Yale University Library III Mill 39002005637435 o% l'i:;1#RR1: IDAHO CHRONOLOGY NOMENCLATURE BIBLIOGRAPHY By JOHN E. REES, B. So. CORRECTIONS. Page 14, line 15 should read: 1837. First white child barn on the Northwest Coast was Alice Whitman of Waiilatpu, Eliza Spald ing being the first hi Idaho. Page 21, line 12, should read: 1866. Eirst session of the Supreme Court of Idaho was held at Boise with Hon. John E. McBride chief justice. Page 58, line 18, should read: River (q. v.), where he wintered, leav ing there April 1, 1835, and going east by way of Green River, etc. Page 67, line 37, should read: FRANKLIN. — Named for the town of Franklin, which was named for Franklin R. Richards, the lead er of the thirteen Mormon families that settled the place in 1860. The county seat is Preston, named for W. B. Preston an early settler in and prominent Mormon of Cache valley. Page 71, line 23, insert: ELK. — At the age of six months two only, ivory teeth, the upper canines, appear in an elk calf's mouth which at eighteen months becomes a hollow and pointed tusk that gradually fills up and becomes a pear shaped solid by the time the elk reaches the age of three years. At five these tusks are matured and fully developed after which they deteriorate and by the time the animal reaches the age of ten are usually worn away. Their other teeth are simply plain dentine. These two teeth or tusks are used by the elk in a grinding action to make a clinking sound which is the animals method of ex pressing anger or hostility. The elk teeth were the Indian woman's most costly ornament, being fastened, by hundreds, in rows on her tunic, ofttimes giving the garment a value of several thousand dollars and no squaw of great note was buried without being dressed in the highly colored and decorated elk tooth jacket. — LEEK, Outdoor life, December, 1918. Page 111, insert: SHOSHONI LANGUAGE.— There are many Aztec elements in the Shoshoni language. Some words are identical. others very similar. Aztee grammatical rules and Shoshoni idioms are very striking. The Northwest might have been, at one time, occupied by the Aztecs for these analogies point to a primeval center from which these aboriginal languages scattered. The Shoshoni language was talked and understood by all the tribes from the Rocky Mountains to California and irom tho Colorado to the Columbia, and by a few in many tribes outside of these limits. — STUART, Montana As It Is. Page 111, insert: SHOUP, Lemhi, County. — Named for lion. George L. Shoup who was born in Armstrong County, Pennsyvania, June 15, 1836; educated in the public schools; Colonel Third Colo rado cavalry at the battle of Sand Creek, Colo, in 1864; moved to Idaho, 1866; engaged in stock, mining and mercantile business; was last territorial and first state governor of Idaho, 1890; U. S. senator for Idaho, 1891-1901; died, 1904; statue, sculptured by Frederick E. Triebell, placed in Statuary Hall, "Washington, D. C, 1909. It was near this place which Captain Clark reached on August 23, 1805. — Proceedings in Congress. IDAHO CHRONOLOGY, NOMENCLATURE BIBLIOGRAPHY BY JOHN E. REES, B. Sc, Member of the AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, OREGON HISTORICAL SOCIETY, WASHING TON UNIVERSITY STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF IDAHO PIONEERS, AND LEMHI HISTORICAL SOCIETY Price of this Book, Postpaid, $1.25 ¦ Address JOHN E. REES, Salmon, Idaho . CHICAGO W. B. CONKEY COMPANY 1918 Copyright 1918 BY W. B. CONKEY COMPANY PEE FACE MY only apology for writing this book is the desire to compile some scattered fragments of knowledge into a more compact form for the purpose of aiding the study of the history of Idaho. While there is considerable literature written, yet it is embodied in so many books, pamphlets and periodicals that a great amount of trouble is required and expense incurred to search out desired dates, data and information. Neither do I claim much originality in the preparation of this work other than the plan of collecting and compiling the efforts of others. Three elements are necessary for the establishment of an historical . fact, namely, time, place and incident. The absence of either element may make romance or fiction, but not history. The first section is a chronological table of important events in the history of Idaho, and while the data, in some instances, is approximate rather than absolute, it is published merely as a beginning, which in time should be corrected until the events in Idaho's history are chronicled as historically accurate. The second section, tha"t of nomenclature, is published for the purpose of awakening an interest in geographical lore and historical antiquity to the end that efforts will be made by others to preserve and perpetuate the origin and reason for our State names. The third section is a bibliography of Idaho history such as has been used in the compilation of this work, and credit is given to such writers furnishing the chief thought for each heading, which acknowledgment immediately follows the article. It is expected that this book will aid teachers in their work, help students in their research and become a handy reference for the general reader. If such results are achieved, then the purpose for which this effort was made will have been attained by The Author. Salmon, Idaho, 1918. CONTENTS page Preface 5 Idaho — Poem . ........ 8 Idaho Chronology 9 Northwest Coast 9 Oregon Territory 15 Washington Teeeitoey 16 Idaho Territory lg State of Idaho 28 Idaho — Its Meaning, Origin and Application 40 Idaho Nomenclature^ 52 Idaho Bibliography .119 IDAHO Let others sigh of orange groves, Where warmer sunbeams shine, The lofty mountains freedom loves, And freedom's choice is mine. I sigh not for a southern clime Where tropic poses blow; Give me the pine-clad hills sublime, The hills of Idaho. Here many a crystal streamlet clear Flows from its mountain home, And on its banks the peaceful deer Are free, and fearless roam; And beautiful in evening still To mark the sunset glow Rest on some distant snow-crowned hill That towers in Idaho. Though commerce rears no city proud, Though wealth has here no shrine, Though fashion draws no servile crowd, A prouder boast is thine. Thy sons are fearless, free and bold, Thy daughters pure as snow, For honor, truth and beauty hold The homes of Idaho. And I do love thee, mountain land, Though not a son of thine. For me thy scenes have something grand In every rugged line. For I was born among the hills, And reared where tempests blow. And thus my soul with rapture thrills To hail thee, Idaho. 0 may thy children ever be To one another true, And blessed with peace and harmony, Their upward path pursue, Till, linked unto thy sister States, Thy star with theirs shall glow, And tell what glory yet awaits The youthful Idaho. — Cameron McDonald. 8 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY NORTHWEST COAST 1492-1846 The Northwest Coast included all territory lying between 42° and 54° 40' north latitude and west of the Rocky Mountains. It contained all of Oregon, Washington and Idaho and parts of British Columbia, Montana and Wyoming. 1492 Discovery of- the western continent by Christopher Columbus, a Spanish navigator, who, believing the earth round, expected to reach the Asiatic Coast by sailing westward across the Atlantic. 1507 America named in honor of Americus Vespucius, an Italian navi gator, who had explored part of the South American Coast; this designation first appearing in Waldseemuller's Cosmography. 1513 Discovery of the Pacific Ocean by Nunez de Balboa, a Spanish explorer, who crossed the Isthmus of Panama on an exploring expedition and named it the South Sea. 1515 -Search for a, Northwest passage, first supposed to be near the equator, but moved northward, as its existence was disproved by later discoveries, resulted in the first explorations of the Northwest Coast. 1543 First discovery of the Northwest Coast was made, perhaps, by Bartolome Ferrelo, who had been dispatched by the Spanish Gov: ernment to explore as far northward as possible. 1579 Second discovery of the Northwest Coast was made, perhaps, by the English freebooter, Sir Francis Drake, who was seeking the Northwest Passage homeward to elude the Spaniards, whom he had plundered. 1670 Hudson Bay Company, a famous English monopoly, was organized and granted the sole trade of the Hudson Bay country with juris diction, civil and criminal, over all countries in North America not subject to other Christian nations. 1741 Third discovery of the Northwest Coast was made, perhaps, by the Russian explorer, Vitus Bering, who was the first navigator to establish the fact that America was isolated and not a part of Asia. 1743 Discovery of the Rocky Mountains somewhere in the vicinity of the Yellowstone National Park and called Shining Mountains by Pierre de la Verendrye while in search of a western sea. 1763 Treaty of Paris, which ended the French and Indian War, divested France of her entire possessions, consisting of the cream of the country, giving the destiny of the North American continent to the Anglo-Saxon instead of the Latin race. 10 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 1774 First real and undisputed discovery of the Northwest Coast was made by the Spanish explorer, Juan Perez, who had orders to find and take possession of the mythical Strait of Anian and prevent foreign encroachment therein. 1775 First landing of Europeans on the Northwest Coast was made at Point Grenville, Washington, by the Spanish explorer, Bruno Heceta, who took possession of the country for Spain. 1778 The word "Oregon," to designate a "River of the West," was invented by the American traveler, Jonathan Carver, which name was made permanent by William Cullen Bryant in his poem, Thanatopsis. 1778 Captain James Cook, an English navigator, sailed into Nootka Sound while in search of the Northwest Passage during his third voyage around the world and was the first to ascertain the value of the American fur trade. 1783 Independence of the United States of America was recognized by the nations of Europe at the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Revo lutionary War. 1784 Northwest Fur Company, an English corporation, was organized by Scotch merchants of Montreal, Canada, to conduct a fur trading business among the Indians. 1788 First landing by Americans on the Northwest Coast was made at Tillamook Bay, Oregon, by a fur trading expedition which had been sent to the Pacific by six merchants of Boston in the sloop Lady Washington. 1790 Nootka Convention, a treaty between England and Spain, was signed whereby Spain acknowledged the right of the English to' fish, trade and settle along the North Pacific Coast. 1792 Discovery of the Columbia River by Captain Robert Gray, a fur trader representing Boston merchants. He sailed some distance up the stream, naming it after his ship, Columbia,. 1792 Right of discovery entitled the United States to all countries drained by the Columbia River, but a vacillating diplomatic policy deprived her of its full benefit. 1793 First overland journey made by Europeans across the Rocky Moun tains to the Pacific Coast, north of California, was made thru British Columbia by Alexander Mackenzie with an English exploring party for the Northwest Fur Company. 1800 Province of Louisiana retroceded from Spain to France by the Treaty of San Ildefonso; Spain having had possession of that province since the Treaty of Paris in 1768. 1803 Louisiana Purchase, including the United States lying between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, except Texas, was pur chased from France thru the American minister, Robert R. Living ston, for $15,000,000. 1804 Second overland journey across the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean was made by Captains Lewis and Clark, American explorers, sent by President Jefferson to explore the Missouri and Columbia River regions. IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 11 1805 First white man to cross the Continental Divide of the Rocky Moun tains and enter the Columbia River Basin was Captain Meriwether Lewis, who crossed thru Lemhi Pass at the head of Agency Creek, a tributary of Lemhi River. 1806 Lewis and Clark expedition of thirty-two persons wintered at Clat sop, near Astoria, Oregon, returning to St. Louis, Missouri, having been two and a half years in the wilderness and traveling nine thou sand miles. 1808 American Fur Company, incorporated by the New York Legislature, was organized by John Jacob Astor to include all his fur dealing operations. 1809 Missouri Fur Company, a fur trading association, was organized at St. Louis, Missouri, by prominent business men of that place to traffic for furs along the Missouri River. 1809 First establishment erected on the Northwest Coast was the Kully- spell house built on Pend Oreille Lake, near Hope, Idaho, by David Thompson for the Northwest Fur Company, but was soon abandoned. 1810 First American trading post on the Pacific slope was Fort Henry, erected at Egin, Idaho, by Andrew Henry of the Missouri Fur Com pany for Indian trading purposes, but was soon abandoned. 1810 Pacific Fur Company was organized by John Jacob Astor for the purpose of conducting a fur trade on the Columbia River and Pacific Coast. 1811 First settlement of the Northwest Coast was made at Astoria, Oregon, by Americans of the Pacific Fur Company, and was named for John Jacob Astor, head of the company. 1811 First exploring party to traverse the Snake River country was the Astoria land expedition under Wilson P. Hunt, which made the third overland journey westward, with many hardships and sufferings. 1812 Robert Stuart, with a. party of six men, returned thru the Snake River country, and perhaps thru the South Pass to the East, carry ing the news of the success in establishing Astoria. 1813 Astoria was captured by the English in the War of 1812 and the name changed to Fort George, which became the headquarters of the Northwest Fur Company. 1814 Brigade of the Northwest Fur Company journeyed from the mouth of the Columbia River over the northern route to Montreal, Canada, to carry the news of the capture of Astoria. 1816 Law prohibiting traffic of any nature by English traders within the territory of the United States was passed by Congress. 1818 Astoria was restored to the sovereignty of the United States, as the Americans were successful in the War of 1812. 1818 Convention of joint occupancy, between England and the United States, was made to the effect that the Northwest Coast was to be free and open to the subjects of both countries. 1818 Fort Walla Walla was established on the Columbia River by the Northwest Fur Company for an outfitting and trading post, with Pierre S. Pambrun in charge. 12 IDAHO -CHRONOLOGY 1818 First Snake country expedition was conducted by Donald Mackenzie of the Northwest Fur Company, who led, each year for four years, a band of fur trappers from Fort Walla Walla to the headwaters and streams of Snake River. 1819 Treaty between Spain and- the United States was made by which, among other things, the United States acquired all of Spain's rights to the Northwest Coast. 1820 First discussion of the political condition of the Northwest Coast was made in Congress over the propriety of taking possession of the Columbia River region. 1820 Iroquois Indians, who had been instructed in the Jesuit faith, were laboring with and preaching the gospels to the Nez Perce Indians. 1821 Northwest Fur Company was consolidated with the Hudson Bay Company under the latter name for the purpose of monopolizing the fur trade on the North American continent. 1823 A battle in Lemhi Valley, Idaho, was fought between the men of the Snake country expedition, commanded by Finan McDonald, and Piegan Indians, resulting in a murdero.us defeat of the Indians. 1823 Monroe doctrine, that the American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization, was enunciated to Congress by President James Monroe. 1823 Rocky Mountain Fur Company was organized by western fur traders at St. Louis, Missouri, to trade and traffic in the mountains at the various rendezvous. 1824 Snake country expedition of one hundred and forty persons, led by Alexander Ross, trapped the Lemhi and Salmon rivers southward, thence to Lost and Wood rivers. 1824 The first Americans to trap the Snake River country was a band of trappers led by Jedediah S. Smith from the east across the Rocky Mountains. 1824 Treaty between Russia and the United States was made by which, among other things, the United States acquired all of Russia's rights to the Northwest Coast. 1825 Fort Vancouver, Washington, was built on the Columbia River by the Hudson Bay Company with Dr. John McLoughlin in charge, which fort became the company's headquarters for the Northwest Coast. 1825 Snake country expedition was conducted by Peter Skene Ogden of the Hudson Bay Company, who for five years led bands of fur trap pers principally to the Portneuf and Bear River countries. 1827 Treaty of joint occupancy of 1818 between England and the United States was continued until either party thereto should give a year's notice of its abrogation. 1829 Americans of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, led by Joseph L. Meek, commenced to compete in the fur trade with the Hudson Bay Company in the Snake River country, which competition became quite bitter. IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 13 1829 Rendezvous for Indian trading by the Rocky Mountain Fur Com pany was held at Pierre's Hole, now known as Teton Basin, Idaho, where hundreds of mountain men and trappers congregated. 1830 Risk of life in the Rocky Mountains for the past decade had been so great that two-fifths of all hunters and trappers were killed either by Indians or accident. 1830 SnaKe country expedition was conducted by John Work of the Hud son Bay Company, who for two years led- parties of fur trappers along the Reed, Malade, Goddin and Salmon rivers. 1830 Rendezvous for Indian trading by the Rocky Mountain Fur Company was held on the Blackfoot River, Idaho, where competition in fur trading became intensely keen. 1831 Fur trappers of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, led by Kit Car son, wintered on the Salmon River, where many furs were gathered, but four of their party were killed by Indians. 1832 Four Indian chiefs of the Columbia River country journeyed to St. Louis, Missouri, to obtain a. copy of the white man's Bible and to ask Captain William Clark for missionaries to be sent among them. 1832 First crossing of the Rocky Mountains with wagons was made by Captain B. L. E. Bonneville to Green River, Wyoming, where the wagons were cached, after which he wintered on Salmon River, near Salmon -City, where he built a small fortification. 1832 Battle of Pierre's Hole in which American trappers and fur traders, led by Wyeth and Sublette, defeated the Grosventre Indians, killing many of them. 1833 Captain B. L. E. Bonneville explored the Snake River country, after which he wintered at Batise Springs on the Portneuf, near Poca- tello, Idaho. 1833 Wave of western emigration and civilization to the Northwest Coast was started by Nathaniel Wyeth of New England, who, after inspecting the Snake and Columbia River countries, interested people in the agricultural occupation of the land. 1834 Over a thousand plant names were added to western botanical vocabulary by David Douglas after ten years spent in botan ical research on the Northwest Coast. 1834 Fort Hall, Idaho, was established by Americans under Nathaniel Wyeth, becoming the meeting place for years of trails and roads to western parts of the United States. 1834 Second settlement of the Northwest Coast was made in the Willa mette Valley, Oregon, by Americans under Jason Lee, who had been conducted down the Snake and Columbia rivers by Wyeth. 1834 Scientific survey along the Snake River was made by John K. Town- send, the ornithologist, and Thomas Nuttall, the eminent botanist. 1834 Captain B. L. E. Bonneville traveled down the Snake River to Fort Walla Walla. After being so long on the Snake River desert his men were overjoyed to see the wooded stream, changing its name from Reed to Boise River. 1834 Fort Boise was erected by the Hudson Bay Company near the mouth 14 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY of Boise River, for Indian trading purposes, with Francis Payette in charge. 1835 Rev. Samuel Parker, Presbyterian minister from New England, jour neyed with Nez Perces thru the mountains down Lemhi, Salmon, Kooskooskia and Snake rivers to Fort Walla Walla. 1836 First white women to cross the American continent were Mrs. Whit man and Mrs. Spalding, who came with their husbands to do mis sionary work among the Indians. 1836 Missions were founded at Waiilatpu, Washington, among the Cayuses and at Lapwai, Idaho, among the Nez Perces by missionaries from New England, Dr. Marcus Whitman at the former and Rev. Henry H. Spalding at the latter place. 1837 Fort Hall, Idaho, was purchased from Nathaniel Wyeth by the Hudson Bay Company and Captain James Grant placed in charge. 1837 First white child born on the Northwest Coast was Eliza Spalding at Lapwai, Idaho. *LjiZji_ [ a^^r-o^yct^ (Lt^Y-r^-C^V^ 1838 First farming on Idaho territory by the white man was that done by Rev. Henry H. Spalding at Lapwai, Idaho. 1839 First printing press installed on the Northwest Coast was brought from Honolulu and set up at Lapwai, Idaho, to print religious tracts for the natives. 1840 First overland emigrants to cross the plains of Idaho for the Oregon country was Joel P. Walker, accompanied by his wife and family. 1841 United States exploring expedition under Captain Charles . Wilkes, accompanied by many of the nation's greatest scientists, gathered data and knowledge of the Northwest Coast, proving its greatness a reality and not a myth. 1842 Captain John C. Fremont mapped the South Pass, Wyoming, which proved to be a natural way for emigrants traveling to the North west Coast. 1842 First mission erected on Idaho territory by the fathers of the Catholic Church was on St. Joe River among the Coeur d'Alene Indians. 1843 Great Oregon emigration, crossing the desert and plains of Idaho, settled in what afterwards became the State of Oregon. 1843 Snake River country was explored and mapped by Captain John C. Fremont to connect his own survey of the Rocky Mountains with that made by Captain Charles Wilkes of the Pacific Coast. 1843 Classification of Rocky Mountain birds was made by the celebrated ornithologist, John J. Audubon. 1843 First highway across Idaho was tne Oregon trail which entered near Montpelier, passed by Fort Hall ; thence westward south of Snake -River to the ford below Salmon Falls ; thence to Fort Boise, crossing Snake River into Oregon; thence over the Blue Mountains to the Columbia River. 1843 First American civil government west ot the Rocky Mountains was formed, being a, provisional government for the country, organized by a meeting of Americans at Champoeg, Oregon. IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 15 1844 "Fifty-four, forty or fight," was the Democratic slogan in the cam paign and one issue on which President Polk was elected. 1844 Great inducements for settlers in Oregon rolled up the emigration which poured into the Columbia River Basin. 1845 Emigration to the Columbia was a mighty movement across the continent, resulting in doubling the population of Oregon. 1845 First discovery of gold on the Pacific slope was made on Malheur River,. Oregon, by wandering emigrants, and was known as the "lost mine." 1846 Treaty between England and the United States was made by which the United States acquired all of England's right, title and interest in and to the Northwest Coast south of 49° which settled the boundary question and ended the fur regime. OREGON TERRITORY 1846-1859 1846 Oregon Territory included all the country west of the Rocky Moun tains lying between 42° and 49° and contained all Oregon, Wash ington, Idaho and parts of Montana and Wyoming. 1847 Murder of Dr. Whitman, Mrs. Whitman, several persons and employes at Waiilatpu Mission by Cayuse' Indians for imagined wrongs, but the perpetrators were afterwards captured and hung. 1848 Oregon organized as a Territory by the American Congress, with Oregon City the capital and Joseph Lane of Indiana governor. 1849 Discovery of gold in California created so great an excitement that the greater part of all emigration was attracted to that country. 1852 First discovery of gold in Idaho was made by- French Canadians on the Pend Oreille River, but did not attract attention. 1853 Sacred Heart Mission established by Father De Smet, a Jesuit mis sionary, on the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho, the work of building being done by the Indians. 1853 First railroad survey in Idaho was made by Isaac I. Stevens, who had charge of the Northern Pacific route of transcontinental roads, the survey of which was authorized by Congress. 1853 Washington Territory organized out of Oregon Territory, including Idaho north of 46°, that part south of this line remaining in Oregon. Isaac I. Stevens of Massachusetts appointed governor and Olympia the capital. 1854 Walla Walla County, created by Washington Territory, included eastern Washington and Idaho north of 46°. 1854 Train of emigrants, consisting of twenty-one persons, under the lead of Alexander Ward of Kentucky, massacred by Snake Indians near Fort Boise, Idaho. 1855 Indian massacres and troubles resulting in the falling off of trade caused Fort Boise to be abandoned by the Hudson Bay Company. 1855 First treaty with Indians of Idaho was made by Governor Isaac I. 16 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY Stevens at Camp Stevens, Washington, with the Nez Perces, denning their reservation, which included lands in Idaho, Oregon and Wash ington. 18o5 Treaty with Kutenai, Pend Oreille and Flathead Indians was made by Governor Isaac I. Stevens at Hellgate, Montana, defining their reservation, which included lands in Idaho and Montana. 1855 First land reclaimed by irrigation, in Idaho was at Fort Limhi by Mormon missionaries from Utah, who founded an agricultural settlement in Lemhi Valley. 1856 Fort Hall was abandoned by the Hudson Bay Company and the goods removed to Flathead, Montana, because of the decline in the fur trade. [857 President Brigham Young visited the Mormon settlement at Fort Limhi, which had been augmented with recruits from Utah and was in a flourishing condition. 1858 Bannack Indians attacked the Mormons at Fort Limhi, killing two of their number and driving the remainder back to Utah, making an end to this settlement. 1858 Shoshone County, created by Washington Legislature, comprised all country north of Snake River, east of Columbia River and west of the Rocky Mountains. 1858 Battle of Steptoe Butte in which troops under Colonel E, J. Steptoe were defeated near Rosalia, Washington, by the Coeur d'Alene, Palouse and Spokane Indians. 1858 Punitive expedition against the Indians was conducted by Colonel ' George Wright along the Spokane and Coeur d'Alene rivers, where several engagements were fought, the Indians defeated, and sub mitted to the authorities at Coeur d'Alene mission. 1859 Oregon was admitted into the Union as a free State with her present boundary. WASHINGTON TERRITORY 1859-1863 1859 Washington Territory included all Washington, Idaho and parts of Montana and Wyoming. 1860 First permanent agricultural settlement made in Idaho was by the Mormon people from Utah at Franklin, where thirteen families located. 1860 Otter family and emigrants of forty-four persons ambushed by Shoshoni Indians below Salmon Falls and either killed or scattered over the country, resulting in one of the most terrible of human experiences. 1860 Gold discovered on Oro Fino Creek, Idaho, by a party of prospectors led by Captain E. D. Pierce of California. 1860 Second great highway across Idaho was the Mullan military wagon IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 17 road built by the United States Government at an expense of $230,- 000 from Fort Benton, Montana, to Fort Walla Walla, Washington, a distance of six hundred and twenty-four miles, passing north of Coeur d'Alene Lake. 1860 Permanent settlement of Idaho began with the discovery of gold in the north, many people who came to mine remained in the country and made homes. 1861 First city established in Idaho was Lewiston at the junction of the Snake and Clearwater rivers, it being the head of navigation. 1861 First county created in Idaho was Shoshone with Pierce City the county seat, including all country lying between the Clearwater and Palouse rivers. 1861 Second county created in Idaho was Nez Perce with Lewiston the county seat, including all country lying south and west of the Clear water River. 1861 Third county created in Idaho was Idaho with Florence the county seat, including all country, lying east of Snake and north of Salmon rivers. 1861 Salmon River mines were discovered, while a search for a rich central gold deposit was made by prospectors, revealing the Florence diggings. 1862 First vigilance committee of Idaho, a self-constituted judicial body for the summary dispensing of justice, was effected at Lewiston under the name of the Idaho Vigilance Committee, and proved a most efficient institution. 1862 A whole train of emigrants were massacred by Chief Pocatello and his warlike followers near the City of Rocks, Idaho. 1862 Salmon River Basin gold mines were discovered lying south of the Salmon River and were called Warren diggings, for their discoverer. 1862 First newspaper published in Idaho was the Golden Age, by A. S. Gould at Lewiston. 1862 Boise Basin mines were discovered by a party of prospectors led by George Grimes of Oregon City, who was killed by their Shoshoni guide. 1862 First substantial placer mines of Montana were discovered at Ban nack by a party of prospectors led by John White, who had endeav ored to reach the Florence mines by the way of Fort Limhi. 1862 Murderous attacks were made by Shoshoni Indians on prospectors along the Snake and Malheur rivers, and several of the Adams emigrant train were killed and wounded. 1862 First military fort erected in Idaho was on Lapwai Creek, built for protection against Indians, and was called Fort Lapwai. 1862 National Homestead Act, opening the public domain to the free acquisition of one hundred and sixty acres of land for homes, proved to be the most beneficent law ever enacted for the settlement of « new territory. 1863 Fourth county created in Idaho was Boise, with Bannack City the 18 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY county seat, including all country lying south of an east and west line run from the head of Payette River to the Rocky Mountains. 1863 Battle of Bear River was fought in which the Bannack Indians, led by Chief Pocatello, were defeated by United States troops com manded by General P. E. Conner from Fort Douglas, Utah. IDAHO TERRITORY 1863-1890 1863 March 3d, Idaho Territory was organized out of parts of Washing ton, Nebraska and Dakota territories, with Lewiston the capital, and William H. Wallace, Republican, of Washington Territory, governor. The new Territory contained four counties, ten mining towns and twenty thousand people. 1863 First location of quartz claims was made in the Boise Basin, where several ledges of high grade gold ore were found and worked and the town of Quartzburg was located. 1863 Discovery of the Jordan Creek placer mines was made by a party of prospectors, led by Michael Jordan, while searching lor the "lost diggins" of the emigrants of '45. 1863 Second silver deposit of importance in the United States was dis covered on streams running into Jordan Creek. 1863 Gold quartz was discovered on the south fork of Boise River and its tributaries, and the mining town of Esmeralda was located. 1863 Second treaty with the Nez Perces was made at Council Grounds in Lapwai Valley whereby the tribe relinquished to the United States the lands reserved for them, except their present reservation now held in severalty. 1863 Captain Jefferson J. Standifer of Boise Basin, with a volunteer force of two hundred men, chastized the Shoshoni Indians, led by Chief Nampuh, along the Snake, Payette, Malheur and Bruneau rivers. 1863 First treaty with the eastern band of Shoshoni Indians at Fort Bridger, Utah, was made, whereby the Government recognized their territorial claim to lands in Idaho, Wyoming, Utah and Colorado. 1863 First treaty with the western band of Shoshoni Indians at Box Elder, Utah, was made, whereby the Government recognized their territorial claim to lands in Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Oregon and Cali fornia. 1863 Boise Barracks was established on Moore Creek by Major P. Lugen- biel, who, in answer to an appeal made to the Government for protection from Indians, came from Washington Territory with a company of cavalry. ¦ 1863 Townsite of Boise City was laid out by some merchants under the lead of Cyrus Jacobs a few days after Boise Barracks was estab lished. 1863 Pioneer newspaper of southern Idaho, the Boise News, owned and edited by T. J. and J. S. Butler, was established in Boise Basin. IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 19 1803 First political conventions in Idaho were held at Mount Idaho by the Kepublican party and at Idaho City by the Democratic party. 18U3 Lloyd Magruder and party were murdered at Nez Perce Pass, Idaho, by road agents in the most dastardly and foul manner known in the mountains. 1803 First election in Idaho was held in which William H. Wallace, Republican, was elected delegate to the Thirty-eighth Congress. 1863 First session of the Territorial Legislature met at Lewiston on December 7 th with twenty members. 1863 First law passed by the Legislature divided the Territory into three judicial districts: First, Nez Perce, .Shoshone and Idaho counties, with Alex C. Smith, judge; Second, Boise County, with Samuel C. Parks, judge; Third, country east of the Rocky Mountains, with Sidney Edgerton, judge and chief justice. 1863 Fifth county created in Idaho was Owyhee, with Ruby City the county seat, including all country lying south of Snake River and west of the Rocky Mountains. 1864 Common law of England, as far as the same was applicable, was adopted as the law of Idaho, after which the statute law of Cali fornia was enacted almost bodily. 1864 First court trial in Idaho was held at Lewiston on January 5th before Judge Samuel C. Parks in the case of the Magruder mur derers. 1864 Sixth county created in Idaho was Oneida, with Soda Springs the county seat, including all lands east of a north and south line along the 113° longitude from Utah to Snake River. 1864 Seventh county created in Idaho was Alturas, with Esmeralda the county seat, including all lands north of Snake River from mouth of Bruneau to Lost River and as far north as the Sawtooth Moun tains. 1864. Latoh County was created with Coeur d'Alene City the county seat, including 'all lands north of Nez Perce and Shoshone counties to 48°, but was not organized. 1864 Kootenai County was created, but not organized, with Sin-na-ac-qua- teen the county seat, including all Idaho north of 48°. 1864 Idaho territory east of the Bitterroot and Rocky Mountains was organized into ten counties, eight of which were afterwards in Mon tana and two in Wyoming. 1864 Idaho territory west Of the Bitterroot and Rocky Mountains was reorganized into seven counties as already named, their boundaries being changed to conform to proper limits. 1864 Transportation and mail service by stage coaches was successfully inaugurated and Ben Holliday awarded the contract to carry a tri-. weekly mail from Salt Lake via Fort Hall and Boise to Walla Walla. 1864 Idaho Statesman, a triweekly newspaper, owned and managed by J. S., R. W. and T. B. Reynolds, was established at Boise City. 1864 Roads, trails, thorofares and bridges were made public highways to '-'' be constructed and maintained by the respective counties. 20 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 1864 Depreciation of the national currency, premium on gold and infla tion of prices resulting from the Civil War necessitated an addi tional pay to all territorial employes above the salary allowed by the National Government. 1864 Toll roads, bridges and ferries were liberally granted by the Legis lature as means of transportation and a ready revenue were both needed by the new Territory. 1864 Legal rate of interest was fixed at 10 per cent per annum, but parties could agree in writing for the payment of any rate of interest whatever. 1864 Every male person eighteen years of age and every female sixteen years, or more, shall be capable, in law, of contracting marriage. 1864 Montana Territory was organized by Congress out of Idaho Terri tory, with Sidney Edgerton as governor and Bannack the capital. 1864 Second territorial governor was Caleb Lyon, Republican, of Lyons- dale, New York, who was appointed by President Lincoln. 1864 National election: Abraham Lincoln, Republican, was elected President for a second term, and E. D. Holbrook, Democrat, dele gate to the Thirty-ninth Congress. 1864 Second session of the Territorial Legislature met at Lewiston on December 14th with twenty members. 1864 Common school system was established for the maintenance of which the National Government had donated in the Idaho organic act sections 16 and 36 of all public lands. 1864 Eighth county created in Idaho was Ada, with Boise City the county seat, including all lands lying in the southwestern part of- Boise County. 1864 Payette Valley Vigilance Committee was formed for the purpose of clearing that neighborhood of numerous horse thieves and gold- dust counterfeiters. 1865 Territorial capital was removed from Lewiston to Boise by United States Marshal J. H. Alvord under orders from Washington, D. C. 1865 Salt Lake-Helena stage was robbed of $60,000 and four passengers murdered by road agents in Portneuf Canyon. 1865 Idaho City Vigilance Committee was organized to dispense justice and enforce human rights in the mines, as the courts did not give sufficient security. 1865 Attention was attracted to southeastern Idaho when J. M. Taylor erected a bridge across Snake River at Eagle Rock in the place of the old ferry. 1865 Annual election, in which territorial, county and precinct officers were chosen. 1865 Third session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on Decem ber 4th with twenty-six members. 1866 Debtor's act relating to insolvency and bankruptcy was made a law of the Territory. 1866 Corporations may be created for the organization and maintenance IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 21 of historic, scientific, aid or educational and other literary societies designated to promote the diffusion of useful knowledge. 1866 Incorporation of grand and subordinate lodges of Free and Accepted Masons and Independent Order of Odd Fellows was provided for. 1866 Federal lode mining act was passed by Congress, based largely on miners' rules and customs which had prevailed in the Territory. 1866 Boise City Vigilance Committee was organized for the protection of rights and the enforcement of justice. 1866 State of Columbia was proposed by Idaho Legislature in a petition to Congress, which was to include all lands in western Montana, northern Idaho and eastern Oregon. 1866 Buffalo Hump in volcanic eruption, sending up volumes of smoke Hon. John R. McBride chief justice. %J-^r}>-^*-^l 1866 Survey of public lands in Idaho began with L. F. Cartee as surveyor general. The initial point of survey was nineteen miles southwest of Boise. 1866 Buffalo Hump in volcanic eruption, sending up volumes of smoke and emitting columns of molten lava. 1866 Gold discovered on Napias Creek at Leesburg in Lemhi County by a party of Montana prospectors led by Frank B. Sharkey. 1866 Third territorial governor was David W. Ballard, Republican, of Oregon, appointed by President Johnson. 1866 Territorial election: E. D. Holbrook, Democrat, elected delegate for a second term and to the Fortieth Congress. 1866 Fourth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on Decem ber 3d with thirty members. 1867 Law of community property rights, whereby all property acquired after marriage by husband and wife belongs half to each spouse, was adopted. 1867 First county in Idaho wiped from the map by legislative enactment was Latoh', whose territory was annexed to Kootenai County. 1867 Immigration into Idaho came henceforth prepared to settle the country and make permanent homes. 1867 Masonic Grand Lodge of Idaho was organized at Idaho City by five lodges within the Territory, four under Oregon and one under Washington jurisdiction. 1867 Congress amended the Idaho organic act making biannual instead of annual elections and meetings of the Territorial Legislature. 1868 Wyoming Territory was organized out of Idaho Territory, with John A. Campbell governor and Cheyenne the capital. 1868 Assay office and penitentiary were established at Boise by Congress. 1868 Treaty at Fort Bridger, Utah, with the eastern band of Shoshoni Indians in which they relinquished their claim to all territory excepting the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming. 1868 National election: U. S. Grant, Republican, elected President, and Jacob K. Shafer, Democrat, delegate to the Forty-first Congress. 1868 Fifth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on Decem ber 7th with thirty members. 22 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 1869 Ninth county created in Idaho was Lemhi, with Salmon City the county seat, including all the southeastern part of Idaho County. 1S69 -Statue of George Washington, which had been carved and fashioned from native woods with ordinary tools by Charles Ostner, was unveiled on the capitol grounds at Boise. 1869 Law library of Idaho was established from the fees paid by attor neys for the privilege of practicing law in the Territory. 1869 Placer gold strike was made at Oro Grande on Loon Creek in Lemhi County by a party of prospectors led by Nate Smith. 1869 Union and Central Pacific railroads completed with Corinne and Kelton, Utah, the eastern and western shipping points into Idaho. 1869 Fort Hall Indian Reservation was set aside by President Grant, by executive order, for the Indians of southern Idaho and especially the Shoshonis and Bannacks. 1869 Salt works on Salt River, near Soda Springs, were operated by B. F. White and furnished most of the salt used in the Montana smelters. 1870 Gold rush to Idaho subsided as the placer mines declined in their yield, and more people turned their attention to other opportunities in the Territory. 1870 Federal placer mining act was passed by Congress permitting the patenting of placer claims on like conditions as in the case of lode claims. 1870 First census of Idaho was taken by the ninth census enumerators, showing a population of 14,999', or .17 person to the square mile. 1870 Territorial election: Samuel A. Merritt, Democrat, elected dele gate to the Forty-second Congress. 1870 Sixth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on Decem ber 8th with thirty members. 1871 Fourth territorial governor of Idaho was Thomas W. Bennett, Republican, of Indiana, who was appointed by President Grant. 1871 Placer gold was found in paying quantities in the gravel bars along Snake River, resulting in the establishment of several mining camps. 1871 United States geological survey was made of the headwaters of the Snake River by Prof. F. V. Hayden. 1871 Boundary line between Idaho and Utah was surveyed by the United States which increased Idaho's lands, wealth and population. J 872 Federal mining laws were supplemented, modified and completed for^ the location, acquisition and patenting of both lode and placer claims. 1872 Malheur Indian Reservation in Oregon was set aside by President Grant, by executive order, for Shoshonis and Pahutes. 1872 Colville Indian Reservation in Washington was set aside by Presi dent Grant, by executive order, for Kutenais, Pend Oreilles, Colville and Spokane Indians. 1872 Boise City land district was created which contained all Idaho south of the Salmon River range of mountains. IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 23 1872 Lewiston land district was created which contained all Idaho north of the Salmon River range of mountains. 1872 United States assay office and penitentiary buildings were com pleted and began operations. 1872 National election: U. S. Grant, Republican, was elected President for a second term, and John Hailey, Democrat, delegate to the Forty-third Congress. 1872 Seventh session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on December 2d with thirty-nine members. 1873 Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation was set aside by President Grant, by executive order, for the Coeur d'Alene and Spokane Indians. 1873-77 Dullest years in the history of Idaho and little or no progress was made in the Territory. 1874 First railroad to enter the Territory was the Utah Northern, a narrow gauge, built by a Utah company to Franklin, Idaho. 1874 Territorial election: Stephen S. Fenn, Democrat, was elected dele gate to the Forty-fourth Congress. 1874 Eighth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on Decem ber 7th with thirty-eight members. 1875 First revision and compilation of all the public laws of Idaho, which were then in force in the Territory, was made. 1875 Tenth county created in Idaho was Bear Lake, with Paris the county seat, including the southeastern part of Oneida County. 1875 Lemhi Indian Reservation was set aside by President Grant, by executive order, from Shoshonis, Bannaeks and Tukuarikas. 1875 Fifth territorial governor of Idaho was David P. Thompson, Repub lican, of Oregon, who was appointed by President Grant. 1876 Sixth territorial governor of Idaho was Mayson Brayman, Repub lican, of Wisconsin, who was appointed by President Grant. 1876 Centennial of American independence was held at Philadelphia, but there was no display of Idaho products thereat. 1876 National election: R. B. Hayes, Republican, was elected President, and Stephen S. Fenn, Democrat, delegate for a second term and to the Forty-fifth Congress. 1S76 Ninth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on Decem ber 4th with thirty-nine members. 1877 National desert land act for three hundred and twenty acres of arid lands was passed by Congress and proved -a, wonderful benefit in reclaiming lands in Idaho by irrigation. 1877 Nez Perce Indian war: Five hundred warriors under Chief Joseph's command went on the warpath because the National Government opened to settlement the Wallowa Valley, Oregon, which the non- treaty Indians claimed as an inheritance. 1877 June 17th, battle of White Bird Creek Canyon, Idaho: Captain D. Perry in command, with ninety-nine soldiers, eleven volunteers; Indians double that number. Perry defeated with loss of thirty-four - killed, two wounded. 24 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 1877 July 11th and 12th, battle of Clearwater, Idaho: General O. O. Howard in command, with 400 soldiers; Indians, 300. Indians defeated with loss of 23 killed, 23 captured ; Howard loss, 13 killed, 27 wounded. 1877 August 9th, battle of Bighole, Montana: Colonel John Gibbon in command, with 146 soldiers, 34 volunteers. Gibbon defeated with loss of 23 soldiers, 6 volunteers; Indian loss, 89 killed. 1877 September 13th, battle of Canyon Creek, Montana: Colonel S. D. Sturgis in command. A running fight in which both sides lost about twenty men each. 1877 September 29th, battle of Bear Paw Mountain, Montana: Colonel Nelson A. Miles in command with double amount of soldiers to war riors. Indians defeated with loss of 6 chiefs, 25 warriors, 46 wounded; Miles' loss, 2 officers, 29 soldiers, 44 wounded. 1877 October 5th, Nez Perces surrender to Colonel Miles 100 warriors, 300 women and children, and 700 ponies. Four hundred and thirty- one Indians were taken to the Indian Territory. 1877 Duck Valley Indian Reservation in Nevada and Idaho was set apart, by executive order of President Hayes, for Shoshonis and Pahutes. 1878 National stone and timber act for the acquisition of stone and timber lands to the amount of one hundred and sixty acres was enacted by Congress and greatly aided in the material advancement of the Territory. 1878 Bannack Indian war: Bannacks of Fort Hall, led by Chief Buffalo Horn, and Pahutes of Malheur, led by Chief Egan, went on the warpath because the National Government opened to settlement Camas Prairie, which had been reserved to the Indians. 1878. June 8th, battle of South Mountain, Idaho: J. B. Harper in com mand of 35 volunteers; Indians, 60 strong. Volunteers defeated with loss of four men. Chief Buffalo was killed. 1878 June 23d, battle of Cedar Mountain, Oregon: Captain R. F. Bernard in command with four companies of cavalry and twenty- five scouts under Colonel Rube Robbins. Indians defeated with loss of 100 killed. Four soldiers and one scout killed. 1878 July 2d, battle of Umatilla, Oregon: Major N. A. Cornoyer with command of loyal Umatilla Indians. Enemy 400 strong. Enemy defeated with loss of 39 killed; Umatilla loss, 2. 1878 July 8th, battle of Birch Creek, Oregon: Colonels Bernard and Robbins in command. Indians defeated and many killed. 1878 July 13th, battle of Pendleton, Oregon: Captain Evan Miles in command with 125 soldiers and some volunteers. Indians 400 strong. Indians defeated with loss of twenty killed; two soldiers wounded. 1878 July 15th, battle of Meacham, Oregon: Chief Homily with ninety of his loyal Umatillas defeated the enemy, killing Chief Egan and thirty of his warriors. 1878 July 17th, battle of Wolf Creek, Oregon: Major G. B. Sanford in IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 25 command. Indians defeated. Seventeen warriors killed, twenty- five men, women and children captured. 1878 September 5th, battle of Clarks' Ford, Oregon: Twenty Bannack lodges attacked and all women and children killed. Several hun dred surrendered to the War Department of Oregon and the rem nants returned to their reservations. 1878 Territorial election: George Ainslie, Democrat, was elected dele gate to the Forty-sixth Congress. 1879 Tenth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on January 13th with thirty-nine members. 1879 Eleventh county created in Idaho was Cassia, with Albion the county seat, including the eastern part of Owyhee County. 1879 Twelfth county created in Idaho was Washington, with Weiser the county seat, including the northwestern part of Ada County. 1879 Fort Sherman and a military reservation of one thousand acres was established on Coeur d'Alene Lake and regularly garrisoned with five companies of soldiers. 1879 Sheepeater Indian war : Renegade Bannacks and Tukuarika Indians went on the warpath because the Government failed to furnish them supplies. 1879 July 28th, battle of Big Creek, Idaho: Lieutenant . Catley in com mand of forty-nine soldiers. Indians one hundred strong. Catley withdrew from the fight with loss of one man and some supplies. 1879 August 20th, battle of Loon Creek, Idaho; Lieutenant E. S. Farrow in command. Worsted the Indians and captured some horses and supplies. 1879' September 1st, Sheepeater band, consisting of sixty warriors, sur rendered at Seven Devils, Idaho, to Lieutenant Farrow, who took them to Vancouver, Washington. 1879 End to all Indian wars in Idaho was made when the hostile band of Sheepeaters surrendered and were dispersed. 1879 First railroad completed in Idaho was the Utah Northern, which crossed the southeastern part of the Territory. 1879 Oneida land district was created, which contained all Idaho east of the range line between 23 and 24 Boise meridian and of the west side line of Lemhi County, with Oxford the land office. 1879 Mormon people from Utah began the settlement and cultivation of the Snake River Valley from Idaho Falls to the source of the river. 1880 Seventh territorial governor of Idaho was John B. Neil, Republican, of Iowa, who was appointed by President Hayes. 1880 Placer gold was discovered in paying quantities in the Coeur d'Alene country by prospectors led by A. J. Pritchard. 1880 Second census of Idaho was taken by the tenth census enumerators, showing a population of 32,619, or .38 person to the square mile. 1880 Quartz mining industry was given an impetus by the opening of the lead-silver mines of the Wood River district. 1880 National election: J. A. Garfield, Republican, was elected Presi- 26 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY dent, and George Ainslie, Democrat, delegate for a second term and to the Forty-seventh Congress. 1880 Eleventh session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on December 13th with thirty-six members. 1881 Historical society of Idaho pioneers was formed to collect and pre serve a reliable history of the early settlement of the Territory. 1881 History of Idaho by Robert E. Strahorn was published and distrib uted by legislative enactment. 1881 Thirteenth county created in Idaho was Custer, with Challis the county seat, including the western part of Lemhi and the northern part of Alturas counties. 1881 Fourteenth county organized in Idaho was Kootenai, with Rathdrum the county seat, including the Panhandle country. 1881 First daily paper published in Idaho was the Eailey Times, edited by T. E. Picotte of Hailey. 1882 Smelter erected on the famous Viola mine at Nicholia in Lemhi County, which for five years produced an enormous amount of lead. 1882 Territorial election: Theodore F. Singiser, Republican, was elected delegate to the Forty-eighth Congress. 1882 Twelfth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Poise on Decem ber 11th 'with thirty-six members. 1883 Eighth territorial governor of Idaho was John N. Irwin, Republican, of Iowa, who was appointed by President Arthur. 1883 Annual teachers', institutes, to be held thruout the various counties of the Territory, was made the law. 1883 Northern Pacific Railroad was completed across the northern part of the Territory, making better transportation facilities. 1883 First Grand Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows was organized at Boise. 1884 Lead mines of the Coeur d'Alene region, which developed into the greatest lead producing region of the world, was discovered. 1884 Oregon Short Line Railroad completed across the southwestern part of the Territory, opening Idaho to commerce. 1884 Ninth territorial governor of Idaho was William M. Bunn, Repub lican, of Pennsylvania, who was appointed by President Arthur. 1884 National election: Grover Cleveland, Democrat, was elected Presi dent, and John Hailey, Democrat, delegate for a second term and to the Forty-ninth Congress. 1884 Thirteenth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on December 8th with thirty-six members. 1885 Fifteenth county created in Idaho was Bingham, with Blackfoot the county seat, including the northern and eastern parts of Oneida County. 1885 Capitol building to be constructed in Boise at an expense of $80,000 was voted by the Legislature. 1885 Insane asylum, to be located at Blackfoot, where u, building costing $20,000 was to be erected, was voted by the Legislature. 1885 Elector's oath against the doctrinal rite of bigamy, polygamy, IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 27 plural and celestial marriages, or the Mormon test oath, was enacted into law. 1885 First display of Idaho products at a world's fair was at the New Orleans Exposition, where many medals were received. 1885 Tenth territorial governor of Idaho was Edward A. Stevenson, Demo crat, first resident of Idaho to occupy the position, appointed by President Cleveland. 1885 United States land districts and offices, as follows: Blackfoot, all Idaho east of 36° W. longitude; Hailey, all Idaho between 36° and 38° 30' W. longitude, extending from 42° N. latitude to Salmon River; Boise, all Idaho west of 38° 30' W. longitude, extending from 42° N. latitude to Salmon River and 45° 30' N. latitude; Lewiston, all Idaho between Salmon River and 45° 30' N. latitude to 47° N. latitude; Coeur d'Alene, all Idaho between 47° and 49° N. latitude. 1885. Joseph's band of Nez Perce Indians were permitted to leave Indian Territory and go upon the Colville (Washington) Reservation. 1886 Utah Northern Railroad was made a broad gauge, merged with the Oregon Short Line, all belonging to the Union Pacific System. 1886 Bill to annex north Idaho to Washington Territory was passed by Congress, but failed to become a, law, as the President did not sign it. 1886 Territorial election: Fred T. Dubois, Republican, was elected dele gate to the Fiftieth Congress. 1886 Fourteenth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on December 13th with thirty-six members. 1887 Revised statutes of Idaho, consisting of four codes divided into parts, titles, chapters, articles and sections, was adopted. 1887 Practice of pharmacy was regulated by statute within the Territory. 1887 Practice of medicine and surgery was regulated by statute within the Territory. 1887 Compulsory education law was passed by the Territorial Legislature compelling attendance at common schools. 1887 Arbor Day was designated as a time for planting and cultivating trees within the Territory. 1887 Fee system of paying county officers was adopted and a minimum and maximum limit placed on their compensation. 1887 Edmunds-Tucker act disfranchised thousands of Mormons and many ' were convicted of polygamy and unlawful cohabitation. 1888 Sixteenth county in Idaho was Latah, created by congressional enact ment out of the southern portion of Kootenai County, with Moscow the county seat. 1888 United States Geological Survey established an office at Boise, with Arthur D. W. Foote in charge, to make investigations of the arid regions of the Territory and the necessity of hydraulic works. 1888 National election: Benjamin Harrison, Republican, was elected President, and Fred T. Dubois, Republican, delegate for u, second term and to the Fifty-first Congress. 28 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 1888 Fifteenth and last session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on December 10th with thirty-six members. 1889 University of Idaho for acquiring knowledge in scientific, industrial and professional pursuits was established at Moscow. 1889 Seventeenth county created in Idaho was Elmore, with Rocky Bar the county seat, including the southwestern part of Alturas County. 1889 Eighteenth county created in Idaho was Logan, with Shoshone the county seat, including the southern part of Alturas County. 1889 Idaho Legislature petitioned Congress against statehood for Utah on the ground that the Mormons practiced polygamy and unlawful cohabitation and that the teachings of the Mormon Church were treasonable. 1889 Position of county school superintendent could be occupied by women . as well as by men. 1889 Eleventh territorial governor of Idaho was George L. Shoup, Repub lican, who was appointed by President Harrison, and served as the last territorial governor. 1889 Constitutional convention composed of sixty-eight members met at Boise, July 4th, and after laboring twenty-eight days, formed a constitution for the State of Idaho and adopted it on August 6th. 1889 Constitution was adopted by the people at an election held on November 5th by a vote of 12,398 for and 1,773 against. STATE OF IDAHO 1890-1918 1890 July 3d. Idaho was admitted as the forty-third State of the Amer ican Union, which marked the beginning of an era of progress and development. 1890 Constitution formed the following judicial districts: First, Shoshone and Kootenai; Second, Latah, Nez Perce and Idaho; Third, Wash ington, Ada, Boise and Owyhee; Fourth, Cassia, Elmore, Logan and Alturas ; Fifth, Bear Lake, Bingham, Oneida, Lemhi and Custer. 1890 One Federal judicial district of the Ninth Circuit Court was formed of Idaho, with James H. Beatty judge, sitting at Boise. 1890 First extensive irrigation system of Idaho constructed for the watering of arid lands was the Phyllis and New York canals of. Ada County. 1890 Third census of Idaho was taken by the eleventh census enumera tors, showing a population of 88,548, or 1.1 persons to the square mile. 1890 Federal forest reserve act, giving the President the power to set apart at any time public lands in any State or Territory as a public reservation, was enacted. 1890 Four terms of the Supreme Court of Idaho must be held annually, two terms at Boise and two terms at Lewiston. IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 29 1890 Great Northern Railroad was completed across the north part of the State, giving better transportation facilities. 1890 First State election: Willis Sweet, Republican, elected congress man to the Fifty-second Congress, and George L. Shoup, Republican,- governor of the State. 1890 Vote for governor, October 1st: Republican, 10,262; Democrat, 7,948. Total, 18,210. Republican plurality, 2,314. 1890 First session of the State Legislature met at Boise on December 8th with fifty-four members ; Republican majority. 1890 First United States senator for Idaho was William J. McConnell, Republican, who was elected by the State Legislature to serve until March 4, 1891. 1890 George L. Shoup, Republican, was elected by the State Legislature a United States senator for Idaho to serve until March 4, 1895. 1890 Fred T. Dubois, Republican, was elected by the State Legislature a United States senator for Idaho to serve until March 4, 1897. 1890 Legislature accepted the benefits of the acts of Congress providing for a State agricultural college and experimental station for teaching methods of farming and husbandry and located the institution at Moscow. 1891 High license principle for regulating the sale of intoxicating liquors was enacted. 1891 Australian ballot system, wherein there is but one ballot used by the voter which he votes in secret, was adopted. 1891 State Board of Land Commissioners was provided, the duty of which was the selection, location, sale, rental and general manage ment of the public lands of the State. 1891 School district offices could be occupied by women who could also vote at school elections. 1891 Alta County was created, with Hailey the county seat, including the northern portion of Alturas County. 1891 Lincoln County was created, with Shoshone the county seat, includ ing, the southern portion of Alturas County. 1891 Nineteenth county created in Idaho was Canyon, with Caldwell the county seat, including the western part of Ada County. 1891 Eight hours actual work was made to constitute a lawful day's work on all State, county and municipal works. 1891 Prosecution of criminal offenses to be by information made by. the prosecuting attorney and grand juries were dispensed with unless ordered by the district judge. 1891 In misdemeanors and civil actions juries may consist of twelve or less by agreement, but three-fourths may make a verdict in civil actions and five-sixths in misdemeanors. 1891 Great Seal of the State of Idaho, a, design drawn by Miss Emma Edwards, with the Latin motto Esto Perpetua, was adopted. 1891 Standard weights and measures of this State shall agree exactly with the standards as recognized and furnished by the United States. 30 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 1891 Free and unlimited coinage of silver for United States product as it existed prior to demonetization was prayed for by the Legislature in a, memorial to Congress. 1891 Second and third counties in Idaho were wiped from the map by judicial interpretation, the counties being Alta and Lincoln. 1892 Frisco Mill, belonging to mine owners of the Coeur d'Alenes, blown up with dynamite by union strikers, several persons being killed and militia necessary to quiet the district. 1892 Terms of the United States District Court were fixed as follows: Northern at Moscow, central at Boise, and southern at Blackfoot. 1892 National election: Grover Cleveland, Democrat, elected President for a second term; Willis Sweet, Republican, congressman for a second term and to the Fifty-third Congress; and William J. McConnell, Republican, governor of the State. 1892 Vote for governor, November 8th: Republican, 8,178; Democrat, 6,769; Populist, 4,865; Prohibition, 264. Total, 20,076. Repub lican plurality, 1,409. 1893 Second session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 2d with fifty-four members; Republican majority. 1893 Northern State Normal School established at Lewiston for the pur pose of training teachers in the art of instruction in common school education. 1893 World's Columbian Exposition was held at Chicago, where Idaho products and resources were properly exhibited through a commis sioner. 1893 General pardon to all Mormons, liable under the Edmunds-Tucker act, on condition that in future the law would be obeyed, was issued by President Harrison. 1893 Obligations of debt, judgments and executions payable in money shall be payable in either the standard silver or gold coin of the United States was made the law. 1893 Soldiers' Home was established at Boise for honorably discharged Union soldiers, sailors and marines who served in the War of the Rebellion. 1893 Twentieth county created in Idaho was Fremont, with St. Anthony the county seat, including the northern part of Bingham County. 1893 Inspector of mines was created to examine into and inspect the work ing conditions of all mines in the State. 1893 System of State wagon roads, to be constructed principally along the Salmon River and to connect southern and northern Idaho, was enacted by the Legislature. 1893 Twenty-first county created in Idaho was Bannock, with Pocatello the county seat, including the southern jpart of Bingham County. 1893 Southern State Normal School established at Albion for the purpose of training teachers in the art of instruction in common school educa tion. 1893 Free and unlimited coinage of silver as it existed prior to the demonetization act, for the relief of all business, industry and tax- IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 31 paying citizens, was prayed for in a legislative memorial to Congress. 1893 Uniform system of text books for the public schools of the State was adopted. 1893 First comprehensive game law for the State was enacted for the pro tection of the fish and game of the State. 1893 Three electoral votes of Idaho were cast for James B. Weaver, the Populist presidential candidate. 1893 Repeal of the purchasing clause of the coinage act, providing for the purchase of silver bullion by the Government, caused such a decline in silver as to close many silver and lead mines. 1893 National monetary panic crippled many industries and caused a stagnation in all businesses. 1894 Carey act by Congress donated to arid States one million acres of public lands to be reclaimed by the State and disposed of by it for its own use and "benefit. 1894 Nez Perce Indian Reservation was allotted to the Indians in severalty and the surplus sold for their benefit. 1894 State election: Edgar Wilson, Republican, was elected congressman to the Fifty-fourth Congress, and William J. McConnell, Republican, governor for a second term. 1894 Vote for governor, November 6th: Republican, 10,208; Populist, 7,121; Democrat, 7,057. Total, 24,386. Republican plurality, 3,087. 1894 First amendment to the State constitution adopted, segregating the offices of probate judge and county school superintendent. 1895 Third session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 7th ^- with fifty-four members; Republican majority. 1895 Age of consent was raised to eighteen years and licenses henceforth / ». required by those entering the marriage state. /¦' 1895 Monetary system of Idaho was placed upon the gold basis and all con- t tracts for money reduced \o the gold standard. 1895 George L. Shoup was re-elected by the State Legislature a United States senator to serve until March 4, 1901. 1895 Fourth and fifth counties of Idaho wiped from the map by legislative - enactment, the counties being Alturas and Logan. 1895 System of locating mining claims was radically changed, requiring the locator to sink a shaft at least ten feet on his ledge within sixty days. 1895 Mormon test oath was repealed by the State Legislature. 1895 A substitute county created in Idaho was Blaine, with Hailey the county seat, including all of what was Alturas and Logan counties. 1895 Comprehensive irrigation law, providing for a uniform system of appropriation, distribution and use of the public waters of the State, was enacted. 1895 Office of state engineer was created to gather facts relating to water ways and irrigable lands and to supervise the distribution of the public waters. 1895 Office of state sheep inspector was created whose duties were to attend to the sheep industry of the State. 32 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 1895 A substitute county created in Idaho was Lincoln, with Shoshone the county seat, including the southern portion of Blaine County. 1895 Election of United States senators by direct vote of the people was proposed as an amendment to the United States Constitution by the State Legislature in a memorial to Congress. 1896 Idaho became the first State in the Union in the production of lead. 1896 Culmination of differences and clash between the cattle and sheep - industries, resulting in the murder of sheep herders by Diamondfield Jack (Davis), in Cassia County. 1896 Free and unlimited coinage of silver by the United States at the ratio of 16 to 1 became the paramount issue in the campaign. 1896 National election: William McKinley, Republican, was elected President; James Gunn, Populist, congressman to the Fifty-fifth Con gress; and Frank Steunenberg, Democrat, governor of the State. 1896 Vote for President, November 3d: Democrat, 23,192; Republican, 6,324; Prohibition, 179. Total, 29,695. Democrat plurality, 16,868. / 1896 Second amendment to the State constitution adopted, extending to l\^ women the equal right of suffrage, being the third State of .the Union -"" to do so. J 1896 Third amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing for county attorneys instead of district attorneys. 1896 Fourth amendment to the State constitution adopted, eliminating the necessity of an election of township, precinct and municipal officers. 1897 Fourth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 4th with seventy members; Demo-Populist majority. 1897 Buffalo and bison within the State were protected by legislative enactment. 1897 Anti-gambling law, prohibiting gambling and providing a penalty for its violation, was enacted. 1897 Legal rate of interest was made 7 per cent per annum, but parties may agree, in writing, to 12 per cent. 1897 Parole of convicts of the State penitentiary was provided for, the power being placed in the Board of Pardons. 1897 Board of Horticultural Inspection was created with duties to protect trees and plants of the State. 1897 State Board of Medical Examiners was provided by law, and the practice of medicine and surgery was regulated. 1897 State Board of Arbitration created with duties to settle differences between employers and employes by arbitration. 1897 Henry Heitfeld, Democrat, was elected by the State Legislature a United States senator to serve until March 4, 1903. 1897 International monetary conference and agreement on bimetallism was vigorously protested against by the Legislature in a, memorial to Congress. 1897 Secretary of mines and mining as a member of the President's cabinet was prayed for by the Legislature in a memorial to Congress. 1897 Three electoral votes of Idaho were cast for William J. Bryan, the Democratic presidential candidate. IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 33 1897 Women first empaneled as jurors in Idaho in a case tried at Boise. 1898 First Idaho Regiment of Infantry Volunteers organized and mus tered into service for Spanish-American War at call of President i McKinley. 1898 Fort Hall Indian Reservation was allotted to the Indians in severalty of one hundred and sixty acres each of farming and grazing lands and the surplus sold for their benefit. 1898 Trans-Mississippi International Exposition at Omaha was held, at which Idaho made a display of many products. 1898 State election: Edgar Wilson, Silver Republican, was elected con gressman for a, second term and to the Fifty-sixth Congress, and Frank Steunenberg, Fusionist, re-elected governor of the State. 1898 Vote for governor, November 8th: Fusionist, 19,407; Republican, 13,794; Prohibition, 1,175. Total, 34,376. Fusionist majority, 5,613. 1898 Fifth amendment to the State constitution adopted, requiring that a new county shall not be created which has less than $1,000,000 of taxable property. 1898 Sixth amendment to the State constitution adopted, changing the method of paying county officers their compensation from a fee to a salary system. 1899 Fifth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 2d with seventy members; Fusionist majority. 1899 Commissioner of immigration, labor and statistics created whose duty was to collect and compile reliable data of the various resources, industries and wage conditions of the State. 1899' State fish and game warden was created whose duties were to enforce all laws relating to fish and game. 1899 Board of Dental Examiners was created to make rules for the prac tice of dentistry and issue licenses therefor. 1899 Construction of the Nicaragua Canal was prayed for in a memorial to Congress by the Legislature. 1899 American line of merchant marine was prayed for in a memorial to Congress by the Legislature. 1899 Wardner riot in the Coeur d'Alenes occurred in which property and people were dynamited by union strikers, which insurrection required Federal troops to suppress by locking the strikers in bull pens. 1900 Idaho Industrial Institute located at Weiser for the purpose of giv ing education of the hand as well as of the head. 1900 , Last decade a prosperous period in agricultural development, making farming the chief source of wealth instead of mining, which had been the main industry of the State up to this time. 1900 Fourth census of Idaho was taken by the twelfth census enumera tors, showing a. population of 161,772, or 1.9 persons to the square mile. 1900 Paris Exposition in France was held at which many Idaho products U' were exhibited and prizes awarded therefor. 1900 National election: William McKinley, Republican, re-elected Presi dent; Thomas L. Glenn, Democrat, congressman to the Fifty-seventh Congress ; and Frank Hunt, Democrat, governor of the State. 34 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 1900 Vote for President, November 6th: Democrat, 29,414; Republican, 26,997; Prohibition, 857; Populist, 213. Total, 57,481. Democrat . plurality, 2,216. 1900 Seventh amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing that the educational funds could be loaned on school district bonds and State warrants. 1901 Sixth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 7th with seventy members; Fusionist majority. 1901 Fred T. Dubois, Democrat, elected by the State Legislature a. United States senator for a second term to serve until March 4, 1907. 1901 Free traveling library established and a traveling library committee formed to distribute libraries thruout the State. 1901 Supreme Court decisions of Idaho. in the form of "Reports" was pro vided for and their publication ordered. 1901 Idaho Technical Institute was established at Pocatello for instruction in vocational and technical subjects. 1901 Insurance commissioner, whose duties are to attend to matters relat ing to insurance and insurance companies, was provided. 1901 Labor commissioner, with duties and powers to investigate labor troubles and adjust them by arbitration, was provided. 1901 Clearwater County was created, with Oro Fino the county seat, including parts of Shoshone and Nez Perce counties. 1901 Regulations prohibiting Chinese and ' Japanese immigration was prayed for in a memorial to Congress by the Legislature. 1901 Application for Congress to call a national convention to amend the United States Constitution by providing for the election of President, Vice-President and United States senators by popular vote was made by Idaho's Legislature. 1901 Three electoral votes of Idaho were cast for William J. Bryan, the Democratic presidential candidate. 1901 Sixth county of Idaho wiped from the map by judicial interpretation, the county being Clearwater. 1901 Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, New York, was held and Idaho products were exhibited by a commissioner. 1901 International Mining Congress held at Boise, after which the State's mineral exhibit thereat was made permanent. 1901 Thunder Mountain excitement, in which rich discoveries of gold quartz were made in Idaho County, created a stampede. 1902 Reclamation act, providing moneys received from the sale of public lands be expended for the construction and maintenance of irrigation works and storage of water for arid lands, was enacted by Congress. 1902 State election: Burton L. French, Republican, elected congressman to the Fifty-eighth Congress, and John T. Morrison, Republican, gov ernor of the State. 1902 Vote for governor, November 4th: Republican, 31,874; Democrat, 26,021; Socialist, 1,737; Prohibition, 637. Total, 60,269. Repub lican plurality, 5,858. 1902 Eighth amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing that IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 35 the Legislature shall pass laws to provide for the health and safety of employes in factories, smelters, mines and ore reduction works. 1903 Seventh session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 5th with sixty-seven members; Republican majority. 1903 Weldon B. Heyburn, Republican, was elected by the State Legislature a United States senator to serve until March 4, 1909. 1903 Idaho Industrial Training School established at St. Anthony as a reform school for the care, protection, training and education of delinquent, dependent and neglected children. 1903 Bounty on beet sugar resulted in the successful cultivation of sugar beets and the manufacture of beet sugar in the southeastern part of the State. 1903 Dairy, food and sanitary inspector was provided with duties to enforce the law for the protection, manufacture and sale of dairy products, foods, drinks, illuminating oils and sanitation. 1903 Sixth Judicial District was formed composed of Fremont, Bingham, Lemhi and Custer counties. 1903 System of license for fishing and hunting was enacted for the pro tection and maintenance of the laws relative to fish and game. 1903 Negotiable instrument law, uniform with the law of other States on that subject, was enacted. 1903 Right of way of electric power transmission lines encouraged the utilization of electricity generated by water power from rivers and flowing streams. 1903 Effective regulation and control of great combinations of capital called "trusts" was prayed for by the Legislature in a memorial to Congress. 1903 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad was extended and made a transcontinental line, crossing northern Idaho. 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis was held at which an executive commissioner made an exhibit of the natural and industrial products of the State. 1904 National election: Theodore Roosevelt, Republican, elected Presi dent; Burton L. French, Republican, congressman for a second term and to the Fifty-ninth Congress ; and Frank R. Gooding, Republican, governor of the State. 1904 Vote for President, November 8th: Republican, 47,783; Democrat, 18,480; Socialist, 4,949; Prohibition, 1,013. Total, 72,225. Repub lican plurality, 29,303. 1905 Eighth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 2d with seventy-one members; Republican majority. 1905 State Live Stock Sanitary Board created to protect the live stock interests from theft and disease. 1905 General uniform military law in conformity with suggestions fur nished by the War Department was enacted for the organization of the State militia. 1905 New capitol building was authorized to be constructed at Boise for legislative, executive and judicial purposes at a cost of $1,000,000. 36 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 1905 Desecration, mutilation or improper use of the United States flag severely punished by statute. 1905 State bank commissioner was provided for whose duty it was to examine the financial conditions and methods of the State banks. 1905 Legislature attempted to abolish Kootenai County and create Lewis and Clark counties therefrom, but the act was declared unconstitu tional by the Supreme Court. 1905 Northern Idaho Insane Asylum, for the protection and care of the insane, was established at Orofino. 1905 Pharmacy Board created to examine and license all pharmacists who wished to practice their profession in the State. 1905 Seventh Judicial District was formed, composed of Canyon, Owyhee and Washington counties. 1905 Interstate commerce in adulterated, misbranded and deleterious foods, drugs and medicines prayed to be prohibited by Congress in a memorial by the Legislature. 1905 Three electoral votes of Idaho were cast for Theodore Roosevelt, the Republican presidential candidate. 1905 Lewis and Clark Exposition at Portland, Oregon, was held, at which a commissioner made a display of objects illustrating the history, progress, moral and material welfare of the State. 1905 State Federation of Woman's Clubs established at Boise, having for its object legislation pertaining to civic improvement, sanitation, art culture and artistic development. 1905 Ex-Governor Frank Steunenberg assassinated by Harry Orchard at Caldwell at the instigation of the officers of the Western Federation of Miners. 1905 Lemhi Indians agreed to relinquish their reservation and remove, as a tribe, to Fort Hall, where they would receive lands and an annual money payment. 1905 Twin Falls Irrigation Tract, a Carey act project, was completed, reclaiming several thousand acres of arid lands. 1906 Largest sawmill in the United States, with a daily capacity of 750,000 feet, was built by Weyerhaeuser syndicate at Potlatch, open ing to trade the vast lumber interests. 1906 Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation was allotted to the Indians in severalty of one hundred and sixty acres each and the surplus was sold for their benefit. 1906 State election: Burton L. French, Republican, elected congressman for a third term and to the Sixtieth Congress, and Frank R. Gooding, Republican, re-elected governor of the State. 1906 Vote for governor, November 6th: Republican, 38,386; Democrat, 29,490; Socialist, 4,650; Prohibition, 1,937. Total, 73,56'9. Repub lican plurality, 8,890. 1900 Ninth amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing that the rate of taxation should never exceed 10 mills on each $1 of assess able valuation. 1907 Ninth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 7th with seventy-three members; Republican majority. IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 37 1907 William E. Borah, Republican, elected a United States senator by the Legislature to serve until March 4, 1913. 1907 Attempting to influence any member of the Legislature to vote for or against any measure pending therein defined as lobbying and made unlawful. 1907 Preservation of forests provided for by the creation of fire wardens to patrol timber lands. 1907 Twenty-second county created in Idaho was Twin Falls, with Twin Falls the county seat, including the western part of Cassia County. 1907 Twenty-third county created in Idaho was Bonner, with Sandpoint the county seat, including the northern part of Kootenai County. 1907 Practice of osteopathy, a system, method or science of treating dis eases, was regulated by examination and registration. 1907 Preservation of the records, history, relics and mementoes of the Grand Army of the Republic, Idaho Department, provided for in rooms at the State house. 1907 Practice of optometry was regulated by a board of examiners who issue certificates of registration therefor. 1907 State Board of Health created for the purpose of collecting vital statistics and enforcing the laws of health. 1907 Sunday as a day of public rest was provided for, and all places of business and public amusement closed and' prohibited. 1907 Summer normal schools for training teachers were located at Boise, Pocatello and Coeur d'Alene. 1907 Historical Society of Idaho was formed to collect and preserve all things pertaining to the historical data of the State. 1907 State flag for Idaho was adopted, which was made of blue, charged with the name of the State in colors. 1907 State Fish Hatchery, for the artificial propagation and distribution of food and commercial fishes, was located on Silver Creek, near Hay Spur, in Blaine County. 1907 State Board of Highway Commissioners was formed to have control and supervision of roads, bridges and trails constructed at the expense of the State and keep them in proper repair. 1907 State Grain Commission was provided whose duty it was to establish standards for grain and fix rules and regulations for grading and weighing the same. 1907 Forest reserve policy of the National Government as administered is detrimental to the interests of Idaho was proclaimed in a memorial to Congress by the Legislature. 1907 Lemhi Indians removed to Fort Hall, where they received in sever alty one hundred and sixty acres each of farming and grazing lands on that reserve. 1907 Moyer, Haywood and Pettibone, officers of the Western Federation of Miners, were tried on the charge of conspiracy in the murder of ex-Governor Frank Steunenberg, but the trial resulted in an acquittal. 1907 Minidoka project, of Blaine and Cassia counties, a Federal under taking under the reclamation act, converted several thousand acres 38 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY of arid lands into an irrigable area fitted for cultivation and homes. 1907 Financial panic in the nation interfered with business in the State, tying up the money of the country in the banks. 1908 Idaho Revised Codes, a complete, simplified code of all laws of the State then in force, was published. 1908 First conference of governors at the White House in Washington was held, at which Governor Frank R. Gooding represented Idaho. 1908 Under President Roosevelt's forest reserve policy one-half of the State was organized into national forest reserves. 1908 Frank S. Dietrich was appointed Federal judge of the United States District Court for Idaho, James W. Beatty having resigned. 1908 National election: William H. Taft, Republican, elected President; Thomas R. Hamer, Republican, congressman to the Sixty-first Con gress; and James H. Brady, Republican, governor of the State. 1908 Vote for President, November 3d: Republican, 52,621; Democrat, 36,162; Socialist, 6,400; Prohibition, 1,986. Total, 97,169. Repub lican plurality, 16,459. 1908 Tenth amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing that assessors and tax collectors be empowered to appoint deputies and clerical assistance. 1909 Tenth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 4th witn seventy-six members; Republican majority. 1909 Eighth Judicial District was formed, composed of Kootenai and Bonner counties. 1909 Indeterminate sentence law was enacted whereby persons convicted of felony should be sentenced a term not less than the minimum, nor more than the maximum, to be determined by the prison board. 1909 Local option law, to regulate, restrict and prohibit the sale of intox icating liquors in the several counties by vote of the people, was enacted. 1909 Decoration and Labor days were made holidays to be observed thru- out the State. 1909 Liability of employers and masters for damage to employes injured or killed in the employment or service of said employer or master was enacted. 1909 Direct primary law enacted requiring a majority of all votes to nominate a candidate and providing a preferential or second choice vote. 1909 State School Law Commission for Idaho was enacted to investigate educational conditions and familiarize itself with the school law. 1909 Effect of alcoholic drinks, stimulants and narcotics on the human system made a branch of study in the common schools. 1909 Branch agricultural secondary schools and branch experimental sta tions were established, one each in northern and southern Idaho. 1909 Creation of rural high school districts for the establishment, control and maintenance of rural high schools was provided by law. Lands around Payette lakes were converted into a public park and dedicated to the use of the general public. 1909 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 39 1909 Heyburn Park at Chatcolet was established for free public use and enjoyment of all the people. 1909 Shoshone Falls were improved, dedicated and maintained as a State park for the free use and enjoyment of the public. 1909 Weldon B. Heyburn was re-elected a United States senator by the State Legislature to serve until March 4, 1915. 1909 Three electoral votes of Idaho were cast for William H. Taft, the Republican presidential candidate. 1909 Alaska- Yukon Exposition at Seattle was held at which a State com missioner properly exhibited the products and resources of Idaho. 1909 Discovery of the north pole by Lieutenant Robert E. Peary put an end to the mythical Northwest Passage thru North America to Asia and disapproved an open sea at the pole. 1909 Statue of George L. Shoup was placed by the State in National Statuary Hall at the Capitol of the United States to honor and rep resent Idaho therein. 1910 King Hill Irrigation Project, a Carey act project of southern Idaho, was constructed, reclaiming a vast amount of arid lands. 1910 Northern Pacific System begins the construction of a railroad down the Salmon River by building the Gilmore & Pittsburg to Salmon City. 1910 Fifth census of Idaho was taken by the thirteenth census enumera tors, showing a population of 325,594, or 3.91 persons to the square mile. 1910 History of Idaho, by John Hailey, State librarian, was published by the State. 1910 Halley's comet returned, passed around the sun and moved off again into space without any wonderful portent happening. 1910 State election: Burton L. French, Republican, elected congressman for a fourth term and to the Sixty-second Congress, and James H. Hawley, Democrat, governor of the State. 1910 Vote for governor, November 8th: Democrat, 40,856; Republican, 39,961 ;' Socialist, 5,342. Total, 86,159. Democrat plurality, 895. 1910 Eleventh amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing that sheriffs and assessors could succeed themselves in office. 1910 Twelfth amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing that should a judge of the Supreme Court be disqualified or unable to sit in a cause, a district judge could be called in and sit in court. 1910 Thirteenth amendment to the State constitution adopted, permitting the Legislature to authorize a sufficient bond issue to complete the construction of the State capitol building. 1910 Fourteenth amendment to the State constitution adopted, adding the SJate auditor as a member of the Board of Land Commissioners, making the membership consist of five. 1911 Eleven^n session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 2d with eighty-two members ; Republican majority. 1911 Twenty-fourth county created in Idaho was Bonneville, with Idaho 40 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY Falls the county seat, including the northern part of Bingham County. 1911 Twenty-fifth county created in Idaho was Clearwater, with Orofino the county seat, including the northern part of Nez Perce County. 1911 Twenty-sixth county created in Idaho was Adams, with Council the county seat, including the northern part of Washington County. 1911 Twenty-seventh county created in Idaho was Lewis, with Nez Perce the county seat, including the eastern part of Nez Perce County. 1911 Idaho State School for the Deaf and Blind was located at Gooding. 1911 Black law, providing a commission form of government for certain cities, was enacted. 1911 Ninth Judicial District of* the State was formed, composed of Bonne ville and Fremont counties. 1911 Highway district law was enacted, provided for maintaining perma nent good roads of hard surface, properly graded and convenient for travel thruout the year. 1911 Sixteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was ratified by the Legislature, providing that Congress shall have power to levy an income tax. 1911 White Man's Day celebration was held at Milner in commemoration of the Hunt-Astoria party which passed thru the Snake River Valley one hundred years before. 1911 Idaho State Sanitarium, for the care, protection, treatment and edu cation of the feeble" minded, was located at Nampa. 1911 Comprehensive system of State banking laws was enacted, providing for the examination, regulation and control of banks and trust com panies. 1911 Terms of the United States District Court for Idaho were made as follows: Northern at Coeur d'Alene; central at Moscow; southern at Boise ; and eastern at Pocatello. 1911 Search and seizure law was enacted for enforcing the intoxicating liquor laws. 1911 Legal holidays in Idaho: Every Sunday; New Year's Day; Wash ington's Birthday; Decoration Day; Idaho Pioneer Day; Independ ence Day; Labor Day; Columbus Day; Christmas Day; general election day ; any public fast, thanksgiving or holiday made by either the President or governor. 1912 Two representatives in Congress were apportioned to Idaho under the census of 1910, to be elected at large in the State. 1912 K. I. Perky, Democrat, was appointed a United States senator by Governor Hawley to fill the vacancy made by the death of Senator Heyburn, and served until the Legislature elected another. 1912 Extraordinary session of the eleventh session of the State Legisla ture met at Boise on January 15th with eighty-two members ; Repub lican majority. 1912 Revised revenue laws enacted, providing a new system of assessment, equalization, levy and collection of taxes by assessing all property at 40 per cent of its cash value. IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 41 1912 Forty Carey act projects, to cost $100,000,000 and reclaiming 5,000,- 000 acres of arid lands, were formed, making Idaho the foremost State in irrigation. 1912 Federal reserve act placed Idaho in District No. 12, with San Fran cisco the reserve bank. 1912 Proceedings and debates of the Idaho Constitutional Convention were published by State authority. 1912 National election: Woodrow Wilson, Democrat, elected President; Burton L. French, Republican, congressman for a fifth term, and Addison T. Smith, Republican, congressman, the two congressmen being elected at large to the Sixty-third Congress; and John M. Haines, Republican, Governor of the State. 1912 Vote for President, November 5th: Democrat, 33,921; Republican, 32,810; Progressive, 25,527; Socialist, 11,960. Total, 104,218. Demo crat plurality, 1,111. 1912 Fifteenth amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing for a referendum vote on any act or measure passed by the Legisla ture and cause the same to be submitted to a vote of the people for approval or rejection. 1912 Sixteenth amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing for the initiative, that legal voters may initiate any desired legis lation and cause the same to be submitted to the people for approval or rejection. 1912 Seventeenth amendment to the State constitution adopted, allowing the State to issue $2,000,000 of bonds to cover appropriations made by the eleventh session of the Legislature. 1912 Eighteenth amendment to the State constitution adopted, allowing one State senator to each county and State representatives not to exceed three for each senator. The old provision allowed eighty-four members only in the Legislature. 1912 Nineteenth amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing for the recall of all officers, except judicial officers. 1912 Twentieth amendment to the State constitution adopted, allowing convicts in the State prison to work at other employment than public works under direct control of the State. 1912 Twenty-first amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing for a State Board of Education to sunervise the State educational institutions and the public school system. 1912 Twenty-second amendment to the State constitution adopted, making the county treasurer ex-officio tax collector, nnd allowing him to appoint deputies and clerical assistance as his office may require. 1913 Twelfth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 6th with eighty-four members; Republican majority. 1913 Twenty-eighth county created in Idaho was Minidoka, with Rupert the county seat, including the eastern part of Lincoln County. 1913 Twenty-ninth county created in Idaho was Gooding, with Gooding the county seat; including the western part of Lincoln County. 42 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 1913 Thirtieth county created in Idaho was Franklin, with Preston the county seat, including the southwestern part of Oneida County. ¦ 1913 Thirty-first county created in Idaho was Power, with American Falls the. county seat, including portions of Oneida, Bingham and Blaine counties. 1913 Thirty-second county created in Idaho was Jefferson, with Rigby the county seat, including the southern part of Fremont County. 1913 Thirty- third county created in Idaho was Madison, with Rexburg the county seat, including the southern part of Fremont County. 1913 Public Utilities Commission was formed with jurisdiction over all public utilities and public services. 1913 State Board of Education was created with a commissioner of educa tion to have general supervision, government and control of the public schools of the State. 1913 Seventeenth amendment to the United States Constitution, providing for the election of United States senators by direct vote of the people, was ratified by the Legislature. 1913 Universal use of automobiles and motor vehicles created a necessity for a law of the road which was enacted by the Legislature. 1913 Contribution to the Washington National Monument was made by the State with a suitable tablet containing an engraved inscription. 1913 Dry farming industry became an important one of the State, result ing from the agricultural extension and experimental station work along the lines of scientific farming. 1913 State Board of Tax Commissioners was created which shall exercise power and authority over boards of assessment and equalization and enforce all laws relating to taxes. 1913 Comprehensive system of revenue for State, county, municipal and school purposes was enacted, bringing the subject of taxation up to modern methods. 1913 Standard weights and measures for Idaho were adopted, giving the units of standard for most products and commodities. 1913 Comprehensive insurance laws were adopted, creating an insurance department, regulating the insurance business and bringing it up to modern methods. 1913 State Board of Veterinarian Examination was provided whose duties were to examine and license applicants to practice veterinarian medicine, surgery and dentistry. • 1913 National migratory bird law to prevent the slaughtering and exter mination of migratory birds was prayed for in a memorial to Con gress by the Legislature. 1913 Early History of Idaho, by William J. McConnell, was published by State authority. 1913 National parcel post law, whereby parcels of merchandise could be sent cheaply through the mails, greatly benefitted the buying public and mail facilities in the State. 1913 James H. Brady, Republican, elected by the Legislature a United States senator to serve out Senator Heyburn's term ending March 4 1915. IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 43 1913 William Er Borah, Republican, elected by the Legislature a United States senator for a second term to serve until March 4, 1919. 1913 Four electoral votes of Idaho were cast for Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic presidential candidate. 1914 State election: James H. Brady, Republican, elected United States senator to serve until .March 4, 1921 ; Addison T. Smith, Republican, congressman for a second term, and Robert McCracken, Republican, congressman, the two congressmen being elected at large for the Sixty-fourth Congress; and Moses Alexander, Democrat, governor of the State. 1914 Vote for governor, November 3d: Democrat, 47,618; Republican, 40,349; Progressive, 10,583; Socialist, 7,967. Total, 106,517. Demo crat plurality, 7,269. 1915 Thirteenth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 4th with ninety-four members; Republican majority. 1915 Thirty-fourth county created in Idaho was Benewah, with St. Maries . the county seat, including the southern part of Kootenai County. 1915 Thirty-fifth county created in Idaho was Boundary, with Bonners Ferry the county seat, including the northern part of Bonner County. 1915 Thirty-sixth county created in Idaho was Teton, with Driggs the county seat, including the eastern part of Madison County. 1915 Thirty-seventh county created in Idaho was Gem, with Emmett the county seat, including the northeastern part of Canyon County. 1915 Bone dry prohibition law was enacted, making it unlawful for any person to import, ship, sell, transport, deliver, receive or have in his possession intoxicating liquors within the State. 1915 Director of farm markets was created to promote the production and distribution of farm products and to improve country life. 1915 Uniform bill of lading act, relating to bills of lading issued by com mon carriers and prescribing the rules governing the same, was enacted. 1915 Uniform warehouse receipts act, relating to warehouse receipts issued by warehousemen and prescribing rules governing the same, was enacted. 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco was held where products and industries of the State were exhibited with good results by a commissioner. 1915 Columbia River Basin opened to continuous river communication with the Pacific Ocean by the completion of the Dalles-Celilo Canal. 1916 Second Idaho Regiment of Infantry Volunteers organized and mus tered into service for Mexican Border War at call of President Wilson. 1916 National grazing homestead act, providing for three hundred and twenty acres of grazing lands, made available a range pasture for live stock uses. 1916 Federal farm loan act, providing capital for agricultural develop ment, was enacted, aiding that industry of the State. 1916 National election: Woodrow Wilson, Democrat, re-elected Presi dent; Addison T. Smith, Republican, congressman for a third term, and Burton L. French, Republican, congressman for a sixth term, 44 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY two congressmen elected at large and to the Sixty-fifth Congress; and Moses Alexander, Democrat, re-elected governor of the State. 1916 Vote for President, November 7th: Democrat, 70,054; Republican, 55,368; Socialist, 8,066; Prohibition, 1,127. Total, 134,615. Demo crat plurality, 14,686. 1916 Twenty-third amendment to the State constitution adopted, prohibit ing forever the manufacture, sale, keeping for sale and transporting for sale of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes. 1916 Twenty-fourth amendment to the State constitution adopted, provid ing that one hundred instead of twenty-five sections of school lands shall be sold in any one year. 1917 Fourteenth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 8th with 102 members; Democrat majority. 1917 Thirty-eighth county created in Idaho was Payette, with Payette the county seat, including the northern part of Canyon County. 1917 Thirty-ninth county created in Idaho was Camas, with Fairfield the county seat, including the western part of Blaine County. 1917 Fortieth county created in Idaho was Butte, with Arco the county seat, including parts of Blaine, Jefferson and Bingham counties. 1917 Forty-first county created in Idaho was Valley, with Cascade the county seat, including parts of Idaho and Boise counties. 1917 Forty-second county created in Idaho was Selway, with Koosia the county seat, including parts of Idaho and "Lewis counties. 1917 Judicial districts of the State are: First, Shoshone; Second, Latah, Clearwater, Selway; Third, Ada, Boise, Owyhee, Valley; Fourth, Blaine, Cassia, Elmore, Gooding, Lincoln, Minidoka, Twin Falls, Camas; Fifth, Bannock, Bear Lake, Franklin, Oneida, Power; Sixth, Bingham, Butte, Custer, Lemhi; Seventh, Adams, Canyon, Gem, Pay ette, Washington; Eighth, Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Kootenai; Ninth, Bonneville, Fremont, Jefferson, Madison, Teton; Tenth, Idaho, Lewis, Nez Perce. 1917 First Congressional District was formed, composed of Adams, Boise, Boundary, Bonner, Benewah, Custer, Canyon, Clearwater, Gem, Idaho, Kootenai, Lewis, Lemhi, Latah, Nez Perce, Payette, Shoshone, Selway, Washington and Valley counties. 1917 Second Congressional District was formed, composed of Ada, Ban nock, Blaine, Bingham, Bonneville, Bear Lake, Butte, Cassia, Camas, Elmore, Franklin, Fremont, Gooding, Jefferson, Lincoln, Madison, Minidoka, Oneida, Owyhee, Power, Twin Falls and Teton counties. 1917 Teachers' retirement fund, providing a pension for old teachers and old age insurance and caring for those permanently injured, was enacted. 1917 Classification of counties with salaries paid county commissioners: First, Bonner, Twin Falls, $1,500; Second, Ada, Canyon, $900; Third, Latah, Kootenai, Elmore, Clearwater, Payette, Owyhee, Bonne ville, Benewah, Boise, Fremont, Idaho, Nez Perce, Shoshone, $700; Fourth, Minidoka, Boundary, Custer, Lemhi, Bannock, Bingham, Lincoln, Lewis, Washington, Valley, Selway, $500; Fifth, Adams, Blaine, Bear Lake, Butte, Camas, Cassia, Franklin, Gooding, Jeffer son, Teton, Madison, Oneida, Gem, Power, $300. IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 45 1917 Five annual terms of the Supreme Court were provided for, of which two shall be held at Boise, one at 'Lewiston, one at Coeur d'Alene and one at Pocatello. 1917 Federal good road act was accepted by the Legislature relating to the survey, construction and maintenance of good roads thruout the State. 1917 State Board of Agriculture was created with duties to promote the interests of agriculture, horticulture, stock raising, animal industry, manufacture, domestic arts and other industries of the State. 1917 Annual State fair at Boise was created for the purpose of exhibiting agricultural, horticultural, mining, mechanical, industrial and other resources. 1917 Annual live stock show at Lewiston was created for the special advancement of the live stock industry of the State. 1917 Big Lost River Game Preserve in Custer and Blaine counties was created to protect game birds, game and fur-bearing animals, and to establish a breeding place therefor. ¦ 1917 Selway Game Preserve in Idaho County was created to protect game and fur-bearing animals and to establish a breeding place therefor. 1917 Big Creek Game Preserve in Lemhi County was created to protect game birds, game and fur -bearing animals, and to establish a breed ing place therefor. 1917 City manager plan of government was adopted for the administration of the affairs of certain cities. 1917 Workman's compensation act, to provide for the compensation of employes for personal injuries sustained in the course of public and industrial employment, was enacted. 1917 State Board of Architect Examiners, to pass on the qualifications and duties of architects and to issue licenses therefor, was enacted. 1917 Amendments to the United States Constitution providing for the ab solute abolition of the liquor traffic and for the equal right of suffrage for women was prayed for in a memorial to Congress by the Legislature. 1917 Four electoral votes of Idaho were cast for Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic presidential candidate. 1917 Indian war pension bill enacted by Congress for those who had par ticipated in the western Indian wars helped out many who had volun teered in these wars. 1917 Arrowrock Dam on the Boise River, 350 feet high and costing $5,000,- 000, was constructed for the Boise-Payette project to irrigate an empire of virgin soil. 1917 World's war for democracy received a hearty approval in Idaho, resulting in generous contributions for Liberty bonds, Red Cross, Y. M. C. A. and other helpful funds. 19~17 Energies of the State directed almost exclusively to drives, drafts, production and conservation of food products and other things help ful to make the world safe for democracy. 1918 John F. Nugent, Democrat, was appointed a United States senator by Governor Alexander to fill the vacancy made by the death of James H. Brady and to serve until the next State election. IDAHO— ITS MEANING, ORIGIN AND APPLICATION* By John E. Rees CONSIDERABLE speculation has been indulged and much thought expended regarding the word "Idaho"; its origin, meaning and the manner in which it came to be applied. Other writers have expressed opinions and published their knowledge concerning this word or name, creating rather an extensive literature on the subject, while both the wise and otherwise have' guessed at its meaning. My object in this article is an endeavor to assemble this information and offer an explanation of the word from the light of other facts perhaps not yet known, and at any rate not yet published. These, it seems to me, will give a fairly good interpretation of the word. "Idaho" has been so nicely explained and elaborated so profusely by the poetical and idealist that Idahoans feel proud of a name which signifies such a noble and expressive thought as the "Gem of the Mountains"; and whatever the word may have originally meant, this is its meaning to us now, and one not to be now molested. It is not my wish or purpose in this article to disturb this meaning, nor to detract one iota from its inspir ing sentiment, but simply to offer a version of the matter, for history's sake, from my knowledge of the Shoshoni Indian language, gained by forty years' residence near the Lemhis, one division of the Shoshoni tribe and among whom I was Indian trader for fifteen years. "Idaho" is a Shoshoni Indian exclamation. The expression from which the word is derived is heard repeated as often perhaps in a Shoshoni Indian camp, in the early part of the morning, as is heard the English expression, "It's sun up," repeated in the home following the early dawn. The word is contracted from a meaning which requires much writing to correctly express it in English. Those who are used to translating lan guages readily understand the difficulties of this labor, which at times becomes almost an impossible task. The word "Idaho" consists of three component parts, each of which must be analyzed to correctly understand its derivation and the idea conveyed. The first is "Ee," which in Epglish conveys the idea of "coming down." This syllable is the basis of such Shoshoni words as mean "raining," ''snowing," etc., which words when properly translated would be, "water coming down," "snow coming down," etc. The second syllable is "Dah," which is the Shoshoni stem or root for both "sun" and "mountain," the one being as eternal and everlasting to the Indian mind as is the other. The third syllable, "How," denotes the exclamation and stands for just the same thing in Indian as the exclama tion mark ( ! ) does in the English language. The Shoshoni word is "Ee- dah-how," and the Indian thought thus conveyed when literally translated into English means, "Behold! the sun coming down the mountain." * Reprinted from Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. XVIII, No. 2, 1917. 46 IDAHO— ITS MEANING, ORIGIN AND APPLICATION 47 The mere word does not indicate much, for it is composed of simple syllables, the significance of which requires pages of written English to correctly convey the idea which this exclamation suggests to the aboriginal mind. Every one who has lived in a mountainous country has observed at sunrise the rim of sunlight coming down the mountain side as the sun was rising in the. opposite direction. This is the Shoshoni "Ee-dah-how." It can only occur in and among the mountains which is represented by the English thought, "the lofty mountains upon which the morning breaks." Also, it can occur only at those times when the atmosphere is still, clear and bright, elements producing that invigorating and exhilarating feeling which only high, mountainous countries possess. In the imagination this sunlight on the mountain side can be inter preted to mean "Sunshine Mountain," or "Shining Mountain," and the rim of sunlight can also represent the "Diadem on the Mountain," while a peculiar sunlit peak could be imagined a "Sun-Crowned Peak," or a brilliant display of sunlight upon a snow-capped mountain where the rays of sun shine are refracted into their natural colors may convey to us the thought or image of the "Gem of the Mountains"; but when the word is uttered in a Shoshoni camp, at early dawn, the hearer knows that a rim of sunlight is coming down the mountain side as the sun is rising in the opposite direction, and that it is time for him to be up and at the labors of the day; just as much so as a person Hearing the English expression, "It's sun up," knows that the sun has risen in the sky and he should be up and at work. The idea conveyed by "Ee-dah-how" may be a kind of sun worship as contended by some, but it appears to me to be no more so than is the English expression, "It's sun up." This exclamation expresses to the primeval mind a confidence in the continuance of nature, for the sun has returned to replenish all things, and this display on the mountain side is the evidence; and to the Indian mind this exhibition of an eternal sun making its first appearance upon an everlasting mountain denotes a stable- ness worthy of his attention and is his signal to arise, as he habitually does at the first appearance of "Ee-dah-how." The effect which day and night might have had upon the habits of primitive man is a subject within the province of the anthropologist. However, we are informed that civilized man is ofttimes influenced by custom survivals and will, long after the necessary fact for a certain action has ceased, continue to act as if it were still in existence. Whatever might have been the reason in times past, we know and realize that the expres sion, "It's sun up," has a meaning to the majority of mankind of an influ ence which the rising sun has upon his actions. The emphasis in this expression, "Ee-dah-how," is placed upon the "Dah" syllable, as it is the keynote to the utterance, for the eternal sun arrayed upon the everlasting mountain is the splendor which the speaker wishes to especially impress upon his hearer. The Indian has a name for sunrise, sunset, morning and evening, but "Ee-dah-how" conveys the idea of a beginning or renewal of natural' phenomena, and the sunrise is the symbol, while other parts of the day follow in sequence only and do not attract the same attention, senti ment or acknowledgment. 48 IDAHO— ITS MEANING, ORIGIN AND APPLICATION The Shoshonean Indians were the third family, in the extent of terri tory occupied, ol the fifty-five that formerly inhabited the United States. The Shoshoni are one tribe of this great Shoshonean family, of which the Comanche are another. The two tribes speak almost the same language, varying only in dialect; their traditions are very similar and they readily converse with and understand, each other. Ethnologists consider the Comanche an offshoot of the Shoshoni. It was not many years ago, geolog ically considered, when they lived adjacent to each other in southern Wyom ing, from which place the Shoshoni were gradually beaten back by other Indians into the mountains, while the Comanche were forced southward, so that the first rush of miners to Pike's Peak in 1858, and what afterwards became known as Colorado, found this tribe within this territory and located especially along the Arkansas River. The country was at that time a part of Kansas. Here, also, they came in contact with the "lofty mountains upon which the morning breaks," which were quite numerous and in commanding evidence. As all the elements were present, it was no wonder that they found the expression, "Ee-dah-how," . a familiar one in this new Eldorado, and the word "Idaho" was known to almost every one and was said by all who had any knowledge of it to mean "Gem of the Mountains." The first permanent settlement made by those hardy pioneers in this new territory in 1859 was named forithis Shoshoni word and called "Idaho Springs." In 1861, when Congress organized this new territory, "Idaho" was proposed as its name, which should have been applied to it, but the Spanish word "Colorado," which referred to a river and country foreign to this new country and which had no application whatever, was selected instead. This selection was suggested by Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts, who was afterwards Vice-President associated with Gen eral Grant in the presidency, and who was chiefly responsible for the naming of Colorado, Idaho and Montana. The next heard of this word was when "Idahoe" was applied to a steamboat launched at Victoria, British Columbia, in the fall of 1860. It was built for the Yale Steamboat Company to run upon the Fraser River, and was so called by one of the owners for his former home in Colorado, "Idaho Springs," which .was an Indian word signifying "Gem of the Mountains," but the name of the steamboat was soon changed to "Fort Yale," and it was afterwards blown up by a boiler explosion. The permanent settlement of Idaho Territory began with the discovery of gold at Pierce City, on Oro Fino Creek, in 1860. It was then a part of Washington Territory, and the name "Idaho" was not known or applied at that time. The rush to these mines was made principally by the Colum bia River route, and so extensive did the traffic, carried on by river boats, become that a company was formed, called the Oregon Steam Navigation Company, of which Colonel J. S. Ruckel was a stockholder. One of the steamboats constructed by this company plying on the Columbia River was called the "Idaho," and launched in 1860. Mr. George H. Himes curator of the Oregon Historical Society, informs me that he heard Colonel Ruckel tell Mr. D. C. Ireland, who was the local newsgatherer of the Oregonian, IDAHO— ITS MEANING, ORIGIN AND APPLICATION 49 in answer to the question as to the origin and meaning of the name "Idaho," which he had applied to this steamboat, "That it was an Indian word mean ing 'Gem ot the Mountains,' and that he got it from a Colorado friend who was interested with him in mining operations in that State, and he thought the name very appropriate for a steamboat that ran on a river like the Columbia which penetrated a range of mountains like the Cas cades." Thus the name became transferred to the great Northwest, and as Joaquin Miller said, "The name was familiar in five thousand men's mouths as they wallowed thru the snow in '61 on their way to the Oro Fino mines." However, the word became corrupted by these miners into "Idao," but happily thru the writings of the poet Joaquin Miller, the Bard of the Sierras, the proper orthography was restored and for the first time in his tory an attempt was made to give the origin and meaning of the name and to publish it to the public. Mr. Miller said, "I was riding pony express at the time rumors reached us thru the Nez Perce Indians that gold was to be found on the headwaters and tributaries of the Salmon River. I had lived with the Indians, and Colonel Craig, who had spent most of his life with them, often talked with me about possible discoveries in the mountains to the right as we rode to Oro Fino, and what the Indians said of the then unknown region. Gallop your horse, as I have a hundred times, against the rising sun. As you climb the Sweetwater Mountains, far away to your right, you will see the name Idaho written on the mountain top ; at least you will see a peculiar and beautiful light at sunrise, a sort of diadem on two grand clusters of mountains that bear away under the clouds fifty miles distant. I called Colonel Craig's attention to this peculiar and beautiful light. 'That,' said he, 'is what the Indians call E-dah-hoe, which means the light or diadem on the line of the mountains.' That was the first time I ever heard the name. Later, in September, 1861, when I rode into the newly discovered camp to establish an express office, I took with me an Indian from Lapwai. We followed an Indian trail, crossed Craig Moun tain, then Camas Prairie, and had all the time E-dah-hoe Mount for our objective point. On my return to Lewiston I wrote a letter containing a brief account of our trip and of the mines, and it was published in one of the Oregon papers, which one I have now forgotten. In that account I often mentioned E-dah-hoe, but spelt it Idaho, leaving the pronunciation unmarked by any diacritical signs. So that perhaps I may have been the first to give it its present spelling, but I certainly did not originate the word." In 1858 the Territorial Legislature of Washington created a county within this territory which contained all lands north of the Clearwater, east of the Columbia and west of the Rocky Mountains. It was named Shoshone for the largest tribe of Indians in this section of the country, and in 1861 when the population in the mines demanded it, another county was formed including all lands lying south and west of the Clearwater, and named Nez Perce for the next largest tribe of Idaho Indians. The rest of the Idaho Territory was formed, in 1862, into the largest county ever 50 IDAHO— ITS MEANING, ORIGIN AND APPLICATION created within the State, embracing all lands lying south of Nez Perce and east of Snake River, and called Idaho County in recognition of this word. In 1863, Boise County was created, so that Idaho had four counties in existence, formed by the Washington Legislature, when the Territory was organized. Hon. John Hailey, Idaho's State historian, in his "History of Idaho," says : "The organic act passed by Congress, and approved by the President, March 3, 1863, creating and organizing a territorial government for the people residing within and those who might come hereafter, in certain limits and boundary lines of territorial lands, gave to that Territory the name Idaho. Various reasons are given for the origin of the name Idaho. By some it is claimed that it is an Indian name. One story is that some miners had camped within sight of what is now Mount Idaho. In the morning they were awakened by the Indians calling 'I-da-ho,' and pointing to the rising sun just coming over the mountain, hence the term 'The Rising Sun.' Another is that the name was taken from a steamboat built by the late Col. J. S. Ruckel to run on the Columbia River in the early days. This boat was named 'The Idaho.' W. A. Goulder, one of the oldest living (now dead) pioneers of Idaho, saw this steamer on the Columbia in 1860, and noticing the name, asked the meaning, and was informed that it was an Indian word, 'E-dah-hoe,' and stood for 'The Gem of the Mountains.' Frederick Campbell, one of the pioneers of the Pike's Peak excitement, says that the word Idaho is an Arapaho Indian word, and that in Colorado a spring was named Idaho before the word was known in the Northwest, and that it was even suggested for the name of Colorado." Col. William H. Wallace was delegate in Congress from Washington Territory when the bill was passed in 1863 organizing from the eastern por tion of Washington, a new Territory, which was named Idaho. Mrs. Wallace was in Washington, District of Columbia, at the time, and her account of the episode, which was afterwards published in the Tacoma Ledger, is as follows: "I may refer with pride to my connection with the establishment of the Territory of Idaho at the expiring days of the session of Congress, 1862-63. Quite a delegation was present at Washington City who favored the division of Washington Territory, which then included all of Idaho and Montana west of the Rocky Mountains, extending as far south as the northern line of California and Nevada. It was an immense region and contained South Pass, the great entrance of Oregon, Washington and Cali fornia, by the great immigrant route. The colonel was overjoyed at the assured passage of the bill, which he had in charge, and his friends who had assembled at his rooms joined with him in conferring upon me the high privilege of naming the new Territory. I answered, 'Well, if I am to name it, the Territory shall be called Idaho, for my little niece, who' was born near Colorado Springs, whose name is Idaho, from an Indian chief's daughter of that name, so called for her beauty, meaning 'Gem of the Mountains.' Dr. Anson G. Henry, the surveyor-general of Washington Territory, then on a visit to Washington City, was in the room. He clapped his hands upon his knees and said to me, 'Mrs. Wallace, Idaho it shall be.' IDAHO— ITS MEANING, ORIGIN AND APPLICATION 51 The evening of the day upon which the bill was passed my husband came home and said, 'Well, Lue, you've got your Territory, and I'm to be gov ernor of it.' A short time after the bill was signed my husband was appointed its first governor, and at the first election held in the newly organized Territory, he was selected delegate to Congress." There were others beside Mrs. Wallace who claimed the honor of naming Idaho Territory, and while their contributory suggestions may have had some influence in designating it, yet the true history of the appli cation of the word to this particular geographical territory for political administration discloses the fact that it occurred in an ordinary way, and that instead of any sentiment influencing the act, it was simply a--result of legislative enactment. In the fall of 1861, Wallace, Garfield and Lander were candidates for congressional delegate from Washington Terri tory, and while stumping the country during the campaign, met at Pierce City. The people inhabiting this section of the country were so far from Olympia, the capital, and had for some time agitated a division of the eastern part of Washington Territory, so, thru the solicitation and request of these people, each of these candidates agreed that whoever was elected would favor this division, and every one agreed that "Idaho" should be the name of the new Territory. That this agreement was carried out is proven by the fact that Mr. Wallace, the successful candidate, at once had intro duced in Congress a bill creating the new Territory of Idaho. The congressional history of this act shows that in the committee to which the bill had been referred three names were suggested, namely, Shoshone, Montana and Idaho, and that in the bill as it passed the House of Representatives the name of "Montana" was applied to this new Terri tory. When the matter came before the Senate for consideration, the bill was modified very materially, for, while it scarcely included what is now Idaho, the modified bill included all of the present States of Montana and Wyoming, in which form it was approved and became the law. Later these States were created out of Idaho. Senator Wilson moved to strike out the word "Montana" and insert "Idaho" in its stead. To this Senator Harding of Oregon agreed, saying, "Idaho in English means 'Gem of the Moun tains.'" Senator Wilson's amendment was agreed to, and when the bill went back to the House it was concurred in and the new Territory was henceforth designated Idaho. Thus Senator Wilson selected the name Idaho, whilst Senator Harding was instrumental in continuing its meaning. How the Shoshoni Indian word "Ee-dah-how" was eventually transformed into the English word "Idaho" is a task for the etymologist; but, whatever may be its etymology, the word "Idaho" and its meaning, "Gem of the Mountains," are forever fixed as correlated terms in the vocabulary of the people of Idaho. IDAHO NOMENCLATURE AGENCY CREEK, Lemhi County. — This stream is a tributary of the Lemhi River and was the first creek which Captain Meriwether Lewis came upon when he entered the Columbia River Basin on August 12; 1805. The Lewis and Clark trail follows down this creek about a mile, where it passes into the foothills. In 1872, A. J. Smith, an Indian agent, erected some buildings near the mouth of this stream for the Lemhi Indian agency, from which incident the creek received its present name. — BEES, History of Lemhi County. ALTURAS LAKE, Blaine County. — This name was first applied to one of the counties of Idaho and is a Spanish word meaning "mountainous heights." It was given to the new county that was formed in 1864, and was said by the miners who inhabited that part of the country to mean "Heavenly Heights." The county was abolished, by legislative enactment; the name still adheres to this lake. — BANCROFT, History of Washington, Idaho and Montana. AMERICAN. — While anything pertaining to the western hemisphere is "American," yet in all countries the use of this word is restricted to the citizens of the United States and was always so used in the settle ment of the West. The Indian name for "American" is "Soo-yaw- pee," which means "Su-wop," "ghost" and "Pee," "people" or "ghost people." The name was applied to them from the incident of the first meeting with some "Americans" that must have been "Yankees" who were anxious to trade with the Indians, always bantering them to "swop," which word meant "ghost" with the Shoshonis. The word became applied to all "Americans" by almost all the Rocky Mountain and Great Basin Indians. They have a distinct name for a white man, but it is different with each tribe, while this name is almost univer sal. — STUART, Montana As It Is. AMERICAN FALLo, Power County. — These falls derive their name from the circumstance of a number of trappers, members of some of the American fur companies, in going down the Snake River in canoes, not aware of their proximity to the falls, were hurried along by the vio lence of the current; and passing over the falls, but one of their num ber survived. This occurred in the late '20s. The Hunt-Astoria party ( q. v. ) were the first white men to see and visit these falls, which they did as they passed them in October, 1811, after losing a boat in trying to get over them. — PALMER, Journal of Travels; IRVING, Astoria. BANNOCK. — This word is of Scotch origin and means a thick cake made of oatmeal, baked over the fire. The name is generally used for Ban nack (q.v.), although when so used is misapplied. 52 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 53 BANNACK. — This name is derived from a tribe of Indians that belong to the Shoshonean family (q. v.). The word is of Shoshoni origin and means "Bamp," "hair" and "nack," "a backward motion," alluding to the manner in which the tribe wore a tuft of hair thrown back from the forehead. "Bamp-nack" was changed to the more euphonious word "Bannack" and is an entirely different word from Bannock ( q. v. ) , which latter is a Scotch word and is always misapplied when used in reference to this tribe of Indians. They call themselves "Panaita," which they claim means "Southern People." Their habitat was the country lying between Raft River ( q. v. ) and the Portneuf Mountains ( q. v. ) , ceded to them by treaty with Chief Pokatello ( q. v.). They were a proud but quarrelsome people; tall, slender and a lighter com plexion than the Shoshonis ( q. v. ) , and while averse to manual labor, yet were the bravest Indians of the Rocky Mountain region ; they were ofttimes heartless, cruel and bloodthirsty. The men were among the finest looking of their race; the women being noted as the ugliest of western tribes. The country occupied by them lay athwart both the Oregon and Overland trails ( q. v. ) . By various treaties they are now on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation ( q. v. ) — REES, History of Lemhi County. I i BANNOCK PASS, Lemhi County. — This is the pass over the Continental Divide of the Rocky Mountains (q. v.) at the head of Horse Prairie Creek, or Shoshoni cove (q. v.), and is so called because it is the pass over which the wagon road crossed from Bannack, Montana, to Junction, Idaho, the latter place being so named because it was at the junction of the Bannack road from the east and the Mormon road from the south. It was through this pass the Nez Perce Indians (q. v.) re- crossed from Montana into Idaho during their raids of 1877. The Gilmore & Pittsburg Railroad crosses the Rocky Mountains by tunnel ing under this pass. BANNACK INDIAN WAR. — The first treaty made between the United States and the Bannacks (q. v.) was at Box Elder, Utah, in 1863. Among other things it stipulated, "The country claimed by Pokatello, for himself and his people is bounded on the west by Raft River and on the east by the Portneuf Mountains." This treaty having served its purpose, another was entered- into at Fort Bridger, Utah, in 1868, stating, "It is agreed that whenever the Bannacks desire a reservation to be set apart for their use, or whenever the President of the United States shall deem it advisable for them to, be put upon a reservation, he shall cause a suitable one to be selected for them in their present country, which shall embrace reasonable portions of 'Portneuf and 'Kansas Prairie' countries." In 1869, President Grant set aside, by executive order, the Fort Hall Indian Reservation (q. v.) for the Ban nacks (q. v.), among other Indians of southern Idaho, but nothing was done about the "Kansas Prairie" country, although the Government officials knew about the mistake in the word "Kansas" and that the Indians claimed "Camas Prairie," where they had for times past gath- 54 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE ered the camas root (q. v.), yet the "Camas Prairie" country was thrown open to settlement by the whites. This infringement of the Indian's right, guaranteed by treaty, and the ambitions of Buffalo Horn (q. i\)..were the cause of this war. BATTLE OF BEAR RIVER, Franklin County.— In the three hundred years' contest on the American continent between the white and the red man for supremacy, a victory for the white man was called a "battle," but a victory for the red man was called a "massacre." A massacre occurs where one side is helpless and the other, being armed, proceeds to slay without possible resistance. Indians have massacred unarmed white men, women and children, and likewise the whites have massacred unarmed red men, women and children. At Little Big Horn, on June 25, 1876, the Indians threw down the gage of battle. General Custer accepted it, and in the fight which ensued his entire command of 264 men, except a scout, was killed. This is called the Custer "massacre." At Bear River, on January 29, 1863, General Connor threw down the gage of battle and Chief Pokatello (q. v.) accepted it, and in the fight which ensued 267 Indians, of which ninety were women and children, were killed and only sixteen of his followers escaped. This is called a "battle." Such nomenclature is scarcely consistent. BEAR. — This word is of Anglo-Saxon origin and means "warrior," coming from the practice of giving names of fierce animals to men of valor. It belongs to the Ursus family; the grizzly being the king of American wild beasts. Its color varies, sometimes having a preponderance of white and called the "white bear," especially by Lewis and Clark. The grizzly is about six feet in length and averages about five hundred pounds in weight ; exceedingly powerful and extremely tenacious of life. All bears hibernate ( winter sleep ) , but before doing so grow very fat (bear grease), which is gradually consumed by the system to sustain life during the winter. The young are born in midwinter, naked and blind, requiring five weeks before they can see and become covered with hair. From the days of the earliest explorers of the Rocky Mountain regions, grizzly bears have borne the undisputed title of America's fiercest and most dangerous big game. In early days, hav ing little fear of the primitive weapons of the Indians, they were bold and indifferent to the presence of man, and no higher badge , of supreme courage and prowess could be gained than a necklace of grizzly claws. — GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, November, WIG. BEAR RIVER AND LAKE, Bear Lake County.— A fur trapping party composed of Hoback, Rezner, Robinson, Cass and Miller of the Hunt- Astoria party (q. v.) were the first white men upon these waters., trapping the region in the winter of 1811-12. They called the stream Miller River for one of their party. In 1818, Donald Mackenzie. leader of the Snake country expedition (q. v.), wishing to examine the country south of the Snake River, journeyed to Bear River and to the lake which drained into it. He called the body of water Black Bear Lake from the number of black bear (q. v.) which he saw in that IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 55 vicinity. To Ashley's men in 1826 it was known as Little Lake in distinction from the Great Lake farther west, and Bear River was spoken of by them as waters that flowed into the Pacific. Part of this lake was in Spanish territory, being south of 42°, but there is no evidence of any exploration made by them. The Shoshonis called this river "Quee-yaw pah," meaning "Quee-paw," "tobacco root," and "pah," "water," or "the stream along which the tobacco root grew." This root grew along this stream in abundance, producing a food which the Indians used extensively. — IRVING, Astoria; DALE, Ashley-Smith Explorations. BEAVER. — This is a rodent of the Castor family, about two feet in length, averaging forty pounds in weight, and is covered with long, coarse hairs overlying a short, dense and silky underfur, to which the beaver skin owes its value. It is the architect and engineer of the animal world, and soon after cutting down a willow, sapling or tree converts it into a water-logged piece of timber which sinks in water almost as readily as stone. The process by which this is accomplished is not understood, but in some manner all sap is extracted from the wood, and the air and sap cells become charged with water. Among fur traders and trappers its skin was the unit of value by which barter was conducted for all sorts of commodities, and was used as the standard of all values until placer mining caused gold dust to usurp the func tion of the beaver skin as a circulating medium. The tail of the beaver, the tongue of the buffalo and the paw of the bear were always consid ered the richest delicacies which the mountains afforded. — GEO GRAPHIC MAGAZINE, November, 1916. BEAVER CANYON AND CREEK, Fremont County. — This stream was so ' named from the immense number of beaver which, in the early days, inhabited its waters. In 1841, Father De Smet (q. v.) passed thru this canyon en route to the Bitterroot Valley, after which it was called "The Father's Defile," and the stream was named "St. Francis Xavier," but these names did not survive. The rush of gold miners from Colo rado and the East to the Montana placer fields from and after 1868 passed up this creek, thru the canyon and over the Rocky Mountains. A road was soon established by immigration, and finally became the Salt Lake-Helena stage route and was eventually traversed by the Utah Northern (q. v.), a narrow gauge road which was subsequently standardized and made a part of the Oregon Short Line System. The canyon is noted for heavy snow falls and blockades. BEER SPRINGS, Bannock County.— The place in which they are situated is a basin of mineral waters enclosed by the mountains, which sweep around a circular bend of Bear River at its most northern point. A pretty little stream of clear water enters the upper part of the basin from an open valley in the mountains, passing thru the bottom, dis charges into Bear River. On account of their effervescing gas and acid taste, these springs received their name from the voyageurs and trap pers of the country, who, in the midst of their rude and hard lives, were 56 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE fond of finding some fancied resemblance to the luxuries they rarely had the good fortune to enjoy. They are now called Soda Springs (q. v.) — FREMONT, Exploring Expedition. BERRY CREEK, Lemhi County.— Named by Captain Clark on August 23, 1805, as he exhausted there his supply of provisions and was forced to live on berries, of which this creek furnished an ample supply. The stream is now called Indian Creek and flows into the Salmon River, near Shoup ( q. v. ) . BITTERROOT MOUNTAINS. — This name is derived from a beautiful mountain flower that blooms in June and is common to many of the valleys of the West, but it seems to thrive most extensively in the Bitterroot Valley, Montana, and this circumstance has given to the valley its name, from which the mountain derived its designation. The petals of this flower are of a beautiful delicate pink or rose color ; the root is edible, and was formerly much used by the Indians and mountaineers for food, but it is very bitter. The botanical name of the plant is Lewisia rediviva, after Captain Meriwether Lewis. It is the State flower of Montana, and is entirely worthy of the honor thus shown. — WHEELER, Trail of Lewis and Clark. BLACKFOOT, Bingham County. — This name is derived from a tribe of Indians that inhabited Montana and was first applied to Blackfoot Lake, or marshes, in 18191, by Donald Mackenzie while leading the Snake country expedition ( q. v.), because he found some of that tribe wandering in the vicinity of the headwaters of the Blackfoot River. This tribe called themselves "Siksika," meaning "Siksi," "black," and "kah," a contraction of their word for "foot," or "Blackfoot People," alluding to their "black feet" made by continual roving thru the ashes of the countries which they had devastated by fire. They belonged to the Algonquian, the largest family of Indians in the United States, and are known under three divisions: Blackfeet, Piegans and Bloods. They were hostile to nearly all surrounding tribes, and belonging to the predatory class of Indians, their wanderings were very extensive, and as they constantly invaded the country of their neighbors, they lived in a state of perpetual warfare. The Marias River Valley, Mon tana, was their habitat, but they were considered the devils of both the mountains and prairies. Not alone the whites but the Indians also suffered from their hatred and bloodthirstiness. The religious Flat head or Salish (q. v. ), the proud Nez Perce or Chopunnish (q. v.), the thieving Crow or Absaroka, the wandering Snake or Shoshoni (q. v.), and others, all were at feud with the Blackfeet because the latter per sisted in being the copper-colored Ishmaelites among the tribes. — WHEELER, Trail of Lewis and Clark ; CHITTENDEN. American Fur Trade; HANDBOOK of American Indians. BOISE RIVER, Ada County. — Owing to the many whirlpools in this river, the Shoshonis called it the "Wihinast," meaning "boiling rapidlv " In 1813, John Reed of the American Fur Company was murdered' by the Indians while trapping along this stream, from which incident it was IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 57 called Reed's River (q.v.). In 1819, Donald Mackenzie started to erect an establishment at the mouth of this stream, which river he called the Skamnaugh, for a tribe of the Nez Perce Indians of that name which then inhabited it, and it was always so called afterwards by the Hudson Bay Company and trappers. In 1834, some French- Canadian explorers, a paft of Captain Bonneville's expedition, pitched camp on the mesa overlooking the site where Boise now stands, and looked down upon the valley thru which rippled a river of surpassing loveliness thru ranks of nodding poplars. They had traveled for many days thru the dust and sage-brush in the heat of summer; they had not seen a tree for hundreds of miles. When they saw the trees along the river they exclaimed, "Les bois, les bois! Voyez les bois!" mean ing "The woods, the woods ! See the woods ! " This river was sometimes called the "wooded stream." The above circumstance occurred during Bonneville's itinerary (q.v.). — FRENCH, History of Idaho. BONNEVILLE'S ITINERARY.— Washington Irving's "Adventures of Captain Bonneville" is one of the most pleasing romances extant. The captain left St. Louis, Missouri, in May, 1832, with a party of 110 men, traveled up the Platte River, crossed thru South Pass [q.v.) to - Green River, Wyoming. His party entered Idaho by the way of Teton Pass (q.v.) on September 3, 1832, passed' thru Teton Basin, then called Pierre's Hole (q. v.), thence down Pierre River, across Snake River (q. v.), and from thence by Mud Lake and Birch Creek, then called John Day's Defile (q.v.) , to the headwaters of Lemhi River {q.v.), which he reached September 19. He passed down the Lemhi River until he came to the Lewis and Clark trail (q.v.) , which he followed, going down the Salmon River (q.v.) until he came, on Sep tember 26th, to Salmon Creek (q.v.) , now called1 Carmen Creek, at the place where the trail crosses, which was near the mouth of the creek. Here he erected a temporary fortification, built some horse corrals and log cabins, slight evidences of which are still to be seen. At this place, called Bonneville's Fort on the Salmon River, he was in the full enjoyment of his wishes, leading a hunter's life in the heart of the wilderness. He left this fort November 20th, passed along Lemhi River and Timber Creek, a fork of the Lemhi, until he came to the deep gorge, at present a reclamation dam site, on Timber Creek, thru which he passed December 19th, and held his Christmas festivities in Swan Basin on said creek. He then proceeded down Birch Creek to its "sinks," which is in the vicinity of the "sinks" of Big Lost River (q.v.), then called Goddin River (q.v.). He followed Goddin River to the vicinity of Pioneer (q.v.), and from thence to the Big Butte (q.v.), where he struck the trail going to the Snake River (q.v.), arriving on that stream just south of Blackfoot (q.v-), which place he reached on January 12, 1833. On March 13th he arrived at his fort on Salmon River, having returned over the route he had traveled in going. From his fort he proceeded up or south along Salmon River, thence up the Pahsimaroi (q.v.), thru Double Spring Pass to Thousand 58 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE Spring Valley on Big Lost or Goddin River, where he trapped for muskrats. Thence he passed down this stream, skirted the moun tains, and on April 26th was on Little Wood River. After trapping awhile he returned to the caches he had made at the fort on Salmon River, arriving there June 15th, and from thence back to Snake River and to Horse Creek, Wyoming. After trapping in the Bighorn Moun tains he returned to Idaho at Bear River on November 1st, and thence to Soda Springs (q.v.) , after which he went into winter quarters at Batise Springs on the Portneuf River (q.v.) in November, 1833. He left this camp on Christmas Day, going down the south bank of the Snake River and passing American Falls ( q. v. ) , Cassia Creek (q.v.) , Fishing Falls (q.v.) and Bruneau River (q.v.) , thru the Blue Moun tains, arriving at Fort Walla Walla, March 4, 1834, returning to the Portneuf, over the same route, by May 21st, thence to Bear River, which place he left July 3d with a considerable party, going to the Columbia River (q.v.), reaching his destination in September, but retraced his steps at once, and in October was back on the Portneuf, thence to Bear River ( q. v.) , reaching his destination in September, but he retraced his by the way of Green River, he finally returned to the United States army, from whence he had come. — IRVING, Adventures of Captain Bonreville. BONNER'S FERRY, Boundary County.— "That E. L. Bonner, R. A. Edding and John W. Walton, their heirs and assigns, be and they are hereby authorized to establish a ferry across the Kootenai River, at a point known as Bonner's Ferry, or Chulimtah." — Laws of the Territory of Idaho, Second Session, 1864. BORAH, Power County. — Named for Hon. William E. Borah, who was born in Wayne County, Illinois, June 20, 1865 ; graduated at the Kansas State University, 1890; moved to Idaho and entered upon the practice of law, 1891 ; United States senator for Idaho, 1907-18. — Congres sional Directory. & ^ BOUNDARY. — This county was so named because it joined the boundary line between the United States and Canada. When Captain Robert • Gray discovered the Columbia River (q.v.) the United States claimed all the country which it drained and as far north as 54° 40', while England claimed this same country and as far south as the Columbia and Snake rivers (q.v.). The British endeavored to discourage and prevent settlement and colonization, and always antagonized the agri cultural and mining interests, allowing the Hudson Bay Company (q.v.) to exercise absolute monopoly over this territory. They infested it with fur traders and trappers, and wanted it to remain forever in a primeval condition as a hunting and trapping ground, inhabited only by Indians, halfbreeds and fur-bearing animals. The people of the United States wanted to settle the country and make homes therein and when the undaunted American pioneer (q.v.) settled down and began his home-building it brought the subject of the boundary forward at once, which was finally settled by making 49° north latitude that IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 59 line, and thus the fur regime was ended. — BANCROFT, History of Oregon. BRADY, Lincoln County. — Named for Hon. James H. Brady, who was born in Pennsylvania; graduated at Leavenworth Normal School, Kansas; moved to Idaho in 1895 and made a fortune in irrigation and electric business; governor of Idaho, 1909-11; United States senator for Idaho, 1913-18; died in Washington, District of Columbia, 1918.— Congres sional Directory. BR LINE AU RIVER, Owyhee County.— This word is of French origin and was applied to this stream in 1818 by the French Canadians of Donald Mackenzie's trapping party of Hudson Bay men, and means "Brun," "dark," or "gloomy," and "eau," "water." Many of the tributary streams of the Snake River rivaled it in wildness and picturesqueness of their scenery, and the Bruneau was one of them. It runs thru a tremendous chasm, rather than a valley, extending upward of one hun dred and fifty miles. Basaltic rocks rise perpendicular everywhere, and the country appears an indescribable chaos. Thru the deep cracks and chasms the river makes its way. — IRVING, Adventures of Captain Bonneville. «*-*-«- hsUufr-a-Aj^ BUFFALO. — The American specie of this animal was the bison which formed an immense herd extending over the plains from the Rio Grande to the Saskatchewan. Those that inhabited the western slope of the Rocky Mountains (q.v.) differed slightly from the plains bison in that they were generally smaller, more active and shyer, with finer and silkier robes. In habits they resembled the moose. The Union Pacific Railroad divided the plains herd into a southern or Texas and a northern or Yellowstone herd, all of which were exterminated as wild animals in the closing years of the nineteenth century. Captain Fre mont writes that our knowledge does not go further back than the spring of 1824, at which time the buffalo were spread in immense num bers over the Green and Bear River valleys, and thru all the country lying between the Colorado and Lewis' Fork of the Columbia River; the meridian of Fort Hall then forming the western limit of their range. The buffalo remained for many years in that country, and frequently moved down the valley of the Columbia, on both sides of the river, as far as Fishing Falls. Below this point they never descended in any numbers. About the year 1834 they began to diminish very rapidly and continued to. decrease until 1840, when, with the country we have • just described, they entirely abandoned all the waters of the Pacific north of Lewis' Fork of the Columbia. Either severe winters or disease caused this decline and abandonment. At that time the Flathead Indians were in the habit of finding their buffalo on the heads of Salmon River and other streams of the Columbia ; but now they never meet with them farther west than the three forks of the Missouri on the plains of the Yellowstone. — FREMONT, Exploring Expedition. BUFFALO HORN. — This chief was of royal Indian blood, his grandfather on his father's side being a Bannack, Chief Teehee, and his grand- 60 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE father on his mother's side being a Pahute, Chief Winnimucca. His name originated from the circumstance of the death of his grandfather, Teehee (q.v.), the grandson partaking of the charmed life in that from a bit of buffalo horn, which had laid low the old chief, would come a more propitious chief better fortified to defy death. The Indian expression from which the word Buffalo Horn is derived, conveys a thought meaning a weird and charmed life. As a young man he soon became a warrior in his tribe and served as scout under Generals Miles and Custer against the Sioux in Montana. In 1877, a company of young Bannack warriors, led by Buffalo Horn, rendered considerable service to Gen. O. 0. Howard by acting as scouts against the Nez Perces. He soon became the war chief of the Bannacks, and his cousin Egan was war chief of the Pahutes of Oregon. The encroachments of the whites and the persistent failure of Congress and the Government to carry out the treaties made with the Indians created a great wave of unrest among them during the later '70s. With the ambition that went with the chieftainship, Buffalo Horn conceived a confederacy of , . red men with the purpose of wiping out the white man entirely, and while it was the last attempt at a great confederacy on this conti nent, yet it had the makeup of one of the most successful. Mrs. C. A. Strahorn writes : ¦ "The Bannack war of 1878 was a final attempt to unite all warlike Indians and to totally annihilate every man, woman and child of the white race on the Overland route thru to the coast. It was. only by strategic and united work of the whites and some friendly Indians that the worst massacre of the age was averted." The con federacy existed among most of the tribes of Idaho, eastern Oregon and Washington, and even the old peace chief, Winnimucca of Nevada, was for a time persuaded and did join them. The army was cf>ught unawares by reason of Buffalo Horn's pretended friendship. The con federacy planned in 1855 by Kamiakin (q.v.) is the only one in the West that came near equaling this. Playing upon the mutual jeal ousies of the tribes saved the unarmed and defenseless settlers. Some volunteers persuaded Pahute Joe, who held a grudge against Buffalo Horn, to entice the chief to one side, which he did at the battle of South Mountain, Idaho, where he was shot and killed. The result of this war would have been very different had not Chief Buffalo Horn been killed at the inception of hostilities. This act proved disastrous to the Indian cause and put an early end to the war. The leadership then fell upon Chief Egan, who was not equal to the occasion, and the Cayuse allies, realizing that failure was inevitable, turned on their associates and sent their leader, U-mah-pie, who was notorious as an atrocious and brutal Indian, to treacherously murder Chief Egan, which he did while in the Blue Mountains, after which the hostile tribes broke up into small squads and either returned to their reserva tions or surrendered. BUFFALO HUMP, Idaho County.— This is a volcanic cone and was so called by the miners in 1862 either because of its resemblance to the IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 61 hump of the buffalo or because the Indians called it "See-nimp," mean ing "the buffalo's hump." It was reported to Mr. Bancroft that Buffalo Hump, an isolated butte, on many occasions sent up smoke and columns of molten lava in 1866, and that flames shot high in the air and rumbling noises accompanied the overflow. — BANCROFT, History of Washington, Idaho and Montana. BUTTES TRIOS, Butte County. — These are three conspicuous elevations of volcanic cones situated on the Snake River plains (q.v.) and can be seen a great many miles away and have always been familiar objects for parties passing that way. In 1825, the French Canadian trappers of Peter Skene Ogden's command called them the "buttes," which in French means "knolls." "Trios" is the French word for "three." Big Butte was held in awe by the Indians, and was called by them "Pee-ah," meaning "large," and "Car-did," "stay," referring to its permanency and to that feeling of safety which the sight of it gave to any one drifting or perhaps lost in the ever sameness of the trackless Snake River plains and desert. CACHE, Teton County. — This is the place where some Hudson Bay trap pers, who were the first white men in Pierre's Hole (q.v.), cached some furs. The word is French, "eacher" meaning "to hide." In western pioneering it became necessary at times to abandon temporarily some articles with the intention of returning afterwards for them. The property so abandoned was cached or concealed so as to prevent its loss or injury. As ordinarily prepared, it consisted of a deep pit in the ground in the construction of which the point of paramount importance was to avoid any trace of the work which might attract attention when completed. The best site was in dry soil. The pit was lined with sticks and dry leaves and the goods deposited therein. The conceal ment consisted in removing all evidence of the cache and leaving the ground looking just as it did before. If in turf, the sod was scru pulously replaced ; in other places a campfire was built over the cache, serving to divert attention. Occasionally caches were made in the sides of vertical cliffs, also in trunks of trees, in clefts of rocks 'and other places, but nearly always in the ground. When the cache was opened it was said to be "raised," and if broken into by those who had no right to do so they were said to be "lifted." Caches sometimes attained notoriety and have left their names in various localities. — CHITTENDEN, American Fur Trade. CALDRON LINN, Twin Falls County. — This is the point on Snake River that was reached on October 28, 1811, by the Hunt- Astoria party (q.v.) , and is now known as Milner. The name was given by some Scotchman, probably Ramsey Crooks or Donald Mackenzie, as the word is from the Scotch, lyn, meaning a pool of water in a perturbed state, as at the foot of a waterfall. — IRVING, Astoria. CAMAS, Jefferson County. — This name comes from the Chinook language (q.v.) and means "sweet." It is also spelled Kamas and Quamash. The camas is a western plant having a typical blue flower and edible 62 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE bulb. The Shoshonis call it "Pahsego," meaning "Pah," "water" and "sego," "a bulbous root," as it grows on the high moist benches of the Rocky Mountains. It belongs to the Lily family, which furnished the Indians the greater part of their root food. In the commissary depart ment of the natives it occupied a place similar to bread in the diet of the agricultural nations, and while resembling an onion it was very nutritious. It formed an important food among all western tribes, and when properly dried kept for years. The bulb is usually prepared for food by prolonged steaming, requiring about three days to properly cook. The annual gathering of the camas root occurred in June and July when it was considered ripe. — BANCROFT, History of Washing ton, Idaho and Montana. CAMAS PRAIRIES. — There are many camas prairies in the West, so named because the camas (q.v.) root grew so abundantly thereon. Big Camas Prairie is situated in Camas County, giving the county its name, and was the bone of contention which caused the Bannack war (q.v.) of 1878, as the Indians always claimed a part at least of this prairie. Little Camas Prairie is situated in Elmore County and is a continua tion of Big Camas Prairie. North Camas Prairie lies between the Clearwater and the Salmon rivers, in Idaho County, and was the scene of many massacres of whites by the Nez Perces in the war of 1877. The greater part of these bodies of land are now converted into splendid farms and homes. CAMEAHWAIT. — This was the name of the chief of the Shoshonis that inhabited Lemhi (q.v.) at the time Lewis and Clark entered Idaho. The name means "Ka," "not," "niee-ah," "to go," and "wait," "incline," or "not inclined to go." It is pronounced Ka-me-ah-wate. This name was no doubt given to the chieftain at the time of the white man's visit when Captain Lewis came into Lemhi from Shoshone Cove (q.v.) to get the Indians to help his party, then at what is now Armstead, Mon tana, over the mountain divide. The chief at first did not want to do this, but later was persuaded to go, with horses, and move the explorers and their camp into Lemhi.^ In persuading him to do this, Captain Lewis offered him many inducements, relating to him the- fact concerning his sister, Sacagawea ( q. ¦„. ) , being a member of the expedi tion, which did not affect him to any considerable extent; but finally, when told of the colored man, describing him as a "black white man" with "buffalo hair" on his head, it created so much curiosity that the whole tribe became anxious to go at once and see the ne°ro. Lewis and Clark state that he had another name, "Tooettecone," which meant "black gun," but properly translated means "Too," "black," "ite," "gun" and "coon," "fire," or "He fires the black gun," showing that it was during his lifetime that this tribe became possessed of firearms.— REES, History of Lemhi County. CANADIAN FRENCH.— The majority of voyageurs, hunters and trappers which were employed by the Hudson Bay and Northwest Fur companies were French from Canada, and usually being the first white people to IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 63 visit the fur-producing sections of the country, gave names to many places and objects, many of which survive to this day as is exhibited in Idaho geography. They were in parts of the Rocky Mountains . before the coming of Lewis and Clark and from 1820-30 had explored quite extensively the Snake River and its tributaries. (JAY USE. — This is a word which the stockmen have inherited from the tribes and refers to a breed of Indian ponies. The Shoshonis were the first western tribe to acquire horses, having procured them thru their relatives, the Moquis, who were the first to come in contact with the Spaniards. The rugged and versatile Indian pony is a descendant from those Spanish-Mexican horses. Their name is derived from the Cayuse Indians of Oregon, who were extensive breeders and growers of the pony, and the word has extended thruout the West. Cayuse is from the French "cailloux," meaning "pebbly," referring to the stream upon which the Cayuse Indians were located when the Canadians first came in contact with them. CENTERVILLE, Boise County. — This place was first a mining camp defended by a stockade built by miners to defend themselves against the Indians and was called the "fort" by the clique which" slept in it at night and sallied forth by day to mine in the gulches near by. But as the first settlers and stockholders tried to "hog up" every good claim and otherwise appeared intensely selfish, the outside world got even with them by calling the place "Hogum," which ^honorable epithet stuck to it for many years in spite of all efforts to throw it off. It was a ease of the "survival of the fittest." But time that wears out nearly all things at length effaced this hoggish name, and it is now known as "Centerville," because it is midway between Idaho City and Placer- ville. — BRISTOL, Idaho Nomenclature. CHINOOK JARGON. — This was an Indian trade language used from Alaska to California and was the intertribal as well as the inter racial language of the Pacific Coast. It was formed by adding grossly corrupted and fancifully used French and English words to the language of the Chinookan family, and as used was a very much aspirated, gutteralized, sputtered and swallowed form of expression ; however, it was used between the whites themselves, the Indians and the whites, and the Indians themselves, and proved of great service to both the Indian and the white man. — HANDBOOK of American Indians. CHINOOK WIND. — This is the name of a warm southwest wind occurring in late winter or early spring, under the influence of which the snow- is melted with astonishing rapidity and the weather soon becomes balmy and springlike. It results from the northward passage of a cyclone originating in the Japan current and its effect lasts from a few hours to several days, and the name was first applied by the Hudson Bay Company at Astoria, Oregon, being so called because it blew from over the country inhabited by the Chinook Indians. — HANDBOOK of American Indians. 64 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE CHOPUNNISH— This word is a corruption of the Nez Perce's name of themselves, which properly interpreted means "The People." The Sho shonis called them "Nim," meaning "Indian," and "apu," "people,'' or "Nimapu," "Indian People." The Canadian French called them "Nez Perce" (q.v.), a perversion of the French name for "flat nose." The Hudson Bay trappers called them "Sahaptins" and "Shahaptans" (q.v.). Lewis and Clark called the north fork of the Clearwater the "Chopunnish" and also had a camp of that name. CLARKS FORK RIVER, Bonner County.— The name "Clark River" was given to the Bitterroot by Captain Lewis on September 6, 1805, as Captain Clark was the first white man who had visited its waters. The stream to which Clark's name is attached is now the Clark's Fork of the Columbia, and this is a continuation of the Bitterroot River. This stream in its entirety might well be dubbed "the river of many names," for Clark's is but one of them. The stream really rises just south and east of Butte, Montana, where the creek is known as Silver- bow. Then in succession follow the names Deer Lodge, Hellgate, Mis soula and Clarks Fork. The river is a beautiful one, and Clark's name should apply to the whole stream, or at least to that part of it from the junction of the Bitterroot and Hellgate to the Columbia. At Pend Oreille Lake (q.v.) the river expands into a very large lake, one of the finest in the West, and surrounded by high, timbered mountains. — WHEELER, Trail of Lewis and Clark. CLEARWATER RIVER, Clearwater County. — This stream is named for its chief characteristic, that of being brilliantly clear and trans parent, which name was first applied by the Nez Perce Indians, the whites using the translated word "Clearwater." It has three prin cipal branches, the North, Middle and South forks. It was formerly called by its Nez Perce Indian name, "Koos-koos-kia" (q.v.). COEUR D'ALENE INDIANS.— This is a tribe of the Salish family (q.v.), which inhabited the country surrounding and adjoining the lake which bears their name. They call themselves "Skitswish," which they claim means "Camas People." Lewis and Clark called them "Skeetsomish." The name is of French origin and means "Awl-Heart." One tradition of their name is that these Indians were so sharp at bargaining the fur traders named them "Awl-hearts," or "Pointed-Hearts," while another is that among the first traders was a Canadian of so close and nig gardly a disposition that the Indians applied an epithet to him which the interpreter translated "Coeur d'Alenes," and the name became fixed upon the Indians. They are of the Catholic faith.— ROSS, Oregon Settlers. COEUR D'ALENE INDIAN RESERVATION, Kootenai County.— These Indians claimed approximately all the lands lying in Shoshone and Kootenai counties, Idaho, and Whitman, Spokane, Lincoln and Adams counties, Washington. No treaty was ever concluded with these Indians for the cession of their title. A reserve was set apart for them in 1867, which they refused to accept. An agreement was made IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 65 with them in 1873, but Congress failed to approve it. By executive order, in 1873, President Grant set apart the following reserve: Begin ning at a point on the top of the dividing ridge between Pine and Latah or Hangman's Creek, directly south of a point on said last mentioned creek six miles above the point where the trail from Lewis- ton to Spokane bridge crosses said creek; thence in a northeasterly direction in a direct line to the Coeur d'Alene Mission on Coeur d'Alene River, but not to include the lands of said mission; thence in a west erly direction in a direct line to the point where the Spokane River heads in or leaves the Coeur d'Alene lakes; thence down the center of the channel of said Spokane River to the dividing line between Wash ington and Idaho ; thence south along said dividing line to the top of the dividing ridge between Pine and Latah or Hangman's creeks ; thence along the top of said ridge to the place of beginning. It was set apart for the Coeur d'Alenes and southern Spokanes and other fragmentary bands. The United States assumed that when they accepted this reserve the Indians had relinquished their title to the country they claimed, but in order to do this a formal extinguishment of their title was made by treaty of 1891. At other times small cessions were made of their reserve for railroad, townsite and settlement purposes, and in 1906 their reservation, by treaty, was allotted to the Indians in sever alty of 160 acres to each man, woman and child, and the surplus, except lands for school and agency purposes, was sold for their benefit. — Indian Land Cessfons. COEUR D'ALENE LAKE AND RIVER, Kootenai County.— This lake was named from the tribe of Indians that inhabited its shores and is the source of the Spokane River. Father De Smet, in 1842, called the southern stream flowing into this lake St. Joseph River and the northern stream St. Ignatius, which was changed to Coeur d'Alene River, thru whose valley runs the Northern Pacific Railroad. The geologic feature of this .lake is that of a drowned valley which is backed up and held on the west by gravel dams. COLLINS CREEK, Clearwater County. — This is the name given by Captain Clark to what is now called Lolo Creek (q.v.), and was named for Private John Collins, a member of the Lewis and Clark party. COLTER CREEK, Nez Perce Counfy. — This is the name given by Captains Lewis and Clark to what is now called Potlatch Creek (q.v.), and was named for Private John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark party and the person who later made the famous Colter run in Mon tana. COLTKILLED CREEK, Selway County.— This is the name given by Captain Clark on September 14, 1805, to what is now called White Sand Creek, which flows into the Lochsa Fork of the Clearwater. Here it was that the Lewis and Clark party exhausted their animal food and killed a colt for meat. COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN. — While no part of the Columbia River is in Idaho, yet all drainage of the State, except Bear River, flows into it 66 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE and nearly all Idaho lies within its basin. This stream was named for the ship, Columbia Rediviva, oi which Captain Robert Gray was in command when the river was discovered, in 1792. This vessel was the first American ship to circumnavigate the globe during the years 1787-90, and the word Rediviva means "to live again." A suspected "River of the West" had been imagined for years and Spanish and English explorers had searcned for it persistently, but the Americans were the first to identity its geographical position, which event gave them their claim to Northwest Territory. COMMEARP, Lewis County. — This is the name which Captains Lewis and Clark gave to what is now called Lawyer's Canyon Creek (q.v.) on May 10, 1806. What the name means is uncertain, but it is probable that it is a "pretty valley," which expresses but faintly the scenic beauty at this point. — WHEELER, Trail of Lewis and Clark. COUNCIL, Adams County. — This town is built near a butte in the center of a valley in which Indians gathered for council. The valley was near the line dividing the territory of the Shahaptans (q.v.) and the Shoshonis (q.v.). Any matter affecting the Indian's welfare had to be talked over in council. No important undertaking was entered upon without deliberation in a solemn council at which the pipe was smoked. Whatever was 'agreed to thereat was held most sacred. Propositions of peace and treaty terms were considered, and when agreed to were held inviolate. History proves that of the hundreds of treaties made by the United States with the Indian tribes, the Gov ernment was almost invariably the first to break them. The Indian word for council means "talk circle," as it was a circle formed by Indians seated upon the ground. The pipe was passed from left to right and_ the stem_ pointed to the force of nature which it was desired to propitiate; if to the earth, that it may hold them good and strong; if to the four winds, that no harshness may blow against them as troubles or distress; if to the sun, that they may have light to see their way clearly and to guide them, etc., etc. — HANDBOOK of American Indians. COUNTIES AND COUNTY SEATS. ADA. — Named for Ada Riggs, the oldest daughter of Hon. H. C. Riggs, and who was the first white child born in Boise City, in 1863. The county seat is Boise, named for the Boise River (q.v.). ADAMS.— Named for John Adams, who was President of the United States from 1797-1801, being second to General Washington, and this county was created from Washington County. The county seat is Council (q.v.). BANNOCK.— Named for the Bannack Indians (q.v.), but the Scotch word is used. The county seat is Pocatello, named for Chief Pokatello (q.v.). BEAR LAKE.— Named for Bear Lake (q.v.), which is within its borders. The county seat is Paris, named by recent Mormon converts from France who settled there in 1863. IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 67 BENEWAH.— Named for an old chief of the Coeur d'Alene Indians who was an historic and notorious individual of that locality. The county seat is St. Maries, named by Father De Smet in 1842. BINGHAM. — Named by Governor Bunn for his friend Congressman Henry H. Bingham of Philadelphia, Pa. The county seat is Blackfoot, named for the Blackfoot (q.v.) Indians. BLAINE. — Named for Hon. James G. Blaine, the American statesman. The county seat is Hailey, named for Hon. John Hailey (q.v.). BOISE. — Named for the Boise River (q.v.). The county seat is Idaho City (q.v.). BONNER. — Named for Bonners Ferry (q.v.). The county seat is Sand- point, named for a large sand bar that extends into Pend Oreille Lake at this place. BONNEVILLE. — Named for Captain Bonneville (q.v.). The county seat is Idaho Falls, named for some falls in Snake River near by. This place was originally called Eagle Rock (q.v.). BOUNDARY. — Named from the fact that it joins the Canadian boundary (q.v.). The county seat is Bonners Ferry (q.v.). BUTTE. — Named for the Buttes (q.v.). The county seat is Arco, named by the first settlers for a small town in Tyrol, Austria. CAMAS. — Named for Big Camas Prairie (q.v.). The county seat is Fair field, named by reclamation settlers as descriptive of the country. CANYON. — Named for the canyon on tke Boise River near Caldwell. The county seat is Caldwell, named for Senator Alexander Caldwell of Kansas. CASSIA. — Named for Cassia Creek, which was so called by the Hudson Bay trappers, who found some cassia plant on the stream. The county seat is Albion, named by Mr. Robinson, one of the promoters of the town, which was founded in 1875. CLEARWATER.— Named for the Clearwater River (q.v.). The county seat is Orofino (q. v.). CUSTER. — Named for Gen. George A. Custer, who was killed at the battle of Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876. The county seat is Challis, named for A. P. Challis, who, in 1878, founded the town. ELMORE. — Named for the Ida Elmore, a famous quartz mine, discovered in 1863. The county seat is Mountain Home (q.v.). FRANKLIN.— Named from the town of Franklin. The county seat is Franklin, named for Mr. Franklin, the leader of the thirteen Mormon families that settled the place in 1860. £t4- |J"VT.A^-»-«-e„ FREMONT. — Named for General John C. Fremont, who traversed Idaho in 1843. The county seat is St. Anthony, named by C. H. Moon, who in 1887 built a bridge and store there and called it thus because of its fancied resemblance to St. Anthony Falls, Minnesota. GEM. Named for "Gem of the Mountains." The county seat is Emmett, named for Emmett Cahalan, the first white boy born there and who was the oldest son of T. D. Cahalan, an early settler and attorney. 68 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE GOODING.— Named for Governor Frank R. Gooding. The county seat is Gooding, named for the same party. IDAHO.— Named for a steamboat that plied the Columbia River from and after 1860. The county seat is Grangeville, named by L. P. Brown, the founder of the town, for the grange organization. JEFFERSON.— Named for President Jefferson. The county seat is Rigby, named for William F. Rigby, a local authority of the Mormon Church and one of the founders of the town. KOOTENAI. — Named for Kutenai Indians (q.v.). The county seat is Coeur d'Alene, named for the Coeur d'Alene Indians (q.v.) . LATAH. — Named for the Nez Perce Indian word Latah (q.v.). The county seat is Moscow, so named when the postoffice was moved, during the '70s, one mile west of the old site by a Russian by the name of Hogg. LEMHI. — Named for Fort Lemhi ( q. o. ) . The county seat is Salmon, named for the Salmon River (q.v.). LEWIS. — Named for Capt. Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark expedition, 1804-06. The county seat is Nez Perce, named for the Nez Perce Indians (q.v.). LINCOLN. — Named for President Lincoln. The county seat is Shoshone, named for the Shoshoni Indians ( q. v. ) . MADISON.— Named for President Madison. The county seat is Rexburg, named for Thomas Ricks, a local authority of the Mormon Church, and is a corruption of Ricksburrg. MINIDOKA. — This is a Shoshoni word meaning "broad expanse," and is applied to this place because it is near the broadest portion of the Snake River plains (q. v.) . The county seat is Rupert, named for a reclamation expert. NEZ PERCE. — Named for the Nez Perce Indians (q. v.). The county seat is Lewiston, named for Capt. Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark expedition, 1804-6. ONEIDA.— Named for Oneida, New York, from which place most of the early settlers had come. The county seat is Malad, named for the Malade River (q. v.) . OWYHEE.— Named for the Owyhee River (q. v.). The county seat is Silver City, named, in 1863, by the prospectors who- discovered rich silver float near there. PAYETTE— Named for the Payette River (q. v.). The county seat is Payette, named for the same. POWER.— At American Falls the Snake River is one thousand feet wide and drops forty-two feet over a series of beautiful cascades, making it possible to develop several thousand horsepower. This county in cludes this power site, and from it derives its name. The county seat is American Falls (q. v.). SELWAY.— This is a Nez Perce Indian word meaning the "stream of easy canoeing." The county seat is Kooskia, an adaptation of two syllables taken from the word Koos-koos-kia (q. v.). IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 69 SHOSHONE. — Named for the Shoshoni Indians (q. v.). The county seat is Wallace, named for Col. W. R. Wallace, the locator of the townsite. TETON. — Named for the Teton peaks (q. v.). The county seat is Driggs, named, in 1888, for A. P. Driggs, a local authority of the Mormon church. TWIN FALLS.— Named for the Little or Twin Falls of the Snake River. The county seat is Twin Falls, named for the same. VALLEY. — Named for Long Valley, which lies within its borders. The county seat is Cascade, named for the Cascade Falls on the Payette River which are near by. WASHINGTON.— Named for the "Father of our Country." The county seat is Weiser, named for the Weiser River ( q. v.). CRAIG, Lewis County. — Named for William Craig who was in that sec tion of country as. early as 1829, where he married a Nez Perce Indian woman and was afterwards allowed one section of land upon the Nez Perce reservation ( q. v. ) . He belonged to that class of per sons known as "mountain men," who pursued hazardous occupations in the wilds of the mountains, free and independent of every one, where they developed that hardy and self-reliant spirit that enabled them to accomplish things by their enthusiasm. He was the comrade, in the mountains, of Kit Carson, Joseph L. Meek, Robert Newell, Courtney Walker, all mountain men, and hosts of other brave men whose names are linked with the history of the country. — BANCROFT, History, of Washington, Idaho and Montana. DESMET, Benewah County. — This place was named for Father De Smet, a Belgian Jesuit, who came into Idaho as a Catholic missionary among the Indians, in 1842, and was instrumental in founding a mission, under the patronage of Saint Joseph, on the St. Joe River, and also the Coeur d'Alene mission, now known as Caltaldo, where, in 1853, the first Catholic church in Idaho was founded. Father De Smet's labors were with the Flatheads, Coeur d'Alenes, Pend Oreilles and Kutenais. — DE SMET, Letters and Sketches. DEVIL'S SCUTTLE HOLE, Twin Falls County.— This was the name given to the Snake River gorge just above the Shoshone Falls (q. v.) by the Hunt-Astoria party (q. v.), in 1811, after the loss of several boats at the place. — IRVING, Astoria. DIGGER INDIANS.— These were the degenerate offshoots of the Pahutes, just as Tukuarikas (q. v.) were the offshoots of the Shoshonis (q. v.). Their language was a sort of Shoshoni "patios," but they were held in contempt by both Bannacks and Shoshonis. They were called "Shosh- o-cos," a Shoshoni word meaning "on foot," as they had no horses. They were sometimes called "To-sah-weet" meaning "white knives," which alluded to their primitive "bone knives." They were only a few degrees above the brutes, and their diet consisted of crickets, grasshoppers, ant-eggs, ground squirrels and various kind of roots. They lived in miserable huts of sagebrush situated in the desert plains or among barren mountains and in the gloomiest and most desolate places imaginable.— STUART, Montana As It Is. 70 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE DUBOIS, Fremont County.— Named for Hon. Fred T. Dubois who was born in Crawford County, Illinois, May 29, 1851; graduated from Yale, 1872 ; moved to Idaho and entered business, 1880 ; United States marshal of Idaho, 1882-6; delegate from Idaho to Fiftieth and Fifty-first Congresses; United States senator of Idaho, 1891-7, 1901-7.— Congressional Directory. DUCK VALLEY INDIAN RESERVATION, Owyhee County.— The Duck Valley lies between, the forks of the Owyhee River, and was so called by reason of so many duck therein, by members of the Rocky Moun tain Fur Company led by Milton Sublette, in 1832. The western Shoshonis (q. v.) claimed approximately all Idaho south of the Salmon River (q. v.) and west of 113° west longitude; Utah, west of Salt Lake and north of 41° ; Nevada, north of 37° ; parts of Modoc, Siskiyou and Lassen counties, California; and Oregon, south of the Blue Mountains and east of 119'°. The United States recognized their claim to this territory in the treaty of 1863, made at Ruby Valley, Nevada, between Gen. P. E. Conner and Gov. J. D. Doty for the government, and the chiefs, warriors and principal men of the tribe, in which their boundaries were described as follows: On the north by Wong-goga-da Mountains (a Shoshoni word meaning "heavily tim bered mountains" and was applied to the Blue and Salmon River Mountains (q. v'.) and Shoshonee River Valley (Snake River Valley) ; on the west by Su-non-to-yah Mountains (a Shoshoni word meaning "quaking asp mountain) or Smith Creek Mountains (named for Jedediah Smith in 1828, now called Siskiyou Mountains) ; on the south by Wico-bah (a Shoshoni word meaning a "barren country without water," referring to southern Nevada) and" the Colorado Desert (southern Nevada named from the Colorado River) ; on the east by Po-ho-no-be Valley (a Shoshoni word meaning "sagebrush valley" in eastern Nevada) or Steptoe Valley (a valley in White Pine County, Nevada, named for Col. E. J. Steptoe in 1854), and Great Salt Lake Valley. A great many Bannack Indians ( q. v.) ranged in large measure and with equal freedom over some of this vast extent of territory, but they were eventually placed on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation (q. v.). No formal purchase of the territorial claim of these tribes or bands was made, but the United States took possession of the same, assuming the right of satisfying their claims by assigning them such reservations as might seem essential for their occupancy, and supplying them in such degree as might seem proper with necessaries of life. In 1872, President Grant set apart the Malheur Indian Reservation in Oregon for the Pahute Indians, upon which was also placed many of the western Shoshonis. In 1877, President Hayes, by executive order, set aside the Duck Valley Indian Reservation for the western Shoshonis as follows: Commencing at the one hundredth mile post of the survey of the north boundary of Nevada; thence due north to the intersection of the north boundary of township 16 south of Boise base line in Idaho; thence due west to a point due north of the one hundred and twentieth mile post of said survey of the IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 71 north boundary of Nevada; thence due south to the ninth standard parallel north of the Mount Diablo base line in Nevada; thence due east to a point due south of the place of beginning; thence north to the place of beginning. In 1886, all unclaimed lands in township 15 south, ranges 1, 2 and 3 east of the Boise meridian, Idaho, were added to the reserve. — KAPPLER, Indian Affairs. EAGLE ROCK, Bonneville County. — This place is now called Idaho Falls, the name having been changed in 1890. Snake River here falls over the edge of a lava flow, and the incessant wear of the running water has cut the falls back into the lava sheet fully half a mile, and they are now at the head of a narrow canyon, the walls of which are at one point barely fifty feet apart. In 1864, a ferry was established near this place to accommodate the miners that were rushing to the Montana placer fields, and in 1866 J. M. Taylor built a toll bridge known as "Taylor's bridge." The bridge paid so well that a store and town were soon started by Robert Anderson. Just above the bridge, in the middle of the stream, with the waters swirling on either side as they rushed through the narrow channel, was a massive rock. Here, safe from harm and molestation, an American eagle for many years built its nest and reared its young. This suggested a name, and the little community was christened "Eagle Rock." — GUIDE BOOK, Overland Route. ELK CITY, Idaho County. — Prospectors following the Nez Perce trail (q. v.) in quest of gold discovered placer, in 1861, in a small moun tain valley about seven miles in length by a half mile in width which, owing to the great number of elk abounding therein, was called Elk Valley. Elk City was located at the lower end of this valley. On every side, in this locality, rose ledges of pale red or rose quartz. Between the mountains were intervals of beautiful grassy prairies; on the mountains heavy pine forests, a very different country from the California miner's preconceived ideas of a gold country. — BANCROFT, History of Washington, Idaho and Montana. -SJLS-* flV^lr<1-- under the leadership of Brigham Young. In the spring 90 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE of 1855 a number of brethren were called to establish a mission on Salmon River among the northern Indians to do missionary work among the Lamanites. About thirty persons with ox teams left Bear River, Utah, under the command of Elder Thomas S. Smith on May 24, 1855, and on June 14th reached the Lemhi River being twenty-two days in making the journey, and so similar in many respects to the exploits of King Limhi was their journey thither that they named their fortifi cation for him. "Behold, I am Limhi, the son of Noah, who was the son of Zeniff, who came up out of the land of Zarahemla to inherit this land, which was the land of their fathers, who was made a king by the voice of the people." Mos. 1:9. The word became corrupted to Lemhi (q. v.), and gave the name to a fort, river, county, mountain pass, tribe of Indians, an Indian Reservation, range of mountains, forest reserve and postoffice. — Book of Mormon. LOLO PASS AND CREEK, Clearwater County. — In very early days an old half-breed hunter and trapper by the name of Lawrence lived among the Flathead Indians and after his death was buried on Lolo Creek, Montana. The creek was named by the Indians for him, but as there is no r in the Flathead vocabulary "Loulou" was as near as they could come in pronouncing the name Lawrence, which the United States Geographic Board has spelled Lolo. This stream flows into the Bitterroot and was called Traveler's Rest Creek by Lewis and Clark. The pass at the head of this creek, which lies between the Clearwater and the Bitterroot rivers, is called Lolo pass and also a small stream flowing into the Clearwater is named Lolo Creek, but originally called by Lewis and Clark Collins Creek (q. v.). The Nez Perce Indians crossed thru this pass in 1877 while being pursued by Gen. O. 0. Howard. — WHEELER, Trail of Lewis and Clark. LOST RIVER, Butte County. — Named from the peculiar characteristic of sinking in the lava plains. Between Henry's Fork and Boise River there is not a single perennial stream flowing into Snake River from the north altho the mountains in that region receive a large amount of precipitation. The principal reason for the absence of surface tributaries to the Snake on the north is that broad lava plains intervene between it and the mountains and all the water which flows down to the plains or falls on their surface is either evaporated or lost in the cellular and fissured lava, and after passing thru the underlying rocks join in an underflow which eventually emerges in the Snake River Canyon, as immense springs. There are three streams that become lost in this manner, namely: Big Lost, Little Lost and Brich Creek, all disappearing in the same basin called the "Sinks," where during high water their contents commingle.— RUSSELL, Snake River Plains. MAD RIVER, Bonneville County. — One branch of Snake River (q. v.) is called the North Fork or Henry's Fork (q.v.), rising in Henry's Lake (q. v.) and the other branch is called the South Fork of Snake River, rising in Shoshone Lake (q. v.). The Hunt- Astoria party (q. v.) reached the South Fork near the Grand Canyon of the Snake, a very IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 91 broken country with rocky promontories, deep defiles and wild rushing waters below, which becoming impatient of restraint would seem to dash the very mountains asunder in spasms of wrath, and was therefore called by them the "mad river." — BANCROFT, History of Washing ton, Idaho and Montana. MAGRUDER MOUNT AND CREEK, Idaho County.— These were named for Lloyd Magruder who with his party, consisting of Charles Allen, William Phillips, Horace and Robert Chalmers, were murdered near these points by David Howard, Christopher Lowrey, James P. Romain and William Page, road agents, on October 16, 1863. The party was traveling from Bannack, Montana, to Lewiston, Idaho, with a pack train over the Nez Perce trail (q. v.) carrying some $30,000 of gold dust. They camped near a spring which has since dried up, that was in Nez Perce pass (q. v.) on the Idaho side and drained into Magruder Creek. This was one of the most dastardly and foul murders ever committed. The trial and hanging of the perpetrators being the first of the kind within Idaho Territory. The name is spelled McGruder on most maps, which is wrong. — LANGFORD, Vigilante Days and Ways. MALADE RIVER, Gooding County. — This river was named by Donald Mackenzie in 1819 because his men were made sick on this stream by eating beaver, "malade" in French meaning "sick." Alexander Ross reported a similar experience in 1824 when all those who had break fasted on the fresh beaver taken out of the river were affected^ and they supposed the animals must have lived on some root of a poisonous quality. From that incident he named the stream Riviere aux Malades. In 1830 John Work related the same experience with his party of trappers and said that the beaver fed on roots which he thot was hemlock, poisoning the flesh, and he called the stream "Sickly" River. A reed called water hemlock of the parsley family grows in moist ground in many places in Idaho, the root of which is very poisonous, especially to cattle. The emigrants of 1862, from the immense growth of poplar trees along their banks, called the streams Big and Little Wood rivers, which unite near Gooding, from whence the river still maintains its name Malade, until it flows into Snake River. — Oregon Historical Quarterly. MARKET LAKE, Jefferson County. — It would seem that in years past the bed of this lake was an immense prairie bottom or basin and a favorite resort for game of all kinds; even, indeed, the buffalo have been killed in and near it in large numbers, the evidence of which was shown by the skulls of the animals found near the present border of the lake. So abundant, indeed, was the game here that the trappers and mountain men of that day who in squads and bands trapped and hunted in the wilderness of mountains, always said to each other when their supply of subsistence grew scanty, "Let us go to the market," referring to this resort of the herds of game, and they never visited it in vain until, by one of those strange freaks of nature in this valley of the Snake River, which is fed at many points thruout its length by 92 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE subterranean streams, this market was converted into an immense sheet of water. It is only accounted for by supposing that the streams making down from the Snake River Mountains and losing themselves in the sand or sage desert of the valley break forth or near the latter, which is thus fed from year to year by the meltings of the" snows and the rains from these mountains. In order, therefore, to retain and hand down the name of this once favorable resort, and the legend connected with it, Lieut. John Mullan, of the Mullan Military Road (q. v.), named this sheet of water the "Market Lake." It is now entirely dry and its bed is being cultivated. A town near by was called Market Lake but is now changed to Roberts, named for a division superintendent of the Oregon Short Line Railroad. — STEVENS, Nar rative. MEDICINE LODGE CREEK, Fremont County.— This name is derived from the Indian sweat-house, called the "medicine lodge," and was applied to this stream by the early settlers because of some sweat- houses found thereon. In 1820 it was called "Cote's Defile" for a Canadian Frenchman of Donald Mackenzie's party of Hudson Bay trappers. The Shoshoni word "Nat-soo," meaning "medicine," conveys the thot of the supernatural and with the Indian might relate to a mystery, luck, spirit, vision, dream or prophecy or to the obscure forces of nature that work either for good or evil. At first some shrewd Indian took advantage of this prevailing idea of the tribe and laid claim to visions, then to prophecies and the power of propitiating natural forces and at last to recognizing and removing the causes of diseases. This latter claim gave him the appellation of "Medicine man" and his practice that of "medicine," but the Indian thot referred not only to curative but to supernatural and ¦ mysterious powers as well. The Indian lived close to nature and was inspired and awed by her wonders and mysteries and anything which was beyond his comprehension was "nat-soo," or "medicine." Originally the medicine man was a self-constituted physician and prophet or "Nat-soo gant" and as no man gave him his authority, no man could take it away. His influence depended upon himself and if he made a serious mistake he was considered a sorcerer, the penalty for which was death. The regular medicine-man, however, that practiced the healing art only, had some very good roots, herbs and methods which he used and did not rely entirely upon jugglery and superstition. Among their most efficacious remedies was the sweat-house or "medicine-lodge" which was a universal Indian practice and the small oval lodge near the creek bank was a fixture in all Indian camps. — CLARK, Indian Sign Language. MISNOMERS.— In the early '30s W. A. Ferris wrote: Several tribes of mountain Indians have names that are supposed to be descriptive of some national peculiarity. Among these are the Siksika (Black feet), Tete Plats (Flatheads), Nez Perces (Pierced Nose), Pend Oreilles (Ear Bobs), Coeur d'Alenes (Pointed Hearts) and. Gros- ventres (Big Bellies). It is a fact that of these the Blackfeet have the IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 93 whitest feet; there is not among the Flatheads a deformed head; there is not among the Nez Perces an individual having any part of the nose perforated; nor do any of the Pend Oreilles wear ornaments in their ears; nothing is unusual with the heart of the Coeur d'Alene; and, finally, the Grosventres are as slim as any other Indians, and cor pulency among them is rare. These are fanciful names given by French Canadian trappers for some isolated peculiarity. — FERRIS, Life in the Rocky Mountains. MISSION AND MISSIONARIES.— Captains Lewis and Clark endeavored to explain to the Indian tribes whom they visited some of the funda mentals of religion. The Flatheads and Nez Perces were the most religiously inclined of all western Indians, and in 1816 and 1820 Iroquois trappers of the Jesuit faith were teaching their tenets to them, they being quite eager to learn. These Indians became interested in the Scriptures and anxious for teachers to instruct them. Some time about 1832 a deputation, consisting of four chiefs from both tribes, was sent to St. Louis, Missouri, to consult with Capt. William Clark, of the Lewis and Clark expedition, who was then agent of all western tribes. They asked him for "Black Robes" to teach them the precepts of the Bible. The chiefs met with considerable experience, but one only ever returned home; however, the object of their visit soon spread and it became known that missionaries were wanted in the West. In 1834 the Methodists sent Rev. Jason Lee to the Wil lamette Valley; in 1836 the Presbyterians sent Dr. Marcus Whitman and Rev. Henry H. Spalding to the Columbia River; in 1840 the Catholics sent Father P. J. De Smet to the Bitterroot Valley; and in 1855 the Mormons sent Elder Thomas S. Smith to the Lemhi Valley. — CHITTENDEN, American Fur Trade. .MOTHER LODE. — Since the discovery of paying gold in Idaho in 1860 the opinion had been expressed, repeatedly, that somewhere in the state a rich central deposit existed. This was the stimulus that led to many discoveries. The source of the state's metallic mineral deposit is the great central granite mass that occupies three-fourths of the state. During the Cretaceous period, some 15,000,000 years ago, the convective forces of the earth erupted a granite batholith in cen tral Idaho resulting in the forming of Payette Lake (q. v.) and Sal mon Lake ( q. v.). The mean elevation of this upheaval was 10,000 feet higher than the present surface, which elevation has since been denuded and the vast erosion of this rock formation with its contained ore deposits has resulted in the prominent source of placer gold, while the lateral metamorphosed sediments and intrusive lavas of this granite formation has resulted in extensive ore veins and deposits. — ¦ ANNUAL REPORT, Mining Industry of Idaho. MOUNTAIN HOME, Elmore County. — This is the name given, in early days, to a stage station on the Boise-Salt Lake Stage Route, which contained a hotel, stopping place and postoffice. From its snug and cosy situation near the mountains it was called the "Mountain Home." When the Oregon Short Line Railroad was completed in 1883 the 94 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE station and postoffice were moved eight miles southwest to the railroad where a town retaining the same name now flourishes. MULLAN MILITARY ROAD.— This road extended from Fort Benton, Montana, at the head of steamboat navigation on the Missouri to Fort Walla Walla, Washington, then the head of steamboat navigation on the Columbia River, a distance of 624 miles. The object was to build a northern and more direct route for immigration into the Northwest and a northern transcontinental route free from the slave power of the south and was built by the Government at an expense of $230,000. It was begun in 1855 by Gov. Isaac I. Stevens and com pleted in 1860 by Captain John Mullan, the principal actor in its location and construction. The first route passed south of Coeur d'Alene Lake (q. v.), but in 1861 this section was changed to the north shore. A portion of it now occupies Sherman Street in the city of Coeur d'Alene. The Northern Pacific Railroad follows this old military road. — MULLAN, Construction of a Military Road. NAMPA, Canyon County. — This is a Shoshoni word meaning "Namp," "foot" and "puh" an expression denoting a "bigness," and refers to Chief Bigfoot who was war chief Nampah of the Wihinast which was that branch of the Shoshonis that lived along the Boise River (q. v.). These Indians were known for their large chiefs. Donald Mackenzie states that in 1822 these Indians were governed by Chief Pee-eye-em. and a sub-chief, who were brothers, and both fine looking men; the former was six feet two inches high, the latter about six feet, and both stout in proportion. Mackenzie himself, the stoutest of the whites, was a corpulent, heavy man, weighing 312 pounds; yet he was nothing to be compared, either in size or weight, to this Indian chief. His waistcoat was too narrow by fourteen inches to button around Pee- eye-em. Alexander Ross in 1824 said this chief was the great sachem, so frequently and favorably mentioned by his friends on former expedi tions. Both himself and his escort were as fine a set of athletic men as he had ever seen in the country. Chief Nampuh was descended from this race of chieftains. He was reputed to have a foot seventeen and one- half inches long and six inches wide and was the hereditary chief of the Wihinast. He was a bold and skillful leader, but given to thievery, horse stealing and murder, which embroiled him and his tribe in the Indian War of 1863. He was killed by the highwayman Wheeler in 1868 during a personal encounter. Pee-eye-em is a Shoshoni word meaning "Pee-ah," "large" and "nim," "Indian" or "Big Indian." The Wihinast were put upon the Fort Hall Indian Reservation (q. v.) at the time it was formed in 1869. — ROSS, Fur Hunters. NAPIAS CREEK, Lemhi County.— This is a Shoshoni Indian word which the discoverers gave to the creek on which they discovered placer gold in 1866 at Leesburg (q. v.) and means "money." The way it came to be applied is related by Frank B. Sharkey, the leader of the discovery party. The next day after the strike thirty-eight buck Indians came to his camp, having followed the trail traveled by his party from the find in Leesburg basin to the Salmon River The chief asked Sharkey IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 95 if their party had, found any "napias." Sharkey answered "no." The chief said "ish-ump" (you lie). He then told Sharkey how he had taken some of the dirt from one of the prospect holes and washing it in the creek had found "napias." Knowing how alluring gold is to a prospector, the chief told Sharkey that this country was no good for white men and for him to get right away and be sure and stay out, but in a day or so the rush was on and the Indian's protest was of no avail. — REES, History of Lemhi County. NEZ PERCE INDIANS. — This name is a misnomer and has been tortured from its original application. "Nez perce" is the French for "Pierced nose," but this tribe, so far as known, either by actual observation or by tradition, never practiced the custom of piercing the nose for any purpose. The Nez Perce Indians had, by nature, a flattened or com pressed nose, and the old French Canadian trapper, in the early days, called them "Nez presse" which means a "pressed" or "squeezed nose," having reference to this flattened condition. The primitive sign for this tribe is, "with the thumb and index finger of the right hand seize the cartilage of the nose," which also referred to the "compressed nose." The Indian sign for "pierced nose" is applied alike, not only to the Nez Perces, but to the Caddos and Shawnees as well. These Indians belonged to the Shahaptan family (q. v.) and called themselves Chopunnish (q. v.). They maintained peaceful relations with the whites from their first discovery until 1877. Lewis and Clark were kindly received by them in 1805 and Captain Bonneville was cordially welcomed in 1833. In 1855 Governor Stevens concluded a liberal treaty with these people, giving them an immense tract of country for a reservation. In 1863 the encroachments of the whites made it necessary to throw open a portion of this country to settlement. This action created a division among the Indians; those who would not agree to this new treaty were called Non-treaty Indians (q. v.) and these led by Chief Joseph (q. v.) made the outbreak in 1877.. The Nez Perce men were generally fine looking, robust men, with aquiline features and came nearer representing the "noble red man" of fiction than any other Indians, while their women were often masculine in disposition and generally "wore the breeches." — CLARK, Indian Sign Language. NEZ' PERCE INDIAN RESERVATION, Nez Perce County— The Nez Perces claimed approximately all Idaho now contained in Idaho, Sel way, Clearwater, Lewis, Nez Perce and Latah counties; Oregon, in Wallowa, Union and Baker counties; Washington, in Whitman, Gar field and Asotin counties. In 1855 Gov. Isaac I. Stevens and Supt. Joel Palmer for the Government and the chiefs and head-men for the tribe made a treaty at Camp Stevens, Washington Territory, creating a reservation as follows: Commencing where the Moh-ha-na-she or southern tributary of the Palouse River flows from the spurs of the Bitterroot Mountains; thence down said tributary to Ti-nat-pan-up Creek' thence southerly to the crossing of Snake River, ten miles below the mouth of Al-po-wa-wi River; thence to the source of Alpo- 86 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE wawi River, in the Blue Mountains; thence along the crest of the Blue Mountains; thence to the crossing of the Grande Ronde River, midway between Grande Ronde and the mouth of Woll-low-how River; thence along the divide between the waters of Woll-low-how and Powder River; thence to the crossing of Snake River, fifteen miles below the mouth of Powder River ; thence to Salmon River above the crossing; thence by the spurs of the Bitterroot Mountains to the place of beginning. In 1863 a new treaty was made relinquishing the above reserve and at Council Grounds in the Lapwai Valley the follow ing tract was made their reservation: Commencing at the northeast corner of Lake Wa-ha; thence northerly to a point on the north bank of Clearwater River, three miles below the mouth of Lapwai; thence down the north bank of Clearwater to the mouth of Hatwai Creek; thence due north to a point seven miles distant; thence easterly to a point on the north fork of Clearwater, seven miles from its mouth; thence to a' point on Oro Fino Creek, five miles above its mouth ; thence to a point on the north fork of the south fork of Clearwater, five miles above its mouth; thence to a point on south fork of Clearwater, one mile above the bridge on the road leading to Elk City (so as to include all the Indian farms now within the forks) ; thence in a straight line westwardly to the place of beginning. In 1894 they ceded, sold, relin quished and conveyed all their unallotted lands to the United States, reserving numerous sections which are held in severalty by the In dians, the surplus being sold for settlement by the Government, paying the Nez Perces the sum of $1,626,222.00, thus abolishing the reserva tion. — Indian Land Cessions. NEZ PERCE RETREAT, ITINERARY.— Gen. O. O. Howard defeated the Nez Perces at the Battle of Clearwater on July 12, 1877, which battle field lies southeast of Kamiah (q. v.). The Indians then left Idaho going over the Lolo trail and pass (q. v.), evading Captain Rawn who had barricaded the canyon along the Lolo trail in Montana, after which they emerged into the Bitterroot Valley. They then traveled up the Bitterroot River, thru Ross' hole, over Gibbon's pass and into the Bighole, where on August 9, 1877, they defeated Colonel Gibbon. Con tinuing they passed on to Horse Prairie, murdering settlers on the way and thence thru the Bannock pass back into Idaho on the Lemhi River which they followed to its source and thence on to Birch Creek where they. killed some freighters and destroyed their outfit. They followed down Birch Creek until they struck the trail going east to Camas Creek where General Howard intercepted them by a cutoff, but had his pack mules stolen from him by the Indians at Camas Meadows on the night of August 19th. They then passed up the north fork of the Snake River, going by Henry's Lake (q. v.), thru Targhee pass (q. v.) thence on to the Madison, following it into the Yellowstone National Park, sweeping thru the lower geyser basin, where they captured and killed some tourists, emerging from the park on to the Clark's fork of the Yellowstone, down which they traveled, and across the Yellow- ¦ stone, after which they had a running fight with Colonel Sturgis at IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 97 Canyon Creek on September 13th. They then directed their course due north for the British possessions, crossing the Musselshell River, thru Judith gap and down the Judith River, crossing the Missouri at Cow Island, but were finally, after retreating 1500 miles, surrounded by Col. Nelson A. Miles at Bear Paw Mountain, where they surrendered on October 5, 1877, and were taken from thence to Fort Leavenworth and eventually to Indian Territory.— HOWARD, Life Among Hostile Indians. NEZ PERCE TRAIL AND PASS, Idaho County.— This is an old Indian trail which has been used by the Nez Perces from "time out of mind" as they crossed the mountains to hunt buffalo on the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers. It passed up the south fork of the Clearwater to its source whence it followed the divide between the Salmon and Clearwater rivers until it crossed the summit of the Bitterroot Moun tains at Nez Perce pass; thence across the Bitterroot River, thru Gibbon's pass, one part going east to the buffalo country and the other crossing the Rocky Mountains to the west on to Salmon River at the north fork of the Salmon; thence south along the Lemhi River and Birch Creek to the Snake River plains ( q. v.) and country. NIGGER PRAIRIE, Shoshone County. — This name was given to a small grassy opening in the timber on the old Mullan road. It was so named from having been occupied by a negro man as an eating and feeding station several years ago, and who it is said was killed by an Indian and left dead on the premises and was found and buried by white men. This clothes its history with a somewhat romantic sadness. Among Indians there is no prejudice against the colored race and some tribes are quite fond of them.— ONDERDONK, Idaho. NOMENCLATURE. — It would "make a preacher cuss" to see how many of the names given to streams and places by the Indians and old trappers have been changed to others that have neither sense nor meaning. The class of people who flock to mining regions appear to have about as much originality as so many ganders. Every little town, for instance, must be called city or some other name that has already been used in naming half a dozen other towns in mining regions. This tendency to change the old names of places and streams, as the coun try settles up, is much to be regretted, as the Indian names and those given by the early pioneers are much more applicable than those of civilization, as a general thing. The United States Postoffice Depart ment has remedied many names by the process of elimination and union of words. — STUART, Montana As It Is. NON-TREATY NEZ PERCES. — There were two main divisions of the Nez Perce tribe: First, the Upper Nez Perces occupying the Clearwater country with Lapwai (q. v.) as the center. They were the "Treaty Indians " composing the main part of the tribe, numbering about 2,500, and never went upon the warpath; second, the Lower Nez Perces who lived along the Snake River in the neighborhood of the mouth of the Grande Ronde River and including Wallowa and Imnaha valleys, known as the "Non-Treaty Indians" numbering about 1,000. When '¦A-Zt'-l-lyO 98 t' / IDAHO NOMENCLATURE Spalding (q. v.) established a mission at Lapwai in 1836 he induced the chief of the Lower Nez Perces to settle near the mission and bap tized him under the name of Joseph. Spalding abandoned Lapwai suddenly in 1847, after which the Treaty Indians ordered Joseph back to his own country of Wallowa, making of him an enemy to both Indians and whites. Joseph signed the treaty of 1855 which created the Nez Perce Indian Reservation (q. v.), because it included lands which he claimed. The discovery of gold on the Clearwater and the influx of miners necessitated a new treaty, which was made in 1863, in which Wallowa Valley was left out of the reserve. This treaty Joseph refused to sign or be bound by its limits, hence the name of "Non-Treaty Indians." President Grant was prevailed upon in 1873 to set aside, by executive order, a reservation for these Indians, which was as follows : Commencing at the right bank of the mouth of Grande Ronde River; thence up Snake River to a point due east of the south east corner of T. 1 S., R. 46 E. of the Willamette meridian; thence due west to the west fork of Wallowa River; thence down said west fork to its junction with the Wallowa River; thence down said river to its confluence with the Grande Ronde River; thence down the last named river to the place of beginning. After getting this concession Joseph died in 1873, leaving not only the chieftainship but his hatred to his son, Chief Joseph (q. v.). In 1875 President Grant revoked his order and restored this reservation to the public domain. In speaking of this affair and especially the nation's treatment of Indians in general Gen. 0. 0. Howard wrote: "It is difficult to explain the almost uni form injustice which the American people have practiced towards the Indians. We can match the massacre of St. Bartholomew, the cruelties of the Inquisition, or the ferocity of London rioters, in our dealings with the red man." The Non-Treaty Indians were ordered upon the Lapwai Reservation and after several councils they agreed to go, but outrageous acts toward them on the part of the settlers caused them to break loose and declare war in 1877. — HOWARD, Nez Perce Joseph. OLDS FERRY, Washington County.— Named for R. P. Olds who in 1865 was at the head of the transportation company organized to mo nopolize the Idaho trade and stage business for Oregon as against California. They endeavored to secure all mountain passes and river crossings over which they maintained toll roads and ferries to levy tribute upon the traffic and travel. The Idaho Legislature granted this ferry certain privileges on Snake River under an act of 1865.— BANCROFT, History of Washington, Idaho and Montana. OOTLASHOOTS.— This is the name given by Lewis and Clark to that portion of the Flathead Indians that dwelt along the Clark's fork of the Columbia in Montana. The word is Salish (q. v.) and was their own name for themselves. OREGON TRAIL.— This was the first great highway made by white men across Idaho Territory. All early routes of travel were occupied first by Indian trails which had been used by the natives from time imme morial before white people passed over them. The Hunt-Astoria party IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 99 (q. v.) were the first whites to cross this route, having followed approximately this trail from the Portneuf (q. v.) to the Columbia River. Nathaniel Wyeth and Captain Bonneville (q. v.) passed over parts of this trail in the '30s, but it never became actually estab lished until the immense travel to the Oregon country beginning with the immigration of 1843 and continuing to be used until that country was settled and became American soil. It developed into a great wagon road, altho called a trail, and was pronounced in early days as one of the finest highways in the world. It entered Idaho at Border where Bear River enters the state and followed that river to Soda Springs (q. v.) and thence west to Portneuf River, down which it passed to Fort Hall (q. v.), which was the most important station along the route and from which point numerous roads and trails diverged. From this place the road extended westward along the south side of Snake River (q. v.) to the ford near Glenn's Ferry and thence northwesterly to Boise River (q. v.) and down this river to its mouth at Fort Boise (q. v.) where Snake River was again crossed, entering Oregon and leading over the- Blue Mountains to the Columbia River ( q. v.) , being a distance of 415 miles within Idaho. In later times a road extended west from Fort Hall, crossing thru the Lost and Wood River countries, called Tim Goodwill's cutoff. — CHITTENDEN, American Fur Trade. ORO FINO CREEK, Clearwater County. — This word is of Spanish origin brought from the south and means "Oro," "gold" and "Fino," "pure" and was applied to this stream by Capt. E. D. Pierce of California, the leader of the discovery party that struck placer diggings on this creek in 1860. The creek on which the party camped they named Oro Fino and the gulch where the gold was discovered and which opened into the creek was called Canal Gulch and is the place where placer gold was first mined to any extent in this state. Their camp grew into a town afterwards called Pierce City for Captain Pierce, the discoverer. — BANCROFT, History of Washington, Idaho and Montana. OVERLAND TRAIL. — Of this route General Dodge said: "It was made by the buffalo, next used by the Indians, then by the fur traders, next by the Mormons, and then by the overland immigration to California and Oregon." This trail when first established followed the Oregon Trail (q. v.) to Raft River (q. v.) where it turned off going up the creek and passing City of Rocks and thence into Nevada to California. Afterwards it passed by the northern extremity of Great Salt Lake and did not enter Idaho. — GUIDE, Overland Route. OWYHEE RIVER, Owyhee County. This is the name which Capt. James Cook gave to the Sandwich Islands in 1778, but the word is now spelled "Hawaii." In 1819 Donald Mackenzie outfitted three Owyhees who were employed by the Hudson Bay Company to trap this stream for beaver during the winter. The Indians found and murdered them, since which time this stream has been called the Owyhee River. PAHKEE. — This is a Shoshoni Indian word meaning "Pah," "water" and "keek," "dropping"' or "the place where water drops" and was applied by them to the Grosventres whose habitat was about the Great Falls 100 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE of the Missouri in Montana. These Indians were the most relentlessly hostile and murderous of all western tribes. Their own language was so difficult to learn that they used the language of the Blackfeet in their intercourse with the whites, for which reason they were often mistaken for Blackfeet Indians. The Indian killed by Captain Lewis on his return trip in 1806 was not, as generally reported, a Blackfoot but a Grosventre. It was also Grosventres instead of Blackfeet that participated in the battle of Pierre's hole in 1832. PAHSIMAROI, Lemhi County. — This is a Shoshoni Indian word meaning "Pah," "water," "sima," "one" and "roi," "grove," or in English "a grove by a stream." There is a grove of evergreen trees growing on the south side of this river making a natural phenomenon in that it occupies an isolated and detached position, miles away from other trees. It is an almost invariable rule that where evergreens grow along the bottoms there will be found single and straggling trees extending from the grove back to the main forest on the mountain side. But not so with this one and this solitary position is the main idea suggested by this name. — REES, History of -Lemhi County. PALOUSE RIVER, Latah County. — This stream was named by Captains Lewis and Clark on October 13, 1805, for George Drewyer, one of their party. Later the Canadian French called it "Pavion," then "Pavilion," because the Indians camped upon it temporarily only and in tents, the name finally changing to the French "Palouse" meaning "lawn" or "grass spot" as the river flowed thru a rolling, bunch-grass country. Those families of the Nez Perce tribe that eventually settled and made their homes on this river became known as the Palouse Indians. Lewis and Clark called them "Palleotepellows" and in 1860 they were located on the reservation with their kinsmen, the Nez Perces. — DE 8MET, Oregon Missions; ROSS, Oregon Settlers. PANHANDLE. — The northern portion of Idaho is so called because of the long, narrow strip of country projecting from the state like the handle of a frying-pan. The early geographers who attempted the mapping of the country west of the Mississippi River left a very vague and erroneous outline of the Rocky Mountain formation. The dividing ridge of the rocky range was nearly always represented as a right line trending from the northwest to southeast, from the Canadian boundary to the Mexican border. The right line has, however, disappeared from maps as explorations have brought, from year to year, the results of their researches. Unfortunately, however, the results of such re searches were not understood by Congress when the bills creating Montana and Wyoming were enacted, whence they followed the Bitter root Range intead of the main range of the Rocky Mountains, pro ducing the panhandle shape to the north and the arm chair shape to the Wyoming front. — MULLAN, Construction of a Military Road. PARKER'S ITINERARY.— Rev. Samuel Parker was a Presbyterian mis sionary who came West in 1835 with Dr. Marcus Whitman to Green River, Wyoming, where they met so many Indians desiring their serv ices that Doctor Whitman returned East for more workers while IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 101 Reverend Parker traveled with a company of Nez Perces to the Walla Walla River. They left Green River August 21, 1835, crossed Teton pass (<7. v.) into Teton basin and toward the Snake River which they crossed at the mouth of Fall River on September 1st; thence across Camas and Beaver creeks (q. v.) to Medicine Lodge Creek (q. v.) and into Sheep Creek basin, Montana ; thence on to the Lemhi River ( q. v.) September 11th; thence passing down the Lemhi and Salmon rivers, arriving at Bonneville's Fort (q. v.) on the Salmon River September 15th. They followed the Lewis and Clark trail (q. v.) until it inter sected the Nez Perce trail (q. v.) which latter trail they followed to the Clearwater River (q. v.) and thence down to Snake River (q. v.) and on to Walla Walla where Reverend Parker selected Waiilatpu as the site for Doctor Whitman's mission. — PARKER, Exploring Tour. PAYETTE LAKE. — This is the name given to a geologic fresh water lake of Tertiary times which occupied the Snake River plains ( q. v.) and is thus called because its formation is so well exposed along the Payette River ( q. v.) . The earth was built up in the Formative eon after which the Gradational eon, that of erosion and sedimentation, began, which occupied about 200,000,000 years. Up to 15,000,000 years ago the Snake River (17. v.) had eroded the surface of its basin to a low gradient. The valley of the main stream, the ancient representative of Snake River, became broad and had many important tributary valleys opening from it and extending far into the bordering mountains. Its topography had come to maturity, but in the Cretaceous period there was an upward movement of rocks resulting in the upheaval of the mother lode ( q. v.) , which was thrown athwart the course of the Snake River in western Idaho and eastern Oregon forming a lake which covered the Snake River plains now called Payette Lake. It was of Miocene age and stood about 4000 feet above sea level, being about 2500 feet at its deepest point. Some 5,000,000 years ago this lake received the outpour of one of the greatest lava flows known in geology, the Tertiary lava (q. v.) of the Columbia River basin, since which time the streams of the Snake River plains have worn and cut their way to their present conditions. — RUSSELL, Snake River Plains. PAYETTE RIVER, Payette County.— This river was named for Francis Payette who in 1818 led a small party of Hudson Bay trappers along this stream to catch beaver. He was afterwards the trader in charge at Fort Boise (q. v.) for the Hudson Bay Company. PEND OREILLE INDIANS. — This name is of French origin meaning "Pend," "drop" and "Oreille," "ear" or literally "earrings" and was doubtless given by the Canadian French explorers to Pend Oreille Lake (q. v.) on account of the peculiar shape of the lake, being that of an ear. Some authorities state that the name was originally given to the tribe of Indians that inhabited the shores of this lake because of their custom of wearing earrings, but there is no evidence either of observa tion or tradition that they ever wore ear ornaments, besides, the custom of wearing ear ornaments was so universal among Indians that it could not have been considered a distinct tribal characteristic. The Indians 102 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE call themselves "Kalispels" (q. v.).— GUIDEBOOK, Northern Pacific Route. PEND OREILLE LAKE, Bonner County.— The geologic feature of this lake is that of a drowned valley which is held by a gravel dam on the west. It is about fifty miles long and from two to fifteen miles wide and is said to be very deep. As it is long and narrow and lies between mountains 2000 to 3000 feet high it must, if the reported depth of water is correct, occupy a canyon rivaling in size and depth the Grand Canyon of the Colorado in Arizona. — GUIDEBOOK, Northern Pacific Route. PHYSICAL FEATURES.— Idaho is situated between 42° and 49° north latitude and 111" and 117° west longitude. The lowest elevation is Lewiston, 738 feet; the highest is Hyndman Peak, 12,078 feet; the mean elevation being 4,500 feet. It contains 83,354 square miles of land surface, 534 square miles of water surface, making a total area of 83,888 square miles, and ranks the twelfth among the states of the Union in area. Three features roughly divide the state. First, the Rocky Mountain region comprising the irregular eastern boundary and northern portions; second, the Plateau region comprising the inter- montane elevated plains lying between the Rocky Mountains and the Cascade Range; and, third, the Great Basin region consisting of a small southeastern portion, the drainage from which flows into Great Salt Lake. PIERRE'S HOLE, Teton County. — This place was named for an Iroquois Indian trapper who first discovered it in 1819 while trapping for the Hudson Bay Company and who was afterwards killed on Jefferson River in 1827. His Canadian French name was Vieux Pierre. This place is now called Teton basin ( q. v.). The word "pierre" in French means "stone"— CHITTENDEN, American Fur Trade. PILOT KNOBS.— This is the name given to the Teton Peaks (q.v.) by the Hunt-Astoria party (q. v.) in 1811, as they were used as guiding points by the members — IRVING, Astoria. PIONEER, Butte County. — This place was named in honor of that great class of people who, thru many hardships and privations, made it possible for western civilization to exist. The pioneer is the Hesperus that leads out the stars which shine in the firmament of history. Upon the stage of American history the pioneer and the Indian have played important parts. Upon the Avenue of Palms at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition stood the American pioneer and the Indian, the latter sculptured in "The Lost Trail." It was the pioneer that blazed the trails of progress which have broadened into palm-bordered avenues upon the royal highway of achievement, where, today, the red man seeks in vain the trail of his old wild ways. — MRS. J. R. Both- WELL, Report to Woman's Club. POKATELLO, Bannock County. — This is a Shoshoni Indian word meaning "Po," "road," "ka," "not" and "tello," "to follow" or "He does not follow the road," and was applied to this chief of the Bannack Indians because of his stealthy habits and thieving raids. In 1862 he and his IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 103 followers massacred a California emigrant train near the City of Rocks in Cassia County, for which deed Gen. P. E. Connor of Fort Douglas, Utah, surrounded his winter camp on Bear River on January 29, 1863, and almost annihilated the entire band. On July 29, 1863, the Government made a treaty with Pokatello and his followers, called the Northwestern Bands, as follows: It is agreed that friendly and amicable relations shall be re-established and it is declared that a firm and perpetual peace shall henceforth be maintained. And the said Northwestern Bands hereby acknowledge to have received pro visions and goods to the amount of $2,000 to relieve their immediate necessities, the said bands having been reduced by war to a state of utter destitution. The country claimed by Pokatello, for himself and his people is bounded on the west by Raft River and on the east by the Portneuf Mountains. When the Fort Hall Indian Reservation (q. v.) was formed in 1869 most of this country was included in that reserve and all the Indians were placed upon it. In 1864 Ben Holliday opened a stage route from Salt Lake City to Vir ginia City, Montana, and located a station along the route which he named "Pocatello" for this chief. The place developed into the present town of Pocatello which is near Batise springs, a great Indian camp and resort in olden days. PORTNEUF RIVER, Bannock County. — This stream was named for a Hudson Bay trapper who was with Peter Skene Ogden's Snake country expedition of 1825 and who that year was murdered by the Bannack Indians while making the rounds to his traps along this stream. The ill-starred canyon of the Portneuf, memorable in all its early and recent history for murder, robbery and disaster, has been a favorable haunt for stage robbers and highwaymen. Its flow is constantly inter rupted by low lava rock dams, resulting in quiet pools and successive cascades from an inch to four feet in height, from which incident some think that this "gate way of rocks" gave the name to the canyon, as the Canadians, many of whom trapped this stream, which was con sidered one of the best beaver streams in the West, would say "Port" meaning "gate" and "neuf, "ninth" or the stream with "nine gates" along its course. — LANGFORD, Vigilante Days and Ways. POTLATCH RIVER, Latah County. — This is a Chinook jargon (q. v.) word derived from a tribal ceremonial and means "giving." In the early days a Nez Perce by the name of Shucklatumna Hi Hi, which means "white owl," had a cayuse pony with which he carried footmen, who were traveling thru the country, to the mines across the river, charging a quarter of a dollar for the service. One day the stream was high and a big Irishman, weighing about 200 pounds, wanted to be taken across. The Indian first took the blankets across and then came back and got the Irishman behind him on the cayuse. When in midstream the pony stumbled. The Irishman fell off and was being swept into the main stream of the Clearwater. The Indian followed him on his pony, hollering to him, "Potlatch quarter! Potlatch quarter! Then drown if you want to." From this incident it was called "Pot- 104 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE latch," but before that time the Indians called it "Yaka" meaning "black bear." — BE ALL, Idaho Librarian Report, 1915-16. PRIEST LAKE, Bonner County.— This lake was named for Father Roothaan, who was a priest of the Jesuit order doing missionary work in Washington and Idaho along with Father De Smet in 1845. He died in 1853 and was buried in the lake. The Indians called him Kaniksu and this lake was called Kaniksu Lake until the construction of the Great Northern Railroad in 1890 when the name was changed to Priest Lake. — DE SMET, Oregon Missions. PRITCHARD, Shoshone County. — This place was named for A. J. Prit chard, who first discovered gold in paying quantities in the Coeur d'Alene country in 1880. While these diggings were not as rich as some Idaho placers yet considerable gold was washed from the gravel and, in connection with the placer mining, prospecting for quartz and the opening of rich lead-silver lodes, developed a mining district in the heart of the Bitterroot and Coeur d'Alene mountains that has pro duced millions of wealth. — ONDERDONK, Idaho. QUAKING ASP. — The superstitious voyageurs thot that this was the wood of which the cross was made and that ever since the crucifixion its leaves have exhibited that constant tremulous appearance, which has given rise to the name "quaking" meaning "tremble" of the French. The genus populus, consisting of the poplar, cottonwood and aspen, were important trees in the settlement of the west. — CHITTENDEN, American Fur Trade. RAFT RIVER, Cassia County. — This stream was so called because the beavers had so clogged the channel with their dams that it was neces sary for the early settlers traveling over the Oregon trail (q. v.) to cross the mouth of the river in rafts. The Hudson Bay trappers called it "Cajeux" meaning "Ca," "to and fro" and "jeux," "play," for some fanciful notion about the stream's behavior. REDROCK PASS, Bannock County. — This place is named for the red limestone cliffs which appear on both sides of the pass and was the old outlet of Lake Bonneville. During the Tertiary period, from five to ten million years ago, a fresh water lake existed in the Great Salt Lake basin, which was eleven times larger than the present lake and comparable in size and depth to Lake Michigan. Its water surface was 1,000 feet above the present level, making a great water expanse, the outlet to which was thru this pass down the Portneuf to Snake River (q. v.) and into Payette Lake (q. v.) A time came when the evaporation from this fresh water lake was greater than the precipita tion and supply of moisture after which event it dwindled to its present condition and is still decreasing, resulting in a strongly saline aqueous contents. As Captain Bonneville's party was the first to explore this basin to any extent geologists named the geologic fresh water lake for this explorer. Another pass of this name is in north eastern Idaho, which receives its appellation from the Redrock lakes of Montana. — GUIDEBOOK, Overland Route. IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 105 REED'S RIVER, Ada County.— In 1813 John Reed, of the Pacific Fur Company, with a party of ten trappers wintered on this stream, but were all killed in the spring by the Indians, since which time and from which incident it was called Reed's River. Donald Mackenzie lost two men, who were murdered by the Indians along this stream in 1819, and four in 1820. /This river has been called Wooded and Timber River from the nuihber of poplar and Cottonwood trees that grew along its course, but is now known as the Boise River (q. v.). — ROSS, Journal. RENDEZVOUS. — Instead of maintaining central forts, as did the British companies, the American dealer appointed a rendezvous for each sum mer at the time when beaver fur is least valuable to catch. To this rendezvous came the employees of the companies and the free or in dependent trapper with their pelts, and with them congregated Indians and half-breeds, with an interspersing of Canadians from the north and Spaniards from the south. — FRENCH, History of Idaho. ROCKY BAR, Elmore County. — The mines of Alturas County (q. v.) were discovered in the early '60s by goldhunters on their way to some far-off El Dorado. The first discovery was made in the extreme north western end of the county in an aggregation of granite boulders, since known as "Rocky bar," and in 1864 the placer mines of Atlanta, named from the battle of Atlanta, were discovered and a town was founded. — ONDERDONK, Idaho. ROCKDAM RIVER, Clearwater County. — This is the name which Captain Clark gave to a stream on September 25, 1805, from the rocks that obstructed its passage. It is now called Oro Fino River (q. v.). ROCKY MOUNTAINS— The first knowledge by the whites of the Rocky Mountains was gained thru the Spaniards of Mexico, who had ex plored a- considerable part of the southwestern United States, and the name first applied to them was the "Mexican Mountains." La Veren- drye in 1748 was the first European to discover these mountains north of the Spanish line of 42°, and because their snowy ridges gleamed brightly when the sun shone upon them he called the range the "Shin ing Mountains." In 1793 the Canadian French, under Alexander Mac kenzie, which was the first white party to cross these mountains, called them from their rough and rocky nature and the tremendous efforts they had to put forth in crossing them, the "Montagnes Rocheuses," from which has come the modern word "Rocky Moun tains." Lewis and Clark called them, generally, the "Rockies," how ever, at times they designated them "Snowy" and "Stony" mountains. The term has come to mean the mountains between the Mississippi and the Pacific, just as the "Alleghany" applies in a general way to the mountains between the Mississippi and the Atlantic Every separate range of these mountains is now mapped with its local name, so that the name "Rocky Mountains" scarcely appear on modern maps, and while it is a natural geographical line it forms a state boundary in only one place for about one hundred miles between Idaho and Montana. The English geographers designated the range extend- 106 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE ing thru Canada and the United States in the west the "Chipewyan" system for the great Indian tribe of Alberta, which name should sur vive, being in marked contrast with the "Apalachian" system extending thru Canada and the United States in the east and named for a tribe of Indians in Florida. — CHITTENDEN, American Fur Trade. SACAGAWEA. — This was the name of a Shoshoni Indian woman, the heroine of the Lewis and Clark expedition. She was born near Fort Lemhi (q. v.) about 1786 and was stolen from her tribe by the Pahkees (q. v.) about 1800, who sold her to their relatives the Hidatse from whom Charboneau purchased her, or perhaps won her at the "hand game." Her brother, Cameahwait ( q. v.) , became chief of that portion of the Shoshonis inhabiting Lemhi ( q. v.). The name is of Shoshoni (q. v.) origin and comes from "Sye" meaning "boat" and "Tzack-qui- ee," "pull it off" or, literally, a "boat launcher." This name was given to this girl to express her light-hearted nature and the idea to be conveyed in the expression is, "She glides like, a boat." The Indian sign for "boat" and "bird" are very similar, being made with both hands, one representing the "flapping of wings" and the other the "working of oars." Captain Clark mistook the sign and called her the "bird woman." The name is pronounced "Si-kaj-ah-wee-ah." It was either her cousin or nephew, Snagg ( q. v.), that succeeded her brother as chief and after he was killed at Bannack, Montana, in 1863, her close relatives moved to Wyoming among other Shoshoni relatives and when in 1868 the Wind River Reservation was created she also re moved there. Her son, Batiste, and her nephew, Bazil, lived with her on this reservation and, like their father, followed the business of guide, scout and trapper and were known to traverse considerable portions of Idaho and Utah, visiting the Shoshoni tribes of Snake, Boise and Lemhi rivers, and she, no doubt, accompanied them. She died in 1884 and was buried on the Wind River Reservation, as is also her son and nephew. SACRED HEART MISSION, Kootenai County.— This mission was founded by Father Point in November, 1842, and proved quite successful. At first it was located on the Saint Joseph River, but in 1846 Father De Smet had it removed to the Coeur d'Alene River where in 1853 the first Catholic church in Idaho was erected by the neophytes. In 1865 Father Cataldo took charge of this mission after which the place became known as Cataldo, but the Indians eventually had the mission removed to the Coeur d'Alene Reservation. Father De Smet called the Coeur d'Alene Indians the "Pointed Hearts" and their mission building he designated the "Sacred Heart." — DE SMET, Letters and Sketches. SALISH. — This was the most easterly tribe of the Salishan family (q. v.) and is the name for the Flathead Indians. No Indian tribes flattened the head, but many of them deformed it by making it slope from the forehead to a pointed crown. Salish is a name which the Flatheads gave themselves, conveying by the word the idea that they leave their heads in their natural condition, flat on top, rather than deforming IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 107 them as the coast tribes did. O. S. Fowler in Human Science says: "The ample development of the moral faculties in man elevates the head above the ears and elongates and widens it on top, while its deficiency leaves it low, flat and short on top." This tribe, more than any other, was religiously inclined as related by Father De Smet ( q. v. ) and this tendency developed some of the religious faculties of the mind producing that shape of head, which the Canadian French called "Tetes Plates" (Flatheads), which designation has become permanent. The sign among all Indians for this tribe conveys the same idea. It is, "Pat the right side of the head above and back of the ears with the flat right hand," referring to the elongation of the occiput. This tribe was the ugliest of all mountain Indians and, while the men had good dispositions, the women were inclined to be quarrelsome. SALISHAN FAMILY. — This is a linguistic family of North American Indians that occupied a large part of British Columbia, Washington, and parts of Idaho and Montana, numbering at the last census 20,000. There were about sixty tribes of which the Salish (q. v.) was the principal one and the one for which the family was named. The tribes of this family entering into Idaho history were the Pend Oreilles, Coeur d'Alenes, Spokans, Colvilles and Flatheads ( q. v.) , all speaking nearly the same language. SALMON CREEK, Lemhi County. — This was the name given by Lewis and Clark on August 31, 1805, to a small stream because of the number of salmon fish (q. v.) seen therein. In 1832 Captain Bonneville (q. v.) erected a temporary fortification on this stream where the Lewis and Clark trail (q. v.) crosses and near its confluence with the Salmon River (q. v.). In 1835 Rev. Samuel Parker (q. v.) was at this fort and remarked its pleasant location. In 1878 Hon. Granville Stuart visited this fort finding considerable remains in evidence, but at the present time small traces only of its existence are to be seen. In the '70s Benjamin Carmen built a sawmill on this stream from which incident it took its present name of "Carmen Creek." SALMON FISH. — .This name is from the Latin Salmo, meaning "leaper," from the fact that they jump and climb the rapids, cataracts and falls in the streams they inhabit, in which they display very great strength but reduce their flesh and scar and mutilate their bodies. They are said to be anadromous, meaning "to pass from the sea to fresh water to spawn." The salmon of the Columbia River basin belong to the family Oncorhynchus, a Greek word meaning "hooked snout," and are divided by ichthyologists into five classes: (1) Quinnat (Chinook name), King, California, Chinook or Columbia River salmon, the most widely known and the most valuable fish in the world, at taining an extreme weight of one hundred pounds, though averaging only twenty-five pounds, and are spring runners; (2) Blueback, Sock- eye, Nerka (Russian name), or Red salmon, the most valuable" of Alaskan fishes, weighing from three to eight pounds and are also spring runners; (3) Silver, Kisutch (Kamchatka name) salmon, of little economic value, weighing from three to seven pounds, but fall 108 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE runners; (4) Humpback or Pink salmon, a recent or new specie, weigh ing three to ten pounds and fall runners; (5) Dog, Calico or Keta ( Kamchatka name ) salmon, of a vastly inferior quality, weighing from four to ten pounds and fall runners. There are one hundred varieties of the salmon family but the above inhabit only the north Pacific Ocean, so when the Shoshonis fed Captain Lewis on salmon August 13, 1805, he then knew he was on the head waters of the Columbia River. Captain Bonneville said: "The salmon on the west side of the Rocky Mountains are, like the buffalo on the eastern plains, vast migratory supplies for the wants of man, that come and gn with the seasons." They begin to ascend the rivers in April and during the journey do not feed in fresh water. They go to the remotest head waters and tributaries and from July to September lay their eggs, which are about the size of a pea, in holes in the gravelly beds of the streams, made by the female salmon lying on her side and washing out the gravel by a flapping motion of her body and tail, after which the eggs are fertilized by the male and covered over with gravel. They usually die after the breeding season is over and scarcely any of them ever return to the sea. The young hatch out in about three months and by the time they are two months old are about an inch in length. They remain in the shallow water of the stream until spring when they descend to the ocean by drifting down stream tail first, reaching the sea by the time they are five months old. Here they remain four years after which, having matured, they ascend the rivers to the place of their birth, where they spawn and die. The salmon trout or steel-head is a specie that lives permanently in fresh water streams and lakes. — QUACKEN- BOS, Forest and Stream, July, 1918. SALMON LAKE, Lemhi County. — This was a geologic fresh water lake of the Miocene age, resulting from the upheaval of the Mother lode ( q. v. ) . It occupied the Salmon River Valley from Northfork south ward; the Pahsimaroi Valley (q. v.) and the Lemhi Valley (q. v.), with its outlet over the Lemhi-Birch Creek Divide, whence it drained down Birch Creek into Payette Lake (q. v.). It was about 5,000 feet at its deepest place. About 5,000,000 years ago the water from this lake began carving its way through the upheaved mass, resulting in the Salmon River Canyon and rapids, ore of the most magnificent and wonderful gorges ever produced by nature. Since then the drainage has been to the northwest toward the Columbia River. — UMPLEBY, Geology of Lemhi County, SALMON RIVER MOUNTAINS.— These mountains extend from the Bit terroot Mountains westwardly to and beyond Snake River, which has cut its way thru them in one of the most imposing canyons in the world. To the west of Snake River these mountains continue into Oregon, where they are known as the Blue Mountains, so called by the Canadian French trappers because of their blue color when seen afar off. The trappers usually called the entire range, including both the Blue and Salmon River Mountains, the Blue Mountains. The Salmon River Mountains divide the state into a northern portion, where the normal IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 109 annual precipitation of twenty-five inches is sufficient for growing most crops without irrigation, and a southern portion, in which the annual rainfall is seventeen inches, which amount is not sufficient and irriga tion becomes necessary to produce profitable crops. SALE LAKE-DALLES STAGE ROUTE.— This stage route was organized to carry the United States Mail from the Dalles, Oregon, to Salt Lake City, Utah, and began operations in 1807. It passed from the Dalles along the Columbia River to Wallula and from thence to Baker City, Oregon, crossing the Snake River at Olds Ferry (q. v.) ; thence thru Weiser, Falk's Store, Boise City, old Mountain Home (q. v.), Malad station at the mouth of Malade River ( q. v. ) ; then across Snake River at Salmon or Fishing Falls (q. v.) ; thence to Rock Creek and up that stream to City of Rocks; thence to Curlew station in Utah; passing from thence to Bear River (q. v.), Ogden and Salt Lake City, a dis tance of 785 miles, 330 of which was in Oregon, 335 in Idaho, and 120 in Utah. SAW TOOTH MOUNTAINS.— These mountains were named by the immi grants during the '60s and were so called because of the jagged peaks along the range, which, when observed along the sky line, resembled a huge saw blade lying on its back. SHAHAPTAN. — This is a linguistic family of North American Indians that occupied north central Idaho, southeastern Washington and north eastern Oregon, and at the last census numbered 5,000. Their earliest home was upon the Columbia River and when they they were pushed southward the Salish (q. v.) called them "Shahaptans," meaning "strangers from up the river." There were several tribes, but the principal ones were the Chopunnish (q. v. ) , whose principal habitat was on the Clearwater; Palouses (q. v.) and Yakimas in southeastern Washington, and the Umatillas and Walla Wallas in northeastern Oregon. SHAPE. — The shape of Idaho is that of a straight back chair, the back being 500 miles along the west, bordering Washington and Oregon; the top 48 miles along the north, bordering British Columbia; the upper portion of front about 500 miles along the east, bordering Montana; the lower portion of front about 180 miles along the east, bordering Wyoming, and the bottom 305 miles along the south, bor dering Utah and Nevada. Its greatest length from north to south is 490 miles; its greatest width from east to west is 305 miles. The northern portion is called the Panhandle ( q. v.) . SHOSHONE COVE. — This is the name given by Lewis and Clark to what was afterwards called "Horse Prairie," in Montana. They called it thus from the tribe of Indians with whom they were dealing, but the latter name was given because it was the prairie where Lewis and Clark ' traded with the Shoshonis for horses. The Indians called this prairie "To-erh-ro-ne," meaning "The place of trading horses." SHOSHONE FALLS, Lincoln County. — The three great falls of Amer ica Niagara, Shoshone and Yosemite, being as characteristically different as possible, all bear Indian names. The Shoshone is HO IDAHO NOMENCLATURE one of the finest and most magnificent falls in the world, with a plunge of nearly 200 feet. "It is a strange, savage scene — » monotony of pale blue sky, olive and gray stretches of desert, frowning walls of jetty lava, deep beryl-green river stretches, reflecting here and there the intense solemnity of the cliffs, and in the center a dazzling sheet of foam. In the early morning light the shadows of the cliffs were cast over half the basin, denning themselves in sharp outline here and there on the river. Upon the foam of the cataract one point" of the rock cast a cobalt-blue shadow. Where the river flowed around the western promontory it was wholly in shadow and of a deep sea-green. A scanty growth of coniferous trees fringed the brink of the lower cliffs overhanging the river. Dead barrenness is the whole sentiment of the scene. The mere suggestion of trees, clinging here and there along the walls, serves rather to heighten than to relieve the forbidding gloom of the place. Nor does the flashing whiteness where the river tears itself among the rocky islands, or rolls in spray down the cliff, brighten the aspect. In contrast with its brilliancy the rocks seem darker and more wild." — KING, Geological Survey. SHOSHONE LAKE.— This body of water is the head and source of the Snake River (q. v.) and was first mapped in 1863 by engineer Walter W. De Lacy, from which incident the United States Surveyor General, of Helena, Montana, gave it the official name "De Lacy's Lake." In 1872 Prof. F. V. Hayden, of the United States Geological Survey, visited the lake and thru professional jealousy renamed it "Sho shone Lake." The Snake fork of the Columbia and the Madison fork of the Missouri rise in the Yellowstone National Park only a few miles apart and only a few miles from the Green fork of the Colorado. — Historical Society of Montana. SHOSHONEAN FAMILY. — Approximately this family occupied the western part of the United States, lying between north latitude 35° and 45° and west longitude 105° to 120°, being the third family in the extent of country occupied and at last census numbered 24,000. It included some of the most virile as well as some of the most degraded tribes upon the continent. There were a very great number of tribes, but the following includes them all, together with their principal habitats: Bannacks (q. v.), on the Portneuf River (q. v.) ; Comanches, on the plains; Moquis, in the pueblos of Arizona; Pahutes, in Nevada, Utah and Arizona; Shoshonis (q. v.), in Idaho, Nevada and Utah; Tukua rikas ( q. v.), in the Salmon River Mountains ( q. v. ) ; Tobikhars, in California, and • Utes, in Utah and Colorado. This family took its name from the Shoshoni tribe (q. v.). The Shoshonis, Comanches and Tukuarikas are recent derivants from a single tribe whilst the Utes, Pahutes and Bannacks are derivatives from another but related tribe of the Shoshonean family. SHOSHONI. — This was the most northerly tribe of the Shoshonean family (q. v.). They occupied all aboriginal Idaho south of the Salmon River (q. v.), and, while the Snake River (q. v.) region was their chief seat and stronghold, yet they roamed over and occupied western IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 111 Wyoming, northwestern Colorado, northern Utah and Nevada, south eastern Oregon and northeastern California. For treaty purposes the Government divided them into eastern Shoshonis, who were eventually settled upon the Wind River and Fort Hall reservations (q. v.), and the western Shoshonis, who were eventually settled on the Malheur, Duck Valley ( q. v.) and Lemhi reservations ( q. v.) . The tribe num bers about 2,000. Fort Hall and Fort Boise (q. v.) were Hudson Bay Company trading posts among these Indians. The name comes from two Indians words, "Shawnt," meaning "abundance," and "shaw-nip," "grass," which was etymologieally changed to the euphonious name "Shoshoni" and in English conveys the thot of "abundance of grass." They were thus called because they camped where there was plenty of grass from which they constructed their dwellings. Being great weavers they made grass lodges and were known among Indians as "grass house people." They originally inhabited the plains extending thru Colorado, Wyoming and Montana, just east of the Rocky Mountains. Thru their relatives, the Moquis, who first came in contact with the Spaniards of Mexico, from whom the Moquis purchased horses, the Shoshonis became the first western tribe to have ponies, which gave them considerable superiority over their surrounding neighbors. But gradually the Blackfeet, Crows and Cheyennes, who lived east of them, acquired firearms from the Hudson Bay and other fur companies, which enabled them to eventually drive the Shoshonis from the plains into the moun tains and to fleece and rob them of their ponies, so that many families of this tribe were brought to a low standard of life and at the time the white people came in contact with them were in a miserable con dition. From this circumstance many of the tribe names ended in "ricka" or "ticka," meaning "eater," referring to their principal source of living. They were a low, heavy built people, very dark, with small feet and hands, but large chests and shoulders. While usually at peace with the whites, especially after a few years' acquaintance, yet, when aroused, were a brave people and when wronged became very treacherous. They were quite amenable to civilized ways and in deal ing with the whites, shrewd but always suspicious. They were excel lent horsemen and the best dispositioned of western tribes, their women being the best looking of all mountain tribes. — REES, History of Lemhi County. %j~^ (p>->jU--e-4_ SIGN LANGUAGE.— While there were fifty-five distinct linguistic fam ilies among the Indians of the United States and hundreds of different dialects, yet there was among them a single gesture speech, which was practiced by all the aborigines of North America and many in South America. It was an intertribal means of communication and all Indians used it, but with different degrees of expertness, making of it a universal sign language with which they could readily converse with each other, however distant they lived apart or however different" their spoken language. It originated by evolution the same as human speech developed, from the necessity of conveying intelligence, and is made with one or both hands and when used by experts in conversation 112 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE its fluent graces of movement is the very poetry of motion. The signs are founded on some symbolic characteristic by which ideas are con veyed with lightning-like gestures, meaning, at times, whole sentences and is usually a quicker, more satisfactory and effective way of ex pressing thots than by many Indian languages. There are 48,000 com bination gestures in the sign language and so near is it like the deaf mute language that Indians have very little trouble in conversing with them and the Indian name for deaf mute means, "People that talk with their hands and arms." Along with the sign language went the "hand game," which was a universal gambling device played with two bones, one plain and one marked, being held in the hands by a player, the other side guessing in which hand the unmarked bone was concealed, and is always played in connection with songs and incanta tions. All gambling is based on tenets of fatalism for which reason the Chinaman of the Orient is the most inveterate gambler on earth, while the Indian follows a close second and the negro comes third, the various races of white men coming last. — MALLERY, Sign Lan guage. SLATER VILLE, Nez Perce County. — This was the first town started in Idaho and was situated on the Clearwater twelve miles below the mouth of the north fork. It was founded in May. 1861, but in June following Lewiston (q. v.) was located, which absorbed Slaterville. In 1861 the first steamboat to ascend the Snake River (q. v.) was the Colonel Wright. They had orders to proceed up the Clearwater as far as possible and there establish a town adjacent to the mines. Indian Agent Cain made the trip and Lawyer (q. v.), the head chief of the Nez Perces, got on the boat at Lapwai (q. v.) and proceeded up the river as far as what is known as Big Eddy. In lining over a riffle above the eddy the cable broke and the boat drifted back. Capt. Leonard White, the commander of the boat, concluded to return and two miles below Big Eddy the goods belonging to S. S. Slater was landed, so the place was called "Slaterville." — BEALL, Librarian's Report, 1915-16. SNAGG. — This is the name of the Indian that was chief of the Shoshonis (q. v.) at the time the Mormons settled at Fort Lemhi (q. v.) in 1855 and was a nephew of Chief Cameahwait (q. v.) and uncle to Chief Tendoy (q. v.). He was very friendly to the whites, was accorded quarters at the fort, and the Mormons gave him many bushels of wheat when they left. He was killed in 1863 at Bannack, Montana, by Buck Stimson, the noted road agent whom the vigilantes afterwards hung, just to "add another notch to his gun." — REES, History of Lemhi County. SNAKE COUNTRY EXPEDITION.— This was the name given to the Hudson Bay (q. v.) trapping parties under the charge of some leader, which were annually outfitted at Fort Walla Walla to trap for furs along Snake River ( q. v.) and its tributaries. Donald Mackenzie, as a member of the Hunt- Astoria party (q. v.), had noticed the splendid opportunities to take fur along the streams where this party had wan- 4- IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 113 dered. When the British took possession of this country Mackenzie insisted that the Hudson Bay Company erect a trading station in the vicinity of this fur region, which they did in 1818 by building Fort Nez Perce on the Columbia River (q. <,.) at the mouth of the Walla Walla River and which was afterwards called Fort Walla Walla. The expeditions were composed of French, Iroquois, Sandwich Islanders and Indian trappers and hunters and families, consisting of from 60 to 140 persons, who put in the fall, winter and spring trapping Snake River and its tributaries. Donald Mackenzie was the leader of the expedition from 1818 to 1822, Finan McDonald in 1823, Alexander Ross in 1824, Peter Skene Ogden from 1825 to 1830, John Work from 1830 to 1831 and Francis Ermatinger from 1832 to 1835; when Forts Boise and Hall were erected as trading posts to monopolize the fur trade of the Snake River country. — ROSS, Fur Hunters. SNAKE INDIANS. — This name has been applied to some tribes of the Shoshonis. Alexander Ross says that the name means "inland," and arose from the characteristic of these Indians in quickly concealing themselves when once discovered. He says they seem to glide away in the grass, sagebrush and rocks and disappear with all the subtlety of a serpent. De Smet says they are called "Snakes" because in their poverty they are reduced like reptiles to the condition of digging in the ground and seeking nourishment from roots. Clark says that one of their old men claimed that it was because they formerly ate ser pents, for which reason the French Canadians called them "Les serpents." Stuart and Gebow say that Shoshoni means "snake." The two names "Snake" and "Shoshoni" are used interchangeably, altho one does not mean the other. The first whites that came in contact with the Shoshonis could not understand their language. But all Indians can talk the sign language ( q. v.). When asked the name of their tribe the Indian made a serpentine motion of the right hand with the index finger extended, which was aimed to convey the thot of "weaving," as they wove their grass houses as explained under Shoshoni (q. v.). But the white man, owing to the sinuous movement made by the Indian, took it to mean "snake," and for this reason called them Snake Indians. The Shoshoni name for "snake" is "toigoi," an entirely different word, so that this appellation became a misnomer ; however, it had followed them and still adheres to this tribe which gave the name to the great Shoshonean family and all other words of "Shoshoni." — REES, History of Lemhi County. SNAKE RIVER. — This stream was named for the Snake Indians (q. v.) who were so numerous along its course. The Shoshonis called it "Yam- pa-pah," meaning the "stream where the yampa grows." The Yampa was abundant along the Snake River, its roots producing bulbs about the size of pigeon eggs, sweet and nutritious, and in the springtime furnished food for the Indians as they cooked them with their meat as a vegetable. Later on they called this stream "Po-og-way," meaning "Po " "road" and "og-way," "river" or the "Road river," alluding to the Oregon trail (q. v.) . It has been called by the trappers at various 114 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE times, the Shahaptain, Sahaptain, Saptin, Lewis, Nez Perce, South- branch and Shoshonee River and flows thru the state a distance of 800 miles, receiving practically all the drainage of Idaho. SNAKE RIVER PLAINS. — This is a flat area bounded by rugged moun tains and extends in a curved course concave to the north, extending across southern Idaho for a distance of 350 miles with a width of 50 to 75 miles and an estimated area of 34,000 square miles, thru the entire length of which traverses the Snake River. It is a built-up plain formed by out-pouring sheets of Tertiary lava (q. v.) inter bedded with accumulated sediments of Payette Lake (q. v.), which two processes of upbuilding were contemporaneous within the basin, out of which this plain was formed. Snake River (q. v.) eroded its channel thru this formation and eventually drained this geologic lake. On account of the general absence of water over this plain, the region is also frequently designated the "Snake River Desert." — RUSSELL, Snake River Plains. SODA SPRINGS, Bannock County. — This place was so designated because of the vast deposits of soda about the various springs. They were first called Beer Springs (q. v.). There were also numerous hot springs, differing widely in character and appearance, and there was one miniature geyser erupting to a height of about three feet at regular intervals. The noise accompanying these pulsations caused it to be named Steamboat Spring. The place was similar to the Yellow stone National Park, only on a much smaller scale, but many objects excited considerable curiosity in travelers. — CHITTENDEN, American Fur Trade. SOUTH PASS, Wyoming. — So named in contradistinction to the north pass used by Lewis and Clark. It is not known by whom this moun tain passage was discovered, but it is likely that the returning Astorians passed thru this divide in 1812. It is quite probable that Ashley's party located it in 1823. The ascent is so gradual that, although 7,500 feet above sea-level, its elevation is not perceived, and in 1843, Fremont could, with difficulty, tell just where he crossed the highest point of the divide. The topography in the vinicity of this pass is quite confusing, for near it rise the streams which flow into the Atlantic via Missouri River; into the Pacific via Columbia and Colorado rivers; and into the Great Basin via Bear River. — DALE, Ashley-Smith Explorations. SPALDING, Nez Perce County. — This place was named for the Rev. Henry H. Spalding, a Presbyterian missionary from New England, who founded a mission on Lapwai Creek (q. v.), in 1836, among the Nez Perce Indians. It was the first agricultural settlement made in Idaho Territory, and its influence resulted in improved farms, better homes and an advance toward civilization by the Nez Perce Indians. STATE FLOWER. — By common consent, Lewis' syringa is the state flower of Idaho. The queen of Idaho's wild flower garden is by unanimous acclaim the modest syringa, Philadelphus Lewisii, which is limited in its territory to the western group of states, from Montana and Wyom- IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 115 ing to Washington and California. Its flowers matching the orange blossom in beauty, its bursting buds appearing to be fairly pin- cushioned, its fragrance as delightful as the odors that sweep over Elysian fields, its leaves a delicate, soft, shimmering green, the Idaho syringa is a shrub well equipped to awaken enthusiasm in every lover of flowers. It belongs to the saxifrage family, and was so loved by Ptolemy Philadelphus, the master king of old Egypt, that he gave it his own name, and the western specie of this family to which the Idaho syringa belongs was named for Captain Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark expedition. — GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, June, 1917. SUBLETTE'S ROAD.— That part of the Oregon trail (q. v.) from South pass (q. v.) to Fort Hall (q. v.) was, at times, called "Sublette's Road" because it was very early and often used by William L. Sublette of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. Also a more direct route from South pass to Bear River was called Sublette's Cutoff. TARGHEE PASS, Fremont County. — This word is of Bannack origin, begin taken from the name of a Bannack chief who was notorious as a warrior and was killed by the Crow Indians in the winter of 1871-2. It is properly spelled "Ty-gee," but became changed to "Ti-gee," then to "Ta-gie," and eventually to "Tar-ghee." It is a low pass in the Rocky Mountain range between the north fork of Snake River (q. v.) and the south fork of Madison River, leading from Henry's Lake (q. v.) across the Continental Divide to the Yellowstone National Park, and was the divide thru which the Nez Perces passed from Idaho in 1877, and perhaps the pass thru which Andrew Henry passed, in 1809, from the three forks of the Missouri to Henry's Fork of the Snake. TENDOY, Lemhi County. — Named for the chief of the Lemhis (q. v.), whose beautiful monument of native pink sandstone, erected by his white friends at a cost of $325, stands on an eminence two miles east of the railroad station. He was born on the Boise River about 1834, and succeeded his uncle, Chief Snagg (q. v.), as chief in 1863. When meat is boiled the blood therein coagulates and rises to the surface. It was his excessive fondness, when a boy, for this coagulated blood that gave him his name. "Un-dook is "meat," "ten-dup" is "to boil," and "doip" is "coagulated blood," all of which the Indian contracts to "Un-ten-doip," meaning "he likes broth." He died from exposure near the narrows on Agency Creek (q. v.) on the night of May 9, 1907. He was one of the best Indian friends the white man ever had, and for the last ten years of his life the Government, in recognition of his friendly attitude, allowed him a pension of $15 per month. — REES, History of Lemhi County. TERTIARY LAVA. — Idaho contains the greatest flow of lava known, except the Columbia River &ow. It was a basalt lava 50 to 700 feet thick covering an area of 20,000 square miles within the Snake River basin. The flow began in the Miocene age, reaching its maximum outpour about three million years ago, since when it has decreased 116 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE until the latest evidence shows nlolten rocks in recent historical times, perhaps not over one hundred years ago. It came up thru volcanic cones, out of which highly liquid lava in vast quantities flowed away in all directions, where it hardened in a horizontal position. There are scores of vents, cones and craters within this area, Big, Middle and East buttes (q. v.) being conspicuous examples. — RUSSELL, Snake River Plains. TRIOS TETON.— These are French-Canadian words meaning "three women's breasts," and were applied by the Hudson Bay trappers of Donald Mackenzie's Snake country expedition in 1819. The Shoshonis called them "Tee-win-at," meaning the "pinnacles." The people of the Hunt- Astoria party (q. v.) were the first white persons to discover them, and as the peaks can be seen for more than a hundred miles and were used as guiding objects by this party, they called them the "Pilot Knobs." They are the most noted peaks in the Rocky Mountains, the highest, Grand Teton, can be seen a great distance and has long served as a landmark for trappers and pioneers. The Teton range is but sixty miles long and lies twenty-five miles southwest of the Yellowstone National Park. It is crossed by Teton pass about twenty miles south of Grand Teton, which was the principal thorofare across the Rocky Mountains in very early days. — ROSS, Oregon Settlers. THUNDER MOUNTAIN, Idaho County. — This is a commanding mountain, the most prominent, locally, of the range, somewhat isolated and detached, around whose peaks electrical displays and thunderstorms were quite frequent. These natural manifestations produced in the Indian that weird and creepy feeling which he attributed to "thunder," a-nd he called this particular mountain "Tome-up," meaning "clouds," and "yag-gi," "crying" or the "place where the clouds are crying." The white man, learning the Indian name for this mountain, adopted its English meaning and called the place "Thunder Mountain." TOWER CREEK, Lemhi County.— This is a small stream flowing into Salmon River, up which Lewis and Clark traveled, being the place where the expedition left Salmon River on August 31, 1805. Four miles up this stream are some curiously shaped rocks and boulders which, from a distance, look like spires and towers of a city, hence the name "Tower." Reverend Parker described these objects as he passed them on September 16, 1835. This stream is now called "Boyle" Creek for Thomas Boyle, who settled there in the early '70s. TUKUARIKA INDIANS.— They were that tribe of the Shoshonean family which were driven and held in the mountain fastnesses by the Black feet Indians. Here they practiced new ways of living and adopted that mode of life which consisted in subsisting on big-horn, dressing in furs and skins and dwelling in rocks and caves. "Tuku" means "mountain sheep," and "arika," "eat" or "Sheepeaters." They pos sessed neither ponies nor firearms, but used the dog and the bow and arrow exclusively. They were a slender and wiry people, their haunts being the most secluded and highest points of the mountains. Being destitute of modern implements, using instead the obsidian IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 117 knife and hatchet, dressed in ragged skins, they were truly designated "wild men of the mountains." These were the Broken Moccasin Indians referred to by Lewis and Clark. Intellectually they were very inferior, some not far removed from the lower animals. Their home was at one time in the Yellowstone National Park, being the only Indians that would live there or in that vicinity. Their principal habitat was in the Salmon River Mountains (q. v.). They were located on the Lemhi Indian Reservation ( q. -v. ) and became amalgamated with the Lemhis (q. v.). In 1878 renegades from the Nez Perce and Ban nack wars made rendezvous of the Tukuarika's camps in the Salmon River Mountains and made them headquarters for their robbing and horse stealing raids. The Government sent troops to capture these outlaws, numbering about one hundred persons, which event was called the "Sheepeater War." — REES, History of Lemhi County. TUSHEPAW.— This is the name which Lewis and Clark gave to the Flat head Indians that lived on the Bitterroot River, Montana. It is a Shoshoni Indian word meaning "Tats," "summer" and "pah," "water" or the "summer-water-place," and was so called because the Bitterroot valley was such a delightful climate and agreeable place to winter, and many of the Shoshonis wintered there, saying that it was "like summer." TYHEE, Bannock County. — This place was named for a Bannack chief. To the Indian the horse was a marvel, and when it was first used by him speedily changed his mode of life. In its many uses the horse was so much swifter than himself that he called it "Tee-hee," meaning "like a deer," and it was regarded among the sacred and charmed things. So when a chief of the Bannack tribe, during the '20s, in the many bat tles in which he engaged and in which it appeared that he was invulner able to lead, his existence was likewise regarded by the Indian as a charmed life, and in recognition of his swiftness in escaping the flying leaden bullets, he was called by them "Tee-hee," meaning "The Horse." As this name has been used by successive chiefs, it has been corrupted into "Ti-hee" and "Ty-hee." The Blackfeet Indians, learning of this charmed life, directed one of their marksmen to load his gun with a piece of buffalo horn instead of the leaden bullet. This he did and fired it, during a battle on Goddin River ( q. v.), into Chief Te-hee, killing him on the spot. Captain Bonneville relates this death in Chapter XV, and comments upon the chief's character. This chief's grandson, having been born under charmed auspices which had reference to the old chief's death, was named "Buffalo Horn" (q. v.). UTAH NORTHERN RAILROAD. — This was the first railroad to be con structed in Idaho, entering the territory in 1874, but not completed across the state until 1879. It was a Mormon corporation organized by Brigham Young in 1872, but meeting financial distress was sold in 1878 to Jay Gould and was eventually transferred to the Oregon Short Line when that system was organized in Wyoming in 1881. At first it was a narrow gauge, three feet wide, and was operated in that manner until 1886, when it was changed to a standard gauge. 118 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE It followed the Salt Lake-Virginia stage road through Idaho, and many stage stations became depots along the railroad. VOLUNTEERS. — In the Indian wars of the West, the volunteers have always proven the more effective fighting force. A brave and hardy class of men, they understood frontier life. Their self-reliance and resourcefulness fitted them for Indian warfare. Moreover, they under stood the nature of their wily foe and knew how to combat him. Bold and daring riders, they were the terrors of the red men. — SPLAWN, Kamiakin. WEISER, Washington County. — This stream was named, in 1818, for Jacob Weiser, a Hudson Bay trapper who first trapped for furs along this river. Afterwards, in 1861, he went from Oregon to the Salmon River mines, where he discovered and worked some exceed ingly rich placers. — BANCROFT, History of Washington, Idaho and Montana. WESTERN SPIRIT.— "I longed to behold again the vast, wild country with its mountains, streams and valleys, its' rolling bunch-grass plains interwoven with Indian trails, the country where the jack rabbits roamed at will, where sage hens and prairie chickens had their peaceful abode, where the warbling birds sang their noonday songs and the voice of the coyote was borne on the evening breezes, where, in the quiet night, the rising moon revealed to one's gaze the boundless plains, unmarred by the habitations of man or by barbed wire fences with trespass notices to make it sure." — SPLAWN, Kamiakin. "\ IDAHO BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. BANCROFT, HUBERT H. Native Races of the Pacific Coast (New York, 1874). 5 vols. 2. History of the Northwest Coast (San Francisco, 1884). 2 vols. 3. History of Oregon (San Francisco, 1886). 2 vols. 4. History of Washington, Idaho and Montana (San Francisco, 1890). 5. History of Nevada, Colorado and Wyoming .-( San Francisco, 1890). 6. History of Utah (San Francisco, 1889). /~± 7. History of British Columbia (San Francisco, 1889). 8. Popular Tribunals (San Francisco, 1887). 2 vols. Bancroft's works are the basis of western history. 9. CALKINS, F. C, and MACDONALD, D. F. A Geological Recon naissance in Northeastern Idaho and Northwestern Montana with Notes on the Economic Geology (Washington, 1909). A full geology of the country mentioned. 10. CENSUS. Abstract of the Thirteenth Census of the United States with Supplement for Idaho (Washington, 1913). Statistics of the State. 11. CHITTENDEN, HIRAM M. The American Fur Trade of the Far West (New York, 1902). 3 vols. A full history of the western fur trade from 1806 to 1843. 12. The Yellowstone National Park (Cincinnati, 1912). A popular description of the park, with maps, views and portraits. 13. CLARK, W. P. The Indian Sign Language (Philadelphia, 1885). A good handbook of the sign language and its relation to deaf mute language. 14. COLUMBIA. Map of the Department of the Columbia (Washing ton, 1881). A map of the country as understood at that time. 15. CONSTITUTION. Proceedings and Debates of the Constitutional Convention of Idaho (Caldwell, Ida., 1912). 2 vols. A stenographic report of the doings of this convention. 10. DALE, H. C_ The Ashley-Smith Explorations and the Discovery of a Central Route to the Pacific (Cleveland, 1918). The journals of William H. Ashley and Jedediah S. Smith. 17. De SMET, P. J. Letters and Sketches (Philadelphia, 1843). Thwaites' edition. 18. Oregon Missions an! Travels Over the Rocky Mountains (New York, 1847). Thwaites' edition. A history of missionary work among western Indians. 19. ELDRIDGE, GEORGE H. A Geological Reconnaissance Across Idaho (Washington, 1895). Describes topography and geology of upper Salmon River. 11» 120 /-"" IDAHO BIBLIOGRAPHY 20. ELLIOTT, WALLACE W. History of Idaho (San Francisco, 1884). First history of Idaho written, but not very extensive. 21. ENCYCLOPAEDIA. The Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition (Cambridge, 1910). 29 vols. Many facts in Idaho history are elaborately treated in this work. 22. FARNHAM, THOMAS J. Travels in the Great Western Prairies (London, 1843). 2 vols. Thwaites' edition. A contributory history of the early Oregon country. 23. FRANCHERE, GABRIEL. Narrative of a Voyage to the Northwest Coast of America (New York, 1854). Thwaites' edition. A good history of old Fort Astoria. 24. FREMONT, JOHN C. Report of an Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains (Washington, 1845). First to explore the Snake River valley. 25. FRENCH, HIRAM T. History of Idaho (Chicago, 1914). 3 vols. The greater part of this work is biographical, but contains some history. 26. GANNETT, HENRY. Boundaries of the United States and of the Several States and Territories (Washington, 1904). Indispensable for a proper understanding of the shaping of the various states of the Union. 27. GARRETT, I. W. Official Manual of the State of Idaho (Boise, Ida., 1896). Full of facts and should have been continued to present time. 28. GEBOW, JOSEPH A. A Vocabulary of the Snake or Shoshonay Dialect (Green River, Wyo., 1868). Good to compare with present language. 29. GOODE, RICHARD U. Survey of the Boundary Line between Idaho and Montana from the International Boundary to the Bitterroot Mountains (Washington, 1900). A history and tracing of a portion of Idaho's eastern boundary. 30. GOULDER, W. A. Reminiscences (Boise, Ida., 1909). Contains a great many historical facts at first hand. 31. GROVER, N. C. Surface Water Supply of the United States; Snake River Basin (Washington, 1916). A scientific treatise on the waters of the Snake River. 32. HAILEY, JOHN. History of Idaho (Boise, Ida., 1910) . A great deal of splendid historical material. 33. Annual Reports of the Librarian of the Historical Society of Idaho (Boise, Idaho). 34. HAYDEN, F. V. Annual Reports of Geological and- Geographical Survey of the Territories, 1871-2-7-8 (Washington). 4 vols. The geological survey of southeastern Idaho. 35. HILL, GEORGE W. Vocabulary of the Shoshone Language (Salt Lake, 1877). A good dictionary written by the interpreter for the Lemhi Mormon colony, 1855-8. IDAHO BIBLIOGRAPHY 121 36. HODGE, F. W. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (Washington, 1905). 2 vols. This is an exhaustive encyclopaedia of North American Indians. 37. HOSMER, JAMES K. History of the Expedition of Captains Lewis and Clark (Chicago, 1905). 2 vols. A reprint of the original 1814 edition of this work and the best cheap edition extant. 38. HOWARD, O. O. Nez Perce Joseph (Boston, 1881). 39. My Life and Experience among Hostile Indians (Hartford, 1907). Contains a history of the Nez Perce, Bannack and Sheepeater wars by a general that participated in them all. 40. HUNTINGTON, D. B. Vocabulary of the Utah and Shoshone or Snake Dialects (Salt Lake, 1872). A small comparative dictionary of the two languages by the Indian interpreter of the Mormon battalion. 41. IDAHO. Congressional Globe, Thirty-seventh Congress, Third Session (Washington, 1863). 2 vols. Contains the congressional history of Idaho when it was formed as a territory. 42. IDAHO. Congressional Record, Fifty-first Congress, First Session (Washington, 1889). 2 vols. Contains the congressional history of Idaho when it was admitted as a state of the Union. 43. IDAHO. Map of the State of Idaho (Washington, 1913). A map of the state, but an up-to-date map is badly needed. 44. INDIANS. Report on Indians; Eleventh Census (Washington, 1894). This is a splendid report on Indian progress, and contains many beautiful pictures and colored portraits of noted chiefs. 45. IRVING, WASHINGTON. Astoria (Philadelphia, 1836). 2 vols. 46. The Adventures of Captain Bonneville (New York, 1850). Mr. Irving is always pleasing to read; however, he uses considerable romance in the place of history. 47. KAPPLER, C. J. Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties (Washington, 1904-1913). 3 vols. Contains all treaties, agreement and understanding with the various tribes and the laws and rules by which the United States governed them. 48. LANGFORD, NATHANIEL P. Vigilante Days and Ways (St. Paul, 1890). 2 vols. Contains a good history of the West before the day of law and order. 49. LAWS. Laws of the Territory of Idaho (Boise, Ida., 1863-1889). 15 vols. 50 Laws of the State of Idaho (Boise, Ida., 1890-1917). 14 vols. 51. Reports of the Supreme Court of Idaho (San Francisco, 1866-1917). 30 vols. These laws contain the legal history of the state. 52 LEWIS PUBLISHING CO. An Illustrated History of Idaho (Chi cago, 1899). Largely biographical, but contains some history. 122 IDAHO BIBLIOGRAPHY 53. LINDGREN, WALDENAR. Mining Districts of Idaho Basin and Basin Ridge, Idaho (Washington, 1897). 54. The Gold and Silver Veins of Silver City, De Lamar, and Other Mining Districts of Idaho (Washington, 1900). 55. A Geological Reconnaissance Across the Bitterroot Range and Clear water Mountains in Montana and Idaho (Washington, 1904). These works are mostly geology of mineral veins. 56. MALLERY, GARRICK. Sign Language of North American Indians (Washington, 1881). A scientific history of the origin and use of the sign language among the tribes. 57. MALLOY, WILLIAM H. Treaties, Conventions, International Acts, Protocols and Agreements Between the United States of America and Other Powers (Washington, 1910). 3 vols. Treaties with other powers by which the United States, among other things, acquired title to territory. 58. MARSHALL, R. B. Retracement of the Boundary Line Between Idaho and Washington (Washington, 1911). 59. Profile Surveys in Snake River Basin, Idaho (Washington, 1914). 60. Profile Surveys in the Basin of Clark's Fork of the Columbia' River (Washington, 1914). 61. Profile Surveys in Bear River Basin, Idaho (Washington, 1914). 62. Results of Spirit Leveling in Idaho (Washington, 1915). Marshall's works are a full history of the drainage waters of the state. 63. McBETH, KATE C. The Nez Perces since Lewis and Clark (New York, 1908). A good history of missionary work among the Nez Perce Indians. 64. McCONNELL, WILLIAM J. Early History of Idaho (Caldwell, Ida., 1913). A splendid reminiscence by an actor in the state's early history. 65. MERRIAM, C. HART. Results of a Biological Reconnaissance of South-Central Idaho (Washington, 1891). A short survey of some of the animal life in the state. 66. MONTANA. Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana (Helena, Mont., 1876-1917). 7 vols. Contains some early Idaho history. 67. MINING. Annual Reports of the Mining Industry of Idaho (Boise, Idaho). 19 vols. A history of the mining industry of the state. 68. MORMONS. The Bannock Stake (Salt Lake City). A Mormon history of the settlement at Fort Limhi. 69. MULLAN, JOHN. Report on the Construction of a Military Road (Washington, 1863). 70. Miner's and Traveler's Guide (New York, 1865). A history of the Mullan wagon road and other information of the north part of the state. IDAHO BIBLIOGRAPHY 123 71. OREGON. Oregon Historical Quarterly (Portland, Oregon). 19 vols. Contains considerable Idaho history, especially of early days. 72. ONDERDONK, JAMES L. Idaho (San Francisco, 1885). Fairly good history as far as it goes. 73. PALMER, JOEL. Journal of Travels over the Rocky Mountains (Cincinnati, 1847). Thwaites' edition. A good history of the Oregon trail. 74. PARKER, SAMUEL. Journal of an exploring tour beyond the Rocky Mountains (Auburn, N. Y., 1846). A history of Presbyterian missionary work among the Indians. 75. POWELL, JOHN W. Indian Linguistic Families of America (Wash ington, 1891). This work is a classic upon this subject. 76. QUAIFE, M. M. The Journals of Lewis and Ordway (Madison, Wis., 1916). Another contribution to. the Lewis and Clark expedition kept by a member of the party. 77. RAILROADS. Guide Book of the Western United States; The North Pacific Route (Washington, 1915). 78. Guide Book of the Western United States; The Overland Route (Wash ington, 1916). These railroad books contain a great deal of miscellaneous informa tion concerning the countries thru which they pass. 79. RANSOME, F. L., and CALKINS, F. C. Geology and Ore Deposits of the Coeur d'Alene District, Idaho (Washington, 1897). A scientific treatise on the greatest lead-silver producing country in the world. 80. REES, JOHN E. History of Lemhi County, Idaho (in preparation). 81. ROSS, ALEXANDER. Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River (Philadelphia, 1839). An early history of the Columbia River Basin. 82. Fur Hunters of the Far West (London, 1855). 2 vols. A good history of the fur days during the '20s. 83. ROYCE, C. C, and THOMAS, CYRUS. Indian Land Cessions in the 'United States (Washington, 1899). A splendid book showing by maps the exact location of all Indian land claims in the United States. 84. RUSSELL, ISRAEL C. Geology and Water Resources of Nez Perce County, Idaho (Washington, 1901). 85. Geology and Water Resources of the Snake River Plains of Idaho (Washington, 1902). 86. Geology of Southwestern Idaho and Southeastern Oregon (Washing ton, 1903). Mr. Russell's work is quite exhaustive, treating of the Snake River lava flow. 87. SHIELDS, G. O. The Battle of Big Hole (Chicago, 1889). A history of this battle. 124 IDAHO BIBLIOGRAPHY 88. ' SPLAWN, A. J. Kamiakin, the Last Hero of the Yakimas (Portland, Ore., 1917). A good work on Indian life. 89. STEVENS, ISAAC I. Narrative and Final Report of the Exploration for a Route for a Pacific Railroad (Washington, 1860). Contains considerable data regarding the topography of the northern route. 90. STRAHORN, C. A. Fifteen Thousand Miles by Stage (New York, 1911). 91. ROBERT, E. To the Rockies and Beyond (Omaha, 1879). 92. The Resources and Attractions of Idaho Territory (Boise, Ida., 1881). Contains some history of Idaho valuable to read. 93. STUART, GRANVILLE. Montana As It Is (New York, 1865). Contains the best Shoshoni and Chinook dictionary published. 94. TALKINGTON, H. L. Political History, State Constitution and School Laws of Idaho (Lewiston, Ida., 1911). A handbook for school purposes. 95. TOWNSEND, JOHN K. Narrative of a Journey Across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River (Philadelphia, 1839). Thwaites' edition.A history of the Oregon country. 96. TUTTLE, D. S. Reminiscences of a Missionary Bishop (New York, 1906). Missionary work in Idaho, Utah and Montana by an Episcopal bishop. 97. UMPLEBY, JOSEPH B. Some Ore Deposits in Northwestern Custer County (Washington, 1913). Geology and Ore Deposits of Lemhi County, Idaho (Washington, 1913). Geology and Ore Deposits of the Mackay Region, Idaho (Washing ton, 1917). Scientific treatises of the geology and ore deposits of central Idaho. 98. U. S. MAP. Map of the United States of Principal Explorers and Early Roads and Highways (Washington, 1908). Shows the routes of most discoveries and exploration in the United States. 99. U. S. MAP. Map of the United States (Washington, 1913). 100. VICTOR, MRS. F. F. The River of the West (Hartford, 1869). Contains considerable history of the fur trapping days. 101. WAR. Reports of the Secretary of War, 1858, 1863, 1877, 1878, 1879 (Washington). 4 vols. Contains considerable history of Indian wars as reported by the officers in charge. 102. WASHINGTON. Washington Historical Quarterly (Seattle, Wash.). 9 vols. Contains considerable history of interest to Idaho students and readers. IDAHO BIBLIOGRAPHY 125 103. WAGNER, W. F. Adventures of Zenas Leonard, Fur Trader and Trapper (Cleveland, 0., 1904). Some history of fur trapping days. 104. WHEELER, OLIN D. The Trail of Lewis and Clark (New York, 1904). 2 vols. The Lewis and Clark trail explained by one who passed over it just one hundred years later. 105. WORLD. The World Almanac and Encyclopaedia (New York, 1890- 1918). 28 vols. Contains a handy condensation of all election returns. IllllllUtlllllilli lllllllllllllllllllllllllll -1* 3 9002 00563 7435 ^