ee aa an Se of if, i| ogarnmaiy & GO. PHILA DELPRa.geri Lake ee ee nee SS ee OWPERTHWAIT e4G SC ALTIONAL PUBLISHERS. = Nos. 628 and 630 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, INVITE ATTENTION TO THEIR NEW AND, VALUABLE SCHOOL PUBLICATIONY C—O os ' Business-Standard Copy-Bookg Primary Course, Nos. ! to “hss | Common School Gourse, Nos. | to 738 rio Powell’s Language Series. Powell’s How ao Talk. Powell’s How to Write. These two books, prepared by W. B. Poweti, A. M., Super- imtendent of Schools, Aurora, Tll., are the result of many years of -suecessful effort in training children to talk and write correctly. Their purpose is to euide the learner ‘n the correct use of language when he is acquiring a vocabulary and forming habits of speech. Hagar’s Mathematics. agar’s Primary Lessons in Numbers: 2s Elementary Arithmetic. Hagar's Common School Arithmetic: Hagar’s Elementary Algebra. ! Mental and written exercises are combined in each book The methods and processes are such as are now used arrangement of the books is stich, that Hagar of this Series. by business: men, and the the Primary Lessons and the Elementary Arithmetic, or the | Primary Lessons and the Common School Arithmetic, may form a COUrse complete in two books. Monroe's Readers and Spellers. Sixth Reader. Primary Speller. Practical Speller. Third Reader. . Fourth Reader. Fifth Reader. Chart-Primer. First Reader. Second Reader. Supplementary Readers. Advanced Second Reader. Advanced Third Reader. Monroe’s New Primer. Advanced First Reader. This Series, prepared by Prof. L. B. Monroe, Dean of Reston Onit- versity School of Oratory, contains many original and valuable features. The thorough and enthusiastic study which the Author gave to this subject, and his long and successful experience as a Practical Instructor of Schools, Teachers, Clergymen, and Public Speakers eminently qualified him for the task he so thoroughly performed. These Books are profusely Illustrated by the best artists, and in mechanical execution are equal to any school books now published. Monroe’s Reading Charts——50 Nos. “The latest and best series issued. Printed from steel-pj Giving the Business- Standard forms of the letters 1n | and clear copies. No flourishes. No elaborate and comp system of analysis. Nearly twenty per cent. more writing than any other series. Duplicate copy in middle of each Gresne's Grammars. Greene’s Introduction to English Gram Greene’s English Grammar. Greene’s Analysis of the English Languag These Books form a complete Series, adapted] y different grades of city and country schools; but each bookg used independently of the others. } Prof. Greene’s connection with Public Schools, Normal § and Teachers’ Institutes gave him peculiar facilities for adg Series of Text-Books to the wants of the different grades of Rim and his books still retain their popularity and their extensiv@ Warren's Geographies. Warren’s Primary Geography. Warren’s Common. School Geograp Warren’s Physical Geography. ; Shorter Course. Warren’s Primary Geography. Warren’s Brief Course in Geograp This Series has just been thoroughly revised, and now account of all, recent=dise overies and ehanges in bound presents a eoplee Geogyaphical Course adapted to all schools, forming the most compact and Economical Series Warren’s Brief Course in Geography is a new tended as a-Shorter Course for those who haye‘not more extended study of the subject.’ The Brief Cours Physical form a popular Two-Book Series. Parker’s Arithmetical Charts.—50 Teachers and School Officers are cordially invited to correspond freely with us in regard to any of our Publicati New Descriptive Catalogue sent Free. Liberal Terms will be given for First Introduction.Mh ss “5 aa ees _ Sane Zz r Them ————————————— ae eel a — - SN ar a > = = a TELE Ea aN eee : — - A ee| ‘ , ; hy | AE Pe vt Se — ~~ ete ee TPIBULD ANID) ILA Tell e\ COWPERTHWAIT & CO 1886. — os ——_ | aaa Se g . i i]VPERTHWAIT & CO., in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. - = — - = ress, in th , 874, coy Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1874, by WV AR JEN INS Seetes OF GBOGRAPHIES I. Warren's Primary Geography. IL Warren’s Common-School Geography; o-, Warren's Brief Course in Geography. III. Warren's Physical Geography. pS (ae SERIES is now thoroughly revised, giving full accounts of the recent changes and discoveries. It presents a com- ; es a ee : plete Geographical Course, adapted to all grades of Schools, and is the most Compact and Economical Series published. Warren’s Primary Geography is now presented in a new dress, much simplified and improved, with new plates, new litho- graphed maps, and a larger page. Part I. presents the elementary principles of Geography in a series of oral lessons adapted to the capacity of young beginners; while in Part II. a brief general description of all the countries upon the globe is given. Warren's Common-School Geography is in itself a complete manual upon the subject, and is intended for use in cities and graded schools. Two important features in which this work excels all others are: 1. The Philosophie System, in which physical geography is made the basis of: political geography. The dependent relation of these two branches of the science is kept constantly in view, developing an arrangement that is uniform and consistent throughout. 2. The General Presentation, at the outset, of the Physical Features of the Country, its mountain and river systems, its plateaus, slopes and climate,— and the constant application of these facts to illustrate the details that follow. AW Ann 3 ay Y, 2e . Y ard ste * s A - 7 Warren's Brief Course in Geogr aply is an entirely new work, intended as a Shorter Course for those who have not time for a more extended study of the subject. Nothing is stated in the text which the pupil can learn by studying the map; and the map questions are accompanied by brief statements which arrange the physical features in a natural order. The Maps in the body of tl 1e work are designed only for use in schools; therefore none but the leading towns and most important features are given, and nothing 1s represented which is not referred to either in text or question. A set of valuable Reference Maps is given in the last part of the book. These are carefully engraved on copper, and contain much more detail than would be suitable for the study maps. lnwmponie Dinarcotn ny : sien . . Warren’s Physical Geog aphy is designed for advanced classes in Academies, Seminaries, Normal and High Schools, This book has met with the cordial approy al of instructors everywhere, and is in general use throughout the country. The latest edition contains a chapter upon the System of Weather Reports and “ Probabilities.” f 9 j VON = ” 2 . e . These Geographies have been introduced and are now used in many of the best public and private schools in all parts ng the warm approval of those teachers who have made themselves acquainted with their merits. l-officers are respectfully requested to examine these worl subject of Geography to be used in the schools under their ch of the country — receiv} dl C eachet s and schoo in] ¢ XS, before determining on the tex t-books on the arge,~ This “BrrEF CouRSE IN GEOGRAPHY” is use of those who have not time for a more extended study of the subject. It is complete in itself, but other books of the same series may be used in connection with it, if desired. intended for the | The general plan of the ‘Common School Geography,” which | has met with such warm approval, has been adhered to in this book, while several new and valuable features have been added. The present volume differs, however, from the ‘Common School Geography” in giving less detail in all departments of the study, thus rendering the essential facts more prominent and more easily learned. It teaches Geography as a science, and not as a collection of unassociated facts. The pupil is led to see that the position of a country and the nature of its surface determine its climate, and consequently the character of its plants, animals and inhabitants. It presents the physical features and the most interesting facts, of every country in a brief and simple manner, and classi- fies them in such a way that they can be easily remembered. Thus, the Productions (usually a tiresome lesson) are classified,— | First, according to their nature,—Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral ; Food, Shelter, Clothing; oe to their uses: as a: Third, according to the occupation of the producer: Second, accordin as Farming, Mining, Manufacturing, etc. Associated in this way, they are easily learned and never forgotten. | order. | the book. These are carefully engraved on copper, and contain Nie pice are Ol, : Nothing is stated in the text which the pupil can learn by studying the map; and the map questions are accompanied by brief statements which arrange the physical features in a natural The maps in the body of the book are designed for use in school, and not for general reference; therefore only the lead- ing towns and most important features are given, and nothing is represented upon them which is not referred to either in the text or questions. A set of valuable Rergprence Maps is given in the last part of much more detail than would be suitable for the study maps. In the preparation of the volume unusual pains have been taken to attain the highest degree of excellence, both as regards literary and mechanical execution. - The Illustrations are all from original designs, and have been prepared expressly for this book by the most eminent artists in the country. The Maps have been drawn with great care by Mr. HE. A. Apcar, State Superintendent of Schools in New Jersey, author of the well-known system of map drawing used in this book. The 'Text and Questions have been written by Mr. ARTHUR SumNeR, who prepared this part of the “Common School Geog- raphy” and a considerable portion of the ‘Physical Geography.” SUGGESTIONS TO AUEUM, OM AC lal wiles, Experienced teachers differ as to the order in which Geographical study should be pursued, but the simple and practical manner in which this book is arranged wil? enable them to follow without difficulty what- ever method of teaching they may prefer. The following general suggestions, however, may be of service :— On assigning a lesson, require the class to read over the text and answer the questions upon it, thus securing in advance a clear under- standing of the subject. The Map Questions on the section included in the lesson should be studied and answered before proceeding to the study of the Text. These questions are of such a nature that the pupils learn by sight and with- out effort, a great deal which in other works is described in the text. The Questions on the Text are intended to ascertain, not whether the pupil can recite the exact words of the book, but whether he com- prehends the subject. The teacher will find it a valuable exercise to multiply these Questions, and to cross-examine the pupils in order to discover whether they are learning mere words or essential facts. | | | | | Many of the Test Questions in the book are not directly answered in the paragraphs to which they are annexed, the information haying been previously given in the General Description. For example: In describing a section of the United States, the Sur- Climate, Productions, etc., of the section are given, but not those of each particular State. Yet in the study of each State, the teacher will find Questions (and should invent many more) upon its Surface, Climate, Rivers, Productions, and other points of interest. a tace, The Questions on the Map and Text combined should be studied last. The System of Map Drawing is placed in the last part of the book other system may be used, or the exercise may be of the work. When used, the in order that any omitted without interfering with the plan Map should be drawn in connection with the study of the corre The Model Lesson on page 82 shows a good method of con- sponding section. ducting a class-exercise in Map Drawing. 3 pT Tc er ABD 7 < 7 = TTT SE UT ea be, ena a —~ pa pen CT a -Me Yo AR AE cerca Awe Ok COIN iid NTs. IL IN] WC IR, ©) ID) Wy © Al © Iss We PAGE CHAPTER ae ANID) SiWAD Oon WHEN TWAIN 5 5 0 6 6 7 Gg 0 9 9 5 | VIL—THE OCEAN II-MOTIONS OF THE EARTH ....-..--.--:.-.-~- 6| VIIL—INLAND WATERS {IL—LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE 6| IX—CLIMATE IV.—REPRESENTATIONS OF THE EARTH 7 | X.—VEGETATION . V—FORMS OF THE LAND 8} XI—MAN ite SUING Oln Teds ANNO) 5 6 5 0 oo oo 5 oo 6 eo oe Bl} NOU OOUIONIMIONES PALER DT 1. 1D) IBS CR Ie 0 Ik © My ©) iw OO) WW! IN] IE 16s MIS) 14) XII—CENTRAL EUROPE 16 | XIII—THE BRITISH ISLES I—THE HEMISPHERES . II.—NORTH AMERICA UL soo! OUMOUNDY WANS sk Gg yp 6 oo 6 oe oo le XIV.—AFRICA . IV—THE EASTERN OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. ...... 24 XV.—ASIA Sen ee oe are Wi Msos WOODEN JADEN SIWNIOSS 5 5 6 5 6 6 0 6 6 | XVI.—AUSTRALASIA AND POLYNESIA VI—THE SOUTHERN STATES 32 | XVII—COMMERCE OF THE WORLD Vie His CHINIURYAU SIVAUILGS ethers 9 Sie ee es 9) 0 ee Se ee VIIL—THE PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. ..:... . . 40 | GENERAL REVIEW 5 EXCoREVIEW: OF LEE UNIRED SRATRES =. S95 22. . 4 . 46) A TREATISE ON MAP DRAWING gees ale KOS (0 WE aPAUN EH RAT CANN eee 4S | PPRONOUNCING AND, PXEWANATORY VOCAB UNGAR, ul WURORN eee Se ee ee OL DO RATISTICAL TABLES TIN DE XS © AES) MATES: TH) HEMISPHERES) 045... ..... +... 7) 10, RATLROAD! MAP OF THE UNITED STATES 7 DOA IN HEMISEHERESS 9) 0 6 4 4. 6 . 6 4... Jbl ti) SOUMM AMNRIOCA NONORUHAMBRION 99 9. fe. ti ROROPE 4, THE: UNITED STATES... .............. . 9/18 CENTRAL EUROPE . 5. THE EASTERN OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. ........ 27 | 14. THE BRITISH ISLES CF LHE MIDDUH VATDANTIG SDAUES). 5. 5 0... . |. 31 | 16 ABRICA [eH S OUIGEUREN AS IOANE SG) ate he 8 gs) || TCACT AN SDE We OH NID ATE SUALES Ma ce i ok a “ote AUSTRALIA . Soe i 9. THE PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES ....... . . 45! 18, COMMERCIAL MAP OF THE WORLD REFERENCE MAPS. 1 MAINE, NEW HAMPSHIRE AND VERMONT. ....... . 93) 7, THE WEST-CENTRAL STATES. to Co THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES .... . eee ee eed: | Os SOUAUED GAINIRIRTOVAR SE SOUDMIMRNE STATMG ss 5 ee 96 | 10 0. THE EAST-CENTRAL STATES . _ . : Waid Gore 97 . GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND 1. WESTERN EUROPE . 6. ae PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES . . ee eee soo on CRND RAT; HUIROR Ele — / MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND AND CONNECTICUT . .. . 94| 8 THE BRITISH PROVINCES AND THE WEST INDIES PAGE 10 12 12 13 80 81 89 91 99 . 100 . 101 . 102 . 103 . 104PA Rene | 4. These most distant stars (or suns) are called Fixed Stars They do not receive their hight from our sun. CHAPTER I. THE EARTH.—ITS FORM AND SIZE. b. Form.—The earth is a ball or globe. It is often called The HE EARTH, on which we live, and which seems to us so great | Globe. It is also called a Sphere, which is the same thing as a a world, is really a small star, surrounded on all sides by | globe. 6. Size.—The distance around the earth is called its Circum- 2. Those stars which shine with a steady light are nearest to us re SS ae ae ae ne Ca The Harth, the Moon and these nearest ee are called anate called is Dida iene ae ae stars, 8, They move around the Sun, and receive light and heat from it. millions of other stars. Questions.—Is the earth a planet or a fixed star?—Which are nearest to the 8. The stars which shine with a twinkling light are suns, a oreat | earth—the planets or the fixed stars ?—How are the planets warmed and lighted ?— | What are the fixed stars ?—Why do they seem so small ?—How can you tell the deal larger than our own sun; but they are at such an immense | |. ; distance from us that the ae lit ic Aiea! | difference between a fixed star and a planet ?—What is the form of the earth ?—What Se 1a ey seem lke il tle points of light in the is meant by its Circumference ?—Its Diameter ?—How many miles is the Circum sky. ference ?—The Diameter? 5 3 ; a : sa ee , — ; — al TT Tae ae SPORT re ag a ad i ee ~ — ee , OksCEA RAPER, MOTIONS OF THE EARTH. takes twenty-four hours, or one day, a + 1 re diy C say we call this movement the Daily Revolution, or Rotation, ot the earth. The sun can shine upon only one half of the earth at a time. half, while it is Night upon the other. When it is sunrise with us, it 1s sunset with the people on the opposite side of the globe; and while it 1s noon with us, it is midnight with them. 2 Sunrise and Sunset.—The earth turns around from west to east, but so steadily and quietly that we do not perceive the motion. It seems to us as if the earth were standing still, and the sun, moon and stars were rising in the east and moving to the west. where the sun seems to rise is called East; where it seems to set is called West. s 4. North and South. — If you @ stand with vour right hand extended toward the east, and your left hand in front of you, and the South wi be behind you. SOUTH. 5. The Poles.—The most northern point on the surface of the earth is called the North Pole; the most southern point is the South Pole. 6. Annual Motion.—The earth has another motion besides the daily revolution. It is forever journeying around the sun in a pa a which is somewhat like a circle. We call this the Annual (whic means yearly) movement, because it takes a year to complete it. — Questions.—How is all the earth’s surface brought into the light of the sun ?— What is this turning around called ?—Why is it call ed the Daily Revolution ?—Why all over the earth at the same time ?—When it is midnight with us, what is the time of day just opposite to us? Which way does the earth turn ?—Why does it seem as if the earth were standing still ?—Where is East ?—West ?—North ?—South ?—North-east ?—South-east ?—South- west ?—North-west ?—What is the North Pole?—South Pole ?—What is the Annual Motion of the Earth ?—Why is it so called? Gla AIP WUT IR, WI LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. | ee we could draw a line completely around the earth, halfway between the Poles, it would divide its surface into two equal parts. We cannot re eally draw such a line upon the earth, but we can draw it upon a globe or map. NORTH. 3. East and West. — The place | toward the west, the North will be | 1 | MOTIONS OF THE EARTH—LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. te | AILY MOTION.—The earth is constantly turning around, so | as to bring all parts of its surface into the light of the sun. It | to turn completely around. So | It is Day upon one | the Equator—we must also know its distance east or west of some | particular place. For this purpose we divide the whole distance | around the earth into 360 equal parts, called Degrees. | we say that all places east of it are in Hast Longitude, and all places | | i Oe ! : "y | Paris:and some other nations, in like manner, compute from their principal cities. Js it day upon one half of the earth while it is night upon the other ?—Is it sunrise | ‘he engraving below is a picture of a wooden globe. A globe shows the shape of the ean as nearly as possible. The forms of the various edits of land and water are drawn upon the surface, and the Equator and other lines are represented. ] 2. The Equator.—We call this line the Equator. It divides the earth into two egual parts called hemi- spheres. The Equator is an imagin- ary line around the earth, halfway between the Poles. 3. Latitude.—In order to know the exact situation of places upon -the earth, we first find how far they are from the Equator. 4. To help us in doing this we divide the distance from the Equator to the North Pole into 90 equal parts, called Degrees. The distance from the Equator to the South Pole is also divided into 90 degrees. Each of these degrees of latitude is nearly 70 miles from north to south. Every place north of the Equator is said to be in North Latitude, and every place south of the Equator is in South Latitude. 5. The Latitude of a place is its distance north or south of the HKquator. 6. Longitude.—It is not enough to know how far a place is from 7. We decide upon some particular place as a starting-point, and west of it are in West Longitude. 8. There are 180 degrees of Hast Longitude, and 180 degrees of West Longitude. 9. Longitude is usually reckoned from ‘Greenwich, a town near London, in England. In the United States it is sometimes reckoned from Washington; in France. from 10. The Longitude of a place means its distance east or west of some particular point. Quéstions.—Why can we not draw a line around the earth ?—Whcere can we draw it?—What is the Equator?—Is the Equator an imaginary line when drawn upon a globe or map ?—Why do we wish to know how far a place is from the Equator ?—Into how many parts do we divide the distance from the Equator to the North Pole ?—To the South Pole ?—What are these parts called? How many miles long is a degree of latitude from north to south ?—If a town is in one degree of north latitude, how many miles north of the Equator is it?—If it is in ten degrees of south latitude, how many miles is it south of the Equator ?—In what direction from the Equator is a place which is in south latitude ?—North latitude ?— Why do we divide the circumference of the earth into 360 parts ?—What are those parts called?—-How many degrees of east longitude are there?—Of west longitude? —From what place is longitude usually reckoned ?—Do all nations reckon from that place 2—All places east of Greenwich are in what longitude ?—All places west of it ?— If you travel through a degree of latitude, in what direction do you go?—In going through a degree of Ronereade ?—What is Latitude 2—Longitude ?REPRESENTATIONS ORF Eh HARTH. GOEL IPMU IB IR, IEW REPRESENTATIONS OF THE EARTH. LOBES.—A globe is a ball on which are drawn the forms of the principal bodies of land and water. The earth is not perfectly round. It is somewhat flattened at the Poles. But this flattening is so small that we could not make a correct globe large enough to show it. So globes are made perfectly round. 2. Parallels.—The degrees of latitude are marked upon a globe by lines, called Parallels, which extend around it east and west. All places east and west of each other are upon the same yarallel: and all places I I I upon the same parallel are east and west of each other. 3. Meridians.—Degrees of longitude are marked upon a globe by lines, called Meridians, which extend from the North to the South Pole. Meridian means mid-day. All people who live upon the same meridian have their mid-day at the same moment. All places directly north and south of each other are upon the same meridian; and all places upon the same meridian are north and south of each other. A degree of longitude is nearly 70 miles wide from east to west at the Equator. But the width constantly diminishes as we go toward the Poles. Exactly at the Poles the meridians all meet, and there is no and therefore no longitude. East or West at all, 4. Maps.—A Map of the earth shows the various bodies of land | and water, drawn upon a flat surface. A globe shows us only half of the earth’s surface at a time. But if we should cut a elobe into two equal parts and lay t the whole surface at once. A Map of the Hemispheres s it on a globe divided into halves. “Hemisphere” means half a sphere, or half a globe. 5. The Hemispheres.—One half of the earth is called the Eastern Hemisphere. The other half is the Western Hemisphere. We also hows us the earth's surface somewhat as we should see a = ae oe SS TH POLE. Sou call the northern half the Northern Hemisphere, and the southern | half the Southern Hemisphere. ——_eoe—_—_ Questions.—What is a globe ?—Why are globes made perfectly round ?—How are degrees of latitude marked upon a globe ?—In what direction from each other are all places upon the same parallel ?—Are places upon the same parallel at the same dis- tance from the Equator ? How are degrees of longitude marked upon a globe ?—What is the meaning of the word meridian ?—Is it mid-day at the same moment throughout a meridian of longi- tude from Pole to Pole?—Where does the sun rise first—in Greenwich, or in places west of Greenwich ?—In your own town, or in places west of you? In what-direction from each other are all places on the same meridian ?— Where is a degree of longitude the widest?—As you go toward either Pole, do the degrees become narrower or wider ?—Where do the meridians all meet 2—Where is there no longitude at all?—If you stood exactly at the North Pole, would there be any place east or west of you?—Any place south of you?—Any place north of you?—How much of the earth would be south of you 2—How wide is a degree of longitude at he halves together, as shown above, we could see | the Equator ? What is a map ?—Which 1s drawn upon a flat surface—a map, or a globe ?—Upon which can you see the whole of the earth at once—upon a globe, or upon a map of the world?—Which shows the shape of the earth the best ?—What does hemi- sphere mean What is the northern hemisphere ?—The southern ?—On which side of the above map 1s the eastern hemisphere ?—The western ? QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. numbered upon the Equator, on a globe or map of the [Norzr.—The meridians are In answering the follow- The parallels are numbered on the sides of maps. ing questions, the pupil should have this map of the hemispheres before him.) Is North America in north, or south latitude ?— Why ?—Europe ?— Why ?—Aus- tralia ?——Why ?—In what latitude is the greater part of South America ?—Is any part uth latitude ?—Is any part of Africa in north latitude? sst >—Australia ?—Asia ?—North hemisphere. of Asia in sout In what longitude is South America—east or Wé America ?—In what longitude is the greater part of Europe? Find where the 140th degree of west longitude and the 40th degree of south latitude n?—In what ocean do the 40th degree of west longitude and the at ocean does the meridian of the h what ocean does the parallel meet.—In what ocea 20th degree of north latitude meet ?—Through wl 180th degree of east and west longitude pass ?—Throug of the 80th degree of north latitude pass ? TST = TT ee Sh CRN PES ele an CR ST 7 Ta CTT ee — TS Ec ETS ne asGIA IP Ws le W FORMS OF THE LAND. HE Earth is supposed to be a mass of fiery liquid covered with a crust of rock, sand and soil. Upon a part of this crust That part of the earth’s crust which rises above the ocean is called the Land. The sea covers nearly three-fourths of the surface of the earth. lies a great body of salt water called the Ocean, or the Sea. The land occupies about one-fourth. 2. Continents.—The great masses of Jand are called Continents. The smaller bodies are islands. A continent is a great body of land entirely surrounded by water. 3. Islands.—An Island is a body of land smaller than a continent, and entirely surrounded by water. Islands that lie close to continents are called Continental islands. 4. The Sea-coast is the land which borders on the sea. If the coast of the continent is bold and rocky, the islands are usually of the same character. If the continent has a low and level coast, the islands near it are generally flat and either sandy or marshy. 5. A Peninsula is a body of land nearly surrounded by water. 6. An Isthmus is a narrow body of land connecting two larger bodies of land. : se (4. A Cape is a point of land extending into the water. cape is high land, it is sometimes called a Promontory. If the + —_—_ Questions.—Of what is the crust of the earth composed ?—What lies upon a part of this crust ?—What is the land? T , . . . ae . . * What is the difference between a continent and an island?—What is the surface of islands which lie near a bold and rocky coast?—Near a low and level coast ?— What is an isthmus ?—A peninsula ?—A cape 2—A promontory ? a MTUESMION EN the surrounding land. sides are the Slopes. | are generally in groups or chains. distance, is broken into hills. tract of hills and highland. and melted rock called lava. —— A PICTURE. Cat AIPA IIe WI. SURFACE OF THE LAND. HE Surface of the Ocean is everywhere the same, but the Surface of the Land is uneven. Some portions of the land are much higher than others. The The high lands are called Hills, Mountains, and Plateaus. low lands are Plains. 2. Plains.—A great extent of low land which is nearly level is oO called a Plain. Some plains are as flat as the oceaninacalm. Others have a wavy surface, and are sometimes broken by low hills. 3. A Hill is a mass of rock and earth which rises higher than A very high hill is called a Mountain. The We reckon the height of a mountain from its summit to the The foot of a hill or mountain is called its Base. The top is the Summit. level of the sea, because that is every where the same. 4. Mountain Chains.—Mountains are seldom found single. They Many mountains together, ex- tending in a line, make a Mountain Chain or Range. 5. Mountain Systems.—A number of mountain chains extending in the same direction, and near together, form a Mountain System. Mountains do not rise abruptly from a level surface. The country around, for some A chain of mountains is always bordered by a wide 6. A Volcano is a mountain that throws up water, ashes, mud, Volcanoes are generally near the sea. Volcanoes are usually mountains, but not always. Sometimes the opening is in a plain, and sometimes even under the sea. @. A: Plateau, or Table-land, is a high plain. A plateau is often crossed by mountain chains; and there is usually a chain of moun- tains on its borders.THE OCEAN.—INLAND WATERS. 8. A Valley is the land lying between two mountains or chains of mountains. Some valleys are broad, low plains; others are high and narrow plateaus. 9. A Desert is a plain or table-land which is nearly or wholly barren. Some deserts are so dry that nothing can grow upon them. Others have a scanty | growth of coarse grass or low bushes, on which herds of cattle are fed. These cattle support tribes of wandering people, who drive them about from place to place. The people who live in this unsettled way are called Nomadic (wandering) | people. Questions.—How does the surface of the land differ from that of the ocean ?—What | are high lands called ?—Low lands ?—What is a plain?=-Are plains always pertectly flat?—What is a hill?—A mountain?—The base of a hill or mountain? —The sum- mit ?—The slope?—From what do we reckon the height of a mountain ?—Suppose the surface of a plateau is seven thousand feet above the sea, and the mountain rest- ing upon it is five thousand feet higher, what should we say was the height of the mountain ? Are mountains usually found single? hat is the difference between a mountain chain and a mountain system /— What is a mountain chain?—A mountain system ?—W What is usually the surface of a country around the base of a mountain ?—By what is a mountain chain bordered ?—What is a volcano ?—Where are volcanoes usually found ? What is a plateau ?—Describe its surface—How does a plateau differ from a plain ? —What is a valley ?—A desert ?—Are all deserts perfectly barren ?—Whiat plants grow Are deserts ever inhabited by men or aninais? upon some deserts ? UAL AN IRON I Te, WY IL Ce THE OCEAN. HE OCEAN, OR SBA, is divided by the land into five princi- They are the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian, the pal parts. Arctic, and the Antarctic Ocean, THE OCEAN. The smaller divisions or branches of the ocean are called seas, bays, gulfs, etc. 2. A Sea, Gulf, or Bay is a body of water which is rounded by laud. | | | called ?—What divides the ocean into five parts ?—Name these parts—What are the | | | | | partly sur- | vessels can lie there in safety. deep water and an casy entrance. surface of the water. 3. A Harbor is a small bay, so sheltered from the open sea, that A harbor, in order to be good, must be nearly surrounded by land. It must have A low and sandy coast does not afford very good harbors; for the water is shallow and the sand is drifted into banks called sand-bars. These sand-bars lie at the mouth of the harbor, and rise to within a few feet of the If a vessel’s keel sinks so deep as to strike against the bar, she cannot enter the harbor. 4, A Sound is an inlet of the sea, which is so shallow that its depth can be easily measured. S g 5. A Strait, or Channel, is a narrow passage of water which con- nects two larger bodies of water. a Qiuestions.—What is the great body of salt water upon the surface of the earth smaller divisions called ?—What is a sea, gulf, or bay ?—A harbor? What is necessary in order that a harbor should be good ?—Why does not a low and sandy coast afford good harbors ?—How does a sand-bar injure a harbor?—Why must a harbor be partly surrounded by land?—What is a sound ?—What is the difference between a sound and other inlets of the ocean ?—What is a strait or channel? Oe AAIPMN Ia WWI INLAND WATERS. AKES AND RIVERS are inland waters; but the water which forms them comes chiefly from the sea. The hot sun, shining upon the sea, is continuall water into vapor. The vapor rises into the air, and is carried by the winds over the land. When the vapor becomes cooler it takes the form of clouds. The clouds let fall their moisture in the form of rain or snow. When the rain or snow falls upon hills and mountains, part of the water sinks into the ground, and bubbles out again, lower down the mountain side, in a Spring. The waters of a spring make a Brook. Many brooks unite to form a Rivulet. Many rivulets make a River. y changing the RIVERS. 9 A River is a stream of fresh water which fe flows into the sea, or into some other body of water. Most of the water in lakes and rivers, finally returns to the Sea. Part of it, however, rises into the air in the form of vapor. Definitions.—The land which borders on a river forms its Banks. The bottom of a river is its Bed. The Source of a river is the place where it rises. The Mouth is where it flows into some other body of water. The source of a river is always higher than its mouth. r in going tewards the mouth, and You go Down a rive : left hand, and the Right | Up in going towards its source. The Left bank is on yout bank on your right hand, in going down the river. 3. Rivers generally rise among hills or mountains. a Ee ae TL nn nn Sn ra aE —— TE aes gs eae TSEC ene ea a neal - ant @ ‘DE a AR AOR cn ne eee ee ee a 4, The Direction in which a river flows, depends upon the slope of the land. a river flows slopes toward the north, the river must flow p yer which ; Tao ceCLe h. You may know which way the north: if toward the south, the river flows sout land slopes by observing the direction of the rivers. 5. The Current of a river, is the onward flowing of its waters toward its mouth. Among hills and mountains, the rivers are eins Be = = ; e . ” are narrow and very swift. When they flow over plains, they « broader and have a more gentle current. Where the bed is rocky, and slopes considerably, the water rushes along with great violence. Such places are called Rapids. When a river falls over a precipice, 1t makes a Waterfall or Cataract. 4. The Mouth.—Most great rivers flow into the sea by several mouths. The land between the two outside streams is called a Delta. 4. The Tributaries of a river are all those rivers and lakes which flow into it. 8. The Basin or Valley of a river is the country through which a river and its tributaries flow. A line drawn around the source of a river, and of all its tributaries, will form the boundary of the river-basin. 9. A River System is a set of rivers which flow into the same A DELTA, body of water. 10. A Water-Shed is the high land which separates two rivers, or two river systems. Sometimes a water-shed is a range of hills or mountains. Sometimes it is a gentle rise of land, so nearly level that it looks perfectly flat. If the water-shed is very low, the two rivers, when they are full, often mingle their waters together. 11. Importance of Rivers.—A broad river flowing over a plain affords an easy means of travelling through a country. Vessels sail up and down its course. Such a river is said to be navigable because you can sail upon or navigate its waters. 12. A narrow, swift stream, flowing among hills or mountains, is not navigable, but is of great use in manufacturing. The water pouring over the falls turns the mill-wheels, and is therefore said to afford water-power. 13. Lakes and rivers, with all the streams flowing into them, help to keep the soil moist and fertile, and are of great importance In jarming. LAKES, If. A river flowing into a hollow or basin forms a Lake. trees, grains, fruits, grasses HE various plants of the earth—the trees, grains, fi uits, gra nd flowers—are called Vegetable Productions or Vegetation. c XL ¥OLs a 7 ®, Both Heat and 3 3 and the hotter and more moist a country 18, Moisture are necessary to the growth of ] the more plants ; rapidly do plants grow. i l at anc ist are greater than 2 In the Torrid Zone, the heat and moisture are g erow larger and more i oD o anywhere else, and consequently plants rapidly than i the other parts of the earth. i j neeful plants in this zone than elsewhere. ‘The trees There is a greater variety of useful plants in this zone than Isc grow to a great size, and are green throughout the year. ae ; h { T ree. the sugar-cane and many tropica This is the region of the palm tree, the coffee tree, the sugar-cane and many troy 7 ; 5 Ry Ae Vy WVLLay » r € fruits. such as the orange, lemon and banana. Cotton, tobacco and indian-corn also grow in the Torrid Zone. 4. The heat gradually diminishes from the Eqnator toward the Poles, and consequently plants become gradually smaller and less abundant. 5. In the cooler parts of the Temperate Zone, there is a great variety of trees which cast their leaves in winter. TI These are the oak, elm, beech, maple, chestnut and many others. le evergreens which belong to cool countries are the pine, fir, spruce, hemlock and cedar. : The white potato and the gra Wheat and Corn, cotton, rice and tobacco thrive both in the Temperate pe-vine belong to the Temperate Zone grass grow best there. and the Jorrid Zones. 6. In the Frigid Zones there are mosses, lichens, and dwarfed trees; and during the short summer, grass and beautiful flowers. 7. In going up a mountain, the same changes are found in the kind of plants as in going toward the Poles. A very high mountain in the Tropics has all the variety of plants that we should find in going from the Equator to the Poles. 8. Barren Countries.—In most parts of the Frigid Zones, there is moisture enough, but not enough heat, for the growth of large trees and cultivated plants. 9. In the Torrid Zone there are countries which have not sufficient moisture to make plants grow. Consequently these places are barren, notwithstanding the great heat. These deserts of sand, stone, or salt, would become covered with various plants and a fertile soil, if heavy and frequent rains occurred. Questions.—What are vegetable productions?—Upon what does the growth of plants depend?—In what zone do plants grow the most rapidly ?—Why ?—Where do we find the greatest variety of useful plants ?—Wh ; torrid zone ?—Name the productions of food ?—clothing ? at is said of the trees in the the torrid zone—Which of these furnish Why does vegetation diminish as we leave the Equator ?—Name the -trees which belong to cool countries—Which of them cast their leaves in winter ?—Which are evergreens ?—Name the other principal plants of the temperate zone—What plants grow both in the temperate and the torrid zones ?—What plants of the temperate zone furnish food ? Why are the plants so small in the frigid zones ?—What cl up a mountain ?—Why does the vegetation change? Why is the land barren in the frigid zones ?—W1] zone barren ?— langes are found in going an 1y are some parts of the torrid —What two things are necessary to making a country fertile ?—What would change the deserts of the torrid zone into fertile tracts ? S Lthiopia™ : ss ae iol CHAPTER MAN. HE Earth was made for Man. country and climate. Xe He is found in almost every 2. Men can adapt their clothing to the hottest or the coldest countries. They can also receive nourishment from many different kinds of food. all parts of the world. These are the reasons why they are able to live in In the Frigid Zones, where there is hardly any vegetable food, men subsist upon animals. In the Torrid Zone, they live chiefly upon vegetable food, which is very abundant. In the Temperate Zones, where both animal and vegetable food is abun- dant, men live upon both kinds. 3. The most civilized and intelligent nations live in the North Temperate Zone, where the climate is neither too hot nor too cold for agriculture, and every kind of labor. Among the civilized nations of this zone, are the people of North America and Europe, and the Chinese and Japanese of Asia. RACES OF MEN. 4. There are five different races of men. The Caucasian or White race, is the most numerous and powerful. Most of the nations of Europe and America belong to this race. The Mongolian or Yellow race, is found in Asia. The Chinese are Mongolians. The Ethiopian or Black race, includes the negroes of Africa, Australia and America. The Malay or Brown race, inhabits the Malay peninsula (in Asia), and most of the islands in the Pacific Ocean. [he American or Red race, includes the various Indian tribes of America. The Esquimaux, in the Arctic regions, are Mongolians. Questions.— Why are men able to live in all climates ?—What do men live upon in the frigid zone ?—In the torrid zone ?—In the temperate zones ?—In what zone do the most civilized nations live ?—How many different races of men are there ?—What is said of the Caucasian ?—Mongolian ?—Ethiopian ?—Malay ?—American ?OCCUPATIONS. 13 Jat ZA IP 10 18) XC WL, OCCUPATIONS. HE principal things which our bodies require are Food, Cloth- ing and Shelter. 2. In order to supply these wants, men have to pursue various employments. Among them are :—- 3. Hunting and Fishing.—These pursuits furnish us with a large part of our food; and savages live almost entirely by these means. 4, Agriculture is the cultivation of the soil. This is best carried on in a level or slightly hilly country. the surface much broken, Where the soil is poor, or the people generally follow some other occupation. These is too hilly and 5. Grazing is the rearing of cattle, sheep and swine. animals may fin good pasturage in a country which But rocky or too dry for agriculture. razing is carried on both on hilis and fertile plains. om o animals, and the articles obtained The products of this business are the live The live animals are called live-stock he. from them. goats and swine are live-stock. Horses, mules, cows, oxen, sheep, FAA 6. Lumbering.—Cutting down trees and shaping them into logs is called Lumbering. This business is chiefly carried on in thinly- settled districts, where the original forests remain. The logs are sawed into planks, boards, shingles, laths and other materials for building. 7. Mining.—Digging for coal, iron and other minerals is called Mining. Mines are most easily worked among hills or mountains ; for the minerals lie nearer the surface than they do in plains. 8. Manufacturing.—Such materials as wool, cotton, iron, hides and silk are called natural productions, because they are in their natural state; but when they have been made into cloth, machinery, leather, etc., they are called manufactured productions, or manu- factures. Manufacturing is most easily carried on in hilly countries, where there are rapids and waterfalls. The mill or factory is situated close to the water. The water, falling upon a great wheel, turns it around. the machinery manufactures the goods. Where there is no water-power, manufacturing is done by steam. 9. Commerce is the exchange of one kind of goods for another. Farmers produce more grain, hay, etc., than they want. So they sell a part, and buy groceries, clothing, tools and other things which they do not themselves produce. Manufacturers make woolen, iron or cotton goods; but they have to buy the cotton, the iron and the wool, of which their goods are made. This business of buying and selling is called Trade or Commerce. The farmers, the fishermen, the miners, take their goods to some neighboring town, where they sell them to the merchants, and buy other goods. As the country around this town becomes thickly settled, the trade between the town and country increases ; and the town often becomes a great city. The wheel moves the machinery inside the building, and | 10. Commercial Towns.—A town in which a great deal of com- merce is carried on, is called a Commercial town. Most of the great commercial cities in the world, are situated upon the sea- coast, or upon a lake or navigable river in the interior. Lakes, rivers and the sea are the natural roads for travel and commerce. It is cheaper to send goods by water than by land. But when there are no water-routes, railroads are often used instead. The trade between different parts of the same country is called The trade with a foreign country is Foreign | Domestic Commerce. Commerce. The towns which trade with foreign countries are generally located upon the sea- coast, or upon some navigable river near the sea. | The goods which are brought into a country are called its Imports ; those which are sent out are its Exports. | Questions.—What are the chief things our bodies require?—By what means do savages chiefly subsist ?—Can you think of any animals which are hunted for food ?— For clothing ?—Are products of hunting and fishing, animal or vegetable substances ? What is agriculture ?—For what is cotton used—for food, clothing, or shelter ?— | Hemp and flax? — Wheat ?— Oats? — Barley ?—Corn ?— Rye? The sugar-cane ?— | Coffee ?—Are the products of agriculture, vegetable or animal substances? What is grazing ?—Is a hilly country best adapted to grazing, or to agriculture ?— Are cattle ever raised on plains?—What are the products of grazing ?—What does “}ive-stock” mean ?—Name some of the animals which are called live-stock—From what animal is beef obtained ?—Mutton ?—Pork ?—Milk, butter and cheese ?—Hides ?— Horns ?—Wool ?—What are hides used for —Wool ?—What grazing products are used for food ?—For clothing ?—Are grazing products, animal or vegetable substances? What is lumbering ?—Where_ is it generally carried on ?—Why is it not carried on in very thickly settled regions ?—Name some of the articles obtained from lumbering.— Are these animal or vegetable substances ?—Are they used for food or shelter? here is it most easily carried on ?—What 1s coal used for?— What is mining ?—W Salt ?—Gold ?—Silver ?—Iron ?—Lead ?—Tin ?—Zine ?—Copper ?—Diamonds ?—Whaich of these are precious metals? What are natural productions ?—What are manufactured productions ?—Is wool a natural or manufactured production ?—Woolen cloth ?— Hides ?—Leather ?—Boots and shoes ?—Linen ?—Where is manufacturing most easily carried on ?2— Describe a factory worked by water-power— What other power is used in manufacturing ? What is commerce ?—What do farmers sell ?—What do they buy ?— What do manu- facturers sell? What do they buy ?—Where do the farmers, fishermen and miners take their goods?—Who buys them? What is a commercial town ?—Where are great commercial cities situated ?—What are the natural roads for travel and commerce ?—Which is the cheapest way of send- ing goods, by water or by land ?—What substitate is there for water-routes ?—What ‘ | : 5 y . ate? is domestic commerce ?—Foreign commerce ?—What are imports ?—Exports? SPR a TONS Er eT ins > : SR ee a IO TE GY SO eee =e at aRFE RS FP =e ao THE HEMISPHERES. ne ee 21 a DESCRIPTION OF COUNTRIE 5. CHAPTER I. THE HEMISPHERES. HE entire surface of the globe is usually represented by maps of the two hemispheres : called the Eastern and the W estern. The Hastern Hemisphere contains the most land: the Western contains the most water. Most of the land on the surface of the earth is in the Northern Hemisphere. The Southern is chiefly water. CONTINENTS. 2. Continents. There are two continents:—the Eastern and the Western. The Eastern Continent is called the Old World, and the Western Continent, America, or the New World. The Old World is twice as large as the New. 3. The Western Continent is almost divided by the ocean into two parts, called North America and South America. They are con- nected by the Isthmus of Panama. 4, The Eastern Continent is also nearly divided by the sea into a northern and a southern section, which are connected by the Isthmus of Suez. The southern section is called Africa. The northern part contains Kurope and Asia. A great island, called Australia, lies south of Asia. that it is sometimes called a continent. It is so large GRAND DIVISIONS. 8. North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia are called Grand Divisions. These six Grand Divisions, with the islands that lie near them. are the principal bodies of land-on the globe. Besides these, there are Polynesia and the Antarctic Land. 6. Polynesia—which means ‘many islands”—includes the multi- tude of islands scattered over the Pacific Ocean. @, The Antarctic Land comprises the various bodies of land lying within the Antarctic Ocean. 9. Position and Climate. North America, Europe and Asia lie chiefly in the Temperate Zone, and are therefore much cooler than South America, Africa and Australia, which are mostly in the Torrid Zone. OCEANS. : a, : ; ey 10. The Ocean is divided into five parts:—the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian, the Arctic and the Antarctic Ocean. ‘The Pacific is the largest, the Atlantic the next. The Pacific Ocean is bounded by the western continent on the east: the Antarctic Land on the south; and on the west by Asia, Australia and the islands which lie between them. The Atlantic Ocean lies between the eastern and the western continents. The Antarctic Ocean forms its southern boundary. The Indian Ocean is bounded on the north by Asia; east by Australia and the neighboring islands; south by the Antarctic Ocean; and west by Africa. The Antarctic Ocean lies around the South Pole. The Arctic Ocean lies around the North Pole, and is nearly enclosed by the northern shores of the two continents. Questions on the Map and Text. What is a hemisphere ?—Which hemisphere contains the most land—the eastern or the western ?—The most water ?—Which contains the most land—the northern or the southern hemisphere?—The most water?—What line marks the boundary of the northern and southern hemispheres ?—Of the eastern and western ? What is a continent ?—In which hemisphere is the Old World ?—The New World? —Which continent is in the eastern hemisphere?—In the western?—What great island, sometimes called a continent, is in the eastern hemisphere ?—Which continent | is the largest—the eastern or the western ?—Name the three northern Grand Divisions. | —The three southern.—What three Grand Divisions form the Eastern continent ?— What two the western ? How are North and South America connected ?—What ocean. sea and gulf he | between them ?—What chain of islands partly connects them ?—By what isthmus is These regions are barren and desolate. The land is perpetually covered with ice | and snow, and the coasts are for the most part bordered by vast masses of ice. There are no inhabitants, and but few land animals: and some tracts are wholly destitute of vegetation. 8. The Outline of the three northern Grand Divisions is broken by many seas, gulfs and bays, which reach far into the interior, and make it easy to travel to all parts of the country. The three southern bodies of land have few of these great inlets of the ocean. The bays and gulfs are outside, rather than umside, of them. Partly on this account, and partly; because they are so hot, South America, Africa and Australia have to this day remaijed but little settled, except upon the coast. | Ocean?—What Grand Divisions are crossed by tl Africa connected with Asia ?—What sea separates Africa from Kurope ?—What bodies of land are there besides the six Grand Divisions ?—In what ocean is Polynesia ?—The Antarctic Land ?—Describe the latter. What three Grand Divisions have the greatest number of inlets of the ocean ?— Where are the bays and gulfs of the three southern ?—Which, then, are the most easily explored by travellers ?—Why ?—Which lie chiefly in the Temperate Zone ?—In the Torrid ?—Which, therefore, are the warmest ?—Which comes nearest the Poles? Name the five principal sections of the ocean—Which is the largest ?—The next ?— Bound the Pacific Ocean.—The Atlantic—The Indian —The Antarctic—The Arctic. —What land in the Antarctic Ocean ?—What ocean forms the southern boundary of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans? What cape at the southern extremity of Africa ?—Of South America ?—What strait separates Asia from North America?—What islands partly ccnnect these Grand Divisions ?—What sea is enclosed by these islands? g Strait to Arabia in Asia: through what oceans would you sail, and around what capes would you pass ?—Through what zones ? / In which hemisphere do you find the land approach nearest the Pole or the southern ?—What tl Sail south-east from Behring the northern iree Grand Divisions form almost a circle around the Arctic 1e Equator ?—Is South America as | much in the Torrid Zone as Africa ’—What part of Asia is in the Torrid Zone ?—Of North America?—Of South America ?—Of Australia ?’—How do North and South America compare in size?—Asia and Europe ?—Name and locate three peninsulas ; two gulfs; two seas; a valley; two mountain-chains.| | NT t ahr L OUR NY | ee 4 4 | et a 12 o fice Zz o, | 5 v 9 ] > a |m TS S Cc ree 2 2 N12 + ao ° c ~ } 2 Cal Nod l ft t> eV 7 \ ° | ° on | = nS QO 'o - +> to jo 0 O = = Xho \ o 2 x oD we f° x AS m4 - 2 9 KS m Sy ¢ | ' Ooo s SS /” eet ——— | Se} ~ a — | 2 Fy a, Eis {oS et Iie ; \ \ ay x >} ~ XX pelt SS Sele Nee ER \ eaney é F = AS NN =a 2 N 94, V9” Xp L , PRR >a? 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In this respect it differs from South America, which has a more unbroken coast-line. These inlets of the ocean are of great advantage to commerce, for they enable ves- sels to sail far into the interior of the country. 2. Surface.—North America contains three mountain-systems: the Rocky Mountain, the Sierra Nevada (se-er’-rah nay-vah'-dah), or California Mountains, and the Appalachian systems. 1. The Rocky Mountain System extends from the Isthmus of Panama to the Arctic Ocean. The southern part of the system is called the Sierra Madre (se-er’-rah _mah/-dray). ‘‘ Sierra” is the Spanish word for *‘1nountain chain.” 2. The Sierra Nevada System extends along the Pacific coast from the southern part of the United States into Alaska. The northern part of this system is called the Cascade Range. A low range. called the Coast Mountains, is connected with the Sierra Nevada. It extends from Cape St. Lucas to Cape Flattery. These two systems are the highest. They contain a great many rocky, snow-capped peaks, from 10,000 to 15,000 feet high, many of them volcanic. Mt. St. Elias is the highest mountain in North America. Its top is 18,000 feet above the sca. 3. The Appalachian System extends from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to within two hundred miles of the Gulf of Mexico. This system consists of several parallel chains of low mountains. which are clothed with forests to their tops. They are 2000 or 3000 feet high. 3. The land which lies between the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains, is a great plateau crossed by many mountain-chains. This plateau rises from a height of 1000 feet on the Arctic coast to 9000 feet in Mexico. = = AR a ge z SLRS Ss S a SSA ‘ Oo ig Se NORTH AMERICA. aT, pi soe = me TCLS NY < Cann Yen eo Meg, Yankees f table-land occupies nearly one third of North America. The This great mass 0 highest portion is in Mexico and Central America; and it sinks gradually to the level of the Arctic coast. 4, The surface of North America is divided by the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains into three sections: the Atlantic Slope, Pacific Slope, and the Great Central Plain. The Atlantic Slope extends from the Appalachian Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean. The Pacific Slope extends from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. The Great Central Plain lies between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains, and extends: from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico. 5. Lakes and Rivers.—The different slopes of land are drained by different svstems of lakes and rivers, which flow in various direc- tions according to the slope of the land. The lonaest rivers of North America are in the Great Central Plain, because there is more rcom there than in other parts of the country. The Mississippi River with its numerous branches, and the St.-awrence with its five great lakes, are the most important rivers of North America, for they enable ves- sels to reach some of the richest and most populous parts of the country. The Central Plain is divided into a northern andasouthern slope. The Mississippi River and its tributaries flow down the southern slope. The &t. Lawrence, and the rivers which flow into Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean, flow down the northern slope. The Water-shed between the northern and the southern slope is formed by ranges of low hills, which contain the sources of the various rivers. G. The Basin of the Mississippi is second in size only to that of the Amazon (in South America). It covers nearly the whole of the Central Plain of the United States. This mighty river rises in a little brook which flows into Lake Itasca. It is 2800 miles long, and is the largest river in the world except the Amazon. If we reckon the length from the source of the Missouri, it is 4100 miles long g.—— 7. The River St. Lawrence is the outlet of five great lakes, which form the largest collection of fresh water upon the globe. The St. Lawrence River is partly in Canada. Lake Michigan is entirely within the United States; but the other four lakes belong partly to Canada, and partly to the United States. Every one of these lakes is higher than the one into which it flows. The surface of Lake Erie is more than three hundred feet above the level of Lake Ontario. Part of the descent from Erie to Ontario.is down the Falls of Niagara. 8. Climate.—The southern part of North America is in the Torrid Zone; the central part in the Temperate ; and the extreme north in the Frigid Zone. But the greater part of the country is in the Temperate Zone. 9. Countries.—North America consists of the following countries : Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, the United States, British America, and Danish America. Questions.—How does the coast of N. America differ from that of S. America? Of what use are the bays and gulfs? What three mountain-systems in North America? Which are the highest? Which have rocky summits? Forest-clad summits? Describe the great plateau. Into what sections is the surface of North America divided ? Upon what does the direction of the lakes and rivers depend? Which slope con- tains the longest rivers? Why? What separates the rivers of the northern from NORTH AMERICA. 17 The sugar-cane furnishes sugar, molasses and rum. Coffee is the berry of the cofiee tree. Cocoa is made from the seed in the berry of the cocoa tree. The following are called tropical fruits:—the pine-apple: the cocoa-nut (which is the fruit of a forest tree called the cocoa-nut palm), the orange, the lemon, the plantain and the banana. Tobacco and dye-stuffs are among the principal productions. The dye-stufis are logwood (from the forests) and indigo. Cotton is also raised in considerable quantities All the foregoing plants grow upon the lowlands, and are tropical productions. On the highlands are found the oak and pine, wheat and barley. Indian corn cotton, and tobacco are found both upon the lughlands and lowlands, for these are plants which grow both in a temperate and a hot climate. 5 : : : 2. Animal Productions. —Herds of cattle graze upon the plains and plateaus, and furnish hides, hair, horns, andstallow. The cochineal insect, when killed and dried in the sun, yields a brilliant crimson dye. = ; ; : : F 3. The Minerals are found chiefly in Mexico, and consist of gold, silver, iron and copper. The mines were once of great value, but are now little worked. 13. Animals.—The dense forests shelter great numbers of wild animals, and the hot marshy lowlands are infested with reptiles and troublesome insects. The tapir is a harmless animal somewhat smaller than a donkey. The jaguar is a kind of tiger. The puma, or cougar, is the same as the panther of the mired States. He is sometimes called the American Lion. The woods abound with monkeys, and with birds of brilliant plumage. But the birds of tropical countries do not sing so sweetly as those of the temperate zone. 14. Inhabitants.—The population is composed of whites, Indians, those of the southern slope? What is the largest river-basin in the world? The next largest? Through what lakes and rivers does the water of Lake Superior flow into the ocean? Which is higher—the surface of Lake Superior, or the surface of the Gulf of St. Lawrence ? On which side of the Equator does North America lie? Does the climate, then, | grow warmer or colder as you go north? In what zones is North America situated? | ln which zone is the greatest extent included? , Are the climate and productions of North America, then, generally those of the Torrid, or the Temperate Zone? In what part of the country would you expect to find tropical productions? In advancing toward the north, would you find the vegetation more, or less luxuriant? In what regions would you expect to find only mosses and shrubs? Name the coun- tries of North America. MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 10. Surface.—The greater part of Mexico and Central America, is occupied by the plateau of North America, which is, in these coun- tries, from 4000 to 9000 feet high. Hast of the plateau there is a low, flat plain extending to the coast. Upon the surface of the table-land in Mexico and Central America, are many very lofty volcanoes. The highest is the famous Popocatepetl (po-po-kat-a-petl), or Smoking Mountain. ll. Climate.—The highlands have a mild and temperate climate. The lowlands are very hot and moist, and are therefore unhealthy. 12. Productions.—The lowlands produce the vegetation of the Torrid Zone. Upon the highlands are found many of the plants which belong to the Temperate Zone. 1. Vegetable Productions.—In the hot, moist lowlands the vegetation is very luxuriant, and the trees are green all the year round. There are great forests sf palm trees, mahogany, ebony, rosewood and other beautiful kinds of wcva. Ferns grow in these forests to the size of large trees. The bread-fruii, tree bears a fruit about as large as a child’s head. ‘Three of these trees will furnish a man with food fora year. The yam is like a potato. Tapioca is made from the pith of a tree. Rice and maize (or Indian corn) are the principal kinds of grain. | negroes, and a mixture of these races. They are Roman Catholics. The whites are the smallest part of the population. They are descendants of the Spanish, who took possession of these countries not long after Columbus discovered America. 15. Government.—Mexico and Central America are called Repub- lics. Mexico is one country, but Central America includes five separate republics. The people of a Republic choose their own rulers. The chief ruler of a Republic is commonly called President. Our own country is a Republic. The people of Mexico and Central America are too lazy, ignorant and immoral, to govern themselves well. They are continually fighting among themselves, and are plundered by bands of robbers who roam about the country. Life and property are, therefore, insecure, and every branch of industry is very much neglected. | 16. Commerce.—The exports are the natural productions. The unports are manufactures from Kurope and the United States. 17. The coast is so unhealthy that all the large towns are built upon the table-lands. The seaport towns are small places. Mexico is the largest city in Mexico, and Guatemala (gwaw-ta-mah'-lah) 1s the largest in Central America. Mexico is at the height of 7000 feet above the sea. 18. Balize (ba-leez’) belongs to Great Britain, a country in Hurope. 19. The Isthmus of Panama belongs to an adjoining state in South America. A railroad has been built across the narrowest part, where the surface is low. Questions.—Describe the surface. Why are the lowlands unhealthy? Where do the tropical plants grow? ‘Those of the Temperate Zone? What trees grow on the lowlands? On the highlands? Name all food-plants growing on the lowlands. Name other lowland plants. What food-plants grow on the highlands? What plants grow on both lowland and highland? How is cochineal dye obtained? Where do the wild animals live? The reptiles and insects? Of what is the population composed? Where did the first white settlers come from? What is the government of these countries? Why are life and property insecure? Why are the seaport towns small places? Is the railroad across the Isthmus of Panama built on highland or lowland? TI co eer STE aT a eee i ; = = - F oer PTS OLE Sree RRL Te en eee ELLE TTT EE a ea ; os 5 c — te nes —— Se oS neyLe A SCENE IN THE TORRID ZONE. WEST INDIES. %). The West India Islands form three Antilles. the- Lesser Antilles and the Bahamas. ) divisions—the Greater The Greater Antilles are Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica and Porto Rico. The Lesser Antilles include the chain of islands which extends from Porto Rico to South America. They are volcanic islands The chain of the Antilles is crossed by a range of mountains. The Bahamas are coral islands, and are low and sandy. 21. The Climate and Vegetation are similar to those of Mexico and Central America. The climate is generally healthy, except in the rainy season. These islands are right in the centre of the region where the most dreadful hurricanes in the world occur, ‘These storms often destroy ships, villages, people and the growing crops. 22, Animals.—The marshes and lowlands are infested with the same kinds of insects and reptiles as are found in Mexico and Central America; but the forests contain none of the fierce wild beasts which are found in other tropical countries. 23. Inhabitants.—The population of the West Indies consists of whites, free negroes and slaves. They are Roman Catholics. About one-sixth of the inhabitants are white. The negroes were formerly slaves, but they are now free, except in Cuba and Porto Rico. 24, The Commerce is very extensive. table productions. The exports are the vege- z I'he imports are manufactured goods and the productions of cooler countries, The principal articles of export are sugar, molasses, rum, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, mahogany, spices and tropical fruits. 25. Government.—Most of the West India Islands belong to different nations in Kurope. 26. Cuba and Porto Rico belong to Spain. Cuba, the “ Queen of the Antilles,” is nearly as large as all the rest of the islands together. It has a great commerce, and exports about one-third of all the sugar used in the world. NORTH AMERICA. | north of the West Indies. | which lies at their base. ya, and is the largest town in the West Indies. Its Havana is the chief city of Cut foreign commerce is very large. 27. Jamaica, the Bahamas and most of the Lesser Antilles belong to Great britain. 98. Hayti is independent. It consists of two separate countries —the Republic of San Domingo and the Republic of Hayti. The inhabitants are negroes. They were formerly slaves, but they rose against their masters, and after a fierce and bloody war, drove them from the island. 99, The Bermuda Islands are situated in the Atlantic Ocean, They belong to Great Britain. Questions.—Name the three divisions. The climate and vegetation are like those of what other countries? Why? Is the puma found in these islands? Are there any Indians? Which has the most extensive commerce—Mexico or the West ? What articles of food are exported? What other articles? What island Indies ? is not owned by any foreign nation? Are the Bermudas a part of the West Indies? THE UNITED STATES. 30. The Surface is divided into two regions of highland, and two of lowland. The highlands are the Great Western Plateau of North America, and the Appalachian Mountains, with the hilly country The lowlands are the Great Central Plain and the Atlantic Plain. southern The Great Central Plain is the half of the Central Plain of North America. It has a very even surface, and contains no greater elevations than the tract of highland called the Ozark Mountains, and the hills which separate the northern from the southern slope. The Atlantic Plain is a flat district extending from the Atlantic coast to the hilly country at the base of the Appalachian Mountains. 31. Climate and Vegetation.—The United States is situated in the southern half of the North Temperate Zone. so hot as that of the West Indies, nor so cold as that of British The climate is not America. 32. In going from the Gulf of Mexico to British America, you pass gradually from a warm to a cool climate. The southern part is warm; the middle section is mild; and the northern is cool. Around the shores of the Gulf of Mexico the orange, the ig and the sugar-cane are raised. Rice grows abundantly on the marshy southern coast. Draw a line westward from Cape Hatteras, and you will find south of that line the greatest cotton district in the world. The principal tobacco region extends east and west through the middle of the country, but tobacco is raised in almost all the States east of the Rocky Mountains. The white potato grows best in the northern half, and the sweet potato in the southern half, of the country. Grass grows best in the northern sections; and hay is one of the most valuable products of the United States. Indian corn is the principal grain raised in this country. the States. The other most important grains are wheat and oats. half of the United States is the principal grain region. It grows in almost all! The northern Forests.—The western half of the country is, in genersl, but scantily supplied with trees, except on the mountain sides and along the river barks. The eastern half is heavily wooded with forests of oak, maple, pine, fir, and other trees which be- long to the Temperate Zone. Near the Gulf of Mexico the trees are mostly evergreen. [Norz.—A full description of the Uwited States is given on pages 22 to 44.]Questions.—Into what four sections is the surface of the United States divided? What parts of the country are high land? Low land? Why is the climate cooler than that of the West Indies? Where is the coldest part of the United States? Where are oranges raised? Figs? Sugar-cane? Rice? Cotton? Tobacco? White Potato? Sweet Potato? Grass? What is the principal grain? The other kinds? What plants of the United States grow also in Mexico and the West Indies? Which half of the United States raises the most grain? The most cotton? Where are the forests? Name all the kinds of trees growing in your own neighborhood. BRITISH AMERICA. 33. British America occupies all the northern part of North America, excepting Greenland and Alaska. It belongs to Great Britain. 34, Surface.—Most of the country east of the Rocky Mountains is a part of the Great Central Plain, and is generally level. Kast and south-east of Hudson Bay the land is hilly, being broken by parallel ranges of hills or low mountains. The Green Mountains (a part of the Appalachian System) are the most eastern range. 30. Climate and Vegetation.—The southern districts are like the neighboring parts of the United States in climate and vegetation. But the northern portions are ‘intensely cold, and must forever remain uncultivated and unsettled. Great forests of pine and fir cover nearly the whole country. Toward the far north, however, the trees dwindle to the height of only a few inches, and finally give place to mosses, berries and lichens. 36. Animals.—The trees and low plants support immense numbers of animals, whose thick fur enables them to bear the severe cold. The buffalo, the moose (or elk), the reindeer, deer, the bear and the wolf are the largest of the land animals. the sable, the beaver, otter and marten. The northern coasts and islands abound with myriads of sea-fowl ; and the whale, the seal and walrus, which inhabit these icy waters, furnish the inhabitants of the coast with almost all the necessaries of life. Among the smaller fur-bearing animals are the fox, $7. The Inhabitants of the settled districts are descended from the English, Scotch and Irish, and in the Province of Quebec from the French. The French and Irish are Roman Catholics; the others are Protestants. 38. The wilderness lying north of the settlements is thinly peopled by Indians and hunters, engaged in taking the fur-bearing animals. Upon the northern coasts are a few Hsquimaux. The Esquimaux are savages, of a dark complexion, low stature and filthy habits. They live in huts made of ice, dress in furs, eat the fat (or blubber) of the whale and drink the oil of the seal. They travel over the ice and snow in sleds drawn by teams of dogs, and hunt the walrus in canoes framed with the bones of the whale. 39. Productions.—Lumber, grain, hay and potatoes, fish caught on the eastern shores, and furs from the northern wilderness, are the chief productions. Besides these, coal and gypsum (or plaster of Paris) are mined in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and goldin British Columbia. Great numbers of grindstones are exported from Nova Scotia to all parts of the United States. 40. British America consists of eight states or provinces, five districts, and three extensive territories. 41. These provinces were formerly independent of each other, but all of them, except Newfoundland, are now united under one goyernment, called the Dominion of Canada. NORTH AMERICA. ———SSSE|E=>=_E_ SS NE IN THE FRIGID ZONE, A SCE 42. Newfoundland is cold, wet and barren, and is covered with fo nearly all the time. aS The “ Banks of Newfoundland” are shallow places in the sea, hundreds of miles in extent, and shrouded in mist nearly all the year. inexhaustible supply of cod and mackerel. All the settlements are on the coast, and fishing is the only business. St. Johns is quite a large town, but is the only one of any importance. They are famous for their 43. The DOMINION OF CANADA comprises the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island. tricts of Keewatin, Assinibonia, Saskatchawan, Alberta, and Athia- basca; and Northern Territory, North-east Territory, and North-west In addition to these are the five d s- Territory. Ottawa is the capital. 1. Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island form one province. Halifax is the chief city and capital. Pictou is famous for its coal-mines. 2. New Brunswick has many natural advantages for fishing and lumbering, which are the principal pursuits of the people. The Bay of Fundy is remarkable for having the highest tides in the world. St. John, the largest town, has a good harbor and considerable commerce. 3. Prince Edward Island has a milder climate than the neighboring mainland, and is free from the fogs so common in Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. The forests, the pastures, the farms, and the fisheries, are all valuable. 4. Quebec was formerly called Canada East. Three-fourths of the people are descendants of the. French, who first settled the valley of the St. Lawrence. The principal cities are Quebec and Montreal. . Quebec is the capital. Montreal is the largest city in British America. 5. Ontario was formerly called Canada West. The principal cities are on the lakes and on the river St. Luwrence. Toronto is the capital and largest town. 6. Manitoba lies in the Red River Valley. Winnipeg is the capital. 7. British Columbia is crossed by forest-clad mbuntains, but also contains large tracts adapted to graziug and tillage. The climate of the coast is moist and mild. Victoria is the capital and principal town. 8. Districts and Territories.—The five districts which have recently been organ- ized and the three territories comprise all of British America not included in the eight provinces, and together contain about three-fourths of its surface. They have f w towns, and are inhabited principally by Indians, Esquimaux, and traders, w..o live mostly at places called “ Forts.” I ST ET SS ome ea ELIOT EN aera a " Ears SSRI (Sr es eae ee — ETE EEENORTH 20 ee Hilly? Level ? Why is not Name sh America is mountainous ? h to be cultivated ? have a cold climate ? Questions.—What part of Briti What part is warm enoug Joes most of this country luded in the Dominion of Canada? In what province do the people ng, and not by agriculture ? Where are the fisheries carried on p ‘ yrovince of Quebec speak French :—why is that? Ontario? Why? What country owns British rica contains only low plants—the northern and territories live—by What part is a plateau 2 the whole cultivated ? Why ¢ What province is not inc plants in the provinces. all the provinces. Name the principal cultivated live by fishir Most of the people in the | pal cities of h Ame habitants of the districts Where are the princi America? What part of Britis or the southern? How do the in acriculture, or by hunting and fishing? : : The largest sea-animals. The smaller fur-bear- | lo these animals live? Could they live in the Tcrrid ble or animal food? Why ? Name the largest land-animals. ing animals. Upon what « Zone? Do the Esquimaux live upon yegeta DANISH AMERICA. 44, Greenland and Iceland belong to Denmark (in Europe), and d Danish America. 45, Greenland.—The interior has never been explored, but the coast is high and rocky, and the more elevated portions are covered with perpetual ice and snow. QU By what oceans is North America surrounded ? 2 Name all the bays on the coast. By what isthmus is it The gulfs. 5S Outline. th South America eas. connected wl Straits. Peninsulas. Capes. Islands. Name all the bodies of water, in their order, from Behring Strait to the Strait of Belleisle. From the Strait of Belleisle to the Isthmus of Panama. From the Isthmus of Panama to Behring Strait. | Name all] the peninsulas and capes from Cape Prince of Wales to Point Moriato. | Sable, in Florida, to Cape Race. From Cape Surface.—In what direction does the Appalachian System extend? The Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range? The Rocky Mountain System extends from the In what country is Mt. Hood? Mt. Isthmus of Panama to the Arctic Ocean:—in what direction? Mt. St. Elias? Popocatapetl? Mt. Brown? Mt. Fairweather ? Shasta? Fremonts Peak? Longs Peak? Pikes Peak? Lakes and Rivers.—The lakes and rivers are divided by the slopes of land into six different systems :— : What | Arctic System.—Describe the Mackenzie River. Why does it flow north? lakes are connected with it? What river flows into Lake Athabasca? Hudson Of what lake is Nelson River the outlet? What large river flows into the north-western part of se? What river and lake flow into this lake from the United States ? 3ay System.—Name the rivers flowing into Hudson Bay. St. Lawrence System—What river flows north-east into the Gulf of St. Lawrence? Name the five great lakes whose waters flow into this river. tary or branch. Gulf of Mexico System—In what direction do these rivers flow? is the longest? Why? Which Which of these rivers forms part of the boundary between Mexico and the United States ? Atlantic System—In what general direction do these rivers flow? Why? Into what ocean? In what mountains do they rise? Pacific System.—Describe the Yukon River. The Columbia. The Colorado. In Why do they flow west? What water-shed is between them and the rivers of the Great Central Plain? what mountain-system do these three rivers rise ? AMERICA. | America. eae foe . : : = 3 | city of Mexico? New Guatemala? Vera Cruz? Acapulco? sove the horizon during the whole of the short summer, and gives sufficient warmth to ripen a small quantity of corn and garden vegetables; and even xtreme north is not entirely without life in the summer. A few years ago, a German exploring expedition landed on the east coast, in latitude seventy-seven To their great astonishment they saw herds of reindeer and musk ox feed- while butterflies and honey-bees were The sun is al the e degrees. ing upon green meadows decked with flowers ; flying over these grassy plains. and are Esquimaux, who have been converted to Most of the inhabitants of Green| These missionaries have established a few Christianity by Moravian missionaries. settlements on the coast of Greenland and the opposite coast of Labrador. Licl 46. Iceland.—The coast is bordered by high and rugged moun- The interior is a dreary desert of volcanoes, ice-clad moun- itenfels is the residence of the Danish Governor. tains. tains, and fields of lava. The most famous of these volcanoes is Mt. Hecla. ‘There are also boiling springs, called Geysers (ghiézers), which throw up water, steam and even large stones, to a great height. Reikiavik (ri/-ke-ah-vik) is the principal town. a thousand years ago by people from the north of Europe. The Icelanders are The island was settled about Christians, and are remarkably intelligent and well-educated. Questions.—How do you suppose the people of Danish America subsist—by agriculture or by hunting and fishing? Why? Who are the inhabitants of Green- land? Of Iceland? When was Iceland settled ? ESTIONS ON THE MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. Countries and Towns.—Mezico and Central America.—Bound Mexico. Central In what zone is Central America? In what zones is Mexico? Whereis the West Indies—What waters surround the West India Islands? In what zone are most of them? Name the four most important islands. Name the three divisions of the West Indies. Which group is partly in the Temperate Zone? Which group extends from: Porto Rico to South America? Where is San Domingo? United States.—Bound the United States. In what zone is it? What territory in the north-western part of North America belongs to the United States? Where is Sitka ? British America.—In what zone does most of it lie? In what zone is the northern part? What mountains cross the western part? Bound British Columbia. What two islands on the coast? What provinces border on Lake Winnipeg? What prov- ince north of the great lakes? What river separates it from Quebec? What mountains separate the rivers which flow into Hudson Bay from those which flow into the St. Lawrence? Bound New Brunswick. What peninsula is connected with it? What bay partly separates Nova Scotia from New Brunswick ? What island north of Nova Scotia? North-east? Bound Newfoundland. What territories in the northern part of North America? Where is Jan Mayen Island? Where is Montreal? Quebec? Ottawa? Toronto? St.John? Halifax? Pictou? St. Johns? Winnipeg? Victoria? Nain? Hopedale? New Westminster? Battleford? Danish America.—In what zone is the larger part of Greenland? Iceland? Where is Lichtenfels? Reikiayik ? Havana? Matanzas? Kingston? Spanish Town? Port-au-Prince? Porto Rico? Upernayvik? Name its largest tribu- | —_eoe—_—-_ Questions on the Map and Text. What kind of surface would you find in travelling from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean? What mountains would you cross, in going from the Atlantic to the | Pacific Ocean, on the fortieth parallel of latitude? Why is not the Mackenzie River so valuable as the Mississippi? Let each pupil describe the situation of some town | in North America, until all are named which are given on the map. Let each pupil | name some vegetable product of North America, and tell in which countries it is | found. 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Ce ae 7 es Doe pee | The lumbermen pass the winters in the forests, felling the trees and cutting them CHAPTER We | into logs. They are then drawn over the deep snow to the banks of the streams. | In the spring the logs are formed into rafts, and floated down the rivers to the mills, vhere they are sawed into boards and other kinds of lumber. R NEW ENGLAND STATES. |W j 2 | o THE EASTERN e 5. Minerals.—The most important minerals are various kinds of building-stone. Vermont is rich in quarries of slate and marble. valuable deposits of silver and lead ores have VC D1 aster | Granite is everywhere abundant. EW ENGLAND occupies the north-eastern portion of the S ne ve ys ee ms . : a a4 Now > VIC 7 Ne j , Mass., United States, and is composed of six states. Maine, New . recently been discovered. 1 7 sachusetts sl; Yonnecticut. : Hampshire, V ermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut 6 Manufacturing is the principal occuy his section belong to the Appa- | Massachusetts takes the lead in this business, s at the base extends, | manufacturing states in the Union. The principal nianufactures are boots and shoes and cotton and woollen goods. About one half the boots and shoes used in the United States are made in this state. has a great trade with foreign nations and with Massachusetts is the second commercial state in rincipal exports from all the states but vation in all the states but Vermont. and is one of the most important 2. Surface.—All the mountains of t 3 | lachian System. The hilly country which lie ; x 0 +IXT t anaatT* & 1a face 18 ¢ S every- in New England, nearly to the coast; so the surface is almost y her suntainous or hilly. W here mountainous or ) e Rae aoe ee 1e longest range. They extend into Canada, and form Bilienimerta(ot Ateutcediciatee The Hoosac and Taconic Mountains are the fenton: Meso eantuneds geodsiare tite: lucts are the most important from that state. The Green Mountains are t] part of the western boundary of Maine. southern parts of this range. A belt of hills extends from t parate heights. Ameng t Vermont; and grazing proc 2 : NX » < ~ he White Mountains southward into Connecticut, and is crowned by many 8¢ hese are Kearsarge, Monad- nock and Wachusett. 1 crossing the centre of Maine, from the White There is another ridge of high lan: | Mountains to New Brunswick. Katahdin and Mars Hill are the highest summits. yy = BN ee NG SR ' iS X > & = i bry 4 PN ead yy CY Coast.—Southward from Massachusetts Bay the coast and eS ey ry 2 Be BE, : WY (ESN Ne ‘slands are generally low and sandy. The rest of New England has old and rocky coast, and the islands are of the same character. ab h as a greater number of good har- faine is penetrated by numerous inlets, and h bors than any other state in the Union. { 4. Lakes and Rivers.—Most of the Lakes and Rivers belong to the Atlantic System. Those on the western side of the Green Mountains ave in the basin of the St. Lawrence. 5, As the rivers flow through a hilly country, they have many falls; and therefore afford great water-power for factories. These obstructions, however, prevent most of the rivers from being navi- gable for any great distance. | New Envland abounds with lakes of clear, bright water, which lie in the hollows | among the hills and mountains, and give great beauty to the landscape. | | The lakes, and swift, sparkling rivers, the forest-clad hills and mountains, make this region one.of the most beautiful parts of our country. | | NEW ENGLAND COAST SCENERY 6. Climate. —The winters are long and severe ; the summers are | short and warm. . : 8. The Inhabitants are mostly of English descent. They are rerally very | remarkable for their energy, thrift and intelligence. Though the 7. Productions and Occupations.—The soil is not ger Spee Pa | . Os Z . fe therefore, | climate is severe, and much of the soil unfertile, they have made rich, and the surface is rough and broken. Agriculture in most parts of New England, is less profitable than some other | New England one of the wealthiest parts of the Union. kinds of business. Questions.— What mountain-system crosses New England? What range between people, There is an abundance of excellent potatoes, and grass grows luxu- Maine and Canada? “Where is the belt of hills to which Kearsarge, Monadnock, and Wachusett belong? Katahdin and Mars Hill? To what mountain-system do 1. Agriculture.—Corn, wheat and oats are raised, but not enough for the wants of the riantly. Hay is an important product. these mountains belong? Have Maine and New Hampshire a sandy, or a rocky 9 . ° on ee at . ee oe fs A A y ‘ ; ca We, cheng is extensively carried on in all parts of this section, for a hilly | coast? Connecticut? Cape Cod Peninsula? The north-eastern coast of Massa- country is better adapted to grazing ¢ Orie . A a ve} TELE adapted to grazing than to agriculture. | chusetts? Of what use are the falls and rapids in the rivers of New England? Vermont is the principal grazing state of New England. Great quantities of | Why are not the rivers generally navigable? | Why is not agriculture the leading business? Which of the agricultural pro- 9 Trott areas : jons are us ACE 59) ior aC PAS) Ths 6 OTazi . ; 3) Fishing/ Neatly ell the towns along he coast are) engaged im the fisheries nae are used for cattle? For the people? Why is grazing more profitable Cod and Mackerel are caught upon the coast of New England and upon the Banks aa gemiculuze mn Ene ysccuon ay ere Gite eran eae Oe > Now f; ¢ (Nina? Sie ; : : a az opue *LS nti 2 ( 1 c y q pf iNewfoandland) (Great quantitiesiarelealeed fandleontitolall partslot thelworld: ame all the grazing produets mentioned in Chapter XII., Part I. Where are the fishing towns? Why is Vermont not engaged in the fisheries ? wool, butter, cheese, and fine breeds of cattle, are raised in this stute. Massachusetts has more vessels employed in the fisheries than any other state in : Fon TOT a AV halastirortaonnnicho Nort hePacihe Oceans ae a ee i most valuable forests? Where is granite found? Slate ; ate ested : and marble? Are the products of the fisheries animal or vegetable? Of grazing? Se ete tance, ce eae Pe aa states of New | Of agriculture ? Name the five manufacturing states. What are their Sandip WE ree een a ee aa anne ee a eed tae of that exports? What is the chief export of Maine? Of Vermont? What has made Re ie ootensice. S kly settled, and the woods are there- | this section so wealthy—the fertile soil, or the industrious habits of the people? | What kind of climate is that of New England?9. MAINE.—The surface is generally hilly. A large part of the state is still covered with magnificent forests of pine, and other valuable trees. spruce, hemlock Most of the towns are in the southern half of the state, and are situated upon the river banks or upon the numer- ous rocky inlets of the coast. They are chiefly engaged in fishing, commerce, and the sawing of logs into lumber. 10. Zowns.—Augusta is the capital. Port- land, the largest town, is built upon a high peninsula, and overlooks one of the best and a most beautiful harbors in America. It is one of the leading commercial cities of New England. Bangor, sixty miles from the mouth of the Penobscot. is one of the greatest lumber-markets in the United States. The river is navigable for large vessels to this place. Lewiston, Biddeford and Saco have extensive cotton-mills. . . E 11. NEW HAMPSHIRE is a manufacturing and farming state, and is remarkable for its magnifi- cent scenery. It is sometimes called the Granite State. narrow strip along the coast, nearly the whole state is covered by granite hills and mountains, which are clothed with the original forests. Mount Washington, the highest peak of the White Mountain group, is 6293 feet high, and is the loftiest summit in the northern part of the Appalachian System. There is no finer scenery east of the Mississippi River than is presented by this group of wild and beautiful mountains. From the top of Mount Washington, on a clear day, you may see Mount Monadnock, in the south, a hundred miles away; and the ocean beyond Portland harbor, which looks like a silver line on the horizon. Lake Winnipiseogee (vin-ne-pe-saw/-ke) is one of the loveliest lakes in New England. The name means, in the Indian language, “ Beautiful Lake among the Highlands.” ~ 5 ne Ce the They are engaged in manufacturing, 12. Towns.—Concord 1 Dover are the largest towns. and are situated in the southern part of the state. pital. Manchester, Nashua, and Portsmouth is the only seaport. It has an excellent harbor, but hardly any com- merce, the exports of the state being sent by railroad to Boston and other cities. Opposite the town there is a United States navy-yard in Kittery, Maine. 18. VERMONT is an agricultural and grazing state. The name means “green mountain,” and is derived from the mountains which cross the state, and are covered with evergreen forests of pine, fir, spruce and hemlock. Among the deciduous trees—that is, trees which cast their leaves in winter—the sugar-maple is one of the most common. The sap of the tree is made into maple | sugar, which is quite an important production of this state. 14. Towns.—Montpelier is the capital. Burlington, on Lake Champlain, is the chief centre of commerce. Lake Champlain is navigable for steamboats, and Burlington is connected by railroad with New York, Boston and Montreal. Rutland is the largest town, and owes its prosperity, mainly, to its quarries of beautiful marble. The other towns are small; for there is hardly any manufacturing in the state, and the commerce is not large. Except a | | settled state in the Union, and is one of the wealthiest. ICE CUTTING. 15. MASSACHUSETTS is, next to Rhode Island, the most thickly- Yet the | climate is severe, and the soil is, in most places, naturally poor. The western part of the state is mountainous. south-east, where it is low and sandy. The rest is hilly, except in the Manufacturing is the principal business, and manufactured goods are the leading exports; but the principal exports to foreign countries are flour, grain, and meat, from the West; petroleum, from Pennsylvania ; and, of her own productions, furniture, salt fish and ice. Massachusetts contains a greater number of cities and large towns than any other New England state. The commercial and fishing towns are on the coast. Most of the manufacturing towns are in the interior. 16. Towns.—Boston, the capital, is the largest town in New England, and is one of the great commercial cities of the United States. It holds a high rank for its schools and literary institutions. Boston is surrounded by many large and pleasant towns. which are inhabited chiefly by people who transact business in the city. Cambridge, the seat of Harvard University, is one of the most beautiful of these suburban cities. Charlestown, where the battle of Bunker Hill was fought, has lately become a part of Boston. Worcester is a prosperous manufacturing city. Lynn is famous for the making of ladies’ shoes. The other most important manufacturing places are Lowell, Lawrence, Fall River, Springfield and Taunton. There are also a great many smaller factory- towns in various parts of the state. New Bedford is the greatest whaling-port in the world. But this business has 1, owing to the scarcity of the whales, and the people are now oreatly decline: Gloucester has more vessels in the cod and mackerel engaging in manufactures. fisheries than any other place in the United States. 17. RHODE ISLAND is the smallest state in the Union, but is the most thickly settled. The great prosperity of the state is owing - principally to its extensive manufactures. The surface is cenerally hilly. Several small streams, which have a stee and afford water-power for the towns and villages which are situated upon their banks. p descent, flow into Narragansett Bay,rt Fy are r= ae Pe abe os 26 and Newport are the capitals. Provi- | 18. Zowns.—Providence : It has extensive dence is the second city 1n foreign and domestic commerce and size in New England. a great variety of manufactures. j i ‘] e 1 3 7 d has one of the best Newport is the finest watering-place in the country, and harbors. The largest manufacturing towns. besides Providence, are Pawtucket, Woonsocket, Lincoln, Warwick, Cumberland and W esterly. 19. CONNECTICUT is a manufacturing state. It is named after The word means, in the Indian the principal river of New Hngland. t has a rich river.” The valley of the Connecticu language, “ long soi]. and is the most fertile part of this section. fountains, and by several parallel ranges of The state is crossed by the Hoosac h hills. Manufacturing is carried on in nearly all the towns. Those upon the coast re engaged in commerce and the fisheries, ag well as in manulacturing. Lp a 20. Towns—Hartford, the capital, is an important manufacturing New Haven is third in size among the cities It is a beautiful place, famous for its elm trees, le College. he third city of Connecticut, and is one of the principal manu- and business centre. of New Eneland. and is the seat of oO oD X7 La Bridgeport is t facturing towns in the state. New London has a very good harbor, and ranks next | to New Bedford as a whaling-port. Norwich, Waterbury, Meriden, Norwalk, New 5 Britain and Middletown are important places. @®UESTIONS ON THE 3ound New England, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Which one is about as large as all the and Area.—lI ts. Rhode Island, Connecticut. ops Pcsition Massachus ; | | rest toge bher Of Massachusetts. Of Rhode | Name all the bays Outline.—Name the bays on the coast of Maine. Island. Of Connecticut ? and sounds of New England, from north-east to south-west. Where is Mt. Desert Island? Nantucket Island? Martha’s Vineyard? Block Island? What island belonging to New York State, south of Long Island Sound? Where is Cape Ann? WT WV hat sound south of Cape Cod? Cape Cod? What bay lies north of Cape Cod Peninsula? ‘he Taconic? xreen Mountains extend? They Where are the White Mountains? To Where is Katahdin? Mars Hill? Monadnock? Wachusett? Holyoke? Surface.—In what state are the Green Mountains? The Hoosac? into what country north of New Envland do the ( partly what group does Mount Washington belong? Mansfield ? separate Maine from what country ? Monnt Kearsarge? Sunapee? > ATe | ‘ WC. LOM { The Lakes and-Rivers belong to two systems,—the Atlantic and the St. Lawrence. Atlantic System.—Name these rivers, from north-east to south-west. In what ' Describe the St. John. [Norze—ZIn describing a river, mention in what lake or mountain it rises, and in what part of the state; in what dirzc- tiun it flows, and into what water: also what lakes are connected with it.] Describe the a Ne tae m hy h r 7 : St. Croix. The Penobscot. The Kennebec. The Androscoggin. Saco. palmon Falls. Charles. Blackstone. what river do the waters of Grand Lake empty into the Atlantic? ‘he | ? va x 9 rT oo ¢ T ! : Moosehead ? Umbagog? What | Jake empties its waters by a small river into Casco Bay ? direction do they flow? Piscataqua. Merrimac. Thames. Connecticut. Housatonic. 2 By Schoodic Lakes? Chesuncook ? innipi ‘ ' Lake hesuncook ? Winnipiseogee ? St. Lawrence Sustem.—By what river does Lake Memphremagog flow into the St. Lawrence? By what does Lake Champlain? Which end is the head of this lake? THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. Ck eee eee MAP OF INE HINGIEAINID: h of the United States has the most numerous harbors? Is the northern part of Maine thickly settled ? What valuable product is found in this state? How do you reach Bangor from the sea? Whavis likely to be the cargo of a ship sailing from this place? Which is the larger,—Portland or Bangor? Questions.—Maine.— Whic _Why is this called the Granite State? Which is the highest mountain in New England? Can Mount Washington be seen from Mount Monad- nock? What are the chief occupations in this state? Name the five principal manufacturing states. Why has Portsmouth but little commerce? New Hampshire. Vermont.—What are the chief occupations? What are the principal exports? Name the everyreen trees. The deciduous. What What other deciduous trees do you know? By what routes does Burlington carry on its Where would you go to purchase marble? Which is the larger,—Bur- ? What industry ranks next to farming? is a deciduous tree? commerce ? lington or Rutland Massachusetts —W hat is the surface of the south-eastern part? What, then, is the surface of Cape Cod Peninsula? What rank does this state hold in manufacturing? In commerce? In the fisheries? Where are most of the fish caught, which are Why is not agriculture the leading business ? What is the principal busi- exported ? Name the chief manufacturing ness of the coast towns? Of the interior towns? towns. Why are the people of New Bedford engaging in manufactures 2 Rhode Island—What has made this state so wealthy ? What are the principal occupations of Providence? Name the other factory towns. Into what bay do the streams flow, upon which most of these towns are situated? Connecticut-—What is the business of most of the tewns? What business have What rank, in regard to size, does New Which is the second New England the coast towns besides manufacturing ? Haven hold among the New England towns? town? The first? The foot? What rivers in Vermont flow into this lake? In what mountains do these four rivers rise? Towns.—Describe the situation of the following towns, telling whether they are upon the coast or in the interior, upon what body of water, and in what part of the State : Maine.—Eastport, Belfast, Bangor, Rockland, Bath, Augusta, Portland, Saco, Biddeford, Lewiston, Auburn.—Name the most easterly town in the United States? New Hampshire-—Portsmouth, Dover, Great Falls, Exeter, Nashua, Man- chester, Concord. Vermont.—St. Albans, Burlington, Montpelier, Rutland, Bennington, Brattle- boro, Bellows Falls. Massachusetts.— Newburyport, Gloucester, Salem, Lynn, Cambridge, Boston, Plymouth, New Bedford, Fall River, Taunton, Lawrence, Lowell, Fitchburg, Worcester, Springfield, Pittsfield, Westfield. Rhode Island—Providence, Newport, Woonsocket, Pawtucket, Warwick, Westerly. Connecticut—New London, Norwich, New Haven, Bridgeport, Norwalk, Hart- ford, Meriden, Middletown, Waterbury. fae ee Questions on the Map and Text. How could a log of hemlock, thrown into the Lamoille River, reach the Atlantic Ocean? Which town has probably the most snow,—Montpelier or New Bedford? Which is most likely to freeze over,—the Penobscot or the Thames? Load a brig with lumber at Bangor: in what waters would she sail, on a passage to New Orleans? Load aschooner at Eastport with hay and potatoes: what waters would she cross in going to Charleston? Load a vessel with ice and cotton goods at the principal seaport in New England, and send it to the principal seaport of the West Indies: name these two cities, and tell what cargo she would bring back. [Norr.—Let each pupil describe the situation of some town, telling all that he knows about it, until all the towns on the map have been given. |from Greenwich r r = | LL I I I I I = - r : . Hl ia] | | | } | | flea | \9| | Chesurre | > Zi Wy ee oe eel A —feeiiae| took @ % | | | |, } Moose head edge R kd LP A Lake Montreals i eae e——— RALLY L =f SE ¢ LA 4 Latte £2 ré Gr, . NT RS =f Zot: L ie 2 Ww [® Mempl ai | emplereyy god x LS + NX nbecgog h S ‘: as Lake N 1 L my \ / : | wv a of | i} he 0 no LU SS < shh ip) $2 1] ie 2 Sy » Partha = 2 TF) 1) yeind? sag, ?P te ) E > "ff MONTPELIER as ail | C6 EN SS . oe Sh RQ fe) = MI isting hy ou. wie Co 7 ‘ RE aot, Ty RR Kearsar ge see ao en © Sane 4 Mt. 4 Conme chide pi Fitchburg . Wachusett Mt yr AF | Mt. Holy oke | : (Worcester Ss oe L QO. AG ED Teale .A | : | [| J | + is SS | Sam S D4 Csicumberland ] PIER SH lA SSN Lincoln ey B ARECOD \ p a D>} Fe ) } < AN g ian A “~ He devon Sah THE gt age ‘ACS UN S STATES Scale FS Statiute Mile 3 sto anrvtncde. 7 ia iSO ED Oo De Om 100 AS eae tens oe pee f - a oe : a PRT gs SNE ee one }MIDDLE THE Tn V. CHAPTER THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. rHNHIS section lies a on the Atlantic Slope, and partly within tral Plain. | the Great Ce 9 eC a@e OU Appalachian System. the Blue Ridze. oO rface.—All the mountains of this section belong to the The highest ranges are the Alleghany Moun- The Blue longest chain from New York to and Ridge is the tains in the system, and extends Georgia. In the plateau. | Adirondacks, | height as Katahdin 6000 feet high. norther n part of New York there are several irregular chains resting upon a .re called the Adirondacks. Mt. Marcy, the crowning summit of the is the highest mountain in the Middle States. It is about the same and Mt. Mansfield, in New England, which are between 4000 and mae LNey The Adirondacks are clothed with dense forests, in which bears, deer and other 1. In the deep shady valleys lie many cool lakes, which abound with game are fount the finest kinds of fish. 3. West of the mountains, the surface is hilly. The country between the mountains and the sea consists of two regions: a low tract upon the coast and a hilly district in the interior. ; : 4, Coast.—The coast is generally sandy, but in many places is wet and marshy. The heavy growth of trees. Great Dismal Swamp is a tract of marshy land, covered with reeds and a It is thirty miles long and ten miles wide. In the middle gloomy body of water, called Lake Drummond. is a shallow, § This level coast-region is a part of the Atlantic Plain. It is very narrow in New York; for the hilly country comes close to the sea; but toward the south it constantly widens, as the hills and mountains become more and more distant from the shore. Lakes and Rivers.—All the rivers rise in the Appalachian Mountains, or in the hilly country at their base. Most of the Lakes are in New York and belong to the Basin of the St. Lawrence. 6. The mountain-chains are cut across by numerous valleys, through which the rivers flow in various directions. Some of these valleys are steep and narrow, and are famous for their fine scenery. ATLANTIC ib ne iT nit Sa Ha i) ih ie TH “ | Ha a ee a Tat Cae a j He STATES. po The place where the Hudson River flows through a cleft in a mountain-chain 1s called the “ Highlands of the Hudson.” The water from the Great Lakes flows over a precipice 165 feet This is the most magnifi- i hin TT ni Hi = i ni : 1a HH ne = ui Hh Hi Ht Mi nates i : high, forming the Cataract of Niagara. cent waterfall in the world. Lake George is a deep mountain lake of.great beauty. It is gaid to have as many islands as there are days in the year. 4%. Climate.—The climate in the northern part of this section is like that of Canada and New England. The southern part has a much milder temperature. 8. Productions and Occupations.— Manufacturing is the leading business of this section, as it is in New qpeneland but agriculture, grazing, mining and com- merce are very important. The rivers afford almost unlimited water-power; and the great abundance of | coal makes it specially favorable for manufacturing by (iL Ae : steam. 1. Agriculture is more profitable here than in New England. The climate is warmer, the soil richer, and there is more level land Good crops of corn, wheat and oats are raised. New York and Pennsylvania produce more hay and potatoes than any other states in the country. Tobacco is one of the chief productions of Maryland and Virginia. The latter is the second tobacco-growing state in the Union. The low country supplies the great cities with fruits and garden vegetables. 2. Grazing is a very profitable business in this section. No other states in the country produce such quantities of butter and cheese as New York and Penn- sylvania. New York is also one of the leading states in the production of wool. 3. Fishing.—The oyster-fisheries are of great value in the shallow waters along the coast,—especially in the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. 4. Forests, like those of New England, still cover the mountains and unsettled districts. No one of A great 5. Minerals.—The mineral wealth is very great, except in Delaware. the United States produces so much coal and iron as Pennsylvania. quantity of oil is obtained from the petroleum wells in the western part of the state. New York is deficient in coal, but rich in iron-mines. state are found the most valuable salt-springs in the country. In the central part of the New Jersey is the leading state in the production of magnetic iron ore. Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia have extensive mines of coal and iron, but they are common. are nol much worked. Limestone, slate, marble and other building stones 6. Manufactures.—The principal manufactures are woolen, cotton and iron goods, boots and shoes, flour and corn-meal, spirituous and malt liquors. New York and Pennsylvania are the greatest manufacturing states in the Union. The other states of this section are more engaged in agriculture than in manufactures. 7. Commerce.—This section has a greater foreign and domestic commerce than It contains three of the largest commercial citiet any other part of the country. They are the in the Union—namely, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore. nearest outlets for the productions of the Central States. The commerce of New York is more extensive than that of any other state. The the grain, beef, exports are the manufactures and other productions of this section ; pork and tobacco of the Central States, and the cotton of the South. Most of the manufactured goods used in the Central and Southern States are received from the Middle States and New England. 9. The Inhabitants are generally of English descent, with a large proportion of Germans and Irish. In Eastern Pennsylvama there are many descendants of the early German settlers, who have remained to this day quite distinct from the surrounding population. They have a language of their own, and follow many of the customs of their forefathers.— Questions.—l'o what system do the mountains of this section belong? Describe the surface east and west of the mountains. Where is the narrowest part of the | Atlantic Plain in this section? The widest? Where is the marshy land? 7 1 ica ? a yr area AXTITAYYS y es aire Where do the rivers rise’ How are they enabled to pass through the mountain- chains? How many islands are there said to be in Lake George? Which of the four middle states has the mildest climate?* Why? Which are the coldest—the mountains or low lands? Why? Which state has a climate like New | England? What advantages do these states have for manufacturing? Of what materials ure | the manufactured goods made? Which of these states are more engaged in agriculture than in manufactures? Why is agriculture more profitable here than in New England? What kinds of grain are raised? Which two of the United States produce the most hay and potatoes? Butter and cheese ? THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. Name the principal mineral productions. Where is petroleum found? Which | 2 aoe states have coal-mines? Jron-mines? Which is deficient in mineral wealth? Which state produces the most iron and coal? What articles are imported from the Central States? The Southern? What are | returned to them? What is said of the inhabitants? a eee 10. NEW YORK is the richest and most populous of the United States, and has the greatest number of large towns. ll. Towns.—New York City is one of the chief commercial sea- ports in the world, and is the greatest city upon the Western Conti- nent. Brooklyn is occupied mainly by people who transact business | in New York. These two cities, with the populous towns around them, contain over two millions of inhabitants. 12. Buffalo and Albany are large commercial towns. They are at | opposite ends of the railroad and canal which cross the state from | east to west. Albany is the capital. The products of the Central States pass through these places, and are sent down the Hudson to New York City, or by railroad to Boston. Rochester is situated at the beautiful falls of the Genesee River, which are nearly 100 feet high. The great water-power thus afforded is used for the numerous flour- mills and other factories, which have made the place so prosperous. Troy is an important manufacturing and commercial city. Saratoga is visited by invalids for its mineral-springs, and is a fashionable watering-place. Syracuse is an important manufacturing place, and is in the midst of the greatest | salt-producing region in the country. 13. PENNSYLVANIA is the rival of New York in manufactures, com- merce and other occupations, and has many large towns and cities. 14. Towns.—Philadelphia is a great city, ranking next to New | York in size and importance. It is the leading manufacturing town in the Union, and one of the first in the extent of its commerce. More coal is exported from Philadelphia than from any other port in the country. 15. Pittsburgh is beautifully situated at the head of the Ohio, sur- | rounded by an amphitheatre of hills. It is a very important manu- facturing and commercial city, and is the market for the petroleum oil so abundant in the western part of the state. The productions of the Central States are received here and forwarded by railroad to Philadelphia. Allegheny and Pittsburgh are at the head of the Ohio, where the Monongahela and the Alleghany Rivers meet. These cities form one large manufacturing com- munity. Around Scranton are mines of coal and iron, and the town has therefore become an important mining and manufacturing place. Harrisburg is the capital. SSS SSS SSS SY IRON SHIP-BU,.LDOING ON meena! ae 16. NEW JERSEY supplies the markets of New York and Phila- delphia with most of their fruit and vegetables. In the northern part of the state there are some very important manufacturing towns. 17. Towns.—Newark, the principal place, is a large manufacturing | city upon the Passaic River. Jersey City is the next in size. It has extensive manufactures, and is a great thoroughfare for railway travel between the North and South. Paterson is situated just below the Falls of the Passaic. The silk goods made here compete successfully with French silks, and are largely exported to Europe. | Trenton, the capital. is a manufacturing town. Steamboats ascend the Delaware | River to this point, but the rapids obstruct further navigation. 18. DELAWARE is the smallest state in the Union except Rhode Island. It is the centre of the. peach-growing district of the United States. 19. Towns.—Wilmington is a large town, and is well known tor its flour-milJs and powder-works aud for the building of iron steam- | ships. The other towns are small. Dover is the capital. | 20. MARYLAND ‘is divided by the Chesapeake Bay into two parts, | : 2 | called the Eastern Shore and the Western Shore. | 9]. Towns.—Baltimore is one of the four great commercial sea- | ports of our Atlantic coast. Like New York and Philadelphia, it 1s | connected by railroad with the Central States. Baltimore is also | a great manufacturing city. hich flow over the edge of the hilly country back of the city, Several streams W er for the flour-mills, cotton-factories and iron-works. Balti- | afford immense water-pow C © 7 4 TO AY f place for the export ot tobacco, flour and oysters. Alleghany Mountains, and is growing 1e capital, and the seat of the | more is the chie Cumberland is among the coal-mines of the idly, on account of its trade in coal. Annapolis is tl United States Naval Academy. | ray | 99. VIRGINIA has a naturally fertile soil and beautiful climate. Rich mines of coal and iron are found among the mountains. Several noble rivers are navigable far into the interior of the state, and afford abundant water-power among the hills. 93. Towns.—Richmond is the capital and largest city. It is situated at the falls of the James River, which is navigable as far as30 (oe eee ee this place. town. Norfolk has one of the b than any other town in t situated at Norfolk and at the op] 94, WEST VIRGINIA lies principal Richmond is therefore a manu Tobaceo and flour are the principal manufactures. est harbors on the Atlantic coast, ane he state. Josite town of Portsmouth. facturing and The largest navy-yard in the U is rich in iron, coal, salt and petroleum. 95. Towns.—Wheeling is the largest town. importance, and is also engaged in manulac- place of much commercial It has commercial ] has more commerce nited States is ly in the valley of the Ohio, and become a turing. Charleston, the capital, has valuable salt springs. 98. The DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA is a small territory on the north bank of the Potomac. Georgetown. within a few years § It contains the cities of Washington and Washington, the capital of the United States, has erown to be one of the great cities of the Union. It is remarkable for its broad, handsome avenues, and its noble public buildings. The Capitol, where Congress meets, is the most magnificent building on the Western Continent, and one of the finest in the world. diver as far as Washington, and smaller vessels to Georgetown. The largest ships ascend the Potomac | as in Boston? w York.—Name the productions and occupations in which New Questions. —-Ne : products of the Central States ? York excels. What city on Lake Erie receives the How are they sent to New York City? What are these productions? Pennsyluania—From what city in Pennsylvania does Philadelphia receive the products of the West? Do you suppose coal and iron cost as much in Philadelphia There is very little water-power in Philadelphia; how then do you suppose the manufactures are carried on? What is one of the principal exports of Philadelphia? Why is Pittsburgh a commercial town? New Jersey—Name the largest cities. Where are fine silk goods made? What river gives the water-power for the Paterson mills? Delawure.—Is Deiaware principally engaged in agriculture, or manufactures? In what town is manufacturing carried on? Maryland.—What productions are received at Baltimore from the Central States? What are the chief exports of Baltimore? Name the manufactures. From what town among the Alleghany Mountains can Baltimore most conyeniently obtain coal ? Virginia. —What natural advantages does this state possess for agriculture? For mining? Commerce and manufactures? Why is Richmond a manufacturing city? A commercial city ? West Virginia—What is said of the principal city in West Virginia? What mineral production is obtained in Charleston? District of Columbia.—For what building is Washington noted? To what city can large ships ascend the Potomac? Smaller vessels? QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE MIDDLE ATE ANDIC SizAiis: Position and Outline.—Bound New York, West Virginia. Maryland, Virginia, vare, What bay between Delaware. and New Jersey? Pennsylvania, New 5 Dela- Jersey, What states nearly surround Chesapeake Bay ? What capes at the entrance of Delaware Bay? Of Chesapeake Bay 9 Long Island? Surface.—What mountains in the northern part of New York? do these parallel ranges extend? Adirondacks? What two states have no sea coast ? Where is Sandy Hook? To what state does Staten In Island belong ? what direction | The Delaware? The North Branch of the Susquehanna? The West Branch ? | Name the southern tributary of the Potomac River. What mountain-peak is the highest among the | On which side of the Hudson are the Catskill Mountains? What two ranges cross the northern part of New Jersey? Which range crosses the Hudson at West Point? In what part of New York are the Adirondack Mountains? By what river and lake are they separated from the Green and Taconic Mountains? Where are the “ Highlands of the What part of Pennsylvania is crossed by the Blue Ridge? is the most eastern range in Virginia? Tiroinia? Virginia ? Hudson”? The Al In what general d mountains of the Middle States extend? leghany Moun- | tains? What two ranges in Pennsylvania west of the Alleghany Mountains? What What ranges between Virginia and West Between Virginia and Kentucky ? irection do the [Norz.—The edge of the hilly country 1s marked by the faint lines extending from the Hudson to North Carolina. East of this line the surface belongs to the level Atlantic Plan.) What part of New Jersey is mountainous or hilly? What part is level? What part of Delaware is hilly? Level sylvania in the Atlantic Plain? Level? fo SO Virginia 9 > What part of West Virginia is mountainous ? Is any part mountainous? What part of Maryland is mountainous? I Is any part of Penn- Hilly ? Lilly ? Lakes and Rivers.—The lakes and rivers belong to three systems,—the St. Lawrence, the Atlantic, and the Gulf of Mexico Systems. St. Lawrence System.—Name the rivers which flow from the Adirondacks into the St. Lawrence River. Into Lake Champlain. Ontario. flow through Oswego River into Lake Ontario. Name the lak country, north of the Alleghany Mountains ;—describe its course. rivers and lakes of this section which belong to the Basin of the St. Lawrence es whose waters The Genesee River rises in the hilly Name all the Atlantic System.—What river flows from the Adirondacks into the Atlantic? What western branch does it receive ? Where does the Passaic River rise? The Raritan ? Describe the James Name its southern tributary. Of what river is the Juniata a branch? The ll? Lake Drummond? Name all the rivers, with their branches, which flow into the Atlantie or its inlets. In what What rivers flow from the Blue Ridge into Chesapeake Bay? River. Lehigh and Schuylki Where is Dismal Swamp? general direction do they flow? In what mountain system do they rise? Gulf of Mexico System—What rivers unite to form the Ohio? Name the tribu- taries of the Ohio in this section. In what mountains do they rise? Describe the Alleghany River from its source in the hilly country. To what great river valley do the Ohio and its tributaries belong? Into what Gulf do the Ohio and its branches finally flow? course of the eg Towns.— Describe the situation of the following towns, telling whether they are upon the coast or in the interior, upon what body of water, and in what part of the state: New York.—New York, Auburn, Utica, Ogdensburg, Watertown, Poughkeepsie, Oswego, Elmira, Binghamton, Buffalo Name the towns on the Hudson River, from its source to its mouth. Between Troy and Buffalo. Where are Saratoga, Lockport? Kingston? Middletown? : New Jersey —Camden, Newark, Elizabeth, New Brunswick, Princeton, Brooklyn, Rochester, Schenectady, Jersey City, Paterson, Atlantic City. Trenton, Long Branch, Reading, Har- Pennsylvania.—Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allegheny, Scranton, risburg, Lancaster, Erie, Wilhamsport, Allentown, Pottsville, Wilkes-Barre, York, Easton, Norristown, Altoona, Chester, Danville, Titusville, Oil City. Delaware-—Wilmington, Dover, Lewes. Maryland.—Baltimore,. Annapolis, Frederick, Cumberland. Virginia.—Norfolk, Portsmouth, Alexandria, Petersburg, Richmond, Lynchburg. West Virginia.—Charleston, Wheeling, Harper’s Ferry. District of Columbia.—Washington, Georgetown. Questions on the Map and Text. The Genesee and Alleghany Rivers rise near each other ;—follow the course of each tc the Atlantic Ocean. How far are the Atlantic Rivers navigable—to the hilly country or the mountains? To what town is the Delaware navigable? The Poto- mac? The James? Why cannot a vessel sail above Rochester from Lake Ontario? SATU ENT TRI EOE EIT CEERILongitude West frox Om Greenwich e ae r, b L 20 30 Os SWeg Vn ey, on) eee i ctobs@ Johnstown \ 2 i= we Syracuse \.Auburn| ae ase sh Canandui, et iygua y 2 Lake { xX g @: pf S 4 CrookedL wy G ‘ Nit, iy Me, WSR i MASSACHUSETTS — +> aR Elmira Bing es e kulmure Binghamton} ~~ N ( Taconj. goof! oe Se Ai Wil ee Barr re. y Pelersonsfey apt Pets oe fisenk apne E —. faa | SuBN a ere eton ab Lon. — Bran la ~~ 1¢e _Lancaster ai Philadelphia A Wi onong as, SAN 5 ¢ wet Vy x Erodes = Héspers \ Chests or im w (Cs 6 May Ae ne en Q7 Aa raw a ro) a - Ny EUE-— TN He ——— tes or Se yp | AA Appom of , Petersburg G S Portsmouth Gre Dru mong » Dismal a ES mp. a aarti dp oar A soem ia Ga aecama Oo ot CHAPTER VI. THE SOUTHERN STATES, EXCEPT TEXAS. HIS section belongs to the Atlantic Slope and the Great Cen- tral Plain. and the hilly 9 Surface.—The Appalachian Mountain System, country at its base, cover about oue-half of North and South ¥ tf . + nm A Garolina, Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee. includes the north-eastern part of Mississipp. The north-western part of Arkansas 1s occupied by some ranges of hills called the .oston Mountains. They are connected with the Ozark Mountains of Missouri. The rest of this section is low, and much of it is swampy. above the sea. It is 8 Coast.—The coast is raised but little There are lined with long, sandy islands, and the water is shallow. therefore but few good harbors. Ree | h RH AAA Mele Wet 4 7 “sy Be VIEW ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER OPPOSITE NEW ORLEANS acl and Rivers.—The lakes and throughout the low lands, and afford abundant water- a 4, Lakes rivers are navigable for steamboats power among the hills. Throughout this section the land near the Mississippi River is generally low and marshy, and is often overflowed. At a few points the banks rise into elevations called bluffs, and upon these bluffs the principal towns are situated. There are no bluffs, however, in the lower part of the river, and New Orleans is defended by great banks of earth called levees (Jev’-ves), which extend above and below the city for sixty miles. The lakes are in the level country. They are therefore shallow, and some of them become marshes in summer. The marshes and the waters of the low coast-region are filled with alligators and ] her reptiles, and swarm with insects. This is the case with all hot and moist places. ol ®, Climate.—The summer is hot, and the winter is like the autumn ] Tee X 7; NX e of the Northern States. Near the Gulf the weather is almost as warm and moist a » that of the Torrid Zone, and the vegetation resembles that of tropical countries. The marshy low lands of the Southern States are very unhealthy in summer. 6. Productions and Occupations.—This is chiefly an agricultural region. Cotton is the great staple. More than half of the cotton in the world is raised in the Southern States. THE SOUTHERN STATES. | The hilly country also | oe Alabama, Georgia and Louisiana are the principal ie Agriculture.—Mississipp}, all the states of this section. cotton states, but cotton is raised in her kinds of grain are cultivated in all the Southern States, but Indian corn and ot West, and not the South. the great grain-field of the country 18 the 4 1 1 . Rice is cultivated in the marshy low lands of the coast. South Carolina raises most of the rice produced in the United States. The sweet potato, in the Southern States, takes the place of the white potato, which does not succeed well. product, except in Tennessee and North Carolina, Tobacco 1s not an important Ter This plant is most extensively though it is produced in all the Southern States. raised in a part of the Middle Atlantic and Central States. The sugar cane 1s grown near the Gulf of Mexico, but chiefly in Louisiana, Sugar is one of the chief exports of that state. os 5 Tropical fruits, such as oranges, lemons and figs, grow well in Florida and Louisiana, as far north as the thirtieth degree of latitude. pasturage for cattle, sheep and swine; but 2. Grazing.—The uplands afford good he Central or Middle Atlantic States. the South does not raise so much live stock as t Mules numbers of these useful animals are raised in all tl are more generally used at the South than at the North, and immense 1e Southern States. The mountains are well wooded with trees like those of the Northern 3. Forests.— : | with a variety of evergreen trees, such as the live- States. The low lands are covere ______, 9}: the beautiful magnolia and the palmetto. The In the sandy regions cypress grows in the swainps. near the coast there are forests of the long-leaved pitch-pine, a different tree from the pine of the Northern States. From the sap of the Southern pine are obtained turpentine, tar, pitch and resin. These are called naval stores, because they are used in shipbuilding. Lumber and naval stores are largely exported from the Atlantic States of this section, particularly from North Carolina, where they are among the chief productions. The palmetto is a small kind of palm. The live- oak is much prized for shipbuilding. The timber of this tree is one of the chief exports of Florida. 4. Minerals.—Gold is found among the moun- tains of Georgia and North Carolina. Rich mines of coal and iron and other useful minerals exist in the Southern States, but they are not much worked. 5. Manufacturing is not a leading business. 6. Commerce.—The principal export is cotton, which is sent to Europe and the Northern States. Most of the commerce is carried on through New Orleans, Charleston, Savannah and Mobile. 7. The Inhabitants are chiefly of English descent. Most of the laboring people are negroes. The South is not so thickly settled as the North, and the towns are fewer and much smaller. Questions.—To what system do the mountains of South Carolina belong? What other Southern States contain the mountains and hills of this system? Is Florida Is Louisiana? What part of Mississippi is Why are not the crossed by these mountains and hills? hilly? Do the high lands of Arkansas belong to this system? harbors generally good? How far are the rivers navigable? Why are most of the towns on the Mississippi River situated on the bluffs? Why are levees built near New Orleans? Why are the lakes shallow? What sort of places are favorable for reptiles and insects? Which has the colder climate—Tennessee or Florida? Which states produce the most cotton? The most grain? The mostrice? Sweet pota- toes? Tobacco? Sugar-cane? Name those agricultural productions which grow in every one of the Southern States. Name those which grow only in certain parts of the South. What trees grow in the lowlands? Are these trees found at the North? Which of the forest products are used in shipbuilding? Are the coal and iron mines as important in this section as in the Middle States? To what countries is the cotton sent? From what commercial cities of this section? ns EIDE NT TVA I OBERT OS PL ETTHE SOUTHERN STATES. 33 8. NORTH CAROLINA.—The highest mountains east of the Missis- sippi are in this state. They are Clingmans Peak and Mt. Mitchell. 9, Towns.—Wilmington, the largest town, exports lumber, naval | stores and tobacco. Raleigh is the capital. 10. SOUTH CAROLINA is called the Palmetto State, because the palmetto grows abundantly on the coast. 11. Towns.—Charleston is the largest city. than any other town in the Union. Columbia is the capital. It exports more rice 12. GEORGIA has a very enterprising population, and is more engaged in manutacturing than any other Southern State. Okefenokee Swamp, in the low coast-region, is a great extent of country, filled with pools and islands, and covered with vines, bay trees and underwood. Alligators, frogs, lizards and cranes find their home in these shallow waters. 13. Towns.—Atlanta, the capital and largest city in the state, is growing rapidly on account of its commerce and manufactures. Several lines of railroad meet here. port, and rivals Charleston in-commercial importance. Most of the other towns are in the hill-country, where they have abundant water- power for their factories. Augusta and Macon are the largest. SCENE IN A FLORIDA SWAMP. 14. FLORIDA formerly belonged to Spain. Spanish “flowering” or “ blooming.” The climate, and is a favorite winter resort for invalids. The southern part of the peninsula is of coral formation, and the (ki , n 1 : S ae / are coral islands. The word Keys comes from the Spanish word cayos | which means “rocky islets.”” The Everglades cover the southern part of the penin- sula. They are an immense lake of shallow water filled with thousands of islands. 15. Towns.—The towns are small. Key West, on an island of the same name, is the largest, and is the most southern town in the Union. It has a fine harbor, upon which our Government has built a strong fort to defend the entrance to the Gulf of Mexico. Tallahassee is the capital. Jacksonville exports lumber and fruits. best harbors on the is a Government naval station, and has one of the St. Augustine is the oldest town in the United States. Savannah is the principal sea- Florida Keys oce), Pensacola Gulf. 16. ALABAMA.—The mountains of the Appalachian System are little more than hills in the northern part of Alabama, and gradually sink to the level of the country. 17. Towns.— Mobileis the largest city, and is one of the principal ports for the shipment of cotton and naval stores. The numerous streams which unite to form the Mobile River are navigable by steamers for hun- dreds of miles into the northern part of Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, and bring to Mobile the cotton of those districts. Montgomery is the capital. It is near the head ef the Alabama River, in the midst of a rich cotton region, and is therefore an important town. The Alabama is navigable for large steamboats PLANT. BRANCH OF COTTON throughout its entire length. LS. Mississippi has no large cities. The cotton, which this state produces in such great quantities, is sent by river and rail to New Orleans, Mobile and Memphis. 19. Towns.—Vicksburg and Natchez, situated on the bluffs, are the largest towns. Natchez overlooks the immense cypress swamps of Louisiana. Great quantities of cotton are received at these places from the interior, and sent down the river to New Orleans. Jackson is the capital. Aberdeen is at the head of steamboat navigation on the Tombigby. 8 8 90. LOUISIANA was first settled by the French and Spanish. Great numbers of the people are descendants of these settlers, and retain their language and customs. 21. A large part of Louisiana is inundated when the Mississippi and Red Rivers overflow their banks, and when the spring and Rae autumn gales blow the waters of the Gulf on shore. The coast for a great distance inland is raised but afew feet above the Gulf at low tide. and contains many shallow lakes, which are only expansions of the rivers in this flat surface. Lakes Borgne and Pontchartrain are really bays or sounds. The Delta of the Mississippi 1s formed entirely of soil which the river has washed down from the upper part of its course. The Delta is a vast swainp nearly as large as Vermont and Massachusetts, and is covered with trees, only the tops of which can | be seen during the floods. The name means in | state has a very mild Through this muddy soil the Mississippi finds its way to the Gulf of Mexico by one principal channel and many smaller streams called bayous (bi/-00s). The waters of the Gulf are discolored for a hundred miles by the immense quantity of muddy water which this great river discharges. 99. Towns. —New Orleans is the largest city in the Southern States, and the greatest cotton port inthe world. Baton Rouge 1s the capital. 99. ARKANSAS.—The north-eastern part of the state is an immense swamp, which extends into Missouri. These swamps, however, when drained, make the richest kind of soil. 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Surface.— The surface is generally level or slightly rolling, and rises very gradually le from the Mississippi River to the Rocky and Appalachian Moun- talns. 3. Much of the country north of the Ohio and Missouri Rivers consists of vast treeless plains, called Prairies. The prairies have a very rich soil, and are covered with a heavy growth of grass. In summer they are decked with a great variety of beautiful flowers. The banks of the streams are clothed with woods, and young trees spring up wherever the grass is protected from the fires which often burn over a great extent of this prairie country. Some of the prairies are perfectly level; others have an undulating or rolling surface, like the swell of the ocean. 4, Lakes and Rivers.—The principal rivers are the Mississippi and its branches. They are separated from the Basin of the St. THE CENTRAL STATES. ee 7. Productions and Occupations.—The rich soil and abundant grass of the Central States natu- rally fit them for agriculture and grazing. Immense fields of wheat and corn, and great herds of cattle, sheep and swine, form the chief wealth of the people. 1. Agriculture.—Grain is the leading agricultural product. Three-fourths of the corn and wheat raised in our country are produced in these states. The other important crops are hay and potatoes ; hemp in the southern districts and tobacco in Kentucky, Ohio and Missouri. 2. Grazing.—Live-stock, salt beef and pork, hams and wool are the principal grazing products of these states. 3. Forests.—Kentucky and Ohio are well wooded: but the great timber region of the Central States is in Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. 4. Minerals.—This section contains the most extensive deposits of coal, iron, copper and lead that have been found in America. There are mines of iron and coal in nearly all the Central States, but they are not so extensively worked as those of Pennsylvania. The copper-mines of Michigan and the iron-mines of Missouri are the richest in the world. Most of the lead which we find in the United States is obtained in Wisconsin, Illinois and Iowa, near the point where these three states meet. 5. Manufactures are fast increasing in these states, especially in Ohio, Missouni, and Illinois, which already hold a high rank in this industry. The leading articles made are flouring and grist-mill products, packed pork, lumber, liquors, agricultura] implements, clothing, carriages, wagons and iron. 6. The Commerce is almost entirely domestic, and is carried on principally with the cities of New England and the Middle States. The exports are grain, grazing products, copper, iron and lead. The Mississippi and its many branches enable steamboats to reach the interior of almost every state, while the Great Lakes le along the northern shores like inland seas, and are alive with vessels carrying goods and passengers east and west. Besides these water-roads, this section is covered with a network of railroads, which are especially necessary in winter, when the lakes and rivers are obstructed by ice. 8. Inhabitants.—This section is peopled by settlers from New England and the Middle States, and from various parts of Hurope. c Such great numbers of immigrants are constantly coming hither that Lawrence by the high lands of Wisconsin and Minnesota, and by a | ridge of low hills near the shores of the Great Lakes. The great swamp of Arkansas extends into Missouri for a hundred miles along the Mississippi River. North of this swamp the banks of the Mississippi and its branches, throughout this section, are hi three hundred feet high. gh and bold, often rising into bluffs two or ss ae 0. Lake Superior is the largest fresh-water lake in the world. Its waters come from more than two hundred streams, most of which are rushing torrents flowing over rocks and precipices. The navigation of the lake is often very dangerous, for violent gales are frequent, and the waves beat furiously upon the high and rocky shores. 6. Climate.—The climate of Kentucky and Missouri is somewhat like that of Tennessee and Arkansas. Farther north. and especially in the extreme north-west, the winters are very severe. the population increases faster than in any other part of the Union. Questions.—What is the general character of the surface? Where are the prairies? What is a prairie? Is a prairie adapted to agriculture? To grazing? Is a hilly country without trees a prairie-land ? Are the banks of the Mississippi and its branches in the Southern states generally low, or high? (See Page 32.) Are they generally high, or low, in the Central States? How are the rivers which empty into the Great Lakes separated from the Mississippi and its branches? What Southern states have a climate similar to that of Kentucky? What is the coldest part of this section? Which has the coldest winter—Minnesota or Missouri? Why is this section devoted to agriculture and grazing? Name the principal agri- Where are the forests? Of iron? The animal productions. cultural productions. The grazing products. Where are the richest mines of copper? Name the principal vegetable productions of the Central States. The minerals. What is said of the manufactures? Name some of the articles made. With what cities do the Central States chiefly trade? What articles are exported to these cities? The iron? The lead? Name the water-roads. Why do the cities grow so fast? From From what state is the copper exported ? The other roads. what countries do the immigrants come? Sp QAR TET SET ASAMIE CIF WMA, SWATIIS, 37 9, KENTUCKY, like Tennessee, has a mountain-district in the east 17. MiSSOURI.—The Miss i Ri te a hilly country in the centre, and a level tract west of the Monmessce di h Roce Tt eae J € Ags secharoaes KO 7 ye aCTEnEY = 3 ‘ = - al scharges its muddy waters into the Mississippi, which above that : | point is comparatively clear. ‘: Missouri” means ‘‘imuddy water.” entucky was named “The Dark and FE dy G 5 ‘ 5 | j e Dark and Bloody Ground.” The name tells the North of the Missouri and Osage Rivers the country is a rollin irie. Soutk J sage ‘ , y is g prairie. south story of the bloody conflicts the early settlers fought with tl ans e ds i j com J g 1e Indians in the dark | of these rivers the surface is generally hilly forests which then covered the state = ee Sie ains , st remark: Sravornainy ne : 3. arm "AZ c ; in] ief This stale ee one of the most remarkable caverns in the world. It is called 18 Farming, grazing and mining are the chief employments the Mammoth Cave, and has been explored ten miles without finding the end. A though the manufactures are being rapidly devel | : | river flows through it, in which are found white, eyeless fishes. Sagi rte a7 3 Pilot Knob and Iron Mountain ar 38 oo. : Dd } ain are masses of the richest iron ore. Val ee Rae Rea a ee Hen oo : lie s : Jluable 10. Ton ns. Louisville is the largest city, except Cincinnati, on | mines and immense beds of coal are found. — the Ohio River. Frankfort is the capital. | ry 7 yee \ Tor re ” | 19. TZowns.—St. Louis was founded by the French more than a | lee a years ago, when the Mississippi Valley belonged to France. | Q s lorcmac +} 7] > 1 IA. The 7. ¢ ~ } 11. OHIO ranks among the great manufacturing states of our | t is the largest city in the Great Valley, and stands almost exactly e is also ver a oe her in its centre country, and is also very extensively engaged in farming and its centre, grazing. This state is generally level and well wooded. | St. Louis is famous for its manufactures, especially of flour, and has an immense trade with all parts of the United States. Jefferson City is the capital of the state A light wine made from the Catawba grape is produced in the vineyards around | Kansas City is a prosperous and rapidly growing city. . Cincinnati, and is exported to all parts of the country. 12. Towns. Valley. It is noted for the immense quantities of pork whi . : y- ¢ ; se é ies of pork which are Sa wate 5 P . ae | ee vhich are | is noted for the raising of live stock and for dairy products. salted and packed for exportation. Columbus is the capital. a ie = 20. IOWA consists almost entirely of rolling prairies. The ‘incinnati is the commercial centre of the Ohio 7 is state is in its eta e i Ohio | wealth of this state is in its grain-fields, pastures and mines. Towa a a 91. Towns.—Des Moines (de-moin’) is the capital and largest city eveland is one of the five principal lake-ports. The others are Chicago, Buffalo Dub e (Cd se! in i me 2 ago, puque (du-buke’) and Dav tare ‘tance ne | 1 ( d Davenport are next in importance. Du- buque is the depot for the lead trade of Iowa. Cleveland stands on a high plain upon the shore of Lake Erie, and is beautifully built, with broad, shaded streets and large parks. It is called one of the handsomest cities in the United States. | | } | 13. INDIANA is generally level or undulating, though some dis- tricts are hilly—especially along the banks of the Ohio and its | branches. There are broad prairies and extensive woodlands in | various parts of the state. | | Indiana raises an immense amount of grain and live stock, and is one of the lead- | ing states of this section, in agriculture, grazing and mining. 14. Towns.—Indianapolis, the capital and largest city, is a great railroad centre. Next in importance are Evansville, Fort Wayne | and Terre Haute (ter-reh-hote’). | | 15. ILLINOIS is a prairie state, chiefly occupied with farming and | grazing. More corn, wheat, and oats are raised here than in any | other state in the Union. It is also largely engaged in manu- | facturing. = : S THE PICTURED ROCKS. MICHIGAN is composed of two peninsulas. The northern e soil, but is rich in mines of 16. Towns.—Chicago, the largest inland city in the Union, is| 2 the great manufacturing and commercial centre of the North-west. | peninsula has a rugged surface and steril Grain and live-stock are sent here from all the country around, and | jron and copper, and is covered with valuable timber. The southern lumber from the forests of Michigan and Wisconsin. | peninsula has heavy pine forests in the north, and hills and fertile he world, and exports more lumber, live stock, prairies in the south. It is the greatest grain-market in t packed-beef and pork than any other city in the Union. os) he famous “Pictured Rocks,” which are On the south shore of Lake Superior are t he winds and waves into the form of é sk ; fr ice iver to the Illinois, and the water now ; A canal has been cut from the Chicago River uo d h linois Ri va sandstone cliffs of various colors, worn by t actually flows from Lake Michigan up the Chicago and down the Illinois biver into | These rocks extend for nearly twelve miles along the Re ee ruined temples, castles, etc. phos es) 22 Here and there cascades shoot over the precipices lake. and are about 300 feet high. situated on a limestone bluff 125 feet above the Missis- | so far that boats can sometimes sail under them. Quincy is a beautiful city, , and has a great sippi River. Peoria is the most populous town on the Illinois River trade with St. Louis, Chicago and the Eastern cities. 93. Towns.—Detroit is one of the principal lake-ports. Grand Springfield is the capital ot Illinois, and was the home of Abraham Lincoln. Rapids is the second city in the state, and Lansing is the capital.38 94, WISCONSIN consists, crossed by ridges of woodec towards the Great Lakes and the Mississippl. beautiful lakes lie among the hills, and t between high and rocky bluffs, pa eS a in general, of an elevated rolling pl 1 hills, from which the rivers flow ain, Oo} rise to swilt, ve Great numbers of | narkling streams. They flow through narrow gorges, pm sea ews. Nearly all the rivers of this state und present many grand and picturesque views. Nearly + he abound with rapids and falls. only to the principal city, is second 95, Towns.—Milwaukee, : Madison is the capital. Chicago as a grain-market. 96, MINNESOTA is the highest land between Hudson Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. Like Wisconsin, the suriace is an undulating plateau, with ranges of forest hills from which the rive:s flow in various directions. 97. Towns.—The towns are in the sonth; for the northern part ‘s a wilderness clothed with forests. St. Paul is the capital, and Minneapolis is the largest city. ON, sisi) MEAT Bound each QUESTIONS Position and Outline.—What country on the Most western. north of this section ? State. Name the three most northern. The two most southern. Surface.—Where are the Cumberland Mountains? The hills, called the Ozark Mountains? Iron Mountain? Pilot Knob? Lakes and Rivers.—The lakes and rivers belong to three systems—that of the Gulf of M Gulf of Mexico System.—Where is Itasca Lake? Describe the Mississippi, from its »xico, the St. Lawrence and Hudson Bay. source in Itasca Lake—naming the states on each side. Name the western tribu- taries of the upper Mississippi—that is, those north of the Missouri River. Name the eastern branches. What states of this section are partly bounded by the Missouri River? Which one does it cross? Into what does the Osage River flow? What rivers of Arkansas rise in Missouri? Where is the marshy land of Missouri? On the south bank? What two rivers in Pennsylvania unite to form the (See Map of the Middle Atlantic States.) Describe the Ohio. s, | its Its southern. Which are in Ohio?. What river between Indiana and Illinois? Between Kentucky and West Virginia? What states on the north bank of the Ohio? l Ohio? Name its northern branches. from source St. Lawrence System—Through what T sd river and over what rapids does the water of Lake Superior flow into Lake Huron? Through what canal would a steamboat What river flows into the Superior? What large island in this lake? ass 2 TPA sca ftir alzacs - pass between these two lakes? western end of Lake What small islands in the south-western > part? In what state are the copper and iron regions of Lake Superior? The “Pictured Rocks”? What bay on the south shore? By what strait does Lake Michigan flow into Lake Huron? western shore of Lake Michigan? What bay on the What What river flows into the eastern In what direction does Lake Michigan flow ? What two great lakes flow into Lake Huron? What bay on the eastern side of this lake? What islands partly form the boundary of this bay? What bay on the western shore of Lake Huron? What river flows into it?” 3y what two rivers and lake does the water of Lake Huron flow into Lake Erie? Into what lake does the Maumee River flow? In what direction does the water of Lake Erie flow? What lake and rivers flow into this bay ? bay on the eastern shore of Lake Michioan? shore of this lake? Hudson Bay System —What river between Dakota and Minnesota? In what direction does it flow? Into what lake in British America does it flow? (See Map gf North America.) By what rivers and lakes could you travel in a canoe from THE CENTRAL STATES. J ee y.—In what respect does Kentucky resemble Tennessee? Is uestions.—/kentuck ne : he state called ‘‘ the dark and bloody ground”? it a prairie state Why is t Qlrio.—!s Ohio a prairie state? Why? What are the three principal employ- ments? Which one of the five principal lake-ports is in this state? Why is Cincin- nati an important city ? What are its exports? Indiana and Illinois.—Describe the surface of these states. What are the pro- ductious’ ‘Lhe three principal exports of Chicago? How does the water from Lake Michigan flow into the Mississippi River? Why is Peoria important? Missouri.—What part of Missouri is prairie-land ? What part is hilly? What abundant in this state? Name the products. When did the French What makes this city so important? minerals are settle at St. Louis ») Where is the lead sent? > Towa.—What is the surface? Name the productions. the northern peninsula differ from the southern, in sur- Michigan.—How does ; What do you suppose are the leading exports of face? In soil? Productions? Detroit? Wisconsin and Minnesota—What is the surface? Where are the forests? Are these states composed entirely of prairie land? Why do the rivers flow so swiftly ? > ] . Why are there so many rapids and falls? OH TES ChiNiihvAlk Sipawiins: Lake Superior to the Lake of the Woods? Of what state does this chain of rivers Into what lake does the Lake of the Woods ) and lakes form the northern boundary ) ? From what lake does Pigeon River flow? flow 7 Into what river do the waters of Rainy Lake flow? In what great river-valley does most of this section lie? To what basin does the land bordering on the great la What state is included entirely in the The Ohio Valley is a part of what greater valley ? k | | 4 ZB ‘| | | Ze | KE fa | SF | ‘ ° SaaS ete eee aN ies ee eal J pL Sy tDods TG Dubuque \ 50 Gal ? 0 mw q Kalamazoo Ex | | ‘ Ua * Ja ema jo ‘ J ° , , ° || t <0) ee idene lo 92 7 Rockford 7 \ J | Jackson > Now A GF i | t ! / A. | ¢ 42| ZH i —_ mong; ln yng ht ht ie 2 - 7 “TT (rs A [Ne ; NE X — ) a | LI ‘ = Gf) RN J 1 | 1} \ y . A L \. e Se < 4 a ~ | I OX Waele, AL Meroe “SSohiviend Ra a NS pe 1 ks | SY Lowa City? p.., is as t e ANS i, olpdoy = yy te \ DES MOINES: a Pavenports oy) ‘LaPorte \~~ S; ‘ ee ae ro @Cleveland j 7. | m ) reas iQ po ' Poe 6 ayaa Sandusiee VA | MUSCAa < — — jin ¢ er t | |\. Council Bluffs “ Knoxville® A. | ey Go Saas Oberkm ton | = | = ‘ Aya | ‘ | a Ovburaee Galesburg t Fort Wayne is 1d | 7 i 1 t 1 \ | C y/ ' Logansport Vi aan we \ \ 1 trlington i hoes ‘ _— i K A Birlingtong Pebriaa/ A “ 4 cA Reglaut | Bloom néton \ ‘ NE \ » tie | y y ~ Ke vy LaFayette $C i 0) Ey O {YA ] Ie STL, ] N O I Sn J pea ! qj) H 3 J J | RWW 1 { \ ) =I conte S i : c = _ oe Lt oo — ———-1 > = =e oD, i a erCr es a ma | ( Spnngfielde Ve Ve7anesville § | | Quincy / \ ey : “ SF COLUMBUS ‘ | | \ (Y i) 1 f L r =) ( UJ ‘ * - of Dayton 4 : - \ SPRINGFIELD \} 7 Richmond } . NS, é Hannibal® ° ' si tw / Ni | ‘ Jacksonville Y@lerreHaute / iy | | mA Sea y zy ‘fe Hamilto}i ile { J a if \ 1] | = t fe Sy } £ cCincinhat = ) HY} S. J ( { 5 5 ee ees | >, Alton ) \ c J ( ovington \ cor /\\? | } é , son $ y ortsmouth)| WE S 7 | ‘s Ke ) FRANKEOR RT Ne XG fon, Le xington ) 2 SL OUISVINED S rc Tron Mt. ‘ ¢ <3 f ul 4 Pilotknok Ak& ¢ Tr Le Omak NORE HI, | } |THE PACIFIC 40 1 iS CAAA IIR, WY ICICLE. THE PACIFIC STATES AND TERSITORIES, WITH A PART OF THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN STATES. : ee et C C z PY] yithin \ 7 EBRASKA, Kansas and Dakota Territory are included witl } ae the section called Central States. Texas and Indian Terri- tory are classed with the Southern States. All the other States and Territories described in this chapter are wholly or partly on the Pa- s . QC ‘ « n YY my rn >) a cific Slope, and are therefore called the Pacific States and Territories. d 9. This section consists of three divisions: a low Coast Region on the west. a reat Plateau in the centre, and a Prairie Country on the east. we y c oD ce THE COASLT REGION. 3. Surface.—The coast region includes the valley which extends westward from the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range to the low coast mountains skirting the Pacific shore. re) 4. Lakes and Rivers.—This beautiful valley is watered by the Wil- | } ) acre li lamette, the Sacramento and the San Joaquin (iwa-keen’), The Columbia: River, which flows across this valley, is navigable for ocean vessels as far as the Cascade Range, and above that point for smaller vessels. It is a broad, | deep and noble river, and is the greatest of those which water the Pacific Slope. 5. The Climate is very mild, except in Alaska,—the winters being much warmer and the summers generally cooler than those of the | Atlantic States. winter there are frequent showers of rain. in California, and but little in Oregon and Washington. In In summer there is usually no rain at all 6. fruit for cattle and sheep. The Vegetation is very luxuriant. are raised in great abundance, and there is the finest pasturage The Coast Mountains and the Sierra Nevada are covered with forests of the largest pines and cedars in the world. | These great trees are from fifteen to thirty feet thick, and two or three hundred feet high. feet in height. @. Minerals.—The mineral wealth of this region is very great. The gold mines of California are famous throughout the world. Rich beds of coal are found in Washington Territory, near Puget Sound. Quicksilver and many other valuable minerals abound. 8. Inhabitants.—This section is still very thinly settled, and most of the white inhabitants have come, quite recently, from the older states or from Europe. Within a few years the Chinese have come to the Pacific coast and the highlands, attracted by the higher wages which they receive for their labor. Alaska, nearly all of California and the western part of Oregon and Washington are included in the coast region. Questions.—Of what three divisions does this section consist? lies west of what mountains? the valley? The coast region What rivers drain To what What ocean washes the shore? What mountains enclose it? What great river crosses it? point is this river navigable from the Pacific? How does the climate differ from that of the Atlantic States? Which has the warmest winters,— Washington Territory or New Brunswick? Is snow in Oregon as in Maine? amount of rain in Oregon? there as much When is the dry season in California? The greatest What grain is cultivated? : What animals raised? Describe the ereat trees. Where do they grow? 7 Has this section been so long settled as New England? Where have the people chiefly come from? What Asiatics are there in tl 1e country ? Tell what you know aboutthem. Whatstates and territories belong to the coast region? STATES AND TERRITORIES. Wheat, oats, barley and | Some have even been found to be forty feet in diameter, and four hundred | SCENERY IN CALIFORNIA. 9. CALIFORNIA produces great quantities of wheat, barley, wine, wool, gold, quicksilver and coal. Northern fruits grow here to a very large size; and in the southern half of the State semi-tropical plants are cultivated with success. Among the latter are the orange, the olive, the almond, the lemon, and the fig. Large quantities of prunes are made from plums, and raisins from grapes. In the winter and spring, the country is green and beautiful. But in summer the earth is parched and dusty, and the landscape brown and unattractive. The gold district is amongst the hills at the western base of the Sierra Nevada, and is the richest in the world. The quicksilver mines at New Almaden are the most productive of any that are now worked. The manufactures of California are rapidly increasing in extent and importance, Flour, woolen goods, lumber, and already exceed in value the mineral productions. g machinery, boots and shoes, are the leading articles. 10. California contains a great deal of wonderful natural scenery. One of the most remarkable places in the state is the Yosemite (yo-sem’-1-ty) Valley, which is formed by a narrow cleft in the Sierra Nevada, and drained by the Merced River.PE PACE ne STATES AND TERRITORIES. The walls rise almost perpendicularly to the height of 4500 feet, and are crowned with rocky pinnacles, domes and towers. Many beautiful cascades fall over these tremendous precipices to the green and flowery level at the bottom of the valley. : Il. Yowns.—San Francisco is the largest city on the Pacific coast > Tex \ . 5 of the Western Continent, and has the best harbor. The exports consist of the various animal, vegetable and mineral productions. San Francisco is connected by the Pacific Railroad with the cities of the Mississippi Valley and Atlantic states. Its commerce with the Atlanti¢ ports is also carried on by the Panama Railroad and connecting steamships, and by vessels sailing around Cape Horn. It has an extensive and growing foreign commerce by means of numerous steamship lines to Australia, China, Japan and other countries. Sacramento is the capital. Oakland, San José and Stockton are important towns. 12. WASHINGTON TERRITORY and OREGON.—The country west of the Cascade Range is exceedingly moist and fertile, and for the most part heavily timbered. Hast of these mountains he the broad plains of the Columbia. They are a part of the Great Plateau, and are dry, sterile, and adapted only to stock-raising. Wheat, coal, and the forests of gigantic trees are the chief sources of wealth. Timber, for the masts of vessels, is sent even to Europe and Asia. Probably no part of the world contains a greater abundance of fish than Puget Sound. 13. Towns.—Portland is the principal port of Oregon, and Salem is the capital. Olympia is the capital of Washington Territory. “The Willamette River is navigable for large ocean vessels to Portland, fifteen miles from its mouth. 14. ALASKA is a very cold country, and is valuable only for its v furs and fisheries. Most of the inhabitants are Indians. Sitka is the principal settlement and the seat of government. Questions.—California—Name the vegetable productions. The animal. The mineral. Those which are used for food or drink. For clothing. What river flows through a desert? Into what does the Merced River flow? What makes the scenery of the Yosemite Valley so grand and beautiful ? Name the exports which belong to the animal kingdom. The vegetable. The mineral. How could you travel overland from San Francisco to St. Louis? How by land and sea to New York? How entirely by sea to New York? Washington and Oregon.—What parts are high land? Low land? Fertile? Barren? In what direction are Washington and Oregon from Minnesota? (See fap of the United States.) From New England? Why are the winters colder than those of California? Alaska is opposite to what countries on the Atlantic coast of North America? (See Map of North America.) Are the winters in Alaska colder or warmer than those of Greenland and British America? THE PLATEAU. 15. Surface.—The Plateau is the broadest part of the great Western Plateau of North America. It is 700 miles wide, and from 2000 to 9000 feet high. The highest parts of the Plateau are between the Rocky and Wahsatch Mountains, and are crossed by the Colorado and the Green River. The lowest portions are called the Plains of the Columbia. 16. The Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains are the loftiest mountains in North America. Many of their summits are 15,000 feet high, and are covered with perpetual snow. =: Ee Aa AYA IA = 7] eS 7 —-—_ THE BUTTE ““EL MORO.?? Among the most singular features of the table-land and coast region are the Buttes (butes), which are single peaks rising abruptly from the plain to the height of 1000 or even 2500 feet. 17. East of the Plateau the land descends from the height of about 5000 feet (at the base of the mountains) to the Prairies. 'Most of this eastern slope descends so gradually, and seems so \ Sue =~ ; nearly level, that it is called the Great Plains. 18. Lakes and Rivers.—Most of the rivers in the Pacific States and Territories rise in the Rocky Mountains, and their waters finally reach the Pacific Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico. The Columbia, the Colorado, and many other rivers in the mountain region flow for long distances through steep and narrow chasms called cafons (can-yons). In many places the walls of these cafons rise almost perpendicularly to the height of hundreds, and even thousands of feet. 19. The Missouri is the largest river in this section. It is navi- cable for small steamboats to the Great Falls, a distance of 3000 miles from the Gulf of Mexico by the way of the Mississippi River. This is the longest uninterrupted river navigation in the world. he upper Missouri, rises in Yellow- Near this lake are the sands of hot springs and Yellowstone River, the principal tributary of t stone Lake, which is 7800 feet above the level of the sea. celebrated falls and cafion of the Yellowstone, and thou A few miles to the north-west are the most wonderlul geysers In at regular intervals of sixty-five minutes spouts a -colamn mud volcanoes. the world, one of which of water six feet in diameter to a height of 75 or 150 feet. 90. The rivers of the Great Interior Basin have no outlet to the sea, and most of them flow into salt lakes. This basin probably ‘ Cc 5) Cc > belonged, at some former time, to the bed of the ocean. Great Salt Lake is seventy-five miles long. Its waters are so salt that no fish on live in it, and a man cannot sink beneath its surface. —— Ae vaso oe eehighest, 21. Climate and Vegetation.—The Western Plateau is the driest and least fertile part of the United States. The moisture which is brought by the winds from the Pacific Ocean is chilled by the snowy tops of the Sierras, and falls upon their slopes in the form of snow or a ‘ 5 . . ; : rain. As the winds lose most of their moisture 1n crossing these mountains, there is but little the rainy season of the coast region. left for the plateau, and that principally falls as snow in winter during Owing to the warm Pacific winds the winters are milder than those of the states further east in the same latitude Oo» A fowve ti large part of the Plateau is almost a desert. But the A FIGHT BETWEEN INDIANS AND UNITED STATES TROOPS. mountain sides are covered with forests, the river banks are fringed | with trees, and in the valleys and near the rivers there are fertile tracts affording good pasturage for cattle. The highlands east of the Rocky Mvcuntais (includ Plains) are dry and sterile, like the Great Plateau. ne the Great YL On the hot deserts and lava rocks of the south grows the cactus in great variety of forms. Some species are shaped like trees, and are twenty or thirty feet high. In Colorado there are four beautiful valleys, enclosed by ranges of mountains, and called the North Park, the Middle Park, the South Park and the San Luis Park. The Great Plains produce a short fine grass, which is called “ buffalo grass,” be- cause the buffaloes feed upon it. This grass dries into hay without being mowed, and herds of cattle graze upon it all winter. 23. The Mines are of immense value, and furnish the chief sources of wealth. territories. Borax and sulphur are found in Nevada, copper in Arizona, coal in Wyoming, lead in Colorado and Utah. 24. Animals.—The forests. puma (or panther) is sometimes seen in the bear, the largest and fiercest of the bear tribe, is found among the mountains. The grizzly Great numbers of buffaloes, wolves ~) and deer roam over the Great Plains. i soe The prairie dog is a singular little animal, somewhat resembling a woodchuck, but having the bark of a small dog. He lives in a hole which he digs in the ground, throwing up the earth in a small mound, and sharing his habitation with an owl | and a rattlesnake. Prairie dogs live together in great numbers on the Plains, and their settlements—called dog-towns—sometimes cover a great extent of country. 29. Inhabitants.—This section is still thinly settled, but is rap- idly filling up. Most of the white inhabitants have come, within a few years, from the older states or from Kurope. generally situated in the mining districts. The towns are Gold and silver abound in nearly all these states and | Since the building of the railroads to the Pacific and elsewhere, however, the pop- ulation has rapidly increased, especially along the line of the railroads. And this is true of nearly all the states and territories described in this chapter. In Arizona and New Mexico the native population is composed chiefly of Mexi- cans and These Indians are friendly to the whites. Théy raise cotton, wheat, and cattle, weave their own garments, and build stone houses half-eivilized Indians one or two stories high. These territories contain many relics of an ancient Indian people, who lived together in immense stone houses four or five stories high, with five or six hundred rooms. Utah was settled by Mormons, most of whom are from England and other parts of The Mormons are a peculiar religious sect. who came to this rocky wilder- They are industrious, and raise fine Europe. ness to live according to their own laws. crops of wheat and herds of cattle in the mountain valleys and on the river banks. 26. Tribes of Indians roam over portions of the table-lands and Oo whites great plains, and in some regions have been intensely hostile to the _ interfering very much with the settlement of the country. The Apaches and Camanclhes at the soutk, and the Sioux at the north, are among the most warlike and formidable or these nomadic nations. SS So Questions.— What is the greatest width of the plateau? How high are the Green > River and Colorado portions? The plains of the Columbia? Which are the highest —the Appalachian System or the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada? What are the buttes? Mountains? How high is the land at the eastern base of the Rocky Which way does it slope? Why is this slope called the Great Plains? Describe the cafions. How would you sail from the Great Falls to the Gulf of Mexico? Near what lake Describe the most remarkable one. About Great Salt Lake? Through what sort of channels do many of the rivers flow? are the Geysers? What is there remarkable about the Interior Basin? Why is the Plateau so dry and barren? states farther east? What makes the winters milder than in The pastures? What are the climate Upon what do the cattle feed there? Where are the trees? and soil of the Great Plains? Where are they found? What animals are On the plains? Name the most important minerals. found in the forests? On the mountains? Where do the prairie dogs live? Where are the towns in this section? Why are they not so large as those of the Describe the half-civilized Indians of Arizona. Who are the Mor- Where do most of them come from ? What older states ? Where are their settlements ? danger is incurred by the settlers on the table-lands and the Great Plains? mons?THE PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. 2%. Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and Arwona are included in the Western Plateau and the highlands east of it. | | The greater part of this vast region hes between the two principal ranges of mountains. ties m o + ny) ~ . > C 7 These states and terrisories are still imperfectly known, but each new explorer brings wonderful stories of this strange land—of its geysers, hot springs, and mud volcanoes ; of its rugged mountains and deep cafions; its beautiful valleys and dreary | deserts. No other part of our country is so full of wild and singular interest. In the north-western part of Wyoming Territory, around Yellowstone Lake, a | tract of nearly 3600 square miles, containing many of the most peculiar and interest- | 23a ing of these natural features, has been set apart by Congress as a National Park. 28. IDAHO, MONTANA and WYOMING form together nearly a| square, crossed by the Rocky Mountain Range and many of its branches. The whole surface is exceedingly rugged and broken. 29. Towns.—The principal town in Idaho is Boisé City; in Montana, Helena; in Wyoming, Cheyenne (she-en’). 30. NEVADA, UTAH and COLORADO consist of level table-lands, crossed by mountain-chains. 31. Towns.—Carson City is the capital, and Virginia City the principal town, of Nevada; Salt Lake City is the capital and prin- cipal town of Utah; and Denver, of Colorado. 32. NEW MEXICO by mountain-chains. and ARIZONA are also level table-Jands crossed 33. Towns.—Prescott is the capital of Arizona. capital of New Mexico, is 7000 feet above the sea. Santa Fe, the Questions.—Jdaho, Montana and Wyoming.—Describe the surface. systems do the rivers helong? vicinity? Where moist? What are the principal productions? Nevada, Utah and Colorado.—Describe the surface. to the bed of the ocean? Is the chief wealth derived from the mines, or from the soil? Where are the three Parks? To what What do you know of the Yellowstone Lake and its is the National Park? Is the climate of this section dry or Is Denver on high land or low land? New Mexico and Arizona.—Describe the surface. dry? Fertile or barren? Describe the cactus. What With whom do they wage war? Who are the settled inhabitants? savage tribes are there ? TER Rav TES: 34. Surface.—This division embraces the country which lies east of the Great Plains. It includes the greater part of Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas and the Indian Territory ; and consists for the most part of rolling prairies. 35. Climate and Vegetation.—The western part of this section belongs to the Great Plains, and has a dry climate and poor soil— better suited to stock-raising than tillage. The eastern part is watered by moisture brought by winds from the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. It is a prairie country, admirably adapted both to grazing and to agriculture. The winters are mild, except in the far north. Though the summer days are hot, the summer nights are always cool. Throughout the whole of the region described in this chapter (the Plateau, Plains, Prairies and Coast District) cattle require no housing in winter. 36. Inhabitants.—The population is rapidly increasing, but is small as yet, and there are no large cities. 37. DAKOTA.—The valleys of the Red River and Missouri have the most fertile soil, and are rapidly filling up with settlers. 38. Towns.—Bismarck is the capital. What part once belonged | A GRAZING SCENE IN KANSAS. 39. NEBRASKA and KANSAS belong to the grain and grazing dis- trict of the Mississippi Valley. The principal exports, lke those of the other Central States, are grain and live-stock. Most The principal rivers are the Missouri and its branches. | of the latter are shallow streams, which are of little commercial Are these territories moist or | importance. The rich soil produces abundant crops of wheat, corn, and other grains; the banks of the streams are heavily timbered with deciduous trees, and coal is extensively mined in the eastern part of Kansas. These states are especially adapted to grazing, and pasturage is abundant nearly all the year. Great herds of Texan cattle are received in Kansas and fattened for the Eastern markets. 40. Towns.—Omaha is the largest town of Nebraska, and Lincoln is the capital. The principal town in Kansas is Leavenworth, and the capital is Topeka. 41. THE INDIAN TERRITORY is reserved by our Government as a home for: various tribes of Indians, many of whom were removed from the states east of the Mississippi. Some of these tribes are partly civilized, having churches and schools. Others, however, have sunk into a condition of intemperance and idleness, and are rapidly diminishing in numbers. 42, TEXAS is the largest state in the Union, and is about six times the size of Pennsylvania. It consists of three divisions—the coast, the prairies, and the desert plateau. The coast is low, and much of it swampy, like that of the other Gulf States. It produces rice, the sugar-cane, oranges, lemons and other tropical fruits. From the coast-district to the Red River the country is a rolling prairie, with a rich soil and beautiful climate. Cotton, tobacco, corn, sheep, horses and cattle are raised here in great abundance. The north-western portion of the state is a part of the desert plateau which lies at the eastern base of the Sierra Madre. STITT UU SearelsTHE PACIFIC STATES 44 po i ——————— ns a great number of animals. Alligators infest the anther) are found in the forests along ld horses roam over the plains. the largest towns. Texas, like Mexico, contal waters of the coast; the jaguar and puma (or p the river banks; and great herds of buffaloes and wi 43. Towns.—Galveston and San Antonio are Austin is the capital. Jon Galveston Island and Bay. | and the other natural productions. Galveston is situatec It is the principal commercial town in the state, and exports cotton, hides, wool Questions.—Name the prairie states and territories. How are they supplied with moisture? What part of them is dry? Are the Great Plains also supplied with What is the difference between prairie grass and moisture from the Gulf of Mexico ? here no large cities here? buffalo grass? Where does the latter grow? Why are t a QUESTIONS ON Dakota, Wyoming, Utah, The Territories are Washington, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, New Mexico, Indian Territory and Alaska. Position.— What territories are on the border of British America? What states and territories on the Pacific Ocean? On the border of Mexico? Name in their order. from north to south, the row of five most eastern states and territories. The next row of four. The next row of three. Name the remaining four. Name in their order, from west to east, the northern row of territories. The next row of states and territories, south of them, including Idaho. The next row of five. The next row of five, including California. What state east of Dakota? East of Nebraska? Kansas? What state east of Indian Territory? Of Texas? Outline.—Where is Galveston Bay? San Francisco Bay? Puget Sound? By what strait do you enter this sound from the Pacific Ocean? Where is Galveston Island? Where are the Santa Barbara Islands? Name the capes on the Pacific toast from north to south. Surface.—In what states or territories are the following parts of the Rocky Mountain System :—the Sierra Madre? Bitter Root Mountains? The Black Hills? Wind River Mountains? What mountains between Nevada and California? The Cascade Mountains are a continuation of ‘the Sierra Nevada—what state and terri- tory do they cross, and in what part? Where are the Wahsatch Mountains? Humboldt Mountains? Blue Mountains? pe ent ne z Se Sane , Between what two great chains do they he? In what mountain-ranges are the fol- lowing summits:—Pikes Peak? Longs Peak? Laramie Peak? Mt. Whitney? Mt. Hood? Mt. Shasta? Mt.Olympus? Mt. Baker? Spanish Peak? Fremonts Peak ? In what state are the valleys known as the North Park, Middle Park, South Park and San Jhuis Park? What basin lies between the Wahsatch Mountains and the Sierra Nevada? Where is the desert plateau called the Staked Plains? On which side of the Rocky Mountains are the Great Plains? The Western Plateau is bounded on the east by the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Madre, and on the west by the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range—what part of California is in this great table-land? What part of Oregon? Washine ton? Idaho? Montana? Wyoming? Nevada? Utah? Colorado? 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Win a MN ) qAueg|y MON eed STIIAHSYN &F WY, ot SHOdYVNWON Burs Aye uy ve se 4 das OOF nBY uoyke{] 5 aa Q fr {uooey Pia! \ AX PAS PRIN 4SOM ApPrgIguoTy vozimeyy * oh NOWSIOdg EUVISL 2 ae ( << poe Pp t C \ a Ne n” maid w perttipesg =~n. ev VE Le JSonasidy | 1 UHL LO r Xu GL 2728 ¢ ELS Vi r i \@ eH aay RP THL ONIMOHS r “YIU UD OF SITY AINYOAS IHL LO NOILYOd Na r or ne he ne EeANI oy f 27; } | | \ \\ re | | | Laat \ | Q OSSUAYN) NG Sites / CHAPTER SOUTH AMERICA. xe (To tHe TracHER.—Please read the Suggestions, page 3.| \ UTLINE.—The outline of South America is very regular, / differing greatly from North America, which is penetrated by several large gulfs and bays. 2. Surface.—The surface consists of a low plain, and three regions of highland. The highlands are the Andes, and the mountains and plateaus of Brazil and Guiana. The whole country east of the Andes, with the exception of the Brazilian, Parime (pah-re/-may)and Acaray (ah-kah-ri/) Highlands, is a vast level plain. 3. The Andes consist of two or three parallel ranges of very lofty mountains, between which are high and narrow plateaus. Above these plateaus the mountains—many of which are voleanoes—rise to the height of 15,000 or 20,000 feet above the sea. Aconcagua (ah-kon-kah’-gwah) has an elevation of nearly 24,000 feet, and is the loftiest mountain in America. Travelling, among the Andes, is very difficult and dangerous. The only roads are narrow mule-paths, that often wind along the face of a tremendous precipice, down which both mule and rider are sometimes dashed to pieces. Deep chasms are crossed upon the slippery trunk of a single tree—the traveller sitting in a chair, which is strapped upon the back of an Indian porter, The Andes and the neighboring coast are subject to the most dreadful eartl that occur in any part of the world. great numbers of people killed. iquakes The towns are sometimes laid in ruins and ) After a severe shock, a great wave comes from the sea, and floods the coast. often doing more damage than the earthquake itself. Houses, cattle and people are swept into the ocean, and large ships are sometimes landed on the shore far above tl 1e beach. 4. Lakes and Rivers.—The principal rivers of South America are the Amazon, the La Plata (Ja plah'-tah) and the Orinoco. Some of the branches of these rivers rise near each other in the low plain, where there is no watershed, and in the rainy season tl might pass from the Orinoco to the La Plata. 1ey mingle together; so that a canoe SOUTH AMERICA. SSNS It is-about 4000 miles long, and waters a valley two-thirds as large as the United States. Its average width in Brazil is four and a half miles. This great river pours forth such an immense body of water that sailors at sea, ®. The Amazon is the largest river in the world. The ocean is dis- colored 250 miles from its mouth, and the current is visible 500 miles from the shore. The northern mouth is nearly 100 miles wide. even so far as to be out of sight of land, drink it and find it fresh. 6. There are few permanent lakes of large size in South America. But in the rainy season the rivers overflow the level plains for hun- dreds of miles, and produce shallow lakes of immense extent, which | a desert, disappear soon after the dry season begins. « The Selvas, or Forest Plains of the Amazon, extend along the banks of the river for nearly 1500 miles from its mouth. They contain the thickest and most extensive forests in the world. The trees stand close together and rise to a great height, bearing brilliant flowers of every color, and clothed with climbing plants, and vines which hang in festoons from the boughs. Beneath these gigantic trees there is a heavy undergrowth of bamboos, ferns palm trees and sharp-edged grasses forty feet high. Through this jungle the light of day is never seen. Only wild beasts can make their way, and the rivers are the only roads. No human being has ever penetrated into the deepest parts of these gloomy forests. 8. The Llanos (l'yah'-noce), or Treeless Plains of the Orinoco, extend from the Parime Mountains to the Andes. During the wet season they resemble great inland seas. When the water subsides a rich growth of grass springs up, which feeds immense herds of horses and cattle. At this time the llanos abound with beautiful flowers, and swarm with insects and reptiles. In the dry season the grass withers, the earth becomes parched, and the hot winds sweep clouds of dust over the deserted plains. The cattle go to the hills, the insects die, and the reptiles hide themselves in the earth. 9. Lhe Pampas, or Treeless Plains of the La Plata, extend from the Parana (pah-rah-nah') River to the Andes. In the rainy season they are covered with tall gras s, and with a dense growth of thistles ten or twelve feet high. In the dry season tl 1e pampas, like the Nanos, areSOUTH AMERICA. 49 10. Climate.—The greater part of South America has a tropical climate. The plateaus and the southern portions have a mi iness of the | uild | laziness of the people, there are no manufactures, and only natural temperature, but the extreme south is very cold. In the tropical parts of the country the heat is nearly the same all the year round. It is always summer on the plains and spring on the plateaus. c j | } a qT} ITY + + L » ra « . " “ + In the south (which is in the Temperate Zone) there are four seasons; but the winter begins in June, and the summer in December. 11. Easterly Winds.—In the Torrid Zone, and for several hundred miles south of it, the winds blow constantly from the Atlantic. During the rainy season they are heavily laden with moisture, which falls in floods of rain, and Dives rise to the great rivers for which South America is so remarkable. : In Peru, Bolivia and the northern part of Chili, however, the Andes are too high to let the moisture pass over to the western slope. So the coast in this district is rainless and barren. North of Peru, where the mountains are lower, the rain-clouds pass over and water the Pacific Slope abundantly. 12. Westerly Winds.—South of the East Winds, the winds blow, generally, from the Pacific. The rain falls copiously upon the western coast, but the moisture cannot cross the Andes. The greater part of the Argentine Republic has therefore a, very dry climate, and Patagonia is a rainless desert. 13. Vegetation.—The climate of South America combines more heat and moisture than that of any other Grand Division; hence the vegetation is more luxuriant. In the tropical sections, the plains and lower parts of the mountains produce the forests, fruits and cultivated plants of the Torrid Zone. The plateaus and southern portions yield the grains, fruits and trees of cooler countries. 14. Animals.-—On account of the excessive heat and moisture, the tropical lowlands of South America contain a greater number and variety of reptiles and insects than any other part of the world. The boa-constrictor attains a monstrous size. Huge alligators and water-snakes swarm in the marshes and glide through the dark waters. Venomous serpents, scorpions, centipedes and spiders keep the traveller in constant alarm. Life is rendered miserable by the incessant stinging of the flies, mosquitoes and “other insects. Some places are so infested by these plagues that they are deserted, even by the Indians. 15. The wild beasts of America are not so large and fierce as those of Asia and Africa. The largest of the cat tribe in the New World are the jaguar and puma, which are much smaller and less dangerous than the lion and tiger of the Eastern Continent. The forests are thronged with birds of splendid plumage. Troops of monkeys scream and chatter among the trees, and swing by their long tails from bough to | bough. The largest bird of flight in the world is the great condor of the Andes, which hovers above the highest of the snow-capped summits. Among the Andes the llama and alpaca are used as beasts of burden. The former is a sort of camel, and the long silky wool of the latter furnishes us with alpaca cloth. On the plains at the south are the South American ostrich, and a kind of llama called the guanaco (qwah-nah/-ko). Great numbers of wild horses and cattle roam | over the plains on both sides of the Andes. 16. Inhabitants.—The settled parts of South America are near the coast. They are inhabited by whites, Indians, negroes, and a mixture of these races—the whites forming the smallest part of the population. The interior is thinly peopled by tribes of savage | Indians. The climate is so warm, and food-plants grow so luxuriantly, that the people are not obliged to labor very hard, and that is one reason why they are not more industrious, is the great plain? Where are the plateaus of the Andes? Are the Andes higher o : : 17. Productions and Occupations.—Owing to the ignorance and productions—vegetable, animal and mineral—are obtained. Agri- culture and mining are in a very backward state. | seNeeatee Productions.—The vegetable productions are principally those of the Torrid Zone. They consist of forest products, tropical fruits and cultivated plants. The forest products are Brazil-wood, rosewood, ebony, mahogany and many other peautiful kinds of wood; the cocoa-nut palm and the sago palm; india-rubber (made from the milky sap of a tree): logwood, and other dyestuffs; sarsaparilla and Peruvian bark, from which quinine and other medicines are made. The tropical fruits are oranges, lemons, bananas, pine-apy lesuicoconeniiteweter The cultivated plants are tobacco, indigo, cotton. the sugar-cane, the cocoa tree oO ’ < “3 Saat OLirar . aniac or cassava lahic eT 3 ; 1 y the coffee tree, the manioc or cassava (which furnishes tapioca) and rice. From the sugar-cane are obtained sugar, molasses and rum. 2. Animal Productions.—The animal productions are derived from the vast herds of horses and cattle which graze upon the plains. Hides. horns, hair, tallow and bones are among the chief exports to foreign countries. The Lobos and Guanape (gwah-nah/-pe) Islands also furnish guano. 3. Mineral Productions.—The Andes contain mines of gold, silver and copper. The Brazilian Mountains abound with gold and diamonds. 4. Commerce.—The natural productions are exported to Europe and the United States. Manufactures and other goods are received in return. 18. Countries.—The countries of South America consist of nine Republics :—namely, Venezuela, United States of Colombia, Eeua- dor (ek-wah-dore'’,Peru, Bolivia, Chili, the Argentine Confederation, Uruguay (00-reo-gwi’'), and Paraguay (pah-rah-gwi'); the Empire of Brazil, and the colonies of British, Dutch and French Guiana (ghe-ah'-nah). The Republics of South America are called the Spanish Republics, because these countries formerly belonged to Spain, and the white people are of Spanish descent. Except in Chili, however, the people are too ignorant and immoral to govern themselves well. Rebellions are so common as to attract little attention outside of the republic in which they occur. Questions.—Name the three regions of highlands. On which side of the Andes than the Rocky Mountains? (See Page 16.) Could you cross them in a wheeled vehicle? To what danger are the towns exposed ? f Name the three principal rivers. Where are they connected? How large is the ot valley of the Amazon? What kind of lakes are formed in the rainy season? Why ia ‘; are they shallow ? Describe the Selvas. The Llanos. The Pampas. What part of South America has perpetual summer? Perpetual spring? What is the temperature of the southern portion? Of the extreme south? What winds bring moisture to the tropical portions? At what-season do these rains fall? What part of the Pacific coast is rainless? Why? What part of the Pacific coast is watered by the east-winds? By the westerly winds? Why are Patagonia and the Argentine Confederation so dry ? Whv has South America so rich a vegetation? Why are the reptiles and insects so numerous? Name the insects. The reptiles. How do the wild beasts compare with those of Asia and Africa? Where do the savages live? What districts are settled? Why are the civilized inhabitants so indolent? To what race do they belong? T p see 9 Tat Name the kinds of ornamental wood. What forest trees produce food? What is india-rubber made from? What medicines and dyestuffs are among the forest pro- ducts? Which of the cultivated plants furnish food? Name the tropical fruits. Tet each scholar name one of the vegetable productions and give its use, until all . . 7 T a msi). are named The animal productions. The mineral. What are the exports ! Name the Spanish Republics. Why are they so called? Why are they not generally well governed? Name the other countries of South America. eee ee Oe Dee en Nl ees UE. Gn easSOUTH AMERICA. 19. Venezuela, the United States of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru are alike in surface, climate and vegetation. Bach of these repub: € three divisions—a narrow strip of Jand upon the coast, the mountains and plateaus of the Andes, and a low plain lics consists o extending far into the interior. The coast is insufferably hot and unhealthy. Most of the large cities are there- fore on the table-lands, where the weather 1s like a warm, delightful spring. The LUL J uc aii », 4 : : : towns on the coast are small, badly built and unhealthy. 90. VENEZUELA.—Caraccas, the capital and principal city, is on a lain 12,000 feet above the sea. La Guayra (lah-gwi'-rah) is the I chief port. 24, BOLIVIA is the highest mountain land in America. There are few roads in this country, and w heeled vehicles are little known. There is therefore hardly any foreign commerce. La Paz (lah-pahz’), the capite i], Potosi (po-to-se’), and Sucre (soo/-kray), were built long ago by the Sp yaniards, when the mines of gold and silver were productive. 95 CHILI is south of Peru, and comprises the narrow strip of country lying on the western slope of the Andes, and reaching to Cape Horn. The northern and southern extremities are barren, but the central portion is very fertile The principal exports are copper and wheat. More copper is exported from Chili than from any other nart of South America. The people are more energetic than those of the tropical states, and Chili is one of the most prosperous countries of South America. A MARACAYBO VILLAGE, The Indians of Lake Maracaybo (mah-rah-ki/-bo) build their houses on posts driven into the bottom of the lake. When.the Spaniards discovered the lake, these villages reminded them of Venice (a oy in Italy), and they called the country v enezuela, which means ‘“‘ Little Venice.’ 21. THE UNITED STATES OF COLOMBIA.—Bogota (bo-go-tah’) is the capital and largest city ; Cartagena is the principal seaport. ECUADOR takes its name from the Equator, which crosses the | northern part of the state. Quito (Ke’-to), the capital and principal town, is almost directly under the Equator. Quito is 9000 feet above the sea, and is surrounded by the most remarkable group SS SS | | | of volcanoes in the a Eleven of these magnificent mountains are in view from | } i++ - iy any, ~~ mace SL shanin 17 " the city,—their snowy summits shining in the sun. Among them are the famous Cotopaxi (ko-to-pax’-e), and the dome-shaped Chimborazo (¢him-bo-rah/-zo). 23. PERU.—Lima, the capital, is the largest city west of the Andes. It is on a plain seven miles east of Callao (kahl-yah’-o), the principal seaport. Guano and saltpetre are the chief exports of Peru. | Santiago (sahn-te-ah/-go) is the capital and largest town. Valparaiso (vahl-pah-ri’-so) is the largest seaport on the Pacific coast. About 400 miles west of Chili are the Juan Fernandez Islands. One of them is famous for having been the soli- tary residence of a Scotch sailor named Alexander Sel- kirk. His life here gave rise to the story of Robinson Crusoe. 26. Since 1881, a part of Tierra del Fuego (te-er’-rah del-foo-a’-yo) and the islands on the Pacific shore lying west of it have belonged to Chili. All these islands are steep and rocky, and seem to have been broken off from the mainland at some former period. They are drenched with moisture all the year round, and, although densely covered with evergreen forests, are too cool for agriculture. 27. Tierra del Fuego is a mountainous island, clothed halfway to the top with dense forests of enormous beech trees, seven feet thick. The trees have a dull brown foliage, and do not cast their leaves in winter. Strange to say, the parrot and the humming-bird are found ir these cold and gloomy forests. On this miserable island the sun seldom shines. Storm after storm of snow, hail and sleet, with heavy gales and severe cold, occur in almost constant succession. Notwithstanding this dreadful climate, there are tribes of savages here who go almost naked, and have hardly any more shelter than wild beasts. They are per- | haps the lowest human creatures in the world. Or 28. Cape Horn Island is a steep and naked rock, rising 3500 feet above the sea. The passage around it is dangerous an difficult, on account of the tremendous gales | and bitter cold which are experienced at all seasons of the year. 29. The Falkland (fawk/-land) Islands belong to Great Britain. The weather is always cold, dull and disagreeable. These islands are of no value, except for the wild cattle and seals, which are very numerous, 30. PATAGONIA has a clear, dry climate, very different from: that of Tierra del Fuego. A scanty growth of grass and shrubs is suffi- cient to support the guanaco, the ostrich and deer, which wander over this stony desert. The inhabitants are gigantic savages, many of whom are more than six feet in height. They live on horse-back, and subsist entirely by hunting and fishing. The Argentine Confederation established its claim to jurisdiction over Patagonia and a part of Tierra del Fuego in 1881.SOUTH AMERICA. LASSOING CATTLE ON THE PAMPAS. 31. The shores of all these rocky southern lands, like those of | the icy waters abound with the seal and a great variety of fishes. 99 ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION.—The country west and south of the Parana is too dry for agriculture, although affording good pasturage in the rainy season. The air is so dry in the interior that the water left in a pitcher will evaporate in a single night; and the dead bodies of animals left upon the plain do not putrify, but soon dry away, leaving only the skin and bones. 33. The principal exports of this republic are wool, and the hides, horns, hair and tallow of the cattle which graze upon the Pampas. The horses and cattle are caught with the lasso by the herdsmen who have charge of them. These men are called gauchos (gow’-chos.) They are a lawless and danger- ous class—half Spanish and half Indian. Buenos Ayres (bwa/-nos i/-rees) is the capital and principal seaport. It is one of the leading commercial cities of South America. The name means “‘ fine airs,’ and describes the clear, dry, healthy climate. 34, URUGUAY.—The exports are the same as those of the Argen- tine Confederation. Montevideo is the capital and only seaport. 35. PARAGUAY lies partly in the Torrid Zone, and has a tropical climate and vegetation. Asuncion is the capital. The principal export is mate (mah/-ta), or Paraguay tea, which is much used in all parts of South America. This is made from the powdered leaves of a large shrub. 96, BRAZIL—The Brazilian highlands, which occupy a large part of this country, consist of a broad, low plateau, crossed by irregular chains of low mountains. Almost every part of Brazil is moist and fertile. The vast Selvas of the Amazon furnish the forest products; the settled districts on the coast yield the fruits and cultivated plants of the Torrid Zone; the Pampas sustain great herds of cattle; and the highlands are rich in grain, and in diamonds, gold and useful metals. 37, Brazil formerly belonged to Portugal, a country in Europe, and the whites are descendants of the Portuguese. and speak their language. The civilized inhabitants are Roman Catholics. f the population, and are much less enter- The whites form only a small part o The latter are the best lawyers a\d prising and industrious than the free negroes. merchants, and many of them hold civil and military offices. ra narta P J ” Arie: are olive 1} VS p= T « | a : \ 4 the colder parts of North America, are alive with water-fowl, and | productions of South America. The western part belongs to the This country is an empire, and the chief ruler is called emperor. The people, however, make their own laws, and the country is a republic in nearly every- thing but the name. 38. Brazil has a very large commerce and many fine harbors. All the important towns are on the coast. tio Janeiro (re’-o0 jah-na/-ro), the capital, is the largest city in South America, and has an immense foreign com- merce. Brazil produces about two thirds of all the coffee used in the world, and most of this is exported from Rio Janeiro. The forest products of the Amazon Valley are shipped from Para (pah-rah’). Peruvian railways over the Andes will soon bring the head of steam navigation on the Amazon within one day’s travel of the Pacific Ocean. 39. GUIANA is a low, fertile region, and produces the usual tropical British, the middle to the Dutch, and the eastern part to the French. Georgetown is the capital of the British, Paramaribo (par-a-mar’-e-bo,) of the Dutch, and Cayenne (Ki-en’) of the French portion. | of the French are Roman Catholics. | from the French port of that name. s, and most 40. The British and Dutch inhabitants are Protestant Cayenne pepper comes chiefly rn ST TT TTT mS i fl AL SR OP a <= | oe = ss s nln WRES a = ee ee52 SOUTH AMERICA. Tierra del Fuego-—What is there remarkable about the forests? The birds? Questions.—What states are a “ like in surface, climate and productions? What | productions ? Why are the large towns built upon the plateaus ! Climate? Inhabitants ? La G | Why is the passage around Cape Horn so dangerous? Describe the Faulkland Thich 1 S st healthy, Caraccas or La Guayra! Which is the coolest and most healthy, Caraccas or La Guay epelacts: are their Venezuela United States of Colombia.—Name the towns on the coast. On the highlands. Patagonia.—How does the climate differ from that of Tierra del Fuego? Why - the elimate dry? What animals are found here? What ones abound on the Describe Quito. southern shores of South America? To what country does Patagonia belong? Ecuodor—Name the highland towns. The coast towns. Jame the 7 ; Lim: igh or low land? : ’ : crui—Name the towns: 1s Iomaton big 0 Argentine Confederation.—W hat part 1s too dry foragriculture? Why? What are Bolivia-—Why is there so little commerce? What is the difficulty in building the exports of Buenos Ayres? Nasenibent: i ae as > coast? What cause , lding of La Paz, = carriage-roads from the plateau to the coast? What cau: ed the building o GRU TapeeN smnelttie exports, Uleseapor Potosi, Sucre? , = , T f T - vo arr s T 5) Chili—-What part is moist and fertile? Why? What part is barren? Why How do the people differ from those of the states in the Tropics? Is the climate ( ° more favorable to industry? Name the exports. Why are not tropical products exported ? Which is the largest Pacific seaport in South America? Where are the | Paraguay.—Is Paraguay warmer or colder than the Argentine Confederation ? | Why? “What is Paraguay tea? Brazil.—What are the vegetable productions? The animal? The mineral? What language is spoken? Where are the towns? Guiana—What are the climate and productions? Is the country low or high? Juan Fernandez Islands? Describe the other islands west of Chih. E | Wet or dry? To whom does Guiana belong? Name the towns. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. Position and Outline.—Bound South America. Name the countries bordering on | branches, which flow into it. What mountains bound this basin on the west? On T 5 ] yn , . = me the Pacific. On the Atlantic. What countries have no sea-coast? What countries are | the north and east? In what general direction does the Parana, with its tributaries, e Fac See B é : ‘ : | : z ; z sie ; . ‘ wholly or chiefly in the Torrid Zone? What ones wholly or chiefly in the Temperate | flow? W hy? What rivers flow inte the Atlantic south of the La Plata? In what * x ” Zone? By what isthmus is South America connected with North America? Name | mountains do they rise! the inlets of the sea on the northern coast. On the eastern. The western. What strait between Tierra del Fuego and the mainland? | Name the capes on the northern coast. On the eastern. On the western. What | Countries and Towns.—[{Note.—ZIn the following questions the towns on the is the most northern cape? The most eastern? The most southern? The most | plateaus are printed wn Stalves.} western? What islands on the northern coast? To what large group do they Venezuela—Bound it. What mountains extend along the northern coast? Where belong? Which one belongs to Venezuela? (Ans. Margarita.) What islands east | jg the Gulf of Maracaybo? With what gulf does Lake Maracaybo communicate? C4] s ’ Y as lise ; xf De aN : ; a} errr , P : 7 : i of the Argentine Confederation? What island south of it? Name two Archipel- [This is not really a lake, but is a part of the gulf.) Where is La Guayra? Caraccas? i vzos west of Cluli. What islands on the coast of Peru? Ser + Za ; : ; United States of Colombia.—Bound it. How many ranges of the Andes cross it? In what two countries are the Llanos? Where is Bogota? Popayan (po-pi-aln’)? Surface.—What mountains follow the Pacific coast? What mountain ranges in | Cartagena? Aspinwall? Panama? Brazil? In the Argentine Confederation? On the southern border of Guiana? Of na : ; ; Ne : 3 2 Ecuador.—Bound it. Where is Guayaquil (gwi-ah-keel’)? Quito? LRiobamba? Cuenca (kwen’/-kah)? | Peru.—Bound it. Whereis Callao? Lima? Cuzen? | 1, 9 Venezuela? In what countries are the following summits of the Andes—Aconcagua ? Arequipa (ah-ray-ke/-pah)? Chimborazo? Cotopaxi? Bolivia.—Bound it. What lake on the plateau? What mountain peak near this The Lakes and Rivers belong to three systems:—the Caribbean (car-ib-be/-an), | lake? Where is Potosi? La Paz? Sucre? the Atlantic and the Pacific Systems. The rivers of the latter are only short moun- pee ee ae Py | Chili.—On which side of the Andes does it lie? What country east of it? What aes Pe One emo no PORES Tae: | desert lies on the coast? Where is Valparaiso? Santiago? The peninsula of Tres | Montes ? These rivers are separated by what mountains ? | Argentine Confederation.—Bound it. What country in the south now belongs to it? How does the land slope? Where is. the desert called the Gran Chaco? Caribbean System.—Into what sea does the Magdalena flow? Name its tributary. Atlantic System.—What river, with its branches, waters the valley between the Andes and the Parime Mountains? Describe the Orinoco. In what mountains do its western | Where is Buenos Ayres? Cordova? Mendoza? branchesrise? Its eastern branches? Describe the Hssequibo (es-seh ke/-bo). TheSurinam. | - | The Marafiyon ( mah-rahn-yone’), Huallaga (wahl yah’-gah), and Ucayale (o0-ki-ah’- | lay) are the head-waters of the Amazon: in what general direction do they flow? Uruguay.—Bound it. Where is Montevideo? | Paraguay.—Between what two rivers does it partly lie? Where 1s Asuncion? see ; | Concepcion? ley are separated by parallel ranges of what mountains? In what direction do the | : 7 { northern branches of the Amazon flow? In what mountains do they rise? By what | Brazil.—Bound it. Where is Rio Janeiro? Bahia (bah-he’-ah)? Pernambuco f river is the Rio Negro (re o-nay’-gro) connected with the Orinoco? } | Maranham? Para? The southern branches of Guiana.—tIn what direction does the land slope? What mountains on the : | : the Amazon rise in the Andes and mountains of Brazil; In What direction do they flow? Name those which mse in the Andes. In the - a At ey Se | TROPIC_OF CAPRICORN { ZB NE aT alate fence ~==-=- dH tend NSS L pos } > oo , SS aan gS ) st ~~ < df —\ss t {is - AS Wasess Gop) \belr I: IRE SI | | - 30} — ——_—_—— —_— —___—__—_§_} $$ Ht CA | ww ine “Cordo€a \ M emdoza ! A Ss io aH imba as CLADOR- Val | WS apy Ex TRB, r Robinson Craso 1 4 =~ | 1 | \ ton \ He \ Hl . | || =) 14.0 | OA —————————_—————————— remit | | i} | > Chiko \ | Sl ae | I BEA | Y | |] 2. Arc DREN Madrna\d SSG eee Sea) 100 907 r figs UI Uy { L Mages to, paraiso SEM woaf ANE @ Wiss . SSS ae lf of Lecaege rye be Tees M \\e 3 Loneit I Sp Jair \ a GA S Hy Pend elt LY iri \ Ah (British sie West from 5C Longitude 60 ude 50 fiom | | West Greenwich SSS — | | | | | = Same eee a ee on eee awweneann=| } Greenwich 40 ) SOU Seale 480 Statute Miles toan Ince. 300 TH AWTEIRICA ES —S SS 400 590 GOO 700 800 900 1000 31 10} tT: —S 3 ahem eT a ieae Tas ea bee see O@AHPAG PAE xe Ie: EUROPE. (To tHE TEacHER.—Please read the Suggestions, page 3.] ( \ UTLINE.—The arms of the sea are very numerous in Kurope, i } . . . . ind reach far into the interior, so that large ships can readily visit almost all the principal countries. 2, Surface. —The eastern half is level. ‘The western half is gener- ally mountainous. North of the of Eastern Eur Biscay to the Ural Mountains, and from the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea. mountains Western Europe is level, and unites with the great plain ype. ‘Thus there is an unbroken plain, extending from the Bay of &. Lakes and Rivers.—The rivers shorter than those of America, because they have not so great cross. There are two lake-regions—the around the Baltic Sea. are an extent of country to Alps and the country The Alpine lakes, lying in narrow mountain-valleys, are small and deep. Most of the Baltic lakes are in a flat country, and are therefore broad and shallow. They flow into the Baltic Sea 4. Climate and Vegetation.—In going from the south to the north we find a gradual change in the climate and vegetation. For this reason Europe is commonly divided into three belts, called Southern, Central and Northern Kurope. The characteristic plants of Southern Europe are the mulberry, the olive, anda great variety of delicious fruits and beautiful evergreens, In Central Europe we find deciduous trees. and the evergreens of cooler countries. This is especially the land of the grape-vihe, and of hemp and flax. In Northern Europe the grape-vine and deciduous trees give place to pines, firs, and the most hardy plants, 9. We also find a change of climate in going from west to east. Western Europe receives the warm south-west winds from tl Atlantic, and is warmer and more moist than Kastern Europe. Winters are warmer, and the summers are cooler, ie The EUROPE. ~ WGe ine Reandect | They are called the Five Great Powers. 6. On account of the winds trom the Atlantic Ocean, and Medi- terranean Sea, Southern and Western Europe have a milder climate than the opposite shores of America. Thus Marseilles (mar-saylz’), France,is in nearly the same latitude as Portland, Maine. Marseilles the orange, the lemon and the olive are cultivated in the open air. But Portland has the long, severe winters of New England; while around So. too. the while the opposite region of Labrador is snow-bound and desolate. sritish Isles are green and beautiful, and support a dense population ; but .in Greenland, which lies opposite to it, the land and sea are covered with fields of ice nearly all the year. The coast of Norway is seldom obstructed by ice; ¢. One reason for the greater warmth of Norway and the British Isles, is the Gulf Stream, a current of water which crosses the Atlantic from the Gulf of Mexico and bathes these northern shores with its warmer waters. 8. Animals.—The greater part of the country is so thickly settled that the larger wild animals have nearly disappeared. Bears and wolves, however, are still found in some of the forests, and the Polar bear, elk and reindeer are common in the far north. 9. Countries.—The most powerful and important countries of Kurope are Germany, Great Britain, France, Austria and Russia, Most of the states. of Europe are monarchies. A monarchy is a country in which the chief officer is not chosen by the people, but holds his power during life, and leaves it to his eldest son or some other member of his family. Some monarchies are called kingdoms ; others, empires. Questions.—Why can ships visit so large a part of Europe? What is the surface of Eastern Europe? What part of Western Kurope is mountainous? What part is level? Why are not the rivers of Europe so long as those of America? What is the difference between the Alpine and the Baltic lakes? Describe the vegetation of Southern Europe. Of Central Europe. Of Northern. How does the climate of Western Europe differ from that of Eastern Europe? Why? Which is the warmest, Marseilles or Portland? Why? The British Isles or Labra- dor? Why? Norway or Greenland? Why? Why are not wild beasts more numer- ous? Name the most powerful nations of Europe. What is the prevailing form of government?EUROPE. 5d SOUTHERN EUROPE. 10. This division includes Spain and Portugal, Italy, Turkey, Greece, Servia, Roumanra and Montenegro. 11. Climate.—The climate of Southern Europe is warm and delightful, and the sky remarkably bright and clear. are generally mild and the summers hot. on the mountains. The winters Snow seldom falls, except But the southern parts of Italy, Spain, and France, are occasionally visited by a burning wind from the African desert, which sometimes blows for two weeks together, withering plants and making men and animals, alike, feeble and languid. This dreadful wind is called the Solano, in Spain, and the Sirocco, in Italy. 12. Vegetation.—The vegetation is almost as rich and varied as that of the Torrid Zone. The land is covered with a foliage of ever- green trees and shrubs, and many kinds of tropical plants are very largely cultivated. 18. Productions and Occupations.—The raising of the mulberry- tree and silk-worm, and the culture of the grape-vine and olive are the leading employments. 1. Vegetable Productions.—The olive and the grape-vine are the most important. Sweet oil is pressed from the fruit of the olive tree, and the vine furnishes grapes, raisins and wine. Among the many kinds of fruit which grow here so luxuriantly are the orange, lemon, citron, fig and date, the walnut, chestnut and almond. The chestnut and a kind of acorn are the common food of the poorer classes in Italy and Spain. Grain, tobacco and rice, cotton and the sugar-cane are cultivated. Spain and Portugal furnish nearly all the cork used in the world. Cork is the inner bark of the cork tree, which grows in the south of Europe, and in Asia and Africa. 2. Animal Productions.—Silk and wool are the most valuable. Silk is the web which the silkworm spins around his body. The leaves of the mulberry tree are the food of this animal; and as the mulberry tree grows in abun dance only in a warm climate, the production of silk is confined to warm countries. The merino sheep of Spain are particularly valued for their long fine wool Sardines und anchovies (little fishes about three inches long) are exported from Southern Europe and from France. 3. Mineral Productions.—The quick-silver mines of Almaden, in Spain, are the richest that are known, except those of New Almaden, in California. region in Italy furnishes most of the sulphur used in the world. 4. The Commerce is very large. exported in great quantities. far behind those of the The methods of farming inhabitants are 14. Inhabitants. —The northern countries in energy and industry. and mining are very old-fashioned, and manufactures are almost wholly neglected. Except in Greece and Turkey the Roman Catholic 1s the prevailing religion. Questions.—Is Southern Europe mountainous, or level? Which country has the longest and coldest winters—Norway or Greece? The longest summers—Spain or Sweden? What is the Solano? Which of the Middle Atlantic states of America are about opposite the south of Italy? (use parallel forty as a guide.) Which is the warmest—Italy or New Jersey? Why? From what ocean and sea does Southern Europe receive its moisture? Name the tropical plants which grow in Southern Europe. Name all the products which are used for food. For clothing. For what is cork used? Name the kinds of nuts. The other fruits. Name the vegetable products. The animal. The mineral. Why can- not the silkworm be successfully raised in New England? In what part of Europe are the people most energetic—the southern or the northern? Is Southern Europe a manufacturing or an agricultural region? What Of Spain? Of Portugal? The Sirocco ? is the religion of Italy? The volcanic | Wine, oil, silk, and the other productions are | 15. SPAIN.—One half of this country is occupied by a rugged plateau, which is crossed from east to west by five mountain-chains. The plateau is excessively hot in summer, and very co ( of it is uncultivated and destitute of trees. The fertile southern plains have a on . - . . r . - : beautiful climate and a vegetation like that of the tropics. lin winter. A large part | l 7 m2 — NV « nT A Anni te © ” 7 7 16. Lownes. Madrid, the capital and largest town, is a great city, containing about 330,000 inhabitants. It is situated upon the bleak table-land, and has a very disagreeable climate. Barcelona is the second city in population, and is the chiet commercial town. ae is known for its export of Malaga wine, raisins and grapes. Most of the s erry r > x > c ye Y, 5 17 n \ ny 1 } S ¥ 7 Sherry wine is shipped from Cadiz. The other principal exports of Spain are silk, wool, cork, olives, figs and other fruits. THE ROCK OF GIBRALTAR. The Rock of Gibraltar rises abruptly from the sea to the height of 1500 feet, and is connected with the mainland by a low peninsula on which stands the town of 1 a =! r « TQ © > ] > ~ i? 2S Gibraltar. This bare rock belongs to the British, who haye made it the strongest fortress in the world. 17. PORTUGAL resembles Spain in surface, climate and productions. 18. Zowns.—Lisbon is the capital of the kingdom. Oporto is chiefly known for its export of port wine. he highlands of Spain. The southern plains. How 1e coldest winters—Madrid of Gibraltar? Questions.—Spain.—Describe t does Madrid compare in size with New York? Which has tl or Seville? What do you know about Malaga? Cadiz? The Rock What is the chief export of Spain? The other exports? Portugal—What is the leading product? The form of government? The religion! I TTT eee TESTS aia I comme al ee ee Son oes omemnl FET ae —= IT oe ae eeeEUROPE. STREET IN CONSTANTINOPLE. : } iful countries in the world | ‘The true Turks (or Osmanlis) form only a small part of the population of the 19. ITALY 1s one Coen ooo aa i : ’ | empire. They are generally honest and polite, and though wanting in energy are The mountains and lakes, the clear sky, the brilliant vegetation, the | |) | overning race, partly because of their splendid qualities as eoldverst ERO ee co 4 sotnresane villages, are the wonder and ; i magnificent clues and pices" See 23. Towns.—Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish empire, | Jicht o avellers who 2o thither from all parts of the world. a k : : cou = Ce Ne ee contains half a million of inhabitants, and is the great commercial SCENE IN VENICE. . : T e Seta Te eaatTORS ; : : ; a . Silk is the chief production. Northern Italy, however. unlike the r« st of outhern Fonte of the lievant (le-n ant!). Europe, is extensively engaged in manufactures. Straw hats, artificial flowers, et er The city is bul ills which surround a beautiful harbor called the Golden Iry. and many kinds of fancy goods, are made here. The city is built upon hill which surround ¢ 1 l é musical instruments, jewe } aes on Horn. With its numerous gardens, cypress trees, palaces and towers, 1t presents a | } 3 ~ But on entering the town, you find 2{) Towns.—Rome is on the banks of the Tiber. It was once the | splendid appearance when seen from the water. and is the capital of the Italian kingdom. | the streets narrow, filthy and crooked, and lined with miserable houses of wood or clay. Naples. the largest city in Italy, is famous for its beautiful bay. Not far off is 94, SERVIA, ROUMANIA and MONTENEGRO, which until 1878 year 79 buried in ashes and lava two ancient cities, |} formed a part of the Turkish empire, are independent states called chief city of the world, Mt. Vesuvius, which in the Fee eae r Principalities. The ruler of each is a prince. A volcanic district extends along the south-western coast, the principal active + : . ms ake 3ucharest and Jassy toumania ¢ 3elgrade in Servia are the principal cities. ing Vesuvius, Etna and Stromboli. The latter is one of the Lipari Isles. | Bucharest and Jassy in Roumania und Belgrade i Tr are the p ps volcanoes bi Venice is built upon nearly a hundred small islands. In most parts of ee | canals take the place of streets, and boats called gondolas are used instead of |hy the Gulf of Lepanto. The surface is crossed by the chain of eee Mt. Pindus, and a branch of it called Mt. Parnassus. 95. GREECE occupies a mountainous peninsula, cut almost in two 21. Sicily, Sardinia, Elba and the Lipari (lip'-ah-re) Isles are Most of the inhabitants are descended from the ancient Grecks, and speak nearly mountainous islands belonging to Italy. the same language as that of their ancestors. They are skilful sailors and shrewd : ; 5 merchants, and carry on most of the commerce ol the Levant. Sicily is a beautiful island, clothed with the richest vegetation. Above the green | ‘ ae : ; see) gs eal : 2 : , = | The ancient Greeks worshipped many gods, for whom they built beautiful temples hills Mt. Etna rises in solitary grandeur to the height of nearly 11,000 feet. ese ee ek . ee ; of marble: and the ruins of these splendid buildings are found in all parts of the ane : Q 3 vr Mtn < mor uw Sane Les > 2 villaces w 10 -luste e : “1 pets ‘ ‘ The eruption po Mt. Etna have often overwhelmed the villages which cluster land. The modern inhabitants are Christians, and belong to the Greek Church. But ( its s CS\.a ne i] V ' Cats li whic 1e8 § its base i Cats ia has eae 6 ‘ Ais . . Bie 1s 0G i BG BC sote Catala pick lies at its base. But Catania has each | they are a mean and insignificant people, compared with their noble ancestors. time been rebuilt in greater beauty than before :—the palaces, churches and theatres ; being made from the very lava which has so frequently destroyed them. 26. Towns.—Athens is the capital of the kingdom. Sue 7 Latics ea on 27. Islands.—The Ionian Isles, the Cyclades and Negropont, 22. EUROPEAN TURKEY iorms part of the Jlurkish or oman - Dee eae eee a ous. ee : “| belong to Greece; Candia to Turkey; Cyprus to Great Britain. Empire—the rest of which is in Asia and Africa, The goyernment of the Turkish Empire is styled the Sublime Porte, and the sover- | Questions.—Jtaly.—What two ranges of mountains form one continuous chain? eign is called the Sultan. Mohammedanism is the religion of the empire, but a large | What is the chief production? The other natural productions? Name the manu- part of the population in Europe and Asia are Christians, and belong to the Greek | factures. What makes Italy so interesting to travellers? Tell all you know about Church. | Rome. Naples. Venice. Catania. Where is the volcanic district of Italy? The plains of the Danube are exposed to the north-east winds from Russia, and | Turkey.—What is the Sublime Porte? Where is the Ottoman Empire? Describe are intensely cold in winter and hot in summer. The Danube is frozen over in | the climate. Name the productions. Describe Constantinople. | | | winter, and the people travel in sledges over the snowy plains. Servia, Roumania and Montenegro.—What is said of them? The southern and western parts of Turkey are protected from these winds by the Greece—Describe the surface. What language do the modern Greeks speak? Alps and Balkan Mts., and enjoy the same soft air as the rest of Southern Europe. | Tell all you know about them. What country owns Candia? The other coast islands? Besides the usual fruits, grains, etc., of Southern Europe, Turkey exports a great | In which of the countries of Southern Europe do the people belong to the Catholic Church? To the Greek Church? Where are the Mohammedans? quantity of opium and other drugs, and many perfumes, such as the attar of roses. NIT a BABIN ITT ETS SESE seh TNE LE AY EO PT SYEUROPE. NORTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPE. 28. This division includes Russia, Norway and Sweden. The climate, vegetation and many of the animals resemble those of the northern half of the United States. Deciduous trees are found in the warmer sections, and the pine and fir in the far north. Grain and tobacco, potatoes, hemp and flax are the cultivated plants, as in Canada and the northern states of our own country. So too the bear wolf fox and reindeer are common in the forests and on the cold Arctic coast. ; 29. RUSSIA is an immense plain occupying one-half of Europe. A large part of the country is covered with lakes, salt marshes and | forests; and in the south are vast treeless plains called Steppes. 30. The rivers are the largest in Hurope. by many canals, so that boats may pass from the Black Sea and the | Caspian to the White Sea and the Baltic. | They are connected « . . | These rivers and canals are the principal highways, and cross the coantry in all | directions. When the spring snows melt and the autumn rains fall, upon the low, | flat land, the common roads are entirely impassable. | 31. The climate is severe. even at the south, the country being buried in snow four or five The summers are hot as far north as Bt. | The winters are exceedingly cold, | months in the year. Petersburg. | | 32. Much of the soil is very rich, and yields great crops of grain, hemp and flax, beet-root (for making sugar) and tobacco. Great numbers of horses, cattle and sheep are reared on the Steppes and in other parts of Russia: and hides, wool and tallow are among the most important products. The Ural Mountains abound with gold and silver, platinum, iron and copper. 33. The commerce is very large. The chief export is grain, for Russia is one of the leading grain-countries of Europe. 34. Russia is an empire, and the ruler is called Czar. This | $ empire is the largest in the world, embracing the eastern half of Kurope and more than a third of Asia. 35. The Russians belong to the Greek Church. were, until a few years ago, the slaves of the czar and the nobles, The peasantry and are very rude and ignorant. The Lapps and Finns are a race of little people who live in Lapland and Finland. These countries are buried in snow nearly all the year, and the inhabitants derive their food, clothing and shelter mainly from the flesh and skin of the reindeer. 36. Towns.—The splendid city of St. Petersburg is one of the handsomest, gayest, and coldest capitals in Europe. It is built upon piles driven into the marshy banks of the river Neva. St. Petersburg contains about 700,000 people, and is the chief seat of the foreign commerce of Russia. Cronstadt is the port of St. Petersburg, for large vessels cannot ascend the Neva to that city. of Moscow is in the midst of the most fertile part of Russia, and is The great city Odessa 1s the chief grain-port. the centre of the manufactures and domestic commerce. 37, NORWAY and SWEDEN form one kingdom. A great part of the country is wild and mountainous, abounding in precipices, cascades, beautiful lakes and swift rivers. These mountains come close to the sea in Norway, giving the coast a very bold and rocky character. Mountainous islands line the shore, and many deep, narrow bays, called fiords, reach far ‘nto the interior. Their steep walls often rise to a great height above the water. In Sweden the mountains are farther from the coast, and the eastern and southern districts are therefore level. | almost everywhere, and the parents are very careful to teach their | | | 38. The winters are long and cold. Owing to the Gult Stream, however, the western and northern shores of Norway have a milder winter than some countries much farther south : rarely obstructed by ice. ; the fiords are € c : % = 39. The chief productions and exports are obtained from the mines, the forests and the fisheries; for the climate is too cold {or successful agriculture. Swedish iron is famous for its fine quality. Cod and herring are taken in immense quantities on the coast of Norway. 4). The inhabitants are Protestants. They are tall, strong and = x = . : Z. . . . = = hardy, honest, industrious and intelligent. Schools are established children by their own firesides in the long winter nights. mine fi ve ! Sechiiid sh i SS SS WS y a SS SA A NORWAY FIORD. The Norwegians and Swedes are among the best sailors in the world; they are accustomed in their fishing-boats to meet the perils of a dangerous rock-bound coast. 41. Towns.—Stockholm is the capital of Sweden and of the united kingdoms, and Christiania is the capital of Norway. Why are the rivers larger than in Questions.— Russia.—Describe the surface. Describe the other parts of Europe? Of what use are the rivers and canals? climate. Are the winters colder or warmer than those of France and the British Isles? Why? What are the agricultural products? In what part of North America are these plants cultivated? Name the animal products. The minerals. Where are the latter found? What is the chief export? Tell what you know about the Lapps and Finns. Odessa. About St. Petersburg, Cronstadt, Moscow, | Norway and Sweden.—What mountains give this peninsula a rugged surface ? Why has Sweden more level land than Norway? What softens the climate cf Norway? Name the exports. Why are the people good sailors? Which would you | prefer to settle ia our country—the Norwegiais or the Greeks? Why? 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SATU DITLPIAS OGSs aTIOG P2219) FX , YY} d \ QE e q. te On Nu Kone by sing wag wan a Vira <* \ iL, Vy Tipe ri SHS ay EN, heey ipa qd “A Yi, wy POA tS YY sah » po Pepiruysy }soM Spmgiguo DITOR |/ aisao dante Og si pe SS ern oY ee =——— : Sees ous golive a Sis Ss _ SASTRY Saas Bete a CENTRAL EUROPE. 5. Productions and Occupations.—Manufacturing is the leading CHAPTER XII. employment in most of these countries. The manufactures are O OPE endless variety, embracing a great many costly and elegant articles CENTRAL EUR ; not made in our own country. Y s Anpetyo Y na f >: s ’ . = x * aces ani 5 ets yerfumer 7 jewelry, orcelat ENTRAL Europe includes Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Rich silks and velvets, beautiful laces and earpets, perfumery, j an i : , B 1 Franec and fancy goods, are made in nearly all the countries of this section. Denmark, Holland, Belgvum and France. ; yg f this division are the Alps. 1. Vegetable Productions.—The cultivated plants are grain, hemp and flax, 2. Surface.—The central mountains © ae : potatoes and tobacco, the beet-root and the grape-vine. They are the highes untains in Europe, and are surrounded by The vineyards supply the famous wines of Germany, France and Austria. Grain They: are the highest mo ( FB The vineyards supply 5 : ‘ : 5 thic rer § ter art rance . ae “Gs er § spirits ‘lax is manufactured into linen; an numerous lower ranges, which cover a great part oO ’ | is used for making bread, beer and spirits. Flax is n ; The e -y west f and east of this axsee ‘hen pressed, yields the oil so much used in paint. Most of the sugar Germany and Austria. The country west, north and e: flaxseed, when pressed, | consumed in this section is made from the beet. | The forests of oak, chestnut, maple and other deciduous trees cover the lower = slopes of the mountains, while the pine and hr grow higher up. The forests are carefully protected by law from wasteful destruction. 2. Mineral Productions.—The precious metals are not very abundant, but the mines of iron, copper, lead, zine, tin, coal, salt, etc. are of great value. 4. Commerce.—The manufactured goods (including wine) are the leading exports. | = Fa ie = —— | 3. Animal Productions.—Wool, butter and cheese are the most important. | They are sent to nearly all parts of the world. 6. Inhabitants.—Central Europe has a crowded population, and the people are obliged to labor steadily for a living. Every branch . | of industry is therefore carried to its highest perfection. | o @. Towns.—Almost all the towns and cities of Europe are very old, and are full of strange and interesting objects:—gerand old cathedrals and palaces, beautiful public gardens, great universities, | schools of music, and galleries of painting and statuary. | | Questions.— What are the highest mountains in Central Europe? Name all the lower ranges which surround them. To what plain does the rest of Central Kurope belong? Where do the rivers rise? Where are the lakes? Why is France warmer | and more moist than Germany? Name the cultivated plants. What is made from | the grape-vine? Flax? Tobacco? Beets? Grain? What forest trees grow in Central Europe? How do they differ from those of | Southern Europe? Name the animal products. The minerals. How do the manv- | factures differ from those of our own country? In which section are manufacturing, ; mining and farming most skilfully carried on—in Soutlirn or Central Europe? ——_+O0—_—_. 8. SWITZERLAND.—The Alps and the Jura Mountains cover | more than half the country. The northern half isa rugged plateau, with many hills and low mountains. VIEW. OF MONT BLANC, cat pee ; 9. Switzerland is famous, the world over, for its magnificent Mont Blane, in France. is the highest summit of the Alps, and with the exception | r . . > . Seer es scenery. lere are many alns tar higher th: 2 % of Mt. Elbruz is the loftiest mountain in Kurope. It is nearly 16,000 feet high. peccnen) There a mM He) oO Una {a1 higher than the Algs, but « Alp” s‘‘ white.” The tops of the higher Alps are covered with snow through. | Bone so celebrated for their wild and beautiful views. 4} Ss y LLC. uc L iD 7 5 + Ss 7 7 ol 5 out the year ; and in the upper valleys there are great fields of ice called glaciers, Unlike other lofty mountains, the Alps are crossed in al] directions by admirable = : = ; : : carriage-roads, which are thronged with travellers all summer long. d Lakes and Rivers.—All the larger rivers have their sources in the Alps or in the lower mountains which surround them. The lakes are very deep, and +1 | The people who live among these mountains are exposed to great danger from the avalanches, or snow-slides. Enormous masses of hardened snow become loosened 1€ mountains often rise from the water’s | from the steep slopes, and fall with an awful noise over the precipices upon the edge for many thousand feet. | valleys below. Whole villages are sometimes destroyed in this way. The Rhine and the Bhone are produced by the melting of the glaciers. The Rhine, 10. More than half the Swiss are Protestants, but the people of wowing into a deep narrow valley, forms Lake Constance; and the Rhone in like the Alpine cantons (or states) are Roman Catholies. manner forms Lake Geneva. Wood-cutting in the forests, and the care of eattle on the green mountain-pastures, 4. Climate.—The climate is not so warm as that of Southern | employ most of the people. The manufactures for which the Swiss are best known Europe, nor so cold as that of Norway and Russia. oye watches ew clry fandiminsicall boxes: Austria are cooler and drier than France, bec much affected by the warm, moist winds Germany and ause they are not so ll. Zowns.—The towns are not large. Geneva is the largest, from the Atlantic. and is the centre of the trade in watches. Berne is the capital, SR ESN12. The AUSTRIAN EMPIRE includes many distinct races of men, speaking different languages. One-fifth of the people are Germans, most of whom are found in the western provinces. Three-fourths of the country are mountainous. plain. Hungary is the only extensive 13. The Danube and its branches are navigable for steamboats throughout the empire, and afford communication with the Black Sea. The Danube in several places flows through narrow mountain-passes, where the solemn grandeur of its scenery is even more striking than the beauty of the Rhine. In Hungary and Turkey the Danube spreads out over the flat plains, and produces marshes of great extent. ‘he famous Tokay wine of Hungary, and the beautifully colored glass of Bohemia, are among the productions of Austria. The manufactures are generally carried on by the Germans, who are the most intelligent of the people. 14. Zowns.—Vienna is the capital and largest city of the empire. It contains over 1,000,000 inhabitants, most of whom are Germans. Buda-Pesth, on both sides of the Danube, is the second city in size. Prague is the centre of commerce in Bohemia. At Wieliczka (v’yay-litch’-kah) is the richest salt mine in the world. It is like a subterranean city, salt rock. In this famous mine are a fresh-water lake and rivulet. or rather four cities, one beneath the other,—hewn out of the 15. The EMPIRE OF GERMANY includes the kingdoms of Prussia, Bavaria, Wurtemberg and Saxony, and many other smaller states. The 16. The southern and western districts are mountainous. northern and eastern are level. : 17. The Rhine is the principal river of the empire. It is navi- gable throughout the greater part of its course, and is connected by canals with the Danube, the Rhone and the Seine. At about the middle of its course is the finest part of the scenery for which the Rhine is so distinguished. Here the mountains hem in the river on both sides; their steep slopes clothed with vines, and their frowning summits crowned with ancient castles. Towns and villages lie nestled at the foot of lofty heights, and the river itself is adorned with green and picturesque islands. The productions of the German Empire are such as are common to Central Europe. Among those which are best known, are the fine wool of Saxony, the Rhine wines of Prussia, and the beer of Bavaria. 18. The Kinedom of Prussia is the most powerful of the German states, and the Prussian king is the Emperor of Germany. Berlin is the capital of Prussia and of the German Empire. It is the largest city of Germany, and contains nearly a million inhabitants. Dantzic is the principal German seaport on the Baltic. 19. As a general rule, the Germans in Austria, and in the southern parts of Germany, are Catholics, and those of Northern Germany are Protestants. Schools are established in Austria and in nearly all the German states, and the proportion of people who cannot read and write is very small. But besides the common schools, there are universities and, many other institutions of learning. The Germans are foremost in music, and in almost all kinds of knowledge. Wherever they are found they exhibit the same frugality, intelligent industry and love of music. { | CENTRAL EUROPE. 61 20. DENMARK, HOLLAND and BELGIUM are low, flat countries, but little raised above the sea. They are kingdoms. The Danes < 3 sh rotestants. ‘ i and the Dutch are Protestants. The Belgians are Catholics. Schools are universal in Denmark and Holland; and the people are consequently very enterprising and intelligent. oe The inhabitants of Denmark and Holland have always been a seafaring people * < = : and chiefly devoted to commerce. The Belgians are mainly engaged in agriculture, mining and manufactures. 21. DENMARK includes the northern part of Jutland, and a great many islands on the coast. There are no mines or forests, and but little manufacturing or agriculture. Stock- raising and dairy products, commerce and fishing are the sources of wealth. Copenhagen (Merchants Haven) is the capital and largest city. 22.) HOLLAND (sometimes called “The Netherlands”) is crossed in | every direction by immense walls of earth called dykes, which pre- vent the ocean and the rivers from overflowing the land. GI = sc = ENERY IN HOLLAND. Roads and canals are made upon the tops of these dykes, and every village has its canal, which is crowded with boats in summer and with skaters in winter. 93. Holland is a very windy country, and the windmills, which are everywhere seen, turn tue machinery for draining the wet and marshy land, and are also used in manufacturing. The wealth of Holland is derived. from dairy products, fishing, manufactures (especially of linen and distilled liquors) and commerce. 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ORE AU EA Ha ol (le THE BRITISH ISLES. 7. SCOTLAND.-—The Scottish Highlands, so famous for thei rugged mountains and beautiful lakes, are north of the Grampian Hills. ‘The country south of the Highlands, and along the eastern coast, is called the Lowlands, although the surface is generally hilly and broken. HE British Isles consist of Great Britain and Ireland and the | small islands that surround them. They all form together the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The island of Great Britain includes England, Wales and Scotland. 9. Surface.—Scotland, Wales and the north and west of England are mountainous. The rest of England is undulating or level. Ireland is bordered by hills or low mountains, while the interior 1s like a basin, with a low and flat surface. or o The British Isles have generally a bold and rocky coast, with many deep inlets which afford shelter to vessels from the wild storms of the Atlantic. 3. Climate.—The climate is moist and mild, and the grass 1s green in the southern districts throughout the year. 4, Productions and Occupations.—The manufactures of cotton, woollen, and hardware are the chief productions of Great Britain. Ireland is mainly engaged in farming and grazing. s the principal vegetable production in Great Vegetable Productions.—Grain Britain; flax and potatoes in Ireland. enough for home consumption. Animal Productions.—The waters of the British Isles swarm with herring, cod and salmon. The finest breeds of horses, cattle and sheep are raised on the high 1 lands and rich meadows: those of England being especially famous. Mineral Productions.—Great Britain furnishes most of the tin, and nearly one- half the coal, used by mankind. The coal-fields, though small, are the richest in the world. Iron, copper and zine are also abundant. The tin mines are in Cornwall, a county in the south-west peninsula of England. 5. Inhabitants.—The English and Scotch are Protestants. Most of the Irish are Roman Catholics. The peasantry of the British Isles, and the lower classes in the large towns, are senerally poor and uneducated. The Government has recently, however, expended ¢ Jarge sums in establishing schools, and public education is now compulsory. 6. ENGLAND is a beautiful country. The hills, mountains and plains are clothed with the richest grass, decked the brightest flowers. The land is cultivated like a garden, and is adorned with stately palaces and cathedrals, and with grand old castles and picturesque cottages. Y The leading employments are mining, manufacturing and commerce. the greatest manufacturing country in the world. The commerce is more extensive than that of anv other country, and consists mainly in the export of manufactured goods, and the import of the materials of which they are made. More than half the commerce of England is with the United States. Towns.—London, the capital of the kingdom, contains (nclud- ing suburbs) nearly five millions of people. It 1s the ] 3 argest city in the world, and the first in commercial importance . e ce nA -thay “ T In the central and northern parts of England are many great manuf ; 7 acturing cities Among them are Manchester, famous for its cotion goods Leeds for woolle a + . . ee 3 : a Sheffield for cutlery, and Birmingham for hardware. Liverpool is the outlet for these manufactures, and receives the materials of which they are made. It is the second commercial city in the kingdom, These islands, however, do not produce grain | Glas- gow, the largest, is a great manufacturing and commercial city, and contains about 540,000 inhabitants. Edinburgh (ed’-in-bur-ruh) is the capital. Towns.—The manufacturing towns are in the Lowlands. 8. IRELAND has a great abundance of rain, and is called the ‘‘Hmerald Isle” because the vegetation is so fresh and green. As the coast is bordered by hills, the water collects in the interior and forms immense marshes called peat bogs, which are unfit for cultivation. The turf which is cut from them forms, when dried, the principal fuel of the people, for wood and coal are Scarce. Trish linen is the best that is made, and is the leading manufacture of the island. Towns.—-Dublin is the capital and largest city. Belfast is the principal commercial place. en 9. The British Empire includes the British Isles, extensive terri- tories in America, Africa, Asia and Australia, and numerous islands in every part of the world. ———— Questions on the Map and Text. England and Wales—Name the seas and channels around the coast, in their order. The straits and bays. The islands. The capes. Describe the surface. The coast. Where is Pennine Chain? Mt. Skiddaw? Helvellyn? The Cambrian Mountains? Mt. Snowdon? Plinlimmon? Name the rivers which flow into the waters upon the eastern coast. The western. Name the towns on the eastern coast. On the southern. The western. Name the towns not included in the foregoing, which lie north of the centre—that is, north Name those south of this parallel. What do you Sheffield, Leeds, Liverpool? Scotland.—Name the firths (or friths) in their order. The capes. What canal con- All the islands on the west coast are in- Name the principal islands of which this In of latitude fifty-three degrees. know of London, Manchester, Birmingham, nects Moray Firth with the western coast? cluded under the name of the Hebrides. group is composed, from south to north. What group on the northern coast? what direction from the Orkneys are the Shetland Islands? In what general direction do the mountain chains extend? Which of them sepa- rates Scotland from England? What is the boundary of the Highlands? Name the Highland lakes (or lochs). or low lands—Ben Nevis? Are the following mountains among the high lands Ben Wyvis? What river flows into the What river flows from Scotland into England? Ben Lomond? western coast? The eastern ? | Where is manufacturing carried on? Where is Glasgow? Edinburgh? Dundee? | Aberdeen? Paisley? Inverness? Leith? Greenock? What do you know of | Glasgow | England is ? Edinburgh? Are most of the towns on the high lands or the low lands? Treland.—What ocean on three sides? England? Scotland? Where is Cape Clear ? or loughs (locks) in the north? How is Ireland separated from Wales? What bay on the eastern coast? What four on the western? Malin Head? Where are the mountains? What two lakes What f&o in the centre? What one in the soutn- west? In the west? Describe the Shannon. Valentia Island? What Of what use are they? Where is the Giants Causeway ? is manufactured in Ireland? How are the bogs formed? What makes Ireland so fresh and green? Where are Dublin, Belfast, Cork. Sligo, Limerick, Londonderry, Galway (gawl/-way), Queenstown ? Miscellaneous.—What islands form the kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland? What countries form the island of Great Britain? What is the British Empire? How far is it from Dover to Calais? Which coast of the British Isles is bordered by the most islands—the eastern or the western? For what animals is England famous? Why do they use peat for fuel in Ireland? Why do these islands import grain? Name the Channel Islands. Near what coast are they ? SS5 WS 20 25 THE BRIVISH ISLE Scale 66 Statute Ml lesto arr SS Se $0 7S Truch 100 = Dara = + a « ¥ ough Corril ¥ ¥, Galw: Ly fp a & SP Lough Kite t < | | | | GuernseyAdZgjA\ 4 THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. Scale 66 Miles to an Inch ee UP: eninsula) LS ges LOW Sent) ass ar Tas we SE eee 4 CARDIGAN Lit BURGH R.Tices, fT TI SK = o LS = ~“ 2 OD 4% So. Mt. Skidd aig ON Seo Wwiion ls i Gick i oS Ne 3S ih - »- co / / =v mw i ue eZ , be deadly African fever, and to the hostility of the natives. %. The Surface consists chiefly of a great plateau, bordered by mountain-chains. The co low, but the only low land yet known in the interior is the country Tchad. The loftiest mountain-peaks are Kenia -and Kailima-Njaro, which are volcanoes about 20,000 feet high. o around L &. Rivers and Lakes.—The principal rivers are the Nile, the Congo, the Niger and the Zambesi. All these except the Niger rise in the central plateau between the equator and 12° south latitude. The Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world, and the Congo is one of the 7 ; Me ; Aare : 5 . eee . larges The latter is said to discharge three times as much water as the Mississippi. In 1877 Henry M. Stanley, the great African explorer, made a long and perilous journey across Africa, and ascertained that the Lualaba River and Lake Bangweolo are the headwaters of the Congo River. E “a eee ‘ The are Albert and Victoria Nyanzas. Its most important tributaries are the Blue Nile and the Atbara (at-bah’-ruh), which rise in the ] plateau of Abyssinia. In the rainy season t] sources of the Nile ofty ley are furious torrents, washing away the t Iz ¥ ‘£ DA TY IW? ( wy , " J " t oanks, and carrying down vast quantities of soil. When these waters reach tl 1e lower part of the Nile, they overflow its banks and spread this fine fertile soil over the land. Lakes Tchad and Tanganyika are very large lakes, which have no known outlet. 4. Climate.— Africa lies almost entirely in the Torrid Zone, and con- tains about one half of all the land in that zone; it is the hottest and dryest of the Grand Divisions. Kxcepting the northern and southern extremities, the climate is tropical throughout the whole extent. AFRICA. Caae MESS, The dryness of the interior is perhaps owing to the lofty mountains near the coast, which partly exclude the moisture of the ocean winds. South of the Atlas Mountains lies a desert plateau almost as large as the United States. It is called the Sahara, and consists of gravel, sand, or salt, crossed by mountains of naked rock. Rain occasionally falls upon the borders. and upon the mountains of the interior, producing springs of delicious water, anu a growth of rich grass, with clusters of the date-palm and gum tree. These fertile tracts are called Oases. Upon the rest of the Sahara showers fall only at intervals of five, ten, or twenty years. If they were frequent and abundant, plants would begin to grow and the barren sand would in time be changed to a fertile soil. d. The Vegetation is tropical, except in the northern and southern extremities, where the plants are those of the warm-temperate zone. Besides the date, sago, and cocoa-nut palms, there is the wine-palm, from which wine is made; the oil-palm, from whose nut oil is pressed; and the ivory-palm, yielding a smooth, white nut resembling ivory. The plaintain, the banana, and the tamarind are abundant in nearly all parts of Africa; Gum Arabic, obtained from the acacia tree, is one of the principal exports. and the mulberry, orange, lemon, fig, and olive, on the Mediterranean coast. Extensive forests of the coffee tree grow wild in Abyssinia, and it is largely cul- tivated at the Cape of Good Hope. Among the cultivated plants are cotton, indigo, rice, Wheat, maize, millet, dhoura (a kind of grain), yams, manioc and spices. 6, Animals.—No other country in the world has so many large and ferocious animals as Africa. The carnivorous, or flesh-eating, quadrupeds are the lion, leopard, panther, and hyena. The lion is called the “king of beasts;” but he is a cowardly creature, and a much less dangerous animal for the hunter to encounter than the elephant, the rhinoceros, or the buffalo. The herbivorous, or plant-eating, quadrupeds are the elephant, rhinoceros, hippo- potamus (or river-horse), the giraffe, the buffalo, the antelope, the swift-footed gnu (or horned-horse), and the beautiful zebra. a ee : . The largest bird in the world is the ostrich, a native of the sandy deserts of Arabia and Africa. The apes of Africa are the baboon, chimpanzee, and gorilla. Crocodiles, lizards, serpents, and insects are common here, as in all tropical coun- tries. The termites, or white ants. build turret-shaped houses, from twelve to thirty feet high, with walls which are strong enough for men to stand upon.7. Inhabitants.—Africa, south of Soudan, is peopled by negroes, who generally live in settled villages, and support themselves by agriculture or the raising of cattle. Some of the tribes make cotton cloth, leather goods and earthen ware, and work in iron and other metals. swords of superior quality. ML - - “1 . The Ashantees are skilful goldsmiths, and manufacture The lowest of the negroes are a tribe of Hottentots called Bushmen. They are miserable creatures about four and a half feet high, with ugly yellow faces and stooping forms. They dwell in caves, live on roots and the cattle they steal, and are hunted like wild beasts by all the neighboring tribes. On the other hand, the Kaffirs and many other African nations are tall, well- formed, intelligent people, with a brown complexion and agreeable features. Where they have not been hunted by slave-traders, or ill-used by Europeans, they are kind- hearted and friendly. The native African negro has no idea of a God. He believes witchcraft, and worships idols, serpents, croc- odiles, and the spirits of his dead relations. The tribes are constantly at” war with each other, and the prisoners taken in battle be- come theslaves of their captors. in 8. The country north of Soudan is occupied by civilized people of the white race,—Arabs, Heyptians, Turks, and Berbers. They are Mo- hammedans, and speak the Arabic language. NEGRO WAR DANCE. destroyed by thirst, by sand-storms, or by the bands of robbers who roam over 9. Soudan is the common ground where both races meet, the negroes and Arabs mingling together. 10. Commerce.—Ivory, gold-dust, ostrich-feathers, palm-oil, and | gums are exported from nearly all the ports of Africa. From the Barbary States are also exported morocco leather; from Egypt cotton, rice, sugar and grain; from Cape Colony wool, coffee, diamonds, wheat and wine. 11. Countries.—The most important and interesting countries of Africa are Egypt, the Barbary States, Soudan and the Cape Lands. Questions.—Why must the traveller journey overland in order to reach the interior of Africa? What difficulties are encountered? What part of the surface is low? What lakes furnish the Nile with most of its waters? Of what use are the Blue Nile and the Atbara? How does the climate compare with that of the other Grand Divisions? What is the general character of the climate? Why is the northern part of Africa a desert? What produces the oases? Name all the food-plants of Africa. All the others, giving their uses. Name all the trees. All the plants which are not trees. 9 Let each scholar name one of the African quadrupeds, telling all he knows Describe in the same way the other animals. What animals live in the What animals have horns? What one has tusks ? about it. rivers and lakes? both races? What part of Africa is occupied chiefly by negroes ? By whites? By hich are Tell what you know of the negro tribes. Name the animal productions w The vegetable. exported. The mineral. AFRICA. 67 ») ye - : 12. EGYPT, which is one of the oldest and most famous countries in the world, owes its importance entirely to the annual overflow of the Nile. But for this, the country would be a desert, for rain scarcely ever falls in Egypt, south of Cairo (ki/-ro). ; Egypt is rapidly becoming Europeanized. Railroads, canals, and telegraphs, gas in the cities and free schools for both sexes, have lately been established. But the Fellahs (or peasantry) remain in a wretched condition. The dominions of the Khedive (as the monarch of Egypt is called) include Egypt Nubia, Kordofan, Darfur and the country near the banks of the upper Nile. Egypt is a part of the Turkish Empire, and the Khediye pays tribute to the Sultan. Cairo is the capital. Alexandria, the principal seaport, is a large and growing city. Port Said (sah-eed) and Suez are at the ends of the Suez Canal, through which ships sail from Europe to Asia. 13. The BARBARY STATES are inhabited by Berbers, Arabs (called Moors), Turks and Jews. The Empire of Marocco is independent. be- longsto France: Tunis, Tripoli and Barca to Turkey. Algeria The word “‘ Barbary ”’ is de- rived from the Berbers, who were the inhabitants of the it quered by the Arabs hundreds country when was con- of years ago. The people carry on a cara- van-trade with Soudan, by the They exchange European goods and their own manufactures means of camel. for slaves, ivory. gums, fea- thers and gold-dust. These caravans are often the deserts. 14. SOUDAN is a very fertile region, occupied by a large popula- tion of Arabs and negroes, divided into many tribes or nations. The negroes here are the most intelligent in Africa. Great numbers | of them are Mohammedans. There are many large cities in Soudan, which are centres of the caravan trade with the Barbary States. Kano, Sokoto, Kouka and Timbuctoo are the most important. 15. SIERRA LEONE (le-o’-ne) is a British colony established as a place of refuge for liberated slaves. 16. LIBERIA is an independent negro republic, founded by our | own government. The civilized inhabitants are colored people from America. 17. ASHANTEE and DAHOMEY are extensive and powerful negro kingdoms. They are occupied by a warlike and ferocious people, whose love of shedding human blood is almost beyond belief. When the king of Ashantee dies, a thousand of his wives and slaves are put to death. Coomassie, the capital of Ashantee, is The king of Dahomey has regiments of women in his army. 18. The PORTUGUESE POSSESSIONS consist of numerous trading- wer Guinea, and on the east coast between Delagoa Bay a large town, laid out with rectangular streets. posts in Lo and Cape Delgado. St. Paul de Loanda is the capital of the western settlements. SETTLE RN TE cece LT eee st ee68 are 19. CAPE COLONY, NATAL and the TRANSVAAL oe in British possessions, inhabited by Englishmen, Dutchmen, and negroes. Jaffraria, Z e Bechuana, Namaqua To these have lately been added Caffraria, Zululand and the Bechuana, Namaq and Damara countries. | G 1 ; -y for agriculture, but it is well adapted to stock- Cape Colony is, in general, too dry for agriculture, l t ae I raising. Wool is the chief export. Cape Town is the principal city. sing. 90. The ORANGE RiVER FREE STATE is governed by Dutch farmers, called boers. Cape Colony formerly belonged to Holland. When it fell into the hands of a Jay , Jes nee red away. and established two inde- British, great numbers of the Dutch residents moved away, and establ ( pendent states the Orange ' has recently come under the control of Great Britain. 91, ZANGUEBAR belongs to the Sultan of Muscat, whose capital is Zanzibar on Zanzibar Island. 99 ABYSSINIA is a mountain kingdom, inhabited by a people who elone to the white race. Their religion is a degraded form of I ey Christianity. f y ¥ ‘y TY 3] C 5 Ser ? Questions.— Egypt—What prevents the valley of the Nile from being a desert . Y! O : % oe 3 erst Ecos yaltota 9 Name the exports. Who are the inhabitants? What is their language? R ligion 7) Nubia. Kordofan and the country between Kordofan and the great lakes belong? Position and Outline.—Bound Africa. In what zone is most of it? The northern extremity? The southern? Name, in order, the gulfs. The straits. The bays and bights. The capes. Name the most eastern cape; southern; western; northern. What great island east of the southern part? In what direction do its mountains extend? Between what two capes? What islands near Madagascar? What three groups of islands north-west of riffe? Where is Ascension Island? St. Helena? Fernando Po? To what countries do the above islands belong? Surface.—Mountain-ranges follow the coast of nearly the whole of Africa, enclosing the great plateau which occupies the interior. Name those which follow the Mediterranean coast. The coastof Guinea. What mountains cross Cape Colony from west to east? What range follows the eastern coast, from the Snow Mountains to the Plateau of Abyssinia? What two peaks in this eastern system, east of Victoria Nyanza ? Where is the Sahara? The Nubian Desert ? The Kalahari (kah-lah-hah/-re) Desert ? The Lakes and Rivers belong to four systems, Mediterranean System.—What two great lakes are nearest the Equator? [Nyanza means lake.| By what river and over what falls does Victoria Nyanza flow into Albert Nyanza? What river flows northward from Albert Nyanza? In what country is the White Nile joined by the Blue Nile? What river flows from the Abyssinian Plateau into the Nile? The Blue Nile also rises in that plateau ; in what direction does it flow? Through what countries does the Nile flow below the junction of the White and the Blue Nile? Into what sea? Atlantic System.—Name in order the rivers which flow into the Atlantic. In what direction does the upper part of the Congo (called the Lualaba) flow? What lake has recently been discovered to be the source of fhe Congo? What river flows into the Orange? Indian System.—Name the rivers from north to south, Which is the largest? Into what river does Lake Nyassa flow? What falls are in the Zambesi (cahm-bay’-ze)? Interior Systems.—What lake in the centre of Soudan? Where is Lake Tangan- yika? (These lakes have no known outlet.) River and the Transvaal Republic, the latter of which | ] i ‘ia? To Suez? To Port Said? To whom do What gives importance to Alexandria To Suez To Port Said To who AFRICA. Africa? What group near the western coast? In which group is the Peak of ‘Tene- he juered the Berbers? What is the religion of the Turks, Barbary States—Who conc | : : What animal is used in crossing the Sahara? Moors and Berbers? The language? ‘ What goods are carried to Soudan? What are brought back? What dangers are encountered on the way ? Soudan.—Describe the population. What produces large cities here? Name the most important. T ; 74 Ths 29 S. Leone.—Who founded this colony? W hat for ? Liberia—What is the government? Who are the civilized people? ({shantee and Dahomey.—What is the character of the people? What do the Ashantees manufacture ? Portuquese Possessions.—W here are the Portuguese trading-posts ? What do the Portuguese receive from the interior? What do they export? As the climate is so dangerous to white men, do you suppose these white settlements are very populous? Cape Colony, Natal and the Transvaal Colony—To what European power do these eonntnies belong? Why is not agriculture the leading business in Cape ~ = > oD Jd : ; BS j i Colony ? What are the exports of ( ape Town Orange River Free Slate-—Who are the civilized inhabitants? Where did they come from ? Zanquebur.—To whom does it belong? Where are his other possessions? (See Arabia, page 73.) Abyssinia.—Describe the surface. What rivers rise there? To what race do the people belong? What is their religion? QOWITSITUOINS ON wale) IEE Ouer sale exiCuay. Countries and Towns.—Lgypt.—Describe the position of Egypt. Of Nubia. Kordofan. What desert on the left bank of the Nile? On the right bank? At what town do you find the first cataract in ascending the river? Where is the Suez Canal? The town of Suez? Port Said? What three cities at the mouths of the Nile? Ascend the river from Damietta to Albert Nyanza, naming the towns and describing their situation. Where are the Pyramids? The Ruins of Thebes ? Barbary States—Name them from west to east. What desert on the south? Where is Beled el Jerid, or the ‘Land of Dates”? Barca? Fezzan? The city of Marocco? Fez? Mequinez? Algiers? Tunis? Tripoli? Mourzouk? Soudan and Central Africa.—Name the principal cities of Soudan from east to west. What two cities on the Congo River? Where is Ujiji? Nyangwe? Western Coast—Name the countries, from Cape Verde to Cape Palmas. Where is Free Town? Monrovia? Guinea extends from Liberia to Cape Frio:—name its divisions, from north to south. What countries north of the Gold Coast? Where is Cape Coast Castle? Coomassie? Abomey? Loango? San Salvador? St. Paul le Loanda? The Cape Lands.—What river forms the northern boundary of Cape Colony? Between what two rivers does the Orange River Free State lie? The Trans Vaal Colony? (Trans Vaal means beyond the Vaal.) Caffraria, or Kaffir Land, is bounded ~ by what states? Where is the country of the Zulus? Where is Cape Town? Graham Town? Port Natal? Eastern Coast—To whom does the country between Delagoa Bay and Cape Delgado belong? Where is the town of Mozambique? Where is Zanguebar? Zan- zibar Island and City? Where is Abyssinia? Gondar? Interior Tribes—Where are the Galla tribes? The Makololos (mah-ko-lo’-los) ? Bechuanas (bet-choo-ah/-nas) ? Namaquas? Damaras? Bushmen? pete eee Questions on the Map and Text. Name the countries on the coast, in their order. The towns. The rivers and lakes which flow into the sea. Name the countries in which Arabic is spoken. English. French. Portuguese. Dutch. Which is nearest the mouth of the Nile—Upper or Lower Egypt? Is the lower part of the Nile at the south or at the north? Is Egyptian cotton sent to America, or to Kurope? What do you suppose is meant by “cape wool” and ‘cape cotfee’’? Sl lp a cargo of muskets from Liverpool to Zanzibar—by what waters? SSTni) oo So At » Se = ° I Toseel: cele 1] H | | H 1] | H ecto I C + penton lio ia 1 | oI VY WA 1 es } 1 | — EQUATOR | | | Sak a) Cy ZZ I J Meg YD TRA mS/ Zi, AtoBorhpaty//) t QO Cay es Idiok, a ( (Hoag) yw TROPIC OF CAPRICORN APRICA ise OT) Statute Mile stoarnlnehv. EEE 400 600 500 1000 200 —a= 400 [Kalahari Meer A wer” OR CAIRO \~ A \ Pyramids? u Ruins &. fe \ 2 ThebesC Y \ “Is P 43 == Aer cg ; As Souary Nubian: Snddvensvernty 3 (2G ondoleger 0 : q ‘I on z = \ ote ron Falls yx 2 Z ane Uji rauke angarw tka oS Desert Seen eeees esSon S OE AMPA exe ASIA. [To tHE TEACHER.—Please read the Suggestions, page 3.] UTLINE.—There are many large seas and gulfs upon the coast, but they do not extend far into the interior. 2. Surface.—The central and southwestern regions consist of immense plateaus, bordered and crossed by lofty mountains. 3. North and west of this high land lies a great plain, which extends to the Arctic Ocean and the Caspian Sea. 4. All the peninsulas which branch off from the main body of Asia are occupied by low plateaus or mountain-chains, and the islands upon the coast are generally mountainous and volcanic. The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world. The loftiest summits of ige are Everest, Dhawalagiri (dah-wol-ah-ghe/-re), and Kunchinginga (koon- chin-jing’-gah), which are about 29,000 feet (almost five and a half miles) high. the rar 5. Lakes and Rivers.—The most important rivers are those which water the plains of Hindoostan, Indo-China, and China; for these are the most fertile and populous countries in the world. The. Yang-tse Kiang and Yenisei are the greatest of the Asiatic rivers, and are nearly as long as the Mississippi. 6. The Caspian Sea and Sea of Aral, which are shallow and salt, are the largest lakes in Asia. The Caspian is nearly five times the size of Lake Superior, and is the greatest lake in the world. There are many smaller salt lakes scattered over the highlands. The Dead Sea is a salt lake whose surface is 1300 feet below the level of the Mediterranean. The largest of the fresh-water lakes are Balkash (bahl-kahsh) and Baikal (bi/-kahl). Pe Lig sacs Nags 7. Climate.—Southern Asia (which lies south of the southern mountain-chain) has a tropical or warm-temperate climate. Northern Asia consists of the Arctic Slope, and has an Arctic climate. Central Asia has the climate of the Temperate Zone. The southern and eastern slopes are exceedingly fertile, for they receive the warm, moist winds from the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The plateaus and interior plains are deprived of this moisture by the mountain- chains, which rise like great walls along their borders. They are therefore generally dry and barren, and contain extensive deserts of sand, salt, and gravel. 8. Animals.—Among the most important domestic animals are the elephant, camel, and reindeer. Besides these there are the horse, ox, buffalo, sheep, and goat, which are supposed to have origi- nated in Central Asia. The elephant is found in India and the southern part of China. He is used for riding and for drawing heavy burdens. But elephants also roam wild, in great herds, through the dense forests and jungles of those countries. q} and Southern Asia, and is so necessary in crossing these immense wastes that he is 1e camel is never found wild. He is used in all the desert regions of Central called by the Arabs the ‘ship of the desert.” The reindeer furnishes the native tribes of Siberia with all the necessaries of life. He draws them in sledges over the frozen snow ; his flesh is their food; and their tents and clothing are made of his hide. 9. The wild beasts in the warmer parts of Asia are the elephant and rhinoceros; the tiger, lion, leopard, and others of the cat tribe; the wild dog, hyena, and jackal, which belong to the dog family. The tiger belongs solely to Asia. He is never found as far west as Persia, but wanders north, even to the Altai Mountains. In Siberia are the reindeer, the wolf, the fox, a dangerous kind of bear, and great numbers of the smaller fur-bearing animals. 10. The hot, moist lowlands abound with dangerous serpents, beautiful birds, and annoying insects. The crocodiles, which infest the rivers, are very numerous and fierce. Even as far north as the Arctic coast, the marshes in summer breed swarms of mosquitoes, which are as great a pest as those of the Amazon Valley. ——-— a nae nN Se a FOG RS URIS ECOGASIA. 1 11. Inhabitants. —The people of Asia (i di F s sla (ine 2 als S| ee es : i a | ( neluding the Malay Islands) Among the other productions are coffee, tobacco, sago, and such tropical fruits as elong to four races: the Caucasian, Malay, Negro, and Mongolian. oe ae ee bananas, etc. Rice and millet (a kind of grain) arethe principal ood of the people. Tea has, within a few year J a ; a has, 3 years, been successfully raised and largely 1. The whites, the Hindoos, and the people of the south-western table-lands are exported. i Caucasians. i One of the most useful plants is the bamboo, a stout reed sixty or a hundred feet high. It grows luxuriantly throughout India, China, and Japan, and is used tor 2. The Malay, or Brown Race, is found in Malacca and the Malay Islands. water-pipes and for making boats, bridges, houses, and many other things 3. The Negroes are found in most of the Malay Islands. 2 The principal manufactures ar . ‘ : 0 , g anufactures are India slins : 4. The Mongolian race has spread from Mongolia over the central and eastern : eee snomoicus Ces ie eae ee Oa aaa Indo-China, the Chinese and Japanese Empires, and East | 16. The. excessive growth of the population is somewhat checked and West Turkestan. Ea ee ao ¢ 5S : — ee ; by occasional famines, and by the fevers, tigers, and serpents, which he people of this race are shorter than the whites. They have a yellow ski , P Naan at ne : : Peel es. They have a yellow skin, | destroy great numbers of people on the hot, low plains. straight black hair, flat noses, and small black eyes set obliquely I J Vie TAN a mil ae hep , : - aV ery yeat thousa ids of persons are killed by the tigers and in the single provi ce j g , single nce sos 5 : of Bengal from 10,000 to 20,000 lives are annually lost by the bite of snakes 12. Religion.—The Malays and inhabitants of the south-western lateaus are Moh: sdans > religion of Hindoostan is callec q aa jiigtae Bs 2 8 are ee ee The religion of Hindoostan is called 17. Towns.—Caleutta, the capital and largest city, is on the 12 g m« VEY ‘ Pp en » A 23x70r \ = : rahmanism, Brahm being the Hindoo name for the Supreme | Hoogly River, one of the mouths of the Ganges. It contains nearly | Being. The Mongolian race are generally the followers of Boodha, | 900,000 people, and is the second commercial city of Asia. 5 a teacher of religion who lived in Hindoostan 500 years before Christ. Bombay is the second city o f Hindoostan, and contains nearly 650,000 inhabitants. Boodhism has more disciples than any other religion in the world. Among the Hindoos and Boodhists the educated classes acknowledge only one god, but the mass of the people are idolaters, and worship many 18. INDO-CHINA, or FARTHER INDIA.— The western coast forms a part of British India. The rest of the country is divided into several native states, of which the most important are the empire of Burmah and the kingdoms of Siam and Anam. gods. 13. Countries.—In dia, China, and Japan, are warm, moist, and fertile. They are thickly settled, and contain many great cities. The other coun- tries are, in general, too cold or too dry to support a dense population. The productions are like those of Hindoostan, but they are not so largely exported, for the people have little intercourse with Europeans. VIEW OF BANGKOK. Questions.—Where are the plateaus? Describe the surface north and west of | 19). Towns.—Bangkok, the capital of Siam, is the largest city of them. The surface of the peninsulas and islands. Where are the most important | Tyqo-China, and contains about half a million people. rivers? Why are they the most important? Name them. Which is the most useful, as the Hoang-Ho or the Yenisei? What part of Asia is fertile? Barren? Why? | Name the domestic animals. The wild beasts. What do you know about the elephant? The camel? The reindeer? The tiger? Is the tiger found in Arabia? What animals belong to the cat tribe? The dog family? What animals are found in Siberia? In the tropical lowlands? What causes the mosquitoes in Siberia? Bangkok is a floating city, for most of the houses are built upon rafts, which line both banks of the great river Meinam (may-e-nahm’) for several miles. At night the town is illuminated by countless numbers of beautiful lanterns of every color and form, and looks like a fairy scene. 90. The MALAY ISLANDS (sometimes called Malaysia) lie between Asia and Australia. They are generally mountainous and voleanic; and are subject to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. of the Malays cultivate the soil infested by Malay pirates. To what race do the whites belong? The Hindoos? Name the countries of the | south-western table-lands. To what race do the people belong? Where is the Mongolian race found? What two races are found in the Malay Islands? What is the religion of the Hindoos? Of the Arabs and Persians? Turks? Of the Mongolian race? Are all the Hindoos and Boodhists idolaters ? The inhabitants are generally savages, but many or lead a seafaring life. Some of these eastern seas are } 91. The Philippine Islands belong to Spain. The rest are either | wholly or partly in the possession of the Dutch. Jaya is the most ltivated of the Malay islands. It exports immense and other tropical productions. 14. Hindoostan, Indo-China, and the Malay Islands are called India, or the East Indies. They are tropical countries. Hindoostan, the west coast of Indo-China, and-some colonies in the Malay Islands belong to Great Britain, and are called British India. populous and cu quantities of coffee, sugar, rice, spices, 99. Towns.—-Batavia is the principal seaport of Java, and is the capital of the Dutch possessions. Manilla, the capital of the Philip- pine Islands, is the largest city in the archipelago, and exports the well-known Manilla cordage and cigars. 15. HINDOOSTAN exports great quantities of cotton, rice, silk, opium, indigo, sugar, and spices. pS scant eR ee eSsre AS | | | | | VIEW IN CHINA. LAKE THAI-HOU. 22 THE CHINESE EMPIRE includes China and Mantchooria, on a ee : ; 7 7m , | the eastern slope; Zhibet (tib’-et), Mongolia, and Kast Turkestan on the Central Plateau; and the tributary kingdom of Corea. | 24. China includes the great plains of the Yang tse-Kiang and ' and the piercing wind of the long winter. TA; 29. Mongolia occupies the eastern half of the Central Plateau. Nearly the whole country is barren, and in the centre is the Desert ; * 1 ‘\ Y ) of Gobi, or Shamo, which means the “Sea of Sand. On these dry, treeless plains there is no shelter from the scorching sun of summer, 5 The only vegetation is a coarse grass and some low bushes. Yet upon this scanty pasturage the flocks and herds of the wander- ing Tartar tribes subsist. By means of the camel an extensive caravan trade between Ghana Siberia. Thibet, and Turkestan is carried on across these dreary table-lands. 30. East Turkestan was a province of China until 1865, when it established an independent government. It was re-conquered by the Ghinese in 1877, and now forms part of the Chinese Empire. The mountain valleys are fertile and well cultivated. Caravans from the east and the west stop at Kashgar an 1 Yarkand to exchange their goods. 31. Corea is a populous country, but is very little known to us. S32. THE EMPIRE OF JAPAN embraces the islands of Hondo (formerly called Nippon), Yezo (yay’-zo), Shikoku (she-ko’-ku), Kiushiu, the Liu Kiu (lee-oo’ kee-oo) group and nearly four thousand smaller islands. The Japanese islands are mountainous and volcanic. Hondo, the largest, is YOU miles long and 100 wide. Northern Yezo is very cold, but the southern part of the empire is semi-tropical in climate and vegetation. Rice is the daily food of the people, together with a great variety of fruits, vege- tables, and fish. The chief articles of export are tea, silk, copper, camphor, silk- , worms’ eggs, and lacquer-work. 33. The Japanese are the most intelligent nation in Asia. They are a frank, brave, honorable, and progressive race. Hoang-Ho, and the mountain-lands south and west of them. = These two mighty rivers and their branches are united by numerous canals. The rivers and canals are thronged with boats, and are the principal roads of the country. On the plains and lower mountains every foot of land is highly cultivated, for the population is more crowded than that of any other country in the world. More than two millions of people are obliged to live in houses built upon rafts which float on the rivers and canals. 26. The principal exports are tea, silk, and rice; but the usual products of warm-temperate countries (such as cotton, tobacco, and sugar) are raised in abundance. The Chinese work with exquisite skill in ivory, wood, and pearl, and make the most beautiful porcelain, crape, and flowered silk. 26. Zowns.—No country in the world has so many great cities as China. Pekin, the capital, has 1,650,000 inhabitants. Canton, the most important seaport of Asia, contains about 1,000,000. 27. Mantchooria is a cold, mountainous region, covered for the most part with gloomy forests. That part of the country which lies north of the Amoor River belongs to Russia. 28. Thibet occupies the loftiest part of the Central Plateau, and is the highest country in the world. It is too cold for agriculture, and | the people live, mainly, by their flocks and herds. In Lassa, the capital, resides the Grand Lama, who is the head of the Boodhist religion. He is worshipped as God in the form of man. STREET IN JAPANESE CITY, NEAR MT. FUJI. Since the opening of the country to foreigners in 1858, Japan has adopted many of the arts and customs of Europe and America. Railways have been built, and a submarine cable carries telegraphic messages to London or San Francisco. The Japanese have a fine army and navy, and a national system of schools and colleges. 34. Towns.—Tokio, the capital (formerly called Yedo), is the largest city, and contains about 675,000 inhabitants. Yokohama, Kobe, Nagasaki, and Hakodate are the principal ports for foreign commerce.ASTA. 73 « 36. SIBERIA belongs to Russia. Only the southern districts are warm enough for cultivation, and the 42. Towns.—Smyrna is the most important seaport. Jerusalem is sacred both to : : Christians and t ] chief productions of the =e S| i 7 oe oe 7 : = =| Mecca is the Holy City of country are minerals and : furs. the Mohammedans. The mines of the Ural and Altai Mountains are of immense value, yielding gold, silver, and iron, emeralds and rubies, and many beautiful kinds of stone. 43. ARABIA contains a central plateau which coy- ers about half the peninsula. Central Arabia, which occu- pies most of this table-land, is arich and beautiful coun- | try, with a civilized popu- lation, and numerous well- built cities, towns, and i villages. Most of the inhabitants are Rus- sians, who are engaged in mining andcommerce. Some of the native tribes live by fishing and hunting, and by trapping the fur-bearing animals. The wandering tribes of the north subsist almost entirely upon the reindeer. Those of the south, called the Kirghis, own immense numbers of horses, camels, cattle, and sheep. | Hayel is the capital of Shomer, and Riad of Nejed. It is occupied by two extensive kingdoms—Shomer and Nejed. CARAVAN CROSSING A DESERT. This fertile country was unknown to us until a few years ago, for it is surrounded by a circle of deserts occupied by bands of wandering Arabs. Mr. Palgrave, an English traveller, penetrated the interior in 1862, and has published an account of his discoveries. . 36. Towns.—The towns are small, but are well built, and the citi- zens enjoy in the long and dreadfully cold winters the gayety and luxury of European capitals. Irkoutsk and Tobolsk are the largest towns. At Kyachta (/e-ahk/-tah) the goods 44, The coast region of Arabia has the luxuriant vegetation of are ee aes el brought by eres ce China to Maimatchin. They are | the Tropics. The chief exports are dates, gums, the famous Mocha s ssia by sledges in winter, and by the rivers in summer. : BE DUALORLUsslaaDyaslec pes in) Wanter, ancivy wmemvers ieee coffee, the pearls of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. 37. SOONGARIA, formerly a province of the Chinese Empire, The western coast belongs to Turkey: the southern and eastern to the sultan of . . . : ; ‘ ° > trac vite but at one time attached to Russia, now again belongs to China, | Omens Aden to Great Ea It is principally important as being the gateway of the caravan trade between Eastern and Western Asia. Countries.—Hindoostan—Name the vegetable productions. The animal. The food plants. Those used for clothing. For shelter. What dangers do the people encounter? What is meant by British India? What is the climate of the Hast 38. WEST TURKESTAN consists of several states called khanats, : : . - Indies? each of which has a native ruler or Khan. Most of these states i Eccirect to Russi Indo-China.—Describe the surface. Name the rivers. The productions. Why are Soe RS LO CCU ALORS VOSS 12. they not exported as largely as from Hindoostan? The animals are those which In the south, the inhabitants are engaged in agriculture; but the wandering tribes, in the north and west, subsist by war and the chase, and their chief wealth belong to the warmer parts of Asia:—name them. Malay Islands.—Describe the surface. Climate. Productions. To what nation does Java belong? The Philippine Islands? The others? Name the exports of Batavia. Of Manilla. Chinese Empire —How do the people in the lowlands of China travel? Why is the land so highly cultivated? Name the productions of China. The chief exports. Why is Thibet so cold? Why is not Mongolia as fertile as China? What com- merce is carried on across the Central Plateau? What hardships are encountered? is in their immense numbers of camels, horses, sheep, and goats. 39. PERSIA, AFGHANISTAN, BELOOCHISTAN, and GEORGIA belong to the Plateau of Iran, the greater part of which is a desert of sand or salt, very cold in winter and intensely hot in summer. Some of the lower valleys are fertile, and have the vegetation of Southern Asia and Southern Hurope. What gives importance to Kashgar and Yarkand? Japan.—Describe the surface. Climate. Productions. What do we obtain from : : : <6 an? That is there remarkable about the Japanese? 40. The chief productions are dates, sugar, rice, cotton, indigo, a ame eh CO ONO Nan rr 5 Siberia.—What mineral products? Animai? What trade? What districts are and tobacco. The Persians manufacture perfumes and the Mosv)| cultivated? How do the uncivilized portion of the people subsist? The civilized? beautiful carpets and shawls. | Soongaria.—Where is Soongaria? From what does it derive its importance? The Persians are more civilized than the Afghans and Beloochees, who are a wild, West Turkestan.—To what plain does most of it belong? Is the climate moist or half-barbarous people. Georgia: belongs to Russia. The people are remarkable for | gry? Where are the fertile districts? Name the towns. their handsome features and noble forms. Persia, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, and Georgia.—Are they highland or lowland? 1 . . . ascribe the soil. Climate. Vegetable productions. Manufactures. Inhabitants. 41. ASIATIC TURKEY.—The Plateau of Asia Minor is well adapted Deseripeitue/s0) ae P oe Asiatic Turkey—What two table lands in this country? What districts are hot to agriculture and grazing, but the Syrian table-land and the plains and banren? What are the principal exports? The manufactures? What part of of the Euphrates and Tigris are generally hot, dry, and barren. Ae eineloneeteonnet eer? Arabia.—What is the character of the coast region? Of Central Arabia? Why have we known so little of this interior country? Name the coast towns. The interior towns. What do we obtain from the coast towns? The fertile parts of Asiatic Turkey afford the productions of Southern Asia and Southern Europe. The principal exports are raisins, dried figs, wine, and olive oil; perfumery and gums; silk, Morocco leather, beautiful shawls, and carpets.74 Wh QOUSTIONS ON 2 Position.—What ocean north of Asia? Hast? South? What Grand Division ; . J i . ry 2 How is Asia connected with Africa? Separated from North America ! west of 1 [ They are inciuded within the dotted Between what oceans are the Malay Islands ? lines on the map. ] In what zones does the mainland of Asia lie? In which hemisphere—the Northern 01 Southern? What peninsula extends almost to the Equator 2 What tres: are partly in the Torrid Zone? What group of islands is wholly in that ons What is the climate of those islands? Of the southern peninsulas ? Of Siberia? Behring Sea, Ochotsk, Japan, Yellow, Persian Gulf, Tonquin ? Outline.—Describe the Sea of Kara, China, Arabian, Red, Mediterranean, Black, Buy of Bengal, Yhina, J 4 na lack ee a Gulf of Obe. The following gulfs are parts of what seas :—Penjinsk! Siam? Martaban? Cambay? Persian ? ld you pass in going from the Gulf of Penjinsk to the Name all the branches of the The Persian Gulf? Through what waters wou Gulf of Martaban, without entering any ocean ? Indian Ocean. What strait opens into the Red Sea? : . 1 What is the most northern cape of Asia? The most eastern? The most Describe the following capes, stating on what part of the coast they East, Lopatka, Cambodia, southern ? are and into what water they project :—Chelyuskin, Romania, Comorin. Where are the Aleutian Islands? [They extend westward from the coast of North America, and form the southern boundary of Behring Sea] Kurile Islands? Saghalin ? Japan Islands? Mention the latter, in their order, from north to south. Which is the largest? Where are the Liu Kiu Islands? Where is Formosa? Hainan ? Borneo (the largest of the Malay Islands) is almost in the centre of the Archi- pelago, and the other islands form nearly a half circle about it. What island east of it? What group east of Celebes? North of it? Name the largest of the Philip- pine Islands. How is Celebes separated from Borneo? What chain of islands south of Borneo? Which is the largest of the Sunda Islands? The next? Where are the Nicobar Islands? The Andaman? Ceylon? The Maldive Islands? The The Islands of New Nova Zembla Islands? Spitzbergen Islands? To what grand division do the last two groups belong? Laccadive Islands? Siberia ? Describe the Peninsula of Kamchatka (kahm~chaht’-kah), stating from what part of the mainland it extends, in what direction, and by what waters it is surrounded. The Corea, Indo-China, Malacca, Hindoostan, Arabia, Asia Minor.. The Caucasus? The Nan-ling? Surface.—In what country are the Taurus Mountains? The Elborz? The Hindoo Koosh? The Himalaya? All these ranges make one connected chain across the southern part of Asia:—in what direction does this Southern Chain extend? Name its parts, from east to west. In what direction do the Belor Mountains branch off from the Southern Chain? Two chains extend eastward from the Belor Mountains:—what is the southern one? The northern? In what direction do the Altai Mountains extend? The Altai range extends, under different names, to East Cape :—what ure those names? A great chain extends from East Cape to the Sea of Marmora, composed of the following ranges: the Stanovoi, Yablonoi, Altai, Belor, Hindoo Koosh, Elborz, Caucasus and Taurus :—in what direction does this chain extend? Name the parts of it from south-west to north-east. From north-east to south-west. North and west of this chain lies a great plain, extending to the Arctic Ocean and Caspian Sea :—what country in the northern part? In the south-western? In what direction do the Khin-gan Mountains extend? The Pe-ling? The Ural? The southern part of Hindoostan is a plateau called the Deccan:—what moun- tains form its northern border? Its eastern? Its western? ih what chain is Mount Everest? Dhawalagiri? Kunchinginga? Ararat? Where is Mt. Sinai? Where is the Desert of Gobi, or Shamo? Desert of Scinde for The Thur)? In what other countries of Asia are there deserts? The Central Plateau of Asia is bounded by the Himalaya, Altai, and Khin-gan Mountains :—which chain forms the northern boundary? The southern? The Ss Ths , j j , eastern? What four countries occupy this plateau? What two chains cross it between the Himalaya and Altai Mountains? ; ASIA. Ta NEE) Ol chee and Arabia. Beloochistan. Arabia? tains. Through what river does Lake Baikal flow into it? Describe the Lena. Which way does the country north of the Altai Mountains slope? of mountains ? rise on opposite sides of what mountains? In what direction, and into what waters, do they flow? rivers of Indo-China. each other? two on the northern side? Describe the Nerbudda. plateau of Asia Minor :—describe their course. slope. to the ocean. Sea? Name the rivers. Lahore, Cashmere? together India, or the East Indies.] Shang-hai, plateau does it belong? Nagasax, koutsk, Where are Smyrna, The South-western Table-lands are the Plateau of Iran, of Asia Minor, Syria, ‘The Plateau of lran comprises Georgia, Persia, Afghanistan, and in what country are the Plateaus of Asia Minor and Syria? Of The Lakes and Rivers belong to the Arctic, Pacific, Indian, and Interior Systems. Arctic System.—-These rivers flow over the great plain north of the Altai Moun- Describe the Obe. Name its principal branches. Describe the Yenisei. Pacific System.—Where does the Amoor River rise? It flows north of what chain What country does it drain: The Yang-tse Kiang and Hoang-Ho Describe the Cambodia. The Meinam. Indian Ocean System.—Describe the Irraw..ddy. The Salwen. Name all the other In what direction do they flow? How are they separted from In what direction do these mountain-chains extend? To what two systems do the rivers of Indo-China belong? The Brahmaputra, Indus, and Ganges rise in the Himalaya Mountains :—which Which one on the southern? Describe each of them. The Euphrates and Tigris rise in the Name ali the rivers of the southern The Godavery. Interior Systems.—These consist of several lakes and rivers which have no outlet Describe the Caspian Sea. What rivers flow intoit? Where is the Dead The Sea of Aral? What two rivers does it receive? Where is Lake Balkash? What river flows into 1t? Countries and Towns.—Hindoostan—Bound it. What part is table-land* Where are Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Lucknow, Benares, Delhi, [Note.—Hindoostan, Indo-China, and the Malay Islands, form Indo-China or Farther India.—Bound it. What direction do the mountains and rivers follow? Where are Bangkok, Saigon, Hue (hoo-ay’), Singapore, Rangoon? Malay Islands.—In what zone are they? Where are Batavia, Manilla? What constitute the East Indies? Where are Pekin, Canton, Nankin, Hong-kong, Macao (mah-kow’)? China.—Which way does the land slope? Ningpo, Foochow, Amoy, To what plateau does East Turkestan belong? Where is Kashgar? Yarkand? Thibet.—What mountains bound it? Is the surface high or low? To what great Where is Lassa? Mongolia.—To what plateau does it belong? Where is Maimatchin? Soongaria.—What part of the central plateau does it occupy ? Japan.—Where are Tokio, Ozaka, Kioto, Nagoya, Yokohama, Kobe, Hakodate ? Siberia.—ls the surface high or low? Trkoutsk, Where are Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Ya- Kyachta ? West Turkestan.—-To what great plain does it belong? Name the towns. Georgia.—Describe the surface. What town in Georgia? Persia.—What is the surface? Name the principal towns. Afghanistan.—Describe the surface. Name the towns. Beloochistan.—Is the surface high or low? Where is Kelat? Name the Jerusalem, Beirout? Turkey—What two plateaus occupy the greater part? Damascus, Mecca, Trebizond, Where are Muscat, Mocha, Aden, rivers, Arabia.—Bound it. Hayel, Riad?Seed | Seemed) Scale750 Statute Miles to cn Inch. oT eens —— — 50100 200 400 600 e00 7000 1200 : g a8 wie Lone: : $ B *ON Git ’ . Tree wich . A Ey) S ude EB; “om Greer Hama Or. : {7 —— 80 aS fro ee iss Teaba, ; = *Honis Se £12 Lost “dw Palmyra ¥ 0D ‘1 a x \ \ >< << ~< SSW E \ x * ‘Raeivcn O \ Duce NV ip ERR \ = ves SESE == aperic CIB: Tz Se PARTON. Cul nyt &S . ye al 2 an wt (8.4) ies eaBeRuar SHE S Tspfte RB iy Na,! . ott < 1 Bet ac Te ; H r I NV | We oe Sdindhye sl : a v2) ORO nm Andpimat Ic Si ——— meme CA bee OR Byres : EMPIRE OF JAPAN. 45° SS EQUAT ORES Cs ae * — : sles | | 4 OOOO SET — 80 Longitude East 90 from Greenwich 100 gysnin | hichakoft Scale 365miles to an in¢h \. SON ae NO waa B See UL Uses Nee a“\ \ / = / goomF ff | 7 SX eee cece ee aae -— Torte “ 120CU TEAGRARan xeviel: AUSTRALASIA AND POLYNESIA | USTRALASIA comprises Australia and the nearest islands in JG the Pacific Ocean. Papua, and the islands that surround the Coral Sea, are occupied by tribes of negro savages. Tasmania is a British colony belonging to Australia. It 1s inhabited entirely by whites, for the natives have all been destroyed. New Zealand is a British Colony, though the settlers are, in fact, entirely inde- pendent of the mother country. They have railroads, public schools, and a demo- cratic form of government. In the northern island, however, there are tribes of ferocious savages, who are almost constantly at war with the whites. The Kiwi, a species of ostrich, without wings or tail, and with hair instead of feathers, is one of the native animals. AUSTRALIA. 2. Surface.—The interior has never been thoroughly explored ; but it is supposed, to consist of an immense barren plain, rising gradually to the mountains on the coast. 3. Lakes and Rivers.—On account of the extreme dryness of the climate, water is scarce. Most of the rivers disappear in the dry sea- son, and the lakes (which are generally salt) become reedy marshes. 4. Climate and Vegetation.—The northern half of the country is tropical. The southern half has a mild climate, somewhat like that of Southern Europe, and produces wheat and other grains, the vine, mulberry and olive, oranges and lemons. 9. These plants, however, were introduced by the European set- tlers. Hardly any food-plants were found in the country, for the natural vegetation of Australia is different from that of any other part of the world. The trees have small narrow leaves, and but little undergrowth; so that the forests are light and open. They contain a great many flowering trees. Among the most common trees are the beautiful fern, the acacia, and the gigantic eucalyptus, or gum tree. The eucalyptus is sometimes called the fever tree, for when it grows in wet lands it absorbs a very great quantity of moisture and thus prevents the exhalation of poisonous vapors. The droughts in this country sometimes last for several months, or even a year, drying up the rivers, destroying flocks, and changing the land into a desert. Then suddenly the rain falls in torrents, filling up the dry beds of the rivers, and flooding the thirsty plains. When the summer winds blow from the interior deserts, the heat is dreadful, the mercury in the thermometer rising to 130° in the shade. 6. The Animals are different from those of other countries. The most remarkable are the kangaroo and the platypus. The latter has the bill and webbed feet of a duck, and the body of an otter. The emu is like the ostrich, and is seven feet high. 7. Inhabitants.—The white settlers are Europeans. The natives belong to the Papuan race. They are smaller and more active than the African negroes, and their skin is of a dark chocolate color. Some tribes are cannibals, and are exceedingly fierce. Others are mild and peace- able. But they are all degraded, indolent savages. 8. Productions and Occupations.—The whites are chiefly engaged in mining and grazing. Immense quantities of gold and wool are exported. The mining region is in the Australian Alps and the valley of the Murray River. The gold-mines are the richest in the world, excepting those of California. Great quantities of copper and coal are also obtained. 9. Government.—Australia belongs to Great Britain, and is divided into several states called Colonies. Victoria and New South Wales are the most Important. 10. Zowns.—Melbourne and Sydney are the largest towns. Mel- bourne contains about 200,000 inhabitants. POLYNESIA. 11. POLYNESIA is the name given to the multitude of small islands in the Pacific Ocean. 12. Surface.—Some of the islands are mountainous and volcanic. Others are formed by the coral polyp—a very minute creature that lives in the sea. A coral island or atoll is a narrow strip of land rising but a few feet above the water, and enclosing a part of the ocean. It is clothed with a luxuriant vegetation of cocoa-nut palms and other plants. 13. Climate and Vegetation.— Polynesia is in or near the Torrid Zone; but the ocean breezes cool the air, and the climate is like a warm, delightful spring. The native plants are the bread-fruit, cocoa-nut, plantain, and banana trees, the sugar-cane, yarn, and cotton. 14. The Inhabitants are of the Malay race. In the Sandwich Islands, and some other groups, the natives have been converted to Christianity. In others they retain their savage ferocity and their practice of cannibalism. But in all of them they are rapidly diminishing in numbers, and will, before many years, disappear from the face of the earth. 16. Towns.—Honolulu, on one of the Sandwich Islands, is the only important town in Polynesia.LLO 120 1 East from 160 Greemvyich 170 _ A TROPIC OF CANCER Se SAD.) Hawai 7S =F = 1 I MARR ner, EQUATOR — PILORN } S } ZALY KS) q Tite wud \ | GULL ON ASS C-ORYEL ‘i oC ila! Poe TUR a ARRENTARIA \ =CFlattery ! ho EXANDRA|: | Ye \ PRED es te\ GAIN Deas “< % SERVE NDI ORO Retest C entral NG Q| i’ #f ie } ips f 8 ZZ ZS S 20 Pee tars : NERS 7] Ke XY, 1 \ ALDEDONA H | S Qui : 4} \ | | |i Se =. 5 eee aA | See I)i 1 ees aes ree H. 18] | {] ports we hw sovtil is ee | i | | | HT O CYR ADS Sf gpaE Be Hl | i ses ISLES f po) Cae ey Ties Ei = z sta eal a Z aS RA p; J Bali WB | | C ‘Chetan Z LD Be VB ATR. Ty AMS = y ILA, H | tl . AND H ) esti \ é 2 | eae \ 6 ) { NY L | \ POULNE HH Ralikces te ene ON = v= N as = HH 40] | N \ = —— | | 1 oN | | \ SNASMANIA ca 750 Statute, Wiles toan inch. H | : | _ gh \ ‘ enlioburt Town = == eet SE rie | | H \ OHIO ! \ N SHC, 100 200 400 ~ 600 800 1000 ‘1200 4500 Hy | I x 40,000 } S } : 7} LEN : | | S9-m , LI ms \ | ! H \ | SE f fie) NK ‘\ \ = f ' fi | | ESssorsees RSE SEES =e borat epee | | 90 100 110 20 130 i140 10 Longitude 150_ East i160 from 170 Greemwichiso 170 160 150 140 130 al | — r- O —— — — ————— ————— —————— a SS EE | Questions on the Map. Questions on the Map and Text. | Australia.i—Between what two oceans does Australia lie? Where is Torres Strait? Australia.—Is Australia in the northern or in the southern hemisphere? In what Coral Sea? What islands partly enclose it? Where is Bass Strait? Name all the inlets, in order, beginning with the Gulf of Carpentaria. All the capes in order, commencing with the most northern. Where is Melville Island? Tasmania? Where are the Australian Alps? The Blue Mountains? What mountain north of the centre? Where is the Stony Desert? Describe the Murray River. Its prin- cipal tributary, the Darling. What three lakes in the southern part of Australia? Name the states, or colonies, and describe the situation of each. Describe the following towns, telling in what colony and upon what body of water each is sit- uated :—Sydney, Melbourne, Ballarat, Adelaide, Hobart Town, Perth. Australia, and the islands within the dotted lines, are, together, called Australasia : name these islands, in their order, from north-west to south-east. Which is the largest? What is the capital of New Zealand? Polynesia.—Name the groups of islands north of the Equator. To what group do Hawaii and Oahu belong? What town on Oahu? What large group crosses the Equator, north and south? Name the groups south of the Equator. To what one does Tahiti belong? zones? Which is generally the hottest, the northern or the southern coast? Which is the coldest month in Melbourne—January or July? Which are the hottest winds in the summer—those from the interior or those from the sea? When do the rivers dry up? What plants were introduced by the Euro- pean settlers? What bad effects are produced by the droughts? State what is remarkable about the vegetation. About the animals. Describe the natives. Where else are these negroes found? Are they civilized or savage? What losses are sometimes incurred by the farmers and graziers?’ What are the principal exports? What precious metal is found? What useful minerals? Name the two largest cities. What English town in New Zealand? Who inhabit Papua and the islands around the Coral Sea? Where are the savages of New Zealand found? What isthe mother country of the white settlers? Describe the most remarkable animal. How are the whites employed? The climate of the Polynesian Islands. Why are they not as hot as Central Africa | Describe the productions. To what race do the inhabitants belong? | Polynesia.—What two classes of islands are there? 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Ht yn \ os i 3) < Bu | 4 4 { Wil . \ ley it ; | H ! \ 3 iAMkt =. in ef | | < a UJ Late} DAS al» Il lsyehe | iia an il are) et ' ‘ q | | Ash ft Ot ii Os AY rH Oa SX = Vi a a} ial oR wig oH BH ia} eS LF SI wo | Peas Sree SH : A s =. oS 5 = 5 2 i= Ga* jo ee 1o rn 1a i> | Iz i 'a pe aa mies a SERS anaes ee eee a — Stig cee A SS is ESE ol He siiisa pie pees ee GENERAL REVIEW. QUESTIONS ON THE MAPS OF THE GRAND DIVISIONS. Atlantic Ocean.—Jnlets.— What Grand Divisions lie upon the eastern shores of the Atlantic? Upon the western? Name in their order, from south to north, the lets of the Atlantic upon the coast of Africa. Of Europe. Of North America, from Of South America. iD north to south. Name the African capes which project into the Atlantic. Peninsulas and Capes.— | 0 tla: into the Atlantic. Those of North The peninsulas and capes of Europe which project America. Of South America. he Atlantic islands near the coast of Africa, from south to north. Islands —Name t ae : What oceanic islands west of cee jes What two oceanic islands south and west of Guinea! Why are they called oceanic? (See page 8, under paragraph 3.) What great oceanic island Spain? Name the Atlantic islands near the coast of Europe. west of Norway and midway between Europe and America? Name the Atlantic islands near the coast of North America. What oceanic group south-east. of Cape Hatteras? What chain of islands connects North and South America? What oceanic islands east of Patagonia? he African rivers which flow into the Atlantic. Rivers—Name, from north to south, t The rivers of Africa and Europe The European rivers which flow into the Atlantic. which flow into the Mediterranean and Black Sea® Name, from north to south, the rivers and lakes of North America which flow into the Atlantic and its inlets. Those of South America. Pacific Ocean.—Jn/ets —What Grand Dryisions lie upon the eastern shores of the Pacific ? ? Name the inlets of the Pacific upon the coast of Upon its western shores South America. Of Australia. Of North America. Of Asia, from north to south. Peninsulas and Capes—Name the peninsula and capes of South America which i Of North America. Of Asia. Of Australia. projec U into the Pacific. Tslands.—Name the Pacific islands on the coast of South America, from south to north. islands near the coast What oceanic islands west of Chili? Name the Pacific of North America. What chain extends from North America to Asia? Name the Pacific islands near the coast of Asia. Which of them belong to the Malay Archipelago? Name the Pacific islands Which belong to Australasia. Name the principal groups of the Polynesian islands. Are they oceanic or continental? Rivers—Name the rivers of North America which flow into the Pacific. Those of Asia. Why are there no long Pacific rivers in South America? Indian Ocean.—Jnlets—What Grand Division and archipelago lie upon the eastern shore of the Indian Ocean? What Grand Division upon the northern shore? What inlets of this Of Upon the western? ocean upon the coast of Australia? Asia? Of Africa? Peninsulas and Capes.—What Australian capes penetrate into the Indian Ocean? What three Asiatic peninsulas? What Asiatic cape? What African capes? Tslands.—What group of islands between the Pacific and Indian Oceans? Name the largest two of them which border upon the Indian Ocean. Of Africa. Name the Indian islands near the coast of Asia. Rivers—Name the rivers of Asia which flow into the Indian Ocean. Africa. Those of Arctic Ocean.—Jnlets.—What three Grand Divisions form nearly a circle around the Arctic Ocean? Name, from east to west, the Arctic inlets on the coast of Asia. Of Europe. Of North America. What passage connects the Arctic with the Pacific? Peninsulas and Capes.—What cape projects from Asia into the Arctic? Europe? What American peninsulas and cape? From Islands—What Arctic islands near the coast of Asia and Kurope? Of North America? Riwers.—What rivers of Asia flow into the Arctic? Of Europe? Of America? Surface of the Continents.— Western Continent—A great mountain system fol- lows the Pacific coast of America—in what direction does it extend? What is the name of this system in §. America? What are the two principal ranges in 80 N. America? Where is this system the highest—in N. America, or in 8. America? Where is it the widest—in N. or in S. America? What lower range of mountains follows the Atlantic coast of North America? What ranges lie near the Atlantic coast of South America? What great plain in North America lies between the Rocky and the Alleghany Mountains, extending from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico? In what direc- tion does its greatest length extend? A great plain in South America les between the Andes on the west and the mountains of Guiana and Brazil on the east—in what direction does its greatest length extend? This great central plain of the Western Continent extends, therefore, from the Arctic Ocean to the Strait of Magellan, interrupted only by the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea—in what direction? What mountains form its western border? Eastern Continent—A great mountain-system extends from Behring Strait in Asia to the Atlantic Ocean in Europe—name its parts, from north-east to south-west. North of this system a great plain stretches to the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans— in what direction does its greatest length extend? A fringe of mountainous peninsulas extends from the southern part of Asia and Europe—name them, from east to west. The coast of Africa is skirted by ranges of mountains—name the ranges which follow the Mediterranean The Atlantic The Indian Ocean coast. What is the surface of the land enclosed by these ranges? coast. coast. The coast of Australia is skirted by mountain-chains—what is the character of the surface which they enclose? What is the surface of the Polynesian Islands? Sere QUESTIONS ON THE MAPS AND TEXT. Climate.—What Grand Division lies almost wholly in the North Temperate Zone? What two principally in that zone? What two chiefly in the Torrid? What one is almost equally divided between the Torrid and South Temperate Zones? Which are the warmest—the three northern or the three southern? Vegetation.—Are the trees of tropical countries mostly evergreen or deciduous? ? What evergreen trees grow in very cold countries? In sub-tropical Those of temperate climates Name some of the principal plants that grow in tropical countries. (or warm-temperate) countries. In cool-temperate. Animals.—Where is the Elephant found? Giraffe? Camel? Leopard? Puma? Jaguar? Grizzly Bear? In which continent are the largest and fiercest animals—the Eastern or Western? Name some of them. The Tiger? Lion? Rhinoceros? Hippopotamus? Where are the fur-bearing animals found? In what countries are the most dangerous and troublesome reptiles and insects? Many of the most useful domestic animals are found in nearly all parts of the world —name some of these animals. Man.—What races occupy America? Asia? Africa? Australia? Europe? Which Grand Divisions are the most thickly settled, and the most highly civilized—the three northern or the three southern? Which three, therefore, contain the greatest number of large cities? Towns.—{Scee Map of United States, page 23, and Maps of the Grand Divisions. ] Name the cities of North America, from west to east, which are near parallels thirty-eight and forty. Those of Europe. Of Asia. Name the cities of North America, from west to east, which are near latitude 42°. Those of Europe. Of Asia. What cities therefore are nearly parallel with Boston and Chicago? What cities of North America near 45°? Of Europe? . In Europe near latitude 50°? In Asia? Near latitude 55° in Europe? Near latitude 60° in Europe? What is the latitude of San Francisco? Of Quebec? You will thus see that there are very few cities in Europe which are farther south than San Francisco, and that most of the great Kuropean cities are much farther north than Quebec. [Lor the following questions, see Statistical Tables, page 92.] Name twelve of the largest cities of the United States. The largest two in British America. The largest one in Mexico. In the West Indies. The largest four in South America. The largest ten of Europe. The largest four of Africa. The largest five of Asia. The largest two of Australia. [Norr.—The teacher who wishes to review the towns still further may use the Tables for this purpose. |BY E. A. AND A. CC. APGAR. OF MAP-DRAWING This system of Map-Drawing is substantially the same as that originally prepared by the authors and published in 1865. Such improvements have beer. introduced, however, as the practical workings of the system have shown to be important. SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. HE study of geography consists largely in a study of the form and locality of the features of the earth's surface. Maps give a much better idea of the form and locality of geographical features than can be obtained from descriptions only; hence, maps should be among the principal objects of study in geography. The pupil commits his lesson in text to memory, and for a recitation, he repeats it to the teacher as given by the author. In studying maps the same rule should be observed; that is, the maps should be committed to memory, and for a recitation they should be reproduced as given in the book. That form is easiest remembered which the hand is taught to trace. The exercise of the mind, needed to teach the hand to trace a form, impresses that form upon the mind. As the study of maps is a study of form, the manner of studying them should be by map-drawing. In learning to draw maps, the pupil needs some rule cr guide tc assist him in drawing them correctly, and also to enable him to judge of their accuracy when drawn. This assistance is best afforded by the use of geometrical figures or diagrams. The diagram used in each case, in order to answer the purpose intended, should be so constructed as to coincide as nearly as possible in its outline with the boundaries of the map to be drawn. By the relative lengths of the lines of which it is composed, it should express the general laws of form of the map it is intended to accompany, and, by its angles and division marks, the position of prominent features should be deter- mined. However complex and irregular the map may be, the diagram should be so simple that it can be readily constructed and easily remembered by the pupils. In the construction of the diagrams used for drawing the Continents, the first line in each case serves as a measure for determining the lengths of the other lines. For the States 20 additional diagram ts used, because the bounding lines are generally straight, and they themselves when taken together form a geometrical figure. In drawing the States, therefore, it is only necessary to select one of the straight lines forming the boundary for a measuring unit. The line selected should bea convenient measure or mul- tiple of the other lines. In conducting exercises in map-drawing, the class should be practiced,—firs¢, in drawing upon the black- board, under the immediate direction of the teacher; second, in drawing upon slates, their work to be sub- mitted to the teacher; and //7rd, in executing maps upon paper, to be presented for the criticism of both the teacher and the class. Either the teacher or one of the more skillful pupils should execute a well-finished and accurate map upon the blackboard. From this drawing—which is much to be preferred to any printed outline map—the class may recite their lesson, and upon it each of the new features, as they are learned from day to day, may be represented. It is well to accompany every lesson in map-drawing Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by E. A. with more or less practice in rapid sketching. In order to excite emulation for quick work, the lesson may be drawn on the board, and the exercise timed by > aC - > 1 . . the teacher.- Pupils, by practice, will soon be able to draw a diagram in half a minute, a State in from half a minute to two minutes, and a Continent in from three to five minutes. Concert recitation should frequently accompany rapid sketching, An exercise called ¢a/king and chalking will be found both interesting and valuable. The pupil, while he is drawing a map, briefly and in a lively manner, describes the features as he represents them; his verbal explana- tions all the while keeping pace with his illustrations made with the chalk. All directions and exercises in map-drawing should be such as to prepare the pupil to draw rapidly, accurately, and wethout the copy. After the pupils have learned to draw a map with sufficient accuracy, and are able to describe satisfactorily the features it contains, they may, with the use of colors and India ink, be taught to draw and embellish one for preservation. Not much time, however, should be spent in producing highly ornamented maps. A slate-pencil and slate, lead-pencil and paper, white crayon and blackboard, are all the materials usually needed in map-drawing exer- cises. Rapid work and much of it should be the motto. Special attention should be directed to the method employed for representing the population of cities and the heights of elevations. The symbols used will greatly assist the memory in retaining these facts. Special lessons may be given to teach their meaning. Their use should be required in all map-drawing exercises. In drawing a Continent, the pupils ~hould be taught,—frs#, to construct the diagram accu:a ely; secoxd, to draw the coast linc, and to dcscribe all the features fo: med by it, such as peninsulas, capes, bays, gulfs, &c.; and ¢hird, to draw and describe the internal featurcs, such as mountains, lakes, riv-rs and cities. It is all impor- tant that the pupils should be abl- to draw the outline ofa Continent readily and accurately, before th.y attempt to rcpresent the internal features; for upon an imperfect drawing of the outline, the details must necessarily be imoerf.ct. In describing the features of a map, ubserve the following order and directions :— Diagram.—Explain in full the manner of its construction. Poin’s of Coinci ence.—Name in order tie angles and division marks upon the diagram, and the features upon the map, the location of which they determine. Peninsu'as.—State from what portion of the Continent they pro- ject, and by what waters they are embreced Capes.—State from what portion of the Continent they project, and into what waters. Bays.—Give their location, and the names of the bodies of water to which they are tributary Islands.—State where situated, and name the waters by which they are surrounded. Mountains.— Give their height, the general direction in which they extend, and the part of the Continent where they are located. Lakes.—State where located, and name the river which forms the outlet. Rivers.—State where they rise, in what direction they flow, and into what waters. Political Divisions.—Bound the country, and name, bound, and give the capital and largest city of each of the divisivns. Cities.—Give location and population. & A. C. APGAR, in the Office of the EXPLANATION OF THE SIGNS USED TO REPRESENT THE POPULATION OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS. FIRST CLASS. In the First Class only one Sign is used viz. a round dot. @ represents under 10.000 Inhabitants. SECOND CLASS. Trach Line of the Second Class represents a population of 10.000. THIRD CI.ASS. The markings of the Third Class havea Dot in the centre. Eah Line upon this Dot represents 100.000 population. Do. 10,000 Os 100,000 efor eed 20,000 6 awn 200,000 4p 30.000 Hes 300,000 eee er r00 Sco eee 406,000 jee 50,000 Ht 0,000 HE 60,CH0 Ew, 000 tit ne 70,000 Ht eee 700,008 ae eet 80,000 sue Bayh 860,000 et a 90,000 tHE aoaaSee 900,000 FOURTH CLASS. The markings of the Fourth Class have « Dot and Circle ( © ) ‘n ths centre. Laci Line upon this Dot and Circle represents 1,000,\n.0 inhabitants. @_______1,000,000 4h ee 3,000,000 + _______.2,000,000 cis. eee 4,000,000 EXPLANATION OF THE SIGNS USED TO REPRESENT THE ELEVATION OF THE MOUNTAINS. RANGES. Hill and Mountain Ranges, Like the Cities, are divided into Four classes. The First is represented by a ser‘es of Parallel Curves; the Se- cond by a series of Interlocking Curves; the Third by a Waved Line; and the Fourth by a Zigzag Line; as follows: ))))))))2))D)IN) First Class or Hills, —Under 2000 ft. high. Uy, lly, \NU : ow Second Class,—Between 2000 & 8000 ft. high, ANT OT or Between $4 and. 144 miles high. Third Class,—Between 8000 & 16,000 ft. high, Rae Pe q or Between 1}4 and 3 miles high, "TAK " w Ai I Fourth Class, —Over 16,000 feet high, i iraliGeye or over 3 miles high. PEAKS. For Peaks under one mile high each Curve upon the right represents Onc-Fourth ofa mile Elevation; for those cne mile high or more, cach L’ne upon the right represents One Mile in Elevation and the Dash underneath One Halfa Mile. Ll, wiles high. 5 ? ” 2 ” ” CV ofa mile high. AX 236 miles high. WN ae W738) OM x ae IW LN ico ae WN Ge ee LS A A A\ System Patented October 16 fh, 1866. Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Feiss tenia ae ee eeDIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING NORTH AMERICA. Diagram.—1. Draw a quadrant, and divide it into four equal parts, as represented in the figure. Through the frst division at 1, and the right angle, draw the first line of the diagram the length desired for the map. 9, From the centre of this line, draw the line € D at right angles with it, and one-half its length. Connect A Dand BD. 3, Extend the line € D toward E, making the whole length D E, equal to A D or BD, and draw the lines A E and E B. 4, Divide the line A E into four equal parts, and from the upper division-point at @, draw the line @ Hat right angles to A E, and equal to E € in length. Connect A and H. 6, Divide the line E B into two equal parts, and from its centre, and at right angles with it, draw the line I J one-half the length of EC, and connect E and J, and J and B. 6, Divide the lines € D and © B each into two equal parts, and the lines A D and DB each into six equal parts. 7. Sub-divide the lower division of the line D B into three equal parts, and from the division-point at L draw LM, and from M draw M N, and from N draw N 0,— making the length of each line equal to two-thirds of the distance from B to K, or equal to the distance from L to K. It will be observed that if the diagram is correctly drawn, the lines D A, D E and D B are equal in length, and the line A FE is vertical. Position.—North America is situated North of the Equator, and is joined to South America by the Isthmus of Panama. Extent.—The length of the Continent, extending from Point Barrow, on the North, to the Port of Guatemala on the South, is 4,800 miles. General Form.—The general form of North America is triangular. It is wide toward the North, and narrow toward the South. The Arctic and Atlantic coast-lines are nearly straight in their general direction, while the Pacific coast-line is curved. Points of Coincidence.—The position of Point Bar- row is determined by the northern angle of the diagram; Cape Charles by the eastern angle; Port of Guatemala by the southern angle; Bay of San Francisco by the western angle; and the western extremity of Alaska Peninsula by the north-western angle. * Drawing the Map.—A,-ctic Coast.— Commence at Point Barrow. Make the mouth of the Mackenzie River opposite the first division; Victoria Land on the second; the mouth of Hudson Bay between the third and fourth, and Ungava Bay and Cape Chidley near the fifth division. The southern extremity of Hudson Bay touches the line C D near its centre. Atlantic Coast.—Make the Pena. of Nova Scotia oppo- site the first division; Cape Cod north of the second, and Cape Fear at the third. The western shore of Florida crosses at the fourth division; the mouth of the Gulf of Mexi- co is between the fourth and fifth, and Yucatan Pena. ex- tends as far north as the fifth. The shore of the Gulf of Mexico crosses the line € B near its centre, and touches the line EB. The shore of Central America, and the Isthmus of Panama follows closely the zigzag line from K to 0. Pacific Coast.—California Peninsula extends nearly as far south as the angle at J, and the eastern shore of the Gu’f of California crosses the line I J near its centre. Note.—It will be observed that the Lake of the Woods is on the line €D, midway between its centre and ¢; also, that Lake Erie is midway between the centres of the lines ¢ p and BD. *In these directions for drawing, some features are referred to which are not found upon the accompanying maps. In such cases it 1s expected that the pupil will refer to the other maps in the book. DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING SOUTH AMERICA. Diagram.—1. Draw the vertical line A B the length desired for the map, and divide it into four equal parts. From the upper division-point, draw a horizontal line to the right, one-half the length of the first line, and divide it into three equal parts. Extend this horizontal line one-third of its length to the left. 2, Draw straight lines from € to F, from F to A, from A to BE, and from E to B, and divide the lines F A, A E, and E B, each into three equal parts. General Form.—South America in its general form is wedge- shaped—being wide toward the north and narrow toward the south. Its coast-line is simple, and deviates but little from the lines of the dia- gram, The length of the Continent from north to south is 4,500 miles. Points of Ccincidence.— The position of the Peninsula of Para- guana is determined by the northern angle of the figure; Cape St. Roque by the eastern angle ; Cape Pillar by the southern, and Cape Parina by the western. Opposite the second division-point, on the line F A, is the Isthmus of Panama ; and opposite the second, on the line A E, is the mouth of the Amazon. Opposite the first division on the line EB is Cape Frio, and opposite the second is the mouth of the Rio de la Plata. DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING AFRICA. Diagram.—1. By means of a quadrant divided into s1X equal parts, as represented in the figure, draw the first line of the diagram the length desired for the map. 2, Divide this line into two equal parts at C, and the upper half in four equal parts. 8, With the points A and B as centres, and with a radius equal to three-fourths of the first Jine, draw two arcs to intersect D, and draw the lines ADand BD. In the same manner with the points A and € as centres, and with a radius equal to three-fourths of the line A G, deter- mine the point E, and draw A FE and € E. 4, Divide the line A D into two equal parts, and draw the perpendicular F H equal to one-eighth of the first line. Divide the part F D into two equal parts, and draw the lines AH and HG. Trisect each of the lines AH, D B, BC and CE. General Form.—Africa resembles both North America and South America in its general form, being wide at the north and narrow toward the south Its coast is very regular, like that of South Its length, from Cape Spartel to Cape Agulhas, is 5,000 America. miles. Like South America, it is situated’ on both sides of the Equator. Pcints of Coincidenrs.—The position of Cape Spartel is deter- mined by the northern angle of the diagram; the Isthmus of Suez by the north-eastern angle ; Cape Guardafui by the eastern angle; Cape Agulhas by the southern, and Cape Roxo by the western. Outline.—Commence at Cape Spartel, and draw the northern and eastern coasts; then, from the same point, draw the west.rn coast. The coast from Cape Spartel to Cape Bon is without the line of the diagram ; then it crosses the line, and forms the Gulf of Sidra, oppo- The western shore of the Red Sa follows the line IG, and makes an inward curve between & and D. site the second division-point. The eastern shore first makes a small outward curve; touches the line at the first division-point, and then makes a much larger bend without the line, touching again at Cape Agulhas. From this point it deviates but little from the diagram till it reaches Cape Lopez. Between this point and the first division on the line CB, there is a large inward bend forming the Gulf of Guinea. It then bends with- From Cape Roxo to Cape Spartel the coast is wholly without the line. out the line till we reach Cape Roxo. alee Figure 1 represents a convenient Ruler for pupils to use in drawing maps upon the blackbuard. It is twenty inches long, and divided into halves, thirds, fourths and sixths, A similar one six inches long, may be used for drawing on slate or papcr. é O° Fig. 2. Figure 2 represents an eas method for drawing a quadrant. Fie. 3. Figure 3 represents an easy method for trisecting a line, Note.—In the construction of diagrams, and in the division of lines, the pupils should at first be allowed to use a ruler, such as the one represented in figure 1. After some practice, however, the ruler should be dispensed with, and the figures should be drawn by hand, guided only by the cye. In drawing a quadrant, a piece of crayon held between the thumb and first finger may be made to describe the arc around the end of the fourth finger, as represented in figure 2. A vertical and a hori- zontal Jine drawn from the centre to the arc will complete the quadrant. Instead of the hand, a short string with a piece of crayon tied to the end of it may be used; or, each pupil may be furnished with a quarter of a circle, cut out of a piece of writing paper, having the divisions of quarters and sixths marked up »n it. In dividing a line into three equal parts, use the finger of one hand and a crayon in the other, and place them so that the three parts ap- pear equal, as represented in figure 3. In dividing a line into four or six parts, first bisect it, and then bisect or trisect each halt. It will be observed that the different lines of the diagrams are drawn in the order they are Jettcred, and that the divisions are made in the order they are numbered, In drawing upon paper or slate, the diagram should be in very Jight lines. For blackboard work, the figure should be drawn with a slate-pencil. MODEL LESSON IN MAP-DRAWING. In Map-drawing Exercises, the pupils may either be required to describe their work in full, without the assistance of questions ; or, the lessons may consist of a series of questions and answers similar to the following model :— North America.—After the diagram is made, the class is pre- pared to draw the map,—first, with the atlas in hand, and afterwards from memory. Every order given by the teacher should be executed by the class simultaneously, and with military promptness and pre- cision, The execution should commence immediately after the last word of the order is given. Each pupil is supposed to have his own diagram on the board upon which he draws | is map. Outline: Yeacher.—What is the most northern point of North America? Scholars.—Point Barrow. 7.—Show where Point Barrow is located. In what direction from it is Cape Charles ? S.—South-east. 7.—Point where Cape Charles is located. (Scholars point.) Now make a dot showing the loc.tion of each of the tullowing places between these two Capes:—ist. For Cape Bathurst. ,Sch: lars For Victoria Land. 3d. For the northern extremity of Melville Pena. 4th. For Huson Strait What large bay between Melville Peninsula and Hudson Strait? S—Hudson Bay. 7.—sth. For the southern extremity of Hudson Bay. (Dot.) 6th. For Cape Chidley. What bay south-west from Cape Chidley ? S.—Ungava Bay. 7.— Draw the coast-line from Point Barrow to Cape Bat’ urst From made the dot with the crayon.) 2d. (Schulars draw.) From Cape Bathurst to V:ctoria Land. Victoria Land to Melville Peninsula. Dr: w Hudson Bay and James Bay. Draw the line from Hudson Strait to Cape Charles. The teacher should now make a brief inspection of the work done, and point ovt and correct all the faults made. In this manner the outline of No th Amer ca should be completed. Mount:ins- 7:— How far do the Rucky Moun ains extend? S.—Through the entire length of N. rth Amer ca, 7.—What is their elevation? S.—Between 8,ooo and 16,000 feet, except the northern portion, which is only between 2,000 and 8,00. fe. t. 7.—Dr.aw the Rocky Mountains nearly parallel with, and at a pro- per distance from the Pacific Coust. What ra) ge in the castern part of the Continent? S.—The Alleghany Mountains. 7.—What is the elevation of this range? S.—About 2,000 feet. 7.—Draw it. The teacher should now inspect the drawing of the mountains and correct mistakes. Lakes: 7.—What three lakes have thcir outlet through the Mac- kenzie River? S.—Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake, and Athabasca Lake. 7.—Point where the first is located; the second; the third. Draw the first; the second ; the third. In this manner complete the drawing of the lakes. Rivers: Z7.— Describe the Yukon River. S.—It rises near the Pacific Coast and west of the Great Slave Lake ; flows, first, ina north-westerly direction, then westerly through the country of Alaska, and empties into Behring Sea. 7.—Draw it. Follow in the same manner with the Mackenzie; Nelson; Albany; St. Lawrence; Ottawa; Savannah, and Alabama. TZ —Describe the Mississippi River. S.—It rises in a small lake west of Lake Superior, and south of the Lake of the Woods; flows a southerly course through the United States, and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. 7.—Draw it. Draw the tributaries, and describe them. Complete the rivers in this way, and inspect the work. Cities: 7.—Locate the cities as I name them, taking pains to show the population of each as it is done in the book.& Victoria Land (ee 2G Kz, Say 2 oy SOF Shans, MAP OF NORTH AMERICA By B.A. & A. C. Apgur. KR p Sy? C. Bon 4 \ 62 Aakoccgp A Ry r y re) po ~~ ? >~\ 1 Eguator viontrest ez : © Equator Tropic ef Capricorn MAP OF AFRICA CAPE/ By E. A. & A. C. Apga (coIMNYS ofr ATY ©. of Good Hope | tRe———————cq Scale 1000 Miles to an Inch \) . > yy) \c cK Pena. of Paraguana Equator 1 eB OLIVIA \ \ Pileo, y ‘Ly MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA oe By HE. A. & A. ©. Apgar. a C. Horn - Sl Scale 1000 Miles to an Inch MAP OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND — a Gulf of xX . Carpertar, Tropic of Capricorn ) Melbourne $/py ead AA Pe j | Scale 1000 Miles to an Inch DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING AUSTRALIA. Diagram.—1. Draw the horizontal line A B the length desired for the map, and bisect it at C. g, Through the centre € draw the line D EF at right angles to A B, making C D and G E each one-third the length of A B. 3. Draw D F at right angles to D BE, and one-fourth the length of A B, and connect F and B. 4, Draw @ H at right angles to D E, making @ E and EH, each equal to F B in length, and bisect the lines € E and E H. Points of Coincidence.—North-west Cape coincides with the angle at A; Sandy Cape, with the angle at B; Cape Howe, with the angle at M; and Cape Leeuwin, with the angle at G. Cape York is a little north of the angle at F. Map.—Irom @ the coast extends toward the centre of the line GE, and from this point it extends toward and crosses near the bisecting point of the line EH. The Gulf of Carpentaria is situated between D and F, and extends toward the south nearly half way to the line A B. Nofe.—If Australia is drawn without New Zealand, the first line A B should be inclined about five degrees from the horizontal, the extremity A being farther north than the extremity B. Sena gy ee ee eee csMAP OF | EUROPE 1 By EB. A. & A. C. Apgar. — Scale 500 Miles to an Inch. —— - © ‘, § — , a AN J la i SCD 2, a UEP + 4 ¥% MAP OF ACS) oe By E. A. & A. C. Apgar. nd eS Scale 1000 Miles to an Inch. Dey © Bombay CALCUTTA. Himalaya Mts. DODD, / a UCasyc Gulf of Tdnquin pid Mts, Yi. Se ( “ Wy AY “i § S S \ Qa Qe Se Sy 2 Ue ws r . Y ES iA \ 4 ¢ a : 4 a : rr. ETERSBU' < DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING EUROPE. Diagram.—Draw the horizontal line A B the length desired for the map. This line connécts the mouth of the Douro River with Cape Ap- sheron. Its length is 3,000 miles. With Aand B as centres, and with a radius equal to three-fourths of A B, draws arcs to intersect at €, and connect 4 and C,and B and €. Divide A C€ into four, C B into six, and A B into eight equal parts. From the first division to the right of @, and from the angle A draw vertical lines, as shown in the figure, each one-eighth the length of AB. Con- nect H and I, and divide the right-hand half of this line into four equal parts. From D draw a perpendicular line equal to two and one-half divisions on the line A B, and bisect it. Connect C and F, and E and B. the direction of the centre of € B until it meets a From K draw a line in vertical line drawn from the angle €. Map.—In drawing the map commence at ¢, on the coast of Norway, and draw, in order, the northern and eastern boundaries; then commence again at Cand draw The coast of Nor- way follows the line € A, and extends south to a point about midway between C and K. The lines €L and L K will assist in drawing the Gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic Sea, and The head of the Bay of Biscay is near the first division to the right of A, on the line A B. The Gulfs of Lions arrd Genoa are on opposite sides of the second division, and the head The fifth division marks the western extremity of the Black Sea; the western and southern boundaries, the north-western shores of Germany and France. of the Adriatic Sea embraces the third division. the Sea of Azov is north of the sixth division, and the eastern extremity of the Black Sea is near the seventh. Italy resembles in outline the shape of a boot. The southern extremity is between the first and second divisions to the right of Jon the line H I. The Peninsula of Greece is situated between the second and third divisions, and extends south of this line equal to one division, The Sea of Marmora is a little north of I. DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING ASIA. Diagram.—Draw the vertical line A B a little more than one-half the length desired for the map, north and south. Divide it into three equal parts, and the upper third into two parts. From the point B draw the horizontal line B € one and one- sixth times the length of AB. Bisect it, and con- nect Aand €. Trisect A ©, then bisect the middle division and trisect the upper. With the points A and € as centres, and with a radius equal to one and two-thirds times the first line, draw arcs to intersect at D, and connect A and D, and € and D. Trisect A D Divide the line € D into four equal parts, and Draw the lines E P and N Land bisect them; also one from and bisect the middle division. bisect both of the extreme divisions. 0 to K and trisect it. From the lower trisecting point on the line 0 K draw a line toward-J till it meets the line NL. The distance measured by the line A € is 5,300 miles. Map.—In drawing the map commence at East Cape and draw in order the eastern, southern, and western boun- daries, including the Black Sea; then commence again at East Cape and finish the outline. The shore cf Kam- chatka crosses at the first division on the line DC; the southern shore of the Sea of Ochotsk is at @; the Yellow Sea is near the centre of the line at H; the Gulf of Tonquin If we suppose a line drawn from this division-point parallel is atl; and the Gulf of Siam is near the last division. with the line A C, it will assist in determining the position of the Gulf of Siam and Cape Romania coincides with the angle at €, and Cape Como- The head of the Persian Gulf is near the centre of the triangle A NL. The Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb is at N; the Isthmus of Suez between A and M; and the Strait of Bosphorus, at A. The Black Sea extends as far east as the first division on the line A C, and the Caspian Sea touches this line at the second division. The position of the Caspian Sea, the Ural River, and Ural Mountains is determined by the line E €. the Bay of Bengal. rin with the lower division on the line 0 K. ee rereMAP OF THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. By EB. .A, & A. C. Apgar. MAP OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. By E. A. & A.C. Apgar. S 4 xs A = = 7 cn) » 8 yj S ? As S ) t RS () q.5° 3 {) G R be : «& ( g Scale 70 Miles to an Inch Q f : c t Y os G f <2 7 S&S cf ff wel ; h rr x Cr Lake Moosehead OBS Luke , wa S | S | © ! M. S & 1 | II If | ; | i} as A I adr? | Poa I Ge ott HARRISBURG???” WHEELJNG | ; “Pi adelphia Portland I] SHE ax rtlar ie ul 3] Lyn eonye ea : =( a] timore “Kes \ SY ASHING ON oAhC Ann *C. Cod Saete an) S$ 9 Vis DY . + yy #40 | > . + Y Choa > Ke ; ore ~y 5 Petersburg G Charles 7 = Q) og 2G 6 = “ PSA SVE Cum sg Pe) (7 Boy SC] Ifenry a Ls" re J c G L a —? ar G7 < = = east etal AML —— ee eg Se oe ee ee ee a ett Kei RA ( FELL OO EO PRR SRR, TGS Ia aT SD” a i GR TTS aL ASEAN an em ae Son Oo ) AG Ot =e 5 xD 0 Cs \\ Scule 100 Miles to an Tac =S y \ DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWI NG. Massachusetts.—The first line from 1 to 2 is 100 miles | New Jersey.—The first line from 1 to 2 is 50 miles Its long. From 1 to g is one-half of the first line. The | long. The vertical line from 1 to 3 is three and one-half > Maine.—The first line from x to 2 is 75 miles long. inclination is found by trisecting a quadrant, as shown in the figure. The boundary from 2 to 3 is equal to the first line, and the point 3 is opposite the upper trisecting point of the first line. The distances from 3 to 4 and from 4 to 5 are each equal to the first line. The direction of the St. Croix River coincides closely with a line drawn from 2 through 4. The boundary from r to 6 is one and one-fourth times the first line and extends in nearly the same direc- tion. From 6 to 7 is one and one-half times the first line. The boundary formed by the Piscataqua River is one-half the first line. Thus the whole distance from 6 to 8 is two times the first line. Points 5 and 8 are joined by the irregular Atlantic coast-line, slightly curved inward. New Hampshire.—The first line from 1 to 2 is 112 miles long, or one and one-half times the first Jine of Maine. From 2 to 3 is one-half the first line, and the of the first The boundary from 2 to 3 is formed by the Piscataqua River, point 3 is a little west line extended. the Atlantic coast-line and the irregular boundary extend- ing parallel with the Merrimac River. Point 4 is east of the first line extended and about equally distant from 2 and 3. From 3 to 5 is one-half of the first line. Points 1 and 5 are connected by the Connecticut River. Vermont.—The first line from 1 to 2 is 75 miles long. Two-thirds of this From 3 to 4 is From 1 to 3 is two times the first line. boundary is formed by Lake Champlain. one-half the first line. Points 2 and 4 are joined by the Connecticut River. Point 3 is a little west of point 1. | | eastern extremity of the southern boundary at 4 is di- rectly south of 2. The distances from 2 to 5, from 4 to 6, from 6 to 7, and from 6 to 8, are each one-third of the first line. The bay on which Boston is situated, is mid- way between points 4 and 5. Rhode Island.—The fist From 1 to 3 is two times the first line, and from 3 line from 1 to 2 is 22 miles long. to 4 is one and one-half times the first line. first line from 1 to 2 is 88 miles length of the southern straight Connecticut.—The long, or four-fifths the boundary of Massachusetts. From 2 to 3 is one-half the first line. From 1 to 4 is about three-fourths of the first line. Points 3 and 4 are joined by-the coast-line slightly curved inward. New Yerk.—The first line of New York is Its length is 100 miles. From 2 to 3, from Lake Champlain. 3 to 4, and from 3 to 5 are each equal to the first line. The northern boundary of Massachusetts is midway be- tween 2 and 3. From 5 to 6 is two and one-fourth times the first line and is in line with the southern boundary of From 6 to 7, and from 7 to 8 are each Lake Ontario extends as far west Niagara and the southern Massachusetts. one-half of first line. as the State; its eastern shore is midway between River and the eastern boundary of the State, distance between the southern shore and the boundary of the State is three-fourths of the first The width of Lake Ontario is one-half the first line. From g to x is three-fourths of the first line. line. times the first line. This line is bisected at 4, which marks the position of an important bend in the Delaware River. The northern bend of the Delaware River is about one- half the length of the first line, west of the vertical line, and the southern bend is nearly twice as far west as the northern. Point 3 marks the position of Cape May. Points 2 and 3 are connected by the ~Mudson River and the Atlantic coast, slightly curved outward. Its length This is trisected, and the distance from 1 Pennsylvania.—From 1 to 2 is the first line. is 225 miles. to 5 is one-half the distance from 1 to 3. From 1 to 6 is one-half the distance from 1 to 5. From 5 to 7 is two- thirds of the first line, and the eastern extremity of the southern boundary at 8 is directly south of 2. The eastern is in the form boundary, formed by the Delaware River, of a W, turned thus =. Virginia, and West Virginia. Delaware, Maryland, It is divided into four equal From 1 to 2 is 440 miles. From 2 to 6 a vertical line is drawn one-half the parts. From 6 to 7 is five-eights of the length of the first line. first line, or the point 7 is vertically over a point midway The line from 6 to 7 is divided into From 7 to 13 is equal to, and from 8 to From 6 to Io is between 3 and 4. four equal parts. g is one-half the distance from 7 to 8. one-half the distance from 6 to 8 and from ro to II is one-third the distance from 6 to ro. From 11 to 12 is equal to the distance from 6 to Io.; es Ii 5 5 issippe oy i / 6 De sackson | Jicksbur, 2 as) ° yy aR . ° Natchez icy = MAP OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. By E. A. & A. C. Apgar. Scale cf Statute Miles. 5 175 25 507 100-125-150 200225260 a Sa ee So AQ6)QWoT- > ?seouurbit DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING THE GROUP. Note.—After the pupils have learned to draw the above States singly, according to the directions given below, they should be taught to draw the group. In grouping, draw in the following order: 1, North Caro- lina; 2, Tennessee; 3, Mississippi; 4, Alabama; 5, Georgia; 6, South Carolina; 7, Florida; 8, Louisiana ; and 9, Arkansas. The northern boundary of Tenncssee is one-third longer than the first line of North Carolina. of Mississippi is one-third of the southern boundary of Tennes- see, and the northern boundary of Alabama is two-thirds of the remaining portion of the southern boundary of Tennessee. The southern boundary of Mississippi, from 5 to 6, consti- tutes the first line for Louisiana. Louisiana bisects the western boundary of Mississippi. northern boundary of Ark. is in line with the northern boun- dary of Tenn., and its length is equal to the width of the State. Co Kmyzertand R NASHVILLE N Selma @ i ie a a a mt F Apdachee ‘ Bay The northern boundary The northern boundary of The + = —_—————— 125 Miles to an Inch, DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING. North Carolina.—The first line from 1 to 2 is 330 miles long, or three-fourths of the southern boundary of Virginia. This line is trisected at 3 and 4. From 3 to 5, from 5 to 6, and from 2 to 7, are each one-third of first line, and the point 6 is south-east of the point 5. From 5 to the western extremity of the State, at 8, is five-sixths of first line, or two and one-half times the third of first line. South Carolina.—The first line from 1 to 2 is 200 It is trisected at 3 and 4. From 4, the right-hand trisecting point, to the southern extremity of miles long. the State, at 5, is nearly equal to first line, and from 2 to 6 is one-half of first line in a south-east direction. Points 6 and 5 are connected by the coast, and 1 and 5 by the Savannah River. Georgia.—The first line from 1 to 2 is 150 miles. The western boundary from 1 to 3, the boundary formed by the Chattahoochee River from 3 to 4, and the southern The St. Mary’s River, from 5 to 6, is one-third of first line, and the coast, from 6 to 7, is two-thirds of first line. Points 2 and 7 are connected by the Savannah River. boundary from 4 to 5, are each equal to first line. ‘ first line. Cape’ Sable Yona \ I ACL) | 5 \ | ‘V sy Panrlices & J C. tt Z Soup? Tyatterai o NewbermS % e WP - Ya - y bningtonyr/ e yi ¥ > < on /)C. Canaveral Alabama.—The first line from 1 to 2 is 150 miles long. From 2 to 3 is equal to, and from 3 to 4 is nearly equal to first line. From 4 to 5 is equal to first line. From 5 to 6, and from 6 to 7 are each one-third of first line. The line from 1 to 7, which forms the western boundary, has a small angle at its lower trisecting point. Florida.—tThe first line is 150 miles long. From 2 to 3 is one-sixth of first line, and from 3 to q is equal to first line. The St. Mary’s River, from 4 to 5, is one-third of From the mouth of St. Mary’s River a line is drawn towards the south, two and one-half times first line, which determines the southern limit of the State. From 6 to 7 is equal to first line, and at 7 a horizontal line is drawn, equal to first line in length, and extending equal From 2 to ro is two-thirds, and from 1 to £X is one-third of the first line. distances east and west of the vertical line. Mississippi.—The first line is 110 miles long. From 2 to 3 is three times first line; from 3 to 4 is a little more than one-half of first line, and from 4 to 5 is one-half of first line. From 5 to 6 is equal to first line. The Mis- sissippi River forms small angles at its trisecting points, where it receives the waters of the Arkansas and Yazoo. Louisiana.—The first line from 1 to 2 is 110 miles, or the same in length as the first line of Mississippi. From 1 to 3 is one and one-fourth times first line, and the point 3 is one-fourth of first line east of the point r. From 3 to 4 is one and one-half times first line. From 4 to 5 is one-half of first line, and the Sabine River, from 5 to 6, is one and one-half times first line,—making the entire western boundary two times first line. From 2 to 7, from z to 8, and from r to 9, are each equal to first line. Arkansas.—The first line from 1 to 2 is 250 miles long. From 2 to 3 and from 3 to 4 are each equal to one-sixth of first line. The width of the State, from x to 5, is equal to first line. From 5 to 6 is two-thirds of first line. Tennessee.—The northern boundary, or first line, is 440 miles long, or the same as the southern boundary of Virginia. The width of the State, from 1 to 3, is one- fourth of first line, and the southern boundary, from 3 to 4, is three-fourths of first line. Note.—It will be observed that the first lines of Georgia. Ala- bama and Florida are equal in length. The first lines of Mississippi and Louisiana are also equal.ee Minneapolis\ ST. PAUL Aen Low, DES MOINES + & 2D, Meo, >, ys ° Winona 2 eee @ P, or . a 7 89e Pige, Moa Ay BN scircat oe Wal Point SP j §Co wi hoor Fond duLac j y Milwaukee © ° r ) MADISON | K i 7. A kn ch ne ee Dubuque A A \ Davenport + 4 Kansas City 4 6 JEFFERSON CITY & f rd Wee 7 Re: Nt Osad” OQ cee me ree ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee I I ee DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING. Michigan and Wisconsin.—The first line is the southern boutidary of Wisconsin. Itis 150 miles long. From b to cis one-third of the first line; from ¢ to d is equal to the first line, and from d to ¢ is one-half of the first line. From a.b and d vertical lines aredrawn. The middle one is three times, and each of the others two times the length of the first line. The distance from the right-hand vertical line to the St. Clair River is three-fourths of the first line, and to the eastern shore of Lake Huron at p itis equal to the first line. To the right of f is Saginaw Bay, and at g is the projection of land between River St. Marie and Mackinaw Strait. At his Green Bay, at i the southern shore of Lake Superior, and at k the northern shore. Keweenaw Point touches this vertical line. At m is Point Detour, and the distance from m to n is one-half of the first line. The junction of the St Croix with the Mississippiat 0 1s west of 1 a distance equal to two-thirds of the first line. IHlinois.—The first line from 1 to 2 1s 150 miles long. From 2 to 3 is one-third of the first line, and from 3 to 4 is one and one-sixth times the first line The lines from 1 to2 and from 3 to 4 are each bisected. The length of the State, from 5 to6, is two and one-third times the first ae SSeS een nea { t iti f t Quincy e8ONM § ~ 2 R, yw? ou. Strait ed ARIE, Mackinaie CACY Grand R: ~ \ tansina 14 MAP OF THE CENTRAL STATES. Dy E. A. & A. C. Apgar. Scale cf Statute Miles. i 175 200 225 260 = O 2s River of Se. Marte aS dD, = ft e) + Sazinaw line, and the width, from 7 to 8, is one and one-third times the first line. Two-thirds of the boundary, from 4 to 6, is formed by the Wabash River, and the rethaining third by the Ohio. Indiana.—The first line, from 1 to 2, is 150 miles long, one-third of which is formed by Lake Michigan. The eastern boundary, from 2 to 3, is oneand one-third times the first line, and the western boundary, from I to 4, is one and one-sixth times the first line. The boundary formed by the Wabash River, from 4 to 5, is two-thirds of the first line. Points 3 and 5 are joined by the Ohio River. . Ohio.—The first line, from 1 to 2, is 320 miles long. It is trisected at 3 arid 4, and the right-hand division is bisected at 5. That por- tion of the northern Boundary extending from g to § is formed by Lake Erie. The distance from 2 to 6 1s one-half the distance from 2 to5. From 2 to 7 is one-third of the first line, and the western boun- dary, from 1 to 8, is five-sixths of the first line, or equal to the dis- tance from x to 5. Point g is south of the nght-hand trisecting point of the first line at 4, and the distance from 4 to g 1s equal to the first Ime. Points 7, 9 and 8 serve as guides for drawing the Ohio River. Kentucky.—The first line, from 1 to 2, is 330 miles long, or equal to the first line of North Carolina. This line 1s trisected at 3 and 4, and the right-hand division is bisected at 5. This first line is now extended to 6, a distance equal to one-sixth of its own length. From 6 to 7 is one-third, from 5 to 8 is one-half, and from 3 to g is one- 2 quarter of the first line. Points 7, 8, 9 andr serve as guides for draw- ing the Ohio River. Missouri.—The first line, from 1 to 2, is 280 miles long. From 2 to 3 and from 3 to4 are each one-eighth of the firstline. The width of the State is equal to the first line, and the eastern extremity of the northern boundary at 5 is a little east of the centre of the first line. The northern boundary, from 5 to 6, is three-fourths of the first line. The western boundary, from 1 to 7, is two-thirds of the width of the State. The bend of the Mississippi River, where it receives the waters of the Missouri, 1s midway between 2 and 5. lowa.—The first line from x to 2 is 210 miles long, or three-fourths the length of the first line of Missouri. The width of the State is equal to the first line. The northern boundary, from 3 to 4, is one and one-third times the first line, and it extends the same distance east and wesc of the extremities of the southern boundary. One-third of the western boundary is formed by the Big Sioux River, and two-thirds by the Missouri. The great bend of the Mississippi River at 5 is midway between 2 and 4, Minnesota.—The first line from x to 2 is 280 miles long, or equal to the first line of Missouri. From x tog is one-half of the first line, and the boundary formed by the Red River of the North is nearly equal to the firstline. From 4 to 5 is one-third of the first line, and from 5 to 6 is equal to the distance from 3 to 4. Point 7 bisects the distance from 5 to 6, and the distance from 7 to 8 is one-half of the first line.+ f : : AMA LN As C, Hatteras { | | 1 | 1 } { “anga A > 7. x ? 7 < 7 - Z - A ° 4 <€ § < fv o \ 6° TM Bg a HE ® |4% arana, pah-rah-nah’, Parime, pah-re’may. Parina, pah-re/nah. Pascagoula, pas-ka-goolah. Passaic, pas-say’ik. Passamaquoddy, pas-sa-ma-kwod’de. Patagonia, pat-a-go’ne-ah. — (Putagon sea with means, in Spanish, mail large feet.” Magellan gave the in- habitants of this country the name of Patagonians on account of the ap- parent large size of their feet, which, being wrapped in skins, seemed much larger than they really were.) Pawtuck’et. Peipus, pay’e-poos. Pembina, pem/be-nah. Pennsylvania. (‘‘ Penn’s woodland.’’) Penob’scot. Pernambuco, pér-nahm-boo’ko. Pesth, pest. Petch’o-ra. Pictou, pik-too’. Pilcomayo, pil-ko-mi’o. Piscataqua, pis-kat’A-kway. Pontchartrain, pon-shar-trayn’. Popayan, po-pi-abn’. Popocatapetl, po-po-kah-tah-pet’l’. (‘Smoking mountain.’’) Port au Prince, port-6-prins’. Port Said, sah’eed. Potomac, po-to/mak. Potosi, po-to’se, ox po-to-se’. Prairie du Chien, pray’re doo-sheen’, (<* Dog meadow.’’) Prussia, prush’ah. Pruth, proot. Purus, poo’roos. Putumayo, poo-too-mi’o. Pyrenees, pir’en-eez, Quebec, kwe-bek’. (‘‘ The Narrows.’’) Quito, ke’to. R. Raleigh, raw'le. Rapidan, rap-id-an’. Rappahan’nock. Reikiavik, ri’/ke-ah-vik. ’) Richelieu, reesh-el-yu. Steam- (« town.’ Riga, re’gah. Rio de la Plata, ré-o day-lah-plah’tah. Rio Grande, re’o grahn’day. (‘‘ Great river.’”) (Rio de ’ The place having been discovered in Janu- Rio Janeiro, ré-o jah-nay’ro. Janeiro, “‘river of January.’ ary, this narne was given afterwards both to the city and the river.) Rio Negro. reo nay’gro. (‘ Black river.’’) “ec Rot/terdam. the Rotte,’’ a little river which runs (Name signifies ‘‘ dam of through the city.) Rouen, roo/en. Russia, rush/ah. S. Sabine, sah-been’. Saco, saw‘ko. Saghalin, sah’gah-leen. Saigon, si-gown’. Saima, si‘mah, Salado, sah-lah’do. San Diego, de-ay’go. (“Salt.’”) San Joaquin, sahn hwa-keen. San José, ho-say’. San sahn (“ Holy Saviour.’’ (‘“ Holy Faith.) sahn-te-ah’/go, Salvador, sahl-vah-dor’. Santa Fé, fay. Santiago, (“Saint James.”’) Saone, son. PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. Saranac, sar-4-nak’, Saskatchawan, (‘Swift current.”) Saut St. Marie, sd saint may-re’. sas-katch/A-won. Save, sah/veh. Schenectady, sken-ek’ta-de. Schoodic, skoo/dik. Sebuylkill, skool/kil, (It. is said that the first explorers of the Delaware River passed the mouth of the Schuyl- kill without observing it: hence its name, signifying ‘‘ hidden creek.”’) Sebastopol or Sevastopol, sev-as-t0’p’]. Seine, sayn. Senegal, sen-e-gawl’. Senegambia, sen-e-gam/be-ah. (Named from the two large rivers which flow through the country—viz., the Sene- gal and the Gambia.) Severo, say-vay’ro. Seville, se-vil’, Shanghai, shang-hi’. Shenandoah, shen-an-do/ah. Shikoku, she-ko’ku. Sierra, se-ér’rah. (Sierra literally means a ‘‘saw,’’ andis applied toa mountain range, because at a distance it pre- sents a notched appearance like the teeth of a saw.) (‘* Lion ér’rah le-o’ne. Sierra Leone mountains.’”) Sierra Madre, se-ér’rah mah‘dray. Sierra Morena, se-ér’rah mo-ray/nah. Sierra Nevada, se-ér/rah nay-vah/dah. (“Snow mountains.’’) Sihon, se-hon’. Sinai, si‘nay, o7 si/nay-i. Singapore, sin-gah-por’. (‘City of lions.’’) Sioux, soo. Skasg Rack, (<* Crooked strait of Skagen.’’) Sli’go. Sofala, so-fah/lah. Sokoto, sok-o-to’. Q skah-gher-rahk’. r or Spitzbergen, spitz-berg’en. Stanovoi, stah-no-voy’. Staten, stat’n. St. Augustine, aw-gus-teen’, St. Blas, blahs’. St. Croix, kroy’. St. Louis, loo‘is. Strombol:, Sucre, soo/kray, strom’/bo-le. Sudetic, soo-det’/ik. Suez, soo’ez. Sumatra, soo-mah’trah. Suwanee, soo-waw’ne. Swansea, swon‘se. ly. Tabatinga, tah-bah-tin’gah. Taconic, tah-kon ik. Tahiti, tah-he’te. Tampico, tahm-pe’ko, Tanganyika, tahn-gahn-ye’kah. Tapajos, tah-pah’zhos. Taunton, tahn’tun. Terre Haute, land.’’) Thames, temz. tér-réh-hote’. (“ High ‘Theiss, tis. Lhian-Shan, te-ahn-shahn/. (‘ Celestial mountains.’’) Lhibet, tib’et. (One of its native appel- lations signifies the “snowy region of the north.’’) Thuringian, thoo-rin’je-an. li/ber. (This river was originally called Albula, the of waters, and afterward Tyderzs, from Tiberinus, king of Alba, who was from clearness its drowned there.) Tierra del Fuego, te-er’rah del foo-ah’-go (‘* Land of fire.” covered, in 1520, by Magellan, and so named by him on account of the This island was dis- number of fires he saw along the coast, which he supposed to be the eruptions of volcanoes.) Timbuctoo, tim-buk’too. ‘Viticaca, te-te-kah’kah. Yocantins, to-cahn-teens’, Tokio, to‘ki-o. Tonquin, ton-keen’. Vorres, tor’réz. Tortugas, tor-too’giz. (So named from the quantity of tortoises seen there. “ Tortuga means “‘ tortoise.’”) Toulouse, too-loos’. Tours, toorz Trans Vaal, trahns-vahl’. Trieste, tre-est’. Tripoli, trip/oJe. (‘‘Three cities Three large towns formerly occupied the site of the present Tripoli.) Truxillo, troo-heel’yo. Tunguragua, toon-goo-rah’gwah. Turkestan, toor-kes-tahn’, (‘‘ Country of the Turks.”) Tyrol, tir-rol’. U. Ucayale, oo-ki-ahlay. Uist, wist. Umbagog, um-bay’gog. Upernavik, oo’per-nah’vik. Upsal, cop’sahbl. Ural, 00’rahl. Uruguay, 00-roo-gwi’. We Valdai, vahl‘di. Valparaiso, vahl-pah-ri‘so. (‘ Vale o% paradise.”’) Venezuela, ven-ez-we’lah. Vera Cruz, vay’rah krooz. (The *‘ truce cross.”)) Verd (Cape). (‘‘ Green” cape.) Vindhya, vind’yah. Vistula, vis’ti-lah. Vosges, vozh. W. Wabash, waw’bash. Wachusett, waw-choo’set. Washita, wosh’e-taw. Wieliczka, v yay-litch’kah. Willamette, wil-lah’met. Winnipiseogee, win-ne-pe-saw’ke. (‘‘ Beautiful lake among the high- lands.”’) Winooski, we-noos‘ke. Woonsocket, woon-sok’et. Worcester, woos’ter. Wyoming, wi-o/ming. X. Xingu, shing-goo’. Yi. Yablonoi, yah-blo-noy’. tains of apples.”) (‘‘ Moun- Yang-tse-Kiang, yahng-tse-ke-ahng’. (‘Blue River.” Called sometimes Ta Kiang—z. e., ‘‘great river’—the largest river in China. It is called, poetically, the “‘son of the sea.” Yenisei, yen-e-say’e. y ray! Yezo, yay’zo. Yukon, yoo-kown’. Z. Zambesi, zahm-bay’ze. Zealand, ze‘land. (‘‘ Sea-land.”) Zurich,-zoo’rik. (‘South Sea.” In contradistinction the Nort& Sea, with which it is connected.) Zuyder Zee, zi-der-ze’. toCHOC ECA L AND SalAaisiney Aa, TABLES. AREA AND POPULATION OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. NORTH | Area i i 77 zs AMERICA, rea In Population * | sq. miles. | Jan. 1, 1885. oc EANICA, Area in Population | —_—_—_—_—_—. za aie sq. miles. | Jan. 1, 1885, The United States in Detail Frond tees) Conulaton : | Bos 2 Li Eee , sq. mi. in x Danichy seq J Greemland.. occ seseseceseeeneees | Bena : = se eae anish America 4 Tegjand. ee 8 naleee | Malaysia. aroun 2 | »4) yOOO | | a British North America.. 3,248,077) neatess||| Java and Madura (Holle and)... 0.86 ie States. Capitals. | United States. ..........ee0 3 Borneo, Sumatra, Celet 50,860} 20,965,000 621,466 K elebes (Hollan d) 5) Alabama..... M Mexico.......- Neeneessces 7 aye Sou eerece| Spice Islands, ete, (Holland) ae IMME L OEE 51,540] 1,262,505 Central ONenericae sone Pee || North Borneo and Saraw ak (England) se 320;200 9,000,000 California ittle Rock........-+. 53,045 02 ,525 Wrest Indies.<..... .s2.c0cn.ss- Panay pa censtee aces est We paca dace Philippine and Sulu Islands § Colorad a Se nae TO ssgrtccinats 155,980 864,694 Gocnee 94,465 5,139,500 a (SPaln).......eeeeee 114,360 eragar Olorado..... Denver.... 103,645 ra eels om 2 A 2 51900 ,000 Connecticut.. ........... artford gies EY) Sora 2 : uStralasia. | Dea : 4,845 622,700 SMEs queen 1773)742| 77,674,500 || Australia.....cesee. ceeceeeseeees IP ieee: 1,96 146,608 eis, |e New Zealand and Tasman 2,944,630 2,488 ,o00| G orida.. Tallahasse 54,240 269,493 SOUTH AMERICA. | aus: and Adjacent Islz sadee 139,775 729,500} hee x auanta ia 58 980 13542 ,180 | ew Caledonia, etc. (Fran 312,000 500,000 eee = PS PHOE VE Cs: 56,000 3,077 871 Argentine Republic............++0 re | 1,094,968 3,344,000 || ENS) 75700 70,000 adian Indianapolis 35,910] I Gio ae = \| . owa ; ‘ Nba : 488,550 2,500,000 | Polynesia. |e reerress 55,475| 1,624,615 3219 ,000 12,300,000 |} Fiji Islands, etc. (En; gland) | K Y 81,700 996,006 256,888 ear : | > ) 8,400 entuc ye - oy 500,000 | ahiti, etc, (France)..sseseecsccce, = 140;C00 Louisiana.. 40,000) 1,648,690 438,000] 3,500,000 |} Lad jrone and Caroline Islands (Spain)... 1412 26,000 45,420 939,946 134,109 1,200,000 |} Samoa and Tonga Islands.. X00 45,000 i A A 29 895 648,936 6,500) 1,600 |} Sandwich Is lands Wececeness ze 62,000 Massachusetts Aunapels pane peptensee 9,860 934,943 ooze 280,000 | Other Groups of Islands................ eee pecs Michigan ees Tanne: 8,040 1,783,085 Nee 395000 les cttoeees | e Sawee| Minnesota. al Seep Sds430 mesaoay DTS) 75,000 8,365 Mississippi Jackso epee TOTS 92,004] 500,000 ||— 41205305] 40,555 500l|| Nissourit. Jeff on Gi 40,340) 1,121,597 ae Ree Sool as Sa ate | ASS efferson Cit 68.72¢} 2.1682 Peas seer tseen RECAPITU | Nebraska alien colnsesses 76.18% aAO8 738° 439, 233] 570,000 ee ULATION. | Nevada...... Carson City. i Sate ES sata 393233| 2,200,000 — = 2 News blanpe mena is zi J ; | pshire:7.-| Concord =: . 6 M Ota lirescsscceccesi cocachasvecscsvostesetes re 832,324 ,00C en POPULATION OF THE WORLD, area Population. | New Jersey lAbrentontese reer ae 32,3 32,000,600 | 1 es. | New York .| Albany EU | — || North America | A. ; | North Carolina Raleigh ...... ROPE. South America... i 7735742 dpi ses QOhidse sete Columbus. Austria- Hungary 265,015] 40,419,000 Europe 83 Seat 32,000,600]] Oregon... .......-22..20+- Salem 8 Belgium. a oti Asi 3,915,649] 344,683,000]/ Pennsyl 3 3 399 Bigs Aint s 344,003,000] PARED cconacnince Harrisburg. Denmark. | meus eraser Africa 16,207,231 678,741,000 Rhode Island . Prov. and Newport.. § a ANC Ci concen tos cae rene ccancewiies catnccechiesesvestcetelers 204,082 38, 130,000 Oceanica. ane 200,230,00c}} South Carolina Columbiakees 30.170 9 577 “ S x , | 00 3°, , 128,365 BPS EUPIBCA | | Vir Wi Se = gar OCT Ny SB rn | PE ocd ? i F297 German Empire 210,104 47,240,000 South Polar Region and Arctic Archipelago ene S55 Sra Dn Cee -ecors| Nashville ...-.00--.--- 41,759! 155425359 Great Britain and Ireland... 121,483 36°2°0 1000 eee Pexas. -. seer sereer eee |AUSHID... 1-2-0 262,290! 1,591,749 453 350,00 é eens | EE r picbneiescercepers 252 591,74 ; Malta, Gibraitar, and Heligol: und. 127 ae aa Total ees siesaecece eens | 52 06) Aan | Vermont . -| Montpelier... - 9,135 332.280 Greece (with Islands and ‘Thessaly \e 24,976 - SUS noe | stesesreseees| 52,009,311 /1,373, 84,600 SIE Dias Pettece DRUICHINION Geaenesesenaces 40125: 1 oe 56; Holland and Luxemburg!. : : bree est Virginiv. .. Charles is oxSega7 Italy .. : Bees a »7 4° 4,500,000 T SURFACE OF THE EARTH. | Wisconsin Meow 24,0 iS 618,457 7 I > 2 50,00¢ 2 - aVhec : Seneae e 54,450 1.315, Montenegro... a 5 486 ae 2 os ne ate of the entire surface of the globe is estimated at nearly]| == aa = 497 Monacousan Marino! Bes ee pes Bie fe ae C208 au re miles, of which a little more than 50,000 ,000] ee 492,795 49,371,340 Portugal ( (with Madeira and Meores)\ eee 35,055 4 Si atece ari Peas OMe BS eles tha no) Coo ccolaLe ALEK: | TERRITORIES | ROUMAN laereesns) ose 50,173 yout Ar f the Land-S oo ree BOTs RconGe i __ Area of the Land-Surface. | R h zi Sq. miles : ‘ ussia (wit Gist ‘C ERG) 2,215,500, 91,7 Eastern Gontinentynccsccsrcssesccceesee erent eee eeneee 31,634,880] Alaska... ..-0.-ceees eres DILEK Av se cccecessnewsicncesee 531,409 Seria. ere Western Gontiaene on Rea sieee See Seay ee 19345 ATI ZONAneoreeeese Prescott tee | 112,92 Ss 75 5 15,606,066 . ‘ 920 40,440 pain (with ic: nares) oe eeeeess 196,165 17,100,000 Oceanica,and Polar Re gions.. 4 58 26< Dakota. ABiSmanckseeesteesecee 147,700 135,177 Swedenand Norway. [PS WEGED Necersenecsrcasseceses 173,967 4,620,000 - 4,828,365]| District of Columbia... W ashington . 177,624 Norway... 125,646 1,998,000 Ti Cea bee =o 060 411 Idaho.......-.----.2+-ee0e- 201SE City | 84,290] 32,610 Switzerland BHA ZA YP ee a ES ser a at een 52300953 Indian.. Tahl } | SS) . Ss 15,980 2,930,000 hlequah. 64,090 Turkey ORD Rea awe ecb a ecnccocsucccsauveseatuuceGosesas 102,437 7 946 000 z Montana. Helena 145.310) 39,15 ’ UES Racific! Ocean ve sesnsravssectenevecscsencesvarcinns tenet csaceemrescrese=cs New Mexico. - Santa Fé 122,460 119 565 3,015,649! 344,683,000 Atlantic Ocean... Utah........... Salt Lake. 82.190 143,963 : 5,949 3 3% Indian Ocean. Washington : Oly mpi 66,880 75,116 patare aC Ocean Wyoming...... Cheyenne 97.575 20,78 rctic Ocean Public Lands (unattac aie Abyscinia® : Et ublic Lands (unattached)........-.es0+eeeeeeeee | 5,740 sinic 28,680 5,000,000 i % Algeria 257,553 3,642,000 || Total Total..-serreecrss | 3,501,469) 50,155,783 British Possessions in Guinea, etc.. 17,063 954,000 | | fabs Colony, etc. jand Natal 261,484 1,764,000 || ==> - = ———————————————— — “gy Pt... 3945345 6 900,000 ' | a Egyptian Soudant. BaeeeSa| | ORES | Height of Some of the Principal Mountains. Length of Some of the Principal Rivers. 99,020 400,000 || eet. 9 ; : ste Miles. 14,363 1,050,000 || North America...Mount St. Elias, Alaska North America... Missouri, to junction with the Missi sippi.. goo 228,557 3,500,000 || ; opocatepetl, Mexico \ volcano). fs Missouri, to the sea, longest in che world.. eee Doe nereetecs : 313,641 6,200,000 |] f Mount Brown, British America. ns 10,00 sf Mississippi proper A Ei Portuguese Possessions, 697,100 2,600,000 || ‘ Mount W hitney, California.........ssese0 eee 14,898 bc Nise cee 3, Spanish Possessions Wir eet 859 40,000 us Mount Shasta Galiforniatrcscss.0 ccecvesreserscece 14,442 se St. Lawrence, Transvaal & Orange Free State... 154,100 1,080,000 ue Fremont’s Peak, Wyoming Territory. ne 3579 ‘“ NEN CE Ray. Repel with Fezzan and Barca* 398,976 I ,000 ,000 sf Mount Hood, Oregon...........5.++ er 11,225 oe Yukon.. The § Bas sere 44,922 I,500,000 South America. —Sorata, Bolivia. Bor faxs| ES Rio Grande <0 Pactae eae 2,386,300 2,500,000 Aconcagua, Chili (aeeleangy 23,869 sf Colum Diaiecsseccexococsecctecesveanegesone-neraniereneuncs 1,400 Io 200,000 cf Ee Central Africa, Soudan (Native) : « CS, ate (VoICANO) a ntsesesceser2 5440} South America... AMaZON...... 00.0. sc2.-eenr0n seveteneseeesscreseeenects 35750. C Basi ia Aiersenae Arequipa, Peru (eu leane eee ee | ne Rio de la Plata (including the Parana) ... 2,3 congo Basin, Guinea (Native)* és Cotapaxi, Ecuador (volcan 55 cs Mad Bea Galla and Somali-Land (Native)® fot] 5 288,736 150,000,000 See atc BO) Eee een ‘6 tadeira: a South Africa (Native)* Europe .-Elbruz ‘highest of Caucasus Mts.)....... s+ 18,500 Orinoco .. *! eee ei Blanc e ss in Francisco Biota leevernescccc ce sscctsevasvsseocsetseees 1,512,000} 200,230,000 | i Highest of the Pyrenees. ....... é peers | esas? i Jealaaera | : Mount Etna, Sicily (volcano).. | fe Mount Olympus, Greece. oe ASIA. nf Mount Vesuvius, Italy ( volcano) BIDE D 4,000,000 Africa Sencesces Killima-Njaro, Central Africa .....::.scsseeeeee »| 1,216,790 5,300,000 % Kenia, Central Africa Beenie 79° a, AL Africa ..eeeee esses ceeeee eters ceeeee loch a ee 106,762 400,000 mA Mts. of Abyssinia (highest)... ara ¢ 120,090 3,000 ,000 s T y ; pans Empire * Rpereeeceeses 4,553,270 283,700,000 a INGES Mee Gate eames indoostan and Ceylon. Neceatseee 1,411,945. , 265,670,000 Ep ines emer ea eae te ; Bs { British Burmah.. ; arian Beeon Asta ner ae Byerestelimalayiuaynts (highest j NWOT 29 oa ss eee Birmah and Independent i eee 209,60 4,400,000 fe Kunchinginga, Himalaya Mts.. -..---+ ceecesess 28,15 : pepeen: Indo: Cochin=Chinasercessersesscsscceceeeceors 101,660 6,000,000 “ Dhawalaghiri, Himalava Mts. : ae China* Cambodia and Fr. Cochin-China... 59,979 3,100,000 i“ Hin: loo Koos! v Mts. Ciehest)- Asiz ao Ms eee Kiang an = NialaccanetChevcrtsepneresetsrenccvconevesne: 32,945 970,000 bc Ararat, Turkey. ‘i Ng ee ees ; 3,320 Siam, Laos, and Shan AR AS, eocven 280,640 7,000,000 Mount Fuji, Japan - sero ener ORO ey TT Oe ; Siena > ZL a -2,6 Tonquin ((iicanCe) heersccss scr ssescecns7 63,780 15,000,000 Islands......... Mauna Loa, Sandw ich nrclands (volcano).....13,760 i 7 Cae é Bea Japan. 147,663} 37,500,000 oe Ophir, Sumatra.......ssesceeesseeeeeeeneovee .-13,842 Fi AeaR renenes Ee Persia *. 636,368} 7,800,000 is Owen Stanley, Papua....---.. a 13,205 é Gamboa Se Russia in Asi 6,480,150] 14,500,000 tf Semero, Java.. “ .12,469 ee rade nome oa Turkey, with Samos, etc 86,468 16,351,000 A Egmont, New Ze 4 Sea ie gO , 490,4 6,35 | th OW Irrawaddy 200 5 | Australian Alps highest) 500 | ates i Total + 16,2¢ 207.231 618,744 000 | se poets Sandwich Islands (volcanoes oO = 3870 | Australia.....-- Murray... .++---- Ceadvoosearsecnmmovesenverccs CCunseesner T5508 #/This me indicates that n» census h: aS ; been taken of the countries against which it is place d. population given by the last census the difference between it and their population according to the preceding census. The population of all countries in which a 1 Luxemburg belongs to Holla census is ~ officially ‘taken is here waicuned ed by adding to the nd, but has a separate government.92 From the UNITED ST [The population of the lar, POPULATION OF SOME OF THE ATES CENSUS of 1880, ger cities is given in nearest Even Thousands, that of the smaller iplaces (under 10,000 PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE WORLD, the ALMANACH DE GOTHA for 1885, and other late Authorities. ) in nearest Even Hundreds] : l (4880.), (1870.) || | ‘ NORTH AMERICA. \ennsylzani: (1880.) | (1870.) | || Eramilton Betscesnecss 12,000] 11,000 British America. | : Russia, Spall (1884.) Chinese Empire, ; HARRISBURG eee ee 31,000. 23,000 Chillicothe.. ee) XL,000 1900 (1881.) )929,000 || | Madrid.. ++406392,000 (1884.) United States, | Philadelphia........847,000 674,000 || Canton. ...s.-0 oe 2,008 72° || Montreal, Queb...141,000 || Moscow (1882).....751,000 Barcelona. 249 ,000 || Pekin Aa Pittsburgh......++++.156,000, 86,0 Steubenville. *) 12,000 3, 100} |r ’O 86 Warsaw (1882).....406,000 144,000 || Canton Maine. (1830.) | (1870.) | | Portsmouth 11,000; I1,000]| oronto, Un fre: OC] ‘ 3 cet oA es Biees ne ieoo | Allegheny. xo ESD Seyeso||| Ur 000; Quebec, Queb..... 62,000 Odessa (1882)...... 217,000 || © 133,000 || Tien-tsin . Por eames , Nis Scranton... . 46,000, 35,000 | Indiana : TalifacsiNasee. Riga (1881) ..-..--. 16g ,000 113,000 || Han-keou... OO =| 34,000 Reading. 43,000! 34,000 || 7 : a Hamilton, Ont.... 36,000 | Kichinev (1882)...130,000 94,000 || Foochow .. Pewsicn ce oie IG rics: 28,000! 19,000 aang 75,009) 48,000]| ° John, N Aya nals stoco)| Kiev (1874).-.+++s«9I27,000 81,000 || Shanghai AN GOL. «0. wnene eerste 6, ~ vansvilic... 22,000 . aneee > s - Biddeford eas BAECBIXOIGOO Lancaster. 5 26,0c0 20, Rec aa Ae ae aaa = ee|| Winnipeg (1883)... 30,000 Saratow (1880).....110,000 73,000 || Hong ene (G88)356,000 a 3 22 y , Wilkes-Barre.. 23,000) oyecaleeD Hi 6, 6 Ottawa, Ont. (’71) 27,000 Kharkow (1879)...128,000 || Cadiz 58,000 | Yarkand ,120,000 d | Altoona.. 000 erre Lute 5,009; 16,000} at NB? 6! || Kazan (1869).....-- 135,000 ie (1878).. . 18,000 || Kashga mg New Hampshire. |W illiamsport.. 6 New Albany .. 16,000 15,000] he Js a iS 7X 20,000 || Wrilna (1880).--.-++- 90,000 | , | gar.. 0,000 eee sio0a)|)ox2;000 Allentown. Lafayette, ee ondon,Ont. (’71) 20,000 |! Cronstadt (1883)... 48,000 | Portugal. (1878.) Japan. a (1881.) Manchestcr......-++ 33,000) 24,000 |! Chester...... 15,000] 9,5 Se cee Nijni Novgorod... 21,000 || [is Tokio WE) YAVOOO|| XL3000)| li Work... ccs. ssesesssece 14,000] 11,0 South Bend.. exiCO. || Leisbons:eeseesn-e---240,000)| | Ox 1Ohesccsscsiaccees 824,000 + 12,000) 9,390 || Pottsville..... 13,000 12,000 || Logansport (1878.) England d Wal || Oporto |pozake ORS Sell , , ng and an ales, || Kioto........ 240,000 9,700} 9,200|| Norristown.. 13,000] 11,000 Ilinoi MEXICO... ..-200seeeee 260,000 | G Yokoh: , 20a reco) | Nneeme ne eel sees inois. [Guadalaxara. pe aatoees | (1882.) | ermany. sso.) RS ohama. .. 63,000 | Shenandoah 10,000| 3,000 SERING SFIELD....... 20,000] 17,000]| Pyebla...... ...-.:+. 75,000 London .......--.- 3,893,000 || Berlin.......++++44¢1,019 ,000 | Resoshiima saracest O30 Viscmont: | | C ICAQOsese-eee cerns 503 ,000/299 ,000 Gusnsseno: Ses 56,000 || Liverpool ..... »..560,000 || (with suburbs)..1,122,000 AZASAK..++0sereee 40,000 MONEEEIIER 3,000 | New pokey: | I coria. «. 29,000} 23,000 ; Birmingham........409,000 | Hamburg......+.++ 2 9,000 Hindoostan Ratan 10,000 || TRENTON... 30,000] 23,000 Caney cesecnes + 27,000! 24,000 Central America: Manchester... w+2341,000 || Breslaul....ceccesereee A721 60S | aaet ; Burlington 14,000 || Newark .. 136,000 105,000 ences 17,000) 155999!) Guatemala (1880). 59,000 radiords. | Munich... 230,000 || | Jersey City. TB HOOO|0831000)| || user sccn ces 16,000) 7,300 : Hull...... Dresden Calcutta. -+++-766,C00 Massachusetts | | Paterson a Hy dernier 16/000 | sro Seni (1878) ta coo || Oldham Leipsic ‘ PiNeco|| ombay »-773,000 KP ESO Orcccceoccoe A es St.Salvador (1878) 13,000 é sree , BosTon.. eter anes eee eee eee Rockford ie Be foes San José (1876).... 12,000 Cee Rep seetee 145,000 le eee é oo y ; 1 abz oe a pect 362,000 qe Elizabeth a Galesburg..... 11,000 10,000 Managua (1874)... 10,000 || pric). : onigsber g eye 41,000 1 Tact Soe oe Nee ury.. fs | piles New penta 17,000 15,000 Jacksonville 11,000] 9,200 W t | di Nottingham | ie on-the oaeeel| Bevaress. Boe Lowell = 5) Gun ca ee S| 299 || Belleville.......-+++++ 11,000] 8,100 est INdles. Salford ...... g | H 3° Del sess 173,000 owell..... ses 59,000} 41,000} & 3) 953) Raciolelanda | PA ray 873) | Hanover. .. OE 00c , Worcester.. 58,000] 41,000 Dela E | ] 3000! 759) G Avan (1873)....--230,000 || Newcastle Stuttgart .... -.. ..13 7,000 | Ee SRE 170,000 Cambridge.. 53,000] 40,000 Slawa ti) Michigan. | ANUAQO...ceeeeseevee 96,000 || Portsinouth.........130,000 lNBremen@eee 112,000 ahabad... 150,000 Fall River . 49,000] 27,000 Dover... 3,000] 1,900 || LANSING ..sssesseeees 8,300] 5,200 Matanzas ... 45,000 || Leicester...... 126,000 || Dantzic.. ..109 ,000 ! Amritsir (1876)... +-152,000 Lawrence.. 39,0001 29,000 || Wilmington. ....... 42,000] 31,000)! Detroit.....-+. ..116,000| 80,000 Pons -au- Prince’ 81 ) 35,000 Sunderland see 119,000 | Strasburg... ..104,000 | lls Bangalore (1872). .156,000 Tynnececess: 38,000) 28,000 Manland Grand Rapids...... 32,000] 17,000] ¢ ATS ,Jamaica 31,000 || Brighton...... LIC co7 Nuremburg... ++ 100,000 || ABTA ores oe ceae 320) Spring eee 33,000| 27,009 y L | BaviCitye ee itGeGl 75000 ee 70 in, P. B..... 18,000 || Norwich.. Sees 89,000 || Magdeburg. i 98,000 | punae st (1873)...133,000 28,000] 24,000 || ANNAPOLIS.. 6,600 5,800} Jackson 16,000 pees CeO nn EO oases 1650003} Ww olverhampton... 77,000 || Barmen........ ++ 95,000 BeOS at Fa 13000. x ee 21 000 || Beer »-332,000 287,200. Wea Saginaw...... 19,000} 11,000 | Plymouth... .+e+++. 74,000 || Dusseldorf. s+ 95,000 Indo-China Somerville.. 25,000) 15,000 redcrick.. . 8700 3500 alamazoo... + 12,000 9,200 eee ee 1881. Elberfeldt...........- 93,000 ‘ Chelsea... 22,000| 19,000 || Cumberland......... 400 8,100|| Saginaw....... .. I1,000 ‘00 ‘ ) \| ; 4 Bangkok... -. 600,000 Holyoke... 22,000| 11,000 || Dishicton Culumbi | || Muskegon... . 11,000! 72500 SOUTH AMERICA. | Stoke ue Se Trent. eee 000 || Austria-Hungary. Pine aROre: +: 150,000 ‘Taunton | istrict o olumbia. | _ Z z || Bolton, eSNO.. er eee 150,000 Gigucetenn: WASHINGTON. /c. 147 ,000| 109,000 Wisconsin. | Venezuela. Re Vi (1880.) Saigon... i one Haveriill: 13,000 || Georgetown... ..... 13,000) 11,000 | MADISON te,cee aoe [Caracas S885). Fico Dero Deeearer ment eae (ith suburbs) ..403,000 | Rangoon, .. ateencerece 108 000 ewton...... 13,000 3000} ee oi yr- CHL 49,000. > CUO I Newburyport 73,000 || | Virginia. || Oshkosh.. 16,000] 13,000 | Valencia.....(188r). 36,000 || Yarmouth.........+- Buda-Pesth...... ++359,000 || Hue.. s : Ca Brocktonssnn _.. || RICHMOND 64,000! 51,000 || Racine...... 16,000| 10,000]| 13: rquisimeto yO SS Greenwich.... Prague .---eer0s esee++ 162,000 | Pittsfield... 11,000 Norfolk..... 22,000| 19,000 Joa GrosSecesciseseces 15,000] 7,800}| Maracaybo . 22,0C0 || Cambridge... lrieste..... +-144,000 Afghanistan. NeEteneion ro | Petter. aso] #9en0|| Fond du Lac. 13.609] 239911, §, of Colombia, || Doverann- Sete sl ee : f L oO 3 |] PT vapaccuacecauicss £ ee abuUlscecsscrene S Warhan xe 3,800 ae bi seeseoeeenes Bogota (1870) ieuees 41,000 || Seatland | ae x el Candahar........... Serene 740 x00} 2979 issouri. Panama sceaws 18,000 || cotian (1682.) C BCVA eres ; neopets aE coe cesces eee e000) West Saath || JEFFERSON CITY... 5,300] 4,400] Popayan “ .... 8,500 || Glasgow , pee || Cracow (1869)...... 66,000 Beloochistan. Seestnconadee Ooo 600 | be ae « ae : | ; Weymouth sees 2 oe CHARLESTON, NE Yoon a05 oe eu seen ses 351, ee se pee Aspinwall seseee 5,000 1 - (w ith cae cee: ooo || Switzerland, (seo. Kreelaticcvecesscsessecee 15,000 a : , secesee 3D oO 2 | ¢ ® Oana Go eis Be es ee orp 195 ee St. Joseph... . 32,000] 20,000 Ecuador. } Tandeen See Sere 228 000 “vith +» 50,000 Persia, ie 5000] 6,800|| /ArKeENSDUTE -xcre- ; : s : We crecrenncs North Adams........ 10,000) ........ z | North Caroli : 595 | Hannibz al eecteccccsce 11,009] 10,000 Quito ssee(1873) +0 80,000 || Aberdeen rt suburbs) .. | 8,000 | Teheran......secesee 200,000 Marlboro’ 8 or arolina. || lowa. Guayaquil “* . 40,000 || Greenock... : | Tabreez... ; Mihord ... 1a EA weet 9,300! 7,800)| Drs Mornss........ 22 oO 12,000 uence . 2 Spe | Fralsleyccescrssacstes i ie = Ispahan.... Westfield. 6,500 | Wilmington......... 17,000) 13,500|| Davenport. 22;000]| (20,000 P } (with suburbs)... Bele Meshid.. | ~ ; | || Dubuque............. 22 2,000| 18,000 erus Irel ( : | Yezd. South Carolina | : 1] reiand, (1881.) Rhode Island. | Corin : | sel Burlington ........, 19,000] 15,000 | Lima (1876)... 102,000 |! Dublin Aooll| Italy. (1881.) PROVIDENCE ....... 105,000] 69,000 CVn 10,009} 9,3 Keokuk....... a, 12,000) 10,900||Callao f° sees 34,000 || Belfast. .. ee INaplestseccescocenes 463,000 NiWweonue eer eeal aie ATLESTON weve o cores 50,000] 49,000 || Council Bluffs....... 18,000] 10,000}] CUZCO “© seeeeeee 18,000 || : sO OCCA NTA c Lassa Pawtucket....... 19,000 6 65a Georgia | || Cedar Rapids... 10,000 6,000] , cork is sen) 80,000 || Rees 2951008 | Wcgnsocker s+» 16,009] 11,500 || ATLANTA....+...-- ce 37,009) eel Minnesota | Bolivia, 1 eee Cre) Bee Lorine pe | M Wares 7,900 | Savannah.. : 31,000] 28,000 |Sr. Paut.. ‘ Breall ae ||'La Paz.....- ( 1889) 26,000 | Londonderry ‘‘ .. 21,000 Palermo 206,000 RAS ¢ 10,509; Augusta . : 23,009) 15,000 }) Mi sta 21200 ;Cochabamba ** «14,700 || Queenstown... “ .. 12,000 Genoa....... 138,000 || 77 y Cumberland goo |! Mac inne apolis... . 47,000] 13,000 7 , Fl Haye Westerly 359 ceca nace 13,000) I1,000|/ Winona.. 10,000) 7,2¢ SUCTE .seesseee 2,000 | One et 135,909 |! Moch Bristol y-. wen 4,720 || ee hee 9x Dee Polos . “| 11,000 | Denmark || Venice .. .. 129 ,000 ocha Suvbescceesseseas 5,300 | orida. Texas, i ' | Bologna 104,000 Connecticut | TREN ASE | 23000 i ISTIN., .coccocscccccce 1T,000 4,400 Chili, Copenhagen \ 80).235,000 | Ti = Malay Islands, HArRTEOR ee ¥. re 9,900 pete Galveston... . 22 0 99} I 5000 ut key, a) Manilla (1875)..-..- 160,000 TARTFORD. -0sesse0e BECO Jacksonville 5,600] 6,900 , 4; Santiago (1883). ...200,000 Holl d ‘ , Nee Haves | sie , \ Antonio RICCO ateCO Valpa fo (3875) Sees olland, (188s.) 1 Constantinoples .700,000 || Batavia (188r)...... 93; Sire , | ooc - S Baves Rey sve 30 S| pihame, |__| ence svn Comceptn (75, Syme | AS 5 | aang cs ee | Australas Norwich..... 17,090 MonrTGOMERY...... Ty] 000} 63:5 000) || ess ailing Serevent EO 200) sececents : , | Rotterdam.. 665000) | Feast ai eae USalaSIas Waterbury | BORON, cceceerees Bien esa(coo California. | Argentine Republic. | dhe eee Philippopolis ...... 24,000 (ssi.) Merten: 10,500 | Mississippi | ] SACRAMENTO eecses 21,000) 16,000|| Buenos -\yres(’84)284,000 Groningen. i ges ] Roumania. Melbourne ---283,000 alKesvecancescece 12,1 PP: | an Fr. 23 SATEEN OA EERE ee , | TUNCY ..er00 New Britain 9, teen | JAcKson boosie 5,200| 4,200 Pee é oh Bt 3seoo cordovalt Gee FCs Armhem.. 44,000 | Buchar S87: ee E Oe Auelailee "68 oo Derby . Vicksburg. Taoallaavooe!|(S 2 35,090} 11,000) osarlo sere 32,000 | Leyden , Boon || ASSY -oaseseoe . 90,000 ,;000 Middl towile 8,000]| Natchez... wap 12 coo Aa oe | any foss*:: , 13,000, 10,000||Tucuman “ ..... 24,000) Huarlem ee Galatz Gh, eyess||| Re At,ooe etown 7,000 | ae 7,100| 9,000 ||Stockton..... . 10,000! 9,100 cha arlemM... ase 44,000) | | eremmateent nani oad Auckland 31,000 6,500 | Louisiana. | | Los Angeles... 11,000! 5,700 Uruguay. Seno a oaes teal Servia. Hobart Town...... 27,000 9,700 | - ; : Q Honolulu...,...00.5 15,000 ee TATON RoucE 7,200] 6,500 | Oregon | Montevideo (’79).. 73,000 Belgium. qsse.) Belgrade (1882)...._ 36,000 > || New Orleans...... 216,000 191 200 | SALEM eaeee se eeeseeats 5,000] 1,100 NewYork || Shreveport......+s 11,000| 4,60 I Ortlandit-.ccss-sceos 17,600. 8,300] Paraguay. oe 166,009 Greece. AFRICA. ¥ ; | aoa suburbs 0, PERN een 69 ,000 | Araneae: ‘| Kansas. | || Asuncion (’79)..-+ 20,000 | | Anowerp .. eenen adices (1884). Brooklyn .... % 1291, pees ,000 || LItTLE Rock...... 13,000! 12,000 | LOREEN sree fees 15,000, 5,800 Brazil, | Ghent.. : :,.136,000 ora ps SESE) States weed 96,000 eavenworth....... 17,00 8 iege / Buffalo. ... +155,000 118 5000 | Tenness || Atchison 3 a oS : pees | ee [pctees 5 224203000) l7 Zante TUMiS....5+2++2+++0004125,000 Rochester « 89,.00! 62 ces L Ses 2» | Rio Janeiro (’ 84). «350,000 || PFUBES-«--ceveee-oe eee 45,000 || Corfi Troy ee 2,000 || NASHVILLE... 43,000| 26,000 | awrence..,.... 8,500! 8,300]! Bahia Buretao orfu... ‘ Proy ..-.0 . 57,000, 44, 43h || Bahia........+0-. Syiacise 5 oa ze pee poe oa as 34,000| 40 ,000 ls Nevadat | | Pernambuco ‘ ..130,000 France. (1881.) liCare.... 0. se« 13,000] 100 ARSON CIty...... 200! « 34,000 28,80 2 | 2 4,200 x Auburn Pe aos Knoxville............ 95700! 8,700 || Virginia City....... 14,000 eS || Guiana. ASIA. »wego ane: Wienics bie ee rae ie es 7 Kentucky. | Nebraska. || Beare eee ao 2008 Egypt. (1883.) Poughkeepsie ne aol NERA Oras Seetsyise 7,000] 5,400 || | LIncoLn . 13,000] 2,500| \Neavense Cre pee E @airoeeees .368 Cohioesheertesce-te1e) 19% 000] 15,400 Covi e ss.I24,000/ 101,000 || OMaha......ssereeeee Sieradl Geol 2” : | Alexandria | 15> vington. pai | ‘i | e Yonkers wee] SAS [Geungencnn shee eel] Colorado. Ree a + 18,000] 17,000 || Lexi Z , enver - abiooal St. Etie | Khartoum (1877).. 30,000 R EXING CON: .vocssccss 4 - 36,000 800 St. Etienne.. 77 mean ee Bos Te 100 | Ohi | z t)800 Meadville ee evcesecces 15,000) ee EUROPE. | Rouen.. «e Rous eae aera 16,700 pine emnion | 00 | Of Territecies: | [Reyes UCZacaenteeeccneceess II ,000 eset 17,000) 12, 700 | Cor Sees i Wong Island Gis, aeesd| Sel \eoeerers soninsoeses $2) food 31,000 || OLymp1aA (Wash.) 1,250 200| Norway, | Rheims C Gal Vockport v.sseassnss i S es ++-256,000'216,000 || Bors# City Christiania (1882).122,000 || SOUD91* ++. 80,000 ape Lolony, 4,000} 12,400 || Cleveland 4 | (Id... 1908 1,c00 | Nancy Jerusal Schenectady . 14,000]! 14 ae eau 160,000} 93,000|} HELENA (Mont)... boo! 3, 100|| Eee - 39,000 | AN AD CYicececcense +++ 73,000 sae: | Cape Town ........ 29 ,000 Castleton ..... ee D Ovsesevereneccene 50,000] 32,000 | BisMARCK (Dak.).. 4 ol || Christiansand( 80) 12,000 BreSt.veen ses ue « 69,000 || ' | Graham Town 5,000 oni ce earn 9,500 || Dayton... « 39,000] 30,000 || CHEYENNE (Wy.) Oo aweaeaes , | Amiens.. 68,000 || te Russia, SeSENCal "ie ieee Austen a 11,000 | | Springfield. + 21,000) 13,000||Sartr Lake Cir 3,500 1,500| Swed Toulon... . 61,000 |} Bokhara (1872)....150,000 Alkerecesese 40 Wa mene Si 23 /L25000), 155400 || Zanesville... . 18,000 Y.. 21,000) 13,000 eden, | Nismes 2 || : +1150, Made tertowner ces ,000 Be Wan ; 10 009 | Prescott (Ariz.:.. 2,150 Grockh PN Es . 61,004 || ‘Tiflis (1876)......... 104,000 a agascar, Saratoga Spr | 9,300|| Akron..... 17,000| 10,000 |! Santa F , 7oo|| Stockholm’ (1883)194,000 || Limoges... sss 9,000 | Tah eenal(Gse6 , : Ogdensburg ings.. 11,000] 7,500 ees Sort 16,000! 13,009} TA Ae 6,600 4, go0|} Gottenburg... “ .. 81,000 i ou 000 || Khoke ey e pee jsxoojcoo]| il ananany Oc ae Bo sooo ieeboneces 10,000 10 aa , | 4 HLEQUAH | ; i Y ; : 1okan (1876)..... 35,000 || ' 010,000 | Youngstown eeceetes 15,0001 8,100|| Sirka (Alaska.)... | eal ieee oc 3 : ag cee | Montpelier........6 53,000 | Irkoutsk (1879)... 34,000 Zanzibar. : Upsal.....ss0. 18.000 |! Versailles....:....... 48,000 |! Tobolsk (1872)... 20,000 || Zanzibar....... see 000s&s o~F SPrOLs a = ey S> = ry) S po Le St fs orx ae) i < iin Loon) ¢ Poi L.} A rd S: C ogatuL. ascan « Lyvi "e Vai 3 ALES. c We + erbury \ % re ) a \ KI YS Vance bake xt DQ Afillinoket Ve &. 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Ao ea Ss ae SO aS] Roe Tig GCG tae aac gee eB B62 gi = Bee SEE SGP eee 7S ae b YOR fod Sere” ook ee Sey o 2 nn eye a Ge Se a r-a8 OS TE ag S85 (ee BE ey CO OES 4 ave Co) SenAly = i / eS a o Dhak! gS 2 PAN eO F BXen., (FA q Ne Ore 8 ~ le = ‘ 3 we NS Bie 2N=IS leas SS a aR ge) 1g meres s agit, oe Bk WA oy ED Oo ENE ik | = GHEE alile = , fi bE GALS 4H MOD AALS FB Bele Sg 1° = Sais Soe As & § 5 HE i LGEWaSSePPPy Fr, SES ib Us ace wi (fosepk 25 & Rex Ff | oe Pk 7 Ve BR Bsc BS im p-tor Be a r ss —_— Bary Q IW 7 XN yp “~ aq yin ‘A AN MILES 69.2 TO ADEG / g x R x yi N > Ba AS yy % 5 ¥ S 4 A Zz REE x STATUTE EXPLANATION. ~~ 0 as / 60 50 =, 10 Sa 20 30 10 5 poe oe als represented thus # Towns © Towns « © eo - BH a BB oy S Vv 8 wn | | | | Scale 35 miles to an inch st Db Broo — | | + <== = ‘, — —— Longitude Hast from Washington 8 v Ke D ti Uchmond i I CREFERENCE MAP Ne 2 REWLE >. sostone Seomdickck: MEAS t SKE Pp. Ai) — on 4 Haren Ha Fy Yo SSACHUS Wiles to aulneh R MAP OF BOSTON AND VICINITY 4 (ORC Scale ... BEDFORD.’ No Matis J Mexrimaje ° ver rAttlebéro — I TR 5 tt . ubeyjlan _ Led pan ‘ i mst ae .acolly Cumb Jol = aera une a 2 qe rm. i gi a By I To We odstodli > Unions Longitude West a ,eITMAV GE 4 A e 2 EXPLANATION BOSTON NE Cotex GREE Town's. Ort tate Capitals County Bridgep v : hippant’ wee wi Chee en Gre -RErERENCE MAP N& 3 THE Jc ATLA 0 i a) ili ] if, orero ie MILES 69.2,TO A DEGREE 40 100_ E = Ley) ql ND) Scale 65 miles to aninch If Cn} we Guélph i ax roonfettner TS ee Cast phy } if es 3 2 AY a phe Nougitdy< t Say Tf) \ Pathe Ler Be: ayer Roch niger a Ae h n v gta, ef Hollyaawenurgs as 7 Wheeling ie "Motindsvalte N ew i gantowns ee Mauyinegror n= SL ARSED TS, i Sai Belo aie. Parkershany ee : Phi 1h A Plord inf a R 2A Tiley Soy hes Jacksons yal J = eae porte spaxton AG, aN ~) Sh shal} Sune: eee 1 = Brkhz muon G tenkiile J Cs Bevel Ly; ce wy L > Valley Send. Ss} =e Addison ( = * Roe salt Wor TX < albars sy. wie cyst \ Is aye ite is 5 W: Ay. ne \Balla 8 : a Hunter. svi! * RusSell V. I Aloe Hi. Billsh fre Ye ar = ¥ L ewisbiir E ake stin Y War pe = © oSprings Saale a \ Betkley gancCH \ \ ee ay é Ne {Hinton = Oceama® Qd es kj io [ami de Natyfal Brky “ye iurcdstle . eee pee Aa } nion Fa la spayealS alxS of Qafer: r Ss \ Princeton a sr ma “E / SS 7 ENey Ay be Ae Jeffter sonville eS, TOE OP ROE ae Se esos ee or EW etheh ille 3 Xockey Mount » S Mart tisvil Le Ck Castle )° gp Yaylor sville ~\ \ Dd wy Aloe ot yk wine: My et 6 SAP et ter oP Neve Viar kets _Matrisonh ire / Gr: “6e avi r De a rool on 1 e i + 5, Campbe o rt ey. % E Se ay evalle 79 Loi === ——S — NIC ~ \ fp sterb oro Ss Eeterboro) 5 Z oat CFRicel. ie Pav Ql. ( obourg cescnnst tte Danner ay onan SOY eCalesbure coude Sport Wellsbor ough Hom er ee L, eidy Cale dpnis 1 £ S Re: LOVO ae V7 waliee ifle , Kar ine on We sue co Se ‘i tt Lung ye ot iv Fre spi es eds Ryo v \Lottimetsville AMtU mign 4 Que. sle sf g 70. “OhaLL foes wake [atistie 1dy, "Ale} edna —BtSsybrg Pracen | aes Run; re liso ude West 78 from Greenwich 77 ——— { Morri Ly iy ON: ( i SY a4 x USacke ns 4 owville pall Hiinbour or He ‘ape 3 i rouse Rointss fo ie Mansiure aH Ne of adyxille/ cf # ; fier) ox Berpe ville ¢ { C 38 oY. NB .Chintanryille ¥ ¥ i i Anesteqny % TEN ne 4 Jo-densl = Wh gde nsbur aK ee yy “Chg bo Veg A Lites Favawals} aie erp ne obs x aa ; bent / ps ‘he sigocaioh : Gre etek ug: (Ontagtins pi ul yah y “woe ott iyons i gh fai Ssracu “AC aye ah Sb) Mo ravi z Glumb ik rowand< = Moi av ile. ail \g _uihiae re Muiic y ua atts yn Na. Be Q loornfielas \Jobristowar = ~Broaviop \ JABRISHE REC = sT.g IES pape fl ae SS Fd foil “HSCG MNES i bun Ate € eral eo F. Le. EI a6 < 00GB K eiftton. cei eric A ihehe ater ry ‘he ashurg.ges> ephhy wate SLOG eek imi? 3° vat saelgfon Null Dyinfiie Warrenton « Ropeinigs At igi Pause Gordoxey ‘ile, Cra MER up Ge Cohumbia iying’s ~ Goochl: tA aa Bus ekingh< as —Mangie: nd Tio 7 ete ~sbur c Arpelia.s unt ~~ Zp ‘Spam: nie no cunberlz Ht, Is armville" Mt SN 2 t/pinwida ox ‘i ON VR Mays’ dane Vor ee Way le. oe bi awrenc eville I~ ~~ six Fdgou oe HOARY 5p Sus: c =n} Col Shifpens pares for Carlile | bevsbriter Y AGS jone the * Ste kar Npepnp ase beedé i yeisbar 2 ge, Port Re dyale Rowlng Ree \ h SS. Sat =~ s Souths Din, ia R> Meehatesi nx Oe ‘ Kee es Oe: ee 4 5 o He fi ate ers, ititstel bE e ae Cust a Di RS ‘own | ®: Sig IT RICTS 4 | WN S SOF CE LUMBIA Gy 4 8 if IN ougtVgtno YU if Per 7 : robage oO Ack afin Sra Lap, a “Vers ne % ie Thkhan WS) J eae Aster \ - oY o Any be) : “i aie stRomt2 ss detsiOND \\ “Wavrkeant 7 Gloue caste W ES } “all nat Saat o ‘Kor memopets x a ‘Je Sit ang Se ankin= Di wmnonortadey> ) ( tl: Sin A srealb _yenld x ane Eaton grri: hhc ee } hy ld Ef rd a Pai 2 ue ele aur DN oy Hleasan LS ake iski' ) / Boonyv ey x SS ? eae {ls go f A rs WS, i ‘Newiort \ 7 a 2 Glov' re svilleg Savatioy’a ia, nha, OResla ie Mintesbifr S re oly Ballston I = : We: acuseé vost aie 0 ee intron’... Cherry. tisville ] 4 Fi asitinh Ty Jenfon t a4 ea peeettenll vc 2 y Sr, “\ ana acta TOV Ed, ‘Mor Coope “New towne! VoyetOster: S ~ ¥ One sont’ i x i PAC Qari c + (ae a Droge Ss iGrahé amnsyiile, De coset Brewer : e £ Se & aX t Sy ibexty MMenville ¥ - E & gS: ae sy : ark Z aQ eBet Sas Montice Mp fea. mes PSE n rat: 3 Tb itersgbesee Gab ork oe ton, NS, ae Su oe Sy} ne any Fe awe es. en AE fo | Sanne Oi NS » g Y Gls lastBufo = TUN Bannegal. Inlet Sa x Hi seh, Se ecto mee, Se = Absee' on vale d Sa malic BY ray WR ~~ Zp i ‘penton Mlfior mel & se Ke jee C apes Mary, ey Kt ant “Henlopen NB) rl | cre ee vy uw fond own *eplitayen i ‘© } ap ju Ae: ape Ayarles AY Jape Henry folly SER *P aSoM opmasu0 T HONINY O1SJ1IW OOz a1V9s rete ow ev AY) pueLyH ony Lops sfoLCop ody Sa v BTS is IMO}OSUWOIL TB DO TRIAD Ye Won —A_3 ° Se ° UL PIyown 10 StH, No 2 or sc anysnp ~ A UTLO TAA, eS LLOT, LON T OPOI0}S. pen Turia rid a A tow \ 2 Oo WOLSUIYSE\\ ULOI =— : \| He ft Q at yy if PSO DIO, ID ASIN bn AIL Fs f LOZESE WCE | NICE) \\ ) As r SN Buie'y a aA ik {0 d y hy ates 5h Tex DAR UL \Y BUODAENY Ce Spurysy MIPPUBYZ 20 Sa >F ) aS Wor. ca 3.70) BULL FOvE OS OF OF 7 ey Z TO SEsno Od Yao > Woe 1 a LV - to. . ig Sat ty OU { x ©) SLULASTUR To DL 00 40) Tv TFS HO} ty Yam =< SS Rey Puy 33 Tah SELIG] ps ECOL x Ou ow aor Ig 901 ANP] * YOUT UD oO} CYT Of) wt. ) cerahys atl = 3 +. HOI I Suqs duroty I ie Tf) Rom uc ry TIES K ef ABs eypus PTA © . \ npeuy a Oe .r ‘ I Loy CLOT Gon HZ KOM Ly THe. tH tH, 20. eerie DSPUAdss oth ? ops A <2 bs} e TEL WER en eeeritt Noss OTR TODeyK 2GMP TTR yO 5 Tea ett oa Ont 8 >» seas oe 4 10}sF LOT 13) AL \AHAICOO LN OW sopess AT pv.” Je NCTULNTO oTrtky meee rH sss or Tefeck {sno(y | PBYo OT[EAS UTA yOWoye 4 { *s¥ IT TEAS OTUTOH] LTE AK e- So \z Weiss a x OTL disor UdS¢ BOR, 45 \ | ASTHO st. & q APOUELY S \POAMGHE lls ai LPG : Zeer : ata Ot Jone A: if, Tes yO 4 TAC rogue. reat zie regu) x Loy 10 yet 1, 9 ft BULB 'T ton 12.quLo OX 2) pag} 12: ATLOS: Lov Fy 1% pecen HELO JOOUUT V Y % ow wo 2 ° Py ge } et, y iT ayLAag yuu OA 3 i au TATE — zt A ASTLOYT STATIS SST ILO uo x "oe OPES, 2 2, te, ‘tro TOD ta - ye > ny c e re x wosae(y |® OLAS SE Jo S/ WS Fe Hee SF YJLAS Ue. \o a Z oe Toc Sep oT ts CRULTOYS 2° TLOURk Ss aa awe x at YY 2 i —StOTBY: am 2980) 0: y Inf ano: tdhy 9 HSC ARS [OOUD IAT f ED FING USE “Yeu fimsvotq iN NOCH SELL 3 at S 8 YAY 0 Wy og SOLO r bx PY) oe LOIS USA] »OHLAD It t Tipe f dtey” Teas | Y PB ia 0) GOR aaysoqp ux CATO WY OSE TIES, Dake ps very “Roy oMtecL LO STASI he OURO TAsoyu pAudroyy 2 ONY ws vo a he. } } Ae) 3 ( sq Vi 3 wy Ee OpMe at BIN [oe ytE ily LOSS Cl sort su See meet \ ALS 1D Amq Xe ors 25S STES OLOGSOPE A aT) td ie wood \ ae youl, =~ oqqs * ary? 10 q ASEY\IeD iT Saar Of “| 5, ye NY zy OWE, ii a u gon odoqsttt AD De Woy AIT), LOVE ay | it fox wp we ai> Sir oO SS sug ol n Saone KA, —-@ e/* WO Ss. ‘ oo AAO] nv od \ the ig eke « % ~ TARLOU ny 1 OD Do (ee QUTS TOK ne es Oy OSTA G fe. f we nnn SASF 5 paLoport rie ( $ Q TQM. S on Tle ig pup SUTRA, ot Old ee ~==(- Se g TH y wa ee ee eee j sin 0) PLY NV XY Of, OTE TOMIL J e = rare Con TaD "Mea BS w ‘ ue Sa +, °UOSH iSANTEE AP isis Age) Toque Px R E Fe E R E N GC E M. A P N o 5 \ Wy 1 i 5 = Z; : LZ im ot WENS Ef : Sc =o ee UL f Ss—— ?t Ontonag = SMe THE Bayfield Aa Lotte; x 5 bys FSupecior | 2 OW Za Rock: ange Xp Sy VU “Anise 9 TATE @ @ TS te atl EOL / CENTRAL STATES ! c ASHI \ ee, | Su @ p \ —~—— C23 SQW, ME ar Oy SF) By AS AS SAW TE, i ft g at " X { | : 2) ( shames <8 =a 8 e 2 i wt M y r) Oe Si Ay id EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER ' a on te. { U ¢ One ant SNE Ni 46 4, ¢ KU re Saut a st aod. R —. . 24S Jopepel . . : r oo \ a e ea id = ) eis Scale 70 Statute Miles to anInch (t \ are, Me Wi? RS c Ee Ser a ~ S So Re . yen fe UY {[S~ 7% ae ees >} 10 50 60 70 80 90 J00 Grants burg ee Florence ¢. , INGE . a ee rack Xogers City Inle We ape luirdes | i. “UPPewa.Cit =) oO ‘ = ee ee ey : i ; : } id cS port Hadson “Meng fonee te Z ee f 4 PR BL. ee) TERETE i SAMOA Fin ° py Sworth | eens oe We Iniseind | 7 . s A { BY, Wigan sy) 43 ik eS¢ a ares | Si nN , oe i) ae : os H A % x ae Cau lairSdussista Colby toe ‘ Sy ie oe Bay, mfr apids { f Otsego Ae 6S x ‘A \ SS Lepins hurand ON indy Tet SS we G Ny AY Gh i ‘ \ i ‘pin MerriJan o ‘ AS é i = faa Die 5 “ek ‘ averse? s [ QStephens Paint § C 5 - iN “| Franktorie ora / i . O ic y oN 2 Pl Kes ~L bndo} Y Dap, : VY A ap op) 3 LG a eenBay r As Wz apa ean /Nehe ron Kevees Crawford A cS | f } z i \ 8 Ro? op % cae River E wits! a 12] ‘\ Gilesvine im oe ey 44 SEN Ww oe Y Ye S <“( i a a CR ! Sharman a } Fuses : W. autdma, Wing me Ates adhe a. Tiojtnyers) | + (3 2 Hoge mL. Sl) D = — rat Toman: Li vee) raly y f Nanisted—Glafe{Lake in Wate . , % Spar ey Fr a Be z x “Osh eet NE | { si Now J IN fen ote pee ay Pai = Mag FOm# “GHilion/ rereM jqueite ES woe { oh: andish, Zs a ‘ EN ney hi 3 Vlrebacs Le 3 fersey oF > “ is dt ay 7 SMauSrorts) Nontdhe/ ae ee yen he Bayi j-udington Kary well eee eda sRort Hope “4 Mid Sear Pa ees iv. ford \Fond: du Lac 2p S= se eboygan 1 ont Wat ; i SOs Sebbwaing Letee ee quay UbowrnlCitie_ / FoxTyake ty auth “tress, SOP ae ABig Raps é i an hi “ito ta Hor! estville ay We aboo ~ WH ; ih \e Hart if ‘ r a } Bay City | oodstocke Roa pricen Lake ~ | ha PLS. ity IS “Gara, hs2b ; en fond Sauk Biri icon JackSol 4 S netoe \ Halisdale Kodhe le ay Sin Stes Trophetsig(1 ri ; Dfcyer nporty oe Mnlscptine }, —— fb aece 6 Ao Ne can / x NewBoston / \ on RS NS . ~ Aledo ae Nee | \ Atttonz pe Z ‘oD ir ae pr Ny ia awika / Seay at iSTochester ae “fora Burk aston; fe “Hontinag, Dallas { : SP Buniigis tk ®t S OE Ey (( eZ N By usline) & pate 2 Nabryd allay jal ah Danton” 3s (| Canttiaee hen AS | ? Tad Low. Wars dw SS Rush /\ | H =] Ke BR leas a : ieee ‘ft aay sor aaah < XC nae > Pig atten. sly 7 / Bor land = Wapak Xt iitiond”| S GSlpframtghne ¥ | bs (jos Sa bana Daryiller; od CRN Taloho STusgola ‘3 | x 5 Mey ees | ~~ SA sew f Pecan f (Hannibal WZ Pittsfield Vinghester- 4 ean AW Louisiana ea Hall ayion Syne, ee n/ ‘ é ) ee 4 ais f Lee im ?Z S Nas 3 +r pookvaye ; ys = eos eS Si ; : NisolningttyS ~ field — egrinsP Be Ae Aleit ia we ewestU mid ch} ‘ Vevay \ Nite el ayn Madison.. Wi ar sale \ UK Le, Po S mouth aoe Lexington CarroTito on ; \ # Sel Brook WV dP) — = wy VS ° oo ; Salem aan = Maysville S Fairfigld\, Charle Stown. B. ‘Colin SC vaclisl $y le ‘MiNngsburg O55 penne. 5 nae ee A) eee ee ee. VILL eee An Sabie) Wd SE R { O \STawas City f = \ FSRENTATTUCS, 1 RAO City Ae Aersfietd(} _murey shu, C + ™ = aN es) pure Gre Jenn” aC: apn d \ 1 i t { { \ I oe aie ~~ ~& i Mhensy= Par x thar lectont nefbyvil&, JB dricotne| / ‘ ‘ < > Stops ' oF é l= Catrotiton Whe 5 iol ysith 6 \ MarsbB terre Hagite \ Bethy eG eensbit 2° a = se Geant Nae ‘ Se wie : Ye op age opine x é Na = il WAC tumbus) ; BY Ws foe ve lang larichk atk Ny NG eyten anal \ } 4 OF ~ ile Qe < : Ses Pome Hardtin. \, Best i i Sullivan ey EE YA Li 2 g Pomeroy 5 MW OE jronton 2S he J UL S - Tunting persion Sper : aati spill, gests goto es , Mowshead, son. 3 y : ’ of ) 2 AS a) 5 Mg ‘1, ez uishor O} ce TY S Boa LT j aye énworw! aN A lie duis svil ary RANI ORT “ovate a =e fase 38 en / nos IS Mae Gente J OrYdo of Te eslorvy, aton OF eTWest ey [ ; ——+~ = sBeman \@ Evansville i / Tr oy ywEltor a: bt 9 LE dephene i Ss Shibert Dot -0tosi_ = ¢ Ad- A cane TSE Ve 7 n | fae Li ‘ftarrigi =f © Branden pena rgsv ne odabu » Camplo Pe sl big Se | | | y DOP 4{ Hawes far: ToC sbur ¢ 5 | ke i J ey {Marion ender son S ville; - sHaxcins Ure het azds anh a Jacks 2 SSrestonlys | | i or, j > He = Zab < o eC | puismarck a Ppndaley =a Owensboro tosent? yates “anville 4 gLancaster Progtory me Wee } i } SY ’ ate eantidya GC Cathbun mA Litchiish as fh / ae ioe ys | Jont¢sborg 7 izab eth ae *Dixon a 7 Mek e ghot AS MK ( ; DN |) Yrerma . a Ds qt te Catipbelis Tey os 1 Stanford \Mi Vernon. & . u Hazard x { ( { | Fi S piste vile é i AS dsvilté erty |S ; r t N > /Molconda Ai" f Le fuintor “Lderty mheatbirg. \ 1a) Metropolis y ¥ MM he, 7 Browns! i Ww pA eee ‘ Ks S ‘London , 2 oe | x apa or f Wes emote Cave SHEE OS #Manchester j | Gree AY I UGH Amo ( oer ; 3) e {———— aay Paducah’ a Ph bok se a Co sia A mestown He oe lee \GaanlGe } Soe ddyville \ pvatings Gri ect ee a + ae ~sville R \ airo— : § y = arboursvL ( ; \ y | Seal at | Glasgow" Edmontd id 3) wa i B os i eax , ee Ye “Be nto =\ Sh Hopkin'sville X . yer f ?plar Bluff\ _.. Ge i =e . ‘dhumbus \l = B Pe " fyseete Be ots Burkesville am sfoutfeetoy nS | ; =( & I~ EB i a Aime Sabre - j } \ Sinton A Mayfield a A Cay = i eal Teansville “Albany 82 oe #aine ae —1 46 IT AW N cre A ——— / ‘ 44 y ley, ny JA i“SY a A Gre ai SHiad\ Phy Tilland, KL, C.Pou Weatley / Ro Cape } : Blea Port i fford C; a by ia Lrinidad 8 Irle 1] g v ey Ndi fe a ue key y Weave “s x vil WG 7 "tuning late Me TMAGin gy) a Mig { +1 BCD OF te ir PEAT anas . Ei Retike? MOTT WY SanFr ey ancisco % TEtoRRe 1s; I ; NI ON PEP I 4: = IN Scale 0 S, JO 203040 5 Wer Ovsteny, COMMER 1 IBY, AS Cg of Orv: uhis¢ yf he Hz ation ey. ‘Eugend yCity rar Lnerishey @ MT OLYMPUS P Mz udis yA OF Ul: tnd. Wiehe j Monies ALL) j \ acure City Ph ee Helen | aA Ara “tGro| ~ sie J . ding " sYston {\ S@Buy ge . Nenville ; jin WE. PITT OS oy | Sug Leese AST ~-QIRMOND PEAK Klamath ‘ Dip. foveland& — e okt ‘owns pp wi ends Owd 2. pefeLe SS Plains - MIPAINIER ae piquao) J MT; oY T.HELENS 3 Rey / & “SE, PoMTJEFFERSON “A Ip, 4 “ y EERUIG. . . ats i OKod C Canyon if Nr City oo LK fs a “s . L Harney yey ty silver 1, T\ Seamer L Klamath i /Linkville re 60, : J eo “Scent Cips ? BS uM: uh Yhebes OES ¢ ) he Suing y Ownie orosihy oluseh > Np Vadye <2 Yubace —o xi nicer: ; scares ktén: =, fies Kp Yoseyuee [ % \ RS as Sz alba iS Monten: Sti Say) iis *Obisp SAMLMSB ES x ei Purigsiies Conce DAZ yah, TAG Sau Miner Sarak SareNicw) MT.SHASTA Ville leet sidwe Il + SY E' MS Garry pitt > (7) I rae ay } yr UTETUL a = aALlLower ae dCarson Y Sy PE fone Valker x a SU pion” ST, Tee ® aa Sénor i os PEAK | Soe $8 ~ vay é alley, AOwens, Syviulle.. BIGrYADA I “e stidependenct po OG as He MT-RiNos cs A : co fol pea Barbara\ -7 ato s } La, Le Z sales Angeles BY : Ss ie ee (ae - S AN be : ee EQ a Roe Ba), San Clemiant & NS \ 100 150 talute Miles to an Inch Lee > ( fe} Babnite cin 1. } f Whalheure Atora \ Mito «Gram City \ Mybhec A Baxter s > ealmetto ah Sha Lake 2 y of ay G@ a + /fenkiin L a Tint ‘ Wise + ¢ =P Ruby & t Ney -1ts ; {s : Be eneva Hannlton {Laride or City { ry fine ral ifSty “Treasune City: h B Wa JS Fri Montezuae *PAnersion Sevier LZ / isco Belmont Beayere Homer} \ e| Ph thik. Pa t) _ Lt. Sapp eing e e ACCAN j ie AW singlod NG ‘sant a Lat a oS Geor sl °/ : Wes Puig Stitiomas: Callviile x “FC Moban e Ft ssubreys ity L SAN BERRRRDING Wickenbars'S Mine ral ily bureka easue xa Dom Zoni e *Parawan hor ville, ratton } } BNUWILLIAM wg Why Pi, AY so o \ eestor L a be wer town, Radersbur Sue | j st Custer CC . & Suit R oad spot Wate he WOR A ane Rawlins. Sewn Bri 1 C eg aya wc ho > Ae Fo mee. ‘ ey aS Spe CoM Le epee ar 2 ont ar EN iui a 2 re - es . Vi ~~ we sa 7v ‘Eflimor re l / Jaichhie Bullidn City er Take CY siwerton AS et s owe. he Fer | Chania Santa Cruz ¢ SA XY (aclet tes Sabine >. ‘Limit eGocorn Fear =e LOR id Ne a aS NIN PhGr at Ne: r orgie Y “a AC Saver wing Sacalston Cs : tom \ . us BS) pe er} SOE A Sei n ie se THOS Ci AY ANpiqui yds Cis cart dake gaon® 5 Era, 2 FE 70 mon ——— AWS a oe” ey. Taster eg Bas ? | y an ston ‘x eee — spt ¥ = 1 : we i del Agua x Kk. de. Ll Lore Rad 0 Lint. ehio Hone i top s Sin Dive vO Spe nye a goa Ae RRS Selden X eon. } Ana- sed. Mesilla’®s a> ElPaso ae Nor ei \ A ne on. Frpuue ic + “4 ) ESBase Se Calis ee VT rossyv # yy et 3 A Valley Staion q Va We e = ay Zaye t Syynmer Bspia eae S SES TS EET PT GIT TI BenoREFERENCE MAP N@ 104 102 100 98 96 , yi . . - a _ = oT me = | Winnipeg's» StB oniface x S x THE } A N | ye O B Sy AL ie C7] qe NY Ti IYED 5 Gl Fn A ARAB! Ei : | Ry = oc| Al Weg CIE NTIRAIL STATES WEST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER > us B 8 Jose D hae S f 9 & Gr. M*Intosh i Drrdyton Scale 90 StatuteMiles to an Fach cre elSbuy. Bs ~ a a ae 3 Mins WN GI i 1 G on ag J pillars Waka La carton %e =U E \ ra i R 19 Sr og SF f ~ Red Lake < Fow Foe ae > " < nL “Larimone™ ks ; rruliionds CE \ OIE Gr mak Oxks y e oS = eC Ve eNNe R nish > : cS Jame >) R Fishe rs Lan'S > ipige® ‘ Saxton, Ja ( 5 Q ry ful . = Kes X A. Ca ‘ ane Lyn WS ' y, T@arke ' Carrington, ze Portland-$ ERolette , { 8 BS Beaver Bay, / aa ~ ; opes Wed Ric v = SS Therville of \ 7 . J 4 i = A Q f f Fn J) ‘ an Ps ‘ asp Ss) Suchanan = g F BISMARCK eWe ana, oS iS Buchar Ls 2 2p a Co ater 4S RASC <0 XS 5 Bee b o , itiecoln Spri mes | SS Se Duluth Lig C | Thoms¢ RS a SS J Phe y 2 = I th tamsom, ( sy Panne (GaN (as Grand r Ty Wher Eo twin }4a | Rapids § Totesc: bercranes as i Sao ecn ce t 4) 1Q 5 ¢ \ é 77 ==58 : a Gp : lng yf Crow § wae Lde : / oe 146 = f y (Wing “CLA Sterling : { Grand, a = oF endale = \ INL, ake } ) i \ i Ke @ - Tittle Falls deme cn f > = ae : i) iN ittle Fails MED ASR Nive, P —~ le 4) Tchanehticahtah Sy Alex: unt Ls eee ac ) / exc} = S| OWL 7. pee Ii J C (a - Su Y ae prbe melas {tab Fc. \ J Worcester Ti River 2 pis AW AVErs =p E ; vc a Rive Tr BO 5 aS Me Wadsworth, & lene Sauk Apids_ aN ; J 4 Suis “‘ gency. = Ordwhys Bros aN sawood ZS, Sijond | C ann er Old FtLookoY we rosse 3 TCT pts . A ‘Winters : ce \ Nise x es BBS Fire Steel é ~~ _STpEKE alls . tockpdrts Platte Cfeek ° ortiwood * Nona > orést Citys Pp ym Osage : f nob! Spencer mipittsbyr o Coficord. . Pa il ~ A ~2h < 1c Cit SSR =-=------4 XZ si A; Frere *Primehar At “Mason/City _ < . ete Z C ST 2) ereteren, S ~ De Ss af a ~~ Brite 18) %.. Hampton Warn se ( _Forthorge emdtence Dub) Que _ whey e- inn NOS2 Tp 4 inne x fo Ik C eT ‘Lo e Hie ylion CP ae \ : wre yy —*pixon ~ 5 anit aK 7 ef ‘ oy Ky, : Ke, Su yees Wes , S areca “Wlon = . a Weridota LS Faz. * Madison Fouts; Vr NDESIMSINES cana T . Ay. wel ES a >: i Scribner ton Tv Re Ss) po s BR Ss — ao ope yp j ' Xn ote of a: xc wey J \ Soy, SB Sih Sos = LZ Dp souy Ci We é LNorth Platte ° ees ne tic WoRter: Fontagielle IndianWa 12 latte NX Q Ss Jr aay ish wud Xe uP. auly SULY . wish ‘8 ital City ¥ ~ wih? So ae x nd Ist OTD. Cregtorh, Osceola = p-2.—<— > 7 ~-4y = —~F7 ~hariton nf y Pike Ao: uk, Lox x 1: arin ie { Ie e\ Nebraska City Ster ling Seovwn ? = Genie y » Daviesville . frrinceton yk At: WP eeee as /V Pairfield \lbany Xe cumseRy, éondnyy 4 oy pred cs en , Se 2 . (flan gHiTKsy Roe a tian “AGeatrice’ Cy ; ; ; , i 3 LW 4 Sel ratnklin, 3 So) o— ot remy OS ores 0 } She aa Si 1Gd At n > yualipsbuirg Are 2 : th pyneUse . Qa f o’- Chilligothe t Soaey ; _Sinith € ‘entre ~7 BY Se Ss ~ : . - . 4 “ Jewell Cent i x ~ wierw? eyatSlure e ~Stoc kton . Carrol ly Sorte Li ork eZ . i110) Bh: lito, a Osborne Cit - x: \ I ; . Duis ville Sey: v Ridktugnd, . % ? EN om 5 246 Sk: rty Saline R. = HS al. Nt ee v oS FrER CG 7. : af Olad : Oi 1 {divin & iy! ae lcd fleginam I ~F-1) ; S e Ke 5 Ca : smok) Hild Por Elsworth : ae x a Se*Tolden VPinton’ SNe ion® Comcil@ YE Burlifgram eg fia os ae j ee OW city 0 [inic \ Rush Centre \7 \ ‘ pel son Empéxia ‘oT owe Hak S OTL? Versaitls S JEFFERSS ee ane ses iB i+ ¥ Mar ions Qsawatgane § 7a Cys fqn ff >" tisoust nia) £< hn Sareent pe oR ei 1G oF ( Thromb equ vallg * Garnett : Putger et aa ee Saree FN _ : f : 4 sy AU 38 Sei ae i isis oY“ Moretce | Bayigiony Pleasaqiu J Yar og ah AN . yracus » < ae my : ae i Se y Ned wlown i os it aK ne * ties rt {oe Oe ro rif Oe -“fiunboldys Seo ahs IS ES a sto ton . ey y S's) em Bg gtiv: ie * Puliato agouti > athe Kingman , > South Fone as ntervilla. 4 q Marshtield Hartville . Desay a} Tqustolk pjmence Di Gree yivuit Nedic ineLodge— ea Se Mititie ld = ER Chay edt ay . spend ~ Vinal ae pase 4 Independence’ eee villet, Blodwattel eS ) 32 jomas . " Seon eee ee Yes - ITT a } o < . Yar Bhat 2. aN falpatin P oN een Vest ulti ns Pop! NS ' ee) , see Norsythe ridore A I ' ; SW, Fork 2 Neosho Cas ssi af SS : Wockbrids Ntton) ) Dont phat ay ; aI aaees ‘ i ° R a ae ~ fetta sccac etal l oH Pifevi ey Mer fC Gamesvure, fe Pan sen nn 3} I i | fied Siang, it : 98 Longitude West 96 trom Greenwich we eae 2WOLSULYGSE\ ULOI 1SeM apnynauc te ae} ————— BSE = PHBAL ¢ RI B)} hey Ng ce ¢ aS, tay os S Se = ae 3 a S INT g hon = S Dy, = ES Lor iG» I omg, REFERENCE MAP N28 A / OUT; Ss CE ‘ ‘S i So~palroy Ve WER SOL) Se cS SEL CE of yet LSE VOQY \ Sas) PS Wy a L 9. < DU\oory Wod G8 4so\\ opm LOT amare ord Dung. 2 Adz Iter eo } FN oy \— 22> Ss VYUDYL; , Lou sn) ! Caf 74.3), 205 A Posen, DINO AH Se) gone TK dunn ayn'y “ TS MuIesrsmpy DRIBVORS D~ ‘S id Pury VG IA Sa Pat} 25> NE p AON dee? BRZY y, AY LHO ~Sghorey. 5O_ Cy ih res - MevazL SOQODAR. eC . (Ce PL SRQULY OAT OU NW ‘ i coo PO.) ORY 2, Pe, A. Ses iC , ROL TS Me dons: Sh en hya f BY MD 7, PO ATX) & ~ Sh So e I Q \SOA\ OpMILSi0 7 “TAtmyseundo) UsSEed FOL \ ra DPE »)) AWS Ryne n av ‘e> WS ER TLO j BMLOPE FOL «a SUNOS tO Wed OP a “STN Ww OPEL SSuURAS 69 SHO ALA G OL “TOU HB 0} SoTL “RD ALY oll "YOUL UR O} SOTTUT OG] GI AUdV OL 2'69 8% SVY¥S SMactp k SOyURIS WS NS WOT out, SHS { ‘ ah ke IZ) Lite Ly oS tN ALO} etch PUP LOS fa AION ey of f YW) oe HitOs ped ht iy MOGLO/ Bangs tas ASSTISNG WE Ft eae wey DOLIAE SHESee AEN NOM A) ye ea set LORS Ju. EN wae ATO Ns aystek N al “aod Von, ae x »d Boog eM tS tk SSC Fi SS sed op ia tS PR AEB Ridoe UyoLas A as Ga he \ ER oa ee ws ow mlm naa , iS | ¢ NS USAT TOL (1 0,14) THLOYy o ) AC “oe201. us Ot TO L Re ves the, fROUNL Cats \'aego S the. Amaon River LASS: $f MEAS af Cuzco \ Callas (ShLO AEE ; se Huz am ALA. ST Ae “Rion L ogre Ri } aX » TUCT A ews / OR 2044 t r 1 \ Lt { 1 Spe ct 4, i iA CA ste 25 ARACCAS of, ee 7 pep Pax sme AC 4 N/a ES Wy \ y pes smn ws = Va San Antyni ri teh uy — Sh \ ie Tal; BF “Tho Matera \ co vias . ayo Geral Jyt, Lameeo, =) ; ow \ilhkBellat wy J J eal BSN Calne ) = } Re Gay 7 1 y ‘2 oe Oe wy Barra CZ. AMAZ O77) RP. Dh gh N [ ne A *. & Ids ~ ote ye Tae Borba“\ / SS ; \ 1Q Ta a ean oft) \B R* NOtn$ * + uh R 2X ives Obidos, 4) a Ain guR, s pe WN oN RIVA SP. efmagua JN ROUTE of the | from i}| ASEINWA MILIL xo PANE AUN x Val endia Sao Joao do Principe pie Ce aS _ e A { | Sta Mi aria | RAILROAD anp CANAL AMA. EQUATOR a Natal \ Paralyyba*y petmambuco xy) ~~ | Chin chars ( S ; % a f | WSS ‘ = a Dianti anitisca PIAMLOND- S\ HEN | © 25% BR Ss S aRda ~~ ¢ { t I Y = <5 7 & ee Pg 2 &) yularee DIAMOND | —y a Y és uvaba 3} DI ai LCE Be \ LES \) 8: x | 5 4 | = : ST rn pe Biahnian ya ax Amb e | Moquckas’” % Cochab amb ab Boavista 4 J ex Jeambe 4 ‘ = } RAG nk Una IDS \ : \ ye Sel We é A i nt =~ Fanado f (AGTaVeSL Gy ——_ Mivande a or G QD = Avge i, etoneces ) i x ° oe pu Walla do Principe SR ( I, \ ; ~ Set \ Ue BahiaNegra) —~ REGHON LDo ce + — -—- aH Orr re sz Pot js Se a a om Se SS SAV if pa — XN - | fom “Tqnaue ' Og 9° aS > ol SH NX Giro Prete | As a cs ey eae) / Be P S¢ Lares ~ Giro Preter . t ee nh Ee FallsjoRthe Pargna e . 4p i Cotagay fa Tari ijae Wr RS eo ON ‘ Barbacenat 1 Tae ehh At Hi SREY § oO Se = ae \ ss wr Abs UNDOS A | * NE ~~. p27 me : | ae Cobiyas §~< ~ oJ a. LY RAE TIO NN h TROPIC OF CAPRICORN ¢ § at a NP eee eee TI aS z eee aN WY { TROPIC OF CAPRICORN ‘ ys ‘a s : JANEIRO : C3 \s K | &) V5 ce by A . yy : { Re | hs Y S e | f i s mI Tslands of StR ae Caller ee saoilig oh £ AR WS Chiara “( ame ¥ > ‘ i Coptanoe: qat unarca a Le. ST VBP O EN | > SN \ | =| bs ORBIE R \Bic wie t Nek oo pes ny : é If PANNE y x YN) k 5 | 1 ¢ Sumy By aie N] iS Es oe ae LL — ae iam aes al - a i\\ “a 5 | i Ss fantaltosa Ghd Usfat0s H \ Tong) iy nay a { Li G FULATLOs. AL repo R yi df ii} \Y) Toa, xACHe \ ers, | 4 > i ‘ cong ee uA L a fie (6 Aan IE YES s Pes FAYY y { \ Tslands-of i Wi A \ Jusgstenandez 5 ; \ i yy Chin son ENOS Co yowrew Ub EGF , ani ea eee \ Ne elena Be \ TS a 1 \ Coustitie ION. yen ‘fl af ‘ > zs ado | OHIO 3 : } i t “a ots i Ch: Lge Ss cara Ej | 40,000 | \ Cy med Ito} 0) TAT L SQM. J y ~ i OF es é iS NG j C Qua: anes J ‘Antonio ar ny ya 3 hy ats i VA Ly, Li; | PGE = OrTIEN tas H Xe 2 Fe: Soe H HES rN Ze = ss s \ 4! tty Opa ter — — — — ————— eas | = y))) = J en | SI ‘CS ittiiqas Bay ME if (2 @ ig I wie wmsuka of J US) | 3 Joseph | = Suhagy WJoseph) is ~~ BRA ¢ 7 TATA HY M 4 os tees || O Hi CG ‘if y nit = al MWh iC if vig In. i (CA A 4 Sic 2 end 1 Chomas arty SEE AY oF Ss Jel A i Ut] Bia 1) ArcLIP ELAR RES § ue © Aime ——) 5 See 4 Paes O & | — oll S hi A ay ff avy © Of Peninsula of ‘fres Monty vs a oo FOS STATUTE MILES 69.2 TO ADEGREE. Fas C 6 200 Y Sp S| a \ 1g,’ 50100 __200 300 __400_ 500 600 700 _800_ _900 _ 1000 noo -12\ BN + — { ny Sel Y : ~ . \ RR By NE Scale 470 tiles to an inch . We singe \ my NAY Ki \ ‘ J Q \w> ii } cas tit A a fe ya fe CY ———— — = = Arcliipe Las Ue Madre ae Daye 2 SS tales: — yy Stet Veale 2 DEL KURER PR s Ny at OF 40 ——— HL eee 2SE ene REFERENCE MAP N¢1O "eee — > Te TGs SS ae ———————— aa Longitude West 6 from ( | Gre senwich — et "ony 4 Ly) : = o "Te tee x m1 12 10 = eter SSS : = SORRY SHETLAND ISLANDS. eS SSS DD : = — \ = a ee WEA — ie | BL (@ BA) _/Mggaba Ness Ty) WA di Bl RIT Ir 7 NT oN Wf» ae Gel IveN It RUA | (Fee “I aaa, ene ANTS | | | | Poel Aelia hs AND ZF ae Po Nps | 1 es Sate —= FY = | | an | 3 Of GH Y | Capit SS Dame Hesg 78 : a SHON SIF Hho me burgh Head SN ) j A Butt of Vewis Dur ayy QZ Pe STATUTE MILE $69.2 TOADE GREE. n \ ic y VR J Thurso 100_ 125 = ——— Scale 70 miles to aninch. Scale 70 mmilES to aninch. | | tt Gall enHeada Ens Sidi = els CES — a a = = 8 a i ee oe aS i \ | \ I ] A \ | ! — | y | \ | — \ | WEE e~ | | SNakday | Sy : lJ Y O R Lad ” i} | SS. Tea | oY Rum 3 \ | A a \ i K : { Ardnamre a y = | | ~y Headof Barra: ye - | | | | > | | | \ | | | » \ j { | | KS | e | 1 VAUCOR. PORTH tae ee a —__—] 56 oo) = Bea |e ye sonst af on RSs 6 eS oe eel | | = oe BCS ANS \ | | ee cor eon Al ae EA p WY 6 te pian ae 2} S < | e BLAS OLB SEA Fi ms \ ‘ SYR | —__}}54 54a ERD Com ¥ i (i ee | SN Agta Ra A ECattor Alan fore AWS Bi Pkt map Se FAAS WY e Look oy a Ce RTON-# a eos eNey | | ONL Gos aes “Drogiied| is SE Wy pian iy se CR ES Ti) | ‘ iw AS B, ae pict Ra 5; | | Co Resco Onions ST rf Nay amiga concle Ln, AR lt toni OTe A SG Barign, DM en Tuah eee 9} es rime 8 ‘ Rep Ag Cae — | 7 sa ( Ulead yf ; Boy, A: alfor 5 Manchies ters fro Grimsby >)\\\\\\\ | (((t On Sy pone § j Allon Stipa ar, aon Cae 35 MPESCVES LS, SS et & BS \\\ - | SS be G, “eS 38 Spence Jslands Bye oS as ets ee We Sheffix Id Gainshbro lees iM = ‘al A et saith < A “|! SS ( € ~e “Aine d ee Ai i Manfficla Southaney WES F Moot ¢les fiel¢ i “9 Silt Aer s Tubul: ar | 5 y Newar f lq is co ar +H = y “Ol ; ht 330 AOS \ x wy 7 Fs ; : Gr antam Fe dv BrarchyP! Ke =o Shrewgb: Sp . , Leic ster \\)\" i iy iy Tiar ett EGAN oF | iy fact ag yw j es Didi Bin hainaricring “6 || Z 3 I “Kn a Ne CARDIGAN fi oy > wi én ock ; wi 7 fa 3yaSt \ > i Cashel ' ni Gost fe Cove pion ve " wae ands { | veastle thes Pe we ‘ of ie) Aberystywit | pee ans eS 3 | lees peal alee > ue ir Ct 1 sR PG R) = Sok iy ‘ket *: /}] } \ rm 3] 2 = y swmarket ‘2 =, Galtee =e e mel i) Lluis a") \% LLB ee ae Rati Fe Sie ae ‘yer BE invore § oy Lig; a : sail - ses ermpy y =i OE a if Si (ae pate Slag fork Nea Pe & sping don nant Haver hae ee init oe apts teneSh Vi= CA YL ; Cole hest¢] ‘a ( AVES ©, Af LF Keine are Ss DAME rot ed er, Hé SAUBR cme ie 5 ae ; e sa shel manse ge Ns. ath / A ® a eT S Bey Pg Scent | B we I ee 2 Bantry See ely 7°. Pe) W/ | ST EES BPS. tk of ANY r a \ Qe jpore pe Nn Zee R sti stol)| Sa Yeesvak | Mi ye Sa! S ( Lt af =~ Ready yy “, din —~ | ae TBLFSTOL C HANNE op eR R Ba ‘ornate f 2 ~“S } > | | 7 S PVE s ee | POOF ‘ bundy df) E- ZAI OR Re oe NER Ht) ’ o— ; e 1 | Se PX Sol wee EAS, EA Staple ie EN ot arns S e 3 7s le AS “ ee anton ean [mesa Rees _ OF eae we Hardand Pe J )) Capede fami Wigs ys 1a mame peony y Lex A Ue, ay | i Bis Erste He on ee Se Ges } : if 5 : = Cherbéaygr | g ZG 7, BRRIOTS A ||| K Yorquay CE ((Cotentin Padsthy % Dev { Tharbany : Guernige id : Dev onpogt | > Dartaiouth Ge are erinsulay |Z foal OLS Xy stiiae 2 LZ SN expe ee A di // ad ass age ‘a A fli | Lane 5 Soyt, StHtetiee / Ay THE | CHANNE ST VEL ISLANDS. Seale 70miles to aninch. LEA ston Tight HoiAnplesea CIEANNE FE ERE tO, We | DENMARK. SLESWICI we — Se bb: gush ee fA RE 5 Longitude West. ya Gueinsi CHANNED ISiaNps. ALS ee n¥ Jasey Reve Notmmomhes LaeRe S Ss 7 Laban Ok PONE A Bilbao ~. 6 Aes Miu\hilabater’s p rERENGC 10. TO B aul ae ues st ° Set 7 Granville ye TAT cara J ra — CAREAG io} wi ae Ga Ge E.COrs A 1Sb AND OK “e Ge Si y New Almeria ao a SG YN —=— =— — —— Longitude East trom. LW as 69.2 TO ADEGREE. 20 Oka Seale 120 miles to ananch GEAMBU ne Sry SENS wera Anwar ee = _ Wife) ICOREFERENCE MAP N& 2 Longitude East’ 2/0 lor emwich 25 30 = , [SSS — —= Nie emel : 02 \. Niemen R. L228. at 9 C -olb 8 er 4 New ae SS t 2 |e gf « . te i Fi i Wl ¢ 5 ammers Te STATUTE MILES 69.2 TO ADEGREE. ee Ps Usps S | 2 2 2 25 ie eS oN é 2 | BOL 100 15 Ola 200 250 __ _300_ 350 emcee , pas Scale 140 mules to anmch AL Mud 1 AAs ¥ Cleat \ Po: FE i ang Waalee e s La : y . i mY | Koni 1 J xo = | i tenet ais ~ { «{ Sierz adz " iG ~~ 3 < sei y SS a anoxvv || | pgeenetoest x NS chery S Lohner | oN ( see, LZ ‘oe *Oleysh J ( \4 ef? : rz ( > | }3 2 \ LR . * “ a ) k os) T Sa jomierz eh t o Luck 1@ jan s-/ OL J, : 7 dy SS on BrQgy| At F & ue PKS 4 BN ; x Se, Nee 5 ~ Fe bY | ( GX (Se eee a i a | 1a ia PED. 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It has several inlets for small craft, but only one harbor — that of Ports- mouth — for large vessels. The Isles of Shoals — three of which belong to New Hampshire —are eight miles from the coast. 3. Surface. — The surface is mountainous or hilly, excepting a ee ie level strip along the coast twenty or thirty miles wide. There is‘a general slope of the land from north to south. The great feature of the surface is a ridge of hills and mountains, which extends through the State in a direction nearly north, and separates the waters flowing into the Connecticut, on the west, from those of the Androscoggin, Saco, and Merrimac oo 0D on the east. The White Mountains are the highest part of this ridge. They consist of a group of 200 summits rising from a broad plateau. 4, The Plateau is from 1600 to 1800 feet high, is thirty miles long The Peaks are in two groups—the White Mountains proper in the east, and the Franconia range in the west — and forty-five broad. which are separated by a plateau from ten to fifteen miles wide. Mount Washington is the crowning summit of the White Mountains; and, next to Mounts Mitchell and Clingman, in North Carolina, is the loftiest peak east of the Mississippi River. It is 6284 feet high. A carriage road has been constructed to the top of Mount Washington on the east side, and a railway on the west. d. The plateau is deeply furrowed = by narrow valleys, which form the rocky channels of many streams:—the Androscoggin and its tributaries; the Saco and its branches; the Pemigewasset (one of the head-waters of the Merrimac), and the lower Ammonoosuck. Some of these narrow waterways, called notches, are objects of special interest to the tourist. The most interesting natural features of this section are The Flume in the Franconia Notch, Echo Lake, The Basin, The Pool, and the Old Man of the Mowntain, a profile of a gigantic human face on the side of Profile Mountain, 1200 feet above the lake at its base. The White Mountain Notch, through which the Saco passes, is more than 1900 feet high, and only twenty-two feet wide in its narrowest part. Questions. — What is the form of New Hampshire and Vermont? Wh area of New Hampshire? What is the character of the coast? face. at is the Describe the sur- What separates the waters flowing into the Connecti- cut from those flowing into the Atlantic? What are the dimensions of the Plateau ? What two groups of peaks rise from it? What is said of Mount Washington? What rivers rise in the Plateau? What objects of interest in the mountain region? The general slope. SeH@r wr CuOGn APY OF NEV HAMPsSrHiss: 6. The grandeur and varied beauty of the White Mountains attract crowds of visitors from all parts of the Union. The mountains and forests, ravines, cascades and precipices, pools and falls have no rival east of the Rocky Mountains. In that part of the central ridge which extends southward from the White Moun- tains, the principal heights are Monadnock, Sunapee, Kearsarge, and Cardigan. Monadnock is the highest. Oo North of the White Mountains are Mts. Randolph, Pisgah, and Carmel; and near the southern bor- der of the plateau are Whiteface Mountain, Chocorua Peak, Red Hill, and Kear- sarge. 7. Rivers. — On the west- ern side of the central ridge are the Connecticut River and its tributaries; on the eastern, the Androscoggin, Saco, Salmon Falls, Piscata- qua, Merrimac, and their numerous branches. Most of these streams are swift and shallow—useless for navigation, but valuable for manufacturing. The Merrimac is the most import- ant river in the State. The numer- ous falls supply immense water- power, the employment of which has created the cities of Manchester and Nashua, in New Hampshire, and Lowell and Lawrence, in Mas- sachusetts. The Connecticut River is wholly within the State of New Hampshire ; and the western bank of the river forms the boundary of the State. 8. Lakes.— Among the many beautiful lakes of New Hampshire, W innipiseogee is the largest and best known. <<. ly Z, PROFILE MOUNTAIN. It is 25 miles long, from 1 to 10 miles broad, and contains 360 islands. The other principal lakes are Sunapee, Ossipee, and Umbagog. 9. Soil. —The soil on the mountains is thin and gravelly, and the northern part of the State is chiefly woodland and pasture. The best land is in the river valleys, some of which are subject to occasional overflow. The soil near the Connecticut River is the most fertile. 10. Climate. — The winters are even colder than those of “aine. The-summers, though short, are sometimes very hot. In the White Mountain region the cold of winter is terribly severe, and the higher summits are covered with snow for seven or eight months in the year. The Merrimac Valley, below Concord, is the warmest part of the State, and all parts are very healthy. Questions.— What is said of the scenery of the White Mountains? What moun- tains in the central ridge southward from the White Mountains? North of the White Mountains? Near the southern border of the Plateau? What rivers on the western side of the central ridge? On the eastern? Character of the streams? Most important river in the State? What cities are upon it? In what State is Con- necticut River? Describe the largest lake. The soil. The climate.11. Animals. —W olves and bears, though scarce, are still found in the northern part of the State; and the lakes and rivers are well stocked with fish. 12. Productions and Occupations. — Manufacturing is the most profitable industry. In this business New Hampshire ta high rank among the States of the Union, and is especially for the amount of her textile (woven) fabrics. kes a noted 13. Liumobering. —The forests of pine, hemlock, and spruce LG of oak, beech, ash, and birch are an important source of wealth: and the cutting and rafting of the lumber to the saw-mills employ a great many men. The sugar maple furnishes maple sugar, which is one of the minor : products of the State. 14. Mining. —Granite is the principal mineral, and is quar- ried in many places. New Hampshire is called the “Granite State” from the abundance of this stone. The light-colored Granite quarried in Concord is a valuable building-stone. Soapstone is worked in many towns. valuable in the Union. The quarries at Francestown are the most Mica of excellent quality is found in Alstead and Grafton. Beryls of enormous size are found at Grafton and Acworth. Gigantic specimens from these places are found in the collections of uunerals throughout Europe. Graphite is also profitably worked: and there are deposits of lead, zine, copper, gold, and silver; but they are not of great importance. is obtained from the Franconia and Bartlett mines. Tron of excellent quality 15. Agriculture is not very profitable in New Hampshire ; there is not enough grain raised for the wants of the people. Hay, oats, and Indian corn, orchard products, potatoes, and other vegetables are the staples. 16. Graziny is an important interest in the State, and furnishes for exportation live-stock, milk, butter, cheese, and wool. 17. Commerce. — The commerce is almost wholly domestic: the exports being sent (chiefly by railway) to other States, and the foreign goods imported mainly through Boston. Portsmouth has considerable coasting-trade, and New Hampshire has ample rail- way connection with Canada, and with all parts of the Union. 18. History. — The first settlements were made at Portsmouth and Dover, in 1623; but the colony grew very slowly for many years. The settlers were subject to attacks by the Indians, until the British took possession of Canada. New Hampshire was twice united to Massachusetts, but it finally became, in 1692, a separate province, under a British governor, and remained so until the Revolution- ary War, forming one of the thirteen original States. The province was named for Hampshire, an English county, from which some of the early settlers came. The people took an active part in the war for independence. The men of New Hampshire were engaged in every battle, from Bunker’s Hill to the surrender of Cornwallis. Again in 1812, and in the Civil War of 1861, the State was among the first and most steadfast in upholding the honor of the country with men and money. Questions. — What animals are found in the State? What is the most profitable industry? Noted for what class of products? Value of the forests? What tree is especially valuable? Why is New Hampshire called the ‘Granite State”? Where are valuable quarries of soapstone? Of mica? Beryls? Iron? What is said of agriculture? Principal products? What is said of grazing? Through what city are foreign goods imported? 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The eastern section includes two projections, — one towards the north- east, and the other towards the south-east. 2, Coast and Islands.— The outline of the Coast is very irreg- ular; and the peninsulas and islands enclose many bays and sounds, which afford a number of excellent harbors. The largest Peninsulas are Cape Cod and Cape Ann; the latter a bold rocky prom- ontory, and the former a narrow strip of level sand which stretches out like a bent arm for a length of seventy miles. 3. The Islands resemble in character the neighboring mainland. Those at the entrance of Boston harbor, and along the north-east coast, are generally steep and rocky; while those which lie near Cape Cod are level and sandy. The largest islands are Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket. The former is twenty- one, and the latter fifteen miles long. Plum Island, nine miles long, is on the north-east shore. The Elizabeth Islands are south of Buzzards Bay. There are about fifty small islands in Boston harbor, and a few others along the coast. 4. The principal bays are Massachusetts, Cape Cod, and Buz- zards, — which give the Commonwealth the name of the Old Bay State. 5. The Surface of Massachusetts is naturally divided into four sections — the Western and the Central Highlands, the Con- necticut Valley, and the Atlantic Slope. 6. The Western Highlands, commonly called the Berkshire Hills, consist of two parallel ranges of the Green Mountains — the Taconic Mountains, west of the Housatonic River, and the Hoosac Mountains on the east. The Berkshire Hills are remarkable for the beauty of their scenery. Greylock, a peak of Saddle Mountain, is 3500 feet above the sea, and is the highest land in the State. Mt. Everett, in the south-west corner, is 2500 feet high. Questions.—What is the area of the State? The size of the main body? What is a parallelogram? What two projections? Describe the largest peninsula. The next. The islands on the north-east coast. The south-east. The two largest islands. Where are the smaller islands? Name the three principal bays. W name do they give to the State? 16 Lat = = SS 7. The Connecticut Valley lies east of the mountains, and is one of the most beautiful parts of the State. From its level sur- face, on opposite sides of the river, rise two hills called Mount Tom and Mount Holyoke. These hills are about 1200 feet high, and command fine views of this beautiful valley and river. Mt. Holyoke is a popular resort for tourists. 8. The Central Highlands are between the Connecticut Valley and the Atlantic Slope, and form the water-shed between them. This is a hilly region, lower than the Western Highlands, and is a continuation of the Central Ridge of New Hampshire. An irregular line drawn north and south through the State, and passing a little west of Worcester, would nearly mark the eastern limits of this division. The principal summit is Mount Wachusett, near Fitchburg. It is 2000 feet high. J. The Atlantic Slope extends, with a generally undulating sur- face, from the Central Highlands to the sea. Low, wooded hills and green meadows give a picturesque variety to a great part of this section. But the north-eastern part terminates in rugged peninsulas like Cape Ann, Marblehead, and Nahant: and the south-eastern portion, including Cape Cod and the neighboring islands, is a low, sandy plain, with occasional elevations of one or two hundred feet. The Blue Hills of Milton, near Boston, are the highest land on the Atlantic Slope. They are about 635 feet high, and are prominent landmarks from the sea. Questions.—What four divisions of surface? Describe the Western Highlands. What is said of the Berkshire Hills? Their highest point? Between what high- lands is the Connecticut Valley? Describe the two hills. The Central Highlands. The principal summit. The eastern boundary. Where is the Atlantic Slope? Describe the north-eastern part. The south-eastern part. The Blue Hills.Wish, SWAW IE, 10. The Rivers are too shallow or too much obstructed to be of much commercial importance ; but they are of great value for their water-power. The Merrimac drives more machinery than any other river of its size in the world. The Connecticut furnishes immense water-power at South Hadley and Turner’s Falls. The Blackstone and Quinnebaug, and many other small streams, are lined with fac- tory towns and villages. The Housatonic is noted for beauty of scenery. 11. Lakes.— There are no large lakes; but there are many deep ponds, lying among the hills, which enliven the landscape, anil also furnish large quantities of excellent ice. 12. The Soil is generally thin and poor; and on the highlands and along the coast it hardly repays tillage. But the valleys of the Connecticut and Housatonic have arich,allu- vial soil, which is very produc- tive. The Con- necticut Val- ley is the most fertile part of the State. Near the great towns the land has been made fertile by skilful and market-garden- cultivation; Ing in such places is profitable. 13. Climate.— The summers are warm, with occasional periods of intense heat; while the winters, especially in the interior, are very cold. ‘The changes of temperature are often great and sudden at all seasons of the year, sometimes varying 40° in a few hours. The air of Massachusetts is healthy. The east winds which prevail upon the coast are very disagreeable in the spring, but delightful in summer. The climate of Cape Cod and the islands which lie south of it, is less changeable than that of the interior. Owing to the more even temperature of the surrounding ocean, the winters are comparatively mild and the summers cool. 14. Population. — With the exception of Rhode Island, no State in the Union is so densely peopled; but the population is very unequally distributed —more than half of the inhabitants in the three north-eastern counties of Suffolk, Middlesex, living and Essex,—and the centre of population is near the State-House. 15. Productions and Occupations. — Manufacturing is the principal business, for the soil and climate do not generally encourage farming; the native forests have been cut down, and there are no great and valuable mines, as in other parts of the country. There is, therefore, nothing else for the people to produce, on a large scale, but manufactured goods. Questions. — Why are the rivers useful for manufacturing? Why not for com- merce? What is said of the Merrimac? The Connecticut? The small rivers? The ponds? What is the general character of the soil? Where is the best land ? Why is market-zardening profitable? Describe the climate. Which is the most densely peopled State? The next? Why is manufacturing the principal business? What rank does Massachusetts hold in this industry ? OE MAS SAC EU Saarsns: A 16. In proportion to her population, Massachusetts is the first manufacturing State im the Union; and in the actual value of manufactured productions is surpassed only by Pennsylvania and New York. The State is especially noted for the making of boots and shoes, and cotton and woollen goods. Here are the principal centres of these industries in the United States. (Lor further details, see Tables of Industries, p. 34.) Besides these leading articles there is a great variety of other goods, which help to swell the total value of manufactured products to about $600,000,000 a year. a Ge : a oh eee 17. Farming ranks next in importance to manufacturing, the yearly products amounting to about $35,000,000. But so large apart of the State is unfit for farming, that the people depend principally upon the Cen- tral States for their sup- phes of grain and meat. The Agricultural staples are grain, hay, and potatoes, tobacco (raised in the Connecticut Val- ley) and the products of market: gardening. The Grazing products are live stock, butter, and cheese. 18. Among the minor industries are ishing, Quarrying, and Mining. 19. Fishing.—The total fishing products amount to about $8,000,000 a year. The State ranks first in this business. Most of the towns along the coast are engaged in it; and more than half the fishing pro- ducts of the United States are taken in Massachusetts vessels. The principal fish taken are the cod and mackerel, caught chiefly on the banks of Newfoundland; and the whale, taken in the Arc- tic and Pacific oceans. 20. Quarrying and Min- ing.— Massachusetts is not rich in minerals. Granite = aS is the most important, and PSOE ONIMENUE RC CO ate toa is quarried in many towns in the eastern part of the State. The quarries of Cape Ann and Quincy are the most widely known. In the Housatonic Valley there are beds of iron ore, and glass sand of unusual purity. A lead mine, which is also rich in silver, has been recently discovered near Newburyport. 91. The Forests that once covered the State have almost dis- appeared ; but large tracts of land, unfit for tillage, are now clothed with a new growth of trees. Questions. —Name the four leading articles manufactured. The total value of manufactured products. What is said of farming? Name the agricultural staples. The grazing products. The minor industries. What is said of fishing? Name the principal fish taken. Where are they caught? Where is whale-fishing prin- cipally carried on? What is said of the minerals? Where is silver found? What is said of the forests?Fs OTS sachusetts has made the education of her people one of the chief = interests of the State. In less than thirty years after the first colony was settled at Plymouth, Harvard College was founded, and a system of free schools, with compulsory attendance, was established. They were the first schools that were supported by general taxation. This enlightened course was largely due to the fact, that among the early settlers of New England there was an extraordinary proportion of learned men — clergy- men, teachers, and men of letters. ‘‘ The corner-stone of the social structure of New England rested upon a book.” 25. Board of Education.— The geueral interests of public | education are entrusted to a Board of Education, composed of the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and eight members appointed by | the Governor for a term of eight years. This Board elects a Sec- | retary, who acts as Superintendent of Instruction. This Board has no direct control over the common schools: but it has the care of the school fund, and recommends to the Legislature such school laws as may be necessary. mV Wp ZL Y 4 ss PN 26. State Schools. —The Board of Education SQ" 4 =e : = -2+ has the supervision of the State Normal Art AN a : oheees , “x= School, in Boston, for training teachers of draw- 4 “3 eS . o T “ing; and of the five regular State Normal », Schools, at Framingham, Salem, Worcester, \"'”- Bridgewater, and Westfield. The Agricultural College, at Amherst, is controlled by trus- tees appointed by the State, which contributes to its support. 297. Fown Schools. Kach town supports and controls its own schools. But all towns of less than $10,000,000 valuation of real and per- sonal estate receive, besides what money they raise for themselves, a share of the school fund. THE HOOSAC TUNNEL. 22. The Commerce is very large. Massachusetts is second only to New York in the extent of her foreign trade, and first in propor- tion to her population. Every town having 500 families or more, is obliged by law to maintain a High School. All children between eight and fourteen years old must attend school at least twenty weeks in every year; and parents or em- ployers who fail to comply with this law, are subject to a fine. The principal exports are the manufactures of New England, and the bread-stuffs and meat of the Central States. The minor exports are salt fish, ice, granite, butter and cheese, etc. The greater part of the manufactured goods is consumed in the United States: for | 28. The Private Institutions include academies, colleges, and American manufactures cannot yet be classed among the leading exports to foreicn | : yee 2 , : 1 ip nara erences co oc asco amones the) leading fexportsitovtoreign universities, for men and for women, and schools of art, science, countries, though the demand for them abroad is steadily increasing. and the various professions. direction, and by sailing vessels and lines of steapiers which visit every foreign and domestic port. Among the institutions for the higher education of women, are Wellesley College, at Welles] Smith College, at Northampton; and Mount Holyoke Seminary, at | | The commerce is carried on by many railways, which cross the State in every | | ae r : es | South Hadley. Women are also admitted to Boston University, and to some of the The Hoosac Tunnel was constructed to promote commerce with the West. This woul lley B 2 U Y, @ j Tl xr v7 3 9 rlvi >8eS , vard j; wersity. Is a railway tunnel 43 miles long, through the Hoosac Mountains, in the north- privileges of Harvard University a . 1 : % in = , mm : ‘ 7 : yr . ‘ me vias Es western part of the State. It is one of the longest tunnels in the world. Chere are seven colleges for men: Harvard University, at Cambridge ; Boston Univer- sv'y, and Boston College, at Boston; Amherst College, at Amherst; College of the Holy 23. Government. — The Legislative, called the General Court, Cross, at Worcester ; Williams College, at Williamstown; and Tuft's College, at Medford. consists of 40 Senators and 240 Representatives, elected annually, Jd The professional and scientific schools include seven of theology; two of law, several of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy; the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, in Boston; the Free Institute of Industrial Scrence, at Worcester ; Lawrence Screntyfic School, and the Musewm of Comparative Zoology, at Cambridge. Many of these are attached to some of the Colleges or Universities. The Judiciary comprises the Supreme Court, which consists of a chief and six associate judges; a Superior Court, with a chief and ten associates; Courts of Pro- bate and Insolvency ; and in the larger towns, municipal and police courts. ey eee oe pune ated by the Governor for life or during good behavior. Among the secondary schools of note are Phillip’s and Abbott Academies, at Andover; The chief Executive officers are the Governor, with a Council of eight members ; Williston Seminary, Kasthampton; Bradford Academy, Bradford; Wilbraham Acad- a Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, and Attorney-General. They emy, Wilbraham ; Dean Academy, Franklin; Monson Academy, Monson; Adams Acad- are elected annually by the people. emy, Quincy ; Maplewood Institute. Pittsfield; and Thayer ‘Academy, at Braintree. Questions.—What rank does Massachusetts hold in commerce? Name the exports. Questions.—How eariy was Harvard College founded? Repeat the quotation oa pati lectanes ehictly consumed How is the commerce carried on? concerning the social structure of New England. What is said of the Board of Why was the Hoosac tunnel made? Describe it. What is said of the Legislature ? Education? Its powers? The Normal Schools and Colleges? The town schools? The Judiciary ? The Executive officers? Where and when was a system of free | Compulsory attendance? What three grades of private institutions? Name the public schools first created? Harvard College? Why were the people so enlight- | higher institutions for women. For ith. Those for both sexes. The professional ened upon the subject of education ? and scientific schools. Name some of the principal secondary schocls.29. History.— Landing of the Pilgrims. — On ane Ast of December, 1620, there landed at Plymouth Bay a little English company of men, women, and children, who are known in our his. tory as the Bilecine The word “pilgrim” means wanderer, and is applied those who especially to leave their native land to perform somereligiousduty. The Pilgrims belonged to a colony of Englishmen, who had been living for some years in Holland, whither they had fled to escape from religious persecution at home. They had been called Pilgrims even while liv- ing in Holland. Before a et a eee leaving their vessel, they declared that every man should have an equal the government; and they chose John Curve share in r for their Governor. One hundred and one persons landed from the Mayflower. And this was the first permanent settlement of Europeans in’ Massachusetts. Within a year arrival about half their number died from fatigue, hunger, and exposure. the vessel returned in the Spring, not one of the little back to Europe. from their But when 20 5 company was willing LO 30. Puritan Settlements. — In 1629, a colony of 400 Puritans arrived from England, and founded a town which they called Salem, a Hebrew word meaning peace. And the next year Bere, came 1000 more, with Governor John Winthrop at their head. The Puritans, like the Pilgrims, were religious reformers, who were persecuted by the government because they dissented from the Established Church of England. They were called puritans, in derision, because they claimed to have a simple, and purer form of faith. This company, called the Massachusetts afterwards settled Boston, xsoxbury, Dorchester, Charlestown, Watertown, and several other places. The Massachusetts Bay Colony numbered many rich and highly Bay Colony, soon educated men. But notwithstanding.their greater wealth and numbers, the Puritans at first suf- fered as much as the Pilgrims from hunger and disease. 31. Salem Witchcraft.— About 200 years ago there was a gen- eral belief throughout Hurope that certain persons had the power to injure others by t the practice of magic arts. Such persons were called witches, and many of them were put to death. In Scotland alone, 4000 of these so-called witches were executed in ten years. This strange delusion extended to Massachusetts about the year 1692; and was particularly active in Salem and the neighboring towns. lasted, twenty innocent persons were hanged on Gallows Hill, an eminence in During the short time it Salem. 32. Union of the two Colonies.— In 1692, the colonies of Ply- mouth and Massachusetts Bay, were united under the name of Massachusetts, the name of one of the native tribes. 33. The Pequod War.— The first war in which the Massachu- setts colonies were called the Pequods, who had been very troublesome to the settlers of Connecticut. engaged, was with a fierce tribe of Indians This war involved all the New England colonies, and closed with the severe defeat of the savages in 1637. After this there was little fighting for about forty years. Questions. — What is said of the landing of the Pilgrims? What does the word mean? Who were they? What kind of government did they establish? How many came in the Mayflower? How many died the first year? What is said of the first Puritan settlements? Who were the Puritans? What is said of the Salem witchcraft? Of the union of the two colonies? Describe the Pequod war. King Philip’s war How many years from that war to the French and Indian wars ? _ THE STATE (OR ESS Ss ACH Siam Is: 34, King Philip’s War, broke out in L675, was the severest of the early Indian wars, and gave a serious check to the prosperity of the New England colonies. King Philin which as he was called by the settlers, was the a native chiefs: and he saw ee aay that his people were in danger of being driven from the soil. Al- ready the whites of New England numbered 55,000 to 30,000 of the natives: aaa the latter were reduced to small tracts of territory here and there. So he anita the tribes of New England, and made a « lesperate effort to drive the sett] blest or the ers from the land. In this war, which ended with the death of Philip in the latter part of 1676, 600 of the colonists were killed and thirteen towns were burned. But the Fre the Indians sufiered so severely that there was peace until the breaking out of nch and Indian wars 35. The terrible French and Indian Wars s, in which nearly all the American colonies were involve d, broke out in 1689, and lasted with some intervals till 1763. The French claimed Canada and Nova Scotia, and all the interior of North Amer- ica to the mouth of the Mississippi, and forbade the English to settle in any part of I that region, or even to trade with the natives. And this brought « yn. the long series of wars which were really a struggle between France and England for the mastery of the continent. Most of the I minate the English. joined the French, The French gave the Ih so that these wars were Indian tribes and hoped with their aid to exter- idians fire-arms, and he lped them with troops; far more dreadful than the early contests with the natives. To keep the French in their own territory it was necessary to attack them there; and one of the most lmportant expeditions unc out at Marblehead, by the Massacl dertaken for that purpose was fitted husetts Colon y- The object was to take the strong French Island. Connecticut. + Breton of the expedition were from Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and fortress of Louisburg, on Cay The men They succeeded in taking the place in 1754, after a siege of fifty days. land, with all At last the wars ended in 1763, — Canada being surrendered to Ex fishing-stations near east of the Mississ the vast territory ippi River, except some Newfoundland. By this long period of warfare the colonies were becoming prepared for the more severe struggle with Great Britain, which was now fast approachiug. refusal ry the British Government, should be. 36. The Revolutionary War was brought on by the of the American colonies to be taxed | unless they had a voice in deciding what these taxes 7) ‘No taxation without representation” was their motto. The first blood shed in this contest was at Lexington and Concord, in April, 1775. And the first great battle was fought at Bunker Hill on the 17th of June in the same year. On the 17th of March, Boston, and the war thier prov- Inde- 1776, the British were forced to evacuate after a siege of nine months; vas then transferred to the « inces. But Massachusetts was steadfast and foremost throughout the War of pendence; and the valor and patriotism of her sons were conspicuous in every field. 37. In the Warof 1812, the seamen of the themselves in many a naval battle; and in the great Civil War, a leading part from the beginning to the end. State distinguished Massachusetts bore She furnished more than 160,000 men to the national cause. Questions. — How many years did the latter last? What was the cause? Why ? Why did the New Eng gland colonists When did these wars close? What results were gained? What caused the Revolution? What What is said of the War of did the Indians generally join the French wish to take Louisburg? Of what service was this long struggle? events of that contest took place in Massachusetts? 1812? Of the great Civil War?38. Towne. principal city of New England. Including the towns lately an- nexed, the population by the U.S. Census of 1880 was about 363,000. The whole region around the city for many miles is like one great town, some parts being compact cities, and others like country villages; and the business of the in- habitants mainly centres in Boston. Including the towns within ten miles of the State House, the city would have a population of more than half a million. Boston is the capital of Mass.chusetts, and the 39, Boston ranks third among the cities of the Union in the total value of its imports and exports—New York being the first, and Philadelphia the second ; and in the value of its imports it is surpassed only by New York. The chief foreign exports are flour, grain, beef, bacon, hams, lard, butter, cheese, furniture, fish, ice, and live-stock. The ice trade is of Boston origin; the first cargo ever shipped having been sent from this port to the island of Martinique, in 1806. The domestic trade is very large, especially in boots and shoes, leather and hides ; wool and cotton; manufactured goods, fish, flour, grain, and musical instruments. Boston has the largest wool trade of any city in the Union; is the greatest market in the world for hides, boots, and shoes; and is the principal depot for New England manufactures. Light important railways centre here. Most of them are connected together by the Grand Junction Railroad, which passes around the city. 40. Boston was named for the old town of Boston in England. The word is a contraction of “St. Botolph’s Town.” Many years ago there was a St. Botolph’s chapel in the city. Among the many objects of historic fame which the city contains, the most cele- Faneuil, a gentleman of Iluguenot descent,— and the Old South Church. Questions. — State the population of Boston. Its rank in New England. De- scribe the environs. State its rank in commerce. The foreign exports, What is said of the ice trade? Where is Martinique? What is said of the domestic trade? Of the trade in wool? In hides, boots, and shoes? In New England manufac- tures? Describe the Grand Junction Railway. What is the origin of the name Boston? What objects of interest in the capital? brated are Faneuil Hall,— called the “ Cradle of Liberty,” built in 1742 by Peter Other objects of interest are the Bunker Hill Monument, at Charles- town; the ‘Common,’ with its grand old elms; the beautiful Public Gar- den, surrounded by stately mansions; and many costly and elegant buildings, public and private. In November, 1872, the wholesale business portion of Boston was de- stroyed by fire. The extent of the ‘burnt district’? was sixty-five acres, and the loss about eighty millions of dollars. This portion is entirely re- built with more elegant buildings on wider streets. Boston has always been noted for its LANDING THE FISH. public schools and benevolent societies, and for the attention paid to literature, science, and the fine arts. The buildings de- voted to these purposes are among the ornaments of the city. Boston is unsurpassed in the beauty of its environs by any other, great city in America. 41. Lowell is one of the principal seats of the cotton manufac- ture in the Union; and has, besides, extensive woollen mills, carpet factories, iron-works, bleacheries, etc. Seven railroads meet here. The prosperity of the city is owing to the vast water-power furnished by the falls of the Merrimac, which have here a cescent of thirty feet. Steam-power is also largely used. 42, Worcester is often called the “Heart of the Common- wealth,” from its position and political importance. It is the centre of eight railroads; las a large country trade, and a great variety of manufactures. Among the leading articles are boots and shoes, and clothing; agricultural im plements, and machinery ; furniture, iron and steel wire. 43. Cambridge is, next to Boston, the wealthiest city in the State. It is principally known as the seat of Harvard University, the oldest and most richly endowed college in America. There is little business activity in Old Cambridge — the residents being chiefly bus- iness men of Boston, retired merchants, and men of letters and science. The city contains, however, some book-binderies and printing-offices, which have a wide reputation; and there are in East Cambridge and Cambridgeport other ex- tensive manufactories. 44, Fall River, on Mount Hope Bay, at the mouth of Taunton River, holds the first rank among the towns of America in the manufacture of cotton goods; and has, besides, extensive iron- works and other factories. The city is named from a stream which flows into the mouth of Taunton River, and furnishes immense water-power. Fall River has an excellent harbor, and is engaged in commerce and the fisheries. Steamers run daily to Providence, Newport, and New York. 45, Lawrence is engaged in the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods, paper, boots and shoes, furniture, machinery, and many other articles. The water-power of the Merrimac (which has a gradual descent of 26 feet within the city) is collected by a magnificent dam across the river, and distributed among the factories by a canal on each side. 46. Lynn is the first city in the country in the manufacture of women’s shoes. It is delightfully situated on Lynn harbor and Nahant Bay, and is a favorite summer resort. Questions. — What is said of the great fire? For what is Boston noted? What is said of Lowell? To what does this city owe its prosperity? What is Worces ter called? Why? Why has it a large country trade? What are its exports? What is said of Cambridge? What rank has Fall River in the manufacture ot cotton goods? From what is the city named? What is said of Lawrence? Of Lynn? What localities might the picture on this page represent?VIEW FROM MT. TOM. 47. Springfield, at the union of five railways, is the chief centre of trade for the western half of the State. It is widely known for the United States Arsenal and Armory, and for the remarkable variety of its manufactures. 48, Salem. — Manufacturing is the leading interest, leather being the principal article. The fisheries are important; and there is a large coasting trade, particu- larly in coal, imported for distribution among the fac- tory towns of the interior. 49. New Bedford is the principal whaling port in the world; but that business has greatly declined of late years, and manufacturing and the coasting trade are now the leading interests. 50. Taunton, on Taunton River, has a considerable coasting trade; but the leading interest is manufacturing. Cotton goods, nails and tacks, machinery, loco- motives, steam-engines, and silver-ware are the chief articles. 51. Gloucester has one of the best harbors on the Atlantic coast, and far surpasses any other port in the country in the extent of its cod and mackerel fisheries. It is also widely known for its granite quarries, and for its ocean views and sea-bath- ing, which attract great numbers of summer boarders. The other chief fishing towns are Marblehead, Beverly, Welljteet, and: Provincetown. 52, Holyoke is sometimes styled the ‘ Paper Metropolis of the World,” on account of the extent of its paper manufactures. There are also large cotton and woollen mills. The dam across the Connecticut River, which here falls 60 feet in three-quarters of a mile, affords one of the most extensive water-powers in the world. 53. Somerville contains high hills, which command a view of Boston and vicinity, and are of historic interest in connection with the Revolutionary war. It has the largest pork-packing establishment in New England. 54. Chelsea is the third in size of the suburban cities of Boston. It has various manufactures, but is principally the residence of Boston business men. 55. Newton is one of the most popular and beautiful of the suburbs of Boston. The residents generally do business in that city. 56. Brookline, lying between Newton and Boston, is the wealthiest and most beautiful suburb of Boston, and rivals in beauty the finest suburbs of London. 57. There are many other beautiful residential towns within a few miles of Boston. Among these are Nahant and Swampscott, noted for ocean scenery ; Everett, Malden, Melrose; Wakefield, which manufactures rattan goods; Danvers which contains a Lunatic Hospital; Medford and Winchester. These are all upon the northern and eastern railways.— West and southwest are Arlington and Belmont, engaged in market-gardening ; Lewington, of historic fame; Watertown, containing the first rural cemetery in the country; Needham, and Dedham, the shire-town of Norfolk Milton, containing the Blue Mount Auburn Cemetery, Wellesley, the seat of Wellesley College; County ; Hyde Park, a growing manufacturing town ; Hill; Braintree, the seat of Thayer Academy ; Hingham, containing the homestead and grave of John A. Andrew; and Cohasset, a fayorite summer resort. 21 08. Haverhill is second only to Lynn in the manufacture of boots and shoes. & : : : ue y 59. Newburyport is engaged in ship-building, fishing, and manufacturing, and has an extens astwis : i i i 1 n extensive coastwise commerce. It is a beautiful town, built upon rising ground which comraands a view of the sea and the surrounding country. 60. Fitchburg 1s an important manufacturing city on the Nashua River, which furnishes water-power. It contains extensive granite quarries. ito 1) vi ‘ ‘ G1. Pittsfield, the shire-town of Berkshire County, is one of the most: beautiful towns in the State. It has extensive manufactories of woollen goods. 2. Nor p ; 62. North Adams, at the western end of the Hoosac Tunnel, is a thriving manu- facturing town. Many Chinese were ‘ at one time employed here in the boot and shoe manufactories. It was formerly a part of the town of Adams, but was incor- porated as a separate town in 1878. 63. Chicopee manufactures cotton goods, machinery, agricultural implements, tools, cannon, small arms, and bronzes. 64. Northampton is noted for its healthfulness and beauty. A State Lunatic Hos- pital and the Clark Institution for deaf-mutes are located here. 65. Brockton, the largest town in Plymouth County, ranks next to Haverhill in the manufacture of boots and shoes, and is the centre of an important local trade. Weymouth, Milford, Marlboro, Natick, Stoneham, Rockland, Abington, aud Stoughton are also leading boot and shoe manufacturing towns. 66. Waltham contains the manufactory of the Waltham Watch Company, the largest establishment in the world for making watches by machinery. 67. Woburn is known for its extensive tanneries. chemicals, boots and shoes. It manufactures also glue and 68. Attleborough contains over thirty establishments for the manufacture of jewelry - 69. Quincy was the home of two Presidents. ries and for its excellent schools. It is noted also for its granite quar- The first railroad in this country was built here in 1827, to transport granite for shipment. 70. Marblehead is a quaint and interesting old town. The people have been engaged in fishing from its earliest settlement; and this bold and hardy population have always been sturdy defenders of the Republic. They sent the first troops to Boston to aid in crushing the Rebellion, and furnished in all 1440 men 71. Peabody is the birthplace of George Peabody, the London banker, who founded here the Peabody Institute, and bequeathed for educational and charitable purposes $7,000,000. It contains thirty-five manufactories of leather. 72. Clinton, on the Nashua River, has good railway facilities, and manufactures Brussels and Wilton carpets, cotton goods, wire cloth, and horn goods. 73. Nantucket includes Nantucket island and the neighboring islets. The winter is mild, and the summer so cool that the island has become a favorite summer resort. 74. Provincetown is the place where the Pilgrims first landed after their stormy passage across the Atlantic. They cast anchor in what is now Provincetown Har- bor, and sent out an exploring party along the coast. 75. Plymouth is a historic town of great interest. It contains Plymouth Rock, a monument in honor of the Pilgrim Fathers, and Pilgrim Hall, where are collected many relics of the first settlers. 76. The principal Cape towns, besides those already mentioned, are Barnstable, the shire-town; Sandwich, Yarmouth, Dennis, Harwich and Chatham, 77. BERKSHIRE County is noted for beautiful scenery, and is the summer resi- dence of many famous literary men and women. The principal towns besides those already mentioned are Adams, an important manufacturing town; Great Barring- Lee, Stockbridge, Sheffield, New Marlboro, and Lenox, ton, Williamstown, Deerfield; and Montague, containing the village of Turner's Falls. 78. In FRANKLIN CouNTY the principal towns are Greenfield, the shire-town ; 79, In HAMPSHIRE CouNTY, Ware, Amherst, Easthampton, and South Hadley. 80. In HamppEN County are Westfield, which manufactures whips extensively, and cigars from tobacco raised in the Connecticut Valley ; Palmer, and Monson. 81. In Worcester County, northern part, are Athol, Gardner, Winchendon, Near Worcester, Westborough, Grafton, Milbury, Spencer, Webster, Blackstone, and Northbridge. Leominster. and North Brookjield. In the southern part, Southbridge, eastern coast of Massachusetts is much resorted to in summer for grand ocean scenery ant The most popular of these resorts are Edgartown and Cottage City, on Martha’s Vineyard; Nantasket Beach, near the entrance to Boston Harbor; Wahant, Swampscott, and Beverly, summer residences of ry Bostonians, and Pigeon Cove at the extremity of Cape Ann. Princeton, near ; State, and is resorted to for 82, Swmmer Resorts.—TLhe 1 sea-bathing. wealtl ' Mount Wachusett, is one of the highest towns in the its pure and healthful air.1 agt Jaffrey A; Ml Greenville §.Vernon Tancthon ON Dernantsten & oo C5 als (0: t ha \ : \ i i if Lagan )= 3 c } cal Se tion S14 LS South 1 dp Parkers / 2 Dela ors Mae Rares j sone ZA . \\ ‘ ot eth ° Ge ee ci ay o i a = ne ion Keashb Lip Seve He? ' SAL BS b Ne =F y ra AN VAR ; —f7 Ze , oN, PS Sty “Ung “ofS eNXbu Re I 142 “Bers Pali A SA AWwendell PepornOr ee Oe fo Qhemp ie ng pee Buck! andj. rN reenfiel EN NY A eters SEAR it ae NSO ln > A; We ese : Ty 0, Nis I o Tt IN. AM .) = A} } i ff \ ‘ f ONY ’ e % / _F 4 t Shelburne Falfi 3 Rute 7 wm — {ys gerne. ° © . Wendell ; a LENS rh eal oy eke ‘ M3 N.S Stem in Q % e esis @ V. ; pegs] N Ne j 4 xs Go | are le x = Toe i oe Locks und A 7p Ae J SEN) II — oi 7 é t) SMe SO swift 1 ee iG wae figs of dou = 1A ge XS Vorthrazten sh . 2, pao Z fo : é Ra phate zi & \ SY IRYS PEAK P pag Ko tin Mie ASES, 2 inst % Re k x a lene a. ay ie ' ; Seth asnaue € Ps LU ateltezay ASS © © e| or ~& r ® okt de (tie Nas = z a: p e ae %. = an Pea = 7 , K ; TeSys eiteo e; Ano Breg aus she eet MPSS ~ Gyr) : Bik Bs Fe ef : : SGN Oo ‘ Tone cine 5)! 3 ip ant st as H Woke Mii & gh udolo wis JK ff : met peacor Bd dk \ S Ss a \ Aon fo! 7, wae Q C Ri N ( 5 D : > Quaboag Pg asiotisl ukersotse 7a ip me OAT ne PN raimer (PSmegn {7 ‘ A sejHIC j Z 0 ae Wile : ‘dP. H Gs a 4 SY : a i e ryreKoe | De wh ppeedenks V-p ; zw Pastas Va\ "5 o f Et: est f 4 er a Min Ryver ar Re e : fj ACO, a \ 1 4 mle, Ya pla na + cf | {4 a = MAP OF Questions. BOSTON ; : 3 ) ret a hae or ie AND VICINITY, Position and Outline. — Bound Massachusetts. What are the two principal penin- PVICINITY, ; — : j can , > | Scale 414 Miles to an Inch. sulas on the coast? What two small peninsulas partially enclose Boston Harbor? i—< + rT: ry v7 : : 71 “J me ms he Name two between Winthrop and ( ape Ann. Name three bays on the coast. What | v ob u Teen , PO 1 ‘ 7 1 Ts Q 9 7 the | ice ld WPT C x , islands south of Cape Cod? Where is Vineyard Sound? Between what parallels is eS o Al Eactae 9 7 ; 26 Siar 7 , = , r es L axington=x iW ; ste: S Ff eg ke a US PY the body of the State? What meridian passes through the centre of the State? What RRS AES ee / sae . F oifondaten : meridian near Boston? What part of South America does this meridian cross? 1e ex gion, yWin _AV re ESS: : Sf (Mystic Pik, a ( Surface and Rivers. — What mountains cross the western part of the State? What SN faring ney SY) Se > reas. East Lis ington yao xa river between them? What is the highest mountain in the State? What mountain in 1). the south-west corner? What separates Mount Tom and Mount Holyoke? What is ie Leste Pons . SS , 2 , = its . | Sy, a i gO peeN Stay. SaaS the highest mountain east of the Connecticut River? What are the two principal riy- D Ni ey wees a ers of the State? Name four branches of the Connecticut. ee e two branches of the ONES oT A HE SAK een Merrimac. What rivers flow into Boston Harbor? Into Narr: ugansett Bay? Into =a 9 aaiees : Rea. Be Long Island Sound? What river flows into the Hudson in New York / | ae LW, Heabaih d ae Towns. — What is the largest city in the State? What three cities are suburbs of , 2 wet nO ee eo Be eJ mae oan ao eRe Boston? Name three cities north-east of Boston. What four cities on the Merrimac? 7 oe aa ghee AE re Winthrop ABpIOT see Deena . ‘ What cities on Taunton River? On peared Bay? Nearest the centre of the State? SW Nou a BS CRs SOSA Souk $cusionn SQ oe [eeeen Largest town on the Connecticut River Name three other towns on ee river. [Grove ind j Largest town on the Housatonic River? On the Nashua River? Give the location of Re a 15 Ze the followi ing places, and all for what they are Ried. Pigeon Cove, ESTE Marb le- ye e/ canny head, Swampscott, Nahant, Quincy, Hull, Cohassett, Plymouth, Pre Ne ee g ens yard Haven, Cottage City, Nantucket; Williamstown, Amherst. : od ; 5 2 = es ‘ Counties. — Which is the most western county? What counties are intersected by { c ae Sage! oh: date Be : a meio the Connecticut Riyer? Which is the central county? Name the two north-eastern ° at ester} : ~~ Sheep I. vet counties. In what county is Boston? What counties south of Boston? In what rs : oe J ge ANS mth Bo. pate, sos county is Cape Cod? Name the island counties. Commit to memory the counties in / jSorii ia lS i nt DEE $e SG / San x the following order (looking upon the m: ap): Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire, Hamp- SS Fe den, Worcester, Middlesex, Kssex,-Suffolk, Norfolk, Bristol, Plymouth, Barnstable, ( Dedhs n& Dukes, Nantucket. In what county do you live? What counties border upon it? IN s What is the shire-town of your county? Of the adjacent counties? - eS / O & 5 d [Ak a aecS from Greenwich. i ise ees ho s: oem ury » iBook i 1 § Bolton. SEN me ck bottom Bs ES sin \ we yk OV rae * pe ~ pyre J Caen a phe \ Fine. af ton! iS fe dindersy| WLR PU 1s z é -NoEt vite pins : eppe feu Gro De rd ~ 70°.80/ wbury or ae ye hl : re ay spianantac 1C"RIVER Prov Rw bur ae \ UP 1 aN owt thu. Ly 4] | Plum! a "MASSACHUSETTS. | SSNS: Py Bay so Vi Spy xiehy? ey . Scale Eleven Miles to an Inch. EXPLANATION, Cities and Large Towns in Bold Type. Y ems Horoulg caster laydgn Ro i r 7 : “Sn gton. pal eh i \ J 3 is = Railroads.. | Kay QW ot : : : : Son ‘i open oo Med: ee S.9 LAG Lexingroined aude ro rie Jor * AP a ~ é oS g SS AC US Eee IS Se . aaa —E GS BAS oe, pee pass By AS SQuU hoe ONS — x ‘i OT = eda } A An G = oe f EA ve ray + WW Hano%c hut VAP So 3 mS . NS Bias th Sout s) S Sfielc i} Jgg Rock RR. \end. a Outer Brewste: 4 qi i Brewster Ce, mS Middl shorouth Middle D i gor ae Be +3 Od, ae yn ae } & 107 aulIyitiny - ws S{onumen |=. Sant anh BT ndw Pa r} Ss. a tN. Glee Sy < V Ke ues Bills 5 ie ; . f Cotui Pr Be ey ave Ss a6 illo Gammon PL, J - 7 Muskeget I. Vanity» o&, Tuckernuck *0e>, ip I * en Ge. 4% Nantucket sr 5 < . 47. The following places have each a population of over 3000, and thriving in- dustries ; 48, Putnam manufactures cotton, woollen, and shoes; Thomaston, clocks and cutlery; New Milford, vegetable ivory goods, and packs great quantities of tobacco; Thompson, Woollen goods and twine, and edge-tools. 49. Bristol 1s a picturesque hill-town. It was one of the first in the manufacture of clocks, in which industry it ranks first in the State. It has foundries, machine- shops, and hosiery works. 50. Newtown, an agricultural town, manufactures also hats and rubber goods ; Wallingford, plated table-ware, buttons, book-binding ; Glastonbury; farming, cotton and woollen goods, fire-arms, spectacles, and plated goods. 35. Vernon, in Tolland County, has ex- cellent water-power and convenient rail- way facilities. Rockville is a large village in this town. The manufactures are cotton and woollen goods, hosiery, thread, sewing- silk, and envelopes. 36. Enfield contains the two villages of Thompsonville and Hazardville. At the former place over two and a half million yards of carpeting are annually produced. The latter contains some of the most extensive gunpowder works in the world, The community of Shakers in En- field raise large quantities of garden seeds. The bridge across the Connecticut between Enfield and Suffield is the first ever thrown across that river in this State. 87. Stonington is the most south-east- erly town in the State. Stonington borough has a good harbor, and is a port of entry. It is on the rail- road from New York to Boston, and is con- nected with New York by steamboat lines. It has some commerce, and an active in- terest in the seal-trade and coast fisheries. ; It is a pleasant sea-side resort. Along the Mystic River, in the western part of this town, are woollen mills and shipyards. Stonington was three days bombarded by the British in 1812. 38. Winchester is the most populous town in Litchfield County. It contains the two villages of Winsted and West Winsted, the latter a borough. The manufactures are scythes and hoes, carriage findings, silver-plated goods, 5 § § I § clocks, cutlery, and leather. This place lies at the junction of the Naugatuck and Connecticut Western Railroads, and has good water-power. 39, Killingly is the most populous town in Windham County. It contains several factory villages and the borough of Danielsonville. It has large cotton and woollen mills. 40. Fairfield is a beautiful coast town in south-western Connecticut. It has manu- factures of paper and prints. 41. Windham contains the village of Windham, and the borough of Willimantic. The latter, a busy manufacturing centre, produces more thread than any other place in the country. Three railroads centre there. 42. Groton lies between the Thames and Mystic Rivers. It is engaged in the coasting trade, fisheries, and ship-building. It has cotton-mills, brass- and iron- foundries, and two granite quarries. 43. Portland is on the Connecticut River, opposite Middletown. It is noted for its valuable quarries of brownstone. STEAMER LEAVING STONINGTON FOR NEW YORK, 51. Sprague has cotton, woollen, and paper mills; the Baltic cotton-mill is one of the largest in the world. Milford manufactures straw goods, and has quarries of fine green marble; it is a pleasant summer resort. Stafford includes several factory villages and the borough of Stafford Springs. 52. Colchester is a beautiful rural town, the seat of Bacon Academy; manufac- tures rubber goods and paper. Westport manufactures leather, axes, and stoves. Salisbury is a picturesque town in the north-western part of the State. Tt has iron ore of superior quality. It has blast furnaces and foundries, and manufactures car-wheels, water-wheels, cutlery, and machinery. 53. Suffield, a rich farming town, produces large crops of tobacco. It is the seat of the Connecticut Literary Institute. Litchfield is the county-seat of Litchfield County. Its elevation, pure air, fine views, broad, shady roads, and convenient rail- road make it a favorite summer resort. New Hartford, 00 Farmington River, pro- duces cotton goods and machinery. 54, Stratford is a beautiful old town at the mouth of the Housatonic River. Its streets are broad and beautifully shaded. It contains the borough of West Stratford. Hamden, an agricultural town adjoining New Haven, manufactures brass and iron goods, sewing-machines, and fire-arms. East Hartford is interested in market-gar- dening and paper-making. 55. The villages of Connecticut, built by the sea-side, river-banks, and among hills, are justly praised for their beauty of location, their broad, shaded streets, and ample commons, and their great number of comfortable and refined homes,N; ie MT. aRADE opatk 7 Scheer ee (ome VY, f . Z10}$ we HEAD Questions on the Map and Text. Position and Outline. — Bound Connecticut. From what does Long Island Sound separate the State? What large is sland near the mouth of the Thames? Where is Plum Island? Bradford’s Island? Mason’s Island? Falkner’s Island? The Thimbles? Norwalk Isl- ands? Name the principal harbors. Where is Little Narragansett Bay? Niantic Bay? ‘The Race? Where is Napatree Point? Goshen Point? lLyndes’ Point? Sach- em’s Head? Name the Points at entrance of New Haven Harbor. mouth of the Housatonic River? Near the Vig me What Point near the mouth of the Saugatuck River? Between what parallels is Connecticut? What States and Terri- tories have their northern boundary on or near the same parallel as Connecticut? What countries of Europe does this parallel cross? What countries of South America AR What meridians cross Connecticut? lie directly south of Connecticut? Millbrook A @ oe, 8 ee Surface. —Of what mountains are the highlands of western Con- a continuation? The highlands east of the Connecticut are what? Where is Mount Tom? Mount Carmel? Haystack Mountain? Talcott Mountain? necticut a continuation of Hast Rock? West Rock ? SF Rivers. — What rivers cross the State? What is the principal river? Describe it. What is its principal branch in this State? Name three of the eastern branches. What river east of the Con- x eK pW, ew nect bien What rivers unite to form the Thames? What is the { s N MPresxon® (nye Ae Be Shetucket called in its upper course? . o LSS a iS the principal river in the western part of the State? What is The next largest? Describe it. What is its principal branch? What river flows into New Haven harbor? Many small rivers flow directly into the Sound: longest one west of the Housatonic? Between the Housatonic and the Quinnipiac? Between the Quinnipiac and the Connecticut? = z Between the Connecticut and the Thames? EeWwNDs PS, Nh Zee aah a = oO ‘ - x : : e= Sag What river forms part of the boundary between Connecticut and \ Roxb ¥ ry cee ; : : . 3 a s ‘ dodbuty 48 Rhode Island? What is the general direction of all the rivers? S\Ruassapany ps What, then, is the slope of the land? Which is the \ B | Counties. — What What counties border upon Massachusetts ? What counties upon Rhode Island? Upon Long Island Sound? What county in State? In the north-eastern? South- } \ counties border upon the State of New York? = border } U s Pond_ — nN eversink XQ Re WW. the north-western part of the eastern? South-western? Carmel Commit to memory the counties in the following order (looking 4 P fo} ipon the map): Litchfield, Hartford, Tolland, Windham, Fairfield, ? New Haven, Middlesex, New London. —~Z Towns. — Name the largest towns on the Connecticut River? Where is New Haven ciimeted What are the principal towns west of New Haven on the Sound? What two cities on the Thames? What | Li is the principal town on the Sound east of the Thames? What city = & =D ; e i ee Dh on the Naugatuck River? : C inghamny as! What town in the south-western corner of the State? In the north-western corner? ~The north-eastern? The south-eastern? junction of the Housatonic and Naugatuck What large town at the rivers? What town on the Connecticut noted for its quarries of free- r stone? What is the shire-town of Litchfield County? Of Hartford Net A : \ af Oo eK County ? Tolland County? Of Windham County? Of Fairfield ¥ . \ \ J OK RES hy eT County? Of New Haven County? Of Middlesex County? Of New eolors One London County ? ’ Describe the position of the following towns: UR A ign” Bri Hgedort Rp ln. Bails 3 E OC ; Hartford, Meriden, Greenwich Fai ria A pe He ’ = ‘ infield / New Haven, Stamford, Enfield ME = Nats Be, “ 4) anksy Ue Dae - j : } * Southport Bi idgepor t, New London, Stoninaton | Stdnjvieh | I cy ee Nompich r ee p , , (a (na { Eine Cer Norwich, New Britain, Killingly, Ne BHR) Se Spring: ey TN To Tee | reenVidh z ” Waterburn ; Danbury, Vernon, ; Sots Sf oh en = . q o> NE cryiysiP S 7 a orth {f Roh Norwalk, South Norwalk, Windham, =e Noxhah, a (Pelivtons 2 “Nocwaly- ced ee . 3 Dafie) + rwa > Middletown, ee Groton. . s ff | ts 32 Ss As]; ands ! e Svnctis HE hen A aie ni sua atforg Ae , aS 7 =. ony~4 yy Name the principal towns on the railway between New York and New Haven. Between New Haven and Hartford. New Haven and New London. Between Bridgeport and Winsted. oo e “Od Fiely ae t 4 ~3— Pha; Througl what port are the goods fro} per . ; Ee Cera Ga a See s 5 stab wigwagle ares 00CS 2 mM foreign countries imported ? ; sine \ Se Pel Pens Where do Hn manufactures and agricultural products find their chief a = ey aie Crane Nectks A & market? Name the principal steamboat routes on Long Island Sound. ee \s es 2 = | Z > =f oi O gt at Port Jef GP T a orthport< ow nD wiingto, re , Polkville oe " f oO I eae > Perr aS > Foret BAe hs Rs ore FT : \ Fore (| ay =. ~ ed Y'29, La ae ;/Wigds y RD = Ping. yr By @ Salmon Br Hickinghad ° ‘O}s Vag, Me, = — aa ¢ y JTyrctignys ie vy © B/S fr \ Rocky Hille ait = == pin io 3ra nas ord\ \ : d ‘ wae Cre 9 Gulll. 0. Goose I.¢ Falkner Is. Ne suters- z cpoat BE steamer” Werods PX. , baiting Hollow Ms, Wading River G Sr Sea ane “T Longitude East from Washington +) SC., BUFFALO, are , aN 8 Eu So ( /) Ez st Woodstos of c \W 0) O ds t On LD E r 4 JWest Woodstock Se foe 5 =f Land's "re | : \ } \Brogily Wilh | cau Xe} (kc lyn fen “Blde' mpton~ | ‘ ale ) a) x 9h a Ni a ) ie: |) Yen, * | pO TE O G N Tc wns | (Centre) _.. Villag Rail Ro: id Miles to an Inch, Scale 7% Statut« Long Beach PX. GARDINERS MATTHEWS, NORTHRUP & CO.PROVIDENCE. HODE ISLAND, one of the original thirteen States of the Union and a part of New England, is the smallest and the inmost densely populated of any of the United States. The length of the State from north to south is nearly fifty miles, and its greatest width is about forty miles. Its area is 1085 square miles, being about one-eighth that of Massachusetts, and one two-hundred-fortieth that of Texas. [ The area usually given rs 1306 syuare males, but this includes the surface of Narra- gansett Bay, which cannot properly be considered as part of the area of the State. } The State derives its name from the island of Rhode Island in the eastern part of Narragansett Bay. It is the most fertile island in New England, and is said to have received its name from its resemblance to the isle of Rhodes in the Mediterranean Sea, which is remarkable for its fertility and salubrious climate. The full name of the State is ‘“‘State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.” 2. Surface. — Although Rhode Island has no mountains nor many very high hills, yet the surface is quite broken in -the northern and eastern portions. The hills are lower and less fre- quent in the central sections, and the southern part is quite level. Mt. Hope in Bristol (once the home of King Philip), Diamond Hill in Cumber- land, Woonsocket Hill in North Smithfield, and Hopkins Hill in West Greenwich, are among the highest elevations. 3. Coast and Islands.—The southern coast, bordering upon the Atlantic Ocean, is only about forty-five miles in length, but the various bays, inlets, and islands give the State nearly 350 miles of shore washed by tide-water. West of Point Judith, which is the most important cape, the coast is low and sandy, haying several fine beaches, the most celebrated being at Watch Hill. East of Point Judith the coast consists of alternate rocky cliffs and sandy beaches. The beaches at Narragansett Pier and Newport are among the most famous in the country. Narragansett Bay, noted for the variety and beauty of its scenery, extends about thirty miles northerly into the eastern portion of the State, and contains many beau- tiful islands, The most important of these are Rhode Island, on which Portsmouth, Middletown, and Newport are situated; Conanicut and Gould Islands, forming the town of Jamestown; Dutch Island, which belongs to the United States: and Pru- dence, Patience, Hope, and Hog Islands, belonging to Portsmouth. Along the shores of the bay and on some of the islands are numerous resorts for excursionists and favorite localities for summer residences. The most noted of these are Rocky Point (the most famous place for summer excursions in New England), Oakland Beach, Buttonwood Beach, and Narragansett Pier on the western shore: Silver Spring, Cedar Grove, Nayatt Point, Bristol, Tiverton Heights, and Little Compton on the eastern shore; Conanicut Park on Conanicut Island; and Newport, so celebrated for its elegant summer residences and its excellent sea-bathing. 30 Seaere CuOGRAPHY OF RODE ISEANiP. Block Island, containing the town of New Shoreham, is situated in the Atlantic Ocean, ten miles S.S.W. from Point Judith, and is noted for its fisheries and pure sea air. It is a favorite resort for those who desire to enjoy the advantages of a sea voyage without its discomforts. 4, Harbors.— Newport harbor is one of the best in the world. It has all the requirements needed to make a good harbor, being commodious, safe, deep, and easily accessible. Providence River (which is really but an estuary) is the outlet of the Woonas- quatucket, Moshassuck, and Seekonk (Blackstone) rivers, and extends from the Cove near the central part of the city to Nayatt and Conimicut points, a distance of about eight miles, and together with the bay below, affords more than 40,000 acres of safe anchorage, with a depth of fifteen feet or more at low water. The Barrington, Warren, and Seaconnet rivers are also navigable estuaries, and form good harbors for small vessels. 5. Rivers. — The rivers are of little importance for navigation, but they furnish abundant water-power, which has been improved to the fullest extent. The only navigable rivers are the Seekonk as far as Pawtucket, and the Pawea- tuck as far as Westerly. The other principal rivers are the Blackstone, Woonas- quatucket, Pawtuxet, Pawcatuck, Usquepaug, and Wood. 6. Soil. — Kast of Narragansett Bay and on the islands the soil is very fertile. In the northern part of the State it is hard and rocky, except in the valleys, while in the central and southern portions it is generally rather light and sandy. 7. The Climate, especially in the eastern and southern por- tions, is generally milder and more equable than in the other New England States, being modified by the influence of the ocean. 8. Occupations and Productions.— Manufacturing is the leading occupation of the people; agriculture ranks second in import- ance, and fishing third, while quarrying and mining are carried | on to some extent. 1. Manufactures.— In proportion to its area, no State exceeds Rhode Island in the extent and value of its manufactures. Cotton manufactures of all kinds, including dyeing, bleaching, and calico-printing, rank first; woollen manufactures of every description second; and iron manufactures, including steam-engines, locomotives, machinery, fire-arms, screws, and tools of various kinds, rank third. There are also extensive manufactories of jewelry and silverware, rubber and leather goods, chemicals, fish oil and guano, hair-cloth, furniture, carriages, brass, copper and tin ware, patent medicines, packing-boxes, etc.2. Commerce. — The foreign commerce, although not extensive, is steadily increas- ing, especially with the West Indies and Europe. The dome tic commerce is very important, employing many sailing vessels, (especially in the coal trade,) nearly a dozen lines of steamers, and as many lines of railway. 3. Fishing. — Cod, mackerel, scup, tautog, bass, bluefish, herring, and shad are the principal food fishes. Menhaden are seined for the manutacture of oil and guano. The shell fisheries are important and include clams, oysters, scallops, and lobsters. 4. Agricultural Productions.—Hay, corn, potatoes, and apples; peas, beans, onions, and other market-garden products; and strawberries and various small fruits, are raised quite extensively. Rhode Island eggs and poultry are justly famous. 5. Forests. —The value of the forest products, including wood, timber, charcoal, etc., is about a quarter of a million dollars annually. 6. Minerals. —- Few places of equal area in the Union contain so great a variety of minerals as Rhode Island, although little effort has yet been made to develop its mineral resources. Anthracite Coal underlies nearly all of the eastern part of the State, and at the mines in Portsmouth and Cranston it improves in quality as the depth increases. ron of a good quality has been found in some localities. G anite is quarried in various places, and the Westerly granite is celebrated for its fine texture and the beautiful polish which it takes. Lime of the best quality is burned from the limestone at Lincoln and Johnston. Clay, from which vast quantities of brick are made, is found in several places, the largest yards being at Nayatt in Barrington. Gold, silver, copper, lead, and some other minerals, are found in small quantities in several towns. 9. Railroads. — There are about 200 miles of railway in the State, affording ample fa- cilities for travel and for trans- portation of freight. The principal lines are the Ston- ington and Providence R. R.; New York and New England R. R.; Provi- dence and Worcester R. R.; Providence, Warren and Bristol R. R.: Providence and Springfield R. R.; Boston and Providence R. R.; Old Colony and Newport R.R. There are ten other short roads in the State which are con- nections or branches of the main lines. 10. Education.—Rhode Isl- and has an excellent system of free schools, for which the State makes an annual appro- priation of $90,000. The State Board of Education consists of the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio, and six other members elected by the general assembly for the term of three years. The State Commissioner of Public Schools is the executive officer. Each town and city has its local school committee and superintendent. Brown University, founded in 1764, is one of the oldest and best colleges in the country. The State Normal School, for the professional education of teachers, holds a high rank among similar institutions in New England. The Academies, Denominational, and Private Schools are numerous, excellent, and well supported. extensive and well managed. The Benevolent Institutions, such as hospitals, asylums, ete., are 11. Government.— The Legislature or General Assembly is composed of a Senate, which consists of thirty-six members (one from each town and city), and a House of Representatives, con- sisting of seventy-two members, who, with the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, are elected annually by the people. me ; ae The Governor is inaugurated and the Legislature organized each year at Newport, on the last Tuesday in May, called “election day.” The Legislature also holds an adjourned session at Providence each year, which generally meets in January, and is ” known as the “‘ January session 12. Political Divisions. —The State is divided into five counties, Providence, Bristol, Newport, Kent, and Washington. There are two cities (Providence and Newport) and thirty-four towns. Wiss SWAWIE, CUP IRIECO A MANUFACTURING VILLAGE. DIE, TSAI. 21 The towns are the smallest political divisions. In most of the States except New York and the New England States they are called Townships — the towns in those States corresponding to the villages in New England. 13. Towns. — Nearly all the towns in Rhode Island owe their prosperity to the extent and variety of their manufactures. In all portions of the State, wherever the water-power can be made available, manufactories have been built and flourishing villages have grown up along the river-banks. : Providence, one of the capitals of the State, and the second city of New England in population, is situated at the head of Providence river, and is noted for the cul- ture, enterprise, and wealth of its inhabitants. It is the starting-point of six impor- tant railroads, and the commercial metropolis not only of Rhode Island but also of the adjacent portions of Massachusetts and Connecticut. Probably no other city of its size has such extensive and varied manufactures. It has more than one hun- dred manufactories of jewelry; the largest manufactories of silver-ware and screws in the world; while locomotives, sewing-machines, and other machinery, fire-arms, stoves, nails, &., are largely produced. Many of the mills, print works, machine- The city contains many substantial and elegant public buildings and private residences, shops, &c., scattered throughout the State, are owned by citizens of Providence. and has the finest system of water-works aud sewers in the country. Newport, also one of the capitals, is situated at the southern extremity of the island of Rhode Island. It has long been celebrated as the summer residence of many of the cultivated, refined, and 1 wealthy from all parts of America, who, attracted by the society, the de- lightful climate, and invigorating sea breezes, have erected many elegant residences and seaside cottages. The “Old Stone Mill,’—* the only thing on the Atlantic shore,” says a Higginson, “which has had time to forzet its birthday,’—is a never-fail- ing source of interest to tourists. Fort Adams, one of the largest and strongest fortifications in the Union, is at the entrance of the harbor, and the United States torpedo station is on Goat Island, directly front of the city. Parctucket is said to produce a great- er variety of manufactured articles than any other town in New England. The first manufactory of cotton-cloth by water-power in America was built here, in 1790, by Samuel Slater, who has been ‘and the town still ranks first , styled ‘‘the father of American cotton manufacturing, in the State in the production of cotton goods. Woonsocket ranks first among the‘towns in the manufacture of woollen goods, and third in cotton manufactures. Lincoln produces cotton goods to the value of more than $3,250,000 annually, while the yearly production of Warwick exceeds $1,500,000, and that of Warren and Cumberland each exceeds $1,000,000. Smithfield, Scituate, and Coventry each produce nearly a million dollars’ worth. Westerly has extensive granite quarries and woollen mills. Burrillwille, North Smithfield, North Kingstown, and South Kingstown are largely engaged in the manufacture of woollen goods. Bristol manufactures rubber goods of all kinds, and has many beautiful summer residences. Barrington and East Providence are agricultural towns, and are also favorite places of residence in summer for Providence merchants. Cranston has the largest calico print-works in the Union, and produces large quan- tities of market-garden vegetables. Johnston and North Providence also raise any vegetables for the Providence market. Tiverton, Portsmouth, Tiddletown, Little Compton, and Jamestown are agricul- one a . . T “4 - 7 tural towns, and send large quantities of their productions to the Newport, Provi- dence. and Fall River markets. Fishing is also carried on to a considerable extent. Foster, Charlestown, Eaeter, and West Greenwich are also agricultural towns. East Greenwich, Glocester, Richmond, and Hopkinton, besides being agricultural towns, are quite extensively engaged in manufacturing.Ee EES BY) BCE eS Adie: 14. History. — Settiement. —It is supposed that the Northmen visited Rhode Island in the tenth century; but the first perma- nent settlement in the State was made at Providence, in 1636, by Roger Williams and five companions. Tose: Williams was a young minister who was banished from Salem, Mass., Dy the General Court of that colony, for ‘“ divulging new and dangerous opinions against the authority 01 the magistrates and churches. He bought the land for his col- one from the Indians, reserving to himself no more land and nc more power than-was granted to the other colonists, and gave the name ‘' Providence” to his new home, ‘ Liberty of was the fundamental law of his colony, and this was the first settlement as a memorial of ‘‘God’s merciful Providence to him in his distress.” conscience” in America in which full religious liberty was allowed. Tn 1638, William Coddington and eighteen others commenced a settlement at Ports- mouth, and in 1639 founded Newport. Warwick was settled three years later. A A charter was obtained from the Enzlish Parliament which united all these colo- nies under one government in 1644. This charter was annulled a few years later, 1663 King Charles II. Island and Providence Plantations,” governed until 1842, when, after a brief internal struggle, called the Dorr War,. the present State constitution was adopted. and in granted another charter for ‘‘ the Colony of Rhode In accordance with which Rhode Island was Indian Wars.— Rhode Island suffered less than many of the colonies from troubles with the Indians, on account of the kind and sagacious policy of Roger Williams. The most decisive battle of King Philip’s War, known as ‘“ the swamp fight,” was fought at South Kingstown, in 1675. Providence was burned by the Indians in 1676. The war was terminated by the death of King Philip, who was killed near Mount Hope, in August of the Same year. Revolutionary War.—In the struggle for independence Rhode Island took a prominent part. During this war every male citizen between the ages of sixteen and sixty bore arms. The most prominent officers from this State were Esek Hopkins, who, under the title of “ Admiral,” was the first commander in the American navy, and Gen. Nathanael “next to Washington in ability and in the esteem of the Greene nation.” The first bloodshed preceding the war occurred in 1772, when the British war- schooner Gaspee was captured and burned in Providence River. Some of the other noticeable events of the war which happened in Rhode Island were the capture of the British General Prescott at Portsmouth, in 1777; the battle of Rhode Island, in 1778, which Lafayette pronounced “ the best fought action of the war:” the evacuation of Rhode Island by the British, in 1779; and the arrival of tne French fleet and army, in 1780. Rhode Island adopted the Federal Constitution in 1790. The Civil War.—Rhode Island was one of the first States to supply troops for the protection of the National capital, and, with one exception, sent more soldiers into the field during the war, 1n proportion to its population, than any other State. Her public men, from the Declaration of Independence to the present time, have always been prominent in the councils of the nation, and have been distinguished for patriotism, statesmanship, and integrity of character. OP REODE Tsien: SS & SS WS = NEWPORT. PERRY MONUMENT AND OLD STONE MILL. Questions on the Text. What is Rhode Island? name. Giye its length, width, and area. Describe the surface. What is said of the coast ? Give the origin of its What is its full name? Name some of the principal elevations. Describe Narragansett Bay. Name some of the principal islands and summer resorts. What is said of Block Island? Warren, Barrington, and Seaconnet estuaries ? Newnort harbor? Providence River or estuary ? Which What What is said of the rivers? are navigable? Name the most important. Describe the soil. The climate. are the leading occupations of the people ? Name some of the most important manufactures. What is agricultural productions? Some of the most important food fishes. said of the commerce? Fishing? What are the principal What are forest products? Name the chief minerals. Institu- Political divisions? Principal railroads. What is said of the schools? Board of Education? tions of learning? Benevolent institutions? Government? To what do the towns owe their prosperity? Describe Providence. Newport. Pawtucket, Woonsocket, and other towns. By whom was Rhode Island settled? When and where were the next three settle- When were the charters obtained ? Give an account of Roger Williams. ments? What is said of the Indian wars? war? Of the Swamp fight? Of the Revolutionary Who were the most prominent officers from this State? What noticeable events of this war happened in Rhode Island? When did the State adopt the Federal Constitution? What part did Rhode Island take in the Civil War? ———————— > _____ Questions on the Map. How is Rhode Island bounded? Describe the course of the Blackstone River. What towns and villages along its course? Into what does it flow? In like man- In what direction. then, must the land slope in the north- ern, central, and southern sections? Mount Hope Bay? Western Passage? of the principal ponds in southern part of the State. parts of the State. ner describe other rivers Name some Name several ponds in other Name and locate four principal points on the southern coast. Where is Greenwich Bay? Bound each county, and name the towns in it. live, and give its dimensions. have about the same latitude? of this map? Newport? rillville ? Bound the town in which you Its latitude and longitude. What important cities About the same longitude? What is the scale How far in a straight line, and in what direction, is Providence from From Pawtucket? From Westerly? From Cumberland? From Bur- From other towns? How far is Watch Hill from Diamond Hill? Name the principal railroads in the State. Describe their course somewhat as you did the rivers. What railroad would you take in going to. Providence? Newport? Woonsocket? Westerly? Bristol? Burrillville? Fall River? Taunton? What places would you pass through in going directly north from your town? Kast? South? West? What towns border on Connecticut? On Massachusetts? On Narragansett Bay ? On the Atlantic Ocean? What towns are on islands?Le SCTVOUT x§ | a= West G sLoceSter SMaplev ihe are ¥ Sucks x iPeimposels Ponda) Gazzavil \ Station ¥ rae 2 ax S etna nema eer, ae au ettnetta St - AN Atillwater\ Mies Si % % ee Grove Res A | ae Gl SN fr 5 Ni 7 pont RE KE USWA w D ~ a & IDO 1! 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NN far rE or e Se he Bi OS xs oe ) } Z J F : X | os wy iStalipc gy / a aes G3 RC a Bi a ie Moe WW § ) B Se MR WAL a ¢ ob Ss, OSs on PIS . ys PAs Lc NOR R a (a ny Sx ates Hestlip iste ena ee Ss i rs iB My) WOK f Ween INT (© In dl G 3 WwW, er A V ee Ow} € rR K ae Seotuae st Pt)} songs | z i t rah oe ( A Py L 7, € NE a Bre akwat er 4 ~ Q We enePt. | i Hopk ino = “F sal Cormarant Rock MZ ss M > lee ae é oh sity Woody ile “Uy ents KK Seac suse fastisiand S LON TING POW we: WANE {eeveshalls WestIslani RY Plainville Si, (aye CORSE as Chas P&iitons Reet ls oS are aN 71°20 |-=~ = oe 5 eh v~ Narra f wer Pier = = =f Sea= ed i; ) ers S @ : )\\ | A MAP OF We | =n BURY\NS | K I N G S T } ) y BLOCK ISI LAND Se | La eNO j Poir yy Site ANS Part of SiN | zie HARI 1 iS T OW. pet py inte $470 Sa s NEWPORT COUNTY AX | -ross Mills 4 Gi > Randy Point c N i Charles t« aP OH por | Sn Ome EID . JISTON LING TON We SE Ch en PT ast " Gard, i % | Same Scale as main Map \ SRE ove Point \ V "071kG Pa, pl | ye Vita He sad. | ' gee an Pe - ‘el * z= 4 | Sachems Ue iy | \ : XL P Sy aA \ : BYSH AVL | 7 iQuonoe honta e i FARCE Ge oe ont Le age) AS | fi - os Fitarde Stoun Inlet sattyae < Graces Pome { =| y é: BA yoBreakwater = = BERKSON he 2 \ q > ry’ STON Q}d Harbor ] 5 2 ANISE ee 5 j I Dickens E oink & one i hn | ea S : wreae ack ater | r r aera yo Sl 71°\20 ———_— 71%40' Tongitude West from Greenwich 7130 _ -—— — ee ~ sttehee STA <= TES Mai ——— | L ean ——————— = ee pea — Ne nes = Sc ree in == ee eos 1. = V ee Han e files fl opulate | Poy ——= Nae mpshire i 2 P| es Pople aa | ia te ssacl ; | 29,895 Sq. per — ———— Rhode masettse, . Byeoe 648 Sie: Mile.) aes ; | 3 = Conn Island... 9,1 5 4 3936 } re pSSessce Miles Ze — ecticut.. 8 35 346,991 eaae =| — ne pats of | Cl 5 SCH —_— ,O40 332) Si} 2 -7 | x, Se 188 pad 1ild O _—— + 32,2 28 $235 : 88 ren | O - SRE: 108 1,78 86 | 38.5 | 235, - Ie Bn CO. a L a 3085 5783, 085 | 36 2 16 397857 2 se Scho |; Pupils i ST Pe ats 4,845 276,5 5 | se Bara 4,755 716) _ x 2 ol Age | npn ATI : 2 pln ge ly Sees 1009 Ep oth et c Teach ia STG ———— ,700 | 254.9 | Ge 876 166,856 ees sols in Public Ss ——— 128.5 | 252 75058 2 836 79 -) Schoc ec Scl Toes _—— = BES. 252)536,673 2,128 poanas 150,811 aS Rec 1001 ie ——<—<—= epee 6 ee Gee nota, Senet | 8 = 299 53 7 72° 4,79 Ex hoo bi i | ee ene 7 |8 _Senool | © feo = | — 909 68,1 36 237 ,62¢ pr itures alua | RI h Wh 96 | 15 5144 62, 45° ne > 5074555 res. uation of CU fain | Ne role _| po tEE ES patase 597 eeeen $ - Prope LTU c fetes Value Bee 7,336 si0,133) 36 —- sporty. | Horse hE ee = A ms. ; of e EIS 9 go2 4 60 2 5139 5 84 $5 = Hors: S a = 6 Farms Hay ] eee, PRIN ne 25129. epee 452,6 3 $3,027,602 ses. Mile i av Acas ——— 4,30 | - c r ys | CI 7 541,6 4,72 ,993 2,328 2 | 8 C ch IST = ee “ = | 5 = 34 20,95 32957; 6 = Ww: — a uy $102,35 Ons el Rotators PAL : tere ae 195% 1,427 79° | 7848 ee paene — ICS: = 35,522 22 957,615 eae Bushels. O a AGR ae pee) ieeng: | 429773 | 150,845 Qxen and | = 38,40 10 9934 280 I,107 — : B ats = ICU 3523 1,8 0,392 75,215 g¢ 2045 tle. Sh Bice 59,340.01 Bates : Bal neiels India LTUR 34. 1,895,877 59 ae ee 133,56 : eep. E =, TBE dk 210 er mt ° 583,06 +996 a if oo an - } 3545 PL ,029 ,03 fee 507 wir = 30,598 ove 97.415 1,0 59 | 3 99,625 | I rm AL 4,275 9,66 1s 33 41,8 Pe re. Vv 5 5598 25,882 15 51,183 3,358,8 5| 2 us 3ushel Rye Pp 75 ,O01 5°,435 186, 41 5,918 | ee Sanaa 598 | 12I,0 2,079 684,6 4 358,828 265,57 le =, | Bu A RO | 445940 21 35 ,072 211 7 -|—= TOEISE of ,06 79 7 43 I 5,575 shel D 7 46 II 2 825 4 26 ive Sto 3,910 7953! a) 1] 3 439,172 ,017 eo3 06. |e =: ane te UC Onl a1853 x 0,616. | 439,8 e 9| $ Stock: Oe 1520/389 Aree I 960,633 aneke Wash: TS. see 14.124 | 67, 70 | 76 Bee 16,499 oa =) 07,507 Se 2 »350,2 26 3ushels. B — MUIEAZO sok 4 979 123° A 8 .376 Sat 1585 a aoe 59 sea eee 24 oe: uckwe | 5 3567 | 5 17,211 60,12 4 286. 064 ote —— 180 | 59 ne Te wy) 71 34,03 2, os ushe sat, sed { 5¢ I 23 6,58 ee = RG | 1197 5768 ne a 77 eee 665 ay nels: Pound =e 91347 | 63,65¢ 12,957, ty ie y ——— 706 | 372,96 pena 55 y * = y if Value of oe Us ae 13,726 see "66 714 a mal ounds. Ghee = D3 3092. 2124 oe ai ° = 7 2 3 5/3 7? 302 cheese goes | 10,959,296 Now SA : vouen Val ee 42t | 37¢ 5997 80,128 337,25 0 Aye l= Pounds. XG = eran ree FSET —|} ed. Rrawntie el = 793733 17,783 | 15 ad BES 4,10 SeG: ilk = h ermo ampshi Saeeeeec oe mutaceure N Val PRIN ee 738 5.768 pak 752 3,966 I 7 Salons Ww [aes nt ie re: $6.23 Jes otton d Monae of. ] a CIP 5286 an 240 57,117 25, 47,272 5167573 at i . Po ool, | Rt ea ee 0523490 | Woe ctur' AL 38,742 Lire 49; 82 Sante 30 | 3 aa unds eT 1ode setts ee 8.¢ gor | $ | sole ed 4 25 954 6 07 = : : ob ) @ e Islz ts vee ,629 ,06 12 en G en Mi MA 42! 33 4 6 I 7,076 3,720 P accc | Connec sland aoe P13,319 z00ds Mixe D NU 73563 I, 587 5545578 5,7 ,783 Sinase lea onnecticut.....-- pe ,607 17,< 19,36 i Texti d yei F 2 907,103 82 979 73914 3) 23 - Sam| rcl —-- ficut oes SEs XO7ax 7 7,953,4¢ 3 | $6,6 x tiles : oe | ACT _ 8,1 7198, 3 ee 6,526 28) 1 778, 407 Orchard —— ES nee Nees rT. 7,15 Ae 2 $6 ,68 7 me Se 5 es 26 | 2 20,5 3 uc ae 0457.77 72 855,864 6,686,073 | $ i Te | Boots | URED P 993) 826,19: Soa Bel ee —|— ard | Hops pm 28359 T2sPEO ISIS 3,2 3,839 $1,906 xtiles. and R oe ToD qisnire 51,113 soe $ ounds 21,939 22,875 : 217, gue ae 9,937 ¢ 5 Shoes Tea OD EO OWES a: 3706 299 ,< aN 70,843 $1,112 | 3 10 mates 45,09) 07 793 oad $r,1 - tl T. ather UC eee 8 oat 29 Z52 2 2,026 ,069, iz 9,203 pei ,107,6 [pewanne: a1: "9°93 5,68 43 972,2 — 771 eat 410,450 13 Re epkeee $5, 82 Peace ed. | ge | S. (85,680 | 1309; 436 eae eee ,892 2 on 3,82¢ eens o 355 : rri€ ey 1,005, 42 3,955 92,284 2,718,822 gf, ee gL 7,230 13 ores ss d. | Clothir Kou 4,044, B 05,303 109, eee z | = 5919 ae 6, ee 939 198 a »4| 2,3 0,967| $ 1B: | Foundry le 52 58,751 9,8 —— a 505 87425 BGoaet ee $2,612 wets | chin Ma 456,246 95 vee ick and =e L8ee Jeong 1084) 503 eee ee | | ee, - ial : Vis Tian [is ale Shi = nae | 3,556,721 mae sone p1,1 os aper. Flo ™ eri amp wee ont Burlden cae ad. 11,385| Peay ae 530,33 is . | Gri urand - Mee ont.. shire. eriet es ding: Ca Ss a) are ,000 23,282 337 a $2,232 | Grist-Mil See S eve > anne P 6 , 2 5675 = ° Il — ach ose 31 C ned EC _149,75 227 775\ 1 2, 75 ——= duct Lu — Rh LUSELES ---0...- 282,725 soots. | IAL M = 2s ae Se aoe Sewens Rul =m ee 17?5 9, osiery Pee9 5 1,98 : 23 783,828 “5 => alice ubbe — Connecticut. | 1,322,62 32,07 $1,402, | oe peMarbie ANUFA : arOrts9 3,935,601 $3,966 Oo Z id Blastc FE oe re = S see | ey, 28 a 72 = | S 0,1 5¢ 528 2,55 Ix ds Cc] Fi ne aa es | 28 | 2 ee gn uae aoe Agricult CTUR 59 Bassa 5 Paaye z urniture | Cars a = 1,666 2,080,4 ; 5 imple | ED 39,599 soso z - | Cars Gare . eine woe JO eel eee PROD 8 774,049 lino | Wes OP SPs crews. | ¢ | ware. Soi U 2 £37,990 $572,5 jee S. ULA ITO. 1,367,672 $O6r,4 aaa and: ae CTS 2904573 240,5 $ a 743238 i — At a 72 : 45 | - Cand Printi . 4 37 4 ,2¢ (238 $46 me ION ae ee eee | 4 andles inting 1,076.4 79| 2 6 “465 235 10,609 Sie O SEtSS 718 ieralll catecees Pp and 79,405 »21 6,c ,522 55 F | 5455 ub Li : 7,0 oe 595 MAIN pica TH : 374 1,670 55 | [eae lishing. | Liquors 1,710 76r| 8 iceor nes) 332 E. == E CO 3 19/048 ae 5 Malt. 76t| 688,168 4,048,14 And Counti (= = ee UNTI 9,948 lta 1,6 6 oe oe Firear __ 688, 168 notes spngiosccee) as. Pop. |B Ta ES A = 25 pod | ms. |silk Go . 21095 ean Croesock gin,..... i p. Bristol ees ND P eS = 2545243 ilk aang a ape 5591 7 Ec se ————— 9374 Y z Ss, | ) is =, Franken Wiarcdl [Brewer ess Pop. |NE ee eae 03742931300: male atches. Musical Inst FISHE c ae ou alow si — 309,578 a — es sc 1ents ns — Hancock, es 86,300 iB a 37196 W HAMPS AL CITI se wi | Ba ne ee RIES. ome | 387387|Th ort... E cise es a Pianos anc : 10x Cc ao O7 irfield see HI S 18 398 7 as | ene Lterlz and Pers ao Li q 38 poe Tho a) cee 3,15 I Co ' R A 3995743 271 $3 wee | snc ials. er rson. —— recon . 535 leer Thomaston. aco 33047 Bee unties. E, V ND TO 533,753 99x $3,764 - veces | ss si eae Val ‘ Pe org 2/862 Ham nese a 7044 Cheshi pera Pop. | ERMO WN 23__ 2,47 ee aC OE: 9 wees | ae ——— j ‘yan o Benobscet . Ba. Bog St. mpden: ei eee gee arto seeere see megs c NT S OF 5398 ee ee 9915,913 seis bos Maley cts. Sag ataquis - 32, 4)809|Bridgeton. 2,930|G GON eer eee Addi ounti : M THE 5,881,000! _3,< 2.354, se 4 re é Sagadc eee +7 25|/V etc 2 sraf Ree 222|B ison les AS N | areas 545243 14 $3,621 Somerset. pa qe Mie Ree Agee a 28734 Bennington... hor: SACHU EW E xO 3 | 20,117 oe lald et, ' » ennel aven. 75|Me boro’ - 18,580 aled FCT ee 2 | SE N Fig) hae Ore o i 84 ve eRe 19,2 For dunk . 2, °863| E rrin cS - 3 o|Ch onla 4,77 Cc ivan; GL ies Se | 7 | 8,147, asin seaesnce 32,3 75 B t Fa 2.855| Rock 1a 8,790\ E Teena <9 22,9 4) Bar ounti S - oe foe 8,14 ; gton...s--e- 7339 Petwic Tk a } otra inghz 75,033 USSEX ees le 2 1945] I nstal 1eS SSSTSs D 1310 1,750 cater ms 32, ,852|S Seo Pesce R See iss 6 serk dle vk ats ST Bs | ae as 468 anfor =>|Sulli ord 40,2 rank mee sees 607) 1 shi sanee op Mi = A = 3,13 g Reeser ; 2,852|Suliv: 93 jerkshiressn _ Milk E T OA eee me pe pe 477 By Mon 5 »807| livan 49; 63 Grand in... 2,798 Bristol... e. ws 31,6 Millon: | or ie ES. ee Wecane 62 26 \Rich vick ,774\ T 35, ee leach Isle 9.03 = ukes seein ma 945|N abod poco Pop. =— CE 5 866 et ree siL mon «e 2 otal 559|O oill . > Sty ee 1 Ess. oe coconut 9 ,04¢ Natic y- acess RH NS = 48 maser id. g7738| mei ea 18,163 rang en 25|F Se eee 130, a Be ck.. oe 9,316 OD US |Vassalbo ZeTss 2071) =e --346,9' 98 sere is a 12,684 |Eranklin bee 4,3 sever) ¥ = 3. E ISLA OF 18 wdtese S.. 6 Z : Pe 305/C kh re [eemecre es sere Manch Towne qi Rutland ao ce ~244,04¢ Clinton ae Counti ND. | 80. Yorwe do ws e z /ashington. 5 »529|M shi spb Wenge le aaa 33,8 on 2,62 onco ster |Washington...... 2,08 Se ileeees Soyer IMO sneer SP se e109 eae Pit k ee Be Nash ane 2 Windham... eae ue oa | Nan ee eee! See ed ford Vapen 8 Pop. New Tow ee 3 <6 83|W pene aie Do seg 32,63¢ inds ene eee 30|N aa 47,23 Marl rd ee ,030 ip 11 H H ns ‘a ch °857|P ells Soe cane more Dotter Bscnenen 13 836 aw hea : Brees Nonolk et wo2-317,05 ghee 745 >| co 3 eee Hartford... : Pop - wise 2 Bormuth eS Be a ae 5¢7 e a : Sa : R »652| Kos anda ee 2 ee ee son + 135397 eo ae 2) 403] Plymoutt eee cae 3) 51) Ply Neer ee f>- i ashit yee. 2 587 Bigs ee 2.88 Rocklanc eee Kennebu ane ape Rosia. 2 th.. ny "687 Saceene 5 5,192 af puto Seeterycs 96, Vea |ee mouth +s 7 £2. 1 eines QT, 80 Norwien.. oie ea n e il ? . So 22 folk eres eee ) yc on 497 n 555 Carne d. 7> ‘eee embroktnenn Z 2443 Cl on ann a 690|Rr le > 286 pee Bee 024) [Rs ide Fark Te OE rr 22498 Waterbury ae : 29,148 hae if: 5|Wi sport .esse-.. 3) 7.ANe »784|B itland otal 6261 f serene a tome 276 a Mende 21,1 unswi 599/T ndha wee 2,3 mont. 5,785 | Surli lees ee 6.8 Fri Sei ee 7,09 27353 ew B ore 2 at Belfast. 6,390/F Rae BF ee Beercre! 86 Be AReeee | me 1,78 885|Dedham ha 66.6 _- uns = Ree ae Vs I 172|W eepor 23230 ver ere 457 Jenr dans .. ,149 B T 3,086 I e lham moc: 6,2 Ge| awt nce . ddl eres ee 1] liz 5,38 | Win te, 312 an 704|B Nipetonte: ost ow om nor 465 |W aceon |Da etow 3,978 Elbworth Peep | Winterport 2,285 ren re ae Ist ee ee 2 ps) Deh URE A ¢ Pere Gaz sone +++ T04,8 peeree n.. Toes Ga Be ee 5; 8) Bu een 2.276 eee Ne. 9509 eee of ro 92|W ell.. Adz er ‘ 5,224 wp et es 52S y wens XE 2~ rdi eaereat es 02 xt SY 79} Li 1 sees x 94 MW 6, ° . gams = ort ) 03 ta »73 ae Se ee Me soar. b2. Cerbet fae Pie SesoNew Es e . “ x] carci > hesterseteren r Bree < S> wee ae 3) r* Deering Ree a 72 W facia Se cecee oA0 Bembrok a 3> ae pana S0eseree 2 8ac, Rall River. as “5 485 [Palmer 51593 15,693) ‘i ew London ast tee eae 39|W ChiaSinsecrnee 0 orok Bon6\c c n 542 w eae ©2295 Ne Soren Sr 3576 een n.. WwW port 4,38 W a 2,2 | Lan e ,936|S nt 21\L ren 52.74. (I ee ow aoe 5,540 | W soehee S Bees eg eethrea 7386! inthr 13|N een eae Aros \Spri peli 3,797 ynn ce.. es 574.|N eedhc a ees. WISE Ve Gal tor vais d Sk tbro 4 \Lub ro 2,2 ew ee ars ,821/S ringfi cr. 39797 Soane . 49, Middle mi 5,504 ste 531K ling 8 owl ok. »324|B eck Pp ? 03| Wi por 3 2 Swe gfield 3,28 pringfiel ‘ 006} W ddlehore 504|Cré rly... 5445 ill ton.. 526 W eee 4 Be 2.16 iG te ,79 an d. °|S gfi ao 3¢ \ oro? 542 a | ao 6 45|V ingl auS ald gan ,006/S thel ,»166| Mi Schecter 2 7\Mi ten 3,2 ale eld A 9,178 estk ro .26| Joh ton. 028| er y. 7,°92 Bo obo a 3 Ste ka 2,1 j+ Lilfc ster 9722 iddle Ne 19 N m . 38, J |/ Ar Oro” 55254 ns 28\E nor g2 o ro’ 981 tandis 46|N ord 2 3} He eb 3,1 z ew wos : 28 1do\ tas 24 B ston 6,1 } enfi Les 7935 Ores ms 3,8 Ya ish 2,1 |New ,612| Rerr wenn, 39744 s Redfon = 3353 4\Ga er 5,237 urrill »104)N ifreldeee ee > tow Dione 861 Ty rmouth... 2 29 | W« Mz ark : 2,4 Rand ord. 33°79 Holvay -dford 2 1340] Ardnere in 55 aoe South ville 5:942 fanch Bs ere ee 92% farmi Nn... 35759 remc th.. 3077|P Ifboro’ et 2 444) INc dolph...-.-.. 2,9 9, Hol ville te 7,598 @rdnetns 14 E Ki 5> 755 Put este 6,915 Dee ington 355 9| Pitts ont... Y 2,03 etert O.. 5397|W orthfi Sees pee Ch servile 26,8 8)Stor stone 5,171 Cc ast P ingstc¢ 251S nam SH 6.7 > Gat Isle n.. 3, 76\E. sfield .. 2 ee Ha sGrouchn 2,368} Joods ieee ,054|T IY OKC -eeerne 2. »875|M SAT ent il ove rovid 1... >: 714 einen pee sle 395) M 21\ I noy igh ai 8} P. oak. 2 au ees 24,985 pont Be eo 4,988 W ntry . en 55 Bri ingt 46: Ki rham 3, 5\Sc achi 2 Jer ers ties ,222| oult ck ,910|G nton!. oo St ag ease C ar y Cex. 114 istol on 2 itt 35 arb jas.. ,or1|/C ry. ee z|Cas ea 2,8 lo n. oug) le sees hee N ren W i 5,82 16 ery. 3 3| Wi oro. I on 206 asile yas ,836/H eestor +. QT 851|W ILC aan BD 5,056 inch se ulto 7207/6 iscas igh 3909] W: way 2 Ly pace oe 2, Bic av ster ‘7Bs| are om. 9x} Sci th Ki sores 4 e |Gre e ey 5,41 ne. |Gould set. 1,875 alp 5149|N ndon.... nS, gaia erhil ioe (Milbur i 8 itua ingston... 519} T AO Ke 5 z *e | sl I 5| Pi ole 2,1 NEW tee 717 ewt I... : gee IG our 76\No te.. on. 4,00 Romance 134 see x 2 233|Milb bor¢ 38 eRe de 5140] I V pc 7\B on.. 19,3 ir y 4,875 | rth Ginit oes 7\W. m sete 7 aes 30|N. rid is - 47\H Sasha Bio Jar ort 2,6¢ rock . 29\E eat B 7S Sn Nomi ne 3,9 Valli peo 5,142 3,228 B ge. 1832 ttsfieldsecsenn ,092|N ton o5|Ne to . 18 Lo sar : 817] nith fi eenhelae 3 49|S LOMPSON. reer eee Gr cow, I "82 Hc ale 2,018) \ ae Gel 2543 wb n. : »475|\ pkn ring 7| Eo ield ield ,oI taff & sce leee 5,127 ay ick. 24 veer a A aaa i Sue Pitt uryport 16,99 felr Pont oer 4,741|E pkinton.... 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Raj yurs ort urg.. nee 3,53 anto Ae 5021G) rton. wicl RM atges Po ord.. 4,45 1,798 aon d.. 2830 Fairhaver 2518 |Mal bam 28 paul | Hing Noes ee 4,560| slocester.. eae a 52) PI rtland 4 23 eee 5829 inds éen;. 97| W: den. ptor eee aeoeed IN Kame : oc 2s > er 887 ainfi aes 272 n. 1,8 Fairfield, i, ae {Wal ses Bie ean orth 553 eee Nev ield 4,25 ens ,828/E rAel ie ae 13|Chi Cisne wut? 5|M 1 Br 4.52 505 Yew tc : eee ay ee I 80 esse d 2,211 1ico m, aoeue 172 Pp ethu aah = +523 22 New wo 4,156 sees x f Pp 12 Soren el 4,46 »250/F Ww Th eases a hac : apices sesees 2,175 Autleboro" ee: eeeess tls se | Serer iees i Spee ergennes see aeba. 2,172 Woburn.. : »711|Ba ot town... a CONN = Noe eee ee . 2,111 EE Ol veseaseesne 4559 Sai; Meas seen i 40 oe 1 Aaa cea Sabon a Bara N cy I > rst 2Last se 3,748 Tae ee vr Kouth ee 2 2293 28/Te saath ane = go7|Rair Se ee Uc East ghbury 33739 mes of Gi a bors! aS 2 <0 ape W ae oe 250 ft art! eid: ae te : Woe artford pee are ities a Pena 10,52 Avi t Sprin, ee as h itchfi a ae ay Jitchfi Neswas 2580 re es ,1g2 Sz ing ingf all Li eld 0 H: eld 3,500 re printed ‘ 10,126 Salishi ton. ield. 4,159|N ddlese 125 44 Marea ae in Bold NOSEBeE 4434 New reser eos (Milford 3, “7 4 7e x < Typ ele ridge 4,100 , Wi eer D mugse ee: r range e, — Sa nees 4,0 ot I ido 156 7 en Sues 70 ad D 5 IN ng 2.3 tee : = 9365520 a et oar 5S « 3,1 < 2 eas , 3 37)" a oe Fields asses 3 x 7 Sanus ar 2 225) 3,225 3,207 33007 3,0561 by & pf 0100: nm ep ings Xe ' 4 m2 AGN ANE 2A! 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