YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

THE 16m DECISIVE BATTLE
OF THE WORLD-
GETTYSBURG.

BY
JAMES T. LONG.
Gettysburg Compiler Print.

Copyrighted by
JAMES T. LONG,
J 906.
All Rights Reserved.

' YALE

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MAJUU-OtiNHUAl.1 OliOUUK a. MliADK.

MEMORANDA AS TO TIME.

May 28. Hooker advises War Department of
contemplated movement of enemy.
June 2. Hooker issues marching rations to
his army.
June 3. Lee's Army commences to move
westward on its way north. *
June 9. This movement shown by the cav
alry fight at Brandy Station.
June 11. Hooker's Army commences to move
northward.
June 14. Milroy's Army defeated at Win
chester retreats to Harper's Ferry.
June 16. Confederate Cavalry enter Green-
castle, Pa.
June 22. Ewell's Corps, (in the advance)
crosses the Potomac River.
June 25. Reynolds' 1st Corps (in the ad
vance) crosses the Potomac.
June 26. Gordon (Ewell's Corps) passes
through Gettysburg.
June 28. Ewell's advance troops reach the
Susquehanna River. Bridge burned.
June 28. Meade assumes command of the
Army of the Potomac.
June 29. Ewell, about to capture Harrisburg,
recalled to Gettysburg.
June 29. After dark, Buford discovers ene
my's fires on mountain west of Get
tysburg.

June 30. Kilpatrick defeats Stuart at Hano
ver (cavalry fight).
June 30. Buford at 1 1 a. m. , enters Gettys
burg and takes position west of
town. JULY 1.
Early morning. For two hours Bu-
ford's Cavalry opposes advance of
enemy.
10 to 11. Reynolds' advance guard (Wads-
worth's Division) engaged. Rey
nolds killed.
11 to 2. Fighting continues. 1st and iith
Corps take position.
2 to 5. 1st and nth Corps engage with Hill
and Ewell.
5 to 6. Sickles' 3rd Corps andSlocum's 12f.l1
Corps arrive on the field.
5 to 7. 1st and nth Corps occupy Cemetery
and Culp's Hill.
JULY 2.
Dawn to 3.30 p. m. No fighting.
3 p. 111. Meade calls his Corps Commanders
in council of war which is broken
up by Longstreet's attack upon
Sickles.
3.30. Longstreet attacks Sickles' 3rd
Corps. Fight until dark.
6. Johnson (Ewell's Corps) carries
Culp's Hill, east side.

7- Early (Ewell's Corps) is repulsed on
East Cemetery Hill.
Late in day. Gregg's Cavalry takes
position on right.
Sundown. Kilpatrick engages
enemy at Hunterstown.
July 3.
Daylight to 10. Slocum's 12th Corps
recovers Culp's Hill.
ro to 1. No fighting.
u. a. m. Kilpatrick's Cavalry arrive and
take position southwest of Round
Top.
1 p. m. Artillery duel for an hour or more.
About 3. Longstreet (Pickett, Pettigrew,
Trimble) assaults Union line at the
Angle.
5 p. 111. Kilpatrick's Cavalry move against
Confederate line. Farnsworth killed.
7 p. m. Federal troops (McCandless) ad
vance to the Rose Farm.
During night Ewell withdraws to
Seminary Ridge, evacuating town.
July 4. Lee commences inarch of his infan
try, in retreat, to the Potomac.
July 7. Lee's Army reaches Potomac River.
July 14. Confederate army re-crosses the
Potomac.
Aug. 1. Lee back on the Rappahannock
River.

18 6 3

JUNE— JULY

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Full Moon July I at 1.28 A. M.
July i > 2 and 3 cleat, warm days,
maximum temperature about 90
degweg, with drenching rain Sat
urday night.
THE 16TH DECISIVE BATTLE OF
THE WORLD-GETTYSBURG
>HE men who fought on the field of
Gettysburg were among the bravest
that ever faced the cannon's mouth.
Not even Napoleon's Old Guards were more
courageous than that column of Longstreet's
men as they came on across the fatal field to
be torn and mangled by the murderous fire of
the Union batteries ; not even Wellington's
battalions were more firm in the face of a
charge than Meade's men along the crest of
Cemetery Ridge on that eventful 3rd of
July, 1863.
The Battle of Gettysburg covered the
American soldier with undying honor. Union
ists and Confederates alike may join hands in
honest pride. It was here on the field of Get
tysburg, that the life-blood of many brave
men enriched the underlying soil ; it was here
that the wounded in their agony looked up in
prayer to the bending sky ; it was here that
the blessings of a grateful Nation descended
upon the brows of the living and over the
bodies of the dead. The love and esteem for
the brave men who fought at Gettysburg will
remain deep in the hearts of the American
people when the last granite shaft on the his- 7

forte field of Gettysburg shall have crumbled
to earth.
Soon fifty years will have passed since the
1 6th decisive battle of the world was fought.
Gettysburg was the decisive battle of the War
of the Rebellion, yet it seems as though we
are now just beginning to realize how vast
were its interests, and how mighty were the
issues imperilled.
Gettysburg was the greatest battle of mod
ern times, and in magnitude compares favora
bly with any of the great historic battles of
the world. It was here that the Rebellion
reached its high water mark. In nearly all
the general engagements of the Army of the
Potomac before that at Gettysburg, the Union
forces had been defeated, but from that battle
to the end of the War, in 1865, the Union
forces were usually victorious. Gettysburg
was the turning of the tide in favor of the
Union ; the great victory gained at Gettysburg
made Appomattox possible.

JN the Spring of 1 863 the War had been
'^ going on for over two years, and suc
cess had so frequently attended the Con
federates that they decided to extend the War
into the North. The Capital of Pennsylvania,
8

HUIDEKOPER RELIEF MAP OF BATTLEFIELD OF GETTYSBURG
Copyris'ite.l by H. S. H.iMe'io,)?!1 aa 1 uss 1 by h s p?r.n s-:hli. — \'.-;.i 5 x ¦ '. - iu;le.~.

Peach Orchard. Pickett's Wood. McPhersou's Woods.
Bound Tu|i. Devil's Deu. Wheatfleld. The Angle. Seminary. Oak Hill.
Little Round Top Meade's Headquarters. Cemetery Hill.
Power's HiU. Culp's Hill. Gettysburg. Barlow Knoll.
1. Emniitsburg Road. 4. Chambersburg Pike. 7. Herisburg Road. 10. Hanover Road
¦J.. Millerstown Road. o. Mummasburg Road. H. Huuterstowu Road. 11. Baltimore Pike.
¦ '>. Hagerstowu Road. 6. Carlisle Road. U. York Pike. 1-. Taneytown Road.

Harrisburg, was the great rendezvous for or
ganizing and equipping troops, and the great
railroad center of the North, and so was looked
upon by the Confederate authorities as second
in importance, to them, to the Capital of the
Nation. They believed that if General Lee
could succeed in penetrating into Pennsylvania
and capturing Harrisburg, he would have lit
tle difficulty in marching his victorious army
on to Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washing
ton, thus, in a short time, ending the War in
their favor, and enabling them to extend slav
ery throughout the United States.
The Confederate Government had, at that
time, been encouraged by foreign govern
ments to believe that if they could gain a de
cisive victory north of Mason and Dixon's
line, they would receive aid. When Lee in
vaded Pennsylvania in 1863, the Capital of
Pennsylvania was the first objective point.
The last battle fought between the two great
armies previous to Gettysburg,' was the one at
Chaucellorsville, where the Union forces were
badly defeated. It was soon after that battle
that the victorious Confederate Army was re
organized and consolidated into three corps.
The practice of computing number of troops
in the Confederate Army was different from
that in the Union Army ; they only accounted
for the men actually present in the ranks and

doing duty, while the Union army accounted
daily for all the men whose names appeared
on the rolls, whether a man was absent in
some Southern prison pen, or wounded and in
hospital, or on detached service. A corps of
Confederate troops was composed of three
divisions, a division consisted of four brigades,
and a brigade, as a rule, embraced from 2,000
to 2,500 men, thus making from 8,000 to io,-
000 men to a division. There were three
corps of infantry in Lee's Army, numbering
in all from 72,000 to 80,000 men, and adding
the artillery and cavalry, his forces at Gettys
burg were not less than 100,060.
The First Corps of the Confederate Army
was commanded by Gen. Lougstreet, the Sec
ond Corps by Gen. Ewell, the Third Corps by
Gen. A. P. Hill. Now while the Union Army
consisted of seven corps, these seven corps did
not contain as many men as the three corps of
Lee's Army. There was no corps in the
Union Army at that time that exceeded 10,000
men, which was about equivalent to a division
in the Confederate Army. Tlie First Corps
of the Union Army was commanded by Gen.
John F. Reynolds, the Second Corps by Gen.
W. S. Hancock, the Third Corps by Gen.
D. E. Sickles, the Fifth Corps by Gen. George
Sykes, the Sixth Corps by Gen. John Sedg
wick, the Eleventh Corps by Gen, O. O.
10

Howard, the Twelfth Corps by Gen. H. W.
Slocum. These were the seven corps that con
stituted the Army of the Potomac at Gettys
burg, and including the cavalry and artillery,
the Union forces did not exceed 90,000 men.
Such was the strength of the two mighty
armies.
&&#&&&&&&
^>5&T was in the early part of June that Gen.
jljK^I Lee began his movement to invade the
££>* North. He sent a portion of the Sec
ond Corps, (Ewell's) across the Blue Ridge
Mountains into the Luray and Shenandoah
valleys of Virginia, and after numerous skir
mishes with our cavalry, which he drove back,
he finally reached Winchester, Va., where in
a few days, he Was successful in defeating and
routing the Union forces under Gen. Milroy.
Then Gen. Lee immediately brought forward
the balance of his army, concentrating the
same at Winchester, after which he took up
his line of march for Pennsylvania, moving in
the direction of WiUiainsport, where the major
portion of his army crossed the Potomac River
into Maryland. Pic left behind him in Vir
ginia, Gen. J. 13. B. Stuart with 12,000 cav
alry, instructing him to keep constant and
faithful watch of Gen. Hooker's Union Army 11

and prevent him from following in pursuit.
Such were the duties Lee assigned to Stuart
and his cavalry. Stuart was noted for several
successful raids around the Union Army, aiui
Lee expected him to perforin that duty again.
We will now leave Stuart's Cavalry in the vi
ciuity of Winchester, Va., and follow Lee';
Army on to Gettysburg.
Lee succeeded in getting the last of hu
forces across the Potomac River on the 24th
day of June, after which he concentrated hi>
army at Hagerstown, in Maryland, six mile;
from the Potomac River and seventy-foui
miles from Harrisburg, which was an object
ive point. Gen. Lee met with no opposition
from the time he crossed the Potomac River,
as there was nothing in his front to interfere.
with his onward march except one company
of cavalry (Company C, First N. Y. Cavalry,
commanded by Captain Wm H. Boyd, who
afterwards became Colonel of the 21st Pa. Cav
airy for gallant services rendered in the Get
tysburg campaign) which contested every
mile of the way from the Potomac River down
to Carlisle. It was of this company that the
first soldier was killed on Pennsylvania soil
during the War of the Rebellion — Corporal
Reil, who fell at Greencastle, on the 22nd day
of June, 1863.
Lee moved the main part of his army to
12

Harrisburg, by the Cumberland Valley,
hamely ; through Greencastle, Chambersburg,
Shippensburg, Newville, Carlisle and Mechan-
icsburg and thence to the Susquehanna River
to a point across the river from Harrisburg,
gathering in the Cumberland Valley, all kinds
of stock, provisions, etc., that were necessary
for the use of an army, sending the same back
to Virginia by wagon train, and, at the same
time, raising all the money possible by assess
ing the various towns that they passed through
for large sums, under a threat, "Pay this
money or I will lay the town in ashes."
While the main column of Lee's Army, on
its way to Harrisburg, was doing this in the
Cumberland Valley, Lee arranged that one
portion of his command should move eastward
and across the South Mountains, over, into
the Susquehanna Valley and do likewise.
Tliis was to go by the way of Gettysburg,
thence to York twenty-eight miles north-east,
thence to Wrightsville twelve miles northwest
of York, and there across the Susquehanna
River by the Columbia bridge, destroy the
same, and tear up and destroy the Pennsyl
vania Railroad at Columbia, to move up the
north side of the Susquehanna River through
Marietta, Middletown and Steelton, thence to
Harrisburg, and there form a junction with

13

the main column which was to reach there di
rect by the Cumberland Valley.
When the main army of Gen. Lee's reached
Mariou's Station, six miles from Chambers-
burg, he detached Gen. Early's Division with
the instruction for it to move on this circuit
ous route. Early crossed the mountains on
the Chambersburg Pike, and, by a forced
march, was enabled to reach Gettysburg on
the 26th day of June. He immediately as
sessed the town for $10,000 in cash and for
provisions of all kinds in proportion, in which
he even included several barrels of sauer kraut
although sauer kraut was a little out of sea
son. All provisions, as a rule, had been
sent away or concealed in advance of the
enemy, and "cash" did not appear to be very
plentiful that day. Sufficient to say, the order
was not complied with, after being notified by
Chief Burgess Kendlehart that it was impossi
ble to comply with the demand.
Early moved from Gettysburg to York,
where he was much more successful,
York being a much larger town and
his demands being greater. He demanded of
them $100,000 in cash, with other goods in
proportion. I cannot say definitely as to the
exact amount of money that Early received at
that time, but I can truthfully say that Gen.
Early stated, years afterwards, that the town
14

of York, Pa., still owed him a balance of $28,-
000, so he must have got, at that time, about
$72,000. It is known that he gathered a vast
amount of provisions of all kinds and secured
numerous horses and cattle. Early then ad
vanced up to Wrightsville, reaching there in
due time, and having met with no obstruc
tions, at once prepared to cross the river, as
per instructions from Gen. Lee, when a scout
brought the news from Gen. Lee not to cross
the Susquehanna river, but to fall back at
once, by the same route he had gone, and con
centrate his forces in the vicinity of Gettys
burg, where he would find the main army.
In the meantime, the Army of Gen. Lee
had passed down the Cumberland Valley.
Jenkins' cavalry, which was the eyes of Lee's
army,, being in advance, occupied the country
from Mechanicsburg to Bridgeport on the
Susquehanna river, opposite Harrisburg.
Mechanicsburg is not far distant, only eight
miles from Harrisburg. Rodes' and John
son's divisions of Ewell's Corps were encamped
in the vicinity of Carlisle, eighteen miles from
Harrisburg. Gen. A. P. Hill's Corps was en
camped at Newville and Shippeusburg and
Longstreet's Corps at Chambersburg, which
is fifty-two miles from Harrisburg and just
twenty-five miles west of Gettysburg.
It is while Gen. Lee's army was stretched i.5

down the Cumberland Valley, from Chambers-
burg to Susquehanna river, with one wing
thirty miles east of Gettysburg ; namely,
Early's Division, that the scout brought the
news to Lee at Chambersburg that the old
Army of the Potomac had crossed the Poto
mac and is in pursuit. Then it was that Lee
learned that Stuart had not been successful in
baffling Hooker's Army, that Gen. Hooker
had out-generaled Stuart and cut him off from
Lee'scommand entirely ; that the Union Army
had crossed the Potomac lower down than
Lee had done; namely east of the South
Mountain at Point of Rocks, Nolan's Ferry
and Edward's Ferry. The head-quarters of
the Union Army were, after crossing the Po
tomac established by Gen. Hooker at Fred
erick City, Maryland, thirty-two miles south
of Gettysburg. This movement compelled
Lee to abandon the attack on the Capital of
Pennsylvania and concentrate his army, which
was spread out like a fan.
Lee was compelled to do this for two rea
sons; the first of which was the Cumberland
Valley is a narrow valley walled with moun
tains on each side and with but a few passes
and Gen. Lee did not wish his army to be
caught in that narrow valley ; the second
reason was, Gen. Lee could not afford to have
one wing of his army fifty odd miles east of
16

MAJOK-CIKNICItM, JOHN l'\ REYNOLDS,

him and the main column in the valley west
of the South Mountain, while the Union Army
was marching up the center, as the Union
Army would have cut Lee's Army in two, so
Gen. Lee was compelled to forego the attack
on the Capital and gather his army together.
Had the Union Aniiy been a few hours later
in reaching Frederick City, Maryland, the
Capital of Pennsylvania would either have
been burned or compelled to pay a heavy
money assessment to the Confederate Govern
ment. Gen. Early, having been advised not to
cross the Susquehanna River, but to move
back quickly by the same route he had gone,
moved back from Wrightsville. On the even
ing of the 30th of June he reached East Berlin
on the York Pike, which was fifteen miles
northeast of Gettysburg, and there he en
camped for the night, with his four brigades,
Gordon's, Hays', Smith's and Hoke's.
Gen. Rodes' Division of Ewell's Corps was
ordered from Carlisle through Mt. Holly Gap.
He crossed the South Mountain and reaching
the town of Heidlersburg on the 'Harrisburg
Road, ten miles north of Gettysburg, en
camped there with his five brigades, as fol
lows: Daniel's, Iverson's, O'Neal's, Ramseur's
and Doles'.
Gen. Pender's Diyisioti of Hill's Corps was
?7

sent from the vicinity of Newville, by way of
Pine Grove Furnace, on the Newville and
Mummasburg Road, and reached a point on
the latter ten miles northwest of Gettysburg.
He stopped here for the night, with his four
brigades: Thomas', Lane's, Scales', and
McGowan's. Gen. Harry Heth's Division of Hill's
Corps was ordered over the mountain by the
Chambersburg Pike, and ou reaching the base
of the mountain at Cashtown, eight miles
west of Gettysburg, bivouaced there for the
night, with his four brigades: Archer's,
Davis' , Brockenbrough's and Pettigrew's.
Johnson's Division of Ewell's Corps was
moved up the Cumberland Valley to Ship-
pensburg, thence eastward across the country
to Fayetteville on the Chambersburg Pike
eighteen miles west of Gettysburg, where he
halted for the night with his four brigades,
namely : Jones', Williams', Walker's and
Steuart's. Longstreet's Corps was at Chambersburg
and vicinity, namely, three divisions of Hood,
McLaw and Pickett.
Gen. Lee himself was at Chambersburg.
It will be'observed now that the Confederate
Army on the evening of the 30th of June was
located as follows : Early's Division fifteen
miles northeast of Gettysburg ; Rodes' ten
18

miles north ; Pender's ten miles northwest ;
Heth's eight miles west ; then a continuous
line of troops west over the mountain to
Chambersburg twenty-five miles away, thus
covering a country of from thirty-five to forty
miles in width, with the advance of Hill's
Corps of Lee's Army not over five miles west
of Gettysburg, on the Chambersburg Pike.
On the 27th day of June, Gen. Hooker re
signed command of the Union Army at Fred
erick City, Md., for good and just reasons.
I will state these reasons, it is simply history.
At that time there were 10,000 Union
troops at Harper's Ferry under command of
Gen. French, whose division had formerly be
longed to the Army of the Potomac. Gen.
Halleck, commander-in-chief at Washington,
D. C, had detached these men, and Hooker
no longer had control of them. Gen. Hooker
knew by actual count through his scouts, at
the various fordings where Lee's Army
crossed, the strength of Lee's Army. Hooker
knew that Lee outnumbered him ; and that
he needed French's troops, and that they
were no good at Harper's Ferry while the
enemy was in Pennsylvania, but Gen. Halleck
refused to allow Hooker the use of them and
finally telegraphed him at Frederick City,
Md., saying that Harper's Ferry was the key

19

to the Shenandoah Valley, and that troops
there could not be spared.
It is stated on good authority, that when
Gen. Hooker received this message, he said a
little of everything but his prayers, and
finally dictated the following reply, "Say to
Gen. Halleck, if Harper's Ferry is the key to
the Shenandoah Valley, the lock is broken
and of what good is the key ? If I can not
have those troops, appoint my successor. ' '
Suffice it to say, Gen. Hooker's successor
appeared the next morning, the 28th day of
June, in the form of Gen. Meade, and on the
30th day of June, Gen. Meade advanced head
quarters from Frederick City, Md., to Taney-
town, Md., thirteen miles south of Gettys
burg. Two miles south of Taneytown, at a
place called Pipe Creek Heights, the engineers
surveyed the ground and made all prepara
tions to receive a general battle. As regards
the battle of Gettysburg, it was a mere acci
dent, and not a premeditated affair by either
commander. It was a question of two great
armies marching toward each other, and a
matter of time only as to when and where
they would come together. Gen. Meade had
good reasons to expect battle fifteen miles
south of Gettysburg. It is to be noted that
Gen. Lee had gone by, and beyond, Gettys
burg, and was returning, gathering his army
20

¦¦' ^ ,,'i^^i^M^'??s^^^^^

s%ajrfriP'i

oenkhal meauio.— Kquestriau Statue.

together, and moving southward. Our Union
Army was being gathered together and mov
ing northward and just the reverse from what
would be supposed, the Confederate Army
was moving southward in Pennsylvania while
the Union Army was moving northward when
they met at Gettysburg.
Washington, the Capital of the Nation, is
only seventy-five miles south of Gettysburg.
It was believed at that time at Washington
that Lee was moving to the Capital and such
was also the belief of Gen. Meade and staff.
At that period of the war, it was impressed
upon the Commanders of the Union Army
that it was their duty to keep their troops
between the enemy and the Capital of our
Nation, and that rule held good until Gen.
Grant assumed command of all the Union
armies. It never seemed to make any differ
ence to Gen. Grant where the enemy was, but
Gen. Meade had to keep between Lee's army
and Washington and so was expected to make
battle fifteen miles south of Gettysburg. On
June 30th Gen. Meade sent Gen. Reynolds,
who was commanding the left wing of our
army, forward on a reconnoissauce, with in
structions to find the enemy, bring on an en
gagement, fall back to Pipe Creek Heights
and draw the enemy on. Such were his in
structions. Gen. Reynolds moved so rapidly 21

that a portion of his command reached Get
tysburg on the evening of the 30th of June,
viz : Buford's Division of cavalry, the two
brigades of Gamble and Devin. Gen. Buford
rode through the town and out the Chambers
burg Pike, one mile west of the town, en
camped for the night and picketed all roads
approaching Gettysburg. Gamble's Brigade,
the 8th 111., 12th 111., 3rd Ind., 8th N. Y.,
occupied the Chambersburg Pike, while
Devin's Brigade, 17th Pa., 9th N. Y., 6th N.
Y., 3rd W. Va., occupied the Mummasburg
Road. The left wing of the Union Army consisted
of the First, Third and Eleventh Corps of in
fantry and Buford's Division of cavalry. Gen.
Reynolds advanced the First Corps to Marsh
Creek, five miles south of Gettysburg, and
the Third and Eleventh Corps to Emmitsburg,
ten miles south of Gettysburg. In the even
ing Gen. Meade sent the Fifth Army Corps
eastward to Hanover, fourteen miles south
east of Gettysburg, and during the night the
Twelfth Corps was advanced up the Baltimore
Pike to the vicinity of Littlestown, ten miles
south of Gettysburg. The Second Corps was
near Uniontown, Md., while the Sixth Army
Corps was down below Manchester, not far
from Baltimore. So it is to be observed that the
advance only of the Union Army was covering
22

a country in width from twenty-five to thirty
miles, namely, from Hanover, fourteen miles
southeast, west to Littlestown, ten miles
south, thence westward to Emmitsburg, ten
miles southwest, thence northward to Marsh
Creek, five miles south, thence to Gettysburg.
Such were the movements of the troops of
both armies enroute to Gettysburg, and such
their general positions the night before the
battle began.

>HE Battle of Gettysburg commenced
Jj^Vj early Wednesday morning, July ist.
on the Chambersburg Pike, one and
one-half miles west of the town, between Gam
ble's Brigade of cavalry of the Union Army
and Gen. Heth's Division of infantry of Hill's
Corps of Lee's Army. Our cavalry were dis
mounted, and that led the enemy to believe
they had met our infantry, and, owing to the
stubborn resistance that was made, caused
them to believe that there was a large force in
their front. General Buford established
his headquarters in the cupola of the Lutheran
Theological Seminary building, where he
could view the movements of the troops of
both armies, and so skillfully did he maneuver
our small force of dismounted cavalry, that he
23

caused the enemy to delay until they could get
their artillery up in position and, in fact, go
through all the preliminary movements of a
general battle. In the meantime, the skir-
mish-liue fire increased rapidly, and soon be
came a regular volley.
About 9 o'clock in the morning, Gen. Rey
nolds arrived by the Emmitsburg Road from
the .south, a mile and a half in advance of his
corps He rode rapidly through the town and
out the Chambersburg Pike to the Seminary
building and there interviewed Gen. Buford.
Then it was that the eagle eye of Reynolds
took in the situation at a single glance ; he
sent word by courier back to Gen. Meade at
Taneytown, thirteen miles south of Gettys
burg, that the heights of Gettysburg were the
place to fight. This was approved by each
corps commander as he arrived, and finally by
Gen. Meade.
Gen. Reynolds instructed Buford to hold
the Chambersburg Pike at all hazards, until
such time as he could reinforce him. Gen.
Reynolds had realized at this time, that the
enemy was there in force, and it was only a
question of time as to how long he could hold
them in check, but he knew the longer he
could baffle the enemy, the nearer the Army of
the Potomac would get, and at the same time
he knew that the time would come when he
24

hknkh.Wi KKV.Noi.ns.— Kiiueslrian Htutue,

would have to fall back, hence he daw and
knew the importance of fortifying East Ceme
tery Hill, south of the town, and while on his
way south through the town in pursuit of
troops, he instructed his staff that as soon as
troops could be spared they must be placed ou
Cemetery Hill.
He rode out the Emmitsburg road a short
distance, when he met the First Division of
his own First Corps, Gen. Wadsworth's Di
vision of two brigades. He at once turned
them westward toward Seminary Ridge, dou
ble-quicking them across the field, thence
along the ridge under cover of same, north to
the pike, thence west to the second ridge,
which runs parallel with Seminary Ridge.
The First. Brigade turning south, and the Sec
ond brigade north from the pike. The Second \
Brigade under command of Gen. Cutler, 56th
Pa., 76th N. Y., 95th N. Y., 147th N. Y. and
14th Brooklyn, (the 7th Ind. being back with
wagon train) was moved north across the old
railroad cut and relieved the cavalry, which
was then remounted and moved further to the
right, to Rock Creek. Cutler's Brigade be
came heavily engaged all along their entire
front. Hall's Maine Battery and Califs Bat
tery A, 2nd U. S., are stationed on either side
of the pike, near the McPherson buildings.
The First Brigade under command of Gen. 25

Meredith, known as the Old Iron Brigade,
Was formed in line on the east side of the Mc-
Pherson woods, 2nd Wis., 6th Wis., 7th Wis.,
19th Ind. and 24th Mich. It is then that Gen.
Doubleday reached the front. Doubleday was
the commander of the Third Division, First
Corps, but on the first of July was in com
mand ofthe First Corps, Reynolds having the
left wing of the army. When Gen. Double-
day left the pike to ride over to tlie McPher-
son woods to report to Gen. Reynolds, he saw
a column of Confederate troops coming in the
pike from toward the mountain, less than one
mile distant. Our batteries opened fire upon
them and soon drove them from the pike. They
double-quicked across the fields towards the
McPherson woods, seeking shelter in the same
piece of timber occupied by Reynolds with the
Iron Brigade. The troops proved to be
Archer's Brigade of Heth's Division, Hill's
Corps, Lee's Army. As they entered the far
side of the timber, the Iron Brigade of our
army was moved forward, westward, on the
south side of the woods, and owing to the con
tour of the ground, Archer could not' see this
movement. As Archer entered the woods our
Iron Brigade advanced westward across Wil-
loughby Run, and wheeling right, came up in
the rear of Archer's Brigade. Other troops
charging in front Archer's Brigade reached
26

the center of the grove, and Archer was com
pelled to surrender. His men were quickly
filed back to our rear, Gen. Archer being
taken direct to Doubleday, who saluted hini,
saying, "General, I am glad to see you."
Archer replied, "I am not a damned bit glad
to see you, sir." No doubt both told the
truth. In the meantime one of the saddest affairs
of the day had occurred. Gen. Reynolds, while '
sitting on his horse at the edge of McPlierson's
woods, on the east side, looking anxiously
back for more troops, was killed a few minutes
past ten o'clock. A ball passed in one side of
his head and came out on the other. He fell
from his horse, never spoke, and died in
stantly. Gen. Doubleday then assumed command of
all the troops, for the time being. It is at that
time that Davis' Mississippi Brigade charges
down from the north on the right flank of
Cutler's Brigade and drives the same back,
doubling up the line and capturing a portion
ofthe 147th N. Y. Regiment. Col. Fowler of
the 14th Brooklyn and 95th N. Y., rallied the
men on the south side of the Chambersburg
Pike. Doubleday sent him the 6th Wis. Reg
iment that had been held in reserve, and they
charged back to the old Railroad Cut, re-eap-
turing the men of the 147th N. Y. Regiment 27

and driving Davis' Mississippi Brigade into the
Railroad Cut, where the main portion surren
dered The Second Division having now
reached the front, Gen. Robinson with two
brigades, commanded by Paul and Baxter,
were ordered northward to extend the line.
Gen. Paul had scarcely reached the front when
he was shot through both eyes, yet he lived
many years. Gen. Paul's Brigade, 107th Pa.,
16th Me., 13th Mass., 94th N. Y., 104th N.
Y.; Baxter's Brigade, nth Pa,, 88th Pa., 90th
Pa., 83rd N. Y., 97th N. Y. and 12th Mass.
These two brigades were ordered hurriedly
northward toward the Mummasburg Road to
prevent the Confederates from turning our
right flank. They reached the Mummasburg
Road just in time to charge and capture the
greater portion of Iverson's Brigade, Rodes'
Division of Ewell's Corps that had come in
from the north.
In the meantime all has not been victorious
with us by any means. Our losses have been
exceedingly heavy from the beginning, and
now our batteries on the Chambersburg Pike
are in great danger, two guns of Hall's had
been captured, and the enemy has been heav
ily reinforced and advanced rapidly, out-
numberine our forces four to one. At this
point the Third Division, Doubleday's proper,
reaches the front. The First Brigade under
28

(liOMOit.M. iiancock. Kijuewli'ian Statue.

command of Col. Biddle is sent southward to
extend the line in that direction and prevent
the enemy from flanking on our left flank.
The 121st Pa., i4and Pa., 151st Pa. and the
80th N. Y. compose this brigade. They lost
nearly one- half of their number. The 151st
Pa. on the right of the brigade, near McPher-
sou's woods, charged with 446 men and lost
322, adding 15 commissioned officers, making
a total of 337 out of 446, in less than 20 min
utes time. This regiment lost more men at
Gettysburg in the First Day's Battle, July 1st,
than the whole United States army did iu bat
tle in the Spanish War.
The Second Brigade, under command of
Col. Roy Stone, was known as the Bucktail
Brigade. This was a new brigade and its
first severe engagement, 143rd Pa., 149th Pa.
and 150th Pa. The 150th lost a few men at
Chancellorsville, Va. They were ordered
to charge out the Chambersburg Pike and
save our guns. This was an arduous task, as
when they reached the McPherson buildings,
Pegram's five batteries and Garnet's and Mc
intosh's eight batteries, west of Willoughby
Run, and Carter's four batteries, 18 guns, ou
Oak Hill on the north, opened on them, and
for more than an hour these instruments of
death poured shot and shell upon every seen
or imagined position of these men. Not a
29

regiment escaped without heavy loss. After
desperate fighting and numerous charges, fre
quently changing front while both advancing
and retreating, they succeeded in getting our
guns back within our lines ; but out of less
than 1 200 they lost 853 in killed, wounded
and captured in a short space of time. Col.
Roy Stone, brigade commander, fell early in
the afternoon. Col. Wister then assumed
command of the brigade and in a short time
was shot through the mouth and unable to
give another command.
Sergt. Benj. H. Crippen, the color bearer
of the 143rd Pa. refused to fall back with the
colors of his regiment when they were com
pelled to yield their ground. He stood
alone with the colors in one hand, shook
the fist of the other at the enemy, and in that
position was killed. Col. Fremautle, a British
officer on the staff of Lee, was an eye witness
to this affair, and made the remark that, "it
was a shame to kill such a brave Yankee."
Colonel H. S. Huidekoperof the 150th Pa.,
was shot in the leg, in front of the McPher-
son house, and fell to the ground, but finding
116 bone broken! resumed the leadership of his
men until they had gallantly repulsed seven
separate charges, of sometimes Hill's troops
on the West, or Daniel's men on the north.
Late in the fight, he, however, was put out of
30

the battle, but not, as the Official .Records id
Washington state, until he had had his arm
bound up (which was amputated two hours
later) and had returned to his regiment and
given further commands as to its movements.
Gen. Doubleday states that the McPhersou
Farm was the key to the field in the First
Day's Fight, and, as one of the illustrations
of this book, will be found a copy of an oil
painting of the contest at the most critical
moment of the fight.
In the meantime Doubleday falls back to
Seminary Ridge proper, extends his line
northward to and across the Mummasburg
Road and refuses his right, extends the line
southward to Hagerstown Road and refuses
his left flank. Notwithstanding Doubleday
had a long line of battle and a thin line of
troops to hold the same, yet he maintained
possession of Seminary Ridge for several
hours thereafter against great odds.
About i o'clock in the afternoon Gen. How
ard arrived with two divisions of the Eleventh
Corps. Being ranking officer, he assumed
command of all the troops for the time being.
General Carl Schurz assumes command of the
Eleventh Corps, and with the First Division
and the Third is ordered forward rapidly,
northward, through the town, and instructed
by Gen. Howard to form on the right of First 3i

6orp3 and prolong the battle line north oil
Seminary Ridge and Oak Ridge. But when
the Eleventh Corps troops reached a point
about a mile north of Gettysburg, they were
attacked by Ewell's Corps of Lee's Army and
could get no further.
That left the Eleventh Army Corps formed
at right angles with the First Corps, the right
resting on Rock Creek, on the Harrisburg
Road, a half mile north of the County Alms
House, Gen. Barlow's First Division on the
right, Col. Von Gilsa's Brigade on the right
of the division, 41st N. Y., 54th N. Y., 68th
N. Y., and 153rd Pa.; Gen. Ames' Brigade
on the left, 17th Conn., 25th O., 75th O.,
107th O. The Third Division, which is now
in command of Gen. Schimmelfennig, the
Second Brigade commanded by Col. Krzyzan-
owski, on the right of the division, 58th N.
Y., 119th N. Y., 82nd O., 75th Pa. and 26th
Wis., with Col. Von Amsberg's First Brigade
on the left, 74th Pa., 61st O., 82nd 111., 45th
N. Y., 157th N. Y. The Eleventh Corps line
was supported by Wheeler's N. Y., Dilger's
O., Heckman's O., and Wilkeson's 4th U. S.
Batteries. The Eleventh Army Corps is a
mile north of Gettysburg and is facing north ;
the First Corps on Seminary Ridge is a mile
west of Gettysburg and facing west, but the
Eleventh Army Corps does not extend far
32

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enough westward to Connect with the F'irst
Corps line. A vacant space of nearly half a
mile existed, which the enemy soon discovered
and took advantage of. ,
In the meantime the Second Division, Elev
enth Corps has arrived and is placed by
Gen. Howard on Cemetery Hill, south of the
town, where they immediately throw up earth
works, which still remain well preserved at
this late day. It is now evening and less than
ten thousand men of the Union Army are con
tending against forty odd thousand of Lee's
Army. We had been contending against
great odds since early in the morning, but the
time had come when our men were compelled
to yield their ground, though the3r did it re
luctantly. Steinwehr's Division on Cemetery
Hill, consisting of two brigades as follows :
First Brigade, Col Coster, 134th N. Y., 154th
N. Y., 27th Pa., and 73rd Pa.; the Second
Brigade, Col. Smith, 33rd Mass., 136th N. Y. ,
55th O., 73rd O., are now called on to rein
force the Eleventh Corps. At that moment a
portion of Coster's Brigade is ordered forward,
the 27th and 73rd Pa., but on reaching the
north side ofthe town they meet the enemy in
force and could not reach their destination.
Then it is that Gen. Slocum, commander of
the right wing ofthe Union Army, moves for
ward his own corps, (the Twelfth Corps 33

pfdper) and like Napoleoii of old, not waiting'
for marching orders, marches to the sound of
guns. Two miles southeast of Gettysburg he
leaves the Baltimore Pike and moves hurriedly
over the hills east of Gettysburg, but before
he can reach the front the retreat takes place.
It will be remembered that Early was on the
York road the night before. When he reached
an elevation in sight of the battlefield he de
tached two brigades, Gordon's and Hays' and
sent them hurriedly across the field westward,
placing Gen. Gordon' in front of the right of
the Eleventh Corps line and Hays' Brigade on
the east bank of Rock Creek, on right flank of
Eleventh Corps, while the other two brigades.
Smith's and Hoke's, continued on the York
Pike into Gettysburg.
Two brigades of the enemy are in the town ,
in the rear ofthe Eleventh Army Corps. That
is, between Steinwehr's Division on Cemetery
Hill, south of the town and the Eleventh
Army Corps north of the town, in the town
proper, are two brigades of the enemy. Placed
in front of Gen. Barlow's Division the right of
Gordon's Brigade joined on the left of Rodes'
Division, the right of Rodes' joined on the left
of Pender's Division, the right of Pender's
joined the left of Heth's, and Heth's right
rested on the Hagerstown road,, one and one-
half miles southwest of Gettysburg. Neither
34

of these four divisions of the enemy contained
less than 10,000 men. The Union men are
almost surrounded, almost encircled. They
attempt to fall back.
Gen. Barlow was wounded and left on the
field for dead. When Gen. Gordon of Georgia,
charged across Rock Creek and reached the
summit of the knoll, which is known today as
"Barlow's Knoll," he observed, an officer of
high rank lying on the ground. He dis
mounted from his horse and finding the officer
was Gen. Barlow, asked if he could do any
thing for him. Gen. Barlow said, "No, I
have but a short time to live, but I would like
to see my wife before I die." , Gen. Gordon
said, "Sir, if possible I may communicate
through your lines,'.' and: remounting fol
lowed his troops. Sufficient to'say that same
night Mrs. Barlow, who was staying at the
Eleventh Corps headquarters on Cemetery
Hill, received information through a flag of
truce. She was sent out through the Union
lines and entered the lines of the Confederate
Army, found her husband lying ou the field,
still alive, had him removed across Rock Creek
to Bender's house, a short distance away,
where, after long and careful nursing he re
covered. Twenty years after the battle Gen.
Gordon and Gen. Barlow met at a banquet in
Washington, D. C, and when Gen. Barlow 3.5

was introduced to Gen. Gordon the latter asked,
"Are you any relation to the Gen. Barlow who
was killed at Gettysburg?" Gen. Barlow
said, "Yes, I am the man. Are you any rela
tion to the Gen. Gordon who was killed?"
Up to that time both thought the other dead.
Gen. Gordon was under the impression that
Gen. Barlow had died soon after he left him,
or soon after the battle of Gettysburg, and
there was a Gen. Gordon of the Confederate
Army killed, so each thought the other dead.
Gen. Ames had taken command of Barlow's
Division. They attempted to withdraw, but
the men, hard pressed by the enemy, became
confused and finally gave way. The First
Corps was also being out-flanked, and soon both
corps were forced back in some disorder into the
town from north and west, only to be received
on the points of bayonets of Smith's and
Hoke's Brigades of Early's Division, that
entered the town from the east by the
York pike. In a short time we lose nearly
two thousand prisoners in the town, where
they literally murdered our men, shooting them
down in the streets and alleys, showing them
no mercy. They actually murdered the Pres
byterian chaplain, Howell, ofthe 90th Penn'a.
Vols., at the foot of Christ Church steps on
Chambersburg street, near the Eagle Hotel.
Those that could made their way back through
36

the town and around the town, dragging their
guns by the prolong, on back to Cemetery
Hill, where they took refuge behind the works
of Steinwehr's Division.
Thus ended the Frst Day's Battle, in defeat.
We had been driven from Seminary Ridge,
driven from all the ground fought over that
day, and driven from the town, leaving the
enemy in possession of all ground fought over
that day and in possession of Gettysburg. But
worse than all, we had been compelled to al
low our dead and wounded to fall into the
bands of the enemy. They stripped our dead
of their uniforms, so that when they came to
be interred nothing remained to identify them,
as to name, regiment or state. The 979 "un
known" soldiers, who sleep in the city of the
dead on Cemetery Hill, came lrom the First
Day's Battle, 979 men who died in defense of
their country without a name. So you will
observe that the First Day's Battle was greatly
against the Union Army.
The Union losses the First Day were, Cut
ler's Brigade 965, Meredith's Brigade 1 152,
Stone's Brigade 853, Biddle's Brigade 897,
Baxter's Brigade 660, Paul's Brigade 1029.
In the artillery supporting the First Corps,
Hall's Me. Battery, Stevens' Me. Battery,
Reynolds' N. Y. Battery, Cooper's Pa. Bat
tery, Stewart's U. S. Battery, 105 ; Eleventh 37

Corps losses, Von Amsberg's Brigade 806,
Krzyzanowski's Brigade 679, Von Gilsa's
Brigade 313, Ames' Brigade 778, Coster's Bri
gade 563 ; Eleventh Corps Artillery, Wheel
er's N. Y. Battery, Dilger's O. Battery, Heck-
man's O., Battery, Wilkeson's U. S. Battery,
56 ; Cavalry, Gamble's Brigade in, Devin's
Brigade 28. The Union loss the first day of
the battle in the two corps, killed, wounded
captured and missing, was 8,955.
There being no reliable or official data per
taining to the strength or losses of the Con
federate Army, I deem it best not to quote
said reports, as the Confederates have always
endeavored to keep down the strength of their
armies and casualties at Gettysburg. The
best evidence of this is the following order :
"Gen. Lee's Order No. 63.
Headquarters of the Army of Northern
Virginia, May 14th, 1863.
The practice which prevails in the army of
including in the list of casualties those cases of
slight injuries, which do not incapacitate the
recipients for duty, is calculated to mislead our
friends and encourage our enemies by giving
false impression as to the extent of our losses.
The loss sustained by brigade or regiment is
by no means an indication of the services per
formed or the perils encountered, as experience
shows that those who attack rapidly, vigor-
38

busly and effectually, generally suffer the least/
It is therefore ordered that in the future the
reports of the wounded shall include only those
whose injuries, in the opinion of the medical
officers, render them unfit for duty. It has
also been observed that the published reports
of casualties are in some instances accompan
ied by a statement of the number of men taken
in the action. The Commanding General
deems it unnecessary to do more than direct
the attention of the Officers to the impropriety
of thus furnishing the enemy with the means
of computing our strength, in order to insure
the immediate suppression of this pernicious
and useless custom.
By command of General Lee,
W. H. Taylor, Ass. Adjt Gen."
It is to be regretted that this policy of un
derstating the losses on the Confederate side
was pursued, and that they could not be given
with exactness, for it would not only be inter
esting but a fitting tribute to the bravery of
the troops.
The twenty-eight regiments of the First
Corps engaged in the First Day's Battle was
opposed by the forty-eight regiments of the
Confederate Army, and the twenty regiments
of the Eleventh Corps engaged the First Day
was opposed by nineteen regiments of the Con
federate Army, and those nineteen regiments 39

were supported by etghleeii pieces of artillery
on Oak Ridge.
On the evening ofthe ist of July, while our
men are falling back to Cemetery Hill, all
in confusion, is the time that the brave and su
perb soldier Gen. Hancock arrives. Gen.
Meade having learned of the death of Gen.
Reynolds sent Hancock to the front to view
the situation and assume command. His very
appearance aided greatly in rallying the men,
and the lines were reformed and order re
stored. Gen. Slocum came over from the right,
he being the superior officer, and Gen. Han
cock relinquished command to Gen. Slocum,
and then rode back that night to Taneytown
and reported to Gen. Meade.
Gen. Meade at once ordered up the entire
army to Gettysburg. It was not until after
the First Day's Battle that our entire army
was ordered up to Gettysburg, and until
that time the men who struggled so heroically
the first day of the battle were just as liable to
be sent back to Pipe Creek Heights, where
Gen. Meade expected to make battle, as the
men there were liable to be sent to Gettysburg.

view from tower ox haxcock Ave.— Round Top iu distance, Bloody AicJe in (Center.

gJEN. MEADE moved up with his staff
and arrived about midnight, estab-
^ffljffl lishing his headquarters on the Taney-
town Road, just south of Cemetery
Hill. As the troops arrived in the night they
were placed in position. On the morning of
the 2nd of July it was expected that Gen.
Lee would certainly follow up his victory of
the night before, but for some reason, un
known to the writer, he did not see fit lo do
this, and that gave Gen. Meade a chance to
make many changes and to strengthen out
lines in numerous places. There was but lit
tle or no fighting done on the morning of the
second day.
The formation of the Union lines of battle
on the second and third days was in shape
similar to a fish hook, the short end resting
on Rock Creek, one mile east of Cemetery
Hill, the long eud resting on Round Top,
two and one-half miles south of Cemetery
Hill, which was the left of our line ; and
Cemetery Hill formed the curve of the hook.
The Confederate line was similar in shape,
only a much larger hook, it being the outer
line. On the morning of the second day our line
was formed in the following order : The
Twelfth Corps on the right, with Williams'
Division on the right of the corps resting on
41

Rock Creek, in command of Gen. Ruger, as
Williams was then iu command of the corps,
and Slocum in command of the right wing ;
the Third Brigade, Col. Colgrove in command,
on the right of the division, 13th N. J., 3rd
Wis., 2nd Mass., 27th Ind., 107th N. Y.
First Brigade, Col. Macdougall, 46th Pa.,
145th N. Y., 123rd N. Y., 3rd Md., 20th
Conn, and 5th Conn. Second Division, Gen.
John W. Geary, had been sent across to Little
Round Top, with two brigades the night be
fore, to prevent the surprise of the enemy on
our left flank, but being relieved on the morn
ing of the 2nd by Sickles' Third Corps, was
sent back to their own corps and formed on
the left of the First Division as follows :
Second Brigade, Gen. Thos. L. Kane, 29th
Pa., 109th Pa., 1 nth Pa. ; First Brigade,
Col. Charles Candy, 5th O., 7th O., 29th O.,
147th Pa., 28th Pa. and 66th O. ; Third Bri
gade, Gen. George S. Greene, 137th N. Y.,
149th N. Y., 102nd N. Y., 7Sth N. Y., 60th
N. Y. ; this extended the line from Rock
Creek to the summit of Culp's Hill, the
wooded hill east of the Cemetery.
Joining on the left of Geary's Division was
the First Division, First Corps, Second Bri
gade on the right of the division, 7th Ind.,
which had now joined this brigade, it having
been left back the day before with train, 76th
42

N. Y., 14th Brooklyn, 95th N. Y., 147th N.
Y., and 56th Pa. ; First Brigade, Gen. Mere
dith, 7th Wis., 6th Wis., 2nd Wis., 19th Ind.,
24th Mich.
Joining on the left of the last mentioned di
vision was the Eleventh Corps, extending the
line around East Cemetery Hill to Ziegler's
Grove on Cemetery Ridge, that forming and
occupying the curve of the fish hook; First
Division, Gen. Ames commanding, First Brig
ade, on the right Col. Von Gilsa, 41st N. Y.,
153rd Pa., 68th N. Y., 54th N. Y. ; Second
Brigade, Col. Harris commanding, 17th Conn.,
107th O., 25th O., 75th O. ; Second Division,
Gen. Adolph Von Steinwehr, First Brigade,
Col. Coster, 134th N. Y., 154 N. Y., 27th Pa.
and 73rd Pa. ; Third Division, Gen. Carl
Schurz, First Brigade, Col. Von Amsberg,
82nd 111., 45th N. Y., 157th' N. Y., 61st O.,
74th Pa. ; Second Brigade, Col. Krzyzanowski,
26th Wis., 75th Pa., 82nd O., 119 N. Y., 58th
N. Y. On the left of the division was the
Second Brigade of the Second Division, Col.
Orlando Smith, 55th O., 73rd O., 136th N.
Y., 33rd Mass.
On the left of the Eleventh Corps was the
Second and Third Divisions of the First
Corps, extending the line through and south
of Ziegler's Grove on Cemetery Ridge ; Second
Division, Gen. Robinson, Second Brigade, 43

Gen. Baxter, nth Pa., 88th Pa., 90th Pa.,
97th N.Y., 83rd N. Y., 1 2th Mass. ; First Brig
ade, Col. Coulter commanding, 107th Pa.,
104th N. Y., 94th N. Y , 13th Mass., 16th
Me. ; Third Division, Gen. Rowley, First
Brigade, Col. Biddle, 151st Pa., 142nd Pa.,
121st Pa., 80th N. Y. or 20th Militia ; Second
Brigade, Col. Dana commanding, what is left
of the Bucktail Brigade, 143rd Pa., 149th Pa.,
and 150th Pa. ; Third Brigade, Gen. Geo. J.
Stannard, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th and 16th
Vt., the 1 2th and 15th being kept guarding
trains. On the left of Second Division was Second
Corps, Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, with Third
Division on the right, Gen. Alex. Hays, First
Brigade, Col. Carroll, 14th Ind., 4th O., 8th
O., 7th W. Va. ; Second Brigade, Col. Smyth,
14th Conn., 1st Del., 12th N. J., 10th N. Y.,
batallion, 108th N. Y. ; Third Brigade, Col.
Willard, 39th N. Y., mth N. Y., 125th N.
Y., 126th N. Y. ; Second Division, Gen. John
Gibbon, Second Brigade, Gen. Alex. S. Webb,
71st Pa., 72nd Pa., 69th Pa., 106th Pa. ;
Third Brigade, Col. N. J. Hall, 59th N. Y.,
42nd N. Y., 7th Mich., 20th Mass., 19th
Mass. ; First Brigade, Gen. Wm. Harrow,
19th Me., 15th Mass., 1st Minn., 82nd N. Y.;
First Division on the left of Corps, First Di
vision, Gen. J. C. Caldwell, First Brigade,
44

Col. Edward H. Cross, 5th N. H., 61st N. Y.,
148th Pa., 81st Pa. ; Second Brigade, Col.
Patrick Kelly commanding, 28th Mass., 63rd
N. Y., 69th N. Y., 88th N. Y., n 6th Pa. ;
Third Brigade, Gen. Sam'l K. Zook, 52nd
N. Y., 57th N. Y., 66th N. Y., 140th Pa. ;
Fourth Brigade. Col. J. R. Brooke, 27th Conn.,
2nd Del., 64th N. Y., 53rd Pa., 145th Pa.
The Third Corps under command of Major
General Daniel E. Sickles was to have formed
on the left of the Second Corps and continue
the line southward to Round Top, but on the
morning of the second Gen. Sickles discovered
that the ground in his front on the Emmits
burg. Road was a better position, a much
higher one, and not deeming it advisable to
allow the enemy to have the better ground,
and his former position being untenable, and
having discretionary power as the command
ing officer, or rather as corps commander, he
saw fit on his own responsibility to advance
forward to the Emmitsburg Road and estab
lish the right of his line near the Roger's
house. Humphrey's Second Division on the
right of the corps and Carr's Brigade ou the
right of the division; 26th Pa., 1st Mass.,
nth Mass., 16th Mass., 12th New Hamp
shire, nth New Jersey, the 84th Peun'a.
of this brigade was left back with wagon train
and not engaged in the battle ; Second Brig- 45

ade, Col. W. R. Brewster, 70th, 71st, 72nd,
73rd, 74th and 1 20th New York Regiments;
Third Brigade, Col. Geo. C. Burling, 5th, 6th,
7th, 8th New Jersey, 2nd New Hampshire,
115th Penn' a. Joining on the left of the
Second Division was the right of the First
Division Gen. David B. Birney commanding, v
First Brigade, Gen. Graham, on the right of
the division ; 105th Penn'a., "Wildcat" Regi
ment, 57th Penn'a., 114th Penn'a., "Collis'
Zouaves," 63rd Penn'a., 68th Penn'a., 141st
Penn'a., extending the line on the Emmits
burg Road to south side of the Peach Orchard.
There our line was refused to the left or
turned to the left, and continued eastward to
Plum Run in the Valley of Death. Third
Brigade, Col. De Trobriand, on the left of
Graham, 3rd Michigan, 5th Michigan, 40th
New York, "Mozart Regiment," noth
Penn" a., 17th Maine; Second Brigade, Gen.
Ward, on the left of De Trobriand, 20th In
diana, 86th New York, 124th New York, 99th
Penn'a., 3rd Maine, 4th Maine, 1st and 2nd
U. S. Sharpshooters.
The Third Army Corps is out, in this posi
tion, in the shape of a semi-circle, with no sup
port on either flank, no troops in their rear, or
on Little Round Top, with the Fifth and Sixth
Corps still marching, and miles away. It is
while the Third Army Corps is in this posi-
46

tion that they are attacked by Longstreet's
Corps of Lee's Army.
But as the formation of the Union Army or
line of battle has been given I will now form
the line of the Confederate Army. A word
to the reader pertaining to the two ridges,
Cemetery Ridge and Seminary Ridge run
parallel partially. From Cemetery Hill south to
Round Top they run parallel, but Seminary
Ridge extends much farther north, the two
ridges are about a mile apart, and Seminary
Ridge is west of Cemetery Ridge.
At a point a mile southwest of the Devil's
Den is the right of . the Confederate Army,
following Seminary Ridge northward to the
Seminary buildings, thence east through the
town, thence southeast to Rock Creek Hills,
with the following formation : First Corps,
commanded by Gen. Longstreet, on the right
facing the Union left, and Hood's Division on
the right of the corps, with four brigades in
the following order : Law's Alabama Brigade,
Robertsou's Texas Brigade, Anderson's
Georgia Brigade, Benning's Georgia Brigade.
On the left of Hood's Division is Gen.
McLaws' Division, Kershaw's South Carolina
Brigade, Semmes' Georgia Brigade, Wofford's
Georgia Brigade, Barksdale's Mississippi
Brigade. Pickett's Division of Longstreet's
Corps at this time has not yet crossed 47

the South Mountain, and is in the vicinity
of Chambersburg, guarding wagon trains.
On the left of Longstreet's Corps was Third
Corps, Gen. A. P. Hill, with Anderson's
Division on the right, five brigades, namely :
Wilcox's, Perry's, Wright's, Mahone's and
Posey's. On the left of Anderson's was
Pender's Division of four brigades, namely :
Perrin's, Lane's, Scales' and Thomas.' Ou
the left of Pender was Heth's Division ; he
originally had four brigades and, as will be
remembered, lost the greater poition of
Archer's and the greater portion of Davis'
Mississippi in the old railroad cut the first
day. He now has a remnant of three bri
gades, namely : Brockenbrough's, Pettigrew's
and Davis.' Joining on the left of Heth's
was the right of Ewell's Corps, which now
extends the line eastward, directly through
the town, with Rodes' Division On the right,
five brigades ; Daniel's, Iverson's, Ramseur's,
O'Neal's and Dole's. On the left of Rodes',
in front of Cemetery Hill on the Culp farm,
was Early's Division of four brigades : Gor
don's, Hays', Smith's and Hoke's. Joining
on the left of Early, in front of Culp's Hill,
and extending the line to Rock Creek and
across same,- was Johnson's Division of four
brigades: Jones', Williams', Walker's, which
was known as the "Stonewall" Brigade, and
48

. -  .::¦•¦'.

~ II, ¦'??.

' ,: ,..¦¦¦, 'i. ¦¦¦¦¦¦"¦" •'

|||^R^^r:-''';

JIE WADE «*'. Mluo

.IKNNIK WAIIK
tlie only citizen of Gettysburg who was killed during the baltle, '1 1
years of age, was struck by a sharpshooter's Indict in a lillle brick
house on Rallimore street, near (he National Cemetery. On the
m. lining of the last day of Ihe buttle she was in the back room wink
ing in dough, preparing lo bake and was inslanlly killed by a hul-
Icl that bad passed through I wo doors before sinking her.
The house has not been changed and shows the marks of sev
eral hundred bullets. !t is now a war museum, and allraels thou
sands of tourists each year lo hear the story of .Jennie Wade's death,
and lo see the old battle-marked house and the complete collection
of battlelield relics which are exhibited here.
Souvenirs of all kinds can be houglil in the room where Jennie
Wade was killed. Any information relative lolhis house or the
Gettysburg Battlelield will he cheerfully furnished by addressing
TIIK .IK N.N' IK W.\I>K IIOliSK,
Gettysburg, l*a.

Steuart's, thus forming a line of battle similar
in shape to the Union line
The line of battle was thus composed of
thirty-four brigades. A solid line of battle
two ranks deep and eight miles long, with tlie
artillery of both armies stationed ou the ele
vated and commanding positions, while the
cavalry, the eyes of the army, are guaiding
flanks. Gen. Lee's plan for the second clay
of July (the reader will understand that the
Union Army fought at Gettysburg on the
defensive for the first time, Lee's Army being
the attacking party) was to attack both flanks
and the center at one and the same time.
Longstreet's Corps being on Lee's right, and
facing our left, was to move forward and turn
the left flank. Ewell's Corps being on Lee's
left and facing our right was to advance and
turn back the Union's right flank, while A.
P. Hill's Corps* was to advance and strike the
crushing blow on the Union's center.
But the Third Corps of the Union Army
having advanced out the Emmitsburg Road to
the Peach Orchard, and throwing his sharp
shooters and skirmishers still farther in ad
vance, they discovered Longstreet's move
ment and brought on the battle. Longstreet
at that time was moving southward with his
entire command, along Willoughby Run, west
of Seminary Ridge, and under cover of the
49

same, on his way around the south side of Big
Round Top for the purpose of attacking Gen.
Sickles from the east, then being in the rear
of Sickles' Corps. Now if Gen. Sickles had
formed on the left of the Second Corps, as
ordered at the beginning to do, and had pro
longed his line south to Little Round Top, the
greater portion of his troops would have been
on low, swampy ground which was untenable,
with the enemy occupying the Emmitsburg
Road in his front, and the left of his line
would have been on the summit of Little
Round Top "in the air," and Longstreet
would have been successful in carrying out his
plans to move around to the south side of Big-
Round Top and attack the Third Corps from
the rear, while a portion of Hill's Corps would
make the attack from the front. Therefore
had Gen. Sickles not gone out and taken up
that advanced position Longstreet's movement
would not have been discovered, his plans
would have been carried out successfully with
no obstructions in his way, as he had several
hours to execute this move, which would have
been under cover and unseen, before the Fifth
and Sixth Corps of the Union Army arrived
upon the field.
Those who study the history of the battle
and visit the field and view the topography of
the ground agree that under the existing cir-
5o

cumstances Gen. Sickles did the best thing
that could have been done. It is believed by
the military critics who visit the field at this
late day that had Gen. Sickles not fought his
battle in the manner and form which he did,
there would have been no battle fought at
Gettysburg on the Third of July.
When Longstreet's Corps became engaged
with Gen. Sickles' Third Corps, it soon be
came necessary for Hill's Corps to move fur
ther to the right and reinforce Longstreet.
Gen. Sickles with his Third Corps, and the
support he received, afterward succeeded in
holding the two corps of the enemy in check,
until the evening, when our Fifth and Sixth
Corps reached the field. The result of this
attack, or rather this movement, was
that Hill's Corps did not, nor could not, make
a direct attack upon the Union center, except
with two brigades, Wright's Georgia Brigade
and Perry's Florida Brigade.

_ >HE battle of the Second Day of July
*$$& commenced on the left and raged quite
SSffliS a while before it commenced on the
right. The battle commenced on the second
day about 3 o'clock in the afternoon, near
the Peach Orchard and Emmitsburg Road. 5i

Three brigades of McLaw's Division, Long-
street's Corps, advanced northward up the
Emmitsburg Road and were met by Graham's
Brigade, Biruey's Division, Third Corps of
the Union Army. In a short time the battle
extended along the entire line of Birney's Di
vision, Gen. Graham was wounded and taken
prisoner and the battle was raging all the way
from the Peach Orchard down through the
woods to Devil's Den. At that time the
Second Division, Gen. Humphrey's Third
Corps, is still occupying the Emmitsburg
Road north of the Peach Orchard and facing
west. It is then that Gen. Sickles rides out
and orders Gen. Humphrey to throw back his
left of the line, and change his front from
west to south. He promptly obeys the order
and reinforces Birney's Division on his left.
Then Gen. Barksdale with the Fourth Bri
gade of McLaws' Division, charges out from
the woods west of the Peach Orchard, and
reaches the Emmitsburg Road quickly, north
of the Sherfy buildings, and finally succeeds
in driving back the right flank of Humphrey's
Division, and advancing across the fields to
wards the Trostle buildings, near which Gen.
Sickles had established his heaquarters in the
saddle. Gen. Hancock sends Willard's
New York Brigade from our center out across
the fields, who intercepts the left flank of
52

Barksdale, not far from Gen. Sickles' head
quarters. In that movement Gen. Barksdale
is killed. Gen. Willard is also killed and
Gen. Sickles loses a leg close by, but Barks
dale Brigade had been checked for the time
being. Then Col. McGilvery, in command of our
reserve Artillery Brigade back on Cemetery
Hill, rides out to the front near the Trostle
buildings, and tells Captain Bigelow, com
manding the 9th Mass. Battery, that notwith
standing our line is being forced back, he
must remain there, and if necessary sacrifice
his entire battery. Capt. Bigelow at once
turned four of his guns westward, toward the
Emmitsburg Road, on Barksdale's advancing
troops, while he kept the other two guns
pointing southward, firing on Kershaw,
Wofford and Sennnes. Capt. Bigelow re
mained out there until after our troops were
driven in from his front, and for quite a
while without any support whatever, except
a portion of the 118th Pa. (Corn Exchange
Regiment), who voluntarily fought and came
to his support. Out of his six guns he lost
four, out of seven sergeants he lost six, out of
lour commissioned officers he lost three, in
cluding himself wounded, aud out of eighty-
eight horses he lost eighty.
Lock wood's Independent Maryland Brigade, 53

accompanied by Gen. Meade in person, is
seen advancing rapidly to the rescue of the
Third Corps. Some of these troops charge as
far as the Loop and the Peach Orchard, but,
like their comrades, are hurled back by over
whelming numbers. Gen. Hancock double-
quicks the First Division, Second Army Corps
to the left — four brigades, viz : Cross', Kelly's,
Zook's and Brooke's.
Col. Cross commanding First Brigade, be
longed to the 5th N. H. Regiment, and on the
morning of July second, he said to some of
his fellow officers, "Gentlemen, I will win a
star on this field today or die in the effort."
He charged his brigade across the famous
Wheatfield in front of Round Top and had
just reached the edge of the woods beyond,
when he fell mortally wounded, dying in great
agony that night. He had a brother, a line
officer in the same regiment, whom he begged
to blow out his brains during the night, or
loan him his revolver that he might end his
sufferings. The Second Brigade was known as the Irish
Brigade, under command of Gen. Kelly. The
chaplain was a priest, Father Corby, and at
the edge of the woods he signaled to the com
mander to halt.. The priest mounted a rock
and amid the storm of deadly missiles offered
a brief prayer. As the word "Amen" fell
54

from his lips, the word "forward" fell from
Kelly's lips. Ou the Irish Brigade charged,
with their shout of "faugh-a-ballaugh" (clear
the way). They charged over the Wheat-
field and through the timber beyond.
Gen. Zook moved forward quickly with the
Third Brigade, and was killed at the north
west corner of the Wheatfield, while gallantly
leading his command. Gen. Brooke dashed
forward with the Fourth Brigade, charged
across the Wheatfield and through the woods
far beyond, reaching the farthest point of any,
but suffering the loss of nearly half of his
command. It is while the battle is raging at that time,
that Gen. Warren, chief of engineers of our
army, at the request of Gen. Sickles, rides to
Little Round Top, and discovers an important
movement of the enemy, viz: A portion of
Hood's Division, rapidly moving off to the
right and into the timber. Gen. Warren re
alized at once that Hood was making that
movement for the express purpose of securing
Little Round Top, which is a high position,
actually the key to the front. Gen. Warren,
on his own responsibility, went in pursuit of
troops to prevent the enemy from accomplish
ing their object. The First Division, Fifth
Army Corps having arrived, Gen. Barnes'
Division of three brigades, Tilton's, Sweitzer's 55

and Vincent's were being hurried to the front
to reinforce the Third Corps. When near the
Trostle buildings, about one-half mile north
west of Round Top, by order of Warren, Col.
Strong Vincent's Brigade (this was known as
the Light Brigade, formerly commanded by
Gen. Butterfield, chief of the staff of the
Army of the Potomac, who was wounded by
a piece of shell, at Meade's headquarters, in
Third Day's battle), 83rd Pa., 44th N. Y.,
1 6th Mich., 20th Me., was detached and
brought back to Round Top, and moved up to
the summit of Little Round Top, just in time
to be double-quicked "front into line," to
meet face to face, the greater portion of Law's
Alabama Brigade, that came from the extreme
right of Lee's Army.
Col. Vincent charged and drove Lee's men
down over the boulders iuto the ravine below.
In that movement Col. Vincent fell, mortally
wounded on the sou'.h slope of Little Round
Top. There, today, a slab on a boulder, with
a Maltese cross (the Fifth Corps badge),
marks the spot where he fell. He was car
ried back to the rear, to Bushman's farm,
about a mile distant, and lived until the morn
ing of July 7th, iu the meantime having been
made brigadier-general hy telegram from
Washington. The battle rages, Robertson's Texas Bri*
56

^>^r^^^,

woI'miim,' oi.. kick lick:.— New York Monument.

Ki..«'i..M'sr.,rx(.|i1 ok wa,.. . Nl.w v,,,.,. MOMUllleMt

gade and tferlriing's Georgia chafged intd
Devil's Den and turned the left flank of the
Third Corps, capturing three guns of Smith's
N. Y. Ind. Battery, forced back and doubled
up the left of the Union line, and immediately
reinforced Law's Alabama Brigade. Law's
men turned and charged, forcing our men up
the hill again on Little Round Top. In the
meantime Tilton's Brigade, 18th Mass., ist
Mich., 118th Pa., and Sweitzer's Brigade, 9th
Mass., 32nd Mass., 4th Mich., 62nd Pa., have
reinforced the center of the Third Corps, and
are hotly contesting the ground in front of
the Rose building south of the Wheatfield,
when the Secoud Division, Fifth Corps (regu
lar troops) reached the field, Gen. Ayres
commanding — Day, Burbank and Weed —
United States Regulars, except Weed's Bri
gade ; Col. Day's First Brigade, 3rd, 4th, 6th,
1 2th and 14th U. S. Infantry; Col. Burbank's
Second Brigade, 7th, 10th, nth, 17th, U. S-
Troops ; Third Brigade, Gen. Weed, 140th
N. Y., 146th N. Y., 91st Pa., 155th Pa.
Col. O'Rorke, with 140th N. Y., was de
tached by order of Warren and sent to rein
force Vincent's Brigade on Round Top. When
they reached the summit of Little Round Top
they did not have time to fix their bayonets,
but rushed double quick "front into line" on
the right of the 20th Me., commanded by Col.
57

Chamberlain. &o\. Chamberlain, with these
reinforcements, charged and drove Law's men
down to the valley below and maintained pos
session of Little Round Top ever thereafter.
That is the time we came within ten min
utes of losing Little Round Top, the key of
the field in front of Round Top, beyond a
doubt. In that movement Col. O'Rorke was
killed. The balance of Weed's Brigade was
ordered up to Little Round Top. It was the
troops of Weed's Brigade that aided in drag
ging the guns of Battery D, 5th U. S., to the
summit of Little Round Top by hand and by
ropes. It must be remembered that at that
time there were no roads around that great
hill, it being utterly impossible to get guns
there by horses ; but when they got the guns
up the men could not use them. Devil's Den
was then in possession of the enemy, and the
sharpshooters were there in force and had
range on Little Round Top and were picking
our men off rapidly. As fast as they went to
their guns they were shot down.
Gen. Weed, ;who commanded the brigade,
was shot by a sharpshooter from Devil's Den,
and while Lieut. Hazlett, who was in command
of the battery, was leaning over Gen. Weed re
ceiving his dying messages, he, too, was shot
and fell dead across the body of Weed. Eight
companies of Berdan's sharpshooters of our
58

army were double quicked from the right and
distributed around Little Round Top and Big
Round Top. Soon thereafter our guns on
Round Top could be used, for when the Union
sharpshooters were once in position the enemy
could uot expose a finger without losing the
same. Still the battle raged from the Valley of
Death in front of Little Round Top across the
fields to the Emmitsburg Road, a distance of
a mile. It was not until the Third Division,
Fifth Corps (Crawford's Pa. Reserves) and
the three Brigades of Sixth Corps troops had
arrived that we were able to check the enemy.
When the enemy saw those men coming over
the ridge north of Round Top was the time
they exclaimed out beyond the Wheatfield,
"Great God, how much more have we to go
through." The Third Division, Fifth Corps, Gen.
Crawford commanding, two brigades, First
and Third, joined the corps on the 28th of
June, the Second Brigade being left in the de
partment at Washington. First Brigade, Col.
Wm. McCandless, 1st, 2nd, 6th, 13th Pa.
Vols., Third Brigade, Col. Jos. W. Fisher,
5th, 9th, 10th, nth and 12th Pa. Vols. ; the
Sixth Corps troops were the Second Brigade,
First Division, Gen. Jos. J. Bartlett, 5th Me.,
121st N. Y., 95th Pa., 96th Pa., Second Bfi-
59

gade, Third Division, Col. H. L. Eustis, 7th,
10th, 37th Mass., 2nd R. I. ; Third Brigade,
Third Division, Col. D. J. Nevin, 62nd N.Y.,
93rd Pa. ,98th Pa., 102nd Pa., (but only a few
companies of the latter) and 139th Pa. Vols.
Col. McCandless of Philadelphia, with his
brigade, and the nth Regiment of Fisher's
Brigade, followed by the three brigades, Sixth
Corps (these Sixth Corps troops had been
marthing since nine o'clock the night before,
coming from below Manchester by a circuit-
uous route, having marched over forty consecu
tive miles, and at that time were called "fresh
troops' ' ) charged across the meadows and over
the Valley of Death, until McCandless' men
reached and captured the stone wall on the
east side of the Wheatfield from the enemy
and successfully held the same from that time
on. Gen. Fisher's Brigade was moved around
east of Little . Round Top and charged west
ward down the ravine, between the two Round
Tops, fighting their way foot by foot west
ward until they reached and re-captured
Devil's Den, the stronghold which the enemy
had captured after driving back the left of the
Third Corps of the Union Army. They held
this position until midnight, when they were
ordered back to Round Top, and that ex
tended our line southward to the summit of
60

oioNioitAL slocum.— K(|iiestrian Statue.

Big Round Top. In the meantime, darkuess
ended the contest.
During the night of the second the Union
line of battle was re-formed back on Cemetery
Ridge on a continuation of Hancock's line,
and on line of Pennsylvania Reserves on the
east side of the Wheatfield.
With the repulse of Wright's Georgia and
Perry's Florida Brigades, that attempted to
break through our Second Corps center, near
the Codori buildings, the battle on the left of
our line ended with the twilight.
$$$$$& $ % &
{SPHERE is a fierce contest raging on the
tor~tt% right of our line during much of this
iSi« time. Ewell's Corps of Lee's Army
have been endeavoring to carry out instruc
tions as regards the turning of our right flank.
In Ewell's Corps, you will remember, are
Early's Division and Johnson's Division.
Early was to charge Cemetery Hill, while
Johnson was to charge Culp's Hill, which it
will be observed is east of Cemetery Hill. But
prior to the charges made they expected to
demolish our guns on Cemetery Hill by plac
ing numerous batteries ou Benner's Hill, a
commanding position to the east. But soon
we had a range on them, as the Union Army 61

had their guns ou Cemetery Hill, and the
Confederate guns were disabled. They drag
ged their last gun from Benuer's Hill by hand,
and the majority of their horses were killed.
Soon thereafter troops were seen forming
in front of Cemetery Hill, down on the Culp
farm, which proved to be Early's Division.
In Early's Division was Hays' Brigade, better
known as the Louisiana Tigers. They were
desperate and brave men who knew no fear
and they had, up to that time, never failed to
capture any line that they ever charged.
They supported Hoke's Brigade, of the same
division, who were to lead the charge, but when
Hoke's men moved forward from under cover
and made their appearance on the summit of
the field in front of Cemetery Hill, many
guns were turned upon them and the fire was
beyond endurance. Hoke's men were com
pelled to go to the ravine from whence they
came, for shelter.
But Hays' Brigade, the Louisiana Tigers,
numbering 1,700 men, formed iu the streets of
Gettysburg, and in a ravine south of the old
jail, under cover and out of view of the Union
troops, they moved up a lane along the east
base of Cemetery Hill, which was so close that
the Union guns could not be depressed suffi
ciently to bring a range to bear down upon
them. But southeast of Cemetery Hill, and
62

near Culp's Hill, wefe Steven's 5th Me. and
two guns of Knapp's Pittsburg Batteries,
These guns being at the end of the lane had
an enfilading fire down the lane on the Tigers
With their deadly and destructive missiles.
Still many of them endured it and reached the
Eleventh Corps, line. Forcing their way
over the stone wall, actually leaping over our
men, they yelled and charged up the hill, and
in less time than I can tell the story they
reached the top (Cemetery Hill) and cap
tured Weidrich's Battery I, ist N. Y. Artil
lery. Soon they passed these guns, by yell and
charged southward over the second stone wall,
and captured the two left guns of Rickett's Pa.
Battery and attempted to spike same, but Rick
ett's brave men will not yield an inch. The
enemy at one time had captured two of Rick
ett's, spiked the one and had the other half
way down the hill, when occurred the hand
to hand struggle on Cemetery Hill, where
Rickett's men used ram-rods, gun swabs, hand
spikes, clubbed muskets, stones, and even
their fists. Lieut. Brockway brained a Tiger
with a stone ; another is brained with a hand
spike, while still another is beaten to death
with a guidon.
Gen. Hancock comes to the rescue by send
ing Carroll's Brigade, Second Corps, to rein
force our men ou Cemetery Hill, excepting 63

the 8th 6., which is stili on the skirmish line,
west of the Emmitsburg Road. Then the
Union men charge and drive down the hill
what is left of the Tigers. Out of the 1,700
men that made the charge less than 300 got
back to town. Over 1,400 were captured,
killed and wounded, and the command, as an
organization, was not known thereafter.
When the conflict ceased on Cemetery Hill
it was near twilight, and troop.s were seen
forming in front of Culp's Hill, lt was soon
learned that these were Johnson's Division,
preparing to charge. During the afteruoon,
while our Fifth and Sixth Army Corps were
being hurried forward, we were being hard
pressed on our left. It then became abso
lutely necessary to have reinforcements from
somewhere, and the result was that all the
troops of the Twelfth Corps on our right, ex
cept one brigade (Green's N. Y. Brigade re
mained on Culp's Hill) were detached and
sent to reinforce our left, but in the meantime
the Fifth and Sixth Corps arrived, and
the Twelfth Corps troops were not needed on
the left. During their absence Johnson
charged Culp's Hill, but was repulsed time and
again with heavy losses by Green's Brigade ;
but Johnson having a division, his line was
much longer than Green's and the men on the
left of Johnson's line soon discovered that the
64

g*-~.-~-

AT THE M'PIIEIiSOX I'APM, «ETTYS)i"HCi. OX THE ('II AMP.EHSIU'RG PIKE.
The 150th l?a. Vols, at 4 P M.. July 1st. 1SR.T. resistiug the comb-ned attack of Scales' Rriirade
Hill's I'nrpM, from the we«t. au I fl.iniel s I hi "-.Lie H veil V ( ' up.- lrom the north.

,/OUN UI'liNS

works in their front have been vacated hy
Green. Johnson moved off, by the left flank, further
to our right, and crossed the vacated line of
the Union works, and moved around to the
right flank of Green, and passing Spangler's
Springs, moved on westward, up the ravine,
to the Baltimore Pike, only a quarter of a mile
south of Cemetery Hill, on the east side of the
pike On the west side of the pike, and oppo
site a short distance, was our reserve am
munition train parked. Johnson was ac
tually within a stone throw of the same. Had
he known where he was, or realized his posi
tion, he could have captured the Union am
munition train, marched in on the Baltimore
Pike and cut off our right. But it was in the
night, and as not a shot was fired, Johnson
¦became alarmed. He said to his staff, "This
is too easy, there must be something wrong,
this must be a trap Meade has opened for me.
I believe I am marching my command into
it." He instructed his men to move back
quickly and quietly to Culp's Hill, to the tim
ber and vacant line of works, so recently cap
tured by them, and wait for daylight.
In the meantime, while he was waiting for
daylight, the troops ofthe Twelfth Corps were
sent back to their former position, when they
found Johnson's Division of Ewell's Corps oc-
65

Cupying the same. It was during that night
that many of the troops of both armies mingle
together freely at Spangler's Springs and use
water from the same springs to quench their
thirst and wash their bloody wounds. The
men lying looked at each other for many
hours. Just at daylight on the Third Day Gen.
Geary, of the Union Army, discovered John
son in the act of moving. At once he had his
men open fire upon Johnson's entire command,
which was kept up continuously until ten
o'clock A. M., when Shaler's Brigade of the
Sixth Corps, that had arrived the night before,
was sent from the vicinity of Round Top.
This brigade was composed of the 65th N. Y. ,
67th N. Y., 122nd N. Y., 23rd Pa., 82nd Pa.,
together with Lockwood's Independent Bri
gade, 1st Md. Potomac Home Brigade, 1st
Md. Eastern Shore and 150th N. Y. After
the Twelfth Corps had been reinforced by
these troops a general advance was ordered.
Johnson made a desperate effort to retain the
works which he had gotten so easily, but he
could not stand the charges of tlie gallant
troops of the Twelfth Corps, and was finally
driven from the works through the woods be
yond. That ended the fighting on the right
of the line on the Third Day. Gen. Lee was

66

greatly disappointed at Johnson's not being
able to hold his position on Culp's Hill.
To return to the Second Day's Battle. It
will be noted that Lee failed in his plans. He
failed to turn back the left flank of the Union
Army, although he did succeed in forcing back
the Third Corps line ; in other words, he sim
ply straightened that position of the Union
line, but his losses were heavy. He failed to
capture and hold Round Top. He also failed
to turn the right flank of the Union Army ;
neither did he succeed in capturing Culp's
Hill and holding the same, and he had failed
to break through the Union center. The bat
tle raged seven and one-half hours ou the left
and six and one-half on the right. The loss
was great on both sides, but Gen. Lee had
failed to accomplish what he had undertaken.
The Union losses on Little Round Top were
575 ; in the Wheatfield and in the vicinity of
Devil's Deu, 4,133; in the vicinity of the
Peach Orchard 1,285 > along the Emmitsburg
Road and in the vicinity of the Rogers House
2,745 ; at East Cemetery Hill 612, and in
cluding the losses on Culp's Hill the total
losses for the day exceeded to.ooo.
On the night of the Second Gen. Lee held
his great Council of War. He told his staff
officers and corps commanders what he was
eoing to do on the morrow and how he was
67

going to do it. Gen. Longstreet objected to
his plans, and said to Gen. Lee, "General, we
have failed today, having been unable to dis
lodge Meade's Army, but if we withdraw from
here to-morrow and move southward toward
Washington, which is only seventy-five miles
away, we will compel Gen. Meade to vacate
his stronghold around the heights of Gettys
burg and in all probability we will be enabled
to make battle on more favorable ground and
thus assume the defensive." Such was the
logic of Longstreet, but Gen. Lee said, "No,
gentlemen, I have been reinforced tonight by
Pickett's Division of Virginians, who have
just arrived from Chambersburg, and who
have not yet been engaged in battle, but are
eager for the fray, and I have also been rein
forced by Stuart's Cavalry-"

\0\V Stuart's Cavalry got to Gettysburg
Jjto is an interesting story . Lee left him
TO iu Virginia, to baffle the Union
Army and prevent Gen. Hooker following.
Stuart was noted for his successful raiding
around our army, but Gen. Hooker outgener
aled him this time and succeeded in cutting
him off. from Lee's command entirely. In or
der that Stuart might again join Lee's coui-
68

luaud he was compelled to pass down the Po
tomac River, below where the Union Army
had crowed and pass to ths rear an. I around
the Union Army. Stuart did so. He crossed
the Potomac River at Drainesville, almost
touched the suburbs of Baltimore and moved
northward up the Northern Central Railroad.
Bearing southward ou the 30th of June, he
came in contact with a portion of the Union
Cavalry at Hanover, Pa., Gen. Kilpatrick's
Division. First Brigade, Gen. Farnsworth,
5U1 N. Y.. 18th Pa., 1st Vt., 1st W. Va. ;
Second Brigade, Gen. Custer, 1st Mich., 5th
Mich., 6th Mich., 7U1 Mich., and they became
engaged iu a skirmish in the streets of Han
over, Pa.
Stuart knew that Lee's objective point was
Harrisburg, and as he. had been cut off from
all connections for a numuer of days, and was
driven out of Hanover rapidly by the Union
Cavalry, and expecting to find Lee's Army in
the Cumberland Valley between Carlisle and
Harrisburg, he inarched directly across York
County, by the way of York Springs, viz,
sixteen miles north of Gettysburg, and reached
Carlisle, in the Cumberland Valley, on the
evening ofthe First of July, only to learn that
Gen. Lee had abandoned the attack on Har
risburg, vacated the Cumberland Valley,
crossed over to the east side of the South 69

Mountain, and that there had been one day's
battle fought at Gettysburg. Had Stuart
known, while at Hanover ou the 30th of June,
that Gen. Lee, his commander, was, at that
time, concentrating his army in the vicinity of
Gettysburg the chances are that the Battle of
Gettysburg would have been somewhat differ
ent. On the morning of the Second, alter shelling
Carlisle somewhat, Stuart moved his Cavalry
through Mt. Holly Gap, the s>ame route that
Rodes' Division had taken, and crossed the
South Mountain, reaching Gettysburg on the
evening of the Second of July. So Lee said
in his council of war, "I have been reinforced
tonight by Stuart's Cavalry and Pickett's Di
vision and tomorrow I propose to cut Geu.
Meade's Army in two, halfway between Ceme
tery Hill and Round Top, viz, the Angle near
the umbrella shaped trees, and I am going to
do it in this way. I will mass Pickett's Divi
sion in the woods in front of Gen. Meade's
center, well supported. I will have all cannon
along my line in position, open fire and con
centrate the same on that point and either de
molish the guns of Meade or exhaust his sup
ply of ammunition ; then have Pickett's Divi
sion charge, well supported, and, in the mean
time, send Stuart's Cavalry around Meade's
right flank and attack from the rear, in con-
70

nectioh with Pickett's charge froth the front.
I will cut that line in two and use Gen.
Meade's Army up. by detail." It must be ad
mitted that Lee's plans looked plausible.
Gen. Meade however was prepared for any
movement from any direction that Lee might
make. Both flanks of the Union Army were
well protected with cavalry. Gen. Gregg's Di
vision on the right flank had been reinforced by
Custer's Brigade of Kilpatrick's Division, and
consisted of the following troops : First Bri
gade, Gen. J. B. Mcintosh commanding, ist
Md., Purnell Legion Company A., istMass.,
(detached at Fifth and Sixth Corps Headquar
ters), ist N. J., ist Pa., 3rd Pa., 3rd Pa.
Heavy Artillery, Section Battery H, and Pen
nington's U. S. Battery M, ist Pa. Cavalry,
detached at Meade's Headquarters ; Third
Brigade, Col. J. Irvin Gregg commanding, ist
Me., 10th N. Y., 4th Pa., 16th Pa., but the
4th Pa. being detached at Cavalry Headquar
ters ; the Second Brigade of Gen. Gregg's
Division, Col. P. Huey commanding, had been
left at Westminster, Md., 2nd N. Y., 4U1 N.
Y., 6th O., 8th Pa., and were busily engaged
in conveying prisoners from the front.
Gen. Gregg, anticipating an attack, and in
the absence of Huey's Brigade assumed the
responsibility of detaching Gen. Custer's Bri
gade, which was passing in his vicinity en route 7i

to join Kiipatrick oh the left. Gen. Gregg's
forces were three and one-half miles east of
Cemetery Hill. There existed between his
left and the right of our infantry line a vacant
gap on Wolf's Hill. The balance of the Sixth
Corps having come up on evening of July 2nd,
the Third Brigade, Gen. T. H. Neill of the
Second Division, was sent to Wolf's Hill to fill
this vacant space; 7th Me., 33rd N. Y., a
detachment, Capt. Gifford, 43rd N. Y., 49th
N. Y., 61st Pa., 77th N. Y. The latter regi
ment had been sent to the support of a battery
on Power's Hill.
While the right flank of the Union Army
was strongly guarded by that ever watchful
and efficient commander, Gen. Gregg, the left
flank of the Union Army had not been neg
lected. Gen. Kiipatrick was south of Big
Round Top and had with him Gen. Fams-
worth's Brigade, the ist of his own Division,
5th N. Y., 1 8th Pa., ist Vt. ist W. Va.
A solid line of infantry had been formed
at the east base of Big Round Top extending
eastward for a mile, facing southward as an
additional protection to the Union Army, com
posed of the Sixth Corps troops as follows :
.Second Brigade, Col. L- A. Grant, Second
Division, 2nd Vt., 3rd Vt., 4th Vt., 5th Vt..,
6th Vt. ; Third Brigade, First Division, Gen.
D. A. Russell, 6th Me., 49th Pa., 119th Pa.,
72

5th Wis., thus leaving at this time only one
brigade of the Union A.rmy actually ou the
reserve, viz; First Division, Sixth Army
Corps (Gen Kearney's old brigade) com
manded by Gen. Torbert, ist N. J., 2nd N.
J., 3rd N. J., 15th N. J., (4U1 N. J. was back
with wagon trains.) These troops were sta
tioned on Swisher's Hill, north of Round Top.
While Stuart's Cavalry is 011 that tour
around the Union's right flank, at a point
three and one-half miles east of Cemetery
Hill, he was intercepted by Gen. Gregg's
Division and Gen. Custer's Brigade of Kil
patrick's, and then occurred the greatest cav
alry fight of the war. It is known in history
as the "saber fight." Those who were killed
and wounded were wounded and killed b}' the
saber, as a rule. Gen, Wade Hampton, Con
federate Brigadier commander, was wounded
by a saber cut inflicted by Comrade Hampton
Thomas of Philadelphia, where the cavalry
charging together on the open field on the
Rummel farm, the horses reared up into the
air and rebounded many feet. The result was
that Stuart was defeated by Gen. Gregg of
the Union Army and Stuart failed to carry
out his part of the program . On the other
hand, had Stuart been successful, there is no
doubt in my mind whatever but that he would
have passed our right flank, and, in coming up
73

in the rear of our center on the east side ot
Cemetery Ridge, in conjunction with Pickett's
charge from the front, would have been suc
cessful in carrying out Gen. Lee's plans of
cutting Meade's line iu two. Therefore I
contend that one of the most important fea
tures was the cavalry fight ou the Third Day
of July, three and one-half miles east of
Cemetery Hill.

^N the Third Day of July, at 1. 15 P. M.,
the signal guu was fired by the Washing-
^!I£& ton Artillery of New Orleans, at edge of
the woods west and opposite a quarter of a
mile from the Peach Orchard, and then all the
guns in position along Lee's entire line, in all
nearly two hundred cannon, opened fire, all
aiming at the objective point. Soon they
were replied to by nearly one hundred guns
along the Union line, not because we had no
more guns, but owing to the contour of the
ground we could only get that number in posi
tion at one time. Then occurred the greatest ar
tillery duel of the war, nearly three hundred
cannon, all belching forth their deadly mis
siles, shells bursting and screaming every
where ; the shrieks of the dying and wounded
were mingled with the roar of the iron storm
74

carrying destruction everywhere, while the
earth itself trembled for over two hours.
While that artillery duel is raging, Gen.
Warren, Chief of Engineers of our Army,
again rode to the summit of Little Round Top,
to the signal station, and there discovered the
glistening bayonets and the formation of
troops in the edge of the woods, on the Spang-
ler farm, which proved to be Longstreet's
men preparing for an assault. He at once
communicated the fact per signal to the right
of our line, and General Hunt, Chief of Ar
tillery of the Union Army, ordered all guns
along our line to cease firing. Those guns
that have been disabled were removed, like
wise the men and horse? that were killed or
wounded, and others took their places. The
caissons were refilled with ammunition ; every
thing was prepared to receive the attack from
the woods in front.
Then, if never before, in his life, General
Lee was led into error. When he no
longer heard the sound of our guns, only
echoes of his own, he believed that he had ac
complished his object, that he had either suc
ceeded in demolishing our guns or had ex
hausted our supply of ammunition. Know
ing full well that Stuart had had ample time
to make that tour around the Union right
flank and was due to come up in the rear of
75

the Union line — hot yet having learned of
Stuart's defeat — he gave the command for
Longstreet to move. Now you read in his
tory of Longstreet's assault and Pickett's
charge, yet there were more men lost in that
movement belonging to A. P. Hill's Corps
than of Longstreet's Corps. There were no
troops of Longstreet's engaged in that dem
onstration except Pickett's Division.
Longstreet at that time was again endeav
oring to turn our left flank and was repulsed
at Big Round Top by Gen. Kilpatrick's Cav
alry, where Gen. Farnsworth was killed by
the Alabama troops of Hood's Division of
Longstreet's Corps. ' At this point the reserve
brigade of Buford's Division, which had been
left back near Frederick, Md., Brig. Gen.
Wesley Merritt in command, arrived from the
south by the Emmitsburg road, in the rear of
the right of Lee's Army and attacked Long-
street from his rear, 6th Pa., ist U. S. , 2nd
U. S., 5th U. S., 6th U. S. A poition of this
brigade was moved off by the left flank west
ward toward the mountain to capture a wagon
train of the enemy, which they found heavily
guarded and had a fierce engagement with the
enemy's troops near Fairfield. The right of
Merritt's Brigade finally extended eastward
from the Emmitsburg Road across the fields

76

toward Big Round Top, until a connection was
formed with Kilpatrick's Division.
Pickett's Division was foimed at the edge
of the woods in columns of brigades, a mile in
front, three brigades deep, Kemper, Garnett
and Armistead, supported on the right flank
by two brigades of Anderson's Division, Hill's
Corps, Wilcox's and Perry's. He was sup
ported on the left flank by a portion of Heth's
and Pender's Divisions under command of
General Pettigrew, while Wright's, Mahone's
and Posey's Brigades of the same corps were
supporting him in the rear under command of
Gen. Trimble. The distance across the fields
to our line is a little over a mile, nearly a mile
and a quarter. The ground is almost level.
Such was the distance over the open level
fields that Pickett's brave men were compelled
to march over, before they could reach our
line, which was entrenched behind a stone
wall. Is it not a mystery that a man ever
lived to reach our line? I say this with all
due respect to the soldiers of the world, no
soldiers ever endured a more deadly fire, nor
ever exhibited more heroism, than Pickett's
men did on that occasion.
Pickett's brave Virginians emerged from
the woods with their guns' at a right-shoulder
shift, marching shoulder to shoulder, with
steady and decisive step as though they were 77

passing in review on dress parade, not firing
a single shot. When they had reached near
half way, all the guns along our line opened
fire, concentrating the same on Pickett's ad
vancing column, mowing great gaps through
their line. Still on they came, keeping up
the same steady step, closing up vacant gaps
time after time, not firing a shot, but pressing
on and on across the field of death, marching
against that storm of deadly missiles as though
it were only a storm of rain and wind instead.
But while they faced the storm of death,
Wilcox's and Perry's Brigades on the right
flank, blinded by our artillery fire became sep
arated. They, moving off by the right flank,
were going in the direction of Round Top.
Heth's and Pender's troops on the left flank,
under Gen. Pettigrew, were badly shattered
by our guns on Cemetery Ridge. . In order
that Pickett's men might reach their objective
point, the umbrella shaped trees at the Angle
— which the troops had been instructed to
concentrate at before beginning the movement
— they were compelled to make a left half-
wheel. They were moving more in the direc
tion of Cemetery Hill. Consequently, one
portion moving by the right flank and the
other by the left flank, the further they came
across the fields, the wider the space between
the two organizations became,
78

General Hancock discovered that vacant gap
and took Gen. Stannard's Vermont Brigade,
13th Vt., 14th Vt., 1 6th Vt., (the 1 2th and
1 5th being left with wagon trains) and started
to move into the vacant space by the right
wheel, when he (Hancock) was badly
wounded and carried from the field 011 a
stretcher. Gen. Stannard then carried out
the movement, executing that difficult move
ment of changing the front of the rear rank
under fire. When he had completed the right
wheel he about faced the rear rank, hence the
rear rank was firing southward into Wilcox
and Perry's Brigades, while the front rank
was firing north into Armistead' s Brigade,
which had crossed the Emmitsburg road and
were Hearing the Angle, their objective point,
which was soon to pass into history as the
"Bloody Angle."
When Armistead' s men reached the stone
wall they were receiving a fire from the Union
Army from the front and both flanks, and
were met by Webb's Brigade, 69th Pa., 71st
Pa., 72nd Pa., 106th Pa., and near there were
Brown's R. I., Arnold's R. I., Cowan's N.
Y., Rorty's N. Y., Butler's U. S., Woodruff's
U. S., Hampton' Pittsburg, Parson's N. J.,
and numerous other batteries, many of which
had been demolished during the great artillery
duel. Among them was Cushing's 4th U. S.
79

Battery, dishing had but one gun left and
only six horses remained. He had not men
enough to work the gun. Volunteers came
from Webb's Philadelphia Brigade. Lieut.
dishing was working the gun himself, with
the lanyard wrapped around his wrist, and
mortally wounded he said to Gen. Webb :
"General, I will give them one more shot,"
He fell dead, the weight of his body discharged
the piece.
Gen. Armistead had reached the stone wall.
He replied to Cushing by saying to his men,
"Boys give them the cold steel," and with his
cap on the point of his sword he leaped the
stone wall, followed by hundreds of his men,
and reached thirty odd paces within our line,
when he fell wounded, near the body of Cush
ing. Armistead was carried batk to our rear
to the Eleventh Corps Hospital ou the Balti
more Pike and died the following day about
noon. Then came the hand-to-hand conflict which
lasted for a few minutes only, when they com
menced to throw down their arms and surren
der. They could get no further, neither
could they get back. Pickett's Division had
been almost annihilated ; those who had
crossed the Emmitsburg Road had either been
killed, wounded or captured. Those who
fought along the, stone. wal,l at the Bloody
So

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Angle surviving today, of either the blue or
the gray, can testify that they could walk
from the stone wall to beyond the Emmits
burg Road on the dead bodies of Pickett's
men without treading on the ground. Iu the
little field between Emmitsburg road and the
stone wall, over 600 of Pickett's men were af
terwards, buried. Out of the fifteen field
officers of Pickett's Division, but a single one
escaped unhurt.
Pickett's men did all that mortal men could
do ; they could do no more. Fortunately for
us, for our country and for all concerned, they
met a force at the stone wall, the old Second
Corps of the Union Army, that was equally as
brave and as fully determined, hence it was
that Lee's last and desperate effort, Pickett's
charge, failed.
&##¦£&&&#&
j£*i>i>HERE was expended in the great conflict
^*ftYl for our Union at Gettysburg, 569 tons of
'Ms/ofo deadly missiles, of the various kinds and
forms of shot, shell, shrapnel and ball, known to
this country and to Europe. There was dead at
one time, on this battlefield, 10,000 soldiers
and one woman, Miss Jennie Wade, inter
spersed with 5,000 dead horses and mules,
while thousands more were lying mangled and
81

wounded, strewn all over the bloody field,
groaning, moaning and dying every minute.
Such were some of the scenes and events of
that great conflict, and it is to be hoped that,
never again, will the American people be
called upon to witness similar scenes. Such
is a portion of the history of that memorable
three days' battle and of the events preceding
and following. It has been said, in order to
diminish the magnitude of the rebel defeat,
that they were merely repulsed iu attacking a
strongly fortified position of our army ; but
the heavy losses ou both sides are a sufficient
answer to that misrepresentation, and testify
to the courage and obstinacy with which the
three days' battle was fought.
Few of the great conflicts of modern times
have cost victor and vanquished so great losses.
On the Union side there fell, in that campaign
of Generals killed, Reynolds, Weed, Farns-
worth and Zook, and of wounded, Hancock,
Butterfield, Sickles, Doubleday, Barlow,
Barnes, Gibbon, Warren and Graham, while
of officers below the rank of General and of
eulisted men, there were killed 3,072, wounded
14,497, captured or missing 5,434, total cas
ualties 23,003. On the Confederate side there
were killed or mortally wounded, Generals
Armistead, Barksdale, Garnet, Pender, Petti
grew and Semmes, and wounded Generals
8a

Heth, Hood, Johnson, Kemper, Kimbal and
Trimble, with Archer a prisoner, and of offi
cers below the rank of general and of enlisted
men, the Union Army captured (including
the wounded) 13,621. Of the wounded re
moved and missing there is no official data,
but, from the most reliable sources, it is esti
mated to have been not less than 28,000, thus
making a total loss to Lee's Army of 41,621.
The Union Army also captured three cannon,
28,178 small arms and 41 standards and 24,-
978 small arms were gathered on the battle
field. The Duke of Wellington said, "That next
to a defeat the saddest thing is a victory."
Of the horrors of the battlefield.the sights of the
dead, of the dying and of the wounded, com
bined with the sounds of woe, let me here
throw a pall over the scenes which no words
can adequately depict to those who have never
witnessed such.
On the evening of the Third of July was
the time when Gen. Lee "beaten and baffled
backward reeled, from a stubborn Meade and
a barren field." On the night of the Third of
July, Gen. Lee commenced his retreat from
Gettysburg, moving away his wounded and
mutilated men in wagons, many of which had
no springs, and hurrying away his heavy
trains. On the morning of the Fourth of July, *3

Gen. Kiipatrick advanced from the left flank
of the Uuion Army with cavalry forces up to
Monterey Gap in the South Mountain, and
there captured sixteen miles of wagon trains
of Gen. Lee's retreating army, parked at that
point and laden with plunder, destroyed 236
wagons, captured over 1500 prisoners, had
more horses and mules than the men could
properly lead, yet he succeeded in getting
away with the same before the main column
of Gen. Lee's Army reached that point in the
retreat. In the meantime, Gen. Gregg's cav
alry was sent hurriedly away on the right
flank of Lee's Army and was equally success
ful. Lee moved on by the Hagerstown road,
which leads in a southwesterly direction, over
the South Mountain, down through Hagers
town and on to the Potomac River, six miles
beyond Hagerstown. The Potomac River
being unfordable, on account of recent heavy
rains, Lee was unable to cross to the Virginia
side until the 14th of July, when he succeeded
in getting the remnant of his army into Vir
ginia, but with forty odd thousand men less
than when he came to Pennsylvania.
The reader can well imagine the arduous
task assigned to the details for burying the
dead at that season of the year. We not only
had our own dead to bury and the wounded

to care for, but also the dead of tM eheihy,
and many of their wounded that were left be
hind iu their hasty retreat after their defeat.
The work was done hurriedly and roughly.
The battle occurring in the north, friends
and relatives of those killed and wounded had
easy access to the field. The new graves
were marked with a stake or board. Many
bodies were recovered and taken to their for
mer homes. In the fall of '63 for miles
around the limbs of the dead, in many places
were protruding from the earth.
The loyal citizens of Gettysburg appealed
to Judge Wills that something should be done
for the better interment of these honored dead.
He appealed to Gov. Curtin, who acquiesced
and appealed to the other seventeen
state governors, and the Gettysburg Cemetery
Company was organized and incorporated by
the State of Pennsylvania, and they soon pur
chased the plot of ground on Cemetery Hill
adjoining the old town cemetery, consisting of
seventeen acres. Here in the fall of '63 and
winter of '64, the dead that had not been
claimed by relatives were taken up and rein-
terred in sections, representing the different
states to which they belonged. There were
eighteen states in the Union Army repre
sented at the Battle of Gettysburg, and eleven
states in the Confederate Army and Maryland 83

had troops in both Armies. When this work
was completed the company turned the ceme
tery over to the United States Government, on
condition that so long as the Government kept
the same in good repair it should remain the
property of the Government, and so long only,
and should the Government ever neglect the
grounds they were to revert to the Common
wealth of Pennsylvania. There is not a tree
in the National Cemetery but what has been
placed and grown there since the battle
was fought. At the time of the battle it was
a rough, rock field in corn.
The cemetery is semicircular in shape.
There are three sections of the unknown and
one of the United States Regulars, making in
all twenty-two sections. The dead are laid
with the feet to the center of the semicircle
and in the center the National Monument is
located. The first section on the right, in the
outer circle, representing the State of Maine,
containing 104 bodies ; following, Michigan
171; New York 867 ; Pennsylvania 534 ;
Massachusetts 159 : Ohio 131 ; Indiana 80 ;
New Jersey 78 ; Rhode Island 12 ; New
Hampshire 49 ; Vermont 61 ; Wisconsin 73 ;
Connecticut 22 ; Delaware 15 ; West Virginia
n ; Maryland 22 ; Minnesota 52 ; Illinois 6 ;
United States Regulars 1 38 ; and three sec
tions of unknown, numbering 979 graves.
86

There are buried in all iu that great city of
the dead, 3,590. The above figures represent
the original number interred. Several bodies
have been added during the past twenty-five
years to the different states. The majority of
the "unknown" came from First Day's iMglit
or battlefield, as our Army, having been driven
from the field, were compelled to leave our
dead and wounded behind. The euemy strip
ped our dead of their uniforms, hence they
could not be identified after the battle as to
name, regiment or state.
The National Monument stands sixty feet
high, and is twenty-five feet square at the
base, and is crowned with a statue represent
ing the Genius of Liberty. Projecting from
the four corners are equal numbers of alle
gorical statues representing respectively War,
History, Peace and Plenty. These figures
were made in Italy, under supervision of the
Hon. Randolph Rogers. The National Monu
ment stands ou that portion of the ground
where the immortal Lincoln made his famous
speech at the dedication of those grounds on
the 19th of November, 1863, the time and
place when the Hon. Edward Everett was the
orator of the day, who said to Mr. Lincoln
that he would gladly give his forty pages for
Mr. Lincoln's twenty lines. A portion of
those lines are inscribed on face of njQM«nient, 87

It was the time and place that Mr. Lincoln
said :
"Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers
brought forth upon this continent a new na
tion, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to
the proposition that all men are created equal.
"Now we are engaged in a great civil war,
testing whether that nation, or any nation so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.
We are met on a great battlefield of that war.
We are met to dedicate a portion of it as a
final resting place of those who here gave their
lives that that nation might live. It is alto
gether fitting and proper that we should do
this. "But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate,
we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this
ground. The brave men, living and dead,
who struggled here, have consecrated it far
above our power to add or detract. The
world will little note nor long remember what
we say here, but it can never forget what they
did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be
dedicated here to the unfinished work that
they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is
rather for us to be here dedicated to the great
task remaining before us, that from these hon
ored dead we take increased devotion to the
cause for which they here gave the last full
measure of devotion, that we here highly re-
88

n a

MHW

•r

taw=B»v

NATIONAL MONUMENT.

soive that the dead shall not have died in vairl,
that the nation shall, under God, have a new
birth of freedom, and that the government of
the people, by the people, and for the people,
shall not perish from the earth."
John Burns, hero of Gettysburg, shouldered
his rifle, joined the First Corps troops, was
wounded three times and was left on the field.
The following is an account of the John
Burns incident written by Col. Huidekoper of
the 150th Pa.:
"Among the incidents of the First Day was
the appearance on the field of John Burns,
citizen, who came out from the town dressed
in a blue swallow-tailed coat with brass but
tons on it, with a tall hat on, and with his
pockets distended with powder and ball. He
approached the firing line, where Major
Chamberlain of the 150th Pa. was standing,
and begged to be allowed to fight with that
regiment. While discussing the matter Colo
nel Wister came up and advised him to go into
the woods and fight from behind a tree, which
the old man did, receiving there three wounds,
for which Pennsylvania has erected to his
memory a handsome statue, located on the
ground where the 150th fought. The writer
was present at this interview and vouches for
the correctness of the statements."

89

The following poeni was writteh by Breih
Harte in honor of his services :
"Have you heard the story the gossips toll
Of John Burns, of Gettysburg? No? Ah well,
Brief is the glory that hero earns,
Briefer the story of poor John Burns ;
He was the follow who won renown—
The only man who didn't back down
When the rebels rode through his native town ;
But held his own in the fight uext day,
When all his towufolk ran away.
That was in July, sixty-three—
The very day that General Lee,
The flower of Southern chivalry,
Baffled and beaten, backward reeled
From a stubborn Meade and a barren iiold.
I might tell how, but the day before,
John Burns stood at his cottage-door,
Looking down the village-street ;
Where, in the shade of his peaceful vine,
Ho heard the low of his gathered kiue,
And felt their breath with incense sweet ;
Or, I might say, when the sunset burned
The old farm gable, he thought it turned
The milk, that fell In u bubbling flood
Into the milk-pull, red as blood ;
Or how he fancied the hum of bees
Were bullets buzzing among tho trees.
But all such fanciful thoughts as those
Were strango to a practical man like Burns,
Who minded only his own concerns,
Troubled no more by fancies flue
Thau one of his cnlm-eyed long-tailed kine—
Quite old-fashioned and matter-of-fact,
90

Blow to argue, but quick to act.
That was the reason, as some folks say,
He fought so well on that terrible day.
And it was terrible. On the right
Raged for hours the heavy fight,
Thundered the battery's double-bass—
Dilllcult music for men to face ;
While ou the left— where uow the giuves
Undulate like the living waves
That all tho day unceasing swept
Up to tho pits the rebels kept—
llound-Bhot ploughed the upland glados,
Hown with bullets, reaped with blades ;
Shattered fences here and there
Tossed their splinters iu the air ;
The very trees were stripped and bore ;
The barns that once held yellow grain
Were heaped with harvests of the slain ;
The cattle bellowed ou the plain,
The turkeys screamed with might and main,
And brooding barn-fowl left their rest
With strange shells bursting in each nest.
Just where the battle turns,
Erect nud lonely, stood old John Burns.
How do you think tho man was dressed ?
He wore an ancient long buff vest —
Yellow as saffron, but his host ;
Aud buttoned over his manly breast
Was o bright blue coat, with a rolling collar
And large gilt buttons — size of a dollar —
With tails that country-folk call "swaller."
He wore a broad-brimmed bell-crowned hat,
White as the locks ou which it sat.
Never had such a sight been seen 91

For forty years on the village-green,
Since John Burns was a couutry-beau,
And went to tho "quilting," long ago.
Close at his elbows, all that day,
Veterans of the Peninsula,
Sunburnt and bearded, charged away,
And stripliugB, downy of lip and chin-
Clerks that the Home Guard mustered iu —
Glanced, as they passed, at tho hat he wore,
Then at the rifle his right hand bore,
And hailed him, from out their youthful lore,
With scraps of slangy repertoire :
"How are you, White Hat?" "Put her through !"
"Your head's level !" and "Bully for you !"
Called htm "Daddy," and begged he'd disclose
The name of the tailor who made his clothes,
And what was the value he set ou those ;
While Burns, uumludful of jeer and scoff,
Stood there picking the rebels off —
With his loug brown rifle and bull-crown hat
And the swallow-tails they were laughing at.
'Twas but a moment : for that respect
Which clothes all courage their voices checked ;
And something the wildest could uuderstaud
Spake iu tho old man's strong right hand,
And his corded throat, aud tho lurking frown
Of his eyebrows under his old bell-crown ;
Until, as they gazed, there crept an awe
Through the ranks, in whispers, and some men
saw,
In tho antique vestments and long white hair,
Tlie Past of the Natiou in battle there.
Aud some of the soldiers since declare
That the gleam of his old white hat afar,
92

Like the crested plume of the brave Navarre,
That day was their oriflamme of war.
Thus raged the battle. You know the rest :
How the rebels, beaten and backward pressed,
Broke at the linal charge and ran ;
At which John Burns, a practical mau,
Shouldered his rifle, uubeut his brows,
And then went back to his bees and cows.
This is the story of old John Burns —
This is the moral the reader learns :
Iu fighting the battle, the question's whether
You'll show a hat that's white, or u foather.
$'•»&$&$&$& >HE Gettysburg National Park was
\f$ created by Act of Congress of Feb.
n, 1895, to be composed of the
lands in the vicinity of Gettysburg, shown on
the map prepared by Major-General Daniel
E. Sickles, which were occupied by the in
fantry, cavalry and artillery ou the First,
Second and Third Days of July 1863.
Since the date of the aforesaid Act of Con
gress the Battlefield has been under the ex
clusive control of the United States Govern
ment. There are, at the present time, 500
monuments on the field, marking the positions
of the Union troops and one to the Confeder
ates, of which there are uo two designs alike.
There are also about 1 ,000 markers, marking 93

flank positions of regiments and individual
markers. These monuments mark the posi
tions of the troops engaged iu battle and, at
the same time, they frequently mark the spot
where some officer or comrade was killed or
fell mortally wounded. These monuments
cost from $1,000 up to $50,000 each, and they
represent millions of dollars. There have
been more monuments and memorials erected
on this battlefield than all the other battle
fields of the world combined.
The first monument erected ou the Gettys
burg Battlefield was in 1879 to the 2nd Mass.
These monuments have been erected by ap
propriations from the different States to which
the regiments belonged. Each of the eighteen
states represented by the Union Army at the
Battle of Gettysburg have appropriated $1,500
for each of its organizations. Many of the
organizations were successful in raising large
sums of money and adding the same to their
appropriations, and so were enabled to erect
beautiful and elaborate monuments, costing
several thousand dollars.
A rule governing the erection of these
monuments required them to be either of
granite or of bronze, and that rule has been
strictly adhered to.
Since the United States has had charge of
the field there have been 502 iron tablets put
94

lib, 340 cannon have heeii mounted and 5 iroti
observation towers have been erected. T wen-
two miles of Telford roads have been con
structed, which are among the finest roadways
in the world, 16 miles of iron pipe fencing and
1 5 miles of post and railing fences have been
erected, 12 miles of stone walls have been re
stored, 15 miles of gutters have been paved, 5
steel and 2 granite bridges have been erected,
5 granite culverts have been built, thousands
of trees have been planted in order to restore
the tracts of timber that had been destroyed
since the war.
Gettysburg is the greatest marked battle
field of the world. Its area covers 25 square
miles or 16,000 acres. The lines of battle are
as distinct now as when they were so hastily
constructed during the time of the battle.
The Commissioners have made all the points
of interest accessible to tourists, so that now
it is a pleasure, as well as an interesting and
instructive thing, to visit the field and view
the beautiful and artistic designs that
loom up before the eye 011 every point of the
field. Among the most attractive features are
the equestrian statues of Generals Meade,
Reynolds, Hancock and Slocum. Tourists
should not fail to traverse both the Union and
the Confederate lines. The tour of the bat
tlefield proper consists of not less than a thirty 95

mile drive, which usually constitiles the greater
part of the day, including the stop-off for
lunch at noon.
The natnral scenery surrounding the battle
field would be well worth visiting, even if
there were no historic interests connected
therewith. The view from Big Round Top is
simply sublime, a natural cyclorama, the finest
landscape scene in the world, and through the
work of the efficient Commissioners persons can
now reach that point with comparative ease,
as well as all other important points on the
battlefield. It is remarkable what the Com
missioners in charge have accomplished with
the small amount of money appropriated for
the use of the Gettysburg National Park in
the past few years. Their work is highly
commended by the great numbers who visit
the battlefield annually, which sometimes ex
ceeds 200,000 visitors. Gettysburg is now the
Mecca of American tourists and will, in due
time, become the Mecca of the tourists of the
world.

EXCURSION TICKETS
TO
GETTYSBURG
are on sale throughout the year
FROM ALL PRINCIPAL STATIONS
Geod lor use Going or Returning
at any time within Six Months
For Rates and Train Service consult nearest Ticket Agent

C, A. Blocher's Souvenir Store

YOU CAN FIND...
A large and complete assortment of
Souvenir Spoons in Sterling Silver,
China and Novelties in endless va
riety decorated with battlefield views.
The new and complete book,
"GETTYSBURG, THE PICTURES
AND THE STORY,"
complete with all monuments and
panoramic views and places of inter
est on the field at

C. A. Blocher's Souvenir Store
Centre Square, Gettysburg, Pa.

C. W. HOLTZWORTH J. HARRY HOLTZWORTH

LIVERY

TELEPHONE {gT^J^n

ESTABLISHED OCTOBER 24, 1870
Ziegler & Holtzworth Livery
(Rear of Eagle Hotel)
HOLTZWORTH BROS.
PROPRIETORS
WASHINGTON ST. GETTYSBURG, PA.

If you desire to see the Battlefield thoroughly
it will be to your advantage to give us a call.
We have the largest transportation establish
ment In Southern Pennsylvania, equipped with
the most comfortable carriages. We make the
Battlefield a specialty. A corps of competent
guides are connected with this establishment,
thoroughly familiar with the movements of all
the troops in the battle, making it possible for
us to show you the Battlefield in such a manner
that you can easily understand it. Orders for
teams by mail, telegraph or telephone, giving
number in party, with day and time of arrival,
will receive prompt attention.

,* WE GUARANTEE SATISFACTION *

M. F. WILLIAMS
OFFICIAL NATIONAL PARK PHOTOGRAPHER

Lantern Slides of all Monu
ments and Interesting Views, .
Guide Books, Souvenirs, etc.
Special attention given to
Photographing Tourist Parties
and Reunions. Having made
thousands of plates, we insure
satisfaction. Mail orders
receive prompt attention

138 W. HIGH STREET GETTYSBURG, PA.

COME AND SEE ME

HOTEL WABASH
BALTIMORE STREET
Near Court House

BEN. W. KINDIG, JR., Prop.
GETTYSBURG PA.

Newly Painted and Refurnished, Steam Heat, Electric
Lights, Call Bells, Free Bus to all Trains,
Good Livery Attached and Competent
Guides Furnished to go over
the Battlefield

Rates $1.50 and $2.Q0 per day

Souvenir Post Cards and Photographs
of Gettysburg Battlefield
A full line of Mailing Cards. All- the new de
signs at wholesale and retail

PUBLISHER OF
Historic Views of Gettysburg
The new Album containing all Monuments and
Tablets on the field, three large Panoramic
Views, a History of the Battle, also a
History of the Battlefield
PRICE 50 CENTS BY MAIL 80 OHNTS

Arrangements cam be made to have your party
Photographed on the Field at any time
I make this a Specialty

Write to me for anything from Gettysburg

4|Bal,imo,e J T, MUMPER °Mr^
The Battlefield Photographer

HOTEL GETTYSBURG LIYERY
HOLTZWORTH & HOFFMAN, Props.

*> % % "¦«<«,¦ •'%"Mffl/%t,'"<<u,

5< /

LARGEST AND BEST EQUIPPED LIVERY
IN SOUTHERN PENNSYLVANIA

We Make the Battlefield Our Specialty
No Extra Charge for Guide

Headquarters of J- P- HOFFMAN
Guide and Delineator

Write or Telegrapk at Our Expense

Continuously in the Photographic Business in
Gettysburg Since July, 1863

WH T1PTOM THE BATTLEFIELD
- O. 1111 V-TN PHOTOGRAPHER
NEW STUDIO AND ART STORE
20 and 22 Chambersburg St., Gettysburg, Pa.

If you want Photographs, Lantern Slides,
Maps, Guide Books, Souvenir Albums or Postal
Cards, write or call. I can supply anything
published. My Souvenir Store is supplied with every
thing of merit on the market.
Photographs and Groups made anywhere on
the field. Catalogues on application.
The new edition of "Gettysburg— The Pic
tures and the Story," now ready. 500 views,
every point of interest, and all monuments, map,
panoramic views, &c. 50c. by mail ; packed, fiOc.
Address,
W. H . TIPTON
GETTYSBURG. PA

This preservation photocopy
was made and hand bound at BookLab, Inc.
in compliance with copyright law. The paper,
Weyerhaeuser Cougar Opaque Natural,
meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO
Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
(S3)

Austin 1994

YALt