F811
H55 (LC)

Treasure Land

m

A STORY
)\ \\ -z. i ncje r-; To J-i n Cr-eo^ a.

VOL

Published by the
ARIZONA ADVANCEMENT COMPANY
• Tucson, Arizona
1897

Copyrighted by
J. Geo. Hilzinger, Tucson, Arizona,
1897.

H55
(ixO

Treasures or HEALTH
AND....
Treasures oe Wealth.
TO THE READER :
It is said of an old writer of romance, that
he set the church bells ringing merely because he had found
a name for one of his heroes, and we felt equally joyous
when we found a title for our book. It is one that suits
it admirably, for it is full of gems of fact and fancy, and
points the way to bounteous stores of treasures of health
and wealth that are to be had for the seeking. As the
ignorant Turk is said to preserve every scrap of writing
that comes in his way, because the name of God may be
written upon it, so do thou, O Reader, with this book, for
there may be hope of life or a life of hope in it for some
one who shall see it.
We make no apology for our book : it is the best we
can give under the circumstances, and is really worth twice
as much to the reader as the latest novel.
We claim no more originality than does the artist who
transfers his perceptions of natural beauty to his canvas,
and while we court no criticism, we do not fear it. We
only ask of those, who are always ready to decry home
talent, that, THEY BUY A COPY TO CRITICISE.
We thank the many friends who have kindly given
us their advice and assistance in launching this venture,
and in their generous approval we shall find our greatest
satisfaction.
THE PUBLISHERS.
Tucson, Arizona, July, 1897.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER. PAGE.
I. Where and What is this Treasure Land ?  5
II. The Story of the Sun-Kissed Land  15
III. Life is Pleasant and Here are Treasures of Health  41
IV. Treasures of Wealth  59
V. A Land of Beef as well as Bullion  79
VI. The Farmers' Paradise, or Land and Water  89
VII. The City of Ages  109
VIII. The Line City  141

Where and What
is this Treasure Land?

Where the ruddy Colorado rush.es onward to the sea :
Where the Cila's seething waters sweep along right merrily:
Where the canyon's mighty fissure, and the rolling valleys lie ;
Where the kisses of the zephyrs make the swaying forests sigh —
There lies this Treasure Land beneath, a sunny southern sky!
And on her fruitful bosom, ivith tender passions rife,
Lie treasures for the seeking, and the elixir of life.

Where Some time in the near future an effort will be made
to annex the United States to Arizona, and in view of
«*n1 this political amalgamation, some general information
What Is It ? respecting it will prove interesting.
If the reader will refer to the most accessible geog
raphy, he will find the following description, or words to the same effect:
"Arizona is bounded on the east, north and west by the United States
of America, on the south by the Republic of Mexico, above by the
serenest of skies and beneath by inexhaustible deposits of mineral, and
a soil more fertile than the valley of the Nile."
We may not follow the book precisely, as we quote from memory,
but being on the spot, with the facts before us, we are probably nearer
the truth than the book is.
"The surface consists of elevated table-lands broken by lofty mountains
and interspersed by valleys, many of which are intersected by irrigating
canals, dotted with thriving towns, and bright with the green and gold
of orchard, field and vineyard. Some of these valleys are more than
200 miles long and from twenty to forty miles wide, and more fertile
than the far-famed valleys watered by the river Nile. One who is not
familiar with the character of the rich soil has no conception of the
future value of these immense valleys. In a few years the territory
will be one vast garden, excepting those portions reserved for grazing
purposes." We now ask the reader to refer to the Governor's Report for 1896, and
if a copy is not obtainable, to rely upon the faithfulness of our extracts
from it.
"Arizona has been called 'the sunrlrissed' land and the title is well
deserved."

6 Treasure Land.
We pause here to call attention to the singular appropriateness of the
expression; the word "kissed" suggests a wealth of loving ecstasy, of
blending harmonies, of azure skies, of shimmering eyes, balmy breath,
the incense of flowers, and all that is sweetest in life.
"In no other country are there so many days of sunshine, and this,
combined with an air, pure, invigorating and free from infection, not
only sustains and prolongs life in the human family, but creates a con
dition impossible to excel for the propagation and sustenance of life in
the animal and vegetable kingdoms. It is for this reason Arizona pro
duces the finest horses, cattle, sheep and hogs to be found in the world.
The earliest and finest-flavored fruits (six weeks earlier than any other
state or territory in the Union); flowers of exquisite shape, tinged with
the most attractive and pleasing dyes of nature, and cereals— wheat,
barley, oats and rye— equaled nowhere else in the country.
Its resources are without limit, its mountains are the storehouse of
precious metals and stones, its forests the greatest in the United States,
its plains sustain vast herds of cattle and sheep, while the valleys pro
duce grains and fruits that have no equal anywhere.
Arizona possesses one of the finest and most valuable forests in the
world, known as the Mogollon forest, which covers an area of 10,000
square miles, or 6,400,000 acres, being, with possibly two exceptions,
the most extensive body of timber in the known world.
Agriculture is rapidly becoming a great industry in this territory,
and thousands of acres of land are being reclaimed yearly by the develop
ment of water for irrigation purposes. Upon this land the husbandman
reaps a splendid return for his intelligence and industry, the land pro
ducing almost every product known to the temperate and semi-tropical
zones. Stock raising is also being remarkably developed, and thousands of
sheep, horses and cattle are yearly fed upon its grazing land.
The product from the three most important industries— mining, stock
raising and agriculture— gives an aggregate return of $18,385,550.70, which
of itself is a panegyric on the wealth of Arizona's resources.
The mineral output— gold, silver, copper, lead and limestone— aggre
gated $13,978,263.20.
The stock industry gave a return of $2,757,287.50.
Although owing to the numerous ways by which products are trans
ported, it is almost impossible to obtain statistics which would show an
accurate estimate of the amount and value of farm produce exported, yet
a very conservative estimate will show a total return from this source
of not less than $1,650,000.
Our counties and cities are well governed. Our cities have a less
number of policemen, and our court records show that fewer crimes are
committed in this territory than in any state of the Union.
Arizona is a most inviting field for capital and skilled labor. Her
undeveloped resources are varied and almost without limit. Millions of
acres of agricultural land are yet to be reclaimed by the development
and proper storage of water. Communication by enlarged and cheaper
railroad facilities is urgently demanded between the various points of
the territory, that an interchange of home products between the mining
and agricultural sections may be made.
Many avenues of industrial life offer varied and profitable induce
ment for the engagement, of capital and labor, and her agricultural, min
eral and grazing wealth should receive that attention from outside in
vestors which they deserve.
Factories might also be profitably started. There are many fibrous
grasses and plants of indigenous growth that could be used in the manu-

Where and What is this Treasure Land '/ 7
facture of paper, bagging, rope, etc. In the valley of the Colorado river
wild hemp suitable for this purpose is found in almost unlimited quantities.
Ironwood, which grows all along the base of our mountains, is very
hard when dry, and when polished is of a beautiful appearance. This
wood produces a veneering of good quality, which could be made to
supply eastern manufacturers, who now obtain their product from other
countries. Arizona has within its borders a population of over 100,000, being an
increase of 35,000 since 1893. The people are cultured, energetic and
enterprising; they have caused the desert to awaken with life; they have
invaded the great forests and delved into the mountains that they might
all pay tribute to the necessities of Arizona's modern civilization. The
moral and social status is excellent. Our educational facilities meet
every demand of a cultured and ambitious people. And every condition
which we find in this splendid Territory shows every possible requirement
for the making of a great and prosperous Commonwealth.
The immigration is of the very best class, and Arizona numbers among
her population representatives from all portions of our Union, and the very
highest types of citizenship of the communities whence they emigrate.
They are progressive and enterprising, thoroughly American in character.
loyal to their country, and justly proud of the home of their adoption."
"Alice in Wonderland" would lose all its charm if the
Vrynr author failed to inform us how she reached the fairy
realm of Fancy.
TO Get There. Arizona is a land of Wonders in a world of Fact,
and if the reader thoroughly grasps the situation, he
will desire to learn how this favored land can be reached from the United
States. Even if it is not convenient for him to visit it himself, he may have
some dear friend or relative for whom this sun-kissed land will mean a
uew lease of life; or he may be aweary of continual depression in the
stock market, the oxidization of gilt-edge securities and 3 per cent, con
versions, and sigh for the good old ratios. If he comes to Arizona he can
invest his money to good advantage and enjoy perfect health while his
profits mature. There is a vital principle in our balmy ozone-laden air
that quickens the pulse and makes man feel like a demigod. Here the
sluggard feels new energies arise within him, the weak and debilitated
lay aside their drugs and spring forth into the glad sunshine like young
kids at play.
Most of you will want to come here in comfort and with as little loss of
time as possible, and while there is a variety of routes, the most direct,
and naturally the most desirable way of getting here, is over the Sunset
Route of the Southern Pacific Company, or the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe. This popular line of railroad extends through the
•pi-g entire territory, east and west, and taps every important
center. It traverses the entire length of the great Gila
Sunset Route, valley, scene of the most stupendous irrigating schemes
on record, and connects at Maricopa with Phoenix, thirty-
five miles distant, in the very heart of the famous Salt River valley. It
connects at Bowie with a short line tapping the rich agricultural districts
of Graham county and the mineral regions of Globe, and at Lordsburg with
the road running to the famous copper mines of Clifton. It is the natural,
direct route from Eastern cities through New Orleans and El Paso, through
St. Louis, Fort Worth and El Paso, through Kansas City, Fort Worth and
El Paso, or through Denver and El Paso. From the West the route is
direct from San Francisco, through Los Angeles and Yuma.

8 Treasure Land.
First-class and tourist through cars run daily, semi-weekly and weekly
during the winter season from Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis, St. Louis
and Kansas City; daily the year round from New Orleans and San Fran
cisco, and weekly (second-class) from Washington, D. C, and Cincinnati,
through New Orleans.
At all times and from whatever direction, the trip is comfortable and
exceedingly interesting. This route is the course of the now world-famed
Sunset Limited, which has attracted the admiration of the world with its
matchless magnificence.
The Southern Pacific company now controls the line running from Ben
son, Ariz., to Guaymas, in the Mexican state of Sonora, which taps the
greatest mineral region in the world and makes the system the most com
plete in the country.
The This line has also direct connection with all the im-
._.__. portant cities of Arizona. It follows the great ceri-
A. 1 . & b. r . trai plateau and, consequently, ensures a dry air, remark-
R. R. ably even temperature, delightfully cool nights in the
heat of summer, and in winter the rigors of the more
northern routes are avoided. It is the great scenic route of the West,
touching all points of interest in Colorado, Arizona and California, and is
noted for the excellence of its service, special attention being given to the
requirements of tourists and immigrants.
The Origin When Shakespeare insinuated that there was very
... „ . little in a name, he had no prophetic vision of the time
01 tne IN ame Ol when the commercial world would regard a name as one
Arizona. of the most important matters to be considered. Any
person who wishes to advertise a new nostrum or sell
city lots in the wilderness, hunts up a name that will attract purchasers
either by reason of its beauty or inexplicability. Sometimes the name
means something, and occasionally it is merelj' a seductive combination of
syllables. We do not know how to classify the name "Arizona." It certainly is
not of Spanish origin, and our Indian scholars can not agree upon any part
of it. It was originally applied to a place a short distance south of the
boundary line, and was then "Arizonac." The Hon. Sam. Hughes claims
that it is derived from two Indian words, "Ari" and "Zonae" (as nearly as
they can be expressed by English letters), meaning "the place of massacre
or chastisement," the inference being that the Indians had a tradition to
the effect that they were well punished somewhere in that section.
There is nothing unreasonable in this explanation, but as some of our
readers may not feel willing to accept it on account of being commonplace,
we offer them the following romantic legend:
The There is an ancient Aztec tradition that the earth is born
~ Rol ri of the sky, which, with certain scientific explanations, ac-
aun-rjeiuveu cords with the nebular theory, and shows us that the
Maiden. Aztecs could make as shrewd guesses on cosmological
matters as some of our own astronomers. There were
giants in those days, of course, but they did not find their environment
satisfactory and died off, leaving the sky-born world uninhabited.
After a while it happened that a celestial virgin, daughter of one of
the thirteen great deities, fell into a decline (probably brought on by high
living), and the court physician recommended that she be sent to the Santa
Cruz valley, where the climate was so excellent that it was able to revive
the gods.
His advice was followed, and the virgin was the sole inhabitant of the
earth until one night, while in a deep sleep, a drop of dew fell upon her,

Where and What is this Treasure Land ? 9
and she bore two children, a son and a daughter, from whom have sprung
all the dwellers vipon earth.
The name of the virgin was Arizunna, and the locality she honored with
her earthly residence was near Tucson. The exact spot is not definitely
known, but this uncertainty enables all who visit here to make their own
choice, which no one can dispute.
Naturally enough, the place where the present race of men originated
was called after the mother of all, but as generations passed the original
pronunciation was lost and the spelling modified.
The meaning of "Arizunna," as given in the ancient record from which
we have compiled the above, is "the sun-beloved maiden," and this is what
the modern "Arizona" should mean, anyway.
Arizona Tne ¦fIon- Whitelaw Reid published an interesting article
on Arizona in the New York Tribune, of November 22,
a Good Place 1896, from which we make the following extracts:
tO Live in. "The man who looks for either the beauty or the se
ductive excitement of Monte Carlo will not find it. As
little will he find the historic remains of the cosmopolitan attractions of
Fgypt; nor could he reasonably expect the amusements and luxuries of our
own Eastern cities. The people of Arizona are still chiefly busy in the
pioneer work of subduing it to the residence and uses of civilized man.
But it has two transcontinental lines of railway, with numerous feeders; it
has fast mails and rival telegraph lines, and is throbbing with the intense
life of the splendid West. The two principal towns in the southern portion
chiefly sought for their climatic advantages, are Tucson and Phoenix. Each
of them has ten thousand inhabitants or more. They have the electric
light, telephones, trolley cars, plenty of hotels, banks, book stores, good
schools, churches, an occasional theatrical performance, sometimes a lecture
or a circus, often a horse race, and, in the spring, a thoroughly curious and
interesting 'fiesta.' For the rest, people must take their amusements with
them. Good horses are abundant and cheap, and there are plenty of cow
boys — the genuine article — to show what horses can do.
"You can not have the luxuries of our New York houses out there, unless
you build one; or the variety of our New York markets, unless you charter
a refrigerator car. But there are hotels with almost as much frontage as
the Waldorf; and, like everything else in the territory excepting the mount
ains and the deserts, they are new. There are boarding houses of more
kinds than one; and brick cottages of eight or ten rooms can occasionally
be rented. Better than any of them, for the man with the energy and pluck
to take it, is a tent; and he who knows how to 'camp out' with comfort
through September in the Adirondacks can camp out in Arizona through
the winter.
"As to food, there is plenty, and it is good. From here the markets of
Los Angeles, and even of Denver, are largely supplied. Good beef, mutton
and poultry are plenty and cheap. Quail, ducks and venison from the
vicinity can also be had. Vegetables and fruits are abundant in their
season, and sometimes the season is a long one. It is the one country I
have lived in where strawberries ripen in the open air ten months in the
year. I have had them on my table, fresh picked from the open gardens,
at Christmas. "The man who goes to any considerable Arizona town with the ideas
of the Southwest derived from novels, or from 'The Arizona Kicker,' will
be greatly mystified. He will find as many churches as in towns of corre
sponding size in Pennsylvania or Ohio, and probably more school houses.
He will find plenty of liquor shops, too, and gambling houses, and dance
houses, and yet he will see little disorder unless he hunts late at night for
it, and he will find a community of ten thousand people requiring in the
daytime only one policeman, and very little occupation for him."

10

Treasure Land.

CHAOS_REIGNS.The Town of Chandler, Ohio
Turned by a Cyclone
Into a
VERITABLE MORGUE.
The Dead and Dying- Hourly Aug-
mented.— The Big River Run
ning Wild in Mississippi.
United States when they can come
safety.

These "scare lines" are taken from
an Arizona newspaper, but have
nothing to do with us except to
awaken our sympathies and cause
us to thank God that we live in
Arizona. We have no cyclones or floods,
for while nature has been bounti
ful of mercies, she has been nig
gard of pestilence. There have been
suggestions of earthquakes in the
past— the echoes of seismic dis
turbances elsewhere — but nothing
strong enough to stop a clock or
force a resignation from a federal
official. And yet some people vol
untarily face these perils in the
to Arizona and live in peace and

Territorial Titles.

In no other part of the country are the people so
democratic as in Arizona, and yet titles prevail to a
greater extent than elsewhere. We have more colonels
than you can find in Kentucky, every lawyer is a judge,
every teacher a professor, and the rest of the men are
generals and honorables. The titles are bestowed in a free and easy
western manner. Everybody speaks to his neighbor without the cere
mony of an introduction, and no cards are exchanged except when they
play poker or some other social game. If the party addressed looks able
to bear the dignity, you call him colonel, and the title sticks; if you know
him to be a lawyer (and you soon find out), you dub him judge, and
there is never any mistake about a professor. The generals are ac
counted for otherwise. There are a number of positions with the quali
fying title, such as surveyor general, attorney general, general superin
tendent, general agent, etc., and the dignifying portion is promptly pre
fixed to the surname, and the owner crowned with a military glory he
never earned. We are also prolific of governors, for during the lest few
administrations it has taken about three to fill out a term. We have
heard of half a dozen majors, but strange to say, our people appear to
resent this title unless they are obliged to assume it. We recall only three
captains; one was a seafaring man from Maine, the other was an ex-
officer of the army, and the third died before we could investigate him.
If there are others we never met them. Every man who ever ran for
office is entitled to be called honorable— why, we know not — and it is a
safe address at all times.

An eastern visitor induced a party of friends to unite in
The Wonders an exPedrtion to tne southwest of Tucson for the pur
pose of discovering a desert, and after traveling over
Of the Desert. 100 miles they returned with brown cheeks and in
ordinate appetites. The leader of the party was kind
enough to write his impressions for us as follows, and we trust that the
publication of the facts will deter others from wasting their time and
spoiling their complexions in the same vain pursuit:
"Desert? There is no such thing in Arizona! It has disappeared with
the ogres, hydra-headed monsters and other bogies that stunted our child
hood growth. There may be lost mines, but there are no deserts.
"Far away in every direction stretch grassy plains, rising and falling

Where and What is this Treasure Land '' 11
like vast swells of a lazy sea, and encircled by purple hills above which
climb the azure peaks of mountains beyond them. Different shades of
verdure greet the eye on every side; the six-weeks grass of a bright green,
speckled with bright-hued flowers, is varied with the brown and gold
of the galleta and gramma. We seem to be driving through endless
meadow and vineyard, while the cawing crow flies overhead, little birds
twitter among low-bending twigs and the grazing cattle wander hither
and thither. The sun creeps cheerily up the eastern sky, the air is soft,
yet bracing as an early bath, and the dyspeptic Yankees of our party
feel that existence is a delightful fact. And at night, what a good rest
we had! Under the bright canopy of a cloudless sky, with moonlight
softening the scene, a crispiness in the air that quickened every atom
of blood and built anew all the lung cells that life's work, exposures and
dangers had demolished or placed on the retired list!
"Only one of the sleepers awoke before daylight; he was so green
that a jack rabbit mistook his ear for some new food plant. Morning
brought new life and new marvels. Great lakes, promontories, peaks,
suspension bridges and cities with great buildings moved majestically in
a marvelous procession across the orient for an hour or more, emphasizing
the grandest pageant that was ever attempted. It was the desert mirage,
and one such spectacular exhibition is alone worth the expense and
trouble of a journey to Arizona. If this is life on the desert, let me live
it alway!" Pima county was the first portion of Arizona settled by
Pima CountV Europeans, and is one of the oldest political divisions of
. J the territory, having been organized by the first legis-
the First. lature in 1864. Its original boundaries took in the whole
of Cochise county and portions of Pinal and Graham.
It is still of fair size, being about 180 miles in length from east to west,
with a width of eighty miles at its eastern end, which is maintained for
seventy miles, when it gradually decreases to twenty miles on the western
end. It derives its name from the Indian tribe known as Pimas, who were
found within its borders by the Spaniards, and formed part of what was
known to them at first as Pimeria and later as Papagueria.
The western portion of the county, bordering the line of the Mexican
state of Sonora, is a series of wide, rolling plains, with detached mountains
and isolated peaks. These mountains are rocky and rugged, the plains
covered with grass and shrubs and in some places with mesquite and
stunted native timber. Surface water is generally scarce, and did not
every mountain, peak and butte contain rich deposits of the precious
metals, the natural attractions would be few.
South of Tucson the county is made up of grassy plains, rolling hills
and lofty mountains. East, to the line of Cochise, it is of similar char
acter, while to the north the horizon is filled with the massive chain
of the Santa Catalinas. South and east the county is crossed by the
Santa Rita, Patagonia, Whetstone and Atascoso ranges, and is one of
the most delightful portions of Arizona. The mountains are clothed with
verdure, and the valleys and glens afford the finest grazing to be found
in the West.
Water is seldom wanting, and the valleys of the Sta. Cruz, Sonoita,
Babacomari, Sopori and Arivaca are not exceeded for beauty and fer
tility. In the Santa Rita, Santa Catalina and Patagonia mountains are
many lovely vales, and the climate is simply perfect, even during the
hottest days of summer.
The Santa Cruz river flows through the county from its source in the
Patagonia range to the boundary of Maricopa; the Sonoita is one of if

12 Treasure Land.
tributaries in the south and carries quite a volume of water. The Rillito,
which receives the waters of the Pantano Cienega, enters the Santa Cruz
just below Tucson. The Aiivaca and Sopori creeks are ever-running
streams, and water can be obtained at moderate depths all over the east
ern part of the county.
Thirty per cent, of the land of Pima county can be successfully, irri
gated and reclaimed by a system of ditches, sub-drainage pipes and res
ervoirs for water storage at a reasonable outlay,- and hundreds of acres
thus added to the cultivable area, at an average cost of reclamation of
$6 per acre. Wheat, barley, oats, alfalfa, hay, corn, sorghum, tobacco,
potatoes, peas, beans, beets, all kinds of vegetables, fruit, etc., can be
produced on these lands. The yield of wheat, barley and oats will be
from thirty-five to forty bushels per acre; corn, from forty to sixty
bushels; hay, three tons, and alfalfa, five to seven tons.
There are 130 miles of irrigation ditches in the county, largely sit
uated in the Santa Cruz, Sonoita and Rillito valleys. The aggregate cost
of building same is estimated at $150,000. A new ditch, seven miles in
length, was recently taken from the Santa Cruz, north of the town of
Tucson, and about 1,500 additional acres put under cultivation. The ir
rigation capacity of all the canals in the county is estimated at 12,000
acres. The population is estimated at 20,000, or one-fifth of the total popula
tion of the territory, and at least one-tenth of these are actively engaged
in mining. The average rainfall is about thirteen inches, the heaviest precipita
tion occurring generally in the months of July and November.
There are about 1,000.000 acres of surveyed land in the county, with
filings on only 86,000.
At a conservative estimate there are about 175 mines being operated
in Pima county. The principal ones produce gold, silver, copper, lead
and iron ores. There are also quarries of marble, building stone and lime
stone. Gold and silver bullion and placer gold were extracted from mines in
Pima county aggregating, probably, $500,000.
The base bullion produced of gold, silver, copper and lead ore, and
shipped by railroad to eastern smelters and refiners, exceeds 1,500 tons,
and in ingot copper and matte, about 500 tons.
The Tucson Mining and Smelting Company (a small copper plant
operated by foreign capital near Tucson) received for the fiscal
year ended June 30, .1896, 2,200,000 pounds of ore and shipped 262,751
pounds of copper bullion and 228,548 pounds of matte.
The Empire Mining and Smelting Company has lately erected a 100-
ton lead-silver smelter near Crittenden, which will be enlarged at an early
date. The principal towns are Tucson, Nogales, Arivaca, Oro Blanco, Crit
tenden and Harshaw.
The assessed value of all property in the county is $4,000,000, but this
can not be taken to represent more thau 40 per cent, of the true value.
The erroneous idea of under-valuation of property and comparatively high
rate of taxation prevails here, as in most other new countries. The highest
county and territorial tax rate is $3.50 per $100, being a trifle over $2 on
a just valuation.
Two main lines of railroad cross the county, the Southern Pacific and
Sonora road, which latter runs from Benson to the seaport of Guaymas,
on the Gulf of California. These have other connections, which, while
they do not properly belong to a description of Pima county, feed its
commerce.

Where and What is this Treasure Land? 13
Tarantulas Some of our very credulous visitors f ass the first few
„_ j weeks of their residence here in a state of feverish ex-
citement that seriously interferes with the complete en-
RattlesnakeS. joyment of our wonderful climate. They mistake the
cheerful chirp of the cricket for the whirr of rattles, and,
under the influence of an excited imagination, a common, every-day New
England cockroach becomes anything from a pterodactyl to a dinosaurus.
They miss the familiar domestic pests which frequently invade the
boudoirs of the pleasant East; they find -none of the nimble fleas that wor
ried them in California, and the voice of the mosquito is hardly ever
heard in the land.
Curiosity succeeds dread, and they crave for a glimpse of the deadly
monsters of the arid regions, and want to be introduced to the fiery perils
of the trackless deserts. They are willing to endure the lack of domestic
vermin and mosquitoes, but can not return East without interviewing a
few tarantulas and rattlesnakes. Then we show them some specimens of
our choicest varieties (which we keep in alcohol for this purpose), and they
wearily exclaim: "We have bigger than these at home."
It is a sad blow to our local pride to have to face this fact, and if the
pressure continues we shall be compelled to import some vermin from the
East in order to maintain our reputation and satisfy the morbid cravings of
health-seekers. Still, we can not be the first in everything!
Speaking soberly, a man may live in Arizona a year or more and see
nothing more venomous than a cockroach or a cricket, unless he invades
the saloons. If he goes out hunting in the foothills of the Sierras or tra
verses the grassy mesas, he may encounter a tarantula or a rattlesnake, but
they will avoid him if they can, as they are not of social dispositions and
prefer to meditate in solitude. Should he see any, he will compare them,
with respect to size and beauty, with those he has met elsewhere, and
wonder how we achieved our reputation. He will also learn that they have
less venom, or a poorer quality, than those found in moist, hot regions, such
as South Carolina and Florida, and their bite is only fatal when an excess
of antidote is imbibed.
We hate to disappoint our friends, but, really, we are compelled to
puncture the prevailing idea that Southern Arizona is a desert inhabited
by rattlesnakes and tarantulas. The only deserts we can refer the traveler
to are in Mexico, two hundred miles away. We have not personally in
spected them, and therefore can not state positively how much vivid imag
ination or other stimulants will be required to produce the best results.
The following story is introduced solely to mitigate the effect of our
iconoclastic remarks and has no moral worth mentioning. The narrators
were introduced to us as "Honest Jim of Pantano and A Friend." We pre
sume that it was A Friend's particular business to verify Jim's affidavits
and make it unnecessary for him to require change for a quarter.
The Tarantula "The finest taranchula I ever seen was at Lyin' gulch, in
the Santa Ritas. I was samplin' some likely croppin's
and the when I heard a spat and a whirr like as if a mountain
Mountain Lion. 'J"'n was arolm'> so I clum up a boulder an' waited.
It was a lyin sure enough — about the size of a three-
year-old steer — an' he squatted just below, glarin' at me as if I'd jumped
his claim. Very soon he rose up an' swung his tail backwards an' for
wards, an' then back again, till it was movin' easy, an' come for me.
I stuck my toes into the rock an' hung head down, till the lyin had
made his jump, an' then resoomed my seat an' offered to bet him the
drinks he couldn't do it again.
This made him swish his tail swisher than ever, an' it struck again' a
rock an' hurt itself, which made him so bilin' mad that he made another
play for me just as I got down again.

14 Treasure Land.
This racket kep' repeatin' so long that my toes were about worn out
diggin' into the boulder, but just as I was about givin' up, a taranchula,
about a foot high, came out to sun himself and intervoo the neighbors,
an' the lyin's tail caught him right in the jaw before he could put up
his hands, so to speak.
The taranchula was madder than two wet hens an' couldn't speak for
cussin', but he clings on to that tail like a pipe-wrench.
Now, the lyin had been jumpin' backwards an' forwards an' back
again so much that he couldn't- stop himself; so he just kept sailin'
through the air while the taranchula bit and bit till the pizen begins to
work an' the lyin to swell.
I got off my perch and rolled over on the groun', laffin' so hard that
I couldn't see; an' the lyin kept swellin' and swellin' till he swoll so
much that he floated off in the air like a balloon, clear out of sight, with
the taranchula still hanging on to his tail."
"That yarn wouldn't be much with the lyin left out," remarked A
Friend, in a deep tone of voice; "but it's true as gospel, for I finally
landed that tarantla myself. I was out huntin' that same day an' saw
what I took to be a large eagle flyin' above me. It was so far off I could
hardly see it, but I took a shot for luck. It fell about a mile off, an' when
I reached the object it was a tarantla as big as a Californy mule. Gen
tlemen, I reckon that was Jim's tarantla, an' he'd swallered the lyin to get
back his pizen, so's to be able to continner business at the old stand."

The Story oe the

Sun- Kissed Land.

Ruins op Casa Grande.

What is the ancient story of the land 9
Can crumbling tower and mouldering ruin tell —
Wide furrowed plains and miles of broad canal —
The hill forts and the niches in the cliffs ?
Lost is the ancient story, and we give
The modern history of men who reared
New cities, and re-plowed the weedy fields,
And new aligned the old canals.

16

Treasure Land.

THE riRST EXPLORERS.

The reader having now located Ari
zona with reasonable certainty, will be
curious to learn something of its early
history, and in the following pages we
shall endeavor to give him some in
formation on the subject.
Setting aside as unprofitable all
speculations respecting the ancient in
habitants, the history begins from the
advent of Europeans, and is full of ro
mance. In June, 1527, Panfilo de Narvaez
set sail from Spain with a fleet of five
ships and a force of (iOO men, and,
after several disasters, was driven
by a storm to the western coast of
Florida. He landed with 300 men and
forty horses and proceeded inland,
while the fleet followed the coast, the
forces expecting to reunite thereafter.
They never met, however, for after
many perilous adventures only four of
the land expedition survived, and these crossed the continent, passing-
through the southeastern corner of Arizona, and finally reaching the Span
ish camps on the coast of the Gulf of California.
One of this band of bold adventurers was a negro slave, Estevanico, and
to him belongs the honor of being one of the earliest explorers of the
southern portion of the present United States. His subsequent history
proves him to have been a man of high intelligence and enterprise, and as
fearless and ambitious as any of the cavaliers who carried the banner of
Spain through the wilderness of the New World. He was an honor to his
race, and the colored citizens of this republic should perpetuate his memory,
and we suggest a monument in Central park, New York.
The negro, Estevanico, afterwards became the property of the Viceroy
of Mexico, and, no doubt, influenced his master to form projects for the
further exploration of the great Northwest.
In 1538 a party, accompanied by Father Juan Olmedo, made an expedi
tion to the north and returned with reports of the wonderful wealth and
civilization of the inhabitants, but was unable to reach the famous seven
cities of Cibola, the people of which were said to be as civilized and opu
lent as the Aztecs.
The first organized effort was made by Father Marcos de Niza, chief of
the Franciscans at Culiacan, which place he left on March 7, 1539, being
accompanied by the negro, Estevanico, and a number of the natives.
The party proceeded northward through the present Mexican state of
Ronora and halted at Baeapa, in the Santa Cruz valley, near the present
site of Tucson. Baeapa, or, as it was afterwards called, Bac, was a settle
ment of considerable size and well provided with provisions. Here the
negro was sent ahead to explore the way, and, sending back favorable re
ports, Father Niza proceeded onward, following the Santa Cruz to the In
dian settlements on the Gila river.
Meanwhile the adventurous negro pushed onward, ambitious to be the
first to penetrate the secrets of the far-famed cities of Cibola, designing.
perhaps, to emulate the achievements of Cortez. At every important land
mark he erected wooden crosses to point the way for those who followed,
or he sent back messengers with crosses in their hands to cheer the Father
and his weary companions.

The Story of ihe Sun-Kissed Land. 17
At last he reached the goal of his hopes, but the Cibolans expected no
god of his color, and killed him and several of his followers.
The remaining members of the pioneer party hurried back to Father
Niza to warn "him of the danger ahead and recount the fate of their com
panions; but the fearless Franciscan calmed their troubled minds and, re
lying on the power of the cross, hurried forward and soon obtained a
glimpse of one of the great cities, which appeared to him to be richer and
more populous than Mexico.
According to the custom of those days, he set up a cross and solemnly
took possession of the country for the crown of Spain, and then took the
shortest route home before the new subjects could realize what had hap
pened them.
According to his sworn statement, duly made to the proper authorities,
it was a marvelous country, and he regretted that he did not feel able to
paint the wonders he had seen in colors sufficiently glowing.
Cortez, and some other skeptical or envious persons, were of the opinion
that Father Niza seriously fractured the truth for political purposes, but
the country he traversed is in evidence to sustain his veracity, and if the
cities of Cibola did not eventually come up to his expectations, he should
not be blamed.
According to some accounts, the murder of Estevanico was provoked
by his flirtations with some of the leading ladies of Cibola, which aroused
the jealous ire of their lords; but this is probably a fiction, invented by
envious cavaliers to mar the luster of his fame. Had he been a white man,
it would never have been mentioned. Even if it be true, the fact does not
detract from his reputation as a daring explorer, and he only mildly emu
lated the gallant conquerors of Mexico.
Father Niza's efforts in the exploration line were evidently appreciated
by the church, for he was shortly afterwards appointed Provincial of the
Franciscans. Probably he thought solely of the souls to be saved, and
knowing that the cavaliers could only be influenced to conquer by induce
ments of wealth, inserted some prize packages in his narrative. Let this
be as it may, his account was finally conceded to be as reliable as others
of the kind, and in 1540 an expedition was sent out, under Coronado, to
verify his affidavits.
The party consisted of 300 Spaniards and 800 Indians, Niza accompany
ing Coronado with an advance guard, and the main body following at some
distance. Coronado generally followed the route taken by Niza, passing up the
Santa Cruz valley to Bac, which he also found populous and thriving, and
reaching the Casa Grande on the Gila, which he described as "a great red
house in ruins."
The explorers met with opposition from the Cibolans, but finally sub
dued the country, and were disappointed when they found nothing but
agricultural settlements, and none of the opulence they had looked for.
Father Niza, however, was quite satisfied. The country had been sub
jected to Spanish dominion, and the church could now do the rest. Mis
sionaries were placed along the route to inaugurate the good work, and re
mained at their stations after Coronado's army practically abandoned the
country, in 1542. They founded several settlements in the Santa Cruz val
ley, and continued with the natives even when their connection with the
government in Mexico was severed. Among others, the settlement in the
vicinity of Tucson was permanently established under the name of Bac or
Baeapa; and when, after several generations had passed, a new crusade
began, the missionaries of the seventeenth century found the Indians at
Bac fully prepared for the work, and churches arose, as if by magic, all
along the valley.
It is true that until the latter half of the seventeenth century there is
little record of the doings of the Spaniards in Arizona, and for this reason

J 8 Treasure Land.
it has been assumed that nothing was done. The absence of records ac
cessible to the historian is to be regretted, but the fact does not prove that
there was nothing to record. We know that for certain periods, during the
first half of the present century, the records are so insignificant that it
might be argued that the country was abandoned; but it was not, for men
who were alive within the last few years knew to the contrary.
The Picacho de Metates, west of Tucson; the turquoise mines in the Sil
ver Belle district and elsewhere, were known to the Aztecs, as also its min
eral wealth. The ruins of the settlements of the ancient miners are still
in evidence; the rock carvings near them are of an entirely different char
acter from those found in other parts of Arizona, being for the most part
astronomical symbols.
The Spaniards on the frontier had no incentive to furnish information
to the official cormorants of Mexico, who confiscated every revealed treas
ure, and hence, when the church or laity stumbled on a good thing, they
kept their own counsel. There is, too, every reason to believe that it was
no more unusual then than it has been since, for the common Spaniard, the
rank and file, to amalgamate with the Indians, especially with such peace
ful tribes as those inhabiting the fertile valleys of Southern Arizona.
The antagonism between the members of the Franciscan and Jesuit
orders may account for the absence of some of the records required to com
plete the history of settlement, and the acts of hostile Indians must also be
considered. When the Jesuits arrived they were not so well acquainted with the
conditions as those who preceded them, and their mining operations
were soon, apparently, paralyzed by the extravagant claims of the king of
Spain, whose "royal patrimony" was held to cover all mineral treasures-
Silver mining was, consequently, abandoned, this metal being too bulky
to smuggle through the lines of hungry officials; but gold was found to be
just as valuable and more easily concealed. The church and laity, therefore,
were compelled to adopt a gold standard, and exploited this metal wherever
it could be found.
The writer has visited several ancient mines, the ore of which carried
both metals, one or other predominating, and noted with some curiosity
that it had been carefully separated, the portions richest in silver being
left on the dump; and when this metal predominated across the whole vein,
work was invariably abandoned.
The appearance on the scene of Father Ensebius Kuhn, or Kino, as he
is usually called, revived missionary interest in Arizona. Kino was born in
the Austrian province of Tyrol, and was educated partly at the University
of Ingoldstadt, in Bavaria. After a serious illness he adopted the name of
Francisco, and vowed to devote his life to the conversion of American
heathen. He was a mathematician and astronomer, and remarkably en
dowed with virtue and intelligence. He probably joined the Jesuit order
in California, about 1684.
He reached the field of his future labors in 16S7, and five years later
visited the Santa Cruz valley, passing by the Santa Rita mountains ami
through the settlements of Tubac and Tucson. The narrative of his jour
ney speaks of settlements already founded, although there was no record
at the time showing the previous presence of missionaries in the country! — a
most remarkable confirmation of our views.
In 1094 Fathers Kino and Mange made a tour of inspection, regular
missions having been established during the previous three or four years
at Guevavi, San Cayetano, Tumacacori and San Xavier del Bac. Father
Kino gave glowing reports of the condition of the country as a field for
missionary work, but failed to secure any hearty cooperation. His zeal
never relaxed, however, and his labors continued unremittingly until he
died, in 1711.

The Story of the Sun-Kissed Land. 19
The These ruins, of which we give an illustration on tho
« _ . title page, are situate in the Casa Grande valley, about
tase branae seventy-five miles northwest of Tucson, and are re-
RuinS. garded as the most interesting remains of the prehistoric
age found on this continent.
The front of the main building measures sixty feet and forty-three
feet wide. The first story is thirteen feet high; the second, nine feet;
third and fourth, eight feet. The greater part of the upper story has dis
appeared. The walls are between four and five feet thick and the material
of which they are constructed is almost indestructible concrete, made of
fine gravel, sand and cement, closely resembling granotitsic now used in
Washington. The walls, both inside and outside, are plastered with ce
ment, which clings to them with wonderful tenacity, on the inside being
smooth and glossy, as the best hard-finished interiors of the present day.
The lower story is nearly filled up with crumbling debris and drifting
sand of the plains. The holes in which the ceiling timbers were placed
are plainly visible, but every particle has been carried away by relic
hunters, and the disintegration of the walls has been so rapid of late
years that if measures are not immediately taken to strengthen them,
the whole structure will fall into a shapeless ruin.
For miles around the mysterious Casa Grande, mounds, now hardly
distinguishable from the desert sands, bear indisputable evidence of hav
ing been at some remote period, adobe structures.
The most ancient traditions of the Pimas and Papagos, who yet live
here where their fathers lived for centuries, alluded to them as "ruins."
The earliest historic record we have of the Casa Grande was given by
the famous Spanish cavalier and explorer, Cabeza de Vaca, who discovered
it during his journey across the continent about 1537. A few years later,
the famous explorer, Don Francisco de Coronado, who led an expedition
into New Mexico, states that the Pima. Indians had no knowledge of the
origin or history of the town which they believed had existed there. It
had always been ruins to them and to their ancestors. Kino and Mange,
who visited there in 1694, also gave an account of twelve other ruins in
the vicinity. Father Pedro Faut, in 1777, found them in much the same
condition. He describes the main building as an oblong square, facing
the cardinal points of the compass, the exterior wall extending from north
to south 430 feet, and from east to west 320 feet.
The theory has been advanced that the Aztecs, whose
Ancient civilization culminated in the Valley of Mexico, passed
through Arizona, leaving behind them, at different points,
Fortifications. members of their tribes whose faith was weak or who
were unfitted otherwise to be factors in the evolution
of a great nation. This theory accounts for the records of ancient civiliza
tion found on all our hills and in all our valleys. Southern Arizona was
at one time densely populated; this must have been before the segregation
of the higher types who afterwards founded the Aztec empire overthrown
by the Spaniards. After the lapse of years, perhaps centuries, other seg
regations took place, and the Zuni and Moqui civilizations were founded.
These were the more advanced spirits, and those left behind may be re
garded as the refuse of the ancient race, who lacked alike energy to
move and the courage to maintain themselves against the incursions of a
savage race, which had for a long time threatened them with annihila
tion. Cultivation of the soil was neglected, the wonderful storage reser
voirs and extensive canals left them as a heritage were filled by the
winds with the dust of unregarded fields, and the huge temples, gran
aries and homes of their race were abandoned to the Apache marauder.
The struggle for existence and the assaults of their enemies depleted their

20 Treasure Land.
ranks and caused them to lose the memory of the vanished civilization
They had shared. New wants and conditions modified their forms and
features and even changed their language, so that their descent can only
be traced circumstantially.
During this period of disintegration, every hill became a fort and every
peak a watch-tower; the first for defense, and the second in order to give
the trembling laborers in the fields timely warning of the approach of
enemies. Hence nearly every hilltop in Southern Arizona is found to be walled
with circles of stone, sometimes from base to summit, a precaution that
shows the acuteness of the struggle for existence. On the Saddle mount
ain, west of Tucson, there are seven circles of fortification and the ruins
of rough habitations on the summit. Sentinel peak was used as a watch-
tower, and fires were built to give warning of danger. In the Sierrita
mountains we find on the crest of Santo Domingo, not only rough fortifica
tions, but a line of stone buildings, apparently designed to shelter the fam
ilies of the tribesmen. These were probably stored with water and provis
ions at convenient seasons, and became a place of common refuge during
times of trouble. Less than a mile from the center of Tucson, on the west
Indian si(^e of tne valley» reached by a shady lane through
. fields, gardens and orchards, is a dark colored hill cov-
Rock Carving. ered with rocks thrown up in Titanic heaps, called the
Picacho de Metates.
Here the ancient people found a peculiar lava stone, sonorous as iron
and as durable as steel, from which they manufactured the m.etates and
manos used in grinding corn.
These were shipped to all parts of the country, and there is every rea
son to suppose that the Aztecs drew their supply largely from this point.
That the manufacture of these necessary implements was carried on
extensively at one time is proven by the abundance of chips, and the curi
ous searcher will frequently find half finished stones, abandoned because
of defective material.
The surface of the rock is, apparently, calcined to a deep iron purple,
but beneath the crust the material is a bluish grey color. All over the hill
there are rocks carved with grotesque figures cut by the ancient workers,
some of' them so faint with age as to be barely decipherable.
The writer copied a number of these "paintings," as they are errone
ously called, and believing that they were intended to convey some mean
ing, spent a considerable time in seeking their interpretation.
The result of his labors is given in this section, and, if he is correct in
his readings, they show a depth of thought and power of observation far
beyond what we might have expected of the primitive people who made
theni. This might be mistaken for an individual making
antics before a mirror, or a progenitor of the modern pugilist
overcoming the resistance of a bag of wind. The object to
the left is neither a mirror nor a wind-bag ; it is a sworn
statement intended to defeat the election of some ambitious
chief, and the party to the right is evidently breaking his
back in an effort to make a truthful affidavit. The modern
Arizonian is noted for the number and strength of his
affidavits under similar circumstances, and it is strange to
find that this method of lying has the seal of antiquity, and
is, we might say, native to the soil.

The Story of the Snn-Kisssd Land. 21
Zbe ©l& fUMssions.
Cliff dwellings and other evidences of prehistoric races that exist in
Arizona invoke idle speculation, but the desolate and crumbling temples
built by the early fathers awaken a lively sympathy and admiration.
The devotion and enterprise of these spiritual pioneers, who arrived
with the cross and invaded the homes of the savages to extend the do
minion of the church, command our respect, and inspire us, not with spec
ulative wonder, but with real interest.
They lived almost within the memory of man, and the fruit of their
industry and zeal has outlived the devastation of savagery and time. Their
temples were raised to an ever-living God; the rites they practiced in the

Old Missions : - 1. Ruins of San Agustin, near Tucson,
2. San Xavier, near Tucson.
3. Ruins of Tumacacori.
I. Altar of San Xayier.

wilderness still move the faithful heart, and the holy doctrines they taught
continue to smooth the path of life and lay the foundations for eternity!
The mission ruins give their own history, as the upheaved strata of
the earth record the geological changes worked by Time.
The crumbling walls, the tottering towers, and facades rudely sculp
tured, are monuments to the industry of the vanished devotees; the sacred
cross, emblem of the faith and hope they worked and lived for, still crowns
the white basilica, and mutely claims the adoration of the passing vaquero;
the ill-defined niches along the caving walls once served as sainted shrines,
before which the half-tamed savages were taught to bow the knee; along

22 Treasure Land.
the acequia's broken banks, trees foreign to the clime bend low and whisper
to the passing breeze their memories of the lives of those who nurtured
them. Behind the pile of crumbling walls and towers rest the mortal re
mains of those that built, adored or served— the builders, and that which
they built, are side by side in death and ruin! The soul-inspired clay is
resolved into its elements, and the thing of beauty that it made is press
ing back to the earth that it sprung from at the command of mind! But
the work was not all in vain, for nothing is in vain. The preacher spoke
falsely when he said "All is vanity," for vanity is only in the minds of
men. Acts live for ever and build Time and Eternity. The Fathers per
formed their allotted work, and that work still lives, though a century has
passed since the mission bells echoed up the canons to the hills, bidding
the laborer cease his toil and water the germ of an immortal hope!
"Father Kino reached Sonora in 1867, and by 1690 had es-
The First tablished four missions.
The residents of the Santa Cruz valley were so urgent
Missions. in their demands for missionary service, and the field
was so inviting, that the mission of Guevavi, at the head
waters of the Santa Cruz river, was founded, shortly followed by one at
Tumacacori, near Tubac, and then another at San Xavier, near Tucson.
The first church built at San Xavier was a small and modest adobe build
ing, hastily erected to meet the wants of the new mission. The fragments
of records found in the church give an idea of the population that lived in
the vicinity, by the number of baptisms which were yearly administered
from 1720 to 1767. This population must have been considerable. The rec
ords show that twenty-two Jesuit missionaries successively administered at
San Xavier between the dates mentioned, the last of which was that of
their expulsion by the Spanish government.
This mission was one of the most flourishing until 1751, when the In
dians revolted, being instigated by an Indian called Luis, from Saric, who
pretended to be a wizard of marvelous power.
The missions that escaped complete ruin during the revolt, which lasted
four years, were hardly started again when the Jesuits were expelled.
The Franciscan, Father Garcez, found San Xavier in a pitiable condition,
but by his great frugality and apostolic virtues, he gained the love and
confidence of his flock.
In 1768 the church of San Agustin del Tucson was founded. The
church itself has entirely disappeared, but a remnant of the residence of the
priests, the workshops and granaries, still remains, a mouldering pile of
brown ruins on the edge of the river, ten minutes' walk from Tucson.
This was sometimes called the Church of the Holy Infant. The date of its
foundation was lately discovered in on^ of the records in the government
archives at Hermosillo, Mexico.
The erection of the present San Xavier church was begun in 1783 and
finished in 1797, the date appearing on one of the doors of the structure.
This is further confirmed by the testimony of a few old people who as
sisted at the dedication.
The brothers Jaunas had charge of the construction, as we are in
formed, and they afterwards superintended the erection of similar struc
tures at Tumacacori and Caborca; but the fathers themselves, as well as
the lay brothers, must have contributed somewhat to the adornment of the
edifice. No mention, however, is made of any of their names on the
records extant."
This illustrates a domestic tragedy and assures us that
the corporal punishment of youth was early receguized as an
educational factor.

The Story of the Sun-Kissed Land. 23
The youth was evidently seized in the act of commission and kicks
and struggles in his effort to avoid chastisement. The abnormal develop
ment of the head expresses the openness of feature observed in modern
children in like circumstances, and was the only method by which the rock-
defacing artist could depict the yells!
Polygamy prevailed at the period, and the adult figures represent two
of the child's mothers.
The instrument of torture carried by the one to the right is a common
switch torn from a convenient bush, while the other displays an instrument
resembling a boot-jack. It is, however, a contrivance used by the Indians
on their hunting expeditions, the prey being caught alive and then choked
to death between the forks, as needed.
Description Of "The site is well chosen, with a broad sweep of plain and
tu M" f vaHey> hemmed in by purple mountains. The church, as
tne Mission 01 can De seen Dy its arches, surpassing the semicircle, and
San Xavier. the ornamental work in low relief which covers the flat
surfaces of some parts of its walls, belongs to the Moor
ish style.
Over the ruins of a wall of brick and stone we enter the atrium, an en
closure 06x33 feet, which separates the church from the plaza and was used
as a place for meetings relating to matters not directly connected with
religion. On the frontispiece, which shows the width of the church with its two
towers, is placed, in low relief, the coat-of-arms of the order of St. Francis
of Assisi. It consists of an escutcheon, with a white ground filled in with
a twisted cord, and a cross on which are nailed one arm of our Savior
and one of St. Francis, representing the union of the disciple with the
Divine Master in charity and the love of suffering. The arm of our Lord
is bare, while that of St. Francis is covered. On the right side of the
escutcheon is the monogram of Jesus, the Savior of men, and that of the
Blessed Virgin Mary on the left. The frontispiece was surmounted by a
life-size statue of St. Francis, which is now nearly demolished by the hand
of time. The church, which is built of stone and brick, is 105x27 feet inside the
walls. Its form is that of a cross, the transept forming on each side of
the nave a chapel of twenty-one feet square. The church has only one
nave, which is divided into six portions, marked by as many arches, each
one resting on two pillars, set against the walls. Above the transept is a
cupola of about fifty feet in elevation, the remainder of the vaults in the
church being only about thirty feet high.
Going from the front door to the main altar, there is on the right hand
side wall a fresco representing the coming of the Holy Ghost upon the
disciples. Opposite to it is the picture, also in fresco, of the Last Supper.
Both paintings measure about 9x5 feet.
In the first chapel to the right hand of the two altars, one facing the
nave with the image of our "Lady of Sorrows," standing at the foot of a
large cross, which is deeply engraved in the wall, and tha other one with
the image of the Immaculate Conception. In the same chapel are two
frescoes representing Our Lady of the Rosary and the hidden life of our
Savior. The opposite chapel is also adorned with two altars. One of them
is dedicated to the Passion of our Lord, and the other to St. Joseph. There
are also two paintings, the subjects of which are Our Lady of the Pillar
and The Presentation' of Our Lord in the Temple.
The main altar, which stands at the head of the church, facing the nave,
is dedicated to St. Francis Xavier, the patron saint the Jesuits had chosen
for the first church they had established in the mission. Above the image
of St. Francis Xavier is that of the Holy Virgin; between the statues of St.

24 Treasure Land.
Peter and St. Paul, and at the summit of the altar piece, the bust of God,
the Creator. The pictures which are seen on the walls near this altar are:
On the right hand side, "The Adoration of the Wise Men," with the
"Flight into Egypt;" and on the left, "The Adoration of the Shepherds,"
with the "Annunciation."
These altars, and especially the principal one, are decorated with col
umns and a great profusion of arabesques, in low relief, all gilded or
painted with different colors, according to the requirements of the Moorish
style. Besides the images we have mentioned there are the statues of the
twelve apostles, placed in niches cut in the pillars of the church, and many
others, representing generally some saints of the Order of St. Francis.
There are also in the dome of the cupola the pictures of several personages
of the order who occupied high rank in the church.
Returning to the front door, we find two small openings communicat
ing with the towers. The first room on the right, which is formed by the
inside of the tower, is about twelve feet square, and is used for the minis
tration of baptisms. A similar room, which is of no particular use now,
but which corresponds to the mortuary chapel of the old basilicas, is lo
cated in the left tower. From each one of these rooms commence the
stairs, cut in the thickness of the walls, and leading to the upper stories.
Starting from the baptistery, the second flight reaches the choir of the
church. A good view of the upper part of the monument can be had from
that place. There are also some frescoes worth noticing. These are the
Holy Family, facing the main altar; St. Francis, represented as raptured
by heavenly love, in a fiery chariot; St. Dominic receiving from the Blessed
Virgin the mission to promote the devotion of the rosary in the world; and
the four Evangelists, with their characteristic attributes. Two flights more
lead to the belfry, where are four rough and home-made bells of small
size. Twenty-two steps more bring the visitor to the top story and under
the little dome covering the tower, an elevation of about seventy-five feet
above the ground. Here a glance can be cast on the beautiful and ex
tensive valley of the Santa Cruz, and the surrounding country.
One of the towers, as can be seen, was never completed; it lacks the
dome and plastering from the second story above. The reason why it re
mained unfinished is not known.
On the west side of the church, separated from it by a narrow passage,
is an inclosure with an opening on the north and a small chapel standing
at its western side. The ground enclosed was formerly used as a ceme
tery, and the chapel was the place where the dead bodies were kept until
the ceremony of the burial could be performed.
On the east side of the church is the mission building, which formerly
occupied a somewhat extensive space, and consisted of the rooms necessary
for the priests, of a soap factory and stores for the provisions. Besides,
there were several farming houses conveniently located on the mission
land. Of these buildings there are now only two rooms, making a body
with the church, and four extending south and facing on the church plaza.
The little butte adjoining the church shows, on its top, the crater of
an extinct volcano." Some fantastic legend is invariably attached to an old
A Legend Of ruin by tbe ignorant or credulous, and the mission church
. of Tumacacori, near Tubac, has not escaped, for it is be-
lUmacaCOn. lieved by the ignorant Mexicans that at dreary mid
night's cheerless hour, mass is celebrated by a ghostlv
priest. The belief is apparently sustained by the personal experience of a
rat/uao named Davila, who claims to have involuntarily attended mass in

The Story of the Sim-Kissed Land. 25
the ruins in company with two others, but the traditional fatality, which
imposed the penalty of death upon mortal witnesses, did not operate in their
case, except after a long interval.
"We had been herding some cattle in the mountains,
The GhOStlv an<^ when we reached the mission, about an hour before
* midnight, our horses were so worn out that we could
Priest. urge them no further, and, much against our inclinations,
we resolved to camp in the ruins and make Tubac next
morning. We turned our animals loose in the enclosure behind the church,
and carried ourl traps into the vestibule of the building. Neither o'f my
companions had any superstitious fears, and mine were not strong enough
to bother me.
The interior was dark and dismal as a cavern, but beyond, the moon
light streaked the walls of the nave,, and the cupola above the chancel
glistened like a snowdrift in the sunlight.
It was the work of a few moments to build a fire, and as the flames
rose, the shadows danced on the walls, and the smoke curled up like in
cense, causing the bats to whine and screech as they fluttered from the
roof, in and out and round about.
As we lolled by the fire and toasted our came-seca, my thoughts ran
back through the years to the time when the gloomy building our presence
seemed to desecrate was the heart of life, industry and zeal. Our shad
ows stretched along the floor, over the straggling weeds that grew where
worshipers had knelt, and, towering upwards, seemed to threaten us from
the cracked and crumbling walls.
Having been up most of the previous night, we were well disposed to
take advantage of the present opportunity to rest. There was a large pile
of loose straw in one corner, and we spread this on the ground and covered
it with our saddle cloths.
How long we slept I never knew, for slumber measures not time, but
I was suddenly awakened by a clutch upon my shoulder and a hoarse whis
per in my ear, 'Mirad por Dios!'
Starting up, I was conscious of the fact that the fire had gone out and
ihe moon had dropped behind the western hills, yet there was a strange
glow about me that cast no shadows, as if the air itself were luminous. If
my companions had awakened they showed no signs of animation now,
but knelt by my side, motionless as statues, their faces corpse-like, and
their eyes fixed with a glassy stare upon the distant chancel. As my gaze
turned in the same direction, every hair upon my head seemed to prick
and burn, the pulsation of my heart was stilled, a clammy sweat beaded
my forehead and fell upon my clasped hands, and my soul succumbed to
the influence of inexpressible awe.
What I saw seemed pictured on my mind from within and not visible
as material things are. The chancel glowed with the same strange light
that filled the space about me, but more intense and with a faint purple
tint. I felt like one sinking in deep waters, with life passing away in a
dream, when the sound of a soft, low chant bubbled in my ears like the
voice of a distant stream; louder it grew and louder, then seemed to sleep,
then swelled again full of rich melody. It suddenly ceased and a form
robed like a priest knelt in the chancel, and an acolyte knelt on each side
of him and gently swayed the censers, and the incense rose and hung
above the three forms like a cloud. The chant began again and the priest
turned his face to the auditorium and appeared to mutter a prayer.
Through the misty incense which now coiled about him like a shadowy
serpent, the features could be partially distinguished. They were those of
an aged man, full of benignity but tinged with sorrow. He turned and
knelt again with the acolytes behind him, and the chant ceased. Now the

26 Treasure Land.
auditorium was filled with dark forms that drifted in like smoke through
the open roof and the windows, assumed human shapes and knelt upon the
floor. The chanting recommenced and grew louder and louder as the
priestly form arose and. turning, raised its hands to heaven as if invoking
a blessing. The kneeling forms in front bent lower and lower until they
were level with the floor. The chant ceased and there came a sound like
the rush of a hurricane, a mighty shriek rent the air, and I must have
fallen senseless, for I knew no more!"
Attention has been elsewhere called to the bar between the limbs as
an insignia of priesthood or strong medicine.
The figure here represents a practitioner of more than ordinary ability,
who is taken in the act of exhorting the world of sinners to flee from the
wrath to come. Above him is an elaborate representation of the heavenly
home of the spirits of the blessed, the separate mansions being plainly in
dicated. The small figure in the upper left-hand corner is
the mummified remains of one of those unfortunate beings
who neglected, while on earth, to provide for his spiritual
welfare, and now suffers the torment of surveying a felicity
that he cannot enjoy. The attachment to the heavenly
city, which has the appearance of an ordinary key, is
the all-seeing eye of the Deity who has provided the
delectable mansions and watches over the welfare of their
inhabitants. Where ft has keen asked again and again, where the missionary
X\\& thf> Fathpt-c fatllers obtained the means to build such structures
DIU me r diners as those we find at San Xavier and Tumacacori, and the
Get the Means? belief is general that they derived considerable wealth
from working the mines. The records, however, show no
income from this source, so far as we can learn, and from this it might be
inferred that the popular belief is unfounded.
We can readily see, though, why the mining operations of the Fathers
wore not recorded. The King of Spain assumed that he was entitled to all
the mineral product that the officials had no use for, and if the Fathers
wished to derive any profit from mining, their operations had to be con
ducted secretly.
We do not for a moment doubt that they availed themselves freely of
nature's treasures, and that the noble edifices, whose ruins we behold to-day
with admiration and wonder, were built in great part from the product of
clandestine mining operations.
The missions also raised live stock in large numbers and cultivated the
lands extensively, but these resources can not alone account for the dis
bursements. '
This is a battle scene, and depicts a mighty warrior in the very act of
vanquishing his foes. While he sustains his trusty bow with one hand
(which, being his left, suggests contempt for his adversaries), he chival
rously urges the fear-stricken host to yield them prisoners and save effusion
of blood. The trembling wretches (observe the two figures below )
throw up appealing arms and beg for mercy. The fact that they
are so paralyzed with fear as to be unable to fly is ingeniously
indicated by the omission of their organs of locomotion. The
character between the outstretched limbs of the warrior is a
fallen foe. his defunct condition being cleverly emphasized by
the insignificance of his appearance and lack of human attributes.
This is a spirited composition and must have immortalized the
artist.

1

The Story of the Sun-Kissed Land. 27
THE PIONEERS.
The soldier, marching at his sovreign's call —
77ie cannon, belching at a living wall —
An empire rising on a kingdom's fall —
These found no state !
But they, who dared the dangers of the ivild,
Leaving their homes and kindred far behind ;
Witli dreams of future glory unbeguiled,
Seeking alone to benefit mankind — •
These found a state!
And millions, yet unborn, shall hold them dear,
And bless the memory of the Pioneer.

Only a few centuries ago, Columbus resolutely grasped a world, though
opposed by the ridicule and sneers of Christendom; Cortez and Pizarro
conquered kingdoms and empires, and enriched Europe by their chivalry
and prowess; great armies flocked to the standards of DeLeon, Narvaez
and DeSoto, laughing, in their enthusiasm, at all obstacles and perils.
"It was," as Irving says, "poetry in action; it was the knight-errantry
of the Old World carried into the depth of the American wilderness; in
deed, the personal adventures, the feats of individual prowess, the pictur
esque descriptions of steel-clad cavaliers, with lance and helm and pranc
ing steed, glittering through the wildernesses of Florida, Georgia and Ala
bama, and the prairies of the far West, would seem to us mere fictions of
romance did they not come to us recorded in matter-of-fact narratives of
contemporaries, and corroborated by minute and daily memoranda of eye
witnesses." Then there were scores of others, mad with will and energy and ro
mantic aspirations, breasting a hundred crushing storms and conquering
a thousand incredible obstacles in their resolute marches through unknown
wildernesses, and among treacherous and implacable savages.
The pioneers of Arizona were animated, not so much by romantic en
thusiasm, as a steady purpose to subdue the wilds to the purposes of civ
ilization, and make them theirs. Their chivalry was the rough-hewn hon
esty of the frontiers, which maintained inviolate the sacred principles of
free government. Conscious of ultimate victory, and foreseeing the day
when civilized homes would form a living chain from ocean to ocean, they
eagerly sought the vanguard; they were Americans and aspired to be, as
they should be, the first in everything that conduces to the grandeur or
welfare of their country. There was no vain glory in their march, no steel-
clad cavaliers, with lance and helm and prancing steed — no dreams of
Fountains of Youth or El Dorado. They sought a new field for their irre
pressible energy, the opportunity to found a new commonwealth, and they
were as brave a body of men as ever attempted to found a civilized state.
Never in the history of the world did man have to contend against as
formidable a foe as did the Arizona pioneers. Harassed on all sides by the
relentless Apache, cut off from civilization by the desert plains of New
Mexico and California, they lived a life of constant warfare and privation,
a few determined men against hordes of savage foes.

28 Treasure Land.
To recount their hardships, the scenes of bloody strife and savage am
bush, is not within our power; they are recorded in the unwritten history
of Arizona. Many of these hardy settlers fell victims to Indian cunning,
and the finding of a few bleached bones in after years was all the record
left of their taking off. Their ranks grew thinner and thinner as the years
rolled by, but still they persevered in their purpose to make Arizona a home
for their race.
All over Arizona there are found to-day remnants of the dauntless band
enjoying the glory of successful achievement. Gray-bearded and bent, per
haps, but still hearty old fellows, and foremost in everything that tends
to carry their good work along. Out of their ranks come men fitted for
every public duty. They are among our best citizens and prosperous busi
ness men.
They have seen the territory transformed from a desolate waste to one
of the most fertile lands on earth; they reflect on the past, see through the
dim years scenes of strife and hardship where now reign peace and pros
perity, and with the dew of recollection in their eyes cry, "Advance, Ari
zona!" In the year 1824, a party of 100 hardy and adventurous
The First frontiersmen set out from Kentucky upon a trapping
expedition to the headwaters of the Arkansas river.
Pioneers. After many romantic adventures in New Mexico, the
party dispersed, but a few of the boldest spirits under
took to reach the Pacific coast. They spent one winter at the headwaters
of the Gila river, and the next spring trapped down the river to its con
fluence with the Colorado, where Yuma now stands. Here they em
barked their canoes on the turbid waters of the Colorado and drifted
down to the Gulf of California, whence they crossed the peninsula to
San Diego. Here two of the party, Sylvester Pattie and his son, James,
were imprisoned by the Mexican commandant, and after a long and cruel
confinement the elder Pattie died. His son James was then released and
found his way back to civilization. He published a book giving an
account of his adventures, although Col. Poston claims that he was never
heard of after his release from prison.
The late Pauline Weaver, a trapper from Tennessee, was at the Casa
Grande, near the present site of Florence, in 1832. He was the original
discoverer of the famous gold placers near Antelope peak, about forty
miles south of Preseott, and remained in Arizona till his death a few
years ago.
During the Mexican war, a number of scouting parties and messen
gers passed through the Territory, and a few trappers, guides and hun
ters of American and half-breed birth penetrated the country.
Felix Aubrey made several trips into the Tonto basin, the Gila valley,
the Santa Rita mountains and other portions of the Territory; Capt. John
Moss penetrated the cafions of the Great and Little Colorado, and Capt.
Adams explored the same river.
The cession of Arizona and New Mexico north of the Gila river was
consummated February 2. 3848, and the balance of these Territories was
acquired under the Gadsden Purchase, December 30, 1853.
The United States Boundary Commission (1849-51) was the first body
of Americans, known to the country at large, which entered the borders
of Arizona. After the discovery of gold in California, the valley of the Gila became
a highway for the more daring and adventurous of those who, from 1849
on, made their way across the continent by the southern route.
In 1854, Col. C. D. Poston landed at Navachiste, in the Mexican state
of Sinaloa, and explored the country as far as Sonoita, and thence through
the Papago country to Gila Bend, Fort Yuma and San Diego.

The Story of the Sim-Kissed Land. 29
In August, 1856, an exploring party outfitted at San Antonio, Tex.,
and after a perilous journey reached Tubac, and proceeded, under the
direction of Col. Poston, to examine the rich silver mines' reported to
exist in the mountains.
In the latter part' of 3857 the San Antonio and San Diego semi-monthly
stage line was established and this continued until the following year,
when the Butterfield semi-weekly line was put on. The usual time was
twenty-two days from St. Louis to San Francisco, and until the out
break of the civil war there was not a single break in the service.
Among the earliest scientific explorers were Prof. W. P. Blake and
Herman Ehrenberg. Prof. Blake was in charge of the government geologi
cal survey, and is now director of the Mining School of the University
of Arizona. Ehrenberg remained in the Territory while Poston visited
Washington City, and until he returned across the plains in 1856 with
a colony of Americans and Germans, who settled in Tubac and engaged
in mining. Col. Poston attracted capital to the extent of nearly a million dollars
in the development of mines, and the exploitations were in a promising
condition when in 1861 the exigencies of the civil war caused the with
drawal of the Federal troops and the temporary abandonment of the Ter
ritory. In 1857 efforts were made to secure civil government, but were un
successful. On February 27, 1862, a company of Texan guerillas, under Capt.
Hunter, reached Tucson and took possession of the place and held it
until the advance of the California column in May warned them to retire.
The Apaches, ignorant of our domestic disturbances, believed tnat they
had stampeded the white population and evinced a desire to take posses
sion of everything, lt was perilous to go a mile away from the Avails
of Tucson, and outlying settlements were entirely abandoned.
Union rule was reestablished in 1863, and on the 24th of February of
the same year the organic act creating the Territory of Arizona was passed.
Its history since then has been one of incessant struggle with the
savage Apa«he up to their absolute overthrow less than a decade ago.
Since then it has become more prosperous every year, and now claims
a population of 100,000 and all the elements necessary to entitle it to
become a sovereign state. Here the artist aimed to depict action, and, in a
measure anticipated the invention of the kinet-
oscope. The figure to the right represents a
serpent coiled, but ready to spring forth on the
slightest provocation ; the middle one is the same
serpent in the act of striking the indefinite object
on the extreme left
The writer puzzled over this picture for more than an hour, op
pressed with an idea that it meant more than appeared on the surface,
and as he was about to despair of penetrating its occult significance, the
whole truth was revealed.
It is marvelous; astonishing! All that the observer has to do is to
fix his gaze upon the picture, then a rapid movement of the head from
side to side causes the coiled serpent to unwind and dart against the
object to the left.
How many generations of Indians stood before this wonderful achieve
ment and wriggled their heads, before modern science discovered this
method of enabling eager millions to witness a prize fight without going
to see it?

}?Jki^ a

30 Treasure Land.
The following panegyric on the men who pioneered the
wilderness of Arizona is from the pen of the Hon. Chas.
Old Times. A. Shibell, county recorder, who came here in the early
part of 1862 and has been prominent and distinguished
in public life ever since:
"My thoughts instinctively surge back to the old times, when our
days were days of watching and our nights seldom brought us rest. It
travels back, and the mile-stones are the bloody graves of innumerable
friends and companions who fell by the merciless hand of the Apache.
Their names will now have no more significance to the world than those
on the heastones in the cemetery of a strange land, but to the pioneers
who shared their hardships and live to glory in their memory, each once
familiar name will reveal the stirring scenes they shared. In those days
we were a band of brothers. The strife for honor, position and wealth
carried little weight with us and friendship meant all the word implies;
and even yet, though selfish career may, seemingly, drive us apart, yet,
when the occasion requires, the bond of fealty asserts itself, and the
love between us proves as strong as in the early days, when a simple
'good-bye' meant an eternal farewell. Such were, and are, the pioneers,
and their deeds cannot perish from the earth. They live in spirit and
speak to the hearts of future generations, noble examples of what man
will do for man. The pioneer, schooled in the passive as well as the
active virtues, disciplined in patience, fortitude and self control, learned the
highest lesson this life can teach — the cheerful readiness to try again."
There were probably several American flags in Arizona
The First before this particular one, but this had a right to un
furl its glorious colors to the breeze.
Flag. Arizona had just become attached to Uncle Sam, like
a patch to his coat tails, by virtue of the Gadsden Pur
chase, and the Americans residing in Tucson celebrated the occasion by
hoisting Old Glory under the shadows of Sentinel peak. The Mexican
garrison evacuated Tucson in February, 1855, and hauled down the Eagle
and Cactus as they marched away. The Americans quickly lashed several
long mesquite poles together for a flagstaff and unfurled the starry banner
to the breeze and saluted it with rousing cheers as it rose.
The commander of the Mexican troops demanded that the flag be
lowered until his men had reached the frontier, but the Americans de
clined to obey, and being well armed and determined to maintain their
right to fly the flag they loved, the matter was dropped.
There are two different accounts of the affair which can not be har
monized. One is to the effect that a real flag was furnished by Edward
Miles, and the other, equally 'as well substantiated, claims that no flag
could be obtained and three handkerchiefs of the proper color were knotted
iogether. The Among the more interesting and exciting episodes of the
Trahh ante-bellum period was the ill-starred Crabb expedition.
^ a In 1856, Gandara was the legally elected Governor
Expedition. of the Mexican state of Sonora, and as his political
opponent, Ygnacio Pesquiera, could not manipulate the
returns, he raised a revolt. Henry A. Crabb met Pesquiera and proposed
to him to bring down a force of 1,000 armed Americans to emphasize his
demand for a recount. Crabb's reward was to be a strip of territory
across the northern frontier of Sonora, and the armed Americans were to
be considered as colonists, the assumption being that a sufficient number
of ingenious artisans would be introduced to transform the instruments
of death into peaceful implements of husbandry.

The Story of ihe Sim-Kissed Land. 31
Crabb found no trouble in gathering his colonists in California, and at
once marched via Yuma to Filibusters' Camp, on the Gila. The main
body stayed here to recruit the animals, while the leader set forward
with an advance guard of 100 men.
Meanwhile Pesquiera had settled the Ganda ra matter, and the Crabb
expedition was being used against him by his enemies to destroy the
fruits of his victory. Being an accomplished politician, Pesquiera
promptly denied any complicity with Ciabb, and to effectually establish
his innocence roused the State against him, besieged him at Caborca, and
after a desperate fight, killed or captured the whole party.
The prisoners were promptly executed, and Pesquiera remitted poor
Crabb's head to the City of Mexico as a proof of his intense loyalty to
his country and his undying hatred of foreign interference. The main
body of Crabb's party, hearing of his death, threw up their commissions
and returned to private life.
When the news of Crabb's imminent clanger reached Tucson, a party
of twenty-seven Americans organized and started to his relief, but ar
rived too late, and had to fight their way back against overwhelming
numbers.

m*

This was found on a stone facing the west, whence we
infer that it is a vivid representation of sunset : the artist,
with a cunning that strikes us with amazement, adroitly
reversing the position of the rays, in order to distinguish it
from another masterpiece portraying a sunrise.
The difficulty of distinguishing between these two phenomena, so
nearly alike in all respects, has troubled artists of every age, but the
untutored Indian, whose name and race are lost to history, offers a solu
tion that our modern artists can avail themselves of without any sacrifice
of professional pride. The first printing press was brought into the territory
Thp First from °nio alm set up in Tubac> tnen one oi tue mo^
c important settlements. The editor was Col. Cross, a
Newspaper. fire-eating veteran of the Mexican war, who anticipated
modern methods of increasing circulation by beginning
a series of virulent attacks upon Lieut. Sylvester Mowry-
As the colonel had the only printing outfit in the country, the lieu
tenant could not retaliate by printing an alleged portrait of his tradueer
in an opposition paper, and was therefore compelled to send him a chal
lenge, which was accepted.
The weapons were Burnside rifles, and the principals, who stood eighty
paces apart, were seconded by Grant Oury for Mowry and John W.
Donaldson for Cross. The first two exchanges of shots disappointed both
parties, and on the third, Mowry's weapon refused to operate. The code
was then invoked in Mowry's behalf and he was accorded another dis
charge. Col. Cross folded his arms and calmly waited, having probably
concluded that if two professional fighters couldn't hit a mark in five
shots the chances were good for a miss on the sixth.
Mowry raised his rifle, ably assisted by his second, and after wobbling
it around until it covered the earth, took a snap shot at the firmament.
Thus was The Arizonian introduced to the world! But as an ad
vertising scheme the duel was not a success, and The Arizonian failed
to flourish. Mowry afterwards purchased it himself and moved it to
Tucson, where it was edited by J. Howard Mills, who was also a justice
of the peace. Mills soon retired, and in his farewell address to an un-
appreciative public, delicately alluded to the fact that his derringer could
be purchased at less than eost.

32 Treasure Land.
u„™ thfl Col. C. D. Poston, who is a brilliant raconteur and has
HOW ine a strong UUDDiing sense of humor, gives in his remin-
TerritOryWas iscenses the following account of the preliminary wire-
nrtr-itiiypd pulling that led to the organization of the territory:
urgamzea. „^t the meeting of congress in December, 1862, I
returned to Washington, made friends with Lincoln, and proposed the
organization of Arizona.
Oury was in Richmond, cooling his heels in the ante-chambers ot the
Confederate Congress, without gaining admission as a delegate from
Arizona; Mowry was a prisoner in Yuma, cooling his head from the
political fever which had afflicted it, and meditating on the decline and
fall of a West Point graduate. There was no other person in Washing
ton, save Gen. Heintzelman, who took any interest in Arizona affairs;
they had something else to occupy their attention, and did not even know
where Arizona was. Old Ben AVade, chairman of the senate committee
on territories, took a lively and bold interest in the organization of the
territory, and Ashley, chairman of the committee in the house, told me
how to' accomplish the object. He said there were a number of members
of the expiring congress who had been defeated in their own districts
for the next term, who wanted to go West and offer their political serv
ices, and if they could be grouped and a satisfactory slate made, they
would have influence enough to carry the bill through congress.
Consequently an 'oyster supper' was organized, to which the 'lame
ducks' were invited, and then and there the slate was made, and the Ter
ritory was virtually organized. Towards the last it occurred to my ob-
fusticated brain that my name did not appear on the slate, and I ex
claimed, in the language of Daniel Webster: 'Gentlemen, what is to
become of me?' Gourley politely replied: 'Oh, we'll make you Indian
agent' So the bill passed, Lincoln signed all the commissions, the oyster
supper was paid for, and Arizona launched on the political sea."
r rnmpnt Money was easily made when the California volunteers
bOVernmem came t0 Tucson m ig63. Barley brought ten cents a
Hay pound and was hard to get at any price.
in 1 R£^ ^e Quartermaster's office used to be about where
in J ooj. the New Qrndorff hotel now stands and the scales stood
just outside.
On one occasion Billy Bowers learned that the quartermaster was short
on barley and that Nick Chambers had all there was in town, about a
wagon load. Billy hunted up the quartermaster and contracted to de
liver ten loads at a high figure, the grain to be weighed on the scales and
then delivered at the corral half a mile away. Being an ignorant frontiers
man he didn't want any vouchers or other red tape about the business,
and insisted upon receiving cash for each load as it was weighed.
Having arranged these preliminaries to his satisfaction, he began busi
ness by borrowing a team from Nick Chambers and the use of his load
of barley. Loading it on the quartermaster's scales he received its
value and reloaded again. He ought to have taken it to the corral
according to contract, but seeing that it was only borrowed he didn't
feel that it was right to do this, besides a little more weighing wouldn'l
hurt it in the least, so making a detour he returned it to the scales and
received another payment for it. He was again on the horns of a di
lemma. If he took the grain to the corral he was disposing of property
that didn't belong to him, and if, on the other hand, he failed to deliver
ten loads to the government, he violated his contract. Billy solved the
problem by weighing the barley ten times and then returning it to its
owner, a trifle the worse for handling but still merchantable. Half an

The Story of the Sun-Kissed Land. 33
hour afterwards he was on the road to Tubac and has not been heard of
since. Nick Chambers swore that he was not privy to the scheme, and be
lieved the barley had been borrowed just to give the animals a smell
of decent food, but as he was reputed to be a shrewd trader, the popular
verdict was against him.
Hank and Yank, as well as others, coined money on hay contracts. If
they didn't get two or three heavyweight teamsters on the scales for
good measure it was because the scales were fixed otherwise. Up at a
camp near Maricopa y built a stone corral with the rocks that came
in the hay. The story would be incomplete without a reference to
jn Dr. J. C Handy, whose untimely death about six
. years ago appeared to be a public calamity. Dr.
Memonam. W. H. Fenner was for several years associated with
him in the practice of medicine and refers to him as a
man whose strong character impressed itself on all who met him. His
enemies exaggerated his vices, and those who loved him, and they were
many, never realized the half of his virtues. He came to the Territory
as an army surgeon, but resigned and began the practice of medicine in
Tucson. He was principal surgeon for The Southern Pacific Railroad
Company from the time the line was opened for traffic until his death.
He was active in all public matters and occupied several public positions.
He would have led in his profession anywhere, and his reputation here
has never been excelled. His death brought sorrow to many a house
hold and even his enemies grieved to see him go.

V

***

This is a quadruped, but of what species
can not be absolutely determined. The ex-
cresences on the head might be horns, but
from the appearance of the other end we
incline to the belief that the artist had a
coyote in his mind when he finished his
labors.This is unquestionably a horned toad de
picted in the act of walking up a rock to
catch a fly, and is a very creditable per
formance.* The triple serpent was a favorite combination
with the rock-carver, and evidently has some
esoteric significance. It is scarcely possible
that it was intended to represent pictorially
the scientific fact that three of a hind beat
two pair, and yet there is no more probable
explanation offered.
In the year 1870 the Pinal and Arivaipa Apaches were
CamD Grant placed upon a reservation arouud old Camp Grant, at the
junction of the San Pedro and Arivaipa, about fifty-five
Massacre. miles from Tucson, in charge of civil agents, but these
proving unsatisfactory, Lieut. Royal E. Whitman, of the
United States Third cavalry, was assigned as agent. Being a thrifty per
son, he quickly realized the money-making possibilities of his position and
left the Indians to follow their own inclination while he pursued his. The
Indians soon began to plunder and murder the settlers within a radius of
100 miles, finding succor and protection with the agent, who was applying
the same commercial principles in a more civilized manner. The citizens

34 Treasure Land.
organized and appealed to Gen. Stoneman, department commander, who
was then encamped on the Gila river, near Florence, but he would do
nothing and suggested that the citizens should protect themselves. The
depredations and outrages continued, and in April, 1871, it was determined
to make a raid on the Camp Grant Indians who were known to be the
principal depredators. The avenging band rendezvoused on the Rillito op
posite San Xavier, under the leadership of the late Hon. W. S. Oury and
Jes. M. Elias, and comprised ninety-two Papago Indians, forty-eight Mex
icans and six Americans; the eighty-two Americans who had solemnly
pledged themselves to be ready at any moment for the campaign being rep
resented by the above insignificant number. A wagon with arms, ammuni
tion and stores was provided by the Hon. J. B. Allen, then adjutant gen
eral of the territory, an act of official courtesy that the old general can
safely attach his name to at this late date. Mr. Oury took the precaution
to send a note back to Tucson addressed to the late H. S. Stevens, urging
him to send a party to a point on the road to Camp Grant, with instructions
to stop any and all travelers, and without this precaution the raid would
have been a failure.
The party started before daylight and reached the San Pedro bottoms
on the morning of April 29, where it remained till nightfall. As soon as it
was dark the march was resumed, the intention being to strike the enemy's
camp at midnight, but the distance had been miscalculated and they did
not reach it till the early morning. The attack was so swift and fierce that
within half an hour the whole work was ended and not an adult Indian
left to tell the tale. Some twenty-eight or thirty small papooses were
spared and brought to Tucson. Not a single man of the party was in
jured, and at eight o'clock on the bright morning of April 30, 1871, the
little band breakfasted on the San Pedro, a few miles above the post, with
the full satisfaction of a work well done.
This is the portrait of a mighty bowman in the act of
perceiving an enemy. The left hand is upraised to inform his
followers (so far behind that the artist could not introduce them
to the public) of his desire to cope with the foe unaided and alone.
The curves of his limbs portray his firm resolution, just as the
unusual length of bow proclaims his giant strength. His extra
ordinary girth shows his importance, and the elongation of the
neck indicates the ambitious character of his mind. This is the
most striking and successful attempt at portraiture to be met
with on the rocks, and in naturalrfbss of treatment surpasses
samples of early Egyptian art, which often tire with their absurd
conventionalism. We are indebted to Mr. Harry D. Foreman, son of the
late S. W. Foreman, who made the first survey of
1870-1871 . Tucson, for copies of letters written by his father in 3870-
71, and regret that lack of space prevents us from giving
them to our readers entire.
In one letter he speaks of the richness of the Santa Cruz and other val
leys south of Tucson, and says: "The soil is very rich; the Santa Cruz, a
large, rapid stream, with many tributaries, winding through valuable tim
ber, grazing and agricultural lands. Four or more men, armed with re
volvers, accompany one team when plowing, and the plow is adorned with
a gun strapped to it. Every house is a fort and, notwithstanding these
precautions, stock is frequently stolen, and scores of graves attest the fell
work of the savage.
"On Monday a small band of Indians stole some stock from a ranch
twelve miles south of Tucson. A small party went in pursuit and recap
tured the stock, after killing one Indian.

The Story of the Sun-Kissed Land. 3">
"Yesterday the Indians attacked McKensey's ranch, on the San Pedro,
murdered him and drove off his stock. A party of settlers followed and
overtook them, and found them reinforced by about 100 from the military
feeding posts. In the fight that followed, H. C. Long, Owry Chapin and
Egcard Unter were killed, and the Indians escaped."
The first American store was opened in Tucson, March
An Historical ^' 1856, by Mr. Solomon Warner, who is still living.
. The population of the town at that time was about 400
Brief. Mexicans and fifty Americans. The first stage coach ran
out of Tucson in 1858, and in February, 1859, the first
newspaper published in Arizona made its appearance at Tubac, under the
name of the Weekly Arizonian, with Col. E. Cross as editor. The Territory of
Arizona was regularly organized December 29, 1863. The Southern Pacific
railroad reached Tucson, April 15, 1880.
The city of Tucson was duly organized in 1871, with the following
officers: S. R. DeLong, mayor; Hiram S. Stevens, treasurer; W. J. Osborn,
assessor and recorder, and Samuel Hughes, W. W. Williams. C. O. Brown
and Wm. S. Oury, councilmen. Of these, Hiram Stevens and W. S. Oury
have passed away, but the rest are with us.
In this picture we are introduced to some of the mysteries of ancient
religious rites.
Here is a priest, or medicine-man, with one hand on his
hip to express confidence in his own powers, while with
right arm upraised he exorcises the evil spirit indicated by
the figure to the left. The spirit is troubled and anxious to
go, but is held by the priest's magnetic glare until the
audience (not shown in the picture) is convinced that there
is no deception.
It has been suggested that the bar between the limbs is an effort to
realize a Masonic apron, but there is really no reason for supposing that
the ancient Indian carried any Masonic secrets about him.
Like the ancient Phoenicians, this primitive race immolated false
prophets on their own altars, and in order to prevent them from absconding,
when their exorcisms failed, shackled their limbs. This is a practice that
could be revived to advantage among our own people.
The man who was most instrumental in bringing about
The COChise a treaty of Peace with the Chiricahua Apaches was the
Hon. Fred. Hughes, to whom we are indebted for the
Outbreak. following account of the cause of the first outbreak, in
1860:
Capt. Richard Ewell, called "Baldy Ewell," who afterwards distin
guished himself in the Confederate service, was succeeded in command of
Fort Buchanan, at the head of the Sonoita valley, sixty-five miles from
Tucson, by Col. Morrison, with two companies of the Seventh infantry.
A short time after he assumed command, a settler in the Sonoita valley,
named Ward, came to the Fort and complained that the Indians had stolen
some of his horses and mules and a Mexican boy whom he had adopted.
Lieut. Bascom was sent with a detachment to Apache pass, one of Cochise's
strongholds, with instructions to recover and bring back the stolen prop
erty and the boy, if they could be found. Bascom had just graduated from
West Point, and was as deficient in judgment as he was totally ignorant
of Indian character. He met Cochise at the Pass and stated the object of
his mission, but the chief, who was then at peace with the Americans, re
plied that neither the stock nor the boy had been taken by his band, but he
would try to discover where they were and, if possible, have them returned.

30 Treasure Land.
Next day Bascom invited Cochise and his brother and two nephews to
a "big talk," and they came at the appointed time without suspecting any
evil. The Lieutenant informed his dusky guests that he would hold them
as hostages until the property and the boy were delivered up, and con
signed them under guard to a tent. Upon realizing that he was a prisoner,
the Apache chieftain sent forth the war cry of his tribe and, drawing a long
knife, slashed open the side of the tent and sprang out, followed by his
brother. A desperate hand-to-hand struggle with the soldiers then began,
during which Cochise received a bayonet wound in the knee, and was
seized by a powerful infantryman. The agile chief freed himself from the
grasp of his assailant and fled to the hills.
Lieut. Bascom, fearing trouble as the result of his action, retired with
his troops to the mail station, of which they took possession.
Next day Cochise appeared and demanded an assurance from Bascom
that the prisoners had not been killed. This the Lieutenant refused to give,
and Cochise rode off to his people. In the valley they encountered two
Americans, named Wallace and Lyons, whom they took prisoners, and
offered to surrender in exchange for the nephews of Cochise. Notwith
standing the appeals of the two men, the exchange was refused and the
poor fellows were led back to be tortured. Next day another effort to
exchange was made, and still refused. The two captured Americans
pleaded their sufferings without avail, and at last urged the Lieutenant to
order his men to shoot them, so that they might be spared further suffer
ing. To this also he turned a deaf ear and sheltered himself and his men
behind the walls of the station. At a favorable moment Lyons, who was
a powerful man, tore himself loose from the two Indians that held
him and succeeded in scaling the outer wall of the station, when he was
shot by the soldiers, who, in their confusion, mistook him for an Apache.
Finding that no peaceful measures would prevail, and to strike terror
into the hearts of his adversaries, a rope was thrown around the neck of
the remaining captive and he was dragged to death in plain view of his
countrymen. That evening signal fires flashed from the surrounding mountains, and
next morning a thousand warriors surrounded the mail station, and if
speedy reinforcements had not arrived from Buchanan and Breckenridge,
not a man would have escaped.
The captured Indians were taken to a point near the western end of
the pass and there hanged from the limbs of an oak tree, and the troops
returned home, having begun the first act in the drama of blood and rapine
which desolated Southern Arizona for nearly fifteen years.
After the breaking out of the civil war all the forts were abandoned,
and Arizona left without military protection until the arrival of the Cali
fornia column, in June, 1862.
Mr. Hughes was acting Indian agent for the Chiricahuas after peace
was concluded by Gen. Howard, and received the above particulars from
Cochise himself, which he afterwards verified from other sources.
He describes Cochise as a remarkable Indian, who would have made
his mark among men had his lot been cast in a more fortunate sphere of
life. In conversation he was very pleasant, and to his family and intimate
friends he was more affectionate than the average white man; he showed
nothing of the brutish nature generally attributed to him. It was aston
ishing to see the power he had over this brutal tribe, for while they almost
worshipped him, no man was ever more feared, his glance being enough
to squelch the most obstreperous member of the tribe. He admired cour
age even in his enemies, and has been known to weep over the body of a
brave American, and regret the necessity for his death.
His death was deeply lamented by his tribe, and the best informed
Americans regretted it, for they knew that it meant a revival of warfare.

The Story of the Sun-Kisssd Land.

37

Cochise Liked
Whiskey.

Just about the time that Gen. Howard concluded a
peace with the Apache chief, Cochise, and appointed
Capt. Jeffords agent, Mr. H. C. Hooker, of Sierra Bonita,
received word that some Texas cattle were being held
for him on the Rio Miembres. All his horses and mules
that had not been stolen by the Indians were unfit for service, and learning
that Capt. Jaffords was with Cochise in the Dragoon mountains and had two
fine mules, he rode over with one of his men to see if he could borrow or
buy them. Upon reaching the Indian camp he was seized and carried be
fore the renowned chief, who, through an interpreter, informed him that
Capt. Jeffords had gone; the mules, however, were there, but he could not
have them. He had some animals of his own that he would trade off for
ten gallons of good whisky, and asked Mr. Hooker to give him an order
for that amount of whisky on a well-known merchant in Tucson. Mr.
Hooker was curious to know how he could get the whisky on the order.
"Umph!" said Cochise, "I have among my people those who can go any
where and clothes to suit the character they play, from a soldier to a Mex
ican vaquero!" Mr. Hooker refused to give the order, but was allowed to
depart in peace. During the Indian troubles in Arizona it was a common
remark that "the soldiers never found the Indians till
the Indians found them," and the truth of this was sus
tained by the facts. Not all of the critics, however, knew
that this was the result of the perfect system of sig
nalling used by the Indians, by means of which they were able to telegraph
information from Mojave to the Rio Grande. Every mountain peak was
a sentinel post, each prepared with bundles of hay arranged in such a
manner that when one end of a bundle was lighted the smoke bore it up in
the air like a balloon. The code was based upon a numerical system, and
the signals were understood and repeated from peak to peak and the move
ments of the troops faithfully reported.

Indian
Signals.

Footprints on the
Sands of Time.

Whether the archa^opteryx macroura was a bird-like rep
tile or a reptilian bird, is a question that may worry
geologists, but is never likely to give any of our readers
a headache. It will, however, interest them to learn that
at some time in the Jurassic period they walked on the
shores of unlocated lakes or seas in the vicinity of Tucson.
There are no seas here now, and the only lakes we have are too modern
to cover the case, but the footprints of the reptilian bird or the evoluting
reptile are found imprinted on the stone slabs with which some of our
sidewalks are veneered.
We do not, however, wish the reader to infer that Tucson is so old that
the Arehee (for short) walked its streets in the Jurassic or Triassic periods.
These footprints show strongest on the slabs in front of the office of the
Tucson Daily Citizen, and forcibly suggest the advantages to be derived
from advertising with both feet if you wish to make a permanent impres
sion on the sands of time.
This has been taken for a landscape and a kitchen
interior, but it is neither. It represents the Deluge, as
plain as rock-painting art can do so, and opens up a
vista of possibilities that dazzle and bewilder the mind
of the savant.
The double canoe at the bottom is the ark, the
artist being limited by his experience, in portraying the
great vessel. He realized that Noah and his family
would keep out of the rain and hence does not attempt to

38 Treasure Land.
represent them. The apparent tadpole is a sea serpent disporting on the
distant wave, and the candelabra in the center is the tree of life rising
out of the waters, while the unfinished base suggests the uncertainty of
land tenure. The spectacled fire iron on the right is the great god of
storms smiling with both eyes upon the new-rising earth. Even the
dove is not forgotten entirely, his head appearing above the ark.
If we had any doubts as to the origin of this people, this picture
should settle them. It has been claimed that every primitive people had
its tradition of a deluge, but this is the Deluge of Noah and no other.

An erroneous impression prevails that our Spanish-Ameri-
A Tvnical oan c'tizens are a drawback to our advancement; that they
' . are ignorant, bigoted and unprogressive. While this may
Spanish,- be true of tnerr lowest class, as it is of our own, they
American. average well in intelligence and the highest quality of
citizenship. We reckon among them many of our best
people, some of whom have attained eminence in public life and enjoy the
respect and confidence of all classes. In the early days they stood shoulder
to shoulder with us to repel the murderous Apache, and now, in the time
of peace, they keep step in the march of progress.
Among those who have become distinguished, ihe Hon. M. G. Samaniego
stands in the front rank, being identified with every progressive movement
that has taken place during the last thirty years. During the Indian up
risings, his business of freighting for the government military posts exposed
him to constant loss and peril. He was a member of the jury empaneled to
try the actors in the Fort Grant massacre. He was the first assessor elected
in Pima county, has served four terms in the city council and four on
the board of county supervisors, represented the county in the legislature
and was appointed one of the first regents of the university. At present he
is a member of the board of supervisors, regent of the university, trustee of
the Catholic cathedral, a leading member of the Spanish-American society,
and charter member of the Philarmonic club. These distinctions are cited
merely to show our reader the high esteem we entertain for our Spanish-
American citizens, and this is no solitary instance of our appreciation.
Mr. Samaniego suffered much from the Indians in early days, and lost
his brother at Willow Springs, Graham county, as late as 1881, together with
all his freighting stock. His energy was undaunted by reverses and he
made new opportunities until he acquired more than he had lost. He is now
one of our largest property owners and is interested in stock raising and
other industries. As proprietor of the principal stage lines in the county,
running regularly to Oro Blanco, Arivaca, Nogales and Mammoth, he is in
close touch with our resources, and pronounces them unapproachable. As
a. prominent member of the Society of Arizona Pioneers, he links the past
with the present and shares the glory of the upbuilding of the future com
monwealth of Arizona. On the 1st of January next, Tucson will be entitled to free
mail delivery under the postal regulations, and this fact
Thirty Years has reminded Mr. W. W. Williams, the reliable real estate
^„.Qi and insurance agent, of the postal facilities thirty years
ago. Mr. Williams was a member of the old firm of Lord
& Williams, one of the pioneer merchandising and banking
establishments of Arizona. In 18G4 there were no regular mail facilities, and
private letters only reached here through the courtesy of the army officers,
and when there happened to be room in the mail pouches for them. Mr. Wil
liams instances as a case of rapid transit a letter mailed in New York, Oc
tober 3, which reached Cerro Colorado May 31 of the following year. The
mails were carried by express riders, who were often stopped by Indians,
and on such occasions everything, including the mail carrier, went to a dead
letter office not established by the government.

The Story of the Sun-Kissed Land. 39
Transportation was equally precarious. Merchandise was brought over
land from California or by steamer to the Gulf, up the river to Yuma, and
thence by wagon to Tucson, at a cost of twenty cents per pound in gold,
greenbacks being worth only forty-five cents. Goods from the East by ox-
wagons through New Mexico cost about the same, and required from ten to
twelve months for the trip. Nevertheless, the old firm of Lord & Williams
carried a stock of nearly $200,000 and controlled the chief trade of Southern
Arizona and Sonora. In 1867, Tucson was a typical frontier town, with a popula
tion of about 1,300, of whom not less than 1,000 were Mex-
Further icans. The chief industry was the furnishing of supplies
Particulars. to the government at exorbitant prices. The paymaster ar
rived every six months and for a short time money was
plentiful. Gambling was a. recognized profession, and the
money was concentrated so swiftly that in a few weeks currency disappeared
from general circulation and vouchers took its place. The code of honor
was supreme, and a common danger made men fearless and resolute. A
man's life was not safe a mile from town, for the Apache claimed to rule the
suburbs absolutely. Every inducement was held out to them to preserve
the peace, and they made many promises of good behaviour, none of which
they kept longer than was necessary to gather a new stock of ammunition
and recruit their forces.
This condition of. affairs culminated in the so-called Fort Grant massacre,
further particulars of which have been furnished us by the Hon. Sam. H.
Drachman, who reached Tucson, September 4, 1867.
"I had a contract to deliver 1,000 tons of hay at old Camp Grant when
the trouble began, and had a. great deal of it stacked when peace was ar
ranged, and the Indians signaled to outlying bands by setting my stacks on
fire. The murdering of settlers went on just the same, however, and the
people of Tucson were finally so aroused that they determined to take mat
ters into their own hands.
William Oury, since deceased, wrote to me to call upon Lieut. Whit
man and request him to stop giving passes to the Indians. I did so, but no
attention was paid to my request, and I so informed Mr. Oury.
The result was that » force of 150 men, Americans, Mexicans and Papago
Indians, was quietly organized and marched to Old Fort Grant, arriving
there at the break of day. Negotiations were opened with the Apaches by a
deadly fusilade that made 193 good Indians, and there being no more to
negotiate with, the party retraced their steps to Tucson.
As soon as the authorities at Washington were informed of the 'mas
sacre,' an official was sent out to prosecute all concerned. Warrants were
issued for the majority of the participants and they were brought to trial.
The trial lasted thirty days and resulted, as might have been expected, in a
verdict of 'Not Guilty,' the presumption being that the Apaches had com
mitted suicide.
This sudden retribution brought peace to Southern Arizona for a num
ber of years, and struck terror into the heart of the cowardly Apache."
In 1867 there were about half a dozen stores in Tucson,
well stocked with all kinds of merchandise, but the prices
Prices in were not the popular ones of. to-day by any means, for it
18?8. took from three to twelve months to replenish the stocks.
Hon. Sam. H. Drachman gives us some quotations on
staple articles, as follows:
Coal oil, $8 per gallon; sugar, 75 cents per pound; coffee, $1.50; common
soap, 50 cents a bar; calicoes, 50 cents a yard, and other goods In proportion.
The advent of the railroad changed all this, and at the present time
eastern prices generally prevail.

10

Treasure Land.

San Xavier Hotel: 1. Side View.
2. Dining Room.
3. Bar.

A sarcastical philosopher, who had traveled extensively,
remarked that, "Any one can run a hotel," because he
Here the found that nearly everyone tried to do it. We know, how-
Weary Rest. ever, that the business calls for the possession of rare
abilities and long experience, and only a few really achieve
success in it. While we can not compete in size and
style, or 'even in prices, with the Eastern hotel, the traveler who visits
Tucson will find ample and pleasant accommodation.
The San Xavier hotel, at the depot of the Southern Pacific railroad, has
everything to recommend it, and the proprietor, Capt. J. H. Tevis, is one
of the most genial hosts that ever lived. He came to Arizona in 1857, one
year before the overland stage began to run; commanded the first regiment
of rangers raised in Arizona, and had charge of the perilous station at
Apache pass. He founded the town of Teviston (Bowie station), and has
been actively engaged in mining, merchandising and hotel-keeping for all
the years he has been here.
He assumed charge of the San Xavier, May 22, 1897, and with his ac
customed energy, entirely refurnished the capacious dining room, and made
other changes that add materially to the comfort and elegance of the es
tablishment. The hotel is situated on the highest point of the city and
commands a fine view of the pine-clad Santa Catalinas and Santa Ritas, and
an almost endless vista of undulating mesa, from the balconies.
The accompanying views will give the reader a better idea of the hotel
and its situation can can be conveyed in words.

Life is Pleasant

AND

Here are Treasures or Health.

1. Sabino Canyon, near Tucson.
2. La Ventana, Summit of Sta. Catalina Mts.
3. Silver Lake, near Tucson.

Oh, bear me away to that favored clime,
Where Life reclines on the lap of Time,
And you watch the smiling years roll by,
While you list to the gentle lullaby
Of zephyrs that play with the bright sunbeams,
And the floioers that bloom in that Land of Dreams.

12 Treasure Land.
In bulletin No. 20, of the University Experiment Station,
The tne question of Temperature is so thoroughly covered
Temperature that we make no apology to our reader for reproducing
in \r\vnna ** almost entire.
in Arizona. Jn auy mqUiry regarding Arizona the question first
raised is that of temperature. The widely circulated tales of the would-be
humorists have done more than all else to give Arizona the name of being
uninhabitable. Generations of actual residents will have passed away
before the harmful effects of these thoughtless tales wholly disappear, and
the knowledge secures general recognition that this region is not the
desert it has been represented.
The simple thermometer does not measure temperatures as felt by
animal life. We may term the reading of an accurate thermometer the
actual, and the sensation of heat or cold as felt by the higher orders of
animal life the sensible temperature. Neither of these is a measure of
the other, but the humidity of the air must be considered in connection
with the actual temperature. The reputation of Arizona has long suf
fered from the prevalent ignorance on this point. Records of maximum
temperatures enable comparisons to be made which appear unfavorable
to Arizona, and lead to the belief that the heat of this so-called desert
region must be almost, if not wholly, unendurable.
Everybody knows something about that condition of the
No MujrjTV weather which is variously termed "sultry," "close," or
&&J "muggy," the result of a combination of heat and moist
Weather. air, especially noticeable in the states bordering upon
large bodies of water, such as the Gulf of Mexico or
the Great Lakes, and it is conspicuously absent from Arizona.
In the dry air of this territory "sun-strokes" are un-
I^Q known, while iu the Mississippi valley and the states
lying eastward, prostrations from heat and fatalities are
Sun-StroKe. numerous whenever the thermometer indicates 90° F.
or upwards. At many places along the sea coast where
the humidity always remains near the point of saturation, a temperature
of 85° brings excessive discomfort, and exertion or exposure to the sun
is extremely hazardous, but men and the lower animals perform in safety
their customary labor beneath the cloudless skies of Arizona under the
highest temperatures ever experienced here. The dry air induces ex
ceedingly rapid evaporation of the abundant perspiration, thus keeping
the body at a comparatively low temperature. As a matter of course,
the supply of fluid must be maintained, hence the great thirst so often
experienced by travelers, and the imperative necessity for an adequate
supply of drinking water.
An amount ranging from 15° to perhaps 30°, according to the hu
midity, should be subtracted from the records of maximum actual tem
peratures during the hot season in Arizona to indicate the sensible tem
peratures. The University of Arizona, near Tucson, is situated in latitude 32°
14' N., longitude 110° 53' W., elevation 2,430. Its climate is fairly rep
resentative of a large portion of Southern Arizona, which must always
remain the chief agricultural portion of the territory. For purposes of
comparison of the climate of Southern Arizona with that of other localities,
ten stations of the weather bureau have been chosen, which form, with
Tucson, a continuous circuit of the United States, starting from Florida,
crossing the Gulf states to the 1'acific ocean; thence eastward across a
more northern tier of states to the Atlantic ocean, at Boston:

Life is Pleasant and Here are Treasures of Health.
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES IN 1893.

43

Temperatures Compared. Station.
Jacksonville, Fla.
New Orleans, La.
Galveston, Tex. . .
University of Arizona,
Tucson 
Los Angeles, Cal.
San Francisco, Cal. . .
Denver, Colo 
St. Paul, Minn. .
Chicago, 111 
Albany, N.Y 
Boston, Mass. . .

Eleva tion above Sea.

>>uCOpa
1-5 72

uCOPu
& fa 89

o uCO 84

'u ft
< 90

c0 93

uaP 95

1-5
100

mPP
< 95

To a
^> CO 96

$ a
O 88

u0 >
o 84

a
oCD
P 77

Feet.

43

54

72

72

79

84

90

94

94

93

95

86

80

79

42

70

72

78

80

86

90

92

91

92

86

79

74

2,432

73

80

92

91

98

107

107

102

99

92

84

76

330

84

79

88

84

90

90

89

92

90

91

86

88

153

60

69

78

72

74

90

74

72

72

79

74

72

5,287

64

60

80

77

87

94

96

92

89

81

71

65

850

33

37

51

72

79

91

98

97

94

82

74

40

824

46

46

69

84

83

85

94

95

95

81

67

58

85

45

51

52

72

88

95

92

94

79

75

58

54

120

53

53

58

68

88

94

91

93

80

79

68

57

100 9592
107 92909098 959G94

From an inspection of this table it will be seen that the maximum
winter temperatures of Southern Arizona are very nearly the same as
those of the Gulf states. Those of summer are considerably higher, but
taking into account the relative humidity at the same stations, the sum
mer climate of Arizona is far less trying than that of the states border
ing on the Gulf of Mexico. Thus the June temperature of 107° at
Tucson with relative humidity at only 22 per cent, is far preferable to
that of any other city in the list with temperatures of 85° to 95° and
humidity at 65 to 83 per cent.

A Bear Hunt
in the
St. Catalinas.

On the 1st of November I went up to the pinery east
of Mt. Lemmon, prepared for bear. After wandering
about, climbing crags and following the windings of
dark ravines for three hours, I decided to rest, and
reaching the brow of a steep declivity, I threw myself
at full length under the overhanging branches of a fine maple, whose
glistening leaves, now tinged with gold, evoked vivid memories of my
eastern home.
Accidentally glancing across the narrow valley I saw a big black
bear with two well grown cubs. The bear saw me at the same in
stant, and looked towards me with such an expression of confidence in
my good intentions that I could not at first find it in my heart to shoot.
But the hunting instinct prevailed over finer feeling, and aiming at her
breast, I fired.
The beast jumped forward through the brush into the valley and
up the hill toward me, and I was so overcome with nervousness that I
never thought of firing again, but sought safety on a limb of the tree,
about twenty feet from the ground, leaving my rifle on the ground. The
bear came within a few yards of the tree, took a good look at me, and
sniffing contemptuously, returned to her cubs.
Her departure restored my courage, and its evident contempt made
me angry to blood-thirstiness. I descended from my perch, seized my
rifle, and advancing to the edge of the valley sighted my game frolicing
up the mountain side with her cubs.

44 Treasure Land.
This time a cub got in the way of the bullet, but the trio continued
their journey with apparent unconcern. I followed the trail for another
shot until darkness approached, when I returned to camp.
Next morning I saddled a burro to carry the bear when I killed it,
and striking a faint trail of blood, followed it a mile along the summit
until it was lost in a tangle of wild blackberries and ferns.
While I debated which direction to take I heard a low groan, and
taking a position under a low cherry tree I waited for the groaner to
appear. In a few moments the bear came. forth, followed by her cubs;
she held her nose high in the air, and smelling her tormentor of the
previous day, rushed towards me. I fired a shot at her breast and
evidently hit her somewhere, for she jumped up and then fell back and
rolled down the hill, the cubs scrambling after in comical amazement.
I looked over and saw the animal sitting up, with the cubs about her
crying pitifully. I was merciless though and fired another shot, which
met an adverse current of air somewhere and sizzed away from the
mark. Then I beheld the strangest scene I ever witnessed. Forgetful of
her own sufferings the bear caught her cubs and drew them to her
breast as if to protect them; one of them pulled away and she reached
for it again, and hugged both to her breast like a human mother, while
her great strange eyes seemed to appeal to me to spare them.
So striking was the appeal that I could not find it in my heart to
try to hit her again. I untied my burro and returned to camp, feeling
that I had nearly committed a murder.
Believes in Dr. Mark A. Rodgers, a member of the American
_ . -. Climatological Society, has issued a pamphlet on "The
UUl DOOr Climate of Arizona," which covers the subject fully,
Life. and for the benefit of our readers we subjoin a few
extracts from this publication:
"My experience has impressed upon me the necessity for out-door
life in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. In order that the patient
may live continuously in the open air for a period of several months, or,
for that matter, for a year, or several years, a climate is required which
is continuously warm and dry.. Such a climate the United States does
not possess, but the nearest approach to it is in Arizona.
"Physicians rarely send their patients to the arid regions during the
summer, and this I consider a great mistake. The patients should be
sent to the arid regions so soon as there is evidence of infection from the
tubercle bacillus, and should be rnade to remain there until they are well,
or until it is apparent that the case is hopeless. For those who can
stand warm weather, I think the summers much better than the win
ters, for, owing to the heat, everybody is compelled to sleep out of doors,
and this I consider more important than any other feature of the climate.
"If they have the means to travel about, there are many places of
interest which they can visit, and thus add greatly to their pleasures.
For example, during the hot months of summer, the patient may visit
many of the most interesting and remarkable natural wonders which the
world possesses, among which may be mentioned the Grand Canon of
the Colorado, the Wind Carved Rocks, the Petrified Forests and Cliff
Dwellings. The numerous ruins, which are found all over the territory,
with their hieroglyphics and pictoglyphics, will repay investigation by the
student of ethnology. In the country surrounding Flagstaff, in the San
Francisco mountains, is the largest unbroken pine forest in the United
States, and here the sportsman will find deer, antelope and bear, not to
•speak of small game and fish."

Life is Pleasant and Here are Treasures of Health,. 15
But the health-seeker need not go so far for a summer
Need Not GO outing. The wooded ranges of the Santa Catalinas and
„ Santa Ritas, within a few miles of Tucson, afford all
oO Par. the recreation he needs in the way of moderate tem
perature, hunting or scenery.
In the southern part of the county, in the Huachuca and Patagonia
mountains, is some of the finest scenery in the world, with hunting and
fishing to the heart's content. If he does not care to camp out, the
city of Nogales has good hotel accommodations and a summer tempera
ture that can not be excelled, with mountain and forest to its very limits.
"During the greater part of the year the inhabitants of
NO Insects Or Southern Arizona sleep out of doors. It is difficult at
^ first to induce the 'tenderfoot' to sleep in the open air.
Reptiles. He has visions of tarantulae, scorpions and centipedes,
which are disquieting. In the course or time, how
ever, he learns that these insects are so rare as to be curiosities, and
that their sting is to be dreaded not so much as that of a California
flea. The sensational Arizona tales of poisonous reptiles and insects, of
murderous Apache raids, and of cow-boy and desperado shooting scrapes
have no modern foundation in truth.
"Many physicians in the East order patients to California for the
winter, apparently with a view of sending them to a dry climate. The
relative humidity in southern California is as great, and in some in
stances greater, than that of the Atlantic coast, anfl
Better than many of the best physicians in California regularly send
r ... . their tubercular and asthmatic patients to Tucson. Cal-
Lalltomia. ifornia is a beautiful country, but the fogs which come
in from the sea, and the emanations from the vast irri
gated regions, make it far inferior to the inland desert regions for
phthisical patients. I think it may be assumed as a, general rule that
wherever there is irrigation there is a high degree of relative humidity,
and patients suffering from pulmonary phthisis should never be sent
to an irrigated district. Indeed, some of the California physicians have
declared that 'irrigation and malaria go together.'
"The city of Tucson has, in my opinion, advantages as
Tucson is a nealth resort which can not be equalled anywhere in
North America. I know of no locality where such a
First. moderate winter climate and such a low degree of
relative humidity are combined with the same latitude
and altitude. It is no longer considered imperative to send tubercular
patients to an altitude of 5,000 feet, or over. In fact, clinical experience
has proven that more frequently patients require to be sent to an alti
tude of less, rather than more than 3,000 feet. The altitude of Tucson
is 2,400 feet, and that seems to be amply high for all but the most
exceptional cases. The city is situated in a basin near the underground
Santa Cruz river. It is completely walled in by massive mountain ranges.
To the north is the Santa Catalina range; to the east, the Rincon; to the
south, the Santa Rita, and on the west, the Tucson. Each of these
ranges has an altitude of 5,000 feet, at least. Mount Lemon, the highest
peak of the Santa Catalinas, has an elevation of 10,000 feet, and Mount
Wrightson, in the Santa Ritas, reaches an altitude of nearly 11,000 feet.
"The scenery at Tucson is as impressive as anywhere in the Rocky
mountains, and the gorgeous sunrises and sunsets beggar description.
"During the nine months, October to June, inclusive, 1894-5, there were
but twenty-five cloudy days, and nine of these were in one month. Some
idea of the transparency of the atmosphere may be had when I state
that, at midday, and with the unaided eye, I have seen Venus when it
was but ten degrees east of the sun.

46

Treasure Land.

"The writer feels kindly toward Arizona. One year ago,
in Philadelphia, he was attacked with two hemorrhages
from the lungs; he had a bad cough, and was losing
flesh rapidly. On the advice of a distinguished member
of the Climatological Society, he came to Tucson. Since
that time he has gained twenty-six pounds in weight, and now is a well
man."

One of the
Cured.

Cactus Garden.
Among the curiosities of the Santa Cruz valley is a rare
A Marsupial fisn that is foun<i in tne river m large quantities. In
size it is insignificant, but the manner in which its young
Fish. is produced is contrary to all precedent. Unlike others,
it does not spawn, but incubates its young after the
manner of the mammals. We do not know whether or not any scientific
observation has been made of this species, and could not credit the fact
until we proved it by personal investigation.

Life is Pleasant and Here are Treasures of Health. 47
After referring to the fact that our best authority on
DO Trees Grow American forests credits Arizona with the possession of
... the largest unbroken forest areas in the United States,
in Arizona? Prof. J. W. Toumey, professor of botany in the Univer
sity of Arizona, gives some particulars in a recent pub
lication, as follows:
. "The Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa) is the only species of Arizona pine
covering large areas suitable for lumber." It is a beautiful tree, frequently ¦
live feet or more in diameter. Although this pine is the most abundant
and widely distributed of our forest trees, the lumber products of a num
ber of other species are of some importance, but on account of the more
inaccessible regions in which they grow they have not, as yet, been utilized
to a very great extent. The yellow pine is usually found at an elevation
between 5,500 and 7.500 feet, and at a conservative estimate it occurs in
quantity sufficient to provide, at the present rate of consumption, for at
least a century.
"Above the zone of yellow pine occur species of white pine, fir, balsam
and spruce, while the trees in the zone immediately, below are mostly nut
pines and junipers, intermingled with a variety of deciduous species.
"The Mesquite is the most important of the deciduous trees of Southern
Arizona. It provides fuel over large areas where other trees are meager
and scattered. The wood is about as heavy as oak, and the fuel value is
equal, cord for cord, to hickory. Its durability, exposed to the weather
or submerged in water, is very great, hence it is of considerable value for
fence posts and other similar uses.
"The foliage, and more especially the ripened pods, contain a high per
centage of nutriment, and make excellent forage. This tree has a greater
variety of uses than any other American tree.
"The general impression is that Arizona has but few species of in
digenous trees. Quite to the contrary, however, the number of our native
species is excelled by but few states in the Union. Among our indigenous
trees are nine species of pine, ten of oak, three of palo-verde, three of ash,
besides maple, walnut, sycamore, locust, alder, elder, fir, cypress, balsam,
spruce, cherry, arbutus, juniper, and many others of less importance.
"A number of our trees grow to considerable size— black oak, four and
one-half feet in diameter, walnut four feet, while some of our northern
pines and firs are even larger.
"There is but little question that when the people of Arizona become
fully awakened to the value of a number of our native trees and shrubs
for ornamental purposes, a much more extended use will be made of them.
They will be grown in preference to the much less hardy plants from other
places. "Our native trees and shrubs will grow with a limited amount of care
and a minimum supply of water. Introduced species grown for ornamental
purposes, as a rule, require more care and water than many can afford to
give them. As a single illustration, our native white ash (Fraxinus velut ina)
is a most valuable shade tree for general purposes, being of rapid growth
aud of but little expense."
. , From the grassy mesa we see, on the mountain tops the
The Flora Ot tnjj pmegj an(j ijeiow the foothills, brown and purple,
the St. Cata- the brilliant verdure of the cottonwood and sycamore, re-
.. „. lieved by the darker foliage of the mesquite and iron-
linaiuTS. wood. If we take a ride up the canons we may see
juniper, oak, ash, alder and walnut, but we catch no glimpse of the glorious
flora hidden in the wilderness of mountain gulch and crag above us. He
who would revel in nature's prodigality must seek the higher spots, and

48

Treasure Land.

there, where the pine growth begins, he will find, from March to August,
a flora that will amaze while it delights, bringing with it refreshing
memories of climes lighted by the sunshine of youth, and associations sev
ered perhaps forever.
He will find six varieties of the graceful campanula, a number of rhodo
dendrons, and in early April the sweet, red-cheeked strawberry of the wild
woods, and luscious blackberries hiding in luxurious grass, reaching above
his waist.
Last spring, at an elevation of 3,000 feet. I counted no less than twenty
varieties of blooming plants within a circle of less than ten yards in diam
eter, forming, with the ferns and grasses, a floral carpet that nature's
loom never excelled for beauty, while the surrounding trees were decked
with evergreen ivy.

Giant Cactus.

A Young Giant.

Life is Pleasant and Here are Treasures of Health. 49
We have a number of letters and interviews to the same
Should Stay effect as the following. They emphasize our statement
w that, in order to get the best results from our climate, a
With It. continuous residence is necessary when the disease is
deep-seated: "For several years before coming to South
ern Arizona I had been afflicted with a severe cough, and my lungs were
badly diseased. I traveled extensively without finding more than tempo
rary relief, but began to improve permanently as soon as I reached this
warm, dry climate. Within six months the cough left me, but for several
years afterwards would return as soon as I changed from this climate to
California or the Eastern states; but now, after a residence of eight years,
I consider myself completely cured and can live almost anywhere.
"My experience is the same as that of nearly every person who has
given this climate a fair trial, but any one who expects to eradicate an or
ganic disease like consumption, which is the result of years of neglect or
heredity predisposition, in the time covered by a return ticket to Arizona,
had better stay at home and save his money for funeral expenses.
"It is an admitted fact that no medical treatment has yet been discov
ered that will cure pulmonary consumption. The only cure is that of cli
mate, and in Southern Arizona the warm, dry atmosphere
The Only Cure acts as a ^ealmS balm to the bleeding, diseased lungs,
. while the pores are kept open, and the impurities of the
IS Climate. system, that in harsher climates make a combined at
tack upon weak lungs, are allowed to escape through
the skin.
"To secure a cure the patient must expect to undergo privations and
often hardships. Luxurious hotels are not what he needs; an out-of-door
life is necessary. The patient also needs something to constantly divert
his attention from the disease. In the hotels he meets people suffering like
himself, and the effect is bad for all.
"Traveling and seeing new scenes divert his mind, while exercise in
sures a good appetite, and the pure, warm atmosphere affords a curative
application to his lungs as often as he breathes.
"While I am aware that, should Southern Arizona become a resort for
invalids afflicted with pulmonary diseases, it would be the means of adding
much profit to the business of the country, this consideration does not in
fluence me to make this statement. This class of unfortunate people has
enough to contend with, without being lured away from home and friends
by our holding out false hopes; but the universal relief given to persons
afflicted like myself, who came here to lengthen their lives, warrants what
I have said." The opinion of a physician who has practiced here for
The Reason ^e Pas*- fourteen years is worthy of attention, and we
have that of Dr. W. H. Fermer to present to our readers.
Why. As surgeon for the Southern Pacific company, in addition
to a large private practice, he has valuable opportunities
to observe the course of disease and the effects en classes and individuals.
He characterizes the general health of the permanent residents of Tucson
as excellent, the largest percentage of deaths being among the poorer
class of Mexicans, who are unable or unwilling to obtain medical atten
tion or observe the commonest rules of hygiene. The general health of the
city is good. Contagious diseases, when they appear, run an unusually mild
course, and this is accounted for by the somewhat rarified air, containing a
very small percentage of moisture, and the great amount of sunlight, con
ditions that do not conduce to the life and growth of the various disease-
producing bacteria. In the individual the activity of the skin is increased,
the circulation augmented, respiration quickened and deepened, the appe-

50 Treasure Land.
tite improved; and the ability to spend many hours in the open air adds a
tonic, the effect of which is surprising to those who have not spent a win
ter on these elevated and dry plateaus.
In the winter season, even though the sunshine is hot, the air is cool
and invigorating, because the heat absorbed by the air from the sun's rays
depends upon the quantity of aqueous vapor in the air. This is well illus
trated by the fact that while our summers are long and hot, no one suffers
in health, because the air, being dry, absorbs a small portion of the heat.
When the thermometer reaches a figure that would appal a resident of New
York, men and animals labor in the sun without suffering, and disease is
held in abeyance; in fact, so long as the air is dry and the sun shines
brightly, good health prevails. Experience proves that the climate of
Tucson is specially efficacious in cases of pulmonary phthisis taken in early
stages, and in cases where there is only an inherited tendency; in ex
haustion from overwork, chronic catarrh and all diseases of the respiratory
organs; in diseases of the stomach and kidneys, and asthma, when not of
organic origin. The climate is not a specific for organic disease of the
heart or blood-vessels, nor for rheumatic and gouty affections, although
such cases have been relieved.
The best effects of our climate attend a residence of long duration, the
patients availing themselves of the moderate summer temperature of our
elevated localities during the extreme heat. Only by the observance of this
rule can a permanent cure be insured.
The flowers that bloom in the spring, tra-la! have been
The CereUS celebrated in song and story, but the flowers that bloom
.in the winter have not been so honored because they are
Engelmanni. too scarce to attract attention, and yet there is one which
is immortalized in the saintly calendar of Mexico, and
which the humble devotee in the wilds of Arizona justly treasures as a
memorial of faith rewarded and hope renewed. It is known to botanists as
the Cereus engelmanni, and bears an edible fruit of an acid flavor; the
spines all fall off when the fruit ripens, being evidently designed by nature
to 'protect the flower and embryo.
A variety of this species is credited with participation in a miracle, and
if the reader will promise to refrain from attempting to pronounce the
names given, we will endeavor to convey the traditional account of the
founding of the Sanctuary of the Virgin of Guadalupe,
The Virgin Of *ne Patron saint of Mexico.
r . . Juan Diego was a poor, converted' Indian, born in the
buaaalupe. pueblo of Cuautitlan, who earned a modest living in
Tolpetlac, whence he made frequent journeys to Santi
ago Tlatilulco to drink in the inspired words of the holy Franciscan
fathers. One day, while crossing a hill called Tepetlyecaczol, covered with thorny
cactus and sharp-edged stones, he heard music so singularly sweet and
harmonious that he stopped, ravished with delight, and sought to discover
whence it proceeded. Then he saw a rainbow of iridescent colors, and in
the midst of it a white, transparent cloud, and reclining on the cloud a
lovely female, clad in the richest Indian garb, such as was worn by the
Aztec princesses.
Moved by an irresistible impulse, Juan Diego approached the divine
figure, which addressed him in his own tongue, informing him that she
was the mother of God, and desired that a temple be erected there to her
honor. She promised protection and comfort to all who might come to
worship at the shrine, and commanded the enrapt Indian to tell the bishop
all that he had seen and heard. Diego bowed his head and promised to
obey, and then the celestial vision disappeared.

Life is Pleasant and Here are Treasures of Health. 51
It was only after much difficulty that the poor Indian obtained an inter
view with Juan de Zumarraga, the bishop of Mexico, and imparted all
that he had seen and heard, but the bishop, naturally enough, refused to
credit the story, and Juan Diego returned home disconsolate.
But the Virgin was determined that the temple should be built, and
stopped the Indian every time he crossed Tepetlyecaczol, until the poor
fellow, despairing of being able to carry out her wishes, avoided the hill.
This, however, was of no avail, for she appeared to him again and bade
him ascend the hill and gather the flowers he would find there and bear
them to the bishop. i
He obeyed and bore the beautiful and fragrant flowers to the bishop,
who, being unacquainted with the floral possibilities of the country, was
amazed to see wild flowers in the depth of winter, but his amazement
turned to reverent fear when the Indian let down the points of his apron
to display the flowers and revealed on the coarse manta the face of the
Holy Virgin, painted as no human hand could paint it. He and those
with him fell prostrate before the miraculous sign, and when they recovered
their equanimity, immediately proceeded to found the sanctuary which is
to-day the most loved and revered in Mexico.
The corredor de camino, churrea or road-runner, a species
j_e of pheasant found in Southern Arizona, is so called from
the fact that it is often seen running along traveled
Road-Runner. 10ads. It is remarkably tame, and its life is respected for
the good work it does in the destruction of reptiles. Finding a snake asleep,
a couple of these birds will gather the prickly leaves of the cholla and sur
round his snakeship with a circular hedge of bristling thorns, and then
arouse him with shrill cries and fluttering wings. As few snakes will
cross even a horsehair rope, a hedge of cactus thorns is as impassable as a
twelve-foot wall, and the churreas know this. They tantalize the impris
oned serpent from their position of safety until he finally becomes ex
hausted, when they quietly jump over and administer the finishing touches
with their long, tough beaks.
One of the Tucson pleasure resorts is known as Silver
lake, about one and one-half miles from the city, and
Silver Lake. owned by the Hon. Fred. Maish. It is a delightful place
to pass an afternoon in summer. The lake comprises
an expanse of clear water twenty acres in area, fringed
with groves of trees. There is a fine hotel on the edge of the water, and
bathing and boating facilities are provided for visitors. In addition to the
other attractions is a fine carp pond, where the lovers of the piscatorial sci
ence can lie in the shade of sighing trees and pass the pleasant hours, and
fill their baskets with unfortunate carp. Mr. Maish's residence is com
fortable and pleasant, surrounded with orchard and garden, and reached
through an avenue of stately sycamores.
Among the naturial curiosities and curative agents at-
Afiiii Pfllipnte tached to our wonderful climatic and scenic advantages,
Agua Ldiic tjje flot gpj,jngg 0f &gUa Caliente are preeminent.
Hot Springs. At the invitation of Mr. Phil. H. Chambers, the
genial proprietor of Agua Caliente, we visited his place,
in order to verify for ourselves the glowing accounts we had heard.
The ranch is situated at the foot of the Santa Catalina mountains, about
sixteen miles from Tucson, and reached over as fine a road as can be
found in the new-road districts of the East. It is 160 acres in extent,
most of the area not occupied by buildings and corrals being under cul-

52 Treasure Land.
tivation. Oranges here reach perfection, never being touched by frost,
and Mr. Chambers is confident that even the banana will do well. In
March some of his alfalfa reached a height of four and one-half feet,
and he had samples in June seven feet in length. There is no tropical
fruit grown in the United States that will not reach perfection here,
and this peculiar condition is due entirely to the peculiar natural condi
tions produced by the unseen forces of nature beneath the surface.
The hot mineral springs bubble out of the solid rock, and at present
supply about fifty miner's inches of water of a temperature of 100°
It is clear as crystal but strongly impregnated with minerals, among which
are magnesia, sulphur, glauber salts, iron, etc. An analysis made at the
University of Arizona shows these waters to contain excellent curative
qualities in cases of rheumatism and kidney complaints, and all those
who have tried them claim that they are the most efficacious in the
country. Lack of capital has hitherto prevented Mr. Chambers from fully car
rying out his ideas of development and ornamentation, but the demands
of the new Tucson will attract wide-spread attention to the advantages
of these springs, and all the rest will follow.
, A lily grows in the Santa Cruz valley that in beauty
TheLilVOfthe an<-1 rragrance surpasses any cultivated plant of the
same species, and is purer in color than the well-known
Valley. caiia. If plucked while budding and its stem placed in
water impregnated with salt, it will continue to grow until it reaches
perfection, and then after blooming a few days draws its petals towards
the stamen and goes to seed.
The Mexicans call it El lirio del valle.
While its name might convey the idea that this creature
jnp is a formidable relic of some past geological age, it
is really an insect no larger than a grain of wheat,
WoOlagfOO. and as harmless as a butterfly, so far as man is con
cerned. He is an interesting study to the entomologist,
and his methods of doing business are full of suggestions to the politician,
as well as to the Reform Club.
First selecting a proper location for his enterprise, he bores a hole
in the ground, throwing up a circle of earth of exceeding fineness, about
an inch in height, and then covers himself with a mantle of pulverized
real estate at the bottom of the hole. Curious insects ascend the breast
work, and the treacherous earth, moving like a quicksand, hurls them
headlong to the bottom, whence no effort can raise them. If the in
truder has a bigger pull than the woolagoo, an abject apology is offered,
and he is requested to get out the best way he can, otherwise he is
disintegrated for commissary purposes. We do not know how the wool
agoo evacuates the hole when he desires to emigrate, but we presume
that this emergency is provided for somehow. As a last resort he could
till it up and get out on top.
We are indebted to Prof. J. W. Tourney for the view of
La Ventana (or Window), an opening in the rocks on
La Ventana. °ne of the highest peaks of the Santa Catalinas, which
can be seen in the early morning from Tucson. The pro
fessor kindly furnished us with a description of the trip
of his party to La Ventana, and we regret our inability to publish it in
this issue.

Life is Pleasant and Here are Treasures of Health. 53
THE EIRST INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS Or MICROBES.
(Compiled from the official report by N. H. M. for this book.)
Since .1850, the progressive microbe element has tried to organize
for the purpose of opposing the unscrupulous army of
vivisectors, bacteriologists, pathologists and chemical
At Last. dynamiters seeking their extermination, but the diffi
culty of gathering the widely scattered colonies appeared
insurmountable until lately. The modern facilities for
inter-communication and the dissemination of disease made it possible
to unite, and on the initiation of the Boston Society of Progressive Tubercle
Bacilli, the matter was definitely decided, and the 1st of May, 1897,
fixed as the date of meeting.
From the early part of April, representatives arrived from the four
quarters of the earth, and entertained themselves by raising the death
rate pending the formal opening of the congress.
On the date fixed, the doors of the Globe theatre, of Boston, were
opened wide to the visiting hosts, who filled the vast auditorium from
floor to dome.
An eloquent address of welcome was delivered in a rich husky voice
by Tubercle Bacillus, to which Cholera Coma, from Asia, responded in
neatly chosen words. After a few remarks by several distinguished visi
tors, Bacillus of Diphtheria reviewed the history of the persecution of
his race, and called upon the congress to take strong measures against
those who sought its destruction. In order to get at the sense of the
assembly, he offered the following resolutions:
Whereas, We, the duly authorized delegates of the
jne Pathogenic Bacteria, find ourselves harassed and per
secuted by unscrupulous people; and
Resolutions. Whereas, We desire to assert our rights to the peace
ful pursuit of happiness, and are too weak to enforce
them ;
Resolved, That this congress do petition President McKinley, the great
American protector, to abolish all quarantines, boards of health, hygenic,
bacteriologic and pathologic devices and combinations, and give us that
freedom of life and liberty to which we are entitled by reason of our
existence, and furthermore, by arbitration, reciprocity, bond issue or
treaty, secure for us in other lands the same inherited privileges.
Resolved, That this congress considers vivisection in the interest of
so-called medical science a barbarous practice, a relic of the dark ages,
a wanton destruction of animal life and a blot upon our civilization.
The resolutions were adopted enthusiastically and a recess taken till
the following day in order to give the visitors an opportunity to make
some interesting experiments in the lower parts of the city and become
better acquainted with each other.
* * . i * *
The president announced that the order of the day
The Second would be to listen to the experience and warnings of
1 •iccou prominent delegates, and introduced Cholera Bacillus
Day. as the first speaker.
, After making several comparisons, Mr. Cholera was
of the opinion that Mecca at certain seasons, and along the Ganges at
all times, were the finest health resorts he had seen. For business pur
poses he preferred the Mohammedan religion to any other.
Mr. Bubonic Pest, though a stranger to most of those present, spoke
as if he knew them all. He had comfortable quarters in Asia, but would
like to make a business trip around the world. So far his enemies

54 Treasure Land.
had failed in their efforts to overthrow his particular views on the Mal-
thusian doctrine, and some had perished in the! attempt
bellow Fever Bacillus despised cold weather and would not think of
living at an altitude of over 2,400 feet. He felt most at home in the
West Indies, although he made flying trips to different parts of the world
to introduce his remedies for the affliction of life.
Typhoid Fever preferred cold, moist climates, where the people ob
jected to pure air and water. He thought that the use of these ought
to be legislated against, as they were always injurious to microbic ad
vancement. Bacillus of Rabies rather liked warm weather and was attached to
dogs. He could do pretty good work as long as he was not molested
by any Pasteur butchers.
La Grippe liked to operate where extremes meet, and -his practice
was most successful when a sharp, cold wind followed warm days. He
had circled the world several times and had found few enemies to
oppose his triumphal march.
Others followed, each vaunting his achievements and noting some
evil tendency that might hereafter affect their work, but the jewel of
ihe session was the closing address of the president:
* * * * * * *
"Friends, for years we have labored, and to-day we
The Closing' see our hopes realized, for here are assembled the rep
resentatives of our race from all over the world, to
Address. vent their grievances and unite in an effort to restore
our ancient immunity from persecution, when the dying
thousands, appreciating our work, hailed us as the angels of the Al
mighty sent to purge them of their sins.
"Many among you have done more brilliant work than I; my dear
friends, Cholera, Bubonic Pest, Yellow Fever and La Grippe, have mar
velous campaign records, but theirs is the eruption of the volcano, the
shock of the earthquake, which last but a short period and only reappear
after long intervals. My work is continuous, though slow, and I can
say, without vanity, that 20 per cent, of those relieved of mortal ills
owe the result to me. For this reason men call me the King of Microbes,
and the weight of honor means accumulated peril. I have been attacked
by land and sea, with sword and artillery, with syringical fire and medi
cated water; they have sought to suffocate me with gases and brought
their miserable batallions of science against me, but so far I am almost
untouched. Like their poor, I am always with them, and with the as
sistance of Scrofula, Syphilis, Pneumonia and La Grippe my success has
been great.
"It is unnecessary for me to mention in detail all the numberless
assaults that have been made upon me in the last few years. Every day
new mischief is brewing, but I still survive.
"I do not vaunt my immunity, nor claim that I can preserve it for
ever. There is danger for us all, and it behooves us to unite our ex
perience and effort, by gatherings like this, to combat the modern inno
vations. "In my travels, brethren, I have found a spot where
^ none of our race can prosper. Our children who are
n . „,. . D0ln there become emaciated and perish, and none of
Bad Llimate. us can stay there long and live. I refer to Arizona,
and especially to Tucson, whose peculiar climate is the
most fatal on earth. Worse still, there will be a dozen sanitariums there
in a few years, filled with our regular customers, who will not only im
prove, but absolutely recover. Think of it! Incredible as it seems it
is true, for on a late visit there I found many whom I had marked for

Life is Pleasant and Here are Treasures of Health.

55

my own, who laughed in my face with a long, loud, sonorous tone that
caused me to shiver with horror.
"There is only one way to prevent our customers from
A Diabolical seeking this obnoxious climate. Tucson means death to
us and our children, and to save them and ourselves
Plan. we must use diabolical arts. We must hold them back
until the last moment, then let them go and die there.
This will discredit the place!
"No one must be allowed to go until we have a firm grip of him;
fill their minds and the minds of their relatives and friends with delusive
hope; suggest pressure of business, loss of time and money, especially
money, for most people love it better than life; In fact, anything to in
duce delay, for delay gives us absolute control. Let our watchwords be
'Down with Tucson, the enemy of microbes, and long live procrastination!' "

A Summer
Resort.

We have elsewhere
called the atten
tion of the health-
seeker to the
desirability of
remaining in Arizona the whole year
if he wishes to get the best effects of
climatic treatment, but as the heated
term may be too severe, he can find
refuge in the cooler mountain resorts
without losing any advantage.
The climatic conditions are most
happily realized at Oracle, situated
at an altitude of 4,500 feet, near the
southern boundary of Pinal county,
and forty miles north of Tucson, with
which city it has daily stage and mail
communication. The stage route lies
along the west side of the Catalina
mountains, making a gradual ascent
from Tucson of 2,000 feet. To the
north and west stretches an undu
lating plain, sloping northward to the
valley of the Gila, and on the south
to the valley of the Santa Cruz. Close
to the southward rises the rugged
range of the Santa Catalina mountains
whose peaks reach an altitude of
10,000 feet.
The foothills of the Catalinas and
the adjacent mesa are covered with
live oaks {quercus emorgi), whose
growth afford picturesque and
pleasing view, as well as a refreshing
shade. Combined with the climatic
features which characterize Arizona
in general, Oracle enjoys special
advantages arising from its unique
topographic environment.
The roads of the district are
smooth and excellent for driving or
horse-back riding, and for those inter
ested in hunting there are multitudes

1. Balance Rock, near Oracle.
2. Live Oak, near Oracle.
3. Mountain View Hotel, Oracle.

56

Treasure Land.

The Mountain
View.

of quail and doves in the mesas, and in the mountains deer and bear. Cool,
delicious water is obtained from wells bored into the granite strata of the
mountain ranges, and its analysis attests its excellence for drinking and
domestic uses.
Combined with these natural advantages are the comforts and con
veniences of civilized life afforded by the two hotels located here, some par
ticulars of which will interest our readers:
On a high prominence, and scarcely a quarter of a mile
from the Arcadia, is the Mountain View hotel, which,
under the personal management of Mrs. Annie Neal, adds
greatly to the popularity of Oracle both as a health and
summer resort. The hotel is a spacious building, very
attractive, and fitted with modern appliances. It contains twelve large,
airy rooms, all of them with outside exposures. There are two large halls,
extending the full length of the building, fourteen feet wide by forty long.
Elegant and spacious verandas extend around the building, and every room
is fitted with hot and cold water service. The furniture of all the rooms is
of oak, solid, substantial and artistic.
The interior finish of the building is in oak and walnut, and is of ele
gant design. A large room has been set apart for billiards, and the floor
of the room has been constructed with a view to use it for dancing when
required. The kitchen is separate and distinct entirely from the hotel, and a deep
well furnishes the water supply, which is copious, almost ice cold, and ab
solutely pure. The grounds surrounding the hotel are very beautiful, com
prising 160 acres, and are charmingly studded with grand oak trees.

Arcadia Hotel, Oracle.

The Arcadia, of which Mr. E. S. Dodge is the proprietor,
was the first to receive invited guests. Mr. Dodge set-
The Arcadia. tied at this place sixteen years ago, engaging in the
stock business, and it was probably due to the courteous
hospitality extended by himself and estimable wife to
strangers that the place first became known as a desirable resort for the
health-seeker. He has from time to time built additions to his house, and

Life is Pleasant and Here are Treasures of Health.

57

neat cottages near by, so that his premises are a veritable little village,
where now can be found a coterie of wealthy, cultured Easterners, and,
judging from their robust appearance, it is difficult to imagine they were
ever in delicate health.
The hotel is well furnished throughout, has an extensive, well-selected
library at the disposal of guests, and the table is supplied with every deli
cacy it seems could be desired, including cream, milk, butter, honey, eggs,
poultry, beef and mutton, produced on the ranch.

All Our Own.

The first thing that impresses the visitor to Tucson is the
reality of our prosperity and the absence of any inclina
tion to "boom" the place. Whatever we have is ours, for
we have made it without assistance from borrowed capital.
Every building, every industry and every improvement is
the product of our own capital and enterprise, and this,
perhaps, accounts for the fact that only within the last year has any real
effort been made to provide accommodation for visitors. They had not yet
entered into our scheme of prosperity, and we simply attended to our own
necessities; the world had passed us by so long that we ignored the world.

New Okxdorfe Hotel: 1. Piazza.
2. Office.
3. Dining Room.
Then the investor and the health-seeker forced themselves upon us, de
termined to share our advantages, and for hospitality's sake we had to adopl
new principles.
Mr. Chas. TJeGroff and his estimable wife took the matter In hand on
behalf of the community, purchased the old Cosmopolitan property, which
they remodeled, renovated and furnished at great expense, and opened as
the New Orndorff.

58 Treasure Land.
Mr. DeGroff came here originally for his health and Is able to talk
about our climate from experience, and sympathy probably influenced him
to a large extent in giving Tucson a really modern hotel.
The New Orndorff is well adapted for hotel purposes, being located near
enough to the business center to be handy, and not too near to be incon
venient for those who seek a quiet home. There is a. beautiful lawn in
front, with a row of graceful trees, and from the wide porches the guests
have a magnificent view of green fields and purple hills.
It is built in the Moorish style, with a, large inner courtyard beautified
with trees and lawns. The elegant dining room and the offices range on
one side of the square, while the other three are devoted to the accommoda
tion of guests. The rooms are commodious and handsomely furnished, lighted
with gas and electricity, electric bells in all rooms, hot and cold-water baths
and every modern convenience.
For the convenience of guests, there are finely-appointed parlors, writing
rooms, billiard and sample rooms, and the office is one of the neatest in the
Territory. The service and attendance leave nothing to be desired. Both Mr. and
Mrs. DeGroff are experienced people, having managed the Old Orndorff house
for eight years, and look after their own affairs, and no guest can be with
them a day without feeling perfectly at home.
Dr. J. V. Gaff says: "Men like Samson, David and Me-
Out of Dnnr thuselah owed much of their strength, vigor and longevity
to the climate, which permitted them to sleep in tents and
L't<: lead an out-of-door life.
Recommended. a patient confined to the house is in a position an
alogous to the rabbit confined to a hutch in the cellar;
whereas the patient living in the fresh air and warm sunshine has chances
comparable to the rabbit running wild.
The requirements of a. suitable climate are a pure, warm and dry at
mosphere, an equable temperature, not subject to rapid variations, and a
maximum amount of sunshine.
The climate of Tucson has all these, and it is possible to sleep out of
doors 270 nights of the year and spend 365 days in perpetual sunshine. It is
a progressive and prosperous city in which a man may not only find health
but a. means of livelihood, and live in comfort."
Dr. W. B. Purcell, county physician, observes: "The cli
mate of Colorado has been recommended for its beneficial
Better than effects for consumption; my long residence there gave me
Colorado. ample and sufficient opportunity of judging climatic condi
tions there existing during the summer months. The
mountainous portions of Colorado undoubtedly have a
beneficial effect on tuberculosis subjects, but I can not recommend Colorado
during the fall and winter, as the changes are often severe, becoming raw
and cold within a few hours, and as these are atmospheric conditions to be
avoided, it would not be advisable to spend these seasons there. Those having
a peculiar type of constitution, with a hereditary tendency to consumption,
would do well to avail themselves of an opportunity, and come here and
remain exempt from disease."

Treasures oe Wealth.

Oee Teams.

Ribbed are the hills with silver treasure ;
Seamed the mountains with virgin gold ;
Coal, and copper and lead without measure -
A wondrous realm of wealth untold.

60 Treasure Land.
The Callon, the great authority on mining, writes as follows
Tmnnrtonr-A nf 0n tne art °* mminS:
importance 01 ..Iu an ec0nomie point of view, the art of mining
Mining. constitutes an industry of the greatest importance,
whether on account of the value of the products created
every year, or an account of their nature, which has rendered many of
them objects of first necessity. It has been so since the moment that men
ceased to live in the savage state, built themselves dwellings, and began to
make tools. In a scientific point of view, it may be said that the art of
mining has been the direct cause of the birth and progress of several nat
ural sciences, especially of mineralogy and geology. It is certain that we
owe to the working of mines and to the material difficulties, often consid
erable, against which the miner has to contend, many ingenious, daring
and powerful processes which have afterwards passed into the general
domain of industry.
"In the middle ages, it was for mines that the first works for husband
ing water as a motive power were made, and the first hydraulic machines
set to work on rational principles; steam engines were first used in con
nection with mines, and the first railroad conveyed their products, and the
necessities of this industry have been the mother of numberless inventions
which have advanced the general welfare."
We have frequently referred in this work to the great future of Arizona
as a field for the mining industry, and now propose to give our readers a
more particular account of its condition in the country tributary to Tucson.
There is no question but that the ancient people worked
The Aztec tlie Precious metals on an extensive scale, and all indi
cations point to the fact that the Aztecs operated in this
Miners. vicinity long before the Jesuit fathers prospected the
hills. Within the last few years three old mines have
been found in this county, one of them almost within the limits of Tucson.
They all show extensive working, and it is evident that immense quantities
of good ore were extracted, and one of them is down several hundred feet,
with tunnels and winzes and other conveniences. We merely surmise that
the Aztecs operated these mines; some other and still more ancient race may
have done so, for there is no record of their age, nor can any estimate be
made of it. It is impossible to give within the limits of this volume
Mining' Near complete detailed information respecting the development
s of our mines, but we propose to show in brief what has
TUCSOU. been done and suggest the possibilities of the future.
Taking Tucson as a starting point, we find ourselves
almost immediately in the center of a great mineral belt that has hardly
been touched, except by the prospector, and only slightly by him, for what
is nearest home is the last to receive attention. The whole range called
the Tucson mountains is full of mineral— gold, silver, lead, copper and iron,
and some of the claims indicate extensive deposits. The close observer
will be struck by the number of men, apparently miners, who loaf about
our streets, spending money freely for a few weeks, and then disappearing
for a season. Many of these own rich claims in the adjacent hills, and are
able, with a few weeks* work, to extract enough rich ore to enable them to
indulge in a round of dissipation for a varying period. Most of these
men refuse to sell their claims or give any information about them. We
know of one case where a party of three were offered $100,000 for their
mine and refused it, for the reason that their dispositions were such that
they could not keep money long enough to do them much good, and the
mine was like a bank and honored all their demands upon it.

Treasures of Wealth. 61
The Saginaw As a sample of the mineral prospects in the vicinily of
lWinps Amnle Tucson, we present the reader with the following brief
Mines, Amoie description of the property of The Saginaw Mining Coni-
District. pany, situated in the Amole district, nine miles southerly
from Tucson.
It comprises the Saginaw mill and eighteen mining claims. The com
pany has begun a systematic development of the main lode of the district
and is meeting with much encouragement as depth is gained. The mill is
being thoroughly overhauled and fitted with the Wilfley concentrator for
a practical testing of the ores and to demonstrate the best process for the
extraction of the gold, silver and lead values. When this is done a suitable
plant of a capacity of 300 tons daily will be erected, and the mines worked
for all that is in them.
The ores of the east and west veins are antimonial-zinc, lead sulphides,
with pyrite, and carry uniformly, with the exception of the chutes of very
rich ores, about one ounce of gold and twenty ounces of silver per ton.
Pour of these rich chutes are now known within the length of three claims,
and the development work is being done on this rich ore. The ore now be
ing shipped has an average assay value of 112 ounces of silver and three
ounces of gold per ton. These ores are found in intrusive porphyries, fol
lowing the lines of stratification of the thin strata of metamorphic shales,
limestones and sandstones, which have a dip of 22° to the north. Seven
parallel veins, within a width of 1,200 feet, have been prospected. They
are all strong, showing eight to ten feet of ore at the fifty-foot level. The
ores are oxidized to a depth of forty feet, when the change to sulphides is
sudden and marked.
The surface is covered by wash from the veins, and after three months'
prospecting Capt. J. D. Burgess gives his opinion that there is a surface
area of seventy acres covered with erosion from one to four feet deep, with
a milling and concentrating value of $12 gold and seven ounces silver
per ton.
Other Tne riches of this district are not confined to the holdings
n , . . of the Saginaw. company, by any means, for from the
UniOCaieu. divide at the head of Robles pass, one drives over many
Veins. promising croppings (yet unlocated), a distance of two
miles to the Saginaw mill, and when reduction works are
erected these will all be opened up, and the output from the Amole district,
at the very gates of Tucson, will be enormous and probably rival that of
any district in the world. The veins are so many, and so wide and rich,
that the success of the Saginaw company means the foundation of one of
the largest mining camps in the West.
This district, within an hour's drive of Tucson, is an illustration of what
is in our midst, and the same indications prevail for twenty miles through
the Tucson mountains. Crossing the divide from Tucson by Robles pass, we have
Thp behind us the grand Santa Catalina mountains, with tho
green valley of the Santa Cruz winding, apparently, at
SierritaS. its base, and before us the gradually rising Sierritas, a
well-timbered range, and prolific of mineral treasures as
yet undeveloped. Some wonderful discoveries have been reported from
this section, but no organized effort has been made to develop them, and
the prospectors have so far had things entirely their own way. The ores
are chiefly sulphurets and chlorides, carrying silver and copper. The day.
however, is not far distant when capital will test the extent of the mineral
deposits which undoubtedly exist, and reap the reward of its enterprise.

02 Treasure Land.
The The Sierritas are separated from the Bavoquivari and
Kawn/iiiiir-ii-i Coyote ranges by a wide area of grassy mesa, known as
Bavoquivari trje Bavoquivari valley, devoted to cattle ranches, the
and Coyote. principal one being owned by The Arizona Land and Cat
tle Company, Alfred Donau, manager.
In the Bavoquivari and Coyote ranges a great deal of prospecting has
been done, and some of the more promising veins are being worked in a
small way by Tucson people. Copper, gold and silver ores occur, and are
generally of high value.
The Cababi district, in the mountains of that name, in the
very heart of the Papago country, contains rich sulphuret
The Cababi. ores. Operations in a small way have proved the exist
ence of large bodies of ore carrying gold in considerable
quantity. This district was extensively worked when sil
ver was king, and the ore was rich enough to ship a long distance. The
development of the veins in which gold predominates has attracted some
local attention lately, but capital is needed to prove their real value.
West of the Cababi range are the Quijotoa mountains,
•j-ne famous for the so-called Bonanza mines, from which so
much was expected and so little resulted. The steady
Quijotoas. decline in silver after active work was begun probably
accounts for their failure to realize expectations. Mining
operations are not entirely suspended, however, for a number of promising
gold prospects are being developed in an extension of the range. The In
dians have worked the gold placers on the slopes of the foothills for years,
and the average product of the precious metal is estimated, by traders who
purchase it from them, at not less than 100 ounces per month. The ab
sence of surface water in this section has proved a drawback to placer
mining on a large scale. Water, however, in abundance is found in the val
ley at a depth of 500 feet, and there is a well and pumping plant on the
ground that could be utilized by an enterprising company.
Further west to the Colorado river are frequently occurring mineral de
posits, principally gold and copper, but on account of their distance from
lines of communication they are not much regarded.
_,. Returning to Tucson and traveling south, we reach the
ln^ San Xavier group of patented mines, seven in all. They
San Xavier are locaied about sixteen miles south from Tucson and
jyr- about four miles from the Santa Cruz river. There was
a large amount of development work done on these prop
erties prior to twelve years ago, the deepest workings being 230 feet.
Large quantities of ore were taken out and shipped at a good profit when
labor, supplies and freight rates and smelter charges were much higher
than at present. These mines have been purchased by Eastern parties.
represented by Messrs. Manning & Cameron, which means much for
Tucson and the Olive camp. This is probably the most promising group of
mines within a radius of sixty miles of Tucson. They have been exten
sively developed, and all show very large bodies of high-grade ore of lead,
silver, gold and copper. The mines have been idle for years, owing to the
fact that the stock was owned by people who were wealthy, and who knew
the mines were very rich, and believed the money to be just as safe in the
mines as in the banks. While they were right, this was of no advantage
to the territory. The change of ownership of the properties will prove of
great advantage to Tucson and this mining region.
It is the intention to commence shipping the high-grade ore as soon
as the mines are in condition to extract the same, which will be in about

Treasures of Wealth. 63
six weeks. The lowest grade of ore will be left on the dump to be worked
or reduced, as a plant will be erected there to handle the same. In some
of the mines lead and silver predominate, copper in others, and in others
all four metals are combined.
The Helmet Peak Company are working a few men, un
der Bob Roberts, superintendent, on their group of mines
Olive Camp. lying about a mile and a half south of the Olive camp,
and twenty-two miles south of Tucson. The group con
sists of four claims, including the once famous Specu
lation mine, worked some years ago by what was called here The Westing-
house Company. The Helmet Peak Company was organized here a few
months ago and represents Tucson capital solely. The work now being
done is on the Atlanta mine (formerly the Speculation). At a depth of fifty
feet drifting is being done on the lead, which is several feet in width, with
a pay streak of ten to eighteen inches, which by sample assay shows sixty
and eighty ounces silver, and 40 per cent. lead. Other mines in the vicinity
are being worked in a small way.
Traveling south and east about forty-five miles, we reach
Arivaca *ne -Arivaca district, one of the oldest mining camps in
the territory. It has a delightful situation among rolling
District. hills and grassy plains, a fine climate and abundance of
wood and water, but has, so far, been unsatisfactory to
the investor, principally on account of mismanagement. The ledges,
whether gold or silver, are generally exceedingly rich on the surface, and
lead to exaggerated hopes which bring their own defeat. Por several years
no earnest work has been done in this district, and we are of the opinion
that when really competent people get on the ground, it will prove to be a
good and permanent mining section.
Seven miles southeast of Arivaca lies the Oro Blanco dis-
Oro BlanCO trict, containing over 100 square miles of country, min
eralized, with surface croppings on almost every hill, and,
District. like the Arivaca district, with gold literally in every
gulch. The Mexicans have unremittingly worked these
placers during the rainy season from the dawn of Arizona history and long
before Uncle Sam purchased the territory. The district has been held back
by a number of unfavorable circumstances. It is only reached after a long
stage ride, and it is only lately that any one has cared to seek gold. Then,
too, it has been a victim to the common error of putting up mills before
developing the mines, and because undeveloped mines could not furnish
ores fast enough, confidence in them failed, or the work was abandoned
because the funds originally provided were exhausted in building the mill
and none obtainable for procuring ore.
There is not to-day, so far as we can learn, a shaft 300 feet deep in
the whole district, and it has produced more bullion to the cubic foot of
excavation than any district in the territory. We believe there is no better
field for legitimate mining in Arizona, but visitors must not expect to find
developed mines here. It is a region of prospects, but they are admirable
ones, and ought to interest capital.
The rock formations are generally granite and porphyry, with argil
laceous slates, and seem to be everywhere gold-bearing. Gold can be panned
from every ravine and gulch, and even on the hillsides, especially when the
soil is reddened by decomposed pyrites.
Not only gold, but silver, lead, copper and iron ores are found, but gold
is the most generally diffused metal, and follows a broad belt through the

61 Treasure Land.
district. The principal mines or claims along this belt are the Oro, Nil
Desperandum, Sorrel Top, Tres Amigos, Holden, Gold Bug, McClenahan,
Old Glory group, Rob Roy, Golden Eagle and Austerlitz group.
The Oro mine is being operated profitably, under the superintendence
of Mr. S. H. Gould, by a Chicago company. There is a ten-stamp mill on
the property, which is constantly running on ores averaging from $25 to $50
per ton.
The Old Glory property has a twenty-stamp mill, but has not been
operated for the last few months, owing to the inadequate supply of water.
The dam is being raised, and when the reservoir is filled by the summer
rains, operations will be resumed and possibly ten additional stamps added.
The mine is said to be in excellent condition, with an abundance of high-
grade ore. Major E. Fechet is the superintendent.
Dr. A. H. Noon, an authority on the resources of this district, is em
phatic in his belief that the Oro Blanco section is a rich and inviting field,
which is now receiving increased attention, and will eventually add largely
to the mineral product of Southern Arizona.
In the Pajarito country, on the Mexican line, is an ex
tensive and rich field of future possibilities, combined
The PajaritOS. with pastoral facilities. The section is also healthy, and
possesses some of the most picturesque and beautiful
mountain scenery in Southern Arizona. Though silent
now, the clink of the hammer and the thunder of the blast will give this
district new life; and fortunate will he be who gets there early.
The Jalisco district adjoins Oro Blanco on the east, the
JaliSCO northern portion being known as the Papillote valley, and
is situated a few miles southerly from the Sopori val-
DiStriCt. ley. Several locations were made in this district and
worked on a small scale several years ago; but the fact
that the ores contained copper and silver, and copper ores being then but
little sought for, and silver depreciating, caused the district to be aban
doned. Recently, however, Dr. A. H. Noon, C. W. Kempton, M. E., and others
have given the district special attention and located and worked several
claims, with the result of demonstrating that it is a very promising copper-
bearing region. A portion of the district is traversed by dark calc-spar
belts cutting through the porphyritic andi dioritic country rocks, and in
association with or near the spar are outcrops and indications of valuable
copper veins running well in silver and gold. Quartzite and eruptive form
ations, peculiar in character, and geologically and mineralogically interest
ing, are worthy of special attention.
The group of copper prospects known as the Copperopolis group are
very promising locations, the outcrops showing width, length and quality.
High-grade ores have been shipped from surface deposits, some of it run
ning as high as 18 per cent, copper and ninety-one ounces silver per ton.
Occasional high gold values are obtained also.
The district is very accessible, being only twenty miles from the junc
tion of the Arivaca and Tucson stage lines, and we are confident that it
can not long remain unnoticed by capitalists.
Crossing the Santa Cruz valley from the junction, we
Santa Rita come to the western slope of the Santa Rita mountains,
whose pine-clad summits fill the southern horizon of
MtS. Tucson. These mountains probably contain more min
eral and a greater variety than any range in the world,
comprising the whole list from gold to coal, from coal to marble and onyx.

Treasures of Wealth. 65
The Tyndall " These districts, on the southern and western slopes of the
„_ j Ayt<»f mountains, were exploited with energy and bad nianage-
anu A£iec ment in the early ,80g; but the stockholders in the syn-
DistriCtS. dicated companies lost hope with the decline of silver,
and all work was finally abandoned, the gold values in
the ores being no inducement to maintain the reckless expenditures made
by the different companies. On the eastern slope of the mountains lies the Greater-
ville district, chiefly known for its enduring gold placers.
Greaterville. The camp is on the east side of "Old Baldy," the highest
peak of the Santa Ritas, seven miles from the Empire
ranch, five miles south of Rosemont, and eight miles
from Sonoita on the Sonora railroad. Apart from the extensive gold
placers there are numerous ledges of gold, silver, lead, copper, iron, etc.
Pine marble and onyx are also found in the district. There are only about
sixteen Americans here, the population being chiefly Mexicans and Yaqui
Indians who work the placers. A moderate amount of capital here would
develop wonders. None of the mines in the district are 100 feet deep, and
yet many carloads of high-grade ore have been shipped during the last ten
years. We consider this section a good field for careful examination. The
placers have yielded largely for over twenty-five years and show no signs
of exhaustion, and the indications are everywhere favorable for perma
nent and profitable ledges. The operations on the placers furnish good
business for two general stores, and the small band of Americans, await
ing the arrival of capital to help them out of the rut, form an interesting
community. We are indebted to Mrs. John B. Anderson for information regarding
this section. The Rosemont camp, five miles from Greaterville, is at-
Rosemont trading attention. The property is gold and copper, and
the fifty-ton smelter is working to its utmost capacity.
Camp. There are more than forty men at work. The company
is a New York concern, and they are driving their main
tunnel straight through the mountain, by means of which they expect to
intersect all the veins, which they then propose to work out or develop.
This company is prosecuting its workings in a systematic and business-like
manner, pay promptly every month, and propose to get what is in the
Rosemont in the shortest time possible; or, if it proves the bonanza which
present showings indicate, make this one of the prominent camps of
the Southwest. The Empire district, seven miles south of Pantano sta-
The Emnire tion, on the Southern Pacific railroad, has received little
. attention the last few years on account of the decline in
District. silver. The ores are found in a limestone formation and
come in bunches, usually of great richness. Contrary to
Ihe general impression, operations have not entirely ceased, and shipments
of high-grade ores are constantly being made.
Retracing our steps to Greaterville and thence descend-
The Patagonia *ng iiie grassy mesa to the Sonoita valley, we find in the
Patagonia mountains another vast and undeveloped min-
MtS. eral region.
The Empire Smelting and Mining Company are sup
plying their 100-ton lead-silver smelter from the old Flux mine and the
Hardshell, and. so far as we can learn, experience no difficulty in extract
ing large quantities of low-grade ore from these properties.

66 Treasure Land.
The World's Fair mine is still in bonanza, the ore being extremely rich
in silver. A mill was erected on this property under a guarantee that it
would work the ore, but it has failed to come up to expectations, and the
owner of the mine is waiting for the manufacturers to take it out of his
way. These are the only mines of any importance now being operated in the
argentiferous belt of the Patagonia mountains, the Enterprise and the
Trench having closed down temporarily.
In the copper belt in the vicinity of Washington camp, the work of de
velopment is progressing.
The Duquesne company has an abundance of ore at the 235-foot level,
and are now sinking the main shaft, fully determined to make the mine a
big producer. Big bodies of ore are opened up sufficient to justify the be
lief that the company have a large and very valuable property. The grade
of the ore is not high, but can be worked on the ground at a fair profit.
Some 250 tons of the ore have been shipped to Pittsburg, Pa., for treat
ment. The working of this ore will determine largely the character of the
works that will be placed at the mine. The company is working quite a
force of men and, luckily for old Tucson, they draw most of their supplies
from here. Crossing the range, about sixteen miles toward Nogales,
Tucson Min- we reacu the Tucson mining district, which is probably
one of the oldest in Arizona. Less than five miles from
ing District. the Line City, it is a line mineral region, prolific in ores
containing gold, lead and silver in varying proportions.
Ancient excavations show extensive workings by the old Spanish and Mex
ican miners, and the results of modern prospects prove that it is a rich
field for the investor. There is no extensive work being done here at pres
ent, but in the near future this section is certain to attract attention. The
formation is granite, intersected by diorite dykes, which dykes are invari
ably cut by the mineral-bearing fissures. Major H. A. Read is carrying
on extensive operations in this district. He is now down sixty feet on a
five-foot ledge of silver sulphide, carrying a small quantity of gold. The
mine is only a hundred yards from the railroad track, with wood and water
in abundance. East of Tucson, in the foothills of the Santa Catalina
Santa Catalina mountains, there have been some wonderful discoveries
of precious mineral. Several of these have been exten-
MtS. sively worked, notably in the vicinity of Mammoth, a
mining camp near the San Pedro river. The Mammoth
Gold Mining and Milling Company has a large mill here, which is now idle,
owing to disagreement between the English and American stockholders. It
has been a large gold producer in the past, and the signs are now favorable
for extensive operations in the future. The Mohawk mines are on a con
tinuation of the famous Mammoth mine, and are owned by The Mohawk
Mining and Milling Company, whose headquarters are at Hartford, Conn.
This company has pursued a conservative policy in developing its property
before going to the expense of erecting works, having, by means of a
horse whim, sunk a double compartment shaft 330 feet on the lead, and
driven over 1,000 feet of crosscuts and drifts at different levels. The re
sults proving highly satisfactory, machinery for hoisting works and a
twenty-stamp mill were X'ut up, and a three-inch pipe line laid to the pump
ing plant, five miles distant and 700 feet lower. The pump, a Riedler, with
six-inch suction and five-inch discharge, has a capacity of 500,000 gallons
per twenty-four hours.

Treasures of Wealth. 67
The Southern Belle is another valuable gold property upon which work
has been discontinued, owing to mismanagement. There is a good ten-
stamp mill on the property.
On the north side of the range, the Canada de Oro has long been known
for its valuable placers, and during the past few months Major H. C.
Reno and Mr. Frank Newsam have taken up two square miles of ground,
about thirty-two miles from Tucson. They now have twenty-five men at
work building a dam at a considerable elevation for the storage of water.
Upon the completion of this they expect, after the summer rains, to have a
large supply of water with a pressure that will enable them to hydraulic
the placers, and, from the known richness of the ground, their enterprise
will probably be successful. The Silver Belle district lies about forty-five miles north-
Silver Belle vvest of Tucson, and is one of the best copper and lead
districts in the country. The principal copper properties
District. are the Young America, Old Boot and Atlas, all of which
are being actively developed, with results satisfactory to
their owners. The greatest amount of work has been done on the Young
America and Old Boot. The formation is lime and porphyry, and the ore is
of good average value. The argentiferous lead properties are said to be ex
ceedingly valuable. In addition to the districts enumerated, there are others
Pinal CountV tributary to Tucson, and properly coming within the
scope of this review. Among these we instance the min-
Mines. eral region south of Casa Grande, now the scene of ex
tensive operations, and the country north of Florence.
The principal ores receiving attention are those of copper and gold. Some
of the mines are well developed and producing bullion. The Ray copper
properties, north of Florence, are among the most considerable in the coun
try, having been pronounced by one expert equal to the Anaconda. They
are now under bond to an English syndicate for a large sum. In the same
district are extensive deposits of low-grade gold ores, which will soon re
ceive attention. South of Tucson, in Sonora, Mexico, are the El Grupo and
Plomo properties, operated by Americans. They are near
Sonora Mines the international boundary line and reached from Tucson
over a good wagon road. A bi-weekly stage gives us reg
ular communication with these settlements, and the open
ing of a custom house at Sasabe by the Mexican government will throw all
their trade into Tucson. So far as we can learn, the results of operations
have been extremely satisfactory, and large milling plants will be erected
shortly.
Look OUt for Some of the peculiarities of gold mining are worthy of
.. the attention of those who are inclined to invest their
tfl£ money on the strength of "assays across the ledge." Gold
Pay-Streak. is not so apt to be diffused through the whole width of
a ledge as some other metals are, and prefers to confine
itself to what are termed "pay-streaks," and frequently a few inches of
pay-streak give all the value to be found in a six-foot ledge. We recall an
instance where a twelve-inch pay-streak fertilized a ten-foot ledge, and the
inexperienced owner, who had built a twenty-stamp mill to work it, ran
through nine cubic feet of barren quartz to one cubic foot of ore for a year
before he discovered what he was doing. The moral of this is: Sample
the ledge in sections and look out for the pay-streak, if there is any, and
don't put up a mill to work a ten-foot ledge until you are sure you have
ten feet of ore.

68

Treasure, Land.

THE PROSPECTOR.
Though I'm only an old prospector,
I'm not quite as green as I looks.
My knoivledge is got from nature direct
An' not from y' musty old books ;
So when experts samples a rock,
An' pretends to see ivhafs behind it,
I laugh, for I learnt long ago
Th' stuff's just about where y' find it!
When nature filled up th' cracks
In th' rocks, she didn't much care
If them experts liked it or not.
For she dumped it most anywhere.
So git out y' pick and y' drill,
An' put lots of muscle behind 'em —
I reckon you'll strike them rich ores
Exactly about where y' find, em.'

The Prospector.

In a mining country like Arizona, the poor prospector is one of ihe
prominent agencies of development whose importance is often underesti
mated. He endures hardships and privations that only those who have
experienced them can realize. He toils on in search of the precious metals,
and when he succeeds in finding a promising lode, his task is but begun.
For days, months, years perhaps, he drills into the unyielding rock, follow
ing the seams of ore until he displays sufficient to tempt the capitalist. Yet,
after all the stern lessons of toil and privation, when prosperity comes, he
lavishes his hard-earned wealth or divides it freely among his friends until
it is gone, and then begins anew. There are many noble hearts beating be
neath the rough miner's jacket, and a degree of honor, candor and intelli-

Treasures of Wealth. 69
gence among them that evokes our respect. All honor to the hardy pioneer
of the golden hills, and may the visions of wealth that cheer his solitary
toil be fully realized! The professional prospector's wealth is usually confined
¦pug to the power of his muscles and his experience in locat-
ing the precious metals, and while this is a valuable cap-
Grub-Stake. ital, it is not a complete equipment for his business, hence
the prevalence of what is called "grub-staking," which is
explained as follows: The prospector who has a reputation for fair deal
ing and a thorough knowledge of his business induces some small capital
ist or storekeeper to provide him with an outfit of cooking utensils, provis
ions and mining implements and supplies, sufficient to last weeks or
months, as the case may be. To these are added a burro or two to carry
the "outfit," and with this equipment the prospector turns his back on civ
ilization and proceeds to the hills he has selected for the scene of his labors.
The contract between the prospector and the party who thus "grub-stakes"
him is that all mineral discoveries shall be located for their joint benefit.
No formal contract is drawn up, the whole transaction being upon honor,
but we have never heard of a case wherein faith was broken.
Many of our citizens have acquired interests in valuable properties by
grub-staking needy prospectors. In this way Mr. Gleason obtained his in
terest in the wonderful King of Arizona group, and we could mention
scores of others whose fortunes were founded on a "grub-stake."
It will, no doubt, be interesting to the reader to hear
Our Bullion something about our bullion producers. Mere reference
to what can be done or ought to be done is poor food, but
Producers. a statement of fact as to what has been done and is doing
is strong meat.
The fame of Arizona as a copper producer is well sustained. The great
camps of Bisbee, of Globe, Jerome (the United Verde mine), of the Clifton
region, have been producing actively for the past year. There has been an
increased production near Tucson, and large amounts of ore have been sent
to the local smelters at the railroad.
The mines at Rosemont, in the Santa Ritas, some twenty-five miles
southeast of Tucson, have changed ownership, and preparations are being
made to work them on a liberal scale.
The small copper smelter at Tucson has been running for some time
upon ores of local production, chiefly from Hughes camp, from Olive camp,
and the Sierritas. The copper ores received from July 1, 1895, to June 30,
1896, amounted to 2,200,000 pounds. The copper bullion shipped during the
same period weighed 265,751 pounds, and the copper matte 228,548 pounds.
In gold production the active and profitable factors are the Oro mine,
Old Glory and a number of other smaller plants in the vicinity of Tucson.
The Fortuna mine is still in bonanza and swelling the wealth of its owners.
The production exceeds $50,000 per month, the average assay value for
four months being $40 per ton.
The King of Arizona has just started its mill, and the clean-up of two
tons brought $1,200 in gold bullion. The ore is absolutely free milling, and
averages up in the hundreds.
In the Harquahalas a ten-stamp mill and a large cyanide plant are being
run on a good quality of ore, with profit to the owners.
The Congress mine is one of the most prolific in the world. Three hun
dred and fifty men are employed, and the mines and buildings are lighted
by electricity, and the company operates its own line of railroad. The
principal ore is a pyrite and carries an average of eight ounces to the ton.
The production of bullion is great, and the profit to the owners must be im-

70 Treasure Land.
mense. The present reduction works consist of a forty-stamp mill and a
cyanide plant for the treatment of tailings, which will shortly be increased,
as the productiveness of the mine appears to be unlimited.
The Empire Smelting Company, at Crittenden, sixty miles from Tucson,
have already blown in their 100-ton smelter on argentiferous lead ores from
the Patagonia district, and as the management is more than ordinarily
competent, we have no doubt the enterprise will be profitable.
We could furnish other examples of actual and profitable bullion pro
ducers, but those given should satisfy the reader that we are already on a
working basis. Ross Browne and every person since him, including IT.
H. Bancroft, who has essayed to write a history of Ari-
? ? ? zona, has had to interview the Hon. Sam. Hughes, and
the compilers of this volume have followed the illus
trious examples. Mr. Hughes was born, like most chil
dren, with a note of interrogation at the end of his tongue, but, unlike the
majority, it never dried up. His yearning to know has never been satis
fied and never will be this side the grave. If he had had the opportunities
for acquiring knowledge enjoyed by the present generation he might have
concluded, like them, at an early age, that he knew it all, and ceased prose
cuting useless inquiries. But Sam will never concede that he knows any
thing and, consequently, is constantly acquiring information. Thus, when
he came to Arizona, in 1858, he immediately began to inquire all about it,
and, getting little satisfaction from the Americans, who usually considered
it the best place in the world to know as little about as possible, he inter
viewed the oldest Mexican inhabitants, and thus became the depository of
information that would otherwise have been lost. Incidentally he has ac
quired considerable information about other matters, which he has used
in his business for a number of years with profit to himself, and his pe
culiar faculty of asking questions until people begin to think they know less
than he does, has made him one of the most important agencies in the de
velopment of the territory.
We could have interviewed him, with profit to our readers, upon almost
any subject, but decided to confine ourselves as much as possible to that
of mining and minerals. In the year 1769 a region of virgin silver was discovered
Planchas de "at a Place called Arizona,-' which has been located at
various places by parties interested in "booming" their
Plata. own properties. When the news of this discovery was
made public, a vast multitude of people anxious to find
themselves suddenly rich, were attracted to the spot. At a depth of a few
yards masses of pure silver were found; several pieces weighed upward of
500 pounds, and one was reported a trifle short of two tons! In order to
protect this treasure, the commander of the Presidio of Altar sent troops
to bring it to him for safe keeping, and he retained it as the property of the
crown of Spain. The finders appealed to Guadalajara, and the authorities
there referred it to Madrid, where the matter was carefully considered dur
ing leisure moments for the next seven years. The Spaniards rather hur
ried their decision, according to American notions, for it found most of the
interested parties alive. It is, perhaps, unnecessary to state that it sus
tained the crown, and it was ordered that thenceforth the mines should be
worked for the benefit of the king of Spain.
After the promulgation of this decree only the Gambusinos took any
further interest in the silver question, and they sought it where the officers
of the crown could not find them. One party crossed the Santa Cruz valley
to the Patagonia mountains and discovered the Mina del Padre, afterwards
called the Trench mine, near Harshaw, and another continued east to the

Treasures of Wealth. 71
Huachucas, and at the southeast end of this range they found rich silver
deposits. These they worked with such implements as they had, and the
tunnels they ran can be seen to-day. Operations were abandoned here for
some reason, and at the northeast end of the range a deposit of virgin cop
per was found. The containing rock had probably fallen
Planchas de away, leaving the sheets of copper, some of them four
inches thick, lying exposed upon the ground. Carts were
Cobre. made to haul the pieces that could not be cut up, to the
different missions.
This copper was used for making large pans for rendering tallow and
making soap, and there are several of them still in the country, one of them
being in Tucson at the present time. Still another party of the Qambusinos
traveled northwest from the unsatisfactory Plancha de Plata country, into
the Papagueria, where they discovered gold. Others mined turquoise iu
the Silver Bell district, turquoise being them a medium of exchange with
the Indians, and therefore as valuable as silver for the purchase of local
products. At the time of the Planchas de Plata excitement, Guevavi, near Nogales,
was the supply station, and Altar the military post of the northwest, the
civil authorities having headquarters at Caborca, but why this peculiar
segregation was made is not apparent.
The first aerolite discovered in Arizona was found by
The First Spanish soldiers in the Santa Rita mountains, near the
site of Rosemont, in the early part of the century, but it
Aerolite. was evidently only a portion of a very large one. An
other piece of this aerolite was found in 1858. Both were
used as anvils until their true value was discovered by Americans, after
the Gadsden purchase. One piece is now in the Smithsonian institute and
the other in San Francisco. Platinum has been found in this vicinity in small quanti-
Platinum and ties' n°tably in the Sierritas, Santa Ritas, and on the
northwest side of the Santa Catalinas. The best show-
Tin, ing is in the Sierritas, where it always has free gold at
tached to it. It may appear in commercial quantity
without being noticed, as our prospectors are only on the lookout for the
principal metals. Tin has also been found in small quantities in the copper
belt of the Santa Ritas, around Rosemont, but no special attention has been
given it.
Manganese, borax and alum appear, in belts through the county, the
principal being one passing west of Tucson, and another up the Sonoita
valley. There were several great mining excitements prior to Hie
Mining' American occupation, the most notable being that of 1851.
Mr. Hughes notes that which originated with Gen.
Excitements. Larion. While chasing Apaches near Charleston, his
scouts brought in rich ore samples, and in an effort to
find the vein the general raised large parties in Tucson, Tubac and Santa
Cruz, but it was never found by them. In January, 1851, the Apaches
raided the vicinity of Tucson and had several encounters with the garrison.
They were about to attempt to carry the Presidio by assault when they
learned that a large body of Papagoes were coming from the south. They
immediately negotiated a truce through a captive named Jose Antonio
Acuna and marched off, leaving Acuna with his countrymen.
This man had lived with the Apaches for years, and upon regaining
his freedom returned to Sonora and raised an excitement by declaring that
somewhere between the Salt and the Puereo rivers there existed a large
deposit of pure lead, from which the Indians obtained their bullets. The

72 ' Treasure Land.
Mexicans, knowing that lead is never found in a pure state, decided that
the deposit was silver, and organized a grand expedition under the leader
ship of Gen. Carrasco. Over 500 men started from Ures, but Carrasco dy
ing, he was succeeded by Tapia. The party followed Acuna into the heart
of the Apache country, but when, according to Acuna, they were a few
miles only from the deposit, they were attacked by Indians and driven back.
These mining excitements were not confined to the Mexicans. The re
ports reached California, and American adventurers tried to reacn the fabu
lous silver deposits.
Under date of July 9, 1851, a Mexican reported to his government that
"Tucson is invaded by forty-eight Americans from California, and 600 men
are on the way. Owing to the ravages of the cholera, there are only twenty
able men in Tucson, and not many more in Santa Cruz."
In August Americans were reported from Tubac and Magdalena; 300
upon the left banks of the Colorado and Gila rivers, and another party en
camped between Santa Cruz and Tucson. These Americans appear to have
become sick and discouraged, and before the end of the year had disap
peared. In 1855 an official return gave Tubac a population of 249, and Tucson
760. The average business man who invests in mines, either
HOW It is *-or Pleasure or Profit, occasionally makes a mistake and
gets neither. Perhaps he ought to keep to what he
Done. understands, but as this is asking too much, we take the
liberty of making a few suggestions that, if followed, will
assist him to lose his money in the least possible time.
When you have purchased a mine that is guaranteed to pay from the
grass roots, invest your money freely, as grass is a certain sign of richness,
and a bald-headed mine shows barrenness.
If the grass has been eroded by the operation of nature or the cattle,
and your expert refers to a ledge and recommends development, you should
order a milling plant immediately. See that the power is twice as much
as you require, as you will have to either double your capacity after run
ning a week or quit the business.
In selecting a superintendent, engage the services of a bright commer
cial traveler or office man; in default of these hunt up a retired army chap
lain or superannuated preacher. If you get an experienced man he will
insist that he knows more than you do and give you no end of trouble.
After ordering your mill and engaging your superintendent, erect some
elegant office buildings and residences, so that when you visit the property
you can have some comfort.
As most of your mining will be done in the office of the superintendent,
see that this is well furnished with champagne and other solvents. If you
have selected the right man, this detail may be left to him.
After spending upon these preliminaries about three times as much as
you expected to invest, send a few men up to the mine. If they find that
the ore has disappeared, or that there is only enough of it to run a coffee-
mill, conclude that you have been swindled and get even by cussing the
country. In 1852, Dr. Thome and a party of seven men were re-
» turning East from California by the southern overland
route, and were captured by the Apaches near Maricopa
GOOd Opening:. Wells. Only himself and a man named Brown were
spared, and Brown disappeared soon after they reached
the Apache country.

Treasures of Wealth. 73
The doctor practiced on the Indians for a long time, and as his profes
sional services were highly valued, they refused to part with him. While
his party was camped in the vicinity of the Salt river, he went out hunting
with two boys, and one of them picked up a large nugget of gold from the
bare bedrock in a wash west of some small red hills. The doctor affected
an unconcern that he did not feel and took close observation of the sur
rounding country, in order to identify the place if he ever obtained his
freedom. After a variety of thrilling experiences he was able to abandon his
practice among the Apaches and located in Socorro, N. M., whence he fitted
out and led two expeditions to find the gold deposit. They were both un
successful, the country appearing to be full of small red hills, and the in
firmities of age prevented him from making any further attempts. Many
men have since searched for the golden treasures, but as they have not
yet been found, they are still open for location.
Coal, Marble, Mr- Chas. T. Connell, Tucson's city recorder, has been iu
and Prpfinn« tne territory seventeen years, and his faith in its future
ana rreciOUS uag never wavered. While superintendent of a large
MetalS. mine in the Saginaw district, nine miles from Tucson, he
had an opportunity to study the mineral character of tliis
section. He believes that right around Tucson is one of the greatest min
eral belts in the country. He is part owner of one of the finest marble
quarries in the county, about twelve miles from the railroad. The grade is
superior, and it can be extracted clear in blocks of almost any size. It sup
plies the marble works in Tucson, but capital is needed for extensive de
velopment. In company with Mr. Alex. McKay, he made the first discov
eries of coal in the Santa Rita mountains, a few miles from the railroad.
Experts pronounce it of good quality, and it only awaits capital to develop
it. Oil shale is also found in these mountains, and the Whetstones, also a
fine quality of fire-clay, but those who make these discoveries are not in
touch with capital, and development is retarded.
The Discovery The discovery of the Silver King mine, whose almost
„ .. fabulous richness first attracted attention to the mineral
01 tne resources of Southern Arizona, has been a favorite theme
Silver King:. for romancers. We are not going to add a new version,
but merely desire to state that we did not discover it, and
do not know who did. The first persons, however, to attach themselves to
it to any advantage were four farmers living near Florence, in Pinal county,
named Reagan, Copeland, Mason and Long. They had already discovered
copper in the Globe district, and were therefore regularly in the business.
For this reason we are of the opinion that the Silver King did not discover
them. Copeland and Long sold out to their partners for $80,000, under the
impression that the mine was too good to last, but this amount was made
from the net profits in less than six months. Then Charlie Mason weakened
and sold his interest to Col. James M. Barney, of Yuma, for $250,000. At
this time the first-class ores assayed $8,000 to $20,000 per ton, and were
shipped to San Francisco by way of Yuma. Soon after, Reagan began to
suspect the mine had a bottom to it, and sold out to Barney for $300,000.
Col. Robt. Williams reached Pinal just as this deal was consummated
and opened an hotel. His was the first substantial building erected outside
of those belonging to the Silver King company, but as the permanency of
the mine was demonstrated,, other buildings were erected. The company's
pay-roll seldom fell below $40,000 per month, and the camp was prosperous
until the decline in silver and the scarcity of ore in the mine caused a
cessation of work and the practical abandonment of the camp.

74 Treasure Land,
Among the colonel's stories is one that illustrates the
The Davs Of methods employed to boom mining stock in Silver King
J and Comstock days, where there was a live superintend-
'76. ent at one end of the line and skilful financiers at the
other.
The Seventy-Six mine was located near enough to the Silver King mine,
in Pinal county, to have some savor of goodness in the eyes or a gullible
public, but industrious and expensive excavations produced nothing but
"holiness;" in fact, as the colonel expresses it, "there wasn't a smell of ore."
If the company couldn't get ore there was nothing but common sense to
prevent them from procuring a mil), and a five-stamp plant was erected to
grind out hope for the stockholders. But even hope failed, and the super
intendent was called upon to cooperate with the directors of the Seventy-Six
company to get them out of the hole.
Copeland had sold out his interest in the Silver King to Mason and
Reagan, but retained possession of the dump, from which all the $20,000
ore had been selected and shipped. When he had sorted this over again to
his own satisfaction, he sold the rest of the dump to four Frenchmen for
$1,000, and they also found fine pickings; then two of them bought out the
others for $10,000, and still had a small fortune left. The superintendent
of Seventy-Six saw the possibilities of this dump, and proposed to the
owners to run the balance of the ore through his mill at so much per ton,
the bullion to be marketed through his company. As the ore was now too
low grade for shipment, they readily agreed, and the stock market was
soon impressed with the fact that the Seventy-Six was turning out bullion
at the rate of several bars a day, and without stopping to investigate the
question of ownership, the public made such a rush for stock that it went
up to $7.50 a share. Of course, it wasn't worth the smallest fraction of a
cent, but this was not discovered until the inside stockholders and the su
perintendent had unloaded.
The mill was afterwards sold to the Silver King company, but "the
hole was too deep for a grave and not long enough for a well."
To succeed in mining you must not only possess the
A Miner Must necessary means, but what is commonly called grit— the
. courage to go ahead in the face of discouragement, and
Have Grit. often contrary to the dictates of experience. We recall
several notable successes which would have been fail
ures but for the grit of the owners of the properties. Mr. Gage spent
$50,000 on the Grand Central, at Tombstone, and advised the owners to
stop work, as there was nothing there, but they insisted on doubling the
loss or finding a mine. The mine was found at an additional expense of
$5,000. The Colorada, at Minas Prietas, Sonora, absorbed $140,000 and
about all the faith of the owners, but one of them insisted on making the
loss an even $150,000, and a few feet more work opened up a body of ore
that yielded $7,000,000 in two years. The writer once led a forlorn hope
in a mine that had "petered out" and been condemned by half a dozen
experts. He drove a few feet into the hanging wall and struck the true
vein, and approved the judgment of those who persisted in finding a mine
there. A pile of waste dirt and rock, with perhaps a sprinkling
The Deserted of ore' is round at the entrance of every hole in the hill
intended for a mine. In some cases the hole was aban-
Dump. doned because it did not come up to expectations; in
others, because the owners found it rich enough to quar
rel over, or if a company enterprise, the corporate courage gave out before
Ihe ore came in. There is nothing so forcibly impresses "the mind of a

Treasures of Wealth. 75
novice in mining as a massive dump with a good hole attachment. Many
people are so fastidious that they won't look at a dump they haven't pulled
out themselves. Hence the prevalence of dumps! A large dump looks like
business and proves the existence of a hole somewhere. Every atom of the
weather-stained pile represents a bead of perspiration and a dissipated
dollar; it is typical of amalgamted toil, crushed hope and lixiviated faith;
of long store accounts and dishonored drafts. Hope, faith, means, energy
and labor transformed into a sad-eyed, silent dump! Everything is gone
but the dump we sit upon— everything but the hole here, and the caving
walls will soon sit upon that!
"And the brawny prospector will come
And swear, from the top of that stump,
In a soft, solemn way, as he thinks
Of the suckers that fathered this dump!"

Pima County Officers :
1. M. G. Samaniego, Supervisor. 2. T. D. Satterwhite, District Attorney.
3. K. X. Leatherwood. Sheriff. 4. F. G. Hughes, Clerk Supervisors.
5. C. P. Hoff, Treasurer. 6. J. S. Wood, Probate Judge.
T. C. A, Shibell, Recorder.

76 Treasure Land.
To a person familiar with the powerful machinery used in
the large machine shops in the Bast, the plant established
(jQlfj in Tucson by local enterprise will appear insignificant, but
Producers it: is' nevertheless, as complete in its way as any in the
country. Every modern appliance has been adapted to the
requirements of the miners and farmers of this section
by the enterprising firm of Gardiner, Worthen & Goss, who are all practical
mechanics and well acquainted with the local needs.
As much of their trade is with mining concerns, they are close observers
of the progress of this industry. They note increased development and some
wonderful gold discoveries. As a. bullion producer the Oro mine, south of
Tucson, is making a reputation; large bodies of rich ore have been un
covered lately, but the company is a close corporation and figures are not
accessible. The Mohawk gold mines, in the Santa Catalinas, are producing
steadily, and the adjacent Mammoth property is expected to start up soon
with a 200-ton daily milling capacity.
In his capacity as resident agent of The Singer Sewing
Machine Company, Mr. Theo. G. Fitch travels extensively
Activity in in Southern Arizona and on the west coast of Mexico, and
Mininjr. nas unusual opportunities for marking the progress of the
sections tributary to Tucson. Never in the history of the
country has there been so much activity in mining or so
much confidence in the future. There is a constant demand for meritorious
properties, and this circumstance has encouraged prospectors to work with
unaccustomed energy, with the result of uncovering rich mineral deposits
hitherto unsuspected. The influx of capital into this region is unprecedented,
and investors appear to be, generally, well-satisfied with the outlook, and
many of them are making money. The facilities here for successful mining
exceed those of any other mineral section, and the time is not far distant
when Southern Arizona will take rank where it belongs.
Mr. and Mrs. Lewis D. McLain, of Pueblo, Colo., have
been spending the season in Tucson, and are enthusiastic
TuCSOn Beats over its incomparable climate. Having spent several win-
Them All. ters in Mexic°. Cuba, the Bahamas, Florida and other re
sorts, they feel that they are able to judge of the relative
merits of these places, and their verdict is that Tucson
beats them all.
Mr. McLain claims that if it was generally known in the Eastern states
what a combination of advantages Tucson possesses in the way of altitude;
little irrigation, hence practically no humidity; dry, bracing air; fine drives
and mountain scenery, we would need several additional hotels and hun
dreds of cottages to accommodate visitors.
But this country has more than climate. The wonderful
tt„s mineral resources will attract mining men and investors
_ . . „ from all over the country, for here are some of the best
iometning fflore golai silver an(j copPer prospects in the world.
Than Climate. Mr. McLain has been for years largely interested in
Colorado mines, and was among the first to realize the
possibilities of Cripple Creek. Pie saw its population increase in a few years
from 200 to 40,000, and believes that this section, with proper development,
will show up properties that will equal anything yet discovered in Colorado.
He believes the erection of a large smelter here would pay a handsome
interest on the investment.
As a proof of his confidence in the faith that is in him, he has made
several investments in mines during his stay, and expects to return early
next fall to Tucson and take a more active interest in the development of
her mineral resources.

Treasures of Wealth.

Some op the Departments or Store ok L. Zeckendorf & C<

The Dynamics of
Business.

It is a law of physical dynamics that bodies attract in
proportion to their mass, and this law prevails to a great
extent in the business world. The merchant seeks a mar
ket for his purchases where immense stocks are carried,
and his choice is unfettered by any limitation but that of
his own credit. No matter how favorably situated a place
may be, it can not control trade unless its merchants are in a position to
meet every demand made upon them. Tucson is no more favorably situated
than several other points in Southern Arizona, but the appreciation of the
dynamical law referred to has given it control of the trade of this section,
Our merchants realize the nature of their supremacy, and the visitor who
has not closely considered the conditions, marvels at the immense stocks
of merchandise they carry. The maintenance of this tenure, however, de
pended for years upon one firm exclusively, and to their capital and enter
prise must be imputed its present existence.
The origin of the firm of L. Zeckendorf & Co. dates from 1854, but the
present establishment was founded fourteen years later. For over twenty
years it has been under the immediate management of Mr. Albert Steinfeld,
the resident partner, to whose energy and ability is due the prosperity of
the house and its present high reputation for enterprise and integrity. The
senior partner, Mr. Louis Zeckendorf, resides permanently in New York, and
handles the Eastern business of the house.
The Tucson establishment is located on the corner of Pearl and Main
streets, and comprises two large stores, one 85xlS8 feet, with basement de
voted to general merchandise, and the other 65x150 feet, wherein is kept the
largest stock of furniture, carpets, etc., in the Territory. Besides these two
immense structures, the firm has a large warehouse at the railroad depot. The
business of the firm is not confined to merchandising; it buys and sells
hides, makes advances on ore consignments and transacts a general bank
ing and agency business.
Its importations are made direct from manufacturers in carload lots,
and it has the exclusive handling for Southern Arizona of some of the
most reputable brands of goods. The smaller merchants find it to their
advantage to purchase from them in preference to ordering direct, and as

78 Treasure Land.
Tucson is made a distributing point by the Southern Pacific company, a largo
wholesale and jobbing trade is transacted with tributary towns.
The management of such an extensive business calls for executive
ability of the highest order and the employment of able subordinates, and by
judicious selection and fair treatment the firm has gathered a corps of as
sistants unequalled in the country.
Mr. Steinfeld is assisted in the management by Mr. Hugo J. Donau, one
of the brightest young business men in the Territory, whose experience covers
every department and gives him a ready grasp of every situation.
The office is in charge of Mr. Frank B. Wightman, head bookkeeper; Mr.
Adolph Steinfeld, assistant; Thos. A. Legarra, bill clerk, and Miss Clara
Evans, cashier, all first class people and experts in their positions.
Mr. Frank H. Lee is in charge of the wholesale grocery department and is
probably as well posted on freight rates as any man in the country.
The retail grocery department is superintended by Mr. R. J. Adams, an
experienced man, who, during the short time he has been with the firm
has proved himself a valuable acquisition.
The hardware department, wholesale and retail, is in charge of Mr. J.
H. Caister, forrnerly resident territorial agent for The Simmonds Hardware
Company, of St. Louis.
Mr. A. Allande, with a corps of assistants, has supervised the large
wholesale dry goods department for many years, and his knowledge of the
business and treatment of the patrons of the house has done much to
accredit it.
The retail department is handled by Mr. Henry S. Campbell, one of the
' best salesmen and managers in the West. He makes semi-annual trips to
the East to select seasonable novelties, and since his connection with the
firm, the ladies of Tucson have had no occasion to send elsewhere for their
gowns in order to be fashionable.
Mr. A. J. Fink has charge of the notions and millinery department, as
sisted by Miss Millie Katzenstein.
Mr. Fernando E. Aguilar has been in the firm's employ for fifteen years,
advancing step by step until he is now the head of the gents' furnishing
department. Mr. Vic. Hanney has charge of the clothing department, and handles the
largest and best-selected stock in the territory.
Mr. Harry Drachman is a native son of the southwest, and was the
first American child born of American parents in Tucson. He has been with
the firm for thirteen years and has charge of the shoe department, for
which he has established such a reputation for fair dealing that the L. Z. &
Co. brands of shoes are accredited all over the territory. He is also city
treasurer and a prominent member of the Knights of Pythias.
The business of these departments is all transacted under the one roof,
and the facilities surpass anything found outside of the largest emporiums
in the country. The visitor who surveys the busy scene from the balcony
that extends along three sides of the interior will hardly credit the evidence
of his senses, and imagines himself in one of the largest department stores
of New York. Twenty-five clerks are constantly moving about, attending
to the wants of customers or putting up orders, while the packing room
in the rear presents one of the busiest scenes imaginable.
Leaving the main store and crossing Pearl street, we reach the furniture
department, presided over by Mr. Ed. W. Bowers, one of the most ex
perienced furniture men in the country, who came here originally for his
health. His stock is not only the largest in the Territory, but the best-
selected, everything being new and of the very latest design. His orders
come direct from the leading factories in carload lots, and he is able to
defy competition. He keeps a force of upholsterers constantly employed, and
his trade extends over Southern Arizona and Sonora.

A Land oe Beee
as Well as Bullion.

-saps

*Ui

Sierra Boxita Ranch: Home Ranch and Cattle.

w'-

THC STOCKMAN.
Without a cure to wrinkle his brine,
He rides o'er the mesas green and brnirn :
And if he thinks, 'tis to wonder hair
Some people can live iu a town .'
For the Stockman's life is as wild and free
As a bird's, as he skims o'er the grassy sea:
And he rides or rests, at his own suxeet will,
WJiilc the beeves grow fatter nn plain and hill.

80 Treasure Land.
A Land Of Tne question of beef supply has been a leading one from
. „T .. time immemorial and previously. It has lost none of its
Beet as Weil importance, and while we do not propose to devote so
as Bullion. much attention to it in the future as at present, we note
the fact that it is an important industry and a very profit
able one. For the present, and until the land is required for agricultural
purposes, about one-half of Arizona's area can be used for grazing lands
of superior quality. The climate of Southern Arizona is peculiarly favor
able both to the healthful development and inexpensive care of animals,
and they are here exempt to a large extent from the numerous diseases
with which they become afflicted in most parts of the country.
Cattle, sheep and horses are of the improved breeds, and progress has
been continually made in this direction.
The development of the artesian water supply and the erection of sur
face wells and windmills, the conditions for which seem most favorable,
will render the whole extent of our grazing lands available.
Alfalfa flourishes here as it does nowhere else, and the fattening of cat
tle and hogs on the farms has become a most profitable business.
There were shipped from the territory during the past fiscal year,
ending June 30, 1896", 220,583 head of cattle, which, at an average value of
$12.50 per head, gave a return of $2,757,287.50.
When the military posts established under the Spanish
The First rule to Protect the northern frontier of Mexico were
iiicri abandoned, after the revolution, the bloody Apache in
Graziers. the west, and the warlike Comanche in the east, overran
the country. Prior to this time the country lying in what
is now Pima county was celebrated as one of the finest stock- ranges in
Mexico. The ranches belonging to the Elias family, of Arispe, who were
wealthy graziers, carried more than 100,000 head of cattle, and branded
yearly from 25,000 to 30,000 head of calves; all of which were swept away,
together with the stock of the other ranches on the San Pedro and the
Santa Cruz, by the Apaches, between the years 1830 and 1840. The ranches
were abandoned, the rancheros seeking shelter in the nighboring presidios
and pueblos of Tucson, Tubac and Santa Cruz, where they maintained a
doubtful defense against the savages.
StOCk Raising Tlie facilities afforded by nature for the growing of
horses, cattle and sheep in Pima county are equal, if
IU not superior, to those of any other portion of the United
Pima County. States. Its mild and delightful climate, its extensive
ranges, and the variety of feed which they contain con
tribute to this.
Experience shows that cattle thrive under the tropical heat of the sum
mers, while the mildness of the winter climate is exceedingly well adapted
to the growth and development of stock. The entire absence of blizzards
and snow storms makes the ranges peculiarly valuable. It is not necessary
to store feed for winter use, thus avoiding the expense of cutting, hauling
and storing the enormous quantities of hay necessary for the maintenance
of large herds in less favored sections of the country.
In order that cattle may thrive, it is necessary that they have large
tracts of unoccupied land upon which to graze. The raising of large herds
in limited enclosures has been found not only expensive, but practically
impossible. Pima county being as yet sparsely populated, furnishes ranch
men wide and extensive ranges for their stock. With mountain and rolling
hills on the one hand, and forest and grassy plains on the other, the advant
ages for breeding are superior.
Our ranges afford a great variety of feed for stock, but they may be
classed into the general heads, grasses, browse and cacti.

A Land of Beef as Well as Bullion. 81
There are a great many species of grasses. They may be subdivided
into two classes— seed and root grasses. Seed grasses are those which come
from the seed after the rainy seasons, and of these there is a great variety.
While they are still green and tender they make excellent feed for stock,
and when they mature their seed is exceedingly fattening. Under this sub
head, too, must be considered the countless varieties of weeds which are
produced by the winter rains, and which make very fine feed, especially
when they come into seed. Root grass, in addition to growing from the
seed, also sprouts from the roots, and lives throughout the year, and is
very valuable for stock purposes.
The value of browse as feed for stock can not be overestimated. In
fact, without it stock, and especially cattle, do not seem to do well. The
trees which furnish this browse are the "mesquite," "palo verde," "tesota,"
"binorama," which grow on the bottoms and rolling mesas, and many
scrub plants of the foothills and mountain sides. Each one of these pro
duces first a blossom and then either a berry or a bean, both of which are
greatly relished by stock. The flower and bean of the "mesquite," "palo
verde" and "tesota" are particularly nourishing and fattening, and when
they are in season stock prefer them to all other kinds of food.
Cacti are a growth peculiar to tropical climates. They are very abund
ant in Pima county, and include a great number of species. Por stock pur
poses, however, the principal kinds are the Tuna and the Cholla. Both of
these are very thorny species, and to one who has not seen it, it seems im
possible that anything with flesh and feeling could eat it. However, when
the sprigs are young and tender, cattle will travel miles to get them.
The great variety of feed, and the fact that these are constantly succeed
ing each other, throughout the year, in their seasons of maturity, are the
chief and peculiar advantages which ranges in Pima county offer for the
raising of stock.
The natural increase of cattle equals that of the most favored section
of the range area. Ninety and 95 per cent, is not unusual when the max
imum number of bulls is kept. This is owing to the perfect climate and
extreme healthfulness and purity of the air. The loss from all sources is
estimated not to exceed 3 per cent, yearly, and epidemic diseases are un
known. No part of the United States can produce cheaper beef than
Arizona, and none brings more profit to the cattlemen. On the broad plains
and rich pastures of Southern Arizona fortunes are awaiting men of
energy and enterprise. The vast stretches of rich pasture land will yet be
utilized and covered with thousands of cattle.
While vicious acts of cattle do not often materialize, the
The Perils Of inexperienced cowboy occasionally receives a lesson in
prudence, as the following incident will show:
Branding. "The operation of branding proceeded as usual, one
man roping the animal from his horse and dragging it
into the side corral (or enclosure), another casting and tying, while a third
branded, ear-marked and castrated.
"The man to whom had been assigned the work of branding had oc
casion to step into the main corral at the moment that a throw of the lasso
had caused a commotion among the cattle gathered there, and the herd
rushed towards him.
"Taking it for granted that they would pass to one side of him, as they
had done before, he paid little heed to them, but one vicious heifer, who
had already given some trouble, became frantic and furious, and seeing a
man on foot, she bounded towards him with frothing mouth and lashing
tail. He did not observe her until she was upon him, and then his danger
paralyzed him. His strength forsook him and the iron in his hand fell from
his nerveless grasp. There was no hope of escape, and he felt himself
falling when he was jerked upward from the ground and lost consciousness.

82 Treasure Land.
"When he recovered he learned that, one of his companions had been
quick to notice his peril and, seeing that nothing could be done to stop the
brute's furious onslaught, had lassoed him in a flash and hauled him out of
the line of danger." You can not very well do it if you travel in Arizona ex-
Kppn off the tensively, especially in the southern section. At this
y season of the year (spring) we have more different kinds
Grass. of grasses than any country on earth, and they grow as
if it was their only opportunity. For range purposes,
however, we count only on eleven different indigenous and acclimated
plants that, curing on the stalk, without cutting or other attention at the
hand of man, comprise the great bulk of our valuable fattening food for
range stock. The following is a list of the plants referred to:
Sporobulus wrightii (Sacaton grass)— This grass is found principally in
the valleys, reaches the height of eight or nine feet, grows some all the year,
but very rapidly after July rains, and blooms in September. It is very
hardy, stands a great deal of pasturing, but is readily killed out by fire.
It grows both from seed and the roots; is hard to mow on account of grow
ing tussocks, but makes excellent hay when cut early.
Clitoris alba— An annual grass growing largely in swales where there
is rich soil, frequently overflowed. It has a large proportion of seed, much
sought after by stock, and produces a large quantity of foliage, making
excellent food. It is in some parts called Crowfoot grama.
Bouteloua oligostachya (blue grama, mesquite grass)— This grass is
the main reliance of range stock in Arizona, and it is eaten by them in
preference to any other. Cut for hay at the period of its growth when the
seed has just passed the milk stage, it is very nutritious. Horses used
every day keep in good flesh when fed upon it exclusively. It cures better
on the stalk, retaining more of its substance, and lasts longer into the fol
lowing year than any other range grass. It is not readily tramped out,
stands droughts well, and on ranges where it has apparently disappeared
because of droughts and overstocking comes again when rains are plentiful.
Aristida (white grama)— The Mexicans call this grass chino, or the
curly grama. It is to all appearances the same as the blue grama, and is
about the same for food for stock on the range, but there is much less of it.
It is distinguished from the blue by a white flowering head.
Bouteloua polystachya (low grama grass)— Grows rank on the edges of
ponds and where the water stands for a month or more during and after
the rainy season, also along slow-running streams. It is also found on
many varieties of soil, both on the mesas and on the prairie. It has the fat
tening properties of all the grama grasses.
Buchloe dactyloides (buffalo grass) — This grass furnishes a great
amount of feed, makes more of a sod than any other range grass, and is
valuable next after the grama. It is evenly and closely eaten by stock, and
grows from the seed and from the offshoots, as does Bermuda grass.
Hilaria James II. (Galleta or black bunch grass)— While not considered
a first-class grass, is valued on account of being exceedingly hardy, with
standing great drought; does not tramp out; makes good hay when cut in
season; certain soils seem to much improve its nutritive qualities.
Festuca (pine bunch grass)— Found throughout all the pine woods region
of Arizona; is valued very highly as winter range feed and makes fair
bay, but not as good as the grama grasses.
Atriplex (white sage) — Very valuable in Northern Arizona, where the
snow often falls to a depth to cover the most of the summer grasses; stock
at such times live and thrive upon this plant, which grows on the order of
a small bush or shrub.

A Land of Beef as Well as Bullion. 83
Erodivm (alfilaria)— This is a plant native of California, brought in the
first instance in the wool of flocks of sheep to the territory; found to do
very well in the lower plains of Southern Arizona; is very fattening and
is highly valued as a spring food, starting with very little rain and before
any of the native grasses.
Medicago sativa (alfalfa)— This plant is called in different portions of the
world French clover, Spanish trefoil, Brazilian clover, Chilean clover,
medick, and lucerne. It is being cultivated in all parts of the United
States, but it no part does it surpass the growth attained here on the irri
gated lands. It furnishes food equally valuable for all kinds of stock, both
green and dry, and as a forage plant is invaluable to the stockmen of the
territory. It is of very ancient origin, haviug been cultivated in Greece
five hundred years before the Christian era.
Future We make the following extract from the Governor's Re-
f .. p„ til- Port for 1895:
01 tne Latlie ><ln 18g3 it was believed, and this belief continued for
Industry. a number of years, until in the '90s, that the production
of beef was below the actual demand for consumption—
that is, that the percentage of population was increasing faster than the
percentage of beef. Prices fell, however, in spite of theories, and contin
ued to fall. Cattle men in every section of the country charged this condi
tion of affairs to the large beef packers of Chicago. The government was
induced to look into it; senate committees investigated exhaustively, and
all interested watched closely. The result attained was that the packers
only followed the rule of all commercial men — bought when they could
get the cheapest and sold when their product commanded the best price.
In fact, the charges against them were not proven. Arizona cattle men
suffered in common with all others from the depressed condition of affairs,
but a much better feeling pervades the community, since it is believed that
overproduction caused the low prices. The cattle men have regulated their
expense to meet their incomes. They now feel, because of substantial ad
vance in prices received this year and the assurance of good range feed for
some years to come, that their business is in a better condition than it has
been for a long time past. With proper home legislation and governmental
compliance with their just requests, there is every reason to hope that the
dark days of depression are over. All our range men who can are increas
ing their holdings. Quite a number of Northern cattle men have been buy
ing stocked ranges in Arizona, seeing that a turn in the business for the
better is near at hand.
"The question is often asked, 'How long will the range business last?'
John J. Clay, Jr., who concededly stands at the head for his intimate
knowledge of range conditions in every part of America from the earliest
days of ranching on the plains to the present time, and whose success is
phenomenal as an all-around cattle man from the range to the great Chi
cago market, where he stands easily first, adding weight and value to what
he says, answers this question in his Live Stock Report, as follows:
" 'That is easily answered. It is here to stay, probably on different con
ditions, but it is a part and parcel of our American agriculture. It is a
means to an end. That end is beef or mutton, and as long as the plains
and mountains exist, with present climatic conditions, so will ranching. It
will be our great reservoir from which we can draw an endless number of
cattle and sheep, some of them fat, but most of them only feeders. Fences
will increase, meadows watered by mountain streams will be more numer
ous, but there will still remain, whether surrounded by barbed wire or not,
a vast pastoral region which can only be used as a grazing ground.
" 'Life in the West, whether it be by some quiet stream that meanders
through the plains or under the shade of a snow-capped mountain, will al-

84 Treasure Land.
ways have an attractive side. The air is pure, the climate fine, and there
is a freedom about it which compensates more or less for the sweets of civ
ilization. " 'Families grow up in Spartan simplicity, adapting themselves to the
circumstances surrounding the frontier, but they are silently building up,
with cattle and sheep, with spade and shovel, by school and teacher, a great
empire which thrives on the arts of peace and the sinew of the worker.
" 'In the distance I see the wild and woolly cowboy gradually trans
formed into a quiet, unassuming citizen, with his homestead, meadow and
grazing lands, taking no chances except those which nature seems to pro
vide in every clime and country.
" 'The work of revolution has begun, and the cattle on a thousand hills
will have hundreds of owners, who will improve their quality as well as
provide a greater quantity.' "
pjr(,t Dr. J. A. Monk, of 124% S. Spring street, Los Angeles,
has the most complete library of Arizona literature in
Impressions the country, and to him we are indebted for the fol-
of Arizona lowing: I took my first glimpse of Arizona in the spring of
1884, and was so much impressed by what I saw that it has had me
fascinated ever since.
I entered the territory by Stein's pass on the Southern Pacific rail
road, and stopped at Bowie station, near which place I spent several
weeks on a cattle ranch.
Just before reaching San Simon station in the San Simon valley,
there was pointed out to me, from the car window, San Simon's Head.
in the Chiricahua mountains. It is a perfect profile of a man's head
in repose, facing the sky. Nearby towers a noble butte, called Helen's
Doom, which received its name from a tragedy that happened many
years ago, when an army officer's daughter threw herself from its sum
mit to certain death in order to escape a more horrible fate at the
hands of pursuing Indians.
At its base winds Apache pass, notorious in early days for the large
number of murders committed by the Apaches under their great leader,
Cochise, when overland travel to the Pacific was made by stage over
the Butterfield route.
In a cluster of hills midway of the pass nestles Fort Bowie, which
was established late in the '60's for the protection of travelers and
settlers, and has witnessed many a hard-fought battle with the Indians
who infested that region.
Upon the opposite slope stands bold Dos Cabezas, whose giant double
head of solid granite is a conspicuous landmark over a wide scope of
country. Next comes Railroad pass, which was named by Lieut. J. G. Parke
in 1885 on account of its easy grade and facility for railroad construc
tion. It is a fine cattle range and its broad meadows of the nutritious
grama grass is the feeding ground for the herds of the Pinaleno ranch.
From the pass, in a southwesterly direction, can be seen the rocky
pinnacles of Cochise's stronghold in the Dragoon mountains, where the
doughty Apache chief had his favorite rendezvous for many years, and
into which place, when closely pressed, he invariably retreated for safety.
High above the surrounding country majestic Mt. Graham rears its
pine-crested head at an elevation of nearly 11,000 feet above the sea
level. Everything was new and entirely different from anything that I had
seen before. The landscape was strangely fascinating; mountains
bounded the horizon in every direction, and a veil of purple haze softened
every object in sight

A Land of Beef as Well as Bullion. 85
One year prior to my visit, my brother, Judge E. R. Monk, located
Pinaleno ranch in Railroad pass and stocked it with cattle. It was in
the height of the cattle boom, when a scrub Mexican cow and calf de
livered on the range cost $30. To make such a start was risky business,
not only because of the high prices of cattle, but also on account of
frequent raids that were made by hostile Indians, when ranchmen were
killed and the stock driven off. However, the venture proved a success,
and after many years of vicissitude, such as are incident to the stock
business, the M. O. K. outfit still occupies its old range.
The drive to the ranch was delightful, being about ten miles out, and
reached by a road that skirted the Dos Cabezas mountains. Being a
new range there was an abundance of grass everywhere and the cattle
fared sumptuously. Riding the range daily with the cowboys, inspecting
the cattle and watching their playful antics but gave me the desired
opportunity to see the country in detail and enjoy my outing to the
fullest extent.
Old Indian trails were numerous, and abandoned mescal pits showed
where, in days gone by, the Apaches had camped and feasted on mescal
and pinole. Railroad pass was at one time a favorite haunt of the Apaches,
and even as late as the date of my visit there was enough danger from
raiding Indians to make life exciting.
In the previous winter. Gen. Crook had driven the Apache chief,
Juh, and his renegades, into Mexico, where after an unusually hard
campaign he captured them in the Sierra Madre mountains. They were
brought back to their reservation at San Carlos and put to work raising
grain instead of lifting scalps. The last contingent of about thirty
prisoners, with their guards and herds of horses and cattle, crossed our
range, and their fantastic appearance was an amusing sight to a tender
foot, particularly as the Indians were harmless.
One of my first acquaintances was Col. H. C. Hooker,
o.-prri, -DftTijta and since then I have often enjoyed his genial hospi-
oiciia duuih tality. He is the proprietor of the Sierra Bonita ranch,
Ranch. which is the most valuable ranch property in the ter
ritory. It is located in Sulphur Spring valley, twenty-
two miles north of Wilcox and ten miles south of Fort Grant. He has
an ideal ranch home, which is a large, commodious house, built in the
Spanish style and elegantly furnished with all the latest modern im
provements. In the midst of his interesting family and surrounded by
friends, he is fixed to enjoy the evening of his life in contentment and
plenty. He is a New Hampshire man and went to Arizona and settled
in his present location in 1863. He owns a large tract of land, which is
all under fence, and he has spent much time and money in experimental
farming. I saw as heavy grass and grain growing on his place as ever
grew anywhere. His herds consist of Durham and Hereford thorough
bred and high-grade cattle, which command the highest market price.
His horses are equally good, and, indeed, he is only satisfied when he
has the best of everything.
He has lived in Arizona for thirty odd years and has had the ex
perience of all pioneers in settling up a new country. He has been in
great peril from the Indians and he told me that in that time he has
had forty men killed by them. He has also lost much stock, which loss,
though caused by the Indians, the government, even at this late day,
lias failed to make good.
The regular force of employe's numbers twenty-five, all the best
men in their lines, and the rate of wages runs from $30 to $75 per month
and board. Mr. Hooker believes in securing the best of everything, in
cluding help, and adherence to this principle has brought him the success
that now crowns his efforts.

86

Treasure Land.

To this principle must also be attributed the perfection
of his herds, which by judicious selection of strains,
Cattle StOCk. after careful experiment with each, has made his brand
a guarantee of perfection. He experimented with Dur
ham and other breeds and finally adopted the Hereford
on account of its superior quality as a grass feeder. In 1881 he pur
chased 220 head of registered bulls from T. L. Miller, of Beecher, 111.,
for $30,000, then the largest importer of Herefords in the United States.
New blood has been constantly added since, and he now has the finest
herd in the country. His grass-fed steers average from twelve hundred
to fourteen hundred pounds and command the highest market price. The
records of the English market show that grass-fed Herefords bring the
same price as grain-fed Durhams, and his expei'ience has demonstrated
the fact that they ought to. They not only thrive on grass, but have
better "rustling" qualities than any other breed, and can be depended
upon to hold flesh when common cattle on the same range run to bone
and horn.
Stock During the spring of 1897, 3,500 head of cattle have
_ .. been shipped from the range, including 300 young bulls
Breeding an(j 1000 cows to Eastern markets for breeding pur-
Farm, poses, all bringing the highest market prices.
It would be strange if a progressive man like Mr.
Hooker remained contented as a meat purveyor for the Eastern market
with one of the best breeding ranges in the world about- him. On his
property all the very best features of the Hereford breed are brought
out, and this fact so impressed itself upon him that he realized that a
demand for stock cattle from less famed sections of the country would
arise as soon as it became known that he could meet it.
This he is now prepared to meet, and the time is not far distant when
the Sierra Bonita strain will become distinctive in the market.
As intimated in the beginning, the impressions that were made on
my first visit to Arizona were deep, and the interest then awakened has
not diminished, but has increased with each subsequent trip. Its at
tractions are many which, if described in detail, would fill a large book.
It contains great natural wealth which in time is destined to make it
one of the richest commonwealths of the Union.

Occidental Hotel, Tucson. -Cattlemen's Headquarters.

A Land, of Beef as Well as Bullion.

Federal Officers :
W. K. Meade, U. S. Marshal. 4. J. D. Breathitt, U. S. Special Agent.
Geo. J. Roskruge, Surveyor General. 5. E. R. Monk, Receiver Land Office.
C. DeGroff, Postmaster. 6. E. J. Trippel, Register Land Office.

The Rodeo.

Fortunes are made by taking advantage of opportunities,
but the most successful men are those who, by the exercise
of good judgment and the judicious use of a little money,
make their own opportunities. Some men waste their
energies sitting around hotel offices and waiting for a good
thing to come along, while others hunt up the good things
or make them. Tucson is, just now, a field for endeavor and offers more
opportunities for enterprising men than any town in the country, and people
of this stamp realize it at once.
Messrs. Breathitt, Trippel & Proctor are gentlemen who combine all the
essentials of success, and as cattle, real estate and mining brokers and in
surance agents, they are not only going to meet opportunities, but make
them. They have means and the confidence of their clients; are in touch
with the markets, and their strictly honorable and advanced business
methods place them in the front rank. Their offices are the handsomest in
the city and the personale of the firm guarantees hospitable treatment for
their patrons. Col. J. B. Breathitt is widely known as special agent of the
general land office, and prior to this he was, for six years, a prominent
member of the Missouri board of railroad commissioners, and served as
district attorney of Saline county. Hon. B. J. Trippel came here in 1884,
and is a son of the late Alex. Trippel, the well known mining expert. He

88 Treasure Land.
has occupied many important public positions with us, having been deputy
collector of customs, member of the legislature and register of the United
States land office. Hon. F. B. Proctor is a practical stock raiser who has
also served us in several public capacities which proved his quality.
This firm is a combination of ability that can not be equaled, and with
such favorable conditions as now exist, they are certainly on the road to
fortune. Brady & Levin are the cattle dealers of the territory, their
operations extending over the whole of it. They have
contracts made for spring delivery for 28,000 head of cattle,
Thoroughbreds. ana coui,j handle more, but stock raisers, in view of the
great demand and rising prices, prefer to hold for better
figures. They report that all the ranges are in superb
condition, cattle looking well, and their owners full of confidence. The price
of cattle has almost doubled in the last few years and is still going up, and
everyone in the business will make money. This firm also handles real
estate and mines, and insurance business, and note that property owners
show no inclination to sell, but hold the land at fair prices. The demand is
good, principally for residences. Both these gentlemen are home products
of a quality we are proud of. Their fathers were pioneers and their sons
are carrying forward the banner of progress and winning a reputation for
themselves as sound business men and good fellows.
The Hon. W. K. Meade followed the star of empire in 1871,
and engaged in mining in Southern Arizona. He vividly
Quite recalls the halcyon days when silver was king and the
Characteristic. mines were pouring out their wealth of gray treasure, and
hopes to see them return.
He represented Pinal county in the legislature in 1879,
and Pima county in 1881; in 1885 he was appointed United States marshal for
Arizona, and reappointed in 1893. He was World's Fair commissioner, by
appointment from President Harrison in 1892, and resigned to accept the
marshalship. We do not know how Judge J. S. Wood came to be called
"Honest John," but we can understand wherefor, for with
Honest Inhn the excePtion of one term as county treasurer, he has
occupied the office of probate judge and county school
superintendent of Pima county since 1874. He is getting
along in years, but is still full of vigor, and wants to see
some more improvements before he dies. He Believes we need better water
works and a complete sewerage system, and he is right.
The judge is ably assisted by his deputy, S. W. Purcell, Esq., a lawyer
of no mean ability. Among our successful business men are several who are
our own boys, educated in our public schools. One of
It IS Not in them is Mr. W. B. Felix, who served his apprenticeship
Alaska. wlth L- Zeckendorf & Co. before founding one of the finest
retail dry goods stores in Tucson. Being an all-around
business man, his views on business matters merit atten
tion, arid it is inspiring to hear him speak of our future prospects. He refers
with much amusement to an incident in his last trip to New York to lay
in his summer stock. He found that many intelligent people were under the
impression that Tucson was somewhere in Alaska, which tends to show the
necessity for some judicious advertising.

The Farmers Paradise
or Land and Water.

«** '" < ' *

Orchard near Tucson.

A niggard soil and unfaithful sky
Breaks the farmer's back as the years go by ;
The uncertain crops, and the interest day
That never fails, make his hair turn gray.
But our fruitful soil, and our sunny skies,
Fill up his soul with glad surprise ;
For his ditches run full in the driest years,
And he laughs at the sky, and has no fears.

90 Treasure Land.
A Word When the Eastern farmer takes into consideration all
. _ the hardships and privations of his existence; the con-
10 tne Eastern stant toiL po01. compensation, enforced economy and the
Farmer. sufferings from winter's frosts and summer's heat, he
must surely come to the conclusion that he lot is indeed
a hard oue. His life is one of constant drudgery and his accumulations
of years aggregate a very small sum indeed. Now mark the difference
by which like industry is rewarded in Southern Arizona. His manifold
crops during the year exceed four-fold that of his Eastern farm, and the
market price received is more than double, while the labor involved is
,no greater. His yearly return represents fully eight times as much as
that from his eastern farm, while his ordinary living expenses do not
largely exceed those prevailing there. Besides this immense pecuniary
gain he enjoys the benefit of a genial and healthful climate where his
years of life will be prolonged aud his ability for enjoyment largely en
hanced by the natural conditions that surround him here. His fruit
trees mature more rapidly and bear wonderfully prolific crops, and a
thousand other advantages are offered him. Such facts as these are
sufficient to induce a very desirable class of immigrants to come to this
country to till the soil and make it blossom and bear a golden harvest.
The most permanent population is the farmer, and from the farm
comes the most steady stream of wealth; it is the resource of the life
and existence of the people, for without bread no people can live, and
this must be supplied from the soil, and the planting of farms in Arizona
is the encouragement of permanent wealth and steady prosperity and
the retaining at home the vast volumes of money which is drained by
the foreign market that supply our mining regions with breadstuffs and
other products of the soil. Farm life in Arizona can be made the most
profitable and charming of any place in the United States, and when
this becomes known generally, there will be a large immigration of
home-seekers to this region, but we must render our lands available for
farming. This requires capital, and the press must be the prime factor
in this work. With population and wealth, statehood will follow as a
matter of course. Alfalfa is one of the most nutritious pasture and hay
A Farmer's plants, and reaches perfection in this congenial climate;
. ' from three to five crops may be harvested in a single
Paradise. year, yielding from two to five tons of cured hay per
acre at each cutting, and upon this crop the range
cattle are fattened for the slaughter and stock hogs are grown, while a
large quantity is baled and shipped out of the territory.
Barley, wheat, rye, oats and corn yield abundantly. Most of the
wheat is converted into flour for local consumption, and barley forms
the staple grain for live stock.
It was thought at one time that potatoes could not be grown in Arizona.
but this fallacy, like many others, agricultural and otherwise, has faded
before the light of experience. Large quantities of excellent tubers are
raised, and in Southern Arizona planting and harvesting succeed each
other almost continuously throughout the year.
Sorghums, both sweet and non-saccharine, are extensively grown for
live stock food. Tobacco of fair quality is grown in the country adjacent
to Tucson, and this is preferred in some cases to the imported article.
Recent experiments at the university show that many improved varieties
thrive here and may be made an important farm crop.
The conditions which serve to perfect the conditions for agriculture,
contribute in a more marked degree to the successful carrying on of
horticultural pursuits.

The Farmer's Paradise or Land and Water. 91
The apricot leads in acreage under cultivation and quantity of fruit
produced, but the bright sun aud congenial climate seem particularly
htted for the production of highly colored and luscious peaches, and the
peach grown here is of superior size and quality.
Grapes for the table, for raisins, and for the manufacture of wine are
grown cheaply and in abundance and of the very best quality in the
vicinity of Tucson.
Pomegranates are so common and grow so lustily that they are used
for hedges.
In elevated localities apples of splendid quality and large size are
produced and the trees are very prolific.
The mesas and foothills have been found well adapted to the growth
of the orange, and the fruit has been pronounced equal in size and
flavor to any imported from California.
The fig tree is found in every garden, and few of our busy house
wives neglect to keep up a good store of delicious fig preserves.
There is a great future for the almond. The trees grow well, are
prolific, come into bearing early and the nuts can be placed upon the
market when there is the the most demand for them.
Strawberries are raised in abundance for home consumption, and their
flavor surpasses that of the California product. No attempts have been
made to raise blackberries for market, but these no doubt would do well.
We have the finest assortment of vegetables all througn the year, and
produce the largest and best-flavored melons in the world. We simply
plant the seed, supply the water and the climate does the rest.
Sweet potatoes and yams yield large crops, while cabbages, beans,
peas, lettuce and onions thrive amazingly.
The peanut plant is prolific in sandy soils, but has not been tried
extensively. What a There is nothing equal to personal experience to es-
p . tablish a fact, and the following statement, written by a
rarmer IS practical farmer, carries conviction in every line. It
Doing. was not solicited by us, but we offer it as one instance
out of many that substantiate our claim that Pima
county offers better inducements to the farmer than any other part of
the country:
"The day is not very distant in the rush of American life when the
remarkable development of Fresno and Southern California will repeat
itself in our beautiful valleys of Southern Arizona, and then our friends
of the range and horned cattle will experience, perhaps, a similar sen
sation of astonishment at the changes which greet them here, to be
mingled probably in a similar degree with reflections of the incredulity
which they had felt at one time that such things could ever be.
"The same causes will surely produce here the very same results, and
no one who has been lately watching the signs of the times, as pre
sented in the present prosperous condition of the orange tree in the vicinity
of Tucson, can help foreseeing the same wonderful experience.
"While the triumphs of the southern section of Arizona will be great.
as time goes on, in producing the citrus and deciduous fruits, it is not
my purpose here to linger over these, but I will confine myself to what
can be done in Pima county, from actual experience, in the more humble
field of raising vegetables. I find our soil and climate not only adapted
to all the Eastern vegetables, but with the aid of irrigation, producing
vegetables superior in quality and quantity to those of the Eastern and
Central Western states. I have successfully grown in my garden this
year, cabbages, carrots, onions, beets, celery, salsify, tomatoes, squash,
green peas, asparagus, cauliflower, lima beans, early corn, egg plant,

92 Treasure Land. I
artichokes, lettuce, parsnips, pumpkins, turnips and watermelons and
cantaloupes of different varieties and of the most delicious flavor. It is
difficult to say which vegetable thrives best in this portion of Arizona.
The cauliflower grows splendidly and surpasses anything that I have
ever seen in the East. Although it is now midwinter, I have plants in
my garden with large spreading heads, as white as snow, still growing
and apparently unaffected by the cold nights. The beet also grows won
derfully in this country; they are very large in size and very sweet in
flavor; so well adapted to our soil is this vegetable that I am sure it
will be grown in the early future in Arizona on a large scale for sugar.
For this reason I have watched its growth with the greatest interest, and
the result is fully equal to my most sanguine expectations, and I hope
to soon see a beet sugar factory established in this county.
"Lettuce seems to be our greatest vegetable curiosity. It grows at
all periods of the year; the coldest weather does not seem even to affect it.
The wind scatters the seed and I find it springing up in the grass at
considerable distances from the garden. We produce the plant in per
fection for the tooth, and I have seen nothing to surpass it anywhere.
Pumpkins and squashes do well with us, the former growing to an
immense size. The white scalloped variety also grows here to perfec
tion. I was surprised to see the artichoke and egg plant do so well in
our climate. They seem to be at home here and are very thrifty, as,
in fact, are all the vegetables that I have raised.
Farmers from the East, who are accustomed to cut a
How Alfalfa single crop of hay from their fields in a year, are puz-
zled and incredulous when told that the soil of Arizona
GrOWS. gives from four to eight crops of good alfalfa hay, and
that the same marvelous productiveness continues year
after year. As an instance, we cite the case of one of our farmers, with
eight acres of alfalfa. The seed was scattered at the rate of twenty pounds
to the acre; a good stand resulted, and in April the grass was ready to cut.
The eight acres produced twenty tons of cured hay, and in the early part
of June it was cut again, the crop this time being twenty-four tons. On the
1st of July the grass was thirty-two inches high and nearly ready for an
other cutting! The total yield was 168 tons, and this is not, by any means,
an exceptioual instance. A very superior grade of tobacco is raised in the vicinity
TobaCCO of Tucsorl> aad manufactured by L. Zeckendorf & Co.
This brand has become very popular, and their factory
Culture. has not lately been able to meet the demand. This firm,
with commendable enterprise, encouraged the raising of
tobacco by promising to utilize it, and now the yearly product is several
tons, and the market is always increasing. It is used generally in this
section by the Mexicans, who prefer it to the adulterated mixtures imported
from the East.
Experiments at the university station show that some of the finest
grades of tobacco can be raised here, and there is no reason why this in
dustry should not assume larger proportions.
Hard tO Beat Tne SUDJect of Deet sugar production is just now of con
siderable interest to Southern Arizona. It has been satis-
in factorily demonstrated that sugar beets can be success-
Beet Culture. fully Srown nere> and it is also a fact that they contain
an unusual percentage of saccharine, giving better re
sults than in any other part of the world. They seem to reach the highest
perfection in the bright sunshine of Arizona, while the soil supplies abund
ant nourishment for their growth. They are a profitable crop to the

The Farmer's Paradise or Land and Water. 93
farmer, and will prove to be a valuable addition to our industries when
sugar works are established here.
The agricultural experiment station of the university has lately been
agitating the subject of sugar beet culture and distributing seeds to the
farmers throughout the territory.
Prof. Wm. Stowe Devol, director of stations, has kindly furnished us
with the following facts on the subject:
"This is par excellence the country for sugar beets. The essentials of
successful sugar beet culture are sunshine, warmth, a proper amount of
water, with a deep but only moderately rich soil of a friable nature—a mod
erately fertile sandy loam— and industry intelligently applied. These fac
tors abound around Tucson. Beets carefully grown here will contain 20
per cent, of sugar, while in Germany, our great competitor, but 13 per cent.
is obtained. They will not exhaust the soil in growing, for it is well known
that the sugar which is carried off comes entirely from elements furnished
by the atmosphere.
"There is an advantage in growing the sugar beet here that is not pos
sessed by any other locality in the world. The same machinery can be
utilized for the manufacture of beet sugar and the extraction of tannic acid
from canaigre.
"This being the native home of the canaigre, it can be grown here as in
no other place, and thus an opportunity is afforded for keeping the machin
ery in operation the year round.
"Canaigre is a winter, and the beet a summer-growing plant, and the
planting of the beet seed begins about the time the cultivation of canaigre
ceases. "Sugar grown under the conditions prevailing here is of the highest
quality, and leather tanned -with canaigre extract is the best made, es
pecially for patent leather and other high grades. There can," therefore, be
no question as to the future of the sugar industry in this section.
Canaigre, Canaigre is a plant, belonging to the dock family, which
thp Prpat is a natiye or Arizona. Its astringent roots contain about
ine Ureal jq per cent, of tanning substance, and have been used
Tanning Plant, as medicine by the Indians and also for the tanning of
leather by the Mexicans. The plant begins its growth in
the fall, under the influence of cool weather, sends up its flowei stalk in the
spring, and dies back as the hot summer weather comes on. The seeds
are mostly sterile, the plant propagating itself mainly by means of the
young roots. These roots somewhat resemble sweet potatoes in shape,
grow in clusters, and vary from a very small size to over two pounds in
weight. They live several years, making their chief growth the first sea
son, slowly increasing each year until they finally die.
The university experiment station, though it has been in operation but
six years, is already widely known for its work on canaigre, and as a
result of the attention called to the subject through the station bulletins,
the wild product has been shipped to Eastern cities and Europe. The sup
ply of wild roots being limited and somewhat scattered, this product could
not be depended upon, and a number of canaigre plantations have been es
tablished in Arizona.
In this way it is proposed to carry on its cultivation upon the plan of
the beet sugar industry, and, if possible, in connection with it.
The commercial value of canaigre is now well established, and the
qualities imparted by it to leathers are unexcelled. The possibilities of a
crop so staple as one used in the production of leather can hardly be over
estimated, and it requires less attention from the farmer than any other
crop. The efforts now being made to demonstrate paying methods of culture
I

04 Treasure Land.
are full of promise, and it will soon become a very important addition to the
material resources of Arizona. The short but interesting history of this
new industry shows the value of experiment station work in assisting the
development of a new country.
Every once in a while we read in the newspapers that
Thp First some pseudo-scientist has discovered the original Irish
i nc nisi potato, and a short-lived celebrity is attached to his
Potato. name. The search for the original potato is really
wasted effort, for the article is right here in Arizona, and
can be found on nearly every hill. It is called the cobena, and has been a
favorite vegetable with the Indian from time immemorial. It has a blue
potato flower, and the root bulb, though not large, has the true potato
flavor. There is nothing of the yam about it, and we believe it was Prof.
Lemmon, the well-known botanist, who pronounced it the progenitor of our
civilized vegetable. This ought to have settled it, but the only way some
scientists can achieve distinction is to discover something they have read
about. There is a probable advantage to be found in the sugar
Rppts and ^eet industry in Arizona that can be found in very few
. other localities in the United States. This is to be at-
Canaigre. tained in combining in one factory the two industries of
manufacturing sugar from the beet and the extraction of
tannic acid from canaigre. Concerning this matter, Mr. C. B. Allaire, presi
dent aud general manager of The Tanning Extract Company, at Deming,
N. M., who has had more experience in the extraction of tannin from
canaigre than any other individual in this country, and has also carefully
studied the process of sugar manufacture, and whose opinion should there
fore have great weight, writes as follows:
"A large part of a sugar factory could be used for extracting tannic
acid from canaigre— of course the boilers, engine, pumps, etc., also the
root washers, with some modification; the conveyors, slicers and diffusion
battery, if built of copper. When it conies to the vacuum pans, both pri
mary and secondary, some modification would be necessary. I doubt if any
sugar factory, already built, could be adapted to extract without a very
large expense for copper work necessary; but if the manufacture of both
classes of goods was contemplated before the factory was built, it could be
done at an increased cost of not over .$25,000 for a 200-ton factory, and in
my opinion there would be no trouble in thoroughly cleaning the apparatus
so that the sugar would showr no traces of color from the extract. * * *
To adapt a factory to both classes of goods, the extra expense would not
be so much in duplicating apparatus as in the substitution ot" copper for
iron, which would be necessary for the tannin liquors, where iron answers
every purpose for sugar. * * * Marketing the extract might be trouble
some to people who had experience in sugar only, and might justify a sep
arate manager for that department, at least until the business was thor
oughly established."
M. Swenson, of The Walburn-Swenson Company, manufacturers of beet
sugar machinery, Chicago, writes respecting this matter as follows:
"We have made quite a number of experiments here with canaigre, and
will say that I think the diffusion battery and evaporating plants used in
a beet plant could be worked all right for canaigre. I do not think it would
be necessary to use copper for the diffusion cells if these are thoroughly
painted with acid-proof paint. You would probably have to paint them at
least every season. The slicer and other machinery needed in the beet
sugar factory would be equally available for canaigre."
Others are studying the question and experimenting in the processes
with a view of uniting the two industries as suggested above.
I

The Farmer's Paradise or Land and Water. 95
A few years since experiments were begun in California
By-ProduCt Of t0 ascertain the value of beet pulp as a food for dairy
_ cows. The results have been so satisfactory that the
BeetS. practice' of feeding this material to dairy cows has ex
tended very materially, and large quantities of beet pulp
are not only fed at. or near the factories, but shipped by rail to considerable
distances for feeding dairy cows. A very important by-product is the
syrup remaining after the crystallization of the sugar.
Ramie a There is a growing demand for ramie fiber, and we are
Profitable assured by the director of the Arizona experiment sta-
c tion that he is receiving offers from abroad to make con-
Crop. tracts for it in the rough at $40 to $50 per ton.
Experiments have been made with ramie (rhea) at
the station, and the results obtained prove that it can be cultivated here
commercially, and at the prices offered it will be a profitable crop.
It is well suited to our climate and is the most prolific of textile plants,
yielding about 250 pounds of marketable liber to the acre. Rooted in fair,
sandy soil, its shoots increase at the rate of 100 annually for each one
planted. The stalks measure from five to eight feet in length, and yield a
fiber with the fineness, gloss, and almost the tensility of silk.
The stems when ripe are cut down, stripped of leaves and branchlets,
and, either split or whole, are freed from their cortical layers till the last
layer is exposed. In this state they are made up in small bundles and
placed where they receive strong sunlight, being kept slightly moist, for
several days, after which the fibrous bast layer is peeled with ease off the
woody core, and the separated fibers are then treated with boiling water
to remove gummy and resinous matter, and bleached. It comes into the
market, when fully prepared, as brilliant white filaments, with a fine silky
gloss, having a strength, luster and smoothness unequaled by any other
vegetable fiber.
¦j-].- This famous valley has been occupied by farmers for
centuries, and the evidences of this are everywhere
Santa Cruz abundant. Settlements have grown up and disappeared,
Vallev anc-1 tnere is n°t even historical connection between the
former and present settlers. Ruins of buildings, includ
ing mining works, larger and probably better than any now occupied, con
stitute the indisputable testimony of the comparative extent of the former
people and their improvements. This testimony may be seen at San Xavier
and other points near Tucson. To students and very inquisitive people,
much that we could write in this behalf would doubtless be interesting;
but with the farmer, stock-raiser and miner, struggling along to meet cur
rent necessities with hopes of something more, it would probably have a
mere passing thought, and therefore we will turn to a brief notice of ad
vantages the valley now presents to a settler, and some of its improvements.
Like many other streams in Arizona, the Santa Cruz runs under ground
here, and sinks entirely just beiow the city. Of course water can be had
anywhere by digging, and by proper economy in saving and distribution,
many more farms could be supplied with the running water, and this is
evidently recognized by the people who are now beginning to make new
homes at various points in the valley. Rich bottom land is miles wide
here and there, with table and mountain lands, covered with the best
grasses. In the vicinity of San Xavier the valley is covered with a heavy
growth of mesquite, enough to supply fuel for years, and near the stream
are found Cottonwood and willows. High up the valley, or rather in the
elevated lands adjacent, there is live oak. At this time the valley is about
equally devoted to stock-raising and farming. The more desirable sections
near it are alive with cattle, and as a whole they are in fine condition. The

96 Treasure Land.
most picturesque portion of the Santa Cruz valley is that adjacent to our
city, and a more lovely spot can not be found at this season of the year.
fields of grain and vegetables dot the river banks for many miles; shady
uooks and comfortable homes are found everywhere, the whole presenting
a practical illustration of the agricultural possibilities of Arizona.
" HOW Doth We can assure our readers that he does remarkably well
.. T .... in Southern Arizona, and every visitor remarks upon the
tne Little superior class of honey he manufactures. Unlike the
Busy Bee." Eastern article, sickness never follows its hearty con
sumption. Clear, delicious, cheap and healthful, it is
held in high esteem by all. There are several grades of honey produced,
however. The best is that obtained by the bees from the flowers of the
mesquite, for which, when in bloom, they leave all other food. The mes
quite honey is pure and white in color and of exquisite flavor. The bees
also extract sweetness from "flowers that bloom in the spring," from the
blossoms of the sage, the fruit and flowers of the cactus and a hundred
other sources. Late in the season the main dependence is on the bloom of
alfalfa, which gives to honey a darker color and stronger flavor than the
earlier product possesses. It is all good, and the local society of bee men
are taking steps toward shipping it abroad in large quantities.
He Makes A farmer informs us that he has taken twelve tons of
Mntipv fnr Hie strained honey from 182 hives of bees this season, and
money lor HIS expects to take f ully five tons more. All this work he
Owner. has done himself, with the assistance of his wife and boy.
His outlay for sheds, hives and extracting machinery
has been about $900, all of which has been paid for this season, or in other
words, the capital invested has brought a return of 100 per cent, this year,
which is not a bad thing in itself. As a beekeeper he is jubilant at the suc
cess, even after shipping the honey to Chicago for a market, where it
hrought 6% cents a pound.
History Adam watered the Garden of Eden from the river that
Of Irrigation went out of it, and over 2,000 years before the Christian
frnm Farlipet ei'a' N!nu'od built cities in the valley of the Euphrates
' and irrigated the lands thereof. At the same early period
Times, the inhabitants of Armenia took water from the
Euphrates and Tigris to irrigate the lands between the rivers, and some of
their canals can be traced to-day. The Hebrews brought water from the
mountain streams of Palestine to irrigate the beautiful plains and verdant
valleys beyond the Jordan; they constructed reservoirs for water storage,
one of which, Solomon's pool, had a capacity of over 25,000,000 cubic
feet. Damascus, the oldest inhabited city in the world, was irrigated from
the Abano and Pharpar, forty centuries ago.
Crossing over to Africa, we find that in the time of the Pharaohs
there were over 200,000 square miles of Egypt irrigated from the Nile, and
a storage reservoir between 600 and 700 square miles in area was con
structed by Amenemhat to increase the productiveness of Egypt and ward
off calamity. Following the shores of the Mediterranean along the coast of
Africa, we find at almost every step abundant evidence of ancient irriga
tion, and learn from history that here the lands were made almost as fer
tile as the valley of the Nile.
In the eighth century the Moors constructed dams and reservoirs in
Spain, and led their canals like arteries through the land. Italy, too, had
half a million acres under water in Lombardy alone.
Early in the twelfth century France turned her rivers upon the lands
to make them produce as they had never done before.

The Farmer's Paradise or Land and Water. 97
China has been a network of irrigation systems for thirty centuries or
more, but her crowning achievement is the immense canal, 1,000 miles long,
between Canton and Pekin. The southern portion of Siam is artificially
watered, and in India canals of wonderful size and capacity cross and re
cross the arid plains.
While the rainfall in Japan is three times that of the United States,
the careful husbandman increases his crops by irrigation. In Australia,
where most of the rivers flow inland and sink in the sands, irrigation has
become the farmer's reliance. The Aztec empire had the most perfect sys
tem of irrigation and aqueducts when the Spaniards conquered it, and the
old missions on the Pacific coast were furnished with water through canals
made by the Indian converts.
And here in Arizona, centuries before Columbus discovered America,
a race of people of whom there is no written record constructed immense
waterways, erected grand dwellings, and covered the earth for miles and
miles with fields of corn; the lines of the canals they dug can be traced to
day, and some of them are used by our own people.
The wonderful pasture lands of Southern Arizona early
TaDDinST the attracted the attention of stock raisers, and under both
it a n Spanish and Mexican rule, grants of land in this sec-
UnderflOW. tion were eagerly sought for. Some of these were
acquired under a pledge to colonize them or protect the
frontier against the incursions of Indians, but few of these pledges were ful
filled and nearly all the grants were abandoned after the withdrawal of
the Spanish troops after the establishment of the republic. Fitful at
tempts were made from time to time to liberate the country from the
dominion of the savages, but the periods of peace were not of long
duration. The cloud cast upon titles by these grants, for the most part abandoned
by the original grantees, but resurrected by grasping Americans, has
been a great drawback to settlement, and it is only since the establish
ment of the land court that the settlers upon them breathe freely.
While many of them were fraudulent or had lapsed by non-user, there
are others of which possession has been maintained and the title per
fected, among which is the Canoa ranch in the Santa Cruz valley, about
forty miles south of Tucson, owned by Maish & Driscoll for the last
twenty-seven years. It controls one of the finest grazing sections in the
country and the situation leaves nothing to be desired.
A few years ago the owners conceived the idea of developing the
underflow of the river and conducting it upon the fine valley land per
taining to the property. Running a ditch a mile in length, with a grade
of one inch to the rod, they obtained water enough to irrigate 400 acres,
which are now planted to alfalfa and grain. They are confident that an
additional mile of ditch will give them an unlimited supply of water.
From this tract they have "baled this season about 5,000 bales of grain
and alfalfa hay. They maintain over 400 hogs besides fattening cattle
when necessary. This year, up to June, they had sold 2,700 head of
cattle off this range.
Besides the Canoa, they possess the Buena Vista ranch south of
Calabasas, which is well watered and grassed, and several deep well
ranges in the Papago country.
From an interview with Mr. W. A. Hartt, who is cul
tivating a large area of land in the Santa Cruz valley,
Raising Water, eighteen miles south of Tucson, we have obtained the
following particulars regarding the pumping plant upon
which he depends for water for irrigation:

98 Treasure Land.
"My plant consists of two pumping engines, aggregating a capacity
of 2,500 gallons per minute, or about 275 miners' inches. The largest
is of the duplex-compound type, non-condensing, and they are both sup
plied with steam power from a horizontal tubular boiler rated at forty-
' five horse power. The well is a vertical, four-compartment shaft, twenty-
four feet in length by twelve feet in width; three of these compartments
have a depth of forty-two feet, and the pump foundations are built at
the bottom. The fourth compartment has a total depth of fifty feet and
forms the well proper. The distance from the surface of the water to
the point of discharge on top is forty-five feet, and the size of the dis
charge pipe of the large pump is fourteen inches, and of the smaller,
seven inches.
"The pump is automatic in operation and the speed is controlled by a
float in the well which can be set to supply any quantity of water de
sired continuously. I have a circular reservoir in connection with the
plant, 350 feet in diameter, and a capacity of 7,000,000 gallons.
"In giving an estimate of the cost of operating, I confine myself
wholly to my own case, on the basis of the 100 acres actually cultivated.
Three irrigations to each crop would be a liberal allowance any year, and
this would require the flooding of 640 acres six times and the cost would
not, basing the calculation on my own expense for 100 acres, exceed
$1.75 per acre.
"The cost of such a pump on board the cars at Chicago will be
about $2,500, but for a 100-acre farm a 500-gallon plant will be sufficient."
The future agricultural development of Southern Ari-
Storace zona depends upon the use of its superb facilities for
. storing the surplus waters of our rivers. A number
Reservoirs. of these projects are under consideration, and only await
the attention of capitalists to become established facts.
Twenty-five miles southeast of Tucson, in the depression, between the
Whetstone and Rincon mountains, is the Pantano Cienega, a valley about
fifteen miles long, with an average width of nearly two miles, except
at the lower end, where the hills approach, leaving only a deep chasm for
the passage of the waters.
This valley is a wonderful water basin, receiving during the year
the contributions of a thousand mountain streams, and furnishing enough
water to irrigate millions of acres. At present the waters run to waste,
flowing northwest along the base of the Rincons into the Rillito, and
finally into the Santa Cruz, a few miles north of Tucson.
Between the Cienega and Tucson is a wide stretch of mesa land,
twenty miles ldng by ten to fifteen broad, the most fertile in the world,
and which would yield abundant crops of fruit and cereals if water were
available. Several excellent reservoir sites have been located and preliminary
surveys show that the difference in altitude of about 1,200 feet makes
it possible to fill these from the overflow of the Cienega.
A short time ago the city council of Tucson agitated the matter and
sought to secure an expert opinion on the subject from the professor of
hydraulic engineering at the university, but as funds were not available
for a thoroughly scientific examination, he did not feel at liberty to give
an informal opinion. Nevertheless, the impression made by his state
ment was to the effect that the project presented no insuperable natural
difficulties. Surveyor General Geo. J. Roskruge, who had surveyed the ground,
and, we believe, located the reservoir sites, claims that the only diffi
culty in the way of utilizing the Cienega waters is the lack of capital.
There is water in abundance, and the investment would yield better re
turns in a few years than any similar enterprise in the territory.

The Farmer's Paradise or Land and Water. 99
The In the matter of developing the overflows of the Santa
nvprfl s f Cruz and Rillito, it has been fully demonstrated by
uveruuws, 01 practical and successful experiments (as will be seeu
the Rivers. elsewhere in this volume) that there is no limit to the
amount of water that can be made available for agri
cultural purposes. These experiments, however, have been made on a
small scale with local capital, and without those facilities that ample
means would afford.
There are few parts of the valley where underground streams of con
siderable volume can not be tapped and the waters brought to the surface.
The Santa Cruz river carries water enough by our doors during the
rainy seasons to irrigate a principality. Most of it can be saved for use
during the dry seasons by the construction of reservoirs along its route,
and distributed over the fertile lands that fringe its course.
Natural The reader must not infer from our reference to reser-
P , voir sites that these are mere locations of level surface
Reservoir requiring an elaborate and expensive work of excavation.
Sites. They are for the most part natural reservoir sites; de
pressions formed by nature, or, perhaps, excavated by the
primitive race that once densely populated the valley. The amount of work
required to place them in condition is comparatively trifling. The
average cost per acre-foot of capacity of sixteen of the largest reservoirs
in California does not exceed $15. This does not include the cost of
distributing canals or other works incidental to the irrigation system. The
Bear Valley reservoir cost $5.30, and we do not believe that the construc
tion, or rather the rehabilitation of the proposed reservoirs in this valley
will cost half this amount.
It was left to individual enterprise to prove the feas-
The Tucson ibility of the development of the underflow of the Santa
Cruz river. A local firm purchased the old AVarner mill
Canal. property at the base of Sentinel peak and proposed to
irrigate several acres of valley land from the lake, and
succeeded in accomplishing even more than they had planned.
At the base of Sentinel peak the bedrock rises almost to the surface,
thrusting the water up. Warner lake was supposed to be merely a
storage reservoir, the importance of the springs that fed it being under
estimated, and when they proposed to irrigate from this body of water,
never more than thirty-seven acres in area, it would, naturally, soon be
drained. Such would have been the case if they had relied upon the
storage proposition, but they knew that it was a question of the whole
drainage of the valley, and to confirm their judgment they drove a piece
of four-inch casing to bed rock, exploded powder at the bottom, and ob
tained a rush of water that rose several feet into the air. Thirty lengths
of four and six-inch casing were driven down eight and ten feet and
two feet apart to ascertain whether or not the supply could be diminished,
hut no diminution resulted, and having thus proved that the supply of
water was practically inexhaustible, they proceeded to run their canals
through the valley, and now have six miles of main canal, irrigating
about 1.500 acres. They are satisfied that they can develop sufficient
water to irrigate at least 8,000 acres, but having to depend upon their
own capital their progress is necessarily slow.
Three miles north of Tucson, a change of grade gives them a fall in
their main canal of twenty-five feet, and they contemplate utilizing this
Cor power purposes. It will probably develop from forty-five to fifty
horse power and run a fifty-barrel flour mill.
There are many points on the Santa Cruz river where their opera-

100

Treasure Land.

An Irrigation
Project.

tions can be duplicated, while the valley of the Rillito can all be irri
gated from that stream by a modification of the same principle. The
expense is not too great to deter private enterprise, and the returns from
the outlay will prove a handsome recompense.
The land lying along the Santa Cruz river, between
Tucson and' the Sonora line, a distance of over eighty
miles and of an average width of two miles, contains
160 square miles, or 102,400 acres of valley land, all
of which is suitable for alfalfa, sugar beets, grains,
fruits and vegetables of all kinds.
These lands, located on both sides of the river, can be reclaimed by
different systems of irrigation, either by the construction of reservoirs at
the base of the mesa lands, to be filled by the waters of the Santa Cruz
river during the flood season from July to October, or by the construc
tion of a dam at Guevavi, near the Sonora line, where the bed rock
comes near to the surface. A dam at that point would be about 450 yards in
length on top, and at a height of forty feet would back the flow waters
two and one-half miles. Allowing eighteen feet per mile of fall to the
river, an average width of one mile and a depth of ten feet, the reser
voir capacity would be about 1,000,000 cubic feet of water, or enough
to irrigate 10,890 acres. The underflow waters could also be developed
at other points where the bed rock is close to the surface, by running
open cuts below the water level. Some of these points are located at
Calabasas, Agua Fria. Tubac, Otero, Canoa, San Xavier and near the
smelter, north of Tucson.

Tucson Phjiyhakmonio Band.

102 Treasure Land.
THE STORY OE THE UNIVERSITY OE ARIZONA.
There is no section of the United States which has, compared with its
population, better educational facilities than Arizona.
The University, at Tucson, and the Normal School, at Tempe, are both
institutions which, in equipment and thoroughness of instruction, have few
superiors. If the reader is specially interested in the subject of higher education,
he will appreciate the difficulties under which we have labored in estab
lishing a university at this early stage of our political career, respect the
aspirations that gave it birth, and wonder at its present prosperous condi
tion. Its foundation is the result of the labors of a few far-seeing men, who
knew that the social advancement of a community is best shown by a rec
ognition of education, not merely as a necessity for the ordinary affairs of
life, but as a means of reaching those broader fields of duty aud endeavor
whose horizon reaches as far as Thought extends.
In the case of the University of Arizona, labor was fruitless until op
portunity came, like a providence, and made achievement possible to those
who waited.
At the beginning of the session of the territorial legislature held at
Prescott in 1885, a combination was formed to prevent the removal of the
capital, and as the Pima county members had no special instructions, they
acquiesced in the arrangement. As the session advanced, however, an un
easy feeling pervaded the county that our people were going to receive
nothing but a general interest in a few laws of doubtful value, and a com
mittee of two, consisting of a prominent stock-raiser and a gripsack, were
transmitted to Prescott to urge our members to secure the capital for
Tucson. The committee arrived in the north too late to accomplish any
thing and returned home with a moving tale of trust betrayed and oppor
tunity neglected. Tucson was worked up to a high point of indignation,
that vociferated on the street corners, deluged the public press and bur
dened the mails without finding relief. The echoes of this emotion reached
Prescott, and our members felt that they had to do something to pacify
their constituents. An effort had been made, in the early part of the ses
sion, to pass a university bill for the benefit of Tucson, but had not re
ceived any serious consideration, and this was resurrected and introduced.
It came into the house during the last hours of the session and was received
with shouts of derision and mocking gibes.
A young lawyer, who is now a leading member of the bar, rose to
speak in support of the bill, and with an eloquence that surprised himself
even more than his audience, he held their attention for nearly an hour.
It was the supreme effort of his life, and practically founded the University
of Arizona! Eloquence, however, is not far-reaching, and the university project
languished for lack of sustenance and sympathy. All that Tucson obtained
was the mocking title of "Athens of Arizona." Our citizens, with some
noble exceptions, mourned for the lost capital, and would not be com-
.forted. So deep was the feeling against our legislators that two of them,
not daring to return and face the popular indignation, emigrated to Cali
fornia. The exceptions alluded to were stronger than the general rule, and one
of the bonds authorized to be issued for the erection of buildings was nego
tiated in the face of a public protest, and when the succeeding legislature
attempted to revoke the establishing act, the institution was saved again
by the fiery eloquence of a young member. He pointed out the legal ob
stacles to an act of revocation, and so worked upon the sentiments of the
legislators that the university was permitted to exist.

The Story of the University of Arizona. 103
Ground was broken for the university building on October 13, 1887, but,
owing to unforeseen delays and legal complications in the construction of
laws, little progress was made until 1890, when work was resumed with
vigor. In this year the appropriation made by congress for the establish
ment of an agricultural experiment station in Arizona was made available.
In 1889 an agricultural college had been nominally established, in order that
the Territory might avail itself of the Morrill act.
Its present income is derived from three principal sources, viz.: The
Hatch or agricultural experiment fund; the Morrill or agricultural college
fund, and territorial appropriations. The first two are United States funds,
and at present contribute aunually $15,000 and $22,000 respectively, while
the territorial appropriations will average nearly $12,000, giving a gross iu-
come from these sources of $49,000.
The university buildings are situated upon the high mesa one mile east
from the business center of Tucson. They occupy a tract of forty acres,
in a most healthful location, commanding a view of attractive mountain
scenery upon all sides. The accompanying engravings give a better idea
of their appearance than any description can, but no art can convey to the
imagination any idea of the grandeur of the surrounding scenery or the
balminess of the air.
The buildings are substantial and well adapted to their uses, the ex
perience of older colleges having been liberally consulted in this particular
to the advantage of the student.
Ample accommodations are provided for non-resident students, board
and room being furnished at a maximum rate of $15 a month. A capable
matron is in charge of Ladies"" Hall, and the male dormitory is governed by
one of the professors.
Military training is obligatory to the end of the sophomore year, and
each member of the military organization is required to provide himself
with the prescribed uniform within six weeks after his entrance. This
uniform costs $12, and is neat and serviceable.
There are five regular courses offered, and students who obtain full
credit for the required work in either of these courses during four years will
receive the degree of bachelor of science. The advanced degrees of M. S.
and M. A. are conferred upon bachelors, graduates from this university or
from institutions of equivalent grade, who successfully pursue a course
of study marked out by the faculty, requiring not less than one year. The
degrees of civil engineer, mining engineer and electrical engineer are open
to graduates properly prepared, and who pursue special lines of post
graduate work.
The five courses are outlined as follows:
I. The General Course is a proper curriculum for the average student,
and embodies what is most suitable for the broad general culture demanded
by modern life.
II. The Agriculture Course, in addition to portions of the General Course,
covers special teaching by means of lectures and recitations, supplemented
by field-work, laboratory practice and clinic.
III. The Civil Engineering Course is designed for young men intending
to become civil engineers and surveyors, and aims to prepare students for
immediate usefulness.
IV. The Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Course alms to fit young
men in the most practical manner for the duties of these professions.
V. The Mining and Metallurgical Course is designed to fit young men
for the theory and practice of mining and metallurgy, and for the superin
tendence or management of mines, mills or metallurgical works.

The Story of the University of Arixxoua. 105
As the reader will see, the chief object of these courses is to prepare
the student for active duty in the profession he has chosen, and the facili
ties for so doing, apart from the character of the instruction,, will be under
stood from a perusal of the following notes on the equipment of the several
departments of the institution:
Agricultural Department— The equipment of this department has been
greatly augmented during the past year. There are the best Azoux models
of portions of the domestic animals; several cases of vegetable products; a
large collection of seeds arranged in jars, and also a selection of garden
tools, and instruments used in veterinary surgery. Recently there has been
imported from Germany a collection of charts illustrating the anatomy and
physiology of domestic animals and the structure of fruits and grains.
Specimens of farm products are constantly received for examination. Two
fine greenhouses are attached to this department for laboratory work, and
field-work is given on the spacious grounds of the university. The agricul
tural section of the general library contains all the standard works aud
current publications upon agriculture in its various branches, and the sci
ences upon which it is based.
The agricultural experiment station headquarters are connected witli
this department, and all the bulletins and reports of the experiment stations
of the United States and foreign countries are on file.
The Biological Department is piped for gas and water, and liberally pro
vided with apparatus for research and instruction. Students pursuing
histological work are provided without expense simple and compound mi
croscopes, as the nature of their work demands. The laboratory is equipped
with microtomes, culture baths, oven and other accessories used in modern
methods of research.
An herbarium, containing nearly 10,000 sheets of plants, mostly in
digenous to the Southwest, a large percentage being from Arizona, is an im
portant factor in the equipment. Some fifty cases of insects, including one
large cabinet, are of value in giving instruction in entomology and to illus
trate the economic insects of Arizona. The work in general and systematic
zoology is greatly facilitated by the Herbert Brown collection of birds
and other zoological material which has been brought together during the
past five years.
To aid in the study of human and comparative anatomy and physiology
we are provided with articulate and disarticulate human skeletons, plaster
and papier-mache models of the important organs, and microscopical
preparations illustrating the structure of the various tissues. The equip
ment also includes special apparatus for use of advanced students in this
department. The Chemical Laboratories are two in number. The smaller one, on the
upper floor of the main building, is for the use of students and is equipped
for teaching the theory and practice of chemical science. The room for
laboratory work is well lighted, provided with gas, water, working desks,
ventilating hoods, an abundance of apparatus and chemicals with which to
carry on experimental work, and can be made to accommodate about
twenty-four students. Adjoining the large room is a small store-room,
stocked with apparatus for demonstrating the principles of chemistry, and
containing well-selected collections of chemical substances.
The experiment station laboratory occupies three large working rooms
and two small store-rooms on the lower floor of the main building. This
laboratory is devoted to analytical work and chemical investigations relat
ing to the agricultural interests of the territory. It is excellently equipped
for the special lines of investigation in which it is engaged, and although
not primarily intended for the use of students, it has educational value to
those who desire to witness the operations of a working laboratory. The

106 Treasure Land.
equipment includes chemical balances, chemical apparatus and supplies,
machinery for preparing samples, and special appliances for the analysis
of milk, agricultural products, tanning materials and soils.
Civil and Hydraulic Engineering— In this department the fact has been
recognized that the first actual engagement secured by the student will be
either in the field with a surveying party or in the drafting office, and the
equipment has, therefore, been chosen with a view to developing the high
est skill in these fundamental lines of work.
In addition to the large number of technical books and periodicals in the
general library, this department possesses a considerable number of valu
able reference works concerning its special lines of investigation.
The Department of Physics is equipped with very complete facilities for
experimental demonstration of all important phenomena. The lecture room
is fitted with shutters, so that it can be instantly darkened, and a beam of
sunlight, directed by a very fine clock heliostat outside, may be thrown
steadily across the lecture table for experiments in light, or used in con
nection with the solar lantern for a variety of other work. The lecture table
is supplied with gas, water, electric currents from primary and storage
batteries, and from the large dynamo.
Adjacent to the lecture room is the apparatus room, where are kept the
very best instruments and appliances for demonstrations.
Both these rooms open into the large physical laboratory, where the
students verify for themselves the laws set forth in text books aud lectures.
The machinery and technical sections are equipped with carpenters'
benches, lathes and other pieces of machinery, operated by foot and steam
power. The School of Mines is well equipped for giving both theoretical' and
practical instruction in the arts of mining, metallurgy and assaying in all
its branches. Attached to the main building is an annex, or mill, containing machinery
and appliances for crushing, sampling, concentrating, amalgamating, leach
ing, chlorinating, and the electrical treatment of various kinds of ore, in
large or small lots. The student has access to this apparatus and is re
quired to familiarize himself with its manipulation. Power is furnished
from a seventy-horse power boiler, detached from the main building, the
steam being carried underground to the engine-room, which contains a
thirty-five-horse power engine, and a sixteen-horse power Westiughouse
automatic engine, the latter being used for running the dynamo.
The mill building has a storage capacity for ore of 50 to 100 tons.
A seven-inch by ten-inch Blake crusher is used for coarse crushing, and a
Dodge crusher for finer work. Beneath the Blake crusher is a set of
fourteen-inch by twenty-inch Cornish rolls, from which the ore passes by
a conveyor to the main elevator, which carries it up thirty-five feet to the
top of the mill. By means of slides and chutes the crushed ore may be
sent at will to various machines to be tested by different methods. For
concentration there are provided revolving sizing screens giving facilities
for preparing six sizes, besides hydraulic separators for classifying slimes
into three grades. A small apparatus, run by electric moTxir, is also pro
vided for dry concentration. A five-stamp gold mill, with silvered plates
and aprons of the latest and most approved construction, has recently been
added to the mill, thus permitting the working of free-milling gold ores by
the usual methods and on a large scale. Several lots of ore have been suc
cessfully worked and returns made in gold bullion, thus familiarizing the
mining students with all the details of feeding, stamping, cleaning up, re
torting, smelting and assaying.

Th,e Story of the University of Arizona. 107
In addition to the five-stamp mill, a smaller prospecting mill of three
stamps has been added so as to work small lots of ore of from 100 to 2,000
pounds. A sampling mill permits of rapid crushing and mixing large samples,
preparatory to assaying.
Above the engine-room is the electrical laboratory, containing a seventy-
five-light Mather incandescent dynamo, from which six circuits are dis
tributed to different parts of the university building. Of these, two circuits
are for lighting purposes; one extends to the hoisting motor; another to the
motor which runs the concentrating machinery; another circuit to the fan
motors used for ventilating purposes, and the sixth branch goes to the
storage batteries which provide current for electrolytic work in the assay
laboratory. The assay laboratory is one of the most complete in the West in its ap
pointments. This is equipped with assay furnaces for crucible work, for
scorifying and cupelling, and for retorting mercury from amalgam. An ad
joining room, supplied with water, gas and electric current, has a roomy
hood for work involving fumes, with tables and desks for student work,
besides all needed appliances for assaying by dry and wet methods, in
cluding electrolysis.
The laboratory also has desks and fittings for the chemical work re
quired in the metallurgical and mineralogical investigation and analysis of
ores, mineral fertilizers and qualitative tests of minerals.
A reagent and assay-supply store-room adjoins this room, and also a
balance room, with balances of the highest grade and accuracy.
The school is thus prepared to give instruction, and at the same time to
work ores by the ton, and also to determine the nature and value of ob
scure and little known mineral substances, specimens of which are re
ceived by mail from all parts of Arizona and beyond it, and are examined
gratuitously. The last legislature, with the view of making the school of mines still
more useful to the mining interests, passed a law fixing the following ex
tremely low prices for assaying of ores taken from deposits and mines
within the territory:
For each assay producing gold and silver  $ .50
For each assay producing gold, silver and copper  1.00
For each assay showing more than three metals  1.50
This enactment, while it assists the miner, gives the student an oppor
tunity to acquire by repeated practice a confidence that he would not get
from isolated experiments. All assays are made by or under the direction
of a competent assayer, the student work being chiefly in the manner of
check tests.
Special students, having some general qualifications, are admitted to
this department and acquire a fair amount of proficiency, but can not re
ceive a degree.
Besides the studies referred to, instruction is also provided in music
(vocal and instrumental), and in all the branches of a complete business edu
cation, including stenography, typewriting, penmanship and commercial
studies. The Government of the University is vested in a board of six regents, four
of whom are appointed by the governor, the retraining two being the gov
ernor himself and the superintendent of public instruction. But while the
board is thus a political body, the appointees, who practically control the
destiny of the institution, have generally been able and conscientious per
sons. The political kaleidoscope, however, works injuriously in causing
changes oftener than the best interests of the institution demand.

108

Treasure Land.

The reader, having thus been informed of the general conditions of the
university, will be prepared to learn that the chairs are filled by professors
who would do honor to any similar institution. Liberal salaries are paid,
and the very best talent sought for. The marvelous climate and the great
field for original research have brought to us many able men, whom we
could not have secured otherwise.
The student body contains representatives from several Eastern states,
who find here conditions more favorable to study, and no better facilities
can be had in the country for studies connected with mining than are
offered here. A fully equipped plant is almost constantly in operation on
commercial work, and real mines can be examined or worked by the stu
dent at any time.
The rates of living are exceedingly light, the tuition is free, and the
social environment is excellent.
The University of Arizona is certain to attract the attention of parents
of delicate children, who can not stand the rigors of the Eastern climates.
Here it is not alone a superior education that is furnished, for the physical
constitution of the student is enriched, and vigorous manhood crowns his
commencement day.
We regret that the requirements of space prevent us from further pur
suing this interesting subject. Detailed information can be obtained by ad
dressing the President of the University of Arizona.

Street Scenes, Tccson.

The City oe Ages

LICSON

1 1 in Oldest Settlement in the United States.

Bird's-eye View of Tucson.

Ancient in years, but her long life well spent.
She smiles serenely at the face of Time.
Spiiin.r-like she sat. while ages came and ireul-
The oldest city and the gentlest clime.
But lo! The wail of suffering from afar,
Aroused her energies, and like the star,
That heralded the Savior of the race, she ruse
To bring new hope into a irnrltl of woes.

110 Treasure Land.
The struggle between Santa Fe and San Augustine on
<ljtntsi Ff tae question of priority of settlement has about worn
oauio. rc them out gan Augustlne pants Upon her sandy shore.
is Old. and the mosquitoes sing a lullaby, while poor old Santa
Fe grins disconsolate from amid her ruins. Tucson has
not, heretofore, claimed anything but climate and prosperity, but now she
rises to explain that these two hoary-headed sinners have been wasting
their declining years in trying to prove private property in what belongs to
neither. Fifty-six years after Father Marcos de Niza explored Arizona, that is
to say, in 1595, Juan de Onate entered New Mexico, and in 1605 a settle
ment was established near the site of Santa Fe.
In 1680 a general revolt of the Indian tribes drove the colonists and mis
sionaries out of the country, and for twelve years it was absolutely aban
doned to the original inhabitants.
In 1692, Diego de Vargas began the reconquest of the country, and
finally made it possible to relocate Santa Fe somewhere near the original
site. For the sake of argument, and seeing that it is no advantage to Santa
Fe, we will concede the original date of settlement as 1605, and proceed to
consider the claims of the Florida claimant.
d.,4. In 1562, Admiral Coligni obtained from Charles IX., of
France, the privilege of planting a French Protestant col-
St. Augustine ony in the New World, and finally succeeded in estab-
is Older lishing one on the River St. Johns, in Florida. The col
onists had just become comfortably settled when the
Spaniards, who classified heretics with alligators, pounced upon them.
On the 28th of August, 1595 (the same year the Spaniards entered New
Mexico to Christianize the Indians), Pedro Melendez, with a company of
2,400, descended upon the Huguenots and exterminated them, but left the
alligators and mosquitoes.
Phillip II. was then proclaimed monarch of North America, or what
ever it might be thereafter called, and the necessary foundation being pre
pared, San Agustin (as it was then spelled) was founded with due pomp
and ceremony. Conceding Santa Fe's claim of 1605, and also paying due
And TuCSOn veneration to the antiquity of San Augustine, we claim
priority for Tucson on the following grounds:
is the Oldest. According to authentic records, Marcos de Niza and
the negro, Estevanico, explored Arizona in 1539, passing
through the Santa Cruz valley and the Gila settlements. He made such a
wonderful report on the country, which he swore to, that the question of
establishing a settlement in that section was seriously considered, and in
1552 the matter was reported favorably and the settlement ordered estab
lished. The proof of this is contained in a stained and time-worn document
written on vellum, signed by his Catholic majesty, Charles the First of
Spain and Fifth of Germany, the successor of Ferdinand and Isabella, the
patrons of Columbus, and countersigned by the viceroy of Mexico.
It was discovered recently among the relics of the ancient mission of
San Xavier, nine miles south of Tucson, and was forwarded for safe-keep
ing to the librarian at Washington, in whose custody it now is, or ought to
be. The date on the vellum is 1552, and, allowing three years for good
measure, we can place the date of Tucson's settlement at 1555, at which
time San Augustine was merely a strip of coast line, and Santa Fe a
prairie dog village. Attached to the vellum is an interesting account of the
founding of Tucson, written in the fair, rouud hand of Marcos de Niza.

The City of Ages: Tucson. Ill
The town was never afterwards abandoned. It moved along the river,
following the most fertile land as it was discovered, and finally located
where it now is.
For years at a time it was cut off from all official connection with Mex
ico and lost sight of. The church neglected it and the government ignored
it, but the Indians were friendly, and the European settlers, cut off from
home and friends, dwelt ainoug them and became almost as they were.
When the missionaries, more than a century later, entered trie country
again, they found many of their own race to welcome and aid them, and
this accounts for the easy manner in which the people were converted. It
took only three years (1690-3) to establish a chain of prosperous missions
along the Santa Cruz valley, and Father Kino was never able to induce
more than a few priests to come to his assistance!
The city of Tucson will always be an interesting spot
The Citv Of *° *ne student °f antiquities, but he must come here
"" ' ' soon to get the best results, for the antiquities are fast
Ages. disappearing before the march of progress and the ruth
less hand of the curiosity seeker.
The adobe walls that formed the battlements of the old Mexican pueblo
have crumbled away, the mission ruins are disintegrating, the ancient cit
ies are being plowed up, the Indians are learning English and wearing
store clothes, and some vandals have even gone so far as to chip off the
faces of the painted rocks.
While it is the city of ages, it has been embued with the gift of perpet
ual vigor and robust youth. It grows brighter, better and bigger every
year, and the stimulus of its increasing prosperity courses through every
artery of its social and commercial life.
In the dawn of its existence, when Indian chants wooed the gentle
zephyrs and the daily siesta was unbroken in the sunny silence, it watched
the passing of the uneventful years with listless gaze. Its dusky inhab
itants reveled in the luxury of idleness, and drew dreamy intoxication from
the balmy ozone of the skies.
We were not here at the time, but we have often felt the gentle influ
ence upon us, and can verify the above if required to do so.
Later on, hostile assaults from northern savage hordes bestirred to
action the encompassed denizens, and ceaseless warfare changed their
sweet repose to years of deadly strife.
Then came the holy fathers from the South, and mail-clad warriors and
thundering guns, mud-walled forts and all the bustling energy of Chris
tianity, to be again succeeded by a still more aggressive race, the one that
rules to-day.
Its perpetuity is one of the curiosities of this land of ancient marvels.
Race after race has dwelt here and vanished, leaving hardly a record of its
history beyond the mouldering ruins found on hill and plain; but the same
mild air and sunlit sky that made this a happy home for them is ours
to-day ! While Gens. Scott and Taylor were invading Mexico and
_ in writing in letters of blood the preamble to the treaty of
lUCSOn in Guadalupe Hidalgo, which added an empire to our na-
1847. tional domain, Tucson was a small square of adobes,
often assailed by savage Apaches, and never free from
peril. There were then about twenty-five Mexican families living within
a walled square of small extent, which constituted the town proper, and a
small detachment of Mexican frontier guards. There were two entrances
by immense doors made of heavy timber put solidly together, and these
were invariably closed at night. The rear of the houses adjoining the
walls were built four or five feet higher than the front, which faced in-

112

Treasure Land.

ward, thus making an effective breastwork of about twelve feet in height.
tt was commanded by three bastions," set at the corners where attack was
most feared, and so constructed as to infilade the walls, as well as to in
timidate the approaching enemy. Artillery was suggested by two small
cannon, more dangerous, however, to the garrison than to the enemy.
From some of the old settlers we learn that the enclosure occupied
the space bounded as follows: Beginning at Washington street, thence soutli
to Pennington; up Pennington to about the middle of the court house;
thence north to Washington street, along Washington street to place of be
ginning. One of the entrances stood where Alameda street enters Main,
and some of the old wall has been used in the construction of modern
buildings. Besides the town square there was another smaller enclosure occupying
the block east of the Occidental hotel, where trade was carried on with the
Indians and the cattle herded at night.

•? .- ¦ >rii -'$?

1. Indian Industrial School.
'1 Pima County Court House.
'1. Tucson High School,

Judge Chas. M. Meyer and Jimmy Douglas, who prided
The First himself on carrying six bullets in his revolver and one
. in his leg, a relic of Gettysburg, were responsible for the
Lhaln Uang". first chain-gang in the territory.
Twenty years ago no place was worse governed than
Tucson, and Judge Meyer and Jimmy were appointed a committee of two
to effect a change. The first thing they did was to establish a chain-gang,
and enlist in its ranks every offender that was caught. Jimmy did most
of the catching, and the judge "sent them up." The shyster lawyers who
had been running the machinery of justice to suit themselves, tried to over
throw the chain-gang with the constitution of the United States, but their
efforts availed nothing, as the judge did not propose to fool with the consti
tution until he had thoroughly tested the chain-gang. His process was ns
summary as the result was gratifying, and in a short time all the wild,
rough characters who had ruled the town were employing their energies
in rubbing down its streets.
Judge Meyer has been justice of the peace or recorder ever since, and
is confirmed in his habit of making the punishment fit the crime.

The City of Ayes: Tucson. 113
Many of our old settlers were army men who dropped
Only a Supply out °^ tne service when the wrar was over, convinced that
j ^ promotion in civil life would come swifter and higher.
POSt in 1871. Among these was the Hon. Chas. R. Drake, who reached
here twenty-five years ago, when Tucson was a small
frontier supply post. Two companies of the Twenty-first infantry, com
manded by Col. Dunn, were quartered in tents on Military plaza. The set
tlement was then confined to that part of the city lying along Main street,
between Congress and Ott, and east to Meyer street. The firms then doing
business were A. & L. Zeckendorf, E. N. Fish & Co., Goldberg & Drach
man, Lord & Williams, Tully, Ocha & Co., and Chas. Lesinsky & Co., and
of these but one survives, the firm of L. Zeckendorf & Co. Old Congress
Hall stood where it stands to-day, under the management of C. O. Brown.
There were none of the modern facilities or conveniences. If one wanted
to visit the outer world he had to take a stage journey of 500 miles to San
Diego, thence by steamer to San Francisco, or a 900-mile stage trip to
Trinidad, Colo., the nearest railroad point on the east, with all the chances
in the world of meeting Indians. Eastern products were hauled from Trini
dad by ox and mule teams, and supplies from the West came from San
Francisco by way of the Colorado river to Yuma, and thence by teams to
Tucson. Groceries were extremely high in price; common table salt cost
twenty cents a pound; potatoes and onions, twenty-five cents; bacon and
liam, fifty cents; coffee, seventy-five cents, and other staples in proportion.
The population was about 1,500, principally Mexicans, and there were
only two American ladies outside of those belonging to the military post.
Our entire dependence was on the army until the discovery of the Tomb
stone mines and the arrival of the railroad brought us an increase of popu
lation and incited us to turn our attention to some of our natural resources.
Hard times followed the heavy decline in silver, but we lived in hopes
of an improvement, which eventually came. Up to 1888 it was almost im
possible to borrow money on real estate, and hence few people invested in
homes. The establishment of a building and loan association worked a
marvelous change. Snug homes arose as if by magic, and people learned
that they could live as comfortably here as elsewhere. The railroad and
mines afforded us a permanent income, and our prosperity began to un
fold and gather in a hundred hitherto unperceived resources, until to-day it
is positively assured.
We need many public improvements in order to keep up with the
changed conditions. Our water works are inadequate for the needs of the
new Tucson, and a system of sewerage is desirable.
Mr. Drake has an elegant home, facing on Military plaza and embow
ered in verdure, and feels contented to pass the rest of his days here and
see his children carry forward the good work he has begun.
The arrival of the Southern Pacific railroad put us in
The touch with the outside world, and did more for the up-
Black Horse building of Arizona than any event in its history.
The first through train reached Yuma, December 15,
Cavalry. 1878, and the work of construction was continued to Casa
Grande, at which point it rested for a year, and was not completed to
Tucson until March 20, 1880.
The driving of the silver spike was a gala day. Bob Leatherwood was
mayor, and Dr. J. C. Handy, Chas. T. Etchells, M. G. Samaniego and my
self, councilmen. I wrote over to Dick Gird, of The Tombstone Mining and
Milling Company, for a silver spike, which he made from the first product
of the Toughnut mine; and the late William S. Oury presented it, with a
speech of welcome, to the railroad officials and their staff. The presenta
tion was followed by a grand banquet, at which 300 covers were laid.
Tom Fitch, the silver-tongued orator, paid a merited tribute to the energy

114

Treasure Land.

and enterprise of Huntington, Crocker and Stanford, in a speech filled with
flowery rhetoric, and eulogized the Southern Pacific railroad as the "Black
Horse Cavalry of the Plains, the great civilizers of the world!"
The mere statement of the revenue of a city is no in-
A Good dication of its condition or the character of its govern
ment, but the application of its income is all-important,
showing. and applying this test to Tucson we can make a show
ing that challenges comparison. It is hardly fair to
assume that this was due to the personale of the city council, for in a
small community, such as this, where everyone knows his neighbor, the
public officers come very near representing the people.
The total assessed value of city property in 1896 was $1,400,000, upon
which there was levied a tax of 1 per cent., or $14,000, to which we add
the product of licenses, $8,000, making a total of $22,000. Of this amount
there was expended by the city for street improvement about $10,000
(the balance being used to meet running expenses), besides which the
property owners themselves expended at least $20,000 for the same pur
pose. This has been done without running into debt, the only outstanding
city obligation being its bonded indebtedness of $28,000.
If this is not an indication of good management and progressive spirit
we ask to be introduced to something that is.

Tucson Residences : 1. Dr. W. H. Fenner.
2. E. T. Millar.
3. T. D. Satterwhite,
J. W. W. Williams.

The City of Ages: Tucson.

115

Law and The great West has always been the refuge for those
Order daring spirits who found the restraints of polished civ
ilization irksome to thought and action. Some of them
in Tucson. were corrupted by evil associations and the weakness of
generous impulses, but those of firmer character became
the leaders of public life or the guardians of law and order, and the
employment of such men in the constabulary force of the territory has
made it one of the most law-abiding sections of the country. Our crime
record compares favorably with that of any state or territory, and shows
conclusively that we are a self-governing people.
To the casual visitor, as well as to the student of social statistics, the
following report of crimes committed in Tucson at three widely separated
periods will be interesting.
It has been specially compiled for us by the efficient chief of police,
Mr. Sam Finley, who has established for himself an enviable reputation
as one of the bravest and most gentlemanly guardians of the peace in
the Southwest.
As samples of intervening years he shows the total number of arrests
made by the Tucson police force during the years 1885, 1890 and 1896,
and it will be seen that, taking into consideration the increase in popula
tion, that there has been a very material decrease. It must also be
borne in mind that a large proportion of material was furnished by vag
rants who resort here in the winter and for these we can not be held
responsible. Mr. Finley has been a resident of Tucson for fourteen years,
and feels justified in stating that there is no quieter or more orderly
town in the West.
In 1885 there were twelve policemen and a marshal required to re
strain the lawless element, while to-day there is but slight occupation for
three policemen and himself. This in itself shows the great change that
has taken place in ten years. The number of arrests made for carrying
concealed weapons is comparatively small, and many of the offenders
were merely technical violators of the law and not dangerous people at all.
It will, no doubt, surprise many, who have formed their opinions of
us from reading the caricature stories of the Arizona Kiclcer, that murder
an arson are almost unknown here.

STATEMENT OF ARRESTS IN TUCSON.

Offences.

Drunk, and drunk and disorderly
Misdemeanors 
Breach of peace 
Assault and battery 
Concealed weapons 
Petty larceny 
Robbery 
Vagrancy 
Insane 
Grand larceny 
Rape 
Burglary 
A ssault to murder 
False pretences 
Felony 

1885.

Res.

218 4019
20 5
39 9
13 2
12 117 1
1

Non- Res.

37 1 21 1
40
134 0 1000
00

1890.

214 31 22
30 9
30 0 9 0
o00 40
0

Non- Res.

23 2 0 1
3 1
0
104 0 1
0 0000

1896.

Res.

237 57 21 o900
13 0 00 0
0 00

Non- Res.

54 660410
273 0000 1
1
0

116

Treasure Land.

The Whipping Post
in Tucson.

When the Mexican troops left Tucson after the transfer
of the country, Juan Elias was alcalde, and continued
to administer justice in the Mexican fashion, which was
not satisfactory to the Americans, and these appointed
Maj. Mark Aldridge, partner of Sol. Warner in the
merchandise business, as justice of the peace. There was no jail in which
to confine offenders and no provision for the expenses of the justice, so
the whipping post was adopted. The sentences imposed a penalty of
from thirty to sixty lashes on the bare back and the post was set up
at the corner of Ott street. The offender received about half the penalty
on the day of sentence, and after being enjoined to return next day for
the balance was turned loose. Only one man ever reported.
In order to meet the expenses of the office, offenders who had the
means were permitted to pay a fine, and this form of justice was main
tained for about three years. The results were entirely satisfactory.

City Ofeicees : 1. Sam. Finley, Marshal.
2. L D. Chillson, Engineer.
3. C. T. Connell, Recorder.

Building and About 200 buildings have been erected and improved
_ .. .. by additions during the last year, and at present there
Building are eighteen in actual course of construction, not in-
Material, eluding those for which contracts are made but actual
building not begun, and in this class are the A. O. U.W.
building, to cost $30,000; the Masonic temple and opera house, $25,000;
the addition to the university, $10,000, and several business blocks.
All our mechanics have had constant employment at good wages,
ranging from $2.50 to $5 per diem.
We are indebted to Mr. J. Knox Corbett, the lumber merchant, for
the following prices of building material now ruling here:
Lumber— Oregon pine, $27.50 per 1,000 feet; California pine, $25; sur
face redwood, $40, and rough redwood, $32.50.
Bricks of good quality, $8 per 1,000 laid in the wall.
Lime, $9 per ton; Portland cement, $9 per barrel of 400 pounds.
Mr. Corbett has been a resident of Tucson for many years and has
never before noted such activity in all lines of business, and a stranger
might infer that we were enjoying a boom. There is none, however, for no
foreign capital is being used; whatever is spent comes from our own
people, who have sufficient confidence in the future to invest their savings
where they were made. This he regards as the surest evidence of per
manent prosperity.

The. City of Ages: Tucson. 117
One of the most important considerations in the choice
of a new home is the cost of living, and upon this sub-
COSt Of Living, ject we present the following, which with slight varia
tions may be relied upon for all seasons of the year
as the ruling retail prices for staple necessaries:
Bacon— Gold Band, highest grade, 12% to 14 cents per pound; medium
grade, 10 to 12 cents per pound.
Beans— Pink and white, 3 to 4 cents per pound.
Canned Goods— Best quality table fruits, 2%-pound cans, $1.70 per
dozen; pie fruits, 2%-pound cans, $1.30 per dozen; tomatoes, 2%-pound
cans, $1.10 per dozen; jams and jellies, 2-pound cans, $1.50 per dozen;
salmon, 1-pound cans, $1.35 per dozen; oysters, 1-pound cans, $1.25 per
dozen; corn, 1-pound cans, $1.10 per dozen; Eagle milk, $2.20 per dozen.
Butter— Best fresh, Arizona and imported, 35 cents per roll.
Coffee— Highest grade, green, 35 cents per pound; medium, green, 20
to 25 cents per pound; roasted, best Mocha and Java, 40 cents per pound.
Cheese— Best imported cream, 15 to 18 cents per pound.
Eggs— Ranch, 20 to 35 cents a dozen.
Flour— Eastern extra, per sacks of 50 pounds, $1.75 to $1.90 per sack;
California, per sacks of 50 pounds, $1.50 to $1.75 per sack; local, per sacks
of 50 pounds, $1.40 to $1.50.
Fruits— Raisins, London layer, 10 to 15 cents per pound; currants,
imported, 10 to 12% cents per pound; apples, evaporated, 10 to 12% cents
per pound; Peaches, evaporated, 10 to 12% cents per pound; apricots,
12% to 15 cents per pound. Fresh in season at reasonable rates.
Fish— Fresh from Guaymas and Los Angeles, 12% to 15 cents per
pound. Ham— Gold Band, highest grade, 13 to 15 cents per pound; medium,
10 to 12 cents per pound.
Lard— Pure, in tins, 8 to 10 cents per pound.
Meats — Beef, alfalfa-fed, prime cuts, 10 cents per pound; porterhouse
steaks, 15 cents per pound; sirloin steaks, 12% cents per pound; ordinary,
6 to 10 cents per pound; coined, 8 cents per pound. Mutton, prime cuts,
12% cents per pound; ordinary, 10 cents per pound. Veal, 10 to 12%
cents per pound. Pork, 12% cents per pound; sausages, 12% cents per
pound. Game in season: Bear-meat, 12% cents per pound; venison, 12%
cents per pound.
Poultry— Chickens, $4 to $7 per dozen; turkeys, 14 to 20 cents per
pound. Rice, 8 cents per pound.
Sugar— Cube, 13 pounds'for $1; granulated, 14 pounds for $1; Golden
O, 15 pounds for $1.
Salt— Table, 10-pound sacks, 12% to 15 cents.
Soap— Ten-ounce borax, 5 cents a bar.
Tea, from 20 to 85 cents per pound.
Vegetables, fresh from local gardens, nominal. A large family can
be supplied with vegetables in season at an average cost of fifteen cents
per diem.
Potatoes, $1.35 to $2 per 100 pounds; onions, $2 to $3 per 100 pounds.
Dry goods and clothing can be purchased at a slight advance on East-
prn prices.
Rents are reasonable, houses bringing at the rate of $5 per month
per room or less, and furnished rooms $8 per month and upwards. Hotel
rates vary according to service and accommodations from $1.50 to $4
per diem.
Restaurant living costs from $4 to $7 per week.

118

Treasure Land.

Tucson's first serious fire took place in 1880, and led
pjre to the temporary organization of a fire department.
This organization was recognized by the city in 1883,
Department. and formally established as the fire department of
Tucson. A building and fire bell tower were erected at
a cost of about $4,000, and an equipment supplied. This equipment now
comprises a large chemical engine, hook and ladder and two hose carts
with 1,000 feet of first-class hose. The water supply being poor and
under very small pressure, the equipment was never efficient until the
chemical engine was purchased by the city. The department has a mem
bership of forty-five volunteers, who readily respond to every call, and
the officers are: Chief, J. D. Boleyn; assistant, Frank Saladin; Wm. Reid,
foreman and treasurer; secretary, Al. Ezekiels; steward, Rich. Brophy.

Teaming and
Staging.

The yearly volume of inland freighting from Tucson by
teams is estimated to exceed 2,000 tons of general
merchandise, which, added to the amount shipped by
railroad, incalculably greater, and that consumed locally,
indicates the condition of business here. Stage lines run
from here, making daily, weekly or semi-weekly trips to all important set
tlements, such as Nogaies, Arivaca, Oro Blanco, Oracle, Quijotoa and Great
erville. Lately a stage line has been established to meet the requirements of
the mining companies operating in the mining districts south of the line,
so that our facilities for communication are almost complete.
It is more than possible that, now that the Southern Pacific company
has acquired the ownership of the Sonora railway, that a line of road will
be run from Tucson to Calabasas, thus facilitating mining and agricultural
operations in the Santa Cruz valley and adjoining country.

Learning Spanish.

One of the attractions of Tucson is the facilities for ac
quiring the Spanish language, lt is spoken more or less
by seven-eighths of our population, and this makes its
acquisition seem easy.
While the language is several degrees easier than
Chinese, it is difficult enough to give trouble, and you realize this when
you have tried to master it in six lessons.
There is one sensible thing about it— the alphabet means something.
You can uot take a handful of letters and call them a word, as we do in

The City of Ages: Tucson. 119
English. Utility is not sacrificed to architectural beauty, as in Chinese, and
if you wish to spell a word, you enunciate its component sounds, if you
happen to remember them, and get the letters. Desiring the word, you
gently call the letters by their baptismal names, and you have it. In our
own anti-phonetic language, the spelling is for protective purposes, but in
Spanish we spell for revenue only!
The writer has been introduced to several patented methods of learning
Spanish in a week or two, but never cultivated their acquaintance. Next
to acquiring it before any other language, the best way is to live in Tucson
for a year, employ a good teacher, and then work on it as if you had to do
it for a living. Those who are familiar with the difficulties and dan-
Our Public gels tnat surrounded the pioneers of Arizona can ap
preciate the constancy, perseverance and unselfishness
Schools. of those who isolated themselves from civilizing in
fluences and laced the dreaded Apache to establish here
a system of public education that would rear a commonwealth of intelli
gent and responsible men and women. Where once stood crude adobe
school houses, magnificent buildings now stand as monuments to the work
of the early pioneers. Where once gathered a lonely few in constant
dread of murderous Indians, may now be heard the joyous shouts of
thousands of Arizona boys and girls as they enjoy their games on the
school grounds, adorned with trees and flowers, and those who have lived
to witness this grand ti ansf ormation can well be proud of their noble
work for Arizona.
Gov. P. K. Safford is justly deserving of the title of "Father of the
Public Schools of Arizona," for although he was not in the territory when
the first efforts were made to establish common schools, it was due to
his personal efforts that the excellent system now existing was firmly-
planted. The first public school of Tucson, and probably of Arizona was taught
in the spring of 1869 by Mr. Augustus Brichta. The school was opened in
an adobe building with dirt floor and roof, in the rear of the store now
owned and occupied by L. Zeckendorf & Co. He enrolled fifty-five pupils,
all boys. The trustees were Hon. John B. Allen, W. S. Oury and W. W.
Williams. The next session was opened in 1871, by Prof. John A. Spring, in a
building on the northwest corner of Meyer and McCormick streets. He
taught fifteen months and enrolled 138 boys, 95 per cent, of whom were
Spanish-speaking. Messrs. W. F. Scott, Samuel Hughes and W. C. Davis
were the school trustees at that time.
In 1871 the Sisters of St. Joseph established an academy for girls,
furnishing free tuition to indigent pupils.
In the summer of 1S72, Mrs. L. C. Hughes opened a school for girls
in a house in Levin's park.
The following year, Miss Harriet Bolton, later Mrs. John Wasson, and
Miss Maria Wakefield, now Mrs. E. N. Fish, took charge of the public
schools of Tucson. The schools were kept in a building adjacent to the
site of the present city hall.
The Congress Street school was completed in 1874, the trustees being
Hons. R. N. Leatherwood, Samuel Hughes and Estevan Ochoa. The
citizens of Tucson contributed liberally to the funds necessary to com
plete said building, and at one of the many socials given to raise money,
a cake was sold and re-sold, until the proceeds aggregated more than
$200. Hon. R. N. Leatherwood was the last purchaser, and after paying
the price, distributed the cake among the school children. The lumber
used in the porch was donated by the officers of Fort Grant, and was
hauled, free of charge, by Tully & Ochoa.

120 Treasure Land.
Prof. W. B. Horton, a native of Scotland, and a graduate of a college
of Edinburg, was elected principal of the Tucson schools in the fall of
1874. His assistants were Ygnacio Bonillas (now a prominent civil and
mining engineer), who took charge of the boys' department, and Miss
Packard, who conducted the female department.
Miss Packard was succeeded by Miss Nesmith; Miss Nesmith by
Mrs. M. B. Aguirre, and Miss Nora Smith and Miss Sallie Wood succeeded
Mrs. Aguirre.
In 1881 Prof. Geo. C. Hall and his wife took charge of the schools.
Prof. M. M. Sherman and Miss Nora Smith were his assistants. The
number of pupils enrolled in 1881 was 281. The number enrolled in
1882 was 353.
In 1883 the territorial legislature authorized the school trustees to issue
bonds to the amount of $40,000, payable semi-annually, in ten years, to
erect a high school building in Tucson. Bonds were readily sold, but
it is estimated that before the building was completed in 1884 it had cost
not less than $56,000.
Under the management of Prof. Hall, some important improvements
were made in the Tucson schools. A course of instruction was prepared;
the work of grading was begun; the schools were changed from having
separate male and female departments to a mixed and graded school
system. There has been a considerable growth in our schools since 1885. In
that year 1,330 pupils were enumerated, 668 enrolled and 278 in regular
attendance; now there are 1,853 enumerated, 790 enrolled and 454 in
regular attendance.
The yearly term of school varies from nine to ten months, and at
present twelve graded teachers and a supervising principal are employed.
During the past year the schools have been carefully graded and
adjusted to a course of study in keeping with modern requirements.
Every effort is put forth to make the work of the schools practical and
thorough, and Eastern people who locate here will find our schools equal
or superior to those of their old homes.
The course of study of the Tucson public schools as now arranged
covers three years of primary and five years of grammar school work,
a total of eight years. The completion of this course prepares students
for admission to the territorial normal school and to the middle year of
the preparatory department of the territorial university. Those complet
ing the course by public graduation are awarded a suitable certificate.
Tucson pays her grade teachers good salaries, and with a nine-months'
term is able to command the best talent.
We believe more normal-trained teachers will be found among the
corps of teachers of the Tucson public school than can be found in any
other school in the territory. The normal schools of California, Rhode
Island, Indiana and Pennsylvania are now represented in our teaching
force. At least three-fourths of all pupils in attendance can speak Spanish.
With such an opportunity no bright pupil need complete the public school
without having acquired a working knowledge of this beautiful and use
ful language.
The local supervision of our schools is vested in a board of three
trustees, elected for three years, one member retiring each year. The
present school officials are: J. Knox Corbett, president of board of trus
tees; Dr. W. V. Whitmore, clerk, and C. F. Richardson, member.
Taxpayers and parents or guardians of children of school age are qual
ified voters at school elections, without regard to sex or citizenship.

The City of Ages: Tucson.

121

An Easter
Morning in
Tucson.

One of our Eastern visitors finds something to admire
in one of our antique courtyards, and thus expresses
himself: "Most of the old residences in Tucson have a bright
garden patch behind the dull brown walls, and from
my window, on this glad Easter morn, I look upon as pretty a scene
as ever gladdened mortal eye.
"The balmy air is laden with the fragrance of flowers, while the
linnets and cardinals trill so blithely that I can imagine myself in an
aviary filled with canaries. Whoever made the statement that there are
no songsters among our native birds had never visited Arizona.
"Above me is a soft, blue sky that shimmers in the rosy sunlight
which flashes over the dark pine-clad ridges of the Santa Catalinas, and
reaches me through the opalescent green of a fringe of alamos.
"Along one side of the courtyard is a hedge of rose blooms and pearly
elder flowers; at the back rises a mud wall, barely seen through a row
of pomegranate bushes, whose dark green foliage is stained with bright
red blooms. On the right roses, pink and white, and oleanders, bloom;
mignonette, sweet peas, pansies and other flowers mingle their colors
and their perfumes blend.
"In the center rises a graceful ash and a drooping pepper tree, over
shadowing lilac, fig and almond, while above the trellised walk the
bright vine leaves quiver."

Tucson Residences:

1. Dr. F. A. Odermatt.
2. Dr. Geo. W. Whomes.
3. Chas. R. Drake.
4. Dodge Block.

122 Treasure Land.
The Indian Tr"is school for the training of Indian children was es-
. , ... tablished by the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions,
industrial an(j 0pene(j January 3, 1888, under the supermtendency
School. of Rev. Howard Billman.
The school was designed to provide educational fa
cilities for the Pima and Fapago Indians. Though now separate tribes,
they were originally one; their language is essentially the same and they
intermingle in the most friendly way. They have ever been the in
valuable ally of the American population against the fierce Apaches; are
reasonably industrious and almost entirely self-supporting.
The present school force consists of the following: Mr. F. S. Hern
don, superintendent; Mrs. F. S. Herndon, Misses Laura W. Pierson, Minnie
Atwater, Lillian North, Alice Brandt, Bessie Menaul, Elizabeth Rowland
and Mrs. Nellie Thompson; Mr. J. W. Martin, carpenter, and T. L. Vest,
argiculturist. The number of pupils last year was 125, comprising forty-seven girls
and seventy-eight boys, the institution being limited to this number owing
to the financial condition of the board, but 150 can be accommodated,
and 200 were crowded in three years ago.
The school farm is one mile west from the school, on the left bank of
the Santa Cruz river, and contains forty-two acres of land, all under
cultivation. This institution is doing a world of good and deserves encouragement.
The pupils are educated in practical matters. The girls attain great pro
ficiency in household duties and are diligent and faithful servants, while
the boys make excellent farm hands and laborers.
Whatever may be our religious faith, we must respect
St Joseph's those noble women who, casting aside the pleasures and
opportunities of the outer world, devote their lives
Academy. to the moral and intellectual advancement of youth, and
when their efforts result in affording the young tho
best educational advantages at a minimum cost, they rank among our
great public benefactors. In this category we classify the Sisters of
St. Joseph, who in 1870 founded in Tucson an academy for young ladies,
and though the institution is under the auspices of the Catholic church,
it numbers among its students members of other denominations from all
parts of the country. The first convent was near the old cathedral, but
the present establishment is a handsome structure facing military plaza,
which will cost, with the alterations now being made, about $40,000.
The social condition of a community is best shown by
The Public its worIis; tne attention devoted to institutions designed
to promote its moral and intellectual welfare, and by
Library. this rule Tucson not only ranks first in the territory,
but excels many of the towns of equal size within a
hundred miles of Boston.
The Tucson public library was created by ordinance dated the 5th
day of June, 1883, but the legislative decree carried no appropriation, and
the matter slept till the summer of 1886, when the Tucson Library Asso
ciation (a private organization) conveyed to the city of Tucson, for the
benefit of her citizens, all its property, provided the city furnished ac
commodations. The city council set apart the upper story of the city
hall for the exclusive use of the public library, and in July the institution
opened with a catalogue of 759 volumes, the trustees being Messrs. J. S.
Mansfeld, C. D. Poston, C. B. Sessions, Harry Paterman and F. W. Grey,
and Mesdames Anderson, W. E. D. Scott, Heil Hale and S. M. Manlove.
We will not chronicle each step of the upbuilding of this institution,
but point with pride to its present condition. We now have over 3,000

The city of Ages: Tucson. 123
volumes of the best literature, accessible to all who desire to use them.
The library has commodious quarters in the upper story of the city hall,
lighted by electricity, with a librarian in attendance six hours of the
day in winter and a shorter session in summer. It is the only public
library of any size in the territory and we point to it with just pride
as an evidence of our social qualifications, lt is not purely ornamental,
either, as the visitor will find upon examination of the records, the books
are read, nearly all of our young people being constant borrowers.
The present board of trustees consists of Messrs. H. D. Underwood,
Rochester Ford, H. W. Fenner, and Mesdarnes W. C. Davis, F. A. Warren,
B. M. Jacobs and Albert Steinfeld, the librarian being Mrs. Batte, whose
intelligence and affability do much to sustain the popularity of the in
stitution. She is a great reader herself, and knows that somewhere among
the volumes there exists a balm for every ill; books to stimulate and
books to soothe; books for instruction and books for ennui, and she can
prescribe like a physician for those who want direction.
Our lady readers will be interested in learning some-
TUCSOn'S thing of our "society." Of course we have our "400,"
but the dividing line is not firmly drawn, as people's
400. antecedents are generally well known, and undue pre
tension works its own downfall. We have had no genu
ine scandal for years, and this has compelled the few old gossips (male
and female) who have foisted themselves upon us, to draw upon their
imagination for material. They are quite harmless, however, as no one be
lieves them, and the very people they assail are generally the purest and
the best. Otherwise the people of Tucson are the most liberal and delightful
entertainers in the country.
As the conditions referred to make pretension absurd and scandal ridic
ulous, everything is done in a free and generous manner, peculiarly West
ern, and yet with consummate elegance and good taste. There is so much
musical and other talent that during the winter season the evenings at
home, the multi-colored and polyglot teas, the card parties and other
divertissements, afford a round of intellectual enjoyment.
Our ladies dress in the latest fashions and are, on all matters of taste,
fully up to date. Sealskin cloaks are not worn, and lady visitors can limit
their wardrobe to spring fabrics, with suggestions of summer lightness,
with a wrap of medium weight for evening wear.
It is now nearly nine years ago that a number of music-
PhilarmOniC loving Spanish-Americans, under the leadership of Mr.
Fred. Ronstadt, organized the "Club Filarmonico Tue-
ClUD sonense," and to this gentleman's patience and energy are
Of TUCSOn. chiefly due its permanence and proficiency. Its instru
ments are the best procurable, and as an interpreter of
Spanish and Mexican music it has no equals in the United States and
few superiors in Mexico. It has given public concerts in different parts
of Arizona and in the principal cities of Southern California, being every
where received with enthusiasm. Its members are all Spanish-Americans,
and no brighter or more intelligent faces can be found in any community.
The club has lately amalgamated, for musical purposes, with the militia
band, and during the summer season the two unite to give public con
certs in one of the city parks twice a week. The officers of the club
are: Frederico Ronstadt, president and leader; Rufino Velez, secretary and
treasurer, and Miguel T. Carrillo, Gerardo Manzo and Carlos Jacome,
directors.

124

Treasure Land.

(£,burcbes.

Grace 0n the 30tn of November, 1881, a small company of ladies
p . . interested in the establishment of an Episcopal church
episcopal ;n Tucson met and organized a society for its prorno-
Church. tion. In May, 1883, a lot for a church building was pur
chased at a cost of $1,000, and seven years later the con
struction of a church building was begun, the funds being obtained chiefly
from private subscriptions, Mrs. Marian Calvert Wilson having alone ob
tained nearly $1,000 for this purpose. On Easter morning, April 2, 1893, the
Rev. W. L. Githens conducted the first service in the nevv church, which
was dedicated by Bishop J. Mills Kendrick in the presence of a large con
gregation in 1897. The request to consecrate was read by Mr. J. Geo.
Hilzinger, on behalf of the church committee.

Tucson Churches: 1. Episcopal
2. Congregational.
3. Methodist.
The residents of Tucson to whom the members of the Episcopal church
are most indebted for the carrying out of this great work of church build
ing, and not already mentioned, are Mesdames Nellie Pomroy, James Buell.
W. T. Gibbons, B. M. Jacobs, C. M. Burkhalter and J. M. Orrnsby, Messrs.
J. M. Ormsby, Chas. R. Drake, H. D. Underwood, J. K. Gooding, C. M.
Burkhalter, F. A. Gully, Thos. F. Wilson and Selim M. Franklin.
The present minister is the Rev. V. O. Gee, of Bowling Green, Ky., who
assumed charge in March, 1896, and the church committee consists of the
following gentlemen: W. W. Williams, warden; C. M. Burkhalter, M. P.
Dodge, D. F. Brown and J. Geo. Hilzinger.
In the death of Mrs. S. L. Pomroy, in 1895, Grace church met with a
great loss. She was one of its founders and always an efficient member.
For church work there is a Ladies' guild and the Bessie Edgar Memorial
guild of young ladies, members of the congregation. The church is well
furnished and carpeted, and the services are conducted regularly through
out the year, except for a short period during the heated term.

The City of Ages: Tucson.

125

MethOdiSt It is now eighteen years since the Methodist Episcopal
Enisconal church of Tucson was organized by the Rev. Geo. H.
y v Adams, the first superintendent of Methodist missions in
Church. Arizona. Among the first to give their names for mem
bership were Mrs. E. J. Hughes, wife or ex-Gov. L. C.
Hughes, and Mrs. Adria Buckalew.
Since its establishment there have been ten pastors, the best known
being the Rev. J. F. Berry, editor of the Epworth Herald, and Rev. C. L.
Bovard, superintendent of the New Mexico missions. The present pastor is
Rev. E. R. Foley, and the church has a strong membership, composed of
our most respected and representative families. It is aggressive and well
organized, with all auxiliary helps, including a live Epworth league and a
Ladies' Aid society.
The church lot, corner of Stone avenue and Pennington street, has a
frontage of 100 feet on each street. It originally cost $600, and is now
worth as many thousands. The church building is of brick and was erected
in 1881, upon designs furnished by Mr. L. D. Chillson. Attached to the
church is a commodious parsonage, built the following year.

The The local organization of this church was perfected No-
„ .. . vember 20, 1881, with a membership of eight persons,
Congregational an(j jt nas gro-wn steadily in numbers and influence. The
Church. membership is now one of the largest in Tucson. The
Rev. J. Bowron will shortly assume charge of the congre
gation. The church building is an imposing edifice, facing one of the city parks,
aud the interior- is tastefully furnished.

The Baptist
Church.

The first Baptist church in Southern Arizona was organ
ized April 7, 1881, with six members, including the pas
tor of the new congregation. Rev. U. Gregory. Later on
a building was erected on Stone avenue, and the church
organization continued for several years. With the departure of the pastor,
in 1888, interest in the work weakened, and was not revived until
lately. The Rev. P. Aulick took charge in July, 1897, and under his minis
trations the church is expected to become an important factor in the moral
and spiritual education of the people.

The Roman Catholic church
The CathOliC is the leading religious
establishment, with the
Church. largest membership. and the
most elegant edifices.. The
old cathedral has lately been abandoned, and
services are regularly held in the new building
on Stone avenue. This is constructed of brick,
with gray stone facings, and the design is
elegant and impressive. It was dedicated
February 7, 1897, with appropriate ceremonies,
in which two archbishops, two bishops, one
vicar, and over twenty priests took part. The
cathedral is not yet finished, lacking the
towers, but the energetic Bishop Bourgade
will not rest until the magnificent monument
is completed.

Catholic Cathedral.

126 Treasure Land.
mATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS.
Fraternal association is the moral and intellectual sunshine which
warms the hidden germs of brotherhood into life, and matures them to
achievement. It is the lever which will raise the world out of the quag
mire of ignorance and selfishness and perfect the race. It strength
ens the bonds of respect aud love, smooths our paths and makes us hopeful
and daring in the assurance of sympathy and appreciation.
In no part of the country are the fraternal organizations so generally
supported as in Tucson. They are all in a flourishing condition aDd their
meetings well attended. True fraternity has always found a freer expres
sion in the great West, and striven to express itself in organized form.
The bond of fraternity is here knit closer by a community of interest that
does not exist in large cities where class distinctions are more plainly
manifested. These are well represented, and hold regular and special
The Masonic meetings. Tucson Lodge No. 4, F. and A. M., has regular corn-
Bodies. munications on the second Friday of each month. Offi
cers: Geo. J. Roskruge, W. M.; L. K. Hart, secretary.
Membership, 80.
Tucson Chapter No. 3, Royal Arch Masons, meets the last Friday of each
month. Officers: G. M. Williams, H. P.; Geo. J. Roskruge, secretary. Mem
bership, 45.
Arizona Commandery No. 1, Knights Templar, has stated conclaves the
first Friday of each month. Officers: K. L. Hart, E. C; Geo. J. Roskruge,
recorder. Membership, 50.
Santa Rita, Lodge of Perfection No. 1, A. and A. S. R., meets irregularly.
Geo. J. Roskruge, ven. master; H. D. Underwood, secretary. Member
ship, 35.
Tucson Council No. 3, Royal and S. M., meets irregularly. Geo. Shand,
ill. master; J. M. Ormsby, secretary. Membership, 21.
The first meeting of Masons held south of the Gila river, of which any
record has been kept, was composed of the following brethren: A. C. Bene
dict, Martin Maloney, Jacob S. Mansfeld, Joseph B. Creamer, R. N. Leather-
wood, Charles T. Etchells and George J. Roskruge, who, on the 11th of
April, 1875, met at the house of J. S. Mansfeld "for the purpose of dis
cussing the subject of forming a Masonic club at Tucson." At a meeting
held the week following the Tucson Masonic club was formed, and Brother
A. C. Benedict was elected chairman, and George J. Roskruge secretary.
The organization was kept alive until January, 1881, when it was resolved
to petition the M. W. Grand Master of California, who, on the 17th day of
February, 1881, issued a dispensation authorizing Ansel M. Bragg as W.
M., George J. Roskruge as S. W., and Abraham Mark as J. W., and nineteen
other brethren to form "Tucson Lodge," aud on the 15th of October, 1881, a
charter was, by the M. W. Grand Lodge of California, issued to the same
officers and the lodge placed on the roll of the Grand Lodge of California
as "Tucson Lodge No. 263." At the formation of the Grand Lodge of Ari
zona, on the 25th day of March, 1882, Tucson was designated as No. 4 on
the roll of Arizona lodges.
Independent Pima Lodge No. S meets every Tuesday and has a mem-
OrdM- nf bership of 65. The officers are: P. S. Hughes, N. G., and
ui uci ui j j Hillj secretary. Attached to this lodge is a lodge of
Odd FellOWS. Daughters of Rebekah, officered and controlled by the
lady relatives of members of the order, who materially
assist in advancing the welfare of the order.

The City of Ages; Tucson. 127
Ancient Order This order has a local membership of 250, and is one of
Of United the most Popular in Tucson. Its meetings are made at
tractive by the introduction of social features designed to
Workmen. amuse and instruct the members. The lodge meets every
Wednesday and the present officers are: Geo. W.
Whomes, M. W.; F. B. Wightman, recorder, and W. E. Felix, financier.
Attached to the parent organization is a lodge of the Degree of Honor,
officered and controlled by the lady relatives of members of the A. O. U. W.
This order is represented by Tucson Lodge No. 9, which
The KniFhtS holds stated conventions every Monday. The officers are:
f t> «,• C" T" Conne11. C. C; V. O. Gee, Vice C. O; W. R. Kitt,
01 fytmas. prelate, and Jos. C. Perry, K. of R. and S. Member
ship, 90.
San Xavier Camp was organized April 29, 1890, and now
WOOdmen Ot has an active membership of 45. It meets every alternate
the World. Thursday. Officers are: F. A. Odermatt, P. C. O; R. W.
Arthur, C. O; I. Neustadter, C, and Pedro Pellon, B.
In addition to these are the following organizations, fra-
Other ternal and benevolent: The Spanish-American Alliance,
. Women's Universal Benevolent Association, St. Vincent
Organizations, de Paul Catholic Benevolent Society, Good Templars,
Grand Army of the Republic, Pioneer and Historical So
ciety, United Order of Mechanics, and a full line of railroad benevolent and
protective orders.

Building and ft is certainly apparent to the most casual observer that
I our city has steadily improved during the last eight or
Loan nine years, so that visitors, new-comers, and even old
Associations. residents do not hesitate to remark that Tucson now pre
sents the appearance of a thriving and enterprising city.
The source and cause of this steady progress in the face of dire business
depression is known to all stockholders in the building and loan associa
tions. Neither banks, business men nor private individuals cared to loan
money at a moderate rate of interest and for long periods of time, so that
only such inducements as those offered by these associations could have
brought about the amount of home building and home improving that has
taken place in this city during the time stated.
Tucson has two such associations, of which it is justly proud. The orig
inal and the first to complete a series is the Tucson Building and Loan asso
ciation, and we present the following report thereon, prepared by the sec
retary, Mr. J. A. Black:
"This association early laid down a most liberal policy towards its with
drawing stockholders, and has consistently acted with the utmost leniency
in all cases of unavoidable foreclosures. Too often the cases of withdraw
ing stockholders in this class of associations are made a most fruitful source
of profit, and foreclosures are handled under the letter of the law, and thus
to the delinquents' total and inequitable loss of property. Yet notwithstand
ing such liberal (but just and fair) conduct, the Tucson Building and Loaii
association has matured and paid off its first series in 104 months, the actual
number of working or earning months, however, being but 102, as shown
by the early records.
"The money invested in the association has therefore had an earning
capacity of 21 per cent, per annum, which breaks the record of said insti
tutions on the Pacific coast, if not in the United States.

128

Treasure Land.

"After the lapse of 104 months, during which time the country has
suffered one of the severest financial panics and endured hard times for
one of the longest periods in its history, the Tucson Building and Loan as
sociation shows a most successful record, with no losses and with but one
piece of real estate actually in its possession by reason of foreclosure suit.
This property is well worth the money invested in it, and has always re
turned good interest in the shape of rent."
The second association, called The Citizens, is in a highly prosperous
condition, and has been equally active in guarding the interests of its stock
holders. Although worked on a slightly different plan, the secretary, Mr.
Gus. A. Hoff, prophesies an equally satisfactory result, and possibly a bet
ter one.
To these associations is due much of the material progress of Tucson
during the past decade, and this good work continues to be felt.

Interior Surveyor General's Office.

The Surveyor
General's Office.

The office of surveyor general was first established in
Tucson in July, 1870, upon the appointment of Hon.
John Wasson as surveyor general. He served three
terms, retiring in favor of Hon. J. W. Robbins, in
August, 1882. This gentleman died November, 1883, and
the Hon. Royal A. Johnson was appointed to fill the
vacancy, and held the office until December 11, 1885, when a change of
national administration inducted the late Hon. John Hise into the official
chair. Mr. Hise retired to civil life in July, 1889, and Mr. Johnson re
sumed the control that had been interrupted by the failure of the re
publican party to count enough votes. He served his term of four years,
and another political failure caused his removal In favor of Hon. Levi
H. Manning, who served until April, 1896, and then resigned, either to
prove that a good democrat can accomplish the feat or to give his per
sonal attention to his large mining interests. He was succeeded by the
Hon. Geo. J. Roskruge, who will probably soon succumb to the uncon-
geniality of a republican administration.
The present subordinates are W. E. Murphy, chief clerk; Raymond H.
Satterwhite, assistant clerk, and August A. Lysight, mineral clerk.

The City of Ages: Tucson.

129

Colonel J. H. Martin.

Without desiring to draw any
invidious distinctions, we be-
The Boys lieve that the real patriotism
in Blue. OI tb-e country is chiefly found
outside of the large cities, and
the heart of the great West
throbs with devotion to Old Glory.
The organization of militia companies in
Arizona is due to the desire of our young men to
get closer to the flag of freedom and draw inspira
tion from its starry folds. That they are not
parlor patriots, but men ready to offer their lives
in the cause of their country in defense of law and
order is shown by some late instances which we
ask the reader's permission to refer to.
When the Fitzsimmons and Maher prize fight
was expected to "come off" on Arizona soil, the
militia companies were ordered to the front, and
the following extract from the report of Maj.
R. Allyn Lewis, acting inspector general shows
that they can be depended upon in time of need :
"I desire to call your attention to the prompt
itude of these companies in preparing for service
in such short time, neither officers nor men
having any idea where they were going, nor for what service. They were
absolutely unprovided for field service, having no overcoats, blankets,
haversacks, cooking utensils or other camp equipage. They had nothing
but the regulation uniform, their rifles with twenty rounds of ball car
tridges, and a determination to go where they were needed and do their
duty as soldiers. Every man who could be reached by his company
officers reported for duty. The conduct of companies D and F during
Sve days of field service is especially deserving of commendation, and
this was the first time they had ever been called out."
It will not surprise the reader to learn that companies D and F came
from Tucson and are good samples of our young men. Company D was
organized in 1889, followed in 1890 by the organization of company F.
The present membership of company D is forty, and of company F,
thirty-five, and this does not include the militia band of thirty-eight
pieces. The officers of company D are: Emanuel Drachman, captain;
Bert Gray, first lieutenant; Wm. Powers, second lieutenant. Of company
F: J. M. Trayer, captain, and Heraclio Hutton, first lieutenant.
The band is composed chiefly of young people who have become
skillful musicians during their three years of practice and give public
concerts during the summer months.
There is no territorial law providing for general officers. The regi
mental colonel and senior officer of the guard is J. H. Martin, one of
our prominent lawyers and secretary of the board of regents of the
University of Arizona, and J. A. Black is major of first batallion.

The springs of Agua Caliente, Monkey Springs, and those
TUCSOn °f Walnut cafion are fairly well known to our people,
. but few of them are aware that any exist in the im-
Mmeral mediate vicinity of Tucson.
Springs. Two and one-half miles west of Tucson, at the base
of Sentinel peak, is a natural spring, strongly Impreg
nated with sulphur and other minerals, which years ago was reputed to
have fine medicinal properties, but in the lapse of years it has been for
gotten.

130 Treasure Land.
There are two daily newspapers published in Tucson,
the Citizen and Star, both representative sheets and
Our well supported.
Newspapers. Ttle Gitizen was founded in 1870, and has been con
tinuously published under different managements. The
present editor and proprietor is the Hon. Herbert Brown,
a trained newspaper man, who has been prominently identified with the
interests of Arizona for many years. He is curator of the territorial
museum and an authority on the ornithology of Southern Arizona, of
which subject he has made a special study. His collection of birds, do
nated to the museum, is one of the most perfect and complete in the
country. The Citizen is the exponent ' of republican politics and has a
large circulation. It is published every evening, Sundays and holidays
excepted. The Arizona Daily Star was established in 1877 by the Hon. L. C.
Hughes, its present editor and proprietor. It was the first democratic
journal ih the territory and has always been the ablest exponent of the
principles of that party. It has been foremost in advocating all issues
designed to promote the welfare of our people and has done more to
mould public opinion than any other newspaper in the territory. It has
a large circulation, and being a morning paper it reaches all the prin
cipal railroad points on the day of its issue. Mr. L. C. Hughes is a
veteran of the civil war, served two terms as district attorney and two
terms as probate judge of Pima county, was attorney general in 1875
and governor of the territory under the last democratic administration.
He is ably assisted by his talented wife, who opened the first public
schoolin the territory in 1872.
Both papers issue weekly editions which circulate in all the mining
camps and outlying agricultural districts.
There are also two weekly papers published in the Spanish language,
which are liberally patronized by our Spanish-American population. El
Fronterizo is conducted by Sefior Carlos Y. Velasco, a very able writer,
and has a large circulation in Southern Arizona and Sonora. La Luz is
edited by Mr. Chas. n. Tully, a versatile writer, formerly principal of
the Tucson public schools, and while a newcomer in the field of journalism.
it is meeting with liberal support. Both papers are able exponents of
the most advanced Spanish-American thought and ably contribute to the
upbuilding of this section.
Among the improvements in course of construction we
¦jT.e must not omit a description of the natatorium, which
is expected to be in running order by the middle of
Natatorium. August. The building will be both substantial and
ornamental, and the interior arrangements of the latest
designs. The swimming tank will have an area of over 3,000 square feet
and contain 170,000 gallons. The water supply will be pumped from a
well, 200 feet west of the building, and a pipe line connecting with the
plant of The Arctic Ice Company will furnish a supply of warm water
when needed. There will be thirty or more private bath rooms, and
Turkish and Russian bath departments.
Messrs. Barnes & Martin, the well known lawyers, are the owners,
and their reputation as clear-headed business men ensures the public an
elegantly appointed and well managed institution.

The City of Ages: Tucson.

131

1. V. M. Cordova.
2. Radulovich Block.

Tucson Business Blocks :
3. Wheeler & Perry.
I. Tucson Grocer Co.

5. Kohler Block.
13. Xeff & Co. Stahles.

132

Treasure Land.

There is
Light.

There are fifty-two stockholders in The Electric Light
and Power Company of Tucson, and they are all our
own people, and all so pleased with their investment that
none of the stock is for sale. The company was organ
ized some years ago with a capital of $60,000. The
plant comprises two engines, 135 and 90-horse power;
two boilers, 130 and 110-horse power, and four dynamos, really two en
tire and separate plants, thus securing the public against accidents. At
the present time there are maintained about 2,000 incandescent lights,
twenty-five arcs and twenty electric fans, to which numbers constant ad
ditions are being made.

Two of the Departments of Ros. Brena's Store.

A Spanish-
American
Merchant.

Among our business men are several of Mexican birth,
who are the peers of any merchants in the land. They
lack nothing of enterprise and foresight, and add to their
other business qualifications an unfailing courtesy that is
as natural to them as it is pleasant to their patrons.
Mr. Rosario Brena conducts one of the largest whole
sale and retail general stores in Tucson. He began in a small way about ten
years ago, and by careful attention and intelligent management has extended
his trade over the whole of Southern Arizona, and north as far as Pinal
and Gila counties. He is also largely interested in ranch property and cattle,
and is generally in touch with our resources.
If the social condition of a community can be measured
A New j^y the extent of its appreciation of the fine arts, Tucson
Opera House. must certainly take high rank, for in no city of the Union
are these so generally cultivated and appreciated.
Our need of a good opera house has been felt for a long time, and sev
eral organized efforts have been made to meet lt, but it remained for in
dividual enterprise to take the matter in hand and carry it to a successful
issue. ,
Mr. A. V. Grosetta has been for years one of our most progressive citizens.
His fortune has been made among us and all his investments are here. His
latest and most brilliant enterprise is the erection of an opera house on
Congress street, after plans made by the well known theatre architect, Sydney
Lovell, of Chicago.
It is designed to seat 900 people and will cost not less than $25,000. The
scenery will be of the highest grade, painted by the great scenic artists,

The City of Ages: Tucson

133

Sozman and Landis, of Chicago, and the stage settings, seats and furnish
ings of the most modern designs. Hot-air furnaces will heat the house in
winter, and ventilating devices will make it pleasant during tne heated
term. The auditorium will be so arranged as to make a combination dance
floor and seats.
He has also arranged with the Masonic fraternity of Tucson for the
erection of the first exclusive Masonic lodge room in the Territory in the
same block.
Mr. Grosetta's enterprise and abilities are not confined to building in
vestments. He is the principal shareholder in The Tucson Grocery Company,
the owner of a large and flourishing orchard in the valley, and interested in
other public enterprises.

S8N8--,-: Bftr" ¦  ;  ,  ,  . 

OILER PROCESS FLOUR MILLS .

Eagle Flour Mills.

Any evidence of enterprise indicates the social and com
mercial strength of a community, and we point with pride
Flours Of the to the evidence offered by the Eagle flour mills, one of the
Desert. largest and best appointed in Arizona. The original mill
was built in 1872, but has been enlarged and improved by
the present owners. Mr. Leo Goldschmidt, the general man
ager, is also interested in mines and real estate. He has laid off some lots
for villa residences in the northern part of the city, and will set the pace
by erecting a handsome residence at a cost of $5,000.
While it is a matter of regret from one point of view that
gambling should be licensed in the territory, it is a vice
Regulated by that is common to all frontier sections, and it is wiser
j_aw# to control it by law than let it flourish secretly. We are
proud to say that the influence of the community is such
as to rob gambling of some of its worst features. In the
first place the resorts are in the hands of men who know that their license
will not be renewed to them if their places are not conducted properly, and
for this reason nothing is tolerated of a disreputable nature. Everything is
straight and orderly and open to Inspection. This is the true Western method,
and low dives and deadfalls, where crime is rampant, are peculiar to the
low resorts of the crowded Eastern cities. The Legal Tender, of Tucson,
of which Mr. J. J. Walsh is proprietor, is a model of good management,
and while such a business is considered legitimate, it is some satisfaction
to know that it is in the hands of a careful person.

134

Treasure Land.

A Sweet
Place.

The toothsome delicacies of the confectioner's art are al
ways pleasant, and in summer, ice cream and refreshing
drinks are necessities. Mr. P. A. Stollar knew this when
he opened the largest confectionery and ice cream parlors
in the southwest on Congress street. He furnished the
store in metropolitan style, and the result has justified his
expectations. The retail trade has created a demand for fine confectionery,
and compelled him to add a wholesale department for the country trade. He
thinks Tucson is "the sweetest place on earth."

Among those who came to stay with us, we reckon Dr. Geo.
Whomes, who arrived here six years ago and found every
thing so agreeable that he promptly decided to remain, and
emphasized his decision by erecting a pretty modern cot
tage on the principal residence street. Being a, skillful
dentist, he has done well professionally, and is entirely
satisfied with his environment.

Quite Satisfied.

Others Follow.

The distinction of building the first compartment house in
Tucson is an indication of enterprise and foresight in the
builder. Mr. H. B. Dodge has set the pace in this direction,
and others will follow. He has been here fifteen years and
has always tried to lead on progressive lines. The Dodge
block will long remain a monument to his enterprise. He
is interested in mines in the Oro Blanco district, and a stockholder in both
of our building and loan associations.
Among our self-made men, who have increased their busi
ness from year to year by unremitting attention and the
Only One exercise of good judgment, is Mr. Julius Goldbaum. He
Failure. handles high grade wines and liquors and carries the best
assortment of lunch goods in Arizona.
He has found time to make some fruit culture experi
ments within the city limits, which demonstrate the capabilities of our soil.
It is only an acre of land, but this is sufficient to show what lovely homes
can be made in Tucson. The grape is a success, both in quantity and flavor,
almonds do well, so do peaches, apricots and green gages. The only failure
he notes is the cherry, which does not thrive here below an altitude of 4,000
feet.

1. Interior Fleishman's Drug Store.

2. Office Singer Sewing Machine Co.

The City of$Ages: Tucson.

135

Two Hundred
per cent.
Increase.

No better evidence of the prosperous condition of Tucson
can be offered than the remarkable growth of the business
of the Consolidated National Bank. This institution, like
every other, is our own, built up on home capital and man
aged and controlled by our own people. It was originally
started in 1885, by Mr. D. Henderson, now president of the
Santa Clara Bank, California, who effected a consolidation with the Bank
of Tucson two years later, and shortly afterwards transferred his interests
to the present organization, by whom it was nationalized in 1889. The present
officers are M. P. Freeman, president; W. C. Davis, vice president, and H. B.
Tenney, cashier. A comparison of their statement given to the comptroller
of the currency last May, with that made for the same month in 1896,
shows an increase in deposits from $129,480 in 1896 to $352,251 in 1897, or two
hundred (200) per cent. This is the largest line of deposits of any bank in
the Territory. Its paid-up capital is $50,000, and cash resources $275,891.

Interior Consolidated National Bank.

Lacks Support.

Mr.  depends for his living upon the interest he
receives on his money, and complains that our people are
already so prosperous that they refuse to pay the usual
iy2 or 2 per cent., and this independent spirit is fomented
by the presence of Eastern money at 10 per cent, and less.
These conditions compel him to deprive himself of many
luxuries he is accustomed to, to the detriment of his health, and while he
has done everything in his power to retard the advancement of the com
munity, he feels that he has not been properly supported, and proposes to
organize a "Hold-Back Club."
We have never seen a finer display of modern jewelry and
art novelties than in the store of the H. A. Zeckendorf Co.
Mr. Zeckendorf is the son of one of the founders of the
pioneer firm of D. Zeckendorf & Co., and was educated in
Europe, where he learned the art of watchmaking. He was
afterwards a pupil of H. H. Heinrichs, the celebrated
chronometer maker of New York, and was special correspondent at the Paris
exposition for the New York Jewelers' Weekly. His knowledge of all matters
pertaining to his profession is both theoretical and practical, and no New
York jeweler more elegantly displays the triumphs of his art.

Jewelry and
Art Novelties.

136

Treasure Land.

The
Legal
Fraternity.

The bar of Tucson ranks second
to none in Arizona, and is speci
ally distinguished for its ability
and integrity, and its members
are frequently called to all parts
of the territory to conduct im
portant cases. The bench is ably filled by the Hon.
Geo. R. Davis, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
of Arizona and Judge of the First Judicial District,
who came originally from Wapakoneta, Ohio. He is
the youngest of the newly appointed Federal judges-
but he brings to Arizona a ripe experience, deep^learn-
ing and a splendid record for upright and courteous
dealings. He is a personal friend of President McKinley
and although this is his first political office, he has
always been an active Republican, and was tho first
delegate elected from Ohio to the last National Repub
lican Convention. The Judge will hereafter make his
home in Tucson with his wife and two children. He is
favorably impressed with the climate and resources of
Arizona and hopes to see statehood conferred upon it
during his term.

Hon. Geo. R. Davis.

A Good
Authority.

Low Rate of
Insurance.

Mr. J. A. Black established his jewelry business here in
1883 and has always been prominent In public affairs. As
commissioner of immigration, he prepared and published
the best review of our resources, and was one of the
founders of the Phoenix Republican. He is now secretary
of the Tucson Building and Loan Association, and we are
indebted to him for valuable information In the preparation of this work.
The question of insurance is at the foundation of more of
our business and social affairs than we think. Fire and
life insurance are the more familiar phases of our desire
to become our own special providence, and Mr. H. D.
Underwood has been their apostle in Tucson for the last
fifteen years. He calls our attention to the fact that the
rate of insurance in Tucson is the same as in San Francisco, for the reason
that underwriters consider us a good risk. He also handles real estate and
mines, and is one of our best-posted men on these subjects. During the
past thirty days he has sold more city property than in the previous three
years, and all of it to people who intend to build homes for themselves.
There is also a lively movement in mining properties. Extensive developments
are being made and the prospects generally were never better.
County Treasurer Chas. F. Hoff, who is also manager of
the Tucson, Nog-ales, Prescott and Flagstaff telephone sta-
Telephone tions, and one of the most enterprising men in the Terri-
Facilities tory, informs us that in the matter of telephone communi
cation, Arizona is not a whit behind the rest of the world.
There are about 150 subscribers in Tucson, and the central
office is kept constantly busy answering calls. He is now making arrange
ments to connect the different important mining camps with Tucson and
Nogales and will probably build a line south to the thriving mining districts
across the international line. The opening of the new custom house at
Sasabe will give an impetus to business between Tucson and the Altar dis
trict in Sonora, and greatly facilitate the operations of the Plomo and El
Grupo mining companies. In which our people are vitally interested.
Mr. Hoff is a man of ideas and a fluent writer. We regret that a val
uable contribution from his pen has been unavoidably crowded out of this
issue.

The City of Ages: Tucson. 137
People who have been accustomed to hear the woes of the
unemployed continually dinned into their ears will find in
No Idle Men. Tucson a refreshing change, for here, notwithstanding our
proximity to the cheap labor market of Mexico, it is at
times almost impossible to hire men to perform ordinary
labor, and our mechanics are the most independent in the
world. Our attention was called to this fact by Messrs. A. V. Grosetta and Gus.
A. Hoff, of The Tucson Grocery Company, who have evidently had some
late experience on the subject, and our own observation confirms theirs.
The superb natural roads in the vicinity of Tucson have
caused our people to invest very heavily in the bicycle,
A GOOd and a daily spin of fifteen or twenty miles before break-
Blcycle Town. fast is no unusual performance, even for ladies, as the
exertion required is little more than what is necessary to
preserve a balance.
In 1895, Messrs. F. E. Russell and M. E. Sheldon formed a. copartnership
for the purpose of supplying our people with high grade wheels and electric
and gas fixtures. Mr. Russell is an expert electrician and has charge of the
plant of The Electric Light and Power Company, while Mr. Sheldon is an
excellent mechanic. In publishing interviews for the information of the public,
we select only those with people whose facilities for gather-
MuSt Be ing information are above the average. Mr. L. D. Chillson
Developed. has been In the southwest since 1859. He was the first
county surveyor of Pima county and has been a. deputy
United States mineral surveyor for twenty years.
As city engineer he calls our attention to the fact that Tucson has now
eighteen miles of curbed sidewalks and well-graded streets. He believes that
our fertile valleys can nearly all be irrigated and produce large crops. We
have barely touched our natural resources, having relied entirely upon our
own means, but the attraction of our climate will induce those to come here
who have the money to develop them.
The volume of freight movement in Tucson appears to be
Astonished  out of a1' Pr°P°rti°n to the size of the town, until one
realizes the large extent of our tributary country. Mr.
_ Geo. E. KoWer has lived in the southwest since 1880, and
Convinced. like others, was at first astonished, then convinced, and
decided that Tucson was the most promising place he had
seen. He purchased one of the best business corners and erected thereon
a large modern block at a, cost of $25,000, dividing it into four elegant stores,
which were rented to good tenants before they were finished. He occupies
the corner store himself with a large stock of furniture, carpets and general
house furnishings, and does a good business over all the southern portion of
Arizona and into Mexico. All his capital is now invested here, and he feels
that it is as safe as if It were in United States bonds, and it is ten times
more remunerative. The art of dressing well has reached a high stage, and the
ingenuity of designers and weavers is heavily taxed to
They Will meet the demand for elegant and tasteful novelties.
ijre-s This fact Is well understood by Mr. W. F. Kitt, whose
fashionable dry goods store in the Radulovich block affords
a display of fashionable fabrics and millinery rarely met
outside of the large cities.
Mr. Kitt has had years of experience and his present prosperity proves
that if a man understands what he is doing and does It well, he invariably
succeeds.

138

Treasure Land.

The comforts of home life are not usually expected by
travelers, nor are they ever realized fully, but the Hotel
Home Life Hall as nearly approaches perfection in this direction as
Realized. any hotel in the country. It is located near the center of
the city and yet far enough from it to avoid all the noise
and the bustle of traffic. Miss Anna B. Hall took charge in
1894, and renovated and refurnished the house from top to bottom. Home-
cooking is more than a phrase, and the dining room is a model of comfort
and good taste. The best of our visitors make this their home, and among
them we may mention Col. Summer, U. S. A., post commander Fort Grant;
Maj. Chalmers, Washington, D. C. ; Prof. True, director experiment stations;
Col. J. D. Breathitt, special agent interior department and others equally
well known.

Good Roads.

Hotel Hall and Dining Room.
While the bicycle fad is as great in Tucson as in any
place in the country on account of our excellent roads,
there is an exhiliaration produced by a. good drive that
can not be simulated; then, too, a buggy will hold a pair,
and if the proper relations exist between them, the ride
becomes a. dream of ecstasy and an armful of bliss. Neff &
Co. make a. specialty of providing the public with good horse power to suit
the circumstances, and claim that their business is entirely satisfactory.
Mining men who require teams for long drives are good patrons, as they
know their wants are supplied at short notice. They note an unusual activity
in mining matters and express their confidence in the future of Pima county.
In a business directory of Tucson, published in 1878, ap
pears the name of Henry Buehman, photographer, and this
He IS Still gentleman has persistently engaged in the same business
jrere ever since. He has not stayed here because he lacked
either the enterprise or ability to go elsewhere, but from
choice. For twenty-four years he has taken the photo
graphs of our people from youth to age, and the artistic reproduction of all
the Tucson babies, who have looked with childish surprise at his camera,
has been pronounced by Eastern experts one of the finest examples of photo
graphic art ever produced. Mr. Buehman keeps pace with every improve
ment in photography, and aided by our wonderful sunlight and clear air,
does the finest work in the county. He is interested in mining and ranching,
and is prominent in all public matters, having been repeatedly called to occupy
official positions of trust and responsibility. He is now serving his second
term as mayor of Tucson. Most of the artistic illustrations of this volume
are his work, and the publishers are indebted to him for many valuable
suggestions In their arrangement. It may be truly said in this case that
some may come and some may go, but he stays with us always.

The City of Ages: Tucson. 130
The science of dentistry, as now understood, is of com
paratively recent origin, having been professionally recog-
Comfort in the nized in 1843. There is every reason to believe, however,
Desert. that the treatment of the teeth received special attention
among the ancient Egyptians, that marvelous people, who
appear to have partially anticipated most of our modern
disooveries, and George Washington masticated his food for several years
with false teeth, clumsily constructed, indeed, but equal to the requirements.
Dr. F. A. Odermatt is a member of the Pacific Dental Congress, that
meets in San Francisco this year, and sustains the reputation of our den
tists as the most proficient in the world. He has resided in Tucson for the
last fifteen years, and been identified with all our progressive movements.
His parlors are elaborately provided with the latest modern appliances, and
our winter visitors find him so skillful that he reckons many of them among
his regular patrons.
He owns a beautiful home, with a large area of garden and orchard sur
rounding it, a veritable paradise of bloom and verdure, which shows how
a man can gather about him a world of comfort and luxury in the "desert."
We have elsewhere referred to our band boys and their
leader, but omitted purposely to inform the reader of a
A circumstance that will astonish him. The talented leader,
HUSiCal Genius ^-r" -^red* Ronstadt, the self-made musician, of whom we
are justly proud, has found time to perfect himself in
musical science and instruct the Philharmonic and militia
bands while following the prosaic and trying avocation of blacksmith and
carriage builder. Two pursuits more antagonistic could not be conceived,
and the fact that he neglects neither and excels in both shows, that he is
made of the material of which great men are formed.
Mr.  came to Tucson over twenty years ago and
engaged in the business of warrant shaving, which proved
He Will Surely exceedingly remunerative. He is now well-to-do and will-
j}{p ing to lend money at 2 per cent, per month on good
security. While he is not opposed to the advancement of
Tucson, and believes that it has abundant resources, he
thinks that immigration will reduce the rates of interest and make people
too independent, and for this reason does not care to assume the responsi
bility of encouraging it. As he is getting along in years his objections will
probably be overruled in the near future, and some more enterprising person
will eventually get his money.
There are so many of our merchants who started in a,
small way and have grown up with the country, that a.
Prices are reference to one firm is almost a reference to all. The firm

Reasonable.

of Wheeler & Perry comes under the rule, and their

present large establishment exemplifies most forcibly the
conditions that prevail here. They do a, large jobbing
business in grocery and produce all over the southern country, besides which
they handle a fair family trade. The stock they carry would surprise the
Eastern country jobber, both as to bulk and quality.
Prior to the erection of the Radul'ovich block, there was
only one two-story business building in Tucson, and when
He Made His it was rumored that Mr. L. G. Radulovich intended to
Monev Here erect another at the far end of town, his friends tried to
persuade him that it was a wild speculation. He carried
out his intention, however, and has made money by it. He
occupies one of the stores with a. large stock of china, glass and shelf-
hardware, displayed in the most tasteful manner. He is a shrewd business
man, and having manifested his faith in Tucson by the investment of his
capital, we did not feel it necessary to ask him to express it orally.

140

Treasure Land.

Meat is Good
and Cheap.

The visitor will be surprised to find here such a well-ap
pointed and well-supplied meat market as that of Mr. C.
F. Schumacher, who is one of those men whose aggressive
energy forces them to the front in everything. Without any
political ambition, he has been prominent in political af
fairs by the will of the people, because whatever the de
mands of business, public or private, may be, he always finds time to per
form them well. His present business is the result of small beginnings, and
shows what industry and intelligence accomplish when the field is fair.
In our interview with him he referred to the fact that our meats are
not only first-class, but so low in price that Eastern people will find that
they can get the best cuts for less than they have been accustomed to pay
for the worst grades.

Schumacher's Meat Market.

Mr.

came here twelve years ago and started a

Fears
Competition ,

peanut stand, and by unremitting attention to business and
sustaining himself on the stale nuts that could not other
wise be disposed of, he began to thrive. Fortune smiled
upon him, and as it cost him nothing to live he made a
good profit. He increased his stock to meet the demands
of trade, and gradually forced his way into the retail grocery business. His
frugal habits and careful personal attention to business produced the natural
results, and in a few years he became almost wealthy. He fully realizes
that the same results can be obtained by others, but he does not believe
In encouraging them to come here, as competition will certainly injure his
business. He can not, therefore, without prospective injury to himself, en
courage any enterprise to induce immigration.
Mr. •  has made lots of money in Tucson and
proposes to keep it. When we asked him to subscribe for
our book he gave a quiet chuckle and said: "You'll get
enough subscriptions for that book without me, and If it

Got It Yet.

does any good, as I suppose it will, I'll get as much benefit
from it as my neighbor, and you can't prevent it. Them
principles is what I've made my money on, and they're good enough to stay
with. You might be doing something better than writing books, anyhow.
Y/ou can make more money hoeing corn. Look at me! I started life with
a. dollar bill and what do you suppose I done with it? I've got it yet! If
people only saved all they earned they'd have it, wouldn't they? That's the
way I've got rich— saving everything. Perhaps I've lost a little health doing
it, but what of it? If I die, I'll die rich, anyhow. The people of Tucson
don't appreciate a, man with money, and I'm only waiting for some fools
to improve my property so that I can get a good price for It, then I'll sell
It and go East, where a man's bank account counts. I'm not subscribing
for nothing— see!"

NOGALES

THE LINE CITY.

¦F1

j  ,  . . -

i_.  , — ' 

'"*r   — -

5ZH ~t

?NATIONRL MON UN

This monument stands in front of J. T. Brickwood's store in an angle made in the
building to admit it. The boundary line between the United States
and Mexico passes through the center of the monument
from left to right.

142

Treasure Land.

The pleasures of stage travel are better appreciated now
From TUCSOH tnan when stages were the only means of conveyance
tn Nno-olpc between distant points. Railroads have so gridironed
10 JNOgaicS Arizona that there are comparatively few of the old
by Stage. stage lines left, and the old-timers have to depend upon
their recollection for the pleasure that is in them.
A stage ride to Nogales is not a necessity, as the journey can be made
in almost seven hours by rail, but if the visitor wishes to see something of
our back country, our mesas, valleys and mountains, we recommend this
trip. <
Mr. M. G. Samaniego is the proprietor of the state line and a most
accommodating gentleman. The stage is one of the finest and easiest
ever built and the driver an interesting relic of the transition period. He
has grown old and gray "in the service, and can interest you with some
stirring tales of the past, if you understand Spanish.
After leaving Tucson you follow the banks of the Santa Cruz river
until within ten miles of Nogales, then ascend through fields and orchards
to the Line City, and drink in the bracing air of the mountains.

THE LINE CITY.
Nogales is the second city iu Pima county with respect to size ami
importance and the last one founded. It is situated at the summit of the
divide in a narrow pass, where the high ranges of mountains that sur
round it bend abruptly as if to afford facilities for international commerce.
With characteristic energy the American city has pressed right up to the
international line, while the Mexicans, with customary courtesy, have
retired back from it some sixty feet, and this sixty-foot space forms what
is known as International street.
The line of railway running from Benson, on the Southern Pacific rail
road to the port of Guaymas on the Gulf of California, passes through
Nogales and is not only responsible for the town's existence, but has
made it the prosperous place we find it to be to-day.
Being a dual city, under different governments, with only an imaginary
line separating the two peoples, some conflict of ideas or action might
naturally be expected, but as will be seen after reading our interviews
with prominent citizens, nothing of the kind exists, but in their stead

Nogales, the Line City. 143
the utmost harmony of thought and action prevails. Even the peace
officers of the two cities cooperate in the arrest and punishment of of
fenders on the other side of the street who seek an asylum with them.
When the authorities of American Nogales ordained a dog tax and elected
a pound master, serious trouble was anticipated, as the Mexicans are
extremely partial to dogs. Strange to say, the authorities of Mexican
Nogales quietly passed a similar law, the first time in the history of
Mexico, and courteously requested that their dog tags be respected in
United States territory. As it was not fair to expect dogs to observe the
niceties of international treaties it was agreed between the two cities
that dog tags should be mutually respected, hence, to-day a registered
caninie can wag his tail on either side of the line with impunity, while the
unlicensed cur is not spared on account of his nationality.
The elevation is about 4,000 feet above sea-level, and its climate leaves
nothing to be desired. During the short rainy seasons it is never damp
for more than a few hours at a time, owing to tin-
fact that the town is situated at the highest point of
Climate the valley that slopes gently north and south, giving a
Of NOCaleS natural and perfect drainage. The days are moderately
warm and the nights cool and refreshing, making it an
admirable climate for persons affected with pulmonary
diseases. No case has ever been reported that originated in the neighbor
hood, and all incipient cases have derived marked benefit.
One of the peculiar conditions attending life in the
dual city is illustrated in the case of the popular rail-
A SeriOUS road agent at Nogales, Mr. P. J. Zeimet. The inter-
DifflCUltV national boundary line passes diagonally through his
office, and when business becomes specially irritating,
he does not know which language to swear in appro
priately and consequently has to appear to retain his usual evenness of
temper. Mr. Zeimet is brought into daily contact with the Mexican customs
officials, and states that no more courteous or accommodating people can
be found anywhere. He has been seven years in charge of this office.
and has always found them more willing to facilitate international busi
ness than to impede it.
We are indebted to the Hon. H. K. Chenoweth, the collector of cus
toms for the district, and his efficient assistants, for valuable information
respecting the customs service.
Nogales is the principal port of entry for the district, but there are
deputies stationed at Bisbee, Lochiel, Buenos Ayres and Yuma, and it is
probable that a station will be established at Tucson in the near future.
Besides these officers there are three clerks in the Nogales office, and
eighteen subordinates employed as inspectors, guards, etc., at different
points on the frontier. Mr. S. M. Aguirre. special deputy, cashier and disburs-
ThP Customs inK asent, is a son of one of the old Spanish settlers,
who came originally from the Biscayan provinces. He
Service. was educated in one of the best schools in the country,
and from a line-rider in 1890 he has been advanced on
merit to this present responsible position.
Mr. E. TC. Sykes, entry clerk, proved his capacity in several positions
of trust and responsibility before entering the customs service, and is the
son of Col. C. P. Sykes, one of the most enterprising men in Arizona.
Mr. J. H. Politzer, statistical clerk, is also an Arizonian, and his experi
ence as a business man and accountant admirably fits him for his present
position. He is the son of Mr. rolitzer, the well-known expert of New
York City.

144 Treasure Land.
Some idea of the commerce of Nogales may be gathered
ImnortS from a consideration of the following comparative state-
v ment of the customs for the fiscal years ending June 30,
and Exports. 1896, and June 30, 1897, not including commodities en
tered under bond and destined to foreign countries and in
terior ports of the United States, kindly prepared for us by Mr. Politzer,
s t n Tistioul clerk *
Value of imports, 1897  $3,047,764 Duties, $124,978
Value of imports, 1896  2,603,502 Duties, 85,372
Increase  $ 444,262 Duties, $ 39,606
The average ad valorem rate being 21.42 per cent, for 1897, and 21.89
per cent, for 1896.
Value of exports, 1897  $1,032,414
Value of exports, 1896  941,779
Increase  $ 90,635
The resident agents of Wells, Fargo & Co. are always
WellS, tne repositories of valuable information respecting the
FargO & CO.'S condition of business at their stations. Mr. W. F. Over-
. . ton, the head of the Nogales office, has been identified
Ageni. -with the Southwest for the last fifteen years, and as a
quasi-public officer enjoys the respect of the public and the appreciation of
his company.
Large industrial operations are being conducted in Sonora, and the
future is full of promise. While the official statistics of the entry port of
Nogales convey some idea of the Sonora trade, it must be remembered that
the port of Guaymas, on the Gulf of California, is the depot of supplies for
a large portion of the state, and the value of imports there is not accessible.
Large shipments are made by sea from California, and European merchan
dise is landed in large quantities, the vessels taking return cargoes of high-
grade ores and other local products, the rate of transportation being out of
all proportion to the distance'. It is highly probable that the transfer of
the Sonora railway to the Southern Pacific company will throw a large
portion of the business now transacted with Europe into the hands of our
own merchants, if they have sufficient capital and enterprise to handle it.
The value of the Sonora trade is conceded in Nogales, and
The tne mininS activity in that state fully appreciated, but
its real nature and extent is only faintly comprehended.
Sonora Trade. in order to obtain more particular information on this
subject for our story, we called upon Mr. Ignacio Bonil
las, and to him we are indebted for the substance of this article. He is a
member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and has been iden
tified with the mining development in Southern Arizona and Sonora for
the past fourteen years. He was official engineer for the government for
several years, and his reputation for character and ability is of the highest.
The mining industry in Sonora was never more prosperous than at pres
ent, and the number and magnitude of the enterprises can be faintly con
veyed by the fact that there are over 15,000 men directly engaged in the
production of the precious metals. The Minas Prietas alone give employ
ment to about 3,000, and many of the properties are beneficial producers.
As the mining code of Mexico differs materially from our
The Mexican own' we Present> ror the information of our readers, the
. following summary of its requirements with respect to
Mining' Code. the location and possession of mines:
Any person, foreigner or citizen, can locate as many
claims, or "pertenencias," as he feels able to handle, each claim being 100
metres square; provided, however, that no foreigner can locate mines

Nogales, the Line City. 145
within the Free Zone, or a distance of fifty-two miles from the boundary
line, without first obtaining special permission from the government of
Mexico. Having made his locations, he presents a petition to the mining agent of
the district in which they are situated, asking that they be adjudged to him
in accordance with the provisions of the law. The fees for registry, publi
cation, stamps, etc., should not exceed $12, but are generally thrice this
amount, the official schedule being adjusted to suit the climate. If the pe
tition is admitted, as it usually is upon payment of the fees, it Is regularly
filed for registry, and within three days thereafter an order of survey is
issued. Theoretically, any competent engineer can be selected to make the sur-1
vey, but as the question of competency may cause complications, it is bet
ter to accept the party recommended by the district agent. When the sur
vey is returned the agent makes an extract from the registry and causes
it to be published in the official paper of the state, citing adverse claimants
to appear and show cause, as in the case of United States patents.
At the end of four months it is the duty of the agent to forward to the
federal department of public works a transcript of all proceedings, and if
these are found to be regular, and the stamp duty of $10 for each claim
is forthcoming, a title is issued.
The cost of surveying is generally $15 for each claim, when there are
many, the minimum cost of a survey being $100, but this expense is af
fected by distance and other variable conditions.
The only limitations to the absolute ownership of mints is an obligation
to pay an annual tax to the federal government of $10 per annum on each
claim, payable every four months. If this is not paid promptly, a maxi
mum extension of three months is granted on payment of fines of 25, 50
and 100 per cent, additional for each month respectively, and a complete
failure is held to be an abandonment of the property, which then reverts to
the public domain.
The state government collects a maximum tax of 2 per cent, on the
gross product of mines (which can be avoided by letting them lie idle),
and $6 per $1,000 on the assessed value of improvements. The assessment
is made by an official expert appointed for each district, and is usually
very fair to mine owners.
The Hon. G. A. Avery, mayor of Nogales, is also one of its pioneer
merchants, having erected the first building of any importance on the west
side of the railroad track. He is engaged in the furniture business, but
finds time to devote to public affairs. He was on the board of county
supervisors four years, and for over three years a member of the Nogales
city council. We are indebted to him for the following valuable information
respecting the Line City:
He estimates the population of American Nogales at
N , • 2,000, and the Mexican side has about an equal number.
riOgaies in About twenty new and modern buildings have been
Brief. erected during the past year, and an equal number across
the line. The Mexicans appear indisposed to let us beat
them ih progressiveness, and frequently set the pace. The advantages of
Nogales as a summer resort are beginning to be appreciated by the people
living on the lowlands of Sonora, where the summer heat is almost unbear
able, and many of the best families of Hermosillo and Guaymas intend to
erect residences here as places of refuge. There is no question but that a
fine, commodious hotel erected in the vicinity of Nogales would be liberally
patronized by the Sonorenses, and as the guests would all be in good cir
cumstances, the enterprise would pay.
The city has spent on the streets, during the year, about $3,500, and ex
tensive grading is still in progress.

146 Treasure Land.
The volunteer fire department is well equipped with a high-pressure
engine, costing $1,500, and a good hose reel.
The city tax is 5 mills only, and there is no bonded or other indebt
edness. It is one of the most peaceful settlements in the country, the police
force consisting of a city marshal and one assistant, and these have very
little to do.
The relations between the municipal bodies of both cities are extremely
cordial, the Mexicans promptly adopting every one of our ordinances de
signed to maintain order or promote the welfare of the municipality.
The peace officers of both cities appear to have a private understanding
between them, and when an offender seeks immunity from arrest on the
other side of the line, he is quickly pushed back across the street within
easy reaching distance.
There are neither paupers nor tramps, and every industrious man read
ily finds a reward for his exertions.
The city contemplates the erection of a fine city hall and engine house,
and a new opera house will probably be opened in the lower portion of the
new Masonic Temple.
The business outlook is very encouraging, and business has more than
doubled in volume since the commencement of the year. The mining activ
ity in the state of Sonora, Mexico, is almost incredible, and there are several
fine properties being operated in the vicinity of Nogales.
Business is generally done on a cash basis, and credit is seldom solicited.
The titles to city property have heretofore been uncertain, owing to
the. cloud cast upon them by the alleged Nogales Land Grant, but now that
this has been set aside by our courts, a patent to the townsite will be given
by the government and ownership confirmed.
Nogales has an excellent telephone system, electric light and water
works and ice plant.
The water company is now making improvements in its service that
will enable it to furnish an abundant supply of pure water at a high pres
sure. A sewerage system is also contemplated, but there is no immediate
necessity for this, as our natural drainage is almost perfect.
Our principal fuel is wood, procured in the neighborhood, and consists
of oak, mesquite. walnut and cedar. It is delivered in the city at the rate
of $2.75 per cord.
All business is transacted on the basis of the Mexican dollar, which
passes current among us in small amounts at the rate of 50 cents, or two
for one of ours. This gives our merchants considerable trouble, as the rate
of exchange varies, but it would be impossible for them to do business on
any other basis. Nogales Lodge No. 11, F. and A. M., has an active meni-
SocietieS and hership of about fifty, and meets the third Saturday of
each month. The present officers are: J. Dessart, W.
Churches. M.; Chas. Montague, secretary, and W. N. Cummings,
treasurer.
The Masonic Association of Nogales is an organization in charge of the
erection of the new Masonic Temple, which, though now in use, will not be
dedicated until the 17th of September, 1897. The officers are: J. Dessart,
president; Geo. Montague, secretary, and W. N. Cummings, treasurer.
Nogales Lodge No. 2, A. 0. U. W., has been established only eighteen
months, and has now a membership of about fifty. It meets every Friday
evening, and the officers are: F. J. Duffy, M. W.; S. M. Aguirre, recorder,
and F. M. King, financier.
Nogales Lodge No. 13, K. of P., meets the first and third Tuesdays of
each month, and has an active membership of seventy-five. The officers are:

Nogales, the Line City.

147

A. A. Doherty, C. C; T. F. Broderick, V. C; Eb. Williams, K. of R. and
S., and J. B. Mix, M. of E.
Nogales Lodge No. 9, I. 0. 0. F., meets every Thursday and has a mem
bership of thirty-eight. The officers are: R. H. Clark, N. G.; Eb. Williams,
secretary, and J. Dessart, treasurer.
Manzanita Lodge No 6, 0. of Rebecca, has a membership of twenty-seven,
and is becoming very popular. The officers are: Jane Williams, D. D. G.
M.; Amy Pierson, N. G.; Prudence Cummings, V. G.; Emma Walker, sec
retary, and Clara Holler, treasurer.
The Spanish-American Alliance is represented by Lodge No. 6, organized
May 16, 1897. It has a membership of fifty, and the present officers are:
R. A. Moreno, president; Ygn. Escalada, V. P.; Juan Franco, secretary, and
F. A. Moreno, treasurer.
We heard of a Lodge of Good Templars, but could not find any one who
was willing to acknowledge an active membership.
There are three churches in Nogales, and we are indebted to the pas
tors of two for the information given below.
The Catholic Church, a modest but comfortable building, is well patron
ized, notwithstanding the fact that there is a church of the same faith
on the other side of the line.

1. T. F. Broderick. Marshal. 2. Capt. .J. J. Noon, Councilman. 3. F. J. Duffy, Justice of Peace.
4. G. A. Avery. Mayor. 5. S. M. Aguirre. Chief Customs Clerk.
li. J. T. Brickwood, Councilman. 7. H. K, Chenoweth, Collector of Customs.

1. U. S. Custom House. 2. Methodist Church. 3. Masonic Temple.
4. Public School. . :,. Congregational Church.

Nogales, the Line City.

149

The Methodist Episcopal Church (South) entered this field about ten years
ago by establishing a school, which has since developed into the Nogales
seminary, with an enrollment of 180 pupils. A church building of fair
proportions was erected later and has had a successful career. The con
gregation averages forty, and regular services are maintained throughout
the year. The Sunday school is well attended, and the pastor, Rev. S. V.
Dilley, is hopeful of the future.
There is a Mexican branch of this denomination, in charge of Rev. E.
Quinones, with a membership of sixty. The services are conducted in a
separate building and in the Spanish language.
Trinity Congregational Church was established in 1887, and has an aver
age attendance of thirty-five. Regular services are held throughout the
year. There is a Sunday school in connection with the church, with an
average attendance of twenty-five, and the auxiliary bodies are well repre
sented by the Christian Endeavor society, the Y. P. S. C. E., and Ladies'
mission. The present pastor, Rev. J. H. Heald, has been In charge five
years, and notes a marked improvement in the moral tone of the community.
In addition to local work, he visits Calabasas and Crittenden. The church
building is substantial, and attached to it is a comfortable parsonage, a gift
from the former pastor, Rev. R. T. Liston.

Residences: 1. Mexican Consul. 2. L. W. Mix. 3. F. Herrera.
i. J. Dessart. 5. W. N. Cummings.

dumber Yard. Roy & Titcomb. 2. Theo. Gebler. 3. F.M.King. 4. Electric Light & P ( o
5. Chenoweth & Mix Drug Store. 6, Office Wells, Fargo & Co. 7. Offices Roy & Titcomb. '

Nogales, the Line City. 151
Dr. A. A. Doherty, the pioneer dentist of this section,
The Public is also a scn°o1 trustee, and to him we are indebted for
the following information respecting the public schools
School. of Nogales. Three trustees are elected, as elsewhere in Arizona,
and the present board consists of H. K. Chenoweth, J. B. Mix and A. A.
Doherty. The school building, situated in an elevated part of the city, is a
substantial edifice, furnished with all modern appliances, including im
proved seating arrangements aud a library. There are three class rooms in
charge respectively of Prof. T. F. Grindell, principal, and the Misses
Theo. Sprecher and Ada EKey, first and second assistants. The num
ber of children in the district of school age is 432, but owing to lack of
accommodation the attendance is not as large as it should be. The term
is generally of nine months' duration, and during this period every seat
is filled. Dr. Doherty is a close observer and pins his faith to the Line City.
It has a good tributary country and the trade with Mexico is increasing
steadily. Speaking of the effect of the wonderful climate he instanced
a Mexican couple residing in Nogales who have twenty-seven children all
living, which is the largest crop recorded up to date.
We are indebted to Mr. A. J. Griswold, clerk of the
city council, for valuable information on many matters.
Fire Risk Mr' Griswold is an expert accountant and insurance
agent and was formerly agent here for Wells, Fargo
& Co. He informs us that there have been only two
fires in Nogales in six years, and these were purely accidental, hence the
rate of insurance is low, not exceeding 1 per cent. The buildings now
being erected are all of brick or stone and consequently nearly fire proof.
There are two newspapers published in Nogales, both
of them in the English language and issued weekly.
„ The Oasis was originally started by its present edi-
INewspaperS. tor and proprietor, Mr. Allen T. Bird, at Arizola, a
boom town near Casa Grande, on the Southern Pacific
railroad, sixty miles west of Tucson. When the boom
collapsed, Mr. Bird moved his outfit to Benson, forty-five miles east of
Tucson, but after trying to infuse vitality into the place for a short time,
located permanently in Nogales. He gives the public a newsy sheet
with a neat typographical appearance.
The Vidette originated in Nogales in 1894, the editor being the late
Harry M. Wood, an old newspaper man from Tombstone. He was suc
ceeded by Frank M. King, the present proprietor, who was followed by
the late George Webb. Mr. King resumed charge on March 15, 1897,
and has made it one of the brightest papers in Arizona. It has twenty-
four columns of matter, printed on fine book-paper, and presents a neat
typographical appearance. No boiler plate defaces its pages and its
articles are always well written and entertaining. It is a favorite ad
vertising medium and has a large local patronage.
Both these journals do credit to the town and deserve general support.
Nogalfes is a virgin field for industrial enterprises, and
Opportunities the time is not far distant when it will be necessary to
establish manufactories at this point to supply the in-
™r creasing needs of northwestern Mexico. In addition to
Enterprise. the great saving in freight, intelligent labor is cheaper
here than in any part of the United States, and the
opening up of the Sonora coal fields will furnish abundant fuel at low
cost. Beef cattle, now exported by the thousand to the East, should be
converted into canned meats on the spot, the hog-raising industry could

152

Treasure Land.

be stimulated and lard, soap and candles manufactured here. All these
products are imported by the carload to supply the demands of Sonora.
A flour mill located at Calabasas would be profitable, and a good-sized
brewery would be kept in active operation.
There is an excellent opening for a good national bank with a capital
of, say, $50,000. After it secured the confidence of the people it would
become the depository for the surplus wealth of Sonora, which is con
siderable. At present there is no bank of deposit at Nogales of any im
portance, the exchange business being generally transacted by leading
merchants and one or two money brokers.
As the town can only grow down the valley, real estate speculators
might find it profitable to control available building sites in that direc
tion; some of these are admirably situated and control valuable water
supplies. A few years hence it will cost thousands of dollars to accom
plish what can be done now with a few hundreds.
On the whole, the writer feels that next to Tucson, Nogales presents
more and better opportunities than any town in the West.

Captain Noon's Orchard.

It has been said of some of our old pioneers that the
Another only way tney can terminate their existence is to try
to live back East or commit suicide. Capt. J. J. Noon,
Opportunity. chairman of the finance committee of the town council,
is touching his seventieth year and is hale and hearty
and more enterprising, perhaps, than many a youth of thirty. He landed
in California in 1850 and experienced the usual vicissitudes during the
years he mined in the Golden state, Nevada, Utah, Idaho and Arizona.
He was the original discoverer of the famous St. Patrick mine in the
Pajaritos mountains, which he sold for $20,000, and out of which the
purchasers netted $150,000 the first sixty days.
He settled in Nogales about nine years ago and took up eighty acres
on the north side of the city. Tart of this is subdivided and known as
Noon's addition. Of the balance, he planted eight acres in fruit trees,
which are now in full bearing, and form a beauty spot in the scenery.
The pressure of the city is bearing down upon the captain's reserve of
fifty acres, including the orchard, and he will be compelled to enlarge
Noon's addition by the the addition to it of the balance of his property.
It is the finest residence site in the city, conveniently located, easily
graded and with a fine quarry of excellent building stone on one side

Nogales, the Line City. 153
that will supply enough material to cover the whole acreage with build
ings. If we had the money we would try to buy the captain out and
double our money in two years from half the property.
, Some years ago, the correspondent of an Eastern journal
" discovered a man in an Arizona town who filled every
Disappointed office it was entitled to, and wrote the matter up as au
iyr extraordinary circumstance. He failed, however, to draw
• the obvious moral that if one person was able to fill all
the offices, there could be little to do in any of them. This concentration of
responsibility is really a very common occurrence in Arizona, and even in
a town like Nogales we find that Mr. T. F. Broderick is able to be city
marshal, deputy sheriff, deputy United States marshal* and constable, and
still has time to attend to his own business.
He notes that there has been no serious infringement of the law in four
years, the principal cases being misdemeanors. The lower class Mexicans
across the line sometimes imbibe too freely of bad mescal and tumble out
of their own country into ours. If they are caught before they lurch back
again they become Mr. Broderick's prey and swell the annals of crime. If
it were not for occasional accidents of this kind, time would hang so heavily
on his hands that he would be compelled to run for some more offices.
He has only been in Arizona a few years and is disappointed in it. He
feels that he had a right to expect more occupation, and suggests the ad
visability of importing a few desperadoes from the East, in order to give
our peace officers some decent entertainment.
The upper portion of the Santa Cruz valley is admirably
A New adapted to the raising of a fine grade of tobacco, and the
farmers will now give their attention to this product, in
Industry. view of the establishment at Nogales of a cigar and
cigarette factory. It is only within the last month that
Fleischer & Varona began the manufacture of Mexican cigars from the best
grades of Vera Cruz tobacco, and the brand of "Las Dos Naciones" is al
ready widely known. Mr. Varona was originally with Kohlberg Bros., of
El Paso, whose "International" brand of Mexican cigars is known all over
the country, and to his skill must be attributed the reputation they have
made. The climatic conditions at Nogales are more favorable to the manu
facture, and the Dos Naciones brand will take precedence of all others as
soon as its merits become known to smokers. None but the finest grades of
Vera Cruz tobacco are used, and the cigars have all the best qualities of the
imported article, in addition to an elegance of appearance that adds to their
value in the eyes of connoisseurs. The adaptability of the local tobacco to
the manufacture of cigarettes has been proven, and as soon as a sufficient
quantity is supplied, it will be used for a line of cigarettes that will com
pete successfully with the Eastern article. Fleischer & Varona at present
employ twenty hands, but this number wrill be doubled next month. The
success of their enterprise has been beyond their expectations, and the repu
tation of their factory has outrun their ability to keep up with the demand.
Some years ago the writer visited the principal Eastern
manufacturers in the interest of an enterprise designed
NO Trouble to develop our trade relations with Mexico, and found
I gii that the custom house was the bug-bear of commerce.
Since then custom house brokerage has been recog
nized as a profession on both sides of the line, and those
who engage in it have to be both competent and responsible. The entry
of merchandise into Mexico is to-day attended with less difficulty than
entries into the United States. For the Mexican side there are a number
of skilled brokers, but the recognized broker in American Nogales is
Judge Frank M. Duffy, to whom the principal business men confide
their business.

154 Treasure Land.
Among the many pleasant people we met in Nogales was Mr. W. N.
Cummings, the real estate and money broker. He is in close touch with
the pulsations of business and prominent and active in all that tends
to promote the welfare of the community. He is a charter member of
Nogales Lodge, I. O. O. F-, and as a member of the Masonic fraternity
has been instrumental in crowning the local lodge with the undying
honor of being the first in Arizona to build its own
Tt • temple. He came to Nogales eleven years ago and in-
11 15> vested heavily in real estate. At the present time all
NO Boom. his houses are filled with good tenants and he could
rent twenty-five more if he had them. Many new build
ings are in course'of erection on both sides of the line, but the demand
always exceeds the supply. A better class of people is being added
to our population and the future of the city looks flattering.
He is very much interested in the cause of higher education and be
lieves that, if a good commercial college were established here it would
be well patronized by the youth of Sonora, who are now sent to the
Eastern states and Europe.
While the Building and Loan Association of Nogales has been of
some assistance in building up the town, it is not so well patronized as
it should be, the monthly income not exceeding $600, which means per
haps four buildings a year.
Mr. Geo. W. Atkinson was one of the original settlers at
Fmii- Tnnc Calabasas, near Nogales, reaching there in 1879. He has
ru ui iuus a fine faj,m and cattle range an(j waSi untii lately, asso-
tO the Acre. ciated with L. Zeckendorf & Co. in their extensive cattle-
dealing operations. He was the pioneer potato cultivator
of Arizona, and instances a crop of 8,000 pounds to the acre raised in the
Santa Cruz valley and marketed chiefly in Tucson. George tells an excellent
story about himself that is worth repeating: In the early part of January,
. 1879, he called at Pete Kitchen's ranch, five miles north
Hit Twice 0f Nogales, and not finding Pete there, left a note and
in the started to return to Calabasas. While yet in sight of the
_ „ . ranch he was halted by five Mexican robbers, who re
name spot. Heved him of all his valuables and surplus clothing.
Then they led him off the road and kept him prisoner until it was dark.
When released he made direct for his ranch at Calabasas, and found there
a party on the way to Sonora with a large amount of money, who, after
hearing the story of his adventure, decided to give up their journey and
return home. Atkinson was very much disgusted with his adventure, and,
as the nearest supply point then was Tucson, he proceeded thither to secure
a new outfit of clothing and a gun with which to defend himself if again
attacked. A few weeks after his return, while working about his house,
he saw five Mexicans approaching, and sent his man with the gun to in
vestigate them. They eluded the messenger, however, and pounced upon
George just as he recognized them as the same bandits that had robbed
him. The man was surprised in a similar manner and led off out of sight.
After compelling him to cook them a good dinner, they expressed great
pleasure at meeting him again, and suggested that he contribute at least
$500 to the common fund. When he declared that his resources did not
exceed $30 they appeared incredulous and insisted upon putting a noose
about his neck and hauling him up to a beam several times. As this game
of neck-stretching failed to produce the desired result, they accepted the $30
and whatever else was convenient and useful to them, and left. For a long
time after this visitors to the Atkinson ranch had to bring strong letters of
recommendation or go somewhere else.

Nogales, the Line City.

155

The Hon. John T. Brickwood claims to be the youngest
The YoUDPest living man wuo voluntarily came to Arizona and re-
s mained here permanently. As this challenge excludes
Pioneer, people who were born "here, we award him the medal
for being the youngest pioneer. He first landed here
in 1867, and after mining and storekeeping in different parts of the ter
ritory settled in Nogales in 1882. The future city was then nothing but
a line of tents along the flat, and the only storekeepers were Isaacson,
Elliott and Downer and D. Snyder. He began business just south of
the present site of the Montezuma hotel, opposite the old railroad depot.
A couple of years later he built his present place of business around the
international monument, and the south line of the building coincides with
the boundary line between the United States and Mexico. In order to
accommodate the monument an angle was made in the wall.
Mr. Brickwood's record as a public-spirited citizen is proclaimed
in the fact that he is now serving his second term as a member of the
city council.

Beating the Customs.

Beating the
Customs.

One of the economical results of building right on the
line is shown in his arrangement for. supplying his cus
tomers with Mexican cigars without paying tribute to
Uncle Sam. A.s anything beyond the line of his wall
is in Mexico, including, perhaps, the paint, when a
customer desires a foreign weed, he just steps outside into the next
country and opens a case attached to the wall, the customer following
and placing at least one foot over the door step, and the international
difficulty is adjusted. An accompanying illustration shows how the trick
is done, and this is the only spot in the world where it is possible to do it.

156 TreasureJLand.
In Nogales we grasped the hand of the only living
tv.p CniA active participant in the historical events which took
ine soie place in gan Francisco ln. i856. Mr. Theo. Gebler, the
Survivor. pioneer hardware merchant of Nogales, was a member
of company 26 at the time the Vigilance Com
mittee passed upon the cases of Cory, Casey, Helherington and Bliss, and
often stood guard before Judge Terry's door. He is also, so far as he
knows, the only living eye-witness of the celebrated duel between the
Judge and Senator Broderick. Though years have whitened his head he
has never lost his pioneering instincts, and cast in his lot with the founders
of the Line City twelve years ago. He has been a member of the council
since the town's incorporation, and is always as foremost in public spirit
as he is in business enterprise. He is assisted in his business by his
son, Oscar, who bids fair to follow in his father's footsteps and maintain
in eternal green the honored name he bears.
_ . While on the subject of commerce, we take pleasure in
1 he SOUtnem presenting the reader with the following brief summary
Pacific of the consensus of opinion of the merchants of Nogales
r nv respecting the transfer of the ownership of the Sonora
lOmpany. railway. While some held. views contrary to those here
expressed, the majority agreed with them, and even the objectors conceded
that they were probably correct:
The Southern Pacific company has unlimited resources, is controlled by
able men, and while its policy may be selfish, its service is generally effi
cient. Every department of the road will be improved or renovated, to the
advantage of travelers and shippers; it will become an integral part of a
great continental system, with proportional rates of freights and fares, and
cease to conduct a predatory warfare against foreign lines. Of course the
Southern Pacific company may bring some pressure to bear on our mer
chants to force them into the markets it controls, but the question of mar
ket is not material if other things are equal. The merchant is most inter
ested in the volume of his trade and the profit in it. It is probable that
our merchants will be restricted to certain territory and will not be per
mitted to ship to Tucson or Yuma, but, on the other hand, they will be
maintained in their own domain against all competition. We do not be
lieve that the Southern Pacific company will make Guaymas a distributing-
point, for the reason that it is not to their interest to do so. There is no
doubt a line of steamers will be put on to handle the coffee trade of Cen
tral America through Guaymas, and the tea trade of the Orient, but these
are transcontinental matters and do not directly affect us. The shops will
certainly be removed from Guaymas to this point, as this is an econom
ical necessity. If the Sonora coal fields are as good as represented, the
Southern Pacific company will take an active interest in their development,
and this consideration opens up a pleasant vista of manufacturing possibil
ities. On the vsjhole, we see in the change nothing to decrease the present
growing trade with Sonora, and much to encourage us to hope for a brighter
future for it. Nogales is responsible for company "G," N. G. of Ari-
jjie zona, which we hope will never be called upon to dis-
tinguish itself in any international conflict. The boys
Militia. have fairly mastered the tactics and manual-at-arms.
We saw them salute the flag on the Fourth of July,
and they made a martial noise that must have been exhilarating to
old soldiers. We afterwards saw them attack the refreshments provided
for them at the custom house,- and the charge they made was frightful
to behold, and thoroughly demoralized the enemy. The officers are: Will
EKey, captain; Rich. Fleischer, first lieutenant; T. F. Broderick, first
sergeant

Nogales, the Line City.

157

Departments, Store of J. Pascholy Company.

They Set Ihe
Pace.

In order to succeed in the Southwest a man must have
fertility of resource and indefatigable energy, so that if
one assault at fortune fails, another is attempted, and so
on until the citadel is won.
A fair sample of the right material is Mr. Jos. Pascholy,
the merchant prince of Nogales, who laughingly boasts
that he has been "broke" half a dozen times. He was one of the pioneer
business men of Tombstone and stayed with the old camp until hope was
gone. In. 1891 he came to Nogales with a large capital of energy and a
limited supply of cash. His credit was good, however, and true to his
character he began on top, and overcoming odds that would have appalled
another man, not only stayed there but set the pace for others.
The large department store of the Jos. Pascholy Company is the most
imposing block in town, 50x155 feet, and a dozen men are employed. Their
importations exceed six carloads a. month, and the wholesale trade with
Sonora is almost half of all that is transacted from Nogales. The firm has
exclusive control of several important mining camps in Sonora.
Judge Taylor, the office manager of the firm, is also an old Tombstone
business man, who adds a long Western experience to a. strong natural
ability. The accompanying illustrations showing the Pascholy establishment
speak plainer than words of the enterprise of the firm.
The days of oratory are supposed by many to have passed
away, but a good, rattling speech, full of point and music,
is still appreciated, and the race of orators has not been
extinguished, but merely reduced in numbers. We require
that if a. speaker has aught to say, he shall speak with
precision and brevity, and this has driven long-winded
orators out of the business.
Judge Eb. Williams, of Nogales, has achieved fame as an orator by not
striving for it. We are indebted to' him for valuable information respecting
the fraternal organizations of Nogales, as well as for much courteous atten
tion. His reputation as an able speaker in both English and Spanish has
long been known to us, and a personal acquaintance impressed us with his
real merit. He has been fifteen years in Arizona and always active in
public duties.

Oratory.

158

Treasure Land.

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Hotel Garden.
The Montezuma Hotel.
Elsewhere in this volume we give some reminiscenses ob
tained from Col. Bob. Williams, the proprietor of the
Montezuma hotel, Nogales.
Fair and Good. After Pinal was abandoned Bob moved to Florence,
and opened a hotel, which he ran successfully for five
years. When he was burnt out he looked for another
location, finding it in Nogales.
The Montezuma is a three-story stone building of imposing appearance,
with forty-five rooms elegantly furnished and well-ventilated. It faces the
city park, with another park of its own in the rear, and is lighted with
electricity. There is a neat parlor and two sample rooms, and in connection
with the hotel, but separated from it, is the best restaurant in Nogales.
Bob is a typical Arizonian, generous to a fault with his friends, but
strong in his antipathy to anything mean. None but people of the best
class are permitted to become his guests and these invariably become his
friends. He has a faithful and efficient coadjutor in his estimable wife, and
the visitors at the Montezuma are always assured of fair treatment and
good company.
This hotel is the only first class hostelry in the city, although furnished
rooms can be obtained at reasonable rates. There are a number of good
restaurants and prices are generally low. In the winter months the tables
are well supplied with oysters and fresh fish from the bay of Guaymas.
The quality of the air in this region is illustrated by the
fact that in operating the long-distance telephone between
A Skilled Nogales and Ducmesne, a distance of twenty miles, the
Electrician. slightest whisper can be heard.
The construction of this line is the work of Mr. W. B.
Welton, who is a skilled electrician, located at Nogales.
He finds abundant occupation in Sonora, Mexico, whose people are prompt
"to avail themselves of the latest scientific discoveries. The use of the electric
light in mining operations is growing in favor, and at present Mr. Welton
it setting up a plant for a mining company near Arispe, and this class of
work will engage a. great deal of his attention in the future.
Onka's Leap

/\N INDIAN LEGEND
¥¥¥¥¥¥ OP rill:
SANTA CATALINAS.

A few miles from Tucson, at the point of the Santa Catalina mountains.
rises a jagged peak, which some convulsion of nature has rent from the
parent range; and upon a narrow ridge running from the base of this
peak are the ruins of an ancient settlement of the primitive race. Below
the ruins, at the distance of a mile, the ridge terminates in a cliff, which
rises sheer 100 feet or more from the rocky bottom of a gulch. This
cliff is known as Onka's Leap, and the following is the origin of the
name, as told by the Pima sages:
It was a fearful night; black darkness overspread the land; the mut
tering thunder and the vengeful lightning shook the murky air, but the
mad frenzy of the elements was soft repose compared with the tempest
of angry and vengeful passions that tore the soul of a lonely old vc-lxui
(grandmother) who sat amid the ruins of what had lately been the happy
homes of her kindred.
"Why," she cried, as she beat her shriveled breast and tore out big
handsful of her scraggy hair, "why strikes not the great Tas (sun god)
their savage hearts! Surely the dark Bank (night demon) is awake this
cursed night! Alas, not one of my people have they spared! Why am
I left if not that I may throw curses at the backs of the murderers!"
Even while she cursed until the weary breath rattled in her throat,
a heavy hand fell upon her shoulder, and a hoarse voice roared in her
ear, "Ve-koi!"
She turned, and by the lightning's lurid glare recognized the leader
of the band whose hands were red with the blood of her people.
"Yes, yes!" she shrieked, "I have cursed ye till my voice is choked!
Now take my worthless life as you have taken theirs, and let my spirit
be with them. Onka is ready!" and she lowered her head for the ex
pected blow.
"Peace!" yelled the savage, "we seek not your miserable life, but
to preserve our own. Live to tell the miserable aka-m,a-lootum, (river men)
of our hate and vengeance. We are in haste to reach our homes beyond
the great Ka-rut (Superstition mountains), and can not find the trail out
of these cursed hills. The Ve-koi will show us the path!"
"Conduct you to safety that you may desolate other homes? Never!"
Then as the sinewy hand of the savage grasped her throat, another thought
came to her,- and she said, "I will go."
Among the boulders and hummocks Onka led the ghostly proces
sion, while the thunder pealed and the lightning crashed among the
peaks, and the torrents came hurtling down the mountain side. For a
space she proceeded with hurried gait, then paused under a sturdy oak

160 Treasure Land.
whose arms waved like reeds under the influence of the storm. She
appeared to reflect as to what direction to take, and while she hesitated,
there came a lull in the storm which only intensified the darkness.
If the savages could have seen her face as she started off again their
suspicions would have been aroused by the smile that overspread her
features and the exulting glitter of her eyes. But the darkness was so
intense that they saw nothing and struggled along behind her in single
file, their eyes blinded by the pelting storm and their ears deafened
with the roar of the tempest.
When she approached the edge of the precipice she stopped and cau
tiously stepped aside. Her trusting followers moved on, one after the
other, down into the deep and fatal abyss, whence no wail of despair
or death rose above the voice of the storm god.
As her last foe perished, a flash of lightning leapt from the darkness
and bathed the scene in lurid light.
Onka gave a yell of hellish triumph.
"Not yet, not yet will I leave them! The spirit of Onka shall follow
to taunt them!" and with a mad leap she followed her victims.

For further information address
The Arizona Advancement Co., Tucson, Arizona.
Enclose stamp for reply.

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