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LIBRARY

1937

SKOI-YASE MONUMENT.

THE

OF

AGAINST THE IROQUOIS,

HELD AT
WATERLOO, SEPTEMBER 3bd, 1879,
PREPARED BY
DIEDBICH WILLERS, Jr.,
LATK SECRETARY Or STATE.

TO WHICH IS PREFIXED a SKETCH OF THE
WATERLOO LIBRARY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
 BY 
REV. S. H. GBIDLEY, D. D.

PUBLISHED UNDEE THE AUSPICES OF
The Waterloo Library and Historical Society.

WATERLOO, N. T.
Observer Steam Print.
1880.

TO THE DESCENDANTS

PIONEER SETTLERS OF SENECA COUNTY

-WHO PARTICIPATED IN THB-

CAMPAIGN OF MAJOR GENERAL JOHN SULLIVAN
AGAINST THE SIX NATIONS,
THIS BOOK,
WHICH AIMS TO PERPETUATE THE MEMORY OF
HEROIC DEEDS OF HEROIC MEN,
IS DEDICATED.

TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE
PREFACE  ,  3
HISTORICAL SKETCH of Waterloo Library and Historical
Society  7
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF Deceased Members of Water
loo Library and Historical Society  18
HISTORY OF SULLIVAN CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION AT
WATERLOO  33
Town Centennial Committees and Officers  38^ 44
Executive Committee of Centennial  41
Officers and Committees of Centennial,  43, 44
WATERLOO RE-UNION  47
LOG CABIN.  48
PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY, Action of  53, 347
DECORATIONS on Centennial Day  60
PROCESSION AND ORDER OP MARCH  68, 336
ADDRESSES AT CELEBRATION.
Address of John H. Reamer  73
" Josiah T. Miller  .'  74
" William Dorshbimer  79
Rev. David Craft  90
' ' Rev. Lewis Halsey  193
" Samuel McIntosh  197
" William W, Van Demark.  200
Peter V. N. Bodine  203
Rev. W. L. Hyde  305
" Rev. L. j. Gross  308
" Gilbert Wilooxen  309
E. F. Strong  313
" Rev. j. Wilford Jacks  314
" Frederick L. Manning  318
Benjamin F. Hall  331, 337
D. B. LUM  328
" Rev. Diedrioh Willbrs  330
" Albert L. Childs  333

Table op contents.
SULLIVAN EXPEDITION, Narrative of  90
POEM OF Rev. Dwight Williams  161
LETTERS PROM Invited Guests  167, 191
THE COLLATION  193
TOASTS AND SENTIMENTS, and Responses Thereto  193, 319
KOI-YASE MONUMENT, Dedication of  233
FIREWORKS AND ILLUMINATIONS  339
RECEPTION, at Malt House  341
GUESTS Present at Celebration  58, 341, 243
PIONEER SETTLERS and VETERANS of 1813  343
MILITARY at Celebration  54, 58, 69, 348
NEWSPAPER PRESS. Comments of  56, 351
APPENDIX  397
HISTORICAL PAPER, Read by Dr. S. R. Welles before the
Waterloo Library and Historical Society  29
SKOI-YASE, Article by George S. Conover  314
LETTER OF HON. THOMAS C. AMORY, Relath^e to General
Sullivan's Picture  326
CIRCULARS, relating to Centennial  37, 340, 338, 333, 334
PROGRAMME of EXERCISES  838
SPECIAL PROGRAMME_ op Seneca Falls  3.S9
OFFICERS OF Waterloo Library and Historical Society. . .341, 343
ERRATA  345
ILLUSTRATIONS. Paoe
SKOI-YASE MONUMENT  1
REV. S. H. GRIDLEY, D. D  7
MAJOR GENERAL JOHN SULLIVAN  33
REV. DIEDRICH WILLERS, D. D  316
THE LOG CABIN  343

PREFATORY.
Something should be said by way of introducing the
present volume to the attention of the public. It is pub
lished under the auspices of the Waterloo Library and
Historical Society, and its first chapter contains a his
torical sketch of that society, by its historian, Rev. S. H.
Gridley. Added to this sketch will be found a longer
chapter containing a history of the Sullivan Centennial
Celebration of Seneca County. The original committee to
whom was entrusted the matter of publication, was al
lowed to secure the aid of Hon. Diedrich Willers, Jr.,
late Secretary of State, especially in preparing the history
of the Centennial proceedings. He had served as one of
the secretaries of the county committee in making ar
rangements for the celebration, and bore a prominent part
in making it a success. His acquaintance with distinguish
ed public men in the State, and, through them, with
sources of information not equally accessible to his as
sociates on the committee, gave him advantage which
he used in furtherance of the enterprise to which he was
committed, and to the credit of himself. It was natural
that the Waterloo Library and Historical Society, through
its committee of publication, should quite willingly rely
on one to prepare the history of the Centennial proceed
ings, who had contributed so much to make those
proceedings what they were. It is due to him, therefore,
to say, that by his effort to honor the County of Sen
eca in the arrangements for the Sullivan Centennial
Commemoration, and by his patient, diligent and exhaust
ive labors in preparing its history, he is justly entitled to

4 PREFATORY.
the lasting gratitude of the Waterloo Library and His
torical Society, and of his fellow citizens generaUy. Nor
in this connexion should notice faU to be taken of Dr. S.
R. WeUes. In the preparation of the foUowing pages,
his place has not been that of a compiler, yet nothing has
been written which has not been submitted to his inspec
tion and counsel, and nothing has been deemed worthy of
publication vnthout his approval.
In the details of this history, regard has been had to
the sentiment of Ex-Grovernor Seymour, that "What is
common-place now, wiU be curious and interesting ia the
future." Every fact and circumstance promising to in
terest the reader has been carefully preserved. To in
struct as weU as entertain has been the aim of the his
tory. The address of Rev. David Craft, the centennial
historian, as published, is beUeved to be the most com
plete and accurate history of Gen. SuUivan' s Campaign,
which has yet been given to the public. Other addresses
and speeches of the occasion have been so revised by
their authors and so published, as to secure to each, the
honor which is due. The committee in preparing the fol
lowing pages has been careful to make record of aU
names, so far as possible, representing such as speciaUy
contributed to the success of the SuUivan Commemora
tion ; and where any fail to receive the honor they can
justly claim, none wiU feel more profound regret than
those who have this publication in charge. G.

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HISTORICAL SKETCH

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iti t t. *

Among the pioneers of Waterloo some expressed the
hope that the rise and progTess of their adopted town
might have careful and prominent record. They omitted
no opportunity of rehearsing to those who came after
them, their own experiences in feUing the forests, and
erecting their rude dwellings, and in conforming to the
simple and frugal modes of Uving incident to a new coun
try. Citizens also of the next succeeding generation
have held councU, from time to time, on the subject of
gathering up facts and incidents, and the names and per
sonal character of the early settlers, with the view of
preserving them for coming generations. OccasionaUy,
the local newspaper has rehearsed some notable event
handed down by tradition, or taken notice of occurring
changes in the social, religious and commercial state of
the community. In the year 1862, the first attempt Avas
made to give a connected history of the place, and this
was limited to a lecture jirepared by the historian of the
present Waterloo Library and Historical Society. The
effort awakened some interest for the time, but resulted
in no organization for the promotion of further historical
research.

8 THE WATERLOO LIBRARY
It was, therefore, reserved to the year 1875— a date
some eighty -five years subsequent to the first settlement of
Waterloo — to vntness the f oi-mation of an association in
tended to perpetuate its history. As the result of a con
ference held by Horace F. Gustin, Samuel R. Welles, and
Samuel H. Gridley, on the 6th of April of that year,
cards of invitation were issued to prominent and elderly
citizens of the place, in the words foUowing, to wit :
"A number of the citizens of Waterloo, desirous of
adopting some means by which the early history of the
town may be rescued from obUvion, propose to meet at
the residence of Rev. Dr. Gridley, on Saturday, 17th of
April, 1875, at 2 o'clock p. m., to consult together with
regard to the formation of a Historical Society, one object
of which shaU be the collection and preservation of facts
relating to the early settlement of the town. You are
cordially invited to be present."
At this meeting were found the f oUomng named per
sons: — Horace F. Gustin, Daniel S. Kendig, Caleb Fair-
child, Isaac Mosher, Franklin Gage, Charles D. Morgan,
Samuel H. Gridley, Samuel R. Welles, James K. Rich
ardson, Mabel K. Richardson, and Rebecca Hulbert.
These names, for the most part, represented the older cit
izens of the place, and consequently those who were best
acquainted with its early history.
The meeting was organized by the appointment of
Gen. Caleb Fairchild, as chairman, and Dr. S. R. WeUes, as
secretary. After due consideration of the objects con
templated by the meeting, the foUovsdng constitution,
previously prepared by the secretary, was moved and
unanimously adopted.

AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. V
C ON^STITUTION^.
" The undersigned, hereby, agree to form themselves into an organi
zation to be styled: —
THE M^ATERLOO HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
one object of which shall be the collection and preservation pf facts and
incidents relating to the settlement and subsequent history of the vil
lage of Waterloo and vicinity, and the personal history, as far as can
be ascertained, of the early settlers. Any resident of the town, or de
scendant of former residents, maj , upon appUcation through a member,
become a member of the society, by a majority vote of the membfiis
present at any regular meeting.
The officers of the Society shall be a president, vice-president, treasu
rer and secretary, whose duties shall be those usually devolving upon
such officers. They shall be elected at the annual meeting of tbe So
ciety, and shall hold their offices for one year. There shall also be elect
ed at the same time, a historian, who shall have charge of the manu
scripts and papers read before the Society, and of all contributions to
the historical collections of the Society. It shall be the duty of the his
torian to collate and prepare for publication, such papers as the Society
may diiect.
Regular meetings shall be held on the first Wednesday in every month,
at such place as the Society may direct. The annual meeting for the
election of officers shall be held on tbe first Wednesday of May, of each
year. At every meeting, when practicable, al least one paper sViall be read
by some member of the Society, upon some subject appertaining to the
history of the town, which paper, for the sake of correction and accu
racy, shall be subject to the discussion and criticism of the members
present. This constitution ca*i be altered, or amended, or added to, at any reg
ular meeting, by a majoiity vote of the members present, provided that
a notice of the introduction of such amendment shall be given ai the
previous meeting."
The following officers were then chosen, who were to
hold their office untU the annual meeting on the first
Wednesday of May, 1876.
D. S. Kendig, President. H. F. Gustin, Yice-President.
S. H. Gridley, Historian. S. R. Welles — Secretary.
C. D. Morgan— Treasurer.

10 THE WATERLOO LIBRARY
A historical paper was read at this meeting. It was
also ordered that when the foregoing constitution be put
into a permanent form, the names of- the eleven members
present should be appended. These names were sub
scribed to the foregoing proceedings as follows :
Caleb Fairchild,
S. H. Gridley,
Isaac Mosher,
Franklin Gage,
S. R. Welles,
* Jas. K. Richardson,
Mabel K. Richardson,
Rebecca Hxjlbert,
Daniel S. Kendig,
Chas. D. Morgan,
Horace F. Gustin.
The Society adjourned to meet at the residence of Hon.
J. K. Richardson, on the fifth of the foUowing month.
In accordance with the foregoing constitution, meetings
were held monthly; first at private houses, and subse
quently at the office of the county clerk, it being vacant
at this time. Since taking its corporate form, the organi
zation has occupied the upper room of the same building,
where may be found both its library and museum.
changes in THE SOCIETY, PREPARATOEY TO ITS BECOM
ING A CORPORATE BODY".
For the first four months, it existed without leave of
any legal enactment, and without such advantages as the
law confers. It was little else than an experiment — a so
ciety few in number— having no certain dwelUng place

AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. II
— and only feeling its way towards something more im
posing, useful, and permanent. It was a new organiza
tion, and as yet could not be tested by its fruits; its
character and claims were yet to be established; and
especially obvious was its need of legal authority to com
mend it to public confidence, and for the better security
of whatever funds it might acquire.
Hence at the regular meeting in October, 1875 — six
months from the birth of the Society — the propriety of
some change, in order to comply with the law for the incor
poration of such societies, was introduced and approved ;
and a committee, consisting of Hon. S. G. Hadley and Hon.
James McLean, was appointed to take steps necessary to
a new organization. In January, 1876, this committee
reported for incorporation the name of the
WATERLOO LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
and the secretary also reported that he had sent such cer
tificates as the law required, to be filed in the office of
the Secretary of State, and in the office of the County
Clerk. The trustees, named in the certificate — which bore
the signature of Diedrich WiUers, Jr., then Secretary of
State, thus connecting his name with the first legalized
existence of the Society, to whose interests he has since so
faithfully contributed — were as foUows :
Sterling G. Hadley, Godfrey Selmser, Wm. H. Burton,
Samuel R. WeUes, Francis Bacon, A. H. TerwiUiger,
Richard P. Kendig, Jas. McLean, Horace F. Gustin, Chas.
D. Morgan, Wm. B. Clark, WUliam M. Hunt, James C.
HaL stead, Walter Quinby, Solomon Carman, Fred H..
Furniss, ISTorman H. Becker, Daniel S. Kendig, Caleb
Fairchild, Sidney Warner, Thos. Fatzinger, George Haigh,
Thomas A. Mclntyre, and Robert G. Smith.
It was resolved that the officers of the old organization

12 THE WATERLOO LIBRARY
should continue in office untU the new society should be
completed by the adoption of a constitution and by-laws,
and the election of officers. The effects of the former
organization were ordered to be transferred to the new,
and to be held on the same conditions on which they were
originally given.
During the same month— January, 1876 — another meet
ing was held, at which the certificate of the incorporation
of the Waterloo Literary and Historical Society, together
with the act of incorporation was read, and a committee
of seven was appointed to draft a constitution and by
laws for the new Society. At this meeting, however, an
event occurred, which was somewhat preparatory to an
other organic change in the Society which soon foUowed,
or which, at least, rendered the change of name especiaUy
significant and appropriate. This event was the reception
of a letter from Thomas Fatzinger, Esq. , making the offer,
on certain conditions, of five thousand doUars, as the foun
dation of a Public Library, and also the further proposal
that, if the Society would raise five thousand doUars for
aiding such Library, or less sum, if thought best to begin
with less sum, he would pay one-fourth of the same
amount. The appreciation of the generous offer was ex
pressed in a hearty vote of thanks by the board of
trustees. At a meeting held in February following, a constitution
and by-laws were reported in part. It was also stated
by Judge Hadley, that, as the act under which the new
organization was incorporated did not contemplate the
foundation of a Library, an amendment had been proposed,
•and had already passed one branch of the Legislature, and
when approved by the other and signed by the Governor,
a change would be necessary, as well in the number of
trustees as in the name of the Society, in compliance with
the provisions of a general statute which limited the num-

AND HISTORIC A.L SOCIETY. 13
ber of trustees to twelve./ At a meeting held on the 22d
of March, 1876, on learning that the amendment above
named had been adopted by the Legislature, the Society,
resolved, tha< in pursuance of the provisions of chapter
267 of the laws of 1875, section 1, as amended by chapter
53 of the laws of 1876, section 1, the foUovsdng certificate
of incorporation be lodged in the office of the Secretary of
State and inthe County Clerk's office :
"certificate of INCORPORATION."
" We, the undersigned, and all of full age, and all citizens of the
State of New York, do hereby certify that vse have and do hereby asso
ciate together imder and in conformity to the provision of chapter 367,
of the laws of 1875, as amended in 1876, as a society or corporation for
the purpose and particular business and object of establishing, creating
and maintaining a Library, and for purchasing and preserving literary,
historical, geological, genealogical and scientific papers, pamphlets,
works, books, mementoes, maps, charts, surveys, specimens, objects,
curiosities, mechanism of various kinds, pictures, aud general informa
tion, knowledge and facts, in any form having connection with either
of the above named objects, and the particular busmess and objects, of
said Society shall be that above indicated. The name or title by which
said Society shall be known in law shall be
THE WATERLOO LIBRARY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
That shall be its corporate name, and its principal otHce and place of
business shall be in Waterloo village, m the County of Seneca, and State
of New York, Tho number of trustees lo manage the same shall be
twelve. The names of the trustees for the first year of its existence are
as follows, viz:
Thomas Fatzinger, Samuel H. Gridley, Samuel R. Welles,
Horace F. Gustin, James Mo Lean, Daniel S. Kendig,
Thomas A. McIntyre, Chas. D. Morgan, James C. Hallsted,
Frederick H. Furniss, George Haigh, Walter Quinby.
Dated, March 23d, 1876."
The above certificate is signed by the above-named
trustees, and is on record in the office of the County
Clerk, with the certificate of a notary pubUc in and for
the county of Seneca, together vsdth the certificate of

14 THE WATERLOO LIBRARY
Chas. C. Dwight, Justice of the Supreme Court of the
seventh district of the State of New York.
ENDOWMENTS AND OTHER FUNDS OF THE SOCIETY'.
Under its original organization the Society had no
definite means of support, and depended only on the vol
untary contributions of its friends. Its encouragement
was found chiefly in the objects at which it aimed, in the
zeal of its members, and in the interest shown by the
public, especially in its department of relics and curiosi
ties. Donations of files of newspapers pubUshed in past
years, of misceUaneous and historical books and pam
phlets, of ancient coins and paper currency, of chairs
once occupied by ancestors, of implements of labor,
domestic, mechanical and agricultural, of olden time ; of
portraits of early citizens, pictures and paintings, and
other memorials of the past, were weekly added to the
historical collections of the Society. Aside from these
and Uke donations from friends, the Society could say
vrith Peter and John at the Beautiful Gate of the Temple :
' 'Of silver and gold have I none. ' ' On the first of January,
1876, it found itself scarcely free from debt, and the new
organization began with a balance of only eighty-six
cents in the treasury.
Allusion has been made to the Library foundation laid
by Mr. Thomas Fatzinger. The gift of five thousand dol
lars was made on the tenth of January, 1876. It was a
permanent fund, the interest of which only, was to be ex
pended in the purchase of books. In January, 1877, the
same donor gave another thousand dollars to meet the im
mediate necessities of the Library, and to encourage the
gifts of others for the same purpose. In January, 1878 — one
year later — he presented the Society two hundred and
fifty dollars to promote its general interests, and to aid in
defraying its current expenses. Also at the time of his

AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 15
death, in April of the same year, there was found in his
will a legacy of five thousand doUars for the Library,
swelling its permanent fund to the sum of ten thousand
dollars. Such a foundation cannot fail to secure a liberal acces
sion of books annuaUy to the Library, and, in the course
of a few years, to give the people reading matter in
variety and interest, eminently adapted to the wants of
the community, for whose benefit the foundation was laid.
Monies raised by the Society in fees for annual and life
membership, have already reached a sum, giving good
promise that, ultimately, the current expenses of the So
ciety, will be nearly or quite covered from this source.
Funds for a library building, have been also provided, of
which further mention will be made, in connection with
the history of other steps taken in behalf of such a build
ing.
THE LIBRARY ALREADY SECURED — THE LITERARY' AND
HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTIONS.
About three thousand volumes now invite the perusal
of members of the Society. Besides those furnished
by interest on the library endowment, nearly four hundred
volumes have been donated by members and other friends
of the association. We have also reason to believe that a
further donation of books is only awaiting the day when
suitable shelves shall be prepared for their safe-TieexDing.
Among the donors of books, the names of Henry Warner,
Rebecca G. Knox, Elizabeth WiUiams, Hon. Jas. McLean,
Hon. S. G. Hadley, Mrs. Calvin W. Cooke, Rev. L. A.
Lambert, Hon. Edwin Hicks and Hon. D. WiUers, Jr., are
worthy of special mention ; while of the donors of valu
able maps, we ought not omit the names of Hon. E. L. Bur
ton, of Iowa, and of our own Librarian, Horace F. Gustin.
The society is under special obligation to Mr. Gustin, not

16 THE WATERLOO LIBRARY
only for the diligence and fidelity with which he has dis
charged his duties as an officer, but also in view of the
efficient outside infiuence he has exerted in behalf of the
organization from its beginning. Among his contributions
to the Society, are two maps of Waterloo, showing its
changes from 1815 during the subsequent twenty-one years,
and furnishing an invaluable illustration of the grovsiih of
his adopted town.
Of the original Uterary and historical contributions
made to the society during its existence of five years, the
following is the Ust, giving the names of contributors,
topics and dates :
1. " Recollections of Waterloo Sixty Years Ago." — Paper by H. F.
Gustin; April, 1875.
3. " Waterloo as It Was "—Paper by Hon. D. 8. Kendig; May, 1875.
3. •' Early Families of Waterloo." — Paper by Daniel Kern; May, 1875.
4. "The Town of Romulus in 1804" — Paper by Janaes B. Darrow;
June, 1875.
5. ¦ First Educational Movements in Waterloo and Vicinity." — Paper
by Rev. S. H, Gridley; July, 1875.
6. " Early Settlement of Waterloo,"— Paper by Gen. Caleb Fairchild;
August, 1875.
7. "The Methodist Episcopal Church." — Paper bv George Haigh;
September. 1875.
8. "District Schools in Waterloo." -Paper by Rev. S. H. Gridley;
September, 1875.
9. "Life and Character of Theodore Parsons, a Pioneer of Waterloo."
—Paper by Rev. S. H. Gridlev; October, 1875.
10. "The Waterloo Academy, and the Waterloo Union School."—
Paper by Rev. S. H. Gridley; November, 1875.
11. "History and Its Uses."— Public lecture by Rev. S. H. Gridley;
April. 1876.
12. "Waterloo Forty Years Ago."— Lecture by Hon. H. H. Riley;
July, 1876.
13. '¦ March of Gen. Sullivan, through Seneca County."— Paper by
Dr. S. R. Welles; November, 1877.

AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY'. 17
14. " Border Land." — Lecture by Hon. W. H. Bogart; December,
1877. 15. "Logan, the Mingo Chief." — Paper by Fred. H. Furniss; January,
1878. 16. "Indian Life and Character." — Lecture by Gen. John S. Clark;
January, 1878.
17. 'Early New England." — Lecture by Rev.S. H. Gridley; Febru
ary. 1878.
18. "Early Business Men of Waterloo." — Paper by Charles D. Mor
gan; February, 1878.
19. " Superficial Glance at the United States. "^Paper by G. Bowdish;
March, 1878.
20. "Causes Leading to the Declaration of Indeoendence by the Thir
teen C'olonies." — Lecture by Rev. S. H. Gridley; April, 1878.
31. " Life and Adventures of Horatio Jones, Captive and Interpreter
of the Seneca Indians." — Paper by Rev. S. H. Gridley; March, 1879.
28. " Rev. Sarauel Kirkland, Missionary lo the Six Nations."— Paper
by Rev. S. H. Gridler; July, 1879.
23. "Scenes Abroad,'' Illustrated by the Stereopticon." — Lecture by
Dr. J. C. Carson and Dr. H. G. Hopkins; November, 1879.
24. "Red Jacket, the Seneca Orator " — Lecture by Rev S. H. Gridley;
December, 1879.
25. " Echoes from Seneca Lake." — Lecture by George S. Conover ;
January, 1880"
Besides the foregoing contributions, brief Ufe sketches
have been written and placed in the archives of the Society,
of the following persons, to wit :
John Yan Tuyl, Reuben Swift, Samuel WiUiams,
Daniel W. Bostwick, Robert Wooden, Richard P. Hunt,
Amherst Childs, Rebecca Hulbert, James Stevenson and
Gen. Caleb FairchUd. These sketches correspond Arith
one of the expressed aims of the Society, which was to
trace the personal history of early settlers of the town, as
far as that history could be ascertained.
MEMBERSHIP OF THE SOCIETY.
The members of the Society are those who pay an an-

18 THE WATERLOO LIBRARY
nual fee for access to the Library, or for the privilege of
using its books ; and also those who secure such advan
tages by the payment of twenty -five dollars at one time,
and thereby become members for Ufe. Kothing is more
important to such an organization, than reliance on self-
support, or the ability to pay its current expenses, by the
contributions of its members ; and hence, the ¦ Waterloo
Library and Historical Society, whUe extending the offer
of its benefits to the pubUc, looks for such returns from
its members as will not only merely sustain its Ufe, but
impart to it vigor and such a degree of usefulness, as
wiU commend it to the confidence of the people. Life
members, for the most part, have become such, by pecuni
ary consideration, while in some instances, citizens of the
place and others, have received such membership as a
return for the contribution of books to the Library, or for
services rendered by lectures or otherwise.
LOSS OF EARLY AND PROMINENT MEMBERS BY DEATH.
The decease of several members has been doubly sad,
by reason of their position and influence, and because of
the infancy of the organization bereaved.
Hon. James K. Richardson, one of our earUer
and most esteemed citizens, was one of the eleven
who constituted the Society at its beginning, and Was
present at its organization in April, 1875. He was
quiet and unobtrusive in manner, sound in judgment, a
warm friend of the new enterprise, and extended a ready
hand in promoting its interests. But within the brief
space of six months from the organization of the Society,
— October the ninth, 1875, paralysis of his active and
over- worked brain, removed him from his earthly cares
and labors. He was a man among men, a safe legal
counseUor, the very soul of honor, and none trusted him
to be disappointed. He died in the sixty- ninth year of
his age.

AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 19
Hon. James McLean departed this Ufe on the eleventh
of February, 1877. He was a trustee of the Society at the
time of his death, and was a Uberal contributor of valu
able books to the Library, and of files of early newspapers
forming, in part, the history of Waterloo and vicinity in
their primitive state. He was in full sympathy A\ith the
work of historical research, wise in counsel and efficient
in labor, and an ornament to the organization of which
he was a member and officer
Thomas Fatzinger, the honored founder of the Libra
ry, died on the twenty-third of April, 1878. He was
born in Allento^^-n, Pennsylvania, on the sixth of Decem
ber, 1807. He was of a family of twelve chUdren, and
the fifth of six sons, of whom the eldest and the youngest
brothers survive, together with three sisters. When a
youth, the deceased engaged himself as a clerk to Charles
L. Hoskins, the veteran merchant of Seneca Falls, whom
he served in such capacity both at Bearytown and Seneca
FaUs. and whose daughter, Frances P., he subsequently
married. She survives him, to perpetuate his memory in
continuing his benefactions and good deeds. About the
year 1830. he engaged in the di'v goods trade with his next
elder brother at Hector. But, after a few months, he re
moved to Waterloo, his home for nearly half a century.
He was consequently weU known, and known to be
esteemed and honored. His relations to the Woolen
Manufacturing Company, the chief manufacturing estab-
Ushment of Waterloo, began ^vith its beginning, and
continued untU he became the president of the company
and the possessor of a controlling amount of its stock.
He was the friend and patron of the cause of education,
one of the first trustees of the Waterloo Academy and a
trustee of Hobart CoUege. He served for many years as
director and president of the First Xatioual Bank, and to
his careful and prudent business management this insti
tution was greatly indebted for its success. He was a
2

20 THE WATERLOO LIBRARY
genial and efficient member and officer of the Waterloo
Library and Historical Society. By his gentle bearing,
his unaffected modesty, his strong common sense, and
sterling integrity, he commended himself to the confidence
and affection of the community, as his liberal benefactions
appealed to the gratitude and encouraged the labors of
his fellow-citizens.
Charles D. Morgan, another efficient officer of the
Society, departed this life on the thirtieth of May, 1880,
in the sixtieth year of his age. He was born in Ledyard,
Cayuga County, JST. Y., in the year 1820. His robust
constitution and uniform health, up to the time of the
sickness which terminated in his death, gave promise of
long life, and corresponding usefulness in the various re
lations he sustained. He stood among the first business
men in Waterloo; and his integrity, promptness, and
efficiency had secured to him the responsibility of treasurer
of the Waterloo Library and Historical Society, which
he continued to hold untU the sickness which closed his
life. Mr. Morgan filled a place of great importance in the
community, especially as an example rebuking that class
of men whose business promises are unreliable, and en
couraging fidelity in the intercourse of man Avith man.
In all of his' relations he will be missed, and in none more
than as a member and officer of our Historical Society.
His presence at our meetings was an inspiration ; and his
willingness and promptness in labor secured to him no
small share of the responsibility resting on the Society.
John C. Watkins, an early and esteemed member ofthe
Society, closed his earthly labors on the fifteenth of Jan
uary, 1879. He was born in the town of Moreland, Mont
gomery County, Pennsylvania, on the first day of May,
1808. At the age of nineteen he came to Waterloo, and,
for the space of several years, made his home with judge
Watkins, his uncle. He commenced the mercantile

AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 21
business in 1835, in Wolcott, Wayne County, and in
1839, he married Miss Eliza, sister of Thomas Fatzinger.
He returned to Waterloo in 1845, and engaged in the dry
goods business with Edward Fatzinger, in the store now
occupied as the office of the latter, and subsequently re
moved to South Waterloo, where he engaged in other
pursuits. He held the office of Justice of the Peace
for the space of twenty -five years — a term sufficient to
show the confidence reposed in him by his fellow citizens.
He was a man of pleasing social qualities, and remark
ably genial in his intercourse with all classes of men.
Not his own family only, but all who knewhim, will long
cherish his memory. His age was seventy years.
Mrs. Rebecca Hulbert, whose name is recorded as one
of the eleven original members of the Society, was born at
Worthington, Mass., on the nineteenth of February, 1793.
She was married to Elijah Hulbert. then of Canaan, N. Y. .
on the nineteenth of February, 1814. The family have re
sided in Waterloo since the year 1817. Mrs. Hulbert was
happily constituted, and sustained the various relation^
of life with great equanimity, and fideUty to her duties.
She was a lady of the old school, a keeper-at-home, and
found her chief enjoyment in the bosom of her family.
She was the mother of eight children. One half of the
number, two sons and two daughters, have long since
fallen asleep, while four sons still remain. Mrs. Hulbert
took delight in the memories of the past. She found
great pleasure in reviewing her earUer experience in Wat
erloo, and any allusion to the early history of the place,
greatly interested her feelings. After a widowhood of
more than twenty years, and at the good old age of eighty-
two, on the twenty-fourth of October, 1875, she was
gathered to her fathers, in peace.
Isaac Mosher was also an original member of the
Society, and was in attendance at its first meeting. He

22 THE WATERLOO LIBRARY
was born in North East, Dutchess County, N. Y. , on the
twenty-ninth of January, 1800, and died in February,
1880. He came to the town of Waterloo in 1816, and en
gaged in business in the village in 1834. In June, 1836,
he married Miss Harriet Booth, who shared his fortunes
during his subsequent life, and survived him only for a
few weeks. His business ability and moral integrity so
won the confidence of his fellow-citizens as to secure for
him their suffrages for the most responsible town offices.
He held, in turn, the place of Town Clerk, Justice of the
Peace and Supervisor, and in all positions of a public or
private character, he was faithful and reliable. In securing
the stock for the Woolen Manufacturing Company, he was
the principal agent. Subsequently he was employed as a
private agent by Mr. Richard P. Hunt, and at the death of
the latter, was entrusted with a general supervision of his
estate, in behalf of the heirs. Born and reared in the
Society of Friends, his life corresponded with his early
teaching. He was a man of peace, a kind husband and
father, and a friend to his race.
The Society is admonished by these departures from
her ranks, that the Dread Destroyer lies ever in the way
of all human projects., and its members are bidden to in
crease their efforts for the benefit of those who shall Uve
after them. HISTORICAL COLLECTION.
Ancient relics and curiosities have been already col
lected in large numbers. It has seemed that every mound
of earth, every Indian battlefield, every garret and ceUar,
every garner and hiding-place of reUcs, had opened of its
own accord, to contribute to the museum of the Society.
Of the relics already labeled and registered there are
nearly one thousand, while there are many others not yet
recorded and named, but carefully preserved for the use
of the organization. The importance of this department
of the Society can hardly be overestimated. The coUec-

AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 23
tion of reUcs and curiosities forms the chief attraction to
visitors to the rooms of the association. It interests the
old by exhibitions antedating their own times, and re
freshes their memories, introducing to their attention, fash
ions and modes of living, implements of labor and speci
mens of workmanship useful and ornamental, with which
they were acquainted in earlier days, and furnishes
them opportunity of judging wherein the new is better
than the old. These relics also attract the young, acquaint
them with the past, minister to their love of what is novel
and curious, and, by exciting their admiration, awaken
a desire for historical knowledge and culture.
PROVISION FOR A LIBRARY' HALL.
The necessity of a building adapted to the wants of
the Society, and which would be worthy of its aims, had
long been felt. The room containing the library had al
ready become too strait, and its shelves no longer proph
esied of books, for they were now full, while no proper ex
hibition could be made of the historical collections, for the
want of room, and due arrangement and order.
At a meeting of the board of trustees held on the
twelfth of February, 1878, Dr. S. R. Welles, the secretary
of the Society, tendered a lot situated on the corner of
Church and Williams streets, as a site for a Library Hall.
This noble and generous gif< was duly accepted by a
unanimous resolution and vote of thanks. It was further
resolved, that a committee of five be appointed to circu
late subscriptions, with the view of raising funds for the
erection of a suitable building, and to procure plans, spe
cifications and estimates, and report to the board as soon
as they were prepared to do so.
At a meeting held March sixth, 1879, the secretary re
ported a conference with Mrs. Thomas Fatzinger, in

24 THE WATERLOO LIBRARY
which she acquiesced in a proposition made by the Soci
ety for the purchase of her residence on the corner of
Main and Church streets, for the sum of five thousand
dollars — and also signified her intention to donate one-
half of that amount to its treasury. The board accepted
the liberal proposition, and thereupon appointed a com
mittee to consummate the purchase. At a subsequent
meeting, however, the whole subject was again considered
and the board after more mature deliberation, rescinded
its former action appointing the committee referred
to, and resolved to accept another generous offer of Mrs.
Fatzinger — who, preferring to aid the Society in erecting
a new building, as better carrying out the vrishes of her
late husband, and more in accordance with l^er own de
sire — proposed to give a lot on Church street, adjoining
that already owned by the Society, and one thousand
dollars additional, toward the erection of a Library Build-

On July third, 1879, the committee appointed to obtain
plans, specifications and estimates, reported a plan by
Nichols & Brown of Albany, architects, which had been
submitted to Mrs. Fatzinger, and which at a subsequent
meeting, was accepted by the trustees. It was also then
understood, that, as soon as the Society should raise four
thousand doUars, it was authorized to rely , on the munifi
cence of Mrs. Fatzinger for whatever more was needed to
secure an ample and commodious Library Building. The
delay in the execution of the purpose to build, has been
owing to the special responsibiUties resting upon the board
during the year 1879. The SuUivan Celebration yet to be
noticed in this sketch, laid its chief burden on the Wat
erloo Library and Historical Society, subjecting it to great
care and labor, and to the necessity of providing for a
large amount of pecuniary outlay.
The trustees are now happy to state that the means for

AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 25
erecting the buUding, are substantiaUy provided for,
the plans and specifications have been obtained, and
having appointed Walter Quinby, O. P. Loveridge and
W. B. Branch, as a buUding committee, they are assured
that the work will be commenced vsithout delay.
EXPLORATION OF THE ROUTE OF GEN. SULLIVAN" S TROOPS
THROUGP SENECA COUNTY".
In April, 1879, a committee was appointed by the board,
consisting of Francis Bacon, H. F. Gustin, and Fred H.
Furniss to accompany Gen. John S. Clark, who had pre
viously offered his services, in an exploring tour,
especiaUy along the shores of the Seneca and Cayuga
Lakes, ^rith the ^-iew of marking the sites of Indian towns
destroyed in the SuUivan incursion. This C(jmmittee was
also accompanied by Mr. Charles M. Hubbard, as secre
tary, who subsequently through a county paper, pubUshed
the results of the expedition. It was expected that
these results would form a part of the present volume,
but the author, desiring more time for revision, has
not felt prepared to meet this expectation. It may be
added that such a pubUcation could hardly f aU to awaken
in the citizens of Seneca County, a profound sense of
obUgation to Gen. Clark, the accompUshed guide of the
expedition; to the Society's committee; toC. M. Hubbard,
for his elaborate and full account of the discoveries made;
and to the Waterloo Library and Historical Society, under
whose auspices and at whose expense, these ' 'Tracings of
Indian History" were conducted.
MONUMENT ERECTED IN MEMORY' OF THE DESTRUCTION
OF THE INDIAN TOWN, SKOI-Y'ASE, XOW WATERLOO.
In June, 1879, the project of erecting ¦ such memorial

26 THE WATERLOO LIBRARY
was introduced to the board of trustees. In the increasing
attention paid to local history by the people of New
York State, one of its first fruits is the erection of monu
ments, as especially suited to caU attention to the past,
and to awaken and sustain interest in the events which
these monuments are intended to commemorate..
Such memorials naturally suggest traditions and recitals
concerning the events to which they point, and by means
of the inquiry incited, greatly increase historic knowl
edge and public interest. This view of monumental record
suggested the erection of a stone structure that would
perpetually remind the people of Waterloo of the former
occupants of the soil on which they now have their homes,
and also of one of the most effective agencies that led to the
removal of the Red men.
The society having resolved to erect such monument,
and determined its dimensions, appointed Mr. Walter
Quinby as the committee to execute their purpose, by
securing the necessary funds, and supervising the erec
tion of the structure. Lawrence Clatfy was selected
as the builder, and in due time, by faithful oversight,
the monument was completed. Its dedication was re
served to form a part of the exercises of the Centen
nial Celebration, and will be spoken of in connection
with the history of those exercises in another part of this
volume. The village park was chosen as the site of the monu
ment. Its material is undressed lime stone, found on the
south bank of the river, in sight of the vUlage. Its
dimensions are as follows : foundation under ground,
four feet deep and seven feet square ; first base, five feet
square ; second base, four feet ; shaft three feet at the
bottom, and two at the top ; the whole rising a little
more than fifteen feet from the ground.

e>-^

AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
Inscription on south front :

27

SKOI YASE,*
H E - O - W E H - G N 0 - G E K ,

Inscription on the north side :

ERECTED SEPTEMBER, 1879,
To Commemorate the Destruction of the
Indian Village,
SKOI YASE,
By Col. John Harper, under Orders of
Maj. Gen. John Sullivan,
september 8, 1779.

The structure is not so imposing as some may have
desired, but is deemed by those who devised it, an appro
priate memorial to designate the site of an humble Indian
town of eighteen houses, the destruction of which formed.
a link in the chain of events t hat accomplished the extir
pation of a savage race. In close proximity to this rude
monument which marks the place where stood, a hundred
years ago, the Indian Wigwam, now stand the Church
and School House, the nobler monuments which tell the-
change/ro?« harbarism to civilizaiion.

*See orthography of name, Skol-yase, in Appendix.
" He-o-weh-gno-sek," signifying in the Indian tongue,
ory," — was kindly suggested by W. H. Bogart.

"Once a Home, now'a Mem-

28 THE WATERLOO LIBRARY
CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY OF GEN. JOHN SULLIVAN'S
CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE SIX NATIONS IN 1779.
The expedition of Gen. SuUivan, an event so inti
mately and closely connected with the settlement of
the County by the white race, seemed to call for some
observance of its one hundredth anniversary. The
honor of suggesting and recommending such observance
has been quite justly accorded to the Waterloo Library
and Historical Society. Nearly two years before the com
ing of the anniversary. Dr. S. R. Welles, in a paper read
before the Society, spoke of such celebration as due to
the memory of the actors in the SuUivan incursion, and
suggested that, as this County was, in part, the theatre of
this campaign, the descendants of the hardy pioneers
who first settled on the soU laid open by it, should meet
in September, 1879, and celebrate, with the Society, the
Centennial of this campaign. On the sixth of February,
1879, this suggestion came formally before the board of
trustees, when a committee of three was appointed to
¦caU a meeting of the citizens of the town, vrith the -^-iew
•of electing a town committee of the same number to act
vrith the committee of the society. By direction of this
.joint committee, the Supervisors of the several tovrais of
the County were requested to suggest representatives of
their towns respectively, who should meet in conference
at Waterloo on the nineteenth of March, 1879, to consult
on the subject of a County Centennial celebration. As the
result of this meeting, one representative from each of
the ten towns of the County was appointed to act
vrith a committee of five from the Waterloo Library and
Historical Society, as a County executive committee, to
make arrangements for the proposed celebration. The
secretaries of this committee were Dr. S. R. WeUes of
Waterloo, and Hon. Diedrich Willers, Jr. of Yarick, on
whom devolved the responsibility of conducting the cor-

AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 29
respondence of the committee, together with the chief
labor of arranging and maturing plans for the Centennial
observance. We close this historical sketch of the Waterloo Library
and Historical Society by saying, that no sooner had the
SuUivan Commemoration taken place, than the Society
resolved to publish a full history of the event and all the
proceedings prelusive thereto. The following chapter is
in fulfilment of such resolution.

HI STORY

OF THE

AT

-WTaterloo, KT. TT.

MAJOR GENERAL JOHN SULLIVAN.

Him or THE mnii cun,

-AT-

WATERLOO, N. Y., SEPTEMBER 3d, 1879.
" Amid these scenes of calm repose, that no signs of conflict show.
We're met to hear the tale rehearsed of SuUivan and bis foe.
And flght tbe battles o'er again of a hundred years ago."
The last four years have been distinguished for Centen
nial and patriotic celebrations. The first, in memory of
the Declaration of American Independence, was opened
on the Fourth of July, 1876, and was one of the most im
posing memorial exhibitions known in the history of the
world. Five years previous to that date, the President of
the United States had suggested the fitness of such com
memoration on the one hundredth anniversary of this
bold and patriotic declaration. The place proposed was
Philadelphia, inasmuch as here stood the memorable HaU
in which the declaration was voted, and in which the first
Colonial Congress was held.
The ground set apart for the Celebration, was dedicated
on the Fourth of July, 1873. Invitations were cordially
extended to other governments to share in the exhibition
and to enter into friendly competition with the United
States in the arts of peace. These governments as cordi
ally accepted the invitation, and, through their authorized
commissioners, sent specimens of their arts, products and
manufactures, reflecring great honor upon their respect-

34 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
ive nations, while our own people, in measuring the
progress of an hundred years, found occasion to rejoice
in the achievements they had made, and in their success-
iul rivalry of older nationalities.
As this national commemoration related to the declared
purpose of America to be free, others have quite natu
raUy followed, in celebrating events contributing to the
fulfilment of the purpose. Thus, in our own State, after
an appropriate celebration of the Centennial of the for
mation of our State government, at Kingston, July
thirtieth, 1877, on the sixth of August, 1877, salutes, at
early dawn, were fired along the valley of the Mohawk,
inviting the people to the commemoration of the battle
of Oriskany, fought just one hundred years before. On
the 19th of September following, was observed the Cen
tennial anniversary of the battle of Bemis Heights, or
StUlwater ; and on the seventeenth of the next month,
(October) was commemorated at SchuylerviUe, N. Y.,
the termination of the briUiant campaign of Saratoga,
with the surrender of Gen. Burgoyne and his army, an
event, the way for which was essentiaUy prepared by the
two previous battles. The ceremonies attending these anni
versaries enlisted some of the first talent of the State, and
were conducted with joy and gladness, echoing the feel
ings which the victories inspired in the hearts of those
who achieved them, and in the hearts of the American
people. The year 1879 had been distinguished as the one hun
dredth anniversary of the incursion of Major-General
John SuUivan into the territory of the Six Nations * ;
and it seemed proper, that a campaign contributing so
much to the success of the American Colonies in their
struggle with Great Britain, should be commemorated,

*See Historical Address of Kev. 'avid C'ratt, giving full history of this Campaign,
published herewith.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 85
especially by those now living in the very track of this
memorable and devastating march. Hence, as Seneca
County lying in the line of this incursion, shared in the
general punishment inflicted, and was thereby opened to
the settlement of a race capable of proving the value of
the soil and of introducing the arts of a Christian civiU-
zation, it seemed especially fitting that the anniversary
should be marked by some suitable memorial observance:
In the historical sketch of the Waterloo Library and
Historical Society printed herewith, reference has been al
ready made to the fact, that the honor of suggesting a
local Centennial Commemoration of Gen. SuUivan' s cam
paign against the Indians of Western New York and his
march across the territory of Seneca County, is due to
the Secretary of that Society, who, as early as November
twenty-seventh, 1877, in a historical paper read before
the Society, proposed that the people of Seneca County
should unite in commemorating, in 1879, with appropri
ate ceremonies, the services of the brave men of the
revolution who served in Gen. SulUvan' s campaign.
ACTION OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'.
On the sixth day of February, 1879, this matter was
formally presented to the board of trustees of the Histori
cal Society for consideration. At this meeting, at which
the following persons were in attendance : — Rev. Dr.
Samuel H. Gridley, Dr. Samuel R. WeUes, Edward Fat
zinger, Walter Quinby, Col. Horace F. Gustin, Hon.
Daniel S. Kendig, J. C Hallsted. and T. A. Mcfntyre,
a resolution was adopted declaring that, in the opinion
of said board of trustees, a celebration of the one hun
dredth anniversary of the Campaign of Gen. Sullivan
was appropriate and expedient, and a committee of three
was appointed, consisting of Rev. Dr. Gridley, Dr.
WeUes, and C. D. Morgan, which was authorized to call
3

36 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
a meeting of citizens to consider the feasibility of the
proposed celebration, and, (if approved), to request said
meeting to appoint a committee to co-operate with the
committee from the Library and Historical Society^ in
perfecting the arrangements for such celebration.
CITIZENS' MEETING.
In pursuance of such recommendation, a public meet
ing of citizens of Waterloo was held at the Academy of
Music in Waterloo, on Thursday, February twentieth,
1879, at which meeting Hon. S. G. Hadley presided, and
James Ivers acted as secretary.
After appropriate remarks by Dr. Welles, Rev. Dr.
Gridley, and Hon. Albert L. Childs, in favor of a com
memorative celebration, it was resolved to appoint a
committee of five citizens to act with the committee of
three already appointed, forming a joint committee of
eight, in perfecting arrangements for a centennial cele
bration of Gen. Sullivan's march across Seneca County
and the destruction of the Indian viUages located with
in its borders.
In pursuance of the action of this meeting, the follow
ing gentlemen were appointed a committee of five on
behalf of the town of Waterloo : Hon. S. G. Hadley,
Mr. James Joyes, Hon. A. L. Childs, Messrs. Benjamin
Bacon and Gideon Bowdish.
JOINT COMMITTEE .MEETING.
The joint committee of eight on the part of the Water
loo Library and Historical Society and the citizens of Wat
erloo, met on the anniversary of Washington's Birthday,
February twenty second, 1879— at whicii meeting, Messrs.
Hadley, Welles, Bacon, Joyes, and Bowdish were in at
tendance — and adopted the following resolution :

OF Sullivan's expedition. 37
''Resolved, That this committee deems it advisable that
a County celebration of the one-hundredth anniver
sary of Gen. Sullivan's Campaign be held in this
Count}', and thac its secretary be instructed to address
a circular letter to the Supervisor of each of the towns,
asking him to appoint a committee of five — of which com
mittee the supervisor shall be a member, ex-officio, —to
attend a meeting to be held March nineteenth, proximo,
at Waterloo to perfect arrangements for such County
celebration, to be held at such time and place as said
meeting may determine."
In conformity with the instructions of the committee,
the secretary forwarded to the Supervisor of each town
in the County a copy of the following circular letter:
Waterloo, N. Y., Feb. 32d, 1879.
Dear Sir.— The Waterloo Library and Historical Society, at
a recent meeting, toolr initiatory action in regard to a celebration of th&
One Hundredth Anniversart of
GENERAL SULLIVAN'S CAMPAIGN.
At a meeting of the undersigned, a joint committee representinpr
the Library and Historical Society and the town of Waterloo, it was de
cided to invite the co-operation of all the towns in the county in the
undertaking, in order that tbe occasion might be made one of general
county interest.
To decide upon and perfect due arrangements for such a County
Ceniennial Celebration, it was thought advisable that each town should
be represented by a committee of Five, consisting of the Supervisor of
said town, and four other citizens.selected by the Supervisor, or chosen
in such other manner as he might deem best.
You are invited, with such associates as may be selected to repre
sent your town, to attend a meeting of the Committees from all the
Towns to be held at the Towsley House, in Waterloo, on WedneS'lay,
March 19th, 1879, at 12 o'clock, noon, to consult and arrange with ref
erence to the proposed celebration. Please advise the Secretary of thfr

38 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
Committee, S. R. Welles, of your action in the matter, as soon as
practicable.
S. H. GRIDLEY, CHAS. D. MORGAN, S. R. WELLES,
Committee on the part of the Waterloo Library and Historical Society.
S. G. HADLEY, A. L. CHILDS, JAMES JOYES,
BENJAMIN BACON, GIDEON BOWDISH,
Committee on the part of the Town of Waterloo.
ACTION OF THE TOWNS.
The Supervisors of the several towns, in full sympathy
with this commendable movement, promptly responded
to the request of the committee, and transmitted to
the secretary the names of their respective committees,
composed of representative and patriotic citizens of
the sevei'al towns, to-wit ;
Covert: — Dewiit C. Wheeler, Supervisor; Rev. Lewis Halsey, Lyman
B. Parshall, Major Orlo Horton, J, L. Ryno.
LoDi: — Charles J. Van Liew, Supervisor; Hon. Peter Lott, Samuel S.
Gulick, Peter V. N. Bodine, Claudius Coan Covert.
Ovid:— De Forest P. Seeley, Supervisor; Prof. W. L, Hyde, Henry V.
L. Jones, John N. Wilson, J. S. Harris.
Romulus:- John Monroe, Supervisor; John G.King, Richard M. Steele,
E. Seeley Bartlett, Henry S. Miller.
Yaeick:— John V. Crane, Supervisor; Hon. Robert R. Steele, Daniel
C. Burroughs, Dr. Andrew J. Alleman, Hon. Diedrich Wil
lers, Jr.
Fayette:— Martin L. Allen, Supervisor; Robert J. Swan, William W.
Stacey, Samuel Mcintosh, Jolin R. Stone.
iSeneca Falls:— William Walker, Supervisor; T>. B. Lum, (Charles L.
Hoskins, Hon. Gilbert Wilcoxen, E. W. Bull, Edward lilyn-
deree.
Waterloo:— John E. Richardson, Supervisor; Hon. S, G. Hadley,.
Benjarain Bacon, Hon. A. L. Ohild."!, James Joyes and
Gideon Bowdish.
Junius: — C. J. Hampton, Supervisor; N. H. French, Hon. William W.
Vandemark, Hon. Orin Southwick, William E. Phillips.
Tyre: — William A. Stevenson, Supervisor; Levi Van Buskirk, Dr. E, J.
Schoonmaker, Israel B. Haines, John Barry.

OP Sullivan's expedition. 39
COUNTY MEETING.
The meeting of the representatives from the several
towns of Seneca County, convened pursuant to call, at
the Towsley House, in Waterloo, on Wednesday, March
nineteenth, 1879, at noon, and was organized by the selec
tion of Hon. Robert R. Steele, as chairman, and Samuel
R. Welles, as secretary.
The chairman, in a few well- chosen words, stated the
objects for which the meeting had convened, and heartily
commended the same to the consideration of the assem
bled delegates.
After the reading ot the call and circular under which
the several supervisors had acted in the selection of del
egates, the secretary called the roll of delegates and the
following gentlemen answered to their names :
Covert:— Dewilt C. Wheeler, Lyman B. Parshall, Rev. Lewis Halsey,
Maj. Orlo Horton, J. L. Ryuo.
LoDi: — Charles J. Van Liew, Samuel S. Gulick, Peter V. N. Bodme,
C. Coan Covert.
Romulus: — John Monroe, John G. King, Richard M. Steele, E. Seeley
Bartlett, Henry S. Miller.
Varick: — Diedrich Willers, Jr., Robert R. Steele.
Fayette: — Martin L. Allen, John R. Stone.
Seneca Falls: — William Walker, Charles L. Hoskins, D. .B. Lum,
Gilbert Wilcoxen, E. W. Bull,
JUNIUS:— C. J. Hampton, Wm. W. Vandemark, Wm. E, Phillips, N, H.
French.
Tyre:— James Goodell, (by substitution,)
Waterloo:— S. G. Hadley, A. L. Childs, Benj. Bacon, Gideon Bowdish.
Waterloo Library and Historical Society:— Rev. Dr. Gridley,
S. R. Welles, Charles D. Morgan.
Remarks, congratulatory upon the auspicious begin
ning of a movement, which, from the number and character
of the gentlemen present, seemed to commend itself to

40 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
the entire County, were made by Jadge Hadley and Hon.
A. L. Childs, after which the following resolution offered
by Rev. Dr. Gridley, was unanimously and enthusiastical
ly adopted :
" Resolned, That this meeting approves of, and hereby
decides to hold,during the month of September, 1879, and
in such manner, and at sacti place as shall be hereafter
determined, a County celebration of the one-hundredth
anniversary of the march of General Sullivan through
this County."
On motion of Rev. Lewis Halsey of Covert, the third
day of September* was designated as the day, and the
village of Waterloo as the place, for holding such cele
bration. A committee, appointed by the chairman, to consider a
plan for a more perfect and permanent organization, re
ported the following resolution, which was adopted :
"¦ Hesolved, That the town committees, as now organ
ized, be retained as local committees of arrangements
for their respective towns, with power of substitution ;
that one person from each town, to be appointed by
the town committee, and five members of the Waterloo
Library and Historical Society, to be named by the trus
tees of said Society, be constituted a general executive
committee of arrangements ; that the town commit
tees notify the secretary of the appointments made under
this resolution; and that, after receiving such notifications,
the secretary shall call a meeting of such executive com
mittee for organization and further action."

'^o"

During the progress of tlie meeting, patriotic remarks
were made by Rev^. Lewis Halsey, Rev. Dr. Gridley,
*General Sullivan's army encamped in the town of Hector, formerly a town of Sen
eca County, on September third, 1779, and it is believed that the advance of tbe army
touched Lodi, on the same day.

OF Sullivan's expedition. 41
Maj. Orlo Horton, and others. The utmost harmony
and enthusiasm were manifested ; old men and young,
as well the descendants of revolutionary sires, as of the
pioneer settleis of the count}'-, acted in concert in urging
a suitable observance of an event which opened up the
territory of Seneca County to civilization.
executive committee.
The several town committees responded with alacrity
to the request of the County Meeting, and forwarded to
the secretary the following names of leading gentlemen
of the several towns appuinted to serve as members of
the executive committee :
Covert:— De Witt C. Wheeler.
Lodi: — Casper B. Vescelius.
Ovid: — Henry V. L. Jones.
Romulus: — Andrew Jackson Bartlett.
Varick:— Charles H. Say re.
Fayette:- Robert J. Swan.
Seneca Falls: — Harrison Chamberlain.
Tyre:— Rev. Pulaski E. Smith.
Junius: — Hon. Orin Southwick.
Waterloo:— Hon. Sterling G. Hadley.
Waterloo Library and Historical Society:— Rev. Dr. S.
H. Gridley, Samuel R. Welles, Fred. H. Furniss,
Maj. Myndert D. Mercer, Alonzo H. TerwiUiger.
ORGANIZATION OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, &C.
The executive committee thus constituted, convened,
pursuant to call of the secretary, at the Towsley House,
in Waterloo, on Wednesday, April ninth, 1879, seven of
the ten towns and the Waterloo Library and Historical
Society being represented (the committees from Lodi, Ovid
and Junius, absent) and organized by the selection of
Robert J. Swan of Fayette, as chairman and S. R.
Welles, as secretary.

42 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
The committee thereupon proceeded to consider a gen
eral plan or programme for the proposed Centennial
celebration, and the subject was discussed by Rev. Dr.
Gridley, Rev. P. E. Smith, Hon. A. L. Childs, Mr. George
S. Conover, of Geneva, (who was invited to be present
at the meeting) and others.
The secretary submitted the following outline or plan
for conducting such celebration, which, after discussion,
was adopted :
1, There shall be a grand procession, in which all of
the towns shall be represented in alphabetical order, each
with its own banner and martial music, a Grand Marshal
and assistants, and such aids for each town as may be
deem^ed necessary.
2. After the procession shall have reached the place
designated for holding the celebration, the exercises
shall be opened with prayer, to be followed by an ad
dress of welcome, by the President of the village of Wat
erloo, an address by the President of the day, introducing
the Orator of the day, who will deliver a commemorative
oration, to be followed by a historical address and a poem,
the exercises to be interspersed with music suited to
the occasion.
3. A collation, to be foUowed by toasts, general and
special, including a sentiment for each town, to be respon
ded to by a speaker selected by the committee of each
town. 4. The committee of each town to designate a person
to serve as town historian, and also a vice-president, to
serve on the day of the celebration.
5. The secretaries to be this day appointed to prepare
and forward to each town committee a circular,* setting
*See Appendix.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 43
forth such information as may be deemed important in
the action of the executive committee relative to the cele
bration, and also to contvin instructions to the town his
torians in reference to the collection and preservation of
historical information for the several towns.
OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES.
The following officers and committees of the celebration
were chosen at this and subsequent meetings of the ex
ecutive committee :
President of the day :— General Josiah T. Miller, of Seneca Falls.
Secretaries:— Samuel R. Welles, Waterloo ; Diedrich Willers, Jr.,
Varick.
Chaplains:— Rev. Dr. S. H. Gridley, Waterloo; Rev. Pulaski E.Smith,.
Tyre,
Grand Marshal: — Gen. George Murray Guion, Seneca Falls.
Assistant Marshals.— Gen. John B. Murray, Seneca Falls; Maj. J. K.
Loring, Andrew S. Holenbeck, Dr. John W. Day, Waterloo.
Committee on Orator, Historian and Poet: — Rev. Lewis Halsey,
Covert; A. L. Childs, Waterloo; Chas. A. Hawley, Seneca
Falls.
Committee on Invited Guests:— Diedrioh WiUers, Jr. , Varick; Wm. H.
Burton, Waterloo; Harrison Chamberlain, Seneca Falls.
Committee on Military: — James Joyes, Hon. S. G. Hadley, Waterloo;,
Col. Henry F. Noyes, Seneca Falls.
Committee on Finance: — D. C. Wheeler, Covert, Chas. D. Morgan and,
M. D. Mercer, Waterloo.
Committee on Invitation and Entertainment of the Press: — James.
Joyes, Will R. Kennard, Obser'i;er,Waterloo;Hon. A. L. Childs,
Seneca Co. , News, Waterloo, Rev. L. A. Lambert, TUmes, Wat
erloo; Henry Stowell, Reveille, A. H. Comstock and Henry
Marshall, Courier, Seneca Falls, and Oliver C. Cooper, Inde:
pendent, Ovid. LOCAL COMMITTEES.
The Waterloo Library and Historical Society, together
with the committee of the town of Waterloo, was author
ized to designate such local committees as it might

44 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
consider necessary. Under this authority the following-
committees were appointed :
On Grounds and Tents:— Messrs. Solomon Carman, Jesse Snook, C. C,
Gridley, E. V. Burton.
On Decorations and Fire Works:— Messrs.. Ctias. W. Pratt, W. D
Burrall, Charles A. Kuox, W. B. Branch, Robert B.ister.
On Subscriptions andFinance — W. B. Clark, S. R, Welle.'^, J. E. Rich
ardson, L. Goodman, A. C. Reed, O. P. Loveridge.
On Entertainment op Guests:— Messrs. W. Quinby, Daniel Berry,
Jacob Sands, John Casterlin
On Music:— Messrs. J. S. Boughton, Benj. Boots, M. M. Camp, L P
Bird, Richard Ed Awards.
On Police;— p. U. VanCleef , Dep. Sheriff of Seneca Countv.
On Reception op Guests:— To act with the General Committee on In
vitations, — Messrs, M. D. Mercer, A. H. TerwiUiger, W.
B. Clark, Robt J. Swan, W. A. Sw^aby, A. M. Patterson,
Francis Bacon, Abner C. Clark, Benj. Selmser.
'Treasurer:— W. L. Mercer. TOWN APPOINTMENTS.
The committees of the several towns, in response
to the circular letter of the secretaries, gave notice of the
following appointments, of historians, of vice-presi
dents of the celebration, and of speakers to respond for
¦ each town on the day of the celebration :
Covert:— Ira Almy, Vice Pre.«ident; Maj. Orlo Horton, Historian; Rev.
Lewis Halsey, Speaker.
LoDi:— Richard Van Liew, Vice President; C. Coan Covert, Historian;
Peter V. N. Bodine, Speaker.
Ovid:— Hon. James B. Thomas, Vice-President; John B. Bliss, His
torian; Prof. Wm. L. Hyde, Speaker.
Romulu.= :— John G. King, Vice President; E. Seeley Bartlett, Historian;
Rev. L, J. Gross, Speaker.
Varick:— Hon. R. R. Steele, Vice President; Diedricb Willers, Jr.,
Historian; Rev. J. Wilford Jacks, Speaker.
Fayette:— Samuel Mcintosh, Vice President; W. W. Stacey, Historian;
Samuel Mcintosh, Speaker.
Seneca Falls:— Chas. L, Hoskins, Vice President; D. B. Lum, His
torian; Hon. Gilbert Wilcoxen, Speaker.

45
Tyke:— Hon. Robert L. Stevenson, Vice President; Rov. P. E. Smith
Historian; E. F. Strong, Speaker.
Junius:— Peter Traver, Vice President; C, J. Hampton, Historian; Hon.
Wm VanDemark, Speaker.
Waterloo:— Hon. Dan'l S. Kendig, Vice President; Rev. Dr. S. H.
Gridley, Historian; Col. Fred'k L. Manning, Speaker.
MEETINGS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
Meetings of the executive committee, were also held
June twenty -first, July eleventh and twenty-sixth, and
August twenty-sixth, at which the details connected with
the celebration were enlarged and perfected, and reports
of committees, were received and acted upon.
It wiU only be necessary to notice these meetings gen
eraUy, and the more important items of business trans
acted thereat :
At the meeting of June twenty -first, the committee on
location of grounds for the celebration, reported in favor
of holding the same in the Academy Park, in the viUage
of Waterloo. After consideration and discussion of the
advantages of this and other locations, the executive
committee voted to hold the celebration at the Maple
Grove Fair Grounds, in the north-east portion of the vil
lage of Waterloo, the free use of which for this occasion
had been generously accorded by the owner, Mr. Wm. H.
Burton. The wisdom of this selection was fully vindica
ted on the day of the celebration.
At this and subsequent meetings of the executive com
mittee, special invitations to attend the celebration were
extended to the veterans of the war of 1812 ; to pioneer
settlers of Seneca County, stiil Uving, who located within
the territory of the county, prior to its organization, March
twenty-fourth, 1804, or persons born in the County,
prior to that date and still residing therein ; to surviving
soldiers of the late war, (1861-1865,) to the press of this

46 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
county, and to the Forty-Minth Regiment of the National
Guard of this State.
The Forty-Ninth Regiment and its band, haring
accepted the invitation to attend the celebration, con
ditional upon being furnished entertainment and trans
portation, each town of the County was requested by the
executive committee to contribute the sum of at least
thirty dollars, toward defraying the expense of furnish
ing refreshments to the said regiment, and for the cost of
procuring a special tent for the use of each town on the
day of the celebration — a request which was cordially
responded to, by every town.
The initiatory steps having been thus taken, the work
of preparation for the celebration began to take shape
actively, as well at Waterloo as in the several towns.
ACTION OF SPECIAL COMMITTEES.
The committee on Orator, Historian and Poet., had the
good fortune to secure the services of an accomplished
scholar, Hon. Wm. Dorsheimer, Lieutenant-Governor of
this State, as Orator ; of a gentleman who had given much
study to Indian history and the Sullivan Campaign, and
possessed withal of fine de scriptive powers as a writer,
Rev. David Craft of Wyalusing, Bradford County, Penn.,
as Historian; and of a gentleman of literary culture and
possessed of a high order of poetic talent, Rev; Dwight
Williams of Trumansburgh, Tompkins Co., N. Y. as Poet.
The committee on invited guests, already in the month
of July, began the work of sending out invitations to
attend the celebration (of ^Vhich more than two hundred
were issued) to official personages in this and other States,
and to gentlemen of prominence and distinction, former
ly residents of this county', now residing in other counties
and states.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 47
THE WATERLOO RE-UNION.
"How dear to the lieart are the scenes of my childhood,
When fond recollection presents them to view ;
The orchard, the meadow, the deep-tangled wild-wood,
And every loved spot which my infancy knew ;
The wide spreadlns pond, iind the mill that stood by it,
The bridge and tbe rock where the cataract fell ;
The cot of my father, tbe dairy house nigh it,
And e*en the rude bucket which hung in tbe well I"

The local committees of the Waterloo Library and
Historical Society, and of the town of Waterloo, early
determined to add to the Celebration, the dedication of a
monument to be erected in the Academy Park, commem
orative of the destruction of the Indian viUage of Skoi-
yase, located upon the site of the present village of
Waterloo — and at the same time to combine a Re-union
of former residents of Waterloo, to celebrate the semi
centennial of the erection of the town of Waterloo, from
Junius, in 1829, and accordingly issued a large number
of special invitations to former residents of the town to
"be present on this occasion.
In response to invitations of the committee of the Cen
tennial Celebration, and of the committee of the Waterloo
Re-union, * a number of replies were received from invited
guests — some announcing their intention to attend, and
others regretting their inability to be present. Some of
these letters appear in the Appendix.
TROOPS OF MOUNTED MEN, YOUNG LADIES IN WHITE, &C.
And now the work of preparation progressed from day
to day ; in some of the towns active efforts were success
fully instituted to recruit and drill troops of mounted
men to take "part in the procession. In most of.the
*See Invitation Circulars in Appendix.

48 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
towns, the young ladies were also enlisted in the cause.
As they appeared, robed in white, on the- day of the
commemoration they formed an attractive feature of the
procession. THE LOG CABIN.
"My own native home, in the cot on the hill,
The place of my birth! Oh, it gives such a thrill
Of joy and sensation ! I cannot forget
The little log cottage, I honor it yet "
The committee conceiving the idea of adding a very
special attraction to the grounds, in the erection of a
"Log Cabin," as a reminder of pioneer life, took the ne-
¦ cessary steps to secure the requisite material therefor, and
designated Tuesday, August twelfth, as the day for erect
ing the same.
A writer in the Seneca County Courier, describes the
"raising" or erection of the log cabin, so fully and so
well, that his account thereof, is given herevrith, in fuU,
as follows :
' 'The erection of the primitive Log Cabin on the Fair
Grounds on Tuesday, to be used at the SuUivan Celebra
tion, attracted a large number of people, fully six hundred
being on the grounds at different periods of the day.
The idea of erecting a log house similar to those occupied
by the first settlers of this County, was conceived by
Solomon Carman, and through his efforts the cabin has
become a fixed reality, and is now in readiness for the
celebration. It is a structure eighteen by twenty-four
feet, and contains thirty-seven logs. The material, with
the exception of the sawed lumber for flooring, etc., was
secured, by contribution, from the farmers and others.
Each of the following gentlemen furnished a log :
Caspar Yost, Jesse Snook, U. D. Belles, S. R. WeUes,
Wm. Ireland, Geo. K. Marshall, Michael B. Ritter, Geo.

49
Serven, Jedediah Pierson, Levi Reynolds, John W. Booth,
Perry D. Shankwiler, M. Snyder. John Anderson, W.
R. Pendall, Peter Traver, Henry S. Bonnell, G. Woodin,
David Stewart, W. W. Vandemark, Charles Youngs, N.
Seeley, Benj. Bacon, G. Bowdish, Samuel Thomas, Wm.
Barrett, Fred Bacon, W. R. Bonnell, Walter H. Allen,
Henry Kidd, Alfred Yail, Lorenzo Brownell, and Stephen
Cadmus. Michael Thomas and A. F. Illick gave two each.
The rafters were suppUed by Martin Hough and Henry
BonneU ; the material for chinking by Isaac Belles, and
the skids by Barney Snyder ; the rough slats for roofing
were contributed by Charles F. Yandemark and Reamer &
Hallsted, and the nails and windows by Carman & AUen;
A quantity of scantling was furnished by A. H. TerwiUi
ger & Co. , and the chimney was constructed and presented
by Charles W. Pratt.
At an early hour Tuesday morning the farmers began
to come in with their logs and by eight o' clock operations
were begun under the supervision and direction of Mr.
Carman. There was a large number of volunteer helpers,
including some of the bpst known citizens in the sur
rounding towns, and every man worked with a will. The
logs at one comer of the building were hewn or notched
by Prof. J. S. Boughton, while U. D. Belles, N. Seeley and
Isaac Belles, carried up the other corners. Converse G.
Johnson contributed one of the finest flag-poles ever erected
in this section — a beautiful pine tree, seventy feet in height.
This was placed at the south end of the cabin to bear aloft
the stars and stripes.
At a quarter past five the colors were run up and fioated
to the north over the, as yet, uncompleted structure. As
the folds of the "standard sheet" were given to the wind,
three rousing cheers went up for ' ' the old flag and Solo
mon Carman ;" but this did not satisfy the enthusiasm of
the crowd, and again were given three as hearty cheers as

50 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL.
ever came from human throats, in honor of ' 'the house
that Sol. built." Again the men resumed the work with
renewed zeal, and by six o'clock the rafters were up and
roof -boards on. • The building was finished up yesterday,
and those who attend the celebration on the third of Sep
tember will see an excellent /ac-sm/Ze of the log cabins
erected a century ago."
The executive committee, having set apart the log cabin
as the headquarters of the pioneer settlers of the County
and of the veterans of the war of 1812, imposed the duty
of arranging and decorating the cabin, on Col. H. F.
Gustin, who spared no effort to adorn the interior and ex
terior with furniture and equipments of the old time
regime. From the cross beams overhead, were suspended
on wooden hooks, fiint lock rifles, shot gun and musket,
vrith powder-horn, bullet-pouch and shot -bag. On shelves
in one corner of the room were arranged pewter plates
and platters, with pewter drinking cups — and near by
stood an old-fashioned water bucket, over which was sus
pended the gourd, as a drinking vessel.
In the open fire-place was the lug pole and trammel,
iron pots and kettles need in cooking, bake kettles, skil
lets and spiders, gridiron, toasting iron, ladles, skimmers,
toasting fork, fire dogs or andirons, with heavy shovel
and tongs resting thereon. The wooden bread trough in
which our grand-mothers kneaded their bread, and the
braided straw bread-baskets, in which the dough was de
posited preparatory to being placed in the bake-oven,
with the olden-time flax wheel and hatchel were duly re
membered, and the ancient bed warming pan was not for
gotten, while pending from the beams were strings of
dried apples and pumpkins.
In the open porch,' the ox-yoke and chain, heavy Dutch

OF Sullivan's expedition. 51
harness, Dutch scythe, sickle, winnowing fan, and other
implements of old-time husbandry, had an appropriate
place — while upon the exterior of the building, the never-
to-be-forgotten coon skins were duly affixed.
In short, upon the interior and exterior, were displayed
specimens of all the important articles of furniture,
adornments and equipments of the log cabin of "ye an
cient time."
A lady correspondent of the Waterloo Observer, under
Vne nom de plume of "Jennie Yan," wrote of the log
cabin, in the foUowing pleasing style :
"the log cabin."
One of the most interesting, attractive and suggestive
objects of the Centennial Celebration at Waterloo is the
"log cabin" erected on the Pair Grounds. The idea
originated with one of the most esteemed citizens of that
place, and met with ready acceptance in the community.
Individual contributions and personal efforts have placed
this model of an earlif home in western wilds where it
now stands, and where it will, we trust, witness a bi-cen-
tennial. You will occasionally see in riding through the
¦county, a few of these structures, greatly dilapidated and
deserted, yet left standing, as if spared because of the
tender associations of ' ' home and hearth' ' that Unger
around them. Dark and cheerless-looking, doorless and
roofless, they do not suggest the idea of a pleasant coun
try residence, and would not flgure as such in a photo
graph displayed in the window of a real estate agent.
But this is a solid structure, genuine and true in its fea
tures, save, perhaps, the modern luxury of glass -windows,
which were unknown to early settlers.
We have said this "log cabin" was suggestive. It
tells of the will, the purpose and enterprise, which led
4

52 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL.
the pioneer to leave the more assured comforts of eastern,
civiUzation, for greater Uberty and the hopeful possibUi-
ties of a western fortune. It tells of the hardy endur
ance, of the patient toil and brave perseverance of the
settlers, and all through the story runs the golden thread
of woman' s loving faithfulness, the giving up of assured
comforts, leaving of home and kindred and "mother,"
"To follow where he leads her,
Leaving all things for the stranger."
Mrs. Sigourney, in her poem ofthe "Emigrant," has
touched this chord with inimitable pathos, when she
writes : Ha ! was it so my wife,
Did I not see thee brush away a tear?
Thy heart was in the halls of thy nativity.
Carpets and sofas and admiring guests,
.Heflt thee better than these rude walls.
And this lone hermit home.
You will find, to-day, on the honor roU of the Alumni
of Hobart and Union Colleges, in the pulpit, on the
bench, at the bar, and in legislative haUs of the nation,
the names of the children born and reared in these hum
ble cabins — strongmen, mentally and physically, the bone
and sinew of the Excelsior State.
They teU us their "log homes" were warm. The thick
logs formed walls which, when plastered with mud, kept
out the cold, but possibly the warm hearts which met of
winter evenings, around the great glovring, snapping back
log and fore-stick on the hearth, had something to do
with "keeping out tjie cold." Having the good fortune
to meet on the ground the gentleman to whom the erect
ing of the cabin is due, he kindly explained the primitive
construction of chimneys in those times, and it needed
only one touch of the magic wand of imagination, to
kindle the wood, already arranged for Ughting, into curl
ing flame and red ember. From the top of the cabin

OF Sullivan's expedition. 53
there rises clear and graceful as a northern streamer when
the Aurora Borealis lights the winter sky, the prettiest
pine tree that ever grew. Seventy feet it pierces the blue
ether, with a taper that no obelisk of Egypt can equal.
Long may the banner of the Empire ^tate wave from its
lofty summit."
the patrons of husbandry.
"A farmer's life, is the life for me,
I own, I love it dearly.
And every season full of glee,
I take Its labors cheerly."
At a meeting of Seneca County CouncU of the Patrons
of Husbandry, held August fourteenth, representing the
several Granges, (with their membership of eight hun
dred, composed of the sturdy representative farmers of
the several towns, their wives, sons and daughters) action
was taken to secure the attendance at the Celebration, of
a representation from the several Granges in the County,
and a committee of seven, consisting of Israel B. Haines,
E. J. Schoonmaker, Uriel D. Belles, E. Seeley Bartlett,
J. B. Whiting, Mrs. L. G. Lewis and Miss Jennie Burr,
were appointed to make arrangements therefor.
Subsequently a special committee of one from each
Grange was appointed to prepare and arrange a grand car,
representative of the order, decorated with the products
of husbandry — grain, fruits and flowers.
The committee was composed as follows :
Rose Hill Granoe — Robert Baster.
Maqee's Corners " — R, A. Livingston.

Kendaia

•' — C. C. Pontius.

Junius

'• — Gideon Bowdish.

West Fayette

"— Wm. Andrews.

East Fayette

"—Myron H. Cosad.

Seneca

" —Fred B. Swaby.

Ovid

" — Theodore Dowers.

Lodi

" — S. B. Mundy.

54 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
The committee was authorized to add to its numbers,
and wisely chose the wives of the several members,
whose admirable taste and handiwork, ( notably that of
the wife of the chairman), contributed greatly to the suc
cess of the undertaking — in presenting a magnificently
decorated car, which was, par excellence, the great at
traction of the procession.
It is proper to make a record here of the names of the
officers of the Seneca County Council of the Patrons of
Husbandry for 1879, to-wit :
Hon. Wra. W. Vandemark. Junius Grange. Master.
Isaac N. Bodine, Ovid Grange, Overseer.
E. P. Coles, Kendaia Grange, Lecturer.
Henry C. Rolfe, Ovid Grange, Steward.
Christopher Peterson, Farmer Village Grange, Ass't S'-eward.
Herman D. Eastman. Lodi Grange, Chaplain.
Myron H. Cosad, East Fayette Grange. Treasurer.
E. Seeley Bartlett, Kendaia Grange, Secretary,
Edney Smith, Rose Hill Grange, Gate Keeper.
Mrs. Gideon Bowdish. Junius Grange, Ceres.
Mrs, Joshua Hinkley, Seneca Grange. Pomona.
Mrs. E, J. Schoonmaker, Magee's Corners Grange, Flora.
Mrs. Wm. Van Nostrand. Kendaia Grange, Lady Ass't Steward.
VETERAN SOLDIERS.
The soldiers of the la;te war, 1861-1865, residing in Sen
eca County, in response to the invitation of the executive
committee, took early measures to secure representation
at the Celebration, and at an informal meeting of such
soldiers, held at Waterloo, August fifteenth, the foUow
ing resolution was adopted and ordered to be published
in the newspapers of Seneca and adjoining Counties :
"¦ Besol'oed, That the ex-soldiers of Waterloo invite
every ex-soldier, sailor and marine in Seneca County, to

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 55
participate in the Celebration of Gen. SuUivan' s Campaign,
to be held at Waterloo, September third, and that each
"Yet." be requested to bring his own knife and fork, and
everything else wUl be provided."
How well the brave soldiers of Seneca County resjiond-
ed to this call, the large procession on the day of the
Celebration, of members of the Grand Army of the Re
public, and of Yeteran Soldiers in citizens' dress, attested.
SKOI-YASE MONUMENT.
Reference has already been made in the History of the
Waterloo Library and Historical Society, published here
with, to the action of that Society, providing- for the
erection in the Yillage Park of a monument commemora
tive of the destruction by Col. John Harper, by command
of Gen. Sullivan, of the Indian village of Skoi-yase, lo
cated upon the site of the village of Waterloo. It is
only necessary to add, in this connection, that the dedica
tion of the monument formed one of the interesting
features of the Celebration day.
GRAND STAND.
The committee on Decoration sx)ared no time or expense
in fitting up a Grand Stand at the Fair Grounds, a de
scription of which appears elsewhere, and which, as
completed and decorated, was the admiration of every
visitor. In the prosecution of its labors, the committee
received from Hon. Wm. H. Bogart of Aurora, (who from
the beginning, took a very commendable interest in the
Celebration,) and from others, many valuable suggestions
which were duly regarded.
AN EXPLORING EXPEDITION.
During the summer preceding the celebration, several

56 SENECA COUN^T CENTENNIAL
exploring expeditions started out under the auspices of
the Waterloo Library and Historical Society, to deter
mine the line of march of the army of General SuUivan
across Seneca County, as well as of the detachments of
Col. Henry Dearborn, Col. John Harper and Col. Peter
Gansevoort. These expeditions were under the direction
and supervision of Gen. John S. Clark of Auburn, an
accomplished antiquarian, historian and surveyor, and
with him were associated at different times, Mr. C. Marsena
Hubbard of the Seneca County Courier, (who furnished
that newspaper with a series of very interesting historical
articles relating thereto,) Messrs. Frederick H. Furniss,
Francis Bacon and H. F. Gustin of Waterioo, and Mr.
Geo. S. Conover of Geneva, an enthusiast in historical
research. THE LOCAL NEWSPAPER PRESS.
It is but just to remark here, that the newspaper press
of the County, from the inception of the Celebration, were
careful to familiarize their readers with the history of Sul
Uvan' s Campaign, and to inform them of each step taken
in preparation for its observance, also publishing in the
meantime many interesting articles relating to the early
history of the County, and of its several towns.*
In addition to newspaper mention, the pubUc were ad
vised of the attractions of the Celebration, through a
beautiful and tastily gotten-up poster, and thus, one by
one, the details for the Celebration were all carefully at
tended to. ORDER OF MARCH, &C.
The order of march and programme of the grand pro-

*Many historical events, facts and circumstances, were thus brought out and pre
served. It is proper to add, that during the year, a History of the Seneca Baptist As
sociation, was published by Eev. Lewis Halsey of Parmer Village, a publication replete
with local information, and written In a pleasing and attractive style.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 57
cession,* as arranged by Grand Marshal Guion of Seneca
FaUs, under date of August twenty-seventh, was so ad
mirably considered and perfected, that, with the help of
his aids, he was enabled to execute the same on the day
of the celebration ^rith comparatively little change.
The line of march on that occasion was taken up and
conducted throughout with a precision and regularity
which elicited universal praise.
AWAITING THE DENOUEMENT.
The month of September was ushered in ; the arrange
ments in detail for the Celebration had been substantially
perfected, and aU that remained to complete its success,
were propitious skies and pleasant weather, and the attend
ance of those who were expected to take a part in its pro
ceedings. A drought had prevailed for weeks, and whUe rain
was anxiously desired to cool the atmosphere and to
water the parched earth, in advance of Celebration
day, no rain came, and when Tuesday, September second,
dawned clear and with a hot, oppressive atmosphere,
many prayers were offered up for good weather upon the
morrow, and the weather buUetins of ' ' Old ProbabiUties' '
were eagerly consulted.
ARRIVAL AND RECEPTION OF GUESTS, &C.
During this day, a number of guests from abroad and
former residents of Seneca County, arrived, and the eve
ning trains which were to bring the Orator of the day, and
a portion of the military, were awaited with much
interest. The following extract from the Waterloo Observer, de
scribes the reception accorded them, by the people of
"Waterloo :

*See Appendix.

58 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
' 'The reception committee, accompanied by the Water
loo Cornet Band and an immense concourse of people,
marched to the depot to receive Lieutenant-Governor
Dorsheimer, Brigadier- General Hawley, commanding the
10th Brigade, N. G., S. N. Y., and staff, consisting of
Lieut. Col. J. H. Hinman, Maj. E. O. Farrar, Maj. W. A.
Butler, Maj. R. R. Gardner, Capt. J. M. Belden, Capt.
Robt. Townsend, and Lieut. F. P. Denison ; Col. W. R.
Chamberlain of the staff of Maj. Gen. Daniel P. Wood,
Sixth Division, and Capt. Paul Birchmeyer's Battery.
Upon their arrival they were escorted to the residence
of Major M. D. Mercer, where an informal reception was
held. The band serenaded the distinguished guests Arith
a number of fine selections, and Mr. Dorsheimer being
called for by the vast assemblage of people outside, Hon.
A. L. Childs appeared on the frOnt steps, and, in a few ap
propriate remarks, introduced the Lieutenant-Governor.
Mr. Dorsheimer' s appearance was greeted vrith cheers,
and when the demonstrations had partly subsided, he
thanked the people in a brief but interesting speech, for
the cordial manner in which he had been received. He said
that he was amazed and gratified at the enthusiastic re- .
ception which had been tendered him ; that he was
weaiied with a long and dusty joumey, and that on the
morrow, it would give him great pleasure to address them
upon a subject in commemoration of which the celebration
was inaugurated. Yet he would say, before bidding them
good-night, that Seneca County, and especially AYateiioo,
seemed very near and dear to him, on account of its once
having been the residence of his father. He then alluded
to his father, (the late Hon. Philip Dorsheimer, a native
of Germany,) who, when a poor youth, settled in Water
loo, to follow his trade ot miller. He said it was this
association, more than anything else, that led him to
accept the invitation extended by the committee, to de-

OF Sullivan's expedition. 59-
liver the oration, and that he was highly gratified to have
the honor of addressing the citizens of Seneca County,
upon so important an occasion as the one hundredth anni
versary of General Sullivan's Campaign.
General Hawley was next called for and courteously
responded. He said he was a military man, and not
much of a speech-maker, but that he had a man on his
staff who was equal to such occasions, and that he would
speak for him. He then introduced Major Farrar, who
very handsomely returned the compliments of Gen. Haw
ley and his staff, for the enthusiastic reception tendered
them."

60 SENECA COUNTY CENTNENIAL

nmum, immm nm,m.

Day dawned with moderate temperature and skies over-
'cast — barometer indicating rain.
The day was ushered in by a salute fired -with the old
village gun, "Little Mac," by Mr. Frederick C. Brehm,
and the bells in the village rang out a merry peal from
one end thereof to the other. From nearly every -window
and house-top, particularly upon the Une of inarch of the
procession, there was a brilliant display of bunting, flags
and streamers, floating in the breeze, while nearly all of
the buildings, pubUc and private, were elaborately deco
rated and festooned ; in fact the whole village was decked
in holiday attire. The scene was enchanting and calcu
lated to awaken enthusiasm and patriotic feeUng in the
jnost stoic heart. THE DECORATIONS.
For the following account of the decorations, most con
spicuous and striking, throughout the vUlage, the pubU
cation committee are indebted to the gifted pen of Rev.
George WaUace of Waterloo :
"Any description of the events of our third of Septem
ber, 1879, would be incomplete -ndthout special mention

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 61
of the decorations displayed upon public buildings, stores,
offices and private dwellings.
Upon many a building there arose, for the first time in
its history, its liberty pole. Busy merchants for days
previous to the commemoration, dispensed more flags,
bunting and other materials for decoration than , ever
floated on the breeze in aU the visions of their dreams.
Transparencies of varied designs were abundant, and
these -uith a multitude of Chinese lanterns, hanging un
der trees, in doorways, from piazzas and arches, gave
promise of brilUant and beautiful illumination. China,
the oldest of the nations, in these simple articles, fash
ioned after the handiwork of her people, gave witness t(5
the onward progress of the nation of a hundred years,
now in the march of Anglo-Saxon ci-vilization, girdUng
the globe and stretching its arms across the great Pacific,
in the meeting of the west and east.
Across and above the streets, on broad banners, were
portrayed brief records of the valorous deeds of our hero,
who proved his patriotism before he led his famous
expedition against the Six Nations.
At the west end of Main street, where the column
formed in Une of march, we read :

: THE LONG HOUSE OPENED WESTWARD. :
Upon the Union School building there ran the legend :
: SKOIYASE, :
: HE-O-WEH-GNO-GEK, :
: Once a Home, Now a Memory. :

62 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
In the business centre of the village there appeared"
: Our Yictory was Dear-bom. but has Long :
: Life. ~ :

Maj. Gen. John Sullivax,
The Rebel of 17^4,
The Tried and True Patriot,
The Friend of Washington.

New York Honors the Memory of the :
Brave Son of New Hampshire. :

: Durham Pulpit gave the :
; C6up-de-Grace at Bunker Hill. :
At the intersection of Yirginia and Main streets there
was a large : . WELCOME! :
as though to concentrate and intensify the "welcomes" dis
played without number on public buildings and private
dwellings, banners and streamers.
Everywhere also were to be seen
: 1779, Sullivan, 1879. :

OF Sullivan's expedition. 63

1779, Harper, 1879.

Upon the log cabin, the description of which will be
found elsewhere in this volume, there was the inscrip
tion :

: From the Ashes of the Wigwam. :
The Union School was brilliant in its gay adorning
of the tri -color of our banner, as though rejoicing that
education in the peaceful humanities had displaced the
primitive school, where the young warrior learned the arts
of savage warfare, and the young squaw too soon began
her education in the severe lessons of her burdened life.
The flags and bunting on roof, in window and on front
of stores, rehearsed the story of the arts and trades and
commerce of an age of peace. The exquisite taste of
woman was shown in the decoration of Christian homes
with flower and vine, with graceful draperies, with ban
ners hung aloft, by clear transparencies among the leaves
of living green, and by innumerable taj)ers, deftly placed
to symbolize, as it were, the inner light and glory of these
homes, whose hearths have drawn their cheering warmth
from the camp fires of the soldiers in the wilderness.
There was a veritable Indian wigwam to be seen before
the door of a pleasant home, beneath the foliage of a
mighty oak, recaUing, in its structure, its furniture and
adornments, the homes of men a century ago.
The wheels of the factories were still. The looms stood
silent and looked out of the -window to see the pageant
go by — but not until they had fiung out their banners to
the summer breeze. The passer-by might say: — 'Here,

64 .SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
where the Indian maiden sat beside the shining river,
adorning the moccasins of her chief with the colored
quills of the porcupine, now the skUled hands of trained
industry weave into beautiful and durable clothing, the
wool of the far-off Australian land, dyed in many hues.'
Main, Inslee, WrUiams, Yirginia and North streets,
throughout the whole line of the procession, removing
aU that might seem unsightly, even the dust that might
arise, put on their best array, hung out their banners of
welcome, and cried: " AU Hail !"
The Waterloo Observer, which has been so often quoted
herein, on account of its very full accounts of the cele
bration, after referring to the location of the press tent
adjoining the log cabin, gives the f oUo-wing description of
the arrangements at the Fair Grounds, and of the decor
ations at the grand stand therein :
"Extending south and east from the press tent was a
long Une of tents occupied by the committees, the Grand
Army and ex-soldiers, and the citizens of the ten towns
of Seneca County. North of the tents, and in plain view
on the opposite side of the grounds, was the grand stand,
sixty -five feet in length and containing accommodations
for five hundred persons. It was most tastef uUy decorated
and reflected great credit upon its buUder, Mr. Chas.
W. Pratt of Waterloo. So handsomely was it trimmed, and
so numerous were the compliments paid it, that we think
a brief description wiU be interesting to our readers. Its
foundation was the grand stand of the Fair Grounds.
The cornice, frieze and columns were fuUy draped with
red, white and blue bunting. Directly in the center and
in front of the stand was the speaker's platform 16 by 20
feet, covered and ornamented with the national colors.
Above the balustrade was a tablet 8 by 13 feet inscribed as
foUows :

OF Sullivan's expedition. 65
'¦Resolved, That the thanks of Congress be given to
his Excellency, Gen. Washington, for directing, and to
Major-General Sullivan and the brave officers and soldiers
under Ms command, for effectually conducting, an impor
tant expedition against such of the Indian nations, as, en
couraged by the counsels and conducted by the officers of
his Britannic Majesty, had perfidiously waged an unpro
voked and cruel war against these United States.'

-'e-^

This banner was surmounted with a large shield bear
ing the honored name of SuUivan, from which sprung the
aUied banners. On a line vrith the top of the balustrade
were four smaUer shields bearing the names of Clinton,
MaxweU, Hand and Poor. On a line beneath these dec
orated shields were the names of Harper, Dearborn, Butler,
Gansevoort and Scott, wliUe underneath were pendants
of green sUk inscribed -^th the names of the Indian vil
lages, Skoi-yase, Ken-dai-a, Swah-ya-wa-na, Cho-ha-ra, Con-
daw-haw, and Skan-na-yu-te-nate. Rising above the Sul
livan shield, was a staff bearing the national flag, while on
either side, on staffs sUghtly lower, were the national
colors of our alUes, the French, Spanish and Dutch flags,
and the thii'teen-starred flag of the revolution. Above
the speaker's stand, in large letters, was the inscrip
tion:

1779 — FROM BARBARISM TO CIVILIZATION — 1879.

while directly in front of the stand was a green shield bear
ing the famiUar name, "Skoi-yase. ' " The scene within the
grounds, as viewed from the entrance, was one of striking
beauty and grandeur. On the one side was the grand
stand, rich in its profusion of colored bunting, banners
and evergreens, while stretching away to the right were
the tents of the respective tovras and committees, aU

66 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
forming a most magniflcent spectacle, and one never to be
forgotten. ' '
To the committee on decorations, whose skill, taste and
enthusiasm developed so much that was fair to look upon;
to the citizens, wives and daughters, whose art for adorn
ing revealed itself everywhere in things of beauty ; and
to many friends in Geneva, Seneca FaUs, Aurora, and
other neighboring towns, who sent flags and banners, and
came themselves to mingle in the general joy, the local
committees owe their warmest thanks. When tliey keep
holiday in memory of a stirring event of national or local
interest, ' 'may we be there to see. ' '
THE OUTPOURING OF THE MASSES.
" Come, as the winds come when forests are rended;
Come, as the waves come when navies are~stranded."
Soon after sunrise the masses of the people from the
interior of the county began to arrive in the viUage, young
and old, on foot, on horseback, and in all manner of con
veyances, from the Ught phaeton and pleasure carriage, to
the heavy and substantial farmer's wagon, — every one
attired in holiday garb, and bent upon enjoying the
day, with a light and happy heart.
The early morning trains upon the New York Central
railroad came in heavily laden with passengers, and dur
ing- the day extra trains were run at frequent intervals to
convey the crowds of people thronging the railwaj- sta
tions for many miles, east and west, ' 'bound for Waterloo."
From Seneca Lake small steamers brought their loads of
human freight from the south part of the county and
from Geneva, without transhipment, through Seneca River
to Waterloo, whUe from Seneca Falls, the somewhat
primitive mode of travel by canal boat was revived to
a partial extent, to meet the exigencies of travel.
In the large village of Seneca Falls, four miles to the

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 67
eastward, many of the extensive manufactories suspended
operations for the day, to enable their employees to attend
the celebration, and business was generally abandoned,
so great was the outpouring of its people to the celebra
tion. Many of the people from the south towns of the county
came by the Geneva and Ithaca railroad to Geneva, and
thence by the New York Central.
The large attendance from localities outside of the
county, Geneva, Phelps and other towns to the westward,
and from Auburn, Cayuga, and other points eastward,
caused much delay in the arrival of the trains. •
The representation of young ladies dressed in white
from Romulus and Junius, coming a long distance over
land, in handsomely arranged vehicles, arrived early at
the appointed place of rendezvous.
A large delegation from the town of Fayette consisting-
of a troop of mounted men, bands of music, and an elabor
ately decorated carriage with young ladies in white, ready
at a moment's notice to fall into line in the procession,
assembled at an early hour at South Waterloo.
The Grangers of the county, with their magnificently
arranged and decorated car, assembled at the residence
of Mr. Robert Baster, near the Fair Grounds, Avhence
they early reported themselves in readiness to take their
place in the procession.
The soldiers of the Grand Army of the Republic and
the veterans of the late civil war were also promptly at
their appointed place of meeting, ready to fall into line
at the tap of the drum, under the direction of Commander
John A. Casterlin.
The delegation from Seneca Falls, consisting of a
troop of mounted men from that towr., escorted by a de-
5

68 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
tachment of the Yates Dragoons from Syracuse, with a
handsomely arranged car with young ladies dressed in
white, a number of veterans of 1812, and a representa
tion of the industrial interests of Seneca Falls, arrived at
Waterloo, shortly before eleven o'clock, a. :m.
The Forty-Ninth Regiment of the iNational Guard,
S. N.Y., came l^y special train from the ea.st, and did not
reach Waterloo until eleven o'clock.
The labors of General Guion, Grand Marshal of the
day, now actively began.
" And there was mounting in hot haste; the steed,
The mustering squadron, and the clattering car,
Went pouring forward with impetuous speed.
And swiftly forming in the ranks, etc."
Under the well directed arrangements of the Grand Mar
shal and his assistants, however, the numerous and diver
sified organizations in attendance Avere speedily formed
into line, and at twelve o'clock noon, the signal gun
sounded and the procession began to move vrith precision
— the line of march extending from the west end of Main
street (and west end of the village) down Main street to
Inslee, through Inslee to Williams, up WiUiams to Yh-
ginia, through Yirginia to North, through North to
Swift, and through Swift to Maple Grove Fair Grounds,
a distance of two and ojie-quarter miles — the procession
being nearly two miles in length — and requiring a full
hour to pass a given Doint.
The following was the order of the procession, as actu
ally carried out, (some changes havingbeen occasioned by
reason of the non-attendance of several organizations and
the attendance of some others m)t named on the pro
gramme of the Grand Marshal) to-wit :
FIRST DIVISION.
Platoon of mounted police,

or SULLIVAN S EXPEDITIOX. 69
in charge of Sheriff Peter U. YanCleef.
Assistants: E. Nugent, A. C. Clark, M. Moore.
Grand ^Nlaishal : Gen. George M. Guion.
Asst. Marshals : Gen. J. B. Murray, Maj. J. K. Loring,
A. S. Holenbeck, J. W. Day.
Aids to Grand Marshal : Capt. H. N. Rumsey, I. L. Huff.
Forty-Ninth Regiment Band.
Brig. Gen. J. Dean Hawley, Tenth Brigade, and staff.
Forty-Ninth Regiment, National Guard, S. N. Y., Col.
Jay E. Storke, commanding, with eight companies,
total strength. 368 men.
JBattery H ArtUleiy. Tenth Brigade. S. N. Y. Capt. Paul
Birchmeyer, 26 men, with two twelve
pounder Howitzer- guns.
Following in carriages :
Hon. Josiah T. ]\filler — President of the Day.
Hon. Wm. Dorsheimer — 'Orator.
John Reamer, Esq. — President of Yillage of Waterloo.
Diedrich Willers, Jr., Samuel R. Welles — Secretaries.
Rev. David Craft — Historian.
Rev. D-wight Williams — Poet.
Rev. Dr. S. H. GricUey, Rev. P. E. Smith— Chaplains.
Yice-Presidents of the Day.
Sullivan Executive Committee.
Pioneer Settlers of the County.
Yeterans of the War of 1812.
Invited Guests.
The Reverend Clergy.
County Officers.

70 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
Waterloo Comet Band.
Yillage Officers of Waterloo and Local Comittees in
Carriages.
Tally-ho Coach containing representation of young ladies
of Waterloo, dressed in white.
Ancient Carriage, once owned by President Yan Buren,,
in which the Marquis DeLafayette was conveyed
on his tour through Seneca County, in
1825, now owned by Mr. Or-ville
Maynard of Waterloo.
SECOND DIVISION.
Mead's Brass Band of Geneva.
Ontario Encampment No. 84, of the Independent Order of
Odd FeUows of Geneva; twenty-five men in fuU
Patriarchal uniform and regaUa, under
direction of its principal officer,
J. P. Inman, Captain.
Grand Army Band of Seneca FaUs.
Tyler J. Snyder Post No. 72, of the Grand Amiy of j the
RepubUc, Waterloo, John A. CasterUn,
Commander; 90 men.
Cross Post No. 78, Grand Army of the Republic, Seneca
Falls, James Dillon, Commander; 50 men.
Swift Post, No. 74, Grand Army of the Republic, Geneva,
Herman T. Fox, Commander; 40 men.
Independent .Battery of young men attached to Swift
Post, G. A. R., Geneva; 20 men in uniform,
with their cannon, the little "Spitfire:"
J. B. Gaylord, Commanding.
Gordon Granger Post, No. 7, Grand x\rmy ot the Republic,
Phelps, L. P. Thompson. Commander; 20 men.
Soldiers of the war of 1861-1865,not attached to the Grand

71
Army of tke Republic; 500 men m citizens' dress.
The Veteran Soldiers, marching in columns of four, in
charge of Commander John A. Casterlin.
Phelps Brass Band.
Seneca County Grange, Patrons of Husbandry,Hon.Wm.
W.YanDemark of Junius, Grand Master; with grand
car,appropiiately decoiatedwith the products of
husbandry, with impersonations of Ceres, Po
mona and Flora, followed by delegations
from the subordinate Granges of the
County in carriages, two abreast,
to the number of about 100
vehicles, and more than
300 Grangers.
THIRD DIVISION — COVERT AND LODI.
Centennial Committees, Officers and Citizens in carriages.
Town Marshals — Isaac H. Stout, Homer Booram.
FOURTH DIVISION — FAY'ETTE.
Canoga Brass Band.
Carriage containing representation of young ladies of
Fayette, dressed in white.
Centennial Committee, Officers and Citizens in carriages.
Skoi-yase Martial Band.
Troop of lOO Mounted Men, under the direction of Uriel D.
Belles,Town Marshal, Chauncey L, Becker
and Isaac D. Burroughs, Assistants.
FIFTH DIVISION— JUNIUS.
Junius Martial Band.
Carriage containing representation of young ladies of
Junius, dressed in white.

72 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL.
Centennial Committee, Officers and Citizens in carriages.
Troop of 50 Mounted Men, under direction of Henry
Bishop and Edward Dean, Town Marshals.
SIXTH DIVISION — OVID.
Centennial Committee, Officers and Citizens in carriages.
Town Marshals. — D. H. Seeley, Dr. A W. MclSames.
SEVENTH DIVISION — SENECA FALLS.
Seneca Falls Cornet Band.
Centennial Committee and town and village officers in
carriages.
Carriage containing representation of young ladies of
Seneca Falls, dressed in white.
Troop of 50 Mounted Men, under command of Maj. J.
Marshall Guion, Samuel Jacoby, Adjutant, escort
ed by a detachment of the Yates Dragoons,
commanded by Capt. Michael Auer;
25 men in full uniform and
equipments.
An exhibit of the manufacturing industries of the Goulds
Manufacturing Company, and of Rumsey &Co.,
neatly arranged upon handsome w vgons.
Citizens in carriages.
Col._ James H. McDonald and J. N. Hammond, Town
Marshals.
EIGHTH DIVISION — ROMULUS -VND VARICK.
Carriage containing representation of young ladies of
Romulus, di'essed in white.
Centennial Committees, Officers and Citizens of Romulus
and A^arick, in carriages.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 73
Geo. W. Jacacks, H. F. Troutman, E. Cole, Town
Marshals.
NINTH DIVISION — TYRE.
Centennial Committee, Officers and Citizens in carriages.
Town Marshals.
TENTH DIVISION.
Citizens in carriages.

The Procession reached the Fair Grounds at 1:45 p.m.,^
and the officers of the day. Orator, Historian, Poet and
invited guests, took position upon the grand stand.
Order having been obtained, the exercises began.
Rev. Dr. S. H. Gridley of Waterloo, invoked the
Throne of Divine Grace, in a fervent and impressive
prayer. John Reamer, Esq. , President of the village of Water
loo, then delivered an Address of Welcome, to the im
mense concourse of people in attendance, (variously es
timated at from 10,000 to 20,000 persons,) in the folloAring
words:
Ladies and Gentlemen :
In behalf of the village of Waterloo, I bid you wel
come on this occasion. AYe have met to celebrate an event
which happened one hundred years ago. It was an event
which opened to the feet of the white man, the dark and
dangerous pathways of the forest. Its result has been
to displace the wilderness and place in its stead the beau-

74 SENECA COUNTY' CENTENNIAL
tiful surroundings that we see to-day. In 1779 a few rude
wigwams marked the locality of our present viUage. To
day its site is marked by houses of comfort, by mUl and
factory, by church and school house, and all the indica
tions of industry, reUgion, civilization and progress. One
hundred years ago, Skoi-yase offered a cold reception fo
SuUivan' s men. To-day Waterloo throws wide her doors
and gives to the sons of these men a royal welcome.
It has been the aim of our efforts that this day should
be one long to be remembered, with pleasure, by aU who
honor us with their presence. The assemblage before me
leads me to hope that our efforts have not been in vain.
While I bid you welcome to our village, in the name of
its officers, I join to that welcome, the assurance, that
words of mine can but feebly express, the warm and heart
felt greeting of each individual citizen.
At the conclusion of Mr. Reamer's remarks, Hon.J.T.
Miller, President of the Day. delivered the following ad
dress:
Gentlemen — Members ofthe Waterloo Library and
Historical Society ; Fellow Citizens :
History is made up of a succession of events. Time is
measured by epochs.
We have assembled to-day to commemorate one of those
events, which, by reason of its influence on the destinies
of a people and a continent, marks the beginning of an
epoch, whose termination is appropriately flxed at the
close of one hundred subsequent revolutions of the sea
sons. One hundred years ago these broad lands, now lying
unroUed before us, like a map of the fabled gods, and
presenting a surface of wondrous beauty, variety and
grandeur, were in the possession and under the control of
a far different race of people— a people loosely held to-

OF Sullivan's expedition. 75
gether by some traditional form of tribal government or
compact — but existing, as they had existed from their
first discovery on this continent, Avithout a knowledge of
any of the arts or sciences, ignorant of the use of letters
and of numbers, uninfiuenced by the progressive tenden
cies of the growing civilization of other lands, and entirely
unconscious of a divine revelation.
As individuals, this primitive people possessed courage,
endurance, fortitude, at times amounting to the highest
type of heroism; as a people, they were not without senti
ment and patriotism. They were passionately fond of
the places of their birth, were ever ready to defend their
homes and their hunting grounds, and they revered the
mounds which contained the bones of their ancestors.
But they were without the condition, the principle or
possibilities of progress.
Not far distant from where we now stand, this system
of western paganism and the progressiAc civilization
which came Avitli Christianity from the east, met in the
shock of battle.
Weary from the effects of a long march through a wU-
derness almost untrodden by the foot of a white man ;
worn down by continued toil, privation and exposure, the
arnrfy of the civilized, under command of Gen. SuUiA^an,
entered the favorite hunting and planting grounds of the
Five Nations, and ultimately encamped on the side of the
clear, cold waters of the deep, dark, mysterious, and in
the superstitious beUef of the simple-minded aborigines,
storm-haunted Seneca.
The Indian braves, untU then, the unchallenged lords of
these forests, were aware of the hostile invasion, and pre
pared to give battle to the unwelcome invaders.
Indian cunning and Indian cruelty were here to contend
on their natural and familiar ground, Arith the white
man's science and the white man' s discipline.
It has not been assigned to me on this occasion to re-

76 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
count the various incidents of this eventful struggle, nor
am I caUed upon to defend the fierce destruction of Indian
property and life, which, in obedience to orders from the
Commander-in-Chief, followed the confiict at Newtown.
Within, or near the boundaries of our County, at least
three important Indian settlements Avere destroyed, the
horses and cattle were driven away, their cornfields, or
chards and gardens uprooted, their wigwams were burned,
and their Avarriors slain Avithin sight of the ascending
smoke which told them of the invasion and destruction
of their homes; the Avomen and chUdren Avith the aged
and decrepit, were compelled to seek safety in the reces
ses of the forest, to divide with the wolf and the bear the
scanty subsistence provided by nature for her children.
Your distinguished Orator and gifted Poet wiH describe
to you these events in language which I must not antici
pate, and in diction Avhich I could not imitate, whUe your
Historian has compiled a i<ecord which wiU forever remain
in the archives of your Society, an object of interest and
a source of instruction.
No actor in the scenes whicii Ave have this day met to
commemorate, remains with us to tell the story of those
early times. The Indian and the Avhite man, parties to
these sanguinary struggles, have alike disappeared. In
endeavoring to trace, verify and reproduce their history,
we necessarily grope in doubt, in darkness and uncer
tainty. Wonderful changes liaA'e taken ijlace, but so si
lent and gradual have been the processes, that no record of
the transition remains more enduring and, reliable than
that of the footstep in the sand. These broad lands then
covered by primeval forests, sheltering a sparse and un
tutored population, are now everywhere teeming Avith
transplanted life and civilized industries and activities.
Cities and villages, churches and school houses. Avorks of
art arid inventions of utility, productive farms, cultivated
fields, fruitful gardens and peaceful homes are every-

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 77
where to be seen, but of the original red man, who then
held these broad domains by grant from God Himself,
and of the first white settler, who in obedience to a law
of progress, implanted within his bosom, by the same
All- Wise- Creator, wrested these lands for the purpose of
cultivation and improvement from their pagan proprie
tors, few trustworthy traces remain.
One hundred years hence, and we too, wiU have passed
away. Not one of aU those, now here present, will re
main, to teU the story of these our times. Our children's
chUdren wiU doubtless meet on occasions Uke this, per
haps to celebrate on this very spot, the centennial of the
organization of this Historical Society, under whose au
spices, we are this day principally convened. If so, I
fancy the names ot Gridley and of Fatzinger, of Hadley,
of WeUes and their associates wiH then be recalled, and
their unselfish labors, their inteUigent researches,
their zeal for the truth of history, their taste and
their generous liberality, AviU form themes for orators
and poets, yet unborn. But none of us wiU be there,
and it is because all of the living will die and pass
away, as all of the past have died, that monuments and
commemorations, like those we are about to unveil and
inaugurate, become useful and important. They seiwe as
the landmarks of progress, and become standing wit
nesses of the truths which shall be narrated in history.
As the annual recurrence of the festival of Christmas,
the solemn fast of Good Friday, and the joyous feast of
Easter, bear perpetual, intelligent and demonstrative tes
timony to the reality of the birth, the crucifixion and
resurrection of our Lord, so may these secular festivals
memorialize to coming generations, the occurrences of im
portant, material and political events.
It seems very proper that we who live in this highly
favored land, and in this active and inventive age, should
make, for posterity, memorials of our time, more endur-

78 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
ing even than that of inscriptions on granite and brass ;
and that we should rescue, from oblivion, the mementoes
and characteristics of an earlier age and people, before
every trace of them shall be forever covered up or swept
away. Go forth then, ye gleaners, and gather up the fragments
of our early and local history, that none may be lost.
See to it, ¦ that forest and stream, lake and river, hiU and
vaUey, rock and mound, be made to tell that which they
have seen, and to surrender to your careful and conscien
tious keeping, the secrets and the treasures committed to
their charge. Let your stalwart men follow in the foot
steps of the Indian hunter, and on the trail of the savage
warrior, whUe your young men and maidens, in the very
exuberance of youthful glee and health and enthusiasm,
shall tread again amid the shadows of the moonlit eve
ning, or the early dews of the rosy morning, the fairy
rings which encircled the giant oaks, beneath AA-hose
spreading branches, tales of love and war were whispered,
in a language long since lost, during the centuries Avhich
Jiave passed.
Oui' Countj^ is full of mementoes of an earUer age, and
'of a people no longer seen among us. It is the ascertained
birth-place and the probable burial place of one or more of
the most distinguished of Indian orators; and there is not
a rood of land along its lakes and rivers, which has not
been lighted by the council fires, witnessed the Avar dances,
and heard the harvest and hunting songs of the Senecas,
the Cayugas, the Onondagas, the Oneidas and the Mo
hawks; while every sunny knoll has been crimsoned Arith
the blood of victims to heathen rites and savage customs;
and every shady deU has witnessed the fierce and san
guinary struggles between a receding paganism and an ad
vancing Christian civilization.
To develop, illustrate and perpetuate these mementoes,
iind to profit by the lessons of history which they silently

OF Sullivan's expedition. 79
teach, is one of the objects for which the Waterloo Li
brary and Historical Society has been organized, and for
which this County assembly has been convened.
In the name, therefore, and on behalf of the officers
and members of that Society, and in the name and on be
half of the corporate authorities and citizens of the town
and village of Waterloo, who will also this afternoon cel
ebrate the semi-centennial of their municipal organiza
tion, and in the name and on behalf of the whole people
of Seneca, I bid you all welcome, and invite you to as
sist in the ceremonies of the day.
It is now my privilege to introduce to you the Orator of
the day, Lieutenant-Governer William Dorsheimer, who
Arill deliver an oration, which, on the invitation of your
committee, he has kindly prepared for this occasion.
Mr. Dorsheimer thereupon delivered the foUoAring ora
tion: My Fellow Citizens ;
The arrangements which have been made by your com
mittee, assign to another the duty of reviewing the his
torical events you are assembled to commemorate. I may,
therefore, address myself to some of those more general
considerations which this occasion suggests.
In view of the scene before our eyes, it is an interesting
reflection, that only a century ago an armed expedition
came here, which the government had sent against the
Indian tribes, just as sometimes in these days, expedi
tions are sent against the Indians who inhabit the head
waters of the YeUow Stone and the Columbia. I know of
no other association of this centennial period, which so
strikingly emphasizes the changes and progress of the
last hundred years. A hundred years ago, all this region
which stretches from the Mohawk to the Great Lakes,
was covered by an unbroken forest, and OAvned by a few
thousand savages. It is now the seat of the most power-

80 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
ful, the Avealthiest, and I think I ma v say, the most liberal
and enlightened American State.
I AvUl make it my part to-day, to describe the influences
AA'hich liaA'e, in my judgement, been most influential in
producing this change ; and I AAill also mention, what I
think are the most important achievements of the cen
tury which has passed.
The history of New York has, from the first, been an
exntome of the history of the United States. In colonial
times, it was the home of an Indian confederation of such
power, that its alliance was sought hx the principal na
tions of Europe. The policies of Versailles and St. James
were worked out here. Addison desci-ibes the presenta
tion of an embassy from the Iroquois at the court of
Queen Anne. Here Avere undertaken the enterprises
which gave its chief glory to the administration of the
elder Pitt, and here those events occurred, which decided
that this continent should be English and not French.
Here too, were fought the decisive battles of the revolu
tion. Lexington and Bunker Hill Avere but a caU to arms,
Oriskany and Saratoga gave us the French AUiance and
made our independence certain.
This has been not only the strategic point in war, but
also in government. The first Congress of the Colonies
was held in Albany. Our constiturion AA-as a model to
the framers of the Federal constitution, our laAvs in rela
tion to railAvays, insurance and manufacturing corpora
tions, haA'e been copied in other States; and our banking-
laws are the foundation of the national banking system.
All tliose forces which, since the establishment of our
government, have acted upon our country, and formed
our national character, have been in operation here. Here
where you live Avas the first AYest. Here Avere first seen
those great movements of our population which have
been a curious and characteristic feature of our history.
New York has ahvays been hospitable to the stranger.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 81
The Dutchmen Avho founded our State had established a
liberal polity, such as Avas to have been expected from
the sagacious merchants of Holland. Ncav Englanders
Avere attracted not only by more fertile soils. l)ut even
more by a Avider lil)ei-ty, and by a government which left
room for individual freedom. The people of Nantucket
came into the Aalley of the Hudson, and Yankees from
Connecticut came into this Lake Region, and into the
Genesee Country, a little further Avest.
From the first this Avas a commercial State, the Hol
landers had made treaties with the Indians, and the furs
and peltries of the forest sought a market at the mouth
of the MohaAvk. Independence Avas hardly achieved be
fore NeAv York began, enterprises to facilitate trade with
her sister States. In 1791, an Act was passed authorizing
a survey for a canal to connect the streams of the in
terior with the Hudson. In ,1,798, an Act AAas passed
"for opening navigation between Lakes Erie and Ontario."
The preamble to the Actof 1817, states in language of sing
ular beauty, the generous and patriotic policy, witliAvhich
the building of the Erie and Champlain canals Avas under
taken. I will read it to you :
"Whereas, navigable communications between Lakes
Erie and Cham])lain and the Atlantic Ocean, by means of
canals connected with the Hudson River, will promote ag
riculture, manufactures and commerce, mitigate the
calamities of Avar, and enhance the blessings of peace,
consolidate the Union, and advance the prosperity and
elevate the character of the United States : and AA-hereas,
it is the incuml)ent duty of the people of this State to
avail themselves of the means which the Almighty has
placed in their hands, for the production of such signal,
extensive and lasting benefits to the human race; now,
therefore, in fuU confidence that the Congress of the
United States, and the States equaUy interested AAith this
State in the commencement, prosecution and completion

82 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
of those important works, will contribute their full pro
portion of the expense ; and in order that adequate funds
may be provided and properly arranged and managed,for
the prosecution and completion of all the navigable com
munications contemplated by this Act.
1 . Be it enacted, by the People of the State of New
York, represented in Senate and Assembly, etc."
I need hardly remark that neither Congress nor the
other States contributed to the work ; New York did it
alone. The same liberal spirit has ever since controUed
the management of our public works. The State has ex
pended upon them more than fifty millions, but the toUs
upon their trade have been so reduced that the treasury
has ceased to derive any revenue therefrom, and it be
comes daily more certain that they AAdU presently be made
free highways for commerce.
New York was the first American State to feel the fuU
force of that tide of foreign emigration which began, it is
true, soon after the Revolution, but which sweUed into a
considerable volume subsequent to 1830.
Since the barbarous tribes of the east invaded the west
of Europe, and overwhelmed the civilization of Rome,
there has been no migration among men upon so great a
scale, and in its consequences so important, as this.
Over vast regions and among many nations there was but
one desire. The young men and women came first, the el
ders followed, and soon whole families, and even entire
neighborhoods came. Fleets were launched to bring them.
It was not a wish for a better material condition alone
which governed them. The spirit of liberty spoke to
every race. There was no peasant Avho had not heard of
the new land where men were free. The words of Frank
lin, and the deeds of Washington, Avere knoAvn in the re
motest corners of Europe. Dramatic accompaniments
were not wanting ; some there were whom famine drove
away, others fled from the penalties of unsuccessful re-

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 83
volt. But there were other influences more familiar and
•even more powerful. In many an Irish cabin, in many a
Highland cottage, in many a German village, stories were
told, by voices tremulous with sympathy, of the adven
turous youth, Avhom aU the eager Usteners knew, who had
gone beyond the seas and had Avon both wealth and sta
tion. In no way have our institutions shown their strength
more strikingly, than by the assimilation of this great
horde of strangers. There were many who looked with
lear. upon this incursion of people who were strange to
our institutions, to oui' laws, and many of Avhom were
strange to our language. There were some who proposed
legal defences against the dangers they apprehended.
But such was the trust of the people in their own strength
that these apprehensions soon vanished. At the close of
the civil war, the world wondered to see a million soldiers
disbanded and taken back into the body of the nation
which had sent them forth, not only AAithout disturbance,
but without an effort. It was a far greater marvel, to see
these millions of Irishmen, Scotchmen, Germans, Danes,
Swedes, French and Italians, turned into Americans, and
that, so completely, that in a single generation all their
pecuUar characteristics and even their native languages
had disappeared ; and this by processes so effective, and
so general, that they remind us of the processes of na
ture, of the mighty forces which melt the snows of win
ter, and which transform the juices of the earth and the
constituents of the air and the sunshine, into the harvests
of autumn.
New York was the flrst American Commonwealth
which gathered the fruits of this great emigration. The
liberal policy which had attracted the New Englanders,
drew hither also the foreigners. What have they not
done for us ? Not only have they built our canals, rail
roads and cities, not only have they tilled our farms, man-
6

84 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
ned our ships, tfended our flocks and borne our burdens,.
but they have fought upon every battle-field and assisted
in every triumph of our history. Montgomery died un
der the walls of Quebec ; Fulton, of Irish descent, launched
the first successful steamboat upon our waters : Sweden
gave us the inventive genius of Ericson ; Ireland sent here
the legal learning of .Emmet, and the soft eloquence of
Thomas Francis Meagher. The son of one Irish emigrant
has long been the leader of the American bar, the son of
another represents you in the Senate of the United States.
In other places, I have dwelt upon the two great lines
of policy, which, in my judgment, did most to work out
these results ; I mean religious toleration and popular ed
ucation. The populations of Europe could not have Uved
here at peace with each other, and with ourselves, unless-
we had tolerated, without a question, every form of reli
gious opinion. Neither could these strangers have been
changed into Americans, by any other instrumentaUty
than the common school.
A free people established a free State, a free church, a
free school, and their next great achievement was a free
press. The independent newspaper of to-day is a product of
New York. I do not wish to be understood as saying
that powerful journals were first estabUshed here.
The press of Europe, of Germany, France and Italy is
both able and influential, but it is a means by which bril
liant writers address the public rather than a news press.
The journals of England are unequalled in their way; they
are the best newspapers in the world for Avhat happened
a week ago. But the great newspaper to which Ave are
accustomed, which photographsyesterday for us, present
ing every feature of human Adce and virtue, of joy and sor
row, of success and defeat, of suffering and triumph, every
battlefleld, every shipwreck, the heir of Austerlitz dying
amidst the long African grasses, and the young traveler

OF Sullivan's expedition. 85
falling from the icy and precipitous crags of the Matter-
horn— this marvelous creature, so instinct with life and
energy, with a strength which is never weary, and re
sources which are never exhausted, whose audacity is
only equalled by its enterprise and courage — this is a cre
ation of our time and our State.
A Scotchman and a Vermonter,VKho came to New York
at about the same time, produced the modern newspaper.
There are some who have feared that the power of the
press might prove dangerous to society. But the people
at whose desire the newspaper (;ame into being, have known
how to control it. That public opinion, which the press
does most to instruct, provides also the limitations which
are necessary to prevent this modern Titan from abusing
his poAver.
The presence here of so many populations, and the pos
session of ncAvspapers sq Aridely circulated, have made
NeAv York a political stage second only in importance to
that of the National Government. It has long been pos
sible for a man to win a national reputation here. No
one now remembers that De Witt Clinton was once a
Senator in Congress, AA^hile Horatio Seymour has never
held any office under the National Government.
There are some States Avhich are always controlled by
one party. Not so here. No political ]party has ever ob
tained an undisputed ascendancy here. New York is al
ways debatable ground ; nor can its political action often
be predicted.
No public man has ever had the control over us which
Calhoun, Clay, Jackson, Webster acquired over the com
munities in which they lived. Even Hamilton, Jay, the
CUntons and Livingstons, Van Buren, Marcy, Wright and
Seward were simply the most conspicuous amongst a num
ber of able men.
We have alAvays had close relations with all the other
States. As the waters which fall upon our hills flow into

86 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
many seas, some into the Gulf of Mexico, some into the
Bay of Newfoundland, some through the capes of the
Delaware, Avhile others unite with the Potomac and the
James, so the currents of our business and commerce
flow into every port, and reach every people. In return,
Ave are affected by the things which concern them. >; ot
only are we disturbed by their distresses and enriched
by their prosperity, but their opinions act upon our
minds. It thus happens that we never have had any con
trolling local politics in New York. Even when we try
to shut out national questions, Ave find that we cannot,and
our elections turn upon the issues which interest the
whole country.
The circumstances I have mentioned, make New York
not only a conspicuous but a difficult field in poUtics.
Men and measures meet here severe criticism, and of ne
cessity some misrepresentation — but there is ahvays a full
opportunity for free discussion before the people, and the
atmosphere of our public life, though it be rude, seems
to be grateful to bold and hardy men.
My fellow ei< izens, the achievements of this century
have been the work of the people, and not, in any great
part, the work of individual citizens hoAvever distinguished.
It has been the industry, the generosity, the Avisdom, the
saving common-sense of the plain people of this State,
which has controlled its policy, raised it to influence
and maintained its power. I do not know of any
other community of Avhich this may be said with so little
qualifl cation.
A century ago there were in the principal European
countries, enlightened and sympathetic men, Avho looked
with mingled emotions of hope and fear, at the experi
ment of the people's government AA-hich the Americans
had undertaken. I think we have realized all that those
generous spirits hoped for.
One hundred and one years ago last March, before our

OF SULLIVAN S EXPEDITION. 87
independence had. been won, the illustrious Turgot Avrote
of us these prophetic words :
" It is impossible not to offer vows that this people may
arrive at all the prosperity of which it is susceptible. It
is the hope of the human race. It can become its model.
It must give the example of political liberty, of religious
Uberty, of commercial and industrial liberty. The asy
lum which it opens to the oppressed pf all nations must
console the earth. The facility which it affords for escape
from a bad government, Aril! force the European govern
ments to be just and enlightened."
Surely the aspirations of that prophetic soul have been
completely answered. I have tried to show that they
have been answered as respects our own people and coun
try ; it remains to point out how this prophecy has been
f ulfiUed as respects other nations. And here, I will yield
to the impulse Avhich always moves a IN ew Yorker to
speak of, and for the whole country. That our example
has acted powerfully upon Europe no one denies. I do
not; refer alone to the French revolution, but to events
which have been more peaceful in operation, and, perhaps,
more permanent in results.
We have shown the world, that there is no occasion for
war on religious grounds, and that a government may
safely tolerate all reUgions. We have shown that race
and language do not create insurmountable barriers ])e-
tween men. That the Celt and the Teuton have inherited
no cause for quarrel. We have shoAvn that the education,
of all the people does not cause discontent and disorder,
but that it is a source of wealth and a strong defence to
the State. We have shown that a press absolutely free
from censorship and control, is not a source of danger,
but that by giving opportunity to display the truth and
to expose the wrong, it becomes a conservative influence
upon society. ,We have shown the world the advantages
of free trade between communities widely separated and

88 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
whose industries greatly differ — albeit, our conduct, as re
spects foreign nations, belies both our practice and pre
cept at home.
We have also shown the value of national unity.
Taught by our example, Italy and Germany, both for
centuries divided into a number of petty sovereignties,
have been transformed into States of the first rank as re
spects strength and power.
These results give promise of a greater future and of
an influence upon mankind eVen more valuable. If the
States of America find it to their advantage to meet in
annual Congress, why may not the States of Europe do
the same 1 Indeed, when important occasions arise, they
do so now. Whatever cavil there may be over its results,
the fact that the question of war and peace in Europe
was presented to the Congress of Berlin is fuU of hope
for the future. An English gentleman, the Governor of,
an English Colony, said to me lately that he looked for
ward to some future association of all the EngUsh speak
ing peoples, but when this generous thought is suggested
to afi, American, he remembers that the ancestors of his
countrymen are not all English, and he Aridens the aspir
ation into the hope that, in the near future, aU the na
tions will be accustomed to meet from time to time in
Congress, for the adjustment of their differences.
My fellow citizens you are descended from all the great
and heroic races. Heirs of a glorious past, to you and
to your children belong the opportunities of the future.
Your duty is plain. It will be your part to preserve the
institutions you have inherited, and to widen and com
plete them. Do you begin to feel the eA'ils which
disturb older communities? Do you find that property
gathers in the hands of the foAv? That classes separated
by barriers difficult to surmount grow up amongst you ?
That business associations acquire a power inconsistent
with the general welfare ? You wiUknow how to deal with

OF SULLIA'AN'S EXPEDITION. 89
these dangers, for you avUI remember how your fathers
dealt Avith the perils of their day. You Avill resort to
methods AA-hich are consistent AAith peace and liberty.
You will apply the solvents of universal education, of
free discussion, and of untrammelled political action.
It needs no prophetic vision to teU something of the
future. If peace be preserved, those who meet here to
celebrate the second centennial of the conquest of the
Six Nations, will be citizens of a State containing twenty
mUUon people. We may be certain, that during the cen
tury which now begins, achievements will be made as
great and as difficult as the achievements of the last cen
tury. The orator of that day may speak in a strain even
more triumphant than mine. He will be able to describe
a civilization more refined than ours ; wealth more evenly
distributed ; knowledge more general ; society reposing
under a safer guardianship ; and our country, with its lib
erties assured, stiU showing to the nations of the earth
the way to peace and freedom.

During the delivery of Mr. Dorsheimer' s oration, the
storm threatened during the forenoon, set in from the
south-east accompanied Arith heavy rain, which continued
to pour down for several hours and until the conclusion
of the exercises at the grand stand. While this had the
effect to greatly thin out the crowd assembled about the
stand, to listen to the speaker, yet many remained to the
close, so great was their interest in the exercises of the
day. The historian. Rev. David CRAFT,was next introduced
by the President of the day, and delivered the historical
address prepared by him for the occasion. Mr. Craft, at

90 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
the request of the Library and Historical Society, has
kindly re-written and extended his address, so as to form,
as noAv published, a fuU and complete history of the en
tire Sullivan Campaign of 1779, compiled and prepared
from official records.
Mr. President :
In the current of human history, there arise great events
which materially modify the structure of society, turn the
stream of national life into new channels, give a new col
oring to national character, and secure development of
new resources. They are the events which designate his
torical epochs, and become focal dates to mark the pro
gress of civilization, and trace the development of social
and national life.
Such an event, to this country, was the SuUivan
Expedition. It marks the beginning of a new era in the
history of this Empire State. It determined, at a single
blow, whether white men or red men should hold domi
nation over these fertile vales and along these streams,
and over these lakes and mountains. At a single stroke
it solved the question, whether the American Indian, vrith
his deeply rooted prejudices, with, his unconquerable
aversion to civilization, with his undisguised hatred for
the religion and the culture of the European, was longer
to stand in the way of human progress; whether he was
longer to maintain a barrier, as immovable as his own na
ture, to the advancement of the institutions and the ideas
of the white man, or whether he must go down before
the antagonism of another race, which was every day
gathering new strength and preparing itself for a fresh
onset. To whichever party our sympathy may cling, in whatever
speculations the philanthropist may indulge, whatever
charges of cruelty, of greed, of rapacity^ may be made
against the white man, we shudder to think what might

OF SULLIVxVN'S EXPEDITION. 91
have been the fate of free institutions on this western
continent, had the wager of battle between the races, at
that awful crisis, given victory to the vanquished.
When this country Avas first knoAvn to the whites, the
territory bounded on the north by the St. Lawrence, on
the east by the Hudson and Delaware, on the • south by
the Potomac, and on the west by the great lakes, was in
habited by nations, which from their language, general
customs and traditions, seemed to be more closely related
to each other, than to the nations which surrounded
them. The confederated Five Nations, or as they are
commonly called, the Iroquois, occupied the norrh-east
portion of this territory, having the Eries and Hurons on
the west, and on the south the Andastes, tribes living
along the Susquehanna. These powerful neighbors had
greatly diminished the strength of the Iroquois, and well-
nigh reduced them to a condition of vassalage, and more
than once had even driven them from their ancestral
seats. For mutual protection the Five Nations of Central
ISiew York, viz: the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onon
dagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas, entered into a
confederation, and in a rude way, anticipated the
great Federal Republic which is to-day exercising such
controlling power over the affairs of this continent, and
such mighty influence over the nations of the earth. By
means of the mutual aid they were thus able to give each
other, and of the rifle, which traders sold to the Mohawks
prior to 1620, the Iroquois soon began to assert their in
dependence, then to make war upon their neighbors, and
in a few years, instead of being vassals, they became mas-
ters,and either exterminated or brought into subjugation,
not only their former conquerors, but carried their con
quests to the Mississippi on the west and to the Gulf on
the south.
When the English assumed control of New York, they

92 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
formed an alUance Avith the Iroquois against the French,
the common enemy of both, then in possession of Canada
and claiming all the country drained by the St. Lawrence
and the Mississippi.
The Iroquois, strengthened by this aUiance,and becom
ing still more attached to the English by the wise policy
and blandishments of such shrewd agents as the John
sons, declared themselves to be the chUdren of/ the King
of England, and the EngUsh to be their brethren. At
the beginning of the war of the Revolution, they mus
tered neariy 2,000 warriors.* which with their valor, their
peculiar methods of warfare, and the advantages of their
situation, rendered them a power whose hostility was
greatly to be feared.
The Indian had learned from the white man not only
the use of the rifle, but some of the arts and appliances
of civilization. The lodge covered with poles and skins
had been superseded by the log cabin with its bark-cov
ered roof, and in some instances, with chimneys and
glazed Avindows, and the village was surrounded with
waving cornfields and fruitful orchards. Rude as their
ihusbandry was, they raised abundant crops of corn, beans,
; squashes, potatoes, pumpkins, cucumbers, melons, etc. ;
and the squaws, more provident, than their lords, had
learned to store a portion of these for the winter's neces
sities, They possessed also fowls and swine, horses and
¦cattle. At the very beginning of the conflict between the Am
erican Colonies and the mother country, the Colonial

*ln a census taken in 1763, out of 1,950 warriors, the Senecas claimed 1,050, the Onei
das 250, the Cayugas 200, the Mohawks 160, the Onondagas 150 and the Tuscaroras.who
had been admitted as tbe Sixth Nation of the Confederacy, 140 The British Indian
agent reported that during the Eevolutionary war the English had in their service 400
Seneca warriors, 300 each o£ Onondagas and Mohawks,230 Cayugas,-.JOO Tnscaroras and
150 Oneidas.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 93
authorities sent a delegation to the Great Council* of
the Iroquois, informing them that their difficulties with
the British king related to the white people alone, and
as it did not concern the Indians, they ought to be neutral
in the contest. To this policy the Great Council agreed;
and it was declared that some of their chiefs even offered
their services to the Americans, which, however, the com
missioners flrmly, though kindly, declined.
Sir WiUiam Johnson, Baronet, the popular British In
dian agent, died June 24, 1774, and his son, John, suc
ceeded to his titles and estates, and his son-in-law. Col.
Guy Johnson, succeeded to the Indian agency. Col. John
Butler, a speculator in Indian lands, whose father had
been a warm friend of the Baronet's, was a near and
wealthy neighbor of the Johnsons ; these were all active
loyalists, and in connection wich Sir Guy Carlton, then
Governor of Canada, began to persuade the Iroquois to
take up the hatchet in aid of the British king. The cel
ebrated Mohawk warrior, Joseph Brant, who had been
elevated to the military chieftaincy of his nation, and
won over to the side of the British government, from
which he had received a captain's comm^ission, was lend
ing all of his powerful influence to the side of the
crown.f Rev. Samuel Kirkland, a missionary among
the Oneidas, succeeded, however, in preventing a part of
that nation, the Stockbridge Indians and a part of the
Tnscaroras, from taking up arms against the States, and

*.i formal conference and treaty was held by commissioners of the congress, to-wit:
Gen. Schuyler, Col. Turbut Francis, Col. Wolcott, Mr. Douw and others, with the Iro
quois at Albany, N. "i'., August, 1775. A full account may be found in "Stone-s Life ol
Brant;" Vol. I. Appendix No. 2.

tThere is good reason also to believe that, aside from the long alliance and friend
ship with the British Government, the demoralizing eflfect of British gold and British
rum, and the great influence of Brant, that the Iroquois themselves had begun to feel
the mortification of having their own subjects, aided as they often were by the Colonial
Government, maintain a successful revolt against their authority, and their alliance
with the British meant,ultimately, the assurance of English rule over the while people,
and of Iroquois supremacy over the Indians on this continent.

94 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
subsequently some of them joined the Americans — Cap
tain Jehoiacim with a few Stockbridge Indians, and Han-
j^erry, an Oneida, with someo/ his nation, being connected
with the Sullivan expedition as guides, as also a chief call
ed Captain Print, who acted as interpreter. Without
going into the particulars of the negotiations, it is suffi
cient to say that, through this defection of the Iroquois,
about 1,200 Indian warriors were brought into the fleld
to strengthen the British forces.
As early as 177.5. Sir John Johnson and Col, Jolm But
ler called a secret council of the Indians at Oswego, which
was attended principally by the Senecas and Cayugas. who
henceforth, became prominent in their opposition to the
Colonists, and foremost in the various marauds made
against the frontier settlements.
In -the early part of the year 1776, Sir John Johnson
fled to Canada, where he was commissioned a Colonel in
the British service, and raised a command of two bat
talions, composed mostly of Scotchmen, living near
Johnstown, who had accompanied him in his flight, and
of other American loj'alisfs. who subsequently followed
their example. From the color of their uniform they
¦were called "Royal Greens.'" Johnson became not only
one of the most active, but c-ne of the bitterest foes of
his own countrymen, of any who were engaged in the
contest, and was repeatedlj'^ the scourge of his own former
neighbors. Besides the regularly enlisted and uniformed compa
nies of Greens or Rangers,a considerable number of disaf
fected people had been driven from the border settlements
by the Whigs, as public enemies, and became refugees
about the British camps and gariisons. These by the
patriots were called '"Tories." They, burning with raa;e
toward the Whigs, and frequently disguised as Indians,
either in company with them, or in bands by themselves,
kept up a predatory ov guerilla warfare along the front-

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 95
iers and in cruelty and inhumanity far exceeded the sav
ages themselves.
Of Joseph Brant, or Thayendanegea, as the Indians call
ed him, who acted so conspicuous a part on our frontiers
during the Revolutionary war, a few words need be said.
Of more than average natural gifts, he had enjoyed pe
culiar advantages for their cultivation. His sister, Molly,
being the mistress of Sir William Johnson, that gentle
man secured for him a fair English education, and after
ward gave him a responsible position connected -w-ith the
Indian agency, Avhich he held until the beginning of the
war. About that time he made a visit to England, where
he was received with marked attention by the nobility and
English people, and was persuaded that the ancient trea
ties between the Iroquois and the British bound him to
support the crown in its struggle with theColonies.Brant
returned to America an avowed ally of the British govern
ment. He was descended from a Sachem of the MohaAvks.and
attained the high honor of being recognized as the war
chief of the Confederacy, a position the highest and the
most honorable to which an Iroquois could aspire. As
the leader of his dusky warriors, he was foremost in the
fray, exhaustless in expedients to harass his enemy, of
tireless energy, of dauntless courage, of lofty and chiv
alrous bearing, commanding the fullest confidence of
his people, a tower of strength to his friends and a terror
to his foes. Even after the lapse of a century, the mere
mention of his name calls up recollections of slaughter
and massacres, of plunder and pillage, of burning and
devastation, for which men still execrate his name and
stigmatize his memory.
• With such a horde of white men and red, of Indian
warriors, refugees, Tories, uniformed militia, and a few
regular troops, men whose passions were .inflamed with
intensest hatred against the patriots, who were stimulated

96 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL.
to deeds of reckless braA-ery by hope of plunder,' who
were encouraged to a mad rivalry with each other in acts
of savage barbarism and merciless cruelty — with such a
korde, Avhose battle-cry was "No quarter," and whose
purpose was extermination, without military discipline
and without susceptibility of control, let loose upon the
scattered and unprotected settlements on the frontiers,
British Generals and British statesmen sought to subdue
the rebellion in their western colonies, aud crush out hfe
and liberty from the new-born nation.
The great event of 1777, was the invasion of Burgoyne,
and the defeat and capture of his army. In this cam
paign the forces under Butler and Brant were with St.
Leger in the siege of Fort Schuyler, and were engaged in
the battle of Oriskany.
Although the Eroquois had shamefully broken their
pledge to remain neutral during the contest between the
Colonies and the mother country, yet. Congress deter
mined to make a still further effort to secure their good
will, and sent a deputation to meet them at Johnstown in
March, 1778. It was estimated that seven hundred sav
ages were at this council, but of these there were only
three or four Cayugas and not a single Seneca. The latter
nation not only refused to attend the conference, but sent
a most insolent message, in which they affected great sur
prise, using their own language, "that Avhile our toma
hawks Avere sticking in their heads, (meaning the- Conti
nentals,) their wounds bleeding and their eyes streaming
with tears for the loss of their friends at German Flats,
(Oriskany,) the commission should think of inviting them
to a treaty." In his life of Brant, Colonel Stone says,
"WhUe the impression at the time seemed tu be that the
Oneidas, the Tnscaroras and the Onondagas would re
main neutral and restrain their warriors from taking part
with the British, the commissioners left the council under
the full persuasion that from the Senecas, the Cayugas,

OF Sullivan's expedition. 97
and the greater part of the Mohawks, nothing but revenge
for their lost friends and tarnished glory at Oriskany
and Fort Schuyler, was to be anticipated."
This year, 1778, was marked by a series of attacks on
the most important frontier towns in New York and
Pennsylvania. In January, predatory excursions were
begun against rhe settlers on the Susquehanna, and before
the close of spring, of more than a hundred families scat
tered along the river above the Lackawanna, not one re
mained. Then came the destruction of Wyoming, and
the piteous tale of sorrow and distress and death had
hardly been told when there foUovA'ed in swift succession
the destruction of Andrustown, of the German Flats and
of Cherry Valley. As the terror-stricken fugitives fied to
the adjoining settlements, they told with every conceiva
ble exaggeration, the story of their sufferings, and the
hideous cruelty and savagenessof both Tory and Indian.
Every messenger from the frontiers brought a new tale of
butchery, of prisoners tortured, of scenes where every re
finement of cruelty was in sharp competition with the most
shocking barbarism. This enemy in the rear, though of
despicable character and of but little strength, when meas
ured by the ordinary military standard, yet proved to be
far more annoying than the more formidable forces under
CUnton and Howfe.
During the winter of 1778-79, bands of savages or dis
guised tories were incessantly prowling around the bor
der settlements, keeping the people in constant alarm
and terror. Military men began to discuss the feasibility
of what had for a year been advocated by Washington
— carrying the war into the enemy' s country. It was ar
gued that the surest and easiest way to protect the border
settlements, was to weaken the power of the adversary.
It was knoAvn that in the fertile vaUeys of the Genesee
and along the lakes of Central New York, large crops of
corn and other vegetables were raised, not for the sup-

98 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
port of the Indians alone, but as supplies for the British
army. It was thought that if these crops should be de
stroyed, and the Indians driven back upon the British
garrisons which were maintained at Niagara and Oswego,
it would largely increase the expense of the British gov
ernment in carrying on the war, embarrass their opera
tions through the failure of their expected supplies, place
a greater distance between the Indians and the frontiers,
and teach them wholesome lessons of the power of the
colonies to visit upon them the vengeance which their
cruelties deserved. The territory it was proposed to lagr
waste was that occupied by the Senecas and Cayugas, the
two most powerful nations of the Iroquois, and the most
haughty and implacable in their enmity to the people of
the States.
In the autumn, of 1778, the New York authorities had
determined to send a strong force into the very heart of
the Iroquois country, to punish severely the Mohawks
and Onondagas for their breach of faith, and their cruel
ties upon the patriot frontiersmen, but it was abandoned
on account of the lateness of the season. In September,
however, Colonel Thomas Hartley of the Eleventh Penn
sylvania Regiment, with about two hundred men, pene
trated the Indian country by the way of the West Branch,
the Lycoming and Towanda Creeks as far as Tioga, intend
ing to form a junction Arith a detachment from General
Clinton's Brigade. But finding the enemy in force at
Chemung, and not meeting the expected reinforcements,
after recovering some property stolen by the savages, he
retired to Wyoming, reaching that place October 1, in
safety. The subject was formally brought to the attention
of Congress, and that body, Feb. 27, 1779, passed a reso
lution authorizing General Washington to take the most
. effectual measures for protecting the inhabitants of the
States and chastising the Indians. The Commander-in-
Chief determined to carry out this resolution with vigor.

OF sullia^an's expedition. 99
General Hand, Colonel Zebulon Butler, of Wyoming, each
of whom had extensive knowledge of the Indian country,
were consulted. Lieutenant (afterwards Colonel,) John
Jenkins, by profession a surveyor, who had recently been a
captive among the Indians, and had traveled over the very
country into which it was proposed to send the army, was
able to give information of great value, and was retained
as chief guide to the expedition.
The plan of the campaign contemplated the entire de
struction of everything upon which the Indians depended
for food or shelter. The invading army was to enter the
Indian country in three divisions; one from the south up
the Susquehanna; the other from the east down that
river, the third from the west by the way of the Alle
ghany. These were ta form a junction at some conven
ient point, advance against the strongholds of the enemy
in such force as could not possibly be resisted, and then
overrun the whole Iroquois country west of the Oneida
viUages. In a letter to the President of Congress dated April 14,
1779, Washington says: "The plan of operations for the
campaign being determined, a commanding officer was to
be appointed for the Indian expedition. This command,
according to all present appearances, Arill probably be of
the second, if not of the first, importance of the campaign.
The officer conducting it has a fiattering prospect of ac
quiring more credit than can be expected by any other
this year; and he has the best reason to hope for success.
Gen. Lee, from his situation, was out of the question;
Gen. Schuyler, (who, by the way, would have been most
agreeable to me), was so uncertain of continuing ih the
army, that I could not appoint him; Gen, Putnam I need
not mention. I therefore made the offer of it, for the
appointment could no longer be delayed, to Gen. Gates,
who was next in seniority, though perhaps I might have
avoided it, if I had been so disposed, from his having a
7

100 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
command by the special appointment of Congress. My
letter to him on the occasion, I believe you will think
was conceived in very candid and polite terms, and it
merited a different answer from the one given to it."
Washington had written to Gates on the 6th of March,
who answered: "Last night I had the honor of your
Excellency' s letter. The man who undertakes the Indian
service, should enjoy youth and strength; requisites I do
not possess. It therefore grieves me that your Excel
lency should offer me the only command to which I am
entirely unequal. In obedience to your command I have
forwarded your letter^ to General Sullivan."
Sullivan* accepted the command and immediately be
gan preparing the details for the expedition. It was de
termined that the center or main division of the army
should rendezvous at Wyoming, whence baggage andsup-

*Major-General John Sullivan was bom at Somersworth, in New Hampshire, on the
opposite side of the river from Berwick, in Maine, February 18, 1740, and was at the
date of the expedition 39 years of age. He had acquired a good education under the di
rection ot his father, who was a school teacher, and commenced tbe pracilceof law at
Durham, N. H. , which continued to be his place of residence until his death. In 177-3,
he was Major of the New Hampshire Regiment. In 1774 and 1775 he was delegate to
Congress, and by tbat body was appointed Major-Gpneral in July, 1776, His courage,
bravery and skill were unquestioned. He enjoyed tbe coniidence of Washington and
his compatriots. His conduct in this expedition was the subject of severe criticism in
certain circles, and characterized as vandal and unmilitary. His usual practice of fir
ing a morning and evening gun, his destruction of the houses and orchards of the enemy,
were declared to be unwise and unsoldierly. Sullivan bore these criticisms in patience'
and.for themost part in silence; and such was his'love for Washington, that never did
he allude to the fact, in his own defense, tbat in those things for which he was blamed,
he was acting under the express direction of the Commander-in-Chief, prpf^r^ing rath
er himself tD suffer in silence than that his beloved Washington should bear reproach.
Owing to exposure in this expedition, and the derangement of his business growing
out of his prolonged absence m the camp, he asked leave to retire from the army at the
close of the campaign. But hia subsequent life was largely spent in public busi
ness. In 1780 and 1781 he was a delegate to Congress, in 1782 was .appointed Attorney-
General, and re-appointed on tbe adoption of the new Constitution in 1784. In 1786 and
1787 he Was President of the State. In 1788 he was Speaker ofthe Houseof Represen
tatives of New Hampshire, and President of the Convention that ratified the Constitu
tion of the United States. In 1789 he was Presidential Elector and voted for Washing
ton; and in March of the same year was elected President of thc State for the third
time. In 1789, ho was appointed by Washington, Judge ot the District Court of New
Hampshire, which ofSce he held until his death, January 03, 1795, in the fifty-flfth yea
of his age.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 101
plies could be transported to Tioga and bey ond, by Avater.
This division was to be made up of three Brigades— the
NeAv Jersey, commanded by Brigadier- General William
MaxweU,* composed of the First Regiment, under Colonel
Matthias Ogden; the Sectmd, under Colonel Israel Slireve;
the Third, commanded by Colonel Elias Dayton, and
the Independent or Fifth, better known from the name
of its commander, as Colonel Oliver Spencer's Regiment ;
also David Forsman's Regiment, and Colonel Elisha Shel
don's Connecticut Riflemen, both subsequently merged
into Spencer's Regiment. The Second was the New
Hampshire Brigade, commanded by Brigadier- General
Enoch Poor,t comprising from that State, the First Regi
ment, under Colonel Joseph Cilley ; the Second, com
manded by Lieutenant-Colonel George Reid ; the Third,

*Brigadier-Gcneral William Maxwell, Commiindant of the Jersey line, was a gentle
man of refinement and an offlicer of high character. Of his personal history but little
is known. It is believed he was born in Ireland, but at an early age was brought by bis
parents to New Jersey. When quite joung he entered the military service, and at the
breakingout of the Revolutionary war was m-ids Colonel of the Second Battalion of
the First Kbtablishment, was with Montgomery in his Canada Campaign, promoted to
Brigadier-General October, 1776, and commanded the Jersey Brigade in the battles of
Brandywine and Germantown, and indeed all the battles in which the Jersey Brigade
was engaged, until he resigned his commission, July, 1780. He died November, 1798.

tBrigadier-General Enoch Poor was born in Andover, Mass., June 21, i;36 but for
most of his life resided in Exeter.N. H. Immediately after the battle of Lexington,New
Hampshire resolved to raise three regiments, tbe third being placed under the com
mand of Col. Poor. He wae promoted to the rank of brigadier by commission, (lated
February 21, 1777. In the indecisive but hard-fouglit battle of Stillwater.General Poor's
Brigade was so closely engaged that it suflPered more than two-thirds of the whole Amer
ican loss in killed, wounded aud missing. At the battle ot Saratoga, General Poor led
the attack. The vigor and gallantry of the charge, supported by an adroit and furious
onset from Colonel Morgan, could not be resisted and the British line was soon broken..
The year after the Sullivan Campaign, two brigades of Light Infantry chosen from
the whole army were formed, the command of one of which, at the request of La Fay
ette, was given to Gen. Poor. He died ot fever September 9, 17'<0, in camp at Hacken-
sack, N. J., wbere he was buried the next dav with mllitai-y honors, greatly lamented
by the army in which he was deservedly popular. General Washington declared him to
be "an officer of distinguished merit, who as a citizen and a Soldier, had every claim to
the esteem of his country.'- It has been mentioned as no small tribute to his memory,
that tho Marquis La Fayette, on his second visit to this counti-y, at a public entertain
ment, should have projjosed the sentiment, "The memory of Light Infantry Poor and
Yorktown Scammel. "

102 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
or Scammel' s Regiment, under command of Lieutenant
Colonel Henry Dearborn; and the Second New York
commanded by Colonel Phillip Van Cortlandt. The
third was a Brigade of Light Troops, under Briga
dier-General Edward Hand,* composed-of the Eleventh
Pennsylvania Regiment, commanded by Lieutenant-
Colonel Adam Hubley; the German Regiment, or what
there was left of it, commanded by Major Daniel Burk-
hardt; Captain Simon Spalding's Independent Wy
oming company ; the Wyoming militia, under Captain,
(afterward Colonel,) John Franklin, and Schott's Rifle
Corps, with Captain SeUn in command. It was expected
that the Pennsylvania and some other companies would
be fllled up by enlistment, when the whole number would
be about 3,500 men. There was also a section of ArtU-
lery under command of Colonel Thomas Proctor:}: of Phil
adelphia. The right division of the army was the New York Bri
gade, commanded by Brigadier- General James Clinton,
consisting of the Third Regiment, under Colonel Peter

*BrigadIer-General Edward Hand, though the youngest of the Brigadiers, held the
most important position in thc command, next to Sullivan himself. Born in Ireland
the last day of 1744, he entered the British army as Ensign, served for two years in his
regiment in this country ,then resigned and settled in Pennsylvania. At the beginning
of the Revolution he entered the Continental service as Lieutenant-Colonel, but was
made Colonel of a rifle corps in 1776, was in the battles of Long Island and Tre;.lon,
and in the summer and fall of 1777 was^in command at Pittsburg, where he acquired
such knowledge ct thc Indian country and their modes of warfare as made his services
indispensable to the expedition . Washington placed great confidence in his judgment
and consulted him freely in regard to the feasibility of the enterprise. In 1780, he suc
ceeded Scammel as Adjutant general of the army, and held tbe position until the close
of the war He was known as a lover of- flne horses and an excellent horseman. He
died in Lancaster County, Pa., September 3, 1802, aged 68 years.

itColonel Thomas Proctor was born in Ireland, but in early lite came to Philadel
phia, where he worked at the trade of a carpenter, until the beginning of the war,
when h= raised a company, was commissioned captain, and was soon promoted to Col
onel. He was a man of great execullve ability and was frequently serviceable to the
government in other than a military capacity. In 1791, he was sent on a mission to the
Western Indians, which he performed to the satisfaction of the government. The
journal kept while on this mission Is printed in the New Series of Pennsylvania Ar
chives, Volume VI.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 103
Gansevoort, who in 1777 gained great renown for his he
roic defense of Fort Schuyler against St. Leger; the
Fourth, or Livingston' s Regiment, under Lieutenant Col
onel Frederick Weissenfeldt, the Fifth, or Independent
Regiment, commanded by Colonel Lewis Dubois ; the
Sixth Massachusetts, or Alden' s Regiment, commanded
by Major Whiting ; Colonel Ichabod Alden having been
kUled, the autumn previous, at Cherry Valley, and Lieu
tenant-Colonel Stacia being a prisoner with the enemy ;
the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment, under Lieutenant-
Colonel WilUam Butler ; six companies of Morgan's Rifle
men, AAith Major James Parr the senior officer, and a small
command under Colonel John Harper. The nominal
strength of the Brigade was about 1,600 men.
The left division was to consist of troops at Pittsburg,
numbering about 600 or 800 men, under command of Col
onel Broadhead. As this force never became connected
with the main army, and never received orders from Gen
eral Sullivan, nothing further need be sai'd of it.
SuUivan reached Easton, Pennsylvania, May 7, and the
next day Avrites to Washington, saying, ' 'I will do every
thing in my power to set the wheels in motion, and make
the necessary preparations for the army to move on." He
adds, ' 'the expedition is no secret in this quarter. A ser
geant of Spencer' s who was made prisoner at Mohaca-
moe and carried to Chemung, has just returned ; he says
they [the enemy] know of the expedition and are taking
every step to destroy the communications on the Susque
hanna. * * * I think the sooner we can get into the
country the better." This last sentence is in allusion to
the verbal instrimtions of Washington not to hasten his
march from Easton until it was known what would be
the future movement of D'Estaing, then in the West In
dies, who was expected soon to sail north, and Avitli
whom the Commander-in-Chief wished to be ready to co
operate in striking some decisive blow upon the enemy.

104 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
SuUivan was also directed to so time his movements that
he should destroy the crops before the enemy could gather
them, and at the same time be so late that they could nei
ther rebuild nor replant. There was no need, however, to
caution against too much haste, as it was past the middle
of June before the road was opened from Easton to Wy
oming. In the meanwhile, some of the Jersey troops were in a
state of mutiny because the authorities of that State had
not only neglected to provide for the depreciation of the
currency, but had failed to pay even the nominal sum in
the almost worthless Continental paper money, due them
for their services. It required all the address of the offi
cers to quiet the minds of the soldiers, and Washington
declared that nothing had occurred during the war, which
so filled him with alarm. Spies from the enemy were also
busily at work amongst the disaffected soldiers urging
them to desert the army and betray their country. The
apprehension of some of these and the execution of the
ringleaders, put a stop to further desertion.
Difficulties of another sort began to present themselves.
Many people in Pennsylvania had opposed the expedi
tion from the first. The Quakers of Philadelphia, opposed
to all war on principle, were specially averse to aU meas
ures which looked toward punishing the Indians, who, they
alleged, were far more deserving of pity than blame for
any excesses of which they might be guilty ; while what
was known in that State, in the Wyoming controversy, as
the Pennamite party, which included men possessing large
wealth and much political infiuence, who held title under
Pennsylvania for considerable tracts of land in the Wy
oming Valley, upon which the Connecticut people had
settled, while they professed to commiserate the sufferings
of the people, did not hesitate to express their satisfac
tion at being clear of the hated " Intruders," and their
perfect willingness that the Indians should keep them out

OF Sullivan's expedition. 105
of the disputed territory until the war was over. This op-,
position began to show itseU early in the campaign, in the
lack of hearty co-operation and the failure to furnish either
their quota of men or supplies for the army.
On the 12th of June, Sullivan wrote toWashington,giv-
ing him, in detail, the difficulties he had been- compelled
to meet, who in reply says, (June 21st,) "I am very sorry
you are Uke to be disappointed in the independent com
panies expected from Pennsylvania, and that you have
encountered greater difficulties than you looked for. I
am satisfied that every exertion in your power will be
made and I hope that your eventual operations will be
attended with fewer obstacles. ' '
On the 18th of June, Sullivan broke camp at Easton, and,
on the evening of the 23d, arrived at Wyoming. Here, in
stead of finding the supplies he had expected, a new dis
appointment awaited him. Of the salted meat, not a
pound was fit to eat.* Of the cattle, many of them were
too poor to walk and some could not even stand. Every
thing pertaining to the Commissary' s Department was in
a deplorable condition, and the clothing department was
in no better. On the 21st of July, SuUivan writes that
more than a third of his soldiers have hot a shirt to their
backs. As early as May 19, Colonel Pickering, then on General
Washington's staff, Avrote to Joseph Reed, President of
the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, stating
the necessity of hastening forward the suppUes for the
army, and adds, "we expected ere this time that all the
stores would have been at least on their way to Esther-
ton, but for want of wagons three-fourths of them are in
this city." The next day the Board ask that they may
have immediately from eighty to one hundred wagons to

*It is but just to say that the reason rendered for this was that the meat was neces
sarily packed iu casks made of green lumber, which soured the brine and spoiled the
meat, notwithstanding the utmost precautions were used.

106 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
convey supplies to the Susquehanna. On the 31st of May,
General Washington himself writes to President Reed
urging that the stores be sent forward with all expedi
tion. Instead of exerting themselves to forward the supplies
so urgently demanded, and which had been faithfuUy
promised beforehand, the authorities complained that the
requisitions of Sullivan were exorbitant and threatened
to prefer charges against him before Congress.
Sullivan says also that the Executive Council of Penn
sylvania engaged to furnish seven hundred and twenty
rangers and riflemen, and on the 21st of July, "not a man of
them had joined the army,nor are any about to do it." The
excuses rendered were that the Quartermaster paid such
large wages for boatmen, that no one could be persuaded
into the military service — and SulUvan was further told
that he had men enough for his expedition, although it
was the opinion of both himself and Washington, that
his force was too small for the exigencies of the cam
paign. The Commander at once set about Arith great rigor to
supply his army with the necessary stores and means for
their transportation. Boats were secured, four hundred
and fifty boatmen were enlisted, and soldiers were detaUed,
who, under the direction of Gen. Hand and other officers,
were busily engaged for six weeks in coUecting the sup
plies which he expected would be in Wyoming on his ar
rival there.
Sullivan was by no means the Only officer who com
plained of delinquency and criminal neglect in the
State Commissary Department. In a letter to President
Reed, of July 22, William Maclay, the Lieutenant of
Northumberland, says : "I wish not to complain of any
one, nor would be understood so. I, however, know the
wretched slothfulness of many who are engaged in the
public department, and would rather do a piece of busi-

OF Sullivan's expedition. 107
ness myself than have the trouble of caUing on them."
Under date of July 14, Colonel Hubley writes to Presi
dent Reed : "Our expedition is carrying on rather slow,
OAring to the delay of our provisions, &c. I sincerely
pity General SuUivan' s situation. People who are not
acquainted with the reasons of the delay, I'm informed,
censure him, which is absolutely cruel and unjust. N o man
can be more assiduous than he is. Unless some steps are*
taken to find out and make an example of the delinquent,
[Quartermasters and Commissaries] I fear our expedition
AvUl be reduced to a much less compass than was intend
ed. ' ' July 30th he writes again : ' 'To-morrow we march,
and I am sorry to say exceedingly ill provided to carry
throughthe extensive expedition. The same unparaUeled
conduct of those employed in supplying this army, seems
stUl to exist. I hope to see the day when the deUnquents
AriU be brought to proper punishment. My regiment I
fear avUI be almost totaUy naked before we can possibly
return. I hav^e scarcely a coat or blanket for every
seventh man. The state stores are aU issued and deUver
ed to the regiment." The testimony on all sides is, that
the Commissary Department was in the hands of men,
who were either entirely incapable or grossly negligent.
Of course great allowance should be made for the de
pressed condition of the country, the worthlessness of
the currency, and the poverty of the people, but the real
cause was mainly to be found in the coldness and real
disfavor with which the State authorities regarded the
expedition, and the entirely inadequate idea they had of
its extent and necessities.
On the evening of the 13th of July, thirty-three of the
German Regiment deserted, on the plea that their term
of enUstment had expired. They were apprehended,
brought back, tried by court martial, the leaders con
demned to suffer death, and the others to severe punish
ment. On the petition of the criminals, with the promise

108 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
to serve faithfuUy until properly discharged, and the
recommendation of a board of officers, they were pardon
ed, and cheerfully took their places in the ranks.
The movements of SulUvan had not been unobserved
by the enepiy, who naturally concluded that the gather
ing of such a force and the coUection of such extensive
stores indicated some offensive movement, and that the
invasion, which they had treated vrith so much ridicule,
might be a more serious affair than they had anticipated.
Bold and desperate measures were undertaken to divert
the attention of the General, divide his force, and, tf
possible, embarrass or delay his movements, by making
vigorous attacks on the right and on the left of him.
For the protection of the scattered settlements on the
"West Branch of the Susquehanna, a fort had been erected
fifteen miles above Northumberland, called Freeland's
Fort. On the 28th of July one hundred British soldiers,
under command of Captain Macdonald, and two hun
dred Indians, invested the fort. Captain Hawkins Boon,
a few miles below, hearing the firing, started with thirty
men for the reUef of the garrison. Before reaching there,
the garrison, which consisted., of thirty -two men, sur
rendered, and Captain Boon's party were surrounded by
the enemy and fourteen of his men were slain. Great
panic ensued, and express after express arrived at Wyom
ing beseeching Sullivan to send them aid. In reply he
wrote to Colonel Cook : "Nothing could afford me more
pleasure than to reUeve the distressed, or to have it in
my power to add to the safety of your settlement, but
.should I comply Avith the requisition made by you, it
would effectually answer the intention of the enemy and
destroy the grand object of this expedition. To-morrow
the army moves from this place, and by carrying the war
immediately into the Indian country, it will most cer
tainly draw them out of yours."
The same week Brant with a party of warriors feU

109
upon the Minisink settlements in Orange Co., ^. Y.,
killing several of the inhabitants and making others
prisoners. One hundred and fifty Orange County mili
tia marching for their relief, were decoyed into an am
bush and more than a hundred of them slain. An attack
foUowed on the settlement of Lackawaxen, which was
broken up vrith the loss of several lives and a number
taken prisoners. Sullivan, however, was too good a Gen
eral to divide his force in the presence of the enemy. He
detached not a man from his main body, but hastened
the preparations for his departure.
On the last day of July, everything being in readiness
so far as circumstances would aUow, about one o' clock in
the afternoon, the army broke camp at Wyoming and be
gan its forward march. Two Captains, six Subalterns,
and one hundred men were left as the garrison for Wyo
ming under command of Colonel Zebulon Butler, who
was charged vrith forwarding snch supplies as might be
coUected. The Artillery consisted of eight brass pieces,
viz : two six-pounders, four three-pounders, two howit
zers, carrying five and a half -inch shells, and a light piece
for carrying either shot or sheU, called a cohorn.* The
artiUery, ammunition, the salted provisions, flour, liquors,
and heavy baggage were loaded on two hundred and four
teen boats, t manned by four hundred and fifty enlisted
boatmen. Colonel Proctor's Regiment, and two hun
dred and fifty soldiers ; all under the command of Colonel
Proctor. To General Hand and his light troops was

*A Cohorn is a small brass piece mounted on a wooden block with handles.so that it
could be carried a short distance by hand. Colonel Proctor conceived the idea of put
ting legs under it, and placing it on board one of the light boats which was to precede
the fleet, called it the "Grasshopper," because the reaction of the discharge threw it
over backwards.

tA difl'erent number of boats has been given by other writersiand by the journalists
of the Campaign. I have followed Colonel Proctor's own account as published in the
Pennsylvania Archives, New Series, IV., 557, Chaplain Rogers gives the number one
hundred and twenty.

110 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL.
assigned the post of honor, the front of the column, whicii
was directed to keep about a mile in advance of the main
body. Advanced and flanking parties were kept out
to guard against surprise from the enemy, and the bri
gade was so arranged as to be instantly effective in case
of sudden attack. Then followed the pack horses about
twelve hundred in number and seven hundred beef cattle,
then Maxwell's Brigade advancing by its right in files,
sections or platoons according to the nature of the coun
try, then Poor's Brigade advancing by the left in the
same manner. A regiment taken alternately from Max
well's and Poor's Brigades was detailed as rear guard.
Sixty men under Captain Gifford of the Third Jersey
Regiment were directed to go up the west side of the
river to prevent any surprise or interruption from that
quarter ; and four light boats, well manned, were ordered
to keep abreast of them and bring them over to the main
body, in case of an attack by a superior force.
The firing of a gun from the "Adventure," Colonel
Proctor's flag boat, at 1 o'clock, p. m. was the signal for
the fleet to weigh anchor. In a few moments the whole
army was in motion, with flags flying, drums beating,
fifes screaming, and Colonel Proctor's regimental band
playing a lively air. Passing the fort a salute of thirteen
guns was fired which was answered by a like number
from the fleet. When the whole line got in motion the
distance from front to rear was about two miles, and
sometimes farther, while the fleet was spread out at least
an equal distance. Owing to unskillful loading or mis
management, the fleet experienced great difficulty in
making headway against the rapid current of the Susque
hanna; and equal difficulty was experienced with the
pack horses, the lading either being badly packed, or
the slings improperly adjusted, packs were frequently
faUing off, or the horses liable to stumble and fall.
On the 9th of August, the army encamped at Sheshe-

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. Ill
quin, on the 11th* forded the Susquehanna, a mile below
the junction, crossed the Tioga or Chemung, and encamped
at Tioga, the site of an Indian toAvn, on the peninsula,
between the rivers. In this day's march the army passed
over the remains of Queen Esther's town,t AA-hich was
situated on the west side of the Susquehanna, at its junc
tion with the Tioga or Chemung. -
On the first flat above the present Adllage of Chemung,
stood the Indian tOAvn Chemung in 1779. The old town,
abandoned a number of years previous, Avas nearly three
mUes below, and near the present viUage. SuUivan de
termined, if Dossible, to surprise this town and destroy
it, and thus preA'ent it from being used as a rendezvous for
parties to commit depredations upon his camp. Accord
ingly the same evening of his arrival at Tioga, (August
11th,) Captain John N. Cummings of the Second New
Jersey Regiment, Lieutenant Jenkins, the guide. Captain
FrankUn of the Wyoming miUtia and five others were
sent to reconnoitre Chemung. CarefuUy they threaded

*The places and dates ot encampment from Wyoming to Sheshequln are as fol
lows: July 31, Lackawanna, present Coxton, Luzerne County, Pa.
August 1 and 2, Quialntimnnck, near Ransom Station, Luzerne County, Pa.
August 3, Ttmkhannock, Wyoming County, Pa.
August 4, Van der Lippe'Sj Black Walnut, Wyoming County, Pa.
Augusts, 6, 7, Wyalusing, Btadlord County, Pa.
August 8, Wysox and Standing Stone, Bradford County, Pa.
August 9, Sheshequin, Bradford County. Pa.

tQueen Esther, whose palace and village was burned hy Colonel Thomas Hartley in
the Autumn of 1778, and who made herself notorious by her barbarous conduct at
Wyoming, was the grand-daughter of Madame M:ontour,daughter of French Margaret,
and sister of Catherine, whose town was at the head of Seneca Lake. She was the wife
of Echobund, for Eghob4nd,)who was the chief or king of the village of Sheahequln,on
the site of present Ulster, Bradford County, Pa., built about 1765. It was for a number
of years the seat of a Moravian mission, which in 1772 was removed farther west. Af
ter the place was abandoned by the Moravians and their converts, Echobund with the
remnant of his class moved four or flve miles farther up the river, where he probably
died. Queen Esther figured prominently in the Susquehanna A^alley, until the Sullivan
expedition,after which her name is seldom mentioned. She died oo the eastern shore ot
Cayuga Lake, about the beginning of thc present century. Her only son was slain at
Wyoming, the day before the battle.

112 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
their Avay through the tangled forests, avoiding the traU,
yet keeping sufficiently near it not to lose their way,
watchful of an ambush and listening for the footfall of a
foe, they made their way to the crest of the high hUl now
owned by Miles C. Baldwin, Esq. , where they could look
down upon the town. There all was bustle and confusion.
The Indians were evidently expecting an attack, and
were hastening to a place of safety. The scouts returned
the next day, about three o'clock p. m. On hearing their
report the Commander-in-chief issued orders for the sol
diers to be in readiness to march at a moment' s notice,
and at eight p. m., (August 12th,) Arith the greater part
of the , troops under Generals Poor and Hand, Sullivan
set out from Tioga, leaving General Maxwell in command
of the camp. The soldiers took one day' s rations in their
haversacks, and carried the little cohorn by hand, aU the
way to Chemung and back to camp.
Night marches are always attended Arith great fatigue
and many inconveniences, but here these were greatly aug
mented. The path lay through deep woods and tangled
thickets, down into dark vaUeys and over precipitous
hiUs ; at one time the soldiers are fioundering through a
swamp, at another feeling their way along a narrow path
on the hillside where there is scarcely room for two to
walk abreast, and where a single misstep would plunge
headlong the unfortunate comrade upon the rocks hun
dreds of feet below — the day begins to daAAm ere the tired
troops reached the last iN arrows. Covered by the fog,
however, they pushed on their Avay, Gerteral Hand taking
a little more circuitous route to strike the town in the rear,
while General Poor advanced upon the front. But, lo !
the bird had fiown. Only two or three straggling Indians
were discovered, and these ran away as soon as our men
came in sight, which was a little before sunrise.
At his own request. General Hand was permitted to
pursue the retreating enemy, with Hubley' s Regiment

OF Sullivan's expedition. 113
and the Wyoming troops, the latter a little in front. He
had advanced about a mile, when, as the company of
Captain Bush, which was the right of the regiment, and
the Wyoming companies pressing on rapidly and possibly
Arith too little caution, had just reached the broken
ground above Chemung, known as the "Hog-Backs, "they
were fired upon by the Indians in ambush,kilUng six men,
viz : one sergeant, one drummer, and four privates, aU of the
Eleventh Pennsylvania, wounding Captain FrankUn, Cap
tain Carbury, Adjutant Huston and six rank and file.
Our men returned the fire, pushed up the hill on a run, and
i he enemy beat a hasty retreat. It was afterwards known
that the Indians had three killed and a number wounded.
General Hand was recaUed by orders from Sullivan.
Nearly one hundred acres of excellent corn, just in the
¦ mUk, were near this town, the greater part of which Gen
eral Poor was ordered to destroy. A party of the enemy
on the other side of the river fired upon the troops just
as they were entering a field, killing one and wounding
five. About forty acres of corn were left for the future
use of the army, the rest destroyed, the town burned, the
troops returned to their encampment,reaching Tioga near
evening of the 13th. greatly wearied with the fatigue of
the journey and the extreme heat of the weather. The
casualties were seven killed and fourteen wounded. All
were brought to Tioga, where the slain were buried with
military honors in one grave. Chaplain Rogers officiating
at the reUgious services.
We can hardly imagine a scene in military experience
more tenderly solemn than this, when, after the fatigues
of that long march and conflict, in the terrible heat of
that August day, just at sunset, beneath the "shadows
of Nature's leafy temples," more than an hundred miles
distant from the home of a white man, these dust be-
grimmed soldiers gather in silence and in sorrow, to con
sign their comrades, the first to fall by the enemy's bui-

114 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
lets in the campaign, to the rest of their quiet graves.
With what readiness thev listen as their chaplain pro
nounces the brief discourse, and how reverently they bow
their heads as he "went to prayer.'" We can weU be
Ueve it was no exaggeration when he records in his
journal " The regiment very solemn and attentive. The
scene was exceedingly affecting." These were among
the heroes who sleep in nameless graves. No Uring soul
knows the exact place where their ashes Ue, and probably
no one knows the name of a single one of the slain.*
For the protection of the stores and boats to be left at
Tioga during the absence of the army, a fortification was
erected, which the soldiers, in honor of their commander,
called Fort SulUvan. The site selected was near the cen
tre of the present vUlage of Athens, where the two rivers
approach very near each other. Four strong block
houses set in the angles of a paraUelogram served as
bastions for the work, the two opposite ones resting on
the bank of each river, and the other two about midway
between, and at a distance of about one hundred yards
from each other. The curtain was made by setting logs
endvrise into the ground, the whole being surrounded by
a ditch, making a work of ample strength for the place.
The NcAv York Government had determined, prior to
the SulUvan expedition, to send a strong force against the
Iroquois, by the way of the Mohawk, and General CUnton
Avas making preparations accordingly. After this expedi
tion was determined upon, it was thought best to punish
the Onondagas for their repeated treachery and cruelty,
General Schuyler, then m command at Albany, with the
approval of Washingt(-n, therefore, directed Geneial
Clinton to send out a strong detachment and destroy their
towns and break up their haunts. Accordingly on the

•Joseph Davis and Ezekiel Davis both of -Amherst, of the Third Company of Cilley's
Regiment, who were reported killed previous to August 29th, may have been two of
them.

OF sullia'An's expedition. 115
19th of April, 1779, Colonel Van Shaick, commanding the
First New York Regiment, with a detachment of five
hundred and fifty-eight men including officers, made a
forced march to their towns, Avhich were taken partly
by surprise; twelve Indians were slain, thirty-three taken
prisoners, their three vUlages entirely destroyed with a
considerable quantity of corn, beans and other vegetables,
most of their arms captured, a swivel at the council
house disabled, their council fire extinguished, and the
troops returned after an absence of six days, having
made a journey of 180 mUes, Avithout the loss of a single
man. General Clinton,* with his brigade and stores, encamp
ed at lake Otsego, the headAvaters of the^ Susquehanna,
the early part of Juh^, where, awaiting orders from Gen
eral Sullivan, he remained until the 9th of August. Lest
the river would be rendered un navigable by the drought
which frequently occurs in July aud August, he had
thrown a dam across the outlet of the lake by which its
waters were raised about four feet above usual high wa
ter mark. On t^e 8th of August, the boats, two hundred
and fifty in number, were taken into the Susquehanna,
loaded Avith the stores and two small cannon, and man
ned with three men to each boat. On the next day,
the dam was broken up,and on the flood thus created the
fleet fioated grandly over the shoals and bars which
abound in the uiaper part of the streara, and the army
took up its course, by easy marches, for Tioga. Not
reaching there as soon as expected, and Clinton having
¦expressed fears that his advance would be impeded by

*Brigadier-General James Clinton.the brother of one Governor and the father of an
other, is a name intimately blended with the civil and militai-y history of the State of
New York. He was born in Orange County, N. Y., August 9, 1736. In the French and
Indian war, 1756, he distinguished himself, serving under Rradstreet, with the rank of
Captain. With the rank of Colonel he was with Montgomery in the invaaion off Canada,
In 1776 he was promoted to be Brigadier General,and held various Important commands
prior to the Expedition. After the war he held several civil positions.and died in Orange
¦County, N. Y„ greatly beloved and honored, December, 1812.
8

116 SENEGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
the enemy, on the 16th, Sullivan ordered a detachment of "
nine hundred men, properly officered, under command of
General Poor, to go up the river, and render CUnton all
needful aid in reaching Tioga. The brigade met the de
tachment on the morning of the 19th, near the present
village of Union, when they proceeded together to Fort
Sullivan, which they reached about noon on Sunday the
22d, and were welcomed with salvos of artillery, and the
cheers of the men, while Colonel Proctor's band enlivened
the scene by playing martial airs. Colonel Pawling with
a regiment of levies was to have joined Clinton at Ana-
quaga, but failing to make connection, returned to War-
warsing.* On the arrival of Clinton, preparations for the onward
movement of the army were prosecuted with great vigor.
Some changes were made in the organization of the army.
The Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment and the companies of
rifiemen were transferred to Hand's Brigade. Alden's

*The following are the dates and places ot encampment of this division on the march
from the foot of Otsego Lake to Tioga
August 9, Burrows Farms, sixteen miles from the Lake. ¦.
, August 10, Yokeham'a, five miles farther down the river, also called Van Valken-
burg's. August U, Ogden's Farm, distance, fourteen miles.
August 12, Unadilla, distance, seventeen miles.
August 13, Conihunto, distance, fourteen miles.
August 14, 15 and 16, Onoquaga, distance eight miles,in the present town of Colesvllle,
Broome County, N. Y. While here, on the 16th, General Clinton, sent the Fourth Penn
sylvania Regiment, under command of Major Church, to meet Colonel Pawling who
was expected to meet the detachment at this point with tour hundred militia. Atter
marching flve or six miles, the detachment returned without discovering Colonel Pawl
ing. August 17, Ingaren, twelve miles by land and twenty miles by water; near Great-
Bend, Susquehanna County, Pa.
August 18— "Two miles below tbe Chenango river,'' distance about sixteen miles.Ma-
jor Parr with one hundred men, went four miles up Chenango to destroy the town
there, but found it burned. Sergeants Gaylord and Chapman sent forward by General
Poor, arrived this evening in Clinton's camp and informed him ot the approach of
Poor. August 19, Owego, near the present village ot the same name, distance, twenty-two-
miles. A^ the present town of Unlon,"Chugnutt," the division united with that ot Gen
eral Poor.
Augustai, Mauckatawangum, opposite Fitzgerald's Fai m, present Farton.
August 32, arrived at Tioga, at eleven o'clock a. m.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 117
Regiment was transferred from Clinton's to Poor's and
Cortlandt's from Poor's to Clinton's Brigade. The rifie
men, commanded by Major James Parr, were formed
into an advance guard; and a pioneer corps was or
ganized under Captains Selin and Ballard. The Ger
man Battalion was reorganized into four companies
of twenty-five men each; two of these companies
with two hundred picked men in addition, formed the
right flanking division commanded by Colonel^ubois and
Lieutenant-Colonel Regnier, the whole under the direc
tion of Geneial Poor. An equal number under the
direction of General Maxwell and commanded by Colo
nel Ogden and Lieutenant-Colonel Willett formed the left
flanking division. The flour and ammunition were packed
in canvas sacks made of tents; commissary and hospital
stores Avere placed in kegs, the two six-pounders were
left with the garrison, and the rest of the artillery was
taken with the army. In the order of march. General
Hand's Brigade was in advance. General Poor on the
right. General MaxweU on the left and General Clinton
in the rear. The artillery preceded by the pioneers, and
followed by the pack-horses and beef cattle was in the
center. All cumbrous and unnecessary baggage was or
dered to be stored with the garrison at Tioga, which was
to consist of two hundred and flfty men, besides the in
valids, under the command of Colonel Israel Shreeve.
On fhe twenty-sixth of August, the army took up the
line of its march to an unknown country, through leagues
of unbroken forests, into the very heart of the enemy's
territory, relying on their own valor alone for success,
without hope of relief or of reinforcements, or, in case
of defeat, of any quarter. It was an expedition iu which
not only peculiar hardships might be expected, but it
was one without scarcely a parallel in the world's history
for the boldness of its design, and the courage with
which it was undertaken. ¦ To transport an army with

118 SENECA COUNIY CENTENNIAL
its equipments and supplies, through an uncivilized
country, without roads, for much of the way without water
comraunication ; to cut loose frora their base of supplies
and communications; to be shut up for weeks from the
intelligence of the worid, where to fall was to die, and
ordinarily to die by torture, was an example of heroic
bravery Avhich the Avorld has seldom witnessed. Sher
man's march to the sea has received and justly raerits the
applause of men for its daring and its success ; but this
expedition was far more daring, and if the loss of life
and the ends secured by it, be taken into the account,
equally as successful in its execution, and deserves first
rank among the great military movements in our country's
history. It was known that the enemy were assembled in force
somewhere on the Chemung river, where it was thought
they would dispute the passage of our army. A few
boats, carrying supplies and baggage, were to accompany
the army until it inet the enemy and then return.
The army reached the site of Old Chemung on the eve
ning of the 27th. Between this point and the town, three
miles above, the path led over a very high hill, which
comes sharply down to the water's edge, and was found
to be so serious an obstruction, that the artillery, baggage,
ammunition wagons' packhorses and Maxwell's Brigade
forded the river twice to avoid it. The current
was swift and the water deep, and the crossing attended
with considerable difficulty, and some of the loading was
lost. The other troops passed over the mountain, and at
night the army encamped near the site of the town de
stroyed on the 13th.
During the evening a scout came in with the informa
tion that the enemy were busily at work on a fortification
a few miles above. The advanced guard could easily hear
the sound of their axes, and see the light of their fires
beyond the hills.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 119
Early on Sunday, the 29th of August, the army moved
with great circumspection. General Hand marched at
eight o'clock, and before nine, all the troops were in mo
tion. They had gone scarcely two miles before the ad
vanced guard began to discover Indian scouts or spies,
one hundred and fifty or two hundred yards in fronts who,
upon being observed, ran off at full speed. A small
force was also seen on the opposite side of the river,
which kept nearly abreast of General Hand's troops.
About four miles from the encampment at Chemung, the
fortifications of the enemy were discovered.
Consulting the map of the State of New York, it will
be seen that nearly opposite the present village of Wells-
burg, the Chemung (old Tioga) river runs first in a south
erly direction, then sweeping around to the north-east, it
forms nearly a semi-circle, of which the road leading to
Elmira is the diameter. The road to Wellsburg divides
this space into two nearly equal areas or quadrants. Com
ing down between the hills from the north is Baldwin's
Creek, which,a little southof the main road, turns sharply
to the east, and reaches the river some distance below.
Beginning near the river, and nearly opposite to what
was formerly the lower point of Baldwin's Island, now,
owing to a change in the main current of the streara, near
the middle of it, begins a ridge of land, running in a
south-easterly direction for about three thousand five
hundred feet, and crossing the Wellsburg road, when it
turns nearly at right angles, and extends in almost a di
rect northerly course about one thousand two hundred
feet further, until it reaches the creek. The side of this
ridge toward the strearas was steeper and higher than it
now is, it having been measurably leveUed down by ninety
years of cultivation. Between this ridge and the hill on
the north on which the monument stands,now called Sul
livan HiU, is a hollow, along which the Elmira road is
laid, and which a mile to the west of the creek expands

120 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
into a wider flat, where was an Indian town of twenty-
flve or thirty houses, called Newtown, which gave the
name to the battlefield. At present only two or three old
apple trees indicate its site.
A mile or more to the north of the raain road, Baldwin's
creek runs between two high ridges parallel with the
stream, the slope of (he western one, which is Sullivan
Hill, coming sheer down to the water's edge. Where
Jacob Bowman's sawmill now stands, in the woods, on
both sides of the creek, were about twenty or thirty
houses, wliich had never been inhabited, and were
supposed to have been built for storing the crops growing
in the vicinity. A few houses near the bend of the creek
were torn down by the enemy, and the logs used in their
fortiflcation. One hundred and flfty to two hundred
acres of magniflcent corn just ripening for the sickle were
on the flats near the river. The Indian path from Che
mung, probably, was nearer the creek than the present
road ; after the creek was crossed, the path turned to the
right, until it reached the Elmira road, when it took about
the direction of the highway to Newtown. The slope of
Sullivan Hill was covered with pine and dense growth of
shrub-oaks. Along the crest of the ridge, or "Hogback," from the
river to the creek, the eneray had erected a fortification
in raost places breast high or more, in others lower, but
pits ur holes were dug, in which the defenders could be
protected. The work was very artfully masked by the
slope of the ridge being thickly set with the shrub oaks
cut the night before from the hillside. A little in front
of the line of fortification were one or two log houses
which served as bastions for the work.
The enemy had concentrated their main force at the
angle in the fortified line. From this point a thin line was
continued on one side to the river, and on the other to
the creek. On the crest of the ridge just above the saw-

OP Sullivan's expedition. 121
mill before spoken of, a considerable force was stationed
to repel anj^ flank movement which might be attempted
and was connected with the main force by a scattering
line. On the very summit of the hill, where the monu
ment stands, was placed a corps for observation, as also
one on the opposite hill, on the east side of the creek.
The plan of the enemy seems to have been this: — Pre
suming their fortification to be perfectly concealed, and
that the array would follow the Indian trail, as it turned
to the right after crossing the creek, a sudden and severe
fire opened .on its exposed flank would create confusion
in the ranks, and in the surprise of the unexpected at
tack, the party on the eastern hill, and that over the
river having fallen back and crossed over, would fall on
the rear of the army, increase the consternation, stampede
the cattle and pacK- horses, and, if they did not destroy it,
would so cripple its resources as to prevent its further
progress. For the purpose of the eneray the place was
admirably adapted. In addition to occupying a position
naturally strong, they had the inside line,and could con
centrate their forces in much shorter space than their
opponents. The force behind the ramparts consisted of a few regu
lar British soldiers, the two Battalions of Royal Greens,
Tories and Indians. The whites were commanded by
Colonel John Butler, with his son. Captain Walter N.
Butler, and Captain MacDonald, and the Indians by the
great Mohawk warrior, Joseph Brant. Other celebrated
Indian Chiefs, but of less note, were also present.
The advanced guard having discovered the enemy's
position about eleven o'clock, a. m. General Hand ordered
the rifiemen to form at about three hundred yards
from the enemy,and hold their position until the reraain
ing part of the brigade should corae up or until further
orders. This was scarcely done, when about four hun
dred of the enemy made a sortie, delivered their fire, and

122 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
quickly retreated to their works. This was a number of
times repeated, with the manifest intention of drawing
our men into their lines. The scheme which had too oft
en been successful in alluring the militia into ambush,
failed with the disciplined troops of this army, and, at
length, the enemy sullenly retired behind his entrench
ments to await the issue of the attack.
Tn the meanwhile. General Hand advanced his brigade
in line of battle to support the riflemen, and informed
Sullivan of his discovery and the disposition hehad made
of his brigade.
The cotnraander at once summoned a council of his gen
eral officers, who, after thoroughly reconnoltering the
ground, agreed upon the plan of attack.
It was three hours from the time the enemy was dis
covered, before the ground was reconnoitered, the plan of
attack matured, and the troops came up. It was deter
mined that the artiUery should be stationed on a slight
rise of ground about three hundred yards from the angle-
of the enemy's fortified position in such a way as to en
filade his lines and command the space behind thera; Gen
eral Hand to advance a portion of his light troops near
the breast work, and divert the enemy's attention from
the raoveraents on the flank; and the rest to support the
artillery; the left flanking division to push up the river
as far as prudent, in order to gain the enemy's flank,cut
off his retreat in that direction, and join in the pursuit
when he left the works ; General Poor with his brigade,
the Riflemen, and the right flanking division, supported
by Clinton's brigade, to march by a circuitous route.and
gain the mountain (Sullivan Hill) on the enemy's left;
Maxwell's Brigade to remain a corps de reseroe, to act
as occasion might demand.
It was about three o'clock, p. M.,wlien at a point a lit
tle more than a mile to the eastward of where the path
' crossed Baldwin's Creek, "marching by columns from

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 123
the right of regiments by flies," foUowed by Clinton,
who was ordered to march to the rear and the right
of him, Poor struck off' to the right from the path, his
movement being concealed from the enemy by a consid
erable hUl, which also hid a swamp that was directly in
his path. He had not proceeded far before he found him
self floundering in this morass, which was so thickly
grown up vrith alders and bushes that his men could only
vrith great difficulty make their way through them. An
hour had been aUowed as sufficient time for Poor' s troops
to be in position to turn the enemy' s left, at which time
the attack should be made in force on the front, the artil
lery fire being the signal for a simultaneous attack on
both front and flank. The advance of Poor' s Brigade,
had, however, just reached the creek where the group of
houses stood near the sawmill, when SuUivan, ignorant
of Poor's delay, ordered the artUlery to open fire, and the
Ught infantry to advance. They pushed forward and
formed in Une under the bank of the creek, which afford
ed a secure protection within one hundred and twenty
yards of the enemy's line. Proctor, whose batter y, it vriU
be remembered, consisted now of six three-pounders, the
Ught cohorn, and two howitzers, carrying 5^ inch sheUs,
opened vrith a sharp, severe fire of shell and solid shot.
Such a scene this vaUey never before Aritnessed and to
such music never before did these hiUs send back their
answering echoes.
To endure a protracted cai;inonade is one of the severest
tests of the discipline and fortitude of experienced
troops, whUe to the Indian the roar of cannon is as terri
fying as though it were the harbinger of the day of doom;
yet such was the commanding presence of the great In
dian Captain and such the degree of 'confidence he in
spired, that his undisciplined warriors stood their ground
Uke veterans for more than half an hour, as the shot
went crashing through the tree-tops or plowing up the

124 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
earth under their feet, and sheUs went screeching over
their heads, or bursting in their ranks, while high above
the roar of the artillery and the rattle of small arms,
could be heard the voice of Brant, encouraging his men
for the conflict, and over the heads of aU, his crested
plume could be seen waring where the contest was Ukely
to be most sharp. At length, from the party on the moun
tain top, whose keen eyes had discovered the advance of
Poor' s Brigade by the gleaming of their arms in the sun
light, word came of the threatened attack on the flank.
With a chosen band of his warriors. Brant hastened
to repel this new danger, leaving a few of his Indians,
with the troops under Butler, to hold the ground in front.
Emerging from the swamp, Poor bore off considerably
to the left, Clinton following Arith his left exactly in the
rear of Poor's right, and his right as he turned toward the
creek, sweeping over the lower part of the hUl on the east
side of the creek, uncovered the party of the enemy sta
tioned there and compelled their precipitate retreat.
On reaching Baldwin' s creek. Poor drew up his brigade
in line of battle — Lieutenant Colonel Reid's 2d New
Hampshire Regiment on the left. Lieutenant Colonel
Dearborn's Sdi'vew Hampshire next, then Alden's, the
'6th Massachusetts, and Colonel CiUey's, the 1st New-
Hampshire, on the right ; and on the right flank of the
brigade the two hundred and fifty picked men under
Colonel Dubois, while the riflemen were deployed in front
< of the Une as skirmishers.
By this time the advance of Clinton, who was to sup
port Poor, began to arrive, and his brigade was placed in
order of battle with Gansevoort' s Regiment, the 3d New
York, on the left, Dubois, the 5th 'i^ ew York, next, then
Livingston's, which was the 4th New York, and Cort
landt's, the 2d New York, on the right.
Having formed the line of battle, Poor advanced his
brigade with as much rapidity as the nature of the ground

125
and the heat of the day would admit. No sooner had he
crossed the creek than he was met by a sharp but some
what random fire from the enemy stationed along the
slope toward the creek, and protected by the trees which
thickly studded the hill side. The riflemen returned the
fixe, but the brigade pressed rapidly forward, without
firing a shot, and vrith fixed bayonets, steadily driving
the enemy before them, who, as our men advanced, re
treated, darting for cover from tree to tree Arith the agility
of panthers.
When about two-thirds of the distance up the hill, the
left part of the brigade was met by the party of the en
emy from the breastwork, led by Brant in person. They,
falling like a thunder bolt upon Colonel Reid' s Regiment,
which was the left wing of the brigade and nearest the foe,
checked his advance, and before he had time to recover
from the shock, his men being out of breath from their run
up the hill, he found himself in the midst of an Indian force
outnumbering his own, three to one, who were swarming
in a semi-circle about his regiment, threatening to cut it
off from the support of the rest of the brigade, and leav
ing him the alternative either to fall back on Clinton for
support or to force his way through at the point of the
bayonet. General Poor being with the right wing of the
brigade, urging forward his men that he might cut off the
retreat of the Indians toward Newtown, was not aware of
the serious danger which threatened Reid, but Colonel
Dearborn, whose regiment was on Reid's right, im
mediately and on his own responsibility ordered his regi
ment to change or reverse front, by a right about face,
and just as Reid had given orders to charge. Dearborn' s
Regiment poured in a volley upon Brant' s force which
first staggered them, and then a second voUey, when they
beat a hasty retreat.
About the same time Clinton perceiving the critical
condition of Reid, pushed forward Gansevoort' s and

126 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
Dubois' regiments for his support, who reached him just
in time to hasten the fiight of the enemy. Brant observ
ing the movement toward his rear and understanding its
meaning, sounded the retreat, and the enemy fled from
all parts of the fleld towards Newtown and the ford of the
Chemung, pursued by Hand and the riflemen. The two
Regiments on the right of Poor's Brigade and the flank
ing division of Dubois, reached the river above Newtown,
at a point where the old Fountain Inn, noAv owned by
WUlard Harrington, stands ; but this force was not suffi
cient successfully to resist the demoralized mass of the
enemy, whose only raeans of escape led in this direction ;
and which being thus intercepted, they broke through
Poor's line with such impetuosity, as for a time, to en
danger his flank. Some shots were exchanged, without
serious casualty to our troops, although Sullivan and
others say the enemy did not so escape. At the same
time Colonel John Butler himself came very near being
taken prisoner.
Clinton with his two reraaining regiments followed in
the track of Poor, burning the houses which lay in his
path, and joined the other troops near Newtown. It was
now about 6 o'clock in the afternoon, and seven hours
since the first gun was fired, when three rousing cheers
announced that the battle was ended and Sullivan' s gal
lant army was in possession of the contested battle field.*
Our men fought with great valor and determination.
The horrors of Wyoming, of Cherry Valley, of the West
Branch, of Minisink and Gerraan Flats, were fresh in
their recollections, and raany of the soldiers had lost
some of their nearest relatives in these strifes, where sav
age hordes and tory outlaws held high carnival. There
is a tradition, that as Poor's men began the charge up the
hill, some one said : "Remetnber Wyoming," which was

*The centennial anniversary of this battle was commemorated on the battle fleld
August 29, 1879.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 127
taken up along the line as the watchword and battle-cry
of the hour ; but there is not a lisp in confirmation of
this, in any of the numerous journals which have been
preserved to us.
The exact numbers engaged on either side cannot be
ascertained. Sullivan and his officers, after going over
the whole field, examining the line occupied by the enemy,
and comparing the accounts and estimates of those in
best position to know, put their strength at one thousand
five hundred men, while the two men who were captured
on the evening of the battle gave the number as low as
seven hundred or eight hundred. Somewhere between
these extremes is, doubtless, the truth. *
The loss in SuUivan' s army was three killed on the field,
viz: Corporal Hunter and two privates ; the wounded we^e
Benjamin Titcomb, of Dover, Major in the 2d New Hamp-

*There were 15 British regulars, both companie? ot the Eoyal Greens, and the Tory
militia, all told from 200 to 250 white men. Besides these, there were all the Indian war
riors of the Senecas, Cayugas, Mohawks and part of the Onondagas, Oneidas and Tns
caroras, and some ot the norlhern tribes. Sullivan says "the warriors of the Seven NU-
tions," at least 1.000 men, making the entire force of the enemy not tar from 1.200.
At Catherine-s Town, about 200 Indians from Canada joined Brant, and a couple of
days after, at Kendaia, he reported that he had over 1,000 Indian warriors in bis army •
Deducting the losses at Newtown, and from 'desertion, which is always large after a
disastrous battle, and his force at Kendaia could not have been much,if any,greater than
at Newtown.
The numbers in General Sullivan's command are equally uncertain At Wyoming,
hie force was said to be 3,500 men, and the number which cime with Clinton to have
been about 1,500 or 1,600 more, making a total ot 5,000 in the grand army. But
this is evidentlv much too large. To begin with, Pennsylvania failed to furnish the 750
men required to fill up her quota.leaving not more than 2,750 men in actual service; and
thia must he somewhat diminished. July 22, nine days before the army marched from
Wyoming, but after the iirrival of all his troops, the returns comprise 3 Brigadiers, 7
Colonels, 6 Li"Utenant-Colonels, 8 Majors, 48 Captains, 3 Chanlains, 10 Surgeons, 11
Drum and Fife Majors, 131 Drummers and Fifers, 2,312 rank and file, or a total of 2,639
men of all grades and ranks.— Clinton's Brigade consisted of flve regiments and six
companies of riflemen. The 4th Pennsylvania Regiment, which was one ot the num
ber, by a return dated June 18, 1779, numbered of all grades 218 men. Taking this as
the standard and the flve regiments would have about 1,250. Ot the rinemen, Major
James Parr's company contained when enli-ited in 1776, 48 men,, in 1779, could not have
mustered more than halt that number, or the six companies in the Brigade about 150
men. These figures cannot be far from correct,and make the sum total of the army a
trifle less than 4,000 men of all ranks. From these deduct 5 per cent, for sick and ab
sent, the 100 lett at Wyoming, 300 left at Fort Sullivan, 250 pack-horse drivers, and Sul
livan's effective force could not have exceeded 3,100 or 3,200 men.

128 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
shire, through the abdomen and arms ; Elijah Clays, Cap
tain of the 7th Company of the 2d New Hampshire through
the body ; Nathaniel McCauley, of Litchfield, 1st Lieu
tenant of the 4th Company of the 1st New Hampshire ;
Sergeant Lane, Avounded in two places. Sergeant OUver
Thurston, and thUty-one rank and file, all but four of whom
were of Poor's brigade and nearly aU from Reid's regi
ment. Lieutenant McCauley had his knee shattered, mak
ing amputation necessary, and died before morning, and
Abner Dearborn died a few days after he was removed to
Tioga. Sergeant Demeret, Joshua MitcheU and Sylvester
WUkins died previous to September 19th, making a total
of eight.
Those Avho died upon the field were buried separately,
near where they fell, and fires were built upon their graves
to conceal them from the enemy, lest after the departure
of the army their bodies should be desecrated ; a practice
shamefully prevalent on both sides in Indian warfare. It
seems strange that in a contest waged between such num
bers and for so long a time, the casualties should have
been so f oav. But our men were well protected by the bank
of the creek on the front, and the Indians probably shot
over the heads of those coming up the hill.
Twelve of the enemy were found slain on the ground,
and two prisoners were taken, — one a negxo, the other
"one HoghtaUer from the Holder Barrack." A British
account says: "In this action Colonel Butler and all
his people were surrounded, and very near being taken
prisoners. The Colonel lost four rangers killed, two taken
prisoners and seven wounded. The Indian account found
four days afterward, near Catherine's toAvn is as follows:—
"September 3d.— This day found a tree marked 1779,
Thandagana, the English of AA-hich is Brant ; tAvelve men
marked on it Avith arroAvs pierced through them, signify
ing the number they had lost in the action of the 29th
ultimo. A small tree Avas tAvisted round like a rope and

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 129
bent dovm which signified that if we drove and distressed
them, yet we would not conquer them."
Disheartened, terror-stricken, and hopeless of further
resistance, the enemy fled with aU possible speed, not
daring even to look behind them ; and such was the moral
effect of the victory, that Arithout thought for else but
then- Uves, they abandoned theU vUlages to the torch and
their cornfields to the destruction of the victorious foe.*
The day after the battle was spent in destroying the
crops in the neighborhood, sending the Avounded, four
heavy guns, ammunition wagons, etc.. back to Tioga;
and whUe here, OAring to the prospective scarcity of beef
and flour, and the abundance of corn, beans, potatoes,
squashes, etc., the army agreed Arithout a dissent to sub
sist on half rations of the former articles.
On the 31st of August the army again started westAvard,
to complete the work for which the expedition had been
organized. About two mUes above NeAvtOAvn a Uttle vUlage of eight
good houses was found, which was burned, and the amiy
passed on to KanawahoUa, a pleasant tOA\-n situated on
the point, at the junction of present NewtOAvn Creek Avith
the Chemung, near the city of Elnoira, and four and a
half mUes above the battle ground. Here, as at Chemung
and N ewtown, the corn-fields bore marks of having been
planted under the superA'ision of white people, whom it
is weU knoAvn were directed by the British government
to aid the Indians in raising suppUes for the British army
and garrisons.
From this point, Colonel Dayton, Arith the Third New
Jersey Regiment and a detachment of the Riflemen, was
sent up the river in pursuit of some of the enemy whom

""After the battle of Newtown terror led the van ot the Invader, whose approach was
heralded by watchmen stationed upon every height,and desolation followed weeping in
his train. The Indians everywhere fled as Sullivan advanced, and the whole country
was swept as with the besom of destruction. "T-Stoiie's Life of Brant.

130 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL.
the advanced guard saAv escaping in their canoes. He
chased them for eight miles up the river, but their speed
Avas too great, and the nimble-footed savages escaped. At
this point Colonel Dayton found an Indian vUlage Avhich
was near present Big Flats. Avhere he encamped for the
night. The next morning he burned the viUage, destroyed
about thirty acres of corn and a quantity of hay, and re
joined the main army just as it Avas leaving its encamp
ment. From KanawahoUa the path turned northward ; the
¦ army marched about flve mUes farther and encamped for
the night, near the present AdUage of Horseheads. The
next morning tents were struck at eight o' clock, and for
three mUes the path lay through an open plain, then they
entered the low ground Avhich forms the divide of the
waters floAring into the Susquehanna and into the St.
LaAATence, at that time a deep, miry SAvamp, covered Arith
water from the recent rains, dark Arith the closely shad
owing hemlocks, the path studded vrith rocks and thickly
interspersed Arith sloughs; it was the most horrible spot
they had met Arith. It Avas past seven o'clock, just in
the dusk of the evening, when the advanced guard emerged
from the gloomy shadows of the morass and formed
themselves in Une just on the outskirts of the vUlage
Sheaquaga, or French Catherine's Tovm.*
It was pitch-dark before Hand' s brigade got out of the
wilderness. To the rest of the army it was a night of
horrors. Itwas so'dark the men could not see the path,
and could keep it only by grasping the frocks of their
*As before said.Catharine was sister ot Queen Esther.and grand-daughter of Madame
Montour, whose romantic history covered the first half ot the 18th century. In 1749
she was very aged and blind, and probably died prior to 175'3. The husband of Cather
ine and the reputed father of her children was Edward Pollard, an Indian trader, and
a sutler at Niagara, who was also thc father of the famous Seneca warrior. Captain
Pollard. Catherine had two sons, Rowland and John, and one daughter. Belle. The
sons were actively engaged during the Kevolution, were both at Wyoming in 177S, and
at Newtown in 1779. where John was wounded lii tbe back. Rowland's wife was the
daughter of the chief Sachem of the Senecas. After the campaign of 1779, they were
aU settled near Niagara.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 131
file leaders. Poor's and Maxwell's Brigades did not
reach the town until ten o' clock. Many of the soldiers,
utterly worn out AAith heat and fatigue, fell exhausted by
the wayside, and did not join the army until the next
day. Clinton's Brigade spent the night in the swamp,
without supper or shelter. Tavo of the pack-horses fell
and broke their necks, others became exhausted and died
in the path, while the stores of food and ammunition
were sadly depleted. The town was built on both sides
¦of the inlet to Seneca Lake, and about three miles from
the lake, on the site of present Havana. It consisted of
between thirt,y and forty good houses, some fine corn-
Helds and orchards. The soldiers found a number of
horses, cows, calves and hogs, which they appropriated.
AU of Thursday was spent in resting, bringing up the
wearied horses and exhausted soldiers, burning the
houses, destroying the trees and corn, and scouring the
country for straggling Indians. A very old squaw was
found hidden in the bushes. She was accosted by one of
the Indian guides in various dialects, but she shook her
head as if she could not understand. At length the
General becoming convinced that her ignorance was only
assumed, threatened her vrith punishment if she did not
answer. She repUed that Butler and the Indians held a
councU here, and many of the old chiefs and women
desired peace, but Butler told them Sullivan' s army would
kUl them all if they surrendered, and they had better run
off into the woods ; that Brant received a reinforcement
of two hundred Indian warriors, who were eager to fight,
but those who had been in the Battle of Newtown shook
their heads and would not agree to it. She further said
that the Indians lost very heavily in killed and wounded,
and she heard many women lamenting the death of their
relatives. On Friday, September 3d, having built a comfortable
hut for the old squaw, and left her a supply of provisions,
9

132 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
the army resumed its march and encamped twelve mUes
from Sheaquaga, the route most of the way being through
open woods, over level country, and the journey devoid
of special incident. The place of the encampment was
on the lake-side where there were a few houses and plenty
of corn, and near what has since been called Peach Or
chard, where it is said the early settlers found conclusive
evidences of Indian occupation. An Indian scout left one
of these cornfields just as our men came up. They found
corn roasting by the fire and the supper left untasted.
About ten o' clock the next morning, the army moved
from its encampment, and after proceeding four mUes,
came to what is known as North Hector. The Indian
town was caUed Con-daw-haw, and consisted of one long
house, buUt according to Indian custom to contain several
fires, (but in utter defiance of the white man's proverb
about no roof being large enough for two f amiUes, ) and
several smaller houses. Destroying these and the corn
fields, the army went eight mUes further and encamped.
On Sunday, the 5th of September, the army marched
three mUes and encamped at an Indian town caUed Ken
daia, or Appletown, Dleasantly situated, a half a mile
from the lake, consisting of twenty or more houses of
heAvn logs, covered Arith bark, and some of them were
weU painted. Here was one apple orchard of sixty trees,
besides others ; also peach trees and other fruits. The
houses were burned for firewood, and the trees were cut
down or girdled. About this town, the shoAvy tombs
erected over some of their chiefs, were most noticea
ble, one of which, larger and more conspicuous than
the others, is described by one of the journals as a case
ment or box made of hewn planks, about four feet high
and somewhat larger than the body over which it was
placed, and which was appropriately dressed. This case
ment was painted vrith bright colors, and had open
ings through which the body could be seen, and was

OF Sullivan's expedition. 133
covered vrith a roof to protect it from the weather. Al-
tht)Ugh this was evidently an old town, yet there was
such a scarcity of pasturage, that during the night twenty -
seven of the cattle strayed off and were not found until
afternoon. While here, Luke Swetland, who had been
taken from Wyoming the year before, came to the army
—Mr. Jenkins says, almost over joyed to see his old friends
again. On the 6th, the army encamped three miles north of
Kendaia, on the shore of the lake, and opposite a con
siderable Indian toAvn on the other side. This camping
place has been identified by General Clark, of Auburn,
N. Y., as near the ravine called on the old maps "Indian
Hollow." Early in the morning of the 7th, the army again struck
tents, and after marching about eight miles, came to the
outlet of Seneca Lake. They were then in the country
properly of the Senecas. Passing a small town called
Butler's buildings, at the foot of the lake, near the
present canal bridge, five mUes further around the lower
enll of the lake brought them to the first important Sen
eca tOAvn, of about fifty houses surrounded by orchards and
cornfields, and called Kanadasaga, occupying nearly the
site of present Geneva. Here the army rested during
Wednesday, the Sth, while several detachments were
sent out in various ways to explore the country, discover
and destroy the neighboring villages and cornfields. Sul
livan was now in a strange country. Hehad not a single
guide who knew the exact locaUty of a town beyond him,
hence he was compelled to rely upon his own scouts for
information. Among the companies which were thus sent out, was a
party of volunteers under Colonel John Harper,* who, fol

*John Harper was born in Boston, Mass., May 31, 1734. In 1768 the Colonial Gov
ernment of New York made a grant to him and twenty-one others, his associates, of
22,000 acres of land on the Delaware River, purchased the year before of the Indian s,

134 SENECA COUNTY' CENTENNIAL.
IoAVT,ng down the Seneca river about eight mUes, came to
a pleasantly situated town consisting of eighteen houses
on the north side of the river, caUed Skoi-yase. and oc
cupying the site of the handsome and thriving viUage of
Waterloo. Near this town were some fish ponds, the re
mains of which were found by the early settlers Arithout
knowing their use — a pecuUar enterprise lor an Indian
viUage, and one Avhich I do not remember to have seen
elsewhere. Here, too, Avere fields of corn whose golden
ears Avere waiting the sickle of the harvester; and. orch
ards whose trees were bending under their load of ripen
ing fruit. The scout finding the vUlage abandoned by the
Indians, burned the houses, and hastened to return to
Kanadasaga. Skoi-yase, though not the capitol of the Cayugas. was
one of their important tOAvns, and the probable residence
of one or more of their sachems. Sitiiated upon the
western frontier of their particular territory, and on the
great trail which extended east and west through the
whole length of the Confederacy, and far beyond, it was
guarded vrith especial care and watchfulness by the na
tion. Its destruction was only the forerunner of that en
tire destruction of their nation which they had every
reason to expect Avas soon to foUow. It may be added
that Norris and one or tAvo others call the place " Large
Falls, "and FeUows says "Long Falls."
Having totaUy destroyed Kanadasaga, and sent back to
Tioga under an escort of fifty men, the sick and the lame,

and which was called Harpersfleld, in honor ot its founder. During the Revolution
Colonel Harper distinguished himself in the border wars in Montgomery, Schoharie,
Delaware, Broome, and Otsego Counties, as a brave soldier, an ardent patrlot,and one
thoroughly acquainted with Indian warfare. He is frequently mentioned in Campbell's
Annals of I'ryon County, and in Stone's Life of Brant. At one time he was in com
mand of a regiment raised for the defense of the frontiers, with the rank ot Colonel.
He was connected with the SuUivan Expedition.probably as a volunteer, without a dis
tinct command, and was detailcil tor the expedition to Skoi-yase on account ot his
knowledge of the country as well as of Indian warfare. Atter the close of the war he
returned to Harpersfleld, where he continued to reside until his death, November 20,
1811. Sume ot his descendants are still living in Harpersfleld.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 135
on the 9th the army resumed its westward march through
the country of the Senecas toward the Genesee river.
Kanadasaga was a large and important town, consisting
of fifty houses with thirty more in the immediate vicinity;
and being the capitol of tho nation was frequently called
the "Seneca Castle." Its site was on the present Castle
road, a mile and a half west from Geneva. The town
was divided by Kanadasaga or Castle Creek. It was regu
larly laid out, enclosing a large green plot, on which, dur
ing the "old French War" in 1756, Sir WiUiam Johnson
had erected a stockade fort, the remains of which were
plainly visible to our army, and spoken of in a number
of the journals. Orchards of apple, peach and mulberry
trees surrounded the town. Fine gardens Arith onions,
peas, beans, squashes, potatoes, turnips, cabbages, cucumb
ers, water melons, carrots and parsnips, abounded; and
large cornfields were to the north and northeast of the
town. All were destroyed on the Sth of September. Here
was'found a little white boy, about three years of age,
who had been stolen by the Indians from the frontiers^
The little feUow was nearly starved when our men found
him. No clue to his parentage was ever obtained. The
officers of the expedition were greatly interested in the
little waif and tenderly cared /or him, but he died a few
months after the return of the expedition.
Here was the residence of Siangorochti, commonly
called Grahta, or Old Smoke, from the fact, that he car
ried the brand by which the council fires were lighted, an
honor held by no other. At the time of Sullivan's ex
pedition, the old kin^ incapacitated by age frora taking
part in the war,fled in advance of the army to the British
fort at Niagara, while the young king, being only twelve
years of age, was too young to engage in railitary affairs.
A daughter of the old king raarried Roland, a son of
Catherine Montour. On the 9th of September, after a
march of eight railes, the army encamped in the woods,.

136 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAI
near a stream of AA-ater now caUed Flint Creek,
Starting the next raorning at 8 o'clock, after marching
eleven miles, the army came to Kanandaigua Lake ; and
fording its outlet marched a mile farther, when they
found the town of Kanandaigua, consisting of twenty-
three elegant houses, some of them framed, others' log,
but large and new, pleasantly situated about a mile from
the west shore of the lake, partly on the site of the present
Canandaigua. At this place, the rear guard of the enemy
remained so long, that their fires were found burning.
The torch was soon applied to the buildings, and the
array advanced a mile farther where the cornfields Avere,
and encamped, when fatigue parties were detailed for
the destruction of the crops, which was pretty thoroughly
accomplished before dark.
Before daylight on the morning of Saturday, Septem
ber 11th, the troops were again in motion. A march of
fourteen miles brought them to the Indian town of Han-
ne-ya-ye, which contained about twenty houses, and was
near the site of present Honeoye. at the foot of Honeoye
Lake, on the east side of its outlet.
Sunday morning, September 12th, was rainy, with thun
der and Ughtning, so that it was noon before the army
broke camp, after which it marched eleven miles and en
camped in the woods, nearly two mUes from Kanaghsaws,
which place SulUvan would have reached that day but for
the rain. He arrived there early the next morning. This
town which is also caUed Adjuton, and several other
names, in the journals, consisted of eighteen houses on
the east of the inlet to Conesus Lake, a short dis
tance southeast of the head of the lake, and about one
mile northwest of Conesus Center, on the north and south
road that passes through the McMillan farm. Between
the town and the lake, on what Avere aftei'Avards known
as Henderson's Flats, were the corn fields. The main
army encamped nearly Iavo miles north, on the flats

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 137
southwest of Foot's Corners. George Grant says, that a
fine stream of Avater ran through the town, and that an
enterprising negro, called Captain Sunfish, Avho had ac
quired considerable wealth and influence, resided here.
It AA'as also the home of the well-known Seneca chieftain.
Big Tree, of whohi Mr. Doty says, that he was a useful
friend of the American cause in the Revolution, and a
leading adAdser in aU treaties and councUs of the Senecas.
In the summer of 1778, he was sent by Washington to
the toAvns along the Genesee, in the hope that his personal
influence and eloquence might Avin the Senecas to the
cause of the States. He found his countrymen disposed
to Usten untu they learned from a spy that the Americans
were about to invade theu' country, when all flew to arms.
Big Tree put himseU" at their head, as he said, ' ' to chas
tise an enemy that would dare to encroach upon his peo
ple's territory." This last sentence cannot be accepted
as correct. Colonel Dearborn says <hat Big Tree " made
great pretentions of friendship toward us ; has been tn
Philadelphia and at General Washington' s headquarters
since the war commenced. He received a. number of
presents from General Washington and Congress, yet we
presume he is again Arith Butler." The facts seem to be
these : Though a real friend to the Americans, yet on
coming to his own country he found the feeUng of enmity
so strong and so universal among the Senecas, that he was
overborne by it and obUged to submit.
-AU day the Indian scouts had been so near our army
that their tracks were fresh on the path, and the water
was roUed through which they passed.
Immediately after the battle of Newtown, the forces of
Butler and Brant had retired to Canawaugus, near the
sice of present Avon, in LiAdngston County, but having
received considerable reinforcements, they determined
to make another attempt to arrest the further progress
of the army.

138 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
At the head of Conesus lake was a soft, miry bottom,
along the south side of which ran the Indian path to the
Genesee towns, nearly On the site of the present high
way, crossing the sluggish inlet by a bridge, which But
ler had destroyed On his re treat, probably a few feet south
ot the present one. On the west of the lake and running
parallel with it, is a steep bluff of considerable height,
which reaches nearly to the water's edge, at that time
covered with trees, and then as now deeply gashed by
several ravines which come straight down its face. The
path led up to the crest of the hill between two of these
ravines, but with a southerly trend, then turned almost
directly north, until the site of the present burying
ground was reached, thus avoiding the broken surface of
the bluff. This was the place selected by the enemy to
surprise the army, and, if possible, to destroy it.*
Learning from his scouts that Sullivan was approach
ing this difficult place, early on the morning of the 12th,
Butler left CanaAvaugus, and in the afternoon had his
forces posted on the crest of the ridge and in the ravines,
overlooking the south end of the lake, and flanking the
path to the Genesee towns. Here, though perfectly con
cealed, he was in full view of Sullivan's array and within
musket shot of the inlet crossing.
As lace as 1770, the principal Genesee toAvn, called Chen-
ussio, was located near the confluence of the Canaseraga
Creek wilh the Genesee River, and here it was marked on
the most recent maps to whicii Sullivan had access. He
was not aware of the fact that its location had been
changed to the west side of the river, and seems to have
knoAvn nothing of another town two miles farther up the
Canaserega. When, therefore. General Sullivan reached his encamp-

*General J . S. Clark has called my attention to the fact that there is a striking topo
graphical resemblance between this place and Braddook's Field. The memory of that
victory may have afforded inspiration to tho courage and patience of the enemy.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 139
ment on the evening of the 12th, he supposed that he
was near the great Genesee Castle of which he had heard
so much, and which was the objective point of his expe
dition. In order to secure more accurate inforraation,
he ordered Lieutenant Thomas Boyd of the Riflemen, to
take five or six men Avith him, make a rapid reconnois
sance, and report at headquarters as early as sunrise the
next mornins. He took hoAvever twelve riflemen, six
musketmen of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment, and
six volunteers, making, with himself and Hanyerry, an
Oneida Indian guide, and Captain Jehoiakim, a Stock-
bridge Indian, twenty-seven men in all. The party left
camp north of Kanaghsaws at eleven o'clock in the eve
ning and set out on the trail leading to the Great Town.
Owing to his misinformation, Sullivan's directions had
been confusing and misleading. It was found that the
principally traveled trail took a direction different from
what was expected. Boyd did not lose his way, but in
stead of taking the unused path that led to the abandoned
Chenussio, he took the one which brought him to an
important town two miles farther up the Canaseraga, the
only one between the army and the Genesee. In the
darkness he had, passed Butler's right flank without
either party having discovered the other. Boyd reached
the town which the enemy had abandoned, early in the
morning, without having encountered any difficulty.
Halting his force at the outskirts of the village, with one
of his men he carefully reconnoitered the place, then re
joining the rest of the party they concealed themselves in
the woods near the town. He sent back two of his raen
to report the discoveries he had raade, and awaited the
light of the day, whose morning was just breaking. Soon
four Indians on horseback were seen entering the town,
and Boyd sent a party to take or kill them. One Indian
was killed and another wounded. The Avounded man and
the two others escaped. Boyd then set out for camp.
Having gone four or five miles, and thinking the army

140 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
must be on its march toward him, he sat down to rest.
After a short halt he dispatched two of his men to inform
the General where he was, and of his intention to await
the coming of the army. In a short time these men re
turned with the information that they had discovered
five Indians on the path. Boyd again resumed his march
and had gone but a short distance, when he discovered
the same party and fired on them. They ran, and Boyd,
against the advice of Hanyerry, pursued them. The
chase was kept up for some distance, the Indians
succeeding in alluring the scouting party near the ene
my's lines. They then allowed the party to approach
sufficiently near to draw their fire, but kept out of dan
ger. Butler, hearing the firing on his right, as his force
was arranged facing Conesus, and fearing that he had
been discovered, and that an attempt was being made to
surprise his camp, hastened to the spot, where he found
Boyd's party still following the Indians. Without
being aware of their presence, Boyd was already with
in the fatal embrace of the enemy, and before he was
a,ware of it, Butler had given such orders as to completely
surround him. Once and again he attempted to break
their line but without success ; he then sought to retreat,
'but he was encompassed on all sides. The odds were
fearful, eight hundred of the Indians and Tories to twen
ty-seven Americans, but the scouts determined to sell
their lives as dearly as possible ; and relief from our
army, whicii was only about a mile distant, was expected
every moraent. Covered -by a clump of trees our raen
poured a murderous fire upon the enemy as they were
closing around them, numbers of whom were seen to fall.*

*The place where Boyd's men were burled was near where tbey fell. It is at the
Tiead of the flrst ravine south of the road which passes hy the cemetery on the hill west
ol the head of Conesus Lake. The point is within a half mile ofthe cemetery and
about ten rods directly south of Mrs. Boyd's barn. A view of the spot is given In the
History of Livingston County. Nearly forty years ago the grave was opened and some
of the bones were taken to Mt. Hope Cemetery, Rochester, N. Y.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 141
In all, fifteen of Boyd's party, including Hanyerry, were
slain, eight escaped, Boyd and his sergeant Parker were
captured, and two had been sent early in the morning to
report to General SulUvan. The bodies of the slain were
found on the 16th and buried with military honors ; that
of Hanyerry with the others, although literally hacked
to pieces. The story of his capture, the theatrical ad
dress of his brother, and his tragic end, as told by Stone
and repeated by others, lacks both confirmation anjd pro
bability. Of those who escaped, one was the noted Timo
thy Murphy, an account ot whose hair-breadth escapes
and deeds of reckless daring would fill a volume. Others
were Elerson, McDonald, Garrett Putnam, a French
Canadian and Captain Jehoiakim. Boyd and Parker
were hastened to Little Beard's town, where they were
put to death with cruel tortures.
It has been currently reported, that after his capture,
Boyd approached Brant under the sign of a Free Mason,
of which ancient fraternity both were members, that the
chieftain recognized the bond of brotherhood and promis
ed him protection, but he having been unexpectedly called
away, the captives were placed in charge of Butler (proba
bly Walter N.) who, becoming exasperated with Boyd's
persistent refusal to disclose any information in regard to
the array, handed them over to the Indians to be put to
death. The whole story, however, is extremel}^ doubt
ful, and it is now difficult to ascertain how much of it,
if any, should be received as true. The most that can be
said with certainty is, that the next day the bodies of
the unfortunate men were found by our troops, horribly
mangled, and beari-ng marks of having suffered unspeaka
ble torture.*

*0n th»27th of March, 1780, a party of Indians captured Thomas Bennett and others
in the Wyoming Valley. The leader had a very flne sword, which he said belonged to
Boyd, and added, "Boyd brave man.-' The prisoners rose upon their captors, killed
several ol them, recaptured the sword, and returned in aafety to Wyoming.

142 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
SuUivan had established a line of sentries along the
base of the hill next the morass, to guard the pioneers
against surprise while repairing the bridge. Captain
Benjamin Lodge, who was the surveyor for the expedi
tion, and with chain and compass had measured the
entire route from Easton, about half an hour after
the skirmish with Boyd on the hill, had gone a short
distance beyond the picket line, when he was set upon
by a party of Indians, who were pursuing the fugitives
of the scouting party. Thomas Grant, who was one of
the surveying partj', thus tells the story : "Myself and
four chain carriers, who were about one and a half miles
advanced of the troops, were fired on by several Indians,
who lay in ambush ; a corporal by the name of Calhawn,
who came voluntarily with me, was mortally wounded
and died the next day. The Indians pursued us a fourth
of a mile, but witiiout success, — we being unarmed were
obliged to run." Captain Lodge was compelled to leave
his compass and ran towards the nearest sentinel, who
shot the Indian chasing him with ujilifted tomahawk,
and Captain Lodge escaped. General Sullivan ordered
Hand's brigade to cross the morass, push up the hill and
dislodge the enemy. Butler on returning to his forces
on the crest of the hill found them in confusion, and, see
ing the preparations made to attack them, beat a hasty
retreat, leaving their hats, packs, etc., behind them.
Butler being thus thwarted in his plans to surprise the
array, withdrew his forces to Gathtsegwarohare, and then
to Canawaugus.
Having destroyed Kanaghsaws and completed the bridge
across the creek, Sullivan pushed forward on the trail
taken by Boyd the night before, a distance of seven miles
to Gathtsegwarohare.
This was an Indian town of twenty-five houses,Tnostly
new, on the east side of the Canaseraga Creek, about two
miles above its confiuence with the Genesee. The site

OF Sullivan's expedition. 143
is now occupied by the house and surrounding grounds
of the "Hermitage," the ancestral home of the CarroUs.
As the advance of the army approached the town about
dusk of September 13tli,they found themselves confront
ed by a strong force of Indians and rangers, drawn up in
battle array to dispute their further progress. The Gen
eral at once pushed forward the flanking divisions to cut
off their retreat, but the enemy, seeing the troops come
into position, fled without flring a gun, and the army en
camped in the town without opposition. There were ex
tensive cornfields adjacent to the town, which it took two
thousand men, six hours, the next day, to destroy. This
being accompUshed, about noon of the 14th they set out
for the great Genesee town, reaching it about sunset.
The location of this great Seneca Castle, was on the
west side of the Genesee river, on the flat immediately in
front of Cuylersville, in the town of Leicester, on the op
posite side of the valley from Geneseo. It appears on
Ivan's map as Chenandoanes; in 1776 it was called Che-
nondanah; by Morgan it is called De-o-nun-da-ga-a, as a
more modem Seneca name, signifying ' 'where the hill is
near," but is more often called Little Beard's town, from
the name of the noted Seneca chieftain who resided there
in 1779.
The castle consisted of one hundred and twenty-eight
houses, of which the most were large and elegant, and
was surrounded by about two hundred acres of cornflelds
and gardens, filled with all kinds of vegetables. It was
the western door of the Long House to which the Iro
quois were accustomed to liken their confederacy. Near
this town were found the bodies of Lieutenant Thomas
Boyd and Sergeant Parker, horribly mutilated by the
tortures to which they had been subjected. They were
buried that evening with the honors of Avar, near the spot
where they were found.
At 6 o'clock in the morning of the 15th of September,

144 seneoa county centennial
the whole army was turned out to destroy the crops, or
chards, houses and gardens of the place. The corn was
piled up in the houses and burned with them, or con
sumed on log heaps. It was estimated that from fifteen
thousand to twenty thousand bushels were destroyed at
this place. It was the largest corn the troops had ever
seen, some of the ears being twenty-two inches in length.
Itwas about two o'clock, p.m., when, the fields haring been
overrun, the abundant harvest destroyed, the trees hewn
down, and naught of the great town remaining but
smoking ruins and blackened logs, there came the joyful
order to about face and return.* While the army re
mained at this town, Mrs. Lester, with a child in her
arms, came to our troops. The autumn previous (Novem
ber 7th) her husband with others was captured near Nanti-
coke, Pennsylvania, by the Indians; he was slain, but his
wife was carried into captivity. In their haste to escape
our army, her captors left her behind, and she escaped to
our lines. Her child died a few days after. She subse
quently became 'the wife of Captain Roswell Franklin,
who was in the first party that settled Aurora, on Cayu
ga lake.
Having over-run and destroyed, as it was supposed,
all the vUlages of the Senecas, about three o'clock, p. m.,
the army set out on its return by the same route it had
advanced, and on the evening of the 19th, reached Kana
dasaga without any occurrence worthy of note, except
that scattered dwellings and fields of corn which had been
overlooked, or purposely spared, were completely de
stroyed, and a number of the pack-horses, being unable
to travel further, were shot. Here Sullivan was met by a
delegation from the Oneidas, who came to excuse them
selves for not joining the expedition, and also to intercede

*The Groveland ambuscade and the destruction of the Genesee towns were flttlngly
commemorated at Geneseo, Livingston County, September 16th, 1«79, their centennial
anniversary.

OF Sullivan's expedition. 145
on behalf of the Cayugas, east of the lake, v\'ho claimed
to be friendly to Congress. They were also closely unit
ed to the Oneidas by intermarriages ; who thought that
if the towns were destroyed and the means of subsistence
laid waste, their families would come to them for sup
port, which, added to their already heavy burdens, would
be more than they could endure. In reply. General Sul
livan informed them that the whole course of the
Cayugas had been raarked by duplicity, and hostility,
for which he had determined they should be chastised,
and he should not be turned from his purpose.
On Monday morning, the 20th of September, General
Sullivan detached Colonel Gansevoort with 100 men
selected from the New York Regiments, with instructions
to go to Albany, via Fort Schuyler, and bring forward
the heavy baggage which had been stored at those places,
previous to the setting out of the expedition. A few
families of the Mohawks Avho professed to be friendly to
the United States, occupied what was known as the
Lower Mohawk Castle. By some means Sullivan had been
informed that these Indians were acting as spies for the
hostile part of the nations, and directed Colonel Ganse
voort to capture the inhabitants and destroy their town.
On the representations of their neighbors of the friendly
disposition of these Indians, he set a guard over their
town, but took the men to Albany ; where, upon the
statement of Schuyler,* Washington ordered their im
mediate release with directions "To lay them under such
obligations for their future good behavior as they should
think necessary."

*The following is General Schuyler's letter to Colonel Gansevoort, dated Albany,
October 7, 1779:
Deak Sie:—
Having perused General Sullivan's orders to you.respecting the Indiana of the lower
Mohawk Castle and their property, I conceive they are founded on misinformation
given to that gentleman. Thoae Indians have peaceably remained there under the sanc
tion ot the public faith, repeatedly given them by the Commissioners of Indian affairs
on condition of peaceable demeanor; this contract they have not violated, to our kuowl-

146 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
In Colonel Gansevoort' s letter to General Sullivan, he
describes the movements of his detachment:
Albany, October Sth, 1779.
Deae Sir: —
Agreeable to my orders, I proceeded by the shortest
route to the lower Mohawk Castle, passing through the
Tuscarora and Oneida Castles, where every mark of hu
manity and friendship was shown the party. I had the
pleasure to find that not the least damage nor insult was
offered any of the inhabitants. On the 25th ultimo, I ar
rived at Port Schuyler, where, refreshing the party, I pro
ceeded down the river, and on the 29th effectuaUy sur
prised the lower Mohawk Castle, making prisoners of
every Indian inhabitant.
They then occuppied but four houses. I was preparing
— agreeable to my orders, to destroy them, but was in
terrupted by the intercessions and entreaties of several
of the inhabitants of the frontiers, who have lately been
driven from their settlements by the savages, praying they
might have liberty to enter into the Mohawk's houses,
whilst they could procure other habitations. And well-
knowing these persons to have lately lost their aU, hu
manity tempted me, in this particular, to act tn some de
gree, contrary to orders. At this I could not but be
confident of your approbation, especially when you are
informed that this Castle is in the heart of our settle
ments and abounds with every necessary, so that it is re
marked, that these Indians live much better than most of
the Mohawk River farmers. Their houses were well fur-

edge, it is, therefore, incumbent upon us, aa aervants of the public, to keep the public
faith inviolate, and we therefore entr at you to postpone the sending the Indians from
hence until the pleasure of his Excellency, General Washington, can be obtained; and
a letter is already dispatched to him on the occasion, and ln«whlch we have mentioned
this application to you.
I am, dear sir, your most obedient, humble servant, PH. SCHUYLER.
President of the Board ot Commissioners for Indian Affairs. N. Dep't,
Colonel Gansevoort."

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 147
nished with all necessary household utensils, and great
plenty of grain ; several horses, cows and wagons, of all
which I have an inventory, leaving them in care of Ma
jor Newkark of that place, who distributed the refugees
in the several houses. Such being the situation, I did not
allow the party to plunder.
The prisoners arrived at Albany the 2d instant, all
closely secured in the fort. Yesterday the 7th, I received
a letter from General Schuyler, ([ have enclosed a copy,)
respecting those pristmers, and desiring the sending the
prisoners down might be postponed until an express
arrived from his Excellency, General Washington. Agree
able to this request, a Sergeant and twelve men are de
tained to keep charge of the prisqners until his Excel
lency's pleasure is known. * * *
I am, Dear Sir, wich Respect,
'5four Most Obedient and Yery Humble Servant,
Peter Gansevooet.*
Honorable Major General Sullivan.
At the same time (Septeraber 20th.) a detachment of
six hundred men under the command of Lieutenant-Col-

. *Peter Gansevoort was of one ofthe olde.«t Albany Knickerbocker families.hls great
grandfather, Harmen Van Gansevoort, having settled in that place as early as 1660,and
owning a lot on the corner of Broadway and Maiden Lane, still held by his descend
ants. He waa born at Albany, July 17th,1749,and died July 2d,1818. He was appointed
by Congreaa,July 19th,1775,a Major in the Second N. Y. Regiment, and joined the army
under Montgomery, which invaded Canada. March 1, 1776, he was made Lieutenant-
Colonel.and November 21st,of the aame year.Colonel ot the Third Regiment. In April,
1774, he took command of Fort Schuyler, and gallantly defended it againat the British
under St. Leger, who,after besieging it from the 2d to the 22d ot August, retreated. By
preventing the co-operation ot that oflcer with Burgoyne, he contributed largely to
the defeat of the latter, and obtained the thanks ot Congress. In the spring of 1779,he
was ordered to join Sullivan in the Western Expedition, his regiment forming the left
wing of Clinton's brigade. In 1781, the State of New York appointed him a Brigadier-
General. He afterward fllled a number ot important offices, among which were Sher
iff ot Albany County, a Eegent of the University of the State of New Tork, Commis
sioner of Indian Affairs, and for fortifying the frontiers, Military Agent,aod Brigadier-
General in the United Statea Army, 10

148 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
onel William Butler,* of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regi
ment, was sent to laj^ waste the towns on the east side of
the Cayuga Lake. Thomas Grant accompanied this
detachment, and his journal, which unfortunately ends
abruptly September 25th, and the journal of George
Grant, Sergeant-Major of the Third New Jersey Regi-
m.ent, with Sullivan's Report, are the principal sources-
of information in regard to their movements.
It was 3 o'clock p. m., when the detachments of Ganse
voort and Butler set out frora Kanadasaga for Skoi-yase,
which they reached at dark and encamped there for the
night. The next morning several fields of corn were dis
covered about the town, which Major Scott, f with two

*Colonel William Butler was the second of five brothers ot a family who came from
Ireland and settled iu Cumberland County, Pa.,prior to 1760.
On the formation of the 4th Regiment he was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel,
October 25th, 1776. As a military ofllcer he early acquired considerable distinction.
When, in the spring of 1778, the whole frontier was threatened bv Indians and Tories,
Timothy Pickering wrote to Washington for "an officer of established reputation for
bravery and capacity," and adds, "if we are not misinformed, Lieutenant-Colonel Wil
liam Butler has been most conversant with tbe Indians and tbeir mode ot fighting."
Immediately after the battle of Monmouth, in which both his regiment and himself
bore an important part, his regiment, with six companies ot Morgan's riflemen, was
stationed at Schoharie. Here his bravery and experience as an officer, which was sec
ond to none of his rank, rendered him greatly efBcient in quieting the disafl'ected, and
establishing confidence and courage among the people. In order to break up the haunts
ot the hostile Indians on the Susquehanna,Colonel Thomas Hartley, with the 11th Penn-
sylvania.ascended the river as far aa Tioga, which he destroyed, together with Queen
Bather's Plantation and Wyalusing; and about the same time. Colonel Butler, the rifle
men and a corps ol twenty rangers, marched to the waters of the Delaware, descended
that stream for two daya,and then struck off tor the Susquehanna, which they reached at
Unadilla. The Indians fled on their approach, leaving behind great quantities of corn,
some cattle and much of their household goods. Butler pushed on to Oghkwaga, which
was a well-built Indian town, there being a number of good farm houses on each side
ot the river. Destroying both these towna, and an Indian caatle throe miles below, the
mills at Unadilla, and the corn, Butler returned to Schoharie. He went down the river
with Clinton in 1779, to Tioga, where he was transferred to Hand's Brigade. He served
in the army until the close of the war, wben he moved to Pittsburg. Here the remain
ing years of hia life were spent in comparative quiet and comfort until his death.in 1789.
He was buried in Trinity Church yard, Pittsburgh. The inscription upon the tablet
erected to his memory has become well-nigh effaced by the atorma of nearly a century.

tMajor William Scott, of Cilley's 1st New Hampshire Regiment, was of Scotch. Irish
descent, his father, Alexander, bfing one of the first settlers of Peterborough, moving
Into that town in 17<i2, While preparing a permanent settlement, he left his wife in
Townsend,Mass.,where Wilham waa born,May 1743. When seventeen years of age he be

OF SULLIA'AN'S EXPEDITION. 149
hundred men, was detailed to destroy.
While Major Scott and his party Avere engaged in
completing the destruction of Skoi-yase, the rest of the
detachment pushed forward, at seven o" clock in the morn
ing. A march of eleven miles brought thera to Cayuga
Lake, the outlet of Avhich they crossed Avhere it Avas seventy
perches in Avidth, Avading up to their breasts in water.
Just at the outlet of this lake Avas the old Indian town,
Tiohero, Avhich the Jesuit fathers called St. Stephen,
The journalist says, "Near the outlet destroyed two
Indian houses. The name of the place is Choharo."
The site was on the east side of the river, at a point where
it was crossed bj^ the great trail, and near wbere it was
afterAA'ard crossed by the Northern Turnpike, While
they were destroying this place, Major Scott and his party
overtook thein. Five and a half miles farther, or sixteen
miles trora Skoi-yase. the detachraent encamped for the
night at a small Indian settlement, a mile and a half from
the Cayuga Castle, called GewaAA-ga, located on the site
of Union Springs. After leaving Choharo, the path kept
near the lake shore, along AA-hich Avere several houses and
corn fields that the detachment destroyed as it passed
along. Early in the morning of Wednesday, September 22d,
the detachment reached Cayuga Castle. Thomas Grant
describes this toAvn as containing fifteen very large square
log houses, and adds, ' ' I think the bmldings superior to

came connected "with GofFs regiment,and was noted for his energy and courage. In 1775,
he was a Lieutenant In one of the Massachusetts Regiments, and fought with desperate
courage. His leg was fractured early in an engagement in which his regiment parti
cipated, but he continued fighting tmtil,receiviiig other wounds, he fell and was tsiken
prisoner. Upon the evacuation ot Boston he was carried to Halifax and tlirown into
prison, but escaped by undermining its walls. He was in Fort Washington at the time
of its surrender.Noveaiber 17th,1776,and was the only person who escaped, which he ef
fected by swimming the Hudson by night, where it was a mile in width. He was pro
moted to a captaincy in a Massachusetts Regiment, but preferring the New Hampshire
line, he accepted a captaincy in Cilley's Regiment He was with the army until 1781,
wben he entered tbe naval service in which he continued until the close of the war.
He died at Litchfleld,N.H.,September 10th,1796,aged fifty-three years.- J. H. Hist. CoU.

150 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
any I have yet seen." Two other towns were in the im
mediate neighborhood ; one, a mile south from the Castle
and called by our men Upper Cayuga, containing four
teen large houses, and the other, two miles north-east of
the Castle, (Grant says,) called by our men Cayuga, some
times East Cayuga, or Old Town. In the vicinity of the
Castle, were one hundred and ten acres of corn ; besides
apples, peaches, potatoes, turnips, onions, pumpkins,
squashes and other vegetables in abundance. Major
Grant describes Cayuga as a large and commodious town
consisting of about fifty houses, but he evidently in
cludes the three towns mentioned by Thomas Grant ; he
also adds that the troops found salt here, manufactured
by the Indians from the salt springs near Choharo, some
United States muskets and a few regimental coats. The
Oneidas, who accompanied the detachment of Colonel
Butler on their return to their own country and who had
besought clemency for the Cayugas, were somewhat dis
pleased with General Sullivan's answer to their petition,
but, on searching the houses at Cayuga, some fresh scalps
were discovered, which, being shown, to them con
vinced them of the justice of the course pursued by Sul
livan. This town, the Cayuga Castle, probably occupied
the same site as the one called by the French Jesuits,
Goi-o-gouen, at which the mission of St. Joseph' s was
established, and which, General John S. Clark locates on
the north side of Great Gully Brook. This corresponds
with the distance (ten miles,) recorded by Mr. Benjamin
Lodge, the Surveyor of the expedition, who accompanied
this detachment. On his map Cayuga Castle is located
on the north side of the stream, and Upper Cayuga on
the south side of it.
The troops were employed until three o'clock, p. m., of
the next day, in destroying this place when they marched
to Chonodote, four and a half miles from Cayuga Castle,
and which Mr. Lodge notes as "remarkable for its peach

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 151
trees." There were fifteen hundred of them, some apple
trees, and a number of acres of corn. This town con
sisted of twelve or fourteen houses, chiefly old buildings,
and stood on the site of the village of Aurora. Here the
army encamped for the night. Early the next morning,
September 24th, the work of destruction commenced.
As remorseless as a cannon shot, the axe levelled every
tree though burdened with its load of luscious fruit, and
the freshly ripened corn was gathered only to be de
stroyed. At 10 o'clock, A. m.,* the torch was applied to
the dwellings, and as the crackling flames Ufted their
fiery heads over this scene of havoc and destruction, the
detachment resumed its march. It was an hour after
dark before the next encampment was reached, which
was sixteen and a haU miles south of Chonodote, beside
a fine stream of water.
Early on Saturday morning, the 25th, the detachment
resumed its march. After travelUng seven miles, they
reached the southern extremity of Cayuga Lake ; going
five miles farther, they came to the smoking ruins of a
town destroyed by a party under Colonel Dearborn, the
day before, of which I shall speak presently. Having
destroyed the corn which was overlooked by the party
who burned the ^wn, the troops encamped here for
the night.
On the 26th and the 27th, the route for most of the way
was through a pathless wilderness, where the sun and the
surveyor's compass were the only guidOs. On the 28th
the detachment rejoined the main army at Fort Reid, at
KanawahoUa. In his report General Sullivan sums up the results of
this branch of the expedition as follows : ' 'Colonel But
ler destroyed, in the Cayuga country, five principal towns
and a number of scattering houses, the whole making

'September 24th,1879,the one hundredth anniversary of the destruction of Chonodote
was appropriately commen^orated at Aurora, Cayuga County.

152 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
about one hundred in number, exceedingly large and weU
buUt. He also destroyed two hundred acres of exceUent
corn, vrith a number of orchards, one of which had one
thousand five hundred fruit trees." The five towns de
stroyed were Skoi-yase, the three Cayugas and Chonodote.
We left General Sullivan Arith the main army at Kana
dasaga on the 20th. That day he crossed to the east side
of the outlet and encamped. From this point, on Tues
day morning, the 21st, Colonel Dearborn* with two
hundred men was sent to lay waste the country on the
west side of Cayuga La^e. General SulUvan says : "I
detached Colonel Dearborn to the west side of Cayuga
Lake, to destroy all the settlements which might be found
there, and to intercept the Cayugas if they should at
tempt to escape Colonel Butler."
The journal of Colonel Dearborn and that of Major
James N orris of the same Regiment, Third New Hamp
shire, and the Seneca County Courier, are the principal
sources of information.
At eight o'clock the detachment left the main army,
and taking almost a direct easterly course, came to three
wigwams in the woods, where were also several patches
of corn, cucumbers, melons, peas, etc. ; they also found
near here fifteen horses. Advancingrfour mUes farther,

*Henry Dearborn was born at Hampton,N. H.,March,1751,studiedmedicine,but,hear-
ihg of the battle of Lexington enlisted sixty volunteers and joined Stark's New Hamp
shire Regiment. He was at Bunker Hill with his corapany, where he fought most bravely.
In September, he joined Arnold's expedition and marched through the '.vilds of Maine
and Canada for Quebec, and in tbe assault upon that city was taken prisoner. In
March, I777,he was exchanged and appointed Major of Scammel's Regiment. He fought
with such gallantry in the battle of Stillwater and Saratoga as to be noticed in orders
by General Gates. He was at Yorktown in 1781, at the surrender of Cornwallis. He
was for two terms Member ot Congress.and was Secretary of War from 1801 to 1809,un-
der Jefferson, after which he was appointed collector ot the port of Boston. In 1812,
he was appointed Senior Major-General in the Ai-my of the United States, and captured
York in Canada, and Fort George, at the mouth of the Niagara. He was subsequently
recalled from the frontier and put in command of New York City. In the summer of
1828, he was appointed minister plenipotentiary to Portugal, but after an absence Of
two yeara was recalled at his own request, and retired to private life. General Dear
born was a man of lai'ge size, gentlemanly deportment, and one of the bravest and
most gallant men of his time. He died at Roxbury, Mass,,June 6th,1829,aged 78 yeara.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 153
they reached the shore of Cayuga Lake at a very pretty
town consisting of ten houses, which, with a considera
ble quantity of corn, was destroyed. A mile south of
this point was another town caUed Skanagutenate ; going
a mUe farther south, they found a third village, de
scribed by Norris as a new town, consisting of nine
houses, and a mile beyond, they found a large house, all
which they burned, and Dearborn encamped for the night
about two mUes above the large house. Counting the three
Arigwams a viUage, as both Dearborn and Norris do, and
the results of this day' s work were the destruction of four
towns and numerous corn fields, and a march estimated
at seventeen miles. The relative situation of these three
toAvns on the west side of the lake was very similar to
that of the three Cayugas on the opposite side. The
first Uttle cluster of wigwams was located near the reser
vation Une on the smaU stream that enters the Seneca
river above Seneca Falls, in the town of Fayette. Skan
agutenate, the central one of the three, was situated on
the bank of Canoga Creek, the second, the one unnamed,
being a mile north, and the one called Newtown on the
Di singer farm, a mile south. This is a point hardly
second in historical interest to Cayuga itself, and its
destruction was a severe blow to the Cayuga nation.
While it is not germane to my topic to discuss questions
on general history outside of this campaign, it may be
allowed me to say, that, as the birth-place of Red Jacket,
the great Iroquois orator, and opposite the burial-place
of Queen Esther, of Wyoming notoriety, this point,
Canoga, must possess peculiar interest to the antiquarian,
and the student of Indian history.
After marching five miles the next day, the detach
ment came to the ruins of a town burned by the pack-
horse drivers connected with Colonel Gansevoort' s
Regiment. Beatty, under date of September 6th, says:
"This evening came up four, or five pack-horsemen, who

154 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
lost themselves yesterday, and told us that they took the
wrong path, and went on till near night when they came
to a smaU Indian town on Cayuga Lake, which the Indians
had abandoned. They then found out their mistake and
came to us as soon as possible, after burning the houses.
They likewise got a very fine horse, and a great number
of peaches and apples which they brought^ to camp."
Dr. Campfield adds, they were Colonel Gansevoort' s ser
vants. This town. Dearborn calls Swah-ya .wa-nah, and
adds "a half mile distant found a large field of corn and
three houses. We gathered the corn Out and burnt it in
the houses." This town was built on the banks of a
stream which passes through the farm of Mr. Edward
Dean, opposite to Aurora.
The detachment pushed on about five miles where they
found a hut occupied by three squaws and a crippled
Indian lad. Two of the squaws were taken captive, the
others were left. Three miles beyond this, they found
another hut and a field of corn ; both were destroyed and
the party encamped four miles farther up the lake, twelve
miles from Swah-ya- wa-nah, and seventeen from the last
encampment. The march on the 23d was one of great fatigue. Setting
out at sunrise, without any path, or map, or guide, no
one of the party having ever been there before, they
advanced over what both journalists call ''a horribly
rough country' ' which was so thickly covered AA'ith bushes
that the men vrith great difficulty pushed their way
through thera. After travelling about nine mUes, they
found theraselves at the end of a long cape, now known
as Goodwin' s Point or Taghanic, which they had raistaken
for the end of the Lake. The detachment then struck
off two or three miles to the west, and after marching by
point of compass, about eight miles farther, came to the
end of the Lake and encamped.
On the 24th, Dearborn put his force in motion at sun-

155
rise, and soon struck an old path which led to some huts
and corn fields. Supposing that he was near an important
Indian town, which was reported to be at the head of the
Lake, he divided his force into small parties and sent
them in different directions to look for it. In their search
several scattered houses and corn fields were discovered
and destroyed. At length the toAvn was found situated
on the Inlet creek, about three miles from the Lake.
The town consisted of twenty-five houses, and, says
Norris, is caUed Co-re-or-go-nel, who adds that "it is the
capital of a small nation or tribe caUed  ." Major
Grant, who was in Butler' s detachment and reached this
town the next day after Dearborn, caUs the place De Ho
Riss Kanadai, and says it was situated on the west side
of the stream in a beautiful valley, and the creek was
deep enough for canoes to pass from the town to the lake
at any time. This site of this town has been identified
by General Clark, at a I)oint of rising ground, south of
the school-house on the farm of Mr. James Flemming,
and opposite to Buttermilk Falls. Dearborn's party
was from nine o' clock in the morning untU sunset, in de
stroying the crops and orchards about this place. The
next day some of Colonel Butler' s men found here the
horse of the Rev. Dr. Kirkland, the missionary to the
Oneidas, and one of the chaplains to the expedition.
The locaUty of this toAvn is one of great interest to the
antiquarian. In 1753, a remnant of a nation of the Cataw-
bas caUed Christannas, having been nearly exterminated
by the Iroquois, Avere planted here by the Cayugas.
Soon after, a party of Monseys and the remnant of the
nation of Tutelos, were allowed 'to settle here. In 1765,
the Cayuga Sachem desired to remove the Christian In
dians at Wyalusing, to the head of Cayuga Lake, which
he was induced to forego at the earnest persuasion of the
missionaries. But now, as for nearly a century past,
over their buried bones and slumbering ashes, the march

156 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
of the white man's civUization goes sweeping by ; and the
glimmering water of the Lake over which the Cayuga
skimmed in his birchen canoe, are whitened by the saUs
of the white man's commerce.
Early in the morning of the 25th, Colonel Dearborn set
out to join the main army, and by taking a due Avest
course reached Catharine' s about four o'clock p. m. Find
ing the ai-my had passed that place, his men, though
wearied by the difficult march, pushed on six mUes
farther and encamped on the edge of the swamp, and the
next day reached the main army.
General SuUivan thus reports concerning this detach
ment. ' 'Colonel Dearborn burnt in his route, six tOAvns,
which include one that had before been partly destroyed
by a small party, destroying at the same time large quan
tities of corn. He took an Indian lad and three women,
prisoners ; one of the women being very ancient, and the
lad a cripple, he left them and brought on the other two,
and joined the army on the evening of the 26th."" The
six towns destroyed, were the four burned the first day,
together with Swahyawana, and Co-re-or-go-nel.
The main army which we left near the Seneca river on
the 21st, reached KanawahoUa on the 24th, where Cap
tain Reid had coUected considerable stores of provisions
and Uquor, which were UberaUy distiibuted among the
men, and the 25th was given as a day of rejoicing over
the news of the aUiance of Spain Arith the United States,
and over the success of the expedition. Colonel Jenkins
says, ' 'Five oxen were barbacued, and a great plenty of
Uquor to drink." In General Hand' s Brigade, thirteen
fires and thirteen candles were kept burning, and thirteen
toasts Avere drank. A salute of thirteen cannon and a
feude-joie we^e fired at evening. WhUe waiting for the
several detachments of his army to come in, SuUivan sent
Colonel Courtlandt and Captain Simon Spalding, each
with a force, up the Chemung, who destroyed everything

OF Sullivan's expedition. 157
as far as Painted Post.
Colonel Butler's detachment joined the army on the
28th, and next day it set out for Tioga, where on the 30th,
Colonel Shreeve received them with demonstrations of joy,
amid thunders of artiUery, lively strains of music by
drum and fife and by Proctor' s regimental band. After
feasting both officers and men, and pouring out pretty
free Ubations to Bacchus, the whole was concluded with
an Indian dance under the direction of an Oneida Chief,
led off by General Hand. One of the journals says, the
clothes of the men were torn into shreds by the bushes
and brambles through which, for more than a month,
they had been marching, and observes, that as the men
joined in the dance, with their heads powdered with
flour, their faces bedaubed with paint, and their fringed
and shredded rifle frocks streaming in the wind, they
presented an appearance at once weird and grotesque.
One of the narrators of the story sayS: ' 'every body laugh
ed ; even our grave chaplain could not repress a smile. ' '
In this expedition, the army had burned forty Indian
villages, destroyed 200,000 bushels of corn, besides thou
sands of fruit trees and great quantities of beans and
potatoes. It might be said to be Uterally true of this
army, that ' 'the land was as the Garden of Eden before
them, andhehind them a desolate wilderness."
On the 3d of October Fort Sullivan was demolished,
and on the 4th the army set out for Wyoming, which was
reached on the 7th. Notvrithstanding the severities of
the campaign, the total loss was less than forty men,
or one per cent, of the entire force.
Sullivan left Wyoming October 10th, and reached
Easton the 15th, where a thanksgiving service was held,
and then the army hasted to join that of Washington.
Congress passed a vote of thanks in which the officers and
men were compUmented in the highest terms, and Wash
ington did not hesitate to express his satisfaction with

158 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
the management of the campaign, and its results, in the
most flattering language.
The expedition was more disastrous to the Indians than
at flrst might appear. They returned to their blackened
homes and wasted cornflelds, and looked vrith despair
upon the waste and ruin before them. They now began
to feel the iron they had so ruthlessly thrust into the
bosom of others. Mary Jemison says there was nothing
left, not enough to keep a child. Again they wended
their way to Niagara, where huts were built for them
around the fort. The winter following was the coldest
ever known, and prevented the Indians going on their
winter hunt. Cooped up in their little huts and obliged
to subsist on salted provisions, the scurvy broke out
amongst them, and hundreds of them died. Those the
sword had spared, the pestilence destroyed.
The power of the Iroquois was broken. That great con
federation whose influence had once been so potent, crum
bled under the iron heel of the invader, and the nation
which had raade so man}^ trerable, itself quailed before
the white raan's steel. It is true that as long as the war
continued, they kept up their depredations, but it Avas in
squads of five or six, seldora as many as twenty. We
have no repetitions of Wyoming or Cherry Yalley. It
was a terrible blow, but one which they brought upon
theraselves by their own perfidy and treachery and cruelty.
The sacking of so many homes, the destruction of so much
that was valuable. awakens in every civilized heart the sen
timent of pity for their loss, but the act was as justifiable
as that which slays the assassin at your door, or the man
who is applying the torch to your dwelling.
Colonel Stone remarks : "With the exception of New
town, the achievements of the army in battle were not
great. But it had scoured a broad extent of country,
and laid more towns in ashes than had ever been de
stroyed on the continent before. The red men were

OF Sullivan's expedition. 159
driven from their beautiful country — their habitations
left in ruins, their fields laid waste, their orchards up"
rooted, and their altars and the tombs of their fathers
overthrown." To the N ew England troops, Avho had been accustomed
to the rocky soil and the steep hillsides of their native
States, these broad and fertile valleys seemed like an
other Edfen, and no sooner had war furled her crimson
banners, than these hardy sons of the east, shouldered
knapsack and axe, and again bent their footsteps toward
¦these beautiful valleys ; here they built their homes and
reared their children, planted the institutions of Uberty
and reUgion and builded an empire whose exhaustless
wealth and tireless enterprise and increasing grandeur.
make it the crowning glory of this Empire State, and a
living example of her glorious motto, Excelsior.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE BY REV. DAVID CRAFT.
In General Sullivan's official reports, he claimed to
have lost from all causes, less than forty men, and to have
destroyed f ortj'^ 1:owns, fourteen of which were destroyed
by Clinton and himself, prior to the 30th of August.
This statement has been doubted by some critics, and Sul
livan's veracity in his official report virtually questioned.
A careful collation of the journals gives the foUoAving re
sults : LOSS OF MEN.
One, a boatman, drowned, a soldier died at Yanderlip' s
and Sergeant Martin Johnson at Wyalusing, all August
5th. At Tioga, Jabez Elliott was killed by Indians, Au
gust 15th; Philip Heiter, August 17th, and Captain
Benjamin Kimball. accidentaUy, August 2M. Seven were
kiUed at Chemung, August 12th; three were killed and
five died of wounds received at the battle of Newtown;

160 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL.
seventeen perished at Groveland, including Corporal Cal
houn and Hanyerry; Lieutenant Boyd and Sergeant Par
ker at Little Beard's town, making a total of forty.
Besides, one soldier died at Wj'-oming, and one rifleman
was killed wliile Clinton was at the foot of Otsego Lake.
TOWNS DESTROYED.
The foUowing are the fourteen towns destroyed previ
ous to the 31st of August, with the dates of their destruc
tion: 1. Newtychanning, at the mouth of Sugar Creek,Au-
gust 9 th.
2. Old Chemung, near present town, August 13th.
3. New Chemung, August 13th,
4. NcAvtown, August 31st.
5. Small village at the fortiflcations, August 29th.
6. New Buildings on Baldwin's Creek, August 29th.
7. A small village on Seely Creek, August 30th.
8. Albout, a Scotch Tory settlement, tive miles above
Unadilla, August 12th, by Clinton.
9. Shawhiangto,near present Windsor, Broome county,
August 17th,
10. Ingaren or Tuscarora, at Great Bend, August 17th.
11. Otsiningo,four miles north of Binghamton,August
18th. 12. Choconut or Chugnut, August 19th, by Poor.
13. Owegy, near present Owego, August 19th.
14. Manekatawangum or Red Bank, near Barton, N.Y.
Subsequently the following towns were destroyed:
15. Middletown, 3 miles above NeAvtown, August 31st.
16. KanawahoUa, site of Elmira, August 31st.
17. Runonvea,near Big Flats, August 31st, Colonel Day
ton. 18. Sheoquaga, Havana, September 1st.
19. Peach Orchard, September 3d.
20. Condawhaw, North Hector, September 4th.

OF Sullivan's expedition. 161
21. Kendaia, September 5th.
22. Butler's Buildings, at the foot of Seneca Lake, Sep
tember 7th.
23. Kanadasaga, near present Geneva, September 7th.
24. Gothseungquean, (Kershong), on the Avest side of
Seneca Lake, September Sth.
25. Skoi-yase, now Waterloo, September Sth.
26. Kanandaigua, September 10th.
27. Haneyaye, September 11th.
28. Kanaghsaws, September 13th.
29. Gathtsegwarohare, September 13th.
30. Genesee Castle, September 15th.
Besides these, six towns were destroyed by Colonel
Dearborn, and five by Colonel Butler.

Judge Miller, upon the conclusion of the Historical
Address, introduced the Poet of the Day, the Rev,
Dwight Williams, who pronounced the foUowing
i»oem:.

SULLIVAN CENTENNIAL.
We walk to-day the halls of story,
'Mid pictures of the olden time,
And voices, from au ancient glory,
That charm us as a silver chime ;
The old and new join loving hands,
The past before the present stands ;
The ages give each other greeting,
And years recall their old renown,
Their deeds of chivalry repeating
That won for them a golden crown.

162 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
The wheels that roll in fire and thunder,
And bear us on witn startling speed,
Battle the dust of nations under
The flowers of forest, lawn and mead ;
The great departed still are near,
The spirit of the past is here ;
For where we tread, the old Mound-Builders
Looked forward through the mists of tirae.
As we look back ; the scene bewilders,
And all the distance seems sublime.
But where a hundred years have lifted
Their stones ot memory on the road,
We pause, in honor of the gifted,
Who wrought for liberty and God ;
We tread the dust of history.
And build thereon our illtars tree ; —
From stage to stage the world ascending
Marks all its steps with blood and fire ;
And God and truth wtth wrong contending,
Are working out the world's desire.
A hundred golden-hued Septembers
Have blessed the weary hands ot toil,
Since in the heat of smoking embers
A victor trod his path of spoil ;
Not for the love ot war he went
With sword, and torch, and armament,
But wild, the Iroquois had lighted
A thousand fires of hate and scorn,
From Cherry Valley's homes affrighted,
To tar Wyoming's vale forlorn.
Then Washington, with martial ardor.
Called Sullivan in haste to go,
And cross the Indian s forest border
And lay his fields and orchards low ;
Till charging Brant in ambuscade,
He fled from Newtown's fray dismayed ;
And bold Cornplanter swiftly hasted
To warn his villagers ot scath.
And tell ot wigwams burned and wasted
Along the victor's blazing path.
From Catharine Montour's castle burning.
So near She-qua-gah's wild cascade.
Defenseless Indian mothers turning.

OF SULLIVAN'S E.XPEDITION. 163
Fled to the forest depths afraid ;
From l:>ke to lake the shock ot fear
Had starlledall the atmosphere;
And darting throush the woodland thickets,
The skulking warriors made retreat,
And listened for the advancing pickets.
As on they came with flying feet.
For ah ! the Iroquois had broken
The promise ot their early trust;
And violate, the false word spoken
Had brought their sachems to tne dust;
It was the cruel fate of w.ar
And left its blight on flelds afar ;
Charred heaps but raarked each Indian village,
And there was deep and bitter wail ;
The harvest gone of scanty tillage.
And want was on the warrior's trail.
Strong was that wild confederation —
The grand republic of the woods —
That moved the tribes to consternation
In far-off forest solitudes ;
They skimmed across the lakes of blue,
And from the depths the salmon drew ;
They twanged the arrows lightly feathered,
And pierced the timid flying fawn ;
And at the corn dance weirdly gathered.
They praised their war-chiefs dead and gone.
A tear, a tear for stately Logan,
And Skanandoa, worn and old,
Whose war-cry, like the Highland slogan.
Had summoned war-chiefs strong and bold;
Speak low Ked Jacket's classic name,
The Cicero of Indian fame ;
And where the tablets tell their story.
With little cost ot art's designs.
We may not blush, but own their glory,
And praise them at their lowly shrines.
Ah, neverjmore their councils gather,
With war whoop shrill or pipe ot peace ;
Bed children of a great All-Father,
We've seen their watch fires fade and cease ;
No more Cayuga's silver sheen.
Or Seneca with depth serene,
11

164 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
Invite the dainty Indian maiden
To muse beside the singing waves ;
The breezes seem with sorrow laden.
Above the dust ot sleeping braves.
And when the soldiers in their marches
Advanced on that September morn,
And pushed along through woodland arches.
Or passed the fields of yellow corn ;
They caught a vision far-away,
A dream ot peace, — a happy day,
When they should drop their lurid torches.
And build along these lovely slopes.
And sit at home in their own porches.
Where died in smoke the Bed Man's hopes.
They passed along the rocky ledges
Above the gorges deep and wild ;
And dreamed along the water edges,
With nook and glen and cove beguiled ;
And thought ot sloping farms, that yet
Should wear the golden coronet
Ot coming, tar-oft, glad Septembers,
When they should tear no foeman's scorn.
To leave the waste ot dying embers,
Along their flelds ot ripening corn.
They tell us in our nation's story.
That first to lead the patriot van,
In all our years of martial glory,
Was this, our hero, Sullivan ;
When at old Portsmouth by the sea
He wrought a deed ot chivalry ;
And took a store ot ammunition.
And hid it 'neath the pulpit stairs
Of Durham church, in sate condition,
To answer holy patriot prayers.
At Bunker Hill they used the powder —
At Bunker Hill of Yankee tame ;
And so the blast ot war grew louder,
And wider spread the patriot flame,
'Till Independence Bell rang out
The people's grand deflant shout ;
And face to face across the Atlantic
George Wiishington and George the Third,

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 165
Stood in the might ot arms gigantic,
'Till all the lands in wonder heard.
But peace came down on loving pinions ;
The Lion sought his royal lair ;
The Eagle in his own dominions
Breathed tree his native mountain air;
The young Bepublic, like a bride,
Sat in her beauty glorifled,
And tossing out her herald banner
The breezes caught it with delight,
From Plymouth Bock to broad Savannah,
With folds of Eed and Blue and White.
A hundred years — her footstep quickens ;
Her next Centennial height she tries ;
The gold dust on her banner thickens
Above the smoke of sacriflce ;
Up frora the stormy years she comes,
With blast of trumpets, roll ot drums;
The King ot Kings is her defender,
She wears His star upon her breast ;
And thronging chariots attend her,
The joy and beauty ot the West.
What if the vision grows romantic?
We hold the promise of the seers,
The Mayflower trod the wild Atlantic
To drop the germ of Freedom's years ;
A hundred times the ripened corn
Has filled up plenty's golden horn.
Since Indian hate and scorn of Tory,
Were changed to long and tranquil peace ;
The heroes live in grateful story,
Nor shall their fame chivalric cease.
Cornplanter's dynasty is ended ;
No scion of Eed Jacket reigns ;
The last lone Seneca has wended
His way to tar-off western plains ;
The wavelets of these lakes that surge
But sing a melancholy dirge,
In memory of the vanished races,
That brought their captors from afar,
Where Art now rules with royal graces,
Beneath a new benignant star.

166 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL.
Here where the blue lakes gleaming cluster,
And highlands look in beauty down,
For nbbler warfare let us mus er,
Where Freedom sits with golden crown ;
Not in the path of blood and flre
For long renown do we aspire ;
We build above the mounds that moulder,
We beautify the warrior's trail,
The world grows grand, while growing older.
And peace is here, all hail ! all hail !
The creat Eepublic lives ;
And still our Father, God,
His royal favor gives.
And guides us by his rod ;
A hundred years of prayer
Have brought us bravely on,
Hail ! manly, strong and fair
The land ot Washington.
A hundred years, Huzza ! we sing their past renown;
And long may FreeQom's star our heights ot azure crown.
Speed on, O Union great !
And when a hundred years
Shall come and go elate,
May Freedom's loving cheers
Be heard on land and sea.
And God shall have the praise
Of nations great and free,
Through earth's on-coming days.
A hundred years, Huzza ! we sing their past renown ;
And long may Freedom's star our heights ot azure crown.
Take victor palms and sing
Beneath our spreading dome:
Let all the arches ring
Within our temple home ;
This is our jubilee ;
Hosanna- tor the past ;
And long as time shall be
Eeign Freedom to the last.
A hundred years, Huzza ! we sing their past renown ;
And long may Freedom's star our heights ot azure crown.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION:. 167

LETTERS RECEIVED
FROM

The foUowing letters were received by the Committee
on Inritations of the SuUivan Centennial, and by the
Waterloo Re-union Committee, from invited guests.
Most of them appeared in the very interesting number
of the Waterloo Observer, issued on the morning of the
Celebration — and were not, therefore, read during the
exercises at the grand stand :
FROM HIS EXCELLENCY, LUCIUS ROBINSON,
governor of new york.
Executive Chamber,
Albany, N. Y., August 30th, 1S79.
Dear Sir: — The Governor is in receipt of your kind
invitation to attend the Centennial Celebration of General
SuUivan' s campaign against the Indians of Western
JN ew York, to be held at Waterloo, on September 3rd.
He directs me to return to you and your committee,
his most cordial acknowledgments for your courtesy in
forwarding the invitation, and to convey his expression

168 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
of sincere regret, that public engagements for the date
fixed, will prevent his acceptance.
Cordially Yours, David C. Robinson,
Private Secretary.

FROM HON. EDWARD SULLIYAN.
Boston, Mass., September 1st, 1879.
Dear Sir : — At the last moment, I find it impossible for
me to attend your Centennial Celebration on the third
instant, owing to ill health, and press of business.
I have been looking forward, Arith a great deal of
pleasure, to the time when I should meet you and thank
you and your associates, for the honor paid to my great-
grand-father. Although obliged to abandon that pleas
ure, you will have with you, my most earnest vrishes, for
the success of your Celebration.
With many thanks for your kindness and Arith regrets
that I am unable to be with you,
I remain, yours very truly, E. Sullivan.

FROM CHIEF JUSTICE CHURCH,
Of the New Y ork Court of Appeals.
Albion, July 28th, 1879.
Dear Sir : — I beg to thank you and your committee for
the honor of an invitation to the Centennial Celebration
of General Sullivan's Campaign against the Indians in
1779, but official duties will probably prevent my attend
ance. The reminiscences revived, and the patriotic impulses
inspired, by this and similar celebrations, throughout the

OF Sullivan's expedition. 169
country, cannot but exert a beneficial infiuence upon the
feelings and sentiments of the American people.
They tend to keep in grateful remembrance the heroic
struggles of those who achieved our independence, and to
insure a more tenacious adherence to the principles which
Ue at the foundation of constitutional liberty.
Truly yours, S. E. Church.

PROM HON. CLARKSON N. POTTER.
New York City, September 1st, 1879.
Gentlemen: — I have the honor to acknowledge your in
vitation to be present at the Centennial Celebration ot
General Sullivan's campaign against the Ind ians, and his
march through Seneca County.
[ greatly regret that it will not be in my power to as
sist at this commemoration of the patriotic services of
the brave men of the Revolution.
We do well to comraeraorate the days of danger and
trial and suffering in which, under circumstances very
different from our own, our fathers laid the foundation of
government. We shall do well also to realize how Avisely they build
ed; to imitate their care and thoughtfulness and virtue;
and under the changed conditions of the times to apply
their principles to existing circumstances.
Wishing your interesting celebration the fullest suc
cess, I remain, gen tlemen, your obedient servant,
Clarkson N. Potter.

FROM HON. ERASTUS BROOKS.
West New Brighton, Staten Island,
August 25th, 1879.
Gentlemen: — It would give me very great pleasure to at-

170 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
tend the Celebration at Waterloo, on the third of Septem
ber, but a previous engagement at Elmira and Newtown
will consume all the spare time I can command.
The Sullivan Campaign was the most interesting event
of the year 1779, and has caused raore comment than
almost any other transaction of the war of the Revolu
tion. It is eminently proper to commemorate the event in
your county and town ; and I sincerely hope your Cen
tennial Celebration will prove one of those landmarks
which, while it will bind the present to the past in hos
pitable memories, will also foreshadow a happy and pros
perous future for your own county, and for our common
state and country. Yery cordially yours, Ebastus Beooks.

FROM HON. RICHARD O'GORMAN.
New York City, August 26, 1879.
My Dear Sir : — Please accept my acknowledgment of
your kind invitation to be present at the Centennial Cel
ebration of General Sullivan's campaign in 1779.
I had indulged the hope that I might be able to join
with you in commemorating the gallant deeds of patriots
of old, whose services we are too apt to forget.
To a people that lives so much in an active, eager,bust-
ling present, as we do, an occasional reminder that our
country had a heroic past, in which raen lived simple,
brave and unselfish lives — is especially valuable.
But engagements, from which I cannot disentangle my
self, hold me here,and I must content myself with wish
ing you all possible success.
Believe me to be, my, dear sir, yours truly,
Richard O'Gorman.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 171
FROM GENERAL JAMES McQUADE.
Grand Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic,
Department of New York.
New York City, September 1, 1879.
My Dear Sir: — I have just returned from a week's ab
sence, and find your invitation to attend the Sullivan Cen
tennial Celebration.
I regret that it will not be possible for me to attend. I
should be very glad to participate in any celebration cal
culated to recall the memory of the sturdy revolutionary
heroes, whose achievements are apt to be overlooked in
the stupendous military operations of the recent war.
In our admiration for the luxuriant oak, we are apt to
forget the acorn.
With thanks for your invitation, believe me, truly
yours,
JAS. McQUADE.

PROM BENSON J. LOSSING, THE HISTORIAN.
Author of the "Field Book of the Revolution," &c.
"The Ridge," Dovee Plains, N. Y.,
August 9th. 1879.
My Dear Sir:— I have just returned home, after an ab
sence for some time, and find here your kind invitation to
participate with you and the citizens of Seneca County,
in the Centennial Celebration of General Sullivan's cam
paign against the India-ns of Western New York.
I cordially thank you for the honor of the invitation,
and regret that imperative engageraents at that tirae will
permit my being with you on that interesting occasion,
only in spirit and syrapathy.
Itis our duty, as well as privilege, to take proper oc-

172 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
casions to recall and hold in reverent and grateful mem
ory, the deeds of men who gained for us and our posterity,
the blessings of free institutions.
The campaign of Sullivan seemed to be a necessity, as
a scourge for great offenders, and to prevent a repetition
of their crimes; and bravely and patriotically did his fol
lowers apply that scourge.
But unfortunately, it fell most fearfully upon the igno
rant pagans, who were less guilty than their professed
Christian Allies, the British and Tories, who incited
them to plunder and murder.
Again thanking you and your associates for the honor
of an invitation, I remain, dear sir, your friend and fel
low-citizen, Benson J. Lossing.

FROM HON. POMEROY JONES,
Historian of Oneida County.
Lairdsville, Oneida County, August 7th,1879.
Dear Sir : — Permit me to present, through you, to your
'€ommittee my grateful thanks for the kind invitation ex
tended to me to attend the Centennial Celebration of Gen
•eral Sullivan's campaign against the Indians.
From the infirmities of age I shall not feel capable of
performing the journey and shall fail to be present. In
less than five months I shall have arrived at my ninetieth
-birthday. The great heart of the people of the United States has
vibrated in celebrating the most important events of the
Revolutionary war. This is right and as it should be. It
serves to keep in rem^embrance the sufferings, the daring
chivalry, and the glorious victories of the iron men who
composed the American army.
Two years ago we celebrated the battle of Oriskany in

OF Sullivan's expedition. 173
Oneida county. It drew together the greatest collection
of people ever assembled in the county. No one ever
thought of estimating the nuraber. They could only be
measured by the acre. It was the most deadly battle of
the Revolution, in proportion to the number of the patri
ots engaged. In no other contest was one-fourth of their
number left to moulder on the field, yet it was the first
link in the chain of events that led to the surrender of
Burgoyne's army. This event was the keystone in the
arch of Independence. Previously, congress had ex
hausted all the sinews of war at its command. Its bills
of credit had so fallen, that a month's pay of a colonel
would not buy him a breakfast ; the army was unpaid
and very scantily fed and clothed. Baron Steuben said
no array in Europe could bekepttogether a raonth, under
like circumstances. Bj' the magnetism of the great and
good Washington, the army was, however, kept intact.
The capture of Burgoyne and his army caused a bright
day 10 dawn upon the United States. It gave them char
acter in Europe; men, arms and munitions of war, were
obtained and money loaned.
A few sad reverses, however, followed. The army then
became more efficient under the severe discipline of Steu
ben. The contest closed by the capture of Lord Corn-
walUs and his army at Yorktown. Great Britain acknowl
edged the Independence of the States and ratified a peace
vrith them. A day of thanksgiving was proclaimed in
the United States. Britain had lost her thirteen colonies,
lost fifty thousand of her own soldiers, and one hundred
millions of money in the contest.
The United States had achieved their Independence, and
gained a rank among the nations.
"Let Independence he our hoast,
Ever mindful what It cost."
Yours most truly,
Pomeroy Jones.

174 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
FROM JEPTHA R. SIMMS, THE HISTORIAN.
Author of "History of Schoharie County and Border
Wars of New York."
Fort Plain, N. Y. August, 19, 1879.
Dear Sir:— I wish it were practicable for me to accept
your kind invitation, and be at Waterloo on the ap
proaching September Srd, to unite with the Seneca Coun
ty lovers of freedom, in celebrating the Centennial anni
versary of General Sullivan's Campaign — one of the
important events of our national struggle for Independ
ence. The adventure of rolling back upon the Indians of
Western New York, retaliatory measures for their cruel
ties infiicted upon the exposed frontier settlements for
two years and the beginning of the third — conspicuous
among them, the destruction of Wyoming and Cherry
YaUey, is said to have been conceived by the Commander-
in-Chief, the great and good Washington.
This invasion and destruction of their own homes,
taught the Indians of the- Six Nations, or a majority of
them, by a sad experience, that the quarrel between
Great Britain and her colonies was one they should have
kept aloof from ; and yet, poor souls, they were far less
to blame than were their English instigators. And al
though they hung like a curtain of death upon the whole
frontier during the war, yet their adherence to kingly
rule gave us the possession of their lands at an earlier
date, and on easier terms, than could otherwise have been
expected. Alas, the poor Indian ! he gave his hunting grounds
for settlement, and his friendly protection, to a people
foreign to his own, and aided in nourishing and cherish
ing them, until he became an easy prey to their avarice
and chicanery. Although there seems to have been an
over-ruling Providence in the general removal of the red

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 175
man from his American hunting grounds, from causes or
for reasons inscrutable to us ; yet who can fail to drop a
tear of sympathy over the graves of their fathers : or in
speaking of. or listening to, the euphonious names they
gave to our mountains, lakes and water courses, fail to
experience a melancholy thought that once those names
were chanted in song on the lips of nature' s children —
free as the mountain deer — courageous as the jungle tiger
— hospitable as a Samaritan ; to be known in those places
no more forever.
Wishing the good people of Seneca County every
success in their laudable endeavor to perpetuate the
patriotic deeds, as well as the sufferings, of their ancestors,
whose footsteps were often traced in blood — and whose
virtues and love of country we should ever emulate,
I am. Yours, Yery Respectfully,
J. R. Simms.

FROM HON. O. H. MARSHALL.
Buffalo, August 5th, 1879.
My Dear Sir — I have been holding in abeyance the
invitation of your committee, asking my presence at the
Centennial Celebration, to be held at Waterloo on the 3d
proximo. I fear it AriU be impossible for me to attend. It would
give me great pleasure to join in commemorating the
patriotism of the gallant men, who penetrated the then
wilderness of Western New York, swarming with hostile
• savages — and defeated and dispersed the barbarous hordes
that had so long infested our frontier.
With thanks for the invitation, I am, very respectfully,
yours,
O. H.. Marshall.

176 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
FROM PROFESSOR J. DORMAl^ STEELE.
Elmira. August ith, 1879.
Gentlemen : — ^Your letter of the 24th ultimo, inviting
me to be present at your Centennial Celebration of Gen
eral Sullivan's campaign, is just at hand.
Should my engageraents at the tirae perrait, it would
give me great pleasure to be present and share with you,
in paying due honor to the brave raen, who opened a way
for civilization and Christianity to enter the famous Gen
esee country.
In cherishing their meraory, we shall teach our children
to prize more highly and preserve more carefully, the
blessings we hope to bequeath to thera unimpaired.
With highest regards, I am, yours sincerely,
J. DoRMAN Steele.

FROM HON. BENJAMIN F. ANGEL.
Geneseo, September 1st, 1879.
Gentlemen : — I have been honored Arith your invitation
to be present at the Centennial Celebration of General
Sullivan's campaign against the Indians on the third
instant, at Waterloo, and but for the fact that the people
of this county are to celebrate the same grand event on
the sixteenth instant, I should be gratified to unite with
the citizens of Seneca county, in coraraeraorating this
anniversary, which should not be allowed to pass un
noticed. It will be borne in raind that when this expedition under
General Sullivan was organized, one hundred years ago.
Central and Western New York Avas an unbroken wilder
ness, inhabited by a powerful and hostile confederacy of
Indians, supported by British troops and their tory allies ;
and it required extraordinary energy and indomitable
courage to carry forward the objects of the campaign.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 177
These commeraorations are therefore, a fitting tribute to
the memory of the brave officers and soldiers who par
ticipated in the enterprise. It is an event whicii did more
to advance the cause of civilization than any other in the
century. The bloody wrongs inflicted upon the frontier
settlements by these hostile tribes of Indians,resulted in
their defeat and expulsion frc^m the countr}^, and the
glowing account given by the soldiers on their return, of
the beauty of the country and fertility of the soil, hast
ened the settlement of this part of the State by a hardy,
intelligent and patriotic class of people.
With great respect, I remain, very truly yours,
B. F. Angel.

FROM REY. DR. CHARLES HAWLEY,
OF AUBURN.
Catskill Mountain House, August 25th, 1879.
Dear Sir : — I find much to my regret that it will not be
possible for rae to be present at the Centennial Celebra
tion at Waterloo, on September 3rd, since on account of
my health, I must remain here until afl er that date.
I learn, however, with pleasure, that the necessary steps
have been taken to have the Cayuga County Historical
Society represented on that occasion.
The founder of Auburn, Colonel John L. Hardenbergh,
was an officer in the SulUvan expedition, and his journal,
now being printed under the auspices of our Society, will
be found an interesting contribution to that portion of
revolutionary history, pertaining to this region of the
state, and so intimately connected with its speedy and
permanent settlement. Other pioneers, officers and sol
diers in this memorable campaign, — at the close of the
last century, settled within the present limits of the cou n ty,
and it is most fitting that Cayuga should unite with

178 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
Seneca in this commemoration of the patriotic services of
all who thus bore part in opening this portion of the
country to freedom and a christian civilization.
Thanking the committee for their courteous invitation,
I remain, yours very truly, Charles Hawley.

FROM MR. H. G. R. DEARBORN,
A grandson of Colonel Henry Dearborn.
Hawthorn Cottage, Boston, Mass. )
August 29th, 1879. f
Dear Sir: — I regret exceedingly, that other engagements
will prevent my accepting your very polite invitation, to
be present at Waterloo, on September 3rd.
The occasion is a most interesting one to all Americans,
and particularly so to myself. The trials, hardships and
perseverance of those engaged in our Revolutionary strug
gle, should never be forgotten.
I have the honor to be.
Yours, very respectfully, H. G. R. Dearborn.

FROM MR. STANWIX GANSEYOORT,
A grandson of Colonel Peter Gansevoort.
Glens Falls, N. Y., September 1st, 1879.
Dear Sir:— Feeling deeply gratified, and appreciating
highly the honor of being remembered in the list of
invitations, for the Centennial Celebration of General
Sullivan's memorable campaign, on the third instant, I
sincerely regret, that it will be impossible, on account of
illness, for me to attend.

OF Sullivan's expedition. 179
Wishing you fine weather, a large attendance, and a
happy conclusion of the day, I have the honor to be.
Yours truly, Stanwix Gansevoort.

¦ FROM MAJOR M. M. JONES,
Secretary of the Oneida Historical Society.
Utica, August 28th, 1879.
Gentlemen — Your cordial invitation to attend the Sene
ca County Centennial at Waterloo was received, and I
had hoped until now, to be present. Confessing myself
an enthusiast upon'the subject of local history, could I
be present, I have no doubt of a rich treat.
Thousands of facts in our Colonial and early State his
tory, have been lost or hidden, through carelessness or
design, and our people have had their attention constant
ly drawn to other Colonies and States, with whose records,
those of New York will bear honorable comparison.
New York has never had fair play in our histories.
While the honorable actions and sentiments of others,
have had prominent places, well underscored upon the
pages of history, those of New York have been belittled
or entirely ignored.
Plymouth Rock and Jamestown, Bunker Hill and
Yorktown, and many other points, have been given due
prominence, but the discovery of Hudson' s river, the sfet-
tlement of its banks far up, prior to the landing of the
Pilgrims, the battles of Long Island, White Plains,
Bennington and Oriskany, the seige of Port Stanwix,
¦SulUvan' s campaign with the battle of Connewawah &c.,
have had Uttle prominence assigned them, while Saratoga
the battle of greater importance than all others, and from
which our alliance vrith France resulted, has barely
12

180 SENECA county CENTENNIAL
escaped obUvion, may be to save the honor of men of
other States.
Our Centennials have at this late day taught our ovsti,
people, as to the loyalty, acts and courage of New
Yorkers. For a hundred years prior to 1776, there had
been a contest, always zealous, not always discreet, between
the people of the colony and the aristocratic, governing
element. Opposition to the stamp act, and the oppressive
measures of the colonial governors of that period brought
to the front a large number of the best soldiers and states
men of New York, in the Revolution. A large portion
of the Dutch element in the colony of New York was
loyal to the cause of Independence. In New York city,
the stamp act was resisted by public meetings and irregu- _
lar assemblages of people — the stamp" officers compeUed
to resign and the stamps delivered to the Mayor — the
Lieutenant-Governor hung in effigy and his coach burned;
soldiers, after firing upon the people, were attacked and
disarmed in the street, the residences of military officers
sacked, and destroyed; large quantities of tea thrown
into the river, vessels with cargoes of tea ordered to
return to England, non-importation associations formed
and their rules enforced, the most radical and revolution
ary sentiments enunciated in public meetings, ^and aU
within range ot the guns of the port and the men of war
lying in Hudson and East rivers. The legislature of
Massachusetts and the Governors of Connecticut and
Rhode Island, entered heartily into the revolution which
was bitterly opposed by the Governors and councillors
and a large majority of the Assemblies of New York,
and ye< the people of New York were as zealous and
active, for the ten years prior to 1775, as those of any
other colony. These facts should be known.
The expedition of General Sullivan in 1779, was a
military necessity. Hordes of savages werfe deriving their
sustenance from their towns and villages in Western New

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 181
York. These viUages were easy of access not only to
their proprietors, the Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas,
to which they returned to recruit after their expeditions
for murder and pillage, but they furnished rendezvous
for the Indians of Canada and the lakes, and for the
brutal tories who had discarded civiUzed warfare, and so
often put Brant to the blush by their barbarities. After
the Mohawks had been driven from the Mohawk Yalley,
they, for the time, found a home Arith these three western
tribes. The Indians raised in these fertile regions im
mense crops of corn and beans. They had extensive
orchards of apples, pears and peaches. These villages
were unfaUing basfes of supplies, for whUe the men were
absent on the war path, their women performed their
usual labors in cultivating the soil. Whatever some sen
timental historians may have said as to its inhumanity
and unchristian policy. General Sullivan' s expedition did
greatly weaken the Indians, and although they may have
subsequently fought for revenge, they were no worse
than before. The same arguments used against General
SuUivan' s campaign, may be used against every invasion
of an enemy's country; The Indians were, for once,
made to feel the power of the United States.
The story of the advance of General CUnton by the
way of Otsego Lake, of the hardships, endurance and labors
of his men, seems almost incredible. As a sort of precursor.
Colonel Yan Schaick had advanced from Fort Stanwix
and destroyed the villages, granaries, and orchards of the
Onondagas, in the April previous. General SuUivan put
a finishing touch to the villages, crops and orchards of
the Cayugas and Senecas, (the latter tribe out-numbering
all the rest, ) and thus were these hordes of hostile Indians
and their families, thrown upon the British for susten
ance, saying nothing of the number of Indians captured
and kiUed.
I hope your Centennial wiU prove a success, as it cer-

182 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
tainly will, if it leads the people of Western New York,
to gain a more accurate, unprejudiced and extended
knowledge of the history of the territory, once the colony,
now the State of New York.
With respect, very truly yours,
M. M. Jones.

FROM REY. DR. J. ELMENDORF.
Poughkeepsie, August 18th, 1879.
Gentlemen : — I acknowledge vrith much satisfaction,
your invitation to the Centennial Celebration of General
Sullivan' s campaign, to be held at Waterloo.
Holding with the pre-eminent Latin historian, "that
the chief office of history is to rescue virtuous deeds from
the oblivion to which a want of records would consign
them," I haye noticed, with admiration, the evidence of
the presence and growth of an unusual historical spirit in
Seneca county, and, with warm sympathy, the movement
' 'to commemorate the patriotic services of the brave men
of the Revolution, who served in General Sullivan's cam
paign," Deeply regretting, that special official engagements AriU
prevent me from being present at the Celebration, I Arish
for it a success, that shall give a definite impulse to his
torical research and acquisition for the century to come.
I am, very truly, yours,
Joachim Elmendorf.

FROM HON. WINSLOW C. WATSON.
Port Kent, Essex Co., August 11th, 1879.
Dear Sir : — Accept my warm acknowledgment of the
civility of your committee in extending to me an invita
tion to your approaching Centennial. It would afford me

183
the greatest pleasure to be present on this occasion,
but I fear that my feeble health will prevent. In com
muning with your people, I should scarcely feel myself a
stranger to them, either in sympathy or in a familiarity
with the historic events which have illustrated the region.
I am able to trace in my feelings an association with
Seneca county, to my early childhood.
My father, Elkanah Watson, held large personal in
terests in the district ; he was on terms of intimate
friendship with many of its prominent pioneers, and the
system of waters which fiows from your beautiful lakes,
was the scene of those explorations, which stimulated
his conceptions of internal improvements. He had re
garded the expedition of General Sullivan as among the
most important and effective in its results, of the measures
of the revolutionary war. Most of its leaders were his
near associates, and under Sullivan himself, he had
served at the siege of Newport, Rhode Island. All these
circumstances combined to impart to hira a strong interest
in your section, and, by his habitual conversations, he
communicated to me a familiar acquaintance with your
county and its annals.
In the summer of 1817 or 1818, I made, with my father,
the journey from Albany to Geneva. It was not direct
and we occasionaUy crossed the line of march of General
SulUvan' s army. The first point of this route, which we
touched, was the shelving shores of Otsego lake, where
the fields and wigwams of the Indians had been submerged
by, to them, the portentous swelling of the waters. 1^ ear
Cooperstown, we saw the site of the dam erected by Gen
eral James Clinton, the cause of the fearful portent, and
the spot whence the flotilla started on its strange descent
of the Susquehanna.
. We foUowed, through nearly the length of Seneca,
county, the march of the invading army and heard
everywhere traditions of the devastations of the happy

184 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL.
villages and fertile tracts of the Indians. My recollection
is particularly vivid, of the beauty and richness of the
territory about A ppletown, and the evidences still appar
ent of the terrible ruin that had desolated it. Many
venerable fruit trees were yet standing, witnesses of the
magnitude and extent of the former orchards, whUe in
numerable mutilated and coarsely chopped stumps,
attested the haste and the method of this destruction.
We enjoyed for several days the princely hospitality
of Colonel Wilhelmus Mynderse at Seneca Falls. He
was an old cherished friend of my father and eminent
among the class of early settlers whose high quaUties
impressed an enduring influence upon the character of
your community. My memory reverts to his residence,
as a long, low mansion, with a broad verandah, and stand
ing near the famous Red Mills, and at right angles Arith
the Seneca river. The village of Seneca Falls I recaU,
resting in scattered buildings, chiefly on a single main
street. On our drive toward Geneva, I observed men and teams
engaged in levelling the earth, on a spot which I was
informed was the foundation for a new court house (Wa
terloo). When I now review the circumstances, the
locaUty seems to have been at that time, almost an open
country. I have no remembrance of the presence of a
viUage and certainly nothing more than a small hamlet.
The county buildings were located at Ovid.
Although I have often since, traversed the borders of
your county in the old-time post-coach, on a canal packet
boat, or upon the wings of steam,- 1 have not visited its "
interior since that journey. I know of its vast progress
and am conscious of the embellishments with which art
and taste and wealth have invested and adorned it, but
the actuaUty of its aspect, as I beheld it more than sixty
years ago, is still firmly daguerreo typed upon my mem
ory. I am constrained to remember the lovely district

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 185
between your unequalled lakes as revealing the sad
vestiges of the aboriginal occupation, then lingering on
its scenes, its grand primeval forests, its fields often
blackened by charred logs and stumps and just carved
from the wilderness, and an affluence of native wealth,
only beginning to throb into vitality.
The Ulusion is strange, but pleasant ! With congratu
lations for the patriotic sentiment which inspired your
action, and vrith an earnest desire for the complete success
of your measures, I am, very respectfully, yours,
WiNSLOAV C. Watson.

FROM HON. ASGILL GIBBS,*
Rochester, N.Y., April 2Sth, 1879.
Dear Sir: — I received your kind invitation to attend
the Sullivan Centennial Celebration in my much beloved
County of Seneca, on the third of September.
It would give me much pleasure to meet my old friends
and acquaintances on such an occasion. The events which
you propose to comraeraorate are marked periods in our
history and merit the tribute designed by the good people
of that county.
I have been confined by sickness several days, and have
deferred answering your invitation, hoping for an im
provement. At present, there seems little probability
that my health will warrant my attendance.
The committee will please accept my thanks for their
courtesy, and be assured of my wishes, that the results
of their celebration may meet their expectations.
Truly yours, A. Gibbs.

*Mr. Gibbs, now in Ms ninety-third year, was a former resident ol Ovld, Seneca
County, where he practised law sixty-flve years ago.

186 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
FROM MR. JACOB FATZINGER,
Allentown, Pa., August 4, 1879.
Gentlemen: — Your invitation to attend the Centennial
Celebration of General Sullivan's Campaign against the
Indians of Western New York, to be, held at Waterloo,
September 3d, is received.
I thank you kindly for the honor bestowed upon me,
and in reply must regret my inability to make the re
quired journey — greatly as I desire to be with you— since
I reached my eighty-first year,in June last.
I am, yours, very respectfully, Jacob Fatzinger.

FROM MRS. F. C. VAN WYCK,
Daughter of the late Hon. Samuel Clark.
Kalamazoo, Mich., September 1st, 1879.
My Dear Sir: — Much to my regret, circumstances will
not permit me to be present on the occasion of the Sul
livan Centennial, which your loyal people of my native
place are proposing to celebrate— not that sentiments of
loyalty are wanting in ray patriotic breast — but the weak
ness of the flesh, in spite of the wilUngness of the spirit,
forbids my carrying them into expression, at so great a
distance. How many chapters in the history of my early life,
are recalled by the perusal of your invitation ! There re
appears before my eyes Colonel Caleb Fairchild on his
white charger, "leading on his militia men to the Square,"
impressing my childish fancies Avith aU the awe and ad
miration that Wellington or Napoleon had excited on
the fields of Belgian Waterloo ! You vrill perhaps recall
with me, that ''bete noire,"" of our youthful days,

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 187
"Bloody Scauyas," and our solicitude in endeavoring to
discover the exact site of the encounter with those san
guinary Indians. But why should I endeavor to revive
the reminiscences which the occasion cannot faU to
awaken !
How eagerly my revered father would have responded
to your call — he who in the home of his adoption, Arith
new interests and duties at heart, never ceased to cherish
the fond associations connected with his early manhood.
Trusting that success may attend the happy event, I
am, yours, sincerely, F. C. Yan Wyck.

FROM JUDGE E. L. BURTON.
Ottumwa, Iowa, August 20th, 1879.
Dear Sir: — I have received from the committee on
behalf of the town of Waterloo, an invitation to be pre
sent at the Sullivan Centennial and Waterloo Re-union
on the Srd day of September. I should be pleased to be
present on that occasion, but my official duties wiU not
permit, as I shall be constantly employed in holding
court from the 11th inst. , until the 1st of December.
Although it is now nearly a quarter of a century since
I left Waterloo, yet the memory of "old times" is as
fresh almost as yesterday, and I can never forget the
many kind and warm friends I left behind. I regret ex
ceedingly, that I shaU be unable to unite with you in
your Celebration. I know it would be most pleasant " to
meet old friends and renew old friendships," and I would
permit nothing of a purely personal character to stand in
the way ; but one in the discharge of official duties is the
servant of the public, and he can scarcely call the time
his own.
I extend, through you, to the committee, my sincere
thanks for their kind invitation, to them collectively, and

188 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
individually, as I am personally acquainted with every
member of the committee. Yours RespectfuUy, E. L. Burton.

FROM HON. H. H. RILEY.
Constantine, Mich., July 2Sth, 1879.
Dear^Sir — I received your invitation to the "SuUivan
Centennial," for which I am much obUged. I am going
to-day into the Lake Superior region for a few weeks,
and fear Dcannot get around in time to enjoy the occasion.
It is not only patriotic but instructive, to rerive the
history of our country, by these Centennial outbursts and
in this way turn the mind of the present age, back into
the past, and set it at work there.
How few know about the civiUzation, government and
Ufe of the Six Nations of Indians in 1779 ! How few,
know the high state of the cultivation of their lands, or
the size and number of buildings erected by them, at
Canandaigua, Geneva, Waterloo and the surrounding
.country at that time. ' ' Scoyes ' ' afterwards ' ' Scauyas, ' '
was quite a garden, when Colonel Harper destroyed it,
;September 8, 1779.
Hoping you may have a glorious time, I am truly
jours, H. H. RlLEY.

FROM HON. GEORGE C. GIBBS.
Los Angeles, Cal., August 11th, 1879.
Dear Sirs — I have received your kind invitation to at
tend the Centennial Celebration of General Sullivan's
march across the territory of Seneca County in 1779.
Though unable to accept your invitation, nothing could

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 189
afford me greater pleasure, than to be with you, on that
occasion, for the localities touched by the line of General
SuUivan' s march along the eastern shore ofthe Seneca
Lake, are among the familiar scenes of my boyhood, and
many an incident of that memorable expedition, narrated
to me by venerable men long since passed away, remains,
and always wiU remain in my memory. •
From my distant home beyond the Sierras, I send
cordial greetings, and kind vrishes for yourselves and
those who shall meet vrith you, to commemorate that in
teresting event in the annals of the "Lake Country." I
remain, very truly yours, George C. Gibbs.

FROM RT. REY. BISHOP WELLES,
Diocesan Office, Milwaukee, Wis., )
August 25, 1879. (
Gentlemen: — I have delayed answering your courteous
invitation, to be present at the Centennial Celebration of
General Sullivan's Campaign, to be held at Waterloo, Sep
tember 3d, hoping that I might be able so to arrange
my appointments for the autumn months, that it would
be in my power to inform you of my intended accept
ance. I find, however, that pressing duties will make
this impossible.
Personally, nothing could give me greater pleasure, than
. to be in Waterloo, — so dear to me in all respects, — upon
the occasion of this most interesting Centennial, and to
join in a Re-union, which, I am sure, will be, to all who are
present, most delightful in its commemorative exercises,
and ever after, one of the cherished memories of life.
Yery truly and sincerely,
Edward R. Welles.

190 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
FROM HON. NORMAN SEYMOUR,
Mount Moeris, August 4th, 1879.
Dear Sirs : — I have the honor to acknowledge your po
lite invitation to attend the Commemoration of General
Sullivan's famous incursion into Western New York, to
be held at Waterloo, September 3d.
I assure you I am much interested inthe observance of
the Centennial of that memorable expedition — the most
effective against the Iroquois, that occurred during the
Revolutionary war.
The history of that Campaign proves that General Sul
livan and his brave array were inspired by the most sin
cere and lofty patriotism, and a monuraent should be
erected, which should perpetuate their heroic bravery and
daring. I trust that my business engagements will allow me to
share with you, the honors of that commemorative occa
sion. With sincere consideration,
I ara, yours, very truly, NoEMAN Seymour.

FROM HON. CHARLES E. STUART.
Kalamazoo, Mich., August 30th, 1879.
My Dear Sir : — Your very kind letter and the invitations
of your centennial and re-union committees, were both
duly received and until Avithin the last few days I had ^
hoped that I should be able to meet you in person on the
third proximo, and participate in your interesting cere
monies. But I am now couAinced that it would be
imprudent to venture upon the journey, and I must
therefore forego one of the most desirable pleasures of
my life.
Waterloo and Seneca county, present to my contempla-

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 191
tion, scenes and recollections of deeper interest than any
other place upon earth, and gladly would I recall and
recount some of them, at your Centennial and Re-union,
and may I hope that some among you, wiU do justice to
the memory of your distinguished men, who gave to
Seneca county its high position in the Empire State.
Such laAvyers as John Knox, Jesse Clark, John Burton,
Samuel BirdsaU of Waterloo, Sacket and Stevens, Tyler
and Bascom of Seneca Falls, Thompson and Maynard of
Orid. Such physicans as Fifield, Loring, Welles and
Stuart, and such merchants and millers as Reuben Swift,
John Watkins, Colonel Mynderse and N. P. Lee — these,
and many others now gone, made Seneca county eminent,
and are justly entitled to a high position in the history
of New York.
Pardon me the impression, that your ]Dublished history
of Seneca county, sadly fails in doing justice to the mem
ory of some of your ablest and most distinguished men.
Will you please convey to your committee, my thanks,
for the honor conferred by their invitation, and my best
Arishes for the coraplete success of your celebration, and
for yourself, please accept ray kindest regards.
Yours truly, Charles E. Stuart.

Formal letters regretting inabiUty to attend the Cele
bration, were also received by the Committee, in addition
to those published, from Governors Talbot, of Massachu
setts ; Bishop, of Ohio ; Hoyt, of Pennsylvania ; and
McClellan, of New Jersey ; United States Senators, Hon.
Francis Kernan, and Hon. Roscoe Conkling; Ex-Governors
Hon. John T. Hoffman and Myron H. Clark ; from Hon.
William M. Evarts, Hon. John Sherman, Hon, David M.
Key, Hon. Charles Devens, Hon. Carl Schurz, of Wash
ington, D. C. ; Ex-Governor Gilbert C.Walker, of Yirginia;
Hon. Thomas C. Amory, of Boston, Mass. ; Hon. Samuel

192 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
SuUivan Cox, New York City; Hon. J. H. Wade, Cleve
land. Ohio ; Hon. George F. Danforth, Rochester ; Hon,
James C. Smith, Canandaigua ; Hon. George B. Bradley,
Corning; General C. D. MacDougall, Auburn ; Dr. F. B.
Hough, LowvUle ; Hon. Elias W. Leavenworth, Syracuse ;
Hon. M. C. Burch, Grand Rapids, Michigan ; Hon. WU
Uam P. Letchworth, Buffalo ; Hon. James A. Briggs,
Brooklyn ; Hon. E. W. Foster, Potsdam ; Hon. Horatio
Ballard, Cortland; Hon. John B. Linn, Belfonte, Pa.;
Hon. Abraham Lansing, General Frank Chamberlain,
Colonel John D. Yan Buren, Hon. Ne-U Gilmour, Hon.
George R. Howell, Hon. Richard Yarick DeWitt, and
Dr, S. B.Woolworth, Albany; Dr, D. H. Bissell, Geneseo;
Jared Sandford, Mt. Yernon ; W. S. Sayre, Bainbridge ;
Rev. Daniel Leisenring, Livonia ; Benjamin Young, MU-
waukee, Wisconsin ; B. F. Woodruff, Rockwood, Michi
gan ; and a number of others.

The exercises at the Grand Stand were concluded Arith
the Benediction, pronounced by Rev. Pulaski E. Smith
of Tyre.
While the Programme of Exercises* for the day, was
in the main observed and carried out — the rich musical
treat — both vocal and instrumental, which had been pre
pared, was unavoidably omitted by reason of the rain
storm, and the consequent necessity of somewhat short
ening the programme.

*See Appendix.

193

THE COLL^TIOiN^.
The audience at the grand stand having been dismissed,
the Officers of the Day, Speakers, Invited Guests, and
many others, repaired to a large tent, provided by the
local committee, upon the Fair Grounds, where an ele
gant collation had been prepared, which was served by
the ladies of Waterloo.
RESPONSES TO SENTIMENTS AND TOASTS.
The cloth having been removed, the President of the
Day, Judge Miller, announced the following sentiments,
for the several towns,in alphabetical order, which in each
instance, was responded to, by a resident of the town
named : ,
COYERT.
The home and covert ol a frank, industrious and Irugal population— the banner ag
ricultural town of the County, — whose lnhabitants,while honoring the name ol an early
settler,— cannot be charged with covert behavior.
Responded to by Rev. L. Halsey, as follows: —
Mr. President. Ladies and Oentlemen : —
From its covert, yet kindly metaphors, we might sup
pose this sentiment to have been drawn, not from the
Wells of plain and practical truth, but from the poetical
and fanciful imagination of the ^Junior member of the
committee on toasts.
If there are any covert allusions to that celebrated can-

194 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
non,* whose boom has been heard so often in this Centen-
nial Campaign, I beg leave to assure the committee that
that cannon is Covert, — covert so deeply that it is never
a gun to return.
But, Mr. President, this poetical sentiment partakes of
fact, rather than of fancy. As the "banner agricultural
town" of Seneca County,Covert is ready to compare pro
ducts with any State in the Union, even with Yermont,re-
nowiied as it is, for its good-looking girls, its horses and
its maple sugar, although
" The first and the last are extremely sweet,
And all are exceedingly hard to beat."
Covert congratulates the executive committee and the
citizens of Waterloo, on the perfection of their arrange
ments, the beauty of their decorations, and the success.
of the celebration. Both the assembled multitude and
the monument at Skoi-yase withstand the fury of the el
ements and the flight of time.
The town committee of Covert has done its work well.
Especial honor is due the chairman. Supervisor D. C.
Wheeler, for his untiring efforts to ensure a full repre
sentation frora the town, raost distant frora the battlefield
of Skoi-yase. The history, has been prepared with great
care by Major Orlo Horton. The town Yice-President,
Mr. Ira Almy, the Marshals, Messrs. I. H, Stout and
Homer Boorom, entered heartily into the spirit of the cel
ebration. Mr. J. L. Ryno aided in securing for the his
torian the list of soldiers, and Mr, L. B. Parshall in pre
paring the civil history. Other towns may boast of the
public offices held by their citizens. Covert has sent some
of her strongest men to the legislature, and is ready to do
it again.
England has had her revenge upon Araerica; for,look-

*Aecording to tradition, General Sullivan burled one of his cannon in a ravine east
ol Seneoa Lake, and one ol the town committees, lu lacetlous mood, offered a reward
for i'"8 recovery.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 195
ing upon her inhabitants as barbarians, and remembering
that music hath charms to soothe the savage breast, she
sent another SulUvan, in the ship Pinafore, to celebrate,
by conquering the Americans, this Centennial anniversary
of General Sullivan's expedition against the English and
the Iroquois.
Look back one hundred years. That maj'^ appear to
you to be a long period; but look back ten years; to many
of us that will seem to be a short span. Ten years ago !
Why. it seems almost like j'^esterday to many of us, so
swiftly the car of time rolls on. Yet think of it! only
ten of those short periods have passed by, since this
country was the hunting ground of the Iroquois — the
home of the red man — only nine such periods have passed
since the first white settler was peering through the un
derbrush to see if the Indians were really gone.
Only ten times ten years, and how wonderful have
been the changes. No more the canoe, the paddle, the
well-worn trail, but the steamship and the railroad car.
No more the wigwam, but the stately buildings of WU
lard and Cornell.
The history of the pioneers of this lake country is one
upon which their descendants may look back with par
donable pride.
By their strong arms, the forests were sv^ept away, the
•seeds of civilization and culture were sown in the wilder
ness, the school house and the church were built above
the Indian's wigwam.
They were men, stalwart in frame and strong in pur
pose. Lacking, often, the learning to be gained from
books, they had studied nature and the Bible. Rude,in
a sense, they may have been, yet they were reverent
in spirit. They sought a home in the wilderness. but they
thought of another home further on. Hence, soon after
providing a shelter for their families, they felt the need
¦of a place for public worship. At first they mfrt from
13.

196 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
house to house, then they assembled in some large barn,.
then in the log school house, but ere long they built a-
rude temple, which, with solemn consecration, they set
apart for the worship of God.
It is my pririlege to speak to-day, as the representative
of a town in which was buUt the first church edifice in
the county, and the church then organized has been the
mother of twelve daughter churches, the little one, as it
were, becoming a thousand, and the weak one, a strong
nation. The hardships of frontier life, can be properly estimated
only, by those who endure them year after year. The
pioneers of Western New York came to a region which
was not figuratively, "but literally, a howling Arilderness.
Far from neighbors, far from the church, the school, the
physician, they were deprived of many of what seem to-
their descendants, to be the essentials of life.
Many of them were soldiers who had been vrith General
Sullivan in his successful expedition against the Iroquois.
They remembered the sparkling Seneca, the bright Cay
uga, and the fertile cornfields of the beautiful lake coun
try, so beautiful, diversified as it is, by glen and lake,
and forest, that it has been called "the Svritzerland of
America;" so fertUe that it tempted even the Indian to-
the pursuit of agriculture. No sooner was the war ended,
than one by one, or in Uttle companies, the Continentals
retraced their steps, coming now, not with the sword, but
with the plowshare. One of these soldiers turned the
first furrow between the lakes.
As we look about us, we see the truth of the adage that
the triumphs of peace are greater than those of war.
The pioneer seems to do more for us than the soldier,but
the soldier must precede the pioneer. The axe, tbe bay
onet, the torch of General SuUivan cleared the way for
the plow, the spade, the anvn,of the early settlers. Much
has been done for us; raay Ave do much for others, inspir-

OF Sullivan's expedition. 197
ed to noble endeavors by che reraerabrance of the sacri
fices raade by our fathers.
May the poet's be our Centennial prayer :
"O, make thou us through centuries long,
In peace secure, injustice strong;
Around our gilt ol freedom draw
The sateguard ol Thy righteous law,
And, cast in some diviner mold,
Let the new cycle shame the old !"

FAYETTE.
While no longer bearing the name ol the Father ol his Country,honor3 the name ot
one ol his distinguished generals, and the inhabitants ol her historic soil, from lake to
lake, and from Canoga, tbe birth-place ol Eed Jacket, to Skoi-yase, dD honor to Gen
eral Sullivan and his army.
Responded to by Mr. Samuel McIntosh,* as follows :
Mr. President: —
I come from the birth-place of Red Jacket — not by the
narrow trail (now obliterated, and crossed and re-crossed
by many people, here to-day,) made by Sullivan and his
army on their way to the battlefield of the Skoi-yase —
but over a good and broad road, running through well
cultivated farms, on which are built fine dwellings and
commodious barns, and occupied by a thrifty and indus
trious yeomanry.
How changed is the face of nature in Fayette in a
century ; (the last forty years of which I have lived
therein;) then a dense wilderness, occupied by savages
having undisputed possession of the soil, and now the
happy abode of a people in a high state of civilization,
and occupying it without molestation frora within or
Arithout ! Would this change have taken place, had not
General Sullivan and his heroes destroyed the power of
the Iroquois, and silenced them forever ? Should we not
then offer thanks and gratitude to these heroes for the

*Mr. Mcintosh waa unable, by reason ol illness, to respond to this sentiment on the
day ol the celebration, but kindly sent a manuscript copy ol his response.

198 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
great work they have done for the pioneers and their de
scendants of the town of Fayette ? They opened the way
for the pale-face to fell the forest and erect his cabin, and
live in it without fear and trembling. Campaigning was
the order of the day, before and since the Christian era,
and cA^er will be, till all people adopt the Golden Rule of
Christian ethics, "Do unto others as you would have
them do unto you."
The great question is, shall we and our descendants
always have possession of these happy homes in Seneca
county, or may not another race, as different from our
own as the Indians, away down in the coming centuries,
send a victorious army and sack the villages, fire the
dwellings and cornfields, and drive the women and chil
dren to the caves and caverns of the earth, and repeat
what has been done in Waterloo, this day one hundred
years hence ? Disunion can be accomplished by corrupt
politicians and statesmen, and the union of the ten toAvns
of Seneca destroyed by their traitorous acts. If one of
these towns should secede and get on the high horse of
rebellion, the lash and the spur should be applied vrithout
immediate mercy, tUl she takes her place in the Une of
the union. I am not allowed to travel in my remarks out
of the county of Seneca, but this is a sufficient illustration
of my views.
Sullivan was from boyhood hardened by voluntary
labor and exertion, and graduated as a soldier, not from
a military school, but from the battlefields of the revolu
tion. Washington well knew he was the man for the
mission, and how well he filled it, the people of Seneca
have answered to-day. To the patriot and hero LaFayette,
(whose name our town now bears), who left honors and
titles, and a luxurious home in another land, to endure the
toil and dangers of a seven-years war, to help to establish
independence and liberty in foreign colonies, inhabited
by a race speaking a language unknown to him, — we

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPED ITIOiJ. 199
would be recreant to every principle of manhood, to for
get him or to fail to hand down his name to the remotest
future. The names of Washington, LaFayette and
Sullivan will be household words as long as our country
is united by the bond of union. Fayette, honored by
bearing the names of Washington and LaFayette, has
also been honored by having born and reared on her soil,
nature's renowned orator. Red Jacket. Having incited
the braves of his nation by his eloquence, before many
council fires, to acts of valor, he lived to see his power
broken and his race dispersed, and in despair he exclaimed,
with his wonted eloquence, ' '1 have aroused the energies
of the Uving, but I cannot now animate the dead."
Fayette, the largest of the ten sister towns, in territorial
area, is rich in soil and beautifully located by nature, —
and her western and eastern boundaries washed by the
waves of Seneca and Cayuga lakes, and their crystal
waters kissed by the morning and evening sun, extends the
right hf^nd of fellowship and welcome to the people of her
sister towns, present at the great centennial of 1879. A
¦ part of the land in Fayette, has been tilled nearly one
hundred years, and still it yields, by proper cultivation,
remunerative crops to the husbandman — proving that the
strength and fertility of her soil are inexhaustible. Rom
ulus and Varick may vie with each other, about the beauty
and grace of their maidens, but until the sample presented
here to-day, in the persons of the fourteen damsels from
Fayette is exceUed, she claims the banner, for the beauty
and grace of her maidens. Fair and lovely as the liUes
of the valley, they stand as fit models of grace, beauty
and loveliness.
Fayette has also the honor of having erected within her
territory a spacious and convenient alms house, to be
occupied by the poor and unfortunate. Although such
charities were unknown and would have been refused by
the early pioneers of Seneca county, and (never having

200 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
been the abode of an Indian seeking its hospitable protec
tion), it stands as a monument of kindness and benevolence
of the people of this town to the poor. The "nine sisters"
have the high honor also of having assisted Fayette in
huilding, equipping and keeping this great enterprise in
running order, by annual taxation.
How much the people of Seneca coun<y have been
blessed in a century, by the advancing tide of ciriUzation !
Though the barbed arrow of the Indian has quivered in
the bosom of the white man, and drank his life-blood, can
we say it was not sent on its mission of death in defense
of home and family and country ? Although nearly all
of the brave Iroquois have, like Washington, LaFayette
and SuUivan, been gathered to their fathers, may their
great anticipation of occupying a happy hunting ground
beyond this world of rugged events, be more than reaUzed.

JUNIUS,
The parent ol towns— while some ol her children now greatly surpass the parent in
wealth and population— yet net in a bountilul soil and in a quiet.peacelul and prosper
ous yeomanry.
Responded to by Hon W. W. VanDemark, as follows:
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : —
Junius congratulates her offspring and sister toAvns on
this occasion — memorial from the events of an hundred
years. We celebrate an event that unfolded our present
greatness, giving us this beautiful county, with its fertile
soil and glorious landscape, lying between two beautiful
lakes, whose waters are as pure as the motives of those who
meet here to-day. Pardon me,if I allude to the fact that
many good men question the propriety of celebrating an
event that deprives one of God's children of bis right
ful heritage, that a more powerful people might enjoy
its benefits, and while I forbear making any remarks re
lative to the sentiment, allow me to say that in this, as in

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 201
all modern, social, business or political arrangements, the
spirit prevails, that "might makes right." Waiving all
questions of fine ethical distinctions, we meet to-day to
celebrate our good fortune, because the deeds of a hun
dred years ago, give us the power we have, and our
pleasant surroundings.
Junius was once, geographically, an important town,
•eomprising within its limits the towns of Seneca Falls,
Waterloo, Tyre and a portion of what is now Wayne
county. In 1812 that portion now part of Wayne, was
taken off. The town then more alive, increased in wealth
and population, until 1829, when a portion owing to bus
iness success and local advantages, became restive under
parental restraint, and were let off, forming the towns of
Waterloo and Seneca Falls — Tyre from instinct went with
Seneca Falls. Since that departure, Junius has retained
her present limits, with a soil increasing in fertility, and
a, happy and contented people.
The first settlers in Junius were one Bedell and the
Southwicks. Bedell located near where D.G.Stuart now
resides, setting out the orchard north of bis residence.
The Southwicks located near Dublin — a hamlet taking
its name from an Irishman by the name of Moody
who kept the first store there. Other names historical
vrith this town, are Brownell, Fisk, Moore, French, Maynard,
Thorn and Hart. These men and their immediate descend
ants, are the pioneers, who, with axe and spade, felled the
forests, and drained the marshes, transforming the wild
erness into the fertile fields, and laying the foundation of
our present iraportance, prosperity and happiness. The
descendants of these pioneers are with us to-day, acting
for the advancement of town interests. One particularly,
is not only honored at home, but our sister towns having
received the benefit of his wise counsels and judgment,
have, on several occasions, honored him with the chair
manship of the Board of Supervisors, an office he filled

202 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
with acceptance, until the accumulation of years admon
ish him to retire from active duties. I refer to the Hon
orable Orin Southwick.
Junius has a quiet people,living out their full measure
of a happy life, and while she rejoices at the success of
her offspring, with their busy streets, far-famed manu
factories, palatial hotels and residences, from which she
receives indirectly many benefits, she would criticise, with
parental mildness and gentleness, that exhibition of judg
ment that allowed the partial construction of a railroad,
that serves no purpose, but to foster the growth of weeds
and afford building materials an opportunity to test the
destructive action of the elements, and the wear and tear
of time.
Again Junius congratulates her offspring and sisters,
and as the historic blood which animated those intimately
identified with the past, circulates in younger veins, we
have an earnest that Junius will always rank number
one, and in the future will cheerfully unite with her off
spring and sisters, in celebrating any event that shall add
to the prosperity of the best county, in the first State,of
the greatest nation on the globe.

LODI.

The southern entrance door, through which most ol the early settlers ol the south
part ol this county entered.and whose soil was flrst trodden by General Sullivan's army
upon his march across .Seneca County.
Responded to by Mb. P. V. N, Bodine, as follows :
Mr. President : —
The town of Lodi occupi^es an honored place in the his
tory of Sullivan' s march through this county. She was
the first to welcome his war-worn veterans. As they climb
ed frora a deep ravine, on their northward march, one hun
dred years ago to-day, what is now the township of Lodi
lay at their feet, in all its native loveliness. Their savage-

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 203
foe utterly demoralized by their defeat at Newtown, had left
their cabins, their cornfields and orchards to the mercy of
the invaders. On their left, the waters of the lake, visible
from that high bluff for a stretch of thirty miles, glint
ing in the morning sun, smiled them a welcome. Before
them, as far as the eye could reach to the north, rose the
massive forests of oak and of maple, whose giant trunks
gave ample evidence to the practiced 6ye of a yeoman
soldiery, of the depth and fertility of the soil whence they
sprung. Ic was not strange that many a man in the rank
and file of that army should register a vow in his heart,
that, when peace returned, he would come again to this
land of beauty and of promise, bringing with him his
households gods, and make himself a home on these old
hunting grounds of the Senecas. They did not forget the
vow. In after years, many of them came with their fami
nes and their oxen, along the same pathway they had before
helped to hew out of the forest, and over which they had '
then marched with knapsack and musket, and entering
this county through the town for which I have the honor
to respond, built their cabins and erected their household
altars, on sunny slopes and in sheltered valleys all along
the Une of Sullivan' s march. Some of the best of them
stopped in Lodi, and vrith strong hearts and willing hands
subdued the forests and made homes and history for the
future county of Seneca.
What a contrast, sir, between then and now ! There is
not to-day in this region of country certainly, and per
haps not in this broad land, a rural township more beau
tiful for situation and outlook — not one more likely to
yield ample returns to the labors of intfelligent husbandry,
than that of Lodi. With her feet planted in the clear waters
of Seneca Lake, her once rugged slopes terraced into
smUing vineyards, bearing clusters that almost rival those
of Eschol, her fruitful bosom garnished with a rich and
varied farming landscape of hill and vale, teeming with a

204 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
busy and intelligent population, her head rising midway
between the lakes nearly a thousand feet above their
level, she stands the peer, at least of her sister townships,
in beauty and fertiUty, and in position and physical con
formation she stands at the head of this county. From
her highest point she can in one view, take in aU there
is of Uttle Seneca, which lies below her like a jewel set in
the silver fringes of the lakes, and from that same point,
in one sweep of her vision, she can count Tompkins, Cayu
ga, Wayne, Ontario, Yates, Liringston, Steuben and
Schuyler. In material wealth she cannot hope to com
pete with commercial centers, but I am proud to say that
not one acre of her soil is mortgaged for the payment of
any public bond, and her weU-tiUed and productive farms
with their neat and commodious, and not a few elegant
and costly dwellings, her thrifty villages with their
churches and their schools, their shops and places of bus
iness, all give evidence not only of the thrift, but also of
the culture of her people. Her moral and intellectual
status is such as one would expect of a people descended
irom pioneers of the old Huguenot stock. The simple
faith and sturdy patriotism of the fathers have descended
to the children. Her sons have been honored in both the
State and National halls of legislation, and have always
nobly responded when caUed to defend, with the sword,
the honor and integrity of our country. In her ceme
teries, side by side, lie soldiers of the revolution, veterans
of 1812, and mutilated forms borne from the battlefields
of the great rebellion. We feel, sir, that Lodi is worthy
of the place nature has given her, worthy of the position
which history ass^ns her, worthy of the sentiment Arith
which you have this day honored her. She has lived up
to the measure of her privileges. Through the pluck and
perseverance and patriotism of her pioneers, and the
energy and intelligence of their descendants, she has
realized all that the glorious campaign of SulUvan made
possible for her.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 205
OVID.
Once having the sole seat ol justice ol Seneca County, located upon her classic bills,
shares with Waterloo, in the government of the model little County ol Seneca.
Responded to by Rev. W. L. Hyde, as follows;
Mr. President : —
Ovid still continues perched upon her classic hill, but
the town is cut down from its original magnitude of
ninety years ago. Then Ovid with Romulus and Junius,
made up the entire of the military townships which now
constitute Seneca County,and Ovid held within itself the
present beautiful and prosperous towns of Lodi and Co-
vert,and it seems to rae, if that individual whoever he was,
who named our township, had stood upon the principal
eminence of our town, and had taken in the magnificent
panorama of natural beauty, which stretches out in every
direction, one of the raost extensive and attractive to be
found in this or any other land, the bright waters of Seneca
on the one hand, and Cayuga on the other ; swift running
brooks, pouring their abundant waters into thera;with parts
of what are now nine counties, looming up in the distance,
near or remote ; a most fertile soil before him, sloping so
gently toward either lake, as to give the best facilities for
drainage, and to present the sweetest face to the morning
or post meridian sun, he would have hesitated before
imposing the name of that old Roman heathen upon this
spot, and would have given it, one of those significant
and musical Indian names of which we have some yet
left to us, in Canoga, Kendaia, Kanadasaga, names that
have in them the wildness and sweetness of notes of the
forest bird, names that have the freshness of the virgin
soU, and should have been left upon the soil as memen
toes of its original inhabitants.
Early in the spring of the same year that Washington
was inaugurated President, seven enterprising men from
the northern part of Pennsylvania, four brothers Dun-

206 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
lap, Joseph Wilson, Hugh Jimeson and William Roberts,
after having traveled almost the entire circuit of Seneca
Lake, deterrained to locate within the limits of the pre
sent town of Ovid. About a half mile south-west of the
site of our village cemetery, they built a log cabin, as
joint property, staked out their claims, sowed wheat,
then leaving WiUiam Dunlap to watch iheir work through
the long winter, they went back to Pennsylvania to re
turn with their families in the spring. Andrew Dunlap
made his permanent home on lot number eight. His barn
which is still standing, and whose huge oak timbers look
as if there must have been giants in the early days to
handle thera, served as a court house for the early set
tlers. We read that the twin seat of justice of Ovid,
while a part of Onondaga County, in an early day, was
not here in Waterloo, but in the corn house of Comfort
Tyler, at Aurora. Which was the raost inspiring to the
lawyers of that day, the smell of hay, or of corn, history
saith not, perhaps it was the juice of corn. These early
settlers of our town, were energetic.industrious men, many
of them of marked individuality, which they have be
queathed to their descendants.
The Dunlaps, the Kinnies, the Wilsons, the Seeleys,
more intima tel.y related to Ovid as it is now, the Halseys,
Posts, Demotts, Coverts, Ditmars, Smiths and Bodines,
have left their enduring record in the land on which they
toiled, the institutions they helped to rear, and the char
acter of their descendants.
How like the tale of roraantic adventure, reads the Mory
of Judge Halsey' s journey from Southampton, L. I., in
the year 1792 ; pushing his way .on from Schenectady by
the Mohawk, Oneida Lake, and Oneida and Seneca Riv
ers, to Seneca Lake, having to carry his batteaux over
various portaares. After reaching his point of destination,
clearing up his lot, building his cabin, sowing wheat,
planting the seeds of an orchard, all in this one season.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 207
and thus having prepared the way for his family, he re
traced his steps homewardby the same route, and after the
next winter was over, took several families with hira along
the way traversed the year before. This Judge Halsey,
ten years afterward, when Ovid was organized into a
town, and he was chosen supervisor, found an obstacle to
his perforraing the duties of the office, frora the fact that
there was no justice of the peace near, before whora he
could take the necessary oath, but he was equal to the
emergency. He was already justice of thepeace,so what
should he do, but swear himself in as supervisor.
Not only were these early settlers law abiding. God
fearing, industrious men, but they sought to surround
themselves with the means of culture and education.
When the first preacher's advent was announced. Judge
DeMott says the whole settlement was notified. The
people left their suraraer work, hastily constructed a
brush house to shelter them from the sun,and made seats
of cleft logs, thus giving the preacher the best welcome
their rude circumstances would allow. As early as 1825,
they built a three-story brick building tor an academy,
the first school of this kind in the county, and established
at once a first grade school, which has sent out a large
number of pupils, who have been, and still are, occupying
places of usefulness and honor.
It should have fallen upon some descendant of Ovid's
first settlers to coramemorate their enterprise and work,
but as it has been put upon me, I am glad to bear my
humble testimony, and will close with this remark:
However we may feel attached to the localities where we
have our homes, yet we must all feel a just pridein this raost
beautiful and fertile region which embraces all our homes,
and well may we honor those intrepid heroes of a hundred
years ago, whose war-like prowess cleared the pathway
for our early pioneers.

208 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
ROMULUS,

-')

Not like ancient Eome, the ruler ol the world, but the home ol an honest, sturdy,
patriotic yeomanry.
Responded to by Rev. L. J. Gross, as follows:
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : —
I am not here to eulogize the town of Romulus. It
has been weU said that, a man whose chief pride is in his
ancestors, is very much like a potato — the best part of
him is under ground. That Romulus is not Uke ancient
Rome, the ruler of the world, is true; but if "in that
elder day, to be a Roraan was greater than a king," I can
safely say that to be known as an honest, sturdy, patri
otic citizen of the town of Romulus, is higher honor than
was ever enjoyed by "the noblest Roman of them aU."
I will not assert that nature has stamped the ten com
mandments upon the faces of all our toAvnsmen, but that
Romulus, like old England, " expects every man to do his
duty," is certain. So much we may claim, without pre
tension on the one hand, or detraction on the other.
As regards the place that Romulus fills in the history
of Seneca County, our town historian, E. Seeley Bartlett
Esq. , will fully inform you. Some incidents, however,
of the record of Romulus, it may not be amiss to men
tion. Romulus can boast of no court-house, jail, or
practicing lawyer — the last fact perhaps accounts for the
tranquUity we enjoy. The first church organization in
Seneca County was the Romulus Baptist church, in 1795.
One of its first pastors. Rev John Caton, was the com
rade of Washington and Lafayette. The first represen
tative of Seneca County in our State legislature, was
Judge John Sayre of Romulus. Seneca County has also
honored herself by sending other Romulus men to rep
resent her in the councils of the State of New York.
Their terms of office cover a period of eleven years. The
first man in Seneca County to emancipate his slaves was

OF Sullivan's expedition. 209
William Seeley of the town of Romulus. This was done
in 1794. The organization of the first medical board of
Seneca County was effected by a Romulus physican, Dr.
Ethan Watson. The records teU us that twenty Romulus
men served in the Revolutionary war, and fifty in the
war of 1812. Degorry Prowtt, a Romulus man, was a
drummer in Sullivan' s command ; he lies buried in the
old McDuffietoAvn cemetery ; and while others are justly
praising the heroic dead, I would give some tribute to the
drummer boy of the long ago, who beat his drum to en
courage his general to beat the red skins. To show that
the old patriotic fervor did not die with the sires of the
revolution, I need only refer you to the war record of the
50th, 148th, 111th and 126th regiments of New York vol
unteers. "With malice toward none and vrith charity for all,"
I may truthfully quote the words of a New England
writer, and claim that Romulus also "produces the
handsomest girls, the truest Arives, the noblest mothers,
and the most glorious old maids in the world."
Mr. President, "honest, sturdy, patriotic yeomanry"
are the leaven of American society. Such were the men
who marched to the bugle call of SuUivan ; such were the
heroes of Gettysburg ; such, we hope, wUl be the legacy
of Romulus to the future.

SENECA FALLS.
The earliest settled and most populous town olthe county; the enterprise other cap-
italiste and the skill ol her mechanics bave made her name and manufactures known
throughout the world.
Responded to by Hon. Gilbert Wilcoxen, as follows .
Mr. President: —
As I have been selected by the committee to speak for
the town of Seneca Falls, it being a part of our creed
never to refuse to do anything required of us, (unless it

210 SENECA COUNTY CP:NTENNIAL
is fo pay town railroad bonds,) and, however embarras
sing it is for a lawyer to talk, I must obey instructions.
I think it may be safelj^ predicted that hereafter no
ruthless invader will dare attempt the destruction of Skoi-
yase; it is too near Seneca Falls, for that.
Seneca Falls has no court house or jail, (perhaps we
ought to have,) yet the whole county can bear witness
that we do our full share towards keeping these invalua
ble aids to civilization in operation.
W ithout the village of Seneca FaUs where to-day would
be the market for the agricultural products of the neigh
boring towns ? — bullheads from Tyre, squashes from Wa
terloo, and sour-kraut from Fayette.
But, seriously, Mr. President : In the sentiment that
has been given, Seneca Falls is referred to as the first set
tled and the most populous town of the county. We are
happy to have with us to-day one who came with the first
settler (Lawrence Yan Cleef) ninety years ago — probably
the oldest living pioneer of our county — Mrs. Polly
Chambers. In the various subdivisions that have from time to time
been made, Seneca Falls is, in extent of territory, the small
est, save one, of the county. But from the favored location
of her viUage, surrounded with rich farming lands, the pro
ducts of which have here ever found a ready marker, com
bined with the enterprising spirit that has always charac
terized her people, she has become the first in wealth, in
population and in manufactures. Situated on the beautiful
streara, that, like a ribbon of silver, connects the crystal
waters that gently wash the sunset shores of our county
with the lovely Cayuga that first greets the morning sun
— its dashing current that to our pioneers made only na
ture's music, has been utilized till the whole atmosphere
nowresounds with the hum of industry; aspirit of progress
as untiring as her revolving wheels,has stimulated her var
ious business enterprises and contributed to her steady

OF Sullivan's EXPEDiTioji. 211
..and constant advancement.
The smoke of the wigwam of a century since, has given
place to that of the forge. To the cabin, nestled lowly
beneath the shady trees on the river's bank, have suc
ceeded stately manufactories, that, with their busy throngs
•of intelligent mechanics, haA-e filled our streets with their
wares and sent their products to every part of the civil
ized world.
The character of our business, has, within a few years,
greatly changed. Seneca FaUs was once the centre of an
extensive gi'ain trade. Its market was inferior to none,and
in the production of flour it was second only to Roches
ter and Oswego in the State. Its nine flouring mills, with
ninety-five run of stone, have been reduced to four, with
barely eighteen run — its production of flour, from two
thousand barrels per day, to now less than two hundred
for export, not a pound of which finds its way to the sea
board. The unjust discriminations of railroad raonopo-
lies has nearly ruined our grain raarket, and effectually
killed the milling interest. It has alike injuriously affect
ed the village and county, the products of our farms and
our factories, and added materially to the cost of mer
chandise from the east.
Notwithstanding these various disadvantages, our capit
alists and the inventive genius and cunning skill of our
mechanics, have overcome these adverse circumstances,
so that our town has becorae prosperous and wealthy
through other and raore skilled productions.
Seneca Falls has a history that it may not be altogether
vanity to regard with pride. The history of the town and
of its prominent men, is common property. Not to men
tion those now active in business pursuits who are to-day
giving a character to the place that is a credit to our whole
county — among the many Avho have passed away and
left the impress of their characters upon the community,
the town. county and State; whose history is as imperish-
14.

212 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
able as the records of our county,and is inseparably con
nected with the growth of the town and the fondest
recoUections of its inhabitants — the farailiar names Myn
derse, Tillman, Sackett, Bascom, Payne, Dey, Downs, Dan
iels, Seymour, Chamberlain, Johnson, Cowing and Part
ridge, will long be held in honored remembrance.
Mr. President, with the past to inspire, the present tO'
stimulate, and the future for our children, before us, may
we not hope that a century hence, they may rejoice as we do
to-day, in hallowed recollections, and as aunited,prosper-
ous and happy people.

TYRE.
Unlike her ancient namesake, without a seaport, except the ports upon the line ot
tbe canals— is also unlike ancient Tyre, in being the home of a law-abiding,God-learing
people. Responded toby Mr. E. P. Strong, as follows:
Fellow Citizens, Ladies and Gentlemen : —
As a modest citizen of a purely agricultural, and there
fore, unpretentious township, I trust you AriU not think
me vain or presuming, if in responding to the sentiment
just read, in behalf of the town which I have the honor
to represent on this occasion, any seemingly pretentious
assertions be made. We claim nothing on account of our-
name. To us, it is as if a well preserved but antiquated
old hat once worn by somebody's great- grand-father, were
put upon the head of a good looking young man at his
majority, and he compelled to wear it. It may give him
a comical, venerable look, but it cannot make him old.
So we will patiently wear the old tile, until Ave get a bet
ter. It cannot make us old. We are but fifty at the
most — one of the youngest of Seneca's townships.
Young, vigorous, growing, and full of life, nothing in
our surroundings is suggestive of such a name, un
less the tide of commerce along our borders, the fin-ity

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 213
of our waters, or a place for the spreading of nets have
a remote allusion to that ancient city. With a popu
lation less than any of our county towns, we have
carpenters and masons to build our houses, black
smiths and wheelwrights to make or mend our carriages
and implements, shoe-makers to cobble our soles — suffi
cient for our needs, ¦ one miller to grind our grain, one
merchant of various commodities, by the print or yard
or pound, teachers for our schools — plenty (three) minis
ters of the gospel to minister to our spiritual necessities,
and one physician who doctors our bodily and physical
ailments by administering medicine as an allopathist,
and our moral obliquities and deficiencies by administer
ing law and justice as a homoepathist. Rurasellers none ;
years ago they were obliged to quit. Lawyers none ; no
one has been invited ; no one has raanifested a desire to
make his home with us. Why not ? Query — If all the
towns of this county would adopt this position of Tyre,
would not the burthen of taxation pass, and the county
of Seneca enter upon a career of prosperity such as she
has not attained in all the past century ? We have none
of the outward show of wealth ; no palatial residences ;
no monied corporations ; no railroad as yet crosses our
borders, but the ring of the bell, the Avhistle of the engine,
and the roar of the train, reach us from every side. In
coraparison with other county towns, the variety, quality
and quantity of our fruits, are second to none. And in
proportion to our acreage, the quantity and quality of
our cereals, are equal to any. Tyre has no bonded debt,
or any other, unless it be a debt of thankful reraerabrance
of that band of noble pioneers, whose herculean labors,
amid privation, and want and sickness and suffering,
changed and transformed the wilderness of wood and
fern, to pleasant homes, and fields and farms. The pio
neers are gone.- Their deeds should be ever green in our
memories. Again, as we stir the generous soil, or drop
the dry seed into its prolific bosom, or gather its bounti-

214 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
ful harvests, we acknowledge an ever increasing debt of
grateful heartfelt thanks to the Giver of all good, that
"The lines are fallen unto us in pleasant places— yea, Ave
have a goodly heritage."
We do claim to be a " law abiding. God-fearing peo
ple" — to be the equals of any in love of country, in
fealty to our government, in obedience to its laws, and in
readiness with our fortunes, or our lives, if necessary, to
uphold or defend the stars and stripes — that glorious old
fiag of our union. Nor is this an empty boast. We point
with honest pride to the war record of the great rebel
lion, where every requisition upon the town of Tyre for
men or money wiU be found fully, honestly, met and filled.
Leaving the recital of the stirring events, and far-reach
ing consequences resulting from the day we celebrate, to
others, and gratefully acknowledging our share of the
good it brought tous, permit me, in closing this, perhaps,
too lengthy response, to say, that in this day of glorious
adulation and gratulation, it seemed right that Tyre
should "blow her own horn," that others might know,
that we are not that antiquated fossil that our venerable
name might lead them to infer. Although with becoming
decorum we have borne aloft that old hat for fifty years,
we are young yet, tolerably good looking, middling well-
to-do, and claim together with you, to be a part and
parcel of this great, growing irrepressible nation.

YARICK.
The central town ol the county; the youngest ol the Seneca tribe; her beautiful do
main only limited by the cbarmiog lakes— Cayuga and Seneca; in name she honors a
revolutionary patriot— Colonel Richard Varlck.the trusted Secretary ol General George
Washington, Responded to by the Rev. J. Wilford Jacks, as follows :
Mr. President : —
In our estimation, there can be but one reason why
Yarick should have selected one of her youngest citizens

OF Sullivan's expedition. 215
to represent her on this proud occasion.
She, the youngest of the family group, thought it not
in keeping Arith her relative history to invite one of her
venerable sires to tell her story, but has kindly asked one
of her youngest sons to open her record.
The family group always regard the youngest child
AAith more than usual favor. In charity they overlook
his faults. So, if the youngest chUd of the county shaU
seem to boast to-day, her staid older brothers and sisters
vrill surely forgive.
Yarick was born and christened February 6th, 1830.
The nine other towns received her with glad expectancy,
and ever since have lent her a helping hand.
Her territory was once apart of the township of Romu
lus, and ever since the division, the parent has regarded
the child vrith tenderness, and their rautual relations,
both in church and state, have been so intimately blended,
as to be almost identical.
The location of Yarick is charming ; the morning sun
light does not touch her shores till it has greeted the
waters of the beautiful Cayuga, and the evening sun
kisses her good night, across the peaceful Seneca.
Her name does not remind you of carnage, of desperate
fields of blood, as do Lodi and Waterloo. We do not
boast a name which reminds us of ancient heroes or classic
lore, as do the names of Junius and Ovid, of Romulus
and Tyre ; but we honor the name of one of the purest of
American patriots, the best of men and an earnest Chris
tian, Colonel Richard Yarick, a hero of the revolution.
A lawyer by profession, when the war broke out, he im
mediately tendered his services to his country. He fought
in the memorable battles of Stillwater and Saratoga in
1777, which resulted in the surrender of General Bur
goyne. Soon he was transferred to West Point, and then
became confidential secretary of General Washington.
He was afterward Recorder of the city of New York ; was

216 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
elected to the Assembly of New York twice, and served
as Speaker both years ; was afterward Attorney-General,
and for twelve years was Mayor of the city of New York,
the longest period any one has served in that capacity
since the Revolution. His later life was devoted to phil
anthropic and religious objects. He was one of the
founders of the American Bible Society and its first
Treasurer, and afterward, on the death of John Jay, was
elected its President. His Ufe was marked by strict in
tegrity as a public man, by unaffected piety and consist
ency as a Christian.
The poet says "What' sin a name?" "Much every
way." We would fain believe that the spirit of Richard
Yarick still abides among the people of this tOAvn. Free
from paupers, free from criminals, it has been the home
of many quiet, virtuous people. We have few profes
sional men, but straight business men and industrious
farmers, an honest and stable people.
As proof let me refer you to the church which I have
the honor to represent, which retained one pastor for
twenty-one years. And in this same Yarick, there is a
pastor who has labored with one people more than fifty-
eight years, (and he is here to-day,) a pastorate whose
continuance is almost unparalleled in American history —
the pastorate of Rev. Dr. Diedrich WiUers.
The speaker for Romulus has told you that "you could
not find handsomer girls, truer Arives, and more glorious
old maids than could be found in that town."
But it is a significant fact that he counted the ladies of
Yarick far prettier and truer still, for when he was
seeking a wif6, he did not lead to the altar one of those
Romulus fair ones, but a far prettier daughter of Yarick.
In early times we had our eccentric men, but they were .
true as steel.
You remember that memorable wedding at the hotel of
Jacob Buys. His niece was to be married. Before the

^^^^

^^eAlJi '^-^^^^

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 217
ceremony he caUed the clergyman aside and asked him
how many prayers he was accustomed to offer during the
serrices. The minister replied, " Just as many as are re
quested." "Well, pray twice, this time," said Mr.
Buys, "for they are an awful wicked set on both sides."
And when the groom only paid him the customary fee^
one dollar, the landlord handed him another doUar to pay
for the extra labor performed.
Since the town of Ya.rick was formed you have honored
her citizens with the highest offices in your gift. From
her borders you have chosen two county clerks and a
county treasurer ; four times has she represented your
county in the Assembly.
And when the people of the State were pleased, for the
first time in seventy years, to call one of the citizens of
Seneca to one of its highest positions, you turned in
stinctively to Yarick, your youngest child, (to change the
figure) the last discovered star of the consteUation, and
by an overwhelming majority you placed in the chair of
Secretary of State, that courteous gentleman, that fine
scholar, that true man, (may I mention the name of that
modest man) Hon. Diedrich Willers, Jr. That narae
Arith that of Steele and Burroughs and Dey, — ^ Yarick will
not aUow to perish.
Thus we have endeavored to gather and weave together
some of the more salient features of Yarick' s history.
But no eloquence, no poetry, no logic can do justice to
her past history. The fathers have passed away, leaving
us not only the fruits of toil, but a rich heritage of char
acter and true manly worth.
Yarick is proud of her past record. May her future
reputation never becloud her past ; if it be possible, let
her future deeds be even more worthy.

218 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
WATERLOO.
Named in honor ol the memorable battle-field of Waterloo, which decided the fate
' bf nations, and of the world— occupying the site of the ancient Indian village of Skoi-
yase, visited by General SuUlvan's army, a hundred years ago— a fitting spot upon
which to erect a monument to General SuUivan and his army.
Responded to by Mr. Fred'k L. Manning, as follows:
Mr. President : —
In responding to this sentiment in behalf of the town
of Waterloo, I may be permitted to say that whoever
named the towns through which Sullivan marched, ought
to have had a monuraent erected to his memory, before
opportunity was given him to stamp such inappropriate
names on so beautiful a portion of a new continent. In
this great country oi the future, the very names should
be redolent of the s<jil,or.if exception is aUowed,it should
be such as gratitude impels in memory of the nation's
patriots and statesmen. The Indian words were musical
and expressive, and that they should be cast aside in fa
vor of Belgic villages and Roman Senators is an offence,
that, viewed from the standpoint of these later days, real
ly assumes the proportions of a crime.
By the inexorable and seemingly cruel law of na
ture, the strong alone must possess the earth — the
weak must yield in the struggle and the fittest race
at last survive. Reason and observation accept the
rule,yet sentiment lingers sadly at the thought that Sul
livan's expedition was but the advance guard of a
stronger civilization, before whicU the aboriginal life was
to be crushed and Avasted, as were its homes in this vicinity,
a hundred years ago. The old names, however, outlive
the vanished race, and although oar legislators have writ
ten in the statute books the raodern narae of our village,
still a pcu'tion holds in common speech, the name that Sul
livan knew. ^
A century has passed since his coming. It has touched
the wilds he found, as with an enchanter's wand. The

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 219
trees of the hunting grounds are swept away, and where
the hunter tracked his game through almost pathless
woods, broad, fertile fields are yearly heavy with golden
harvests. The river in which he fished, turns the
wheels of mills and factory, whose fabrics of use and
taste go forth to other lands that were old in luxury be
fore the Spanish ships sailed toward the western seas.
One hundred years ago, the ground on which we stand,
was alraost unknown land. To-day, it is the very centre
of the richest agricultural beauty of the State. Its bar
riers of barbarism were cut aw^ay by Sullivan's command,
and the army of peace and industry silently followed the
one of fire'and sword.
Where then, I ask, should the General's monument
better be builded, than in the capital town of the fairest
county of that rich region, which his expedition rescued
from barbarism, and made ready for the sunlight and ac
tivity of the present day.

At the conclusion of the responses. to Sentiments for
THE Towns, the President announced the following
GENERAL TOASTS.
Major-General John Sullivan — and the officers and
soldiers of his command — whose services we this day com
memorate. Hon. Edward Sullivan of Boston.
The Aemy and Navy — Always ready, in any emer
gency, to defend and and preserve the liberties of our
country. General J. Dean Hawley of Syracuse.
The United States of America — In union there is
strength. Mr. William L. Stone of Jersey City, N, J.

220 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
The Soldiers of 1812 — The brave men who carried the
country safely through the second war with our ancient
enemy. Great Britain. Me. Jason Smith of Tyre.
The Six Nations of Indians — -Once a great and pow
erful confederation. "Who is there to mourn for Logan?"
Responded to by Hon. Benj. F. Hall of Auburn.
The Pioneee Settlers of Seneca County — A hardy,
industrious band of workers, to which we owe our present
advancement and prosperity.
Responded to by Mr. D. B. Lum of Seneca Falls.
The State of New York — The Empire State, the fore
most in the Union, in population, wealth, commerce, in
tellectual and material resources.
Responded to by Hon. William H. Bogart of Aurora.
The Ladies — WhUe they take no part in the conflict of
arms upon the battlefleld — yet, to their patriotic example
and heroic endurance of privation and suffering — we
greatly owe the priceless liberties wliich we enjoy.
General J. H. Martindale of Rochester.
The Farmers — When their occupation is prosperous, all
trades, professions and classes are prosperous.
Me. William G. Wayne of Seneca Falls.
The Mechanics — To whose enterprise and inventive
skill, Seneca County is greatly indebted.
Me. William H. Pollaed of Seneca FaUs.
The Peess.
Responded to by Rev. De. O' Sullivan of Camillus.
The Judiciaey and the Legal Peofession.
Responded to by Hon. Sandfoed R. TenEyck of New
Tork City.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITIOIN.

The Clergy— Commissioned to proclaim the message
of peace on earth and good will to men,yetin timeof war
they have never failed to bear their part, by voice and
arm, in support of their country.
Responded to by Rev. De. Diedrich Willers of
Yarick. The omission of several of the responses was due to the
absence from the collation, on account of the storm, of
several gentlemen to whom the duty of responding had
been assigned.
The committee exceedingly regret that, on account of
the absence of a stenographer, they failed to secure for
publication the very eloquent and scholarly responses of
Hon. William H. Bogart, Hon. S. R. TenEyck, and
Rev. Dr. O' Sullivan.
The reraarks of Messrs. Hall, Lum and Willers, as
kindly furnished by them, are subjoined in the order
named.

THE SIX NATIONS OF INDIANS.
Once a great and powerful confederation "Who is there to mourn for Logan?"
Judge Benjamin F.Hall, of Auburn, responded to this
toast ; and after returning his thanks to the Committee
for inviting him to attend this great demonstration and
of affording him the pleasure of hearing the eminent
gentlemen who had addressed the large concourse from
the stand, said: that as he, the Judge, had been detailed
to assist at the dedication of the Monument, he thought
General John S. Clark, of Auburn, who possessed the
freshest trophies gleaned by any one from this fleld of
antiquity, ought to have been called upon to respond to this
toast, and to reveal to us some of his recent discoveries.

222 SENECA county CENTENNIAL
General Clark is entitled to the medal for his success in
ascertaining the domestic polity and political autonomy
of the Six Nations, the seat and sweep of their power, the
location of their castles and villages in New York and
Pennsylvania, and the manner in which they disposed of
their conquests. He traced out the circuit of General Sulli
van and aided to inspire the celebrations at Newtown and
here, and the one to take place at Aurora. If he be too
modest to rise here and say so himself, he must suffer
the penalty of silence.
As he, the Judge, had made no fresh discoveries, he
ranked only Arith the silver grays, who learned all they
knew about Indians a long time ago. He knew, long
ago, that the Six Nations, as a civic establishment and
military power, were the greatest marvel in our annals ;
that with a personal body of 12,000 men, women and
children, and not exceeding 3. 000 warriors in the heyday
of their power, they reduced nearly or quite, all the other
tribes south of the Lakes, and east of the Mississippi, to
subjection, and made them pay tribute to their govern
ment, in forms varying with the circumstances, with quite
as much method and rigor, as the arraies of the first
Cfesars made the people of the countries they conquered
pay tribute to the Roman Government. It was a marvel
that a people so few in numbers and so feeble in military
strength, should have been the most powerful class of
nations on the continent. It was a marvel that they
maintained their civil and military union so perfectly and
so long. And it was a greater marvel still, that they Avere
able to make conquest after conquest, through a long
succession of years, and compel all the surrounding, as
well as the subject tribes, to acknowledge th eir supremacy.
And the more the affair is studied by antiquarians, phil
osophers and statesmen, in all its several aspects, the
stranger it appears. Beyond all question, the Six iNations,
in all their internal and external relations, their intelU-

OF Sullivan's expedition. 223
gence, their methods, and ultimate supremacy over the
neighboring tribes, constitute the greatest marvel in
American history. And they are likely to stand in that
relation to the end of time.
There is still another marvel in the history of the Six
Nations, lately noticed by Governor Seyraour. It is the
marvel that, whilst all the other Indian tribes which
formerly occupied the continent, east of the Mississippi,
have either become extinct or greatly reduced in numbers,
there are as many Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayu
gas, Senecas and Tuscaroras,by name, on the several Indian
Reservations in New York, Canada and Wisconsin, as
there ever were when the confederacy was in the height
of its power.
The historian of the day, the Rev. David Craft, reviewed
the history of the Six Nations very correctly as far as he
deemed pertinent to the occasion, and he, the Judge, com
mended it, and especially that part of it, which stated that
the pillages and massacres at German Flats, Cherry Yalley
and Wyoraing, were instigated by Sir John Johnson and
other British emissaries, (and not because the Indians
themselves were hostile to the settlers,) — to the careful
attention of the generation of white men now living on
their domain and particularly the young in the schools.
The Dutch, who settled the valleys of the Hudson and
the Mohawk, and the valleys of Cherry Creek and Wyo
ming, regarded and treated the natives as men — as men
honest by nature — and not as the English settlers of
New England did — as brutes, without souls to be saved
or lost, and found them to be, what the Quakers of Penn
sylvania found them, — harmless, honest neighbors. The
result was, that the Indians appreciated that sort of
treatment from the white settlers, and appeared to be
disposed to reciprocate in kind. The cardinal fact that
those pioneer settlers and the Indians of the Six Nations
dwelt side by side in comparative peace and safety.

224 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
appears to warrant the assertion that the responsibility
for the acts for which they were punished by General
SuUivan, rested more tipon the British Government than
upon themselves. Those words in Mr. Craft's address
were apples of gold, which deserve to be framed in pictiires
of silver. He thanked the reverend gentleman with aU his
heart, for bringing out that feature of ante-revolutionary
history so prominently, not only on account of its truth
fulness, but because it furnished him with the key note
of what he wanted to say respecting Brant and Logan, as
representatives of different classes of Iroquois — the Pagan
class and the Christian class. In order to appreciate and
comprehend that distinction, we should bear in mind that
when the Revolutionary war was pending, all the Gov
ernors of all the Colonies, except Connecticut and Rhode
Island, were intense royalists, and were under express
instructions from the British Government to use their
utmost endeavors to instigate the Indians to wage
indiscriminate warfare upon the white inhabitants in
rebellion against the King, without respect to age, sex
or condition ; that Carleton, the Governor of Canada,
on the north, Tryon, the Governor of New York, and
the Earl of Dunmore, the Governor of Yirginia, on the
south, undertook to comply with those instructions by
hiring the Indians as soldiers, and that WiUiam Franklin,
the son of Benjarain, the Governor of the Jerseys, and
John Penn, the grandson of the founder WilUam, found
away to avoid the instructions, if not to refuse to comply;
that Tryon deputed Sir John Johnson of JohnstoAvn, the
British Indian Agent, to execute the instructions sent to
him, and deserted his post of duty for a place of safety
on a ship of war ; that Carleton and Johnson together,
hired the pagan Brant with a captain' s commission and
pay, with authority to recruit all the Indians of the Six
Nations he could obtain for soldier's pay and booty ; and
that Murray hired a few southern Indians, and tried to
hire Logan, the Cayuga, with his men, to enter the British

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 225
service and failed, in consequence of Logan's conversion
to the pacific anti- war ideas and societies of the Mora
vians and Quakers. Murray was an Englishman of the
first water. He beUeved in the efficacy of force. He
sent Colonel Cresap vrith his backwoods rangers after
him, to compel him to serve the King. Logan retired to
the Kenawa, and while his famUy were coming to him in
a canoe across the river, Cresap' s party fired at them and
killed them.
Brant* in his day was the representative of a class of
pagan Mohawks, who could be hired to do almost anything
for promotion and money. Logan in his day was the repre
sentative of a class of the Cayugas well advanced in
civUization and as much above the class to which Queen
Esther belonged, as are the present Cherokees above the
Sioux, fle was the sachem or senator of a large canton
or department of Cayugas known and distinguished by
Heckewelder, Loskiel, Zinzendorf and Weiser, as Chris
tian Indians, weU settled 150 years ago, and subsequently,
in the ricinity of Wyalusing and Shamokin. He was
the second son of the famous Shikellimus, also a vrise
and honored sachem of the Five Nations, and for five
and twenty years the Indian agent for his people, of the
Quaker Governor of Pennsylvania. He was therefore
well descended. He married the beautiful daughter of
Ontonegea, another sachem of the Five Nations. He
was therefore well connected. Under the ministrations
of the Moravian Bishop Zeisberger, who administered the
consolations of the Christian religion to his dying father
and solemnized his marriage with Alvaretta, he was con
verted to the doctrines of the Christian reUgidn in or
about <he year 1740, baptized and christened with an
English name. He was therefore entitled to be called a

*Brant died at Brantlord,in Canada West,in;the year 1817, and was burled in an In
dian burying ground there. Hitherto nothing more than a plain slab has marked his
grave The movements on this side ol the lines, to honor General SuUivan, with mon
uments, has started the project over there, ol erecting a large monument to him.

226 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
Christian as much as any of his whiter neighbors.
Logan succeeded his honored father as sachem or
senator and also as agent for the Governor of Pennsyl
vania. He possessed alike the confidence of his people
and of the provincial authorities. He was a man of
mark. His inclinations to fight, or to join in fighting, if he ever
had any in his youth, were, at the time of the destruction
of his family by Cresap, apparently subdued by the in
fluences of the whites around hira. He was as highly
civilized and refined as the whites. Having fallen into
the non-resistant peace notions of the Quakers of that
province, who constituted the most influential citizens, he
was inclined to be a peace-maker, rather than a disturber
of the peace. He was by precept and exaraj^e, a man of
kindness, hospitality and gentleness- He was a native
nobleman, of dignified raanners and deportraent — an ab
original sage, Avho kept alo'of from the French war be
tween whites, and intended to keep out of the revolution
ary war, between whites. But the fates were against him
— just as they have been against his people and race ever
since. Poor Lo, as you all know, has had a hard race run on
this continent, ever since the white man found il. He
has had a very hard time here generally and specifically.
He has been doomed to all sorts of injuries and sufferings
and to all sorts of anathemas. In most of his situations,
he has stood as a target between hostile interests and
policies and has been the victim of the arrows of both.
In 1774, Logan persisted in his peace ideas and policy,
and for refusing to take sides in the preliminary skir
mishes of the revolutionary war, he was punished by
rifie shots airaed at his head and by the massacre of every
member of his family — by a cold-blooded, deUberate,
ruthless murder of everybody and everything dear to his
heart, pr which furnished him any motive for living.

OF sullia'^an's expedition. 227
¦Quaker as lie was in his anti-war notions and habits.
Christian as he was in his religious sentiments, that out
rage was too much for his nature to bear. It aroused the
latent Indian in his bosom, to its highest pitch of inten
sity. He resolved upon revenge. He rallied an army of
Cayugas, Delawares and Shawnees and retaliated by
striking a destructive blow at Dunmore' s militia at Point
Pleasant. The mUitia staggered from the effects and ,
shrank from another encounter. Dunmore had aroused
a fiercer lion than he had expected. Dreading to encoun
ter him again, he sent commissioners to him to sue for
peace. The commissioners went to his headquarters and
respectfully sued for peace. Wronged as he had been by
Cresap' s rangers, afflicted and desolated as he had been,
the great man lifted himself up to the very summit of the
sublimest Christian magnanimity, and granted the re
quest. And he displayed his magnanimity in a speech to
the commissioners which rendered his name immortal.
For himself he cared nothing. His line of descent
was extinct. His blood ran in the veins of no living
creature. He was painfully and drearily alone. No kith
or kindred lived to smooth his dying pillow, to comraend
his soul to his Maker, to bury him or to mourn for him
when dead. No tendril of affection bound him to earth,
yet for others, for his country, he acted the moral, civil
ized hero that he was, and granted their request. He sent
the treaty by the hand of a messenger to Governor Dun
more, that his sincerity might not be distrusted.
Whether he died of a broken heart or by violence was
never certainly ascertained. AU that is positively known
of his demise is, that a few months after the treaty, his
lifeless body was found in the woods and buried in an
Indian cemetery in Pennsylvania. Had any white man
manifested such remarkable traits and characteristics
under such trying circumstances, anywhere in the thir
teen colonies or provinces a hundred years ago, historians
15.

228 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
would have canonized him as a martyr to the non-resis
tant principles of Fox, and the reUgion of the Saviour.
As Logan was a distinguished Cayuga Sachem and an
illustrious orator, whom Jefferson ranked with Demos
thenes and Cicero, and as he was born, according to the
traditions preserved by the survivors of his tribe (residing
in Canada West and in ForestviUe, in the State of Wis-
ponsin), in the ancient fortified Indian castle of Owasco,
within the precincts of the present city of Auburn, now
used as a rural cemetery, he, the Judge, as one of the
founders of the cemetery, manifested his own respect for
his memory by erecting a shaft of stone to his honor in
that cemetery, over five and twenty years ago. It is a
plain obelisk, fifty-six feet high, inscribed vrith the last
words of his message to the Provincial miscreant who
caused the death of his faraily and ultimately of himseU;
and it is now respected by the people of Auburn as the
most significant monument on the grounds.
The Judge said, in conclusion, that, although the occa
sion was very unpropitious for setting forth the merits
of any Indian in comparison with the merits of General
Sullivan, and more so for anything like lamentation
or mourning for Logan, he was glad that the commit
tee, in framing their programme of exercises, had been so
thoughtful as to remember him. And inasmuch as he
had been called upon to respond to the toast, he was the
more rejoiced,for the reason that it afforded him the oppor
tunity to mention a feature of that infamous tragedy,
generally overlooked or forgotten, and which ought not
to sleep in oblivion.

THE PIONEER SETTLERS OF SENECA COUNTY.
A hardy, industrious band of workers, to wliom we owe our present advancemen
and proaperity.
Responded to by Mr. D. B. Lum of Sececa Falls, as follows ;

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 229'
Mr. President, Gentlemen and Ladies : —
Wholly without preparation, I hesitate to respond to
the sentiment proposed, but I am unwilling to let this
occasion pass, vrithout rendering my hearty tribute to
the memory of those whose remains lie in honored graves
and who were "The Pioneer Settlers of Seneca County,"
some ninety years ago, or ten years subsequent to Gen
eral SuUivan' s march across this county, which we
celebrate to-day.
General Sullivan accomplished his mission in a few
weeks of sanguinary war. His mission was to destroy.
The Pioneer Settlers of Seneca County had a nobler mis
sion. Theirs was a mission of 'peace, but far more difficult
of accoraplishment than Sullivan's. They came to sub
jugate the forest. They came to dispute with the beasts
of the forest, the right of eminent domain (so to speak),
to exercise dominion over this fair land ; and although
their mission was one of peace, theirs was a most formi
dable work. It is almost impossible at this day, for one
unfamiliar with life in a wilderness country, to appreciate
the difficulties, the dangers and privations, which had to ,
be endured by those who built and occupied our first log
cabins, far apart in the woods, artificial commas on
nature^ s page — signifying a brief rest.
And, sir, it has been by the toil and sweat and suffer
ings of those first families, that the foundations of our
present prosperity and of our social fabric have been
cemented. Itis to their privations, their patient endurance,
and their persistent and determined efforts to conquer
every obstacle, that we are indebted for whatever we en
joy of moral and social privileges with the many bless
ings of civilization. Time presses and forbids extended
remarks. I regret my inability to do full justice to their
memories and their virtues. It is no uncommon boast
with man to claim association with the "first families"
of the land — and I must confess to a weakness in that

230 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
direction myself. I too can emphatically claim intimate
association with the "first families of Seneca County,".
some of whora (whose children were once my neighbors
or playmates) I will mention, that their names may be
preserved for our next Centennial, in 1979, viz. : Lawrence
Yan Cleef, the Revolutionary soldier, whose two daugh
ters are here to-day — the eldest, Mrs. Polly Chambers,
aged ninety-three years, came to Seneca Falls with her
parents in 1789, and is the sole survivor of the pioneers
of that year — James Bennett, Benajah Boardman, Ezekiel
Crane, Peter and Ezra DeGarmo, Messrs. Beadle, South
wick, Bowdish, Green, Samuel Bear, Job Smith, the
Dunlaps, Halseys and Wilsons, Fawcetts, Kinnes, Wis-
ners. Coverts, Deys, with many others, among whom I
must not omit to mention Colonel Wilhelmus Mynderse,
the first business man to open a set of account books in
the territory of this County — which books were kept in
pounds, shillings and pence (£. s. d. ) and are now in pos
session of the Waterloo Historical Society.
The pioneer settlers of Seneca County were but human.
They rest from their labors, and their works f oUow them.
If they had faults, (and who has not ?) let them be written
in sand — but let their virtues be traced in marble !

THE CLERGY.
Commissioned to proclaim the message of peace on earth and good wiU to men.—
Yet In time ol war, they have never failed to bear their part with voice andarin,in sup
port and defense of their country. >
Responded to bv Rev. De. Diedrich Willers of Varick, as follows:
Mr. President : —
Holy writ informs us that upon the birth of the Saviour
of mankind, the heavenly hosts united in proclaiming
"Glory to God in the highest — and on earth, peace— good
will to men."
Our Saviour Himself in His beautiful Sermon on the

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 231
Mount, taught the multitude — "Blessed are the peace
makers." And still through all the years since the Prophet fore
told the coming of a reign of universal peace, and while
the lessons of peace and good will have been constantly
taught and inculcated, — "war and rumors of wars,"
have been heard, and will continue to be heard — "for the
end is not yet."
In the good tirae when all shall become one shepherd
and one fold, wars shaU cease and the angel of peace
will have full sway.
The minister of the Gospel, when set apart and conse
crated to the service of God, undertakes a spiritual war
fare against Satan and his cohorts, and enlists under the
banner of the cross. He has to engage in many spiritual
conflicts, but if he labors faithfuUy in the cause of his
Master, he has the assurance that his labors shall not be
unrewarded. The Clergy — as declared in the sentiment under con
sideration — have also duties to perform as citizens of the
country, and have never yet failed when the country
has been engaged in war, to take an active part in its
support and defense.
In the war of the Revolution, the Clergy with com
paratively few exceptions, were true patriots, ranging
themselves on the side of the colonies. Many of thera
for the tirae laid aside the rainisterial office and took up
arms in defense of their country.
In the campaign of General Sullivan, which we to-day
comraemorate, Rev. Dr. Kirkland bore an important
part. As missionary among the Seneca Indians, he had
become acquainted with the Indian language, and from
his knowledge of the country acquired by residence, was
enabled to render very efficient service.
Rev. John Catoh, a pioneer clergyman of this county.

232 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
with whom your speaker had an acquaintance, was a
patriot of the Revolution, and after laying down the
weapons of war, took up those of a Christian warrior.
Much might be said of the noble stand for civil liberty
taken by the patriotic clergy of Boston, already in the
early stages of the Revolutionary strife, in refusing to
announce the proclamation of the British Governor, or
of the service of Witherspoon, Muhlenburg, Weyberg,
Larose, Nevelling, Wack, and many others in every part
of the country, during the war, but time will not per
mit. As in the war of the Revolution, so also in the war of
1812, the Mexican war, and the late war of 1861 — 65, the
position of the Clergy, was in no vrise an uncertain one,
and many of them, then, also took up arms and endured
all the rigors of miUtary campaigns, in defense of an im
perilled country.
Your beautiful village and town, in which we to-day
meet to celebrate this Centennial anniversary, took its
name from the battle field of Waterloo, a little vUlage in
Belgium, upon the continent of Europe, in which memora
ble action, which decided the fate of nations, (June 18th,
1815,) your speaker, then in his youth, bore an humble
part as a soldier- in the ranks, fighting in support and
defense of his fatherland.
After five years of military service, exchanging the
weapons of the battle field, for service in the array of the
Lord, under the banner of the cross, in this his adopted
country, he has been serving under that banner for more
than fifty-eight years of continuous ministerial labor in
this delightful region of the State of New York.
It has afforded your speaker great pleasure to meet
here to-day, many old pioneer settlers of this county,
who with him having passed the period ordinarily allot
ted to man, raust in the course of nature soon be called
away, and give place to others upon the theatre of life.

233
That our descendants may at the close of another cen
tury, celebrate this day, — a free, happy and God-fearing
people, is my heart-felt wish and desire.
The exercises at the refreshment tent, .were concluded
shortly before five o'clock in the afternoon.

DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT.
The storra having subsided, and clear skies again re
stored, the committee determined to complete the order
of exercises for the day, by the dedication of the monu
ment erected by the Waterloo Library and Historical So
ciety, in the Academy Park.
About six o'clock p. M.,an immense asserablage of peo
ple surrounded the speaker's stand, in frontof the Union
School building, (the forraer Acaderay;) the call to order
was by Mr. Walter Quinby of Waterloo, who acted as
chairman. Prayer was offered by Rev. Dr. S. H. Gridley, after
which the chairman introduced Hon. Albert L. Childs,
who delivered tHe following address :
Mr. President and Citizens of Seneca County; —
After the festivities of this great day ; after the elo
quent oration of the Lieutenant-Governor of the great
State of New York ; the historical address of the distin
guished gentleman from the Keystone State, and the mus
ical rhymes of the poet from an adjoining county; it
seems indeed superfluous that the programme should be
supplemented with any words of mine. But,ray friends,
the Waterloo Library and Historical Society,named as it
is, after our town, reaches out in its influence, all over
the County of Seneca. Its researches and interest are not
local, but extend to other towns. This association was

234 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
the prime mover in the Sullivan Centennial Celebration
of to-day. It has received the assistance and hearty co
operation of all the towns in this county, and the cele
bration has been eminently successful.
This monument here was erected by the efforts of the
Waterloo Library and Historical Society alone. It was
deemed proper then, that the dedication of the monuraent
should be a part of this day' s proceedings. It is placed here
not to commemorate General Sullivan' s Campaign against
the Six Nations,but simply to mark the place where once
stood the Indian village of Skoi-yase. The Indian term
means "the rapid water." It was before the Seneca
River was harnessed in, to do the drudgery of turning
the mills and furnishing power to drive the industries and
manufactures of this village and Seneca FaUs. It was
when the waves of yonder river leaped like a wUd, un
tamed steed, down the ravines and through the gorges in
the distance, until panting, they rested with the quiet
waters of Cayuga.
This Indian village was destroyed and SuUivan' s raarch
was a journey of destruction. We do not mourn, how
ever, as do many. When the trees, the monarchs ofthe
forest are laid low and their shade and grandeur are gone,
when the beautiful flowers are plowed under, we know
it is that the grain raay be harvested for generations to
live. So when the Indians pass away, it is for a higher,
nobler, and better civilization and life. The river is no
longer "the rapid water,'" because it is used to benefit
mankind. The village of Skoi yase no longer exists, be
cause an enlightened race has built up a village with
happy homes and institutions that bless mankind. This
monument is not for Sullivan. The school house and
yonder church and yonder temple of justice,are the mon
uments, lasting and permanent, to mark the progress
made, since General Sullivan and his band cftme through
this region between the lakes.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 235
This land of ours was not made for raonuments of mar
ble, bronze or granite. In Egypt, where it never rains
and where the atmosphere does not wear away the works
of man, the pyramids, the Cleopatra's needles and
the catacombs with their inmates, will last thousands
of years. Not so with our land. The Almighty brings
the winds and storms and earthquakes to keep men from
erecting monuments, driving them to establish institutions
that are beyond the reach of the elements; stimulating
the genius of industry, discovery and invention, until the
giant strides of progress are made that astonish the world.
A hundred years ago and the procession of to-day
would have been in Indian file, with the scalps of human
beings, the skins of wild beasts, the hoofs and horns of the
medicine men, and the rattle of music for the war dance,
mingled with savage yells. To-day, the grand, magnifi
cent procession we have witnessed, marks the progress of
a century. The sweet music, the intelligent citizens, the
samples of invention from our sis ter village, the beautiful
car with its Goddess of Liberty, its Ceres, Pomona and
Flora, representing the grain, the fruits and the flowers ;
all of the charming features of this splendid procession,
mark the progress too, of a century. The railroad, the
telegraph, the telephone and the miracles of science, art
and inventive genius, were all unknown to the first proces
sion. The one that comes, the next Centennial, will look
back to this and see the progress of another hundred
years. The flag that Sullivan and his men triumphantly car
ried was the ©Id stars and stripes. There were but thir
teen stars then. Now there is three times the nuraber,
save one; all bright, joyous States, blest with good gov
ernment. The wars through which this banner has been
triumphantly carried by the valiant sons of America,
have endeared it to the people and shown to the world
that the soldiers and citizens of to-day are not unworthy

236 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
of their sires before them.
N ot long ago I saw a picture. The sun was rising on a
charraing landscape. The foliage and verdure were rich
and beautiful. The morning glories twined around the
pillars of a porch. A young lady stood looking at the
scene. In one corner a cage was hanging and in the SAring
was a little bird singing. The name of the picture was
"The Morning Song." The tiniest, most insigniflcant part
of the picture gave title and- name to the whole. And I
have thought to-day, that this modest monument erected
by the Waterloo Library and Historical Society, to mark
the place where once this Indian village stood; together
with the feeble exercises of its dedication, compared with
the grand programme of to-day, are small and of no power
and influence whatever. But they are the morning song
of a new century that has dawned upon us. The rude
stones from yonder quarries, piled upon this spot, are
eloquent in their silence and native, rugged, strength.
They awaken thoughts and aspirations that bring
lorth grand results. The history of the past and the
wonderful improvements of a century, lead us to ex
pect great things yet to come. To keep up the progress
'Of the past, sacrifices must be made and great efforts put
forth by the present generation, for those who come
.after. All this will be done and the same spirit of obedience,
faithfulness and devotion as exhibited by General John
SuUivan and his men, a hundred years ago, will be shown
on a grander scale by the present and coming generations.
This monument will remain until in coming years a bet
ter one takes its place, but our government and our insti
tutions, the monuments of an enlightened, Christian peo-
jple will remain through many centuries.

; At the conclusion of Mr. Childs' speech. Judge B. F.
Hall of Auburn was introduced and spoke as follows :

OF Sullivan's expedition. 237
Monumental tributes to real or supposed greatness,
have been frequent in the other hemisphere ever since
the days of Nimrod, and with the exceptions of such
massive piles as the great pyramid, and two or three
others, which refuse to communicate, those venerable
and majestic structures have been, and yet are, reliable
oracles of ancient gratitude and wisdom. They register
accurately the sentiments and feelings of their builders
towards their real or supposed benefactors and heroes, as
weU as the skill and taste of the artisans of their century
and age. They mark the epochs of their erection by evi
dences which survive better than any other the ravages
of time.
Our fathers naturaUy enough inherited the general idea
of their historical value as imperishable records and as
soon after the establishment of our nationality as they
were able to do so, they began to reduce it to practice —
so that even now, at the expiration of a very short cen
tury, and that too for the most part occupied in felling
the forests and establishing homes, our countrymen have
found means and time to raise some token of gratitude
upon nearly every battle field from Concord to Yorktown,
and to enibellish the parks and plazas of our cities and
villages Arith thousands of elegant personal tributes to
Washington and his generals, soldiers, civilians and states
men. The series of centennial observances all over the coun
try appear to have given a fresh impetus to monuments
of the old revolutionary struggle ; and I presume we may
consider yours, one of the latest. It was a fortunate
thought which moved you to erect it. It was honorable
aUke to your citizens and place. Your tribute of homage
is complete without any contribution from Cayuga.
Nevertheless, I beg leave in the name and behalf of those
I represent, to add a single sprig to your chaplet. I con
tribute it not for embellishment ; but to indent our foot-

238 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
steps in the sands of time, to be found by your children
and mine after we are asleep.
Although I suppose this structure was intended by you
to be a tribute of homage to Sullivan alone, I consider it
also a tribute of homage to Washington as well. For
although Washington and Sullivan acted different parts
in the drama of the revolution, their association in labors,
dangers, heroisms and fortitudes, united their names in
tradition aud history. They were embalmed together in
the affections of their countrymen, and they stand to
gether in the eternity of their fame. Left to themselves
the warriors of the six nations would not have perpetra
ted the outrages at German Flats, Cherry Yalley and
Wyoming, and would not have created the necessity for
SuUivan' s campaign to destroy their villages, cornfields
and orchards in Central New York. Instigated and
hired by the British authorities, they united with the
tories in perpetrating those outrages and thereby created
the necessity for chastising them and driving them back.
But it was a hard necessity notwithstanding.
The past cannot be recalled. They did create the neces
sity. Sullivan' s forces did come here to destroy, and did
destroy the Indian village on this spot, ¦ one hundred
years ago. You have commemorated the event with a
magnificent demonstration. But the recoUection of the
demonstration would pass away Arith the lives of those
who witnessed it except for this monument to perpetuate ,
it. This will stand as a record which future generations
will read. And standing as it does in the campus of
your Academy, it will grow in importance with the suc
cession of years. It is now a mere pillar, to denote the
site of ancient Skoi-yase when Sullivan's army swept
through it one hundred years ago. In fifty years it will
be regarded as classic ; and in a hundred it will' be re
garded as sacred. And from this time forward so long
as it stands, it will commemorate the event and the day

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITIOil. 239
and hallow the spot.
It will become the young people of the villages and the
students of the A cademy particularly, to guard it well.
With the last rays of the setting sun, the exercises
were concluded at Academy Park.

FIREWORKS AND ILLUMINATIONS.
In the evening the streets of the viUage were thronged
with people, congregated to witness a magnificent display
of tire Avorks at Academy Park — the finest display ever
witnessed in Waterloo — the principal pieces of Avhich,
from the well-known manufacturers of pyrotechnics,
James Palmer's Sons, Rochester, were described by the
Seneca County News, as follows :
No. 1. An "Eagle and Shield." This was a brilliant
scene: the American eagle in gold, holding in its talons
the olive branch and arrows. On its breast the Shield of
red, white and blue. The whole in an arch, with a rich
spray of fire, terminating with reports.
No. 2. A "Fountain Battery." This was made up of
Greek and Roman fire. It was a large piece, throwing
into the air, clusters of red, green, blue, purple, gold and
silver light.
No. 3. The "Flag of America." This was a favorite
piece, with all the national colors, affording a spectacle of
great brilliancy.
No. 4. The "Rainbow Cascade." It opened with crim
son color and changed to a cascade, with bouquets otfire
and falling sprays of many colors.

240 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAI;,
No. 5, "The American Shield," a beautiful emblematic
design, high-colored, dazzling, and surrounded with a
wonderful display of fireworks.
No. 6. The "Grand Centennial Piece." It opens with
a revolving display of pyrotechnics, and presented the
motto in fire, "1779— SuUivan Centennial— 1879," accom
panied with a border of many colored lights and termi
nating with a wonderful scene of rockets, Roman candles
and general fireworks.
Between each of the above pieces there were colored
lights, floating parachutes, Roraan candles, rockets, etc.,
in great profusion.
The illuminations of the night of Centennial day were
beyond all praise. The following circular had been a few
days previous, widely distributed:
SULLIYAN' S CAMPAIGN.
' 'The local executive committee of the town of Water
loo and tbe Historical Society, are well aware that they
only express the wish of nearly all the citizens of Wa
terloo, when they recommend that on Wednesday, Sep
tember 3d, the day of the coming Celebration of Sullivan's
Campaign, the residences, places of business, hotels,etc.,
be handsomely decorated. In the evening there should
be a general illumination throughout the town. The na
tional flag should be seen on every building on that day."
Suggestions so fully in harmony Avith the spirit of the
occasion were acted upon with enthusiasm.
The brilliancy that came, in with the morning, exiled
for a few hours in the afternoon by black clouds and
wind and falling rain, returned in the evening in a dress
of beauty. Under the sky of a summer night,a blaze of

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 241
rejoicing began to glow as the sunlight faded from the
west. More than a thousand Chinese lanterns flashed their
signals of red, and white, and blue. They hung on wires
stretched from tree to tree— noticeably on both sides of
Yirginia street, from North to Main, on continuous
wires. They were every where, in trees, doorways, windows
and balconies,all houses were illuminated, doors and Avin-
dows were thrown open, and there was a blaze of light,
without and within; while at the intersection of Main
and Locust streets the brightness culminated in the bril
liant illuminations of- many- colored flre and in thered
glare of the rockets scattering in the sky their showers
of stars. THE EECEPTION IN THE EVENING.
Following the fire works, and concluding the observ
ances of the day came the reception, held under the au
spices of the local committee, in the large upper room of
the Malt House on Main street, handsomely arranged and
decorated for the occasion — which was largely attended.
The reception was under the immediate manageraent of
Messrs. Charles C. Sweet, William L. Mercer, John L.
Kendig, A. C. Clark and Charles Y. Webster of Water
loo; W.A.Swaby L. Lathara,NathanielBenham and Rich
ard Miller of Seneca FaUs; Edward Giddings of Yarick,
and David Pierson of Fayette.
GUESTS PRESENT AT THE CELEBRATION.
The foUowing partial list comprises the names of the
invited guests and prominent personages from abroad —
so far as ascertained — who were in attendance during the
day of the Celebration :
Lieutenant Governor WiUiam Dorsheimer, Rev. David
Craft, Rev. Dwight Williams, Brigadier General J. Dean

242 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
Hawley, and Staff, Syracuse ; Colonel W. R. Chamberlin
of Division Staff, Syracuse ; Colonel Jay E. Storke, and
Staff, Auburn ; Major Frank H. Griswold, Auburn ;
Captain Paul Birchmeyer, Syracuse ; Captain Michael
Auer, Syracuse ; Hon. Edwin Hicks State Senator, Canan
daigua; Hon. David Cosad Jr., Ontario County ; George
S. Conover, Geneva ; Samuel N . Anthony, Geneva ; Hon.
William H. Bogart, Aurora ; General John S. Clark,
Auburn ; Judge Benjamin F. Hall, Auburn ; M. L.
WaUey, Auburn ; Hon. Darius A. Ogden, Penn Yan ;
Hon. Guy H. McMaster, Bath, Steuben County ; Hon.
Lyman Congdon. Tompkins County ; Prof. Isaac P.
Roberts, Ithaca ; John H. Dey, New York City ; Rev.
Dr. J. B. Smith, PeekskUl ; Rev. Wm. D' Orville Doty,
Rochester ; Rev. Dr. O' Sullivan, Camillus ; Rev. WilUam
Morrin, Churchville ; Prank Warner, Chicago, 111, ; Hon.
S. R. TenEyck, New York City ; Lester Wheeler, Buffalo;
Searles Berger, Syracuse ; W. H. Gibbs, Watkins ; Mrs.
Mcintosh and the family of the late Hon. John Mcintosh,
of Cayuga ; George Tower of Detroit.
Araong the newspaper men from abroad who reported
themselves at the tent of the Seneca County editorial
fraternity, were :
Messrs. W. H. Bogart of the New York World, T. R.
WUlard, Rochester Democrat and CJironicle. C. F. Bar
ber, AMhTim Advertiser, John H. Dey, '^ew York. Evan
gelist, G. H. Woodruff, Clifton Springs Press, George W.
Edw^ards, Syracuse Standard, E. G. Salsbury, Phelps
Citizen,W. S. Jerome, Geneva Courier, S. S. Yail, Auburn
News and Bulletin,'^. H. Parker, Geneva G^a^e^^e, George
H. Sprague, Turf, Field and Farm, C A. Goheen, Lima
Recorder, A. M. Briden becker, Syracuse Herald, Mr.
Austin, Evening Auburn tan, George D. A. Bridgman,
Canandaigua Journal.

THE LOG CABIN.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 243
VETERANS OF 1812, AND PIONEER SETTLERS.
At the Log Cabin, the following named veterans of the
war of 1812, and pioneer settlers are known to have been
in attendance. It is a raatter of regret that a complete
register of the names of all was not kept.
VETERANS OF 1812.*
Jabez Matthews, Seneca Falls, aged eighty- five years.
Benjamin S. Carter, " " eighty-six "
Samuel Stucker, " " eighty-six "
Jasojn Smith, Tyre, " eighty four "
Lewis Beach, YaricK, " eighty-six "
Philo Roberts, Cuba, Allegany County.
PIONEER SETTLERS IN SENECA COUNTY, PRIOR TO 1804.
Mrs. Polly Chambers, oldest daughter of Lawrence Yan
Cleef, aged ninety-three years; removed, with her father,
to Seneca FaUs in 1789.
Mrs. Harriet Harpst, Seneca FaUs, sister of Mrs. Cham
bers, aged seventy-six years.
Hon. Daniel S. Kendig, Waterloo, born in Fayette, in
1803. Edward Sayre, Yarick, born in Romulus, in 1798.
Michael Hoster, Seneca FaUs, settled in Fayette, in
1803. Daniel H. Bryant, Fayette, settled in Romulus, in
1802. Jason Smith, Tyre, settled there, in 1803.

*Colonel John Y*. Manniog.and Abram Van Doren— both of Ovid, and Colonel Da-rid
Swick of Covert, were unaT< idably prevented from meeting with the surviving veter
ans ol the County. 16.

244 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
Richard Yan Liew, Lodi, born there, in 1801.
Lewis Beach, Yarick, settled there, prior to 1800.
Well might the language of Daniel Webster, addressed
to the band of revolutionary patriots present at the laying
of the corner stone of the Bunker Hill monument, be ap
plied to these veterans and pioneers :
"Yenerable raen! you have come down to us from a
former generation. Heaven has bounteously lengthened
out your lives, that you might behold this joyous day."

YOUNG LADIES.
A hundred years hence, (when the bi-centennial com
memoration of the SuUivan expedition occurs,) after the
maidens, dressed in white, whose bright and smiling faces
proved so great an attraction at the Centennial, will have
all passed away — it will be a matter of great interest to
know the names of those who took a part in the proceed
ings at Waterloo, on September 3d, 1879, as the represen
tatives of certain towns:
The following are such names,so far as the same could
be ascertained by the committee:
Waterloo— Misses Mary A. Mclntyre, Margaret F.
Mclntyre, Lulu Clark, Nora W. Bacon, JeanieD. Burrall,
Maude L. Kimball, Marion M. Laney, Jane M. Mercer,
Nellie S. TerwiUiger, Anna Kendig.
All dressed in white, trimmed with the national colors
and crowned with wreaths of white flowers, and seated
in an elegant Tally-ho-Coach, drawn by four horses, driven
by Mr. John E. Allen of Sheldrake, with postillion —
under the direction and escort of Mr. Francis Bacon.
Romulus— Misses Carrie A. Finton, C. Ld^uise Everett
Edna Smith, A. Annie Bartlett, Mamie Steele, Grace Bro-

245
kaw, Julia Doughty, Celia Conley, Hattie E. Smith.
All dressed in white, blue tarlatan sashes, turban caps
trimmed with blue and red — drawn in a carriage driven
by Mr. Bartlett Cooley of Kendaia.
Seneca Falls — Was represented by thirteen young
ladies, representing the thirteen original States, to-wit :
Misses Etta Golder, Connecticut ; Annie Telford, Penn
sylvania; Gertie Lewis, Delaware; May Williams, New
Jersey; Hattie Keeler, Rhode Island; Florence Baker,
Massachusetts ; Eva Peddle, New Hampshire ; Inez War
ner, South Carolina ; Rena Mickley, Ncav York ; Minnie
Wessel, Maryland ; Eva Adair, North Carolina ; Cora
Reed, Georgia ; Jessie Medden, Yirginia.
All dressed in white, adorned with red and blue favors,
and each bearing a miniature national flag — drawn in a
carriage, with four horses decked with plumes, under the
direction and escort of Mr. D. B. Lum.
Junius — was represented in the procession by the fol-
loAring named young ladies:
Misses Mary Phillips, Elizabeth Serven, Lottie YanCleef,
Mary Barrett, Emma YanCleef, Maria Brownell, Julia Stu
art, Annie Brownell, Lizzie King, Annie E. Brownell, Mary
Cosad, JuUet Dean.
All dressed in white, and wearing appropriate scarfs
and badges — drawn in a handsomely decorated vehicle,
under the escort of Mr. William Si rang.
Fayette — The following extract from the Waterloo
Observer, gives an extended account of the representa
tion of young ladies from Fayette :
A car especially prepared for the occasion, contained
the Goddess of Liberty and the thirteen original states
of the union represented by the following young ladies :

246 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
Goddess of Liberty, Laura Stone ; New Hampshire, Belle
Ide ; Massachusetts, Abbie Kuney ; Rhode Island, Nellie
Randall ; Connecticut, Mamie Chamberlain ; New York,
Minnie Stone ; New Jersey, Carrie Tiffany ; Pennsyl
vania, Fannie Opdyke ; Delaware, Carrie Reynolds ;
Maryland, Jennie Yost ; Yirginia, Frances Thomas ;
North Carolina, Ella Burroughs ; South Carolina, Florence
Emmett ; Georgia, Libbie Wilson.
The Goddess of Liberty wore a white silk skirt, rich
with large gold stars, blue bodice, red baldric trimmed
with smaller gold stars. Upon her head was a liberty
cap, in her right hand she held a spear, her left hand
rested upon the shield of the union, the American eagle
seated with folded wings, at her feet, on the right. She
sat on a raised platform at the rear of the car, with the
representatives of the thirteen states ranged in a semi
circle below and in front of her, commencing with New
Harapshire on the left, the others following in regular
order, ending vrith Georgia on the right. These young
ladies were arrayed tastefully in white, each with a broad
blue baldric with the name of the appropriate state in
gold letters. The car was sixteen feet long by eight feet
wide, vrith a canopy of red, white and blue, the latter
color being festooned at the sides, and sprinkled with
gold stars. The columns and rail supporting the canopy
were draped in white, banded by narrow red and blue
ribbons, and brilliant with gold stars ; a drapery of red
sprinkled with silver stars depended from the platform
hiding the running gear, and giving a finish to the whole.
The top was surmounted by :i handsome blue sign, gold
bordered, with the name of the town in white letters, and,
capping the whole, was the bald eagle Avith wings out
spread, on 11, pedestal draped with red and stars. In the
rear of the car, rose a flag staff Avith gold ball, from
which floated the American flag. The car was drawn by
four large and handsome horses, one pair belonging to

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 247
Messrs. Reamer & Hallsted, and the other to Mr. George
Thomas, appropriately decorated, each with a rider, strik
ingly dressed in red, white and blue. The car was guard
ed by six out-riders. THE GRANGERS.
The attendance of the Seneca County Grange of the
Patrons of Husbandry, Avith the grand car or chariot
decorated with the products of husbandry, formed one of
the principal features of the procession.
The grand car consisted of a large platform twenty-
four feet by twelve feet, erected upon a wagon and drawn
by six horses. This platform was neatly and tastily
decked and festooned with productions of the earth —
grain, fruit, vegetables, flowers and evergreens — and con
tained a representation of the Goddesses of Grain (Ceres),
of fruit (Pomona), and of flowers (Flora), of ancient
mythology — Carrie Cleminson representing Ceres, Mary
Rorison, Pomona, and Ella Wilson, Flora.
FoUoAring the grand car in carriages and farm wagons,
came a representation from the folloAring subordinate
Granges of the county :
Junius Grange No. 34. — Gideon Bowdish, Master.
East Fayette Grange No 40. — Chas. B. Randall, Master.
Seneca Grange No. 44. — Wm. M. Hunt, Master.
Kendaia Grange No. 64. — E. Seeley Bartlett, Master.
Rose Hill Grange No, 116. — John G. Pearson, Master.
Magee's Corners Grange No. 139. — E, J. Schoonmaker,
Master. West Fayette Grange No. 249. — Wm. Eshenour, Mas
ter. The entire procession filled about one hundred ve-

248 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
hides, containing fully three hundred members of the
Order of Patrons of Husbandry, under the immediate
direction of WilUam Andrews as special marshal, and
his aids.
• THE 49th regiment, national guard, s. n. y. ,
The military appearance and marching of the 49th
Regiment, National Guard, was the admiration of all
present at the celebration, and formed one of the note
worthy features of the procession.
The Regiment was officered aud paraded, as follows:
FIELD OFFICERS.
Colonel Jay E. Storke, Auburn, Commanding.
Major Frank H. Griswold, Auburn.
STAFF.
Adjutant — William M. Kirby.
Commissary — John E. Allen.
Inspector of Rifle Practice — Daniel D. Anthony.
COMPANY ORGANIZATIONS.
Company A, Moravia, Captain H. H. Tuthill, 66 enlisted
men. Company B, Auburn, Captain WUlard G. Co well, 29 en
listed men.
Company C, Auburn, Captain Michael H. Hogan, 26 en
listed men.
Company E, Auburn, Captain John McCartin, 42 en
listed men.
Company F,Auburn,Second Lieutenant M. S. Webster,
35 enUsted- men.

OP Sullivan's expedition. 249
Company G, Auburn, Captain Robert P. Judge, 45 enlist
ed men.
Company I, Seneca FaUs, Captain Ira Almy, 35 enlisted
men. Company K, Seneca Falls, Captain, P. J. Rogers, 'i6 en
Usted men. recapitulation.
PieldandStaff  5
Non-Commissioned Staff  9
Regimental Band  31
Officers and Enlisted Men of the Eight Companies. . . 323
Total Strength  368

SOLDIERS OF THE WAR OF 1861-1865.
The representation of soldiers of the late war, was not
confined to Seneca County. In addition to the posts of
the Grand Army of the Republic from Waterloo and Sen
eca Falls, the Posts of Phelps and Geneva were largely
represented. Ex-soldiers, not connected with the Grand Army, were
also in Une, to the number of about flve hundred.
A substantial dinner, of pork and beans, sandwiches and
coffee, was served to aU the soldiers — under the direction
of Commander John A. Casterlin of Waterloo.
CONCLUDING REMARKS.
When every locality and town of Seneca County con
tributed its share to the success of the Celebration, it
would be invidious to make any special mention, other
than already made.

250 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
To sum up the result of the Celebration, in a few words
— it was a grand sttcces*, far exceeding the most sanguine
expectations of its warmest advocates and friends.
This Centennial Commemoration of General SulUvan' s
Campaign, has had the effect to draw out and mass
together, for preservation, many important historical
facts and data, relative to the early settlement of our
county and its pioneers. The exploration of the line of
march of General SuUivan' s army, and of its several de
tachments, already alluded to, is another of the grand
and important results attained thereby.
Observances of this kind cannot fail to keep aUve a
spirit of exalted patriotism, in the recounting of the trials,
privations and patriotic deeds of the brave men of the
Revolution, to whom we owe our independence and our
free institutions. " The land is holy, where they lought,
And holy, where they lell,
For by their blood that land was bought,
The land they loved so well.
Then glory to that valiant band.
The honor d saviours ol the land."

OF Sullivan's expedition. 251

COMMENTS OF THE NEWSPAPER PRESS.
It may not be inappropriate, in concluding this sketch,
to reproduce some of the comments of the newspaper
press, concerning the Celebration.
A few extracts have been selected, from the many
compUmentary accounts thereof, to enable us —
" To see ourselves, as others see us."

[FROM THE WATERLOO OBSERVER.]
The one hundredth anniversary of General SuUivan' s
march through Seneca County in his campaign against
the Iroquois, was celebrated in this village last Wednes
day. The idea of celebrating this important event in the
history of our War for Independence, was first suggested
by Dr. S. R. WeUes of Waterloo, in a paper read before
the Waterloo Library and Historical Society, some two
years ago. The idea was heartily approved by the mem
bers of the Library and Historical Society and by our
citizens generaUy, and it was decided that the event
should be honored by a celebration. The work was in
augurated by the society early last spring, but as the
magnitude and importance of the occasion became ap
parent, they resolved to unite the whole county in a grand
celebration at Waterloo, in which every town should be
represented. Having decided upon the character of the
celebration, preparations were at once begun, which, in a
measure, assured the success of the undertaking. The
press of the county took great interest in the affair, and

252 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
published numerous articles and letters, which served to
arouse a feeling of patriotism Arithin the minds of the
people, and remind them of the terrible sufferings and
heroic struggles of those who achieved our independence,
A spirit of inquiry and research was also brought out and
stimulated, which has been of vast benefit in keeping up
public interest, and in rescuing from the darkness of ob
Uvion, many scenes and incidents connected with the early
history of our county, which would have soon been lost
and forgotten in the graves of their witnesses.
For weeks, our citizens had been preparing for this great
event. The first prominent feature, and one which at
tracted universal attention, was the erection on the Fair
Grounds of a log cabin, size 18x24 feet, which was buUt
through the liberality of our farmers and others who con
tributed the logs and other necessary material and helped
to construct it. Next followed the erection of the grand
and speakers' stands and the numerous tents which dot
ted the grounds from the entrance to the eastern fence.
Early last week the work of trimming and decorating the
residences and places of business of our citizens, was com
menced and so diUgently carried on, that, when last
Wednesday morning, the ringing of bells and the boom
ing of cannon announced the day' s arrival, there was hard- '
ly a place in town but had its display of flags, evergreens
and the ' ' red, white and blue. ' ' Our citizens seemed to
vie wdth each other in the elaborateness of theU decora
tions, and it may be safely asserted that such a magnifi
cent display was never before seen in Waterloo.
¦»¦»¦»*
Early on Wednesday morning, the village began to fill
up with people. They came in all manner of convey
ances, from all parts of the county and its contiguous
hamlets and settlements, while the morning trains from
east and west were loaded down with passengers. At
about eleven o'clock, an extra train arrived from the east.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 253
having on board the 49th regiment, and the Grand Army
and the Seneca Falls Cornet bands. At about the same
time, the Seneca Falls delegation arrived, escorted by
a company of Yates' Dragoons of Syracuse.
At about ten o'clock a large concourse of people gather
ed in the vicinity of Academy Park, and shortly before
eleven the procession began forming, headed by Deputy-
Sheriff YanCleef and his three aids. Following him
were Grand Marshal Guion and his assistants ; then came
General Hawley and Staff ; the 49th Regiment, N. G. S.
N. Y., headed by the 49th Regiment Band ; Captain Paul
Birchmeyer's Battery; the Orator, Historian, Poet, Pre
sident of the Day, Yillage Officers and the Centennial
Committees in carriages ; the Trustees of Waterloo, headed
by the Waterloo Cornet Band ; the Cayuga Lake Hotel
four-horse Tally-ho Coach, manned by Mr. John E. Allen
and containing several young ladies dressed in white,
representing the town of Waterloo ; Odd Fellows of
Geneva, headed by Mead' s Brass Band of that viUage ;
Seneca FaUs Grand Army Band ; soldiers of the Grand
Army of the Republic ; Phelps Brass Band ; next came
the Patrons of Husbandry car, a magnificent and skillful
specimen of workmanship, in which were representations
of Pomona, Ceres and Flora, foUowed by several hun
dred Patrons in carriages ; car of young ladies represent
ing Fayette, headed by the Canoga Brass Band ; large
wooden cannon, bearing the inscription: "This is the
cannon General Sullivan did not lose ;" citizens of Junius
in carriages, preceded by the Martial Band from that
place ; next came the Seneca Falls delegation, headed by
the Cornet Band of that tOAVn, consisting of a large num
ber of mounted men led by a company of Yates' Dragoons
of Syracuse, young ladies in white representing the town,
and wagons of industrial products from the manufac
tories of Rumsey and Gould ; Romulus was represented
by a handsomely decorated car of beautiful young ladies

254 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
and a large number of her citizens in carriages, while,
bringing up the rear, was the Tyre delegation and a long
line of carriages.
The procession moved down Main street to Inslee,
through Inslee to Williams, up WUliams to Yirginia,
through Yirginia to North and through North to the Fair
Grounds. It moved with the greatest precision and regu
larity, was over two miles in length and occupied one
hour of time in passing a given point. Its Uke was never
Aritnessed in Seneca County before and probably never
AriU be again. Arriving at the Fair Grounds, the differ
ent towns marched to the tents assigned them, disbanded,
and assembled in front of the Grand Stand. The exer
cises here were opened by Rev. Dr. Gridley, with
prayer. * ^ V: *
[The article then refers at length to the exercises at the Grand Stand,
and includes the addresses, &c., which are given elsewhere.]
The exercises at the stand were concluded by the ben
ediction, pronounced by the Rev. P. E. Smith, of Tyre,
after which the officers and invited guests repaired to the
Waterloo banquet tent, where the ladies of the AdUage had
prepared an elegant collation. The tables were set to
accommodate sorae four hundred and fifty persons and
fairly groaned under the weight of the good things of
earth with which they were supplied. After the dinner
had been partaken of. the Town sentiments were an
nounced by Judge Miller, and responded to in every
instance save that of Fayette, the respondent from that
town being unable to attend on account of illness.
* -S -X- -55-
While the officers and invited guests were enjoying the
banquet, a large concourse of people were walking about
the grounds, inspecting the different attractions and
looking over the tented field. One of the principal ob
jects of interest, and one that attracted the attention of
both old and young, was the log cabin, most ably pre-

OF Sullivan's expeditioj*. 255
sided over by Colonel Horace F. Gustin of Waterloo,
than whom no one in this county knows better how to
make the inside of a log cabin look like the rude but
comfortable and hospitable homes of the early pioneers of
this section. He was busy all day long entertaining his
guests and the cabin was thronged. Back of the log
cabin Avas the press tent, where the newspaper men of
Seneca County entertained their brothers from abroad.
The sideboard was bounteously supplied with wines and
cigars, and the occupants enjoyed, as one of their num
ber expressed it, "a grand, good time."
* -x- -H- -s
The exercises at the Fair Grounds having been com
pleted, the vast assemblage repaired to the Academy
Park to witness the dedication of the monument which
had been erected by the Waterloo Library and Historical
Society. The exercises were presided over by Mr. Walter
Quinby. Prayer was offered by the Rba'. Dr. Gridley, af
ter which Hon. A. L. Childs, of Waterloo, the Dedicatory
Orator, was introduced and delivered the address.
At the conclusion of Mr. Childs speech. Judge Hall
of Auburn was introduced and spoke.
[The addresses of Mr. Childs and of Judge HaU are given elsewhere.]
-X- * -* Vc
The fireworks in the evening and the dancing parties
at the Malt house and Academy of Music closed the days
festirities. The coraraittee on fireworks raade a fine
selection and the display was the grandest and raost
satisfactory ever Aritnessed in Waterloo. The opportuni
ty for seeing the fireworks was excellent, and although
Main street was packed so closely with people that loco
motion was hardly possible, yet all appeared satisfied
and viewed the spectacle without complaint, until the last
piece had been touched off. The dances were attended
by a large and orderly number of people both from
Waterloo and abroad, who "tripped the light fantastic"

256 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
until late the following morning.
Yarious statements have been raade as to the number
of people present,but w^e are at a loss to know how to es
timate them, as the toAvn seemed to be full everywhere. The
country people comraenced arriving as early as seven in
the raorning,in wagons from every direction. The trains
Avere loaded down with passengers and several steanl
yachts came down, heavily laden, frorn Geneva. It
seemed as if the entire inhabitants from this section of
the country had assembled at Waterloo, determined to
swell the throng. We think there were, including the
inhabitants of Waterloo, at least twenty thousand peo
ple present on the grounds during the day. This number
is at least one-half raore than ever before assembled at a
celebration in this county. We noticed among the vast
multitude the famiUar faces of many old residents of Wa
terloo, at present Uving in other States and counties,
wdio came forAvard to see "old Seneca" do herself proud.
-K- ¦» * *
From beginning to end the Celebration was a grand
success, and no event in the history of Seneca County
has attracted so much attention as this. The people of
this county, who have never been lacking in enterprise
and perseverance in anything undertaken by them, went
right to work, at its first inception, with the necessary
arrangements for making the event the grandest success
possible. All the necessary committees were early appointed to
arrange the details, and in connection with the officers
of the Waterloo Library and Historical Society, to get
up a progrararae at once interesting to old and young.
The local committees are entitled to rauch credit for per
forming the arduous labors, always required on such oc-
^casions, and for the complete and satisfactory manner in
which they performed their work. In fact, all the com-
mitees that in any Avay had charge of the arrangeraents

OF Sullivan's expedition. 257
for the celebration, and the citizens avIio participated in
it, are to be congratulated upon the success which atten
ded their joint efforts to make the -occasion one which has
been characterized as — "a bright page in the history of
Seneca County."
While the labors of all are meritorious, special men
tion is due to Mr. Charles W. Pratt, chairman of the
commitlee on decorations, Messrs. Solomon Carman and
Jesse Snook of the committee on tents and grounds, and
Mr. Walter Quinby, chairman of the committee on enter
tainment, for the valuable services rendered by them and
their associates,in their respective departments, and whose
efficiency raade posssible the successful result attained.
To General Hawley and Staff, to Colonel Storke, to Cap
tain Birchmeyer and the miUtary in general, whose fine
appearance added so rauch to the brilliancy of the dis
play; to the united bands, whese stirring music did much
for keeping up the enthusiasm of the occasion; to the
ladies, whose skillful fingers wrought the banners and
floral offerings, and who, in other ways contributed their
services — to all who aided, by money or labor, to bring
about the grand result, of which all may justly feel
proud, thanks and congratulations are due.

CENTENNIAL ECHOES, FROM THE WATERLOO OBSERVER.
One of the most elegantly and gaudily triraraed build
ings in town, on the day of the celebration, was the New
York Central Depot. In the ticket office was a beautiful
shield com]3osed of flowers wdiich was the handiwork of
Mrs. Charles A. Knox. The railroad employees are to
be commended for the tasty manner in which they decor
ated the building.
The Centennial committee are receiving, from all quar
ters, congratulations upon the splendid success of the
celebration of September third. A gentleman of culture

258 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
and refinement from a neighboring county, writes ; "It was
an admirable success, and is 9. bright page in your
county's history."
The cartoons which for' several days have been dis
played in the windows of Messrs. Carman & Allen's
store, have been the objects of much amusement and ad
miration. They were drawn by Mr. Charles Yan Yleet.
Mr. E. F. Slack, ticket agent and operator at the depot,
reports the- imraense sale of nearly three thousand tick
ets at this station, on Centennial day. Of course they
were mostly for Geneva and Seneca Falls,

During the rain-storm of Wednesday last, a number of
Chinese lanterns, strung up in front of Mr. J. C. Hall
sted' s residence, plainly demonstrated the fact that they
were not water-proof.

Many residences were beautifully decorated and also
illuminated in the evening. It was hard work to find
which were the most handsorae, and we conclude to be
strictly impartial.

Of the bands present too rauch cannot be said. Thoy
furnished good music and presented a fine appearance.
The Moravia Cornet Band, in regimental uniform, with
Mr. Cassius Williams of Seneca Falls, Drum-Major, led
the 49th Regiment, and was the first in line. Following
was our own Cornet Band, twenty-one strong, Avith
George Diffin, Jr., of Ithaca, Drum-Major. Third in
line, carae Mead's Cornet Band of Geneva, in full uni
form and though not as strong in number as the two pre
ceding, they furnished good music. Next came the
G. A. R. Band of Seneca Falls, and they, as usual, pre
sented a fine appearance and furnished good music. Next
came the Phelps Band, escorting the uniformed Odd Fel-

OF SULLIA^AN'S EXPEDITION. 259
loAvs' Tent from Geneva. Next in line came the Canoga
Cornet Band, the Fayette Martial Band, then the Junius
Martial Band, and last, but not least, came the Seneca
Falls Cornet Band, with Mr. M. J. Flanagan, as Drum-
Major. Taken all in all, the people of Waterloo have
never before had the pleasure of listening to as much, or
as good music, as upon this occasion.
After the procession was within the Fair Grounds and
properly paraded. General Guion accompanied by his
aids rode up to the grand stand, and saluting the Presi
dent of the Day, announced all things in readiness for the
commencement of the literary exercises, and "forraally
turned over his command. The marshal subsequently
f eUcitated himself upon ' 'escaping the responsibility of
that never to be forgotten rain storm, the command having
been turned over to Judge Miller before the storm began,"

[FROM THE SENECA COUNTY NEWS, WATERLOO.]
The long preparations for this interesting event culmi
nated on Wednesday, with the grandest parade and cel-
bration that Waterloo or Seneca County ever saw. The
citizens of our village were busy Tuesday, decorating the
streets, the public buildings, the stores and residences
most proiusely. Never before was there such a great dis
play of flags, drapery, Chinese lanterns and patriotic
decorations in Waterloo. Large flags were suspended
across Main street at many different points, frora the pub
lic park to the Woolen Mills. Frora the Towsley House
roof to the top of the' Seneca County News office, was a
rope, from which floated a flag, forty feet in length. Ap
propriate raottoes of welcome and general rejoicing were
attached to many of the banners and flags, while ever
green trimmings adorned the piazzas and entrances of
buildings. Yirginia street was not a bit behind in her
17.

. ,.jiW'-l^(i--/--'4-

260 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
demonstrations, and above the railroad track,eight large-
flags were strung across the street at different points.
The citizens of that street vied with each other in decor
ating their dwellings. The residences of Mr. Godfrey
Selmser, Rev. M. D. Kneeland, C. D. Morgan and others-
were particularly fine. Mr. Augustus Clark's house at
the corner of Yirginia and North streets, was handsomely
triraraed, while the new home of Mr. George Donnally,
on North street, off from Yirginia, leading to the Fair
Grounds, looked beautiful with its profuse adornment.
Elisha street and Williams street, as far as the eye co'uld
reach, showed by their general appearance, that the resi
dents of those localities were not behind in their gener
ous display of bunting and handsorae decorations. In
fact, all over town the people were busy on Tuesday for
the great day, Wednesday. THE CELEBRATION DAY
was ushered in with the thundering of guns and the raerry
peals of all the bells in town. At an early hour every
body was astir and the teams poured in from every point
until the streets were thronged. Main street [was in a
perfect flutter of excitement. Frora all the windows.
the bright colored flags floated gaily in the morn
ing breeze. The stores showed their bright colors of
red, white and blue, in heavy drapery, in the sho w win
dows and outside of the buildings.
Selmser & Son made a raagnificent display. Mr. Fran
cis Bacon's store was a scene of splendor. C. R. Morgan
& Co. had their hardware store profusely decorated.
The Towsley House windows were alive with flags; the
bank buUding Avas draped with national colors; the Ar
cade, the Coramercial Hotel, the Rochester House, the
railroad depot, were most beautiful trimmed; and all of
the business firms on Main street, gave up their trade to
devote their attention to the decoration of their stores.

OF Sullivan's expeditio^i. 261
The residences of W. H. Burton and Mrs. Wm. Knox,
on Main street, were conspicuous for their brilliant ap
pearance. Jamieson's windows and whole establishment
were deluged with decorations. Kendig & Story covered
the posts of their awnings with flags as thick as they
could be placed. Locust street could not.allow the ave
nues of Waterloo all the honor, and so put in a claim for
part of the glory by doing her share in the display.
South Waterloo also had a hand in the celebration and
marked the event by liberal decorations of evergreens
and national colors.
While the streets were thronged, the Tally-ho-Coach,.
from Sheldrake, with its four-in-hand, made trijjs around
town, attracting the attention of all. The driver, Mr.
John E. Allen, handled his steeds admirably, while the
attendant, with his long-winded bugle, sounded the notes
of advance, until they echoed all over the village. Be
fore nine o' clock, people in carriages and on foot, were
going towards the Maple Grove Fair Grounds, in order
to see the procession as it came in, and to witness the ex
ercises of the day. The regular morning trains came in-
loaded with passengers, and the bands of music welcomed
them as they arrived. About half-past ten the 49th Reg
iment arrived from the east on a special train. They
marched down Yirginia street and up Main street to join
the procession, which was soon to form.
the procession
was a gigantic affair. It was nearly two miles in length.
It passed down Main street to Inslee street and then
back through Williams street to Yirginia and from
thence to the Fair Grounds. To give some idea of the im
mensity of this parade, those who were near the head of
the column, while crossing the railroad at Yirginia street,
could look back and still see them marching down Main
street by the Towsley House. If our readers will bear in

262 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
mind that the procession occupied the whole of Main
street from above the park to below the woolen mills ;
then across to Williams street; then all the way back on
Williams street to Virginia, and on towards the Fair
Grounds, they will realize, in a measure, the immensity
of this parade. . Cheer after cheer went up from all quar
ters, as the s'oldiers, the horsemen, the triumphal chari
ots, the bands of music and the citizens marched by. It
required more than an hour for the line to pass a given
point. All the towns of Seneca county contributed to this
grand pageant and a friendly rivalry existed, which re
sulted in the raost brilliant, moving panorama of life,
ever before witnessed in this county. Indeed, the gen
eral remark is, that we never will witness its like again,
in this region, between the lakes of Cayuga and Seneca.
Nine bands of music were distributed in the procession:
the 49th Regiment Band, the Waterloo Cornet Band,
Mead's Brass Band of Geneva, Seneca Falls G. A. R.
Band, Phelps Brass Band, Canoga Brass Band, a Martial
Band from Fayette aud one from Junius, and the Seneca
Falls Cornet Band.
General George M. Guion of Seneca Falls was the
<Trand Marshal of the parade. He managed the affair
with great skill, and, with his aids, the whole line of
march was accomplished in good order. Conspicuous in
the procession were General Hawley and staff, mounted,
who made a fine appearance; also the 49th regiment in
uniforra, with fixed bayonets. Captain Paul Birchraeyer's
battery, with brass field pieces and attendants, added
much to the parade.
The Grand Array ofthe Republic, Post Tyler J. Snyder
•of Waterloo, Post Swift of Geneva and Gordon Granger
Post of Phelps, were finely represented. The Odd Fel
lows from Geneva, the guests of the G. A. R., ot Wat-

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 263
erloo, were in uniform and made a fine showing. The
President of the Day, Hon. J. T. MiUer, with the Presi
dent of the village, Mr. John Reamer, accompanied by
the Orator, Historian, Poet, -and other distinguished
guests, occupied prominent positions. The young ladies
from Waterloo, dressed in white, rode in the Tally-ho-
Coach. The Patrons of Husbandry appeared with a gor
geous car, representing the grains, fruits and floAvers. with
three young ladies, each personating respectively, Ceres,
Pomona and Flora.
Fayette was brUliantly conspicuous in the throng. The
thirteen original States were represented by young ladies,
robed in white, wearing broad, blue sashes, Avith the names
of the States in large gilt letters. In the group the God
dess of Liberty was also represented.
* >< * *
Seneca Falls deserves great credit for the part she took
in the procession. Her manufactures Avere represented
by beautiful specimens from the Goulds' and Rumseys'
factories, the wagons containing the same being beauti
fully decorated Arith flags and evergreens. The mounted
men, the music, and the general appearance of Seneca
PaUs, was a subject of general comment and praise.
Romulus, too, with its ear of ladies, dressed in Avhite,
and her citizens is worthy of notice. Junius, with her
mounted men and martial music ; Tyre, with her long
Une of carriages, and, indeed, all the towms, that took
part so nobly in this great undertaking, deserve special
mention. Arriving at the Fair Grounds, the order of exercises
was carried out according to the programme, as an
nounced last week in the Seneca County News.
* * -s^ -s
[The article then ^escribes the exercises at the grand stana, which are
omitted here.]
The banquet aud re-union were evidently interesting to

264 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
all. Each town, with the exception of Fayette, had a
representative who responded with appropriate words, as
their town was named by the President of the Day. The
toast, "The State of New York,'' was responded to by
Hon. W. H. Bogart. D. B. Lum, with a few well-chosen
remarks, answered to the sentiment, "The Pioneer Settlers
of Seneca County." Hon. S. R. TenEyck responded to
"The Judiciary and Legal Profession." Other toasts re
ceived hearty responses and speeches from the guests pres-
sent. The rain interfered somewhat with the exercises and
the programme was, in part, shortened.
Toward night, a crowd assembled at the park, where
the monument, ereoted by the Waterloo Library and His
torical Society was dedicated. Mr. Walter Quinby pre
sided. Prayer was offered by Rev. Dr. S. H. Gridley ;
an address delivered by Hon. A. L. ChUds and some re
marks made by Judge Hall of Auburn.
The fireworks in the evening were brilliant. The whole
of Main street was illuminated and the scene was one of
rare beauty. The dances at the Malt House and the
Academy of Music were well attended. Altogether the
day was a remarkable one. Estimates have been made
and it is thought that 25,000 people were in Waterloo
that day. The whole celebration was characterized by
harmony, good feeling and general rejoicing by all. The
decorations at the Fair Grounds, the tents, the banners,
the platforms, the log cabin, the music, the refreshments,
etc., aU showed that an immense amount of work had been
accoraplished ; while the general verdict of all was, that
the efforts of Waterloo, of the Library and Historical
Society, and the people of Seneca County, were duly
appreciated by the immense number assembled to witness
and enjoy the SulUvan centennial celebration of the third
¦of September.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 26
[FROM THE SENECA COUNTY COURIER, SENECA FALLS.]
The expedition of General John SulUvan into the coun
try of the Iroquois, with the results which he accomplish
ed, is now recognized as one of the important events of
the war for independence, and the commemorative cele
brations that are being held during the present year, will
give it its proper place in the list of military exploits
connected Arith the birth of the American repubUc. It
was essentiaUy one of the turning points of the revolu
tion, and cannot be considered as of secondary import
ance in connection Arith the movements which flnally cul
minated in the formation of the nation. The little band
of colonies were fighting for Uberty and freedom from
British tyranny ; three years of persistent warfare had
passed before the cause of the struggling colonies began
to brighten ; the summer of 1777, left a record of mingled
victories and disasters ; the defeat and capture of Bur ¦
goyne' s army was followed the next season by attacks
upon the frontier settlements of New York and Penn
sylvania ; the fate of Wyoming and Cherry Yalley, with
their tales of cruel butchery, was the signal for a new
Une oi action. The road to success, up to 1779, had
seemed clouded with difficulties at every step ; Washing
ton had recognized the discouraging aspect of affairs, and,
after the massacre of the inhabitants of the border towns,
determined to carry the war to the extreme border of the
enemy's country. While his resolute army was strug
gUng for rictory from point to point, at Bennington,
Saratoga, Monmouth, and on through the British lines,
the allies of the British king were waging a confiict in the
rear, which, until suppressed, rendered an ultimate
triumph almost impossible. General Washington fully
realized the situation and planned an expedition into the
territory of the Indians who were aiding the British, not
only in battle but with supplies from their fertile fields,
Arith a view of chastising them for their deeds at Wyo-

266 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
ming, Cherry YaUey and elsewhere, and so completely
laying waste their country, that they would be more of a
burden to the British than a source of supply. It was a
military necessity and the undertaking was in many re
spects a hazardous one. The result, however, proved the
wisdom of General Sullivan's selection, and the prompt
and faithful manner, in which he carried out the orders of
General Washington, justly entitles him to all the honors
his countrymen can pay his memory during this centen
nial year. Seneca County has done honor to herself in
paying a tribute to the heroic serrice of General SulUvan,
and these centennial celebrations will serve to draw out
the fuU importance of his campaign against the Six
Nations, and assign to' it its proper place in the history
of the war, which secured the freedom of the American
colonies and gave us the repubUc of to-day.
The celebration at Waterloo was in commemoration of
the destruction of the Indian village of Skoi-yase on the
Sth of September, 1779, in connection Arith the general
campaign against the Iroquois. The movement inaugu
rated by the Waterloo Library and Historical Society, was
finally merged into a county celebration. The arj-ange-
ments had been in progress for months and reached a
degree of completeness' that surprised even those who
were the most active workers.
Tuesday was a busy day. The Fair Grounds had
already assumed a circus air, with tents scattered at
different points and the most active preparation on every
hand. Down town, the streets presented a busy scene,
and* not only every flag but every yard of bunting that
could be secured was brought into requisition for the
most elaborate decorations. The stores and private resi
dences were adorned Arith evergreens, flags and bunting,
and by night the whole town was robed in patriotic
colors. Lieutenant Governor Dorsheimer and General
Hawley and Staff were expected to arrive, by the late

OF Sullivan's expedition. 267
train from the east, and the reception committee met
them at the depot with the Waterloo Cornet Band and
escorted them to the residence of Major M. D. Mercer.
A large crowd had gathered in the streets and after a
brief serenade, Mr. Dorsheimer extended his thanks for
the compliment in a brief and appropriate speech. He
alluded to the fact that, shortly after the arrival of his
father in this country, a poor German laborer, he settled
in Waterloo and foUowed his trade as a mUler. He ex
pressed himself as highly gratified at the opportunity of
being able to respond to an invitation of the committee
to address the citizens of Seneca County, upon so import
ant an occasion as the one hundredth anniversary of
General SulUvan' s Campaign. General Hawley was
caUed for, and after presenting himself to the crowd, he
introduced a member of his Staff as his respondent, who
very briefly conveyed the thanks of the General and his
Staff for the compliment paid them.
Wednesday morning having arrived, the only thing left
to make the celebration a success, was the very uncertain
programme of the clerk of the weather. A sUght sprinkle
in the morning predetermined unpropitious weather
which was verified in the afternoon. An extra train of
fifteen cars went west to Waterloo in the forenoon, but
these were inadequate to accommodate the people from
this place.- The Guion Guard and the Noyes Guard, ac
companied by the Grand Army Band and the Seneca
PaUs Cornet Band, went up on the train at ten o'clock.
The people of the surrounding country began coming
into Waterloo as early as six o' clock in the morning and
by ten o' clock the streets vvere almost impassible. Every
corner and every street crossing was crowded with peo
ple.
,. Jfhe procession began to form in Une at the Academy
Park as early as ten o'clock, and when the hour of eleven
had arrived, the whole body was in motion. General

268 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
Guion, the Grand Marshal, and his assistants, arranged
the different organizations in the respective positions
assigned them, and the Une was made up very nearly in ac
cordance vrith the printed programme.
* * * * '
The procession was beyond a question the finest ever
witnessed in yVestern N ew York. It moved Arith the
greatest regularity and precisicm, being about two mUes
in length, and occupying a full hour by the watch in
passing a given point. The line of march was doAvn Main
street to Inslee, from Inslee to WiUiams, then up Yirginia
to North, from North to SAvift, and then -direct to the
Fair Grounds. Arriving at the Grounds, the different
town organizations in the parade repaired to tents assigned
to them, and after disbanding, joined the crowd in front
<of the grand stand. The permanent grand stand at the
Fair Grounds was used, and in front of it was erected a
parilion for the speakers' stand.
-x- * -s *
The exercises were opened by prayer by Rev. Dr. Grid-
ley. Mr. John Reamer, President of the ViUage of
Waterloo, then made the address of welcome, after which
Judge Miller of Seneca Falls, President of the day,
gave an address. He then introduced Lieut. -Governor
Dorsheimer. -* * 4t -s
While Mr. Dorsheimer was speaking, the rain which
had threatened all the morning, began to faU, which made
it not only unpleasant for the people, but very annoying
to the speaker. Notvrithstanding the rain, the people re
mained around the stand and listened with a good degree
of attention. At the conclusion of Mr. Dorsheimer' s
speech, which occupied about an hour. Rev. David
Craft, the historian of the occasion, was introduced ; after
that, Rev. Dwight Williams read a poem. The exer
cises being concluded, the officers and invited guests

OF bttlli van's expedition. 269
repaired to the Waterloo banquet tent, where, after due
justice was rendered to the viands, the sentiments were
announced by Judge Miller and responded to by repre
sentatives of the several towns.
The Maple Grove driving park, where the exercises
were held, was arranged in an admirable manner and the
scenic attractions were of the most pleasing nature. The
various tents were arranged as follows: the first, in the
southwest corner of the grounds, was the lunch tent of the
Grand Army boys and ex-soldiers ; next to this was the
banquet tent ; then the tent of the 49th Regiment and,
on a Une extending to the east, were stationed the tents
of the ten different towns of the County.
After the exercises at the Fair Grounds were concluded
the assemblage repaired to the Academy park, where
dedicatory ceremonies at the monument took place, a
stand being erected from the porch of the union school
building. After a prayer by Rev. Dr. Gridley, Judge
Hall made a few remarks, followed by Hon. A. L. Childs,
who deUvered the dedicatory address.
It was now almost dark and the audience was dis
missed. In the evening, many of the stores and residences were
brilUantly iUuminated and a fine display of fireworks
was given at the Academy park. The reception and
dance at the Malt House was weU attended and was in
every respect a very pleasant affair.

[FROM the SENECA FALLS REVEILLE.]
The celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of
General John SuUivan' s Campaign against the Indians
occurred at Waterloo on Wednesday, under the auspices
of the Waterloo Library and Historical Society. It was

270 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
a magnificent success, and one of the grandest demonstra
tions ever witnessed in this part of the State.
At an early hour the arrivals from out of town began,
and long before noon, an immense concourse of people
filled the streets of the village, presenting a Uvely and
animated appearance.
Great preparations had been made for the event, and
never did the quiet and peaceful rillage of Waterloo ap
pear so gay and joyful. Almost the entire vUlage was
crowned with garlands and wreathed with fiags, transpa
rencies and mottoes of various kinds and descriptions.
Thousands of fiags floated to the breeze and the display
was the grandest and most satisfactory ever witnessed in
this section of the State.
Soon after 11 o'clock, the procession began to form near
the park under the direction of General George M. Guion
as Grand Marshal, and his assistants. There were eleven
divisions, each one being properly commanded. AU the
towns of the county were represented. The several diri-
sions moved promptly at the appointed hour, and when
in full motion they presented an imposing appearance.
¦it * -» *
The procession was about two miles in length, and
moved in perfect order. It passed through the principal
streets to the Fair Grounds, where the ptiblic exercises
were held.
The grounds presented the appearance of a tented field.
To the delegation from each town had been assigned a
large tent, and great pains had been taken in the prepara
tion of the grand stand for the occasion. It is estimated
that from twelve to fifteen thousand people were present
at the beginning of the exercises. A rain storm which
set in speedily, reduced the nuraber, although many re
mained during the entire performance.
At about 1 o'clock, Judge Miller, as President of the

OF Sullivan's expedition. 271
Day, called the assembly to order, and introduced Rev.
Dr. Gridley, who offered a prayer suitable to the occa
sion. This was followed by an Address of Welcome by
Mr. John Reamer, President of the village, an Intro
ductory Address by General J. T. Miller, an Oration
by Lieutenant Governor William Dorsheimer, a
Historical Address by Rev. David Craft and a Poem by
Rev. Dwight Williams.
* -S -X- ^-
The historical address by Rev. David Craft was a most
interesting history of Sullivan's expedition, and was lis
tened to with marked attention.
At the conclusion of the exercises at the grand stand,
which had been tastefully trimmed for the occasion, a
large number repaired to the banquet tent, where a
sumptuous dinner had been prepared by the ladies of
Waterloo. After dinner, toasts were read and respond
ed to by a number of local speakers.
+ .**<-
From the Fair Grounds the procession marched to the
park, where the Sullivan monument was dedicated with
appropriate ceremonies. The principal address on this
occasion was made by Hon. A. L. Childs.
In the evening there was a grand display of fireworks,
which attracted a vast number of spectators. Altogether
the day was appropriately celebrated, and great credit is
due the executive committee for the admirable manner
in which they carried through, to a successful termination,
every part of the programme.

[from the WATERLOO CORRESPONDENT OF THB SENECA
FALLS REVEILLE.],
General J. T. MUler presided at the celebration cere
monies with dignity and success. His remarks were in

272 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
good taste and of a very appropriate character. The
managers .could not have selected a better presiding
officer.

Special trains brought multitudes of people to the Sul
livan Centennial Celebration. It is estimated that two
thousand five hundred came from the west on the 10:15
a.m. train. The lowest estimate of the number at the cele
bration was ten thousand.

Never was Waterloo so crowded vrith people as on
Wednesday. An old resident of the village remarked to us
that the number here at the time Chapman was executed,
although very large, was not to be compared to the mul
titude of Wednesday.

The Observer of this week contains a number of letters
from distinguished men who were invited to take part in
the Centennial Celebration. Prominent among them are
those of Benson J. Lossing, Chief Justice Church, Erastus
Brooks, Winslow C. WatsOn, Charles E, Stuart and Dr.
Elmendorf.

The oration of Lieutenant-Governor Dorsheimer on
Wednesday was a masterly production. It was Ustened
to with profound attention by a large concourse of people,
notwithstanding the rain storm that set in. There are
few public men in the State who impress themselves upon
an audience more favorably than Lieutenant-Governor
WiUiam Dorsheimer.

Our former townsman, Mr. S. R. Ten Eyck, who is now
a member of the New York bar, is in town for a few days.
He came here to attend the celebration and responded in
a very happy manner to the toast, "The Judiciary and
the Bar." His many friends are glad to greet him once
more.

OF Sullivan's expedi%on. 273
The number of representatives of the press at the
celebration on Wednesday was quite small, comparatively
few outside of the county being present. A special tent
was set apart for their use, which was well supplied vrith
good things. Major Joyes of the Observer was chairman
of the press committee, and was active in his efforts to
make aU feel at home.

Lieutenant-Governor Dorsheimer and wife were guests
of Major Mercer and family on Tuesday night and Wed
nesday. On Tuesday evening, Mr. Dorsheimer was
serenaded by the band, in response to which he made a
brief speech, alluding to the fact that at an early day his
father was a resident of Waterloo. They returned to New
York on Wednesday evening.

At the conclusion of the exercises at the grand stand
on Wednesday, a great number repaired to the large tent
where a sumptuous dinner had been provided, and which
was served in fine style by the ladies of Waterloo. After ,
dinner, speeches in response to toasts were made. Each
town had its orator present and all acquitted themselves
in a very creditable manner. Some of the speeches, in
deed, were quite eloquent, and aU were interesting.
Judge Miller presided and called out the speakers.

The after dinner speech of Mr. WUUam H. Bogart -of
Aurora, at the Celebration, in reply to the toast, ' ' The
State of New York," was enthusiastically received. It
was pertinent, timely and eloquent. His aUusion to Rev.
Dr. WUlers, who was present, and who fought at the
battle of Waterloo, was a graceful tribute to that vener
able and highly esteemed clergyman.

' Everybody appears to be satisfied with the celebration.
Never was such a crowd congregated here before, and

274 SENEiStf. COUNTY CENTENNIAL
while the rain sadly interfered with the exercises at the
Fair Grounds, it may fairly be said that the Celebration
was a great success. Every effort was made by Waterloo
people for the comfort of the great number in attendance.
The whole town seemed to be engaged in extending a
cordial and heartfelt welcome to aU.

The Centennial baU at the Malt house on Wednesday
evening was an elegant affair, and attended by a large
party. The room was handsomely decorated for the
occasion, and the music was especially good.

NOTES.
The depot was decorated in grand style.

Seneca FaUs, as was expected, raade the finest display.

The nuraber of people in attendance, was variously es
timated at from twelve to fifteen thousand.

Septeraber 3d, 1879, will stand on record as the biggest
day in the history of Seneca County.

Through the courtesy of sorae ladies of Waterloo, the
members of the Noyes Guard were presented with button
hole bouquets.

The press of the surrounding country was well repre
sented and were handsomely entertained at the press tent
in rear of the log cabin.
The Grangers' car was a magnificent affair, with its
fruits, flowers, and other productions of the soil, arranged
in the most artistic manner.

OF sullia^an's expedition. 275
The rain caused many to leave the grounds, ao that
we were unable to get as full a description of the
decorated wagons as we had intended.

D. B. Lum appeared to be the youngest passenger in a
wagon load of a dozen young ladies dressed in white, re
presenting the town of Seneca Falls.

The dry goods store of G. Selmser & Son was the most
tastefully and elaborately decorated building on Main
street and attracted the attention of a large number of
people.

It was the general remark of many prominent visitors
from Syracuse, Rochester and other cities, that the pa-
Tade was the largest and fluest ever put in line In this
State, anywhere west of Albany.

Mrs. Henry Stowell, Mrs. J. Marshall Guion and Mrs.
Dennison had a tent on the grounds. After the exercises
at the grand stand, they very politelj^ entertained Lieu
tenant Governor Dorsheimer and a few other invited
guests. The Rochester Democrat of to-day remarks that, "Wa
terloo ought to be satisfied as it boomed the Elmira boom
out of sight." Such was the verdict of every one pres
ent yesterday, who attended the Elmira affair.

While the procession was passing down Main street.
R. P. Kendig appeared on the shed in front of his store, and
led the crowd on the sidewalk in three rousing cheers as
the prominent features passed by.
Romulus appeared in the parade with a wagon contain
ing a dozen or more young ladies in white, with blue
18.

276 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
sashes and carrying a fine banner with the name of the
town inscribed upon it. They presented a fine appear
ance.

Judge McMaster of Bath, who was the poet at the
Newtown Centennial last week, came down to Aritness a
better celebration than Elmira was able to make, and he
pronounced the entire programme and arrangements at
Waterloo far mere complete and interesting than were
witnessed at Elmira.

Nearly aU the stores and a majority of the residences
on the line of march were decorated in a magnificent
manner. Main street w^as one Une of flags and banners,
while on Yirginia and Williams streets, many of the-
houses were trimmed in the most patriotic style.

The hardware store of Carman & AUen was finely
trimmed with bunting and the windows contained large
crayon drawings representing General SuUivan in the act
of firing a cannon at a big chief who is ' 'digging out of
Skoi-yase." The cartoons attracted much attention.

The celebration was a complete success in every respect,
so far as the arrangements in detail, the large attendance,
and the interesting and admirable programme were con
cerned, and had it not been for the rain every one pres
ent would have returned home with the most pleasant
recollections of the occasion.

The Fayette car of young ladies was pronounced by
all, to be the finest in the parade. It was an open car
built expressly for the occasion, and surmounted with a
beautiful sign bearing the name of the town, upon which
an American eagle was perched. Its arrangement was
due to the taste and skill of Mr. W. W. Stacey. The

OF sullia^an's expedition. 277
ladies riding in this car Avere provided with a collation at
the residence of Mr. A. F. Illick in South Waterloo.

One of the chief attractions on the Fair Grounds was
the log cabin, and it was thronged throughout the day.
Ancient relics from the museum of the Waterloo Library
and Historical Society were on exhibition. Colonel Gustin
had charge of affairs and he remained constantly in atten
dance, courteously pointing out the different articles of
interest to visitors. Among other things, was an arm-chair
over one hundred years old and an iron spoon over two
hundred years old. Hanging on the wall was a photograph
of Mrs. YauEpps, daughter of Abram A. Covert, she
being one of the first white children born in Seneca
county.

The veterans of 1812 and the pioneers of Seneca County
took dinner in the cabin, using pewter plates and ancient
cutlery. Dried apples and pumpkins were hanging on
strings from the ceiling, and everything representative of
primitive times was to be seen.

[from the OVID independent.]
Undoubtedly the largest crowd of people ever coUected
at one point within the limits of this county, assembled
at Waterloo on Wednesday last to participate in the one
hundredth anniversary of the campaign of Sullivan's
army against the Indians of this region. The number of
people present on the occasion is estimated at from fif
teen to twenty thousand. The streets and all public
places were thronged at an early hour in the morning,
and aU the trains which arrived during the forenoon —
much belated on account of their over-load of people —
greatly swelled the throng, while many continued to ar
rive by their own conveyance from the surrounding
country. The weather during the forenoon was quite-

278 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
favorable, the sun being obscured by clouds, and a cool
breeze stirring.
The procession, which did not move until nearly noon,
owing to the delay of the train bearing the 49th Regi
ment, was at least a mile and a half in length. General
George M. Guion of Seneca Falls was the chief marshal,
with competent assistants from each town in the county.
-X- -K- -5S- -»
The display was very fine, and elicited enthusiastic
greetings along the line of march. Stores, hotels, resi
dences, the railroad depot, and other buildings, were gaily
and tastefully decorated with bunting and flags. On the
arrival of the procession at the Fair Grounds the follow
ing exercises were gone through with : Prayer by Rev. Dr.
Gridley; address of welcorae by John Reamer, President
¦of the Village ; introductory address by General J. T.
Miller; oration by Lieutenant-Governor William
Dorsheimer ; historical address by Rev. David Craft
and a poem by Rev. Dwight Williams. A grand stand,
having appropriate decorations and mottoes, had been
arranged for the occasion, and immediately in front of this
was a pavilion for the speakers. The addresses by General
Miller and Mr. Dorsheimer were both very able and ap
propriate productions ; the historical sketch by Mr. Craft
showed research and care in preparation, and was a very
interesting and complete sketch of Sullivan's Expedi
tion ; while the poem of Rev. Dwight Williams was one
of that eminent gentleman's finest efforts.
Each town in the County had a large wall tent erected
on the Fair Ground, which was free for the use of the
people of the several towns. The members of the press
also had a tent for their own use, where the "press men"
reported, and were suitably cared for by Mr. Joyes,
chairman of the press committee.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 279
At about 5 o'clock, p. m., the Sullivan Monument,
recently erected in the Park near the Court House, was
dedicated vrith appropriate ceremonies. Hon. A. L.
Childs, editor of the News, delivered the principal ad
dress on the occasion, which was one of that gentleman's
happiest and most eloquent efforts. The Monument is
built of native limestone, and is about twenty feet high.
In the evening there was a grand display of fireworks,
which was witnessed by a large assembly of people.
The Celebration was a success throughout, and its
management reflected great credit upon those having the
matter in charge. The occasion was a "red-letter day"
for Waterloo, and one which will long be remembered
with pleasure by all who participated < herein.

[from the daily evening auburnian.]
The Celebration, commemorating General Sullivan's
destruction of the Indian viUage of Skoi-yase one hun
dred years ago, under the auspices of the Waterloo Libra
ry and Historical Society at Waterloo, was one of the
most extensive affairs of the kind ever held in Central or
Western New York. The citizens of Waterloo lent the
society cheerful aid, and their combined efforts resulted
in bringing together the largest crowd that ever asserabled
within the corporate liraits of the little town.
The Auburnian' s dispatch, yesterday (September 3d,)
closed at the hour when the pageant began to move. The
procession was one of the special features of the occasion,
and more than met the expectations of the multitude.
The 49th Regiment was the especial object of admiration
for the natives, and elicited unbounded praise for their
fine appearance and soldierly bearing.
AT THE GROUNDS.
The procession arrived at the grounds shortly before

280 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
one o'clock. The 49th Regiment passed in review before
the grand stand, then came to a halt, stacked arms ahd
dispersed for rations which were served in long tents
provided for the purpose. The food furnished the men
was hot coffee, sandwiches, bread, etc. The boys did
ample justice to the repast. After all the brass bands
arrived they were assigned positions in a large stand ad
joining the grand stand. Judge J. T. MUler, of Seneca
Falls, President of the Day, called the assemblage to
order, and the serAdces began with prayer by the Rev. Dr.
Gridley. -X- -H- -s -s
Scarcely had the word. Amen, escaped the Ups of Dr,
Gridley, when a violent rain storm set in and continued
for nearly two hours, and seriously interfered Arith the
exercises. Notwithstanding that water fell in sheets,
nearly one-half of the crowd, which had now increased to
fifteen or twenty thousand people, remained standing
under umbrellas during the delivery of Governor Dor
sheimer' s address. Governor Dorsheimer' s speech occu- .
pied nearly an hour in its delivery and was listened to
with rapt attention. Space forbids its publication, but it
is safe to say that it was one of his best efforts. He
graphically described the past and contrasted it with the
present ; gave a history of the canals ; spoke eloquently
of the press, the church, the industries and agriculture of
the great Empire State of New York, and wound up his
remarks with a prophecy of a glorious and prosperous
career awaiting her during the next century. At the
conclusion of Governor Dorsheimer' s address, the pro
gramme as printed, with one or two exceptions, was car
ried out. The original poem by Rev. Dwight WiUiams,
of Trumansburg, formerly of this city, comprising twenty
verses, was indeed a beautiful composition, and was well
received by the crowd. On the stand were Lieutenant-
Governor Dorsheimer, Judge Josiah T. Miller, President

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 281
of the Day, the Poet, Rev. Dwight Williams, of Tru
mansburg, Rev. David Craft, Historian, John Reamer,
President of the viUage, Brigadier-General Hawley and
Staff, of Syracuse, Judge B. F. HaU, General John S.
Clark, Major R. R. Gardner, of Auburn, and many
others. THE BANQUET.
At the conclusion of the exercises at the grand stand,
the multitude, at least those who were fortunate enough
to possess a ticket, were admitted to a large, circular
tent, capable of holding a thousand or more people, and
sat doAvn to a cold coUation of ham sandAriches, chicken,
pickles, bread and hot coffee. After the wants of the
inner man were attended to, Judge Miller, President of
the Day, proposed the sentiments and toasts. First on
the programme were the towns in Seneca County. The
responses were made by a person from each town. Con
sidering the fact that the speakers were mostly from the
agricultural districts, the speeches were astonishing, some
of them being truly eloquent. The toasts were answered
by B. F. Hall, of this city, William H. Bogart, of Aurora,
D. B. Lum, Rev. Dr. O' SuUivan and S. R. TenEyck,
of New York. The remarks of Judge Hall, in response
to the toast "Who is there to mourn for Logan?", em
braced a brief history of the Iroquois nation and the
genealogy of the great Indian chief. He explained in a
brief and terse manner, where the expression, "Who is
there to mourn for Logan V ' , originated.
At the conclusion of the exercises in the tent, Judge
MUler announced that the observances of the day proper
were closed, and further said that the monument would
be dedicated in the afternoon, and that there would be a
display of fireworks in the evening.
THE DECORATIONS ON THE GROUNDS.
The grand stand was highly decorated with flags and

282 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
evergreens. On the front was a large banner bearing the
words contained in a vote of thanks passed by the patri
otic compeers of 1779, commending the acts of General
Washington for sending General SuUivan to conquer the
Six Nations ; directly under this, running nearly the
entire length of the front of the stand, emblazoned in
black letters was the following : ' ' 1779, From Barbarism
to CiviUzation, 1879," the pillars supporting the roof
were wound with strips of red, white and blue bunting,
on the cornice the flags of the alUed nations, with the
stars and stripes floating gracefully in the center. The
speaker's stand was covered Arith a canopy of red, white
and blue. On the front, inscribed in gilt letters, on a
green silk shield, was the word "Skoi-yase," the Indian
name for Waterloo. THE LOG CABIN.
South of the grand stand and near the race track, was
erected a log cabin. The exterior was ornamented vrith
agricultural tools of primitive design and used by our
forefathers. On the north side were the two coon pelts,
suggestive of antique days, and a banner bearing the
words "Erected from the ashes of the wigwam." Inside
the rude but comely hut, were pioneers and their sisters,
and their cousins and their aunts, among whom was a
centenarian. A bountiful dinner was enjoyed by the old folks. The
meal consisted of pork and beans, doughnuts, etc., and
was eaten on plates said to be over a hundred years old,
A pleasant time was had by both age and youth, the for
mer engaged the latter,by relating old-time incidents, and
the dangers experienced by the early settlers. The walls
were decorated with relics belonging to the Waterloo Li
brary and Historical Society. Colonel H. F. Gustin ac
ceptably filled the position of host, and entertained the
guests of the rude habitation in a handsome style.

OF Sullivan's expedition. 283
THE PRESS TENT.
Mr, Joyes of the Waterloo Observer, provided for the
wants of the press gang and entertained the pencil pro
pellers in royal style. During the long and tedious rain
storm, the tent was crowded with military men and all
classes of the profession, from the modest country editor
to the lightning paragrapher of the city paper. Refresh
ments and cigars were served with unstinted hand.

DEDICATION OF THB MONUMENT.
The exercises in connection with the dedication of the
monument, were held on a platform erected in front of the
school house, just southwest of the village park. The stand
was handsomely ornamented with the national colors and
evergreens. Owing to the inclemency of the weather, it
had been decided to postpone the dedicatory services, but
the skies brightening, the decision was reversed, and the
affair, although impromptu, was observed in accordance
with the published programme.
The exercises were opened by an invocation to the
Throne of Grace, by the Rev. Dr. Gridley of Waterloo.
In the absence of Hon. Sterling G. Hadley, President of
the Waterloo Library and Historical Society, Mr. Walter
Quinby presided. Hon. A. L. Childs delivered the ad
dress. Judge Hall of this city followed, in a few brief
remarks. He first gave a condensed history of monu
ments from the time of Nimrod dowm to the present gen
eration, and next referred to the debt of gratitude, the
country owed to Generals Washington and Sullivan,
which the speaker thought it could never repay. Judge
Hall, in conclusion, exhorted the citizens of Waterloo
and Seneca County to cherish the monuraent as the ap
ple of their eye, also to embrace it with affection to the
end of their lives. He was loudly cheered at the conclu
sion of his speech. Hon. A. L. CbUds was called out the

284 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
second time and responded with a peroration, winding up
his oration with Longfellow's "Ship of State."
The monument is not an imposing piece of architec
ture and was not designed to be. It is about twenty feet
high and is composed of eight blocks of roughly hewn
blue limestone, two feet thick, obtained from the quarry
in the village of Waterloo. It rests on a solid founda
tion of the sarae material, comprising two large stones,
about four feet square. On the south side was a tablet
bearing the inscription in the Indian dialect, "He-O-Weh-
Gno-Gek," signifying, "Once a home, now a memory.'
Over the apex was suspended the stars and stripes.
THE FIREWORKS AND ILLUMINATIONS.
The pyrotechnic display was held at the junction
of Locust and Main streets, and consisted of flights
of rockets and six large pieces. Nearly every house
on the main thoroughfares was brilliantly illuminated.
Sorae of the residences were resplendent with light.
Exceeding good taste was manifested in the arranging
of the national colors in some of the store windows.
The fireworks gave the best of satisfaction and were
witnessed by an admiring throng of people.
THE CROWD.
When the Auburnian dispatch was sent yesterday, ten
thousand people was the estimate made of the number
present ; but when the assemblage was looked over at
the Fair Ground, it is safe to place the figures at fifteen
thousand.

NOTES.
The "Centennial Ode," by a chorus of three hundred
voices, was necessarily omitted.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 285
Tuesday evening. Major Mercer entertained General
Hawley and his staff.
Gould & Co., and Rumsey & Co., of Seneca Falls, made
a tine exhibit of their manufactures, in the procession.

Hospitable and comfortable quarters were provided for
the representatives of the press, at the Towsley House, by
the reception committee.
Colonel Storke' s dark brown charger was much admired.
It was a mettlesome steed and seemed to be inspired with
the patriotism of the occasion.

Aside from the 49th Regiment, two noticeable features
of the procession were tableaux cars, containing represen
tations of Pomona, Ceres and Flora.

The soil at the Fair Ground was rendered adhesive by
the copious rain, and the French kid gaiters and white
skirts of the country lasses were as badly soiled as the
brogans of the sterner sex.

Great disappointment was manifested at the absence of
the 49th Regimental band, which was excused by Colo
nel Storke, to fulfil a previous engagement, raade with
Mayor Osborne. Its place was acceptably filled by the

Moravia Light Infantry band.

Colonel Charaberlain, chief of staff to Major-Genoral
Daniel P. Wood, commander of the sixth militia divi
sion, acted in the same capacity to General Hawley yes
terday. The Colonel is a humorous and genial fellow,
and his sallies of wit kept the headquarters at the Tows
ley ,House in a continual uproar of laughter.

There were nine bands in the procession. The Moravia

286 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
Light Infantry, the Seneca Falls Cornet, Seneca Falls
G. A. R., Geneva Cornet, Canoga Cornet, Phelps Cornet,
Waterloo Cornet, Junius and South Waterloo Martial
Bands.

The trains on the New York Central,like a large share of
the celebrationists, were considerably inixed yesterday.
None of them were on tirae. The train leaving this city
at 4:10 p. M., did not reach Waterloo until nearly 6:30.
The delay was caused by a car of a freight train, ahead
of the express, leaving the track about one mile east of,
Waterloo. [FROM THE SYRACUSE DAILY STANDARD.]
The Centennial Celebration of General Sullivan's cam
paign against the Six Nations, which has been agitating
neighboring localities for weeks past, culminated, yester
day, in a big "blow out" at Waterloo, Seneca County,
which engaged the attention and attendance of about
every man, woman and child in the County. Indeed we
doubt if Seneca County can boast of as raany inhabitants
as fiocked to Waterloo and covered the Fair Grounds
yesterday. All neighboring counties were represented.
Of the raagnificent procession, quite three miles long ; of
the eloquence of Lieut. -Goa'ernor Dorsheimer, the
Orator of the Day, Hon. J. T. Miller, Rev. Daaid
Craft and the other speakers of the occasion ; of the in
spiring music of the bands ; of the volume of cannon
thunder ; of the magnificence of the pyrotechnic display,
and the beauty and elegance of the grand ball, we cannot
find words to write. They are quite too much for us.
But of the open-hearted hospitality of the good people of
Waterloo, of their success in arranging and carrying out
the immense scheme which made the celebration of yes
terday a memorable one, and of the general satisfaction

OF Sullivan's expedition. 287
and evident pleasure experienced by everybody present,
we must indulge a few words.
To that mammoth celebration, Syracuse contributed
no inconsiderable portion. Invitations were sent to, and
accepted by. Brigadier General Hawley and Staff, Captain
Birchmeyer and Battery and Major Auer and Troop,
representatives of whom Syracuse need not to be ashamed.
Brigadier-General Hawley was accompanied by the fol
lowing members of his Staff : Lieutenant-Colonel Hinman,
Major Gardner, Major Butler, Major Farrar, Captain
Edwards, Captain Belden, Captain Townsend and Lieu
tenant Denison. These gentleraen left Syracuse on the
8:15 train Tuesday evening, and arrived in Waterloo at
10:30. They were met at the depot by the reception
committee, and escorted- by the Waterloo band to the
residence of Mr. M. D. Mercer, President of the First
National Bank of Waterloo, by whom they were most
cordially welcomed and hospitably entertained. Lieu
tenant-Governor Dorsheimer, the Orator of the Day, was
Mr. Mercer's guest. This introduction to the hospitalities
of the Waterloo people Avas most auspicious. The
Waterloo band discoursed some fine music in front, and
-the crowd, not satisfied with that, demanded a speech
from Lieutenant-Governor Dorsheimer, General Hawley,
Major Farrar and others.
At the Towsley House, the General and Staff were
assigned comfortable quarters— another provident ar
rangement of the reception committee.
The procesion was a magnificent one. It must have
been at least three miles long and occupied at least an
hour in passing a given point. General Hawley and
Staff were assigned to the right of the first division. The
committee had generously provided horses for the mem
bers of the Staff which were delivered at the hotel door
in time, and a couple of generous-hearted ladies provided

288 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
beautiful button-hole bouquets for them. If memory
serves us correctly, the said generous-hearted ladies were
Mrs. J. B. Crocker and Mrs. E. W. Havens.
And at the grounds, too, everything that could be done
was done by the committee to make the visit of their
guests pleasant. A bountiful collation was provided in a
spacious tent, and the service of Waterloo' s pretty girls
served to add relish to the viands. All would have gone
off grandly but for the unwarrantable and inexcusable
interference of Jupiter Pluvius, who dispensed copious
showers just at the wrong time — just after the crowd had
assembled and the exercises begun. But even this did
not dampen the ardor of the coramittees in their atten
tions to their guests. They could not do too much for
them. To General George Murray Guion, Chief Marshal,
are the General and Staff particularly indebted. He was
the most ubiquitous fellow we ever saw. And the cour
tesies of the occasion were extended far into the night, at
the grand ball. This was a wonderfuUy pleasant affair,
and, of course, our Syracuse representatives participated.
It was an event by them long to be remembered.
Captain Birchmeyer and his Battery, and Captain Auer
and his Troop, made a remarkably fine appearance, and
elicited many a favorable comment.
[from the ROCHESTER DEMOCRAT AND CHRONICLE, SEP
TEMBER 4th, 1879.
The patriotism of Waterloo found vent yesterday, and
the day was one long to be remembered by the happy
townspeople. Waterloo acknowledged Elmira' s superi
ority only in point of population, and every preparation
was raade by those having the matter in charge, to equal,
and possibly eclipse, the first public celebration of the
one hundredth anniversary of General SulUvan' s Cam
paign against the Six Nations.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 289
The demonstration was under the auspices of the Wa
terloo Library and Historical Society, and more properly
represented Seneca County's tribute to the past, than that
of any particular loc-ality, though, of course, Waterloo
rightfully claims the chief honor. That it was a success, so
far as the efforts of man could make it a success, can be
said unreservedly; that the elements conspired to throw
cold water upon the day's events, was a lamentable fact,
to which innuraerable dripping coats and draggled dres
ses bore melancholy testimony. The sun did not even
answer to roll call in the morning, but the hour when he
was supposed to rise was ushered in by the ringing of
bells and the firing of cannon, and in a short time the
people comraenced the ornaraentation of their private
residences and public buildings. All the available bunt
ing and flags in the village were brought into requisition,
and at seven o'clock the place had undergone a complete
transformation. The decorations were certainly very
handsome,and it was doubly unfortunate that they should
be subjected to so trying an ordeal, later in the day.
The arrival of the first train swelled the population visibly,
and until noon the people continued to come from every
direction and in every possible manner. Excursion trains
brought immense crowds from the east and west, and
from over the hills far away, the farmers, their sons and
daughters came afoot, on horseback, on buckboards and
in the more modern conveyances. Such a general turn
ing out has not been seen in many a day, and the time
is probably far distant that will see its repetition.
At 10:30 o'clock the procession was formed, consisting
of miUtary and civic organizations, committees, etc. , and
bands of music from neighboring towns, and as it started
away for the Fair grounds, it must have been fully two
miles in length. Old veterans of the rebellion and new
recruits of the militia were in line ; with banners flying
and with the lively music of the bands, the scene was as

290 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
insjiiring as can well be imagined. Two noticeable fea
tures of the parade, were cars containing representations
of Ceres, Pomona and Flora, and of the Goddess, of
Liberty. Both were designed artistically, and, of course,
fair maidens in prominent positions gave the scene the
usual charm. A large number of young men from the
rural districts, clad in home-made uniforms, were in the
Une on horseback, and during the day they excited the
wonder and admiration of the multitude by their feats of
horsemanship. When the procession arrived at the Fair
ground where the exercises were to be held, an immense
croAvd had already assembled, and when the speaking
commenced there must have been fully ten thousand
people in attendance. The grand stand was handsomely
Ornamented with flags and bunting, and in front was a
large banner bearing the words of a resolution adopted by
the continental congress of 1779, commending General
Washington and General Sullivan upon the success of
the campaign. Tents for the accommodation of the sol
diers were scattered over the ground, and with the booths,
side shows, flashing arms and excitement of the crowd,
it bore a strong reserablance, as one of the old settlers
expressed it, "of gineral trainin' day." The clouds,
which had been growing blacker and blacker, sent doAvn
a few warning drops of rain, and in the midst of a sUght .
drizzle, the literary, exercises of the day were opened
with prayer by Rev. Dr. S. H. Gridlet, of Waterloo.
John Reamer, the President ofthe Village, then made
the address of welcome, extending the hospitalities of
the place, and he was foUowed by Hon. J. T. Miller of
Seneca Falls, President of the Day, who delivered the
introductory address, It was a short, graceful effort, a
fitting prelude to the oration which was given by Hon.
William Dorsheimer, Lieutenant-Governor of the State
of iS'ew York. Mr. Dorsheimer' s address was plain and
practical, giving a brief resume of the historical event, in

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 291
honor of which the people had assembled, and its impor
tance in shaping the future affairs of the country. Before
Mr. Dorsheimer was half done, the rain had comraenced to
fall in torrents, but the crowd around the speakers' stand
remained steadfast, evidently determined to hear or drown
in the attempt. Umbrellas were hoisted and with the
rain which they kept ofl from the bodies of the few, run
ning down the backs of the many, the cold-water disciples
stood firm. There was a decided exodus on the outskirts,
however, many returning to the village and others seek
ing the shelter of the tents .
Owing to the condition of the weather, the ' 'centennial
ode for three hundred voices, accompanied by music
from the consolidated bands present," was omitted, and
Rev. David Craft, of Pennsylvania, read a historical
address. By this time the sun had obtained a temporary
rictory over the deluge, and under the influence of its
cheering rays, the people thoroughly appreciated the
poem by Rev. Dwight Williams, of Trumansburg,
N. Y. The benediction, pronounced by the Rev. P. E.
Smith, of Tyre, concluded the exe;rcises at the stand and
then the privileged possessors of the required credentials,
adjourned to the larg'e tent, where the ladies had spread
an elegant collation.
At the conclusion of the after dinner speeches, the pro
cession was re-formed and marched to the Academy park,
where the ceremony was performed of placing the capstone
upon the new Monument which has recently been erected,
commemorative of the destruction, September, Sth, 1779,
by Colonel Harper, under orders of General Sullivan, of
the Indian village of Skoi-yase. The ceremony was pre
sided over by Mr. Walter Quinby, vice-president of the
Waterloo Library and Historical Society, and consisted
of speeches by Hon. A. L. Childs of Waterloo and Judge
Benjamin F. Hall of Auburn. Fortunately the rain did
19.

292 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
not interfere with this ceremony, and it was performed in
the presence of a large crowd of spectators.

RAIN DROPS.

Waterloo ought to be satisfied. It boomed the Elmira
boom out of sight.

The girls with their shoes, and the boys with low boots,
had a hard time of it yesterday.

More white dresses and blue ribbons were ruined yes
terday than one bushel of wheat will pay for.

As usual, the rain displayed no discrimination in fall
ing upon the just and unjust, but wet them all down
alike.

Major M. D. Mercer of Waterloo, gave a reception to
General Hawley and staff and Lieutenant-Governor Dor
sheimer, Tuesday evening.

The Waterloo Observer displayed its enterprise yester
day, by publishing a full account of the Sullivan Cam
paign, accompanied by map, etc.

General Hawley and staff, and Colonel Chamberlin of
the sixth division staff, acting as chief of staff, had the
right of the procession yesterday.

Rochester had a small representation at the celebration.
General Martindale was expected to reply to the toast,—
"The Ladies," but he did not appear.

The ball last evening was one of the most elegant par
ties ever given in Waterloo. The Malt house was very

OF Sullivan's expedition. 29S
handsomely decorated by the ladies, and the first people
in the place had the entertainment in charge.
One of the features upon the grounds was a genuine
log cabin, of the style of architecture in vogue, "In the
days when our grandfathers lived in the land, and Indian
papooses dug holes in the sand." It was furnished, inside
and out, with old-fashioned utensils, and attracted many
curious sight-seers.

'¦'&'

A fine display of fireworks in the evening and a grand
reception and ball at the Malt house concluded the fes
tivities of the day, and certainly Waterloo m general, and
the Library and Historical Association in particular, have
every reason to felicitate themselves upon the success of
their efforts. Had the weather been pleasant, it would
have been an unqualified success, and even the rain only
destroyed, in part, the pleasures of the day. The citizens
worked hard to have a grand celebration, and they de
serve any amount of credit for their pains.

FROM the SYRACUSE EVENING HERALD.
The Sullivan Celebration was begun early yesterday by
the ringing of church bells and firing of cannon. Great
preparations had been made and never were houses and
stores more handsomely decorated with evergreens,
flowers, and the red, white and blue. The raorning trains
were late in bringing the vast nuraber of passengers which
helped to swell the crowd. The great procession which
moved about noon was over a mile in length, and was
composed of citizens of Seneca County on horseback, on
foot and in carriages. The bands, over a half-dozen in
number, played their sweetest music, and we would
notice the wagon got up by the Grangers, and also that
from the town of Fayette, which, with the 49th Regiment,
was the best part of the procession.

"294 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
On arriving at the Fair Grounds the programme was
commenced, and here we noticed that the work of deco
ration had been carried to a high degree. The speaking
had commenced, when the rain, which had held off during
Hon. J. T. Miller's speech, commenced soon after Lieu
tenant-Governor Dorsheimer took the stand and slowly
increased in violence. Harder and faster came the drops
until the shower nearly broke up the exercises and people
were driven to the tents for shelter. The dust of the track
and grounds was converted into sickly mud and soon a
spectacle of plastered boots and bedraggled skirts pre
sented itself. After raining nearly an hour, it held up,
but the beauty of the programme at the grounds was sadly
marred. Owing to the condition of the weather, the "Centennial
Ode for three hundred voices, accompanied by music
from the consolidated bands present," was omitted, and
Rev. David Craft of Pennsylvania read an historical ad
dress. By this time the sun had obtained a teraporary
victory over the deluge, and, under the influence of its
cheering rays, the people thoroughly appreciated the
Poem by Rev. Dwight Williams of Trumansburg, New
York. The Benediction was pronounced by the Rev. P. E.
"Smith of Tyre, and concluded the exercises at the stand,
when those who were invited adjourned to the large
tent, where the ladies had spread an elegant collation.
¦» * * *
At the conclusion of the after-dinner speeches, the pro
cession marched to Academy Park, where the ceremony
was performed of placing the capstone upon the new
monument Avhich has recently been erected, commemora
tive of the destruction, in September, 1779, by Colonel
Harper, under orders of General SulUvan, of the Indian
village of Skoi-yase.

OF Sullivan's expedition. 295
A grand display of firoAvorks in the evening and a grand
reception and ball at the Malt house concluded the fes
tivities of the day.

[from the CLIFTON SPRINGS PRESS.]
The beautiful little county of Seneca celebrated the
one hundreth anniversary of General Sullivan's march
through that county, at Waterloo, yesterday. As the
former event Avas the most important one, so yesterday
was the grandest of all the doings or festivities that have
ever taken place Avithin her borders. Waterloo, which is
noted for its liberality and enterprise, was equal to the-
occasion, and entertained the imraense throng as if it
were one vast faraily of kindred, gathered horae after a
separation of a hundred years. It is not an overestimate
to say that there were fifteen thousand people present
from the rural districts to witness the grand deraonstra-
tion. ' The citizens of Waterloo, especially the library and
Historical Society, and the merabers of the press committee,
can congratulate themselves upon the fact of having inaug-
rated the celebration, and so grandly succeeded in com
memorating the important victory which General John
Sullivan achieved in 1779.

[from the canandaigua JOURNAL.]
The Waterloo Sullivan Centennial threw^ Elmira' s dem
onstration far into the shade. The number of people in
attendance is variously estimated at from ten thousand
to twenty thousand. The ijrocession was about two miles
long and very imposing, a leading feature being a large
number of beautiful young ladies representing the God
dess of Liberty, different States ol the Union, etc. The
rain interfered somewhat with the literary exercises, but
taken all together, the affair may justly be termed a
grand success.

296 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL

[FROM THB HORNELS VILLE TIMES.]
The Waterloo Centennial Celebration was a grand suc
cess, although the rain interfered with the programme
somewhat. It totally eclipsed Elmira, except, possibly,
in point of numbers. The parade was emphatically the
finest ever put in line in this State, outside of New York
City. Everything moved like clock-work.

[FROM THE AUBURN NEWS.]
The Celebration was a success, and the people of Wa
terloo are to be congratulated thereon.

(APPENDIX, No. 1.)

A PAPER READ BEFORE THE
WATERLOO LIBRARY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
NOVEMBER 2 7.th , 18 7 7,
 ET 
S. R. Y^^ELLES, M. D.,
WATERLOO, N. Y.
 :o: 
To an American, comparing his country with the nations
of the old world,. his native land had for him hitherto but
2. present and ^future. Coming into existence as a de
velopment of a new growth emanating frora many ancient
forms of government, and representing all phases of old
world life and thought ; an union of elements diverse and
heterogeneous, but by the wonderful chemistry of a nat
ural law of national assimilation, so fused and blended
as to produce a homogeneous and harmonious whole, his
country seemed an evolution, from confusion and discord,
of a new and higher national state of being. Thus formed,
the young America was left to make for herself a name
and record among the nations of the world.
To the American, in the vista of the past, was revealed
no long line of barbaric monarchs, or feudal sovereigns, to
stimulate his loyalty or nourish his national pride, no
splendid cathedrals, whose massive walls and sculptured
images told in eloquent silence of the perpetuity of a
national faith, noturreted cas ties fostering ancestral pride.

300 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
no gaUeries of art where, looking upon the inspired can
vas, he could claim kinship Arith the great master of cen
turies long past. To him, except as claiming a common
humanity, the bard, the painter and the sculptor of past
ages, Avere alien ; he had but an ownership, in common
with all the world, tn the Shakespeares, the Dantes and
the Goethes, the Raphaels, and the Angelos of the dis
tant past. I have said hitherto, but now at the expUation
of a hundred years, a hundred years which have roUed
around so quietly that their lapse has been scarcely noted,
it suddenly beams upon the nation's consciousness, that,
working bravely in the present, untrammeUed by preju
dices and usages of the past, and unshackled by theories,
she has made for herself a history and a name ; and her
hundred years' apprenticeship ended, she invites the na
tions of the old world, — the journeymen and master-work
men, — to inspect the work of her 'prentice hand. With
pardonable pride she points to her industries and inven
tions, and receives their congratulation and welcome to
fuU coraraunion and feUows hip in the sisterhood of na
tions, and now, assured of her position, confident of the
present, hopeful of the future, she can look back through
aU the struggles of her birth, growth and progress, and
behold a glorious past.
During the last few years, with one accord, and as if
by common impulse, in sympathy Arith the spirit of the
years, individuals and communities have halted in their
eager race for wealth, have taken a breathing space in
their pursuit of pleasure, and looked back over the path
they have traversed, have scanned the landmarks, estimat
ed the distances and wisely gathered up the experiences
of the past. It was in this spirit of retrospection that
this organization was effected, moved by it, we are here
to-night. Our local history is brief. The short span of
a man' s Ufe covers it. There are those yet among us who
with their oavu eyes have seen aU of Waterloo from its

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 301
birth, have groAvn Avith its growth, have read its history
from living pages, as it was made, known all the actors,
viewed all the shifting scenes as unrolled, and closed by
time. 'Tis a short story, beginning with the old log mUl
of 1794, and ending Avith us here to-night.
It is our part to see that all the leaves of the past are
gathered up, it is for those who come after us to guard
the future that no page be lost hereafter.
Like travelers standing on the sites of buried cities,
we stand upon the graves of a lost race, a great people
submerged by the tide of an alien civiUzation. Grant,
that this was their inevitable destiny — no flattering unc
tion AvUl destroy the consciousness which links forever,
Arith the red man' s name, the cruel wrong he suffered, nor
wiU time efface the memory of valorous deeds and proud
endurance which makes classic the soU the Iroquois once
trod. As we stand where once he stood in the pride of abso
lute, unquestioned sway, and whereof now naught remains
save here and there a name given by him to a lake or
stream, a name, the only heirloom of a lordly race, im
agination invokes the spirit of the past, and we can hear
the wail of the last of the Iroquois as he looks upon the
hunting-ground lost to him forever.

(1) "Thea-an-de-nea-ffua, of the martial brow,
(2) Gy-ant- wa. (3) Ho ne-ya-was, where are they ?
(4) Sago-ye-wat-ha, he is silent now;
No more will listening throngs his voice obey.
Like visions have the mighty passed away ,
Their tears descend in rain drops, and their sighs
Are heard in wailing winds, when evening gray
Shadows the landscape, and their mournful eyes
Grieam iu the misty light of moon-illumined skies.
Gone are my tribes-men, and another race

(I) Brant.
(2) Com Planter.
(3) Farmer's Brother.
(4) Eed Jacket. *

302 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
Born of the foam, disclose with plough aud spade
Secrets of battle field and burial place.
And hunting grounds, once dark with pleasant shade,
Bask in the golden light. — Hosmer.
The region between the waters of Cayuga and Seneca
was thickly dotted with tbe towns of the Iroquois. The
site of our own village, with its rapids, superb fishing and
abundant game, its fertile soil and easy access to the
lakes on either side, was particularly attractive to the
Cayugas,and, clung to by them with the greatest tenacity,
was the last of their hunting grounds surrendered to the
white man's greed.
Here, on historic ground, where lived and passed
away successive generations of a vanished race, let us
invoke the spirit of the past. Sue grants to our retro
spective glance, a vision of peace, a nation of red men,
a brave, simple people, undisputed owners of the soil,
worshipping the Great Spirit of their theology, in their
own way, as their ancestors had done for how long
we- know not, having the vices, it is true, but also the
virtues of barbaric life ; a proud confederacy, linked to
gether by a Totem-ic tie, rivaling in its completeness
and efficiency, any union of States of ancient or modern
times, carrying out the doctrine of State rights in a con
federation, guarding, with admirable discretion, against
the anarchy born of popular license on tUe one hand, and
the danger to liberty, engendered by arbitrary despotism
on the other, a iree, hardy, independent race, meeting by
their representatives in councU at the capital of their na
tion, to contract alliances, conclude treaties, declare war
and do all other things which a free and independent peo
ple may, of right, do, extending the limits of tlieir ter
ritory, literally carrying their conquest from the Gulf of
St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, or satiated with con-
quest,busied with the vocations of peace, hunting, fishing
and tilling the ground.

OF SULLIA^'AN'S EXPEDITION. 803
In the revolutionary struggle, British influence prevailed
to attach the Six Nations, with the exception of the
Oneidas, to the royal side, and instigated and controUed
by Johnson, Butler, and Brant, they proved a dreaded
foe to our troops and a fearful scourge to our frontier
settlements. So great was the devastation made by
them in their iucursions, and so much and justly wore
they feared, that in 1779 it was determined to send a force
to lay waste and exterminate their settlements. In pursu
ance of this deterraination. General SuUivan left Wyoming
on the 1st of July, with five thousand men for the Indian
country which was reached on the 28th of August, when
the settlement at Chemung, (ogether with the grain and
other crops was destroyed. The day following, the battle
of Newtown (now Elmira) took place. In this encounter
six hundred Indians and two hundred tories under the
Butlers and Brant werei engaged. The contest was a des
perate one, but the Indians and tories were vanquished and
compeUed to flee, and Sullivan encamped for the night
on the fleld of action.
The next day the town was destroyed. On the third day
of September, Catharine's town (whence the inhabitants
had made a precipitate retreat upon the news of the defeat
of the Indians at Newtown) was demolished. Pursuing
its march on the east side of ^Seneca Lake into what is
now Seneca County, the army arrived at Kendaia on the
fifth,, having in the meantime destroyed Peach Orchard,
and numerous scattered houses and cornfields. Kendaia
is described in the journal of an officer attached to the
expedition, as "a fine town lying about one-half mile from
the lake, abounding in apple trees, and evidently an old
inhabited town, the houses large and elegant, some beau
tifully painted, the tombs, especially of the chief war
riors, are beautifully painted boxes, built over the graves,
of planks hewn out of timber. ' ' On the seventh, the army
passed the north end or outlet of Seneca lake ; on the

304 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
next day Colonel Harper was sent with a detachment of
men to destroy the settiement at Skoi-yase. From Kana-
desaga (Geneva) the army moved to the Genesee country,
its track marked by devastation, destruction, flames
and death. The Indians, inferior in number, surprised
in their own strongholds Avhich they thought inaccessi
ble, dispirited by their defeat at Newtown, demoralized
by the rapid movements and the unrelenting, vengeful
blows dealt them, could not rally, and the victorious
army, having followed the retreating enemy as far as
Genesee, retraced its steps, completing on the return,
the devastation commenced, but not fully consumated,
on the westward march. It reached Geneva on the
20th of September, frora which place Colonel William
Butler was sent with a detachment of five hundred men
to destroy the settlements on the east side of Cayuga
lake. On the day foUoAring, Colonel Dearborn was
detailed, with two hundred men to destroy the settle
ments on the western banks, having accompUshed which,
he rejoined the main army near Newtown, on the 26th.
We have in our possession a copy of a map — evidently
made by an engineer belonging to Butler's detachment,
as the entire route, from Geneva, around the foot of
Cayuga lake and up on its eastern side, to Ithaca, thence
to Newtown, is accurately laid down — on which, the
Skoi-yase settlement is located north of the river. But
ler' s detachment, after destroying the towns on the east
side of Cayuga lake, rejoined the main army at Newtown
on the 28th of September. Thus ended a campaign, in
which, in a little over a month, the country of the Onon
dagas, the Cayugas, and Senecas was completely overrun
and laid waste, their towns burned, their orchards de
stroyed, their corn fields consumed, their cattle captured
or kUled; all this, not so much in a spirit of retaliation, as to
cut off their supplies, deprive them of their retreats, and
cripple their operations. "By this movement of the

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 3()5
American army, the social and political condition of the
Seneca Nation was destroyed, and by these means, though
necessarily severe, theinfluenceof the English nation was
curbed and controlled, and the murderous warfare of the
tomahawk and knife wielded alike by Indian and tory,
was arrested." Though an inevitable military necessity
it was a cruel blow, and well plight Big-tree, years after,
say to Washington when alluding to Sullivan, "Father,
when your army entered the country of the Six Nations
we called you the Town destroyer: to this day, when
your name is heard, our women look behind them and
turn pale, and our children cling closer to the neck of
their mothers." Driven back to Niagara, foAv of the In
dians ever returned to their old hunting grounds ; neglect
ed and badly treated by their English allies, and insuffi
ciently provided with food, sickness and death made
fearful ravages among them during the cold winter fol-
loAring SuUivan' s Campaign. In 1789 a treaty was con
cluded Arith the Six Nations whereby the Indians ac
knowledged allegiance to the general government, and
ceded to the State of New York the lands lying east of
the Seneca lake. This important event, so full of mo
ment and of omen to the Red man, closes the second scene
in the panorama of the past, for, with the conclusion of
' this treaty, the country was opened to the immigration
, of settlers from the eastern states, and new characters
appear upon the stage. Nor was this attractive region
long unoccupied. The remembrance of the beautiful
waters of Cayuga and Seneca, the rich corn fields and
abundant fruits, the vigorous soil, and the magnificent
forests of the region between the lakes, did not fade from
the minds of those who had traversed the country in 1779
under Sullivan, and when, with peace, came a sense of
security, settlers from the east were emboldened to tempt
the trials and privations of frontier life, looking to the
future for an ample reward.
When it is considered how important in its effects

306 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
upon the revolutionary struggle was the campaign agains+
the Six Nations, and that this county was the scene of
some of the most stirring events connected with it, the
thought is suggested that upon the eighth day of Septem
ber, 1879, being the one hundredth anniversary of the de
struction of the Indian settleraent here, the Fawsetts,the
Halseys, the Van Cleefs, the Dunlaps, the Southwicks,
the McKnights, the Bears, the Gorhams, the Bowdishes,
and others — the descendants of those hardy pioneers, who
first settled in this county, and raany of w»hom partici
pated in that memorable incursion — be invited to meet
here, and celebrate with the Waterloo Library and His
torical Society the centennial of that campaign which, as
its result, opened up to < he emigrant the beauties and
agricultural wealth of Seneca County.
In 1791,Elkanah Watson, General PhiUp VanCortlandt,
Jeremiah VanRensselaer and Stephen N. Bayard, made
an extensive tour through ths interior of New York in
boatSjby the way of Wood Creek,Oneida lake, Onondaga
and Seneca rivers, to Cayuga lake, which they reached
September 19th. We learn from a journal kept by Wat
son, that, after spending the night of the 19th at tbe
ferry -house, on the raorning of the 20th, after a three
miles sail to the north, they entered then -arrow river con
necting the Cayuga and Seneca lakes. They stemmed
against a rapid current till they reached the foot of the
Seneca falls, where they found Job Smith, the keeper of
the carrying-place, living in a comfortable log house, sur
rounded by considerable improvement. The transit ex
tended for a mile. Transporting their baggage by land,
while their men forced the empty boats up the rapids,
Watson and his party walked by a foot path two miles
''to a place called Scauyes," then re embarked and as
cended thp river, and passed through the outlet to Sen
eca lake, at a spot where twelve years before the victori
ous army of Sullivan forded the river. "The sun was

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 307
just setting behind the western hills as they entered the
lake, which opened upon thera like a new creation, rising
to their view in picturesque and romantic beauty." They
found Geneva a small, unhealthy viUage, containing
twelve log and three frame houses. There, ' 'much troubled
hy gamblers and fleas," they spent the night, and the
next morning re-embarked and traversed the lake oblique
ly to Appletown Avhere they remained two days.
Appletown is described as being a fine tract of land,
formerly the head quart'^rs of the Seneca Nation, con
taining extensive orchards, and exhibiting many marks
¦of the destruction wrought by Sullivan's conquering
army. While there they attended a meeting at which
one hundred and fifty people were present, and were
justly astonished at what Watson terms a "prelude to
the assembling of thousands destined shortly to possess
this region. ' ' On the 23d, the boa t proceeded with a brisk
gale to the outlet, Avhile Watson took a horse and trav
eUed by an Indian path obliquely across the town of
Romulus,* seventeen miles to the point of starting on
Cayuga lake. After a trip up the lake, during which they
noticed the remains of an old Indian castle on the eastern
bank, and the town of Ovid, of which they speak ad
miringly, rising beautifuUy from the shore, with the tree
tops resembling waving fields of grain in the distance,
their expedition terminated, and they turned their faces
homeward. The impression received in this journey
regarding our own locality is indicated by an extract
from the journal : ' 'The map of the world cannot ex
hibit in any country two lakes of equal magnitude as the
Cayuga and Seneca so singularly and so happily situated.

*In 1791, Ovid and Romulus embraced the present area of Seneca County. In 1800,
the town of Washington was formed from Romulus; in 1803, Junius was taken from
Washington ; in 1817, Covert was formed from Ovid, and in 1826,Lodi was formed from
<Joven; in 1829, Waterloo, Seneca Falls and Tyre were taken from Junius, and In 1830,
Yarick was taken from Romulus. In 1808, the name of Washington was changed to
Fayette.
20.

308 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
What a f ertUe theme for poets, painters, philosophers and.
travellers for the last two thousand years, had they been
placed in Italy. The country lying betA^een these delight
ful lakes rises gradually and beautifully from the oppo
site shore towards the center, and, when cultivated by the
rigorous arras of freemen, will become the Paradise and
garden of America. ' ' He concludes his journal by giving
detailed views and estimates for the opening of naviga
tion from Seneca lake to the Hudson river. With pro
phetic vision he saw the future, and clearly and practicaUy
marked out the plan for its realization. He says, in con-
clu sion, ' 'let the sane man reaUze the policy and necessity
of the measure by exploring tnese waters in person, the
first impression will not fail to be heigncenedinto a degree
oi' entnusiasm bordering on infatuaiio:'.."
We nave seen now an intelligent, unerring instinct;
guiaed the Indian in the selection of his dwelling-place,
how, when selling his lands, he reserved the fishery at
Skoi-yase ; how the soldiers under Sullivan readily com
prehended the beauties and advantages of this inter lake
country, and with the advent of peace turned their steps
hitherward ; how far-seeing capitalists and statesmen, in
teUigent, public-spirited men, took in at a glance the value
of this region. We can readily imagine the young man
from the old settlements of the east, hardy, vigorous,
ambitious, eager to make for himself a home and a com
petence, stimulated by the glowing description given by
the soldiers, of the beautiful lake region through which
they had followed the fieeing savages, setting out to see
with his own eyes this El Dorado, FoUowing the track
of the army by Newtown to Seneca lake, down the lake
and through its narrow outlet bordered Avith massive for
est trees, which, sometimes fallen, obstruct his boat, he
nears the place where Waterloo now stands. Passing a
forest of rustling pines he comes to an island covered with
verdure. Here commence the rapids, where the stream,

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 309
widening and curving, eddies and whirls and foams over
its rocky bedr. He finds himself in a valley from which,
by a gentle slope, the ground rises to the north and south.
Oaks and maples attest the richness of the soil. The
pleasant elevation of the ground on the north, indicat
ing sites for future homes, and dotted with the cleared
fields and the relics of the Indian town ; the south side
exhibiting the traces of the important fishing industry
carried on there for years by the Indians ; the tributary
streams running in from north and south ; the rapid river
having an imraense lake reservoir and waiting only for
inteUigent industry to develope its power; its bed of build
ing stone ; the superior facilities for fishing and hunting ;
the water communication with the Seneca and Cayuga
lakes, and thence, in no distant future, with the Hudson on
the east, lake Ontario on the north and the Susquehanna
on the south, all these advantages might well lead him to
say, "I have found a spot where I AriU make my home."
Many were attracted, and emigration rapidly follow
ed, rapidly, if you take into consideration the unsettled
condition of a new country just emerging from a war
which had drained her resources and well nigh exhausted
her vitality. The log miU, that most important and in
teresting historical landmark, was built in 1794. In 1807,
EUsha Williams of Hudson, bought six hundred and forty
acres of land covering the present site of Waterloo north
of the river, and in his honor the settlement was called
New Hudson. In 18I6 that name was dropped and the
present one adopted. The family naraes given to the streets
years after, WUliams, Elisha, Virginia, Elizabeth, and the
grand old family residence built for him by his agent,
Reuben Swift, — by whose son, Moses H. Swift, the house,
stiU known to old residents as "the Mansion" , is owned
and occupied, — alone remain mementos of him who once-
owned the land where Waterloo is built. From 1815 to
1820, the growth of the town was rapid, and in 1824, the

310 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
viUage, then a half-shire and wilh splendid prospects for
the future, was incorporated. That date is an appropri
ate closing of a third period which forms a historic epoch.
I have in this brief review indicated three salient points
of interest and study: 1. The country under the peaceful
occupation of the Indians. 2. The revolutionary period
embracing Sullivan's campaign as its most prominent fea
ture, closing with the extermination of the Red men and
the opening up to settlers of their abandoned lands. 3. The
settlement by the whites, in which we are most directly
and personally interested. That such. study should take
an organized systematic form, is the object of this organi
zation, and of our gathering here to-night.
I have alluded to that common impulse, which, Arithin
the last few years, has turned backward the eyes and
thoughts of the nation and communities. For some years
a few of the citizens of this town have had under consid
eration its past history, and felt the need of an organized
effort to rescue from oblivion reminiscences and traditions
of its early settlers. Rev. Dr. Gridley waited for no asso
ciation of laborers, but Arith zeal, intelligence and industry,
pursued his investigations, and has collected and published
a history of Waterloo, which is surprising in its complete
ness, and for which the grateful thanks of the community
are eminently due. Two years ago last March the v%' ater-
loo Historical Society was formed, holding its meetings
for a time at the residences of members until permission
was obtained to occupy this room. Papers relating to the
early history of the town were contributed by different
members, relics aud mementos of early days were col
lected, and when, finally, a proposition was made by Mr.
Thomas Fatzinger, to give the sura of five thousand dol
lars, since increased to six thousand dollars, to be invested
for the purchase of a library, the only condition imposed
being that the Historical Society should become custo
dians and trustees of his noble gift, then the Library and

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 311
Historical Society was duly organized under the statutes
of the state. We have now a membership of nearly one
hundred, we have a library of thirteen hundred volumes,
and a collection of antiquities and valuable relics and cu
riosities weU worthy of inspection.
The Society has already made for itself a good narae
and reputation, and there remains for it, I trust, a future
of usefulness and promise, and an influence in controlling
and shaping the intellectual growth and progress of the
town, and moulding the characters of those who are to
be the men and women of the future.
In whatever aspect viewed, the past is worthy ot the
study of all. There coraes to every one, sooner or later,
a time in life when the eye of the mind is turned to the
past,it may be in sadness, or in reverie. The thoughtful
treasure up its lessons and gather wisdom from its ex
periences. The Student Hieronymus, in Longfellow's
Hyperion, wearied and saddened by disappointment,
sought for peace. The Divinity he had invoked bade him
go to the Fountain of Oblivion, in the deepest solitude of
the Black Forest.aud cast a parchment scroll she put into
his hand, into its waters. He went upon his quest,he sought
and found the Fountain, but "on its brink he paused, and
gazed into the dark waters with a steadfast look, and as
he gazed, he beheld, far down in their sUent depths, dim
and ill-deflned outlines, wavering to and fro, like the folds
of a white garment in the twUight. Then more distinct
and permanent shapes arose,— familiar to his mind, yet
forgotten and remembered again, as the fragments of a
dream; till at length, far, far below him, he beheld the
great City of the Past, with silent marble streets, and
moss-grown walls, and spires uprising with a wave-like
flickering motion. And, araid the crowd that tlu-onged
those streets, he beheld faces once farailiar and dear to
hira, and heard voices saying ; 'Oh, forget us not;' and
then he heard the distant, mournful sound of funeral

312 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
bells, that were tolUng beloAv, in the City of the Past."
This legend is the expression of a great truth. The
past is ever beckoning and ever crying for us to listen to
its warnings and its teachings. A desire to be remerabered
is a coramon instinct of humanity ; it is an incentive to
do well, and to leave a good name behind us ; it prompts
the fervent prayer: "Lord keep my memory green !" It
is due to those who braved the toils and privations of
frontier life, in order that they might bequeath to us the
comforts bj^" which we are surrounded, that we keep
alive the recollection of their dangers and hardships.
It is due to him who has endowed this society so gener
ously, for the public good, that by a hearty co-operation
in its work, we show a grateful appreciation of the bene
fit conferred. And more, it is due to ourselves that we
thrust not aside the means and appliances for culture and
intellectual growth this society affords, culture, not only
for the head but for the heart. One of the most lovely
attributes of humanity is that which impresses upon the
soul the lo'de of home. Side by side with the love for the
mother,is that kindred feeling which fixes upon the mind
in ineffaceable characters, and photographs indelibly, all
the meraories of childhood and the associations of home,
which neither age nor distance ever weakens, which still
lives amid the ravings of delirium, or amid the incoher
ences of approaching dissolution. The same instinct of
our nature, extended and broadened, embraces all the
familiar faces, all the well-knoAvn scenes pertaining to
and surrounding our childhood, and reaches back to
gather carefully the traditions and legends clustering
around the place of our birth, and to preserve the mem
ories of its founders, builders and benefactors. Produced
still farther, the same feeling becomes an exalted love of
country. In like manner the study of local history be
gets the desire for the acquisition of a knowledge of gen
eral history. The mind, strengthened by use, expanded,

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 313
developed, does not stop in its search, but seeks for uni-
A'ersal information. When Ave consider, that, by the mu
nificence of ]\Ir. li'atzinger, a Library has been secured in
perpetuity, a library A\'hichin ten years, from his donation
alone, would amount to five thousand volumes, I think
we cannot fail to appreciate the inestimable benefit con
ferred upon the toAsm, a benefit not temporary, but last
ing. As long as Uterature can find a devotee, or the past
a reA-erent worshipper, as long as memory survives, or
hope is vouchsafed to mortals, books cannot die. I see
no reason why, a century hence, those who come after us
may not meet to celebrate the Centennial of the AYaterloo
Library and Historical Society, and to recaU AAdth loring,
grateful praise, his name on whose foundation gift the
noble structure then to be in existence, was built. It
needs no prophetic rision, looking forward ten years, to
behold our Society under a roof of its own building, with
ample haU for meetings and lectures, an alcoved Ubrary,
a daUy issue of books, a reading room Avliere at all times
magazines and papers from aU parts of the world invite
perusal, and a collection of relics and curiosities repaying
hours of study and inspection. I see it a place of resort for
young and old, its AvaUs hung with paintings and en-
grarings and adorned As-ith statuary, presenting, in fine,
aU the means for, and incentives to, sesthetic and inteUec
tual cultivation. Within its Avails AviU be engendered an
inteUectual spirit, Avhich avUI go out, pervading, educating
and refining aU classes, entering all homes, and justly
rendering our A'iUage the pride and boast of our citizens.

314 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL

(APPENDIX, No. 3.)

S KO I-Y ASE

-BY-

GEORGE S. CONOVER.

This village of the Cayuga Indians was located on the
north side of the Seneca river, within the bounds of the
present village of Waterloo, in Seneca County, N. Y.
The name, as given above, is on the authority of Hon.
Lewis H. Morgan, in "League of the Iroquois," the sig
nification of it, as there stated, being the "Place of
Whortleberries." In the Seneca and Onondaga dialects
it is Sa-yase. In the following paper the orthography
will be given as it is found in the documents from which
information and extracts are derived.
The journals kept by the different officers in the Sulli
van campaign, have various ways of spelling and pro
nouncing the name, viz: — Sergeant Moses Fellows calls
the place Long Falls ; Major Beatty says Skaigee or Long
Falls ; Major Norris says Shaiyus or large falls ; Sergeant
Major George Grant says Schoyerre ; Colonel Dearborn
says Skaigee ; Thomas Grant says Scawyace ; Lieutenant
John Jenkins says Scauwaga, and in General Sullivan's
report it is Schuyero. In the proceedings of the Board
of Commissioners of Indian affairs, September 4th, 1788,
it is spelled Skawayes.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 315
At the treaty with the Cayugas. at Albany, February
25th, 1789, a cession was obtained of their lands, certain
reservations excepted, one of the latter being in the fol
lowing language;— "also the Place in the Seneca River,
at or near a Place called Skayes,Avhere the Cayugas have
heretofore taken Eel, and a competent Piece of Land
on the southern Side of the River at the said Place suf
ficient for the Cayugas to land and encamp on and to
cure their Eel." Before the sealing and delivery of this
deed of cession and previous to the signature of the wit
nesses, sorae notes of erasures and corrections, as well as
declarations of the construction or intent of certain parts
of the treaty were made, araong which is the following :
"And the land to be reserved at the Fishing Place near
Skayes, shall be of the Extent of one MUe on each Side of
the River, the above Reservation of Land on the southern
Side of the River only notwitstanding."
The cession of the lands of the Indians haring, been ob
tained, surveyors were sent out under the instructions and
direction of Simeon DeWitt, the Surveyor-General of the
State, to lay out the reservations, and to survey the land,
which had been appropriated by acts of the Legislature
to the troops of this State, in the late array of the United
States, and which is now farailiarly known as the mili
tary tract. Captain Abraham Hardenbergh, having been
employed for this purpose, proceeded with his party to
the lands of the Cayugas.
On the 5th of July, 1789, in a letter to the Surveyor-
General, dated at Cayuga Ferry, he writes of the difficul
ties that beset him, stating tha't there was violent oppo
sition from the Losses at Canadesago [Geneva] and that
they had induced the Indians at Buffalo Creek, at which
place many of the Indians had settled after the invasion
of General SuUivan' s army, to repudiate the treaty ; that
the prominent Cayuga Chief, Fish Carrier, was very bit
ter in his opposition, saying that the treaty had been

316 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
made by a parcel of boys and old women, who had no
authority to act for the nation, and that the Indians had
ordered him to desist from surveying. He had been to
Canadasego and had endeavored to resist the opposition
there, and Arith the assistance of Colonel Seth Reed, Peter
Ryckman aud the Cayuga Chief, Steel Trap, had been in
a measure successful, "so that I have no doubt if it be
came necessary to beat up for Volunteers, but I would at
least be able to cope vrith the Lessee Party in Geneva."'*
After requesting a supply of arms and ammunition, he
also adA'ises "that some civil Officers should be appointed
and Government be estabUshed in this Quarter," and gives
the names of Dr. Caleb Benton, John McKinstry, Benjamin
AUen, Lark Jennings and several others as the "Heads of
the active Leasees'' of whom he says, "I think it would
be well if they were immediately apprehended. It would
discourage the rest and bring them to serious reflection."
Upon receiving this information, the surveying party
was speedUy re-inforced with men, provisions, arms and
ammunition ; a portion of Montgomery county was formed
into a Battalion, by Governor CUnton, who commissioned
Abraham Hardenbergh as Major, John Hardenbergh and
John Thornton as Captains, and Moses DeWitt and Ben-
*Kanadesaga was the headquarters of the "New York Genesee Land Company,"
-which was organized in 1787, and comprised eighty shareholders, among the foremo&t
of whom were John Livingston, Major Peter Schuyler, Dr. Caleb Benton, Ezekiel Gil
bert, John MoKinotry and others. The object was to secure a Lease of all the Indian
lands m the State for 999 years, doubtless relying uj)0n their political influence to se
cure legislative sanction. The better to effect their purpose they gave an interest to
certain traders residing in the Indian country, and a branch was organized in Canada,
called the "Niagara Genesee Land Company," which enlisted the powerful influence of
Colonel John Butler, Samuel Street, John Powell, Johnson and others. On the 30th of
November, 17S7, a lease for 999 years was procured from the Six Nations, of all their
lauds aud, January Sth, 1788, a like lease was procured from the Oneidas, both being
obtained by Livingston for himself and his associates. These leases were repudiated
and declared void by the Legislature, February 16th, 1768, and by the energetic action
¦taken under the orders of Gov. George Clinton, the object of the associates were
frustrated. These leases were finally surrendered to the Board of Commissioners of
Indian Affairs, on the 14th of February, 1789, by James Bryan aud Benjamin BirdsaU,
two of the associates. Notwithstanding the failure of the projeet, the "Lessees" con
tinued to wield a powerful influence with the Indians, and used their power in such di
rection (IS interest prompted.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 317
jamin Dey as Lieutenants. Civil commissions were also
issued, and Major Hardenbergh, Seth Reed and George
Fleming were appointed Justices of the Peace, and au
thority was given the Major "to swear aU Officers, civU
and miUtary," Avithin the "district of the Battalion," and
to set the wheels of justice in motion, organize the militia
and take such action to authenticate the charges against
Benton, McKinstry and others, "so that they can be le
gaUy proceeded against."
Being thus re-inforced, and having the necessary legal
authority as well as the means to enforce obedience to
the law, the surveyors were enabled to proceed with their
work, although the disaffection of the Indians continued
until June, 1790, when a further treaty was made with the
Onondagas on the 16th, and with the Cayugas on the 22nd,
which confirmed and ratified the preceding treaties, and
which, being signed by the Fish Carrier and others prora
inent in their opposition, was an amicable settlement of
the whole matter.
On the 3d of September, 1789, Major Hardenbergh writes
from Cayuga lake to Governor George Clinton, that the
large reservation and Ryckman' s tract had been run out,
and says that,
"Mr. Rvckman and the Cayugas insist upon it, that a Mile pquareon
each side of the River at Scaware is reserved to the use of the I.idians.
Our Directions mention 'a competent Piece of Land on the southerly
side, sufficient for the Indians to land, encamp aud cure their Eels on.'
Your Excellency's Orders or Directions from the Surveyor-General can
only be our guide herein, and we shall be obliged tp abide by our pres
ent Directions, unless new Instructions are received, . for which Reason
we have postponed tho Survey for some time. I have only to observe
that their old encamping Place is on the north side, and the southerly
side is low, wet Ground. "
From the foregoing, it would seem that in giving the
instructions to Major Hardenbergh, the declaratory clause
at the end of the treaty had been overlooked, and from the
reply of Governor Clinton to the Major, dated New York,
September 19th, 1789, the same had escaped his atten-

318 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
tion. The foUowing is an extract from the Governor's
letter :
"The Powers of tbe Commissioners for treating with the Indians ex
pire J thirty days after the last meeting of the Legislature. It is not
in my power therefore to gi^'e any positive Directions than what is con
tained in the Deed of Cession from the Cayugas respecting the Reser
vation at lhe Scawyace, having no Board to consult ou the Subject. It
is my Opinion, however, that it will be serving the Interest of the State
to gratify them, and that you will stand justified iu your Survey to
make the small Reservation they cl.iim at that Place. It cannot be an
Object worth contending about, and your making the Reservation will
at any rate not confer Title. It appears to be of the Hrst importance to
retain the Confidence and Friendship of tbe Indians with whom we have
treated," Upon receiving this letter from Governor Clinton, the
survey Avas resumed and a reservation of one square mUe,
six hundred and forty acres, Avas laid out on the north
side of the river. The maps of township eleven (Romu
lus) and twenty-six (Junius), made at that time, and filed
in i 790, are yet in existence and now in the office of the
Secretary of State at Albany, both townshijDS being a
part of the military tract. On map of toAvnship twenty-
six (Junius) is the "Cayuga Reseiwation at ScaAvyace,"
which is bounded on the south by the river, on the Avest
by lot ninety-seven, on the north by parts of lots ninety-
seven, ninety-eight, and on the east by lot ninety-eight.
These tAvo lots surround the reservation on three sides,
and were allotted to soldiers, number ninety-seven to
Captain Michael Dunning, and ninety-eight to Lieuten
ant Colonel LeAvis Atayataghronghta.
On map of township eleven (Romulus) there is no reser
vation laid out, but the lots fronting the river, appear
as part of the military lands, and are numbered from one
to nine inclusive, commencing at Seneca Lake, and with
the exception of number four, were aUotted to soldiers.
Numbers four and five are directly opposite the reserva
tion on the north side of the river.
Each New York private soldier, who was awarded boun

OF SULHA'AN's EXPEDITIOX. 319
ty land, drew a lot of six hundred acres in the military
tract, when he had previously assigned to the State all
claim for continental bounty. When such assignment
had not been made, one hundred acres Avere reserved to
the State. In some instauees, fifty acres were reserved
upon the subdividing of the lots, for the expense of the
survey, and AA-ere knoAvn as the survey fifty acres. Six
lots in every township of the military tract Avere reserved,
one for gospel and school lands, one for literature, and
four eventuaUy to compensate certain parties. The min
utes of the Commissioners of the Land Office, July 31st,
1790, shoAv, that by mistake lot number four in ttiAvnship
eleA-en (Romulus) which had been reserved, had been al
lotted to James Boswith, and they had to repeal their
action, and Major BosArith was allotted instead, number
eighty-one in tOAvnshiiD sixteen (Ovid). Five hundred acres
of lot three was allotted to Peter Dumas, and the same
quantity of lot five to Samuel Potter, the patents being is
sued respectively to Dennis McGuire and William Thomp
son. One hundred acres off of the south-east corner of
each lot were patented to Stephen Bayard and Williara
I. Vredenburgh, lespectiA-ely.
In the course of a few years, further negotiations were
had with the Indians, and a treaty AA-as held AAith the Cay
ugas, at Cayuga Ferry, July "JTth, i795, at which tirae a
cession was obtained of their reservations, "as AA-eU the
lands bordering on and adjacent to the Cayuga Lake cora
monly called the. Cayuga Reservation, as the lands at
Scaw-yace and elseAA'here, " ' excepting hoAvever and reserv
ing to the Cayugas a piece of land two of miles square,
which was located on the east side of Cayuga lake and
known as the "Cayuga Residence Reservation ; also one
other piece of one mile square and the mine Avithin the
same, and known as the Mine Reservation" in Cayng-a
county ; "also one other piece of land of one mile square
at Cannogai for the use of an Indian Sachem of the said

320 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
nation called Fish Carrier and for the use of his posterity
forever," the latter being commonly known as the Canoga
Reservation. The first two being common property they
sold to the State in 1807.
The reservation at Scaw-yace having been ceded to the
State by the treaty of July 27th, 1795, was granted to John
McKinstry in pursuance of an Act of the Legislature
passed March 3d, 1802, which law enacts "That the Com
missioners of the Land Office be and are hereby authorized
and directed to grant letters patent in the usual form to
John McKinstry, his heirs and assigns, for a certain lot of
land, belonging to the -People of the State, in the town of
Junius, Cayuga county, called the Scoyes Reservation,"
etc. — provided that he execute a bond and mortgage for
the purchase money, at the rate of two dollars and fifty
cents per acre, payable in ten years, with annual interest
at the rate of six per cent. In book twenty-five of Pat
ents, page four hundred and seventeen, the Patent is re
corded as passing the Secretary's office December 31st,
1807, and the following is a brief abstract : ' 'AU that cer
tain tract of land situate in the Township of Junius, Seneca
County, known and distinguished by the name of the
Cayuga Reservation at Scoyes or Scawyace and bounded
on the South by the Seneca River, West by lot number
ninety-seven. North by parts of number ninety- seven and
number ninety-eight. East by number ninety-eight, con
taining six hundred and forty acres."
Although no reservation for the Indians had been mark
ed on the map on the south side of the river, yet it ap
pears that lot number four had been set apart for that
purpose, as will appear from the following records in the
Assembly Journal, ' Jauuary J 6th, 1799 :
"Mr. King from the Committee to whom was referred the petition of
Samuel Bear reported, that in the year 1793, Bear made an actual set
tlement on a tract of landjin the township of Romulus .joining the Seneca
river, that he held it by lease from the Cayuga Indians, by their free
and voluntary consent, that the land which he so held and improved is

OP Sullivan's expedition. 321
part of that particular tract ou the Southern side of tbe Seneca river,
reserved by the Cayugas 'for landing, encamping and curing Eels,' that
by an act passed in the 18th session, -[1795.] it AA'as provided and intended
that the remainder and reversion of all lands so held should accrue to
the benefit and behoof of the occupants; that as the particular reserva
tion on the Seneca are not definitely set forth in the covenant between
the people of this Stale and the Cayugas, it thence follows, that the said
Samuel did not retain his certificate of occupancy nor of course pursue
certain other measures required by the said act. The committee how
ever, are of opinion, that as the said Samuel has very industriously pros
ecuted his improvements together with the useful building of mills,&c,
and .=eems not to have suffered prejudices by laches of his own„ tbe said
Samuel ought to be considered by the Legislature, and they ask leave
to bringin a bill for his relief."
No favorable action being had on the foregoing, on
the 7th of March 1799, Mr. Bear presented a second peti
tion, which having been referred to the same committee,
Mr. King reported on the Sth of March :
"That the committee have examined the petitition and two several
documents from the Secretary's office, relating to the subject ; one of
these contains an abstract from the covenant with the Cayugas, made
in 1789, in which they reserve among other things a tract on the south
side of Seneca River over against the place called Skayes ; the other is
a certificate by which it appears that lot No. 4, Romulus, is reserved to
the State or unsold. The committee are of the opinion, that the state-
ment of facts made in the petition is just and that the prayer of the
petitioner ought to be gi anted."
This finaUy resulted in the passage of an act. Chapter
53, March 27, 1799, the second section of which says :
"That the Surveyor- General shaU execute to Samuel
Bear a conveyance of one hundred acres of lot number
four, Romulus, and take a mortgage thereon, at and
after the rate of $3.00 per acre." The bond given for
this purchase was executed in 1805 for $275., the last
payment on which was made by John McLean, February
26, 1822. The one hundred acres procured by Samuel
Bear, was off of the north end of lot 4, and comprised
the whole river front of said lot.
The remaining five hundred acres of lot four being stiU
undisposed of, Mr. Bear made another effort to obtain

b22 SENEOA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
the same, and presented a petition to the Legislature
which was read in the Assembly March 23d, 1802, and is
recorded in Assembly Papers misc. vol. Y. p. 405, as fol-
loAvs :
"The petition of Samuel Bear, who humbly showeth, that in the
year 1799, your Petitioner presented his petition to the Honorab'e the
Legislature, praying for a grant of Lit 4, Townihip of Romulus, Cay
uga Co., laying on the South Side of the Seneca Outlet and known by
the name of Scawyes. The Honb'le the Assembly, passed a bill grant
ing the lot at $3.50 per acre, but the Hon'bli> the Senate rejected the bill
on the principle of its being lower than the average price of the Indian
Reservation. Your Petitioner fearing the average price and not being
willing to pay at that rate for the whole lot was under t'le necessity of
accepting a grant of 100 acres."
'•Your petitioner now flnding himself very ill accomodated with 100
acres of land and having been nine vears in possession of said Lot and
has been a sharer of the difficultie.'i and inconveniences which have at
tended the settlement of that new country, your petititioner therefor
claiming tho refusal of said Lot by a degree of merit, Humblv solicits
j'our Honorable body for a grant thereof at such rate aa mav b", reason
able, and your Petitioner shaU ever pray."
SAMUEL BEAR.
No favorable action being taken, on the 3d of February
1803, a petition was presented to the Assembly by Samuel
Bear, Thomas Stewart, Samuel M. Smith and John Baer,
for an act to enable them to purchase at a reasonable
price, and on the 5th February, another petition was
presented by Robert Carouthers, Phillipp Purchase,
John Kipp and John LeAvis, stating that they had be
come actual settlers, and ask to obtain title of 200 acres
from the south end of the lot.
The action taken by the Legislature was the passage
of Chapter 106, Laws of 1803, which authorized the sale
at Public Yendue, of the unappropriated lands of the
State, and in accordance Avith this act, the Surveyor-
General held such sale on the 25th of February 1808,
when lot No. 4 was sold by subdivisions as surveyed and
laid out according to the tield notes in Field Book No. 7
pages 205—208, and a map accompanying the same (page

OF Sullivan's expedition. 823
209\ filed August 27, 1806, a few abstracts from which
ai"e as follows :
Sub-divisions of Lot 4. Romulus. Lot 1, 193 6-10 acres. "Beginning
at N, W, Corner of said lot number one, and at S. AV. corner of one
hundred acres heretofore granted to S;uiuiel Bear. ^.\ct of March 37,
17!>0, Chap, ."i!! Stv. 0,') thence East along Bear's soutb bounds 4S chains,
* * * t.and poor. Said Bear has ,-\n improvement on this lot." Lot
No. 3, CO aori?s. "Land indifferent. Timber, >.'ak. An improvement
and a settlement upon this lot." Xo. Ii.tili acres. L-ind middling. Timber,
Oak, some maple and hiokorv. Au improvement on this lot," No, 4,
1S8 aciv.s. "Lr.nd good. Timbor, nmple, bass wood, oak, hickory, ,.^0.
An imptwoment on this lot maiie by Ephraim Bear."
The puivhasers at said sale Avere John Watkins of No,
1, at s^77ri ; John Watkins, No. 2, 818t>: Lodowick ]\[iller,
Ko, 3, !?'J31; Ephniira Bear, No, 4, ^.'loi: the survey 50
acres, being reserved off of the S. W. corner. When the
last payments were nuule. some years after, the patents
Avore issued to the purchasers of numbers 3 and 4, and to
AViUiam James and Henry Wuchter.who had purchased
from Watkins. for numbers 1 and 'J, respectively.
On thetirst map embracing the milirmy tract, published
by Simeon DeWitt, the Surveyor-General, iu 1802, the
i"esorvation at Scaw yace is laid down on the north side
of thenver, in the toAvn of Junius, AA-hile there is none
marked ou the south of the rivei iu the tOAvn of Romu
lus. On Burr" s Atlas, pubhshed in 18'J9, under the su
pervision of fhe Survey or-Genei-nl. the reservation is still
noted on the north side of the river in the town of Wa-
t.erUH\ Avhile the vilhige of Sea was ismarkeil on the south
side,in thett>Avu of Fayette,but rhe latter is eA-idently the
settlement A\-hii'h had lately been made, and has no refer
ence to :iny previous Indian Milage.
From the foregoing it aa-UI be observed that Skoi-yase
was an iraportant place. AA'heie the Cayuga Indians caught
and cured large qnaniities of eels. That this fish Avas
one of their important suppUes of food is corroborated
fixun many sources, one of Avhicli ir is only necessary to
give. In the year i7.'H\ Bishop Camnierhofi and Rev.
21.

324 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
D. Zeisberger, the Moravian missionarie8,lef t Wyoming on
a tour to the Cayuga and other Indians. On arriving at the
southernmost point of Lake Cayuga, they were met bya
party of Indians encamped in a cave, who generously
replenished their scanty stores with a supply of dried eels.
Other varieties of fish were also caught in large quan
tities, so that Skoi-yase was of great importance as a
fishing station. The journal of George Grant says that
there were "several fish ponds abounding opposite the
town." These were circular enclosures of stone from
thirty to forty feet in diameter, built upon the rocky bed
of the stream, where the water was neither very deep or
rapid, so constructed as to perrait the water to pass
through, but to retain the fish. The official raap made
by the first surveyors of Township No. 26 (Junius) and
heretofore mentioned as being filed in 1790. has noted on
it the "Eel Wears" in the river south of the "Cayuga
Reservation at Scawyace," said weirs being north of lots
4 and 5 on themapof Township ll(Romulus.) The manner
of catching the fish is well-described by Elkanah Wat
son, in his journal in "Men and Times of the Revolution"
September 14th, 1791, after leaving Oneida lake and en
tering the Onondaga river and giving a brief description
of the same, he says: "These waters abound in cat-fish,
salmon, bass, eel, and corporals, all very fine and fat.
They are caught in eel weirs, formed by Indians thus : —
Two walls of loose stones are thrown up,obliquel3^ descend
ing across the river, to a point, where they are taken at a
small opening, in baskets or eel pots. Salmon are caught
at the Oswego falls in the night, by spearing them,
as they vault up the Falls, by the aid of torch lights."
These fish ponds are well remembered bj^ the older in
habitants of Waterloo, although until lately they had
Uttle or no conception of their use. Colonel Horace F.
Gustin has a distinct recoUection of them and says, July
12th, 1880: "The fish ponds were there as left by the In-

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 325
dians when I came to Waterloo in 1815; at that time I had
no idea what they were for, and never thought of their
being used as fish ponds until last summer, when G<?neral
John S. Clark, who was then at "Waterloo, asked me
about them, when I went with him and stood upon the
e;xact location. The remains ofthe fish weirs were here for
years after I came to Waterloo." In a pencil sketch he
has furnished the writer, and without any knowledge of
what had been written by Elkanah Watson, he gives a
complete and perfect draught of the weirs, as described in
the extract as above taken from Mr. Watson's journah
Colonel Gustin further says that, "there were several of
these fish weirs in Avhat used to be called the rapids in
the river directly opposite the present village of Water
loo, and that the wings of the weirs^were built of brush
and stone. The fish ponds were irregular in shape, but
of a circular,sometimes rather oblong,form, from twenty
to forty feet in diameter, and were built of stone,in shal
low water, not very far from the shore, and with open
ings sufficient to let the water circulate freely,and yet re
tain the fishi"
The sketch shows that the wings of the weirs com
menced on each side in shallow water, some of them near
the shore, and so shaped as to empty into the main chan
nel, where the walls of the weirs would run down the
river obliquely towards the center until they were suffi
ciently near together so that a basket, made for thatpur-
pose, could be held or placed at the opening, and prove
a proper receptacle for catching and retaining the fish.
The fish would then be thrown into the ponds, which
were located on the sides of the weir, not far from the
opening or end, where they could be preserved alive and
taken out as wantedforuse,whUe the eels would be kUled
and properly cured as was the Indian custom, in which
manner they were preserved for future use.

326 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL

(APPENDIX, No. 3.)

GENERAL SULLIYAN' S PICTURE.
The Portrait of General Sullivan, which appears in this
workis a faithfulcopy of that containedin "The Military
"Services and Public Life of Maior-General John SulU
van of the Revolutionary Army," by Hon. Thomas C.
Amory, a grand-nephew of our hero. The truthfulness
of the likeness is attested in the following letter :
19 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass., )
June 5th, 1880. f
My Dear Sir: —
The plate of the engraved portrait of General Sullivan
in my "Militarj'- Services," was, I am sorry to say, de
stroyed in our -great fire of 1872— and I have but few
copies of the impressions taken frora it, left.
The engraving made last summer for the use of your
committee, at the Waterloo Centennial, — of which you
sent me a copy — was a very good one, and I doubt if it
can be improved upon.
The colored engraving, from which an oil painting by
Otis, a pupil of Stuart, was taken, now in my possession,
substantially that in my book, was pronounced by the
widow of General Sullivan, as her descendants have told
me, an exceUent likeness. The portrait from which that
engraving was taken, must have been painted between
1770 and 1776, at which last period, the engraving was
made in London, as were similar likenesses of our other
Revolutionary Generals- — it being an object to know what
the rebel leaders looked like. From the dress, when the

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 327
engraving was colored, being British in hue, (scarlet,) I
have sometiraes conjectured it raight have been painted
in 1772, when John Sullivan and Rumford, were made
Majors by Governor Wentworth in New Hampshire.
About 1784, TrurabuU visited New Hampshire, and
when General Sullivan had but twenty minutes to devote
to the purpose, made a-crayon sketch of hira. This was
after his illness, occasioned by exposure in the New York
Expedition, which had shattered his constitution. A copy
of it Avas made by Cole for the Concord, N. H. State
House, at the charge of Dr. Sullivan,a great grandson of
General Sullivan, but it never satisfied me, and when in
1876, it was concluded to have a portrait painted for In
dependence Hall at Philadelphia, some of us subscribed
and Mr. Staigg, one of our best portait painters, taking
the portrait in my book, and Trumbull's sketch for his
guide, painted with conscientious fidelity, what seemed
to me, a truthful portrait of the man as he would have
been, about 1780, mid-way in tirae between the two dates,
without any covering to the head and about as much of
the person as shown in your copy.
I shall look forward with great interest to your publi
cation, covering your Centennial Celebration.
Yours faithfully, T. C. Amory.

Note. — In the June, 1880, number of the Magazine of
American History, appears an article by Mr. Amory, on
the New York Indian Campaign of 1779. d. w., jr.

•628 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL

(APPENDIX No. 4.)

CIRCULAR ISSUED TO TOWN COMMITTEES.
Headquarters Executive Committee of the
CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF SULLIYAN'S
CAMPAIGN.
Waterloo, N. Y., May 15, 1879,
Dear Sir : —
A meeting of the Executive Coraraittee representing
the several towns of Seneca County, and the Waterloo
Library and Historical Society, was held April 9th, ult.,
for the purpose of raaking preliminary arrangements for
the Centennial Celebration of General Sullivan's Indian
Campaign, at Waterloo, on the 3d of September next.
At this meeting the organization of the Executive Com
mittee was perfected, and several business committees
were appointed.
The undersigned, secretaries of the organization, and
by direction of the Executive Committee, herewith re-
spectfuUy communicate to the local committee of each
town, the action of the committee at the meeting above
referred to, together with a few suggestions for consider
ation. The Executive Committee at said meeting, determined,
among other things, upon the following points :
First — Each town to appear in a body upon the day
of the celebration, at a place of rendezvous in Waterloo —

OF Sullivan's expedition. 329
to be hereafter designaterl by the Committee of Arrange
ments — to be assigned a place in the procession, and to
furnish its own martial music and banners.
Under this head, it is" respectfuUy suggested to the
local town committees in towns in which there are no
uniformed miUtary organizations, that it may be possible
to interest civic organizations to unite in a body, with
the citizens of thetOAvn in the town procession, especially,
Posts of veterans of the Grand Army of the RepubUc,
Lodges of the Patrons of Husbandry, Masonic Lodges
and Odd FeUows and Knights of Pythias, etc. The local
committee of each toAvn AriU select two mounted aids to
take charge of the town procession. It is important that
due effort be made to secure martial music by each town.
Second — The local committee of each tOAvn, AviU select
a citizen of the tOAvn to respond, in behalf of the toAvn, to
a sentiment or toast, in a brief address, on the afternoon
of the celebration.
Third — The local committee of each town, AriU select
one Yice-President, to serve on the day of the celebration.
Such selection should be made npt later than July first,
in order that the name may appear upon the programme
of the day.
Fourth — Each toAvn committee is to select a town His
torian, to coUect and receive from the members of the
town committee and citizens of the town or elsewhere,
statistics, facts and data, bearing upon the SuUivan
Campaign and the settlement and early history of the
town. It is respectfuUy suggested, that in those towns in
which the local committees have not yet selected the Yice-
President, Historian, and local speaker to respond on the
day of celebration — a meeting of such committee
be held at an early day, to take action thereon, say on
May 30, (a pubUc holiday) at two o'clock, p. m., at a

330 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
place to be selected by the resident member of the Coun
ty Executive Committee— and the name of the Yice-
President, Historian, etc., selected, should be forwarded
to S. R. Welles, one of the secretaries, at Waterloo.
For the information of town committees, it may not
be out of place to further state, that itis expected to hold
the celebration upon the Waterloo Pair Grounds, upon
the plan of a basket picnic, and that ample arrangements
wiU be made for the admission of teams to the grounds.
The Executive Committee, at the time of its organiza
tion, also made it incumbent upon the town committees
to collect materials in relation to the settlement and early
history of their respective tOAvns. In reference to this
point, the undersigned respectfully suggest, that especial
effort be made to supply faces and data, omitted in Mr.
Delafield' s History, and the County History of 1876,
upon the following topics :
1 — Information as to the Indians residing between
Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, their villages, fortifications
and strength, mounds, apple orchards, etc., together with
any information accessible, as to the visits or settlement
of missionaries or other white men, within the limits of
Seneca County, prior to 1787.
2 — As to the names of soldiers of Sullivan's Campaign
and the war of the Revolution, who Uved in this county
at the time of their death, giving if possible, also their
places of birth, length of miUtary service and in what
battles engaged, place of death and where buried.
3 — As to the early settlers of each town, early town
officers, and records, and town meetings — and particular
ly as to local history while this county formed a part of
Montgomery, Herkimer, Onondaga and Cayuga counties
from 1787 to 1804. In this connection, Usts of the super
visors of the four oldest towns, Ovid, Romulus, Fayette
and Junius, for the first thirty or forty years of their

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 331
existence, wiU be of great interest, as weU as fuU Usts of
town officers of Ovid and Romulus prior to 1800.
4 — Historical facts relative to, and brief biographical
sketches of, early pioneer settlers, early county officers
residing in each town, and of the leading pubUc men,
clergymen, lawyers, physicians, editors, teachers and
surveyors, omitted in the County History, and matters
relating to pubUc schools. In this connection, the history
of church organizations, which have been omitted in the
County History, should be suppUed.
5 — Facts as to early stores, taverns, grist and saw mills,
manufactories and merchants, tradesmen, mechanics and
inventors, and systems of farming and farm implements
in use at different periods, etc.
6 — As to the local miUtia and soldiers of the war of
1812, and the Florida and Mexican wars, and data to
supply omissions in the record of the late war, 1861-65,
in the County History.
7 — Early history of modes of travel, by stage, canal
packet, lake steamboats and railroads, aud relative to
the early history of the Cayuga Bridge and Cayuga and
Seneca Lake ferries, turnpikes, etc.
8 — Any other interesting facts relating to the early his
tory of each town, which naay occur to the town com
mittees of each town.
It is respectfully suggested, that the historical infor
mation herein mentioned, be handed, when collected, to
the Town Historian, in each town, prior to August first,
and be by him or by the local meraber of the Executive
Committee, handed over to Samuel R. WeUes, Waterloo,
to be deposited in the Library of the Waterloo Library
and Historical Society, prior to the Celebration, to be ac
cessible to the Historian in connection with such Celebra
tion.

332 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL
Much of the historical data, the collection of which is
invited, may during the summer be first furnished to the
public newspaper press of the county, and preserved in
permanent form, thus creating an increased interest in
early local history, as well as furnishing interesting read
ing matter.
Until the forraation of a County Historical Society—
which it is hoped may grow out of the proposed Celebra
tion — efforts to collect early local history must in a great
measure devolve upon the local committees.
The undersigned wUl be pleased, at any time, to re
ceive information as to the progress of the work of local
organizations and preparation for the Celebration, from
the several towns.
In behalf of the Executive Committee,
Yours very respectfully,
S. R. Welles, ) o ^ ¦
Diedrich Willers, Jr., f Secretaries.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION. 333
(APPENDIX, NO. 5.)

INVITATION CIRCULAR.
1779. "honor to the brave." 1879.
seneca county centennial
celebration of general sullivan' s campaign,
"WATERLOO, WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 3d, 1879.
Dear Sir; You are respectfully invited to be present at
the Centennial Celebration of General Sullivan's Cam
paign against the Indians of Western New York, and his
march across the territory of Seneca County in 1779, to
be held at Waterloo, on Wednesday, September 3rd, 1879,
at 11 o' clock A. M. , at which it is proposed to commemorate
the patriotic services of the brave men of the Revolution
.who served in this Campaign, many of whom afterwards.
became the pioneer settlers of Seneca County.
We have the honor i o be.
Yours very truly,
Diedrich Willers, Jr. 1 Committee
William H. Burton, V on
Harrison Chambelain, J Invitations.
To 

334 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL

(APPENDIX, NO 6.)
INVITATION CIRCULAR OF WATERLOO
RE-UNION.
1779. SULLIYAN CENTENNIAL. 1879.
1829. WATERLOO RE-UNION. 1879.
WEDNESDAY, SEPT. 3rd, 1879.

On Wednesday, the third day of Septeraber next, at
Waterloo, the citizens of Seneca county will celebrate with
Processions, Orations, Banque tings and Illuminations, the
one hundredth anniversary of Major-General John SuUi
van' s march through Seneca county, September, 1779, in
his campaign against the Six JN ations. On his route, he
destroyed several Indian towns located Arithin the pres
ent limits of Seneca county, and, as an ultimate result of
his military operations, opened up for rapid occupation
the rich and fertile country we now possess.
Upon the occasion of this Celebration, the citizens of
Waterloo propose to complete, with appropriate cere
monies, the erection on their public square, of a Monu
ment, commemorative of the destruction, September Sth,
1779, by Colonel John Harper, under orders of General
Sullivan, of the Indian town of Skoi-yase, the site of
which is now occupied by the village of Waterloo.
The present year is also the Semi-Centennial of the for
mation of the town erected upon the division of the old
town of Junius, March 26th, 1829 ; and the occasion is

OF Sullivan's expedition. 335
deemed an appropriate one for a Re-union of its former
residents. You are cordially invited to be present at this Celebra
tion and Re-union, the instance and scope of which are
above indicated, to meet old friends and renew old friend
ships ; to live your school days o' er again ; to greet faces
almost forgotten ; to give one day to Waterloo and "Auld
Lang Syne."
We hope to make the day joyous and memorable ; and
promising you a hearty welcome, we sincerely bid you
come. In behalf of the town, Yours,
S. G. Hadley, S.' H. Gridley,
Benj. Bacon, Gideon Bowdish,
A. L. Childs, James Joyes,
A. H. Terwilliger, M. D. Mercer,
F. H. Furniss, J. E. Richardson.
On receipt of this, you are requested to extend the in
vitation to other old res,idents of Waterloo. Replies may
be addressed to S. R. Welles, Waterloo, N. Y.

336 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL

(APPENDIX, NO. 7.)

THE ORDER OF THE GRAND MARSHAL.
HEADQUARTERS, GRAND MARSHAL.
WATERLOO, N. Y., Aug. 27th, 1879.
The order of march for the parade in honor of the
Sullivan Centennial at this place, on the 3rd of Septem
ber, will be as follows :

(The detail of the composition of the eleven divisions
of the procession, is omitted, the same appearing, sub
stantially as in this order, at page 68 hereof.)
PLACES or RENDEZVOUS.
The First Division will form on Main street, the right resting at the
intersection of Seneca.
The Second Division will form on Stark street, and the west side ot
the Park, the right resting on Main.
The Third Division will form on Reed Street, the right resting on Main,
The Fourth Division will form on West street, the right resting on
Main. The Fifth Division will form on Walnut street, north of Main, the
right resting on Main.
The Sixth and Seventh Divisions will form on Walnut street, south
of Main, the right resting on Main.
The Eighth Division will form on Seneca street, north of Main, the
right resting on Main,
The Ninth Division will form on Seneca street, south of Main, the
right resting on Main.
The Tenth Division will form on Locust street, the right resting on
Main. The Eleventh Division will form on Oak street, the right resting on
Main.

337
ORDER OF MARCH.
At 10 o'clock. A. M., a signal gun will be fired when the different
Divisions will come to attention. A second signal will be fired at 10:30
A. M., when the first Division will march and be followed by all except
the Second Division, each Division ccmmencing to march as soon as the
Division preceding it shall have cleared its right.
When the First Division shall have cleared the Park, the remainder
of the column will halt until the Second Division shall have filed into
place, and tha entire column will then march through Main, to Inslee,
to Williams, to Virginia, to North, to Swift streets, to Maple Grove Fair
Grounds. Upon arriving at the Fair Grounds the First Division will move to the
left upon the track, directly to the grand stand. Colonel Storke will
immediately deploy his regiment in front of fhe Speakers,' stand. Cap
tain Birchmeyer will station his Battery in the open space on the west
side of the grand stand, the Yates Dragoons A\'ill form upon the east
side and the Battalions of mounted men will form upon the prolonga
tion of this line, as they successively arrive.
The Knights of Pythias and Grand Army will form line immediate
ly in rear of the 49th Regiment,
The remainder of the column will move directly across the grounds
to the east side where it will countermarch and be formed in lines ex
tending across the centre of the grounds, where it must remain until
the close of the ceremonies upon the grand stand.
Upon leaving the Fair Grounds.the same order of column will be ob
served as upon entering, except that the Battalions of mounted men
¦will follow the Grand Army of the Republic aud the column will march
through Swift to Elisha, to Clark, to Main, to the Trustees' Rooms
wnere the 49th Regiment will form in open column, the remainder of the
Division passing through, the 49th saluting, the column continuing its
march to the Park where the parade will be dismissed.
By order of
GEOROE M. GrriON, Grand Marshal.

338 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL

(APPENDIX, NO. 8.)

PROGRAMME OF EXERCISES AT MAPLE GROVE
FAIR GROUNDS, SEPTEMBER 3d, 1879.
1. Prayer by Rev. Dr. S. H. Gridley, of Waterloo.
2. Address of Welcome by Mr. John Reamer, — Presi
dent of the Village of Waterloo.
3. Introductory Address by Hon. Josiah T. Miller, —
President of the Day.
4. Music by Band.
5. Oration by Hon. William Dorsheimer, — Lieutenant
Governor of New York.
6. Chorus, "Centennial Ode" by three hundred voices,
accpmpanied with music by the Consolidated Bands
present. 7. Historical Address, by Rev. David Craft, of Wyalu
sing, Bradford County, Pennsylvania.
8. Music by Band.
9. Poem by Rev. Dwight Williams, of Trumansburg,
New York.
10. Chorus "Old Hundred," vrith accompaniment by
Consolidated Bands.
11. Benediction, by Rev. Pulaski E. Smith, of Tyre.

OF STILLIVAn's EXPED tTIOM. 339

(APPENDIX, No. 9.)

SPECIAL PROGRAMME OF THE TOWN OF
SENECA FALLS.
SULLIVAN CENTENNIAL CLEEBRATION.
The committee of the town of Seneca Falls have made
arrangements for the town to unite in the Sullivan Cen
tennial Celebration at Waterloo, on the third of Septem
ber. It is hoped that our citizens generally will take an
active interest in the Celebration in a manner that shall
creditably represent the town. The commissary AriU be
on the plan of a basket picnic, but the invited guests of
the town will be furnished with dinner. It is particularly
requested by the committee that citizens will furnish sup
plies. Those willing to do so, and all others wishing to
send provisions for their own use, can send the same (la
belled with their names) to the store of Messrs BuU and
Addison, on Fall street. The committee will furnish trans
portation to the town tent on the Fair Grounds, where
they will be in charge of a competent person selected for
that purpose, and where those sending baskets can call
for them.
The following will be the order of raarch, audit is hoped
that aU designing to take part in the exercises, and all
the different organizations, will report promptly and thus
avoid delay, as it is intended to move precisely at the
time specified :
Town Marshals— Colonel James H. McDonald, J. N.
Hammond. Seneca Falls Comet band. 22.

340 SENECA COtfNTY CENTENNlAt
Centennial committee — C. L. Hoskins, Hon. G. Wilcox
en, William Walker, D. B. Lum, Edwin W. Bull, Edward
Mynderse. Harrison Chamberlain, member of the County Execu
tive Committee.
President of the village.
Town and village officers.
Veterans of 1812, in carriages.
Pioneer settlers of the town, in carriages.
Thirteen young ladies in white, representing the thir
teen original states.
Cross Post Number 78. Grand Array of the Republic,
James Dillon, commander.
Grand Army band.
Battalion of one hundred mounted men under command
of Major J. Marshall Guion, Junior Vice-Commander,
Grand Army of the Republic, Department of New York,
escorted by a detachment of the Yates Dragoons of Syr
acuse, Major Auer comraanding.
Seneca Grange, Patrons of Husbandry.
Delegations frorn the different manufacturing establish
ments, representing the industries of the town.
Delegations from the different civic organizations.
Citizens in carriages.
The line wUl form on Cayuga street, the right resting
on Fall street, at 8:30 a. m., and will move proraptiy at
9 o'clock. G. Wilcoxen, C. L. Hoskins,
Secretary. Chairraan, Town Com.

OF SULLIVAN'S EXPEDITION.

341

(APPENDIX No. 10.)

-TRUSTEES OF THE WATERLOO LIBRARY AND
HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
The names of^ the first Board of twelve trustees of
this Society, under its present charter, appear at page
thirteen hereof. This Board was re-elected at the annual
meeting of the Society, held in March, 1877, with the ex
ception that Hon. Sterling G. Hadley and Geo. H. Hul
bert, took the places of Hon. James McLean, deceased,
and George Haigh, who declined a re-election.
At a meeting of the Board of Trustees, held March
28th. 1877, the Board was divided by lot, into three classes
of four each, the first class to serve three years, the sec
ond class to serve two years, and the third class to serve
one year, as follows:

Daniel S. Kknpio,

Thomas a. McIntyre,

Thomas Fatzinger,

first class.
Walter Quinby,
Horace F. Gustin.
SECOND class.
Fred H. Furniss,
S. G. Hadley,
third class.
Samuel H. Gridley,
James C. Hallsted,

Charles D. Morgan,

George H. Hulbert.

Samuel R. Welles,

At the annual election held in 1878, Messrs, Thomas Fat
zinger, WeUes, Gridley and HaUsted were re-elected for

342 SENECA COUNTY CENTENNIAL '
a full term of three years, and at a special election held
June 6th, 1878, Edward Fatzinger was elected to fill the
unexpired term of Thomas Fatzinger, deceased.
At the annual election in 1879, Messrs. Mclntyre, Fur
niss and Hadley were re-elected, and Myndert D. Mercer,
in place of George H. Hulbert, declined.
At the election held in 1880, Messrs. Quinby, Kendig
and Gustin were re-elected, with Leonard Story in place
of Charles D. Morgan, declined.

OF Sullivan's expedition. 343

(APPENDIX No. 11.)

OFFICERS OF THE WATERLOO LIBRARY AND
HISTORICAL SOCIETY FOR 1880.
President— Hon. Sterling G. Hadley,
Vice :President— Walter Quinby,
Secretary- S. R. Welles.
Treasurer — Edward Fatzinger.
Historian — Rev. Samuel H, Gridley, D. D.
Trustees — Edward Fatzinger, S.'.R. Welles, Samuel H.
Gridley, James C. Hallsted, Thom.as A. Mclntyre, Fred H.
Furniss, Sterling G. Hadley,M. D. Mercer, Leonard Story,
Walter Quinby, Horace F. Gustin, Daniel S. Kendig.
Librarian — Colonel H. F. Gustin,
Ass't Librarian — O. V. Lytle.
The new Library building is located on the corner of
Williams and Church streets.

ERRATA.
Page 48, line 24 from top, for "Henry F. Noyes," read
"Henry T. Noyes."
Page 47, line 27 from top, :or "in the Appendix," read
"at page 167, etc., hereof."
Page 179, line 28 from top, for "Port Stanwix," read
"Fort Stanwix."
Page 224, line 23 from top, before the words "the Earl
of Dunmore," insert the word "Murray."
Page 226, line 23 frora top, insert the word "to" after
the word "race."
Pa.ge 241, line 23 from top, for "W. A. Swaby L. La
tham," read "W. A. Swaby Latham."
Page 242, line 18 frora top, for "Searles Berger," read
"Charles Berger."
Page 274, line 11, the "Notes" appearing on pages 274,
275, 276 and part of page 277, should have forraed a part
of the article from the Seneca County Courier, and should
have appeared after line 26 at page 269.
Page 319, Une 30 from top, transpose word "to" before
"miles," to appaar between the words "land" and ''two.''

INDEX

-:o:

Address of Bodine,PeterV,N 202.
Childs, A. L, Hon. 233,
Craft, DaA'id Rev., 90.
" Dorsheimer, Wm. Hon.
79. Gross, L J. Rev., 208.
" HaU, Benjamin F.Hon,
221, 237.
" Ualsev, Lewis Rev. 193
Hyde,W. L Rev,, 205
.Jacks, J.W. Rev., 214
Lum, David B., 228.
" Mcintosh, Samuel, 197
Manning,F. L Col. 218
Miller, J. T. Hon. 74.
" Reamer, John, 73
" - Strong, E F., 212.
VanDemark, Wm. W.
Hon., 200
Welles, S. R. Dr. 299.
" Wilcoxen, Gilbert Hon.
209.
" Willers, Diedrich. Rev.
230.
Adair, Eva Miss, 245,
Alleman, Andrew J., Dr. 38.
Allen, John E , 244 248, 253,261
Allen, Martin L , 38. 39.
Allen, Walter H., 49.
Almy, Ira. of Covert, 44, 69,194.
Almy.Ira Capt., of Seneea Falls,
249.
Amory, Thomas C , Hon. 191
.326,
Ancient Carriage, 70.
Anderson, John, 49.
Andrpw,=i, Wm., 53, 248.
Angel, Benjamin F. Hon. 176.

Anthony, Daniel D. 248.
Anthony, Samuel N. 242.
Appendix, 297.
Auburnian, Evening, 242, 279,
Auburn News, 242, 296.
Aurora, Village of, 55, 66, 151,
Auer, Michael Capt., 72, 243,287,
288, 340,
Bacon, Benj. 36,38,39.49,335.
Bacon, Francis, 11, 25, 44,56,244,
260.
BacoD, Fred, 49.
Bacon, Nora W. Miss, 244.
Baer, John, 322.
Baker, Florence Miss, 245.
Ballard, Horatio Hon. 192:.
Barber, C. F., 242.
Barrett, Mary Miss, 245.
Barrett, Wm.. 49.
Barry, John, 38.
Bartlett, Andrew J. 41, 45, 69.
Bartlett, A. Annie Miss, 244.
Bartlett, E. Seeley, 38, 39, 44, 53,
54, 208, 247.
Bascom, Ansel Hon. 191, 213.
Baster. Robert, 44, 53, 67.
Bayard, Stephen N. 306, 319.
Beach, Lewis, 243, 244.
Beadle, or Bedell, Thos. 201, 230.
Bear, Ephraim, 323.
Bear. Samuel, 230, 306, 320, 321,
322.
BecKer, Chauncey L, 71,
Becker, Norman H, 11,
Belden. J. M., Capt. 58, 287.
Belles, Isaac, 49.
Belles, Uriel D. 48, 53. 71.
Benham, Nathaniel, 241.

23.

348

INDEX.

Bennett, James, 230,
Berger, Charles, 242, 345.
Berry, Daniel, 44.
Birchmever, Paul Capt. 58, 69,
242, 257, 262, 287, 288, 3d7.
Bird, L. P. 44.
Blrdsall, Samuel Hon. 191.
Bishop, Henry, 72.
Bishop, E. M. Gov. (Ohio,) 191.
Bissell, D. H, Dr. 192.
Bliss, John B. 44.
Boardman, Benajah, 230.
Bodine, Isaac N. 54.
Bodine,Peter,V.N.38,39,44,202. Bogarfc, Wm. H. Hon. a7, 17, 55,
220, 221, 243, 373,
Bonnell, Henry S, 49.
Bonnell, W. R. 49.
Booram, Homer, 71, 194.
Booth, John W. 49.
Boots. Benjamin, 44.
Bostwick, Daniel W. 17.
Boughton, J. S, 44, 49,
Bowdish, Gideon, 17, 36, .38, 39,
49, 53. 230. 247. 306, 335,
Bowdish, G. Mrs. 54.
Boyd, Thomas Lieut. 139.
Bradley, Geo. B. Hon. 192.
Branch, W. B, 25, 44.
Brant, Joseph, 93, 95, 121, 124,
131, 137, 141, 225.
Brass Bands, 258, 262, 285.
Brehm, Fred C. 60.
Bridenbecker, A. M. 242.
Bridgman, Geo. D. A. 242.
Briggs, James A. Hon. 192.
Brokaw. Grace Miss, 244.
Brooks, Erastus Hon. 169.
Brownell, Annie Miss, 245.
Brownell, Annie E. Miss, 246.
Brownell, Lorenzo, 49.
Brownell, Maria Miss, 245.
Bryant, Daniel H. 243.
Bull. E. W. 38, 39, 339, 340.
Burch, M. C. Hon. 192.
Burr, Jennie Miss, 53.
Burrall, Jeanie D, Miss, 244,
Burrall, W. D, 44.
Burroughs, Daniel C. 38,
Burroughs, Ella Miss, 246.
Burroughs, Isaac D. 71,
Burroughs, Thomas, 217.
Burton, E. L. Hon., 15, 187.
Burton, E. V. 44.

Burton, John, 191.
Burton, Wm. H. 11, 43, 45, 261,
333
Butler, John Col. 93, 94,121,126,
128, 131, 137.
Butler, Wm. Col. 65,103,148,151,
157, 304.
Butler, W. A. Maj. 58, 69,287.
Buys, Jacob, 216,
Caamus, Stephen, 49.
Camp, M. M. 44.
Canal Boats, travel by, 66.
Canandaigua Journal, 242, 295.
Canoga Brass Band, 71, 253, 259,
262, 286.
Canoga, Indian Village, 65, 153,
197 319.
Carman & Allen, 49, 258, 276.
Carman, Solomon, 11, 44, 48, 49,
257,
Carson, J. C. Dr. 17.
Carter, Benj S. 243.
Casterlin, John A. 44, 67. 70, 71,
249.
Caton, John Rev., 208. 230.
Cayuga Lake, description of, 307.
Centennial Celebration:
" Circulars relating
to, 37, 240, 328,
333, 334.
" Exercises at, 73.
History of, 28, 33,
" Officers and Com
mittees of, 38, 41,
43, 44, 69.
" Programme for,
40, 42, 45, 56, 68,
" 328, 336, 338.
Chamberlain, Frank Gen. 192.
Chamberliiin, Harrison, 41,43,45,
69,333, 340.
Chamberlain, Jacob P. Hon. ,212,
Chamberlain, Mamie Miss, 246.
Chamberlin, W. R. Col. 58, 242,
285, 292.
Chambers, Polly Mrs. 210. 230,
243.
Chaplains at Celebration, 43, 69,
73 192 233
Childs, Albert L. Hon. 36, 38, 39,
40, 42. 43. 58, 233, 255, 269,
279, 283, 335.
Childs, Amherst, 17.
Chonodote, Inaian Village, 151.

INDEX.

349

Church, Sanford E, Hon. 168.
Claffy, Lawrence 26.
Clark, Abner C. 44, 69, 241.
Clark, Augustus, 260.
Clark, Jesse Hon. 191.
Clark, John S. Gen. 17, 25, 56,
133, 138, 155, 221, 243, 825,
Clark, Lulu Miss, 244.
Clark, Myron H, Hon. 191.
Clark, Samuel Hon. 186.
Clark, Wm. B. 11, 44.
Clemenson, Carrie Miss, 247.
Clergy, 69, 221, 230, (see also
Chaplains.)
Clifton Springs Press, 243. 295,
Clinton DeWitt, Hon. 85, 115.
Clinton, Geo. Hon. 115, 317, 318.
Clinton, James Gen. 65, 102, 114
115, 117, 127, 181, 183.
Cohorn, description of, 109.
Cole, E, P. 54, 73.
Collation on Cflebr.ition Day.
42. 193, Z54. 271, 273. 288, 291
Committees of Celebration, 38.
41, 43, 44, 45.
Comstock, A. H. 43
Congdon, Lyman Dr. 242
Conkling, Roscoe Hon. 191
Conley, Celia Miss, 245,
Conover, Geo. S 17. 4^, 56, 314.
Cook, Calvin W. Mrs. 15.
Cooley, Bartlett 245.
Cooper. Oliver C, 43, 277.
Ccsad, David Jr. Hon. 243.
Cosad, Mary Miss, 245.
Cosad, Myron H. 53. 54.
Covert, C, Coan, 38. 39, 44.
Covert, Town of, 38, 39, 41, 44,
193 307.
Cowell,' Willard G. Capt. 248.'
Cowing, Jobn P. 313.
Cox, Samuel S. Hon. 192
Craft. David Rev. 4, 34, 46, 69,
89, 223. 271, 278, 338:
Crane, Ezekiel, 230.
Crane, John V. 38.
Crocker, J. B. Mrs. 388,
Cross Post, G. A. R. 70, 340.
Danforth, George F. Hon. 192.
Daniels, George B. Hon. 312.
Darrow, James B. 16.
Day, John W. Dr. 43, 69.
Dean, Edward of Junius. 72.
Dean, Edward of Romulus, 154.

Dean, Juliet Miss, 245.
Dearborn, Henry Col. 56, 62, 65,
102, 124, 125, 152, 156,304.
Dearborn, H. G. R 178.
Decorations at Celebration. 44,
55 60 64. 252, 258, 259, 360.
266 270, 276,
DeGarmo, Ezra, 2.S0.
DeGarmo, Peter, 230,
Delafield, John, 380.
DaMott, James Hon. 207,
Denison, F. P. Lieut, 58, 287.
Dennison, R Mrs. 275.
Devens, Charles Hon. 191.
DeWitt, Richard V. 192.
DdWitt, Simeon Hon. 315, 323.
Dey, Anthony, 212. 217, 230.
Dey, Benjamin, 2:7. 230, 317.
Dey, John H, 217, 242.
Dillon, James, 70. 340.
Disinger, Daniel, 153.
Donally, George, 260.
Dorsheimer, Philip Hon. 58. 2'i7,
Dorsheimer. William Hon. 46,
58, 69. 79. 267. 272, 278, 275,
278, 280, 290, 338.
Doty, Wm. D'Orville Rev. 242.
Doughty, Julia Miss. 245.
Dowers, Theodore, 53.
Downs, Abel, 212.
Dubois, Lewis Col. 103. 124, 126.
Dunlap, Andrew, 206, 280. 306,
Dunlap, Wm. 206. 230, 306,
Dunmore. Earl of, Murray, 234,
225, 345.
Dunning, Michael. 318.
Dwight, Charles C. Hon. 14.
Eastman, Herman D. 54.
Edwards, George W. 242,
Elmendorf, Joachim Rev. 182,
272.
Elmira or Newtown, battle near,
119, 127.
Emmett, Florence Miss, 246.
Eshenour, Wm. 247.
Esther, Queen, 111, 130, 153.
Evarts, Wm. M. Hon. 191.
Everett, C. Louise Miss, 244.
Executive Committee, 40, 41, 45,
69.
Exploration of Sullivan's Route,
25, 55.
Fairchild, Caleb Gen. 8, 11, 16,
17, 186.

350

INDEX.

Farrar, E. O. Maj. 58, 59, 69, 287.
Fatzinger, Edward,21, 35,342.343.
Fatzinger, Frances F. H, Mrs. 19,
23,24.
Fatzinger, Jacob, 186.
Fatzinger, Thomas, 11, 12, 13,14,
19 23, 24,77, 310, 313, 341, 342.
Fawsett, George, 280, 306.
Fayette, Town of, 38,39,41,44 67,
71, 197, 345, 263, 276, 298, 307.
Fifield, Jesse Dr. 191.
Finton, Carrie A. Miss, 244.
Fireworks at Celebration, 44, 239,
264, 279, 284, 295.
Fish Carrier, Indian Chief, 315,
317, 320.
Fisheries at Skol-yase, 315, 323.
Fisk, James, 201.
Forty-ninth Regiment, National
Guard, 46, 68, 69, 248,262,293,
Foster, E. W. Hon. 192.
Fox, Herman T. 70.
Franklin. Roswell, 144.
French, N. H. 38, 39.
FurniS8,Fred H,ll, 18,17,25,41,56,
336,341,343.
Gage, Franklin, 8.
Gansevoort, Peter Col. 56,65,103,
124, 125, 145, 147, 1-18.
Gansevoort, Stanwix, 178.
Gardner, R. R. Maj. 58, 69, 231,
287.
Gaylord, J. B. 70,
Genesee Towns, Destruction of,
142, 144.
Geneva, Village of, 66,67,70,138,
307.
Gibbs, Asgill, 185.
Gibbs, Geo. C. 188.
Gibbs, Wm. H, 242.
Giddings, Edward, 241.
Gilmour, Neil Hon. 192.
Goheen, C A. 242.
Golder, Etta Miss, 245,
Goodell, James, 89.
Goodman, Lambert, 44.
Gordon Granger Post, G. A, R.,
70, 262.
Gorham, Jabez, 806,
Goulds Manufactur'g Companv,
72, 253, 263, 285,
Grand Armv Band.SenecaFalls,
70,253,258,262,267.386,340,
Grand Army of the Republic,55,

67,70,171,249,253,262, 329, 337,
8+0.
Grand Stand at Fair Grounds, 55,
64, 73.
Granges, Patrons of Husbandrv,
53,67,71,247, 253, 263, 274, 293,
329,
Green, John, 280.
Gridley, C. C. 44.
Gridley, 8. H. Rev.3,8,9,13,16,17,
.35,36,38,39,40,41,42, 43, 45, 69,
73,77,233 254,255 364, 280, 310,
835,888.841,343.
Griswold.Frank H. Maj. 242, 248.
Gross, L. J. Rev. 44, 208.
Groveland Ambuscade, 139. 144.
Guests at Celebration, 43, 44, 46,
47, 57, 69, 241.
Guion. Geo. Murray Gen. 43. 57, 68,
258,259,262,268 288,336.'
Guion. J. Marshall Maj 72,840.
Guion, J. M. Mrs. 275.
Gulick, Samuel B. 38, 39.
Gustin, Horace F. Col. 8. 9, 11,
18, 15, 16. 25. 85, 50. 56, 255,
277, 282, 325, 341, 343.
Hadley, Bterling G. Hon. 11. 12,
15, 86, 88, 39, 40, 41, 43, 77,
385, 341. 343.
Haigh, George.ll, 13, 16, 341.
Haines, Israel B. 38 58,
Hall Benjamin F. Hon. 220, 221,
286, 281. 283,
Hallsted, James C. ll, 18 85, 49,
258, 841, 843,
Halsey, Lewis Eev. 38, 39, 40,
43, 44, 56, 193.
Halsev, Silas Hon. 206 230, 306.
Hammond, J.N 72, 339.
Humptnn, C. J, 38, 39. 45.
Hand, Edward Gen. 65, 102, 106,
109, 112, 113, 116, 117, 119,
121, 126, 130, 156.
Hardenbergh, Abraham, 315. 316,
Hardenbergh, John L. Col. 177
Harper, Jobn Col.27,i55,56,65,103.
133,804,384.
Harpst, Harriet Mrs, 230, 248.
Harris, J. S. 38
Havens, E, W. Mrs, 288,
Hawley, Charles Rev. i77.
Hawley, Charles A. 43.
Hawley, J, Dean Gen. 58, 59 69
219, 253, 257, 262 287, 292.

INDEX.

351

Hicks, Edwin Hon, 16, 242.
Hinkley, Joshua Mrs. 54.
Hinman J. H. Col. 58, 69,287.
Historian at Celebration, 42, 46,
69, 89.
Historians, Towns of, 42, 44, 329,
330. ^
Historical Address of Rev. D.
Craft, 90.
Historical Collection, at Water
loo, 22
Hobart College, 19, 52.
Hoffman, John T. Hon, 191.
Hogan, Michael H, Capt. 248,
Holenbeck. Andrew S. 43, 69.
Hopkins, H. G. Dr. 17,
Hornellsville Times. 296.
Horton, Orlo Maj, 88, 39, 41, 44.
194.
Hoskins, Charles L. 19, 38, 39,
44, 69, 840
Hoster, Michael, 248,
Hough, Franklin B. Dr. 192.
Hough, Martin, 49.
Howell, Geo. R , 192.
Hoyt, Henrv M, Gov., (Penn,)
191.
Hubbard. Charles M 25, 56.
Huff, Isaac L, 69.
Hulbert, Gpo. H. 341, 342.
Hulbert. Rebecca, Mrs. 8, l7, 21
Hunt, Richard P. 17, 28.
Hunt, Wm. M 11,247.
Hyde, W. L. Prof., 88, 44, 205.
Ide, Belle Mi'ss, 246,
Illick, Adam F 49, 277.
Illuminatiors, Night of Celebra
tion, 339 258, 369, 284.
Indians, Strength of, 92, 94, I27.
Indian Towns destroyed. Sum
mary of, 160.
Indian Wigwam at J. B, Tubbs,
68.
Inman, Jobn P. 70,
Invitation Circulars, 338.384.
Invitation Committees, 48, 46,47,
Ireland, Wm., 48.
Iroquois Indian»,91, 92,93, 96,98,
99. 114, 158, 220, 221,
Ivers, James, 36.
Jacacks. Geo. W., 73.
Jackp, J. W. Rev.. 44, 214.
Jacoby, Samuel, 72.
James, William, 323.

Jemison, Mary, 158.
Jennie Van, Communication of,
51.
Jerome, W. S., 242.
Jimeson, Hugh, 206.
Johnson, Converse G. 49.
Johnson, Guy, Col. 93.
Johnson, John, Sir, 94, 223.
Johnson, Wm. Sir, 93, 135,
Johnson, Wm, Col. 212.
Jones, Henry V, L. 38, 41, 45, 69.
Jones, Horatio, 17.
Jones, Morven M. Ma], 179.
Jones, Pomeroy Hon. 172.
Joyes, James,36, 38, 43, 273, 278,
283, 335.
Judge, Robert P. Capt. 349.
Junius Martial Band, 71, 253, 259,
262, 286.
Junius, Townof,38, 39, 41, 45, 67,
71, 200, 245, 253, 307, 318,334.
KanawahoUa, Indian village, 129,
160.
Keeler, Hattie Miss, 245.
Kendaia, Indian villege, 65, 132,
161, 303, 307.'
Kendig, Anna Miss, 244.
iLendig, Daniel S. Hon. 8, 9, 11,
13. 16, 35, 45, 69, 243, 341, 343,
Kendig, John L 341.
Kendig, Eichard P. 11, 375,
Kendig & Story, 261.
Kennard, Will E. 43.
Kern, Daniel, 16.
Kernan, Francis Hon. 191.
Key, David M. Hon, 191.
Kidd, Henry, 49.
Kirkland, Saml. Eev. 93,155, 231,
Kimball, Maude L. Miss, 244.
King John G. 38, 39, 44, 69.
King, Lizzie Miss, 245.
Kinne, Elijah, 206, 306.
Kipp, John, 332.
Kirby, Wm. M. 248.
Kneeland, M. D. Rev. 260.
Kuox, Charles A. 44.
Knox, C. A. Mrs. 257.
Knox, John Hon. 191.
Knox, Rebecca G. Mrs. 15, 261.
Kuney, Abbie Miss, 346.
Ladies, action of, 54, 66, 193, 320,
271.
Ladies in white, see "Young
Ladies in white."

24.

352

INDEX.

LaFayette, de Marquis, 70, 198.
Lambert, L. A. Rev. 15, 43.
Laney, Marion M, Miss, 244,
Lansing, Abraham Hon, 192,
Latham, W. A. Swaby, 241. 345,
Leavenworth, Elias W. Hon, 192,
Lee, N. P. 191.
Leisenring Dan'l. Rev. 192.
Lessee Party at Geneva, 316.
Letchworth, Wm P. Hon. 192.
Letters from invited guests, 167,
191.
Lewis, Gertie Miss, 245.
Lewis L. G. Mrs. 53.
Library at Waterloo, 12, 13, 14,
15, 310, 313.
Linn, John B. Hon. 192.
Livingston, E. A. 53,
Local committees, 38, 41, 43, 44.
Lodi, Town of, 38, 39, 41, 44, 202,
307,
Logan, Indian cbief, 17, 163, 220,
225.
Log Cabin, 48, 50, 51, 63, 243, 252,
254, 277, 282, 293.
Loring, Caleb Dr, 191.
Loring, JohnK. Maj 43. 69.
Lossing, Benson J. 171, 272.
Lott, Petor Hon. 38.
Loveridge, O. P. 25, 44.
Lum, D. B. 38, 39, 44, 220, 228,
245, 264, 275, 340.
Lytle, O. V. 348.
McCartin, John Capt. 248.
McClellan, Geo. B, Governor,
(New Jersey) 191.
McDonald, James H. Col. 72,
339.
MacDougall, C. D. Hon. 192,
Mcintosh, John Mrs. 243,
Mcintosh, Samuel, 38, 44, 69, 197,
Mclntyre, Margaret F. Miss, 244,
Mclntyre, Mary A. Miss, 244.
Mclntyre Thos, A. 11, 13, 35, 341,
343.
McKinstry, John. 316, 320.
McKnight, James, 306.
McLean, James Hon. 11, 13, 15,.
19, 341.
McLean, John, 331.
McMaster, Guy H. Hon. 242, 276.
McNames, A. W, Dr. 72.
McQuade, James Gen. 171,
Magazine of American History,

327.
Malt House, recention at, 241,
255, 264, 369, 274, 292, 295.
Manning, Fred L. Col. 45, 218.
Manning, John Y, Col. 243,
Mansion, the,at Waterloo, 309.
March, order of, at celebration,
56, 68, 336.
Marshall, Geo. K. 48,
Marshall, Henry, 43.
Marshall, O. H. 175.
Marshals at celebration, 43, 56,
68, 69.
Martindale, J, H. Gen., 320, 292.
Matthews, Jabez, 243
Maxwell, Wm Gen,, 65, 101, 110,
112, 117. 118, 122, 181.
Maynaid, Johu Hon., 191.
Maynard, Orville, 70. 201,
Mead's Brass Band. 70, 253, 258,
262, 286,
Medden, Jessie Miss, 245.
Mercer, Jane M. Miss, 244.
Mercer Myndert D. 41, 48, 44,
58, 267. 273, 287, 292, 335,
342, 343.
Mercer, W. L. 44, 241.
Mickley, Eena Miss, 245.
Military at Celebration, 43, 45,
46, 58, 68, 69, 72, 248.
Militarv Tract. Allotment of,
318 319.
Miller, Henry S. 38, 39.
Miller, Josiah T. Hon. 43, 69, 74,
193, 259, 271. 281, 290, 338.
Milkr Lodowick, 328.
Miller Eichard. 241.
Monroe, John 38, 39.
Montour, Catharine, 130, 135,
162.
Monument at Skoi-yase, 25, 47,
55, 233, 379, 283, 291.
Moody, Joseph, 201.
Moore, Michael, 69.
Moravia Cornet Band, 258.285.
Morgan, Charles D. 8, 9, 11, 13,
17, 20, 35, 38, 89, 43, 260, 341,
843.
Morgan, C. R. & Co., 260.-
Morgan, Lewis H. Hon., 314.
Morrin, Wm. Rev , 242.
Mosher, Isaac, 8, 21.
Mounted Men at Celebration, 47,
67, 71, 72, 253, 263,337.

INDEX.

353

Mundy, S B. 53.
Murray, Earl of Dunmare, 224,
225, 345.
Murray, John B. Gen.,, 48, 69,
Music at Celebration, 44, 69, 70.
71, 72, 192, 258, 258, 262, 286
338,
Mynderse, Edward, 88, 840.
Mynderse, Wilhelmus, Col., 184,
191, 212,230,
National Guard Troops, 46, 68,
69, 248,
New Hampshire Brigade, 101.
New Hudson, now Waterloo Vil
lage, 309,
New Jersey Brigade, 101,
New York Brigade, 102
Newsoaper press, 43, 45, 56. 220,
221, 242, 251, 255, 274, 283,
Newtown or Elmira, battle near,
119, 127, 131, 162, 303-
Nichols & Brown, 24
Noyes, Henry T. Col, 43, 345.
Noves Guards, Seneca Falls,
¦ 267, 274.
Nugent. Edward, 69.
Odd B'ellows, 70, 253, 262, 829.
Ogden, Darius A. Hon., 342,
O'Gorman, Richard Hon., 170.
Ontario Encampment, Odd Fel
lows, 70, 253, 262.
Opdyke, Fannie Miss, 246.
Orator at Celebration, 43, 46, 69,
79,
O'Sullivan, Rev. John E., 220,
221, 242.
Ovid Independent. 43, 277.
Ovid, Town of, 38, 41, 44, 205,
307.
Parker, Stephen H, 243.
Parshall, Lyman B. 38, 39, 194,
Parsons, Theodore, 16.
Partridge, Erastus. 212.
Partridge. Leroy C. 212.
Patrons of Husbandry, 53 67, 71,
247, 253, 263, 274, 285,293, 329
Patterson, Albei t M. 44.
Peach Orchard, Indian Village,
132, 160.
Pearson, John G. 247.
Pearson, David, 241.
Peddle. Eva Miss. 245.
Pendell, W. R, 49.
Pennsylvania Troops, 102.

Peterson, Christopher, 54.
Pierson, Jedediah, 49.
Pioneer Settlers. 45, 60, 69, 220,
228. 243, 277, 283, 340.
Phelps Brass Band, 71, 253, 258,
262, 286.
Philhps, Mary Miss, 245.
Phillips, Wm. E. 38, 39.
Poet at Celebration, 43, 46, 69,
161.
Police at Celebration, 44, 68
Pollard, Wm. H. 330,
Pontius, C. C. 53.
Poor. Enoch Gen., 65, 101, 110.
112,113,117,133 131.
Post, Cornelius Col., 206.
Potter, Clarkson N. Hon., 169.
Pratt, Chas. W 44, 49, 64, 357,
Preface, by Rev. S. H. Gridley, 3.
Press, see newspaper press.
Precession at Celebration, 68,
i54, 261, 268, 270, 289, 293,
295, 336.
Programme of Exercises, 338.
Prowtt, Degorry, 209.
Queen Esther, 111, 130, 153.
Quinby, Walter, 11, 13, 25, 26,
35, 44, 233, 255, 257, 341, 343.
Rain Storm, 89, 259, 268, 274,
280, 288, 291.
Randall, Charles B. 247.
Randall, Nellie Miss, 346.
Reamer, John, 49. 69, 73, 263,
268, 290, 338.
Reamer & Hallsted, 49, 247.
Reception at Malt House, 241,
255, 269, 274, 293, 295.
Red Jacket, Indian Chief, 17, 153,
16.3, 165, 197, 199.
Reed, A, C, 44,
Reed, Cora Miss, 345.
Reed, Seth, 316, 317.
Re-union at Waterloo, 47, 334.
Reverend Clergy, 69, 221, 230,
see also "Chaplains."
Reynolds, Carrie Miss, 246.
Reynolds, Levi, 49.
Richardson, Jas. K. Hon. 8, 18.
Richardson, John E. 38, 44, 335.
Richardson, Mabel Mrs. K. 8.
Riley, H. H. Hon., 16, 188.
Ritter, Michael B. 48.
Roberts, Isaac P. Prof., 243.
Roberts, Philo, 343,

354

INDEX.

Roberts, Wm. 206.
Robinson, Lucius, Governor, 167.
Rochester Democrat & Chronicle,
242, 288.
Rogers, P. J. Capt. 249.
Rolfe, Henry C. 54,
Romulus, Town of, 38, 39, 41, 44,
67, 72, 208, 244, 253, 363, 375,
307, 318,
Rorison, Mary Miss, 247,
Rumsey & Company, 72, 253,
.263, 285.
Rumsey, Horace N. 69.
Ryckman, Peter, 316, 317.
Ryno, J. L, 38, 89, 194.
Sackett, Garry V, 191, 212,
Salisbury, E. G. 242.
Sandford, Jared, 192.
Sands, Jacob, 44.
Sayre, Charles H. 41, 45, 69.
Sayre, Edward, 243.
Sayre, John Hon., 208.
Sayre, W. S. 192.
Schoonmaker, E J. Dr. 88, 53, 247.
Schoonmaker, E. J. Mrs., 54.
Schurz, Carl. Hon., 191.
Schuyler, Philip Gen. 114, 146.
Scott, Wm. Maj. 65, 148.
Seeley, DeForest P. 38.
Seeley, Nathaniel 49.
Seeley, Wm. 209.
Selmser, Benj. 44.
Selmser, Godfrey, 11, 260.
Selmser, G. & Son, 260, 275.
Seneca County Courier ,43, 48,
56, 152, 265, 274, 345.
Seneca Countv Courier, "notes"
published by, 274, 345.
Seneca County, formation of, 45,
307
Seneca County News, 43, 239,
259.
Seneca Falls Cornet Band, 73,
353, 259, 262, 267, 286, 339.
Seneca Falls Heveille, 43, 269.
Seneca Falls, Town of, 38, 39, 41,
44, 66, 67, 70, 72, 209, 245,253,
263, 307, 389.
Seneca Lake, description of, 307.
308.
Sentiments and Toasts, 193, 219,
Serven, Elizabeth Miss, 245.
Serven, Geo. 49.
Seymour, Horatio Hon. 4, 85,

223
Seymour, H. W. 212.
Seymour, Norman, 190.
Shankwiler, Perry D. 49.
Sherman, John Hon. 191.
Simms, Jeptha R. 174.
Skan-na-yu-te-nate, Indian vil
lage, 65^^ 153.
Skoi-yase, Indian village, 27, 55,
65, 74. 134, 148, 161,
303 314
Fishery at, 315, 323.
" Location of, 317, 318.
" Monument at, 25, 47,
55, 238, 279, 283, 291.
" Orthography of, 314.
Slack, E. F. 258.
Smith, Edna Miss, 244.
Smith, Edney, 54.
Smith, Hattie E. Miss, 245.
mith, Jason. 220, 243.
Smith, J. B. Rev. 242.
Smith, James C. Hon. 192,
Smith, Job, 230, 306.
Smith, P. E. Eev. 41, 42, 43, 45,
69, 192, 254, 338.
Smith, Robert G. 11.
Snook, Jesse, 44, 48, 257.
Snyder, Barney, 49.
Snyder, M. 49.
Soldiers of late war, 45, 54, 67,
70, 249,
Soldiers of 1813, see "Veterans of
1812,"
South Waterloo Martial Band,
71, 259. 262, 286,
Southwick Onn Hon, 38, 41, 45,
69, 201, 230, 306.
Sprague, Geo. H, 242.
Siacey, Wm. W. 38, 44, 276.
Steele, J. Dorman, 176
Steele, Mamie Miss, 244.
Steele, Richard M, Col. 38, 39.
Steele, Robert R. Hon. 38, 39, 44,
69, 217,
Steuben, I'red'k. W, Baron, 173.
Stevenson, James, 17.
Stevenson, Robt. L. Hen. 45, 69.
Stevenson, Wm. A. 38.
Stevens, Luther F. Hon., 191.
Stewart, David, 49.
Stone, John E. 38, 89.
Stone, Laura Miss, 246.
Stone, Minnie Miss, 246.

INDEX.

355

stone, Wm. L. 219.
Storke. J. E. Col. 68, 69, 248,
257, 263, 286, 293, 387.
Story, Leonard, 343, 843.
Stout, Isaac H. 71, 194.
Stowell, Henry, 43, 269.
Stowell, H. Mrs. 275.
Strang, Wm. 245.
Strong, E. F. 45, 212.
Stuart, Charles, Dr. 191.
Stuart, Charles E. Hon. 190, 272,
Stuart, Julia Miss, 345,
Stucker, Samuel, 243.
Sullivan, Edward, Hon. 168. 319
Sullivan, John , Gen. 40, 28, 84,
65, 90, 100, 108, 127, 156, 157,
159,319, 365, 336.
Supervisors, Appointments by, 38
" Circular to, 37.
" Names of in 1879, 38.
Swaby. Fred B. 53.
Swaby, W. A. 44.
Swah-ya-wa-na, Indian village,
65, 154.
Swan, Eobert J. 38, 41, 44, 45, 69.
Sweet, Charles C. 341,
Swetland, Luke, 133.
Swick, David Col. 243.
Swift, Moses H. 309.
Swift Post, G. A. E. 70, 363.
Swift, Reuben, 17, 191, 309.
Syracuse Standard, 242, 286.
Syracuse Even'g fleraZd, 242,293.
Talbot, Thomas Gov, (Mass) 191.
Tally Ho-Coach, Waterloo, 70,
244, 261, 263.
Telford, Annie Miss, 245.
TenEyck, Sandford, R. Hon.
220, 221, 242, 272.
Tents, at Celebration, 46, 64.
Terwilliger, A. H. 11, 41, 44, 49,
335.
Terwilliger, Nellie S. Miss, 244,
Thomasj Frances Miss, 246.
Thomas, George, 247.
Thomas, James B. Hon. 44, 69.
Thomas, Michael, 49.
Thomas, Samuel, 49,
Thompson, L. P. 70.
Thompson, Wm. Hon. 191,
Tiffany, Carrie Miss, 246,
Tillman, Andrew P. 312.
Toasts, and Sentiments, 193, 319,
273. 25

Tower, Geo. 242.
Townsend, Robert, Capt, 58. 287.
Towns, action of, 38, 39, 41, 44,46.
Towsley House, Waterloo, 259,
260, 285, 287,
Traver, Peter, 45, 49, 69.
Troutman, Henry F. 73.
Tuthill, H. H. Capt. 248.
Tyler, Comfort, 206.
Tyler J. Snyder Post, G. A. E.
70, 262.
Tyre, Town of, 38, 39, 41, 45, 212,
307.
Vail, 8. S. 242.
Van Buren, John D, Col, 193.
Van Buren, Martin, 70.
Van Buskirk, Levi, 38.
Van Cleef, Emma Miss, 245.
Van Cleef, Lawrence, 210, 230,
243, 306.
Van Cleef, Lottie Miss, 245.
Van Cleef Peter U, 44, 69, 253.
Van Cortlandt, Philip Col. 102,
117, 124, 306.
Vandemark, Chas. P. 49.
Vandemark, Wm, W. Hon. 38,
39, 45, 49, 54, 71, 200.
Van Doren, Abram, 343.
Van Epps, C. Mrs. 277.
Van Liew, Charles J. 38, 89.
Van Liew, Eichard, 44, 69, 244.
Van Nostrand, Wm. Mrs. 54.
Van Eensselaer Jeremiah, 306.
Van Schaick Col. 115, 18L
Van Tuyl, John, 17.
Van Vleet, Chas. 258.
Van Wyck, F. C. Mrs. 186.
Varick, Eichard Col. 215.
Varick, Town of, 38, 39, 41, 44,
199, 214, 307.
Vescelius, Casper B. 41, 45, 69.
Veterans of 1812, 45, 50, 68, 69,
220, 243, 277, 340.
Vice Presidents, at Celebration,
44, 45, 69.
Vredenburgh, Wm. I. 319.
Wade, Jeptha H. Hon, 192.
Walker, Gilbert C. Hon. 191.
Walker William, 38, 39, 340.
Wallace, Geo. Eev. 60.
Walley, Martin L. 342.
Warner, Frank, 242.
Warner, Henry, 16.
Warner, Inez Miss, 245.

356

INDEX.

Warner, Sidney, 11.
Washington, Geo. Gen. 65, 98,
99, 100, 104, 106, 199, 265.
Waterloo Cornet Band. 58, 70,
258, 258, 262,, 267, 286.
Waterloo, in Belgium, battle
fleld of. 282, 273.
Waterloo Librarv & Historical
Society, 3, 7,29,
37, 74, 79, 310.
" Centennial Cele
bration by, 28,
38, 35, 36, 39, 40,
42, 44, 45, 68, 73,
250, 266, 269, 289,
306,Charter of, 13.
Exploring tour,
of, 25, 66.
Historical Col
lection of, 22.
Histo r ical
Sketch of. 7.
Library Hall of,
23, 24, 818, 343.
Librarv of, 12,
13, 14, 15, 310,313
Monument at
Skoi-Yase, 27,
47, 55, 233, 255,
264,269, 279,291.
Officers of, 341,
843.
Waterloo Literary and Hi?itorical
Society, 11, 12.
Waterloo Observer, 43. 51, 57,
64, 167 245, 251, 273, 392.
Waterloo Re-union. 47, 834.
Waterloo, "Times, 43.
Waterloo, action of Town of, 8,
16, 36, 38, 39, 41, 45, 47, 70,
218,244, 253, 307, 334,
Watkins, Eliza Mrs., 30.
Watkins, John, 191, 323.
Watkins, John 0. 20.
Watson,Elkanah,183, 306, 807,324
Watson, Ethan, Dr. 209,
Watson, Winslow C. 182, 273.
Wayne, Wm, G. 220.
Webster, Charles V. 241.

Webster, M. S. 248.
Weissenfeldt, Fred'k Lieut. Col.
103.
Wessel, Minnie Miss, 245.
Welles, Edward E. Rt. Eev. 189.
Welles, Gardner Dr. 191.
Welles, Samuel E Dr. i, 8,13, 16,
23, 28, 88. 43, 69, 77, 299,
332, 835, .341, 343.
Wheeler, Dewitt C. 38, 39, 41, 43,
45, 69, 194.
Wheeler, Lester, 342.
Wilcoxen, Gilbert Hon. 38, 39,,
44, 209, 340.
Willard, T. R. 243.
Willett M. Lt. Col. 117.
Willers, Diedrich, Eev. 316, 221,
230, 273.
Willers, Diedrich, Jr. 3. 11, 15,
28, 38, 39, 33, 43, 44, 69, 217,
332, 333.
Williams, Cassius, 258.
Williams,Dwight, Rev. 46, 69.161
241, 268, 278, 280,291, 294, 338.
Williams, Elisha, 309.
Williams, Elizabeth, Mrs., 15.
Williams, May Miss, 245,
Williams, Samuel, 17.
Wilson, Ella Miss. 247.
Wilsor), JohnN. 38.
Wilson, Joseph, 206, 230.
Wilson. Libbie Miss, 246.
Wisner, David, 230.
Wooden, Robert, 17.
Woodin, G. 49.
Woodruff, B. F. 192.
Woodruff, G. H. 243.
Woolworth. Samuel B. Dr. 192.
Wuchter, Henry, 323.
Yates Dragoons, 68, 73, 253, 337,
840.
Yost, Casper, 48.
Yost, Jennie Miss, 246.
Young, Benjamin, 192.
Youngs. Charles, 49.
Young Ladies in White, 47, 67,
68, 70, 71, 72. 199, 244, 253,
275, 276, 295, 340.
Zeisberger, D. Eev. 324.

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