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GOWANS'

BIBLIOTHECA

ICANA.

" I have gathered a nosegay of flowers, and there is nothing of my own but
the string that ties them."   Momtaigke.
" To rescue from oblivion the memory of former transactions, and to render
a just tribute of renown to the many great and wonderful productions, both
European and American, William Gowans, of New York, republishes the fol
lowing Historical, Biographical, Literary, and Antiquarian Researches."
ALTERED FROM HERODOTtlS.

NE"W YORK :
WILLIAM GOWANS.
1845.

C/

BRIEF- DESCRIPTION OP
NEW YORK,
FORMERLY CALLED
NEW NETHERLANDS
WITH THE PLACES THEREUNTO ADJOINING.
LIKEWISE .
A BRIEF RELATION
OF THE CUSTOMS OP THE INDIANS THERE
BY DANIEL DENTON.
A MEW EDITION WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND COPIOUS HISTORICAL NOTES.
BY GABRIEL FURMAN,
MEMBER OP THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
Of all the lands that heav'n o'erapreada with light I
There'B none, ah t none so lovely to my eight,
In wavy gold Hiy aurmner vales are dressed
Thy autUTiaia bend with copious fruit oppressed ;
Wuh flocks and herds each grasBV plaints stored;
And JUh of every Jm, thy aeaa afford :
Woods crown thy mountains^ ana in every grove
The bounding goats andfrisking heifers^rove:
Soft rains and kindly dews refresh the field
And rising springs eternal verdure yields— Homer.
And to be short, all they that have been there irith one consent affirme, that there are the g'oodliesl greene
meadows and plaiiies, the fairest mountains covered with all sorts of trees and fruites, the fairest valltee, theg:ood-
liest pleasant fresh rivers, stored wiih infinite kind of fishes, the thickest woods, greene and bearin? fruite all
the whole yeere, that are in all the world. And as for gold, silver and other kind of metala, all kinu of spices
aud delectable fruites, both for delicacie and health are there in such abundance, as hitherto they have beeiie
thought to have been bred no where else but there. And in conclusion it is nowe thought that no where else
but under the equinoctial, ot Dot far from thence, is the earthly paradise, and the only place of perfection Id
this 'world.. •¦  Richard Hakluyt.

NEW YORK:
WILLIAM GOWANS.
1845.

Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1845, by
W. GOWANS,
In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York.

100 Copies printed on large paper Quarto.
4 Copies printed on extra large paper Folio.

WM. VAN HORDEN, PRINTER, 39 WILLIAM STRKBT.

DEDICATED

THE MEMORY

WASHINGTON.

ADVERTISEMENT.

The subscriber announces to the public, that he intends publish
ing a series of works, relating to the history, literature, biography,
antiquities and curiosities of the Continent of America. To be
entitled
GOWANS' BIBLIOTHECA AMERICANA.
The books to form this collection, will chiefly consist of reprints
from old and scarce works, difiicult to be procured in this country,
and often also of very rare occurrence in Europe : occasion
ally an original work will be introduced into the series, designed
to throw light upon some obscure point of American history, or to
elucidate the biography of some of the distinguished men of our
land. Faithful reprints of every work published will be given to
the public: nothing will be added, except in the way of notes,
or introduction, which will be presented entirely distinct from the
body of the work. They will be brought out in the best style,
both as to the type, press work, and paper, and in such a manner
as to make them well worthy a place in any gentleman's library.
A part will appear about once in every six months, or oftener,
if the public taste demand it; each part forming an entire work,
either an original production, or a reprint of some valuable, and
at the same time scarce tract. From eight to twelve parts will
form a handsome octavo volume, which the publisher is well
assured, will be esteemed entitled to a high rank in every collection
of American history and literature.
Should reasonable encouragement be given, the whole collection
may in the course of no long period of time become not less
voluminous, and quite as valuable to the student in American his
tory, as the celebrated Harleian Miscellany is now to the student
and lover of British historical antiquities.
W. GOWANS, Pullisher.

INTRODUCTION

This work is one of the gems of American history, being
the first printed description, in the English language, of the
country now forming the wealthy and populous State of New
York, and also the State of New Jersey ; both being under
one government at that time. And so great is its rarity, that
until the importation of the volume from which this small
edition is printed, but two copies were known to exist in
the United States, one in the State Library, at Albany, and
the other in the collection of Harvard University. The
only sale catalogues in which this work has appeared, are
those of Nassau, Warden, and Rich ; and as these three
catalogues are of diflferent dates, the notices of Denton
occurring in them, may all refer to the same copy, or at the
most, probably, to two copies. The work is in the library
of Mr. Aspinwall, American Consul in London, and also in
that of the British Museum; — these are the only two
accessible in England.
Mensel (x. 367,) gives "Denton's description of New
York. London, 1701, 4to," and adds, — "Liber rarrissimus
videtur, de qui nullibi quidquam, praeter hanc epigraphen
mancam, reperire licet." The title as given by Mensel
appears in Eberling's compends of the histories of New
York and New Jersey, with the * prefixed, indicating that
the author had never himself seen the work.
Hubbard and Neal in their histories seem to have had
access to it ; and the article on New York, as contained in
the America of " John Ogilby, Esq., his Majesty's Cosmo-
grapher. Geographic Printer, and Master of the Revels," is
2

10 introduction.
mainly drawn from the works of Montanus and Denton,
without the slightest indication of the sources of his
information. The reader will not fail to observe, how large a portion
of the volume is devoted to Long Island, and the city of
New York. The reason for this, is to be found in the fact,
that at that early period more than two-thirds of the popu
lation of the Colony was located on those two islands.
Schenectady was then, and for a considerable period sub
sequently, the frontier town, and most western settlement
of the white inhabitants ; as its name then most properly
indicated, meaning the first place seen after coming out of
the woods. It was surrounded by a double stockade, form
ing a large square fortification, with a blockhouse at each
comer. The largest one, on the northwesterly corner of the
town, was also used as a church, the only one then in that
place. So much exposed was Schenectady, from its frontier posi
tion, that twenty years after the original publication of this
work, in 1690, it was sacked and burnt by the French and
Indians, under M. de Herville ; who entered it at night,
broke open every dwelling, and murdered all they met,
without distinction of age, sex or condition, and during the
havoc set the town in flames. The greater portion of the
population fell beneath the tomahawk, or were made pri
soners and carried into Canada. Some few escaped to
Albany, and the nearest villages of the Five Nations of
Indians ; and others perished miserably in the forest, the
ground being covered with snow, and those who escaped, '
being obliged to do so half naked and bare foot.
The defenceless state of the country, from its sparse popu
lation, may be inferred from the fact, that when the news
of this horrible massacre reached Albany the next day, the
inhabitants of that city were many of them so greatly
alarmed, that they resolved to seek refuge in New York.
And probably they would have done so but for the Mohawk
10

INTRODUCTION. 1 1
Indians, who then lived between Albany and Cattskill, and
also west of that city, who persuaded them to remain.
These Indians not only afforded their advice in this emer
gency, but they also sent information to their Onondaga
confederates, who despatched a body of their warriors in
pursuit of the enemy, overtook them, and killed twenty-five
of their number.
Between Schenectady and Albany there were no settle
ments, all was in a wild forest state. Albany itself was a
fortification, surrounded by a line of stockade, with seven
blockhouses and bastions. On the hill where now stands
the capitol, was a large stone fort overlooking the city and
the surrounding country ; on which were mounted twenty-
one heavy cannon ; and in it was the residence of the Gover
nor of the city, with officers' lodgings, and soldiers' barracks.
This fort was so extensive, that about this period there were
two large gardens constructed in the ditch, south and west
of the city. ¦
Albany had then its centre at State street, with one street,
(Beaver street,) south of it, and another street north. Mar
ket street, then called Handler's street. Green street and
Pearl street, crossing State street, composed the whole city.
The " Colonic," as it was then, and is by many still called,
was a small settlement immediately north of Albany, and
in continuation of Handler's street. The city had at that
time but two churches ; the Dutch Calvanist, standing in
State street at its junction with Handler's street, (the foun
dation of this ancient church was uncovered about two
years since, in making some repairs in the street ;) and the
Dutch Lutheran Church in Pearl, near Beaver street.
The country at that early period was but little better
settled between Albany and New York, on the Hudson
river. The only town of any note then, was Kingston, or
Esopus ; and that also was fortified with blockhouses and
stockades ; and a portion of it specially strengthened as a
citadel, within which was the only church in that region.

12 introduction.
This place also, strange as it may now seem to us, was
so far frontier in its character, as to be regarded far from
being secure from attack. Only twenty-seven years before
the destruction of Schenectady, Kingston was also burnt
by the Indians, and many of its inhabitants killed and taken
prisoners. This event occurred on the 7th of June, 1663,
only seven years previous to the first publication of this
work. Governor Stuyvesant communicated this destruc
tion of Kingston to the churches in New York, and on Long
Island, and recommended to them, " To observe and keep
the ensuing Wednesday as a day of fasting, humiliation,
and prayer to the Almighty, hoping that he may avert fur
ther calamity from the New Netherlands, and extend his
fatherly protection and care to the country." The Governor
a few days after, directed that Wednesday, the 4th day of
July, 1663, should be observed as a day of thanksgiving, on
account of a treaty of peace having been made with the
Indians who sacked Kingston, and for the release of the
inhabitants who had been taken prisoners.
The foregoing circumstances will show the reason why,
in a description of the Colony of New York as it existed in
1670, so large a space should have been appropriated to
Long» Island and the city of New York ; they in reality
then constituted the force and efficiency of the Colony.
The other places were regarded as mere appendages,
necessary to be sustained for the purposes of their fur
trade with the Indians ; and as fortified outposts to keep
the savages from the cultivated and thickly settled por
tions of the country.
The -character of this work for accuracy in describing
the manners and customs of the Colonists, and also of the
Aborigines, is admitted by all ; and in the eastern part of
Long Island, we had very recently the opportunity of test
ing the truth of some of its statements made in 1670.
Denton speaks particularly of the fishery on Long Island
for whales, and for fish generally. This whale fishery is
12

introduction. 13
still continued on the Island, and whales were taken off"
Southampton as late as 1842. When the writer of this
notice travelled through Long Island, on the south side, from
Brooklyn to Montauk point, during the month of August,
about fourteen years since, he remained several days at
Saggharbor. During his stay at that place, on a beautiful
summer afternoon, he crossed the Island to the south beach,
near Amagansett. Along this beach, which stretched in
view for many miles, was a line of white sand hillocks
crowned with scrubby bushes; and occasionally, at long
intervals, small thatched huts, or wigwams, with a long
pole rising from the tops, were to be seen on the highest of
these sand elevations. These huts were occupied at cer
tain seasons by men on the watch for whales ; and when
they discovered them spouting or playing on the ocean, a
signal was hoisted on the pole, and directly the inhabitants
came down with their whaling boats on wheels, launched
them from the beach, and were off" in pursuit of the prize.
Near the houses these whaling boats were to be seen turned
upside down, lying upon a frame under some trees, to shade
them from the sun. Throughout the whole eastern part of
the Island three or four families clubbed together and
owned such a boat ; they were easily transported t« the
beach on the wheels of a wagon, drawn by two horses .or
oxen ; and as they have no harbors on that portion of me
south side, it was the only way they could safely keep
them, for they would be dashed in pieces by the surf if left
upon the open shore, or even if kept covered on the beach ;
the storms sometimes being so heavy as to throw the surf
over the sand hills, and even to beat them down.
This journey was then one of the most interesting tours in
the State, both for variety of scenery and incident. The
whole south side of the Island is replete with legends and
stories of pirates, shipwrecks, and strange out of the way
matters. The only mode of conveyance at that late period
through the Island, was by the mail stage, which made one

14 INTRODUCTION.
trip a week, and was two days in going from Brooklyn to
Saggharbor. The writer performed this journey in company
with a friend, and believes they walked about one quarter of
the distance, frequently getting far a head of the stage whilst
it stopped at some country post office, or to throw out two
or three newspapers to be carried over the fields to some
small village which lay a mile or two off" the post route.
One of these primitive post offices was a small box on an
old tree in the forest, at the intersection of two roads ; not a
soul was near it, yet the packages left to be delivered, or
placed there to be taken further on, always found their
destination without accident. These walks wereenlivened
by tales and reminiscences, of which the people met along
the route were full, and pleased with the opportunity of
telling to those who were vsdlling to lend a listening ear.
This jaunt will always be looked back upon with satis
faction, but with regret that it can never be taken again
under the same circumstances. The old mail route is broken
up ; — and now by means of the rail road, and other facili
ties, we rather fly than stroll through the delightful scenery
of this beautiful region. It was then something of an under
taking to get to Montauk Point ; now we will meet vnth a
hundred tourists for pleasure where we then would see one.
Then there were but few taverns throughout the whole dis
tance, and in some places none. The inhabitants were
delighted to see strangers, — were primitive in their man
ners and customs, so much so, that it was a great plea
sure to visit them. Now there are taverns everywhere,
and in the summer they are filled with visiters. The
people have ceased to offier their hospitalities, except to
those with whom they are personally acquainted, otherwise
from the great influx of strangers they might be imposed
upon. In place of the kind open-hearted reception then to be
met with from all classes and both sexes, you will at present
discover little, or no diffierenee between their manners and
those of the inhabitants of our larger towns ; and in order

INTRODUCTION. 15
now to have any intercourse with either sex, and especially
with the ladies, a previous introduction is necessary, and
even after that, in place of the frolicksome, kind-humored
attentions then received, all is tinctured with distance and
reserve. This change may have been inevitable, and in
truth absolutely necessary, by reason of their change of
circumstances, and situation with reference to the travelling
world, yet it is nevertheless much to be regretted.
Several pages are devoted to an account of the Indian
tribes which lived in the immediate vicinity of New York,
and of their customs. To us, who have never thought of
an Indian but as being hundreds of miles distant, it may
seem strange that in connection with the city of New York
so much should be said about these savage nations. But
New York was then the great mart of the Indian fur trade.
What St. Louis on the Mississippi now is. New York city
then was. And the main supply of provisions in the market
of our city was at that period derived from the Aborigines ;
who furnished it " with Venison and Fowl in the Winter,
and Fish in the Summer."
And what adds peculiarly to the value of this work, is
that it gives us a more full and correct account of the cus
toms and habits of these Indian tribes which have been for
very many years utterly extinct, than is to be found in any
other publication.
Daniel Denton, the author of this work, was one of the first
settlers of the town of Jamaica, in Queens County on Long
Island, and was a magistrate in that town. He was the eldest
son of the Rev. Richard Denton, the first minister of Hemp
stead, on this Island, and came with his father from Stamford
in the year 1 644 ; he seems to have been a considerable land
holder in the country he describes, and directly after the
taking of New York from the Dutch by Nicolls, and in the
same year 1664, we find him still a resident of Jamaica, and
engaged in the purchase of a large tract of land from the
Indians in New Jersey. Smith in his history of New Jersey,
IS

16 INTRODUCTION.

(which is also a very rare item in the Bibliotheca Americana,
states, that, "it was in 1664 that John Bailey, Daniel
Denton, and Luke Watson, of Jamaica, on Long Island,
purchased of certain Indian Chiefs, inhabitants of Staten
Island, a tract or tracts of land, on part of which the town
of Elizabeth now stands."— (Smith's history of New Jersey,
8vo. Burlington, N.J. 1765, page 62.)
Denton it appears soon after sold his share in the purchase
to Capt. John Baker of New York, and John Ogden of
Northampton, and it is believed went to England, some
three or four years after. In the month of March, 1665,
he, together with Thomas Benedict, represented Jamaica
in the General Assembly of Deputies held at Hempstead,
in pursuance of the requisition of Governor Nicolls, and
by which assembly was formed the first code of laws
for the English Colony of New York, known as the " Duke's
Laws." At the same Assembly the Deputies adopted an
Address to his Royal Highness, James, Duke of York ; in
which among other things it is stated, — " We do publickly
and unanimously declare our cheerful submission to all such
laws, statutes, and ordinances, which are or shall be made
by virtue of authority from your royal highness, your heirs
and successors forever."
The people of Long Island considered the language of
this address too servile for freemen ; and were exasperated
against the makers of it to such a degree, that the Court of
Assizes, in order to save the deputies from abuse, if not from
personal violence, thought it expedient, at their meeting in
October 1666, to declare, that, "whosoever hereafter shall
any wayes detract or speake against any of the deputies
signing the address to his Royal highness, at the general
meeting at Hempstead, they shall bee presented to the next
Court of Sessions, and if the justices shall see cause, they
shall from thence bee bound over to the Assizes, there to
answer for the slander upon plaint or information."
The deputies subsequently to the address made to the
16

INTRODUCTION. 17

Duke of York, made one to the people, bearing date the
21st June, 1667 ; in which they set forth their reasons for
agreeing to the code styled the " Duke's Laws," and also in
explanation of their address to his Royal Highness — in
which they state. " Some malicious men have aspersed us
as betrayers to their liberties and privileges, in subscribing
to an address to his Royal Highness, full of duty and grati
tude, whereby his Royal Highness may be encouraged the
more to take us and the welfare of our posterity into his
most princely care and consideration."
" Neither can any clause in that address bear any other
natural sense and construction than our obedience and sub
mission to his Majesty's letters patent, according to our
duty and allegiance."
" However, that our neighbours and fellow subjects may
be undeceived of the false aspersions thrown upon upon us
and the impostures of men disaffected to government mani
fested, lest they should further prevail upon the weakness
of others ; we the then deputies and subscribers of the said
address, conceive ourselves obliged to publish this narrative
and remonstrance of the several passages and steps con
ducting to the present government under which we now
live, and we desire that a record hereof may be kept in each
town, that future ages may not be seasoned with the sour
malice of such unreasonable and groundless aspersions."-^
(Furman's Notes on Brooklyn, page 107. Wood's Lqj^
Island, 1828, page 175.)
This volume forms the first of a series of rare and valua
ble works on American history, which the publisher designs
giving to the public from time to time, as convenience may
dictate. The selection will be made, as in this instance,
from those very rare early publications which cannot be
obtained either in this country or in Europe, except by very
few, and at great cost. In doing this he feels that he has a
claim upon all the lovers of the history of their country for
assistance in his undertaking.
3

Brief Description OP
NEW YORK:
Formerly Called
New Netherlands.
With the Places thereunto Adjoyning.
Together with the
Manner of its Scituation, FertiUty of the Soyle,
Healthfulness of the Climate, and the
Commodities thence produced.
ALSO
Some Directions and Advice to such as shall go
thither : An Account of what Commodities they shall
take with them ; The Profit and Pleasure that
may accrue to them thereby.
LIKEWISE
A Brief Relation of the Customs of the Indians
there.
BY DANIEL DENTON.

LONDON.
Printed for John Hancock, at the first Shop in Popes-Head-Alley in
CorrihU, at the three Bibles, and William Bradley at the three Bibles.

TO THF READER.

Reader, — ^I Have here thorough the Instigation
of divers Persons in England, and elsewhere, pre
sented you with a Brief but true Relation of a known
unknown part of America. The known part which
is either inhabited, or Heth near the Sea, I have de
scribed to you, and have writ nothing, but what I
have been an eye witness to all or the greatest part
of it : Neither can I safely say, was I willing to
exceed, but was rather wilhng the place it self should
exceed my Commendation, which I question not but
will be owned by those that shall travel thither : For
the unknown part, which is either some places lying
to the Northward yet undiscovered by any EngUsh,
or the Bowels of the earth not yet opened, though
the Natives tell us of Glittering Stones, Diamonds,
or Pearl in the one, and the Dutch hath boasted of
Gold and Silver in the other ; yet I shall not feed
your expectation with any thing of that nature ; but
leave it till a better discovery shall make way for
such a Relation. In the mean time accept of this
from him who desireth to deal impartially with every
one. DANIEL DENTON.
21

BRIEF RELATION OF
NEW YORK,
WITH THE PLACES THEREUNTO ADJOYNING,
FOKMEKLT CALLED
THE NEW NETHERLANDS, &c.

That Tract of Land formerly called The New Neth
erlands, doth Contain all that Land which lieth in the
North parts of America, betwixt New-England and
Mary-land in Virginia, the length of whiih Northward
into the Countrey, as it hath not been fully discover
ed, so it is not certainly known. The bredth of it is
about two hundred miles : The principal Rivers,
within this Tract, are Hudsons River, Raritan River,
and Delewerbay River. The chief Islands are the
Manahatans-Island, Long Island and Staten Island.
And first to begin with the Manahatans Islands, (see
Note 1,) so called by the Indians, it lieth within land
betwixt the degrees of 41. and 42. of North latitude,
and is about 14 miles long, and two broad. It is
bounded with Long Island on the South, with Staten!
Island on the West, on the North with the Main Land :
And with Conecticut Colony on the East-side of it ;
only apart of the Main Land belonging to New York
Colony, where several Towns and Villages are setled,
being about thirty miles in bredth, doth intercept the

DENTON S DESCRIPTION

Manahatans Island, and the Colony of Conecticut
before mentioned.
New York is setled upon the West end of the
aforesaid Island, having that small arm of the Sea,
which divides it from Long Island on the South side of
it, which runs away Eastward to New England and is
Navigable, though dangerous. For about ten mites
from New York is a place called Hell-Gate, (see Note
2,) which being a narrow passage, there runneth a vio
lent stream both upon flood and ebb, and in the middle
lieth some Islands of Rocks, which the Current sets
so violently upon, that it threatens present shipwreck ;
and upon the flood is a large Whirlpool, which con
tinually sends forth a hideous roaring, enough to
affright any stranger from passing any further, and to
wait for some Charon to conduct him through ; yet
to those that are well acquainted little or no danger ;
yet a place of great defence against any enemy com
ing in that way, which a small Fortification would
absolutely prevent, and necessitate them to come in
at the West end of Long Island by Sandy Hook
where Nutten (see Note 3,) Island doth force them
within Command of the Fort at New York, which is
one of the best Pieces of Defence in the North parts
of America.
New York is built most of Brick and Stone, and
covered with red and black Tile, and the Land being
high, it gives at a distance a pleasing Aspect to the
spectators, (see Note 4.) The Inhabitants consist
most of English and Dutch, and have a considerable
Trade with the Indians, for Bevers, Otter, Raccoon

OP NEW YORK.

skins, with other Furrs ; As also for Bear, Deer, and
Elke skins ; and are supplied with Venison and Fowl
in the Winter, and Fish in the Summer by the In
dians, which they buy at an easie rate ; And having
the Countrey round about them, they are continually
furnished with all such provisions as is needful for
the life of man : not only by the English and Dutch
within their own, but Ukewise by the Adjacent
Colonies. The Commodities vented from thence is Furs and
Skins before-mentioned ; As likewise Tobacco made
within the Colony, as good as is usually made in
Mary-land : Also Horses, Beef, Pork, Oyl, Pease,
Wheat, and the like.
Long-Island, (see Note 5,) the West end of which lies
Southward of New York, runs Eastward above one
hundred miles, and is in some places eight, in some
twelve, in some fourteen miles broad : it is inhabited
from one end to the other. On the West end is four
or five Dutch Towns, the rest being all English to
the number of twelve, besides Villages and Farm
houses. The Island is most of it of a very good soyle,
and very natural for all sorts of English Grain ;
which they sowe and have very good increase of,
besides all other Fruits and Herbs common -in Eng
land, as also Tobacco, Hemp, Flax, Pumpkins,
Melons, &c.
The Fruits natural to the Island are Mulberries,
Posimons, Grapes great and small, Huckelberries,
Cramberries, Plums of several sorts, Rosberries and
Strawberries, of which last is such abundance in June,

DENTON S DESCRIPTION

that the Fields and Woods are died red : Which the
Countrey-people perceiving, instantly arm themselves
with bottles of Wine, Cream, and Sugar and in stead
of a Coat of Male, every one takes a Female upon
his Horse behind him, and so rushing violently into
the fields, never leave till they have disrob'd them of
their red colours, and turned them into the old habit.
The greatest part of the Island is very full of Tim
ber, as Oaks wihite and red. Walnut-trees, Chesnut-
trees, which yield store of Mast for Swine, and are
often therewith sufficiently fatted with Oat-Corn as
also Maples, Cedars, Saxifrage, Beach, Birch, Holly,
Hazel, with many sorts more.
The Herbs which the Countrey naturally afford, are
Purslain, white Orage, Egrimony, Violets, Penniroyal,
Alicampane, besides Saxaparilla very common, with
many more. Yea, in May you shall see the Woods
and Fields so curiously bedecke with Roses, and an
innumerable multitude of dehghtful Flowers not only
pleasing the eye, but smell, that you may behold Na
ture contending with Art, and striving to equal, if not
excel many Gardens in England : nay, did we know
the vertue of all those Plants and Herbs growing
there (which time may more discover) many are of
opinion, and the Natives do affirm, that there is no
disease common to the Countrey, but may be cured
without Materials from other Nations.
There is several Navigable Rivers and Bays, which
puts into the North-side of Long-Island, but upon the
South-side which joyns to the Sea, it is so fortified
with bars of sands, and sholes, that it is a sufficient,

36

OP NEW YORK.

defence against any enemy, yet the South-side is not
without Brooks and Riverets, which empty them
selves into the Sea ; yea, you shall scarce travel a
mile, but you shall meet with one of them whose
Christal streams run so swift, that they purge them
selves of such stinking mud and filth, which the stand
ing or low paced streams of most brooks and rivers
westward of this Colony leave lying, and are by the
Suns exhalation dissipated, the Air corrupted and
many Fevers and other distempers occasioned, not
incident to this Colony : Neither do the Brooks and
Riverets premised, give way to the Frost in Winter,
or drought in Summer, but keep their course through
out the year. (See Note 6.)
These Rivers are very well furnished with^Fish, as
Bosse, Sheepsheads, Place, Perch, Trouts, Eels, Tur
tles and divers others.
The Island is plentifully stored with all sorts of
English Cattel, Horses, Hogs, Sheep, Goats, &c. no
place in the North of America better, which they
can both raise and maintain, by reason of the large
and spacious Medows or Marches wherewith it is
furnished, the Island likewise producing : excellent
English grass, the seed of which was brought out of
England, which they sometimes mow twice a year.
For wilde Beasts there is Deer, Bear, Wolves,
Foxes, Racoons, Otters, Musquashes and Skunks.
Wild Fowl there is great store of, as Turkies, Heath-
Hens, Quails, Partridges, Pidgeons, Cranes, Geese
of several sorts. Brants, Ducks, Widgeon, -Teal, and
divers others : There is also the red Bird, with divers

sorts of singing birds, whose chirping notes salute
the ears of Travellers with an harmonious discord,
and in every pond and brook green silken Frogs, who
warbling forth their untun'd tunes strive to bear a
part in this musick.
Towards the middle of Long-Island lyeth a plain
sixteen miles long and four broad, upon which plain
grows very fine grass, that makes exceeding good
Hay, and is very good pasture for sheep or other
Cattel ; where you shall find neither stick nor stone
to hinder the Horse heels, or endanger them in their
Races, and once a year the best Horses in the Island
are brought hither to try their swiftness, and the
swiftest rewarded with a silver Cup, two being
Annually procured for that purpose. There are two
or three other small plains of about a mile square,
which are no small benefit to those Towns which en
joy them. (See Note 7.)
Upon the South-side of Long-Island in the Winter,
lie store of Whales and Crampasses, which the in
habitants begin with small boats to make a trade
Catching to their no small benefit. Also an innumer
able multitude of Seals, which make an excellent oyle :
they lie all the "Winter upon some broken Marshes
and Beaches, or bars of sand before-mentioned, and
might be easily got were there some skilful men
would undertake it.
To say something of the Indians, there is now but
few upon the Island, and those few no ways hurtful
but rather serviceable to the English, and it is to be
admired, how strangely they have decreast by the

OP NEW YORK.

Hand of God, since the English first setling of those
parts ; for since my time, where there were six towns,
they are reduced to two small Villages, and it hath
been generally observed, that where the English come
to settle, a Divine Hand makes way for them, by re
moving or cutting off" the Indians either by Wars
one with the other, or by some raging mortal Disease.
(See Note 8.)
They live principally by Hunting, Fowling, and
Fishing : their Wives being the Husbandmen to till
the Land, and plant their corn.
The meat they live most upon is Fish, Fowl, and
Venison ; they eat likewise Polecats, Skunks, Racoon,
Possum, Turtles, and the like.
They build small moveable Tents, which they re
move two or three times a year, having their princi
pal quarters where they plant their Corn; their
Hunting quarters, and their Fishing quarters : Their
Recreations are chiefly Foot-ball and Cards, at which
they will play away all they have, excepting a Flap
to cover their nakedness : They are great lovers of
strong drink, yet do not care for drinking, unless
they have enough to make themselves drunk ; and if
there be so many in theijr Company, that there is not
sufficient to make them all drunk, they usually select
so many out of their Company, proportionable to the
quantity of drink, and the rest must be spectators.
And if any one chance to be drunk before he hath
finisht his proportion, (which is ordinarily a quart of
Brandy, Rum, or Strong-waters) the rest will pour
the rest of his part down his throat.

DENTON S DESCRIPTION

They often kill one another at these drunken
Matches, which the friends of the murdered person,
do revenge upon the Murderer unless he purchase his
life with money, which they sometimes do : Their
money is made of a Periwinkle shell of which there
is black and white, made much like unto beads, and
put upon strings. (See Note 9.)
For their worship which is diabolical, it is performed
usually but once or twice a year, unless upon some
extraordinary occasion, as upon making of War or the
like ; their usual time is about Michaelmass, when
their corn is first ripe, the day being appointed by
their chief Priest or pawaw ; most of them go a
hunting for venison : When they are all congregated,
their priest tells them if he want money, there God
will accept of no other offering, which the people
beleeving, every one gives money according to their
abiUty. The priest takes the money, and putting it
into some dishes, sets them upon the top of their low
flat-roofed houses, and falls to invocating their God
to come and receive it, which with a many loud hal
lows and outcries, knocking the ground with sticks,
and beating themselves, is performed by the priest,
and seconded by the people.
After they have thus a while wearied themselves,
the priest by his Conjuration brings in a devil amongst
them, in the shape sometimes of a fowl, sometimes of
a beast, and sometimes of a man, at which the peo
ple being amazed, not daring to stir, he improves the
opportunity, steps out aiid makes sure of the money,
and then returns to lay the spirit, who in the mean
30

OP NEW YORK.

time is sometimes gone, and takes some of the Com
pany along with him ; but if any English at such
times do come amongst them, it puts a period to their
procieedings, and they will desire their absence, telling
them their God will not come whilst they are there.
In their wars they fight no picht fields, but when
they have notice of an enemies approach, they en
deavor to secure their wives and children upon some
Island, or in some thick swamp, and then with their
guns and hatchets they way-lay their enemies, some
lying behind one, some another, and it is a great fight
where seven or eight is slain.
When any Indian dies amongst them, they bury
him upright, sitting upon a seat, with his Gun, money,
and such gobds as he hath with him, that he may be
furnished in the other world, which they conceive is
Westward, where they shall have great store of
Game for Hunting and hve easie lives. (See Note 10)
At his Burial his nearest Relations attend the Hearse
with their faces painted black, and do visit the grave
once or twice a day, where they send forth sad
lamentations so long, till time hath worn the black
ness off their faces, and afterwards every year once
they view the grave, make a new mourning for
him, trimming up the Grave, not suffering of a
Grass to grow by it : they fence their graves with
a hedge, and cover the tops with Mats, to shelter
them from the rain.
Any Indian being dead, his name dies with him, no
person daring ever after to mention his Name, it being
not only a breach of their Law, but an abuse to his

10 DENTON's DESCRIPTION
friends and relations present, as if it were done on
purpose to renew their grief: And any other person
whatsoever that is named after that name doth incon
tinently change his name, and takes a new one, their
names are not proper, set names as amongst Chris
tians, but every one invents a name to himself;
which he likes best. Some calling themselves Rattle
snake, Skunk, Bucks-horn, or the like : And if a
person die, that his name is some word which is used
in speech, they likewise change that word, and invent
some new one, which makes a great change and al
teration in their language.
When any person is sick, after some means used
by his friends, every one pretending skill in Physick;
that proving ineffectual, they send for a Pawaw or
Priest, who sitting down by the sick person, without
the least enquiry after the distemper, waits for a gift,
which he proportions his work accordingly to : that
being received, he first begins with a low voice to
call upon his God, calling sometimes upon one, some
times on another, raising his voice higher and higher,
beating of his naked breasts and sides, till the sweat
runneth down, and his breath is almost gone, then
that little which is remaining, he evaporates upon the
face of the sick person three or four times together,
and so takes his leave.
Their Marriages are perfiarmed without any Cere
mony, the Match being first made by money. The
sum being agreed upon and given to the woman, it
makes a consummation of their Marriage, if I may
so call it : After that, he keeps her during his plea-
32

OF NEW YORK. 11

sure, and upon the least dislike turns her away and
t9,kes another : It is no offence for their married
women to lie with another man, provided she acquaint
her husband, or some oi her nearest Relations with
it, but if not, it is accounted such a fault that they
sometimes punish it with death : An Indian may have
two wives or more if he please ; (see Note 11,) but it
is not so much in use as it was since the EngHsh came
amongst them ; they being ready in some measure
to imitate the English in things both good and bad ;
any Maid before she is married doth lie with whom
she please for money, without any scandal or the
least aspersion to be cast upon her, it being so cus
tomary, and their laws tolerating of it. They are
extraordinary charitable one to another, one having
nothing to spare, but he freely imparts it to his friends,
and whatsoever they get by gaming or any other way,
they share one to another, leaving themselves com
monly the least share.
At their Cantica's or dancing Matches, where all
persons that come are freely entertain'd, it being a
Festival time : Their custom is when they dance,
every one but the Dancers to have a short stick in
their hand, and to knock the ground and sing alto
gether, whilst they that dance sometimes act warlike
postures, and then they come in painted for War
with their faces black and red, or some all black, some
all red, with some streaks of white under their eyes,
and so jump and leap up and down without any order,
uttering many expressions of their intended valour.
For other Dances they only shew what Antick
5 33

12 DENTON S DESCRIPTION

tricks their ignorance will lead them to, wringing of
their bodies and faces after a strange manner, some^
times jumping into the fire, sometimes catching up a
Fire-brand, and biting off a live coal, with many such
tricks, that will affright, if not please an Enghshman
to look upon them, resembling rather a company of
infernal Furies then men. When their King or Sa
chem sits in Council, he hath a Company of armed
men to guard his Person, great respect being shewn
to him by the People, which is principally mani
fested by their silence ; After he hath declared the
cause of their convention, he demands their opinion,
ordering who shall begin : The person ordered to
speak, after he hath declared his minde, tells them he
hath done ; no man ever interrupting any person in his
speech, nor offering to speak, though he make never
so many or long stops, till he says he hath no more
to say : the Council having all declar'd their opinions,
the King after some pause gives the definitive sen
tence, which is commonly seconded with a shout
from the people, every one seeming to applaud, and
manifest their Assent to what is determined : If any
person be condemned to die, which is seldom, unless
for Murder or Incest, the King himself goes out in
person (for you must understand they have no prisons,
and the guilty person flies into the Woods) where
they go in quest of him, and having found him, the
King shoots first, though at never such a distance,
and then happy is the man can shoot him down, and
cut off his Long, (see Note 12,) which they com-
34

OP NEW YORK. 13
monly wear, who for his pains is made some Cap
tain, or other military Officer.
Their Cloathing is a yard and an half of broad
Cloth, which is made for the Indian Trade, which
they hang upon their shoulders ; and half a yard of
the same cloth, which being put betwixt their legs,
and brought up before and behinde, and tied with a
Girdle about their middle, hangs with a flap on each
side : They wear no Hats, but commonly wear about
their Heads a Snake's skin, or a Belt of their money,
or a kind of a Ruff made with Deers hair, and died
of a scarlet colour, which they esteem very rich.
They grease their bodies and hair very often, and
paint their faces with several colours, as black, white,
red, yellow, blew, &c. which they take great pride in,
every one being painted in a several manner : Thus
much for the Customs of the Indians. ^
Within two Leagues of New York lieth Staten-
Island, it bears from New York West something
Southerly : It is about twenty-miles long, and four or
five broad, it is most of it very good Land, full of
Timber, and produceth all such commodities as Long
Island doth besides Tin and store of Iron Oar, and
the Calamine stone is said likewise to be found there :
There is but one Town upon it consisting of English
and French, but is capable of entertaining more in
habitants ; betwixt this and Long Island is a large
Bay, and is the coming in for all ships and vessels
out of the Sea : On the North-side of this Island
After-skull River puts into the main Land on the
West-side, whereof is two or three Towns, but on the

14 DENTON 3 DESGRIPTION
East-side but one. There is very great Marshes or
Medows on both sides of it, excellent good Land,
and good convenience for the setling of several
Towns ; there grows black Walnut and Locust, as
their doth in Virginia, with mighty tall streight Tim
ber, as good as any in the North of America : It
produceth any Commoditie Long-Island doth.
Hudsons River runs by New York Northward into
the Countrey, toward the Head of which is seated
New Albany, a place of great Trade with the Indians,
betwixt which and New- York, being above one hun*
dred miles, (see Note 13,) is as good Corn-land as the
World affords, enough to entertain Hundreds of Fami
lies, which in the time of the Dutch-Government of
those parts could not be setled : For the Indians, ex
cepting one place, called the Sopers, which was kept
by a Garrison, but since the reducement of those parts
under His Majesties obedience and a Patent granted
' to his Royal Highness the Duke of York, which is
about six years ; since by the care and diligence of
the Honorable Coll Nicholls sent thither Deputy to
His Highness, such a League of Peace was made,
and Friendshif) concluded betwixt that Colony and
the Indians, that they have not resisted or disturbed
any Christians there, in the setling or peaceable pos
sessing of any Lands with that Government, but
every man hath sate under his own Vine, and hath
peaceably reapt and enjoyed the fruits of their own
labours, which God continue.
Westward of After-Kull River before-mentioned,
about 18 or 20 miles runs in Raritan-River North-
36

OP NEW YORK. 15

ward into the Countrey, some score of miles, both
sides of which River is adorn'd with spacious Me
dows, enough to maintain thousands of Cattel, the
Wood-land is likewise very good for corn, and stor'd
with wilde Beasts, as Deer, and Elks, and an innumer
able multitude of Fowl, as in other parts of the
Countrey : This River is thought very capable for the
erecting of several Towns and Villages on each side
of it, no place in the North of America having better
convenience for the maintaining of all sorts of Cattel
for Winter and Summer food : upon this River is no
town setled, but one at the mouth of it. Next this
River Westward is a place called Newasons, where is
two or three Towns and Villages setled upon the Sea
side, but none betwixt that and Delewer Bay, which
is about sixty miles, all which is a rich Champain
Countrey, free from stones, and indifferent level ; store
of excellent good timber, and very well watered,
having brooks or rivers ordinarily, one or more in
every miles travel : The Countrey is full of Deer,
Elks, Bear, and other Creatures, as in other parts of
. the Countrey, where you shall meet with no inhabit
ant in this journey, but a few Indians, where there is
stately Oaks, whose broad-branched-tops serve for
no other use, but to keep off the Suns heat from the
wilde beasts of the Wilderness, where is grass as
high as a mans middle, that serves for no other end
except to maintain the Elks and Deer, who never
devour a hundredth part of it, then to be burnt every
Spring to make way for new. How many poor peo
ple in the world would think themselves happy had
37

16 Denton's description
they an Acre or two of Land, whilst here is hundreds,
nay thousands of Acres, that would invite inhabitants.
Delewer bay the mouth of the River, lyeth about
the mid-way betwixt New York, and the Capes of
Virginia : It is a very pleasant River and Countrey,
but very few inhabitants, and them being mostly
Swedes, Dutch and Finns : about sixty miles up the
River is the principal Town called New Castle, which
is about 40 miles from Mary-land, and very good way
to travel, either with horse or foot, the people are
setled all along the west side sixty miles above New
Castle ; the land is good for all sorts of Enghsh
grain and wanteth nothing but a good people to
populate it, it being capable of entertaining many
hundred families.
Some may admire, that these great and rich Tracts
of land, lying so adjoyning to New England and Vir
ginia, should be no better inhabited, and that the
richness of the soyle, the healthfulness of the Cli
mate, and the like, should be no better a motive to
induce people from both places to populate it.
To which I answer, that whilst it was under the
Dutch Government, which hath been till within these
six years ; there was little encouragement for any
English, both in respect to their safety from the
Indians, the Dutch being almost always in danger of
them ; and their Bever-trade not admitting of a War,
which would have been destructive to their trade,
which was the main thing prosecuted by the Dutch.
And secondly, the Dutch gave such bad Titles to
Lands, together with their exacting of the Tenths of
38

OP NEW YORK. 17
all which men produced off their Land, that did
much hinder the populating of it ; together with that
general dislike the English have of living under
another Government ; but since the reducement of it
there is several Towns of a considerable greatness
begun and setled by people out of New England, and
every day more and more come to view and settle.
To give some satisfaction to people that shall be
desirous to transport themselves thither, (the Coun
trey being capable of entertaining many thousands,)
how and after what manner people live, and how
Land may be procured, &c, I shall answer, that the
usual way, is for a Company of people to joyn to
gether, either enough to make a Town, or a lesser
number ; these go with the consent of the Governor,
and view a Tract of Land, there being choice
enough, and finding a place convenient for a Town,
they return to the Governor, who upon their desire
admits them into the Colony, and gives them a Grant
or Patent for the said Land, for themselves and As
sociates. These persons being thus qualified, settle
the place, and take in what inhabitants to themselves
they shall see cause to admit of, till their Town be
full ; these Associates thus taken in have equal pri
vileges with themselves, and they make a division of
the Land suitable to every mans occasions, no man
being debarr'd of such quantities as he hath occasion
for, the rest they let lie in common till they have
occasion for a new division, never dividing their Pas
ture-land at all, which lies in common to the whole
Town. The best Commodities for any to carry with
39

18 denton's description

them is Clothing, the Countrey being full of all sorts
of Cattel, which they may furnish themselves withal at
an easie rate, for any sorts of English Goods, as
likewise Instruments for Husbandry and Building,
with Nails, Hinges, Glass, and the like; For the
manner how they get a livelihood, it is principally by
Corn and Cattel, which will there fetch them any
Commodities ; likewise they sowe store of Flax,
which they make every one Cloth of for their own
wearing, as also woollen Cloth, and Linsey-woolsey,
and had they more Tradesmen amongst them, they
would in a little time live without the help of any
other Countrey for their Clothing : For Tradesmen
there is none but live happily there, as Carpenters,
Blacksmiths, Masons, Tailors, Weavers, Shoemakers,
Tanners, Brickmakers, and so any other Trade;
them that have no Trade betake themselves to Hus
bandry, get Land of their own, and live exceeding
well. Thus have I briefly given you a Relation of New-
York, with the places thereunto adjoyning ; In which,
if I have err'd, it is principally in not giving it its due
commendation ; for besides those earthly blessings
where it is stor'd, Heaven hath not been wanting to
open his Treasure, in sending down seasonable show
ers upon the Earth, blessing it with a sweet and pleas
ant Air, and a Continuation of such Influences as tend
to the Health both of Man and Beast : and the Climate
hath such an affinity with that of England, that it
breeds ordinarily no alteration to those which remove
thither ; that the name of seasoning, which is common
40

OP NEW YORK. 19
to some other Countreys hath never there been known ;
That I may say, and say truly, that if there be any
terrestrial happiness to be had by people of all ranks,
especially of an inferior rank, it must certainly be
here : here any one may furnish himself with land,
and live rent-free, yea, with such a quantity of Land,
that he may weary himself with walking over his
fields of Corn, and all sorts of Grain : and let his
stock of Cattel amount to some hundreds, he needs
not fear their want of pasture in the Summer or
Fodder in the Winter, the Woods affording sufficient
supply. For the Summer-season, where you have
grass as high as a mans knees, nay, as high as his
waste, interlaced with Pea-vines and other weeds
that Cattel much delight in, as much as a man can
press through ; and these woods also every mile or
half-mile are furnished with fresh ponds, brooks or
rivers, where all sorts of Cattel, during the heat of
the day, do quench their thirst and cool themselves ;
these brooks and rivers being invironed of each side
with several sorts of trees and Grape-vines, the Vines,
Arbor-like, interchanging places and crossing these
rivers, does shade and shelter them from the scorch
ing beams of Sols fiery influence ; Here those which
Fortune hath frown'd upon in England, to deny them
an inheritance amongst their Brethren, or such as by
their utmost labors can scarcely procure a living, I
say such may procure here inheritances of lands and
possessions, stock themselves with all sorts of Cattel,
enjoy the benefit of them whilst they Hve, and leave
them to the benefit of their children when they die :

20 DENTON S DESCRIPTION

Here you need not trouble the Shambles for meat,
nor Bakers and Brewers for Beer and Bread, nor run
to a Linnen Draper for a supply, every one making
their own Linnen, and a great part of their woollen
cloth for their ordinary wearing : And how prodigal.
If I may so say, hath Nature been to furnish the
Countrey with all sorts of wilde Beasts and Fowle,
which every one hath an interest in, and may hunt at
his pleasure : where besides the pleasure in hunting,
he may furnish his house with excellent fat Venison,
Turkeys, Geese, Heath-Hens, Cranes, Swans, Ducks,
Pidgeons, and the like ; and wearied with that, he may
go a Fishing, where the Rivers are so furnished, that he
may supply himself with Fish before he can leave off
the Recreation : (see Note 14,) Where you may travel
by Land upon the same Continent hundreds of miles,
and passe through Towns and Villages, and never hear
the least complaint for want, nor hear any ask you for
a farthing ; there you may lodge in the fields and
woods, travel from one end of the Countrey to ano
ther, with as much security as if you were lockt within
your own Chamber ; And if you chance to meet with
an Indian-Town, they shall give you the best enter
tainment they have, and upon your desire, direct you
on your way : But that which adds happiness to all
the rest, is the Healthfulness of the place, where many
people in twenty years time never know what sick
ness is ; where they look upon it as a great mortality
if two or three die out of a town in a years time ;
where besides the sweetness of the Air, the Countrey
itself sends forth such a fragrant smell, that it may be
42

OP NEW YORK. 21
perceived at Sea before they can make the Land ;
(see Note 15,) where no evil fog or vapour doth no
sooner appear but a North-west or Westerly winde
doth immediately dissolve it, and drive it away :
What shall I say more ? you shall scarce see a house,
but the South side is begirt with Hives of Bees,
which increase after an incredible manner : That I
must needs say, that if there be any terrestrial Ca
naan, 'tis surely here, where the Land floweth with
milk and honey. The inhabitants are blest with
Peace and plenty, blessed in their Countrey, blessed
in their Fields, blessed in the Fruit of their bodies,
in the fruit of their grounds, in the increase of their
Cattel, Horses and Sheep, blessed in their Basket,
and in their Store ; In a word, blessed in whatsoever
they take in hand, or go about, the Earth yielding
plentiful increase to all their painful labours.
Were it not to avoid prolixity I could say a great
deal more, and yet say too little, how free are those
parts of the world from that pride and oppression,
with their miserable effects, which many, nay almost
all parts of the world are troubled, with being igno
rant of that pomp and bravery which aspiring
Humours are servants to, and striving after almost
every where : where a Waggon or Cart gives as
good content as a Coach ; and a piece of their home
made Cloth, better than the finest Lawns or richest
Silks : and though their low roofed houses may seem
to shut their doors against pride and luxury, yet how
do they stand wide open to let charity in and out,
either to assist each other, or relieve a stranger, (see

22 denton's DESCRIPTION OF NEW YORK.

Note 16,) and the distance of place from other Na
tions, doth secure them from the envious frowns of
ill-affected Neighbours, and the troubles which usu
ally arise thence.
Now to conclude, its possible some may say,
what needs a Relation of a place of so long standing
as New York hath been ? (See Note 17.) In answer
to which I have said something before, as to satisfie
the desires of many that never had any relation of it.
Secondly, though it hath been long settled, yet but
lately reduced to his Majestie's obedience, and by
that means but new or unknown to the English ; else
certainly those great number of Furs, that have been
lately transported from thence into Holland had never
past the hands of our English Furriers : Thirdly,
never any Relation before was published to my
knowledge, and the place being capable of entertain
ing so great a number of inhabitants, where they
may with God's blessing, and their own industry, live
as happily as any people in the world. A true Rela
tion was necessary, not only for the encouragement
of many that have a desire to remove themselves, but
for the satisfaction of others that would make a trade
thither. FINIS.

This book to be sold by John Hancock, at the first
shop in Pope's Head Alley, at the sign of the three
Bibles in Cornhil, 1670.

NOTES.

INDIAN NAMES OF THE ISLANDS AND BAY OF NEW YORK.

(Note 1, page 1.)
The first name, which occurs, is that of the Hudson river. It does not appear
that the discoverer thought of giving it his own name. In the narrative of his
voyage, it is called the Great River of the Mountains, or simply the Great river.
This term was simply translated by his employers, the servants of the Dutch
West India Company, who, on the early maps of Nova Belgica, called it
Groote Riviere. It was afterwards called Nassau, after the reigning House, but
this name was not persevered in. After a subsequent time, they gave it the
name of Mauritius, after Prince Maurice, but this name, if it was ever much
in vogue, either did not prevail against, or was early exchanged for the popular
term of North Riveh — a name which it emphatically bore to distinguish it
from the Lenapihittuck or Delaware, which they called South river. [Zuydt
Riviere.] That the name of Mauritius was but partially introduced, is indicated
by the reply made by the New England authorities to a letter respecting boun
daries of Gov. Kieft, in 1646, in which they declare, in answer to his complaint
of encroachments on its settlements, their entire ignorance of any river bearing
this name.
Neither of the Indian names by wMch it was called, appear to have found
much favor. The Mohegans called it Shatfemuc. Shaita, in the cognate dialect
of the Odjibwa, means a pelican. It carmot be affirmed, to denote the same
object in this dialect, nor is it known that the pelican has ever been seen on this
river. Uc is the ordinary inflection for locality. The Mincees, occupying the
west banks, called it Mohcgan-ittuck. The syllable itt, before uck, is one of the
most transitive forms, by which the action of the nominative is engrafted upon
the objective, without communicating any new meaning. The signification of
the term is Mohegan river. The Iroquois, (as given by the interpreter John
Bleecker, and communicated by the late Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill in a letter to
Dr. Miller in 1811,) called Ca ho ha ta te a,* — that is to say, if we have appre
hended the word, the great river having mountains beyond the Cahoh or Cahoes
Falls. __^ 
* Vide Dr. Miller's Historical Discourse.
45

24 NOTES.
The three prominent Indian names of the Hudson are therefore the Mohegan,
the Chatemuc, and the Cahotatea.
The river appears to have been also called, by other tribes of the Iroquois
confederacy, Sanataty. The word ataty, here, is the same written atatea, above,
and is descriptive of various scenes according to its prefix. The English fu'st
named the river, the Hudson, after the surrender of the colony in 1664. It does not
appear, under this name, in any Dutch work or record, which has been examined.
It may be observed, that the term has not exclusively prevailed to the present
day, among New Yorkers in the river counties, where the name of North
River is still popular. It will be recollected, as a proof of the prevailing custom,
that Fulton called his first boat, to test the tritraiph of steam, " The North
River." If the river failed to bear to future times, either of its original names, the
island, as the nominative of the city, was equally unfortunate, the more so it is
conceived, as the name of the city became the name of the state. Regret has
been expressed, that some one of the sonorous and appropriate Indian names of
the west, had not been chosen to designate the state. The colonists were but
little regardful of questions of this kind. Both the Dutch in 1609 and the Eng
lish in 1665, came with precisely the same force of national prepossession — the
first in favor of Amsterdam, and the second in favor of New York both con
nected with the belittling adjective " New." It is characteristic of the English,
that they have sought to perpetuate the remembrance of their victories, conquests
and discoveries, by these geographical names. And the word New York, if it
redound less to their military or naval glory, than Blenheim, Trafalgar and
Waterloo may be cited to show, that this was an early developed trait of cha
racter of the English, abroad as well as at home. It would be well, indeed, if
their descendants in America had been a little more alive to the influence of this
trait. Those who love the land, and cherish its nationalities, would at least
have been spared, in witnessing the growth and development of this great city,
the continued repetition of foreign, petty or vulgar names, for our streets and
squares and pubUo resorts, while such names as Saratoga and Ticonderoga,
Niagara and Ontario, Iosco and Owasco, are never thought of*
The Indians called the Island Mon-a-ton dropping the local inflection uk.
The word is variously written by early writers. The sound as pronoiraced to
me in 1827 by Metoxon, a Mohegan chief, is Mon ah tan uk, a phrase which is
descriptive of the whirlpool of Hellgate. Mon or man, as here written, is the
radix of the adjective bad, carrying as it does, in its multipUed forms, the vari
ous meanings of violent, dangerous, &c., when applied in compounds. Ah tun,
is a generic term for a channel, or stream of running water. Uk, denotes
locality, and also plurality. When the tribe has thus denoted this passage,
which is confessedly the most striking and characteristic geographical feature of

•• Vide Letter to Hon. J. Harper.
4U

NOTES. 25

the region, they called the island near it, to imply the Anglicised term, Man-hat-
tan, and themselves Mon-a-tuns, that is to say, " People of the Whirlpool." It
is well known that the Indian tribes, have, generally, taken their distinctive
names from geographical features. The Narragansetts, as we are told by Roger
Williams, took that name, from a small island off the coast.* Massachusetts,
according to the same authority, signifies the Blue Hills, and is derived from the
appearance of lands at sea. Mississaga, signifies they live at the mouth of a
large river, and by an inflection, the people .who Uve at the mouth of the large
river or waters, Onondaga, means the people who live on the hill. Oneida,
the people who sprang from a rock, &c. These names afford no clue to nation-
aUty, they preserve no ethnological chain.
The tradition that this island derives its name from the accidental circumstance
of the intoxication of the Indians on Hudson's first visit, in 1609, is a sheer
inference, unsupported by philology. That the tradition of such an event was
preserved and related to the early missionaries by the Mohegan Indians, admits
of no doubt, nor is there more, that the island was referred to as the place where
their ancestors first obtained the taste of ardent spirits. That the island had no
name prior to 1609, or if well known by a characteristic name, that this elder
name was then dropped and a new name bestowed, in allusion to this circum
stance of the intoxication, is not only improbable, on known principles, but is
wholly unsustained, as vrill have been perceived by the above etymology. The
word for intoxication, or dizziness from drink, in the Algonquin, and with little
change in all the cognate dialects, is Ke wush kwa bee. The verb to drink in
the same dialects, is Min e kwa, in the Mohegan " Minahn" words having
none of the necessary elements of this compound. Very great care is, indeed,
required in recording Indian words, to be certain that the word given, is actually
expressive of the object of inquiry. Some curious and amusing examples of
mistakes of this kind might be given, did it comport with the limits of this note.
There were several Indian villages, or places of resort, on the island of Mon-
4-tun, for which the original names have survived. The extreme point of land,
between the junction of the East and North rivers, of which the Battery is now
a part, was called Kapsee and within the memory of persons still hving was
known as " the Copsie point" a term which appears to denote a safe place of
landing, formed by eddy waters. There was a village called Sapokanican,
on the shores of the Hudson, at the present site of Greenwich. Corlaer's
Hook was called Naghtognk.t The particle tonk, here, denotes sand. A
tract of meadow land on the north end of the island, near Kingsbridge, was
called Muscoota, that is, meadow or grass land. Warpoes was a term bestowed
on a piece of elevated ground, situated above and beyond the small lake or pond
called the Kolck. This term is, apparently a derivative from Wa whose, a hare.

* Collections of the Rhode Island Historical Society,^ Vol. 3.
t Nechtank, (Dutch notation.) 47

26 NOTES.
The Islands around the city had their appropriate names. Long Island was
called Met6ac, after the name of the MetOacks, the principal tribe located on it.
It is thus called by Van Der Donck in 1656, and in all the subsequent maps of
authority, down to Evans', in 1775. Smith calls it Meitowacks. In Governor
Chnton's discourse, it is printed Meilowacks, but this is evidently a typographical
error. Staten Island, we are informed by De Vries, was occupied by the Mon-4-tans
who called it Mowooknong with a verbal prefix. The termination is ong, denotes
locality. Manon is the ironwood tree, ack denotes a tree, or trunk, and admits
a prefix from " manadun," bad. By inquiry it does not appear that the Iron-
wood, although present, ever existed in sufficient abundance to render the name
from that characteristic* The other, it is too late to investigate. It is beheved
the expression had an implied meaning, and denoted the Haunted Woods;
Thus far the colonial maps and records, so far as they have fallen under the
author's notice. The vocabulary of the Mohegans affords, however, a few
other terms, the application of which may be well assumed from their etymology.
Of this kind is the term Naosh, for Sandy Hook, meaning a point surpassing
others. Minnisais, or the lesser island, for Bedlow's island ; and Kioshk, or
Gull island, for Ellis's island. The heights of Brooklyn are graphically described
in the term Ihpetonga ; that is, high sandy banks.
The geological structure of the island was such as to bring it to a much nar
rower point, than it now occupies. By the recent excavations for the foundations
of Trinity Church, and the commercial buildings on the site of the Old Presby-
rian Church in Wall-street, the principal stratum is seen to be of coarse grey sea
sand, capped with a similar soil, mixed with vegetable mould and feruginous
oxide. From the make of the land, the Indian path, on the Trinity plateau,
forked at the foot of the Park, and proceeded east of the small lake called the
Kolck [Agiegon] to the rise of ground at Chatham square. Here, or not far
from it, was the eminence called Warpoes, probably the site of a village, and so
named from its chief The stream and marsh existing where Csmal street now
runs, gave this eastern tendency to the main path. At or beyond Warpoes,
another fork in the path became necessary to reach the Banks of the Hudson at
the Indian village of LAPiKiKAif, now Greenwich. In this route laid the emi
nence IsBPATENA, late Richmond HiU, at the comer of Charlton and Varick
streets. The path leading from the interjunction at Warpoes, or Chatham
square, to Nahtonk, or Corlaer's Hook, had no intermediate village, of which the
name has survived. This portion of the island was covered with a fine forest
of nut wood, oaks, and other hard-wood species, interspersed with grassy glades,
about the sites of the Indian villages. The upper part of the Island was densely
wooded. Above Fortieth street it was unfavorable for any purpose but htmting
and much of the middle part of it, as between Fifth and Eighth Avenues was

?M. B. letter from R. M. Tyson, Esq.
48

NOTES. 27

eijther shoe-deep under water or naturally swampy. This arose, as is seen at this
day, from a clayey stratum, which retains the moisture, whereas the whole island
below this location, particularly below the brow of the sycnitic formation of
Thirty-seventh street, &c., consisted of gravel and sand, which absorbed the
moisture and rendered it the most favorable site for building and occupation. On
the margin of the Hudson, the water reached, tradition tells us, to Greenwich
street. There is a yellow painted wooden house still standing at the northeast
corner of Courtlandt and Greenwich streets, which had the water near to it.
Similar tradition assures us that Broad street was the site of a marsh and small
creek. The same may be said of the foot of Maiden lane, once Fly Market, and
of the outlet of the Muskeeg or swamp, now Ferry street. Pearl street marked
the winding margin of the East river. Foundations dug here reach the ancient
banks of oyster shells. Asmsic denotes the probable narrow ridge or ancient
cliff north of Beekman street, which bounded the marsh below. Ooitoo is a
term for the height of land in Broadway, at Niblo's ; Abic, a rock rising up in
the Battery ; Penabio, Mt. Washington, or the Comb mountain. These notices,
drawn from philology, and, in part, the earlier geographical accounts of New Bel
gium, might be extended to a few other points, which are clearly denoted ; but
are deemed sufficient to sustain the conclusions, which we have arrived at, that
the main configuration of the leading thoroughfares of the city, from the ancient
canoe-place at Copsie or the Battery, extending north to the Park, and thence
to Chatham square and the Bowery, and west to Tivoli Garden, &c., were an
cient roads, in the early times of Holland supremacy, which followed the primary
Indian foot-paths.
As a general remark, it may be said that the names of the Mon-a-tons, or
Manhattanese, were not euphonous, certainly less so than those of the Delawares
or Iroquois. H. R. Schoolcraft. Note 2, page 2.
HELL-GATE.
About six miles from the renowned city of the Manhattoes, in that sound or
arm of the sea which passes between the main land and Nassau, or Long Island,
there is a narrow strait, where the current is violently compressed between
shouldering promontories, and horribly perplexed by rocks and shoals. Being,
at the best of times, a very violent, impetuous current, it takes these impediments
in mighty dudgeon ; boihng in whirlpools ; brawling and fretting in ripples ;
raging and roaring in rapids and breakers ; and, in short, indulging in all kinds
of wrong-headed paroxysms. At such tunes, wo to any unlucky vessel that
ventures within its clutches !
This termagant humour, however, prevails only at certain times of tide. At
low water, for instance, it is as pacific a stream as you would wish to see ; but as
the tide rises, it begins to fret ; at half-tide it roars with might and main, like a
7

28

bully bellowing for more drink ; but when the tide is full, it relapses into quiet,
and, for a time, sleeps as soundly as an alderman after dinner. In fact, it may
be compared to a quarrelsome toper, who is a peaceable fellow enough when he
has no hquor at all, or when he has a skin full, but who, when half-seas-over,
plays the very devil.
This mighty, blustering, bullying, hard-drinking httle strait, was a place of
great danger and perplexity to the Dutch navigators of ancient days ; hectoring
their tub-built barks in the most unruly style ; whirling them about in a manner
to make any but a Dutchman giddy, and not unfrequently stranding them upon
rocks and reefs, as it did the famous squadron of Oloffe the Dreamer, when seek
ing a place to found the city of the Manhattoes. Whereupon, out of sheer
spleen they denominated it Helle-gat, and solemnly gave it over to the devil.
This appellation has since been aptly rendered into English by the name of Hell-
gate, and into nonsense by the name of Hurl-gate, according to certain foreign
intruders, who neither understood Dutch nor English — may St. Nicholas con
found them !
This strait of Hell-gate was a place of great awe and perilous enterprise to
me in my boyhood ; having been much of a navigator on those small seas, and
having more than once run the risk of shipwreck and droviTiing in the course of
certain holiday-voyages, to which, in common with other Dutch urchins, I was
rather prone. Indeed, partly from the name, and partly from various strange
circumstances connected with it, this place had far more terrors in the eyes of
my truant companions and myself, than had Scylla and Charybdis for the navi
gators of yore.
In the midst of this strait, and hard by a group of rocks called the Hen and
Chickens, there lay the wreck of a vessel which had been entangled in the
whirlpools, and stranded during a storm. There was a wild story told to us of
this being the wreck of a pirate, and some tale of bloody murder which I can
not now recollect, but which made us regard it with great awe, and keep far
from it in our cruisings. Indeed, the desolate look of the forlorn hulk, and the
fearful place where it lay rotting, were enough to awaken strange notions. A
row of timber-heads, blackened by time, just peered above the surface at high
water ; but at low tide a considerable part of the hull was bare, and its great
ribs, or timbers, partly stripped of their planks, and dripping with sea-weeds,
looked like the huge skeleton of some sea-monster. There was also the stump
of a mast, with a few ropes and blocks swinging about, and whistUng in the
wind, while the sea-gull wheeled and screamed around the melancholy carcass.
I have a faint recollection of some hobgoblin tale of sailors' ghosts being seen
about this wreck at night, with bare sculls, and blue lights in their sockets instead
of eyes, but I have forgotten all the particulars.
In fact, the whole of this neighborhood was like the Straits of Pelorus of yore,
a region of fable and romance to me. From the strait to the Manhattoes the
borders of the Sound are greatly diversified, being broken and indented by rooky
nooks overhung with trees, which give them a wild and romantic look. In the

NOTES. 29

time of my boyhood, they abounded with traditions about pirates, ghosts, smug
glers, and buried money ; which had a wondeifiil effect upon the young minds of
my companions and myself
As I grew to more mature years, I made diligent research after the truth of
these strange traditions ; for I have always been a curious investigator of the
valuable but obsciu-e branches of the history of my native province. I found
infinite difficulty, however, in arriving at any precise information. In seeking to
dig up one fact, it is incredible the number of fables that I unearthed. I will
say nothing of the Devil's Stepping-stones, by which the arch-fiend made his
retreat from Connecticut to Long Island, across the Sound ; seeing the subject is
likely to be learnedly treated by a worthy friend and contemporary historian,
whom I have furnished with particulars thereof* Neither will I say anything
of the black man in a three-cornered hat, seated in the stern of a jolly-boat,
who used to be seen about Hell-gate in stormy weather, and who went by the
name of the pirate's spuke, (i. e. pirate's ghost), and whom, it is said, old Gover
nor Stuyvesant once shot with a silver bullet ; because I never could meet with
any person of staunch credibihty who professed to have seen this spectrum,
unless it were the widow of Manus Conklen, the blacksmith of Frogsneck ; but
then, poor woman, she was a little purbHnd, and might have been mistaken ;
though they say she saw farther than other folks in the dark.t — W. Irving.
Note 3, page 2.
" Governor's Island bore the name of Nut island, during the Holland suprema
cy, in Dutch Nutten : but whether as is suspected, this was a translation of the
Indian Pecanuc, or ' nut trees,' is not certain."
Note 4, page 2.
Those memorials of the " olden time," the residences of our forefathers, have
entirely disappeared firom the streets of New York. Even Albany, which in De
cember, 1789, is described in the " Columbian Magazine," of that date, as hav-

* For a very interesting antf authentic account of the devil and his stepping-stones, see
the Memoir read before the New York Historical Society, since the death of Mr. Knicker
bocker, by his friend, an eminent jurist of the place-
t This is a narrow strait in the Sound, at the distance of six miles above New York. It is
dangerous to shipping, unless under the care of skilful pilots, by reason of numerous rocks,
shelves, and whirlpools. These have received sundry appellations, such as the gridiron,
frying-pan, hog's back, pot, &c. ; and are very violent and turbulent at certain times of
tide. Certain wise men who instruct these modern days have softened the above charac
teristic name into Hurl-gate, which means nothing. I leave them to give their own etymo
logy. The name as given by our author, is supported by the map in Vander Donck's his
tory, published in 1 656, by Ogilvie's History of America, 1071, iis also by a journal still
extant, written in the sixteenth century, and to be found in Hazard's State Paper. And an
old MS., written in French, speaking of various alterations in names about this city, observes
" De Hell-gat, tro d'Enfer, ila ont fait Hell-gate, porte d'Enfer."
51

30 NOTES.

ing its " houses mostly of brick, built in the old Low Dutch style, with the gable
ends towards the street, and terminating at the top with a kind of parapet, in
dented like stairs ; the roofs steep and heavy, surmounted vrith a staff or spire,
with the figure of a horse, &c., by way of a weather cock, the walls of the
houses clamped with iron, in the form of letters and numerical figures, designa
ting the initials of the proprietor's name, and the year in which it was built" —
has now but two or three buildings of that description ; one of which is next ad
joining the Female Academy, in North Pearl street, and was close by the
celebrated Vander Heyden mansion, described so felicitously by Washington
Irving in his story of " Dolph Heyliger," in Bracebridge Hall. There are
several houses still remaining on Long Island, venerable for their antiquity,
and for the historical incidents connected with their existence. One of them
is the house in Southold, known as " the old Youngs' place," which was
built in 1688. It was the mansion house of the descendants of the Rev.
John Youngs, the first Christian minister in that part of Long Island. In the
same town also the edifice known as "Cochran's Hotel," was erected in 1700.
If space and time permitted, several others might be noticed, in the Eastern
part of the Island. Approaching westwardly through the Island we meet with
an ancient brick dwelling on Fort Neck, which a century ago, or more, was
known as " the Haunted House ;" and had many strange and wonderful stories
connected with it, and a lonely grave, marked by an old tomb-stone, some Httle
distance from the house, on the banks of a small stream ; a most soUtary spot
surrounded by a low earth wall.
Flatbush may still boast of several of these relics of former days. Among
them is a long old one story Dutch brick house, built in the year 1696 ; which
has the date of its erection, with the initials of its original proprietor's name,
formed by blue and red glazed bricks, arranged in the following manner on its
front : —
16. P. S. 96.
9 9
One of the oldest houses in the State, and probably the oldest, was taken
down in Brooklyn about twenty years ago. It was said to have been erected by
a family who emigrated from Holland, and its history by tradition could be
traced back about 190 years, carrying it to the period of the Dutch government
in this State as the Colony of " Novum Belgium" — or New Netherlands ; it
stood on the East side of Fulton street, having been removed for the opening of
Market street. The fiame of this old building was discovered to be so good
and sound, that it is now, with a new outer covering a dwelling house in Jackson
street, in the same city;
In the same Fulton street, on the northerly corner of Nassau street, stood an
ancient brick house, of whose original date we have no information. It was
52

31

used for holding a session of the Colonial Legislature, during the prevalence of
the small pox in the city of New York in 1752 ; and was subsequently occupied
by Gen. Israel Putnam as his head quarters, during the stay of the American
Army on Long Island in the summer 1776. This house was taken down in the
month of May 1832, and its timbers, which were all of oak, (as were those of the
old house mentioned immediately preceding this, and all the other old buildings
of that early period,) and so perfectly sound and hard, that they could not be
cut without much difficulty. Most of the beams were worked into the new
brick buildings which now occupy the same site.
What an idea does this simple fact afford us of the strength and permanency
vrith which every thing was done by our ancestors. They did not build in haste,
or run up houses during the frosts of winter, but all was done with much care
and forethought ; — they were building for their posterity as well as for them
selves. And as in building, so in every other matter, much time was spent
in examining every project in all its probable bearings, before it was adventured
upon ; when once undertaken, it was persisted in with a force and spirit almost
unknown to the present age. To this peculiar characteristic of our forefathers
we owe all the blessings arising from our Institutions of Government. A slight
and partial examination of the history of the United States, for the half century
preceding the Revolution of 1776, will show us, how many years of patient
thought and unwearied toil were deemed necessary by the patriots of that day
to precede the great event of the Declaration of Independence, and to give to
it the desired stability. They did not dream of getting up a Revolution in a
few hours, days, or months, now so common in this world, and whose effects, of
course, are as evanescent as were the deliberations which gave them birth.
Another memorial of antiquity, which still remains to us, in Brooklyn, is the
Cortelyou Mansion, of stone and brick, at Gowannes, which bears on its gable
end,in large iron figures, the date of its erection, 1699. It is a venerable looking
edifice ; when viewing it our minds are imperceptibly led to think of how much of
human joy and sorrow, happiness and misery such a building must of necessity
have been partners to ; and if it had the power to tell, what a strange romance
would even the plainest narrative of the facts which have transpired under its
roof now appear to us. True it is that fact is often much stranger than any ro
mance which the mind of man ever conceived. This house was the residence of
the American General, Lord Sterhng, previous to his capture by the British in
the Battle of Long Island.
The houses mentioned in this note were among the largest and most impor
tant dwellings in the Colony at the period of their erection ; and serve to show
us what the most wealthy and noble of the land then thought sufficient for all
their wants, and for the accommodation of their families and friends. In
the century following there was an evident change in sentiment in this re
spect ; the houses were larger, and from being long and narrow with two fi-ont
doors, not unfrequently side by side, and one, or one and a half stories high, they
became square, and two stories in height, affordmg double the amount of room,
S3

32 NOTES.

if not more, than in the old style of building in the century immediately preceed-
ing. This new style, even now would be regarded highly respectable in appear
ance. There are however but few, very few, instances of it in existence, One
of the last in Brooklyn, was the old Goralemon House, destroyed by fire about
three years since. It was sometime preceding the American Revolution the
mansion house of Philip Livingston, Esq., who being attached to the American
cause, and a member of the Continental Congress, the British army in 1776,
took possession of his house, and converted it into a naval hospital, for which pur
pose it was used during the whole of the revolutionary war. This house was finish
ed in the best style of art of that period ; the mantle pieces were of Italian mar
ble, beautifully carved in high relief, in Italy, And the gardens attached to the
house, are spoken of as among the most beautifiil in America.
Some little idea of it may be formed from the following extracts of a letter,
written from New York to London, dated Dec. 20, 1779. The writer says : —
" The physician, (the English fleet physician,) had removed aU the sick seamen
from that large house of Livingston's, on Long Island, and had sent them to
bams, stables, and other holes, in the neighbourhood, and turned the great house
into a palace for himself, the surgeon and his assistants. This house was capa
ble of accommodating four hundred sick." " The hospital was changed into a
house of feasting ; nothing was to be seen but grand public dinners. These hal
cyon days went on tiU the arrival of Admiral Arbuthnot. The manifest had
conduct at the hospital prevented many of the captains from sending their sick
men to it ; and when Admiral Arbuthnot arrived, they went to him open mouth
ed with complaints." On this the admiral determined to examine the matter.
After surveying the sick, he went to the house. " What with paint and paper,
the great house appeared in high taste, very elegant indeed. The two hospital
commanders met him at the door, and introduced him into the grandest apart
ment. The Admiral stared about him, and asked who these apartments belong
ed to % Their answer was, " to the physician and surgeon." " A palace," said
the Admiral, swearing an oath. The result was, he turned them both out of
office, and brought the sick sailors into the house again.

Note 5, page 3.
LONG ISLAND,
May be described as the South Easterly portion of the State of New York ;
it extends from Fort Hamilton at the Narrows to Montauk Point, a distance of
about one hundred and forty miles. Its breadth, as far east as Peconic Bay, va
ries from twelve to twenty miles, in a distance of 90 miles. It is divided into
three counties. Kings, Queens and Suffolk. It contained in 1840, 110,406 in
habitants. The estimated area of the whole, is 1500 square miles, or 960,000
acres.

54

NOTES. 33
It is supposed that Long Island was once part of the continent, separated from
it, by the waters of the Sound breaking through at the narrow strait of Hellgate,
to New York Bay. The Indians have a tradition, that their fathers passed this
strait dry shod, by stepping from rock to rock. — Gordon's History of New York.
Note 6, page 5.
RONCONCOA LAKE.
Among the natural curiosities of Long Island will always be ranked by those
who are acquainted with that Island throughout its length, that beautiful sheet
of water, known as " Ronconcoa Lake ;" which is situated about an equal dis
tance between the West end of the Island and Montauk Point, and also about half
way between the Sound and the shore of the Atlantic. It is nearly circular, and
if it was upon elevated ground, and in a volcanic district, it would have very
much the appearance of the crater of an extinct volcano. For a long time it
was believed to be unfathomable, but it has been sounded in some parts ; the
depth is however surprisingly great considering the situation.
Its great, and supposed unfathomable depth, together with an ebb and flow ob
served in its waters at different periods, had early made it the theme of Indian
story and tradition. They regarded it with a species of superstitious veneration,
and although it abounded in a variety of fish, (and still does so,) they at the early
settlement of the country by the white men, refitsed to eat the fish ; regarding
them as superior beings, and believing that they were specially placed there by
the Great Spirit.
This interesting lake is about three miles in circumference, and its shores con
sist of small white pebbles and sand ; in which respect it differs from any other
of the lakes in this State. Another peculiarity about it, is, that, a part of it is
claimed by four towns, viz : Smithtown, Setauket, Islip, and Patchogue ; it ly
ing upon the boundary line which divides them.
It is but a few years since this lake became known to tourists and travellers
for pleasure generally, (although it has long been known to a few admirers of
nature's beauties,) and it now comes upon the public notice with all the disadvan
tages resulting from a comparison with the better known and more boasted beau
ties of the Northern and Western lakes, yet we doubt whether any have visited
it with a true taste for the beautiful and lovely in the works of Nature, who have
come away disappointed, and who have not felt their anticipations fully realized.
Those who go there must not expect to see any thing of the sublime or grand,
as it is commonly understood, but if they can be pleased with a most lovely
placid scene, they will enjoy their pleasure to its fullest bent.

34 NOTES.

Note 7, page 6.
HEMPSTEAD PLAINS,
Of which the plain before mentioned is part, have been considered a great na
tural curiosity, from the first discovery of the country. To look over such a
great extent of land without observing a sensible elevation in any part, to relieve
the eye, until the horizon meets the level, appears like looking over the ocean ;
and this is greatly strengthened from the circumstance, that there is not a tree
growing naturally upon the whole region ; a few scattered clumps upon the bor
ders of the plain, whose tops are just visible above the surface, in the distance, are
precisely like small islands. In the summer the rarefaction of the air over so
large I a surface, exposed to the Sun's hot rays, occasions the phenomena of
" looming," as seen in the harbors near the sea, which elevating these tree tops,
as a mass, and causing the surrounding soil, shrouded in a thin and almost trans
parent vapor, to look like water, makes the deception complete.
There has scarcely a traveller of any note visited this part of North America,
who does not mention these plains, and regard them worthy of description. The
Rev. A. Bumaby, who travelled through the Middle Colonies in 1759, visited
them in July of that year. He describes them as " between twenty and thirty
miles long, and four or five miles broad ; and says there was not a tree then
growing upon them, and it is asserted (says he) that there never were any."
That there should never have been any trees upon this large tract may appear
strange to us, but it is not a solitary instance of such a want, even upon this
Island. The " Shinnecock Hills," (so named after a tribe of Indians now ex
tinct,) near Southampton, have never had a tree upon them from the first discov-
ry of the Island to this day, although the surrounding country is well wooded.
Mr. Bumaby also speaks of the great interest manifested by the inhabitants of
New York, at that period, almost one hundred years ago, in reference to this
interesting spot, the Plains, and observes, that " strangers are always carried to
see this place, as a great curiosity, and the only one of the kind in North Ameri
ca." This last remark, which now appears singular to us, was then true, in re
ference to the knowledge possessed of the interior of this Continent ; the im
mense plains, and prairies of the " Far West," were then unknown, unless it
might be to a very few of the most adventurous of the Indian traders, who them
selves had little or no intercourse vpith the sea board.
The North American Gazetteer, 12mo. London, 1776, after mentioning these
plains, and describing them much in the same maimer with Mr. Bumaby, states,
that the whole region is " without a stick or stone upon it." This is Uterally
true, the only stones found in the tract are coarse, sea washed gravel, having
very much the appearance as if it had once been the bed of a large lake or a
shallow bay putting up from the ocean. So entirely bare of stone is the
country about this vicinity for numbers of miles in extent, that the inhabitants

NOTES. 35

are obliged to resort for their building stone to the ridge of hills which run
through the centre of the Island, commonly known as " the Back-bone."
It will be seen by reference to this work that horse races were ran upon those
plains as early as 1670. They continued without interruption from that early
period until the revolutionary contest, and in the year 1775, these plains were
celebrated for their horse races throughout all the North American Colonies, and
even in England. These races were held twice a year for a silver cup ; " to
which, (says the North American Gazetteer, London, 1776,) the gentry of New
England and New York resorted." This race course was known as the " New
Market Course," after the celebrated one of that name in England, and continu
ed to be used through the revolution, and for a long period subsequently.
The revolutionary contest which caused so much misery and distress through
out the continent generally, seems to have made that portion of Long Island
within the control of the British f irces a scene of almost continued amusement.
They then had the control of New York, Kings County, Queens County, and
about half of Suffolk County. There were two British regiments in Brooklyn
during the whole war, and several companies, and parts of regiments posted in
the different towns through the Island ; and the waggon train, and blacksmith
and armory department of the British army were located in Brooklyn. These
circumstances, together with the large garrison in the city of New York, caused
this Island to be much resorted to by the officers and fashionables of the day, for
sporting. In the Royal Gazette of August 8th, 1781, printed in New York,
Charles Loosley advertises a lottery of $12,500, to be drawn at " Brooklyn Hall."
The same paper contains the following curious advertisement, relating to the
sports and amusements of that day.
" Pro Bono Publico. — Gentlemen that are fond of fox hunting, are requested
to meet at Loosley's Tavern, on Ascot Heath, on Friday moming next between
the hours of five and six, as a pack of hounds will be there purposely for a trial
of their abilities. Breakfasting and relishes until the races commence. At
eleven o'clock will be mn for, an elegant saddle, &c., value at least twenty
pounds, for which upwards of twelve gentlemen vrill ride their own horses. At
twelve, a match will be rode by two gentlemen, horse for horse. At one, a match
for thirty guineas, by two gentlemen, who will ride their own horses.
Dinner will be ready at two o'clock ; after which, and suitable regalements,
racing and other diversions, will be calculated to conclude the day with pleasure
and harmony. Brooklyn Hall, 6th, August, 1781."
What a bill is here for the amusements of a single day ! and yet this was far
from being uncommon or extraordinary at that period. Of course there must
have been a very large amount of wealth circulated by the British officers in
leading such a continued train of pleasure and sporting. We are not left to in
ference on this point ; all who speak of this part of America during that period,
mention such to be the fact.
Lieut. Auberry, m a letter from New York to a friend in England, dated
October 30th, 1781, observes :—
8 57

36 NOTES.

" On crossing the East River from New York, you land at Brooklyn, which ia
a scattered village, consisting of a few houses. At this place is an excellent
tavern, where parties are made to go and eat fish ; the landlord of which has sav
ed an immense fortune this war."
The tavern referred to in the preceding advertisement and letter, was a large,
gloomy, old fashioned stone building, standing on the north side of Fulton street,
one door West of the comer of Fulton and Front streets ; the property of the
Corporation of New York, and was destroyed by fire in 1813. It was occupied
as a Tavern up to the day it was burnt.
The " Hempstead Plains," as they are termed, are now estimated to contain
about seventeen thousand acres of unenclosed land, which the inhabitants of the
town of Hempstead own in common. The village of Hempstead is situated on
the southern margin of this great level. From the first settlement of the country
until within about the last thirty yeaiB, it was universally beheved, that this great
tract of land could never be cultivated — that if turned up by the plough it was so
porous, the water would at once run through it, and leave the vegetation on the
surface to perish from drought — that nothing would grow upon it but the tall
coarse grass which seems a native of that region. This belief continued it seems
even without an attempt to test its accuracy by experiment, until within the
present century ; when some persons who were in want of more land than they
possessed, gradually took in small portions adjoining them, and submitted it to a
course of cultivation. To their surprise if not only answered for grass, but for
grain, and would also support a growth of trees, if they were only introduced
upon it. This discovery led to the taking in and enclosing of whole farms, the
people regarding it as a kind of waste land in which no one had so good a title
as he who took possession and cultivated it, which opened the eyes of the good
people of Hempstead to the fact that their great plains, which were before es
teemed of no value ezcept to graze a few cattle, and feed half wild Turkeys,
(which last, by the way, are the best of the turkey kind our country affords,)
were truly valuable as farms ; and they accordingly took measures to preserve
their common rights in what remained of this great tract, — and the time is pro
bably not very far distant, when the traveller will ask with siuprise what has be
come of this extensive region of barren land, which was so long considered one
of the wonders of the North American Continent ; and vrill scarcely believe that
his eye is traversing the same extent when it is directed to those highly cultiva
ted fields, and beautiful grass meadows, which will occupy its site.

Note 8, page 7.
INDIANS.
At the first settlement of the white inhabitants there was a very numerous
Indian population on Long Island, as is evident from the large portion of his
work, which Denton devotes to describing their manners and customs. We have
58

NOTES. 37
preserved the names of thirteen of their tribes. At various periods discoveries
have been made of the remains and relics of these extinct aborigines. On dig
ging a few feet below the surface, at the Narrows, in Kings County, some years
ago, more than a waggon load of Indian stone arrow-heads were discovered
lying together, under circumstances calculated to induce the belief that a large
manufactory of these article once existed at this place ; they were of all sizes,
from one to six inches long, some perfect, others partly finished. There were
also a number of blocks of the same kind of stone found in the rough state as
when brought from the quarry ; they had the appearance of ordinary flint, and
were nearly as hard ; not only arrow-heads, but axes and other articles of do
mestic use, were made from these stones.
In the same county the most powerful and extensive tribe was the Canarse
Indians ; a small tribe called the Nyack Indians was settled at the Narrows. The
old Dutch inhabitants of this coimty had a tradition, that the Canarse tribe was
subject to the Mohawks ; (as all the Iroquois, or Six Nations, were formerly
called on Long Island ;) and paid them an annual tribute of dried clams and
wampum. After the white settlement in this county, some persons persuaded
the Carnases to keep back the tribute ; in consequence of which a party of the
Mohawk Indians came down the Hudson River from their village, a little South
of Albany, and killed their tributaries wherever they met them. The Canarse
Indians are now totally extinct.
In Queens County, the Rockaway, Merrikoke, and Marsapcague tribes of
Indians were settled on the South side, and the Matmecoe tribe on the North
side. In this county about the year 1654, a battle was fought between the
EngUsh under Capt. John Underbill, and the Indians, in which the latter were
defeated with considerable loss. This was the only contest of any importance
between the white men and the Indians on Long Island, of which we have any
account.* About thirty miles from Brooklyn, and midway between the North and South
sides of this Island, is a hill known as Manett, or Manetta hill. This is a cor
ruption of the true name, which was Manitou hill, or the hill of the Great Spirit.
Which appellation is founded on the tradition that many ages since the Abori
gines residing in those parts suffered extremely from the want of water. Under
their sufferings they offered up prayers to the Great Spirit for relief That in
reply to their supplications, the Good Spirit directed that their principal Chieftain
should shoot his arrow in the air, and on the spot where it feU they should dig,
and would assuredly discover the element they so much desired. They pursued
the direction, dug, and found water. There is now a well situated on this rising
ground ; and the tradition continues to say, that this well is on the very spot

* The remains of the Fort erected by the Indians in 1653, and which they occupied pre
vious to this battle, are yet to be seen on Fort Neck. This neck of land derives its name
from that fortification. 59

38 NOTES.

indicated by the Good Spirit. This hill was undoubtedly used in ancient times
as the place of general offering to the Great Sphit in the name and behalf of
all the surrounding people, and was of the character of the hill altars so common
among the early nations. It is firom this circumstance that the name was pro
bably derived.
In Suffolk County were the Nissaquage, Setauket, Corchaug, Secataug,
Patchogue, Shinnecoc, and Montauk tribes of Indians. The Manhanset tribe
was on Shelter Island. These tribes have all disappeared except a few individu
als of the Montauk and Shinnecoc tribes.
Much was done at various periods towards the civilization of the Indians on
this Island, by sending Missionaries and teachers to reside among them, and by
instructing them in the art of cultivating the soil. In 1741, Rev. Azariah Hor-
ton was on the " Mission to the Long Island Indians," and he describes the
situation of those Indians at that period, August, 1741, to be as follows : — " At
the East end of the Island there are two small towns of the Indians ; and from
the East to the West end of the Island, lesser companies settled at a few miles
distance from one another, for the length of above one hundred miles." At his
first coming among them, he says he was " well received by the most, and
heartily welcomed by some of them ; — they at the East end of the Island espe
cially, gave dihgent and serious attention to his instructions." Mr. Horton
states that he baptized thirty-five adults and forty-four children among these
Indians. " He took pains with them to leara them to read ; and some of them
have made considerable proficiency." This was during the first year of his
residence among them, but in the account he gave in the early part of 1743, he
complains heavily " of a great defection of some of them, from their first Refor
mation and care of their souls, occasioned by strong drink — a vice (he says) to
which the Indians are every where so greatly addicted, and so vehemently dis
posed, that nothing but the power of Divine Grace can restrain that impetuous
lust, when they have an opportunity to gratify it."
This was the history of every attempt to meliorate the condition of these poor
tribes. So long as they were in the course of instruction, and every thing was
done for them, or they were assisted in doing matters in order to leam them, things
went on well ; but the moment they were left to themselves to put in practice
the instractions they had received, in governing their own towns, in conducting
their own church service, teaching their own schools, and in cultivating their
own fields, they began to retrograde ; — ^the benefits which they had received
were not communicated by them to their children ; and of course the next gene
ration were almost as much of savages, as their fathers were before the advan
tages of civilization were introduced among them. Notwithstanding these
discouraging circumstances, oft repeated attempts were made to induce the
remnants of these Aborigines to adopt the habits and practices of civilized life,
and with but partial success ; — laws were enacted by the State Legislature to
facilitate these benevolent efforts, and to prevent trespasses upon the lands of the
Indians. It seems to have been impossible to satisfy the aboriginal inhabitants

NOTF.S. 39

of this island of the value of education, or to convince them that it was not
rather a disadvantage for them to possess it. This trait is not however, pecuHar
to the Indians of Long Island, it is now found in full operation in the minds of
great numbers of the Aborigines west of the Mississippi, and is a most serious
bar to their advancement in civilized life. They esteem their own education,
(if it may be so called,) as immensely superior to that which we offer them, for
the life which they lead, and which they desire to continue to lead ; and look
upon the learning and knowledge which we tender to them as only calculated to
be of use to the white men. Nothing effectual can he done towards civilizing
and instracting the Indians until they truly become cultivatora of the soil for a sub
sistence, — until they look to the grain which they raise, and to the cattle and stock
which they rear for a living, in place of seeking it in the chase, and in fishing
upon the lakes and rivers. The moment they become truly fixed to the soil,
(and that will probably not be until after one generation of cultivators shall have
passed away,) they will see and feel the necessity of knowledge, and will then of
their own motion seek for it ; — until that time arrives it is thrown away, — they
place no value on it, — they on the contrary esteem it an impediment to the course
of Iffe on which they depend for the means of existence.
In order to promote friendship and a future good understanding between the
Indians and the white settlers, on the 3d day of March, 1702-3, they respectively
entered into a written agreement with each other ; settUng all differences, and
declaring what belonged to the Indians, and what to the whites.
Under this agreement they continued to live in peace with each other until
some sime after the close of the Revolutionary War, when the Indians began to
imagine that their ancestors had not sold to the white proprietors, in 1702-3 and
previously, all the lands they were at this period (about 1787) in possession of.
This idea Ijecoming strengthened, the Indians turned their cattle into some of the
fenced fields of the white people, which caused their impounding ; and this in
the eyes of the Indians became a serious grievance, of which they complained
to the State Legislature in the spring of 1807. And April 6th of that year, an
act was passed directing the appointment of Ezra L'Hommedieu, John Smith,
and NicoU Floyd, as Commissioners to enquire into these grievance, and to make
such arrangements as they should judge equitable, for the fiiture improvement of
the lands at Montauk by those Indians.
These Commissioners made their Report to the New York Legislature on the
30th of January, 1808, — ^from which it appears that the Indians were in error in
believing that their ancestors had not conveyed to the white proprietors all the
lands they were then in possession of ; and they also appended to their report,
the original agreement which was made between the Indians and the whites on
the 3d of March, 1702-3, for the settling of all differences — ^which the Legislature
ordered to be filed in the office of the Secretary of State. By their report the
Commissioners state that " the uneasiness of the Indians, in respect to their rights
to land on Montauk, has been occasioned principally by strangers (not inhabitants
of this State,) who, for a number of years past, have made a practice of visiting

40 NOTES.

them, and have received from them produce and obligations for money, for coun
cil and advice, and their engagements to assist them in respect to their claims to
lands on Montauk, other than those they now hold by the aforesaid agreement."
" The neck of land they (the Indians) live on, contains about one thousand acres
of the first quahty, on which, by the aforesaid agreement, they have a right to
plant Indian com without restriction, as to the number of acres, besides improv
ing tliirty acres for wheat rir grass ; to keep two hundred and fifty swine, great
and small, and fifty horse kind and neat cattle, and to get hay to winter them.
They now enjoy privileges equal with their ancestors, since the date of the said
agreement, although their nmnbers have greatly diminished, and, in the opinion
of your Commissioners, there is no necessity of any further legislative interference
respecting them."
in 1816 the Montauks were the only tribe that remained on the Island, which
preserved its distinctive character. During that year Governor Tompkins, at the
request of the Montauk Indians, appointed Richard Hubbel and Isaac Keeler Esqrs.
Commissioners to enquire into the trespasses committed on their property, and as
far as practicable, to have them redressed. In their report, the Commissioners state,
(speaking of the number and condition of the tribe,) " about fifty famihes, consist
ing of one hundred and forty-eight persons, men, women, and children, inhabit
said point — that fourteen of the women are widows — and that they live in about
thirty huts, or wigwams, nearly in the same style as Indians have for centuries
past." These Indians obtained their living principally from the sea, although
they tilled some land for raising com, beans, and potatoes in small patches or
lots. They were in possession of about five hundred acres of land of the best
quaUty. They kept cows, swine, poultry, one horse and one pair of oxen. Their
land through bad tillage was unproductive. Civilization and education were then,
according to the Commissioners' report, much on the decline, and their house of
worship, which was formerly in a flourishing state, was then going to ruin. The
elder Indians had learning sufficient to read and write, but the children were
brought up in a savage state. The only other remains of the Eastern Long
Island tribes were a few individuals of the Shinnecoc tribe, and some few others,
whose tribes are not distinguished. At this period, and for some time subsequent,
the young men among these Indian tribes were accustomed to go out as sailors in
the whaling ships from Saggharbor.
These Indians have now almost entirely disappeared from the face of the
earth. In 1829 the Montauk Indians had dvrindled away to five or six famiUes.
When they took care of themselves, and were clean, they were a remarkably
good looking race of Indians, and some of their females were very handsome
women. The royal family of thi" Montauks were distinguished among the Eng
lish, by the name of Faro. The last of the family, a female, died about 1825.
Canoe place, on the South side of Long Island, near Southampton, derives its
name from the fact, that more than two centuries ago, a canal was made there
by the Indians, for the purpose of passing their canoes from one bay to the other,
(that is across the Island, from Mecox bay to Peconic bay.) Although the trench
62

NOTES. 41

has been in a great measure filled up, yet its remains are still visible, and partly
flowed at high water. It was constracted by Mongotucksee, (or long knife,) who
then reigned over the nation of Montauk. Although that nation has now dwmdled
to a few miserable remnants of a powerful race, who still linger on the lands which
was once the seat of their proud dominion, yet their traditional history is replete
with all those tragical incidents which usually accompany the fall of power. It
informs us, that their chief was of gigantic form — ^proud and despotic in peace
and terrible in war. But although a tyrant of his people, yet he protected them
from their enemies, and commanded their respect for his savage virtues. The
praises of Mongotucksee are still chaunted in aboriginal verse, to the winds that
howl around the eastern extremity of the island. The Narragansetts and the
Mohocks yielded to his prowess, and the ancestors of the last of the Mobiccans
trembled at the expression of his anger. He sustained his power not less by the
resources of his mind than by the vigor of bis arrn. An ever watchful policy guided
his "councils. Prepared for every exigency, not even aboriginal sagacity could
surprise his caution. To facilitate communication around the seat of his do
minion, — ^for the purpose not only of defence but of annoyance, he constracted
this canal, which remains a monument of his genius, while other traces of his
skiU and prowess are lost in oblivion, and even the nation whose valor he led,
may soon fiimish for our country a topic in contemplating the fallen greatness of
the last of the Montauks.
The strong attachment and veneration which the Montauk Indians had for
their Chief is evidenced by the following fact, Within a short distance of Sagg
harbor, in the forest, is a shallow excavation which these Indians were formerly
very particular in keeping clean ; each one in passing, stopped to clean it out, of
any dirt or leaves which may have fallen into it. The reason they gave for so
doing, was, that a long time ago a Montaulc Chief having died at Shinnecoc, the
Indians brought him from that place to Ammagansett to be interred, m the usual
burying place ; and during their journey, they stopped to rest, and placed the
body of their dead Chieftain in that excavation during the meanwhile ; — ^iu con
sequence of which the spot had acquired a species of sacred character.
Afler the death of Mongotucksee, the Montauks were subjugated by the Iro
quois or Six Nations, and became their tributaries, as indeed did the most, if not
all of the Indian tribes on Long Island. On the authority of the Rev. Dr. Bas-
sett, the Dutch Reformed minister at Bushwick, Long Island, about 1823, and
who was previously a mmister of that Church in Albany, it is said that the Mon
tauk Indians paid a tribute to the Six Nations of Indians ; and that the Consis
tory of the Dutch Church at Albany, in their desire to preserve peace between the
Indian tribes, were formerly the means through which this tribute passed from one
to the other. Wampum, or Indian money, and dried clams were the payments
in which this tribute was made.
It may not be a little smgular to some to be told that the best Wampum,
formed of the heart of the shell of the common hard clam, is at this day manu
factured on Long Island ; to he sent to this Indians m the Western States and
63

42

Territories, for the purpose both of a circulating medium, and of Conventions
and Treaties. In the summer of 1831, several bushels of Wampum were
brought from Babylon on this Island ; and the person who had them, stated that
he had procured them for an Indian trader, and that he was in the habit of sup
plying those traders with this Wampum.

Note 9, page 8.
WAMPUM.
The first money in use in New- York, then New-Netherlands, and also in
New-England, was Seawant, Wampum, or Peague, for it was known by all
those names. Seawant was the generic name of this Indian money, of which
there were two kinds ; wompam, (commonly called wampum) which signifies
white, and siickanhock, sucki signifying black. Wampum, or wampum-peague,
or simply, peague. wad'also understood, although improperly, among the Dutch
and English, as expressive of the generic denomination, and in that light was
used by them in their writings and pubhc documents. Wampum, or white
money, was originally made from the stem or stock of the metean-hock, or perri-
winkle ; suckanhock, or black money, was manufactured from the inside of the
shell of the quahaug, (Venus Mercenaria,) commonly called the hard clam, a
round thick shellfish that buries itself a little way in the sand in salt-water.
The Indians broke off about half an inch of the purple colour of the inside, and
converted it into beads. These before the introduction of awls and thread, were
bored with sharp stones, and Strang upon the sinews of animals, and when inter
woven to the breadth of the hand, more or less, were called a belt of seawant, or
wampum. A black bead, of the size of a large straw, about one-third of an inch
long, bored longitudinally and well polished, was the gold of the Indians, and
always esteemed of tvrice the value of the white ; but either species was consi
dered by them, of much more value than European coin. An Indian chief, to
whom the value of a rix dollar was explained by the first clergyman of Rensse-
laerwyck, laughed exceedingly to think the Dutch should set so high a value
upon a piece of iron, as he termed the dollar. Three beads of black, and six of
white, were equivalent, among the English, to a penny, and among the Dutch,
to a stuyver. But with the latter the equivalent number sometimes varied from
three and six, to four and eight, depending upon the finishing of the seawant.
Seawant was also sometimes made from the common oyster shell, and both
kinds made from the hard clam shell.
The use of wampum was not knovra in New-England until it was introduced
there in the month of October, 1627, by Isaac De Razier, the secretary of New-
Netheriand, while on his embassy to the authorities of Plymouth colony, for the
purpose of settling a treaty of amity and commerce between that colony and
New-Netherland, when he carried wampum and goods, and with them pur
chased com at Plymouth. To this mtroduction of wampum into New-England,
64

NOTES. 43
Hubbard attributes all their wars with the Indians which afterwards ensued ; and
in bis history speaks of this circumstance in the following manner :
" Whatever were the honey in the mouth of that beast of trade, there was a
deadly sting in the tail. For it is said they (the Dutch) first brought our people
to the knowledge of wampam-peag ; and the acquaintance therewith occasioned
the Indians of these parts to learn the slull to make it, by which, as by the ex
change of money, they purchased store of artillery, both from the English, Dutch
and French, which proved a fatal business to those that were concerned in it. It
seems the trade thereof was at first, by strict proclamation, prohibited by the
king. ' Sed quid non mortalis pectora cogis, duri sacri fam.es !' The love of
money is the root of all evil, &c." (See Hubbard's History of New-England.)
Although the general distinction of this seawant was black and white, yet that
in use in New-England was black, blue and white ; and that of the Five Nations
of Indians was of a purple colour. A string of this shell money, one fathom
long, varied in price, from five shillings, among the New-Englanders, to four
guilders, (or one dollar sixty-six and a half cents,) among the Dutch. The process
of trade was this ; the Dutch and English sold for seawant to the Indians of the
interior, their knives, combs, scissors, needles, awls, looking-glasses, hatchets,
guns, black cloth, and other articles of aboriginal traffic, (the Indians at this time
rejected fabrics in which the least white colour in their texture was discoverable ;)
and with the seawant bought the fiirs, corn and venison from the Indians on the
seaboard, who also with their shell money bought such articles from the abori
gines residing farther inland ; and by this course the white men saved the trouble
of transporting their furs and grain through the country. Thus, by this circu
lating medium, a brisk commerce was carried on, not only between the white
people and the Indians, but also between different tribes among the latter. So
much was this seawant the circulating medium of many of the European colo
nies, in North America, that the different governments found it necessary to make
regulations on the subject. In 1641 an ordinance in council, in the city of New-
Amsterdam, (now New- York,) was enacted, and the Dutch Governor Kieft,
which recited, that a vast deal of bad seawant, or wampum — " nasty rough
things imported from other places" — was in circulation, while the " good,
splendid seawant, usually called Manhattan's seawant, was out of sight, or
exported, which must cause the ruin of the country !" Therefore, in order to
remedy the evil, the ordinance provides, that, all coarse seawant, well stringed,
should pass at six for one stujTfer only, but the well polished at four for a stuyver,
and whoever offered or received the same at a different price, should forfeit the
same, and also ten guilders to the poor. This is the first public expression of an
apprehension of evil to the country from the exportation of specie, that we have
met with in our history ; but like most other matters of the kind, it seems to
have regulated itself and the country went on prospering, from the little city of
about two hundred and fifty inhabitants, as New-York then was, to the great
commercial mart vrith a population of near four hundred thousand as it is at
present. ^ fiS

44 NOTES.
That there was some reason for this regulation of our Dutch government is
evident from the following provision of the Connecticut code of laws of 1650,
which is a re-enactment of some laws which had been in force for many years
previous, by which it is ordered,
" That no peage, (as they called seawant,) white or black, bee paid or received,
but what is strange, and in some measure strange sutably, and not small and
great, uncomely and disorderly mixt, as formerly it hath beene."
The colony of Massachusetts in 1648 passed a law declaring, that tcojnpam-
peag, (as they called seawant,) should pass current in the payment of debts to the
amount of forty shillings ; the white at eight for a penny, and the black at four
for a penny, " if entire, without breaches or spots ; except in the payment of
county rates to the treasurer." This law continued in force until in the year
1661, when it was repealed, although seawant continued to form a part of the
circulating medium of that colony for a long period subsequent to that repeal.
This wampum currency appears sometimes to have been measured by the
fathom, in New-England. The Pequot Indians, in the year 1656, paid as a
tribute to the United Colonies of New-England two hundred and fifteen fathoms
of wampum, — of which amoimt the Commissioners of the United Colonies paid
to Thomas Stanton, their agent among the Indians, one hundred and twenty
fathoms for his salary, which being deducted, there remained 95 fathoms, which
together with 51 fathoms at New-Haven, being in all one hundred and forty-six
fathoms, was divided among the United Colonies, according' to the number of
males enumerated in the year 1655, in the following manner, being the first dis
tribution oi public moneys in the good old time of our history :
To Massachusetts, - - 94 fathoms, 2s. 6d.
" Plymouth, - - 18 fathoms.
" Connecticut, - - - 20 fathoms, 2s. Od.
" New-Haven. - - - 13 fathoms, Os. 6d.
Total, - - - 146
Sundry orders and regulations made by the different governments throughout
the seventeenth century show that this shell money continued to form a most im
portant part of their circulation. The governor and council in the city of New-
York on the 24th of June, 1673, made an order, declaring that by reason of the
scarcity of wampum, that which had hitherto passed at the rate of eight white
and four black pairs, for a stuyver or penny, should then pass at six white, and
three black pairs, for a stuyver or penny, " and three times so much the value of
silver." At this period there was httle " certain coin in the government" of New-
York, and wampum readily passed as change for current payment in all cases.
This seawant, or wampum, was the only Indian money ever known in North
America, — it was not only the money of the Indians, but also the ornament of
their persons. It distinguished the rich from the poor, the proud from the
humble. It was the tribute paid by the vanquished to those, the Five Nations
for instance, who had exacted contribution. In the fomi of a belt, it was sent
66

NOTES. 45
with all public messages between the Indian tribes, and preserved as a record of
all public transactions among the aboriginal people. If a message was sent
without the belt, it was considered an empty word, unworthy of remembrance.
If the belt was retumed, it was a rejection of the offer or proffer accompanying
it. If accepted, it was a confirmation, and strengthened friendship, or effaced
injuries. The belt with appropriate figures worked in it, was also the record of
domestic transactions. The confederation of the Five Nations was thus recorded.
These shells had indeed more virtue among the Indians, than pearls, gold and
silver had among Europeans. Seawant was the seal of a contract — the oath of
fidelity. It satisfied murders, and all other injuries ; purchased peace, and en
tered into the religious as well as the civil ceremonies of the aborigines. A string
of seawant was delivered by the orator in public council, at the close of every
distinct proposition made to others, as a ratification of the trath and sincerity of
what he said, and the white and black strings of seawant were tied by the Pagan
priest, around the neck of the white dog suspended to a pole, and offered as a
sacrifice to T'haloughyawaagon, the upholder of the skies, the God of the Five
Nations. (See Yates and Moulton's History of New- York.)
The wampum, or seawant, continued to be manufactured in different parts of
the State of New- York until a comparatively recent period. William Smith,
Esq., in his History of the Colony of New-York, mentions, that a short time pre
vious to writing his work, several poor families at Albany made their living by
manufacturing this Indian money. Several years after that period, we find it still
made in large quantities upon Statten Island in the harbor of New- York. The
Rev. Andrew Bumaby in his interesting travels through the Middle Colonies of
North America, in 1759 and 1760, mentions, that in journeying from Philadel
phia to New- York, on the 9th of July, 1760, he crossed over to that island, and
travelled up it " about nine miles, to a point which is opposite New- York city ;"
and from thence sailed in a boat to the city, which was then the usual route of
travelling between these two places. In thus passing through Statten Island, he
says, " I had an opportunity of seeing the method of making wampum. This
I am persuaded the reader knows is the current money amongst the Indians. It
is made of the clam shell ; a shell consisting of two colors, purple and white ;
and in form not unhke a thick oyster shell. The process of manufacturing it is
very simple. It is first chipped to a proper size, which is that of a small oblong
parallelopiped, then drilled, and afterwards ground to a round smooth surface and
polished. The purple wampum is much more valuable than the white ; a very
small part of the shell being of that color."
In my note upon the Indian tribes of Long Island it is stated, that within the
last fourteen years this seawant was made in the eastem part of Long Island, for
the use of the Indian traders in the Far West, to be applied to the purposes of
their traffic, and for the making of treaties with the aboriginal tribes.
The manner in which the business of the country was carried on in the absence
of a metalhc currency, for one hundred and twenty years after the first settlement
of New- York and New-England, evinces much mgenuity. For this long period,
67

46 * NOTES.
in addition to the seawant, or wampum, the produce of the soil, of almost every
description, formed the legalized medium by which the trade of our ancestors
was conducted.
In New- Amsterdam, now New- York, beaver skins appear to have been much
used during the seventeenth century, as a medium of exchange between the factor
of European manufactures and the consumer here; — as for instance, — in 1661
bricks imported from Holland were sold in New- York for four dollars and sixteen
cents a thousand, pai/a6/« in beaver skins. And not only were these skins used
for the purposes of foreign exchange, but they also seem under the English
government to have been a general representative of value ; and December 2,
1670, the Mayor's Court of the city of New- York, ordered, upon the petition of
the widow of Jan Hendric Steelman alias Coopall, that she be allowed out of his
estate, " to support her this winter the valine of tenne beavers."
Other articles were also used as the representatives of value in the purchase
and sale of commodities, both foreign and domestic. Under the Dutch govern
ment, as early as 1636, the New-Netherlands became celebrated for its excellent
growth of tobacco, much of which was exported to Holland, or the Fatherland.
Tobacco formed a prominent article in the products of the Colony of New- York
for a period of about one hundred years ; by reason of which that article was
much used as a measure of value. Previous to the commencement of the eigh
teenth century in very many, and indeed a large majority, of the suits brought in
the different courts in the Colony of New- York, the damages sought to be reco
vered were stated at a certain number of pounds of tobacco, or a certain number
of beaver skins, instead of a sum of money ; and it was in that manner that the
verdicts of the juries and the judgments of the courts were rendered. For a con
siderable period about the year 1666, in the same colony, the town and county
rates, or taxes, were paid in beef and pork, at a value fixed by the legislative au
thority ; and in 1675, winter wheat was taken in payment of all debts, by the
governor's order, at five shillings, and summer wheat at four shillings and six
pence per bushel.
In all the towns in New-England in the early part of the eighteenth century,
and for a long time previous, it was the custom of shopkeepers, (as all merchants
were then designated,) to sell their goods for "pay, — money, — pay as money, — ¦
and trust." Fay, was grain, pork, beef, &c., at the prices fixed by the legisla
ture. Money, was pieces of eight reals, (dollars,) Boston, or Bay shillings, (as
they were termed,) or good hard money, as they frequently called silver coin ;
and also wampum, which served for change. Fay as money, was provisions of
any kind taken at a rate one-third lower than the price set by the legislature ;
and trust, was a credit for such time as the buyer and seller could agree ; in
which case, if the credit extended beyond a few days, one-fourth or fifth was
usuaUy added to the price for which the articles would have been sold at a cash
sale. Madam Kpight in her journal, kept of a Journey from Boston to New- York,

NOTES. 47
in the year 1704, gives the following humorsome description of " trading" as it
existed in New-England at that period.
" When the buyer comes to ask for a commodity, sometimes before the mer
chant answers that he has it, he says, is your pay ready ? Perhaps the chap
replies, yes. What do you pay in ? says the merchant. The buyer having an
swered, then the price is set ; as suppose he wants a sixpenny knife, in pay it is
twelvepence, — in pay as money eightpence, and in hard money its own price,
viz. : sixpence. It seems a very intricate way of trade, and what Lex Mercato-
ria had not thought of."

Note 10, page 9.
FUTURE STATE AND IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL.
" The immortality of the soul and a future state is generally believed among them.
When good men die, they say their souls go to Kichtan where they meet their
friends, have splendid entertainments, and enjoy all manner of pleasures. When
wicked men die, they go to Kichtan Habitation too, and knock at the door, but
they have no answer from him but Quachet, that is. Walk away, and so they
wander about in restless discontent and horror forever. When some of the English
have talk'd with 'em of the Resun-ection of the Body, all the answer they could
get from them was, that it was impossible, and that they should never believe it."
— Neal's History of New England.
We have conversed with Indians who were clearly atheists, and treated as
fabulous all notions of the immortality of the soul, and defended their opinions
with as much ingenuity and acuteness as low and abandoned white people, who
profess to hold the same opinions. But in some shape or form, almost all savages
admit the being of God, and the immortality of the soul. The Great " Spirit" is
termed, in many of their languages, " Wahconda," or Master of Life. Storm and
thunder are manifestations of his wrath, and success in war and hunting, of his
favour. Some of the tribes, as the Osages, have forms of prayer, in the use of
which they are regular and eamest, particularly when starting on expeditions
of hunting or war. Their prophets occasionally give out, that they have
had visible communications with this Spirit, who has made himself sensibly
manifest to them in the form of some bird or beast. They immediately paint
their faces black, and observe great mystery on the occasion. Thence they de
rive their claims to prophecy, and to be treated with the deference due to medi
cine men.
Their notions of the condition of departed spirits are such as we might expect
from their character and condition. In some distant region, of a southern tem
perature, they place the home of the worthy departed, in the country of the
" brave and free" spirits, who pass to that land of game and good cheer over a
bridge scarcely wider than a hair, suspended over a deep gulf They who have
hearts that are firm, feet that do not tremble, and unblenching countenances, that

48 NOTES.
is to say, who have been good warriors in life, pass steadily and safely over the
bridge ; while the timid and trembling fall into the gulf below. They vrill some
times talk of these matters with great earnestness and apparent conriction ; but,
we believe, of all people that have been known on the earth their thoughts, hopes
and fears dwell the least on any thing beyond this life. It appears inexplicable
to them that any part of their moral conduct here can have any bearing upon
their condition hereafter. Of course adult savages have too often been found
hopeless subjects, upon whom to inculcate the pure and sublime traths of our gos
pel. The days of the Brainerds and Elliots are either gone by, or the southern
and western savages are more hopeless subjects, than those of the north. They
have certainly been found utterly destitute of the plastic dociUty of the Mexican
and Peravian Indians. Charlevoix gave, as a characteristic trait of the Canadian
and western savages of his day, one that has been found equally applicable to
to those of the present time. They listen with apparent docUity and attention to
our expositions of our reUgion, our faith and hopes, and assent to all ; admitting,
that this may all be trae in relation to people of our race. But it is a deeply
rooted impression, that they also have their creating and tutelar " Great Spirit."
They relate in tum their own fables, their own dim and visionary notions of a
God and hereafter, and exact the same docihty and complaisance to their creed,
which they yielded to ours. — Western Monthly Review, Cincinnati, August, 1827.
The doctrines of a life beyond the grave was, among all the tribes of America,
most deeply cherished, and sincerely believed. They had even formed a distinct
idea of the region whither they hoped to be transported, and of the new and hap
pier mode of existence, free from those wars, tortures and cruelties, which throw
so dark a shade over their lot upon earth. Yet their conceptions on this subject
were by no means exalted or spiritualised. They expected simply a prolongation
of their present life and enjoyments, under more favorable circumstances, and
with the same objects furnished in greater choice and abundance. In that brighter
land the sun ever shines unclouded, the forests abound with deer, the lakes and
rivers with fish ; benefits which are farther enhanced in their imagination by a
faithfiil wife and dutiful children. They do not reach it, however, till after a
journey of several months, and encountering various obstacles — a broad river, a
chain of lofty mountains, and the attack of a furious dog. This favored country
lies far in the west, at the remotest boundary of the earth, which is supposed to
terminate in a steep precipice, with the ocean rolling beneath. Sometimes, in the
too eager pursuit of game, the spirits fall over, and are converted into fishes. The
local position of their paradise appears connected vrith certain obscure intima- •
tions received from their wandering neighbors of the Mississippi, the Rocky
Mountains, and the distant shores of the Pacific. This system of belief labors
under a great defect, inasmuch as it carcely connects felicity in the future world
with virtuous conduct in the present. The one is held to be simply a continua
tion of the other ; and under this impression, the arms, ornaments, and every thing
that has contributed to the welfare of the deceased, are interred along with him.
This supposed assurance of a future life so conformable to their gross habits and
70

NOTES. 49
conceptions was found by the missionaries a serious obstacle, when they attempted
to allure them by the hope of a destiny, purer and higher indeed, but less accord
ant with their untutored conceptions. Upon being told that in the promised
world they would neither hunt, eat, drink, nor maiTy a wife, many of them de
clared that, far from endeavoring to reach such an abode, they would consider
their arrival there as the greatest calamity. Mention is made of a Huron girl
whom one of the Christian ministers was endeavoring to instract, and whose first
question was, what she would find to eat % The answer being " Nothing," she
then asked what she would see 1 and being informed that she would see the
Maker of Heaven and earth, she expressed herself much at a loss what she could
have to say to him. Many not only rejected this destiny for themselves, but
were indignant at the efforts made to decoy their children, after death, into so
dreary and comfortless a region. — Edinburgh Cabinet Library.
The foregoing sentiments of the American Aborigines with respect to a future
state, are given in beautiful verse by one of England's greatest poets.
Lo, the poor Indian ! whose untutor'd mind
Sees God in clouds, or hears him in the wind ;
His soul, proud science never taught to stray
Far as the solar walk, or milky-way ;
Yet simple Nature to his hope has giv'n,
Behind the cloud-topt hill, an humbler heav'n ;
Some safer world in depth of woods embrac'd.
Some happier island in the watry waste.
Where slaves once more their native land behold,
No fiends torment, no Christians thirst for gold.
To Be, contents his natural desire,
He asks no Angel's wing, no Seraph's fire ;
But thinks, admitted to that equal sky.
His faithful dog shall bear hun company. — Fope.

Note II, page II.
MARRIAGE AND POLYGAMY.
It is an universal custom among the Indians, to marry as many wives as the
warrior or hunter pleases. This is an affair accurately prescribed by custom.
If a young hunter has been for a length of time very successful in hunting, like a
rich Turk he is authorized by public opinion to take as many wives as he has
proved himself able to maintain.
In all the Indian tribes, they have contrived to emulate the most polished and
civilized people, in the extent of prostitution practised among them ; and the
degraded beings who practice these detestable vices, bold the same esthnation.
But taking into view the position of their females, so often alone in the soUtude
of the desert, the smallness of the numbers of their societies, and the diminished
71

50

influence of public opinion, that results from it, and that they have no other laws
than vague opinion, and no religion that operates any moral restraint, — the state
of morals, in regard to the intercourse between the sexes, is far better than could
be reasonably expected. It is matter of admiration, that the vices of licentious
ness do not prevail among them to a much greater extent, than among the whites.
We have been astonished at witnessing so much decoram and restraint among
them. We feel constrained, too, to place this decoram of intercourse among
themselves, and that surprizing delicacy with which they deport themselves
towards white females that fall into their power, to a more honorable source
than the destitution of passions. They have always appeared to us to be pre
cisely on a footing with untrained people of our own race, in regard to passions ;
and to differ only in a more chastened, and vigorous, and effectual restraint of
them. There are different standards of morals among them, as among the white
nations. With some tribes sexual intercourse between the unmanied, and even
adultery is a venial offence ; and in others it is punished with mutilation, death,
or an infliction, too horrible to name. The instance of a young squaw who is a
mother before marriage, is a very uncommon occurrence ; nor have we any faith
in the vulgar opinion of their adroitness in procuring abortion. — Western Monthly
Review, Cincinnati, August, 1827.
Among the Five Nations in New- York, polygamy was not usual ; and when
either of the parties became dissatisfied they separated without formality or
ignominy to either, unless the parting was occasioned by some scandalous of
fence in one of them. In the event of such separation the children followed the
mother. Colden found the reason for polygamy not existing among them to the
same extent as with other Indians, in their republican institutions. Each tribe was
in itself a pure republic, managing its own concerns, and uniting as a nation for
the purposes of war, and carrying on their intercourse with the English and
French, and also with the aborigines. They esteemed themselves superior by
nature to the rest of mankind, and called themselves Ongue-honwe, the men sur
passing all others. This was not » vain opinion held only by themselves, but
this superiority was conceded to them by all the Indian tribes with whom they
had any intercourse. The aboriginal nations round about them were their tribu
taries, and dared neither make war or peace without their consent. It was their
custom every year or two to send two old chiefs to collect the accustomed tri
bute ; and Lieut. Governor Colden, in his History of the Five Nations, (8vo.,
London, 1747, introd., p. 4,) says : " I have often had opportunity to observe
what anxiety the poor Indians were under while these two old men remained in
that part of the country where I was. An old Mohawk sachem, in a poor
blanket and dirty shirt, may he seen issuing his orders with as arbitrary an au
thority, as a Roman Dictator."
The Five Nations also practised upon the maxim formerly used by the Romans,
to increase their strength, by encouraging the people of other nations to incorpo
rate with them. In the early part of the last century they had for their alUes,
72

NOTES. 51
the Tuscarora Indians, then inhabiting North Carolina, and we find that in 1713,
they were about engaging in a war with the Flathead Indians, (then in Virginia
and Carolina, and now west of the Rocky Mountains,) in support of their allies.
To prevent this war the Council of the Province of New- York instructed their
Indian agent to interfere, — ^but it was without success, — as it seems the commis
sioners of Indian affairs, June 11, 1713, wrote the govemor, "that the Five
Nations have returned the belt of wampum given them, not to enter into a war with
the Flatheads; and desiring some principal men of Albany, may be sent to Onon
daga, with presents, to hinder their entering into that war." The course recom
mended was pursued, and the war prevented ; on which some few years after the
Five Nations invited the Tuscaroras to emigrate to New-York, and become
united with their nation, which they did, making the Sixth Nation, and they now
form a very large and important part of the remnant of the celebrated " Six Na
tions." The Tuscaroras continued to hold the land on which they were origi
nally settled in North Carolina, until a recent period, when they sold it, and
divided the proceeds equally among the members of the tribe. They are now
cultivators of the soil, in Niagara county. New- York, and many of them in pros
perous circumstances.
This custom of adopting others into the confederacy, also existed among the
families of the different tribes. Their prisoners were frequently thus received into
the families of those who had lost one or more of its members in the war. And if
a young man or boy was received in place of a husband who had been killed, all
the children of the deceased called that hoy father; so that one might sometimes
hear a man of thirty years say, that such a boy of fifteen or twenty was his
father. (Colden's History of the Five Nations, 8vo., London, 1747, introd. p. 9.)
This league of the Iroquois or Five Nations, is the most interesting portion of
Indian history, and affords an example worthy of imitation in civilized states.
In them we see several weak and scattered tribes, who remaining in their inde
pendent state, would soon have been destroyed by their more powerful neighbors,
had the wisdom to form a permanent league, and to preserve it notwithstanding
all the jealousies incident to their condition, without a single rapture. And not
only so, we also find them, when reduced in numbers by wars and other causes,
below what they deemed necessary for their safety, inviting and receiving into
their league another tribe, which they selected from a position so far removed
from their own residence, and their usual course of warlike expeditions, that there
were no bad feelings to be overcome by the one in making, or the other in ac
cepting the offer ; and they had the address to induce this new tribe, the Tusca
roras, to leave their old habitations in a more genial clime, and to come and
unite with them in western New- York. It was by this exercise of sound wis
dom, that the Iroquois notvrithstanding their residence near, and continual
intercourse with the white men, preserved their nation even down to our day,
while other, and even more numerous individual tribes have wasted away, and
nothing but their names remain.
It was the Iroquois, who, sensible of the benefits resulting from their own
10 „

52 NOTES.
league, as early as 1752, called the attention of the commissioners of Indian
affairs to the necessity of an union between the British Colonies, for their defence
against the French. And their advice led to the Congress of 1754, at Albany,
the most celebrated and important held previous to the revolution ; and which
was convened by an order of the Lords of Trade, in which they directed that the
chiefs of the Six Nations should be consulted, in order to concert a scheme for
the common defence. (A History of British Dominions in North America, %vo.,
London, 1772.) The discussions in that Congress, and the plans of union there
proposed, ultimately led to the adoption of our present form of government.
The western part of the State of New- York, as early as 1669, was the scene
of one of those El Dorado expeditions which throw a cast of romance over many
of our early annals, by a party of twenty-three Spaniards who arrived from New-
Orleans, by way of the Mississippi, Ohio, and Alleghany Rivers, and also by a
French party from a colony then seated near the present town of Pompey, — all
of whom were killed by the Iroquois, in consequence of the jealousies which they
excited in the minds of the Indians in reference to the designs of each other.
They were in search of " a northern lake, the bottom of which they believed to
be covered with silver." Such things may now appear to us improbable, but
those who are conversant with the history of the Spanish adventures during the
early settlements of America, and the extravagant and wearisome expeditions
they made, led on by the fables of the El Dorado, which they expected to find
reahzed in this western hemisphere ; — and the horrible amount of crime, and loss
of human life, vrith which their pursuits after the precious metals were attended ; —
or who have read the Journal of the Voyage of De Acugna, and of Grillet and
Bechamel, in South America, and Southey's account of the expedition of Orsua,
and the crimes of Aguirre, will not want faith in this statement.*

Note 12, page 12.
LONG.
This word is evidently not of Indian origin, nor does it seem to have been even
used by the Indians themselves, no traces being found of it in any vocabulary of
their language. In all prabability it was a word in common use among the Eng
lish of that day, although it has now become entirely obsolete. It is difficult to
ascertain its meaning as here applied. Some have supposed this Long to be the
Bunch or Tuft of hair wom on the top of the head by certain tribes, as a

'* An account of this expedition forms part of an Essay on the Ancient History of West
ern New-York, embracing a period from 1670, extending back to one anterior to Hudson's
discoverj' of New-York, containing numerous facts showing the existence of a civilized set
tlement, in this region,— prepared by the Editor, and which he may hereafter give to the
world, if the public taste should seem to warrant it. 74

NOTES. 53
proof that they were not afraid to meet the enemy, as well as that they had never
been made captives in war, since the practice of scalping was general among
them. Others think it must have been a chain of ornaments suspended from the
hair, down the back. Note 13, page 14.
The distance by the Hudson River from New York to Albany or Fort Orange,
as it was formerly called by the Dutch, is 145 miles. This river is one of the
most interesting water courses on the face of the globe ; and as a navigable out
let, to the vast and fertile regions of the west, has high claims to attention. It is
formed of two principal branches, the Hudson proper and the Mohawk.
Below the head of the tide, the mean breadth of the river does not reach a
a mile. In all its length, above New York island, it is bordered by a steep
accUvity, in many places mountainous. It affords rapidly varying landscapes.
The channel appears an interminable vista, bounded, on the western shore by
walls of primitive rock, and on the east, by a highly cultivated country, rising
boldly from the brink. This contrast continues to the Highlands ; where enor
mous mountain peaks rise suddenly on both sides, to twelve hundred or fifteen
hundred feet, through which the channel seems to have been rifted by some
almost inconceivable force. It presents the only known instance, except that of
the St. Lawrence, in which the ocean tides pass the primitive mountain chain,
carrying depth for the largest vessels. This depth is found for one hundred and
twenty miles — five miles above the city of Hudson. North of this point, sloops
pass to Troy, and thence through the lock of the dam to Waterford. Above the
Highlands, the banks continue bold, rocky, and often precipitous, though not
mountainous. The farms and villages hang upon the cliffs, or rise by stages from
the waters' edge. In a few places, bottoms occur ; but they are rare and of
limited extent. — Gordon's New-York.

Note 14, page 20.
Connected with the fish and fishing in the harbor of New- York, we have a
curious fact in Natural History, narrated by at least two officers of the British
government, who were here during the early part of the Revolutionary War,
and which is also still existing in the memory of some of our oldest inhabitants.
At the commencement of the revolution the harbor of New- York abounded in
fish, among which were lobsters of a large size, which all at once disappeared,
immediately after the cannonading in the battle of Long Island, and the taking
possession of New- York by the British army. William Eddis, Esq., in his
highly interesting " Letters from America, historical and descriptive ; comprising
occurrences from 1769 to 1777, inclusive," (8vo., London, 1792, page 426,) in
describing his residence m the city of New- York, shortly before embarking for
75

54 NOTES.
England, after having been obliged to leave his post as Surveyor of the Customs
at Annapolis, in Maryland, by reason of his adherence to the Crown, mentions
this fact in the following manner: "Lobsters of a prodigious size, were, till o£
late, caught in vast numbers, but it is a fact, surprising as it may appear, that,
since the late incessant cannonading, they have entirely forsaken the coast, not
one having been taken, or seen, since the commencement of hostilities."
Lieut. Aubury, who was captured with Burgoyne's army, and came to the city
of New- York, after his exchange, in 1781, in his " Travels through the interior
parts of America," (2 vols., 8vo., London, 1791, vol. 2, page 471,) states the same
fact in equally explicit language. This is no matter of the imagination, the
writer has also received the same as fact, from some old people who knew this
vicinity in the early part of the revolution. They say, that forty-five years ago
no lobsters were to be found south of Hellgate, notwithstanding their previous
great abundance throughout the East River. Since that period these fish have
gradually been regaining their old haunts ; about twenty-five years ago they were
taken in the neighborhood of Kipp's Bay, and within the last four or five years
were found to have reached the harbor of New- York. During the last three
years large numbers of them have been taken on a spit of sand which extends in
a circular direction from near the Brooklyn shore towards New- York, a short
distance south of the Fulton ferry, which appears to be their favorite locality ;
and during this latter period, at the proper times, it was not unusual to see ten
or a dozen boats engaged in taking that favorite shellfish, which six years before
was not to be found in our waters.
What we have gained in respect to lobsters we have lost in another and favo
rite fish, the shad. From a manuscript account of the shad fishery at the Nar
rows on Long Island, kept by the owner of the most extensive fishery at that
place, showing the number of fish caught during each season, from 1789 to a
recent date, and also the largest number taken in one day during each season, it
appears that the whole number now caught, during the wI?ole season, is scarcely
equal to the largest number taken in some one single day fifty years ago.
At the time when Lieut. Aubury wrote his account of New- York, and its
neighborhood, in October, 1781, Brooklyn, now a city of near fiTiy thousand inha
bitants, was then only noted for its " excellent tavern, where parties are made to
go and eat fish ;" — ^it was in our author's language, " a scattered village, consist
ing of a few houses," — which was strictly trae, for there were not then more than
fifty houses in the hounds of the present city. Aubury states that, " at a small
distance from the town are considerable heights, commanding the city of New-
York ; on these is erected a strong regular fort, with four bastions." This strong
fort, then at a small distance from the town, was on a site now in the midst of
the thick settled portion of the city, with its centre on Pierrepont-street and
Henry--street. What a change has occurred here in sixty-four years, a period
during which many of the cities of the Old World have scarcely experienced any
alteration.

76

NOTES. 55
Note \5, page 21.
The following extract is corroborative of the truth of the foregoing remark :
" On my return passage from Europe to America, in May, 1840, on board the
packet-ship Philadelphia, commanded by the good Captain Morgan. During
the whole of the day on the evening of which we made land, we were most
anxiously expecting a sight of terra-firma once more. To our no small joy,
some time after dark, we espied the revolving light that is placed upon the high
lands of Neversink. And strange to relate, our olfactory organs were the second
sense, that intimated to us our near approach to land. The fragrance of bloom
ing flowers, green meadows, and budding vegetation of every kind, was traly
delicious, and brought to our recollections the odoriferous sensation experienced
on entering a hot-house in winter. An Italian gentleman, one of the passen
gers, who had heard much of America, and was now for the first time about
visiting it, on experiencing this sensation, exclaimed in the soft poetical language
of his country, ' Bellissimo, bellissimo, tre bellissimo Italia nuovo!'
" This was no doubt, in a considerable degree, caused by the great change in
the temperature of the atmosphere. The thermometer during the whole voyage
having never reached a higher point than 60, but often fell much lower ; whereas
now it had risen to 88 with the breeze coming from land, which made us more
sensible to impressions, particularly of this kind." — W. Gowan^ Western Memo
rabilia Note 16, page 22.
That this genuine, open hearted hospitality, is still practiced among the pio
neers of the Far West, can be fully attested by every one who has been among
them. The following extract may be taken as an instance, which is only one out of
many that could be produced.
" When, on a pedestrian journey through the new states and territories of the
west I got into a dreary and comparatively unsettled part of the country. I tra
velled one day about fifty miles ; my route lay through a thickly wooded dis
trict, and I was compelled to ford a creek or small river twelve or fourteen times,
which traversed nearly the whole of the path in a serpentine manner.
" During this day I passed only two or three log-cabins, situated in Uttle open
ings in this vast wilderness. Night came on after I had passed the last about
ten miles, and I knew not how far I should have to travel before falling in with
another. This was an uncomfortable situation however. Either to return or to
remain stationary I knew would not do, so I proceeded onward through the
gloomy, thick solitary woods. The moon was clear and her light inspired me
with some confidence, but the further I advanced the more alarmed I became
lest I should fall in with some of the lords of the forest, such as Indians, bears,
wolves, &c. In this state of mind I jogged on for some time, till near the hour of
ten, when I beheld a Ught shining through among the trees. I descried this

56 NOTES.

pleasing spectacle I am sure with as much heartfelt delight as ever did ship
wrecked mariner on beholding land. I made up to this light as fast as my
wearied limbs and swollen feet would carry me, (for my feet had swollen greatly
on account of being wet during the whole of the day.) This light proceeded
from one of those small log-cabins situated in a little open spot surrounded with
tall heavy timber — I knocked at the door and was answered by a young woman —
I asked for admission, which was cherfuUy granted — I stated to her my condi
tion, where from, &c.,and requested permission to remain all night under her
roof. She said it was particularly unfortunate as it might be improper for her to
harbour me through the night, as she was all alone with the exception of her
two little children, her husband having gone back many miles to look out for a
new settlement on the borders of some prairie.
" I asked her what distance it was to the next opening, that is to say, cabin or
house ; she replied about eight miles. On hearing this I again renewed ray sup
plications to be permitted to remain all night. At this second request the true
nature of woman prevailed ; she remarked it would be hard indeed to refuse shel
ter (situated even as she was) to one apparently so much fatigued and worn out.
She immediately prepared supper for me, which consisted of mush, milk, fried
bacon, and bread made from Indian corn. Being excessively fatigued I had
scarcely tasted of her bounty when sleep overtaking me I fell into a deep slum
ber. I know not how long I had been in this state when she awoke me and
requested me to go to bed, the only one in the cabin. I learned afterwards, that
she had betaken herself to one less soft, and more humble, the floor. In the
morning I awoke quite refreshed and breakfasted on the humble fare she had
prepared. On my departure she would accept of no compensation whatever,
either for the entertainment I had received or the inconvenience that I had put
her to.
" Good and kind hearted woman ; for this act of Samaritan hospitality, I am,
and I hope ever will continue grateful, and I take especial pleasure in recording
an act so purely benevolent, and I fear of but rare occurrence amongst those who
esteem themselves much more polished members of society.
" I related this incident to an American poet, — next time I saw him he had
the whole story turned into verse, entitled, ' The Beauty of Benevolence.' " —
W. Gowan^ Western Memorabilia.

Note 17, page 22.
The war between the English and Dutch breaking out about this time, (1664,)
King Charles resolved to dispossess the Dutch of their settlements upon Hudson's
River. This part of the country was first discovered by Captain Hudson, an
Englishman, who sold it to the Dutch about the year 1608 ; but doing it without
the king's license it was reckoned invalid ; the English who sailed from Holland
to'the West Indies, and settled at Plymouth, designed to have taken possession
of those parts, but the commander of the ship being a Dutchman, and bribed by
78

NOTES. 57

some of his countrymen, landed them fiirther to the north. The Dutch took
possession of the country soon after, and began a plantation in the year 1623, but
were driven thence by Sir Samuel Argall, Governor of Virginia ; they then
applied to King James, who being a slothful prince, gave them leave to build
some cottages for the convenience of their ships touching there for fresh water, in
their passage to and from Brazil : under this pretence they built the city of New-
Amsterdam, in an island called Manhanatoes at the mouth of Hudson's River,
and a fort about eighty miles up the river, which they called Orange Fort ; from
whence they traded vrith the Indians overland as far as Quebec. Whether the
EngUsh or the Dutch had the best title to this part of the country is of no great
importance now, since it was taken from them in time of war, and yielded up
by the peace. 'Tis plain however, that King Charles the Second looked upon
them as intruders, because on the 12th of March, this year, he made a grant of
the whole country called Nova Belgia to his brother the Duke of York, who
gave it the name of New- York, and sent a squadron of men-of-war, with some
land forces, under the command of Sir Robert Carr, to reduce it. Sir Robert
arrived there in the latter end of the year 1664, landed 3,000 men upon Maha-
natoes Island, and marched directly to New- Amsterdam ; the governor of the
town was an old soldier that had lost his leg in the service of the states, but
being surprised at the unexpected attack of a formidable enemy he was prevailed
upon by the inhabitants to surrender. Thus this place fell into the hands of the
English. 'Twas handsomely built by the Dutch, of brick and stone covered
with red and black tile, and the land being high it affords an agreeable prospect
at a distance. Above half the Dutch inhabitants remained, and took the oath of
allegiance to the king, the rest had liberty to remove with their effects.
Thirteen days after the surrender of New Amsterdam a detachment was sent
under Colonel Nichols to reduce Orange Fort, which he easily accomplished, and
called it New- Albany, the Duke of York's Scotch title, and so the whole country
fell into the hands of the English. — Oldmixon's British Empire in America,
quoted by Neal in his History of New-England.

79

A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS
WHICH WILL APPEAR IN THE BIBLIOTHECA AMERICANA.

1. A Relation or Journall of the beginning and proceedings of
the English Plantation setled at Plimoth in New England, by oer-
taine English Adventurers, both Merchants and others. With their
difficult passage, their safe arrivall, their joyfull building of, and
comfortable planting themselves in the now well defended Towne of
New Plimoth. This book is better known by the title of G. Mourt's
Journal of the Pilgrims. London. 1622.
2. Historical Accounts relating to a Nation called the Welsh
Indians; for many ages believed to be existing on the Continent of
North America. Never before published in a connected form.
Together with an examination of the proofs adduced in support of
such belief. By Gabriel Ftjeman, Member of the New York
Historical Society &c.
3. An Historical and Geographical Account of the Province and
Country of Pensilvania, and of West New Jersey in America.
By Gabkiel Thomas. 8vo. Curious map. London. 1698.
4. The Voyages of the Brothers M. and A. Zeno, gathered out
of their letters. By M. Francisco Marcelion, and translated into
the English tongue. By Richard Hakluyt. London printed.
1600. 5. A Bibliographical Catalogue of American Poets, from the
time of George Sandys (1615) to the present period.
6. A Bibliographical Catalogue of all the books of travels re
lating to the United States and Canada, that have originally been
written or translated into English, from the time of their first dis
covery to the present.

yi

1845.J

GOWANS.

[JYo, 4.

¦m

CATALOGUE OP
EARLY PRINTED AMERICAN
FOR SALE AT THE AFFIXED PRICES,
STORE, No. 63 LIBERTIT-ST., [Up-Stairs,]
A FEW DOORS EAST OF BROADWAY.

CATALOGUES SENT GRATIS TO ANY PART OP THE UNITED STATES.

" Let every man, if possible, gather some good books under his roof. Books are a guide in youth, and
an entertaintnent in age : they support us under soUtude, and .keep us from being a bur,den to ourselves.
When we are weary of living we may repair to the dead, who have nothing of peevishness, pride, or
design in their conversation."

INDIANS. M'Culloch's Researches on A-
mprica; being an attempt to settle some
points relative to the Aborigines of Ame
rica, Bvo. bds. f 1 00. Baltimore, 1817
INDIANS. A Star in the West, or an hum-
' ble attempt to discover the long lost Ten
Tribes of Israel, (proved tobe the Indians
of North America,) by Elias fiaudinot,
8vo. $1 50. Trenton, 1816
INDIANS. Simons, Mrs., the Ten Tribes of
Israel Historically Identified with the
Aborigines of the Western Hemisphere,
"8vo. cloth. $2 00. London, 1836
INDIANS. Viewsof the Hebrew, oi- the
Tribes of Israel in America, by Ethan
Smith ; second edition, 12mo. 75 cts.
Vermont, 1825
INDIANS. Historical Notes Respecting the
Indians of North America, with remarks
on the attempts to convert and civilize
them, by John Halkett, 8vo. bds. $1 50.
London, 1825
INDIANS. Biography and History of the
Indians of North America, from its dis
covery tn the present time, by Samuel G.
Drake, 7th edition, thick 8vo.," pp. 540,
plates, $2 25. Boston, 1837
INDIANS. Indian Captivities ; being a Col
lection of the most Remarkable Narra
tives of Persons taken Captive by the N.
American Indians, by Samuel G. Drake,
plates, 12rao. 63 cts. Boston, 1839
INDIANS. J. Morse's Report to the U.
States Government on Indians, portrait
and map, 8vo. boards. $1 00.
New Hamnshire. 1822

INDIANS. A Narrative of the Indian Wars
in New England, from the first planting
thereof in the year 1607 to year 1677, by
W. Hubbard, A. M., 12mo. scarce. $1 75.
Vermont, 1814
INDIANS. Treaties, Laws, and Regula-
tions relating to Indian Affairs, with an
Adpendix ; containing the proceedings of
the Old Congress, and other important
State papers, in relation to Indian Affairs,
8vo. bds. $2 00. Last leaf of the Index
wanting. Washington, 1826
INDIANS. Public Documents of the United
States Government on Indian Affairs, 5
vols, thick 8vo. half bound in Russia —
very neat. $13 00.
Washington, various dates
INDIANS. Memoirs of L. CovelI,Missiona.
ry to the Tuscarora Indians, 2 vols, in 1
thick 12mo. $1 00. Brandon, 1839
INDIANS. Tecumseh. The Life of, and
his Brother the Prophet ; w'lth a History
of the Shawanoe Indians, by B. Drake,
12mo. $1 00. Cincinnati, 1834
INDIANS. Graphic Sketches from Old and
Authentic Works, illustrating the Cus
toms, Habits, and Characters of the
Aborigines of America, plates, 8vo.,
$1 00. New- York, 1841
INDIANS. Sketches of the History^ Man
ners, and Customs of the North Ameri
can Indians, by James Buchanan, 3 vols.
12mo. boards, $1 25. N. York. 1824
INDIANS, A Narrative of the Captivity
and Adventures of John Tanner, during
thirty years residence among the In-

%

%

GOWANS CATALOGUE OF

^~

dians in the interior of North America,
portrait, 8vo. $1 00. N . tork, 1830
INDIANS. A Historical Sketch of the
provincial limits and jurisdiction of the
General Government over the Indian
Tribes and the public Teritory, by J.
Blunt, 8vo. boards, $1 00. N. York, 1825
INDIANS. Hunter's Manners and Cus
toms of Several Indian Tribes located
West of the Mississippi, 8v6. bds. $1 00.
Philadelphia, 1823
INDIANS. C' Atwater's Description of the
Antiquities of the Western Country, in
cluding Travels among the Indians, In
dian Language, Eloquence', Poetry,
Anecdotes, &c., plates, 8vo. bds. $1 50.
Columbus, Ohio, 1833
INDIAN Wars of the West, by T. Flint,
12mo. 75 cts. Cincinnati, Oh. 1833
INDIANS. Yamoyden; a Tale of the Wars
of King Philip. A poem, with notes, by
J. W. Eaatburn, 12mo. 63 cts.
New York, 1820
INDIANS. Traits of the Aborigines of
America, by Mrs. Sigurney ; a poem,
with notes, 12mo. 63 cts. Camb. 1822
INDIANS. A Journal of a Residence at
the Red River Colony among the North
West American Indians, by J. West,
plates, 8vo. $1 50. London, 1826
INDIAN. A Prayer Book, in the language
of the Six Nations of Indians, contain
ing the morninff and evening services,
the litany, catechism, some of the col
lects in the hook of common prayer of
the Protestant Episc. Church, 12mo. 81
cts. New-York, 1837
ACTS OF THE APOSTLES; in the Mo
hawk Language, translated by H. A.
Hill, 12mo. morocco binding, $1 00.
New- York, 1834
NE YAKAWEA YONDEREANAYEN-
DAGHKWA. OGHSERAGWEGOUGH
or the Book of Common Pray«r and
Administration of the Sacraments and
other rights and ceremonies of the Ch.
according to the use of the Church of
England. Together with a collection of
occasional Prayers, and Divers Senten
ces of • Holy Scripture, collected and
translated into the Mohawk Language ;
to which is added the Gospel according
to St. Mark, translated into the Mohawk
Lariguage, by Capt. Joseph Breni, an
Indian of the Mohaiek Nation, English
on the one page Mohawk on the other,
plates, 8vo. calf, pp. 505, #5 00.
London, 1787
CAPT. SMITH and Princess Pocahontas, an
Indian Tale ; 18mo. pp. 176, 50 cts.
Philadelphia, 1805
DICTIONAIRE CARAIBE et ,Francois,
mesle do quantite de Remarques Histo-
riques pour I'esclaircissementde la Lan-

gue, compose par le R. P. Raymond
Breton, Religieux de I' order des Freres
Prescheurs, et I' vn des premiers Mis-
sionaires Apostoliques en 1' Isl'^ de la
Gardeloupe et autres circonuoisines de
la Amerique, 12mo. pp. 480, $10 50.
Aruxerre, 1665.
"This is an extremely rare book — probably the
only copy e^er offered for sale in the U. States."
MOHAWK AND ENGLISH Hymn Book-
For the use of Mohawk Christians-
Translated by A. H. Hill. 24mo. pp. 68-
50 cts. New- York, 1829.
ANTIQ.UITATES AMERICANS, Sive
Scriptores Septentrionales Rerum Ante-
Columbianarum in America. Samling
af de J. Nordens Oldsksifier Indeholdte.
Efterretninger om de Gamle Nordhoers
OpdageUesreiser Til Amerca Fra Del
10 de Til Dei 14 ae Aarhundrede. Edi-
dit Societas Regia Anticfuariorum Sep-
tentrionalum, large paper copy, curious
fac-similes of old manuscripts, plates and
maps, bound in morocco, gilt top, edges
uncut, thick paper, pp. 480, folio, gl5 00.
Hafnis, 1839
PINKERTON, JOHN'S. Collection of
Early Voyages to, and Travels in Ameri
ca, namely : The Life of Columbus, by
his son, including an account of his dis
coveries in the West Indies. The Dis-
coveries made by the English in Ameri
ca, from the Reign of Henry VII, to the
close of that ot Queen Elizabeth. Fro-
bisher's First Voyage in Search of the
North West Passage to China, made in
1576. Second ditto, in 1777. Third
ditto, in 1578. Discoveries and Voya-
ges to Virginia, by Philip Anradas, and
M. Arthur Barlowe in 1584, written by
one of the Captains, and sent to- Sir
Walter Raleigh, Knight, at whose charge
and direction the said voyage was set
forth. Cartier's Discovery of the Island
of New France. Capt: John Smith's
History of Virginia and New England,
printed from the London folio edition of
1624. Baron Lahontan's Travels in
Canada in 1683. Memoirs of North
America. Kalm Peter; (a Swede) Tra-
vels into North America, in 1748. Bar-
naby Andrew's Travels through the mid
dle settlements of North America, in
1759. Capt. Betagh's Voyages to and
Travels in Peru, in 1720. Alonzo de
Ovalle, (a native of Chili,) Historical
Relations of the Kingdom of Chili, in
1649. De la Condamine's Travels from
the Shores of the Pacific Ocean to the
Coast of Brazil, descending the River
Amazon, in 1743. M. Bouguer's Voy-
age to Peru in 1743. Don Antoni De
Ulloa's Voyages to South America, in
1735. John Niewhoff's Vovacres to and -3g

S5

36

EARLT PRINTED AMERICAN BOOKS.

3

Travels in Brazil, in 1640. Dampier's
Voyages, M. De Gurgne's Travels in the
Philippine Islands. Beeckman's Voy
ages to Borneo. Stavorinus' Account
of Java, Batavia, Celebes, and Amboy-
na. Chevalier Pigafetta's Voyage round
the World, in 1519, 20, 21, and 22. A
Treatise on Navigation, by, the same
author. De Brosses and Francis Ple-
sart's Voyage to Australia. Abel Jan-
sen Tasman's Voyage for Discovery of
Southern Countries in 1643. Dampier's
Account of New Holland. Capt. Cook's
firstv second, third, and last voyage. M.
Peron's Historical Relation of a Voyage
undertaken for the discovery of Southern
Lands, in 1800 ; 4 vols. bds. thick 4to.
many -fine plates, S20 00. Lond. 1819
CAROLINA, SOUTH. Historical Collec
tions of, embracing many rare and valu
able pamphlets, arid other documents re
lating to the history of that State, from
its first discovery, namely : An Historical
account of the use and progress of the
Colonies of South Carolina, originally
published in 1779. A brief description
of the province of Carolina, on the coast
of Florida,, 1664. An account of the
province of Carolina for the use of such
as have thoughts of transporting them
selves thither. The Second Charter
granted by King Charles II. T. A. Gent.
Carolina, or a description of the present
state of that country, 1680. Archdale
John. — ^A Description of the fertile and
pleasant province of Carolina, 1702.
Peler Parrij, of Newfehatel, Proposals
for encouraging of such Swiss protes-
tants as should agree to accompany him
to Carolina. 1731. Narrative of the
proceedings of the people, of South
Carolina in the year 1719, and
of the true cause and motives that in
duced them to renounce their obedience
to ¦ the Lord's proprietors, as, their go
vernors & to put themselves under the im
mediate government of the crown. A de
scription of S. Carolina ; containing many
curious and interesting particulars, civil,
military and commercial, 1713, 1748. —
G. Chalmer's Political Annals of Caro-
lina. Statements made in the introduction
to the" report of General Oglethorpe's
expedition to St. Augustine. Locke, Jno.
The Fundamental Constitution of S.
Carolina. J- Oldmixon's History of Ca
rolina. A short description of the pro
vince of S. Carolina, 1763. An account
of the Missionaries sent to S. Carolina ;
the places to which they were appomted,
their labours and success, &c. An ac
count of the breaking out of the Yamas-
see War in S. Carolina, taken from the
Boston, 1715. An Account of what

the Array did under the command of
Colonel Moore, in his expedition last
winter against the Spaniards and Spanish
Indians, 1704; in all 2 vols. 8vo. map, pp.
1109, $4 50. N. Y. 1836
NEWMAN SAMUEL, (now Teacher of
the Church at Rehoboth in New Eng
land.) A Concordance to the Holy
Bible, in English, according to the last
translation ; (a like work formerly per
formed by Clement Colton,) now this
third impression corrected and amended
in many things formerly omitted, for the
good both of scholars and others ; far
exceeding the most perfect that ever
was extant in our language, both in
ground work and building. The mani
fold use and benefit of this work is suf
ficiently declared in the prefaces to the
reader. Written by Daniel Featly, and
W. Gouge. To which is now added
a Concordance to the Books called Apoc-
rapha ; according to the last translation.
Very large folio, about 1500 pages, bind
ing broken, otherwise a good copy ; very
rare, S5 50. London, 1658
SPRING SAMUEL, Moral Disquisitions and
Strictures on the Rev. David Tappan's
Letters to Philalethes, 12mo. $1 00.
Newbury port, N. H. 1789 ; autograph
of Jonathan Maxey, President of Rhode
Island College.
STODDART, SOLOMON, (Pastor to the
Church of Northampton, in New Eng-
land.) The Safety of appearing at the
Day of Judgment, in tho Righteousness
of Christ opened and applied, 3d edition,
12mo. !J1 50. Boston, 1742
HUBBARD, WILLIAM. (Minister of Ips-
wich,) Indian Wars in New England,
a Narrative o? from the first planting
thereof in the year 1607 to the year
i677 ; cojrtaining a relation of the occa
sion, rise and progress of the War with
the Ipiians in the Southern, Western,
Easi^ern, and Northern parts of the coun-
tr/ ; 12mo. $2 00, pp. 288. Best. 1775
 —Another edition, 12mo. jSl 50. pp.
410. Worcester, Mass. 1801
(/ASTELLO BERNAL DIAZ DEL. The
True History of the Conquest of Mex
ico, by Castello, one of the conquerors,
written in the year 1568 ; translated
from the original Spanish, by Maurice
Keating, Esq., 2 vols. 8vo. $3 50.
Salem, N. E. 1803
OLDMIXON, J. The British Empire in
America, containing the History of the
Discovery, Settlement, Progress and
Present State of all the British Colonies
on the Continent and Islands of Ame
rica, with curious maps of the several

¥'

-as

m-

-as

GOWANS CATALOCUE OP

m

places, done from the newest surveys, by
Harman Mall ; .2 vols. 8vo. calf, $4 00.
London, 1708
PENNSYLVANIA. Laws of the Com
monwealth of, from October 1700, to
the year 1801, inclusive, republishecj
under the authority of the Legislature,
by A. J. Dallas, 4 stout folio vols. $25.
Philadelphia, 1797, 1801
PENNSYLVANIA. The Charter and Acts
of the Assembly of the Province of
Pennsylvania, from the year 1700 to the
year 1759, inclusive, 2 vols, bound in 1,
fol.o, $7 00. Philad. 1762
NE W HAMPSHIRE. The Province of, in
New England. Acts and Laws of
his Majesty's Province of New Hamp
shire in New England; with sundry
acts of Parliament, by order of the
General Assembly; to which is pre
fixed the Commissions of President Jno.
Cutts, Esq., and his B xcellency John
Wentworth, Esq. Portsmouth, printed
. by Daniel and Robert Fowle, and sold at
their office, near the State House, pp.
337, folio, $5 50. 1771
MASSACHUSETTS. The Journals of each
Provincial Congress of Massachusetts,
in 1774 and 1775, and of the committee
of Safety ; with an Appendix, containing
the proceedings of the Cointy Conven
tions. Narratives of the events of the
nineteenth April, 1775. Papers relating
to Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and
other, documents, illustrative of the early
History of the American Revolution,
published agreeably to a resolution passed
March 10, 1837, under the supervision of
Wm. Lincoln. Boston : Dutton & Went
worth, Printers to the State, 1838, pp.
778, 8vo. law binding, $4 00
CONGRESS SECRET JOURNALS of,
from the first meetings thereof to the
dissolution of the Confederation, by the
adoption of the 'Constitution of the U.
States, 4 vols. 8vo. law binding, $10 50.
Boston, 1820
CONGRESS. The Journals of, containing
their proceedings, from Septemhet 5th,
1774, to November 3d, 1788, 13 vols.
8vo. law binding, $16 00. Philad., 180L
These vols, contain the whole of the pro
ceedings of the Colonial Congress, from
their first meeting to the adoption of the
Federal Constitution.
MASSACHUSETTS. The Charters and
General Laws of the Colony and Pro
vince of Massachusetts Bay, carefully
collected from the public records and
ancient printed books, to which is added
an Appendix, tending to explain the spi
rit, progress and history of the jarispru-
,4ence of the state, especially in a mora]
and political view, published by order of

the General Court. Boston : printed and
published by T. B. Wait & Co., 1814,
pp. 868, 8vo. law binding. S5 00
CONGRESS SECRET JOURNALS QP.
Secret Journals of the Acts and Procee-
dings of Congress, from the first meeting
thereof, to the dissolution of the confe
deration by the adoption of the constitu
tion of the United States ; published
under the direction of the President of
the United States, conformably to Re-.
solution of Congress of March 27, 1818,
and April 21, 1820, 4 vols, 8vo. law bin
ding. »12 00. Boston, 1821
MARYLAND. Laws o^ from 1692 to 1809,
including the charter granted by Charles
II, the Bill of Rights, Constitution of
the State and the United States, &c.,
3 vols. s7 50, Baltimore, 1811
MASSACHUSETTS. Speeches of the Go-
vernors of Massachusetts, from 1765 to
1775, and the answers of the House of
Representatives to the same ; with their
Resolutions and Addresses for that pe-
riod and other public papers relating to
the dispute between this Country and
Great Britain, which led to the Inde-
pendence of the United States, Svo. pp.
421, $2 25. Boston, 1813
COLMAN, BENJ. (Pastor of a Church
in Boston.) A Discourse on the Incom-
prehensibleness of God in four Sermons,
preached at the Lecture in Boston, A.
D. 1714 ; with a preface by the Rev. Mr.
Pemherton, 12mo. $1 00.
Northampton, Mass. 1804
BRITISH GLORY REVIVED. This Book
appears to be a history of the French
and English Wars in America. 'The
. name of George Washington occasion-
aly appears in the narrative, by the title
of Colonel Washington, title page and
last leaf lost, 24mo. canvass cov'r, pp. 164,
$1 50. From appearances it must have
been printed in England.
SMITH, WILLIAM. The History of the
Province of New York, from the first
discovery to 1732 ; to which is annexed
a description of the country, and a short
account of the inhabitants, their trade,
religion and political state, and the con
stitution of the courts of Justice in the
Colony, large folding plate, giving a view
of Oswego and Lake Ontario, 4to. very
scarce, $6 00. London, 1757
JEFFERY«, T. The Natural and Civil
Hist, of the French Dominions, in North
and South America; illustrated by maps
and plans of the principal places, collect.
ed from the best authorities, pp. 532,
folio, $4 00. London, 1759
DICKINSON, RODOLPHUS. A Geo-
graphical and Statistical view of Mas-
-—  .___ _jg

-as

EARLY PRINTED AMERICAN BOOKS.

sachusetts Proper, 8vo. boards, pp. 80,
75 cts., Greenfield, Mass. 1813
GAGE, THOMAS. His Travels by Sea
and Land, or a New Survey of the W.
Indies ; containing ' a journey of 3,300
miles, within the main land of America,
" performed between the years 1638 and
1648 ; to which is added a Grammar of
the Indian tongue, called Poconchi, or
Pocoman, folio, pp. 220, in good condi
tion, $4 00, original edition. Lond. 1648
COGHLAN, Mrs. Memoirs of, with anec
dotes of the American & present French
War, 12mo. 75 cts. N. York, 1795
DELAl'LAINE'S REPOSITORY of the
Lives and Portraits of Distinguished A-
merican Characters, 18, .^ne portraits,
part 1st in boards, parts 2d and 3d bd.
in 1 vol. 4to. $5 OO. Philad. n.d.
HORACE. The Works of, translated into
English verse. To which is added a
number of Original Poems,and Virgenia,
a pastoral drama, by a native of America,
with an engraved frontispiece, by James
Poller Malcolm, a native artist, 8vo. very
scarce, S2 50. Philadelphia, printed by
Eleazer Oswald, at the Coffee-House. 1786
" This is one of the earliest American translations
of the Classics. Tbe e"dition appears to have been
published by the aid of subscription— among tbe
subscribers appears tbe name pf Major General De
Lafayette, .John Dickinson, Governor of Dela
ware, author of the Letters of an American Farmer,
George Claypole, Tench Cox, Thomas Mifflin, Mat
thew Carey, &c. &c. Dedicated to Geo. Washington."
A COMPLETE INTRODUCTION to the
Latin Tongue, formd from the most ap
proved writings in this kind ; as those of
Lilly, Rudiman, Phillipps, Holmes, Bp.
Whittenhall, Cheever, Clarke, Read,
&c., published principally for the use of
the Grammar School, at Nassau Hall in
Prince-Town, and recommended to all
who design to send their children to New
Jersey College, 12mo., $1 50. New
York, Printed by Hugh Gaine, in Han
over Square, at the Bible and Crororu 1767
" This is probably the first Latin Grammar, pub.
lished in the North American Colonies."
THE ANATOMIST. The Centinel, Anli-
Centinel, the Remonstrant, the American
Whig, a Whip for the American Whig,
a Kick for the Whipper, small 8vo. want
ing 8 pages at the beginning, pp. 406,
$8 00. New- York, 1768
The above enumeration of titles are given to the
various papers forming this rare volume of acrimo
nious political invectives.  „„_
RITUEL DU DIOCESE DE QUEBECK,
Public, par L'Order de Monseigneur de
Saint Vallier, Eveque de Queheck, Sta
tutes Ordounances et Lettres Pastorales
de Monseigneur de Saint Valier; the
two bound in 1, 8vo. §S 00. Paris, 1703
LIGON, RICHARD, a true and exact His
tory of the Island of Barbadoes, illustra
ted with a map of the IslEind, as also the

principle trees and plants there, set forth
in their due proportions and shapes,
drawn out by their several and respect.
ive scales, together with the ingenio that
makes the sugar, with the plots of the
several houses, rooms, and other places
that are used in the whole process of
sugar-making ; viz. the grinding-room,
the boiling-room, the filling-room, the
curing-house, still-houae, and furnaces ;
all cut in copper, folio, very neat pp. 126
$7 50. London, 16.57
EVANS, NATHANIEL, (late missionary
for Gloucester County, in New Jersey,)
Poems on Several Occasions, with some
other compositions, 8vo. ppi l84, $2 00.
Philadelphia, 1772
THOMAS a KEMPIS, The Christian Pat.
tern, or the imitation of Christ; Eng.
lished by a Female Hand, 8vo. pp. 278,
$3 00. Germantown, Pa. 1749
A STATE of the Expedition from Canada,
as laid before the House of Commons,
by Lieut. General Burgoyne, and veri
fied by evidence, with a collection of au
thentic documents, and an addition of
many circumstances which were proven.
ted from appearing before the House by
the prorogation of Parliament ; written
and collected by himself, and dedicated
to the Officers of the army he command
ed, numerous folding charts, 4to. bds. pp.
202, $4 00. London, 1780
BARTRAM, JOHN, (of Philadelphia, Bot.
anist to his Majesty,) his Description of
East Florida, with a Journal kept by him
upon a. Journey from St. Augustine up
the River St. John's as far as the lakes,
with explanatory botanical notes ; illus.
trated with an accurate map of East
Florida, and two plans, one of St. Au
gustine and the other of the Bay of Es.
piritu Santo ; third edition, much enlar-
ged and improved, 4to, bds. pp. 86, very
rare, $3 00. London, 1769
WILLARD, SAMUEL, (late Pastor of the
South Church, in Boston, and Vice Pre.
sideTa of the Harvard College, in Camb.
ridge, in New England,) his complete
Body of Divinity, in two-hundred and
fiftv Expository Lectures on the Assem.
biy's Shorter Catechism. Thick folio,
pp. 914 in excellent preservation^ $25 00.
Boston, in New England, 1726
" This is, without doubt, the first miscellaneous
folio volume published in North America, and con
sequently a great curiosity. Any one making up
collections of early American publications, this is an
opportnnity for adding a rarity.
CLAP, THOMAS. The Annals, or Hist, of
Yale College, in New Haven, in the Co
lony of ConnecticiUi from the first found-
ing thereof, in the year 1700, to the
' year 1766, with an appendix, containing
the present state of the college, the me-

JF

-JK

ac

6

GOWANS CATALOGUE OP

JK

thod of instruction and government, with
a catalogue of the Rectors or Presidents,
Trustees or Fellows, Tutors and Bene
factors, 12mo. pp. 124, ^5 00, extremely
rare. New Haven : printed for John
Hotchkiss'and B. Mecom, 1766
COTTON JOHN, (preacher and teacher at
Boston, in New England,) the Pouring
out of the Seven Vials, being an exposi
tion of Revelation, wherein is revealed
God's pouring out the full vials of his
fierce wrath, upon the lowest Catho-
lickes ; very fit and necessary for the
present age, 4to. rebound neat, $3 00.
London, 1645
EDWARDS, JONATHAN. A Careful and
strict inquiry into the modern prevailing
notions of the Freedom of the Will, 8vo.
pp. 294 original edition very rare, $3 00.
Boston, N. E. 1756
EVERETT, EDWARD, American Ambas
sador at the Court of St. James ; De-
fence of Christianity against the work of
George B. English, 12mo. scarce, pp.
484, $1 50. Boston, 1814
BELLAMY, JOSEPH. (Minister of the
Gospel at Bethlem, in New England,)
Theron, Paulinus, and Aspasio, or Let
ters and Dialogues upon the nature of
love to God, Faith in Christ, assurance
to a title in eternal life, containing, some
remarks upon Mr. Hervey and Mr. Mar-
shal, 12rao. binding broken, $1 50.
Boston, 1759
ADAMS, JOHN, (formerly President of the
United States,) twenty-six Letters upon
interesting subjects respecting the Revo
lution of America ; written in Holland,
in the year 1780, while he was sole Mi
nister Plenipoteittiary from the United
States of America, privately printed,
12mo. pp. 86, hf. bd. §2 00 These let
ters were written in answer to certain
inquiries of Dr. Calkon, of Amsterdam ;
the last page supplied by MS. — extreme
ly rare ! !
CRAWFORD, CHARLES. An Essay
upon the Propagation of the Gospel,
(this work contains Indian Speeches anal
other matters relating to them,) 12mo.
half bd. pp. 60, $1 50. Phil. 1799
MERCATOR'S ATLAS, containing his
Cosmographical Description of the Fa-
bricke and Figure of the World, lately
rectified in divers places, as also beauti
fied and enlarged with new mappes and
tables, by the studious industry of
Judocus Handy, Englished by W. S.,
engraved title, incorporated maps; in
additbn, at page 904 is inserted Capt.
Smith's map of Virginia; folio, fine clean
copy, pp. 930, $5 50. London, 1635
A Vol. of PAMPHLETS ; namely, Samuel
Macclintock, Sermon preached at Green

land, N. H., July 22d 1770 ; E. Pond's
letter to A. Bancroft, 1817, Isaac Ba-
chus' address to the 2d Baptist Church,
1787; B. Trumbull's appeal to the
public, N. H. 1778; W. Holmes' pros
pect of the times, N. H. 1774 ; Thoughts
on Negro Slavery, Lond. 1784; Jerub.
haal, or Tyrany Grove Discovered & the
Altar of Liberty finished, by J. Murray,
N. H. 1784 ; S. West's anniversary ser.
mon, preached at Plymouth, N. E. Dec.
22d 1777, Bost. 1778, 8vo. bds. $1 50.
KENDALL, Amos. Letters to John Quincy
Adams, relative to the Fisheries and the
Mississippi; lirst published in the Ar.
gus of Western America, revised and
enlarged 8vo. half bd. pp. 102, $2 25,
Lexington Ky. 1823
WTSHINGTON GEORGE. Selections
from the correspondence of, with James
Anderson, L. L. D. 8vo. half bound, pp.
79, very rare, $2 00. Charlstown, 1800
WHITE, Mrs. K. Narrative of the life, oc
currences, vicissitudes and present rela
tion of, (formerly a captive among the
Indians,) verv rare, 18mo. $1 50. Sche
nectady, 1809
WARREN, Mrs. History of the rise, pro
gress and termination Of the American
Revolution, 3 vols. Svo. scarce, $3 75.
Boston, 1805
SERMONS to Asses, 12mo. vol 2nd only,
paper cover, $1 00, Philad. 1773
STODART, SOLOMON The safety of
appearing at the Day of Judg;nent,
12mo. poor binding, $1 00. Bost. 1742
DE RONDE, LAMBERTUS, (minister of
the Dutch Church New York,) a system
of Christian Religion, by way of ques
tion and answer, 12mo. pp. 184, $1 25
New- York, 1743
CANNADIAN LAW COURTS, a poem,
with copious notes, by Phinius Secun-
dus, 12mo, 75 cts. Toronto, 1843
PRICE, Dr. Political Tracts, chiefly rela-
ting to the American Revolution ; in all
5 bound in 1, vol. 8vo. portrait, ^1 50.
London, 1785
LIBERTY, a poem by Rusticus, 4to. calf,
pp. 27, $4 00. Philadelphia, 1768
PHILADELPHIA DIRECTORY, for 1796
with a plan of the city as it then was ;
to which is added a short historical ac.
count of Philadelphia and the different
societies, compiled and published by "Tho-
mas Stephens, 12mo. pp. 355, $3 00.
Philadelphia, 1796
" Trom this map it doth appear that no buildings
extended further than eleventh street, and the blocks
compactly filled only as far as eighth street, between
Vine and Cedar streets.
NEW YORK Directory an^ Register, for
1796 ; to which is added the names of
the Inhabitants of Brooklyn for said
year, by J. Lowe, 12mo. $2 00. N.Y.1769

%'

5IC

EARLY PRINTED AMERICAN BOOKS.

EUMINES ; being a collection of papers
written for the purpose of exhibiting
some of the more prominent errors and
omissions of the Constitution of New
Jersey, as established on the second day
of July, 1776, and to prove the necessity
of calling a convention for revising and
amending, small Svo. pp. 149, $2 00.
Trenton : Printed by G. Craft, 1799
MARYLAND. A Sketch of the History of,
by Thomas W. Griffith, 8vo. pp. 80, and
the Annals of Baltimore, by Thomas W.
Griffith, Svo. pp. 240, the two bound in
1 vol. $1 50. Baltimore, 1821
SPIRITUAL SONGS, or Songs of Praise,
with penitential cries to Almighty God,
upon several occasions, together with the
song of songs, which is Solomon's, first
tuned, then paraphrased in English
verse, with an addition of a sacred po-
,. em of David and Lazarus, 18mo. $1 50.
bound with shingle boards and leathern
back. New York, n.d.
FULTON, ROBERT, Life of, by his friend
CD-' Colden; to which" is added a re
view of the Letter addressed by W. A.
Duer to C. D. Colden, in answer to stric
tures contained in his life of R. Fulton,
relative to Steam Navigation ; with an
appendix, containing the Acts of the
Legislature, Svo. half calf, $3 00
New York, 1817
FULTON, ROBERT.- Letter from the Se
cretary of the Navy ; transmiting sundry
documents, exhibiting certain prelimi
nary experiments, which have been made
in the city and harbour of New York in
conformity to an act of Congress, entitled
an act making an appropiation for the
purpose of trying the practical use of
the Torpedo, or Sub-Marine Explosion,
Feb .4th, 1811 ; embracing letters from
Fulton, C. D. Colden, R. R. Livingston,
Morgan, Lewis and others, pamphlet, pp.
55, Svo. scarce, $1 50. Washington, 1811
PULTON, ROBERT. Torpedo War and
Sub-Marine Explosions, plates, oblong
4to. sew'd, $2 50 — very rare.
New York, 1810
HAKLUYT'S VOYAGES, A SUPPLE
MENT TO. A Selection of Curious,
Rare and Early Voyages, and Histories
of Interesting Discoveries, chiefly pub
lished by Hakluyt, or at his suggestion,
but not included in his celebrated com
pilation, to which, to Purchas, and other
ffenei'al collections, this is intended as
A Supplement, pp.801, 4to. $5 50.
London, 1812
PHILADELPHIA Directory for 1816, by
James Robinson, thick lSmo.^1 00
LEDYARD, JOHN. A Journal of a Voy
age to the Pacific Ocean in quest of the

^-

North West passage, performed by
Cdpt. Cook, m 1776, 12mo. ^l 50, bro
ken binding — very rare, HartfoVd, 1783
A VOL. of Sermons and Pamphlets, namely :-
J. Edwards. — The Injustice and Impoli-
. cy of the Slave Trade, 1793. W. Pa-
ton's Sermon on thfi Slave Trade, preach
ed at Newport, R. Island, 1792. John
Marsh's Sermon preached at the Fu
neral of Mrs. Lydia Beadle, William
Beadle and their four Children, who
were all murdered by his own hands, also
a life of Beadle, 1788. Tha Addresses
of the Episcopal Clergy of Connecticut,
to Bishop Seabury; with the Bishop's
answer, and a Sermon by J. Learning,
also Bishop Seabury's first charge to the
Clergy of his Diocese ; with a list of the
succession of Scot's Bishops, from the
Revolution in 1688, to the present time,
N. Haven, 1785. Peter Forbes' Ser
mon on the death of James Montgomery,
1791. Samuel Davies' Sermon on the
method of Salvation, 1793. William
B. Giles' Address to the people of Vir
ginia, 1813. Memorials of sundry Mer
chants relative to our Natural Trade,
with the resolutions of the Senate there
in, 1818, $2 25
ENGLISH LIBERTIES, or the Free-born
Subject's Inheritence ; containing the
Magna Charta, Charta De Foresla, the
Statute De Tallagio non concedendo, the
Habeas Corpus Act, of Ship-Money, of
Tonage and Poundage, of Parliaments,
and the Qualifications and Choice of
Members, of the Three Estates, and of
the Settlement of the Crown, by Par
liament, compiled by Henry Care, 6th
edition, thick 12mo. ^1 50. Providence
in Rhode Island, Printed and Sold by
John Carter, at Shakspear Head, 1774
yONTANA FELIX. Treatise on the Ven
om of the Viper, on the American Poisons
& on the Cherry Laurel, and some other
Vegetable Poisons ; translated from the
French by J. Skinner, plates, 2 vols. Svo.
boards, $3 00— scarce. Lond., 1787
WHEATLEY, PHILLIS. (A Negro Slave
of Boston in New England,) Poems on
various subjects, portrait, 12mo. $1 50,
London, 1773
BUSKIRK, LAWRENCE V. Six Sermons
by, 12mo. 75cts. New York, 1797
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPODENCE of
the American Revolution, being the let
ters of Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane,
John Adams, John Jay, Arthur Lee,
William Lee, Ralph Izard, Francis Da
na, William Carmichael, Henry Law
rence, Jno. Lawrence, M. De Lafayette,
M. Dumas, and others, concerning the
foreign relations of tfie United States
during the whole revolution. Together
 >g

^-

s

-5K

GOWANS CATALOGUE OP

with the letters in reply from the secret
committee of Congress, and the Sec.
retary of Foreign AflTairs, also the entire
correspondence of the French Ministers
Gerard and Cuzerne, with Congress.
Published under the direction of the
President of the United States, from the
; original manuscripts in the Department
of State, conformablv to a resolution of
Congress, of March 27th, 1818. Edited
by Jared, Sparks, 12 vols. Svo. half cth.
$24 00. Boston; 1830
LONG, J. ' Voyages and Travels of an In.
dian Interpreter and Trader ; describing
the Manners and Customs of the N.
American Indians. To which is added
a Vocabulary of the Chipewa Language,
and a list of words in the Iroquois, Mo-
hegan~,Shawanee,<!^ Esquimaux Tongues,
4to. boards, $2 25, London, 1791
ANDREWS, JOHN. History of the Wars
with America, France and Spain, from
1775 to 1783, portraits and maps, 4 vols.
Svo. calf, a little stained, $4 00,
London, 1794
STERNS SAMUEL. The American,
Herbal, or Materia Medica, wherein the
virtues of the mineral, vegetable, and
animal productions of North and South
America are laid open, 12mo.,'bds., very
scarce, pp. 360. $1 50. Walpool, 1801
LOGS of the first voyage of the Great Wes
tern steam ship, across the Atlantic,
with a map of her course, Svo. paper,
pp. 76 $1 00. Bristol
TENNANT, GILBERT, (Minister of the
Gospel at New Brunswick, N. J.) A
Solemn Warning to the secure world
from the God of 'Terrible Majesty, or the
presumptuous sinner detected, his plea
considered, and his doom displayed, 8vo.
, pp. 303, 2 50. Boston, N. E. 1735
DE RONDE LAMBERTUS, (minister of
the Protestant Dutch church, at New
York.) The True Spiritual Religion,
or delightful service of tJie Lord, Svo.
pp. 271 $2 00. New- York, 1767
McNEMAR, RICHARD. The Kentucky
Revival, or a short history of the late
extraordinary out pourings of the spirit
of God in the Western States of Ame
rica, with a brief account of the entrance
and progress of what the world call
Shakers, 12mo. pp. 14Q, $1 25.
Albany, 1808
A VOLUME in 12 Nos. containing the fol
lowing Pamphlets, namely: The Trial
of Abraham, in four cantos, translated
from the German, 1764, pp. 70. Re-
marks on Dr. Gales' Letter to J. W.,
Esq. 1769, signed E. D. pp. 27. A Let
ter Addressed to two great men on the
prospects of Peace, and on the terms

necessary to be insisted upon in the ne-
gociation, 2nd edition, pp. 43, Boston,
1760. Dr. Gale's Letters to J. W., Esq.;
containing a narrative of the principal
matters of a public and interesting na-
ture, which were subjects of the debate
and resolves of the General Assembly
of the Colony of Connecticut, during the
session in May, 1769, pp. 34, Hartford,
1769. The Judgments of whole King.
doms & Nations, concerning the rights,
power and prerogative of Kings, and the
rights, privileges and properties of the
people, byLord Summers, pp. 156, Philad.
1773. The Progress of Dullness, part
second, or an Essay on the life and cha-
racter of Dick Hairbrain of financial me
mory ; containing among other curious
aiid surprising particulars, Dick's Soli-
loquy on a College Life, a description of
a country fop. Receipt to make a gen
tleman, with the fops creed ; published
for the universal benefit of mankind, pp.
27. The Chronicles of England, writen
in the scripture style, by a Jew, pp. 79.
This pamphlet has. lost the first 6 pages.
«2 75.
A VOL. of Pamphlets, namely. Jay's Treaty
of Amity, Commerce & Navigation, be
tween this Britannic Majesty and the U.
States, 1793 ; Witherspoon's Fast Ser.
mon, (said fast appointed by Congress,
1776 ;) Extracts from the Journals of
Congress, relative .to the capture and
condemnation of prizes, and the fitting
out of privateers, Philadelphia, 1776 ; a
general idea of the college of Miranea,
relating to a college in the Province of
New York. New York, 1753 ; remarks
on the review of the controversy between
Great Britain and her colonies, in whicli
the claims of the colonies are vindicated
upon the evidence of historical facts, by
Edward Bancroft, New London, 1771.
Free Thoughts, on the proceedings of the
Continental Congress, held at Philadel-
phia, Sept. 5th. 1774, wherein their
errors are exhibited, their reasons confu-
ted, and the only means pointed out for
securing our happy constitution, by a
Farmer, printed 1774 ; Debtor and Cre
ditor, a Sermon, Boston, 1762, and van-
nous others of little importance. One
of the pamphlets bears the autograph of
Geo. Clinton, p 50. o r j
COCKER, EDWARD. His Arithmetic
Being a plain and familiar method, suita.
ble to the meanest capacity. This edi-
tion having been preserved and published
bjr John Hawkins, Writing-Master, and
faithfully copied frorn the author's correct
copy, and recommended to the world by
many eminent Mathematicians ; the fif.
tieth eduwn, carefully corrected bv Geo.
 ._., _3U

SK-

-m

EARLT PRINTED AMERICAN BOOKS.

Fisher, Accomptant. Licenced Septem
ber ;^d, 1677. Roger V Estrange. With- a
Portrait of Cocker, 12mo. pp. 183, §2 50.
London, 1714
Ingenious Cocker, now to rest thouV art gone,
No Art can show tbe fully, bat thine own,
Thy rare Arithmetic, alone can show
Th' vast sums of Thanks, we for thy Labours owe.
This work has passed through more than sqventy
editions. The rarity of even the later editions is
astonishing, the earliest that I have heard of, is one
in the Inner Temple of tbe date of 1685. In another
century. Without tbe aid of antiquaries, a copy of
this book may not be in existence, for there is not
one in any publift library to which I have ever had
acceiB. — Gentleman's Magazine, 1839.
Dr. Benjamin Franlclin acknowledges his in"
debtedness to this little work.
McKENZlE. (Author of the Man of Feeling.)
The R-ights of Great Biitain, asserted
against the claims of America ; being an
answer to the Declaration of the General
Congress, 12mo. pamphlet, pp. 84', 75cts. —
scarce. London, 179G
A VOLUME OP PAMPHLETS ja 8vo.
containing the following, namely: A Re
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printed by order of the society. Mem'rs of
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MASSACHUSETTS. The History of the
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vols. Svo. $2.50. Newcastle, 1782
SANDERSON JOHN. A Biography of
the Signers of the Declaration of Inde
pendence, 9 vols. Svo. half calf, portraits,
$12 50. Philadelphia, 1823
HOLMES ABIEL. The Annals of Ame
rica from 1492 to 1626, 2 vols Svo.
g;4 50. Cambridge, 1829
DOUGLAS WM. A history of the first
planting of tbe British Colonies in North
America, 2 vols. Svo. $3 50.
'^ London, 1759.

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14

GOW.VNS CATALOGUE OF

JK-

OLDMIXON J. The British Empire in
America, 2 vols. Svo. maps. $4 00.
London, 1708
WINTERBOTHAMS. History of Ameri
ca, 4 vols. Svo. calf, plates. $5 00.
London, 1798
TRUMBULL BENJ. 'A General History
of the United States of America, from
1492 to 1792 ,8vo. boards, $1 00.
iVeM)-ror^ 1810
ALLEN PAUL. A history of the Ameri
can Revolution, 2 vols. Svo. $^3 00.
\ Baltimore, 1819
EDWARDS BRIAN. History of the
British West Indies, 2 vols. Svo. calf,
#2 50. ' Dublin, 1793
GRAHAM James. A History of the U.
States from 1494 to 1710, 2 vols. Svo
. #3 00. »London, 1833
ROBERTSON, Dr. Wm. A History of
America, 3 vols. Svo. $2 25' Lond. 1787
BARBER, J. W. The. History and Anti
quities of New-England, New- York and
New-Jersey, plates, Svo. 01 75. *
Worcester, 1841
WARREN, Mrs. A history of the Ameri.
can Revolution, 3 vols. Svo. t4 50,
Boston. 1S05
NARRATIVE of the Campaigns of the
British Army at Washington and New.
Orleans, Svo. ^2 00. Philadelphia, 1821
BELKNAP J. American Biography, 3 vols.
ISmo. $1 25. New- York, 1841
HARDIE James. A Biographical Diction
ary and American Rementibrancer, 4
vols. Svo. $-5 00. N. York, 1804
HOWISON John. European Colonies in
various parts of the world, 2 vols. Svo.
$3 00. London, 1834
ANSPACH Lewis. A history of the Island
of Newfoundland, Svo. $1 50.
London, 1815
MATHER Cotton. Magnalia, or the Eccle
siastical History of New-England, vol.
1st only, Svo. $2 50. . Hartford, 1820
For vol. 2d $1 50 would be given.
WASHINGTON George. Life and Wri
tings of, by J. Sparks, vols. 5, 6 and 11,
royal Svo. bds. $1 50 each. Bost., 1834
FRANKLIN Benjamin. Life and Writings
of, by J. Sparks, vols. 2, 3 and 4, royal
Svo. cloth, f 1 50 each. Boston, 1836
CANADA. 'Bouchette Joseph. A Descrip
tion of Canada ; numerous plates and
maps, the third volume forming a topo-
graphical dictionary of Canada, 3 vols.
4to. $9 00. London, 1832
CANADA in 1837 and 8, by E. A. Theller,
2 vols. 12mo. $1 00. Philad., 1841
CANADA. 'i^Iistory, Statistics, and Geog
raphy of Upper and Lower Canada, by
R. Montgomery Ma;rtin, F. S. S., maps
and plates, 12mo. $1 00, Lond., 1838

CANADA. Notes made during, a Tour in
Canada, and a portion of the United
States in 1831, by Adam Ferguson ; the
second edition, to which are now added
notes made during a second visit to Ca-,
nada in 1833, 12mo. $1 00.
Edinburgh, 1834
CANADA. The Canadas as they at pre
sent recommend themselves to the en-
terprize of Emigrants, Colonists and
Capitalists, comprehending a v*riety of
Topographical Reports, by Andrew
Picken, with a map, 12mo. $1 50.
London,'1832
CANADA. Hints to Emigrants, in a se
ries of Letters from ypper Canada, by
the Rev. William Bell, map and plans,
12mo. 75cts. Edinburgh, 1824
CANADA. Sketches of Lower Canada,
Historical and Descriptive ; with the au
thor's recollections of the soil and as
pect, the morals, habits, and religious
iustitutions of that Isolated Country, du-
ring a tour to Quebec, in the month of
July, 1817, by Joseph Stason, Esq.,
plate, 12mo. calf. 75ctB. N. Y., 1817
CANADA, Upper. The Statutes of, from
1791 to 1831, together with such British
Statutes, Ordinances of Quebec,' and
proclamations as relate to said Province.
Revised by J. Nickolls, 4to half law bd.
$4 00, pub. at §8 00,
Kingston, U. C, 1831
CANADA. Authentic Letters from Upper
Canada ; with an account of Canadian
Field Sports. By T. W. Marryatt, Esq.,
the etchings by Samuel Lover, Esq.,
12mo. gl 00. Dublin, 1833
FRANKLIN, Benj. The Works of, 6 vols.
Svo. bds. $6 00. Philad. 1817
HAMILTON, Gen. Alexander. The Works.
of, 3 vols. Svo. boards, §4 00,
New- York, 1809
AMES, Fisher. The Works of, 8vo. halt
calf, neat, S2 50
ADAMS, John. Defence and View of the
Constitution of America, 3 vols. Svo. elf
$6 00. London. 1794
DE LA CROIX. Review of the European
and American Constitutions. Transla.
• ted from the French, 2 vols. Svo. boards,
$4 00. London, 1792
JOHNSON, Coss C. A General History of
the Pirates ; from thejr first rise and set
tlement in the Island of Providence, Svo.
$2 00. London, 1724
SMITH, the Rev. Mr. A Natural History
of Nevis and the rest of the English
Leeward Islands in America ; with many
other observations on Nature and Art,
particularly the art of Decyphering, Svo.
$2 00, Camb.. 1745
AUSTIN, Ben, Constitutional Republican.
ism in opposition to Falacious Federal.

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EARLY PRINTED AMERICAN BOOKS.

16

ism. A Notorious Loco-Foco produc
tion! Svo. gl 00. Boston, 1803
DRAGES, T. An Account of a Voyage for
the discovery of a North. West Passage,
by Hudson's Straits to the Western
and South- Western Ocean of America ;
performed in the year 1746, 47. Adorn
ed wiih cuts andmaps, 2 vols. Svo. $3 00,
London, 1748
CALCOTT. A Treatise on the Deluge;
together with the time when, and the
manner how America was first peopled,
Svo. half calf, ft2 00. London, 1761
CHORLEVOIX, Father, A Voyage to
Canada, and Travels through that vast
country and Louisiana to the Giilf of
Mexico, Svo. half calf, very neat, maps
$2 25. London, 1763
GASS, Patrick. A Journal of the Voyages
and Travels under Capt. Lewis and
Clark, over the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific Ocean, Svo. bds. $1 00.
London, 1808
LEWIS & CLARKE. Travels from St.
Louis to the mouth of the Columbia
River on the Pacific Ocean, Svo. half cf.
(abridged) $\ 50. London, 1809
SCHOOLCRAFT, H. R Narrative of aii
Expedition through the upper Mississippi
to Itasca Lake, the actual source of the
river, maps, Svo. $1 25. Y. Y-, 1834
LEWIS and CLARKE'S Travels to the
source of the Missouri River and across
the American Continent to the Pacific
Ocean in 1804, 5, and' 6, maps, 3 vols.
Svo. bds. #6 00. London, 1815
LONG, Major Stephen H. An Account of
an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the
Rocky Mountains in the year 1819, '20,
2 vols. Svo and 4to. atlas, $i 00.
Philadelphia, 1823
PIKE, Major T. M. An Account of an Ex
pedition to the source of the Mississippi,
and through the western parts, of Louis-
iana to the sources of the Arkansaw and
Kans Rivers, Svo. aud 4to. Atks, $2 00
Philadelphia, 1810
KEATING, William H. Narrative of an
Expedition to the source of St. Peter's
River and Lake of the Woods, m 1823,
plates, 2 vols. Svo. $2 50. London, 1828
REMEMBRANCER, The, Or Impartial
Repository of Public Events, from the
Year 1775 to 1782, 13 vols, Svo. half bd.
f21 00. 1"^-^^
'¦The American War, gave rise to this Wort ; every
Authentic Paper, relative to that War, whether
^utushed in Ingland or America, by the Bnt^h
Eatry, or the American GongresB, are all care
fully preserved in it."
LEE, Charies. Mem^rs of the Life ot, se
cond in command in the service of the
United States during the Revolution ;
to which is added her Political and Mili

tary Essays and Letters, Svo. stained,
$1 50. ' London, 1792
JOURNAL'of the Executive proceedings of
the Senate of the U. States of America,
from the commencement of the first, to
the termination of the nineteenth Con
gress, 1829. 3 vols. Svo. law binding,
$10 00. Only 700 copies published by
order of the Senate. Washington, 1828
ABRIDGEMENT of the Laws in force and
use in Her Majesty's Plantations, viz:
Virginia, Jamaica. Barbadoes, Maryland,
New-England, Carolina, &c. — very rare,
last leaf manuscript. Svo. j|5 25.
London, 1704
IHany of the La^s contained in thip vol. now exist
in no other form', particularly some relating to the
City of New- York and New-England.
AMERICAN Negotiator, or the various
currancies of the British Colonies in A-
merica, Svo. calf, $1 00. London, 1763
OSORIO, Bishop of Sylves. The History
of Portugal, with an account of her dis
coveries, 2 vols. Svo. $2 50. London, 1752
CALIFORNIA. The History of, translated
from the Spanish, 2 vols. Svo. $2 50.
London, 1759
ZINZENDORFE, Count. (A Moravian
Bishop.) His Life, Svo. portrait, $1 25.
London, 1838
THE HISTORY of the Conquest of Mexi
co, by the Spaniards. Translated from
the Original Spanish of Don Antonio de
Solis, by Thomas Townsend, Esq., the
whole revised and corrected by Nathan.
iel Hooke, Esq. plates and maps, 2 vols.
Svo. $3 00.
MEXICO. The History of Mexico; togeth
er with the Conquest of Mexico, by the
Spaniards, illustrated by Engravings, by
Abbe D. Francesco Sarcrio Clayigero.
Translated from the original Italian, by
Charles Cullen, Esq., map and plates,
3 vols. Svo. calf, $6 00.
Philadelphia, 1817
THEOLOGICAL THESIS. Containing
the chief heads of Christian' Doctrine,
by'Ringier, Sigfrid and Wytheiibach, of
Bern, and a Discourse by Gerrit S^dek.
ker, A. B. of New-York, 12mo., N. Y,
printed and sold by Samuel Brown, at
the foot of Potbaker's Hill, between the
New Dutch Church and Fly Market,
$2 00. 1776
MATHER, COTTON. India Christiana.
A Discource delivisred unto the Com
missioners for the Propogation of the
Gospel among the American Indians, by
Cotton' Mather, D. D. and F. R S , 12mo.
original binding — very rare, $3 50.
^ Boston, N. E., 1721
M ATHE R, S AMUE L. An A,pology for the
Liberties of the Church in New England,

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16

GOWANS CATALOGUE OF BOOKS, i

by Samuel MatMr, M. A., Svo. half bd.'
a leaf or two wanting of the Appendix,
rare, g3 50. * --. Boston, 1738
COTON, John. The Bloody Tenent, washed
and made white in the blood of the
I am be ; whereuntois added a reply to Mr.
Williams' answer to Mn Cotton's Letter,
by John Cotton. Bachelor in Divinity,
and Teacher of the Church of Christ at
Boston in New-EngUnd, small 4to. half
bound, exceedingly rare, $1.5 00. A copy
of this was sold at Boston in Feb. last
^for $16 00., London, 1647
PRINCE, Thomas. A Chronological Hist-
of New England, by Thomas Prince>
A. M., small Svo. original binding $2 50.
Boston, 1736
COLDEN. The History of the Five Indian
Nations of Canada, by the Hon. Cad-
wallader Colden, very^ rare, Svo. old
binding, $6. London, 1774
CALDCLUGH, A. Travels in Brazil, Bue
nos Ayres and Chili, plates, 2 vols-, in 1,
Svo. half calf, §3 00. London, 1825
COCHRAN, Capt. C. S. Journal of a Re-
sidence in Columbia, plates, 2 vols. Svo.
S3 00. London, 1825
MAWE, J. Travels into the Interior of

Brazil, particularly ' the Gold and Dia.
mond Districts, Svo. plates, $1 25
Philadelphia, 1816
HARDY, Leut. R. W. .N. Travels into
" the interior of Mexico* in 1825, pJates
thick 8vo. boards, $2' 00. ^London. 1829
MATHEWSON, G, T. Travels in Brazil,
Chili, Peru and the Sandwich Island,
Svo. colored plates, $2 00. Lond., 1825
DUANE, Col. Wm. A Visit to Columbia,
in 1822, Svo. boards, plates $1 50.
Philadelphia, 1826
PROCTOR, R. Journal of a Travel across
the Cordillera of the Andes; and of a re
sidence in Lima, and other parts of Peru,
in 1823, ;8vo. boards; $1 50. -
London, 1825
RECOLLECTIONS of a service of thre'e
years, during the Wsr of Extermination
in the ¦ RepubUc of Venezuela and Co.
lumbia, by an Officer, 2 vols. Svo. bds.,
$1 50. London, 1828
HACKETT, J. Narrative of an Expedition
which sailed from England to join the
Sbuth American Patriots, Svo. bds. $1 00
London, 1818
BONNYCASTLE, R. H. Spanish America,
Descriptive, Historical and Geographical,
2 vols. Svo., map $2 '25. London, ISlS

BOOKS PUBLISHED
By IVIIililAM GOWAMS.
PLATO, or the Immortality of the Soul; translated into English from the Gi-eek. With
Notes and a life of Plato. By Archbishop Fenelon. 12mo. $1 00. N. Y. 1833
ANCIENT FRAGMENTS-^namely: the Morals of Confucius, the Chinese Philosopher;
the Oracles of Zoroaster, the founder of the Persian Magi ; Sanchoniatho's History of
the Creation, Voyage of Hanno, the Carthegenian Navigator, round the Coast of Afri
ca, 500 years before Christ ; King Heimpsol's History of the African Settlements, from
the Punic Books ; Wise Maxims of Publius Syrius ; Egyptian Fragments, of Manetho,
Marcillinus and ChsBremon ; Similitudes of Demophilus, or Directions for the proper
regulation of life ; and the Excellent Sayings of the Seven Wise Men of Greece ; all
translated into English, 12mo. 1 25. New- York, 1835.
" This volume contains the oldest records extant, ejccept the writings of Moses. No library ought to be
without a copy of this very shigular collection of literary antiquities."
D. DENTON'S Description of New-Yokk, formerly New-Netheblands, in 1670. A
new edition, with an Introduction and copious Historical Notes. By the Hon. Gabriel
Furman, Svo. Printed on superfine paper-,— a raw copies pbinted on Iakge paper.
4to.
" This is the first printed description in the English Language, of the country now forming the
wealthy and populous States of J^ew-York and JVeto Jersey ; both beirig under one government
at that time. (1670.) ^nd so great was the rarity of this took, that until the importation of
the volume from which this small edition has been printed, but two copies were known to exist in
the United States, one in the State Library at Jllbany, and the other in the collection of Har
vard University."
' , N. B. All the Books named in this Catalogue, are to be considered as being in a poor
state of binding, except otherwise expressed.
"WXIiIilATO. «owA»rs,
»r TT T T 7 IK io.= ^"' ®® Wberty Street, Vp-Stairs.
New-Yorki July 1.5,1845,

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