of then relief, and betake themselves to the prepara- temporary home. If there be ) any prize which these old Campaigners have discovered as. with wise prevision and hawk-like ken they surveyed their environment in marching to the camping-ground—a comely r fence of well-seasoned fase for instaace—they “make a break” for it on the instant of their deliverance from the restraint of discipline, and with a unanimity and alacrity that give little hope of a share to the slow-footed, and fill the hearts of the incoming regiment, not yet released, with envy and unavailing longing. When the scramble is over, and the foragers have swarmed in like ants, laden with their plunder, each squad with practised skill proceeds to its domestic duties. One man pitches the “dog tent.” and utilizes anyer a se TeVere tot eery ek Peer peeks Reece On UN Lut tre (yeates tithe Ri Rite titre r a] ye arent ea CAMPFIRE material that may be at hand for making the couch dry and soft. Arother, laden with the canteens, explores the hollows and copses for the cool spring of which he has had tantalizing vis- ions on the dusty march. The rest build the fire, if one is needed for warmth, or for cooking in case the wagons contain- ing the company mess kettles and rations are not with the command or have not come up, and therefore every man is left to boil his coffee and fry his pork to his own taste, and lend a hand whenever needed. Every man is expected to contribute of the best that the country affords, and not to be nice as to the to eke out the plain fare of the marching Foraging in Virginia, except to the cavalry, was nota method of acquisition, ration. very prosperous pursuit after the country had been occupied a few months by the army. There was, however, game almost anywhere for those emancipated from vulgar prejudices in the Trobriand’s f them that they matter of diet, as De Zouaves appear to have been, for he Says of of the black suggests a wide discovered the nutritive qualities a yr a black snake hash of. possibilities. By the time the first - snake. The menu including range leisure to look about them, arrivals have the plain far and near is covered with tents: the “rapid architect ’ has done his work, and the “light town”’ is established. Perhaps before the next morning’s sun was high in the heavens had the town disappeared like a scene conjured up by a magi- cian, leaving the plain to resume its wonted loneliness so strangely interrupted. life so absorbed the time of the soldier The odd duty, The routine of camp- that there was little left to hang minutes between drills, roll-calls, ] heavy on his hands. yolice and fatigue could be well utilized in cleaning his se and equipments, washing his eee aeehine his stockings, procuring fuel, let- guard or picket, with and mending improving his quarters, writing home, and re-reading old Aftera sleep on the instalment plan, ters. hard night’s duty on camp it was luxury to lie warm and make the Very restful it was, up the arrears undisturbed by fear of dread summons, Rall at full length on the spring bunk, made of barrel staves fragrant second relief.” too, to stretch out across poles, with a knapsack for a pi illow, and indulge in Pie titers rrr AND aqua rn ArT \ Se pile bl WLC ne MALU at BATLELELE LD. 499 briarwood, conversing with comrades of home and friends, or discussing the gossip of the camp. In spring and summer camps each tent commonly had an arbor of foliage fora porch, and when there swung in its shelter a shapely hammock ingeniously woven of withes and grapevines, attached to spring into the earth, and poles driven filled with the balmy tips of cedar boughs, the extreme of sybaritish appointments was attained. in order to hunt for ‘‘something to eat,” It was always not perhaps so much to appease absolute hunger as to vary the tiresome monotony of the Desirable articles of food were acquired in all ways recognized by civilized peoples as legitimate: regulation diet. by purchase, by barter, and by—right of discovery. In camp and all accessi- ble places on the march the sutler tempted appetites weary of ry hard-tack and pork, with dry ginger cakes, cheese, dried fruits, and apples in their season. Sardines, condensed milk, and other tinned food preparations were so expensive that they could not be indulged in to a great extent. The canning industry was If it had fruits, vegetables, and meats had been ac- then in its infancy. then attained its present develop- ment, and all kinds of cessible to the soldier, he would have been in full sympathy with the Arizona miner who said to his “ pard,” as they were consum- “tom, I hope tl ‘shall I should just like to strike it rich.”’—‘ Well, Bill, i aren I'd live on canned goods one six month VSe ing the customary flapjacks and bacon, strike it rich spose you should strike it rich, what then?” — strike it rich, Although the old soldier would growl about his hard-tack and Tom, feign to have slight regard for it, the sincerity of his attachment attested by an halted for a few days, after It was far from the base of supplies, and occurring in a command which o the battle of Gettysburg, at a rural was incident town in Pennsylvania. the commissary’s supplies had become exhausted, and he was Hav- ing no facilities for baking, they had their flour made into bread The bread was fairly good obliged to purchase flour and issue it to the companies. at the farmhouses in their vicinity. and there was plenty of it; nevertheless, when the wagons appeared laden with the familiar boxes of veteran “squares, cheers went up all along the line as if for a victory or the return of missing com rades. THE ARMY OF : | a Se re 1s vag] ae! fi er ite eas (eakg yo shakes yy ae TP Say il ie THE POTOMAC.—FIRST YEAR (From a War Department Photograph.) QUARTER?D. IN WINTER Be Ch ane ee it UF ee ' ie Peet = OY pseletithetatienen or aectaRaER RRR ines ememetseeiateneemnemanment ee rere ee — ‘ ee SN et hh SORT ATP Tt rd a he wie herr , sabe + gi TOO -gt nate, ee ea adi Laie 1861 JUNE, FLORIDA, LANDING REINFORCEMENTS FOR FORT PICKENS,iat bua ttt | : ar tale sabbhioe. mf eel ity — ahs a tbasabslattl ii a t mi enn Rou vet tebe a rr The sutler was an institution of the camp not to be over- looked. When transportation was safe and not expensive, he kept a general store of everything that officers and men required or could be tempted to buy, save such articles as were prohib- ited by the Council of Administration which had the general oversight of his business. Where carriage was difficult and dangerous, a choice of articles had to be made in order to rast reenter eh I ee titetar caret es] yeti Dette a ae wy thb vol HAN Hale Mu OO Wis ) are at i r Mae ie ot CAMPFIRE AND rete Ep oe M378 IE TILA JPN 1B IL, Ib). 501 most surrounded by men in friendly uniform, that there might be “unguarded moments” when the cry, “ Rally on the sutler,’ would be followed by a speedy division of his goods, leaving him lamenting. Personally the sutler was generally a prudent and tactful man, and gained the goodwill of his customers by an obliging disposition and a readiness to take a joke even if it was a little rough and at his expense. When the command was in the field he made himself especially serviceable as a medium supply those most needed. Tobacco and matches were easily first in order of selection. Soldiers of the Army of the Potomac will remember the blue-ended matches that left such a track behind when struck; they touched nothing they did not adorn. The sutlers of German-American regiments were expected to accomplish the impossible in order to supply lager, Rhine wine, and bolognas. When- ever a fresh stock of such goods had been received, the crowd around the sutler’s tent mustered in far greater numbers than appeared at the parade of the regiment. It was popularly considered very desirable to have a German regiment in a brigade. In one respect the sutler’s business was a safe one: he could collect at the paymaster’s table the sums due him, if he took care not to give men credit in excess of the proportion of their pay permitted by regulations. On the other hand, his profits were in danger of diminution from many quar- ters. In camp the sutler and his clerks could not always distin- cuish, among a crowd of customers coming and going, who paid and who did not: storehouses were slight and penetrable, and marauders were watchful and cunning. Those commands were very exceptional that were in Falstaff’s condition, ‘ heinously unprovided with a thief.” On the mé irch, dangers to the sutler’s stock multiplied. To say nothing of ordinary risks attending carriage over bad roads, and of the watchful guerilla, there was always an uneasy feeling in the breast of the purveyor when of communication with the “ base,’ and many and various were the commissions he was called upon to execute. Camp life had its diversions in addition to the many interesting and enjoyable features of the daily round of duties. Military life in itself is necessarily spectacular, abounding in scenes of animation and display. He must be of an unsusceptible nature and void of enthusiasm who is indifferent to the splendid pageantry which attends the business of war; whose senses are not pleased and imagi- nation excited by charging squadrons, batteries dashing across the field with a mini and clang suggestive of the thunderbolts they bear, and by “heavy and solemn ”’ bat- talions moving with perfect order and precision to the stormy music of martial airs, with banners flying, rows of bright arms reflecting the rays of the sun in streams of silver light, and horses proudly caracoling in excited enjoy- ment of the music, the glitter, and the movement. SOLDIERS’ WINTER HUTS—TWO VIEWS. Such spectacles thrill the breast of the soldier with pride in his profession, and cause him to feel that «« AJ] else to noble hearts is dross, All else on earth is mean.” The daily ceremonies of “guard mounting”’ and “dress parade,” and the frequent reviews and brigade and division drills, afforded splendid entertainments, entirely gratuitous ex- cept the contribution of personal services. Canc lor compels the sometimes considered the show dear ground were favorable, the ‘ball’’—not so war- admission that the soldier at thes price: When weather and men played the game that then passed for ° ] Ahoy : nt ci in ste Bis aS meh OTS art BY Oa Ar tag Tt nt oe On Se nent nT hes 46 PERL ht ba a r ee 7] ~ ees eT TET oy Pt ant Ty ea rericpnonty sy:Pee Se n RTT cat cae ean vachiniebheeeneeist nabees comeeeeneeeneneree mer nae = ve ET: ae — = Gi ane ie 4 Ws es 1 ya F CAMPFIRE AND 502 like an affair as the present contest by that name—and pitched quoits, using horse-shoes, when attainable, for that purpose. The Virginia winter often afforded material for snowballing, and there were occasions when whole regiments in order of battle were pitted against each other in mimic warfare, filling the air with snowy pellets, and Homeric deeds were done. Theatrical and minstrel entertainments were given by “native talent,’ and were liberally patronized. The first warm days of spring opened the season of horse-racing. The “ Derby” of the Army of the Potomac was St. Patrick’s Day. Running and hurdle races were held on a grand scale. The fine horses and their dashing riders, the grand stand filled with generals and staff officers, visiting dignitaries and ladies, the band composed of many regimenta bands consolidated for the occasion and pouring forth a perfect Niagara of sound, mounted officers and soldiers in thousands occupying the central space of the track, and General Meagher, in the costume of ‘a fine old Irish gentleman,” presiding as all combined, with the military srand patron of the races accessories of glittering uniforms and comparisons, to make a scene of unusual animation and brilliancy. For “fireside games’ the various inventions played with the well-thumbed pack of cards were greatly in favor. Sometimes it was a simple, inno- cent game ‘“‘just to pass away the time.’ At other times it was a serious contest resulting to the unfortunate in “‘ passing away ” all that was left him of his last pay and perhaps an interest in his next stipend. The colored retainers and camp followers were generally votaries of the goddess of chance and were skilled in getting on her blind side. One day Major Blank, a gallant officer of the staff, was showing a friend some tricks with cards. Bob, his colored boy, was apparently very busy brushing up the quarters and setting things to rights, paying no attention to the exhibition. The next day the major saw his retainer counting over a whole fistful of greenbacks. ‘Why, Bob,” said he, “where did you get all that money?” Bob, looking up with a grin and a chuckle: “ I’se down ter de cavalry last night, major, and dem fellers down dar didn’t know nuffin ’bout dat little trick wid de jacks what you’s showin’ to de cunnel.” Bob had tasted the sweets of philosophy, and proved that “ knowledge is power.’ The colored “boys” who came into camp when the army was in the enemy's country, for the purpose of gazing at the “ Linkum” soldiers, or marching along with them in any capacity that would give them rations, gave much entertainment to their hosts by their simplicity, their stolidness, or their accom- plishments as whistling, singing, or dancing darkies. -The morn- ing after “ Williamsburg,” half a dozen boys from some planta- tion in the vicinity came near several officers grouped about a fire. ‘Good morning, boys,” said Captain C., “where did you all come from?”—“ We come from Marsa Jones’s place, right over yer, said the spokesman. “ We h’ar de fightin’ goin’ on yes er- day, an’ we jes come over dis mornin’ to see about it and see you all. "—“ Do you think, boys,” resumed the captain, “that it is quite the polite thing to wear such clothes as you have on when you come to visit gentlemen of President Lincoln’s army ?”’— “ Dese yer’s de bes’ close we got,’ was the earnestly uttered reply. “You must certainly have better hats than those?” — "No! no! no!” came in chorus, “we has only one hat to War ea elite icual shame,” said the captain, drawing a memoran- dum book from his pocket with a business-like air and poising eee pene coon eee oe a8 you are should only ay ¢ hat, and : ad ones at that; I must send back to Fortress Monroe and have some hats sent up for you. What leet ; ; ee ; 2) SOR ‘ Kind of a hat do ‘you want? addressing himself to the spokes- NT eon or ot Sacer BuATalals IEE TED. man. “1 wants a low-crowned hat, massa,’ was tne _aicl. and earnest response; and then each boy in turn eagerly expressed his personal preference, “I wants a wide-rimmed hat,’ ‘‘ I wants a hat ter fit me,” etc., until the order was completed and appar- ently taken down by the guileful scribe. Their confidence made the deceit so easy as to greatly dull the point of the practical joke. Maybe they never questioned the good faith of their gen- erous friend, and ascribed the non-delivery of the hats to other causes than his neglect. It was not often that a camp had such a sensational and pleasurable incident as that which occurred to the First Ver- mont volunteer infantry, a three months’ regiment, at Newport News, in the summer of 1861. The Woodstock company formed a part of the detachment of that regiment, which partici- pated in the unfortunate expedition to Big Bethel; and on the oO > return of the company, private Reuben Parker was missing. The company had been somewhat broken up in making an attack in the woods. Several men remembered seeing Parker, who was a brave fellow and a skilled rifleman, somewhat in advance of the rest of the company, busily loading and firing. Some were even quite sure they had seen him fall. Days and weeks having passed without his appearance or any further news of him, there seemed no doubt about his. fate, and he was reported “killed in action.” Funeral services were held at his home in Vermont, and his wife and children put on mourning for the lost husband and father. One day the surprising and joyful report spread swiftly through the camp, that Parker was alive and had returned. He came from Richmond under the He had been taken prisoner uninjured and carried to Richmond, where escort of two Louisiana “ tigers,’ sent in for exchange. he enjoyed the distinction of being the first Yankee captive exhibited in that city, and the first occupant of “the Libby.” Parker was the lion of the day for many days after his return to the company, and his accounts of the colloquies he held with curious rebels, and of the insults and revilings he was subjected to in prison, made him in great request among his comrades. His case was the first of the instances occurring in the war when Southern prisons “yawned” and yielded “ their dead unto life again.” Mr. H. V. Redfield, whose home in Lower East Tennessee was visited several times by both the Union and the Confederate armies, observed and noted some of the differing characteristics of the two sides. It was the opinion of his neighbors that they would see none of the soldiers throughout the war, because But it was not long before they learned to their cost that mountains they “could not get their cannon over the mountains.” offered no insurmountable obstacles to modern armies, or to their artillery either. The first time that it dawned upon the inhabitants of this section that there was a possible fighting chance for the North, and that one Southern soldier was not necessarily equal to five from the North, was after the Confederate defeat at Mill Spring, Ky., where Zollicoffer-was killed. The Confederate panic was so complete and so lasting, that some of the refugees ran fully one hundred and fifty miles from the scene of battle before they dared stop to take their breath and rest. They arrived wild- eyed and in confusion, and not only to the men themselves, but to all the neighborhood, it was an “eye-opener” as to the fact that there was a war on hand that was likely to last until there had been some hard fighting on both sides. It was not long after this that General Floyd, the disloyal Secretary of War, who had done so much before his resignation: - Perec Nia eh (al 5 ‘ ns 5 ‘ i . E : 5 o H / Tn Sgbenethpar ia ; ; peer alice hat escket th ah SNM eA LL Pace Leet LE cc i peste Ltr titers sire ait sie pee yebrsbbil itn POUNCE Pty) td - A hae ee , . Spi amanakats EL att 1 ee 7 5 4 rothh} eae Tres cititi tate + ats LLL Pe ae lua el ait eats tree Papeete oy cares i ceihiciey : oS Tete Ph CAMPEIRE AND BARE BLD ED 5 : 03 to prepare the South for the conflict, came to Lower Tennessee 5 Sees . Ee ae re = yalgns n-mex rac : in his. flight from Fort Donelson. He sent (or the Northern paigns corn-meal was the staple of the Confederate diet. The e 4 Penninticetown and told them in Saolkueiiion of this advantage of having coffee appeared in some cases to be a dis ’ 4 c c ( O . ¢ 1 ~ jliitare«y - ts ee from Donelson, that he would “never be capt 1 a ug tinct military advantage. The story is told of a man who had > Captured in this war volunteer . ae / : ¢ C eee eee. S War. eered 1 S (Gantederatamacant, te Iehavela lonoaccount to settle with the Vankece and (howe a n the Confederate army, and had been captured * _ : ’ 9 © c Yar > 7 x . rT - 7. Bertie “Ea hell ) paroled, and sent home. The Union army presently encamped | SOSA te near his home, and his two boys went down to camp to take a The Sou Tr fers were alw a ( thern soldiers were always prone to talk back at their lool: around andowhen <- oo officers, lacking the discipline which was quickly established ; : Seat Oe ee oa a ee me ee rac ei] ¢ : ‘ 2 in CO d c Tas S 5 > v lav ines tiie) wesponsibility for every reverse on the chouldersio! : - . man was much disturbed, and went down to : : : / ’ ; . GCIs O see what he could do to ge he 7S © ; Ltd their superiors. When Gener re 1 do to get the boys out of the scrape. But he i : . ! ner: OOP ReAte bi an , : ) scrape. ut he fees, r¢ 7 il Bragg retreated through Ten- found that he himself was like the man who oa h ld | -SSEe; S men were orex r cas ei : . ay C SY € cou greatly cast down, though they insisted “resist anything except temptation,” for his first taste of tl ) g exce s first taste of the that their retreat did not mean that they were a Pt abe OP DATA whipped, which they insisted they were not. ‘It = is bad enough,’ said one of the soldiers, “to run ae : when we are whipped; is way of : | ire whipped; but d——n this way of —= : ot Ade the beating the Yankees and then running away from = fied ee de hae i > |? f ] them! One of them was asked where they were Peat Mat 7 retreatinge to. ‘Lo Cuba,” he said angrily, “if + Venison : ; 1 ° old Bragg can get a bridge built across from Florida.’ A horse trade was pro- tp Me posed on this retreat, be- Gif OM et daa tween two. soldiers whose -c ac rare a 7 1] ~ /) > \ > horses were pretty well Va TA é . EZ? SS hic ~ spent, and a farmer who was TEU |\ KA La 5 eee U7 BIR YGASS oN Fe i ] : ¢ 5 7 eh <> = S willing to exchange fresher LUANY a= Wy RS C es 17 ¥ FEY) U4, R ones [for these anda bonus. | sn 40s 4) Gy 3 ORM , Wf, SiS Wy Tt One of the soldiers objected to the horse that was offered lh ip pe a > to him, because it had a Wy. Dies white face that the enemy GZ "YZ n> could see fora mile. ‘Oh, / 4 | that’s no objection,” said his fy G i companion; “it's the other a jj : f end of Bragg’s cavalry that Is A i always toward the Yankees.” [> At the beginning of the war the Confederate cavalry was rather the mounted, because so many of the men owned their own horses: but as the original supply gave out, eee er PRESIDENT C SITING CAMP. and the renewing of the mounts became a question a SE eee te ee of the respective ability of the governments to fur- if f Yankee coffee seduced | iim from his allegiance to the Stars and nish the best animals, this difference changed in favor of the Northern cavalry. Also, at the beginning the Confederates were Bars, and he, too, enlisted for the war. This story is vouched by far the best riders, as might be expected of a race of men for as a fact, illustrating the seductive power of a good commis- who spent much time in the saddle before the war. But it was sariat for the enticement of recruits. : fore the Union cavalryman learned to ride, too, and The Northern soldier was the best clothed, and the clothing was | not long be then, with better horses, better equipments, and | the Southern soldier, i of the cavalry of the North was superior. far along, the greater facility nut, was rea yetter fodder, uniform, which could not be said of that ot who, although he was supposed to be dressed in gray or butter- lly dressed in whatever he could pick up, which often i subsisting, and gener- did not include overcoats or oil-blankets. Supplied with good | contrast between the materials, and plenty of them, the Northern soldier was expected of the North. to take care of them, and hedid so. But the Confederate soldier seldom took care to keep his weapons bright and free from dirt The Confederate lacked thoroughness in his camp 1 up the little comfortable it the efficiency Before the war had gotten very of the Union Government for equipping, ally preparing its army, brought about a two hostile armies distinctly favorable to that The Union men were better fed. ‘ho be sure; tlre Confederates while often the Union troops were rather and rust. had plenty of tobacco, he almost never nxec¢ short of that luxury, and were ready to make trades with the housekeeping ; pickets of the enemy ‘n order to secure it. But the Unionists arrangements that characterized a Union camp, it occupied for while coffee was an item any length of time, nor did he “police” his camp carefully, to : had plenty of coffee, and that good, that quickly disappeared from the Southern bill of fare. Meat f ordinary cleanliness being it and flour also became scarce, and tl keep it neat or even clean, the lack < 1rougm a good many cam- so marked as really to contribute materially to losses through 3 , , wa el bie) t pe Sears ae ee runt H Tinieite eA ee dye dita nt Ae fi Se Sint PP ine 3 : raetarren iaaithiaa: : i Ae ; ih WA da | Oe eames ih ap amA Pret eee §04. disease. The way in which the Union soldier made even a tem- porary camp homelike was well described by an army correspond- ent, Benjamin F. Taylor: “ No matter where or when you halt them, they are at once at home. They know precisely what to do first, and they do it. I have seen them march into a strange region at dark, and almost -as soon as the fires would show well they were twinkling all over the field, the Sibley cones rising like the work of enchantment everywhere, and the little dog- tents | ying snug to the ground, as if, like the mushrooms, they | had grown there, and the aroma of coffee and tortured bacon suggesting creature comforts, and the whole economy of life in canvas cities moving as steadily on as if it had never been inter- mitted. The movements of regiments are as blind as fate. No- body can tell to-night where he will be to-morrow, and yet with the first glimmer of morning the camp is astir, and the prepara- tions begin for staying there forever. An axe,a knife, and a will i are tools enough for a soldier house-builder. He will make the | mansion and all its belongings of red cedar, from the ridge-pole to the forestick, though a couple of dog-tents stretched from wall to wall will make a roof worth thanking the Lord for. Having been mason and joiner, he turns cabinetmaker ; there are his table, his chairs, his sideboard; he glides into upholstery, and there is his bed of bamboo, as full of springs and comfort as a patent | mattress. He whips out a needle and turns tailor; he is not above the mysteries of the saucepan and camp-kettle; he can ) cook, if not quite like a Soyer, yet exactly like a soldier, and you may believe that he can eat you hungry when he is in trim for t. Cosey little cabins, neatly fitted, are going up; here is a boy g it with the oO making a fireplace, and quite artistically plasterin inevitable red earth; he has found a crane somewhere, and swung up thereon a two-legged dinner-pot; there a fellow is finishing out a chimney with brick from an old kiln of secession proclivities ; yonder a bower-house, closely interwoven with ever- green, is almost ready for the occupants; the avenues between the lines of tents are cleared and smoothed— policed, in camp phrase ; little seats with cedar awnings in front of the tents give a cottage-look, while the interior, in a rude way, has a genuine The bit of the cotton wall; a handkerchief of a Carpet just be- fore the ; homelike air. f looking-glass hangs against bunk marks the stepping-off 1 place to the land of dreams; a violin I) 4 hook, Z ‘ case is strung to a convenient flanked by a gorgeous picture of some hero of somewhere, mount- { ed upon a horse rampant and saltant, ‘and what a length of | tail behind !’ “The business of living has fairly hardly an idle moment: and save begun again. There is here and there a man brushing up his musket, Settinic that ‘damned spot’ off his bayonet. | burnishing his revolver, you | would not Suspect that these yy men had but one terrible errand. . / They are tailors, they are tinkers, : t they are writers: fencing, box- ing, cooking, eating, drilling— those who say that camp life is he | a lazy life know little about it. And then the reconnoissances GAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. PAYNE rte ror Date rita ‘on private account;’ every wood, ravine, hill, field, is ex- plored; the productions, animal and vegetable, are inventoried, and one day renders them as thoroughly conversant with the region round about as if they had been dwelling there a life- time. They have tasted water from every spring and well, estimated the Soldiers have interrogation points in both eyes. corn to the acre, tried the watermelons, bagged the peaches, knocked down the persimmons, milked the cows, roasted the pigs, picked the chickens; they know who lives here and there and yonder, the whereabouts of the native boys, the names of If there is a curious cave, a queer tree, a strange with the native girls. rock anywhere about, they know it. You can see them chisel, hammer, and haversack, tugging up the mountain, or scrambling down the ravine, in a geological passion that would have won the right hand of fellowship from Hugh Miller, and home they come with specimens that would enrich a cabinet. The most exquisite fossil buds just ready to open, beautiful shells, rare minerals, are collected by these rough and dashing naturalists.” In the superiority in those of the North. larger equipments of the army there was again a Their wagon trains were better, the wagons of a uniform style, and they were marked with the name of regiment and brigade, so that there never was any doubt as to where a stray wagon belonged. The Confed- erate wagons were of all sorts and shapes and sizes, a job lot, ill-matched, ill-kept, and ill-arranged, and the harnesses were patchwork of inferior strength. Residents of the South observed with pain one distinction between the armies, which reminds one of Henry W. Grady’s remark about General Sherman, that he was a smart man. “but mighty careless about fire.’ Encamped in a Southern com- munity, a Southern army was careful not to forage promiscu- ously, or appropriate to its own uses the various provisions and live-stock of the non-combatant people who lived near. But the Northern troops had a feeling that they were in the enemy’s AN OLD-FASHIONED TRAINING DAY,{ aie tal te esteem pare Pea LULA LLU ae er rrr Mies mre minty CAMPEIRE AND country and that they were entitled to live on it. There were orders against unauthorized foraging; but the temptation to bring into camp an occasional chicken, sundry pigs, cows, vege- tables, and in some cases even money and Jewelry, is said tise Southern residents to have sometimes overcome a soldier here and there; so that the visit of a Northern army was the signal for the good people of the neighborhood to get as much of their belongings out of sight as possible. What was taken in this way was taken without the formality of a request, of payment, or of a receipt given, except when the victim claimed to be a loyal Unionist. The Southern soldiers usually paid for what they took, even if it was in Confederate script; but the North- ern pillagers did not do eventhat. Those who recall and chroni- cle this habit, admit that it was due in great measure to the foreign element in the Northern army, and to the recruits from the large cities, elements which in the Confederate army were comparatively scarce. The practical jokes that were played on some of the Southern farmers illustrate the tendency on the part of the Northern sol- dier to “do” a rebel. One farmer drove into a Union camp with a forty-gallon barrel of cider, which he sold by the quart to the men, over the side of his wagon. He was astonished to find that his barrel was empty after he had sold only about twenty quarts, and on investigating the cause, he discovered that while he was engaged in peddling the cider over the side board, some soldiers had put an auger through the bottom of his wagon and into the barrel, and had drawn the rest off into their canteens. Another trader lost the contents of a barrel of brandy which he had stored in a shanty overnight, in a similar manner; while several farmers concluded that it was in vain to go to the Yankee camp with wagon loads of apples or other fruit, unless they had a detachment to guard every side of the wagon, for while they dealt fair over one side, their stock would disappear over the other. One who had suffered in this way came to the conclusion that ‘the Yankees could take the short- ening out of a gingercake without breaking the crust. SOULE RN SPIES AND SCOURS IN TE WAR. BY F. G. DE FONTAINE. THE INGENIOUS DEVICE OF A WOMAN -DESPATCHES CONCEALED UNDER THE HIDE OF A DOG ** DEAF BURKE,” THE MAN OF MANY DIS- GUISES —FREQUENT COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN [THE LINES— BISCUIT A MEDIUM OF CORRESPONDENCE—DEATH OF COON HAR- RIS AT SHILOH—A BOLD UNION SPY—AN EXECUTION AT FRANK- LIN, TENN. THE secret service or “spy” system of the South did not differ greatly from that of the North. There may have been ‘a that section a lack of available gold with which to pay expenses when desirable information was required, but there was certainly no absence of courage or patriotism on the part of those who were willing to risk their lives or imprisonment in the event of capture. This was especially true of Southern women: and those who are familiar with their achievements in this field of war will bear witness to the shrewdness, persistence, and fidelity with which they often pursued their dangerous investigations. \ me eeeereeet isi eisy terror Tereees ia pets sree oC ebb MAL Has 7 eT yrted a Mielesai scent ta idaaetnt IRA PI JL 18 JIT IB JL 1D). >. wipe One or two incidents will illustrate. It was of the utmost importance to General Beauregard, in 1862, to learn the strength of McClellan’s army and whatever facts might relate to his sus- pected designs on Centreville, Va. For this mission a woman was chosen. She was a young widow whose husband had been killed at the second battle of Manassas; a Virginian of gentle birth ; prior to the war a resident of Washington, and a frequent visitor in the society circles of Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. Making her way across the lines, she promptly entered upon her task, and through trusty agents was soon enabled to obtain a complete roster of the Federal army, together with much valuable information concerning its probable movements. She was absent two months. Returning at the end of this time, she crossed the Potomac opposite Dumfries, Va., an outpost then under the command of Col. (afterward Gen.) Wade Hampton, and the fair spy was promptly forwarded to the Confederate headquarters at Centre- ville. Her baggage consisted of a small ees and a tiny Scotch terrier. Warmly welcomed by Beaureg e€S< rd, she pro- ceeded with true womanly volubility to entertain him with a description of her adventures and their result. The general he patiently permitted the lingual freshet to flow on without inter- ruption, supposing that when she got tired she would produce the expected despatches from other secret agents in the North. But the little woman’s tongue seemed to be hung in the middle and to wag at both ends; moreover, she was too pretty to be abruptly silenced by the polite creole commander Finally, unable to restrain his anxiety any longer, he said, “Well, Mrs. M., I shall be glad to see your papers.’ —“I didn’t dare to bring them on my person,” was the reply; “it was unsafe. In fact, I have been suspected and searched already, and so I familiarized myself with their contents. You see it is fortunate that I have a good memory.” At this remark, Beau- regard showed his chagrin, and frankly told the lady he could place but little reliance on her memory of so many figures and details, and therefore that her mission had proved of little use. Listening to his scolding with a demure air, and looking at him with a mischievous twinkle in her eye, she called her dog: “Here, Floy!” The Skye terrier jumped in her lap. “Gen- eral, have youa knife about you? Then she turned the animal over on its back, and, to the amaze- ment of Beauregard, deliberately proceeded to rip him open. In less time than it takes to tell the story, she held in one hand the precious papers and in the other the skin of the Skye terrier, while prancing about the floor was a diminutive black-and-tan The knife was produced. pup overjoyed at his relief from an extra cuticle. The shrewd woman had sewed the despatches between the two skins in a manner that defied detection, and under the very noses of the Federal outposts had brought through the lines some of the most important information transmitted during the war. It is needless to say that Beauregard was delis ehted, and it was but a little while after this incident that McClellan advanced on Centreville only to find deserted camps, b atteries of “‘ Quaker suns,” and the Confederate army falling back toward Richmond and Yorktown. x * * “ % Combining in his person the qualities of scout, sharp-shooter, dare-devil, and spy, a Texan known as “Deaf Burke” made him- self famous among the higher officers of Longstreet’s corps dur- ing the early part of the war. Like Terry of Texas, afterward notorious in California, Adams of Mississippi, Mason of f Virginia (brother of the United States senator w ho with Slidell of Louisi- Hr Ter Catan ROHR RC TEE pat y RF een Nd ee emu lial mo, YS Se ee ay " seme dE ich Sy Tia ha Aaa ; pL iT osNIM Tis ieee y i - if rn —— Pal PPA at Ani 506 CAMPFIRE AND ana, became the subject of international complications with Eng- land), and many other daring spirits, he was at first merely a volunteer or independent fighter subject to no orders ; ee temerity in passing the lines, mingling in disguise with Union officers and soldiers, and his adroitness in securing valuable infor- mation quickly brought him to the notice of Lee and Longstreet. He was about forty-five years of age, a natural mimic and dia- lectician—could talk to you like a simpleton from the backwoods, or a thoroughbred gentleman—and he never lost his nerve. Not far from the Potomac, the writer met him in the garb of a Quaker, but only recognized him at night when incidentally he became.a tent mate. Then it was learned that he had just returned from Washington, where during the preceding three weeks he had mingled among Southern sympathizers and secured the infor- mation for which he had been sent. Prior to this, disguised as an old farmer living in Fairfax County, Va., he had driven a load of wood across the Federal lines. In one of the logs were concealed the despatches intended for headquarters. Later in the war, when transferred to the West, he distinguished himself as one of twelve sharp-shooters chosen to handle as many Whit- worth rifles that had been 1m- ported; and still later was killed in battle among the »f whom it was his Texans, pride to be considered one. The comparative ease with which communications were established between the lines is further illustrated by an incident. General Rosecrans and a portion of his staff, when in Tennessee, occupied a man- sion not far from the outposts of the two armies. The host- ess, Mrs. Thomas, was the wife of a Confederate colonel whose regiment was but a few miles distant. Her negro cook made excellent biscuit, which had become the subject of frequent comment at the table, the gen- eral being especially pleased. Mrs. Thomas taking advantage PAULINE CUSHMAN, (A Federal Spy.) of this circumstance, and her acquaintance with him, sug- gested the propriety of sending some of the warm breakfast to their mutual friend—her husband. Rosecrans readily agreed, and under his own flag of truce, and through-one of his own orderlies, a package of biscuit was duly forwarded to Colonel Thomas with an open letter from his wife. Two hours later, the Confederate officer was in possession of all the available secrets at Federal headquarters, and for weeks afterward the bake oven was the mute agent of communications, some of which proved important to the Southern commanders. The housewife had enclosed her tissue-written missives in the pastry, and the ruse was not discovered until after the war, when the story was told to mutual friends. In the category of Southern women who in one way or another made their way through the lines, might be included many who carried to the Confederacy supplies of quinine and other articles that could be easily concealed on the person. It is safe to say that hundreds passed backward and forward across the borders BAM Ts IRE EE TED. of Virginia and Maryland, and with but rare exception their native shrewdness enabled them to escape the vigilance of the pickets on guard. The bravery of Northern spies in the South is a theme not to be forgotten in this connection. Before General Sherman in his “March to the Sea” reached the several cities through which he was to pass, one or more of his secret agents was sure to be found mingling sociably among the residents. In Savannah, a gentleman appeared as a purchaser of .the old wines for which that city was once famous, and remained undiscovered until the end came. In Charleston, news was communicated to the Union officers through the me- dium of two orthree whites and of negroes who made their way to the islands on the coast, and there met and delivered to waiting boats’ crews the papers consigned to their care. In Columbia, S. C., an officer wearing the uniform of the Confederate navy visited the best families for more than a month; escorted young ladies to fairs held for the benefit of army hospitals and other enter- | tainments, and made him- self generally-popular. One of these newly made | acquaintances was the daughter of the mayor. pea a eee | After Sherman entered, BE aovn and the conflagration that tA Contatornin Ss destroyed the city was in progress, he repaired to her house and tendered his services. Then for the first time she learned the truth of the saying that she had “ entertained 7 o He aided materially in saving the an angel unawares.” ) g property of the family and affording desired protection. The task of a spy in the army. was not so easy. It was full of personal danger. Success meant the praise of his superiors and possible promotion. Failure might mean an ignominious death. After the battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing as it is sometimes known, one Coon Harris, a Ten- nesseean, went through the,Confederate army without detec- tion, but in a skirmish a few days afterward he was captured while acting as guide to a column moving to attack a weak point in the Confederate lines. Bragg was in command, and the poor fellow had but a short shrift. Tried by a drum-head court martial, he was sentenced to be shot at daylight. In his calm demeanor he illustrated how a brave man ani mated by a high principle can die. There was no pageantry, no clergyman with his last rites, no nothing, save a handful of curi- ous spectators following a rude army wagon wherein, on a rough box called by courtesy a coffin, sat unbound a middle-aged farmer in his butternut suit, riding to his death. Not the closest observer could have discovered any difference in coolness be- tween him and a bystander. Arriving at the place of execution he jumped lightly from the wagon, lingered a moment to see: his coffin removed, and then sauntered carelessly down the little valley to the tree beneath which he was to meet his fate.at PLease PLCC UCIT CU arere vey Sea tea See sioe pees Papert Crecta ater et Peter et Terre ae pees Peri tens tee CA MERE TERE AND The ceremony was brief. The officer in charge of the shoot- ing squad asked him if he had any final message to leave. ‘Ves,’ was the reply; “tell my family that my last thoughts were of them, and that I died doing my duty to my State and country!” Then his arms were pinioned, the faded brown coat was buttoned across his breast, and he sat down upon his coffin. A handkerchief was tied over his eyes, and voluntarily he laid his head back against the tree. Even now, preserving his re- markable self-possession, he called for a piece of tobacco, and, chewing upon it vigorously, occupied several seconds in adjust- ing his head to the bark of the tree, as one would fit himself to a pillow before going to sleep. Then he quietly said, “ Boys, ready!” A file of eight men stepped forward until within ten paces of the doomed man; the order was given to “ Fire!” and witha splash of brains, and a trickling rivulet of blood down his hairy breast, the soul of the brave man passed into the keeping of the Creator. During the first march of the Confederate army into Mary- land, a handsome young fellow, one Charles Mason, who gave his home as Perrysville, Penn., boldly intercepted a courier who was carrying an order. ‘“ What division do you belong to?” he inquired. ‘‘ Longstreet’s,” was the reply; “what's yours?” asked the courier. ‘‘ Jackson’s.” The presence of a gray. uni- form favored this statement, and the two rode together. The courier, however, observed a disposition on the part of his com- panion to drop behind, and suddenly was confronted by a pistol and a demand for the delivery of his despatches. Not being promptly forthcoming, the spy fired, secured the papers, and galloped away. The Confederate lived long enough to describe iis assailant and make his identification certain. A few hours afterward the man became a victim to his own daring. Riding up to the head of a column, he said to the general in command: “I am from General Jackson ; he desires me to request you to halt and await further orders.’’—‘‘ I am not in the habit of receiving my orders from General Jackson, > answered the officer; ‘what command do you belong to? Hesitating an instant, the spy said: “ To the Hampton Legion.” “In whose brigade and division is that ? ™ continued the general. The pretended courier confessed that he had forgotten. Taken into custody, a search revealed his true character. On his per- son were found shorthand and other notes, a pair of lieutenant’s shoulder straps, and other evidences of his calling. A drum- head court martial was promptly convened, and he was sen- tenced to be hanged then and there. He met his fate stoically, and without other expressed regret save that, since his mission had been a failure, he could not die the death of a soldier. “On June g, 1863, wrote a correspondent of the Nashville Press, “two strangers rode into the Union camp, at Franklin, Tenn., and boldly presented themselves at Colonel Baird’s head- quarters. They wore Federal regulation trousers and caps, the latter covered with white flannel havelocks, and Both showed high intelligence. One claimed to be a 1 States army, the other a major, and they carried side arms. colonel in the Unite« represented that they were , fences. Official papers purporting to be signe from the War Department at Washington, So impressive was their inspecting the outposts and de- 1 by General Rosecrans, and also seemed to confirm this statement. hat Colonel Baird, at the request of the elder dollars, the plea being that they had had lost their wardrobe and manner, in fact, t officer, loaned him fifty been overhauled by the enemy and purses. Me ‘vias , H Sees testes thao to eae te rity i Oe Se F ‘ Nii) pie { ; | ye Cone uti. i ri 4 Ata: 4 Pratt ~ Cs see : a : ees Saas WEL Looe MARCO nae a as . is aathy Sth ation ety BATE E TILED: 507 “Just before dark they left camp, saying they were going to Nashville, and started in that direction. Suddenly, said Colone! Baird, in describing the occurrence, the thought flashed upon him that they might be spies; and turning to Colonel Watkins, of the Sixth Kentucky cavalry, who was standing near by, he ordered him to go in pursuit. Being overtaken, they were placed under arrest, and General Rosecrans was informed by telegraph. He quickly answered that he knew nothing of the men, and had given no passes of the kind described. “With this evidence in hand their persons were searched, and various papers still further showing their guilt were found. On the major’s sword was found etched the name, ‘Lieutenant W. G. Peter, Lieutenant Confederate Army.’ | They then confessed. “Colonel Baird at: once telegraphed the facts to General Rosecrans, and asked what should be done. The reply was: ‘Try them by a drum-head court martial, and if found guilty, hang them immediately.’ The court was convened, and before daylight the prisoners knew they must die. A little after nine o’clock that morning the whole garrison was marshalled around the place of execution, the guards, in tribute to their gallantry, being ordered to march with arms reversed. The unfortunate men made no complaint of the severity of their punishment, but regretted, as brave men might do, the ignominy of being hung, and a few hours afterward both were buried in the same grave.” The history of the war on both sides is full of similar in- stances of daring, and since the curtain has fallen upon the bloody drama, and the voices of passion are hushed amid the anthems of peace, it is no longer in the hearts of true Americans to withhold the honor that belongs to all our heroes, whether they wore the blue or the gray. NOR PHUERN SPIES AND SCOURS? ING tits WAR. BY HENRY W. B. HOWARD. IS THE ROLE OF A SPY DISHONORABLE ?-—-THE SPY A NECESSARY ELE- MENT IN A CAMPAIGN—REMARKABLE HEROISM—ONE OF GEN- ERAL GRANT'S SPIES—HOW HE ESCAPED BEING BURIED ALIVE “Grishin, inceysar @ 4V Sie WAM AN BLOODHOUND—THE PERILOUS ADVENTURES OF CAPTAIN LEIGHTON, OF MICHIGAN—THE VARIED AND THRILLING ADVENTURES OF COL. L. C. BAKER—HIS EXPERI- ENCES AS A YANKEE SPY IN RICHMOND—MISS EMMA EDMONDS, A NOTED NORTHERN SPY—PASSING THROUGH THE CONFEDERATE LINES DISGUISED AS A NEGRO BOY—A FEMALE UNION SPY IN THE CONFEDERATE CAVALRY. MILITARY writers have not been entirely agreed as to whether the rdle of spy is an honorable part to play in warfare. Much stress has been laid on the necessarily disgraceful nature of a calling that can justly subject one to the hangman. ihe ignominy of this punishment is held to relieve all soldiers from the duty of service as spies, even under orders, and in conse- quence all spies are necessarily volunteers. But le 1S agreed, on the other hand, that the death penalty which is inevitable for the detected spy is intended, not as a punishment for the ‘ndividual, but as a measure of preventing the spy from carrying on his work, so full of danger to his enemy. This lack of per- sonal responsibility is so well understood, that a spy successful in his expedition is not liable to death after its completion, and Pix mpoee AHN HEA bli ENERO PIB nt STH retite | Ppt Pplcroeramerca rire y set itt eee 4 cH i a a mm gdemhh | et a NidPer OU Aree i on ae, ies ATT. We DOS Leen Y ¢ IVY, iy LTE ay ff GHW JI LES Ue Uy UW Ei» Ys YY ZY Yj Py, , IYyyfYyyyj Ay YMIIIJY“I_ Uj YZ. y pth YY YyYygy yp YYywwwv- OCYMmjeq@v PY M(JJ@TTYUFo/ Y YYyyy-w Ys YW YH Cy rYséséoyg tj “YYyyyyy/PJZ|-'y tippy yy Y$ Yt G3 tj} YY tj ST ay ee Hg Ye tt tite YZ Ylit iA, ZY YM PRYOR: ROGER A r : . MAJOR-GEN NERA| I. Ss : & Su Pee eal AL ARNOLD ELZEy. BRIC | BRIGADIER-GENERAL RANDALL LEE GIBSON Saluiphameneee a Uses SaRaEaeanipmnehiete demeroniesteneemeeenee ee co ow 8 BRIGAVDIER-GENERAL EPPA HUNTON, i BRIGADIER-GENERAL A. R, LAWTON BRIGADIER-GENERAL M. W. GARY. oti G, a — MAJOR.G ENERAL y ( ENRY w. ALLEN, ! A_ GROUP" OF CONFEDERATE OBRIGERS: MAJOR-GENERAL PIERCE M. B. YOUNPP PA LE obs beh Pech tr nity she Maun aa he) piel bs ray > i molar) CAMPFIRE AND if subsequently captured in battle may not be executed for hav- ing previously been a spy. But however at variance they may be as to the nature of his calling, all critics are of one mind in regarding the work of the spy an absolutely necessary element in the conduct of a campaign rT. . =) by the commander. Without it, he would be at a loss as to the most essential facts that must govern his movements. The strength of the enemy, the nature and advantages of his position the best approaches to it, the ground commanded by his batter- ies, as well as his intentions—all these and many other details must be in some degree known to a commander who would direct his troops with safety or success. Some of this informa- tion he can pick up from resident non-combatants; some he can wrest from his unwilling prisoners; some he can purchase from treacherous members of the force opposing him. But for most of it he is absolutely dependent on the brave men in his own command who are willing, tor the sake of their cause, to risk the death that awaits the spy caught in the enemy's country. These men certainly cannot be regarded with the contempt which a commander feels for the mere tools of whose treachery, cupidity, or indifference he avails himself while scorning the instrument. And, if not that, then they must be regarded as heroic even beyond those of their fellows who are as brave as lions on the field of battle. For their mission is a solitary one, and they have none of the cheering companionship and stimulating emulation that bring ee for the charge. Instead of being under fire for a few brief moments or hours, their nerves are on the rack for days and aoe With no commanding officer to obey as he orders them here or there, they are thrown on their own resources in the most perilous and trying situations. They must avoid dangerous meetings, disarm suspicions, turn aside questions, invent lies by the hundred without having one contra- dict another. A constant play of quick wits, steady nerves, and, at the right moment, prompt and courageous physical force, ele- vates the work of a spy to a fine art, in comparison with which the mere enthusiastic bravery of the battlefield is child's play. Darkly threatening throughout all this perilous work is the imminent and ever-present risk of detection, with its certainty of a death, not glorious like that of those who fall in the hand- to-hand conflict, not the ordinary fortune of war like that of the sharp-shooter’s victim brought down at long range, not even invested with the pathos of a death, however sudden, among sympathizing comrades—but the death of a dog, promptly dealt out. without a friendly face among the spectators. A good illustration of the consummate skill, coolness of head, and strength of will and nerve required in this duty was g iven by a scout named Hancock, attached to General Grant's army in Virginia. He had failed to escape detection, and was sent unde! cuard to Castle Thunder, in Richmond. His situation was most but this did not prevent his utilizing his innate jovial- perilous ; ellow-prisoners, and bringing his ity to lighten the life of his ! wonderful power of faci ; expression to bear on the great object In the midst of one of his songs in the » his hands En a, Crys fell to the e so obviously dead that the post of his own escape. prison he suddenly threw u ground in a heap, and lay the surgeon—not over-solicitous to keep a Yankee above sround— pronounced him a case for the grave-digger, and he was bundled into a pine coffin and started on his last journey. But when the 1 the burying-place, the coffin was empty. Han- driver reachec ; night, had dexterously slid from the wagon, and, it being 1e followers on foot without detection. When the yrison, the trick was suspecte ed, anda cock had joined t! driver reported back to the j i ef i Be ae: BA TILE RIEL D. 509 sharp lookout was ordered, which he evaded in the most unex- pected way. Hewent direct to the best hotel in Richmond and registered from Georgia, had a good night’s rest, and spent the following day, in the character of a government contractor, in learning what he wanted to know about the city. He was twice arrested by the guards, and escaped the first time through the intervention and identification of the hotel clerk. The second time he was returned to the prison, where for seven days he concealed his identity by assuming a squint and a distortion of feature, which he abandoned when he learned that imprisonment was all he had to fear, as by that time the war was virtually over. Ten days later he was set at liberty with his fellow-prisoners. The peril of a spy’s career is not intermittent, like that of active fighting; it is continuous. A moment may give him his liberty or may bring him face to face with death. An unnamed scout of the Army of the Potomac—so many of these heroic men are even to this day unnamed—had collected his intelli- gence in the enemy’s country, and had arrived close to the stream beyond which were the Union lines. In the darkness of the night, with the sense of danger keen within him, he groped his way along the shore, seeking the skiff he had concealed there for his return. To his horror it dawned on him that he had missed his landmark and could not find the boat. There he stood, the evidences of his calling unmistakably on him, knowing that he had been suspected and followed, and realizing that only a few minutes were his in which to complete his escape. Noth- ing could exceed the mental agony of the next quarter hour. Under stress of danger he had just let himself into the water, determined to attempt to swim the wide stream as a forlorn hope, when suddenly the baying of a bloodhound dashed even this faint hope from him, and presently the cr ackling of twigs announced the near approach of the savage pursuer. But there were evidences that for the moment the dog was at fault, and in mere desperation the hunted man waded benéath the overhang- ing banks where he might sell his life as dearly as possible. Something struck against his breast. He could not restrain a cry as he seized what proved to be his missing boat. In an ‘nstant he had clambered in and cast off the line, when a sudden cleam of moonlight breaking through the clouds revealed at the other end of the log to which the boat had been moored the crouching figure of the bloodhound, poising for a spring. Simul- taneously with the leap of the dog, the skiff darted out into the stream. A blow with the oar aimed at the head of the animal nearly upset the fragile craft and was easily eluded by the dog, which, swimming forw ard, laid its forepaws on the gun- wale and attempted to seize the edg f the boat with his teeth. The situation was desperate. Laying en his revolver, a shot f-om which would have drawn a volley trom the shore, the brave scout seized his bowie-knife, and with one frenzied stroke cut the throat of the bloodhound, severing its neck clean to the The dog sank from sight, and the man was free! A few back. 1e further shore, whence minutes’ quiet pulling landed him on tl a brief walk brought him to camp, to tell his adventures and turn in his stock of information. Perhaps as thrilling an experience as ever was reported was that which fell to the lot of Captain Leighton, formerly of a Michigan battery, but led by the fascination of adventure into : oD ~ scout and spy duty. It was brief, but so charged with peril and hat in a few short hours he seemed to have lived nerve-tension t sleep after it, as though he had been davs, and needed a long s awake fora week. Ina single a afternoon he left his own camp and rode into the enemy's country, passing two pickets, killed a Ripe eect! Se ENS TT Ee RR oe Oy Tate eget POM ect tacs LDAP pees Sl Seas pc is Pt Th ens a a uy | sy THT ig mus ame Kael Oe Xo Se my se é, : suaer nto Dag]ST ie eho bot treet, —— 4 ) . Hy CC — atlas GO Be blig a £16 CAMPFIRE AND BATTLEFIELD. were unable to get out of the enemy’s terri- guard, listened to the council of war in the || Ee. tory for many days. An Illinois private, ij tent of the rebel general, fought his way back ’ : , aia Pp | EE ies named Newcomer, who. had just missed some pe a through the pickets, who now knew his mis- ; Ba 5 important battles, was accustomed to vary sion, set off the signal agreed on, and rode to safety on his unusually fleet horse. The first picket he met on his way out was misled by the monotony of his camp life in Alabama by making secret trips after information over- peek ys ap night. This work suited him so well that he supposing him to be a spy of their own return- g eee S tempted with it to pass the sentry near the rebel general’stent. The sentry pulled trigger on him, but the cap snapped on the musket, there was a hand-to-hand scuffle not a hun- dred yards from the camp, and the sentry was stabbed to the heart. -Clad in the sentry’s uniform, under cover of the night, he heard from the very lips of the general and his coun- cil the secret he was in search of—that the enemy would mass on the left wing to meet 1 lessly about as the council dispersed, and then mounted his superb gray and was off. It was a perilous ride, ¢ S for every picket he had passed in the afternoon fired on him as he rode through, and it was indeed a charmed life that escaped their bullets. The last picket he had to pass— the same that had mistaken tunate as to complete their expeditions in one day. Sometimes, althou gh in comparative safety, they sauntered care- the attack of the morrow of them up. JOHN WILKES BOOTH, War Department, Washington, April 20, 1865. EDWIN M. STANTON, Secretary of War. DEMCRIPTIONS.—BOOTH ie 5 feet 7 or 8 inobes high, slender” baild, high forehead, black hair. black eyes, aod wears a heavy blach moastachc, JOHN 8. SURRATT is about 5 feet 9 ipohes. Hlalr rather thin and dark e : ALE i » eyes ralber liybt; no beard) Would b . ane clear, v ith oolor in hie choeka Wore light clothes of tloe quality. Shoulders pense abel bones rather Srcaieeate 145 or 150 oo Complexion rather pale md rather tow and squair, but broad. Parts bia bair on she right sidg; peck rather long. Hls lips are firmly sot A altima man. » fare projecting at the top; fore. DANIEL C: HARROLD is 23 5 ive ti apeicgtaacoutll eo years of age, 5 feot 6 or 7 inches high, rather broad shouldered, otherwive tight bailt: dark bair, little (if any) moustache; dark GEO. EANESBITT._& CO, Printers and Stationers, cor. Pearl and’ Pine Streets, NW. REDUCED FACS|M.LE OF POSTER ISSUED BY THE WaR DEPARTMENT, : federates. He took on the character of one seeking of | | ing with information, and from them he got determined on ee eae oo cae WW HT what sounded like the countersign, but was among the ae a oe ; am x ee YY Be : from a negro lay some miles below the Union 1 | not, as he discovered when, riding on, he at- Bro eye S° | 1 | camp. His first bold act was to crawl into a corn-crib where a number of these men lay sleeping, their horses picketed outside, and, feeling around, he calmly drew a good re- volver from the belt of one of the unconscious sleepers, having the good luck to wake none He had provided himself with a forged certificate of discharge from the rebel army, by means of which he was by some unsuspecting Southern sympathizers put in communication with a Southern agent for the purchase of stores, named Radcliffe, who was known to everybody in and about Franklin, Tenn., and who vouched for him throughout his stay among the Con- < fice in the rebel army, and as a seller of contraband articles ob- tained from the North. In him for a rebel scout—was WoW Bai this guise, turning up at numerous, and met him Y eee Ai b Radcliffe’s house as _ oc- . ‘ith a wolllese. folllonnadl ow ca | S me casion required, he explored | “ Pa i Ke | by a sharp attack with PPR EE cs the situation and reported sabres and revolvers. a ie B back to his superiors at Shooting, stabbing, slash- = Nashville. Before he got Ing, and swearing like a => back he had serious trouble f hend, wounded and wound- In getting away from a f ing, he fought his way Shelbyville, for lack of a fs through them, and then pass: A good-natured fled onward, reeling in his crowd, to whom he had saddle with excitement and lispense G : < : - dispensed the contents o | hee oS Of our late beloved President, ABRAHAM LINCOLN, pen: See i ISS O dX100d, until, arrivec 5S STILL AT LARGE his whiskey flask, were will- 4 al the hollow stump where ; e ing to help him away, but | | his rockets were concealed, stuck at telling the provost { he set them both off (thus marshal that they knew ee oat i ae 9 | a | O[Y 1 co . Cc “<> ~~ r = 5 . . ~ 5 Ing the desired informa will be paid by this Department for bis apprehension, in addition to'any reward offored him; but it was finally tion to his own commander) by Munieipal Authorities or State Executives, cs a )e manage dV Yt r Then, emptying his revolver \ ee ae Le as ss ying name on the collective pass at his nearest pursuer, he | | | pursuer, he g on which they. travelled. again rode away, unharmed will be paid for the apprehension of JOHN. H. SURRATT. one of Booth’s accomplices. Lagging behind th m n : - ‘ —_ - sAS Sings De ie O further by the shots that a i | 1 ifn ! Bote a ; @ A | the road, he turned off in followed him like hail. a ; ; i as D ot y a the direction he wanted to 1at added to the bravery will be paid for the apprehension of DANIEL C. HARROLD, another of Booth’s accomplices. So; Only to fall’ into sth . c © | of this deed was the fact LIBERAL REWARDS will be paid for any information that shall conduce to the arrest of either eae = r of the above-named criminals, or their accompliccn. , hands of one of Morean's that he knowinely went out All persons harooring or secreting the waid persons, or cither of them, or aiding or assisting their > De) conccalment or escapc, will be treated as accomplices in the marder of the Prexident und the attempted bands of scouts, who SWOre | to replace a scout who had ea caiebee DEE of State, and shall be subject to trial before a Military Commission and l Y | 1 = i th 0 * ce ne 1€ Wasi a al nekieree anc f : ( been killed the night before tel We Stain of innocent blood be removed trom: the land dy the arrest aud punishment of the ' , ; re ; . soe SN naa : : ctu. re We ~~ NaLte : Ei On the very same mission bi Ml good valizens are exhorted to aid public jastice on this occasion. Every man should consider . 5 ro Seen 4 5 ie . <-own conscience charged with this solemn duty, and rest neither night nor day uatil it be accomplished, around his neck to hang “All spies were not so for- 2 him on the spot, when he succeeded in persuading them to take him back to Radcliffe for identification, where he was released, andae Pe Lees sabe P A Pate Da tet ba) OF] axa os) CAMPFIRE AND then was furnished by Radcliffe with a written voucher on which he succeeded in making his way, after many exciting and peril- ous adventures, to his commander. He brought him the im- portant news, confided to him by a rebel who took him for a fellow spy, of a projected attack on the Union fleet on the river and steps were taken that saved the ships. Perhaps the most varied experience was that of Col. L. C. Baker, who organized the secret service, and performed himself every duty, from that of actual spy to that of chief of the national police, beginning with a personal expedition to Rich- mond and ending with the capture of Wilkes Booth, the assassin of President Lincoln. His first Richmond trip was made in July, 1861, under cover of a general movement of Southern sympathizers away from the North. General Scott himself sent him to obtain information concerning the strength and disposi- His diffi- through the lines tion of troops in the Confederate capital. ereatest the Northern without: betraying his errand, and three times he was sent back Scott outset was to get culty at to General as a Southern Finally he got through, Spy. and, armed with letters to prominent residents of Richmond, he was promptly forwarded on his way, but was carefully turned over to Jefferson Davis himself, who kept him under guard while he made up his mind whether the stranger was a spy or the “ Mr. Munson” he pretended to be with business in Richmond. Succeeding in getting satisfactorily identified through a sort of from Knoxville, where he “bunco’”’ self-introduction to a man claimed to have lived, he was paroled and turned loose in Rich- mond. When he had picked up the information he desired, he began his efforts to get back to Washington with his precious news. A pass to visit Fredericksburg enabled him to leave Richmond, but an attempt to go further on the same pass only got him into the hands of a patrol. But he soon not only eluded his sleepy guard, but rode off on the sentry's horse as well. Followed and surrounded in a negro cabin where he-had stopped to rest, he managed to hide under a haystack, where he narrowly escaped the searching sabre-thrust of his pursuers, and then made again for the Potomac. Hunger induced him to risk introducing himself to two German pickets guarding the bank on the Confederate side of that river, and they hospitably | him him in their tent overnight. though they watched kept closely and made him a semi-prisoner. The watches of the night - he consumed in vain endeavors to crawl out of the tent while his Oper. as, It captors slept ; but they slept “ with one eye were, and it was not until dawn that he managed unobserved to get down to the river-bank, secure the pickets boat with its single broken oar, and push for liberty out into the stream. The men had to shoot one of The water were quickly after him, however, and he them to save himself, while the other ran for assistance. the made the bullets; but he detachment that quickly reached y W ith their paddle out of range without being hit, shore about his craft uncomfortably lively fortunately managed to and after a row of four miles, which was the width of the river at that point, he reached the Maryland shore and made his way to Washington. The papers with which Baker had been intrusted at Richmond Northern f< yr save him much information involving traitors who were aiding the Southern cause, an¢ was some time he But he occa- sionally returned to special duty, as he the 1863, when, after Pope’s defeat by Lee, great solicitude was felt for the safety of Banks’s army, the whereabouts of which even was unknown, and in ignorance ¢ engaged in the work of bringing them to Justice. did in autumn of yf Lee’s success Banks was sup- What UL tt = PSE Sf SCTE a ty) Pees tess Cet re ettiebeaab oP A A a reoet arts on Pest Ppp teers BATE ERE MAD. Sit posed to be seeking a junction with Pope. Baker undertook to carry informing despatches to Banks, and to bring that officer’s report back to Washington. Mounted on the famous race-horse “c d, ~ > 99 ~ Yo . - 7. ‘+ - 7 CX +e - 7 Patchen,’’ he succeeded in reaching Banks near Manassas with- out adventure, but his return trip was full of peril. Conscious of the great importance of haste, he started straight for the rebel lines between himself and Washington, and after riding two miles to the eastward he caught sight of the hostile army near the old Bull Run battlefield. a detour to avoid them, he halted and awaited an opportunity of To save time, instead of making slipping through, availing himself of the detached order of march in which the enemy was proceeding... A break in the column soon gave him this chance, and although he knew that he would become a target for every marksman that saw him, the intrepid Baker nerved himself for a quick and desperate dash and gave spurs to his splendid steed. Lying close to Patchen’s neck, he flew like an arrow within thirty feet of a squad of infantry, but had the good luck to bring both himself and his horse through with- out harm from the bullets that whistled thick about them. A squad of cavalry quickly took up the pursuit; but, tired as he was, Patchen soon distanced all but a few who were particularly well mounted. For nine miles the chase continued, the pursuers dropping off until only three remained, when fatigue began to tell on wheeled sharply about and concealed himself in a clump of yoth horse and rider. Then, turning a low hill, Baker pines, while his pursuers rode past unconscious of his presence. But they soon discovered that there was no longer any one in front of them. whereabouts by a slight movement of the latter’s horse, and the Returning, one of them was apprised of Baker's crisis of the adventure was at hand. Baker shot down one Con- federate cavalryman, and then turned sharply off the path to But, him, avoid the other two, who were now on their way back. although he passed them, it was not without their seeing and, firing their carbines, they renewed the pursuit. Spurring Patchen to a final burst of speed, Baker plunged into the swollen across before his pursuers This he accomplished, and had even clambered up the almost perpendic- waters of Bull Run, hoping to get could reach the bank and fire at him in mid-stream. ular bank beyond by the time the rebels had plunged in to follow him over. Before Baker could fire on them the Union pickets, attracted by the shots, came running to the edge of the bluff. Baker shouted out his errand, and the pickets with a volley emptied one of the Confederate saddles, while the remaining pursuer escaped to tell the tale. This was a pretty close call for Baker, but it was typical of the scout’s experience, and illus- trated well the many serious chances taken by every successful seeker after information in the enemy’s territory. The spies of the war were not all men. Many women on both sides did Perhaps this agency was more common among the Residence in the North was for the cause they espoused. Southern effective secret work than the Northern sympathizers. the accounting for one’s presence and necessity of lly as in the South; and not only in Washington but in all the cities of the North, the from tree business as rigic and the rebels had fair emissaries who Among the Northern women who did good border towns, kept them pretty well informed of passing events. service during the war, both as spy and nurse, was Miss Emma Edmonds. After spending several months in the hospitals of the Army of the Potomac, she volunteered to take the place of a spy who had she soon found herself within the rebel lines, where carrying provisions to been executed at Richmond. Disguised as a colored boy, a gang of negroes who were she joined a gang . re 1 pels mites! S Bh Pers) Page Seen Sat nee PRON Wutwe ites ii Janes pala cae — b a ea 5 Sa lac. Bs RY CN /2 Te | he nu eee H aT mati este Sr Aesth PY es Jara di Ea ae uae L a he deh) i aie a ame acre = ennae aa fi PAG a rAd a CAMPFIRE AND 51z : ‘tifications at the pickets, and afterwara working on the fortifica ee ay’s work e used her Yorktown. After doing a man’s day’s work, she se as . Ee inspect! > defences, evening liberty in making a careful inspection of the dete 7 ‘ +r information ing the guns, etc., and picked up much other informe aE taeeas ‘g ing on, common in ‘oug ree discussion oO at was going through the free discussion of what was going on, : ‘ ye ortunity r -sand men. Her opportunity) the rebel army among both officers anc Dee ne to get back to the Union lines came when, on visi > : ras for a time s sd on pickets with their evening meal, she was for a time ae F i ‘ LA ~ . ‘1 r > 1e the post of a picket who had just been shot; for whi o ; ‘ned, she slipped away into sdjacent pickets had their backs turned, she slipped away |! BU TRL EE ED own quarters, and the Union troops were soon able to oes the Chickahominy with a pretty fair knowledge of the enemy’s dis- positions and purposes. | Miss Edmonds had a strange career fora woman. She kept with the Union advance, varying her womanly ministrations in camp and field hospital with occasional duty as an orderly and on secret service. She entered the Confederate lines, now asa contraband, now as a rebel soldier. In the latter character she was impressed into the Confederate cavalry and went into action, where she managed to change sides during the fight and te CONFEDERATE MONUMENT AND CEMETERY, RICHMOND, VA. the darkness, carrying her valuable information with her. Later on she made another secret expedition, this time in the guise of an Irish female peddler. Her first experience on this trip was the discovery of a wounded and dying Confederate officer in a deserted house, and the mementos and messages for home which he confided to her proved to be her passport to the rebel headquarters. She had already gained from the pickets and the men about the camp the information she was seeking, and was quite ready to return, when she was sent, mounted, to guide a detachment to bring back the dead officer's body from the |} near her own lines, and thus was fairly started on her 10u1se way. The expedition of the detachment was a somewhat perilous one for them, and they sent her farther down the Yankees and give them timely warning of the approach of any from the Union side. Not seeing any Yankees in that vicinity, she kept on until she did—and then she was safe back in her road to watch for wound the rebel officer who had conscripted her. After this adventure her secret service had perforce to be confined to the Union lines, for she had become pretty well known in all the disguises she could assume. The experiences of all scouts and spies can be well understood from the instances that have now been given. Their work was most important, and their days were filled with thrilling adven- ture, most fascinating to adventurous spirits. Many of them never lived to tell their story, but received the prompt justice of a drum-head court martial and a short shrift. Their per- formances rose often to the height of heroism, and their prowess, when they found themselves in close quarters, equalled anything ever done on the battlefield.Pre i Lae ee eC UNTO UUW tr ees IMRORIEAN TT EisStORY SUGEESHED) BY AN GENERALS. THIS picture was to consist of General Sherman, his two army-commanders, and the four corps-commanders in charge at the close of the war. It does not, however, contain the portrait of General Blair, who was absent on a short leave. At the time the photograph was taken, I [General Howard] was no longer connected with General Sherman’s army. My picture was included for the following reason: After the army’s arrival near Washington; I was assigned to other duty, and General Logan took my place in command of the Army of the Ten- nessee. When the eroup was made up, as I had been so long identified with that army, General Sher- man desired me to be included. General Logan was seated for the picture where | would have sat, had there been no _ late change of command- ers. In all the field operations from At- lanta to the sea, and from oavannan through the Carolinas to Raleigh, and on to Washington, I was denominated the riot. wine com mander,”’ and General MAJOR-GENERAL OLIVER O. HOWARD. Slocum othe left wing commander.” The division of cavalry under Kilpatrick was sometimes independent of either wing, but usually re- ported for orders to one wing er the other, as Sherman di- rected. The right wing was the “ Army of the Tennessee ; «the lett wing, the “ Army of Georgia.”’ In the field service, from Atlanta on, each wing had two army corps, as follows: the right wing, the Fifteenth and Seventeenth ; the left wing, the Fourteenth and Twentieth Corps. When General Logan passed to the charge of the Army of the Jennessee, General Hazen was assigned to command the Fifteenth Corps. Though absent, General Blair retained the Seventeenth Corps. After our march, for some reason—I think for Mower’s promotion—Gen. AS: Williams had been relieved from the Twentieth Corps, and General Mower assigned to his place. The Fourteenth Corps, which Gen. George H. Thomas had so long and so ably com- manded, was during all that march under the direction of Gen. Jefferson C. Davis. It may.be of interest, while inspecting this noted picture, to recall something characteristic of the men who compose it. Let us begin with the junior officer of the group. CAMPFIRE AND i sae Re \ tte ish ule UMUC Te td athineeriiachetbareinh tihiets ili \ocseteLeely Ra 4 sihie tet esg hiv hi Rieke oo 8 Epa es BATTLEFIELD. eo PICTURE GROUP OF SHERMAN] AND cus (See) page Zo.) MAJOR-GENERAL JEFFERSON C. DAVIS. General Davis, promoted to a volunteer appointment from the regular army, became early conspicuous as a successful com- mander in Missouri and other Western fields. For example, he captured one thousand prisoners at Milford, repelled Confederate attack upon Sigel’s centre at Pea Ridge, commanded a division at Stone River, and took as prisoners one hundred and fourteen of Wheeler’s raiders. In August, 1862, ill-health constrained him to leave the front for a short time, when he visited his home in Clarke County, Ind. The northward movement of the Confederates against Louisville subsequently caused him to hasten to that city and volunteer his services to General Nelson. This general, William Nelson, a native of Kentucky, was a middle-aged naval officer at the breaking out of the war. His ex- perience in Mexico, his strong character as a loyal Kentuckian, had caused his transfer to the army. Among undisciplined masses of volunteers he had already done wonders. He attained special dis- tinction as a division com- mander under Buell at the fiercely contested battle of Shiloh; but with all his patriotism, energy, and capability, he was a mar- tinet in discipline, very often giving great offence Go by his rough language and impatient ways. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis had hardly come in con- tact with Nelson when he was subjected to treat- ment that offended him greatly. Davis was of slender MAJOR-GENERAL JEFFERSON C. DAVIS. build, while Nelson was a large and powerful man. Davis endeavored, without success, to get an apology from Nelson for hard words and mistreat- ment. Abbott, in his History of the Civil War, shows how he was met: “Here he (Davis) was outrageously insulted by General Nelson, and after demanding an apology and receiving only reiterated abuse, he (Davis) shot him on the stairs of the Galt House. General Nelson died in a few hours. General Davis was arrested, but was soon released, sustained by the almost universal sympathy of the public and of the army.” In subsequent years it was my lot to be on duty with General Davis. He reported to me and was under my command while pursuing the Confederates under Bragg, just after the battle of Missionary Ridge, November 25, 1863. His method of covering his front and flanks with skirmishers, and holding his troops well in hand for the prompt deployment, greatly pleased me. He was one of those officers constantly on the gut vive, impossible Ss Fg Mie Pepe iseken tant) i sab bige ena, nis : Sy ahtTeTy \ Pareageesye irl ROT peeHITReTEEoeserr ye pen trteae errr yy, per teases iy Skee A nt me ei Se { ean! cana ae aa stad pti 2 ga eli Dee nts a Sa Nae 1ididigs , ; , : hw i ~ Ou. ° Ue c DTT A Op a 5 oe Mee a eS pi ; raeeal if f f j ‘ bt j : Z 1 4 if i \ : t & > ae, jj } : i pa AQ s it a 514 GAMPFIRE AND to surprise, difficult to defeat, and ever ready, at command, effectively to take the offensive. He succeeded to the Pour- teenth Corps because Gen. John M. Palmer, offended at a deci- sion of General Sherman, resigned the position. While Davis was a just man, he was strongly prejudiced against negroes, often, ‘n his conversations, declaiming against them. | But subse- quent to the war, when commanding the State of Kentucky, acting as Assistant Commissioner for Freedmen, he took strong rounds against all lawless white men who sought to do them D> injury. In 1874, when a confusion of counsels had caused end less complications during the Modoc War in Southern Oregon, General Davis was, as a final resort, selected and despatched to the scene of operations. His unfailing courage and steady action soon ended the war. The Modocs were conquered, taken prisoners, and their savage and treacherous leaders pun- ished. I had many a conversation with General Davis. He would lead me when we were alone, in a few minutes, according to the bias of his heart, to the subject of his difficulty with Nelson. Though others exculpated him, his own heart never seemed to be at rest. It was more to himself than to others the one cloud in his other- wise unblemished, patriotic career. MAJOR-GENERAL WILLIAM B. HAZEN entered the military academy one year after me (1851), so that I was associated with him there for three years. As a young man, he was very thin of flesh,so much so as to cause remark. The first time I saw him after graduation, he was on a visit to West Point, in 1860. Texas and New Mexico, and had been brevetted for He had been in many Indian engagements in gallant con- duct in battle; his arm at that time was in a sling, he having yeen wounded with an arrow. A most wonderful change had taken place in his personal = man of cadaverous build, he was Instead of a young appearance. large, fleshy, handsome. Asa cadet he had been very retiring: now quite the opposite—in fact, he soon became remarkable among us for his bold frontier stories and an increased self-esteem Such was Hazen at the breaking out of fhe swear ble went to the front in Ken- tucky, commanding the Forty-first Ohio Volunteers. During the series of opera- tions and battles in which he was en- gaged, he maintained in his commands un- ~ 0 usual neatness of attire and excellent discipline, and re- ceived for himself four brevets for gal- lant and meritorious service: the last being that of major- general in the regular army. Probably his most distinguished MAJOR-GENERAL WILLIAM B. HAZEN, AVIA tee iter roe, Serene IBAA UCU IG IB IP MIE IO ID) effort, one which called the especial attention of Generai Sherman to his merit, was the taking, under my Fort McAllister, December 13, 1864. He at that time had orders, of charge of a division, assisted in building a long bridge over the oO Ogeechee, crossed with his men, and, pushing on rapidly south- ward, completely environed Fort McAllister from sea-shore to sea-shore. General Sherman, with myself, more inland, were watching his operations in plain view from a rice-mill on the o other side of the Ogeechee. The sudden and persistent attack, the exploding of numerous torpedoes, the tremendous vigor of the defence, afforded us an exciting scene, which ended in a much-needed victory; for this fort at the mouth of the river was the last obstruction between our army and the supplies which were coming from the sea. This success of Hazen caused me to recommend him for further promotion to the command of the Fifteenth Army Corps; and this was his crowning honor in the great Wat. MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH A. MOWER. I found General Mower in command of the First Division Sixteenth Army Corps (a little later, of a division in the Seven- teenth Army Corps, under General Blair); that was when I came to the Army of the Tennessee at Atlanta. 1 i He was already wel known in that army. In conversation around campfires staff-officers spoke of him in this way “Mower 1s) a rough diamond. “LHe 1s rather a hard case in peace, = — Ie cannot be beaten on the march: “‘You ought to see him in battle.” These expression indicate somewhat the character of the man. About six feet in height, well propor- tioned and of great muscular strength, probably there was no MAJOR-GENERAL J. A. MOWER. officer in our picture group who was better fitted in every way for hard campaigning. On one occasion during the march through the Carolinas, as we approached the westernmost branch of the Edisto, all the coun- try had apparently been swept by the inhabitants clean of sup- plies. The cattle and horses had been driven eastward beyond the river, and all food carried off or hidden. As I approached a house near the river crossing, I saw General Mower and his staff apparently in conversation with the owner, who had, for some purpose, remained behind his fleeing people in his almost empty tenement. Mower was asking him questions; these the Then, becoming angry at Mower’s persistence, he refused to tell anything. The man at first evaded, or answered derisivelv. ~ general, just as I was passing through the gate, said to an orderly, )»? “Orderly, fetch a rope!™ THe did not intimate what he proposed to do with the rope, but one in his deep, strong, decisive voice:% ; en Pare scene eck WLC AUN TT LT f ed tates TPR eT Y . Saari tet et rere CAMPEIRE AND glance at Mower’s face was sufficient for the stranger. He im- mediately became courteous, and gave Mower all the information he desired as to the roads, bridges, and neighboring country. A few days later I was with Mower’s division when he fought his way across the main stream near Orangeburgh. His energy in leading his men through swamps, directing them while they were cutting the cypresses, making temporary bridges, wading streams, constructing and carrying the canvas boats, ferrying the river, and appearing with marvellous rapidity upon the enemy’s right or left flank on the open fortified bluff of the eastern shore, drew my attention more than ever to Mower’s capabilities. I remem- ber when we stood together inside the first captured work, while our men were rushing for the railroad above and below the city, Mower dismounted, and looking at me with his face full of glad triumph, said: “ Faz accompli / General, fart accompli!” At Bentonville, the zoth and 21st of March, 1865, I saw Mower ride into battle. As he approached the firing, the very sound of it gave him a new inspiration; his muscular limbs eripped his horse, and he leaned forward apparently carrying the animal with him into the conflict. He was the only officer I ever saw who manifested such intense joy for battle. At last, having brought his division through the woods and a little beyond the left flank of the Confederate commander (General Johnston), Mower and one or two of his staff dismounted, so as to work himself with his men through a dense thicket where he could not ride. The point sought in Johnston's left rear was just gained by the indomitable Mower, when General Sherman called us off, saying “that there had been fighting enough.” Concerning this event, General Sherman, in his ‘“ Memoirs,” makes a significant remark: “The next day (2Ist) it began to rain again, and we remained quiet till about noon, when General Mower, ever rash, broke through the rebel line, on his extreme left flank, and was push- ing straight for Bentonville and the bridge across Mill Creek. J ordered him back, to connect with his own corps; and lest the enemy should concentrate on him, ordered the whole rebel line to be engaged with a strong skirmish fire.” MAJOR-GENERAL FRANCIS PRESmON BEAT Re Re: whose biography is in every public library, 1s too well known to require a detail of introduction. As early as 1843 he formed a law partnership with his brother Montgomery, in the city of St. Louis, Mo.; here he worked till his health gave way. Requiring a change of climate, he went to New Mexico. While he was there General Kearney, as soon as the Mexican war came on, began operations which ended in his grand march to the Pacific coast. Young Blair was a volun- teer aid, and by his intelligence and energy gave that general the effective help which he needed. This short service in the Mexican war was enough to beget in Blair a taste for military reading and study; so that, being in St Wouis at the fever period of the outbreak of the great rebellion in 1861, he was not unprepared for the double part he was soon called upon to play. Having been elected and sent to Congress in 1858, previously having had a term in the Missouri Legislature, in both as a “ Freesoiler,” he threw all his political ability and knowledge upon the side of the Union. Asa military man, he promptly acted and greatly helped in organizing and raising troops. Prob- ably it is due to his energy more than to anything else that } ' ee sa eT ers HET) reed UREN TEEeN STE H i TAP f cet Wa lFspeces: ae nt bee a) Free Loses Se Pet Reet iT : es Fi Pte peters y theme a ot]: kde, : ene al aan ed miata THN? eg ald an enh 5 . i "] WILL rete aed papa tb epesa tea ’ Pua ta) FOUN ETL ° | vt ? by idee e: bye LANL Shek Treats Me : LEV ETIOR TY DUIS (acne tn BAM TEE HEED. on =~ Cn St. Louis and Missouri were kept to the Union. Mr. Lincoln who had the greatest confidence in Blair, commissioned him 5 brigadier-general in August, 1862. He performed thereafter no obscure part in all those battles along the Mississippi, which ended in the capture of Vicksburg. He was rapidly advanced from command of a brigade to that of a division and corps in Grant's Army of the Tennessee. His name and able work are identified with both the Fifteenth and Seventeenth Corps. The first time I saw General Blair was on November 25, 1863; it was in the evening after Sherman’s first hot charge up the rough steeps on the north end of Missionary Ridge. Part of my command had participated in the bloody work of the day, and General Grant had detached the remainder of my corps from General Thomas on the straight front, and sent us around to strengthen Sherman. It was an informal council of war in the woods, by a small camp- fire; where 1 Se os met fOr the first time Gen- enals = orm Ewing, Jeffer- son G Davis: and Blair. The latter, who was Giniing@eal att times to go to civil duties in Congress, had then, as I was told, just re- turned from Washington. He brought to us the latest messages from Mr. Lincoln. He had on a lig diers over- ht blue sol- > 4 MAJOR-GENERAL FRANCIS P. BLAIR, JR Oats aE | Was distinguished by a broad, elegant fur collar. In repose and in photograph, Blair's countenance might pass one as ordinary; but as soon as he spoke it was suffused with light and animation. He was five feet ten, and not fleshy. He walked about the frre, and with his ready talk, never too serious, kept Sherman and all the party, for such a sad night, in fair humor: for our best men had been stopped short of the coveted tunnel, and many of them were driven with heavy losses down the rugged slopes. The whole man so impressed me that night, that I never forgot him. Dur- ing the march to the sea, in skirmish, campaign, and battle, Blair was often with me; many a day's journey we rode side by side. His mind was replete with knowledge. As we, talking to- gether, recalled the battles of the Revolution in the Carolinas, and often differed in discussing them, Blair would say: ‘Well, general, let us go to Sherman ; he never forgets anything!” | may add that the reference was always the settlement of the question, for Sherman’s historic knowledge was unfailing. Blair's I knew fairly well the army regulations; but forte was the law. lations to the statute law and Blair always went back of the regu An u ene? ar — A c ia My pi Sennett eee ST ets Figg ” SOT DIT Lid i Hm de = 5 PRT as gt tA ONS a ~~ —rs') DIT ED TAReer oh) Ree A ; | ee rg es fi ea AA mas anette Neen, FORGED. BACK BY THE CONEEDERATES: 1864—FULLER’S DIVISION RALLYING AFTER BEING JULY 9 ’ Whe BYATWILE ©lF AVILAowe PC casa ere iectr stati fi of nin Pirates ee tai eter ATH [weeees tt fo Riel iar oT ie Ped and nl OA MARTITLIGIE JAIN ID the Constitution. His mind was a compendium—one always at hand for me; and it was pleasant to consult him, for he never took advantage in an ungenerous manner of the superiority of his knowledge, but ever, without abating his most loyal service, gave me the information I desired. During the great march through Georgia and the Carolinas the necessity of “ foraging. liberally on the country,” of destroy- ing property, as cotton in bales, factories of all kinds, store- houses, and other buildings of a public and private nature, troubled General Blair very much. The conduct of bummers, camp-followers, and of many robbers, who preceded or followed in the wake of the armies in their destruction and depredation of private dwellings, vexed him still more. One day in May, 1865, as we were nearing North Carolina, Blair was riding with me for the day. After a period of silence, he said: ‘ General, | am getting weary of all this business. Can’t we do something to bring it to a close? All this terrible waste and destruction and bloodshed appear to me now to be useless.” I do not remember my reply, but I do recall a visit I made to General Sherman about that time, when I urged him not to destroy the works at Fayetteville Arsenal, N.C. I said: “ General, the war will soon be over; this property is ours [that is, the Government's]. Why should we destroy our own property?” The ae replied with some little asperity to the effect : “ They [meaning the Con- federates] haven’t given up yet. They shall not nay an arsenal here!” In this matter General Blair’s sentiment and mine had agreed. At another time, noticing that Wheeler’s (or Hampton's) cav- alry were burning the cotton to prevent its falling into our hands and that we were burning cotton to cripple the Confederate rev- enue. General Blair remarked: ‘ Both sides are burning cotton; somebody must be making a mistake! © These growing sentiments in genuine sympathy with the suf- fering people of the Carolinas, were Blair’s thus early, and account, in a measure, for his subsequent political course; for, as Hammersley says: “Brave and gallant soldier as he was, and uncompromisingly hostile as he was to the enemies of his country, when the war was over, and the Southern army had laid down their arms, he at once arrayed himself against those who were in favor of contin- uing to treat Southern Bee ple as enemies, and with voice and pen constantly urged the - adoption of a liberal and humane policy. From this time he united with the Democratic party.” Blair: died in July, 1875. He was of a jovial turn and con- vivial, but I think he enjoyed the relief of fun and frolic more than the pleasures which attend high living. Like his father and his brother, he was a man of marked ability; he had great acquirements; he was a determ! ined enemy, but an unswerving and generous friend. In political life his course seemed to lack consistency ; but when judged from an unpartisan bias, his was, we may be sure, the outward manifestation of a persistent, patriotic spirit. MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN A. LOGAN. A young man received a musket-shot wound through both thighs - he repaired to the doctor to have his wound dressed, and asked if he coulc fight. The surgeon told him he was in no con- go to the hospital. 1 have it dressed at once, so that he might return to the dition to admit of his return, but should The youth remarked that he had fired twenty-two rounds after at rater a rr W _ 3 ve Serre ey Li ; . + ff slat rl oa) a Swipes Se een Mca Page MINA i en Vad Me se ren : IB al IE WIG ID ION IS JL,JD) 617 he was wounded, and thought he could fire as many more if his wound were dressed. Finding it impossible to detain him, the doctor dressed the wound, and the young man returned to his comrades in the struggle, dealing out his ammunition to good a until the day was over, as if nothing had happened This brave young man afterwards became Gen. John A. Logan. He had such a striking face that, once seen) it was never forgotten. There was the straight ind raven hair, that, thrown back from his forehead, was long enough to cover his ears, and make verti- cal lines just behind his eyes. There were the broad brow, the firm round chin, and strong neck, here was the broad, well- cut mouth, always crowned by a dark, heavy mustache. But the features first seen, and never forgotten, were those black eyes with brows and lashes to match. At times those eyes were gen- tle, pleasant, win- MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN A. LOGAN. ning; at times they were cold and indifferent ; but at the least excitement they would quicken, and under provocation flash fire. Logan's whole figure, not above five feet nine, was closely knit. His true is everywhere caught by the photographer, the cari- painter; but we seldom meet with a portraiture hat animated that splendid tenement. Abbott portrait caturist, the of the man t compares him with McPherson and contrasts him with Hood. He says: “When Logan was McPherson’s successor on the Geld of Atlanta, rivalling his predecessor in bravery, patriot- ism, and military ability.” When speaking y him and Hood, he says: ‘General Logan was by no means his inferior yetuous daring, and far his superior in all those intellectual in im] coolness, and judgment requisite qualities of circ cumspection, to constitute a general. I hardly think that one who knew both would speak just of Hood and Logan. ‘Whe fact is; the two men) were that way Both were impetuous, both brave, and both very much alike. Hood was put into the place of General Johnston able cenerals. had Logan been sent by Davis with orders to fight desperately ; to Nashville to relieve General Thomas when it was contem- plated, he would have done precisely as did Hood—he would fought, and at once. He might have been defeated— Before Sherman threw his forces upon Logan was greatly depre essed con- cerning the proposed plan. © How can it succeed?” he asked. But when the first battle came on, all his pluck, oe energy, Samson-like, came to him. Permit me to repeat my ore at the time concerning him, just after that action: oratification with the conduct ‘T wish to express my high g I never saw better conduct in battle. have as Thomas was not. Hood’s communications, of the troops engagec ay ta we Gr seit sites a oe pie S Sa cs hes Nien hemmens ok land ee La" Wi br bf pO Th a ahh Seti! Malti A i TOTS anb ote one a — er ee = re TILL ay, yay. Bre pei i,TERI) RETO ; t ) } ~ f ee PCa Tid i | 5 | | 513 General Logan, though ill and much worn out, was indefati- av is as much attributable to him gable, and the success of the day is as >? as to any one man. As I now estimate General Logan, I think him like Marshal Murat. He was made for battle; the fiercer, the better it seemed to suit his temper; but the study of campaigns and military strategy was not his forte. His personal presence was not only striking, but almost resistless. The power of love and hate belonged to his nature. If a friend, like Andrew Jackson, he was a friend indeed; but if an enemy, it was not Logan had a good loyal heart; Napoleon's comfortable to withstand him. he sincerely loved his country and her institutions. He is justly enrolled as a hero and patriot. MAJOR-GENERAL HENRY WARNER SEOCUM: In the very beginning of Slocum’s career, one characteristic becomes noticeable from his earliest childhood—he always had a wholesome object in view; so that, when he attained one elevation, he fixed his eye steadily upon another still higher and bent his energies to attain it. Early in life he cherished a desire for a cadetship at West Point; this desire was gratified in 1848. Sheridan speaks in his “Memoirs” of his (Slocum’s) studious habits and willingness to aid others. I was myself at the academy and remember his strong character when the pro-slavery sentiment at West Point was so great as to lessen the popularity of any one even suspected of entertaining abolition views. He fearlessly and openly expressed himself as an opponent to human slavery. General Slocum graduated high in his class; saw service in the Seminole wars in ind remained Statloned in st iie SOUtHE Until 1857 when, having studied law, he resigned to practise his profession in) Syracuse. INV Ye. being a representative dt Albany, in 650, and instructor of mi- litia from 1859 to 1861. When F ort Sumter fell he ten- dered his services, and was given the com- mand of the Twenty- seventh New York Volunteers, which he led in acharge at Bull Run, where he was severely wounded. In MAJOR-GENERAL HENRY WARNER SLOCUM. August, 1861, he was made brigadier-gen- eral of volunteers, and took a brigade in General Franklin’s divis- ion. When Franklin passed to the command of a corps, Slocum took th ) e division. His work was noticeable on the Peninsula, at Yorktown, West Point, Gaines’s Mill, Glendale, and Malvern Hill, and on each occasion he received the praise of his com- manders. At South Mountain his division drove the enemy from its position with such a rush as to prevent any chance of CAMPFIRE AND NI eh iB ANT TE IE 18 JAMIE IL, 10K rallying, which act brought him still more commendation. It was Slocum who led the advance of Franklin’s corps to the field of Antietam, and enabled us to recover and hold much ground that had been taken from us in the first struggle. By October of 1862 Slocum’s manifest ability had given him the Twelfth Corps, with which his name is so closely identified. In the Chancellorsville campaign it was Slocum who made the march around Lee’s left, and showed himself the “cool, self poised, and prompt commander that he had always been, and which made him distinguished even in the brilliant group of generals of which he was a member.’ whole history of Gettysburg to fairly portray Slocum’s part The most impressive eneident of that battle to me was It would require the there. Slocum’s own battle on the 3d day of July, 1863. For five anxious hours Slocum commanded the field to our right; that dreadful struggle went on until Ewell with Early’s and Edward Johnson’s large divisions was forced to give up and abandon his prize of the night before. Slocum’s resolute insistence, on the 2d, upon leaving Greene and his brigade as a precaution when General Meade ordered the Twelfth Corps to be sent to his (Meade’s) left, with Greene's marvellous night battle, and more still, Slocum’s organized work and engagement of the following morning, in my judgment prevented Meade losing the battle of Gettysburg. The disaster at Chickamauga took Slocum’s corps from the eee to Tennessee. Soon after his arrival he was sent to command the district of Vicksburg, where his work consisted | rebel raids. When the death of G department commander, at nes caused so many changes, of expeditions to break up bees | and railroads and to repel neral McPherson, Slocum’s Slocum was brought to that city to command the Twelfth Corps. When, a little later, we swung off on Hood's communi- cations, Slocum being located south of the Atlanta crossing of the Chattahoochee River, it was his quick.perception that recog- nized the significance of the final explosions, and it was he who pushed forward over the intervening six miles and took pos- session of that citadel of Georgia; and it was his despatch to his watchful commander, thirty miles away, that inspired that brief proclamation, “‘ Atlanta is ours, and fairly won!” In the march to the sea and through the Carolinas, General Sherman had given to Slocum the left wing, the Army of Georgia. He crossed the Savannah River when the high waters made it most difficult, pushing and fighting through the swamps 1g He ey the battle took a leading part at Bentonville, where Shonen the os 1est fa of the Carolinas. Sea and later 1 Confederate of them all, surrendered, and we turned our es homeward. At the close of the war General Slocum resigned from the army and engaged in civil pursuits, adding to his magnificent military reputation a civil repute for ability, honesty, and probity in business as well as in political affairs. GENERAL WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN. With regard to the central figure of this group, General Sherman himself, libraries are so full of his characteristic work and worth that I will simply add to the above sketches a few items. Those have been chosen which are the more personal. It is said that when his father gave him the name of the great Indian chief, Tecumseh, he remarked: “Who knows but this child may be a fighter?” It is indeed remarkable how ofteni h i Pra hd dak a i . a Sai befall i be ae UPS UNI tar es Sea at Pen eT eee ne aren GAMER TIRICRSE TAINED = names are prophetic. A fighter he was, but one thoroughly equipped with that most valuable weapon to a general, namely, such knowledge of history as to make him an authority to all of us. Any disputed point we carried to him; we relied upon his being able to set us right. Indeed, one of his most marked and @XGeE¢ dingly lic— years alter characteristics was his quick pi rception tentive memory. This he e\ idenced in many ways; he ascended the Indian River in Florida he remembered with minute distinctness what he saw, from the shape of the inlet to Talking with the roosting pelicans along the mangrove islands. him before the battle of Kenesaw Mountain, I found him so conversant with the Chattahoochee Valley and the roads to and from Marietta, and astonished, and asked him where said he had gained it twenty years before, all the features of that region, that I was he had gotten such valuable information. He when travelling through the appraise horses lost in the Florida war. country as a member of a board of officers detailed to ‘7 the South before the war he travelled During his service 1n remembered ever after, with won- much, and appears to have derful distinctness, the features Ol in his patriotism and free from the country. Sherman was, above all, pure thought of self. he saw the conflict.coming, he wrote: ace nary in Louisiana, motto of the seminary, inserted cepted this position when the in marble over the main door, was, ‘By the liberality of the ea ao Us as hed ai a ee hi a io When, from his position at the Military Semi- , = } PCE Ee i rin ATH He Pha Ct een eI NUL AIH ree Sor tea LAL Sh OANA E08 Ce id hen ehinetii ha. Soba else be tient See ee sy los vah Tf IP IL de JOH 1B IL ID) 519 General Government of the United States.—‘ The Union ’— Este perpetua. - . . Jf Louisiana withdraws from the Federal U nion, I prefer to maintain my allegiance to the old Constitution as long as a fragment of it survives; adding, “ for on no account will I do any act or think any thought hostile to or in defiance of the old government of the United States.” W hen his clear perception of the magnitude of the struggle before us made him declare to Secretary Cameron that it “CC a - 7 | i | North. The others had been retaken or had been shot in the mountains. By [ a Bi guards on the night of December UF ae All three were on duty at the passes permitting them to go outside the first line of sentinels to been enjoyed so long that they were allowed to go on sight. | and with Davies walked coolly out to the dispensary. . “A few minutes later, taki killing and wounding one hundred men. A scheme of tunnel- out of the question. After spending ten panions determined to take heavy risks in order to get out and ennessee. passed the guard, but five had reached the extraordinary good luck the trio passed the time in the hospital, and Davies and Browne held a Confederate dispensary for supplies. This privilege had The night of the escape, Browne loaned his pass to Richardson, Richardson describes his exit as follows: “ing a box filled with the bottles in which the medicines were usually brought, and giving it to aJo a ate ; Pee ee Perit tT) eebtRR STUNT U0 rier 5 PispirprivecabstRbrsds caer - cl TTA, Bate ie Yritiat ote Cn ee 4 res lad who assisted me in my hospital duties, I started to follow them. As if in great haste, we walked rapidly toward the fence. When we reached the gate, I took the box from the boy and said to him, for the benefit of the sentinel. of Ecourse: 91 am going outside to get these bottles filled. I shall be back in fi f- teen minutes, and want you to remain right here to take and distribute them among the hospitals. Do not go away. The lad, understanding me perfectly, replied, ‘Yes, sir,’ and I at- tempted to pass the sentinel by mere assurance. He stopped me with his musket, demanding: “““ Have you a pass, sir?’ “*Certainly I have a pass,’ I replied with all the indignation | could assume. ‘Have you not seen it often enough to know it by this time ?’ “Apparently a little dumbfounded, he modestly replied: ‘Perhaps I have; but they are strict with us, and I am not quite sure.’ The sentinel examined the document which was all right in Browne's hands, but all wrong in Richardson’s. But he did not know the difference, and told Richardson to pass on. Once outside he met several Confederate officials who knew him, and knew too that he was out of his place, but the “ peculiarly honest and business-like look of that medicine box” threw them off their guard. Instead of entering the dispensary, Richardson hid his box and slipped under a convenient shelter. At dark his friends joined him, and the three passed the outer guard with- o out difficulty. For the 77zbune men this was the end of twenty months of captivity. The first night and day were passed in the barn of a friendly citizen within one mile of the prison. The second night, a Confederate lieutenant belonging to the Sons of America, an order of Southerners who secretly aided the Union, met them and gave them full directions how and where to reach friends on their journey. Then they set out on their long winter tramp, poorly clad, and weak from long confinement. The main guide of the refugees was a railroad running west, but they were often obliged to leave the line to avoid crowded settlements, and were frequently lost in making those detours. In such emergencies they relied upon chance friends among the slaves to direct them aright. On the morning of the seventh day of their escape, they found that they had made fifty miles of their direct journey. Decem- ber 30th they crossed the Yadkin River, now getting into a region where Union homes were plenty. Communications had to be opened with women, as the men were “lying out” in order to avoid impressment by the hated Confederacy; and, after allaying all suspicion, our refugees found these people of great service. “The men of the community were walking arsenals. Each had a trusty rifle, one or two navy revolvers, a great bowie-knife, a haversack, and a canteen.” Guided and fed by the friends they found here, the three reached Tennessee early in January; but their perils were not yet over, for the mountains were constantly patrolled by Con- federate guerillas. Once they had to pass within a quarter ofa mile of a notorious rendezvous, called Little Richmond. An invalid arose from his bed and guided them past the danger at the risk of his life. On another occasion their guide, the cele- brated Dan Ellis, aroused the party from sleep with the star- tling announcement: “We have walked right into a nest of rebels. Several hundred are within a few miles, and eighty in this immediate vicinity !” They scattered in various directions, Richardson and his party Dd (os kane aed aes t i F } get NG R bebstareesaeliey th rey eet i bbe Ato 1) et eeeuai tems ITT tetera ii Vaaaiiaad tis tt Sy ¥ } ” rae aT Scar ‘i CAM PBAIRE AND {. MI He corn roage ON F is dsnistbiaiorance SASS arma ot ene TNL VOU 2 l33éal IE MU IO I8 JOH 1B Ik, 1D). 525 ae others had joined them—being led by a young woman who often performed this service, though her name, Melvina Stephens, was never revealed until the war had closed. On the 14th of January, 1865, the Zrzbune printed this despatch from its long-lost correspondent : “KNOXVILLE, TENN., Fanuary 13, 1865. *“Out of the jaws of death ; out of the mouth of hell. ‘““ALBERT D. RICHARDSON.” He had travelled three hundred and forty miles since leaving the prison, twenty-seven days before. Of the thousands of prisoners held by either side during the four years of the war, those who escaped and succeeded in reaching their own lines were exceedingly few, although the attempts at escape were numerous, and a’ good many cot away from the prisons only to be brought back captives again in a few days. The most notable adventure of this kind was an escape from Libby Prison by a hundred and eight officers in Febru- ary, 1864. In that crowded prison, which was an old tobacco warehouse, the prisoners had little to do but play checkers on squares of the floor marked out with their pocket knives, play cards, tell stories, and devise plans for escape. One of them discovered a way of getting into the basement, and, by removing stones, making a hole through the eastern foundation wall. With a few assistants he then proceeded to dig a tunnel across the breadth of the yard. The earth that was taken out was dumped in a dark corner of the cellar where it never attracted attention. The work had to be carried on very secretly, not only to escape the notice of the guards, but even to prevent the knowledge of it from reaching any prisoner who might not be trustworthy. When the tunnel was about ten yards long a slight opening was made to the surface of the ground for light and ventilation ; and an old shoe thrown out at this opening in the night, and resting near it upon the surface, enabled the tunnellers, looking from the windows of the prison in the daytime, to get their bearings and determine how much farther they must dig in order to pass under the fence. When all was done the night of February oth was fixed for the escape. One of the officers who passed through the tunnel says of himself and two companions: “ Each man had an entire suit of clothes, a double suit of underclothes, the pair of boots in which he stood on entering the prison, an overcoat, and a cap. In common we possessed a coil of rope, a diminutive hatchet, one pint of brandy, a half pint of extract of Jamaica ginger, two days’ scant rations of dried meat and hard bread, one pipe, and a bit of tobacco. The tunnel was about fifty-three feet long, and so small in diameter that in order to pass through it was necessary to lie flat on one's face, propell- ing with one hand and the feet, the other hand being thrown over the back to diminish the breadth of the shoulders and carry overcoat, rations, etc. Early in the evening, as I was seated at the card table, Randolph tapped me on the shoulder. ‘The work is finished,’ he said. ‘The first party went through soon after dark: there is no time to lose.’ Every one knew it then. We possessed only the advantage of being perfectly cool and having a plan agreed upon. The excitement in the prison was of the wildest kind. Parties were formed, plans arranged, fare- wells exchanged, all in less time than one can describe. We dropped one by one into the cellar. I remember well the instructions: “ Feet first; back to the wall; get down on your knees: make a half face to the right, and grasp the spike in the wall below with your right hand; lower yourself down; feel for the knotted rope below with your legs.’ Then one had but to epee , my ; : Pr rely yy ty ort eee Ye. rats es H re) vv oe eee NR naan lina ty debbaden nit SOL BaD ee Hs ZSMewe eR nF , aa Me + * Ne - OTM ibe AV hy one Aa = Sere beg gies ae yr “s Na dees eal a LITE) EZ bay iS UE atta Ss Peete) perp oe el) Ha tah ; se 9 Mi cer fiat o nn * DI Ad ae: rib yf i | fl hs } 4 ' \ it) i } } ; a | _. mt aa, nie ln gn ecm em $n a ee ee FRCL OT PEN ITE OT anaes ee 7 ——— + nen i t a q i, i i Gl i. ye | | | | | na i A : We a — | | | ' sia rye iv tae 2 ot) Ne. z Br i | } | | na | i ' | | \ t | { i | | } i i 1 r S PRISONER: GUARDING CONFEDERATE / \ Qi n he i j : ra} + b PAULA es aah T UT CUCr Ny bd rid ates ats Th te eee eer ed CAMPFIRE drop in the loose straw shaken from hospital beds to be in the cellar. . To walk across that foul pit in the dark was no easy matter; but it was soon accomplished, and together we crouched at the entrance of the tunnel. Only one at a time; and as Spout three minutes were consumed in effecting the passage, progress was quite slow. Of our party Randolph was the first to enter. ‘I’m going. Wait till I get through before you start.’ It seemed that his long legs would never disappear but a part- ing kick in the face, as he wriggled desperately in, quite reassured me. When a cool blast of air drawing through the tunnel gave the welcome assurance that the passage was clear, in I ent. So well did the garment of earth fit, that at moments my move- ments corresponded somewhat to those of a bolt forcing its we Ly 5 , ive ne é a ‘ae 4 = ie . a ri a ir revs e503 é —— ¥ = Age thins ach ; Bir ; at, - ak ‘> 4p or 2 i a S Cig Weiter ee eee sid Ee: See through a rifled gun = 7 gees ea ae Breath failed when I was fl — NSS about two-thirds through, but a ( ae , SCOREe) Of IMOLe of vigorous kicks brought me to the earth’s surface where Randolph awaited my com- With sundry whispered instructions about getting out with- ing. without breaking my skull against the out making undue noise and bottom of a board fence, he then crept away toward the street, a high brick wall, leaving me to assist who could now be heard thun- keeping in the shadow of in turn and instruct the colonel, dering through the tunnel. Dirty but jubilant, we were soon standing in the shadow of low brick arch, outside of which a sentinel paced backward and forward, coming sometimes within two yards of our position. archway, and we met, as agreed, street below. Arm in arm, Tl . ere ¥ : Feet: J 4 Sogo esd) Ut sig sata My picelbit ial i tgdady Jongh ACR P " *s ate bis P'aiielt eae =p ry ~~ RUINS OF CHARLESTON, S. C. One after another stole out of the at the corner of the second whistling and singing, we turned { oes Chi ts \ : ad ee ate bine desk, Stal ee is t 1 nay iW Abst ida: ¢ hvaanbereat toe SUL ie WY S/F eee TA INID) Jey Al IE ILI IE IB 10, 1D). 522 and struck out, strong and hopeful, for home and liberty.” The one hundred and eigt followed _ differe joutes for Setti ithi erent plans and routes for getting within the | National lines, but the it men who escaped through this tunnel N greater part of them were recaptured. Che party of which the officer just quoted was one, after twelve days of journeying through swamps and by-ways, fed and guided by the friendly negroes, at length reached the National lines on the Pamunkey. AY BARS HORS BE Ren vec On the morning of October 0, 1864, aq party of SIX hundred captive Union officers were put on board of a train of box-cars to be transported from the jail yard at Charleston to prison quarters at Columbia. Among the number was Capt. J. Madison Drake, of the Ninth New Jersey volunteers, who had been a prisoner of war five months and an inmate during that time of three different prisons—Libby, Macon, Ga., and Charleston. Although he had been foiled in many attempts to escape, he resolved on one more effort, the trip to Columbia, induced three fellow- Cayo, iFl, Inl, Wola, Eighth New Jersey; Capt. ae: Eleventh Connecticut; and Capt. Alfred Grant, Nineteenth Wisconsin. While the train was crawling slowly on toward the bold projector of the scheme managed to remove yrisoners to join him: Lewis, Columbia, the gun-caps from the nipples of the muskets of several guards * Rewritten (by RRs from Captain Drake’s narrative as printed in the private history of the N Ninth New Jersey Volunteers. sate 1 iC fe : Hae ees Sa aoa ez Es oo and, having received warning of el x ’ BHI a a Ne ater ee EL Maa Sl AY tet et Aaa a “Ss ea ee Ay) ” a ie i ee ie itee S ec? we ee eee A peseieaineneehentelhiehnmemeteetneeteeeeeeeeenee nT ae . rs ee \ 1 4 i 7 i d ap | \ a at ' } c { | j ‘ F ey A } 524 CAMPFIRE AND on the car where the four friends were; and as soon as dusk came on, the party at a signal took their daring leap. They landed in a cypress swamp on Congaree River, and found them- selves waist deep in water and mud. A volley of shots from all the guards followed the fugitives, but no one was hurt, as the train was running under good headway. A night and a day although the barking of dogs were passed in the swamp, and een sent out, and shouting of men indicated that pursuers had b , the runaways were not disturbed. The second night a bright new moon arose, and they started on a systematic journey toward the Union lines in Tennessee. Before leaving Charleston, one of the party had found a school map of South Carolina, and with this guide a course had been studied out. They decided to hug the swamps and woods by day, and at night use the fields and roads, and spend as little time as possible in sleep until the mountains of North Caro- lina were reached. Their chief guide-mark in South Carolina was the Wateree River. At the end of a week their rations had all been consumed, and in desperation the wanderers began to think of food to the exclusion of all else. Captain Drake says that in these times they heartily yearned for the government “hard tack’’ and the contractor's beef they had so often anathematized on the march and in camp. But fortune will favor the bold, and one night, as they halted on a roadside to debate whether it should be a quest for bread yr for a road to liberty, a dark form came shambling along the road, and in the moonlight they saw at a distance that it was an old negro with a basket on his arm. Without ceremony the famished men crowded around the old man, and finding that he had in his basket a “pone” of corn-bread, they seized it and began to devour it ravenously. After a time the situation was explained, and when the negro learned who the highwaymen were, he supplied a quantity of meal and salt, and sent them on their way mentally resolved to cultivate acquaintance with colored folks as often as possible Not until several hundred miles had been placed between their fainting feet and Charleston did the hapless fugitives feel a sense of freedom. Often their fears and alarms were cause- less, but they suffered loss of vitality all the same.. Sometimes seeming misfortunes proved to be blessings. One night a pack of dogs chased them into a crowded village, and they took refuge in a graveyard vault. There Captain Drake found a copy of a local newspaper, warning the people ‘to be on guard for escaped Union prisoners. The escaped prisoners themselves got the benefit of the hint. At another time some Confederate cavalrymen chased them on the high-road, and they escaped by getting into a dense wood, where the horses couldn’t follow. While wandering about, they fell in with a loyal mountaineer, who took them to his home, fed them, and directed them to other Unionists. Many of the men met with in the mountains were of the class xnOWN as “ lyers out, deserters from the Confederate army, and . ~ ‘ugitive conscripts. “A hundred or more of these men were per- Wada we i ' “7 2 dm rr = =e, * laded to join Drake’s party on their tramp toward the Union nes. thus reinforced with guides and armed companions, the PO pects of the runaway prisoners began to brighten. But they were not out of the | the woods by a long way, as the sequel proved. Vhen the fugitives drew near the Union lines the danger of Capture increased, for a cordon of mountain rangers patrolled the regi ; ime tegion to head off any fortunate ones who got thus far on the journey homeward. The mountains were simply barren Rone BAG Ee le LD). wastes, the few cabins had to be shunned, and the only food to be obtained was wild game which the rifles of the “lyers out” brought down. In the uplands the poor fellows were hounded by “rangers,” and in the valleys mounted Confederates dashed about on all sides. At length the party reached the vicinity of Bull’s Gap, a rail- way pass through the mountains, and guarded by Union troops as an outpost of Knoxville. The chief scout announced that the gap was fifteen miles from the foot of the hill whence it was first sighted, and that, once reached, the refugees would be safe. The news stimulated the men anew, and they started down the mountain with their eyes riveted on the gap, for fear, as Drake says, it would take wings and flee. Alas! alas! The unexpected happens in war if nowhere else. The gap didn’t exactly take wings and flee, but the ubiquitous General Breckenridge, with an army at his back, fell like a thunderbolt upon the Union garrison at the pass, defeated and routed the entire force and hurled them backward at mounted double-quick pace toward Knoxville; and, presto! the gap was closed in the very faces of the yearning-eyed, broken-bodied pilgrims. Think of it—at the end of those terrible weeks of endurance and suffering, to find a hostile army springing across the path at a bound, and its scouts and patrols beating every byway and bush in the region for the luckless strays of the fleeing enemy! A young woman of the mountains volunteered to scout toward the gap and bring news to the refugee camp. She simply learned that Breckenridge was sweeping the country of Union troops and marching upon Knoxville At the same time it was discovered that a band of Confed- erate partisans were on the trail of the fugitives, and to escape this new danger they found comparative shelter in a ravine. Two of the men who had leaped from the car with Drake, Cap- tains Todd and Grant, ventured out to obtain rations, which were sadly needed, as they were all living on dry corn. During the night mounted men attacked the bivouac, and the refugees scattered, every man for himself. At the end of a week they fell in with a cavalry patrol, and were once more, after forty-nine days’ wandering g, under the protection of the Stars and Stripes. ATTEMPTS AT ESCAPE FROM ANDERSONVILLE. Escapes from Andersonville, except through the portals of death—that is, complete escape to the Union lines—were exceed- ingly rare. Hundreds, through one device or another, succeeded in getting outside of the stockade, but the prison was so strongly surrounded with guards and forts and quarters occupied with zealous attendants, that it was difficult for a prisoner to elude the detective on the outside even when he had succeeded in passing the main barrier. Adding to this the existence of the deep swamps and vast forests just beyond the camp precincts, in which a stranger to the locality would be only too sure to lose his way, it will be seen that to enter Andersonville was indeed to leave “all hope behind.” The favorite method of attempt- ing escape was by tunnelling, for the great extent of the camp area, some twenty-five acres, and its crowded condition, made the work of excavation, without danger of discovery by the guards and keepers, comparatively easy. Another favorable circum- stance was the fact that prisoners were allowed to dig wells to supply drinking water, and the grounds were everywhere dotted with piles of fresh earth that had been thrown up in consequence.- ; ‘ b * rt Ce HR Mae Settee ee at pee erty messi ta rer att Peer rere tae Ly ery In order to excavate a tunnel, the prisoners contemplating escape would commence a lateral shaft a few feet below the mouth of one of these wells, located near the stockade: and as the work was done at night, the earth thus removed was Carried in small quantities and deposited on the piles of fresh earth thrown out from the newly sunken wells. The tools used were of the rudest kind—tin plates, cups, and knives with which to loosen the earth, and bare hands to scoop it into the haversacks, or bags improvised from clothes and pieces of blanket: and in this manner these tunnels were frequently extended, not only beyond the stockade, but even beyond the outer line of prison guards. Yet, although hundreds passed out—as many as one hundred escaped through one tunnel in a single night, late in 1864—they were invariably brought back; sometimes through the treachery of spies, who mingled with the prisoners, and at other times by hunters with their dogs, who were constantly patrolling the vicinity of the camp, and, in fact, the entire region, in search of deserters from the Confederate army and runaway slaves, as well as fugitive prisoners. Not one well-authenticated case of a prisoner getting out through a tunnel, and making his way North, is to be found on record. Another method of escape from the enclosure was by strolling beyond the sight of the guards when allowed to go out to the MCL } SErtiritist inert ven CAMPFIRE AND { a BOOT U1 tv. nt ae Way opens shar sire gee omen HLA. LL Una OLA ‘ = teil bed bee keate tl) BA Tue EV ELEEMED). 525 forests for wood; some, again, tried hiding in the huge boxes used for bringing prisoners into the camp, and many were missed from their quarters who had succeeded for the time being in misleading their guards, but eventually the fugitives turned up elsewhere; while such as enlisted in the Confederate army, this being their last hope of escape, soon reappeared, either as will ing prisoners or deserters. One tunnel, which had been carried under and beyond the stockade, was broken into by a severe flood, and the stock ade undermined, which opened the celebrated “ providential spring.” In August, 1864, when prisoners were dying from the use of unwholesome drinking water, a heavy thunder storm flooded the little brook that, running through the enclosure, passed in and out under the stockade. The rushing element not only broke in the roof of the tunnel, but loosened a quantity of earth which, since the construction of the stockade, had dammed up a copious stream of clear, fresh water, its original course passing right through the prison quarters. Some attributed the reopening to the action of lightning, while others looked upon it as a direct interposition of Heaven for their relief. But, whatever the cause, it supplied the prisoners with an abundance of good water through the remainder of their stay, and is still in existence. j errs eee 7 aie Cite AL NATIONAL CEMETERY, RICHMOND, VA. “a : y a a or cen eer di See ao ia Eee ian a ee ed PEN ay ee Tee Bada Jay saat Hoare A | If, ie Ps i! i ' j / | 1 i me i i } Jj ee ~~ jf { ! j ' f f \; a ; Q ' ee | 4 ‘ * { a < \ £% “ CAMPFIRE AND MORGAN’S ESCAPE. The account of the capture and escape of General Morgan as here given is condensed from an article by Samuel B. Taylor, originally published in the Cincinnati Tribune. In the summer of 1863, General Morgan’s command made, through Southern Ohio, one of those raids which were the most daring and successful in the history of modern and ancient war- fare. In that instance he did not meet with his usual great suc- in July of that year, with the capture cess, for his raid terminated, By order of of himself and sixty-eight of his officers and men General Burnside, he aa a number of his officers were confined in the Ohio Penitentiary, at Columbus. separate cell. in the first and sec- ‘We were each placed in a ynd range or tier of cells on the south side of the east wing of the prison. These cells were let into a solid block of masonry, one hundred and sixty feet long and twenty-five feet thick. They opened into a hall twelve feet wide and one hundred and sixty feet in length. Then, as now, the prison buildings and their yard were enclosed by a solid stone wall thirty feet high and four feet in thickness, and level on top. “We at length became so desperate from confinement that we determined to escape, no matte: at what hazard. But how was escape to be effected ? “From five o'clock P.M. till seven A.M. we were locked in our cells, with no means of communication. Through the day we were allowed to roam about the large hall on to which our cells opened and to converse freely with each other, though there was an armed sentry at either end of this hall, through aon the regular keepers of the prison passed at frequent and regular intervals We discussed every possible and impossible plan of escape, as we thought, but could hit upon none that seemed feasible. “We had been some three months in durance vile, when, in consequence of an insult that was offered to one of our num- ber, Capt. Thomas A. Hines, by the deput evolved by which we did finally Captain Hines retired ng that food neat not pass his lips and that sleep should not y warden, a plan was succeed in making our escape. his cell about eight o'clock A.M., VOW- rest upon his eyelids until he had thought out some plan of escape that should be practicable ‘About a quarter to twelve o’clock he came to me and said that he had hit upon a plan which he thought would do. At all events he was determined to try it. He then informed me that he had noticed that the walls of his cell, instead of being damp, they naturally would have been from the fact that they were built upon. a level with the ground outside, were perfectly dry. From. this he concluded ‘that there must be an air chamber beneath. Now, if such should be the case, Captain Hines’s plan Was to run a tunnel from it through the foundation into the ard, and then to escape over the prison wall. The cells were built in five tiers. Some of our party occu- pied the lowest or ground tier, while others. including General Morgan himself, occupied the second tier. Of course only those id tier “could l escape by means of Captain Hines’s Be to have him ae cells with some one: in the tier elo | e “1 aft a An 4 * . — . > o~ Che plan of ( aptain Hines was communicated to General Mor- | rnin ANA Elo ] + ee “6 - C 4 aii and the other officers that afternoon, and after being fully cee It was decided that not more than seven of those on the lower tier could escape, because the greater the number the creater eae be the danger 2 discovery. : We arranged to have the work begin in the cell] of Captain Hines, and in order to pre- Terris: IBA TP TE TG IB ION ID IL ID. vent the usual daily inspéction being made of it, he asked permis- sion to thereafter sweep it himself. and he kept it so scrupulously clean that after a few mornings The permission was granted, no inspection was made of it. Work was therefore begun in his cell on the morning of November 4th. With two small table- knives, obtained from sick comrades in the hospital, Captain Hines cut through six inches of cement, removed six layers of brick, concealing them in his bed tick, and came to an air cham- ber six feet in height. The work was carried on under his cot. ‘Having progressed thus far, Captain Hines now mounted cuard at the door of his cell, while the work was carried on by the rest of us. He pretended to be deeply engrossed in study, but in reality he was watching every movement of the guards and keepers. If one approac 1ed, he gave us warning by a sys- tem of taps on the floor. One tap meant to stop work, two to proceed, and three to come out. “We cut atunnel at right angles from the | air chamber through the foundation wall of the cell block five feet, feet of groutin oh this wall six feet in thickness, and then four feet up through twelve g to the outer wall of the east wing of the prison, then throu near the surface of the yard in an unfrequented place. Ourtunnel completed, it only remained to make an entrance from the cell into the air chamber. This could of each man who was to escap¢ only be done by working from the air chamber upward. “To do this we must have something to measure with in order to locate the spots at which to make fete holes. We secured a measuring line by involving the warden in a dispute about the length of the hall, Captain Hines aa it long enough, after the hall had been measured, to answer our purpose. The chamber being very dark, we obtained matches a candles from our sick comrades in the hospital. “It was very essential to our purpose that we should have an accurate knowledge of the prison yard and the wall inclosing it, but the windows of the hall were too high to afford us a view. Fortunately the warden ordered the walls and ceiling of the hall to be swept, anda ae ladder being brought for that purpose, I yffered the warden a wager that I Soula go hand over hand to its top, rest for a moment, and then descend in the same way. He took me up, and having been faimous all my life for feats of While resting at the top of the ladder I made a thorough survey of the yard. There strength and agility, I readily won the bet. was a double gate to the outer wall south of the wing in which we then were and almost at right angles from its eastern end. Of this double gate, the outer portal was solid as the wall itself, while the inner was of wooden uprights four inches apart. By means of this latter gate we might ascend to the top of the prison wall. For that purpose we made a rope of our bed ticking, and fastened it to a grappling iron made out of the poker of the hall stove. “All our money had been taken by our captors, but we obtained a fresh. supply from friends in the South, secreted in the cover of an old book sent through the mail. An oid convict, who was often sent into the city on errands by the warden, procured us a learned that a train left for Cincin- At midnight the guards made a round of the cells, and we determined to start at that hour. the others by a tap under the floor cf each cell. newspaper, from which nati—whither we were bound—at 1.15 o'clock A.M. [ was to descend inte the air chamber and notify I'he evening of November 27th being dark and cloudy, we determined to try our luck that night. When we were locked up for the night, General Morgan contrived to change places with his brother, who occupied one of the lower cells, and who creatly resembled him in face and form. very man arranged the stool,& . ; ee Pe Lees ase Ps STI UN Cu tertye HicthSe Hadras eel att ph betrteel ars ters iprencisorindieebeales ar tanye ae iM babe with which each cell was supplied, in his bed to look like a sleep- ing man when the guard should thrust his lantern through the cell door a few minutes later. ““T had General Morgan’s gold watch, and punctually at mid- night I broke with my boot-heel the thin layer of cement which separated my cell from the air chamber, and passing along the latter gave a tap under the floor of each of the others, who soon joined me. Wecrawled through our tunnel, and, breaking the thin layer of earth which separated its end from the surface, we were soon in the prison yard. Over the wooden gate, which I had seen from the ladder, we threw our grappling iron, and by its bed-tick- ing rope drew ourselves up till we stood on the wing wall, whence we readily passed to the outside wall in full view of freedom. “The top of the latter wall was so broad as to form a walkway for the guards, who were stationed there during the day, but who at night were placed inside the walls. This walkway was supplied with sentry boxes, and in one of these we divested our- o selves of the garments we had soiled in passing through the tunnel, each man having provided for this by wearing two suits. With one of the knives used in tunnelling, General Morgan then cut the rope running along the wall to the warden’s office bell. Fastening our grappling iron to the railing running along the edge of the wall, we descended to the ground outside, and were free once more, though at that very moment the prison guards were sitting around a fire not sixty yards away. ‘““We now separated, and in parties of two and three made our way to the railroad station, and took the train for Cincinnati. During the journey General Morgan sat beside a Federal major in full uniform, and was soon on the best of terms with him. Our route lay directly past the prison whence we had just come, and, as we whizzed by it, the Federal officer said to our leader: “«That is where the rebel General Morgan is now imprisoned.’ ““< Indeed,’ said General Morgan; ‘I hope they will always keep him as safely as they have him now.’ ‘At Dayton our train was delayed for over an hour, dnd this made it unsafe for us to go on to Cincinnati, as we had in- tended, because we should now be unable to reach the city until long after seven o'clock in the morning, and by that time OUr CSCape Was certain to be discovere d and telegraphed all over the country, and we should be watched for in every large city in which there was any possibility of our going. We therefore CSA BREVET BRIGADIER-GENERAL 0. E. BABCOCK. R. S. CANBY. Rete Theat ey ; HSE «ee na} nae : OT . Mo) Sa tat ames TIN hea Arce ere NS a aed le ipernity Lon % ee ' ail de IVT Pat teh ed Y , 4 tht Pele hi bSsheaecti ie . Tite Sieroter ra ae LS LU Uae MURR TUY LEE Ed | 5 OULU ey ea ek CAMPETRE AND BATE Ei ED: 527 alighted from the train as it was passing through Ludlow Ferry, a suburb of the city, and we quickly ferried across the Ohio River into Kentucky. There we found many kind friends, who aided us with hospitality, money, concealment when necessary, horses, and arms. The adventures, the dangers, hardships, hair- breadth escapes from capture, and serious and laughable inci- dents through which each one of us passed in making our way back into the Confederate lines, would fill an immense volume. For the purposes of this article, it must suffice to say that ulti- mately we all succeeded in rejoining our comrades at the front, though one or two of our number were recaptured before they could do so, but they again succeeded in escaping. “What transpired in Columbus after the discovery of our es- cape we did not learn until long afterward. Then we found that we had created one of the greatest—if not the very greatest— sensations of the war. Our escape had been effected in such a seemingly impossible manner, and was so absolutely without parallel in the history of prison escapes, that the people of the North refused to believe that it had been accomplished without collusion on the part of some of our keepers. It is no wonder that they thought so, for everything in connection with the affair happened so fortunately for us that it really seemed as if we must have had some assistance from some one within the prison. The way in which we obtained the line with which to measure for the holes in the cell floors, the way I .obtained a view of the prison yard, the way in which General Morgan and his brother changed cells on the night of our escape, all of which I have detailed before, would certainly seem impossibilities with- out connivance. Then, when it is considered that the digging of the tunnel consumed over three weeks, and that the keepers were almost constantly passing over where it was going on, it seems incredible that they never became aware of it. “ Nevertheless, there was never any bribery even attempted. It seemed as though fate or Providence or some controlling power had decreed that we were to escape, and directed every- thing to that end. The only bribery was that practised upon the old convict I have mentioned, to induce him to bring us a newspaper, contrary to the warden’s rules, that we might find out about the trains for Cincinnati, and the convict in question had not the slightest idea what we wanted it for. I believe Warden N. L. Merion was perfectly loyal to the Union.” BREVET BRIGADIER-GENERAL ANSON G. McCOOK. —— rath SSS an ; : ae t . DT suite i Ja a a IETF, y oe aot WT 9 al BE a le ap, eID ND aaT yAUPN Pa IPER beg ay CAVERN AND BA TAGE ie LD. SST TT I eR ie ET. a federate service early in the conflict. As master in the navy, he had led for a time the daring, reckless life of a “swamp angel’ in the lower Potomac, destroying the Union commerce in Chesapeake Bay and its adjacent waters. While thus engaged, he planned a lake raid, but failed to get his government to sanction the project until 1864, when the Northwestern Confederacy movement made it necessary for Jacob Thompson and his co-conspirators in Canada to have a foothold upon Union soil along the border. One of Thompson’s cherished plans Bie omens cc was an uprising of the notorious Sons of (ferrardentsior General) Liberty at Chicago, during the Democratic national convention in August, 1864. About this time Beall arrived at Sandusky, O., with authority to proceed on_ his raiding enterprise. Thompson had prepared the way for him by a careful investigation of the lake defences. through an emis- sary located at Sandusky—Capt. Charles H. Cole. formerly of Morgan’s raiders. Cole was supplied with means to entertain and bribe such Union officials as might be of service to the Confederacy; and he finally concluded that the control of the lakes could be secured by the capture of the gunboat Michigan, the sole defender of the waters, and the liberation of the Con- federate prisoners at Camp Douglas, Chicago, and at Johnson’s Island in Sandusky Bay. [Thompson gave Cole authority to capture the Michigan, and appointed Beall to aid him. It was arranged between Cole and JUDSON KILPATRICK, iF par it 528 H | Beall that the former would remain in Sandusky and coéperate | | i | by bribing some of the men on the Mzchigan, and by preparing y HH} A : the prisoners on Johnson’s Island for an outbreak. The MWichz- ; | Hy nT gan lay off the island. The date was fixed for the night of | UNION AND CONFEDERATE RAIDS AND Semiomibar 19th, and Beall went to Canada to organize a force, | ti) RAIDERS: hazarding everything, as will be seen, on the success of his con- 1 | federate, who, at the decisive moment, when Beall’s attacking ny BYe CEORGE 12 KILMER: party should arrive off Sandusky, was to make rocket signals i td from Johnson's Island that the expected aid was a certainty. ime | BEALL, THE LAKE RAIDER—ANDREWS AND HIS DISGUISED RAIDERS— Beall secured the services of nineteen Confederate refugees, 1 | | | LIEUTENANT CUSHING’S BOAT RAIDS—KILPATRICK’S RAID BY RICH- chiefly escaped prisoners of war harbored in Canada, and the 1 ia) MOND—MORGAN'S KENTUCKY RAID—RAIDING A CITY. party disguised in civilian dress took passage on a steamer plying | between Sandusky and Detroit, carrying in their baggage a sup- i > THE secret enterprise which placed Lieutenant Davis in a ply of revolvers and hatchets. At the proper time, the captain | dungeon cell and nearly cost him his life had a deeply tragic in his office, and the mats at he ae were told te vaca uae | ly ending for John Y. Beall, the young Vir- Suelo Dee uC sudden} bran- 1 [ sinian, executed at Fort Columbus, New fe ey dished right and left to intimidate the ot ee Harbor, the 24th of February, 1865. officers and men, and Beall as spokesman Wl | Beall was the chief promoter and the | declared, a take Pee etn of this boat 1 t leader of the Lake Erie raid in the fall | in the name of the Confederate States.” qi of 1864, but technically the offence for | Under his direction the vessel was put i which he suffered was that of a spy. | about and headed for Middle Boss Island, ? i by The judge advocate of the court which | in Ohio waters, where the passengers and | condemned him spoke of the prisoner | | regular crew were set ashore. | | as one “whom violent passions had | rom the island Beall bore his vessel a ! shorn of his nature’s elements of manli- iE | directly for the gunboat Michigan, 1 ness, and led him to commit deeds which | | steamed up within cannon range, and i | to have even suspected him of at an | | awaited a rocket signal. When the hour a) earlier stage in his career would have | | passed and no signal came, he decided to i been a calumny and a crime.” | risk everything, board the eunboat at all 1a 1 | Beall had been wounded in the Con- hazards, and strike for Johnson’s Island. In his crisis an unlooked-for event dashed his high resolves suddenly to the ground. The crew of the Philo Parsons mutinied. The absence of the shore signals was > interpreted by them as a warning that the plot had been discovered: and, al- though Beall argued and pleaded, the men insisted that the death penalty awaited them if captured, and they felt certain that’ such would be the end of itall” Dheir boat was then run to the Canada shore, abandoned, and de- stroyed. The scene now changes to Union soil. On the night of the 15th of Wecember, 1864, the engineer on an eastern-bound express train on the Erie railroad, between Buffalo and Dunkirk, saw a rail- road rail across the track, in front LIEUTENANT-GENERAL NATHAN 8. FORREST, Cc. S.A verse and strike the obstruction of his engine, just in time to re- at reduced speed without severe The next night two policemen at the New York Central depot, Niagara City, arrested two suspicious men who were about to take the cars for Canada. Beall was one of them, and, though he made some attempt to deny his identity, he was sent to New York City and accused of the lake raid and of the attempt at train wrecking. The clerk of the Philo Parsons, and damage.cewantet hee vat Pee. Aaah ee OLS Te ty tr me ) er Ter GLa sett papier MLL fal HT Hs HELMET evs tee ry . ; ; ; ! : ! ea be WEL Otte UALR OU OTC el crea els tet : bpheteee teeth en tatee ee tbe tibsloinstisbehi theta ieieces panetont Loe] ene ngpiaes nie Ohta, a) iA wees oA barat Se et Cs — ra ane I uw aa = > a ‘e a COPYRIGHT 1897 BY KNIGHT & BROWN. ee te Wa AS ns LE : Af A. A foe thir? VLE VE DOU : a eet ey f : : aT ‘ si ye cy Cite Da alae eat salle Rss ai eae Pe, a