wiiue

i,HousiInG AND HEALTH

BY

LAWRENCE VEILLER

NATIONAL HOUSING ASSOCIATION PUBLICATIONS No. 9

Price Hive Cen? s

SECOND EDITION FEBRUARY, I913

105 Bast 22p STREET, NEW YorRK CITYHOUSING AND HEALTH

By LAWRENCE VEILLER,
Secretary, National Housing Association, New York,

Dirt and disease have gone hand in hand too long. As
modern surgery owes its rapid strides to the discovery of asepsis
and the banishment of dirt from the operating room, so modern
medicine is about to come into its own through the banishment
of dirt from our communal life. The slum, the mother of disease,
is now doomed. Its end is in sight. From ocean to ocean,
throughout the land, there is a newly awakened consciousness of
our past folly and a slowly dawning perception of our inherent
right to decent conditions of living.

We have paid dear for our slums, and have given hostages to
fortune, leaving a heavy debt for posterity to liquidate. No one
has even attempted to estimate the cost to the nation of our bad
housing conditions, because it is an impossible task. Who can
say of the vast army of the unemployed, how large a portion of
the industrially inefficient are so because of lowered physical
vitality caused by disadvantageous living conditions? To what
extent is the forbidding atmosphere of so many homes an ele-
ment in the problem of inebriety? Of the burdens which the
State is called upon to bear in the support of almshouses for the
dependent, hospitals for the sick, asylums for the insane, prisons
and reformatories for the criminal, what portion :can fairly be
attributed to adverse early environment? :

Despite our vaunted civilization, our material prosperity, our
increasing love and appreciation of things artistic, our greatly
improved architecture, our musical development, our mastery of
the mechanical world, our readiness of invention, our diffusion
of education, our higher standards of liberty, in a word, our
greatly increased culture, we are still in some respects “barbarous
America.” From the past no word comes to us of the slums
of ancient Tyre or Sardis or of noble Athens—only a faint breath
from decadent Rome, to tell us that the worst they had did not
approach the evils of present-day America.In the great majority of our cities we are still in that rudi-
mentary state of sanitary knowledge where we know no better
than to surround ourselves with the vilest elements of human
waste, which we allow to remain near the homes of the poor for
long periods of time, ‘turning living places which should be
gardens of delight and centers of sweet repose into nothing more
nor less than disease factories, whose daily output is literally
disease and death. We still suffer to remain in large numbers
even in the crowded quarters of our cities, where the poor are
huddled close together, and where disease spreads quickly,
thousands of vile privies, vaults, sinks, cesspools, outdoor
closets, “sanitary conveniences,” so-called. No one knows how
many thousands of these there are, but the city where they are
not present in large numbers is exceptional. Even New York,
with its four and three-quarter millions of people, had 7000 of
them up to a few years ago. Baltimore still has 70,000 earth
closets, and through all her existence has had no system of public
sewers, but only now is installing one. St. Louis can still show
12,000 privy vaults, Philadelphia and Chicago have literally hun-
dreds of thousands of outdoor closets, and many privies and
cesspools. Indianapolis, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Cincin-
nati, Nashville, Birmingham—all have to admit the presence
Of these ancient evils by the thousands. The list might be
added on indennitely. ‘cardly a city in Ametica is free from
this blight.

That such conditions could prevail among the cultured, well-
to-do, progressive people of America to such degree is unthink-
able. That «péoples of intelligence and wealth would continue to
live in such‘sirrdtindings is not to be believed. And, of course,
they do not. ‘These conditions are to be found only among the
homes of the poor—in our slums, in those foreign colonies which
we have allowed to spring up in the various sections of our cities,
“empires within an empire,’ segregated from American institu-
tions, isolated communities feeling but slightly the touch of
democracy—"social Saharas,” as they have been aptly called.

Just because these evils have been removed from our immediate
sight we have foolishly fancied ourselves secure, and have believed
that they do not touch us. But the “mighty miasmatic breath blown
from the slums” penetrates all parts of the town. No home is

4

FP a RNC re eeexempt, no person secure. Disease, no respecter of persons, visits
all alike.

The sordidness of it all, the degrading baseness of it, un-
fortunately is withheld from the eyes of most of us. What it
means to the people who have to live in the midst of it we can
but faintly conceive. Let us frankly admit that these conditions
result in imposing upon the great mass of our working people
habits of life that are more compatible with the life of animals
than with that of human beings. What it must mean in its effect
on the standards of decency, of modesty, of morality even, of
young girls growing into womanhood, I leave to the reader’s
imagination.

The effect upon health is direct and intimate. To the de-
bilitating influence of the noisome odors in the hot summer
weather may be traced much of the illness of the poor; to such
influences are largely traceable their lowered vitality and inability
to readily resist disease. The connection is even more direct:
myriads of flies swarm throughout the hot months, feed on the
contents of the vaults, and then proceed to infect the food supply
of the people in the neighboring stores, in the kitchens where food
is preparing—and with their dangerous burden crawl upon the faces
and bodies of the sleeping infants in the homes of the poor. Nor
do they stop there—even the homes of the rich are not exempt from
the dangers of the typhoid fly.

That conditions such as these should grow up in a young
community like America, without our becoming conscious of
them, is not strange, but the time is rapidly passing when we
can longer plead ignorance and extreme youth as excuses for our
failure to act.

Few cities have as yet dealt effectively with this situation,
but, fortunately, the number which have awakened to the sig-
nificance of these conditions is constantly increasing.

We are rapidly passing out of the stage where the repre-
sentative men of a community with whispers discuss these evils
and in subdued tones deprecate their ventilation on the ground
that it is “bad for bitsimess and will luni the citys fain tage |
Far-seeing men realize that any such ostrich-like policy but post-
pones the ewil day, that the continued tolerance of the conditions
in the long run injures the city and that a low death rate and a

5well-earried reputation as “a city of homes” is one of the best
assets a city can have. Such men realize that frank, open-
minded discussion of health needs is a prerequisite to their
cure. Diagnosis must precede treatment. In many cities groups
of business men, chambers of commerce, etc., are themselves
actively taking hold of these problems. They are abandoning
the policy of concealment and working that there may be noth-
ing to conceal.

Strangely enough, democracy itself seems to be an obstacle
to sanitary progress. It is a disconcerting and startling dis-
covery to make, but the evidence is unmistakable. In those cities
where the “workingman owns his own home,” where there are
miles and miles of small one-story and two-story houses, the
sanitary authorities will tell you that they have the greatest
difficulty in meeting health needs, in securing adequate appro-
priations, in enforcing higher standards. A low tax rate becomes
in such communities a fetich of sinister effect: Where the com-
munity is made up to a predominant degree of working people,
many of whom “own” their own homes by the payment of but
$25 or $50, as is frequently the case, the tax rate becomes directly
felt to a degree that cannot be appreciated in other communities
where the burden of high taxes is more widely distributed and
is frequently disguised in the form of rent and increased prices
of commodities.

In such cities every public expenditure is viewed with the
closest scrutiny—public officials, who owe their office to popular
vote, are loath to pursue any course of action that will impose
upon the electorate at large additional expense. Bond issues for
needed public improvements, for installing a system of public
sewers, for example, or for alley improvement, are often voted
only with great difficulty.

The small property owner, with limited resources, stagger-
ing frequently under burdens which he should never have placed
on his own shoulders, lured by “land hunger,” and sometimes by
the hunger to be a landlord, is the greatest obstacle to progress.
Burdened as he is, limited in his intelligence, his own standard
of living low, his knowledge of sanitary science practically sz,
it is not strange that he should not place the welfare of the com-
munity above that of self-interest, and should not divorce in his

6

LNT Ye ET ONconsideration of public questions, their effect on his own pocket
from their value to his neighbors and to posterity.

The low standards of living of such a man are further ob-
stacles to sanitary advance. Living himself under sordid sur-
roundings, content with the conditions that he has known from
early childhood, he can see no reason for the new “fads and
fancies” which the health authorities would compel him to pro-
vide for his tenants. If vaults are good enough for him, they
are quite good enough for his tenants, whom he considers as
social and industrial inferiors.

The false cry for “economy” which now is so popular, and
which is usually a cry for false economy, threatens to wreck our
institutions. Its appeal to the taxpayer is immediate and satis-
factory. His materialistic sense is gratified, and he cares little
if it means a serious setback to the sanitary and social progress
of the community. It will take the country years to recover
from its present hysterical outbreak in this direction.

lt will be a long time, I fear, before we return to a sane
realization that with our advancing standards of civilization, the
increased burdens imposed by unrestricted immigration, and our
constantly enlarging conceptions of governmental functions, ex-
penses of government must necessarily increase from year to
year. New sources of revenue must be developed, due economy
should be practiced, waste eliminated so far as practicable, but
retrenchment in public expenditures should never be made at the
expense of the health of the community.

It is due largely to the conditions just described that we
have as yet in no city dealt effectively with our alley problem.
The alley is both a blessing and a curse. As a means of letting
light and air into the interior of city blocks that would otherwise
be without it, it is a distinct gain. And the few cities that have
no alleys feel their misfortune in this regard most keenly. The
small, pocketed back yards, shut away from the free current of
air, are unknown in the city with alleys. The alley is generally,
however, an evil. As a minor street, hidden away at the rear
of everything, it becomes the dumping ground for all the cast-off
material of humanity. Here will be found collected, in all stages
of picturesque disorder and sordid squalor, all of the unpleasant
things of our material existence.<cmmmesemttinime ei atte AO TI TTS:

  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
  

The privies generally are close to it. Piles of manure, those
pest factories which breed uncontrolled the typhoid fly by
myriads, frequently overflow into it. Uncollected garbage, in
the hot summer months, lies there in decaying heaps. Surface
water, slops, wash-tub emptyings, leakage from privies and from
stables cover the surface with slime. Old paper, tin cans, rub-
bish and refuse of every kind are everywhere; huge rats, living
and dead, add to the general horror.

In many cases, these are the playgrounds of the children
of the working people. In some they are the only approach to
their homes, the sole outlook upon life they get from the windows
at the improvidence

of their dwelling places. And we wonder
hittlessness! We are

Of the poor, at their inebriety, at their s

surprised at the burdens which the State has to bear in the sup-
port of the defective and delinquent.

Unpaved, as most alleys are, the cleaning often is a difficult
problem. This difficulty is greatly enhanced by the fact that in
most cities the city itself assumes no responsibility for their
cleanliness, but looks to the abutting property owner to perform
this function. The result is what might be expected. We years
ago passed beyond that stage of our development where we
imposed on private citizens the responsibility for cleaning the
streets in front of their houses, but we still, in many cities, fool-
ishiexpeer them to clean the streets in the rear. In few cities
are the alleys policed or lighted at night. They become often,
therefore, the haunt of criminals, and naturally lend themselves
to practices which shun the light.

All of these evil conditions are well recognized in most of
our cities, but the same causes that have tended to perpetuate
the evils of the privy vault have been operative here as well.
The small property owner, to whose wishes the elected public
official is sensitive, objects to assessments for paving the alleys.
He sees no “benefit,” in the financial sense, to his property, and
he is unwilling, as a rule, to be asked to pay for an improvement
which, from his point of view, does not “improve,” and which he
thinks too good for the class of people from whom he draws his
revenues.

The alley, if it is to remain, must be treated as a street. It
must be paved; it must be cleaned at regular intervals, that is,

8kept clean, not made clean; it must be lighted and it must be
policed. Before any of these things can be done the city must
officially assume responsibility for it; where it does not already
own the fee, the owners must dedicate it to the city.

The cry for “economy” and the desire to keep down the tax
rate operate against the carrying out of these measures. If the
alleys are to be cleaned by the city as often as the streets are cleaned,
ie cost of street cleaning will increase at least Mity per cent, 50.
if they are lighted and policed, the city’s yearly expense will be
similarly increased.

But it is a false economy that stands in the way of carrying
out these greatly needed reforms. It is saving at the spigot and
wasting at the bung-hole. We are paying the cost now, in fact,
but in indirect and less obvious ways. It will cost the city more
for police, but less for police courts and jails; more fon Street
cleaning, but less for hospitals and relief. It is better economy
to keep people well than to get them well, to prevent crime than
to punish it. The cost must be paid one way or another. If
we refuse to pay it in treasure now, we must pay it in both blood
and treasure in the end.

The filth and squalor which surround the homes of the poor
in so many of our cities may be traced to similar causes. From
the very nature of things, the working people cannot be expected
to hire carts and cart away the refuse which accumulates. Nor
is there much likelihood of the average landlord doing this under
the conditions of our ordinary urban existence.

This is a function of the municipality, and, if the city neglects
it, the responsibility must be placed where it belongs, upon the
city officials who are so benighted that they do not see the short-
sichtedness of their policy, and upon the citizens who are so
penurious that they prefer to tolerate the evil conditions rather
than increase the cost of government. There are few cities in
America to-day where the garbage is collected with sufficient
frequency or regularity. And the city which collects rubbish,
ashes and other waste is as yet the exception rather than the rule.

Tuberculosis, that sinister terror of former years, is thought
by many to be about to vanish from us, but sober vision indicates
that it will be many years before we see it disappear. Although
it would seem that no one could have escaped learning the im-

9perative necessity of fresh air and sunlight, yet, notwithstanding
that we have been taught that tuberculosis is a “house disease,”
that in dark, unventilated rooms it thrives and flourishes, and
that the germs cannot live in strong sunlight, yet in how few
cities is the speculative builder restrained from adding new dark
rooms to swell the present number. In growing Western cities,
where space is plentiful and land is cheap, new tenement houses
are built with half the rooms dark—it is easier to do it that wav.
And, as a nation, we normally choose the easiest way. In no
city, East or West, have we so far progressed as to prohibit in
our private dwellings and our public buildings rooms without
direct outside light and air. Everywhere, irrespective. of land
values, one encounters an intense, individualistic desire to cover
over an undue amount of the lot, and occupy, if possible, every
foot of land.

In our houses on wheels, the railroad cars and _ trolleys,
where disease spreads most easily and rapidly, we have just be-
eun to enforce standards of ventilation; one might almost say
we have hardly commenced it. In our public buildings we are
still in the dark ages; our court houses, our municipal and state
buildings, our schools and churches, our workshops, our theaters
and the moving picture shows, where so many hundreds of thou-
sands of people congregate nightly, proper ventilation is the ex-
ception rather than the rule.

We have a long and difficult campaign of education ahead
of us before we can approach reasonable health standards in
this regard. Most people do not want fresh air in their homes or
elsewhere. It is not only “night air” that is dreaded, but all fresh
air. Let a man open a window in a railroad train, or trolley car,
or even at a convention of physicians or sanitarians, and see what
happens. How quickly some one closes it who cannot stand “the
draft.” All the ignorance in this regard cannot be charged to the
“great unwashed.”

Viewing these conditions, it seems premature, at least, to
talk of establishing “garden cities’ and ‘‘zone systems.” These
highly desirable ideals, so successfully carried out in the Old
World, must wait until we can bring ourselves to attend to the
elementary principles of sanitation and the rudimentary prin-
ciples of community living. It is as if the doctor attending a

IOpatient desperately ill with typhoid or pneumonia were to con-
cern himself before the crisis of the disease had passed with the
patient’s diet during the convalescent stage. We have not
yet reached the convalescent stage, but are still battling for the
patient’s life.

Underlying all of the evils we have thus far discussed is
our failure, as a nation, to develop sanitary inspection as a vital
adjunct of municipal administration. We lead the world in the
development of the science of sanitary plumbing, in our ready
adaptation of new mechanisms and devices, the products of our
inventive genius, but sanitary inspection here is still in its in-
fancy.

Im most cities it is still unexplored teritony. Vit tve
exceptions, New York and Chicago, no city in America has as
vet developed a system of inspection that is worthy of the name
of system. And even in these two cities only a beginning has
been made.

In the majority of cases we are still employing methods that
belong to the pre-glacial period of sanitary science. In _prac-
tically all our health departments we sit down now, as we did
years ago, and placidly await “citizens’ complaints” of unsanitary
conditions, assuming that, when we have attended to these we
have done all that need be done. Perhaps, when we were a
homogeneous nation of American citizens, it was safe to trust
to this method, but that period has long passed. With our for-
eign “colonies” in every city, with the mass of our working
population made up, more and more, of the peasantry of Europe,
ionorant of our language and customs, unused to our standards
of living, and unable to make articulate their dissatisfaction with
the conditions under which they are compelled to live, we can
no longer look to any such methods of discovering and remedy-
ing sanitary evils. ,

Many of the poor in our large cities do not know that there
is such a thing as a board of health; of those who do know of
its existence, few know where to find its offices, or, if aware,
cannot afford the time to travel to them to call attention to evil
conditions, and the great mass is too illiterate to send written
complaints. Back of it all, too, is the certain knowledge, gained
from bitter past experience, that if the source of the complaint

IIis discovered, eviction by the landlord is sure to follow. So, the

worst conditions remain undiscovered, for weeks, often for
months, sometimes for years, and the poor finally become hard-
ened to them, believing them unescapable and inherent in poverty
itself.

This system, too, has interesting “by-products” which the
student of social and municipal affairs should not overlook. It
makes for unfair discrimination. It seems to indicate to the land-
lord whose property is frequently complained against that he is
singled out, “persecuted,” as he puts it, when he sees worse con-
ditions in neighboring property tolerated and left alone. Nothing
can convince him that it is not due to political “pull’’ on the
part of his neighbor that he is able to escape attention. He is
prone to charge graft, politics and crookedness to the admin-
istration, and thus there is bred in the public mind that distrust
of popular government which is rapidly making the holding of
public office unattractive.

In place of this casual, haphazard method there must be
substituted the only system of sanitary inspection that is worthy
of the name. Instead of sitting calmly waiting for complaints,
health inspectors must systematically go about “looking for
trouble’”—they will find plenty. Instead of sending a man to
look at one thing in one house, because it is complained about,
there should be a well-trained corps of men going over every
part of the homes of the poor, systematically and thoroughly,
scrutinizing carefully every part of the building where trouble
might naturally be expected—all the probable danger points.
Such inspection would include the cellar, the water closets and
privies, the public halls and stairs, the roof, the out-premises,
the individual apartments and the plumbing, with especial em-
phasis laid on the public parts of the building. It should be
done on the health board’s initiative, and should be periodic,
that is, at sufficiently frequent intervals to ensure the main-
tenance of the homes of the poor in proper sanitary condition.
Once a month is the ideal. Once a year is the minimum. Three
times a year should be practicable in most cities.
| Coupled with this inspection to discover sanitary evils so
- that they may be abated, there should go a system of “instructive
sanitary inspection” by trained women inspectors. It sounds

 

12

I TE eT a

aespaternalistic, but we might as well face the fact that many of
the poor must be taught how to live. This is especially true of
the inhabitants of our large foreign “colonies.” To many of them
American standards of living are totally new. They have no
conception of the functions of modern plumbing, for instance,
and often fail to realize that methods of waste disposal which
were satisfactory to them in sparsely settled country districts
of rural Europe, and which there brought no evils in their train,
may not safely be followed in the more closely built-up sections
of our urban communities.

Instruction of this kind must necessarily be undertaken with
the -mothers and children. In the homes it must be given by
women, and women who have the power and authority to follow
up their advice with orders, when necessary. Much can be done
in the schools. Whatever is done should be done in a practical
way, with apt illustration, and through direct personal influence,
rather than by distribution of “literature.”

It is easy to say, “These things should be done,” and they
commend themselves at once to most minds. In only two cities
in the United States, however, New York and Chicago, is a system
of periodic sanitary inspection carried on. And in only one city
is any work being done along the lines of “instructive sanitary
inspection.”

Why, one asks, should American cities be so far behind the
enlightened standards of sanitary science? Partly because we
have drifted along, choosing the line of least resistance, and
partly because we have fallen into a rut in our health work and
have only just begun to stand off and look at it and weigh its
value. |

The failure to progress faster and to reach higher standards
is, however, due to far more fundamental Causes. We have
hitherto not been civilized enough or intelligent enough to be
willing to spend money for the preservation of health. In hun-
dreds of cities, still, the health commissioner receives no com-
pensation, or so slight a one that he can afford to give but a small!
portion of his time to the work.

In every city in the country the health department is terribly
undermanned. It cannot begin to attempt to do what it knows
to be imperatively necessary for the city’s welfare. I can con-

13ea kage a a aa

ceive of no more trying situation than that which most of our
earnest and conscientious health commissioners encounter year
after year, having to sit helplessly by and see their recommenda-
tions ignored, and the annual toll for unnecessary disease and
death increase year after year. The blame for the evil condi-
tions cannot be laid at the doors of our health officials. With
but few exceptions, they have done their part, and if, after years
of effort of this kind, they finally lapse into a state of hopeless
indifference, they are not to be blamed. Who would not give
up hope under such circumstances? The blame must be placed
on us all—on the whole community, on our best citizens, and
our worst. It is our fault and no one’s else that these conditions
continue.

We have been so stupid or so careless that we have paid
little or no attention to our slums. We have been willing to
spend money lavishly to protect property, but not to protect
human life and health. Large sums we grant annually in all
our cities for the support of the police and fire departments,
but we grudgingly apportion mere pittances to our health
departments.

In New York 1% per cent. of the city’s annual expenditures
is for health work, as compared with 5 per cent. for fire protec-
tion, 9 per cent. for the police, and 17 per cent. for education.
And New York leads the country in its health expenditures and
has more generous treatment in this regard than any other city
in America. And yet, even in New York last year, where its
efficient health commissioner certified that the welfare of the city
required the expenditure of $4,076,578 for health work during
the coming year, the financial authorities granted him but
$2,823,499.

What are we to think of a city like Chicago, with all its
wealth and culture, where the city authorities pay no heed to
the statement of the expert head of its health department, that
$1,500,000 is requisite to meet the health needs of the City, and
allow him little more than one-third of that amount? And this
in the face of a campaign of education, in which the health au-
thorities showed just what the citizens of Chicago could buy with
their money in the way of health.

In the face of such statements as the following, coming from

14

TTY 5 RAFT er RT ETE eS en eee lenisthe highest official authority, it is difficulty to understand how such
a decision could have been reached:

Chicago now has a 2l-cent per capita health department. A 21-cent
health department for Chicago can hold the gross death rate under 16
per 1000 for a few years. It can hold the number of deaths from diphtheria
at about 800; from scarlet fever at about 600; typhoid at about 300, and
baby deaths from summer complaint at about 3000. It can keep smallpox
epidemics at about twelve years apart, and paralyzing epidemics of diphtheria
or scarlet fever about four or six years apart.

A health department spending 50 cents per capita should put diphtheria
down to, say, 100 deaths per year; scarlet fever to about 500; typhoid to
120, and cut off 5 per cent. from the consumption mortality. It should be
able to add 10 years to the smallpox intervals and 3 or 4 years to the
diphtheria and scarlet fever intervals.

The final conclusion is that we can have freedom from preventable dis-
eases in proportion as we are willing to pay for it. We cannot have something
for nothing. A 21-cent health department means about 15,000 deaths from
preventable disease a year. If we pay more, we will have fewer. If we pay
less, we shall have more.

Which shall it be: Dollars or deaths?

In the last analysis, it all resolves itself back to the degree
of intelligence and enlightened public sentiment which are to be
found in the community.

Still, the outlook for the future is hopeful. We are passing
out of the dark ages of sanitary science. Housing and health
are receiving each year increased attention, increased thought.
We are rapidly ceasing to be “barbarous America.”

> > D )
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15ee ee a Sh SR ALAR ER ALTRI

 

 

 

NATIONAL HOUSING ASSOCIATION
PULL et Tos

THE AWAKENING OF .A STATE—INDIANA
By ALBION FELLOWS BACON
Three cents by the hundred.
WHAT BAD HOUSING MEANS TO THE COMMUNITY—2np Enrtton
By AsBion FELLows .BACON
Three cents by the hundred.
TEACHING THE TENANT
By JOHANNA VON WAGNER
Four cents in quantities of one hundred or more.
ONE MILLION PEOPLE IN SMALL HOUSES—2np Epnrrion
By HeLen L. PARRISH
Four cents in quantities of one hundred or more.
HOUSING AND HEALTH—2np Epirion
By LAWRENCE VEILLER
Four cents by the hundred.
THE SURVEY AND THE SMALLER CITY
By GrorcE THOMAS PALMER
Three cents in quantities of one hundred or more.
THE HOME AS A: FACTOR IN PUBLIC’ HEALTH
By JoHN IHLDER
Three cents by the hundred.
SUN-LIGHTED TENEMENTS—Thirty-five years experience as an Owner
By ALFrep T. WHITE
Ten cents each; nine cents by the hundred.
THE WORK OF A HOUSING COMMITTEE
By JoHN IHLDER
Two cents apiece for twenty-five or more; one cent by
the hundred.
HOW SOCIAL WORKERS CAN AID HOUSING REFORM
By Mary E. RICHMOND
Three cents by the hundred.
WHAT KIND OF HOMES ?—How at So of Commerce is Helping to
Solve the Housing Problem
By Howakp STRONG
Three cents by the sated
A HOUSING PROGRAMME,
By LAWRENCE VEILLER
Three cents by the hundred.
MODEL TOWNS IN AMERICA
By GRoSVENOR ATTERBURY j
Ten cents each; nine cents by the hundred. ;

Single copies of the above pamphlets may be obtained from the National
Housing Association, 105 East 22d Street, New York City, for five cents,
except Sun-Lighted Tenements and Model Towns in America, ten cents.

Other Pamphlets in Preparation.

HOUSING PROBLEMS IN AMERICA
Proceedings of the First National Conference on Housing in America.
Cloth bound. $2.00 postpaid.

Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Housing now in press.a
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