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Bought with the income of the
Azariah Eldridge Memorial Fund, |
19(7

COPYRIGHT I916 by CONNECTICUT
VALLEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY

AN
Historical Address
Delivered before the citizens of
Springfield in Massachusetts
at the public celebration
May 26 1911
of the
Two Hundred and Seventy-Fifth
Anniversary of the Settlement
WITH
Five Appendices
viz.:
Meaning of Indian Local Names
The Cartography of Springfield
Old Place Names of Springfield
Unrecorded Deed of Nippumsuit
Unrecorded Deed of Paupsunnuck

BY
Charles H. Barrows

PUBUSHED BY THE
Connecticut Valley Historical Society
Springfield, Mass.
1916

CK

205

THE F. A. BASSETTC CO. PRINTERS
SPRINOFrELD. MASS.

Contents

Historical Address .
Meaning of Indian Local Names
The Cartography of Springfield
Place Names of Old Springfield
Deed of Nippumsuit .
Deed, OF Paupsunnuck
The Memories of the Civil War

Paoei 5
14
20 23
8890 92

Historical Address
1636-1911
The year 1636 is memorable in the annals of the Com
monwealth for the foundation of her great university; it is
scarcely less for the settlement of one of her largest cities.
It was then at the beginning of things for New England.
Peregrine White, born on the Mayflower, as she lay in the
harbor of Cape Cod, was but a boy of fifteen when a few dozen
people, men, women and children, having followed Indian
trails for several days, travelling westward from the vicinity
of Boston, arrived on the shores of the Connecticut. We
know not whether the arrival was in the morning or at mid
day or at the coming of night; nor whether the day itself
showed the mild rays of the sun of May shining in a cloudless
heaven and setting forth all nature, bird and beast, tree and
flower, in the colors of active and joyous life or was not rather
one of those that come in those seasons of rain after an early
drouth when, nature, though renewing herself for still further
beauty, nevertheless is draped in gloom, the bird sheltering
himself in the thicket and the flower closing its petals against
a sunless sky. We could wish that these settlers had the in
spiration of bright days, coming as they did to a spot where
the house built a few months before in the meadows of Aga-
wam offered the only protecting roof. They had need of cour
age and hope. Behind them, behind most of them forever,
were the comfortable cottages and rose-embowered gardens
of the homeland and friends of whom they might dream but
whom they should never see. They were to deal with stern
and elemental forces, a soil never ploughed, a forest not re
duced, the New England winter with its relentless cold, the
ravening wolf and the prowling panther; nay, an aboriginal
man, at first friendly, but at last, persuaded of the hopeless
rivalry of red with white, to exhibit those traits of cruelty and
revenge that made the savage a more dreadful neighbor than
the beast of prey. Such were the surroundings of our immi-

HISTORICAL ADDRESS

grant predecessors. As comers into a new country they
underwent the trials peculiar to their day. We take the les
son to ourselves and honor their memory, if, comfortably
seated in a land that has been prepared for us by them, we
reach out in sympathy toward the immigrant of our own time,
who leaving kindred and friends behind, sets foot among a
strange people whose laws and institutions are a mystery and
whose language is to them a jargon of repellant sounds, serv
ing too often to conceal a practiced cunning lying in wait to
ensnare the ignorant and the innocent.
The motives that brought men and women to this spot
nearly three centuries ago, were essentially the same as are
bringing men and women from other lands to ours to-day, a
desire for political freedom, for escape from religious persecu
tion, and, mainly in the seventeenth century, as in the twen
tieth, a praiseworthy ambition to better the condition of them
selves and their families. Thus has immigration, as a purify
ing force, sifted the enterprising from the stupid, the fore
handed from the shiftless, the better from the worse, those
with an ideal from those who are content to crawl in the mole-
tracks of old custom and decay. From the earliest overflow
out of the original home of the race on Asian plains there has
been a course of empire westward, ever westward, and they
who followed its star have been the conquerors, simply be
cause they had the courage, the strength, the indomitable
will, to follow. Built on the best that is in man, the new em
pire rises, for predestined reasons, superior to the old.
To the settlers of our town, in choosing this particular
location for a home, there were two natural features of great
importance, the meadows and the river. They came as im
mediate immigrants from a town whose adaptation to agri
culture they did not like, Roxbury, whose very name commem
orates the rocky character of its soil. The Old Colony of
Plymouth was for the most part sandy and lean, good for
pines and poor for grain. Far otherwise was this valley. For
uncounted ages, nature, by her benign but powerful forces
had had in course of preparation those superb meadows whose
soil is deep and level and bears gracefully upon its bosom the
tasselled corn and the soaring elm. And what shall we say of
the river, flowing broad and strong from sources even now
but seldom visited, a stream in comparison with which, the

HISTORICAL ADDRESS

Mersey and the Tyne, the Thames and the Severn seem like
meandering brooks. It is not strange that, although knowing
its Indian name, they called it in daily speech and in formal
record, "The Great River," nor changed their practice for a
hundred years. It was the central thing in their landscape.
To the north was the mountain gateway through which it
came; to the east and west the granite ranges that framed
its valley. The Mississippi, Father of Waters, being to them
unknown, the Connecticut must have aroused their admira
tion, if not their awe, as one of the wonders of the new world,
a thing of majestic beauty that broke the monotony of track
less forests and opened up their vision to the sky. Whatever
we may say of the greater wonders of our greater land, let
poets never cease to sing its praises, hke that Brainard who,
standing on some headland like the one which terminates our
Forest Park, exclaimed in loving apostrophe:
"Fair, noble, glorious river! in thy wave
The sunniest slopes and sweetest pastures lave;
The mountain torrent with its wintry roar
Springs from its home and leaps upon thy shore:
The promontories love thee — and for this
Turn their rough cheeks and stay thee for thy kiss. "
But to our pioneers the river had a more than sentimen
tal, in fact, a very human interest. It was their outlet to the
world, the mode of passage for their small ships, the avenue
by which their bare, destitute and solitary life, should be sup
plied with something of the conveniences, if not many of the
comforts, of a civilized existence. Compelled as they were to
the pursuit of agriculture and forced at last even to the pur
chase of a blacksmith, the unlucky slave of border warfare
between England and Scotland, we can see the preciousness
to them of every product of the mechanic arts. Even as late
as the eighteenth century a probate inventory from West
Springfield sets forth the bale of a kettle as having to the ap
praisers a definite value. With the Connecticut at their doors
and the pelts of beaver and otter in their hands they had a
standing in the world's markets. Consider, too, that they
chose a point, if not unlike, at least superior to any from
Canada to the Sound. The confluence of the Connecticut

HISTORICAL ADDRESS

with the Agawam and the Chicopee marked the central point
of the fur trade. Boston had been established on the one
hand, Albany on the other, both in almost the same parallel
of latitude; both admirably situated for commerce and both
destined to be the largest cities within an extended circle.
Boston, by its harbor invited foreign shipping and Albany,
by the Mohawk valley, and later by the Erie Canal, opened
the west to trade. Between these our settlement was central.
To Boston the overland journey was easy by the valley of the
Chicopee and the Quinebaug; to Albany the Woronoco River
had cut a path for itself and civilization from almost the ridge
of the Berkshire Hills. When we consider how all these natu
ral ways, reaching to the four quarters of the compass con
verged so perfectly at this point, giving place in due time to
stage routes and finally to railroads, we recognize that our
later problems of transportation, are really but modifications
of one that was solved by those who went long before. The
site was well chosen and we would not exchange with Holyoke
or Hartford, with Northampton or Greenfield.
Little can be said of the supply of goods and chattels
which the settlers brought with them but much will always be
made of the sound principles which they laid, once for all, at
the base of our civil life. One of those, all-important and per
vasive as the Puritan influence, however slightly it may have
been formulated, which existed actively in their thought and
practice, was that the body politic is no mere compact for
expedient ends; nor any mere expression of sovereignty, either
of king or people, irresponsible and unmoral, but a thing of
divine origin, a veritable moral organism, responsible as a
whole and in its units, to the Creator and Sustainer of all
things, Kant, Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau, to the contrary not
withstanding. In truth, man in all his relations, in the family
and in the state, exists as a part of the moral order of the uni
verse and this he knows by his uncorrupted spiritual instincts.
As in private, so as a citizen, he seeks, when uncorrupted, to
know and to do the divine will. He also worships, recogniz
ing that, as in past ages, so in future times, "The nation that
ceases to worship, begins to die and the nation is but the aggre
gate of the individual." This theory was old a thousand
years ago when Charles the Great in his rude and grand way
undertook to build upon it the foundation of empire. We

HISTORICAL ADDRESS

have but to look into the Psalms and read there of Jehovah,
"By him kings reign and princes decree justice." Greece
recognized it; Rome grew great upon it and sank when she
lost the thought, making the Caesar divine. The new order
acknowledged it and the Jew of Tarsus wrote, even in the evil
days of Nero, that "The powers that be are ordained of God."
It follows from this theory that the municipality, like a
private citizen is bound by justice and mercy; that it has no
right to encourage a ruinous competition in the award of con
tracts or to pay its employees less than a fair living wage;
that the citizen is bound to exercise the suffrage as a divine
obligation, and that personal convenience should not be al
lowed to interfere with jury service. It does not however,
follow that there should be the slightest connection between
the state and any religious organization, howsoever this may
have worked in a homogeneous community like ours in the
seventeenth century. The union of the two aspects of life, the
civil and the religious, was curiously symbolized in the name
of the building devoted to their public use. In the vote passed
February 28, 1644, authorizing a contract with Thomas
Cooper for a structure of that kind there is nothing said of
"town house" or "church edifice" but it was provided that
in consideration of eighty pounds, to be paid in wheat, pease,
pork and wampum, debts and labor, he should build a "meet
ing house," a building which was neither one nor the other,
but both, and was for a time, in part used for storing grain.
Our spired churches and towered civic buildings speak a new
order, but let there ever be the mystic and informal union of
civic life with morality and religion.
How does this principle of divine authority in the state
consist with personal liberty.? There is no contradiction.
Freedom co-existent with authority, whether executed by
king or sovereign people, is the natural condition of the human
race and every organized society must recognize this fact or
fall. It is the glory of the Puritans that they discerned the
true meeting point of authority and freedom, thus avoiding
despotism on the one hand and anarchy on the other. For
this reason the town meeting, that most vital expression of
political freedom, never ran away with itself; for this reason
independence was not declared until the struggle with an
autocratic king had long passed the breaking point. Our

10 HISTORICAL ADDRESS
own town records illuminate this. No Aristides could have
been banished from Springfield because people were tired of
hearing him called good; nor do we read of any village C«sar
inflate with power which he was unworthy to wield. It does
appear by the records of 1660 that Quince Smith, a new comer,
was ordered to depart the town, but although our predecessors
were careful whom they admitted, it appears to have been
conduct and not opinion that determined the choice.
Who and of what sort were the men and, like unto them,
the women, that laid deep in this community, the principles
of true government and social life.? Their racial origin was
various. Most of them were from England; John Stewart
was from Scotland; Rice Bedortha was from Wales; John
Riley from Ireland; Peter Swink was a black; it is thus that
the Celt, the Saxon and the African, in this early political
blend, became the type of a far greater composite that shall
mark the future, uniting very diverse elements whose ulti
mate and successful fusion will lead the historian in a distant
age to look upon us who celebrate a two hundred and seventy-
fifth anniversary as not having gone far with the superstruc
ture even if we are not now working at the foundation.
Would we speak of individuals.? Without disparagement
of their associates, we may say that what was most hopeful
for the future of the settlement was embodied in the two
Pynchons, father and son. In the great part they had, in the
effective way in which they took it and in their strong indi
viduality, they suggest the two Adamses, whom Massachu
setts gave to the presidency of the nation. In the character
istics which the times required they were much alike, yet each
had points of superiority over the other and perhaps, without
either, certainly without both, the colony would not have
been what it was. Is it too much to say that without the
standards which they set in the beginning the city would not
in the purity of its government or social life be just what it is.?
How William Pynchon stamped his character on the com
munity appears partly from the fact that in company with his
son-in-law Henry Smith, and Jehu Burr, he organized the
expedition and chose his companions. It was he in whom
was vested almost all the executive and judicial power. He
was the connecting link between comers and goers and of the
first year settlers he alone remained for any length of time.

HISTORICAL ADDRESS 11
The rest went either to Northampton, Windsor or other places;
others came but only those were welcome to remain, or, it is
likely, cared to come who could heartily support the Pynchon
regime of a sober life, a firm government and a policy of jus
tice and friendliness towards the Indians. Thus the town
may have been Pynchonized, but in so becoming it was well
modelled. He was true to its interests and in his difficulties
in church and state in Connecticut and with the General Court
of Massachusetts Bay, its people stood loyally by him. In
his honor they changed the name of the town from Agawam
to Springfield, the place of his English home. When we con
sider this many-sided man, his force as a pioneer, his success
ful enterprise in private business, his discretion as a judge,
his rare statecraft in dealing with red man and white, and his
remarkable career as a lay theologian, we find in William
Pynchon one whose place is secure in the history of the coun
try, as a great colonial leader. In the year 1905 some pupils
of the Elm Street Grammar School, becoming interested in the
narrative of William Pynchon, without suggestion from their
teacher, but convinced that there should be some memorial
of him, raised among themselves $3.82 as their contribution
towards a statue. This sum remains in the hands of the Con
necticut Valley Historical Society to-day, the challenge of youth
to age. Can it be that the 300th anniversary will arrive and
this challenge not be met.?
Enough of the settlement; enough of the settlers. They
wrought well; so have those who came after them and the
nineteenth century out of which we have just emerged is
rapidly becoming historic. None of us saw it open; thousands
among us did not see it close. Questions of transportation are
now before us. In this particular the great events of the last
century for Springfield were the building of the toll bridge
and the coming of the railroad. The first bridge was finished
in 1805, the present one in 1816. It is inevitable that wood
should give way to stone and iron, but not without a sigh can
any lover of the venerable, the quaint, the useful, the well-
wrought, or the picturesque see the stout trusses and majes
tic arches of the old toll bridge part company forever. In
this anniversary month, art, in very much a labor of love, has
skillfully placed upon canvas a view of the rugged interior
upon which those who come after us may look and say, "This

12 HISTORICAL ADDRESS
interesting structure our forefathers had; did they appreciate
it while as yet they had it.?" As we who have so recently
emerged from the nineteenth century, look reflectively back
upon it, we see that great progress has been made in the sense
of civic beauty and also in the deepening consciousness of the
duty of the more favored to the less fortunate. Men of enter
prise like Charles Stearns, and John D. and William H.
McKnight, in their extensive planning and building recog
nized that mere bricks and mortar, boards and shingles,
thoughtlessly united and huddled together did not make a
city that was lovely to look upon or good to dwell in; and the
earnest women who founded the Home for the Friendless, the
Day Nursery and gave themselves to the work of the Union
Relief Association demonstrated the value of personal service
by consecrated woman. Wealth, too, has in large measure
given of its power for good unto the poor, the ignorant and the
suffering, and when, a quarter century hence, the history of
benefactions is written, with all the motives, self-denials and
human sympathies that lay behind, so far as these can be
disclosed, it will make a valuable story.
We have in these moments passed swiftly over the cen
turies and taken a glimpse of our inheritance from the past.
Is it an inheritance of blood.? No; on this day let us lay no
stress on heredity in the physical sense. To a degree, we are
what we are by the physical laws of heredity, but more are
we creatures of environment, education, and the self-deter
mination to be and to do. Is the graft any less a part of the
tree because it was taken from another and grafted on.? Its
identification with the tree is complete when it has made a
full appropriation to itself of the sapflowing life of the tree.
If the tree was healthy, adapted to the soil, well placed for
sun and air, the graft will take to itself and in a true sense
inherit, all those qualities. But it will contribute qualities of
its own. Its peculiar fruitage is wanted or it would not have
been grafted in. Of just this sort are many of us, coming, it
may be, from afar, and becoming newly incorporate with a
community, or perhaps, a nation, sharing in full sympathy
its civic and moral life, its hopes, ideals, aspirations, institu
tions. Has it a splendid past.? We inherit this. Has it a
great future to make.? It is ours, as much as anybody's, to
help make it. Has it a flag, as has the nation, and the state.

HISTORICAL ADDRESS 13
and as every noble city ought to have.? Let us glory in that
flag, floating over every civic procession.
It is thus, although we come from the most various coun
tries of the globe, that we are the true heirs of those whose
strivings here have already yielded fruit, of which we right
fully partake. Indeed it is thus that those who went before us in
this city of ours had themselves become incorporate with what
was good in the world's past; true children and heirs of ancient
Greece, having opened their eyes to the intellectual light with
which Athens has flooded the world; of imperial Rome, appro
priating to themselves principles of jurisprudence that lie
forever at the basis of states; of Judaea, acknowledging the
fact that nowhere, as in the land of the Jordan, has man in
all the ages come so near to God. " Know ye not that they who
be of faith, the same are the sons of Abraham.?" Indeed, so
far as this is true of America, to that extent, the Greek, the
Italian and the Jew, in becoming Americans, are but entering
into their own. Therefore whether we be longseated or newly
implanted here, it is alike our privilege and duty to study
the past of the city, to honor its heroes, mark its historic spots,
and to teach its lessons to our children. All these things are
ours by a true inheritance. It would be idle to speculate
whether a city with such a past and such a possible future
has reached, or when it will reach, its meridian. To a certain
extent this is within the control of ourselves and those who
follow us.
"Blest and thrice blest the Roman who sees Rome's bright
est day;
Who sees the long victorious pomp wind down the sacred way
And through the bellowing forum and round the suppliant's
grove
Up to the everlasting gates of Capitolian Jove."

APPENDIX A
Meaning and Derivation of Indian Place Names in Old Springfield.
"In the interpretation of Indian place names so many difficulties have
to be overcome that it is not surprising that the best authorities sometimes
reach very different conclusions in regard to the same word. Some of the
difficulties of translation are: the Indians had no written language; differ
ences of dialect of the various tribes; the introduction or omission of a
letter by English writers for the sake of euphony; the corruption of place
names in old records due to an interpreter. In the translation of Indian
names, I believe it to be very essential that a knowledge of the exact locality
should be obtained, as it is at present, and if possible as it was in the seven
teenth century. Very valuable information is sometimes found by searching
local histories and land grants: often a local tradition or early colonial
literature will furnish valuable clues. The Indians of New England were
very practical in their place names, and almost every name described the
locality to which it was affixed. Imagination was rarely if ever used, and
any translation expressing this faculty must, I think, be taken with great
caution. Our Indians use their imagination, however, in other words,
almost poetically. Their name for the Pleiades was Chippapuock, "the brood
hen;" for the belt of Orion, Shwishacuttowwauog, "a wigwam with three
fires; for a trap, Appeh, from Uppacheau, "he waits for him." In their
names of many plants and flowers great imagination and keen observation
are expressed." Kinnicutt's Indian Names of Places in Worcester County.
AGAWAM. The name is very fully discussed In Wright's Deeds p. 13; see
also Handbook of the American Indians sub. nom. In his Dictionaire Francais-
Montagnais Lemoine gives Agawanus, as "unloading place".
C. N. B. Hewitt of the Bureau of Ethnology, who defined Agawam in
the Handbook of American Indians writes further: — "The name Agawam
was defined in the Handbook as 'fishcuring place,' by deriving the final m —
sound from an existing — ng or nn, which is a phonetic change occurring in the
Algonqulan languages. The derivation from 'Agawanas,' 'an unloading
place' seems too violent; its full form should be 'Agawanuts.' It would
seem that the final m — sound Is an essential part of the form from which
'Agawam' descends. The following are some forms of the word: Aggawom,
Agawom, Augawoam, Oggawome, Agowaywam, Onkawam, Onkawoom,
Angoam, Onkowam, Igwam and Auguam. So with a single exception the let
ter m is the final consonant in the word. In seeking for a definition of the
word without knowing the history of Its source and application any sugges
tion can be little more than conjecture. There is an explanation of the name
14

APPENDIX A 15

from the Chippewa; in that dialect 'agwa6ma' signifies 'bring on the back to
shore'. In this form the m is the sign of the animate objective." In
explanation of the local meaning it might be suggested that the fish taken at
Agawam Falls and Paucatuck Falls were unloaded from the canoes for the
purpose of curing on the sunny flats at the mouth of the river.
ASHCANUNSUCK. ASHKANNUNCKSIT. Mr. Hewitt considers this
as probably meaning a "a place of small hawks", evidently deriving from
quanunon, a hawk, and "aske," "immature ". In Eliot's Indian Bible the word
"hawk" in Job 39: 26 is rendered masquanon, which, so far as It goes, allows
of minimizing the "aske" and thus enlarging the hawk. The suffix sank
commonly refers to an outlet of water. In Trumbull's Indian Names of
Connecticut it appears as sometimes equivalent to brook. It Is not easy to
determine to what brook or outlet. If any, in the locality, this part of the
word refers, unless, indeed, the locality extended as far north as Tawtum
Squassick brook in which case the word might refer to the outlet of that
stream. Perhaps the true solution Is found in the above given second but
more unusual spelling adopted by John Pynchon which appears in his own
handwriting on the deed of Paupsunnuck (Appendix D): The final syllable
thus becomes a mere locative. Lemoine In his Dictionaire Francals-Montag-
nals gives Upashkau as meaning "where the water becomes narrower," and if
this word is in the composition the reference may be to a narrowing of the
Westfield at the rapids or Mitteneague Falls.
CHICOPEE. " Probably from cAi/^^^ or chekeyeu, 'it rages' or 'Is violent',
and pe, the root name of 'water' in nearly all Algonquin dialects, 'raging or
rushing water. ' Chikkup also was the name for a cedar tree, and chikkuppee,
an adjective meaning 'of cedar.' Possibly the name Is a corruption of Chik
kuppee, auke, and was first applied to the land in the vicinity of the river,
'cedar country'" Kinnlcutt.
"Perhaps from chikopi, "a cedar," but probably from Chekee "violent,"
and pe, "water." This last would be very applicable, as the river has a fall of
seventy feet in the town of Chicopee alone." Wright.
CONNECTICUT. Worn by usage from qunnitukut. The first syllables
mean "long", the third "river", and -ut-or -et, as in Wachuset, Is a mere
suffix generally equivalent to "at"; hence "at the long river". The word
Is also spelled Quinnecticot.
MANSHCONIS. The first syllable mansh, manshk means a "stronghold"
and In Eliot's Bible Is made the equivalent of "fort" In Is. 25: 12 and
"stronghold" in Lam. 2: 5. In Wright's Deeds, p. 116, It is applied to a
mountain; which rather controls the application here, although the neigh
boring ponds and swamps, useful to Indians in defense might perhaps enlarge
the idea. The last two syllables exhibit a defiant obscurity. Cuttonus or
Cattonis was lord of Agawam and Quana and his name, elided, may possibly
be concealed In this word. The Indian Coe was a witness to the deed of
Nippumsuit. Wright's Deeds p. 26, 93. A probably corrupt form is
Massaconis.

16 APPENDIX A

MASSACKSIC. So spelled In the Indian deed to William Pynchon and
others. From Massa, "great", and "auksic" the diminutive of auk, land, in
the locative case, meaning, "the great land" or "the great meadow".
Wright's Deeds, p. 14. The land is very pondy and the true derivation may
be from smassek, a marsh, the "-wa" of composition having been elided.
Ibid. p. 60, n. 4.
MAUNCHAUGSIC. Occurs in the deed of Paupsunnuck (Appendix
D) as descriptive of land probably in Westfield but possibly In West Spring
field. I think it also occurs In a recorded deed the reference to which Is mis
laid. It might be composed of manshk "stronghold," and okke "land" and
— sauk, "outlet", but Is, I suspect, a corrupt form of MInnechaug, q. v.
MEMACHOGUE. Occurring, so far as I find, but once in the records for
the first hundred years, and Indicating as It does a locality In the valley of
the Chicopee some miles east of its mouth, this may be supposed to be only
another form for MInnechoag. Mr. Hewitt suggests that It may be equiva
lent to Mumachogue, a kind of small fish. On the coast this is taken to refer
to smelts, of which there are none in the Chicopee and the locality seems to
be somewhat north of the river.
MINNECHAUG. MINNECHOAG. It has been suggested that this word
Is equivalent to mumachog, a kind of small fish mentioned but not Identified
by Roger Williams. A study of the locality, however, would fall to find
anything distinctive in the way of fish in the Chicopee river in this region.
Moreover tradition, let It count for what It will, applies the word to land and
makes it the original name of Wllbraham. MInnechoag mountain is In
Ludlow and the range extends south into and through Wllbraham. Berries
of various kinds, blackberry, huckleberry, strawberry etc. are plentiful on
these hills in decided contrast to the lands on the Connecticut where the
aborigines were settled. It is therefore preferable to consider that the word
is compounded either of minne, a small fruit or berry, or Its plural minneask
and the suffix og, (see Wachogue). The meaning may then be the "berry
place" or the "berry land". See Trumbull's Indian Names of Conn. p. 30.
See Maunchaugsic.
MITTINEAGUE. METTENEGONUCK. MEDNEGONUCK. MED-
ANEGANUCK. The third syllable should be .pronounced short, but Is sel
dom so spoken. Hewitt considers the probable meaning to be "on abandoned
fields". Lemoine In his Dictionaire Francals-Montagnais, p. 280, gives
MIttinakup as meaning "the remains of the encampment," which is per
haps equivalent.
NAYAS. Nayas, a "point", and the locative et. "At the small point."
Hewitt.PACONEMISK. Meaning and derivation undiscovered.
PATUKET. "At the Falls." See Appendix C.
PAUCATUCK. PAUQUETUCK. The meaning of this word is discussed
by Trumbull in his "Indian Names of Connecticut" and also by the authors

APPENDIX A 17

of the "Handbook of the American Indians". None of the writers had the
advantage of knowledge of the locality. Trumbull is rather insistent that
tuck refers to a tidal river, and admits that while this meaning is applicable
to the Paucatuck of Connecticut it does not explain Paucatuck brook in
West Springfield. Paucatuck brook, however, is but secondary to the origi
nal locality name. The word must refer either to the land or some character
istic of the Westfield river. If the sense of rise and fall must be kept in
tuck, the reference may be to the rapid rise of the mountain stream, which
in the spring and fall overflows Paucatuck meadows, fertilizing them greatly.
But in his Natick Dictionary Trumbull allows — tuck as a general name for
river. At this locality the river shallows and becomes calm and transparent
as compared with its aspect at the rapids above and below. The meaning of
pauqua Is clear, or transparent. If the reference Is to the prospect, It may be
remarked that In this intervale the view south Is open and transparent as
compared to the wooded heights on the west and east. It Is not impossible
that pauqua as here used, is a corrupt form of pegwa, shallow.
PAUHUNGANUCK. The derivation suggested by Lemoine in Wright's
Deeds is somewhat forced and assumes the late origin for the name, which
however, awaits further study. It Is notable that Pauhunganuck, Sconun-
ganuck, Ashkanuncksuck and Cappawonganuck seem to point, when applied
to their respective localities, to bends In the stream. In the latter wongan,
according to Trumbull, means "within the bend". Does a remnant of this
word remain in each of the others.^ Toshconwonganuck is the name of a
small pond near the line of Voluntown, Connecticut. Lamed's Windham
Vol. I p. 240.
PECOWSIC. Mr. Hewitt of the Bureau of Ethnology thinks the meaning is
probably "the place of the grey fox", In which case the original, if there is
reference to a fox, is either pequas, a red fox, or pequawas, a grey fox, as
defined by Roger Williams. The grey fox is not common, but one was
secured in Wllbraham a few years ago for the collection which Robert O.
Morris gave to the City Library and Its rarity as compared with the common
red fox would account for the emphasis on the word as a place name. The
suffix refers to the mouth of the brook, sauk meaning an outlet of water from a
brook or pond. It is worth considering whether this Is not the same word as
"Pochasuck", and Paugasset, "where the narrows open out", which is
certainly descriptive of the land at Pecowsic and the outlet there. Trum
bull's Indian Names of Conn. p. 46. There was a Manepacossick In Deerfield
(Wright's Deeds p. 65, 43), and a Lacowsic In Suffield; ibid. p. 99. The.
spelling in the earliest records is "Pacowsic", or "Pacowsauk".
PETOWAK. From pitahoweag, "the land whence the water flows to us",
Wright's Deeds p. 30. North of the Woronoco river probably In the eastern
part of Westfield, or it may refer to the headwaters of Paucatuck brook.
Deed of Paupsunnuck to John Pynchon, Appendix E.
PISSAK. The proper form Is pissagh or pissaghi, meaning "mire" or "dirt".
Doubtless in the Chicopee deed it is used as an equivalent for "swamp".
Natick Diet: also Trumbull's Indian Names of Conn. p. 51.

18 APPENDIX A

QUANA. Supposed to be derived from kwanau, "It is sunken down".
If equivalent to the two first syllables of Quinnecticot, the word would refer
to the length of the meadow, as shown in the map of the Agawam river, 1803,
in Wright's Maps.
QUILLICKSQU. Quilikasikau, "it Is a mixed land", (with water) that is
"marshy land". Wright's Indian Deeds p. 25.
RAMAPOGUE. From namas, fish, and paug, pond. Hewitt. For the
interchangeability of n and r see Wright's Deeds p. 29. The Marquis de
Chastellux In his Travels mentions a Ramapogue In the eighteenth century
in Pompton N. J. Frank R. Parry, township clerk of Pompton, writes:
"There Is in this section a range of mountains called Ramapogue with about
four small lakes among them and also a valley and a river called Ramapogue. "
SCANTUCK. Trumbull defines "ior peskatuck, a branch of a river", but
Hewitt considers this a plain error and says "probably kenhaden, or
'Whiting fish.' "
SCONUNGANUCK. SCANUNGANUCK. SQUANUNGANUCK. The
last form occurs also in Map A. The meaning is perhaps undiscoverable.
John Pynchon gives Squana Keesh, as the Indian montli, partly Identical
with May, for planting corn. Quana, in the first Indian deed, was a meadow
used probably for corn planting, but in order to establish any connection
perhaps Impossible changes must be assumed. Mr. Hewitt thinks "a place
of scour grass" as possible. The syllables ganuck occurring also in
Medneganuck, Pohunganuck, Ashkanunksuck, and (in Deerfield) Cappawon
ganuck, are applied to localities In all of which there is a bend in a stream.
For Cappawonganuck, see Wright's Deeds p. 39.
SICKCOMPSK. SICKCOMPSQU. SUCKIOMPSK. "Dark colored
rock". Wright's Deeds p. 25.
SKIPMUCK. SKIPMAUG. The last syllable means "a fishing place".
In NIppumsuit's deed we have "Skep alias Skipnuck" and "MIsquIs the
owner of Skep", in which the "e" must be short. John Pynchon's indorse
ment on the deed has "Wallamansick scape". We also have Wollamansick
Seep.— "S^^p" is a stream and if "Seep", "Scape", "Skep" and "Skip"
are identical Sklpmaug would mean simply a river fishing place as distinct
from a pond fishery like Ramapogue. The great corruption of Indian names
allows of some violent suppositions. Hewitt considers "overflowed fishing
place" as the most likely meaning.
TATTOM. TAWTEM, etc. The eariiest form occurs In Paupsunnuck's
deed (Appendix E). It Is clear that squassok is a rock as distinguished from
a stone, but the first word has baffled Investigation. Hewitt, however,
thinks probably "enclosure or pen."
USQUAIOK. "Iskwai-auk"; meaning "the last land" or "the end of
lands". Wright's Deeds p. 14. Unfortunately the word occurs but twice.
If the spelling were Usquasok, the initial "m", as sometimes happens, hav-

APPENDIX A 19

ing dropped off, it would mean "the place of musquash", either the beaver
or muskrat, a meaning befitting the location. See "Mooskoupaug" in
Kinnicut's Indian Names; p. 29; and MIsquItucket ib. p. 47. Hewitt approves
the above suggestion of "beaver place."
WALLAMANUMPS. The accent is on the last syllable. Mr. Hewitt
defines this as probably "red ochre rock" or "paint clay rock". Trumbull
defines "-ompsk," of which the variations are "-mpsk" etc., as a standing
or upright rock, a description sufficiently appropriate to the rock walls at
the locality. The first three syllables, it is thought, refer to the color of the
rock with reference to Its uses for decoration and war paint. Wright's
Deeds p. 60. The rock at Wallamanumps is of red sandstone.
WAN. The word means "stream." A swamp so called is a swamp by a
stream.
WEQUAUSHAUSICK. Mr. Wright either by printer's error or difference of
opinion makes the sixth letter an "n", but the original, occurring only in
D 237, is open to Inspection. I derive the first two syllables from "wequaes"
at the end. Shaume is a neck and the last syllable, except when merely a
shorter way of writing the locative "-set" refers to a stream at Its inlet or
simply to the outlet of a pond. An Inspection of the locality shows that there
was originally a pond shaped like the letter L with the outlet Into Three
Mile brook at the angle. The northern depression Is now a fine meadow
with a small brook running through It and discharging near the angle.
WILLIMANSETT. WILLIMANSIT. WOLLAMANSIT. In the unre
corded deed of Nippumsuit of which a fac-slmlle Is In the Springfield City
Library, "Wlllimansltseep". " Wollaman" refers to a reddish ochre color
used by the Indians for personal decoration (see Wallamanumps) and pro
cured from the bog-iron in the oozing water In and about Springfield. The
locative -et or -set completes the word. Other derivations are not impossible,
e. g. Wllli-mansh-et, a good stronghold (see Manchconis). Willimantic in
Connecticut is defined by Trumbull as "a good lookout" or "where It winds
about a hill," all of which agree with the sinuous brook Issuing into the plain
from the steeps at the east. Hewitt considers the possible meaning to be "a
place of fine small berries" probably deriving from Will, "good" and minne-
ash, "small fruits." Lemoine In his DIctlonarle Francals-Montagnais gives
Olimanshlpu, as meaning "vermlUion river".
WORONOCO. WORRIXOKE. WORONOCK. WORONOAK. "The
country of windings ", "the winding land, " Wright's Deeds p. 43 . In the deed
of Paupsunnuck John Pynchon spells "Woronoco" and also "Woronoak. "

APPENDIX B.
The Cartography of Old Springfield.
The following list of maps is believed to include all those of any value
in identifying localities other than streets for the towns and cities within the
original limits of Springfield, not including, however, Westfield, or the
Connecticut towns for a time reckoned In the Springfield jurisdiction. Most
of the older maps are reproduced in the valuable atlas of Harry Andrew
Wright. Maps in directories, being mainly concerned with streets, are not
included in the list. Maps and atlases are listed together as maps. The
cartographers are inclined to inaccuracy in delineating brooks, particularly
in not tracing them to their sources. In this and other respects reliance
should only be placed upon a comparison of several maps and even this may
fail and a local examination be necessary. For a very early map of New
England showing Springfield see Mass. Hist. Society Collections. 2d series
Vol. 6.
A. In compliance with acts of the General Court In 1795 and 1830 there
were prepared by the several towns and cities manuscript maps showing
their respective boundaries and some topographical features. These are on
file in the archives of the Secretary of State. The maps of 1795 are In appen
dix C are referred to as A without designating the particular towns.
B. A very large manuscript map of Springfield, Including Chicopee as a
part of the town, and inscribed "David Ashley 1827". It is In sections which,
properly boxed, are kept in the office of the City Engineer.
C. Wall map of Springfield, including Chicopee; 20 x 16 in. Samuel Bowles
& Co. 1827. This is a reduction and abridgment of B and adds scarcely
anything to its original. It contains, however, good engravings of Court
Square, State Street with the new Town Hall, the Pynchon house and the
new Methodist church edifice on the brow of the hill on Union Street. Rare.
D. The maps of 1 830-1 83 1. See A.
E. Dr. Peabody's small map. This neat and beautiful manuscript map
10 X 8 in. was executed by Rev. Wm. B. O. Peabody about 1827 and given
by him to his parishioner, Eunice L. Edwards to whose aged daughter,
Charlotte E. Warner, It belonged until her death, January ii, 1916. Com
parison with the map of 1830 In the archives of the Secretary of State
at Boston makes it evident that both maps are from the same hand. The
Edwards map has exquisite drawings of the old Town Hall, the Pynchon
house, the First church, the old Court House and the dignified mansion of
20

APPENDIX B 21

William Orne on Maple street opposite High Street. Four enlarged photo
graphic copies of this map have been recently made.
F. Map of Longmeadow, including the then precinct of East Longmeadow,
by Jonathan H. Goldthwaite, an engraver on metal; 24 x 16 in. This map is
based on the survey of 1831. The engraver was a resident of Longmeadow.
A map of Massachusetts and of the United States, finely executed by him
and the latter bordered by the capitols. Is extant. The copper plate of Map F
has been recently presented to the Conn. Valley Hist. Soe. by the engraver's
son, William Goldthwaite.
G. Map of Springfield, including Chicopee, 2 ft. 10 in. x 2 ft. 6 in. by George
Colton, a local engineer; 1835. It contains a view of Court Square, with the
elm which yet stands in the northeast corner and its mate which died a few
years ago. It also contains the school districts. Rare; but the plate Is in the
possession of the writer.
H. Map of the Central Parts of Springfield; 3 ft. square; by Marcus Smith
and H. A. Jones; published by M. Dripps, New York; 1851. It contains
engravings of Foot's Block on the present site of the building of the Massa
chusetts Life Insurance Company and of the American Machine Works on
Tyler, Orleans and Quincy streets. Rare.
I. Large wall map of Hampden County by Henry F. Walling; published
by H. A. Haley, Boston; 1855. It contains side maps of the villages and
civic centers.
J. Wall map of the villages of Chicopee and Chicopee Falls. McKinney
and Smith; 1859. One of these is hung in the Registry of Deeds.
K. Large wall map of Springfield by Smith and Van Zandt; i860. It con
tains engravings of the railroad station and various other buildings and shows
the ground plan of buildings. Rarer than L.
L. Large wall map of Springfield by Beers, Ellis & Soule, New York; 1870.
It shows the ground plan of buildings and gives names of their owners.
M. Atlas of Springfield by Beers, Ellis & Soule; 1870.
N. Atlas of Hampden County by F. W. Beers; published by Beers, Ellis
and Soule, New York; 1870.
O. Atlas of Massachusetts by Walling and Gray; published by Stedman,
Brown and Lyon, Boston; 1871. Folding maps of the several counties from
the same plates were also published separately, showing even the houses on
country roads.
P. Birdseye view of Springfield by O. H. Bailey; published by Whitney &
Adams, Springfield; 1876. An interesting combination of map and pictures

22

APPENDIX B

in lithograph. Taking a plan of the streets the artist went through them and
sketched in the buildings with remarkable rapidity. The original belongs
to the Connecticut Valley Historical Society.
Q. Atlas of Springfield. George H. Walker & Co. Boston 1882. This firm
has published several later editions; those of 1891, 1900 and 1904, using
contours etc. from Map R. See S.
R. Map of the U. S. Topographical Commission. Washington. 1886-7.
S. Atlas of Massachusetts. George H. Walker & Co. Boston; 1891 and
later editions. Based on R etc. and shows the land elevation.
T. Atlas of Hampden County. L. J. Richards & Co. Springfield; 1894.
U. Atlas of Springfield. L. J. Richards & Co. Springfield 1899.
V. Highway Map of Hampden and Hampshire Counties. L. J. Richards &
Son, Springfield, 1908; square miles indicated by cross sections.
W. Atlas of Springfield and Longmeadow. L. J. Richards. Springfield 1910.
X. Atlas of Holyoke. Harold Hazen Richards. 191 1.
Y. Atlas of Hampden County. By Harold H. Richards; published by the
Richards Map Co. 1912.
Z. Wall map of Springfield. George H. Walker & Co. Boston; 1912.
Plainly for streets.

'.iii|iii«tf^l-.^l5''^

•J*1R»

At the headwaters of the North Branchy irUbraham. From an old print.

APPENDIX C
Place-names of Old Springfield
including therein the present Holyoke, Chicopee, West Springfield, Agawam,
Ludlow, Wllbraham, Hampden and the Longmeadows.
Many of the names In this list are found In the valuable transcription
of the town records made by Henry M. Burt whose name should be held In
grateful remembrance. The publication Is In two volumes, but the place-
names are not indexed. That work Is referred to in the list by volume and
page; e. g. I B 216 means page 216 of the first volume. A transcription of
the records of layout of roads etc. In that part of the ancient County of
Hampshire which is now the county of Hampden may be found in the office
of the clerk of the County of Hampden. In the list this book is referred to as
Co. Ct. Rec. (County Court Records). Citations by capital letters un
accompanied by numerals refer to the early volumes in the Registry of Deeds,
which were lettered Instead of numbered as now. One book Is lettered A-B.
The letters I C refer to the several books of the Inward and Outward Com
mons, all transcribed in one volume in the Registry of Deeds from the
originals In the office of the City Clerk and more easily referred to because
typewritten. The letters LG refer to the three transcriptions of the Land
Grants and Possessions In the Registry of Deeds made from the originals in
the office of the City Clerk. For the citations from maps and atlases see
Appendix B. The deeds for the first century of the settlement have been
personally examined. Facts not cited on authority must rest on the credibility
and accuracy of the present writer, who, perhaps, for such purposes, has not
spent his life In vain in the city of which his ancestor was the founder. Except
for the value of the appendices, perhaps the matter In the volume might not
be considered of sufficient Importance for publication. By far the most time
and labor have been absorbed by Appendix C, and although the writer cannot
exactly say with old John Stow, author of the Survey of London, that In this
work he has trudged many a weary mile, yet the hours that he has spent on
foot and In the saddle in studying localities have been many and agreeable.
The places are within the present limits of Springfield unless otherwise
Indicated.
ACCORD TREE. A pine tree which, In 1685, It was agreed between
Springfield and Northampton, should be the point from which to run the
line between those towns and by which errors In surveys could be corrected.
23

24 APPENDIX C

It was opposite the Upper Falls about 40 rods from the Connecticut. Unless
there had been an accord between the towns such a starting point was called
a bound tree. In old Springfield the bound tree on the east was a pine; on
the southeast, a white oak; on the south a white oak near the river was an
accord with Enfield as was a black oak on the north with Hadley. On the
west a pine tree was an accord with Westfield. Perambulation to correct the
bounds was had from time to time at an expense to the town of several shil
lings per day per man and, by one town account, of a bottle of rum for the
perambulators. 2 B 182.
ADAMS CEMETERY. Wilbraham. The old cemetery at Adams Corner.
AGAWAM. John Holyoke, when recording the original Indian deed to
Pynchon and others made the following note on the record book. " Agaam or
Agawam It is that medow on the South of Agawam River, where the English
did first build a house, which now we commonly call house medow. That
pelce of ground Is It which the Indians do call Agawam and that the English
kept the residence, who first came to settle and plant at Springfield now so
called; and at the place it was (as is supposed) that this purchase was made of
the Indians." The name was subsequently applied to the precinct south of
the river whence the name as a separate town. See Wright's Indian Deeds
or the original in the Registry of Deeds; also B 150,173.
AGAWAM FALLS. The rapids of the Agawam extending up the river from
a point above the New Bridge Street bridge as far as Ashkanunksuck. i B
198,349.
AGAWAM RIVER. Properly, and In accordance with ancient usage, so
called from its mouth either to Ashkanunksuck or Paucatuck after which it
becomes the \\'oronoco or, in modern times, the Westfield. i B 109; 2 B
190; A 22; AB 54; D 17. Maps AH. For the fishing place see 2 B 324.
AGAWAM SWAMP. I 128.
ALLOTMENTS. By this word In the records is meant the early grants to
individuals which were made without compensation and upon no other con
dition than that the grantee should become or remain a citizen and use the
land. For failure of the condition many grants were forfeited. For allot
ments made In view of the possible forfeiture of the colony charter see 2 B 171
and Holland's Western Massachusetts, Vol. 2 p. 155. The latter allotments,
hastily made, were ridiculous for their proportionate length and breadth, all
of them extending four miles in length from the eastern line of the outward
commons to the Wllbraham hills. The allotment to Obadlah Miller (see F
422) was four miles long by eight feet and nine inches wide. The earliest
allotments were, of course, those In the "Town Plat," Including the Wet
meadow and Wood lots to the vicinity of the present Spring street; then small
meadows further removed, "spangs of meadow," and "spring-pieces" like
those of Pacowsic. i B 171, etc.; King's Handbook of Springfield p. 9;
Stebbins' Wllbraham p. 196; also Commons and Scheme Lots.
AMES HILL. The land on both sides of Maple street at the brow of the hill
and extending east to Sterns Hill at Central street. It is crowned by the

APPENDIX C 25

mansion built by David Ames, an early manufacturer of paper, about 1825
and still occupied by his descendants. The term was formerly of wider
significance and may have included the estate of John Ames, whose former
residence, contemporary with the other, stands at the southwest corner of
Maple and Pine Streets. The schoolhouse of the Ames school district (Dist.
18 of Map G) stood in the triangle shown on Maps H K. See also Report of
the School Committee 1852 p. 16. The view of the valley from the open land
opposite the David Ames house suggested to Moses Teggart the poem printed
in Poets and Poetry of Springfield p. 153. The Connecticut Valley Historical
Society possesses a lithographic view of a portion of the city taken from the
edge of this hill, and showing In the foreground the residence of the late
Homer Foot, now, somewhat altered, that of Andrew B. Wallace.
AMOSTOWN. West Springfield. A locality and school district in West
Springfield east of the Great Plain and correctly shown on Maps I T V. The
name is derived from Amos Taylor who settled there In the mid-eighteenth
century. The present writer, when a lad, visited the school about i860, at
which time It contained six children all barefoot and by so much the more,
healthy and happy. Reg. of Deeds, bk. 3 p. 868; bk. 11 p. 345; 2 LG. 374.
ARMORY HILL. That portion of "the Hill," {q. v.) centering about the
United States Armory and perhaps almost coextensive with "the HIU" so
called. See Federal Hill.
ARISSLITTLE. Agawam. Much speculation has been wasted on the
meaning of this term which still remains In obscurity. It may perhaps be
Inferred from C 522 that it was not in use In 1719 but It first appears In the
records In 1745-7 (2 I C 246). In the record the name is spelled as above and
the ordinary pronunciation makes the a short. There was, however, In the
early part of the last century a pronunciation also used making the a long
and the pronunciation Acelittle was also used. I find no sufficient ground
for a derivation from Robert Harris, a land owner of the eighteenth century.
In old English husbandry "arrish" was a stubble field. The locality Is well
attested by record and tradition as being the highland on the right bank of
the Agawam opposite MIttlneague, near the present site of the Worthy paper
mill. See Bagg's West Springfield p. 127.
ASHKANUNKSUCK. West Springfield. The spelling of this word is
various, but the above is the one given by Elizur Holyoke, although he
once or more drops the second k. In C 352 it is Askanunset. The word was
applied to the land in the neck formed by the Westfield river between the
trap ridge at Tattom and MIttlneague Falls. It was not used for land on the
right bank of the river. See also Jude's Neck and appendix A. 2 B 215, 280,
etc.; A. 238; Clio; E 192; F238; 3 IC 267, 310, 324, etc.
ASHLEYVILLE. West Springfield. For the Ashleys see Bagg's West
Springfield pp. 114, 137, 140. Map N, etc.
ASHLEY'S BROOK. West Springfield. Above the north gate of Chicopee
Plain and the next brook south of Riley's Brook. Co. Ct. Rec. 241.

26 APPENDIX C

BAILEY'S GROVE. A part of the tract of heavy pine timber on the left
bank of Mill river. Map L. See Blake's Woods and Pine Hall.
BALL MOUNTAIN. Wilbraham. Map D.
BALL'S BOTTOM. BALL'S SWAMP. West Springfield. Some 50
acres between the Agawam and the Connecticut lying in the Great Bottom
once belonged to the ancient family of Ball. The saying, "As green as a Ball
Swamp pumpkin" was In use In the early nineteenth century and probably
much earlier. D 34, 128; K 18. Ball Genealogy; Bagg's West Springfield,
p. 121.
BARK HALL. BARK HALL MEADOW. BARK HALL HILL. Long
meadow. Bark Hall Is on Longmeadow brook 80 rods west from the main
village street on Bark Hall road, where was formerly a tannery, but the spell
ing universal in the records shows that the name has not, as supposed by some,
any connection with the fact that bark was hauled over the road, 2 B 262,
293; C 102; D 490; E 37; 6215,219; H 453, 556. See Pine Hall.
BARKER'S BROOK. West Springfield. The north branch of the brook
crossing Riverdale street near the schoolhouse, next north of Darby brook.
2 B 285. Map D. Now called Pepper brook.
BASK. Wilbraham. A bathing placed used as a course point on the layout
of the "Ridge road", the northern portion of which is now In disuse. The
distances indicate the spot to have been about east of Mount Vision, near
the headwaters of a tributary of the Scantlck.
BASK POND. The true name of this pretty sheet of water in Sixteen acres
is perfectly clear but late usage shows corruption. The earliest record is
Bask, as may be seen by inspection of the original In the office of the City
Clerk in Book 3 of the Inward Commons p. 424; but unfortunately this has
been transcribed In the copy In the Registry of Deeds as Bark, 3 I C 286.
The next record in the same original book is plainly Bask but In the copy
(3 I C 306) is transcribed Bush. The pond Is not shown on Map A and Map
C has Bark, perhaps from a misreading of Map B. Some maps have Bass
supposed to be derived from a former owner but I has Bask. There Is no
local reason for naming the pond Bark, as in Bark Hall, q. v. but In old
English to "bask" is to bathe and the sandy bottom of this pond, where It
approaches the highway, makes it better for bathing than the peat bottom
ponds In the neighborhood. A "basking place," unidentified, is mentioned
in Burt's records. Basking Ridge is In New Jersey. See Basking Place Brook
and Stinking Hole Bask.
BASKIXG PLACE BROOK. Agawam. Probably Worthlngton brook
2 B 303. See Stinking Hole Bask.
B.-\TTY'S POXD. Formeriy at the northwest corner of Maple and Central
streets. In the early '40's of the nineteenth century, when the original
Baptist meeting house stood on Maple street, this pond was used as a bap-

APPENDIX C 27

tistry. The water was held by damming the brook that Is still running out
of the cemetery. Maps H K L. For Mr. Batty see Morris's Birds of Spring
field p. 13.
BAY PATH. BAY ROAD. BOSTON OLD ROAD. Beginning with the
Connecticut at tlie ford over Mill river for this description, the Bay Path as
first travelled by the settlers of 1636, and later, was identical with the
Indian trail. The latter crossed Mill river In about the line of the present
Pecowsic Avenue, turned Into the line of Pine street, thence continued
through Oak street and Bay street seeking the watershed between the Mill
and Chicopee rivers near Dirty Gutter, after passing over Goose Pond Hill;
was then deflected southerly to avoid the swamp, and, resuming its original
direction, after reaching Four Mile Pond, passed Wallamanumps and pro
ceeded up the valley of the Chicopee beyond Manchconis and Minnechoag.
Thus the way Is marked by the Indian nomenclature. It became dislocated
when Walnut street became for a short distance identical with it and the
northern end of Pine street was therefore renamed Oak street. The early
settlers were not slow In making a new village terminus Instead of the Indian
fort on Long Hill and constructed a cause-way over the Wet Meadow at
State street. (See Causey) In or about 1647 there was In existence a way,
called the Log Path, running east from Squaw Tree Dingle, along the line of
State Street and it was probably well defined then or soon after as far as the
Stone Pit {q. v.). This road, when developed and extended across the swamps
in the vicinity of the present almshouse, began to be called the New Bay road
and later the Boston road; by so much eclipsing the old Bay Path that a
portion of the latter is not shown on Maps C G. The word "path" for a
highway is used as late as 1775. i B 24, 27, 188, 193, 347; B. 132; I 324;
Co. Ct. Rec. 46. Wright's Maps; Holland's Bay Path.
BEAR HOLE. West Springfield. The dark passage of Paucatuck brook
in West Springfield through the hemlock woods southeast of Bush's Notch
has borne the name of Bear Hole in the eighteenth century and perhaps
earlier. In the last decades of the nineteenth century Bear Hole became a
resort for suppers and had a dancing platform. The spring of clear pure
water was christened "Massasoit, " after the then best hotel In Springfield,
and when Springfield's water supply from Ludlow deteriorated, "Massasoit"
water was largely sold in Springfield. The last bear known at this place
appeared on the Great Plain about 1790, when Seth Smith was there hoe
ing corn. The water power was utilized as early as the eighteenth century
and the mill saw mentioned in Bagg's West Springfield pp. 120-121, is in
the possession of the writer, by Inheritance. Maps A Q I; Wright's
Maps.BEAR SWAMP. Ludlow, see Noon's Ludlow p. 50.
BEDORTHA'S BROOK. West Springfield. Chicopee Field, apparently
the brook next above Darby's brook, i C 297, 326; 2 B 224; E 127; K
333- BEAVER DAM. Wilbraham, see Peck's Wllbraham, p. 20.

28 APPENDIX C

BENTON BROOK. See Wan Swamp brook.
BIRCH RUN. Wilbraham. On the Monson road about halfway from the
top of the mountain to Glendale church. Ex rel. Chauncey E. Peck. See
Peck's Wilbraham p. 157.
BIRCH SWAMP. Chicopee. Reg. of Deeds bk. 129 p. 514.
BIRCHEN BEXD. BIRCHAM BEND. BIRCHAM'S BEXD. BIRCH-
ARD'S BEND. All forms but the first are miserable corruptions. No person
of either name held land In the vicinity; but aside from this, the spelling in
the early records Is conclusive and the plain on the south Is yet sprinkled with
white birches, hundreds, and apparently thousands, in number. The bend
Is the dip of the Chicopee to the south between Indian Orchard and Chicopee
Falls, but Is of late years obscured by the flooding from the dam of the
Bircham Bend Power Company. In the later 70's and early 8o's of the
nineteenth century a solitary named Richardson lived in a primitive fashion
In a hut near the river and north of Birchen Bend brook. In the Homestead
of Sept. 29, 1883, are verses signed "A," beginning as follows —
THE HERMIT OF BIRCHAm's BEND
A sad and lonely life he leads
The hermit of Bircham Bend;
On blighted hopes his spirit feeds
And hungers for no earthly friend.
He sits upon the river's bank
While friendly birches shield his head;
His face is sad, his heart Is sore;
The sunshine of his life has fled.
2 B 245; C 594; E 250.
BIRCHEN BEXD BROOK. Xot one of the maps has this brook correctly
drawn, as any one will discover who takes the pains to thread his way through
brake and swamp to the headwaters of both the branches, which having
done, he will realize that there is yet a good stretch of wilderness within the
city limits. The easterly branch rises near and north of Berkshire street not
far from its crossing with the Boston and Albany Railroad; the other in a
swamp between Butler street and the Springfield & Northeastern R. R. a
short distance from Poor brook. They meet in the vicinity of Dutch Meadow.
The course of the brook through the meadow is noticeable for the plentiful
growth of the edible watercress.
BIRCHEN PLAIN, THE. The birchstudded plain on the left bank of the
Chicopee at Birchen Bend. 2 I C 180, 204.
BLACK POND. A pond in the Great Bottom, or Agawam meadows, not
far north of the Agawam river, being an isolated part of an old bed of the
river. It is shown on a large unpublished map of the meadows made by Dur-
kee. White and Towne. A no; A B 179 K 86. Reg. Deeds bk. 403 p. 6.

APPENDIX C 29

BLACK POND HILL. An old river terrace near Black Pond. Reg. Deeds
bk. 403 p. 6.
BLAKE'S HILL. That part of the Great Hill lying on both sides of Bel
mont avenue, formerly Blake street. The name unfortunately, was changed
at the instance of a few, who were Interested in the development of the street,
led by the owner of No. 76 which then commanded a view of Mts. Tom and
Holyoke. King's Handbook p. 68.
BLAKE'S WOODS. A tract of land heavily timbered with white pine which
extended from the valley of Mill river between Belmont avenue and Dickin
son street to and beyond the brow of the hill. It was one of those places that
served for summer picnics before the days of Forest Park. A sketch by
R. M. Shurtleff of the hut of a solitary who had his abode there belongs to
the Conn. Valley Hist. Society and shows the hermit and Judge William S.
Shurtleff. The woods were cut about 1890 and their loss called forth expres
sions of regret in prose and verse.
"High on the hill we long have stood.
Row upon row a stately wood,
Graceful, erect, with feathery crests
Where birds of the forest built their nests:
But lo! around, on the rooty ground.
These stumps and branches lie.
Where half of our number have met their death:
Still fragrant lingers their parting breath.
Their requiem we sigh.
A crow amid the branches high.
Against the pearly sky.
Shrieks, "Lo!Lo!oh!oh!" Anna B. Williams.
BLISS POND. Near Maple street and used in connection with Bliss's
tannery below. Maps H I K.
BLISS HOLLOW. It marked the course of a brook now covered, flowing
from the northeast part of the Armory grounds through 62 Pearl street and
entering the Garden brook sewer at 72 Worthlngton street. See Kibbe's
Hollow. BLISS SPRING. BLISS'S SPRING. At Sixteen Acres N. by W. of the
crossroads. It is spring of clear cold water emerging In considerable volume
from beneath an elm tree and making the head of a brook flowing Into the
North Branch. Map A. 2 B 286, 290. Obsolete.
BLOCK BROOK. West Springfield. Maps D R etc. but misplaced in I.
Another In Agawam, the northwesterly brook of the town. B 58. See Log
bridge.BLOCK BRIDGE. This is a bridge made of logs which would generally be
roughly hewn, and is distinguished from the more lightly constructed pole

30 APPENDIX C

bridge. The bridge over Block brook on the highway between Springfield
and Westfield east of Tattom Hill had this distinctive name. The spot
had so late as 1889, a certain natural beauty and in that year was tenanted
by a pair of mocking birds; but the street railway construction has made a
radical change in the locality. See Log bridge. On Block brook lived the
widow of Peter Swink, the first negro in Springfield. E 390. His early grant
was here and presumably here he built his house, i B 313, 321, 343, 370;
2 B 173, 297. For early bridges see Earle's Stagecoach and Tavern Days,
PP- 356, 366.
BOAT SWAMP. BOAT SWAMP BROOK. Hampden and East Long
meadow. This name Is lost to the present generation but was once in com
mon use as applied to a tributary of the Scantic crossing the Somers road at
Baptist Village. 2 IC 219, 266, 3 LG 353.
BOGGY MEADOW. Agawam. On a tributary of Three Mile Brook.
C 561; D 82, 582.
BOTTOM. See Great Bottom: Cold Spring Bottom.
BRADLEY'S MOUNTAIX. In West Springfield northeast of Bush's
Xotch between Ashley's Pond and the Notch road. Ezra Bradley, "Squire
Bradley", was a New York lawyer of literary taste who removed to
West Springfield about the beginning of the nineteenth century and resided
at the four corners near this elevation. A great grandson is living, the son
of Elisha Bartholemew, Esq. Maps D I Q.
BREWER'S HILL. The second terrace extending from State Street to the
foot of Ames HIU. 2 LG 467. See Little Hill.
BRICK CITY. West Springfield. See Piper.
BRICK KILN. 2 B 236, 242, 245.
BRUSH HILL. West Springfield. 2 B 318; E 23, 24; G 323; H 190
Maps DSL
BUCK HILL. BUCK HILL SWAMP. The HiU Is in Suffield near the
Agawam line. Buck Hill Swamp occurs in a land grant of 1712. 2 B 311,
320. Maps N R. See also Noon's Ludlow p. 44.
BURT'S COVE. Appears in Map M (1870) but the opening into the Con
necticut having been silted up, the cove Is now extinct. It was the remains
of an old channel of the Agawam by which It debouched into the Connecti
cut. From the South End Bridge the old channel can be readily traced across
the larger Island by the line of trees that break the meadow. In the mid-
nineteenth century and before, Burt's Cove was a place for clambakes and
fish fries.
BURT'S FERRY. A ferry from Longmeadow and Agawam. Co. Ct.
Rec. p. 187.

APPENDIX C 31

BURT'S MILLS. A hamlet of South Wllbraham, now Hampden, centering
around a water power; birth place of Ezekiel Russell, D.D. a sound theologian
and scholar. The mill has disappeared and the name is obsolete. Map L.
BURYING GROUND. In Agawam. 2 IC 14; Now dilapidated to the
last degree. Springfield; see Cemetery.
BURYING GROUND. Chicopee. N 430.
BUSH POND. Error for Bask Pond {q. v.). 3 IC 263.
BUSH'S XOTCH. West Springfield. The pass through the range of
trap that divides West Springfield from Westfield above Bear Hole. Geo
logically it is a fault. Co. Ct. Rec. (1764) 100; 2 LG 370. Emerson's
Geology of Old Hampshire. Maps I O.
BYFIELD. West Springfield. The word probably means in this con
nection a field along side or off the highway. The locality Is between Cold
Spring Bottom and upper Elm Street In the pondy meadows between the
river and the 200 ft. level and Is spoken of as equivalent to the Muxy meadow.
Probably it lay to the north of the present common and is almost, if not quite,
identical with Ramapogue. B 124.
CABOTVILLE. In the mid-nineteenth century the factory village of
Chicopee Falls was so called because of the capital of the Cabot family of
Boston Invested In the mills. See Barber's Hist. Collections of Mass. p. 296,
where may be found an engraving of Cabotville.
CARD FACTORY POXD. An artificial pond once situate on the present
side of the High School of Commerce In the upper part of Skunk's Misery.
The springs are at Woodworth Avenue and the brook, now Inclosed for its
whole length, passes through the property of No. 25 School street, In front
of the Central High School and thence to the State street sewer opposite the
school. It formerly reached the Town brook via Stockbrldge street. On
September 10, 1886, Albert H. Wheeler, aged 9 years, was drowned from a
raft made of two logs and a barn door, on the pond. The first words of his
companion, James Connor, upon being restored to consciousness were,
"There is another boy in there"; a beautiful example of youthful altruism.
The last words of Albert Wheeler were a "good by" to his would be rescuers.
Map H. Hist, of Springfield for the Young p. 5.
CASTALIAN BROOK. Wilbraham and Monson. I find this brook name
only once, in the perambulation of the Wilbraham-Monson bounds In 1735
where It Is spoken of as "a small brook called CastalUan brook" and Is the
only example of a classic place-name. The stream enters Twelve Mile brook
about half a mile south of the state road from Springfield to Boston and its
source Is In the swampy land less than a mile west of Bald Peak. On the west
ern flank of the mountain is a copious spring of very clear cold water which
must eventually find Its way by an underground channel, perhaps formerly by
a channel above ground, to the headwaters of the brook. The lofty Isolation

32 APPENDIX C

of Bald Peak may have suggested the name of Mount Parnassus and the
spring, having been compared with the spring of that name on the Grecian
Parnassus, the brook thence derived a name, which being now lost to tradi
tion, has left the brook now nameless. In the record the spelling erroneously
doubles the letter 1. I B 503. Map R.
CATAMOUNT HOLLOW. Chicopee. At Wmimansit. 2 LG 409.
CAUSEWAY. CAUSEY. The upper, middle and lower causeways were
at Carew, State and Mill Streets respectively and, being built of embedded
logs, made practicable the crossing of the Wet meadow. I B 247, 300, 350,
404; 2 B 112, 125, 189, 194, 196. King's Handbook of Springfield p. 65.
For a causeway In Agawam see C 459. For the survival of the old form
"Causey" see Green's Groton, vol. I p. 74.
CAUSEWAY SWAMP. 2 I C 265. See also the wiU of Dea. Nathaniel
Warriner, where the spelling is "Cosey".
CEMETERY. The original Burying ground and Training Field lay on the
river bank, at the foot of a lane, now Elm Street, opened for access to them.
Originally the burying ground was all on the south side of the lane. Later
the Training Field on the north gave way to the burj-Ing ground. 2 LG 401.
When the tract on the river was required for the railroad the remains and
stones in the burying ground were removed to the new cemetery and are
mostly ranged along Pine Street. The Pynchon Interments, however, were
at the head of the second glen from the Pine Street gate. For a caustic
allusion to the supposed desecration of removal see "The Great Temple's
Dedication," an old broadside belonging to the Conn. Valley Hist. Society
and reprinted In the Republican of March 30, 1913. Map G. The original
burying ground was sometimes let to pasture. 2 B 350, 370. For the way
to the Burying ground. Elm St. see 2 B 518. The circumstances attending
the burying ground removal. See X. E. Hist, and Gen. Register. See also
Thompson's Dingle.
CHARLES'S POXD. Holyoke. In the FaUs Woods, 3 I C 275.
CHICOPEE. See Appendix A for Its meaning. For an Indian deed of land
and for weirs in the river see the deed of Xippumsult and others to WiUiam
Pynchon, and facsimile in the Springfield Library. For mention of weir
rights In 1668 see 2 B 190. The early settlements were known as Upper
Chicopee (Chicopee Street); Lower Chicopee, at the mouth of the river;
Scanunganuck (Chicopee Falls) and Sklpmaug. 2 B 240, 399, 436, 462, 471,
511; B 299, 383; D 351, 469; Holland's West. Mass; Autobiography of
Hiram Munger p. 24. For an old engraving of a part of Chicopee see Bar
ber's Hist. CoUectlons Mass. p. 295.
CHICOPEE. WEST CHICOPEE. A hamlet and school district in West
Springfield on the present Riverdale street and opposite the settlement of
Lower Chicopee on the east side of the Connecticut. Its center may be said
to have been at the Miles Morgan place south east of Crow HiU and in the

APPENDIX C 33

early nineteenth century the school district extended north as far as the pres
ent McElwain farm and south to "the White Church", on the hill. At the
north lay AshleyvIUe. For a feoffment of lands by livery of seisin in which a
twig instead of turf was used for the symbol and Rev. Pelatlah Glover was
feoffee, see 2 B 210. See for Chicopee in West Springfield i B 223, 226; D
577; E 124, 127. Maps D I.
CHICOPEE BROOK. Same as Crowfoot brook. 2 B 319.
CHICOPEE FACTORY. This term was used In the first half of the nine
teenth century for the locality in Chicopee Falls lying near the bridge over
the Chicopee River. Thence the name of Factory street in Springfield which
was renamed Saint James Avenue after the McKnight development began
(see McKnight District). The original name of the street was Skipmuck
road. See Holland's West. Mass. vol. 2 p, 44. Maps C D G. See Skipmuck
Old Path.
CHICOPEE FIELD. CHICpPEE PLAIN. West Springfield. After
the bottom lands on the east side of the Connecticut river and the fields on
the west side opposite the home lots had been appropriated, attention
naturally turned to the fertile plain lying opposite Plainfield on the west side.
Like the Great Bottom this was Inclosed by a fence with north and south
gates and the land parcelled out In free grants to the inhabitants, one parcel
being reserved for the use of the ministry, as in other localities. Chicopee
Plain properly so called extended northward from the brook now flowing
past the schoolhouse (the next brook north of Darby brook,) unto Riley's
brook. The somewhat higher level extending south to Darby's brook was
spoken of as another plain, l B 215, 219, 236, 293, 294, 385 etc. A 17, 174;
AB 48 Map H. Later the plain on which is located "Chicopee Street"
was spoken of as Chicopee Field. A 17, 174. See Palmer's "Chicopee
Street".
CHICOPEE LANDING. The landing place for rivercraft at "Chicopee
St." at one time called Alvord's Wharf. A store was here. Co. Ct. Rec. 103.
Maps ABC.
CLAY HILL. Upper Carew Street. T 344. For Mayo's brickyard see
Map W. pi. 16.
CLAY HILL. West Springfield. Later called Tubbs' HIU. Here Jere
Stebbins had a pottery before the Revolution or about that time. A saucer
of mottled green made in this pottery I have placed in the museum of the
City Library; as also a tiling, the mate of those which form an ornamental
band around the upper story of the brick house No. 181 Park Avenue West
Springfield, now owned by Josephine B. Phelon. The tUes were the product
of this pottery. E 388,H 325; 2 LG 452. Bagg's West Springfield p. 138.
Another in Chicopee, 2 I C 28.
CLAY PITS, THE. North of Round HUl. i B 396; 2 B 236; C 141. For
brickmaking In Springfield see Pynchon's letter to Gov. Winthrop, N. E. Hist.

34 APPENDIX C

& Gen. Reg. 4th series vol. 6 p. 375. Mary Lewis married the brickmaker
in 1645.
CLOSE ROAD. See Pent Road.
COAL PITS, THE. At Plainfield near Deep Dingle, 2 I C 76.
COLD SPRING. In that portion of the Great Bottom where are now
located the Gilbert and Barker Manufacturing Company and the Boston
and Albany Railroad there was a spring of cold water. I B. 236. Its waters
soon mingled with those of a small brook which rose north of Tubbs HIU
and in the 6o's of the last century, and doubtless long before, supplied with
some pressure the old blacksmith shop on the Westfield road at Ramapogue.
Church street was until a few decades ago Cold Spring Road, i B 236, 238,
286, 295, 302; C 429. Maps D I X.
COLD SPRING. Near the Chicopee and Ludlow line. Co. Ct. Rec. p. 53;
2 LG. 362. Perhaps the same as Haying Well.
COLD SPRING BOTTOM. That portion of the Great Bottom in which
lay the Cold Spring. The curving bed of an old outlet of the Agawam. I
remember It about i860 (probably In the spring) as being full of water nearly
to Shad Lane. B 418; E 324; F 364.
COLLINS DEPOT. Wilbraham. See Peck's Wilbraham p. 216.
COMMON. West Springfield. Only in West Springfield, of all the towns
comprising old Springfield, has this word been in use as describing, like
Boston Common, that part of the old common lands, which has remained
reserved for the use of the public. The tract intended is spoken of as the
Common by the various writers In Bagg's West Springfield (1874) but with
modern affectation is now sometimes called the Park, i B 346.
COLTON'S CAUSEY. COLTON'S BRIDGE. 2 L G 368.
COMMON FIELD. The Common Field and the General Field as applied
to the land in West Springfield used In connection with the home lots of the
Main street on the east side, are convertible terms. This land included the
Great Bottom and extended from the Agawam to Ramapogue. Within it
there could be private Inclosures. (See Pikle). The phrase was appHed to
land in other localities; Longmeadow, and Chicopee Plain, and the Plain-
field. I B 400, 401. Various provisions were made as to fencing and the dates
where the fields should lie open after the proprietors had gathered their crops.
I B 207-208; 334-6, 339. The word "common" in this connection denoted
not community of ownership but of fencing, i B 280, 290.
. (i B 236; 2 B 70)
COMMOXS. The lands bought of the Indians, or which, being of no value
to them, were appropriated as within the charter limits, and those forfeited
by the local Indians for their part in King Phillip's war, were known as the

APPENDIX C 35

Commons. The first Division of these lands took place in 1636, in which
each citizen received his share In the Home lots on Main street with Wet
Meadow and Woodlots opposite (See Map in Burt's Records) and also In
the planting ground across the river. The Second Division was of lands lying
back of the first grants on the west side, (2 B 90) and the Third Division
was near the Black Pond and Cold Spring (i B 236; 2 B 70) and In part
opposite Longmeadow (i B 196). When the tenure of the town lands as held
by the Crown became endangered (see Allotments) the Town made another
and wholesale division of the most easterly and most westerly common lands
in order to avoid a forfeiture. (2 B 171; also Allotments) The north-south
lines used In this set of allotments thenceforth marked the boundaries be
tween the Inward and Outward Commons. On the east the line between
the Inward and Outward Commons ran southerly from the Chicopee river
marked by Xewbury Ditch, through World's End to Enfield bounds and
northerly from the Chicopee In substantially the same course and is now the
line between Springfield and Wilbraham and Springfield and Hampden.
On the west, in the Town of Agawam the boundary was determined by a
monument which stood at a point shown on Map N as an angle In the parish
line near the head of one of the branches of Three Mile brook. At the north
the present town of West Springfield was so far settled as not to be included
In the division; but the limits of Holyoke were so Included, from John Riley's
northward. On the east the layout was in three Divisions, especially so-
called, with defined limits, not given in the vote; but they were in fact, the
first or northern division lying north of Chicopee river, the second or middle
division and the third or lower division adjoining Enfield bounds, the line
between the two latter being substantially that of the present Springfield-
WUbraham main road through Sixteen Acres; but It should be noted that
owing to surveyor's errors there was a strip of surplus land between these
two divisions. On the west side there were but two Divisions. The lower
lay next Suffield bounds and at the north was defined by a line running
westerly from the above mentioned monument to a marked rock in the east
face of the trap about 800 feet south of the house built by Holland on the
mountainside and west of Liswell Hill. The line between the Inward and
Outward commons in Agawam was established by a Committee in 1716 and
a ditch dug the whole distance to Suffield bounds. The allotments of the
outward commons in the town were made in 1746. {Ex rel. James W. Moore,
who has made a full plan of the same.) The northern Division was equivalent
to the present city of Holyoke. A 607, 611; B 302; D 265; Burt's Records
and later records In the office of the City Clerk. The subject is well treated
in Peck's Wllbraham pp. 11, 38, 47, 143. See also Noon's Ludlow p. 210.
For common of pasture see 2 B 102, 202.
COMO, LAKE. When, about 1870, Armory Hill began to be a residence
section for down town business people, the ears of divers persons, particu
larly those Interested in the advancement of real estate, were not pleased
with so humble a name as Goose Pond for the pretty sheet of water making
a feature of the landscape at the junction of the Boston and WUbraham
roads and upon the return of Theodore L. Haynes from travel in Italy to his
new mansion on the corner of State and Thompson streets, the pond was
rechristened Lake Como. Maps M (Index map) P.

36 APPENDIX C

CONNECTICUT. The word is seldom used in the early records for the
stream which the fathers preferred to designate as the "Great River"; but
it occurs in the original Indian deed. A 21; i B 168, 302.
CONTINENTAL FIELDS. The plain at the junction of Armory and Carew
streets. It seems to Include land from Carew Street northerly to the Chicopee
line. The name points to a camping place of the regular troops (not militia)
in the Revolution but I know of no evidence. I was Informed by William
Mattoon (born 1810), who once owned a portion of the land, that the spot
was a camping place of the insurgents in Shays Rebellion and family tradi
tion is to the same effect. A good spring of water was at hand. L. 238.
COOLEY BROOK. Longmeadow. C 117; D 536; H 717.
Another in Chicopee, a source of the water supply.
COOPER'S HILL. Agawam. The rise from the Agawam on the south side
below Lieutenant Cooper's house near Half Way Hill. Lieutenant Cooper
was one of the first to settle in this precinct of Springfield. His death of
sacrifice Is commemorated on the monument at the foot of Mill street at a
spot selected by Jacob T. Bowne and myself, although it Is possible that the
attack may have been made more to the south. His descendants can stUl be
found in this vicinity. 2 B 64, 66; D 355.
COVE. See Great Cove.
COW PASTURE. Ludlow. See Noon's Ludlow p. 51.
COW PEN MEADOW SWAMP. Wilbraham. On Faculty street about
one third of a mile west of the Academy boarding house. From a spring
nearby the Wilbraham Spring water is marketed In Springfield. Peck's
Wllbraham p. 444.
CRANBERRY POND. Longmeadow (.?) 3 IC 85; 2 LG 394
CRANK, THE. Holyoke. The turn of the boundary line where East-
hampton (formerly Northampton) appears on the map to have encroached
on Holyoke. 2 I C 6, 7, 17; 2 LG 433. "See how this river comes crank
ing In". Shakespeare.
CRESCENT HILL. The unbroken and sinuous curve of the upper level
extending from the Springfield Cemetery to the valley of MIU river, at which
It breaks down, as It is shown on Maps H R, has received three names for
its several parts; Sterns Hill on the north, Ames HIU in the middle and
Crescent Hill on the south; or It would be better to say that the original
Ames Hill has been partially deleted by the two later divisions. To the north
lies Armory Hill and to the south across the valley, Blake's Hill and Long
or Fort HIU; then Pecowsic Hill. North of the valley of Garden Brook we
have the isolated Round Hill and far to the north east. Hog Hill. All except
Round Hill are comprehended In the term "the Great HIU", so much used
in the old records. The names Ames Hill, Sterns HUl and Crescent HUl

APPENDIX C 37

originated in the nineteenth century before i860. For two centuries, the
best residences were on the Main street; then Bliss street became fashiona
ble; then Howard, Water, Maple and Chestnut. Rev. Wm. B. O. Peabody,
writing of his removal from the present No. 136 State st. to No. 160 Maple St.,
says, "I set against the increased distance from town a clear view of the sky,
which I think Is better than the finest landscape". As a site for a residence
Crescent HIU has for years been considered In a class by Itself. It contains
scarce a half dozen houses, without room for more; but for those who are
perforce excluded it Is one of those happy compensations of the universe
that If they cannot spend their earthly life on Crescent Hill they can at least
go to heaven when they die. Map N.
CROOKED POINT. Clearly not on the Connecticut as might hastily be
inferred; but It Is a short distance north of Round Hill. It is perhaps so
called by a view of the surface where or near where End brook and the upper
town brook unite. I B 336, 396; 2 B 236; AB 42, 64, 89, 97, 131. B 414.
I 703. C 78 mentions "the field commonly called Crooked Point". New-
field was west of Crooked Point. C 221.
CROOK. "The Crook" In the Agawam river made the northerly boundary
of House meadow. D 561. Map D. See a map of 1803 In the State archives
reproduced in Wrights' Maps. See also Noddle. In Yorkshire, England, is
"the crook of Lune," the subject of one of Turner's pictures.
CROW HILL. West Springfield. Early nineteenth century and perhaps
before it. It is the region of the junction of Cayenne and Piper streets.
Springfield Republican Sept. 30, 1914, p. 15.
CROWFOOT BROOK. Chicopee. The first of the northern tributaries
of the Chicopee river. Named from an early settler, through whose land
it passed. 2 B 30. Maps C G R. See Powder MUl brook. A change was
made in a part of Its course. B 321. Maps C, R, etc. Wrongly placed on A.
DARK ISLAND. DARK ISLAND SWAMP. Ludlow. The swamps of
modern days were often ponds in other days. This swamp became extinct
by the construction of the reservoir of the Springfield waterworks in 1874-5.
In the swamp was an Island of five or six acres thickly studded with large
white pine, a dark covert, weU adapted for an Indian rendezvous. Map I.
DARBY BROOK. DERBY BROOK. West Springfield. The smaU
stream entering the Connecticut at the foot of the hill near the "old white
church". Except In such isolated cases the broad pronunciation of e, as In
clerk, has disappeared In New England but remains in this word. The stream
was named for Joseph Derby. For this and other brooks to the north in
Chicopee plain see I B 438; 2 B 327; B 25; 0501,514. See also Bedortha's
brook; Barker's brook; Riley's brook; Terry's gutter. Maps I T. For
Darby's plain see 2 I C 131.
DARBY'S DINGLE. Agawam. On the line between the inward and out
ward commons. 2 I C 202.

38 APPENDIX C

DARBY DINGLE. DARBY DINGLE BROOK. The valley of a tribu
tary of End brook between Atwater road and the Glendale street railway.
The brook is shown on Map T. See 2 LG 458.
DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, ROAD TOWARDS. A highway was laid out
under this name In 1802 by the County Court whose records describe It
as "the road from Somers In Connecticut through Hampden County towards
Dartmouth College". It begins in Somers at Brown's bridge near the East
Longmeadow line and passes through that town and Sixteen Acres to Put-
nams (Putts) bridge. For a part of the way it is identical with Parker street.
Co. Ct. Rec. 253. In the West Springfield Map A Riverdale street is labeled
"Hanover and Dartmouth College."
DAY'S HOLLOW. Agawam. The valley of the most north western brook
in town. 2 I C 202. See Block brook.
DEEP DINGLE. DEEP DINGLE BROOK. DINGLE BROOK. Spring
field and Chicopee. At the upper end of Plainfield. The brook rises west
of the old Catholic cemetery in Chicopee and on Map I is called Stebbins
brook; Dingle brook of Map K enters the Connecticut in the rear of the club
house of the Bosch-Magneto Company. Deep Dingle to-day presents a
scene of woodland wildness remarkable as being near and betwixt two
populous cities. Four dingles open on the north and three on the south. John
Olmstead and Geo. M. Atwater once purchased this tract with the purpose
of presenting it to Springfield for a park but the intent was abandoned after
the opening of Forest Park. D 370; K 802.
DEEP GUTTER. DEEP DINGLE. DEEP GUTTER BROO'K. Agawam.
The brook, later called White's brook, enters the Agawam opposite Ash
kanunksuck {q. v.). 3 I C 58, 270. Map D.
DEEP SWAMP. West Springfield. A nameless brook, called in an Indian
deed Tawtum Squassick brook, rises near the junction of Rogers avenue and
Dewey streets and makes its entrance into the Westfield river on the easterly
side of the trap ridge on which lies Paucatuck cemetery. Easterly and south
easterly of the cemetery the low land on the brook made a swamp which
early bore this name now obsolete. Here seems to have been the timber
swamp of I B 348. In Its extension northerly it included the Fitch farm of
Map I. The early grantees were the Taylors, father and son; of this old family
was "Aunt" Anne Taylor who died about 1840. The inscription on her
tomb stone in the Paucatuck cemetery was "Her web of life is wove at last."
She was a kindly soul upon whom the school children depended for their
drink of water at the noontime recess. The schoolhouse stood opposite on
the west side of the Albany turnpike as it turned westerly over the bridge. Its
successor of about 1850 was to the north in the point as shown on Map I. The
school was for Paucatuck and Tattom, as It is to-day. (History of Springfield
for the Young p. 117) i B 341; 2 B 29, 299; C 327; D 427, 532; E. 327; F.
179; H. 464. See Tattom; also Bagg's West Springfield p. 82. For the
Indian deed see Appendix E.
DIMMOCK POND. For the Dimmock house, near by, See Map B.

APPENDIX C 39

DIPPING HOLE ROAD. Map C. See Peggy's Dipping Hole.
DIRTY GUTTER. Map A shows Stone Pit brook and Garden brook as
rising in a swamp at Dirty Gutter (misprinted Dirk's Gutter in Wright's
Maps) which name Is to-day In use for the upper waters of Stone Pit brook
where It crosses the Bay road at the end of the decline from the eastern slope
of Goose Pond hill, i B 347; 2 B 138, 248, 308; I 324.
DIRTY GUTTER. Agawam. Near the Suffield bounds. 2 B 263.
DIRTY GUTTER. "On the right hand of the way going to Wachogue".
2 B. 256.
DITCH MEADOW. 2 B 271. A transcription error for Dutch Meadow
In 3 I C 199.
DIVISIONS. A descriptive term; for which see Commons and Allotments.
DORCHESTER DINGLE. Longmeadow. A "dingle or slough" on a
southern tributary of Pecowsic brook north of Converse road. B 219
3 LG 354.
DORCHESTER GUTTER. In traversing the Plumtree road from Allen
street (Hampden road) to Sixteen Acres two streams are crossed; the first
being Dorchester Gutter at a point not far from Its entrance Into the South
Branch. Upon following the first named stream, which is Dorchester Gutter,
to its source one finds himself again at the Hampden road and discovers that
the road runs along the narrow watershed that formerly divided the swamps
at the head of Entry Dingle from the head of Dorchester Gutter, this being,
of course the watershed between the valley of Pecowsic brook and the valley
of Mill river. The waters for some distance from the road on both sides are
now dried up but the land levels and old channels are stIU in evidence. This
gutter seems to have derived its name from Anthony Dorchester, an early
grantee. I B 236; 2 B 216, 282. Map C. Obsolescent.
DOUBLE DITCH. A famous fishing place for shad on the Connecticut
near the foot of the present Clyde street. Shad fishing hereabouts practi
cally ceased about 1878. In 1885 only 47 shad were taken above the Enfield
dam according to evidence reported in the Republican of March 27, 1886.
With the extinction of the fishery, shad with the fine native flavor have dis
appeared from Springfield markets. The fishhouse is shown on Maps B C G.
The origin of the name is unknown. Ditches were used for drainage and
boundary and at least one ancient record mentions a ditch with a hedge In
the old English fashion. Remains of ancient ditches still exist. A very good
example may be seen in Forest Park near the Dickinson street boundary.
Standing in the ditch, and plainly of a later date, Is a hemlock probably a
century old If not more. See also Commons. For the shad and salmon
fishery in the Chicopee see 2 B. 131.
DRY BROOK. West Springfield. 2 I C 151, 181, 228, 257, 294, 304.

40 APPENDIX C

DUTCH MEADOW. A comparison of the grants to Cornelius Williams
and Simon Lobdell or Lobden, together with the description of this locality
In the deed C 591 makes the identification complete. Above the birchen
plain of the deed (See Birchen Bend) the valley of erosion presents a narrow
meadow which roughly corresponds in quantity to the measure of land in
the deed, and to the "northwest" Is the "high hUl", now the Imposing site
of the solitary residence of P. B. Moore. The Athol division of the Boston
and Albany railroad either Incloses or crosses the meadow on the south.
I B 386, 2 B 235, 281; C 594; E 250, 377. 3 I C 199. The last reference is
erroneously, "Ditch meadow" in the transcription from the records In the
city clerk's office. In 2 I C 275 Cornelius, supposedly Cornelius WUlIams, Is
said to have been a Dutchman; hence probably the origin of the name.
EAST BRANCH. The South Branch of Mill River, i B 230.
EIGHT MILE GUTTER. Wilbraham. This old valley of erosion, now
dry for most of its length, crosses the Boston road a half mile east of the
Sprlngfield-WIlbraham line at the foot of the hill at the top of which the
highway passes over the railroad. It is indicated as a brook on Maps I R V
In October 1914 I followed the gutter to Its source. The walk takes one
through a swamp; above this under Stoney HIU Is a pool to which leads a
deer path; the valley then opens into a space filled with the black alder, the
berries gleaming red in the October sun. A turn to the east brings one after
some distance to what would be the head of the gutter but here It connects
with a ditch the origin of which is explained under Nine Mile Pond. In
Eight Mile Gutter we have a good example of what the early inhabitants,
expressed by the word "gutter". A gutter was not a stream, nor the narrow
channel of a stream; but was a small shallow valley of erosion, usually con
taining the small stream which had created it. Terry's gutter Is an example
of an old channel. If the sides of the valley were higher and the valley of
erosion larger, it was called a dingle. See Deep Dingle; Thompson's Dingle.
B. 321.
ELBOWS, THE. This tract adjoined Springfield on the east. See Temple's
Palmer; Peck's Wilbraham pp. 74, 95; Stebbins' Wllbraham p. 76. Map D.
ELEVEN MILE BROOK. Near the Wilbraham-Monson line, i I C 4.
See Twelve Mile brook.
ELY BROOK. Chicopee. 2 B 246-7, 303, 309. C 6. Map I. Now a part
of the sewer system.
ELY'S BRIDGE. Longmeadow. 2 B 301; 2 I C 163.
END BROOK. The brook which entered, and as yet, as a part of the sewer
system, does enter, the Connecticut at the northerly end of Hampden Park.
The word applies more specifically to the water course above its union with
the brook flowing out of the Wet Meadow and partially encircling Round
hiU. In the plain above Round hill It was often called Three Corner meadow
brook and Plain brook and the upper stream has sometimes been called
North End brook. West of Chestnut street it is now covered but is open

APPENDIX C 41

in the grounds of the Springfield Hospital. It takes its rise near Liberty
Street as shown on Map W. It forms and flows through the Van Horn
reservoir, which bears the name of a Dutch family that appeared here In the
early eighteenth centurj'. The name indicates their origin at Hoorn on the
Zuyder Zee, and after a citizen of that place, Cape Horn is named. The
progenitors In Springfield were Christian and Born, and the surname of the
latter is found as Van Hooren. About 1820 a family of the name resided
In Paucatuck In West Springfield. Its head, called locally "Crazy Van
Horn", being Insane, was kept fastened to his bed post and with his clanking
chain and screaming at passers by, was the terror of children. The family
Is StiU represented in Springfield and Chicopee by that name, and It would
seem from Warren's genealogies (2 B 650) that there must be many descend
ants In the female Hues. l B 156, 230; 2 B 236, 242, 244; Co. Ct. Rec. 59;
also the maps.
EXTRY BROOK. See Entry Dingle.
ENTRY DINGLE. It opens out of the vaUey of Pecowsic brook and
crosses the Springfield-East Longmeadow road between Belmont Avenue
and Ruskin street. In July 191 5 the view down the wide dingle from this
point was full of beauty, — dark pines of great size on the left of the back
ground and the chestnuts in full bloom on the north bank. The watercourse,
now dry at the upper end, can be traced to Little Wachogue and its defined
head located in the swale, soon to be obliterated, between Powell and Ells
worth streets. The upper drainage area, as also that of Dorchester Gutter
{q. V.) was in the wet meadows and swamps north of the hill at Little
Wachogue. The locality at the head of the stream was caUed Entry. The
meaning is obscure. The word means a way of passage to a place either
within or out of doors. It might also be applied to land recovered by writ
of entry. 2 B 233, 270, 273; B 235, 287. Maps D C.
ENTRY MEADOW. The meadow at the northern foot of Wachogue hill
off Allen street. 3 LG 400.
EQLTVALEXT LANDS. Wilbraham. This may have some connection
with the difficulties connected with the settlement of Brimfield as narrated
by Holland in his Hist. West. Mass. C 139; D 235.
FACING HILLS. Heights in Ludlow which for fine views face several
points of the compass. Facing Hills Rock is on the western side. Maps
INT. Noon's Ludlow p. 26.
FALLS WOODS. Holyoke. Opposite the falls. 2 I C 250, 267. The term
was also applied to woods on the east side in South Hadley.
FARM MEADOW. Agawam. "Over the first brook." 2 I C 16, 233; 3
I C 285.
FEDERAL HILL. An old name for Armory hill In the days of the Federal
party when the contrast between Federalism and Democracy was more
emphasized than now. Poets and Poetry of Springfield p. 1 1 ; 2 LG 404.

42 APPENDIX C

FEDERAL LANE. Wilbraham. See Peck's Wilbraham p. 26.
FEDERAL SQUARE. That part of the grounds of the U. S. Armory lying
between Federal and Magazine streets. The houses shown on early maps
were removed about the middle of the nineteenth century, one of them now
being the Day Xursery at 23 Pendleton avenue. In one of them lived the
famUy of Dale whence went Lieutenant John B. Dale, second In command of
the expedition to the Jordan sent by the government in 1847. For his un
timely death in Syria after his valuable labors were finished see Lynch's
"Dead Sea and the Jordan" p. 507. He left chUdren but his line is now
extinct. Map K. See Franklin Square.
FEEDING HILLS. The low lying hills In Agawam between East street
and West street (formerly known as "Front street" and "Back street")
of the locality now called Feeding Hills. 2 I C 144. Here in the Outward
Commons roamed the young cattle and cows that were not milked; others
pastured at the foot of the Manchconis mountains, sometimes in charge of a
herdsman. 2 B 298; D 497; F 195; 2 LG 422. On Map N the two prominent
elevations appear as Mt. PIsgah and Liswell Hill. The name was formerly
used for the fourth Parish of West Springfield. For the parish line between
the Inward and Outward Commons see Map N.
FERRY. The upper ferry was at the foot of Ferry Lane, now Cypress
street, on the east side; and on the west side at the Hay Place, at the foot
of Ferry street, now East School street. The lower ferry was at the Lower
Wharf, or York Street, i B 260; Maps D E; Green's History of Springfield
p. 135; History of Springfield for the Young p. 121. See also Burt's Ferry.
For the demise of the lower ferry see Whitman vs Porter 107 Mass. Reports
p. 522. In Chicopee, Jones' ferry was at the foot of the present McKinstry
street. In Agawam, a ferry is mentioned in C 370. The lower ferry, at least,
was free for troopers on trooping occasions, i B 261.
FIELD BROOK. Chicopee. A tributary of Chicopee river. Map A etc.
FIELD'S HILL. East Longmeadow. The southern-central highlands of
the town. 3 LG 335 etc.
FILER'S BROOK. See Fyler's Brook.
FISHIXG FALLS. Equivalent to Great Falls in I 572.
FIVE CORXER MEADOW. Longmeadow or East Longmeadow. It
was east of the meeting place of the two branches of Longmeadow brook.
2 B 282.
FIVE MILE POXD. This name Is used In the plural in E 98. From its
general use in the singular one might Infer that there was In the early days
only one pond but this is decidedly contraindicated by an examination of
the locality, which shows that there were from the first two separate kettle-
holes. The larger pond is now bisected by the railroad. The smaller of the

APPENDIX C 43

original two was not long since called Hughes Pond from an owner and now
appears on Map Y as Mona Lake, an attempt at a name by real estate
speculators who also have tried their hand at changing the larger sheet of
water to Lake Lorraine, i B 239; Map C; Emerson's Geology of Old Hamp
shire p. 660 and the glacial map in the same.
FLAGG'S HILLOCK. FLAGG'S HILL. In his History of Springfield for
the Young p. 16 the writer has ventured to assign this name to the highest
detached elevation In the city. Its northern slope abuts the Boston & Albany
railroad at the 95th milestone. The north-south trend of the nearby Indian
trail (Bay path) enabled the traveller to avoid the swamps lying east of
Winchester Square and the hill Itself afforded such a view of the valley as
an Indian would not neglect. Doubtless the aborigines had a name for the
hill but it is forever lost. The small pond opposite (2 B 271) is likewise name
less. Here is the watershed between Chicopee and Mill rivers. The summer-
house which has often proved a comfort to visitors was erected by George
A. Flagg. Map R. The hill Is apparently mentioned in 3 I C 288.
FLORIDA. This name was used in the eighteenth century to denote a
region lying between State Street and St. James avenue and apparently
extending somewhat northerly from the avenue. In the layout of "Skip
muck road" (St. James avenue) In 1770 It is spelled "Floriday", which
probably indicates its usual pronunciation. The layout passed the north
east corner of IngersoU's ditch; In fact Thomas IngersoU, an Important land
owner, conveyed the tract of this name to James Bowdoin of Boston in 1728.
The origin of the names Florida street and Bowdoin street thus become
obvious. "Florida" and the "Road towards Dartmouth College" {q. v.)
indicate contemporary Interest In things for those days more remote than now.
Thomas IngersoU was a large buyer of the Allotments aside from his owner
ship of the tract extending north and easterly from Squaw Tree Dingle on
which tract five of his descendants now reside. For another descendant
see IngersoU's Grove. E 192; Town records for March 23, 1770.
FOOTPATH. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries a common name
for an undeveloped road. The footpaths to Wachuet, Ramapogue, Windsor,
to WoUamanseep from Scanungamuck, Pequit Path, Moheague Path, and
others were Indian trails, some of them later becoming highways. In 1638
a public foot path with stUes was established in Springfield along the river
bank at the rear of the Main street home lots but, alas, the right has been
absorbed by private interests, except so far as belongs to the space between
high and low water in a navigable river, i B 163, 234, 288, 389.
FORT. The Pynchon Fort Is the name often given to the house and strong
hold built by Maj. John Pynchon and demolished In 183 1. There Is a fine
sketch of It In the margin of Map E and another in D. Map B has an en
graving of it. The pen and ink sketches are commonly attributed to Rev.
Wm. B. O. Peabody; In fact all of the work on E is known to be his. A
fanciful sketch of the surroundings of the Fort appears In King's Handbook
p. 15. Dr. Joseph C. Pynchon, whose childhood was spent at this house,
informed me that one of the walls was cracked so that snow came into his

44 APPENDIX C

chamber. Upon the demolition of the "fort", which was really only a strong
house, unless for the "flanker" constructed by John Pynchon, the wooden
annex, which Judge Henry Morris, perhaps on the authority of his father,
Oliver B. Morris, believed to have been part of the original house on the
same spot occupied by William Pynchon, was removed to Cross street.
To it I took the artist who was making sketches for King's Handbook and
his drawing is accurate except for the fanciful rural back ground. This
wooden building was demolished about 30 years ago by Milton Bradley who
then presented through me to the Connecticut Valley Historical Society a
box made at Mr. Bradley's order from the wood of the house and containing
two of the ancient hinges and some wrought nails taken from It, the hinges
being like those shown in King's Handbook. For Milton Bradley see the
Handbook p. 150. For a description of the Fort while it existed see George
Bliss's address at the dedication of the Town Hall, 1824. See also 2 B 33.
For a drawing by Dr. Peabody see Chapin's Old Inhabitants p. 306. In 2 B 98
there is mention of the Indian Fort in Westfield.
FORT HILL. That portion of the high level on which the Indian fort was
located, being at the spot now occupied as the residence of the Vincentian
fathers. The fort is erroneously located on the map In the Report of the
Park Commissioners for 1906. Long HIU is the modern equivalent but
apparently the term was first applied to the slope leading up Fort HIU.
I B 299, 314; C 458, 698; D 150.
FORT LOT. Agawam. Mention of the Fort Lot in D 28 Indicates either
the site of an Indian Fort or else that the original structure of 1635 in House
Meadow was called a fort.
FOUR MILE POND. This still exists, somewhat shrunken and surrounded
by woods, on the north side of the Boston road on land of the Carpenters.
Its outlet is not now easily traced but its waters apparently sink away into
the swamp, thus becoming the headwaters of Poor Brook. From a deed of
1835 it may be inferred there has been a subsidence of a foot since that date.
I B 347, 389; C 594. Maps B C D L N.
FRANKLIN SQUARE. Reference to Map F. (subplan) shows that there
was once contemplated for the U. S. Armory grounds a street effect somewhat
like that effected by setting back the south fence east of Federal street under
the administration of Col. Benton, resulting in "Benton Lawn". This
change was probably for a time a fact but the street lines were eventually
contracted. The iron fence was constructed of scrap iron, ordinarily sold
by the government, and discarded cannon, the suggestion proceeding from the
paymaster Maj. Edward IngersoU. Maj. IngersoU diary records under date of
May 21, 1852, that he then began excavaring for the fence. There is an absurd
error in the report of the description of this fence in the remarks attributed
to the writer in Papers and Proceedings of the Connecricut Valley Historical
Society Vol. 3 p. 229. In Map E the government square west of Federal street
IS marked Franklin Square in letters so marvellously small as to be legible
only with a very powerful glass. An engraving of Franklin Square looking
east, IS in Barber's Historical Collections for Massachusetts p. 294. There is a

APPENDIX C 45

view of the Square from the opposite direction in Jacob Abbott's Marco Paul
at the Springfield Armory, a once popular book for juveniles. See Federal
Square. FRESHWATER RIVER. Although mainly in Enfield, once reckoned a
part of Springfield, the name is frequently found In early records and is of
importance to East Longmeadow inasmuch as both Its sources are In that
town. 2 B 314. Maps F I. For Freshwater brook see 2 LG 453.
FROG POND, THE. Longmeadow. East of the buryground. 2 LG. 343.
FROST'S POND. Changes in the surface Incidental to buUding operations
etc. produced a deepening of the water of the Wet Meadow or Hassocky
Marsh which about 1840, bore this name. The pond was in an area loosely
bounded by East Court and Market streets and Harrison avenue. It was a
favorite skating place and Charles R. Bunker (born 1828) yet feels the effect
of a fall on its ice. Charles H. Hunt (born 1830) still survives the effects
of any falls he may have had there. Henry B. Rice, (born 1821)* informs
me that the land belonged to Dr. Joshua Frost for whom see Papers and
Proc. of Conn. VaUey Hist. Soe. Vol. II p. 159. The setback of water in
the Wet Meadow as time went on was the source of Increasing annoyance.
2 B 189 and citations under Town brook.
FYLER'S BROOK. Agawam. MiscaUed Philo brook on some maps but
in fact named from an early settler In Suffield. D 497. Map D. See Stoney
River.GALLOWS PLACE. Mentioned In Co. Ct. Rec. p. 46 and described as
being at the top of "a sand hUl" by the milestone. The milestone can still
be seen within the Armory fence and opposite the High School of Commerce.
It was erected to mark the 96th mile from Boston; by the raUroad the 96th.
mUe Is near Skip Bridge. The only words now decipherable on the stone are
"Mile from Boston". Upon Dec. 13, 1770 William Shaw was executed on
this spot for the murder of Edward East. The circumstances so far as known,
are given in Papers and Proceedings of the Connecticut VaUey Historical
Society Vol. i p. 33. A copy of the Sermon by Rev. Moses Baldwin preached
on the occasion and spot In the presence of the condemned I have placed
with the Conn. Valley Historical Society. As a part of the large assembly
then met to witness the awful spectacle, the preacher mentions his
"Reverend Fathers and Brethren in the ministry."
GARDEN BROOK. It is well described in King's Handbook of Springfield
p. 71 by Heman Smith, a civil engineer, and resident of West Springfield
and Springfield from his birth In 1812. Tributaries of the brook on the south
are the brook from Kibbe Hollow, now covered, the brook from Squaw Tree
Dingle and that from IngersoU Grove. The lowest tributary on the north
rises at Armory street, opposite Grover, and passes under Nursery street.
The next is the brook running out of the quondam VIneland (q. v.) and beyond

• Since the above was written these three aged citizens have died, all in 1915.

46 APPENDIX C

is the stream from the Lombard Resenoir. The headwaters of the brook
are the swamp at the head of Dirty Gutter. I B 249, 363, 401; 2 B 277;
D 172. Maps A D E H P.
GEXERAL FIELD. See Common Field.
GLOVER'S POXD. Found only on Map E. Its relation to other points
on the map Indicates a location north of Oak Grove Cemetery. In the rear
of the factory of the Westlnghouse Company Is a large kettlehole bisected
by the old tracks of the Athol railroad in which there is yet some water.
Tradition, however, coming through a single individual Is that the pond was
at or near to or east of Skip bridge and was drained away by the cut made for
the tracks of the Boston and Albany railroad. The pond is mentioned In a
grant of 1742. 2 IC 100; see also 2 IC 95.
GOOSE POXD. This pond, whose name is famUiar in the early records,
became extinct In the eighth decade of the nineteenth century at which time
it was Goose Pond alias Lake Como. {q. v.) It lay close to State street at
the north side of Winchester Park, a pretty sheet of water lively with skaters
In the season. Like Five Mile Pond It was really double but was usuaUy spoken
of in the singular. If distinguished, the two were mentioned as Big Goose
and Little Goose. "Goosey" has passed out of sight but in its day it was a
pleasure to the eye and a merry playground for the boys and girls. It
extended northeast to Andrew street. In the more ancient records it is some
times called "Swan Pond", i B 347; 2 B 300, 313. Maps A. I. P. The
relation to existing streets is shown on the Index map of L. Called the Great
pond In I B 188.
GOOSE POXD. Agawam. In the northwest part of the town at the head
water of a smaU brook flowing under Block Bridge {q. v.) Extinct.
GOOSE POXD HILL. This occurs but once in the records and there can
be no doubt that the reference Is to the sand hill crossed by the Bav Road at
Oak Grove Cemetery and rising to Its apex within the enclosure. ' It sloped
gradually down almost to If not quite to the edge of the pond, as can yet be
seen, although street improvements have reduced much of the land to a level.
An observer on the hlU or at the pond could see the opposite feature. 2 B
284. See Hill.
GOOSEBERRY SWAMP. GOOSEBERRY. West Springfield. This
swamp and the locality aftenvard called from it simply Gooseberrv, lay south
or southeast of Xonesuch. 2 B 295, 318, 320; E 425; 2 I C 186, 200, 227;
3 -L L 4^*
GOAT ROCK. Wilbraham. A perpendicular ledge of about 30 feet at the
south end of the Xorth Mountain, a half mile east of McCray's Corner from
which point Goat Rock is conspicuous when there Is no foliage.
GORE, The Longmeadow and Hampden. Map A.
GRAPE BROOK is in Enfield, i B 230; C 345; 2 I C 106.

APPENDIX C 47

GRAPE HOLLOW. Not far from Loon Pond. 3 I C 41.
GRAPE PLACE, THE. Chicopee. On the flat above the bridge at the
center. The name survives In Grape street which led to a ford at this point.
Maps C D E.
GRAPE SWAMP. On Longmeadow brook, i B 260, 261, 325; B 270.
GRASSY GUTTER. GRASS GUTTER. Longmeadow. Opens northerly
from Longmeadow brook and Is traceable as far as the road between that
town and East Longmeadow. 3 I C 23. Maps F I.
GREAT BAR, THE. Chicopee. Below the Grape Place. 2 L G. 356.
GREAT BOTTOM. West Springfield. The bottom lands stretched from
about the present outlet of the Agawam river to a point north of the existing
dike. The old bed or bottom of the Connecticut and various old beds of the
Agawam are easily traced. The silting up of the Agawam channels has
tended to produce ponds. See Black pond and Turtle pond. See also Ball's
bottom, Cold Spring bottom and Ramapogue. The Great bottom was In the
General Field. C 146, 552, 553. D 227.
GREAT COVE and LITTLE COVE. Ludlow. In the Chicopee river
below the Springfield-Ludlow bridge at Ludlow, as the old locality of Putts
Bridge {q. v.) Is now called. Noon's Ludlow p. 27.
GREAT DINGLE, THE. Longmeadow. E 383.
GREAT FALLS. The falls of the Connecticut at Holyoke, comprising the
Upper and the Lower Falls, i B 382, 384; 2 B 182-3. Map A. See Patucket.
GREAT FIELD, THE. West Springfield. The land opposite the Town
Plot of Springfield. D. 423.
GREAT ISLAND, THE. At the mouth of the Chicopee river. B 198; E
310.
GREAT HILL, THE. By this term, sometimes merely as "the HIU," the
early usage intends the highest or 200 foot level, particularly at Its brow on
the edge of the great pine plains that mark this level and this not only
opposite the Town Plat in the present Springfield, but in the whole circuit
on both sides of the Great River and the Chicopee river. The phrase occurs
in numberless grants and deeds. For the geological history of the Great
HIU see Emerson's Geology of Old Hampshire; and, briefly. History of
Springfield for the Young. Chap. I. I B 240, 289, 400; 2 B 231,235, 284,
297, 300, 306, 373, 691; A B 159, 176.
GREAT MOUNTAINS. See Springfield Mountains.
GREAT PLAIN, THE. West Springfield. The plain adjoining Bear Hole
on the southeast. The road between Smith and Taylor in 2 B 326 is the one

48 APPENDIX C

running from Paucatuck cemetery northward past the Smith farm men
tioned in Hist, of Springfield for the Young p. l6. — For Springfield see I B 187.
2BC143. Another in Agawam. 2IC233.
GREAT POND. Same as Goose pond, i B 188.
GREAT POXD. West Springfield. Frequently used in the records and
although the later usage seems to intend Ashley's pond in Holyoke, the
earlier apparently refers to a large pond now extinct by artificial drainage
which lay back of the present AshleyvIUe cemetery extending south nearly
to Morgan road. Its limits can yet be traced by the depression of the land.
Geologically it belongs with Ramapogue, the ^^ et Meadow and the Great
Pond once existing in Longmeadow and yet indicated in the pondy meadows
west of the Main street. These depressions into which water ran from the
Great Hill, {q. v.) were created by the river in Its retreat to Its present bed. In
contrast, Black pond and Turtle pond were perhaps vestiges of the old chan
nels of the Agawam. N^ear Morgan road on the Cartter farm the artificial
drainage channel can be seen as it passes through the bed of clay which once
held back the water. According to Ethan Brooks, born 1832, the tradition Is
that the adjoining landowners, presumably In the eighteenth century,
united in the drainage. Mr. Brooks says that the last mention of the locality
as a pond, so far as he knows, was In his boyhood by an old man, Richard
Bagg, Sr., who said that the pond ought to be drained and even now it is
necessary occasionally to clear out the runways which connect on the south
with the brook flowing through Chicopee Plain, i B 287, 316, etc; 2 B 258,
285,304,310,311; B 233, 240; C 503, 602; 0514,601; K 56, 601; I 414,
O 297; 3 I C 364. See Three Mile Pond; also Bagg's West Springfield p.
114.
GRE.\T POXD. Longmeadow. The location of the Great Pond in Mas-
sacksic was In the meadows near the seat of the Coltons. The deed in G
526 conveys "a tract of land caUed the Great Pond" in Longmeadow,
perhaps indicating that the pond was then extinct or shrunken. From B 295
it appears that there were two ponds under the hUl in the meadow of which
one was the Great pond. I B 329; 2 B 320; H 29; K 56.
GREAT POXD. Agawam. At the head of Muddy brook and now called
Leonard's pond. To the north was a smaller pond. 2 B 258, 285.
GREAT RIVER, THE. The common and popular name for the Connecticut
for the first century of the settlement and long after. See Connecticut.
GREAT SWAMP. Chicopee. Xorth of Chicopee Center In the river low
lands. C 417, 564.
GUT CAXSO MEADOW. East Longmeadow. In the lowlands east of
Baptist village and between Boat Swamp brook and the Hampden line. In
the meadow was an island. 2 LG 353, 355.
GUTTER. A general term; explained under Eight Mile Gutter.

APPENDIX C 49

HAILE'S MEADOW. At the headwaters of Longmeadow brook at the
East Longmeadow line. 2 I C 38, 224. Map I.
HALFWAY HILL. Agawam. The rise to the higher level on the south of
the Springfield-Agawam bridge and described as being five rods from the
bridge. Co. Ct. Rec. 155. 3 L G 366.
HAMPDEN. County and town were named for John Hampden, the English
patriot. See also South Wllbraham.
HAMPDEN PARK. Opened September 28-30, 1857. This has played a
great part in the life of Springfield and the county agricultural fairs, horse
races, balloon ascensions and circuses. In i860 the public observance of the
Fourth of July took place on the park and among the attractions was one
Sweet who walked on a rope from the east side of the river to the opposite
shore blindfolded and returned walking backwards. The writer remembers
that the rope was fastened to trees, that it sagged heavily and that small
boats followed the performer to Insure his safety. Sweet carried a balancing
pole. In the transactions of the Hampden County Agricultural Society for
1857, one reads: — "This extensive enclosure, level and possessing a soil
peculiarly adapted to the growth of the elm and other Indigenous shade
trees and protected upon the river side by a strong embankment, will remain
forever as a monument to the taste and wealth of the farmers of Hampden
county and the citizens of Springfield." The decline of agriculture in the
county In its relative Importance to manufactures and the enforcement of
stringent laws against race track betting have lost to the public its old use
of the park, although Springfield still sees the return to Its Inclosure of the
travelling circus. The ownership has passed Into the hands of the adjoining
railroad. See a pamphlet entitled the "Springfield Horse Shows", (1867)
and Johnson's Natural History by Goodrich Vol. I p. 612. See Three Corner
Meadow. Of the Maps consult L in particular.
HARMON'S FOLLY, i I C 5.
HARMON'S GROVE. Wilbraham. Peck's Wilbraham p. 387.
HARMON'S HILL. Longmeadow. The elevation south of Converse street
and east of Burbank road.
HASSOCKY MARSH. Hasseky Meadow. A hassock Is a tufted clump
of matted vegetation and this was the characteristic of at least some of the
Wet meadow on the east of Main street. I B 154, 156, 162, 166, 291. flis
tory of Springfield for the Young p. 122. The term Is used in our earliest
document, the Articles of Settlement. See Henry Morris' Anniversary
Address. See also Wet meadow. Excavations on State street at Willow
street show layer upon layer of alternating sand and muck, 4-18 inches in
thickness.
HAYING WELL. A spring in the northern part of Chicopee. I B 363.
See Cold spring.

50 APPENDIX C

HAYPLACE, THE. West Springfield. A place for deposit of hay in transit
from the fields on the west side to the bams on the east side. It was at the
foot of Ferry street, now School street, at which the highway was 5 rods wide.
I B 238-9, 257 (rt passim,
HAYTI. Early nineteenth century and later. A tract of land extending
from State street to Bay road (and perhaps beyond) and westerly from
Goose pond to Thompson street. Practically identical with the land marked
"Josiah Flagg" on Map G. It was diversified by yellow pine trees and
negro cabins, not least in importance of which was that one of "old Samanth",
the wife of Reuben Sands, a powerful negress whom two constables were
needed to hold when drunk. Her cabin stood on what is now the north comer
of the schoolhouse yard at Bay and Sherman streets. Her daughter Mary
was as distinctive a piece of negro individuality as ever lived on the HiU,
showing Indian blood and temperament, perhaps, but a kind heart went
with her high top boots. A son of Samanth (George) killed his brother
Horace In defense of his mother and Oliver B. Morris, his attorney, won
fame by the verdict for the defendant. In the eastern part of Hayti lived
"Aunt Jinny", a popular negress who sold cakes and beer to travellers on
the Boston road. Map H. Papers and Proceedings of the Conn. VaUey
Hist. Society Vol. 4 p. 195. The only house places to-day associated with
this negro settlement are that of Henn,' P. Mason, a nephew of Primus P.
Mason, founder of the Home for Aged ^Ien, No. 280 Bay street, and that of
the family of Lyman Mason, brother of Primus, at 107 Monroe street. See
Horse Burying Ground.
HEARTHSTONE QUARRY BROOK. Chicopee. A respectable brook
but not shown on any map, although Its valley appears on ^laps R T. It
enters the Chicopee from the northwest a quarter of a mile below the bridge
at Chicopee Falls. Its deep dingle near the river discloses a laminated clay
stone and a sand stone Impregnated with iron. Reg. Deeds. Bk. 72 p. 369
(1825). Probably the name is much earlier.
HIGHER BROOK. Chicopee. i B 47; B 411; K loi. Maps A and I
in particular.
HIGHER WADIXG PLACE. Chicopee. At Skipmuck. 2 LG. 363.
HIGHER WIGWAM, i B 224. See below.
HIGHER WIGWAMS. West Springfield. Oliver B. Morris in his
address on the 200th anniversary says: "There was a cluster of wigwams in
and near the vaUey of the Pecowsic brook and another on the banks of the
Agawam, near the place where the highway now crosses the river". (Bridge
Street). James \^^ Moore, civU engineer, of Agawam, says that the bridge
is west of the ancient ford, the approach to which on the south is still in
existence; also that about 1000 feet from the river an elevation that is not
overflowed in the spring floods. Papers and Proc. of Conn. Valley Hist. Soe.
Vol. I p. 317. The locality was on the left bank of the Agawam and south
of the road that crossed that stream. AB233; B34, 223, 253; E 56; F 152.

APPENDIX C 51

One deed bounds the land of the Higher Wigwams easterly on the river.
The wigwams were probably on the 60 foot level as drawn on Map R. The
name seems to have become obsolete In the eighteenth century.
HILL. The elevations of land in that part of England from which the Puritans
came are so few and low that the fathers were inclined to magnify such as
they found here. The WUbraham hills became mountains and the sand
ridges which stretched north and south were hills. So was the Chestnut-
Maple street terrace. The ridge running through some of the homelots,
perhaps three or four feet high, is yet discernible at Holyoke, Auburn, Bliss
and Howard Streets. It was voted to build the second meeting house of the
First Church "on the hill", a short distance west of the first one, and when
the work was begun the "hill" was removed. 2 B 126, 130, 446; D 171. It
supplies, however, the elevation of the Court house as seen from State
street.
HILL, THE. In Springfield "the hill" is and has been a term designating
that part of the 200 foot level bounded north by the edge of the valley of
Garden brook, west by the brow of the Great Hill, {q. v.) south by the section
known as the Watershops and running for an indefinite distance east, as far,
at least as the valley of Stone pit brook. It includes the McKnight District
and Armory Hill. More specifically, to those living on the HiU at no great
distance from the U. S. Armory, going "up on the HiU" or "over on the
HiU", means going to the commercial center at the junction of State and
Walnut streets. Barber's Historical Collections for Mass. p. 294.
HILLS RUNS, THE. West Springfield. The land under and on the Great
HIU. I 253.
HOG HILL. Chicopee and Springfield. A spur of the Great hill at
the town line. Map G.
HOGPEN DINGLE. HOGPEN DINGLE BROOK. DINGLE BROOK.
Some part of the valley of the brook of that name Is marked on Map D.
The stream is enlarged in Chicopee Into Crystal lake and under the name of
Bemis brook enters the Chicopee river at the electric light works northeast
of Fairvlew Cemetery. It is not the Bemis brook of Map O. which is really
Ely's brook. Perhaps the hogpen was for general use in collecting and
serving the hogs that roamed the woods east of the Town Plat. It was ex
tinct before 1663. I B 59, 312; 2B257; D389. E 167. History of Spring
field for the Young p. 43.
HOGSTYE SWAMP. Holyoke or West Springfield. Near Riley's
brook; north from the foot of Brush Hill. H 483; 3 I C 43.
HOLYOKE. Named from Elizur Holyoke. For a lay out "of proprieties"
see 2 B 191. The Pynchon spelling in early deeds indicates a word of three
syllables.HOMESTEAD MEADOWS. Equivalent to the Wet Meadow. C 359.

52 APPENDIX C

HORSE BURYING GROUND. Several tracts of land In Springfield have
been known by this name. One of these was on Armory street a short dis
tance north of Worthlngton street on land belonging to Horace Phelps,
popularly known as "Old Cockeye", whose grandson, \MUiam Barnes, was
the first Insurance commissioner of the State of New York. Another locality
was on the north side of Carew street at the point which is indicated by the
lower side of the compass mark on Map W pi. l8. In the middle of the nine
teenth century the land shown on Map G as that of Primus Mason, a negro,
was known by this name and In fact he may be said to have been the pro
prietor, netting some pecuniary profit from the fact. His thrift as an owner
and purveyer for various wants enabled him to found with his accumula
tions the Springfield Home for Aged Men, in accordance with a matured
plan expressed in his will. His last residence on the southeast corner of
State and Chapin (now Mason) streets is sketched on Map P. An excellent
portrait In oil maybe seen in the Home, the excellent work of Wm. R. Whit-
more, from a photograph taken after death. See First Report of the Spring
field Home for Aged Men. "Primus," as he was called, was a portly, fine
looking man and generally liked.
HORSE FERRY. Holyoke. Map D.
HORSE HOUSE. The horseshed accommodating the First Church. 2 B 446.
HOUSE MEADOW. HOUSE MEADOW HILL. Agawam. It was here
that Cable and Woodcock by Pynchon's authority erected the first house of
the proposed settlement in 1635 and, as Holyoke says, here they "kept their
residence" during the summer. By reason of Information from the Indians
that the meadows were overflowed in the spring, the settlement was finally
located on the east side of the river. It Is possible that an Agawam tradition
Is correct that the house stood on the projecting portion of the bluff opposite
the meadow called afterwards House Meadow HIU, for Holyoke's language
is not entirely conclusive whether It was on the meadow or the hill. The
meadow Itself is not now capable of exact definition, due In part to the fre
quent changes in the channel of the Agawam; but it may be said that the
spot marked on Map T as In the ownership of Leonard Clark was within Its
limits. Holyoke's note to the Indian deed; I B 231, 233, 277; D 638; E
331; K 191; 3 I C 61. Wright's Maps; Ex. rel. James W. Moore, C. E.
of Agawam. For further locating see Crook and Noddle.
HUCKLEBERRY HILL. HUCKBERRY PLAIN. West Springfield or
Holyoke. From the holdings of the Ashleys and Baggs thereabouts It was ap
parently In the easterly part of the town. See Whortleberry HIU. 2 I C 13, 306.
HUGHES POND. This name has been applied in the nineteenth century
to the western of the two Five Mile ponds.
IXDIAN FIELDS. Agawam. The site of the Indian planting grounds at
the mouth of the Agawam river. A 52; A B 10.
IXDIAN LEAP. Ludlow. A precipitous rock by the Chicopee river below
Wallamanumps falls at the point where the stream is crossed by the Athol
railroad. HoUand's West. Mass. Vol. 2 p. 84. Noon's Ludlow p. 20.

APPENDIX C 53

INDIAN ORCHARD. In the absence of evidence as to the meaning it
may be left to conjecture. Indians and whites communicated to each other
various agricultural usages. The locality would be of interest to the Indians
as a fishing ground. The departure of the Indians left it solitary. A farm
stead is Indicated on Map E. The new settlement first appears on Map I.
In 2 B 240 (1671) there Is a mysterious allusion to "the Hatwes" In a grant
In this locality but neither Mr. Wright nor myself are able to explain it. It
might refer to Indians dwelling there, for the condition of the grant Is in the
language commonly used in the grants when the Indians were to be bought
off. Whatever in the future may be the civic pride of the dwellers in Indian
Orchard it Is hoped that their local name wUl be retained. In November
1877 the name became all at once well known and famous from an ecclesiasti
cal council held here which marked an epoch in New England theology, for
which see the Springfield papers for Nov. 8, 1877. Holland's West. Mass.
Vol. 2 p. 84; Maps C D E G. See also Pool brook.
IXDIAX ROCK. Wilbraham. See Peck's Wllbraham p. 21.
IXDL\X SPRING. East Longmeadow. East of the Salisbury quarry
about a mile from the village.
INGERSOLL DITCH. Near the corner of Bay and Bowdoin streets. 2
LG 474-
IXGERSOLL'S GROVE. The modern street drops the possessive. Major
Edward IngersoU, of sainted memory, descended from an old settler (see
Florida) was storekeeper and paymaster of the U. S. Armory 1841-1882 and
resided south of the present arsenal. He had a farmstead as shown on Map H,
which was later extended west to Florida street and which was watered and
made capable of picturesque effects by a small tributary of Garden brook.
He built a summer house, yet standing, on the west side of the little valley,
now caUed McKnight glen, and. In the meadow below, to the north east,
another over a mineral spring. On the plain above were scattered yellow
pines, the whole a pleasant resort and used more or less by the public. Per
haps the last event of a festive kind was the lawn party of Christ Church
given here June 13, 1879. Soon after this the estate was sold for development
but IngersoU Grove (as a street) with some of Its many trees In private
grounds, and McKnight Glen remain to commemorate the days of old. The
springhead of the brook is in the bank of McKnight Glen and until the spring
was closed about ten years ago by the Board of Health, because of typhoid
fever traced to It, the water was peddled for sale. See Franklin Square. For
Major IngersoU see Springfield Union March 20, 1886.
IRELAND. IRELAND PARISH. West Springfield. The name,
Ireland, was first applied to the region in the vicinity of Riley's brook occu
pied by John Riley, the first Irishman, and his descendants; and then,
widening its meaning, the present limits of Holyoke became known as Ireland
parish in West Springfield. Ireland was "the land of the Elys and Mc-
Cranneys, both associated with the Rileys in marriage". 2 B 441, 450.
E 374; G 222; K 71; 2 IC 13; Map D. Papers and Proceedings of the

54 APPENDIX C

Connecticut Valley Historical Society Vol. 2 p. 175. Springfield Gazette
Feb. 15, 1843. p. 3. col. 4.
ISLAND POND. Between Watershops Pond and Allen Street. The island
formerly moved by the force of the wind and perhaps now is not firmly
anchored. K 655, 666. Maps D I. With dark woods around the shore and
watersnakes in the pond it was an uncanny place In my boyhood. The woods
are gone and the lupine now lines Its shores in May; but the watersnakes
remain. 2 I C123. To the west lies Island Pond HIU. 2 I C 123 ; 3 I C 290,
291. Map K etc.
JEFFERSON PEAK. Ludlow. See Noon's Ludlow p. 43.
JENKSVILLE. Ludlow. The hamlet near the quondam Putts Bridge
now called Ludlow. Maps C N. Holland's Western Mass. Vol. 2 p. 88.
Noon's Ludlow p 210, 326: See 2 L G 480.
JONES FERRY. Chicopee. It was at the foot of the present McKinstry

JOHNNYCAKE HOLLOW. Chicopee. At present there are two houses
here, one very old, in which, as Hiram Munger (born 1806) informed Judge
Luther White, the first Methodist meetings in Chicopee were held. The name
is thought to denote the poverty of the inhabitants, who of late years have
been noted for airing their neighborhood differences in the Police Court.
For Hiram Munger see his "Life and Religious Experiences: Chicopee
Falls, 1856". Map I.
JUG ROAD. West Springfield. The old road from Morley's bridge to
Little River, Westfield, passing along the slope of the trap range on the
south bank of the Westfield River was for a part of the way a dug road,
excavated In the bank. The considerable sales of liquors from King's Tavern
to Westfield people who travelled this highway gave it the name of "Jug
Road". £a;. r^/. James W. Moore.
JUDE'S NECK. West Springfield. Same as the neck of Ashkanunksuck.
After Jude Ludlngton. Early nineteenth century. Map D.
KEEP'S GUTTER. East Longmeadow. 3 I C 6; 2 L G. 395. For the
Keep family catastrophe see Holland's West. Mass. Vol. i p. 107.
KIBBE'S HOLLOW. The upper, steepsided vaUey of a nameless tributary
of Garden Brook. Some portion of the streamhead Is in the north east corner
of the Armory grounds. The place in my boyhood was marked by clay and
cattails. The brook, shown only on Map H, now covered, heads at 46
Federal Street and flowing to the rear of 8u Worthlngton Street passes
through Sackett Ave. and enters the Garden brook sewer. The name belongs
to the mid-nineteenth century. The land was then owned by Horace Kibbe,
the candy manufacturer. Map P. See Bliss' Hollow.

APPENDIX C 55

KILBURN'S BRIDGE. Wilbraham. At Worlds End. See Peck's
Wilbraham p. 75.
KINGSFIELD. KINGSTOWN. See Elbows.
KNOX'S POND. In the latter half of the nineteenth century one of the
prettiest pieces of landscape in Springfield was the deep lying meadow south
of Pine Street In which Samuel W. Knox had made at the bottom of the
depression and at the headwaters of a brook, a small pond containing an
island with trees. Mr. Knox resided in the Ames mansion opposite and at
one time was in Congress from Missouri. He died In Blandford, his native
place. Maps K P.
LADDER SWAMP. East Longmeadow. The headwaters of the South
Branch near Great Wachogue and south of the Springfield-Hampden road;
not obsolete; 2 I C 244, 268. 2 L G 354.
LEDGES, THE. West Springfield. An outcrop of sandstone. Map S.
LIBERTY SQUARE. Same as Franklin Square. Map K.
LITTLE COVE. See Great Cove.
LITTLE HILL. Same as Brewer's HiU. Reg. Deeds, bk. 63 p. 232.
LILLY POND. At Sixteen Acres. Maps G I. The original and proper
name is Venturer's Pond or Venture Pond. (q. v.)
LITTLE PLAIN, THE. Agawam. D 178.
LISWELL HILL. Agawam. The elevation 340 feet above sea level between
East and West (formerly Front and Back) streets of Feeding Hills. The
last Liswell died about 1850 and the name is obsolete. This and Mount
Pisgah are par excellence "the Feeding Hills". Maps N T.
LOG BRIDGE. Agawam. A bridge in the north west part of the town which
spanned the brook crossing the old road from Hartford to Northampton
over Morley's bridge. The road, now discontinued, lay between the present
north-south roads but the name still adhered to the bridge of the easterly
of the two roads untU its replacement in 1912 by a bridge of cement. I B
316; 2 B 109. Map A. See Block bridge, which Is an alternative name for
this bridge In B 58.
LOG PATH, THE. The embryonic State street as It crossed the log-made
Causey and extended east through the wood and timber regions, between
the Woodlots, across the Bay road and to or beyond the Stone Pit and into
the swamps whence came canoe timber. It was the western terminus of the
later Boston road. 2 B 284.
LOMBARD RESERVOIR. Map P.

56 APPENDIX C

LOXG DIXGLE. The valley of the Meadow road In Forest Park. There
is a nameless dingle south of the playground and marked Deer Preserve in
the report of the Park Commissioners for 1905, in which, as Daniel J. Marsh
one of the Commissioners (born 1837) Informs me, he once saw Daniel Webster
and George Ashmun hunting woodcock. 2 B 314; B 235, 287. For "the
homeslde" of Long Dingle see C. 429.
LOXG HILL. That part of the Great HUl which is In the vicinity of the
site of the Indian Fort. I B 240, 360; 2 B 314; Reg. Deeds bk. 140 p. 413.
LONG HOLLOW. Chicopee. (?) 2 I C 286.
LONGLANDS, THE. West Springfield. Plowlands north of the Agawam.
C5I9.LONGMEADOW. See Massacksick.
LONGMEADOW BRIDGE. In 1665 it was voted that the foundation
should be of stone, i B 252, 326; 2 B 86.
LONGMEADOW BROOK. For a change of course see K 818 and Map A
compared with later maps.
LONGMEADOW FIELD. The enclosed part of Massacksick, or the long
meadow. G 526; H 29; I 623.
LONGMEADOW GATE. The gate at the north end of Massacksick near
Cooley brook whence the road ran along the river to the south part of the
meadow where also was a gate. Benj. Cooley was gatekeeper and lived
nearby, i B 288, 425. The Fields at Nayasset and on the west side of the
river were fenced, i B 230, 296; 2 B 109. See Plain Gate and Pent Road.
LOXG POND. Indian Orchard. Maps B C E; omitted on A. Some
times now called Sullivan's Pond. In the late fall of 1914, after a dry season,
and with no water in the northern half of the old pond, the peat-grown
vegetation of that half had almost the look and beauty of Scotch heather.
A good delineation, even as now appearing, may be found on Map K.
LOON BROOK. Poor Brook thus marked on Map A Is probably an error.
LOON POXD. A pretty sheet of water so clear and deep as more to be
sought by loon than geese. In some old deeds it Is called, apparently with
out reason, Walloon Pond. 3 I C 83. Map B etc. For loons locally see
Morris and Colburn's "Birds of Springfield and Vicinity".
LOVERS GROVE. On Round Hill and extending northwards to the foot
of the present Sheldon street. Maps C D E.
LOWER FALLS. In the Connecticut. Map D.
MAGAZINE, THE. 2 L G 365, 474.

APPENDIX C 57

MANCHONIS. MASSACONIS. Wilbraham; possibly also Hampden,
but north of the Scantuck region. The spelling is various In the old records : —
Manchonis, Machonis, Massaconus, Monchonis. A locality at Nine Mile
Pond and the neighboring cedar swamps, which gave its name to the moun
tains, as In the phrase "Manchconis Mountains". A pondy and swampy
region would present to the Indians the character of a stronghold, which is
perhaps the meaning of the word. 2 B 114, 202, 231, 245, 259, 271. Map O.
For swamps as a stronghold for Indians see Major Pynchon's letter to Gov.
Leverett; also iB 132. In 1691 "the walk of the cows" was toward or beyond
Manchonis mountains. 2 B 202.
MANCHONIS POND. Wilbraham. Nine Mile Pond, i IC 4.
MARKHAM'S BUTTERY. Chicopee or Hadley. On the river road from
Chicopee street to Hadley and near the boundary line. The name survives
in Buttery brook in South Hadley. 2 B 181, 317.
MARKH.\M HILL. See Necessity Hill.
MARTHA'S DINGLE. See Thompson's dingle. 2 LG 405.
MASSACKSICK. Longmeadow. The plain or meadow of the lower level
which was the site of the earlier settlement.
MAUNCHAUGSICK. In the valley of the Westfield river either In West-
field or near Paucatuck in West Springfield. The word occurs In the un
recorded deed of Paupsunnuck to John Pynchon, and, I believe. In a re
corded deed, the reference to which is mislaid.
McCRAY'S CORNER. Hampden. An old tavern stand on the left at a
turn of the road under the mountain from Wilbraham to Hampden village
as one enters the Scantic valley. The tavern was kept by Col. John McCray
in the early nineteenth century. Obsolescent. Map A.
McKNIGHT DISTRICT. The region north of State and east of Thompson
streets and extending east to the tracts of the N. Y. N. H. & H. R. R. and
north to the brow of the hill overlooking the valley of Garden brook. This
tract was opened to residence by the brothers McKnight to whose enterprise
and taste the city Is much indebted. "Dorchester Rest", facing Dorchester
street, is the location of "McKnIght's Shop", (so on the sign) and upon the
removal of the shop to Fort Pleasant Avenue the site was presented to the
city. John D. McKnight was born in Truxtom, N. Y. Jan. 28, 1834 and
WiUiam H. McKnight in the same place, July 6, 1836. They died In 1890
and 1903 respectively.
MEADOW BROOK. Same as Crowfoot brook. K 438.
MEADOW HILL. West Springfield. In Agawam meadows near Middle
Meadow Pond. Reg. Deeds bk. 30 p. 215.

58 APPENDIX C

MEADOWS, THE. West Springfield. The lowland between the Agawam
and the dike, formerly called the Great Bottom. The latter name, with the
advent of a new bridge, bids fair to become as extinct as the fort and then will
disappear the fair view of "sweet fields beyond the sweUing flood", which
presented itself to the eyes of the early settlers and the generations following.
The name now is also applied to the Plainfield and the plain of Chicopee
street.
MEDNEGONUCK. See MIttlneague.
MEDNEGONUCK SWAMP. West Springfield. Between Ashley and
Silver streets. C I. See MIttlneague.
MEETING HOUSE HILL. West Springfield. The present site of the
now disused meeting house on Riverdale street. Bagg's West Springfield
P- 135-
MEETING HOUSE LANE. Wilbraham. The way laid out in 1749 to
the site of the old meeting house. Peck's Wllbraham p. 61.
MEMACHOGUE. A locality in the valley of the Chicopee above Skipmuck.
Probably the same as Minnechoag. 2 B 280.
MERRICK'S FOLLY. South of the Bay road. 2 IC 239. Perhaps the
swamp on Stone Pit brook below Dirty Gutter. 2 IC 106, 239.
METHODIST BURYING GROUND. The northwest part of the Spring
field cemetery. From the part later opened by the Influence of Rev. Wm.
B. O. Peabody it Is divided by the edge of the hill overlooking the valley.
This ground was first laid out In connection with the Methodist church,
on the corner of Union and Mulberry streets, which was afterward replaced
by an edifice on the corner of State and Myrtle streets. Upon the sale of the
latter the organization and one other were combined in the present Wesley
Church. The deeds were not only of the right of burial but of the fee simple.
Near the northeast gate is a stone commemorating the first interment,
December 1825; being a chUd of an early warden of Christ Church, Samuel
McNary. The odd inscription given In Poets and Poetry of Springfield p. 19
is 117 feet east from the Mulberry street fence and 17 feet south from the
north fence. Map H.
METHODIST MEETING HOUSE. This site is marked on Map C and
in the corner of the map is an undesignated and correct engraving of the
church edifice. In 1873 it was taken apart and reerected on Belchertown
green, unchanged in the exterior except some details of the tower. A single
foundation stone remains on the site, which is that of the author's residence.
MIDDLE MEADOW. Agawam. See Wright's Maps p. 4; i B 287; 2 B
240.
MIDDLE MEADOW POND. Agawam. AB 21; C107.

APPENDIX C 59

MILL BROOK. Agawam. Enters the Agawam west of the bridge. D. 377.
Joseph Leonard had a corn mill here. Ex. rel. James W. Moore. See
Pauhunganuck.MILL PLAIN. West Springfield. On the range about a mile south of
Bear Hole. For the mUls there see Bagg's West Springfield p. 120 and the
older maps. The mlUsaw referred to in Bagg's West Springfield is In posses
sion of the writer, by inheritance. 2 IC 250.
MILL RIVER. The stream at the South End that flows through Usqualok.
The grist and saw mills are mentioned continually in the early records. For
the foot bridge and cartway see i B 276; 2 B 109. For a mill and faUs in
the nineteenth century see Chapin's Old Inhabitants p. 65. A drawing of
the bridge at the foot of Blake's hlU (Belmont Ave.) made by R. M. Shurtliff
about i860 Is in the possession of the Conn. Valley Hist. Soe.
MINNECHOAG. Ludlow. The Wilbraham range north of and near the
Chicopee river. Stebbins' Wllbraham p. 19; 2 B 280; 2 LG 363.
MITTIXEAGUE. West Springfield. Corrupted from an Indian original
which is usually written Mednegonuck but appears as Metenaganuck in
I 575, where it refers to the lowland on the south side of the Agawam opposite
the present village of MIttlneague and perhaps this is the original form of
the word. "Medaneag" occurs in 2 I C 28. This designation seems to have
been used for the lowlands on both sides of the river. The syllables "ganuck"
are found in Schonunganuck, Pauhunganuck, Ashkanunksuck, and also
in Cappawonganuck, a locality near Nolwottuck (A 6) 2 B 251, 283; 2 I C
206, 293 ; 2 LG 466. See Mednegonuck Swamp.
MITTINEAGUE FALLS. Map D. See p. 87.
MOHEAGUE PATH. Is the Mohegan traU. A 107; C 171. Wright's
Maps. See Pequit Path.
MONEY HOLE. Holyoke. In the Connecticut at the island above the
Lower Falls. Money Hole HIU is the scarp between Hampden and Lincoln
streets. 2 IC 40; 3 IC 9. Map D. Some maps show a water pocket here.
MORLEY'S BRIDGE. West Springfield. It spanned the Westfield
river where the stream was crossed at Paucatuck Falls by the road from
Hartford to Northampton which In Agawam made "the back street," now
West street of Feeding HIUs. (See Block Bridge in Agawam). Below the
bridge was a ford through which the writer passed about i860 when the
bridge was undergoing repairs. The bridge was often damaged in the spring
floods which fertUIzed the meadows of Paucatuck and was so thoroughly
washed away and sent down stream In the great storm of Dec. 10, 1878 that
no vestige was ever found. The importance of the highway having been
diminished by railroads, the bridge was not rebuilt. Col. Morley's house
was near the south end of the bridge. King's tavern was on the other side
but just west of the Westfield — West Springfield town line; so placed, it

60 APPENDIX C

was claimed in the latter town, in order that Westfield might get the revenue
from the license. The disuse of the stage line to Albany was the ruin of the
tavern stand. The bridge was chartered in 1803 to replace the ford.
MOUNTAINS, THE. THE MOUNTAIN PARISH. A name of the pres
ent Wllbraham and Hampden when a precinct of Springfield. See Peck's
Wllbraham pp. 30, 34, 73. See also Springfield Mountains.
MOUNT ORTHODOX. West Springfield. The spur of the Great HIU
at the head of Elm street on which stands the "White Church" so called,
now disused for church purposes.
MOUXT PISGAH. Agawam. At the elevation 300 feet above sea level
between the East and West streets of Feeding HIUs at the Hinsdale Smith
tobacco farm. It occurs in deeds of the early nineteenth century but is
now obsolete. Maps T Y.
MOUNT VISION. Hampden. Map X.
MUDDY BROOK. Agawam. The western branch of Stoney River.
{q. V.) 2 B 258, 308. In AB 127 Saw Mill brook Is equivalent.
MUXY MEADOW. MUCKSEY MEADOW. This is a general term, now
obsolete, and was applied to any wet or dirty meadow. See Oxford Diet.
Specific instances are the meadow on the present location of Lyman and
Taylor streets, i B 264; a meadow near Round HUl, K 549; the pondy land
In Longmeadow at Massacksic, I B 297; H 523, I 346; meadow land north
of the Agawam bridge in West Springfield, i B 346, 373, 2 B 93; the site of
Ramapogue; land In Agawam, 2 B 258, 325. Hassocky Marsh was a
Muxy Meadow, i B 24.
MUXY MEADOW BRIDGE. Longmeadow. I B 297; 2 B 294.
NAYAS, XAYASSET. The plain land north of the Town Plat extending
from Round Hill to Rockrimmon or thereabouts and in West Springfield at
AshleyvIUe or Chicopee Plain. "Nayas" is equivalent to "Naiag", a point,
and the suffix "et" is merely a locative. Whether the point intended Is a
curve of the river, or on the Springfield side is equivalent to Crooked Point
In the plain Is not determinable by record. The bend in the river is rather
too large and sweeping to attract notice as a point; yet places on a river
would be more likely to furnish Indian names than those In a plain. At the
mouth of the Chicopee, at its union with the Connecticut is or was a point
and perhaps we can here find the origin of this name. See Holyoke's Note
to the original Indian deed; the same in i B 19; 156, 163, 369. Map C.
Also the old Dutch Map in Wright's Maps and, for the configuration at the
mouth of the Chicopee, various later maps.
NECESSITY. Certain land at this locality was described in 1708 as being
above the Sixteen Acres saw mill and bounded westerly by the sawmill land

APPENDIX C 61

and on all other sides by the commons. (C 591). It thus lay on the rim of
the settlement and to the south of World's End. These whimsical names
betray a sense of humor we do not always attribute to the Puritans or other
early settlers. Similar Instances are Markham's Buttery, Peggy's Dipping
Hole, Presumption, Nonsuch Meadow, Skunks Misery, Johnnycake Hollow;
also, in Enfield, Coronation Brook, C 520; in South Hadley, Grace Hollow
(G 505); In Northampton, Hog's Bladder Meadow, (C 336); In Westfield,
Poverty Plain; Battle Street, in Somers; Feather Street in Suffield. South
of Necessity lies Necessity Hill (2 IC 302, 3 IC 269, 2 LG 354, 405.) on the
westerly slope of which the traveller crosses the Springfield-Hampden bound
ary line. This elevation, which contains the highest land in Springfield, has
of late been called Markham HIU and the original name is obsolete. Map I
shows a house at the four corners within Longmeadow marked W. HIgley.
Some years ago the owner of this estate, perferring urban life, picked up
house and barn and removed across the road to Springfield. Washington
gave the name Necessity to a fort in Pennsylvania because, says Irving, of
the pinching famine which prevailed during its construction.
NECESSITY. East Longmeadow or Longmeadow. A locality of this
name, near Enfield bounds Is mentioned in I 619. Possibly the locality was
continuous with the above.
NECK. West Springfield. "The Neck" was. It would appear, a rude
triangle which had the Connecticut for one of its sides and the Agawam, in
its old bed, north of the present outlet, for another, while certainly there
was an east boundary on the Connecticut. B 416 shows a west boundary
on the Agawam. It lay in the Great Bottom. A 44, no; A B 143, 247.
But see C 636. Map D etc. Wright's Maps; especially the map of the
Agawam In 1803. See Jude's Neck.
The neck at lower Chicopee was known as Wright's Neck. C 168. For
the lower neck at Sklpmaug see A B 161.
NETTLETON'S POND. Made by damming Garden Brook at Spring Street.
Maps HK.
NEW BAY ROAD. The Boston Road, which has been 111 named Berkshire
St. In 1827 It had so far eclipsed the old Bay Road that the latter dis
appeared from Map C. "Old Bay Road" used in contrast survived the 6o's
but is probably now extinct. 2 I C 61.
NEW BOSTON. West Springfield. At the west end of Park Street.
Here was the earliest station of the railroad from Boston to Albany, thus
placing the town in seemingly more direct connection with the capitol. The
name was probably humorous at first but is now obsolescent.
NEWBURY DITCH. Lieut. Roger Newbury established certain lines of the
inward and outward commons on the east and the ditches making the Une
received his name. Reg. of Deeds bk. 129 p. 125; 3 I C 57. Peck's Wllbraham
p. 17; Stebbins' Wllbraham p. 198.

62 APPENDIX C

NEWFIELD. Fields newly laid out for several owners received this name.
For Agawam see 2 B 266-7; C 274; D 179; For West Springfield see D 333;
H 364; for Springfield see C 221; for Oldfield in Agawam, C 340.
NIGGER POND. Agawam. Near the road from Agawam bridge to Feed
ing Hills, a mile from the bridge, on the land of Charles H. Churchill. Its
level changing with the seasons is the index of the level of the water in the
wells of Feeding Hills. Ex. rel, James W. Moore. Map Y.
NINE MILE POND. Wilbraham. The scene of a sad catastrophe of
which an account may be found In Stebbins' Wilbraham p. 167 and In Peck's
Wilbraham p. 170. For the drainage ditch dug for the purpose of recovering
the bodies of the drowned see Eight Mile Gutter 2 B 270. Even the later
maps show this pond as one of the sources of the north branch of Mill
River but this Is no longer true. The ditch and the draining of Cedar
Swamp (Map I) about 1890 have made essential changes.
NODDLE. NODDLE ISLAND. Agawam. Evidently named from its
resemblance to a noddle or pate. By reference to the map of the Agawam
river, 1803, in Wright's maps it is seen to be separated from the Neck {q. v.)
by the river channel. A subsequent shortening of the river's course has made
the Noddle an island. Reg. of Deeds, book 53 p. 682; book 374 p. 792.
Noddle Island in Boston harbor is otherwise conjecturally explained in the
Memorial History of Boston, but apparently not with satisfactory proof.
NONESUCH. NONSUCH MEADOW. West Springfield. It is the
fringe of meadow surrounding the swamp that forms the headwaters of
Block Brook. Map I. The old pond bottom is marked "Peat Bed" on
Map N. and In B 84 the pond is mentioned as being above the meadow. 2 B
291; B 221-2; D 185. Talcott A. Rogers, octogenarian, considers the name
as ironical, and so good a farmer ought to know.
NORTH BRANCH, THE. The north branch of Mill river. See Nine Mile
Pond.
NORTH END BROOK. See End Brook. Maps D E.
NORTHAMPTON LANDING PLACE. Holyoke. Near the Northamp
ton line. 2 IC 151, 260; 3 IC 281.
OAK SWAMP. Chicopee. 3 I C 291-2.
OBLONG, THE. Wilbraham. See Peck's Wllbraham p. 95.
OLD BRICK KILN. In the bluff north of Round HiU. 2 B 268.
OLDFIELD. According to James W. Moore, the word, used of locallries
in Agawam and elsewhere, is applied to land that had been cultivated by
the Indians. It occurs In ancient deeds. See Newfield.
ONKAMORE MEADOW. Agawam. Formeriy the property of Sandy
Onkamore, an Indian. It Ues to the north part of Agawam over against the

APPENDIX C 63

MIttlneague dam and Ashkanunksuck. Ex. rel. James W. Moore. There
is an Onkamore Club in Feeding HIUs.
OUTING PARK. Land between Main and Maple streets marked "Edward
Cooley" on Map W which In 1887 was leased for five years to the Young
Men's Christian Association for a recreation center. The word "outing"
was then becoming popular. The land was sold for development in 191 3, and
the name after 25 years use Is obsolescent.
OVERPLUS LAND. Wilbraham. See Commons and Peck's WUbraham.
PACONEMISK. Chicopee. An unascertained locality between Chicopee
river and WlUIamansett brook. Deed of Nippumsuit and others to WUliam
Pynchon; facsimile In the Springfield City Library.
PARSONS' DAM. On Boston road at Stone Pit brook. 2B314; 2IC61.
Map A.
PASCO ROAD. Runs north from Loon pond. Members of the Pasco family
lived in the eighteenth century and later In Enfield and Ludlow and Stafford
and are still found in East Longmeadow. For "Pasco's Old House" see
Map C and 2 LG 395. See also Peck's WUbraham p. 144.
PASTURES, THE. Land on the Connecticut below Mill river and north
of Pacowsic. I 16, 146, 352. In Longmeadow; I 352.
PATH. An Imperfect road or trail, as Bay path, Moheague path, Pequit
path, Longmeadow path, MUl River path, Little Wachogue path. The
word Is used for the Boston road as late as 1771. I B 188; 2 B 213, 306, 312,
505. See Footpath. Cartpath occurs often and In 2 LG 456 land Is bounded
on a cowpath. The path and way to Woronoake formerly went south of the
present highway and near Barbers Swamp In Ashkanunksuck neck.
PATUCKET. The Great Falls at Holyoke. i B 156. The word seems to
mean "at the faUs" as being composed of the word meaning "falls" and the
locative "et".
PAUCATUCK. \\'est Springfield. Thus the Indians called the intervale
on the north side of the left bank of the Westfield or Woronoco river between
the trap ridge dividing West Springfield from Westfield and the lower
ridge of trap to the east. The northern boundry would be the old Albany
stage road circling round the meadow. For the meaning of the word consult
Trumbull's Indian Names of Places in Connecticut and Handbook of the
American Indians, published by the Smithsonian Insritution. TrumbuU,
an exceUent authority, refers the suffix "tuck" to the rise and fall of a tidal
river but this even in his own list does not seem universal. Possibly in this
case It has to do with the rising and falling of the river in the spring and fall.
These freshets (See Moriey's Bridge) so fertilized the land formerly that
three crops of hay could be cut in a season. "Pauqua" means clear, open
and may denote the fact that here the river opens out Into a clear space after

64 APPENDIX C

passing through the narrows at Paucatuck Falls, falls but more likely to the
transparent shallow water of the river itself.
The first settler in Paucatuck was the writer's ancestor, Benjamin
Smith; see Bagg's West Springfield p. 120. On the easterly ridge are the
sightly grounds of the Paucatuck Cemetery Association. The name Wood-
lawn for the intervale is a recent and wretched sentimentalism. In 2 B 491
Paucatuck as a school district Included Tattom. Paucatuck is extended too
far eastward on Map D. i B 277, 311, 403; 2 B 480; C627; I 92.
PAUCATUCK BROOK. West Springfield. Enters the Westfield at
Paucatuck. Black brook of Map Q is an error traceable to Map I in which
Paucatuck brook Is misnamed Block Brook. At the headwaters of Pauca
tuck Brook a cornmill and ironworks are noted on Map A and hydraulic
cement works on Map D. The flow has been diminished by the Holyoke
water system. Benjamin Smith settled by this brook about 1688. His
house, the first between Westfield and West Springfield, was traditionally
called a fort; its site was near that of the present house of Ethan SIkes.
2 B 290, 296. In connection with the latter grant see Bagg's West Spring
field p. 120, 121; C 248, 354.
PAUCATUCK FALLS. The rapids above Paucatuck. In 1793 there were
brick kUns there. D. 16; Co. Ct. Rec. 199.
PAUCATUCK MOUNTAIN. PAUCATUCK HILL. The range of trap
west of Paucatuck. It is the southern limit of the Mt. Tom rattlesnake.
2 IC 180.
PAUHUNGANUCK. Agawam. The name of a brook mentioned only in
an Indian deed recorded In A-B 21 and printed in Wright's Indian Deeds.
There are two brooks of considerable size entering the Agawam near the
Springfield bridge, one on its west, the other on its east side. One of these
is Pauhunganuck, but which it is Impossible to say, even with such a key as
might be supplied by the suffix, "ganuck", possibly a bend, or according to
Trumbull "within the bend" for both brooks enter the Agawam at the same
bend of that river. Both streams have substantially the same source, the
swampy land at the foot of the 200 foot level west of South street and the
upper waters of both go bending round before making for the Agawam.
A view from the plain looking southerly upon Wequashausick Indicates that
In order to Include all the good land the line of the Indian deed should follow
the westerly brook. Not without some doubt I Incline to the opinion that
Pauhunganuck is the westerly stream. I do not adopt the theory that
postulates a mUl upon the stream. See Wright's Indian Deeds p. 64. That
there was, however, a mUl, see Mill brook.
PECOWSIC. PACOWSICK. PECOWSUCK. PACOWSAUK; etc.
Springfield and East Longmeadow. According to Trumbull the suffix
"sauk" or "sic" refers to an outlet of water. If the name Is the same as
Trumbull's "Paugusset" It means "a place where the narrows open out",
a proper description of the lower part of Forest Park, which sdll bears the
name Pecowsic. Pecowsic Is the scene of the Indian attack on the Keep

APPENDIX C 65

family. I B 220, 226, 228, 263, 348; AB 21, 116; 3 IC 288. For Pecousic
path, 3 LG 391. Pecowsic hill is at or near the Barney mansion. 2 LG 432.
The later spelling of the second syllable tends to corrupt the pronunciation.
PECOWSIC, TOWN OF. An eariy designation of East Longmeadow.
Near the village are the headwaters of the brook of this name. 2 IC 263 etc.
See I B 230.
PEGGY'S DIPPING HOLE. DIPPING HOLE ROAD. According to
the Oxford Diet, a dipping hole Is a spring from which to dip water and Is
the equivalent of diphole. The tradition Is, as told by Stebbins in his Hist.
of Wllbraham, p. 280, that a certain Peggy, going horseback from some part
of that town to Springfield here fell off and got a wetting. The spot is located
where the Dipping Hole road, running east from the Parker street school-
house, was crossed by a brook entering the North Branch at its northerly
bend. The course of the brook Is plain but In October 1913 it was dry.
Map C. See also Peck's Wilbraham p. 32, 36.
PENT ROAD. Agawam. The closed road shown on Map D. as extending
from Halfway Hill westward across Deep Gutter brook and now disused
except as it forms a part of Rowley street. Reliable tradition in Feeding Hills
has It that through this road passed cannon and munitions to Gen. Gates in
1777. See also Map Q. Holyoke. Another on the same map near Ashley's
Pond.
West Springfield. The lower road through Paucatuck to Paucatuck Falls
was at first closed by gates, for the protection of the meadow. Co. Ct. Rec.
199, 200. There was another laid out in Longmeadow. 2 L G 355. Pent
roads were also called close roads.
PEQUIT PATH. The Indian trail from the fort on Fort HIU or Long HIU
to the land of the Pequots or Mohegans. It crossed the Freshwater river
in Enfield near the lower fork. I B 3 12, 390, 403, 404; 2 B 238, 243. Wright's
maps. See Mohegan Path.
PIG ALLEY. A once popular name of Cross Street. The name became
obsolete with the change In the character of the street but Is not yet forgotten.
PIKLE. PICKLE. This word is property spelled "pightle" and means
a smaU piece of enclosed land. The only ones of which I find mention were in
the general fields of the west side. Henry Smith had a pickle in the Great
Bottom and John Dumbleton Is recorded as having a lot in the pickle. One
was In the General Field; another In Chicopee Field by the brook north of
the residence of Ethan Brooks and another In Agawam. 2 B 224; i B 258,
276; 2 B 47; A B 212; B 128, 146; D 222, 577; K 378, 590. Reg. Deeds
bk. 30 p. 215. For the objects of a pickle see I B 201.
PINE HALL. This was an opening made by cutting saw logs on the slope
of the lower Mill river valley, a region of which the slopes and heights were
covered with pines and are now intersected by Belmont and Euclid avenues
and Dickinson street. A sawmiU was there. In old Enghsh haU described

66 APPENDIX C

an opening in a wood. See Oxford Diet. In Farmlngton, Connecticut, there
is a locality at the bend of the river stUl known as "Crane HaU". The
universally correct spelling of this word In our records shows that It has no
connection with the word "haul". I B 269-70; AB 60; B 223. See Bark
HaU; Blake's Woods.
"Mid the echoing forest haUs
One great heart rejoices".
Aubrey De Vere.
PINE PLAIN. The plain of the high level formerly more than now given
over to a growth of yellow pine of low or moderate size and extending north
erly from the Chicopee wilderness through the wilderness between the Long-
meadows and beyond Into Connecticut in which state it is crossed by the
trolley line from Warehouse Point to Melrose. All the sand is the gift of
the Great glacier. Washington notes the plain in his Diary, i B 288, 349,
389; 2 B 297.
PINE SWAMPS, THE. A general term applicable to the swamps of the
Pine plain but in a single instance specifically referring to a locality near Main
street apparently in the vicinity of Bliss and Howard streets. I B 162.
PINE, THE GREAT. Indicated on Maps B C and parricularly described
by Heman Smith in King's Handbook of Springfield. For it Pine street was
named but that portion of the street was afterwards renamed in consequence
of the dislocation due to the layout of Walnut street. See Bay Road. In a
lodge in the branches of the great tree a neighborhood thief made his rendez
vous and when discovered fled to the woods between the Boston and Wilbra
ham roads whither he was pursued with guns and surrounded. Ex. rel.
James E. Russell (born 1821).
PIPER'S HOLE. PIPER. PIPER CITY. West Springfield. Mention
of Piper's Hole occurs In a deed of 1737 (I 759) and also In K 443. Usage
abbreviated the name to Piper. A brick dwelling house having been con
structed in the locality, the supposed ambition of the owner gave rise to the
name Piper City and also to the phrase Brick City. The locality Itself is
on the present Piper street at the golf Hnks of the Country Club and the
brick house appears on Map T as owned by Mrs. Chauncey White but has
since been destroyed by fire. Piper's Hole suggests Peggy's Dipping Hole
{q. V.) and, as at the latter place, a small stream crosses the highway. The
Pepper family have had holdings in this part of the town since 1645 but it
is impossible that there should be any connection between the two names.
The surname Piper is unknown to the records of deeds or of births, marriages
and deaths before 1800. The question might be asked what happened to
the piper on his way home from training day.
PIPER BROOK, West Springfield. Rises on the Bosworth farm In
Amostown and unites with Barker's brook.
PISSAK. Chicopee. This name, applied by the Indians to the meadows
and swamps south of the Chicopee river near Its mouth, occurs in the deed

APPENDIX C 67

of Nippumsuit and others to Wm. Pynchon of which a facsimile Is In the city
library of Springfield. Trumbull gives Pissak as "mire" I. e. a swamp.
PLAIN, THE. See Plainfield. E 98.
PLAIN BROOK. In maps A D E it would appear that the northerly of
the two water courses by which Garden brook reaches the river was known
by this name as It passes through the Plain field. See AB 195; also End
brook. PLAINFIELD. The plain called Nayas by the Indians. It is now traversed
by Plainfield street. It was also spoken of simply as "The Plain". l B 237;
2 B 269; AB 114. Maps C E. Used also for Chicopee Field; 2 B 451.
Plainfield street was the ancient road up the river. To the east the outlet
northerly was the present Carew street i. e. Skipmuck road. Henry B. Rice
(born 1 821) informs me that he saw the fence at the foot of Round HIU
demolished that opened the new road, now Main street; that one house had
to be removed and that the old road was scarcely more than a lane as, indeed,
indicated in the layout in 2 B 244.
PLAIN GATE. The gate near Round hill which admitted to the fenced
meadow of Plainfield. I B. 404; 2 B 68. See Longmeadow gate.
PLANTATION. The settlement even as late as 1699. 2 B 291.
PLANTATION BROOK. An early name for Paucatuck Brook, as appears
from I B 323, 341 correlated with knowledge existing in the writer's family.
PLUMTREE MEADOW. West Springfield. On Riley's brook. 2 B
306, 308.
PLUMTREES. PLUMTREE MEADOWS. PLUMTREE ROAD. Land
at Plumtrees Is described as being on the Sixteen Acre branch of Mill river.
E 267; K 800. An old resident of Plumtree road informs me that the Plum-
tree Meadows are those lying on the left bank of the South Branch coming
almost up to the road where It crosses the branch; that these meadows are
flooded in the spring; that in the eariy 6o's there were wild and fruitbearing
plumtrees on the east side of the road. Ex. rel. James O. Wright. 2 IC 285.
"Plumtree road" as a name. Is apparently later than 1742. On one map It
begins as far west as Orange Street.
POKEHAM. Formerly applied either in humor or derision to the South
Parish of Wilbraham, which Is now Hampden. "Poke" Is the plant "ever
lasting", the tobacco of the Indians, and possibly one may Infer on the part
of the settlers in the North Parish a desire to poke fun at their neighbors
living on a less productive soil. By tradition through Epaphro A. Day of
Hampden (born 1833) the name is traceable as far back as the Revolution.
Obsolete. Stebbins' WUbraham p. 280.
POLE BRIDGE BROOK. Wilbraham. A name srill in use in that town
for the north branch of Mill River. As distinguished from a block bridge

68 APPENDIX C

(See Block Bridge) a pole bridge was a lighter structure. Map N. Another
brook of this name was In the northwest part of Chicopee. Co. Ct. Rec. p. 53 ,
POND BROOK. Agawam. Map D.
POND HILL. Longmeadow. The bluff west of the main street lying against
the Great Pond. H 114; I 695; K 229.
POND MEADOW. A meadow, part, I suppose of the old Wet Meadow,
bounded west by Main street, north by a line extending easterly from the
present 257 Main street and east by a line nearly equivalent to Worthlngton
street. Reg. deeds bk. 100 p. 312; ir Metcalf's Reports p. 312.
POND SWAMP. West Springfield. In or near Middle Meadow. 2 B
240.
PONDY LAND. A general term applicable to much of the meadow or
both sides of the Great River. 2 B 272, 273; A 227; E 422.
POOL BROOK. I have met this name only on Map E. and only a photo
graphic enlargement has made It possible to determine whether the word is
Pool or Peel. On the map It is represented as entering the Chicopee river
from the south opposite the then line between Chicopee and Ludlow directly
north of Long Pond. It is apparently the brook which now forms a part of
the sewer system and follows Worcester and Hampden streets. Its head
waters are shown on Map N. PI. 39 and its lower course on I (side map).
A pool of clear spring water In the vicinity Is remembered by Jackson Cady,
born 1823, died 1915. The watercourse is now spoken of in Indian Orchard
as the "old town brook".
POOR BROOK. An old name of uncertain origin. It is the drain of the
waters collecting about Four Mile Pond and Wan Swamp. 2 B 280; D 525.
See Skipmuck brook.
POOR BROOK MEADOW. On the lower waters of Poor brook. 2 IC 275.
POOR BROOK PATH. 2 IC 70, 92.
POPLAR SWAMP. Agawam. 2 IC 229.
POPPLE RUN. Agawam. K 650.
POTASH HILL. Hampden. On the main road to Somers about a half mUe
north of the state line. Peck's Wilbraham pp. 8, 265.
POT BROOK. Near the Longmeadow-Enfield line, i B 240.
POUND. The original pound was at the foot of the lane, now called Elm
street, to the north. The second pound was at the Hayplace in West Spring
field. In later years there was a pound on (the present) Pleasant street in

APPENDIX C 69

Springfield. I B 337, 414, 420, 434; 2 B iii. For a pound near Agawam
river see 3 IC 267.
POWDERMILL BROOK. A later name for Crowfoot Brook or rather one
of its branches. The powdermUl is shown on Maps B C. The brook has
been made a part of the WiUImansett sewer System.
POWDER MAGAZINE. Inasmuch as there was never any fire In the
meeting house It was a safe place for storing powder. (2 B 501). In after
years and within my remembrance a powder magazine was at the head of
Squaw Tree Dingle, between Magazine street and St. James Avenue. Map D.
PRECINCTS. For these divisions of the town see 2 B 420.
PRESUMPTION. Holyoke. A locality in the Falls woods. 2 IC 250,
267, 287.
PROVINCE LAND, THE. Hampden. Near the Scantic. 2 LG 349.
PUTNAM'S BRIDGE. PUTT'S BRIDGE. PUT'S BRIDGE. The
bridge over the Chicopee river on the road from Indian Orchard to Ludlow
MUls, formerly JenksvUle. On Map A It is called Toll Bridge. In 1809
Mr. Putnam had a grist mill at this place. The name degenerated Into Putt's
Bridge, which, as the designation of a school district continues In the Reports
of the School Committee down to 1885, at which time the school at this
locality was discontinued. The name was applicable to both sides of the
river. Co. Ct. Rec. p. 253 (1802). Life of Hiram Munger p. 11. Peck's
WUbraham p. 268. Maps B G.
PYNCHON FORT. See Fort.
QUANA. One of the Indian deeds defines this as the meadow above House-
meadow, as does Holyoke in his note to the first deed. See Middle Meadow;
also Wright's Indian Deeds.
RAIL SWAMP. Agawam. 2 B 300; D 420; 2 IC 16.
RAMAPOGUE. West Springfield. This word, variously speUed, first
occurs in deeds of the first half of the eighteenth century and taking these
and the other records together, with the clue furnished by the suffix "paug",
a pond, or standing water, the location can be identified. In one deed it is
declared to be the same as the Muxy Meadow and seems to be at or near the
place called Byfield. If the village smithy remained for a century down to
the present time in the same spot, a quite likely one, the deed of Joseph
Merrick to Chester Vanhorn, blacksmith, (G 307, 1734) strongly confirms
the conclusion. The place called Ramapogue is therein described as a muxy
meadow under the Great HIU bounded northerly and easteHy by a highway,
and westerly by the Great Hill. In the deed of Vanhorn to Stebbins the place
is said to have been formerly called Muxsome meadow, a significant instance

70 APPENDIX C

of an old Indian name supplanting one used by the whites. The name of
Stebbins and mention of Clay hill In these deeds of course point to the old
pottery, for which see Clay hill. We may conceive of Ramapogue as extend
ing at least from the Common and probably from some point southerly
thereof (l B 346) northerly to and across the Westfield road between the
present Elm street, and the foot of the "Great Hill". The new street of the
seventeenth century connecting with the way at the north called "the road
that goeth over the hill to Ramapogue" was at first called Ramapogue street
but unfortunately has lost Its ancient and honorable name. The land de
pression is still evident at Ramapogue and may be compared geologically
with the pond west of Chicopee Plain. For some distance northerly from
Westfield street springs from the high level discharged through Cold Spring
brook and until a recent date the smithy had a good pressure of water accessi
ble by the wayside to the thirsty traveller. For the locality, named and un
named, see I B 239, 346; B 124; E 389; F 180, 199; G 127, 301, 307, 533;
H 325, 485; 1261,398,403; K333; 3IC262; Co. Ct. Rec. 68, 155. Map
D. The deeds generally bounded west on "the great hill" but one of them
bounds northerly by the hill, showing that Ramapogue, as is indeed evident
to-day, stretched northerly to the easterly bend of the bluff of Meeting House
Hill. The depression begins about 440 feet west of Elm street measured on
Westfield street and extends to the foot of the Great hill. Water could be
seen In Ramapogue in the last century In the early spring. See Appendix B.
RASPBERRY BROOK. Longmeadow. 2 B 294; C 622; D 5.
RATTLESNAKE PEAK. Wilbraham. Maps D I; Stebbins' WUbraham
p. 280; Peck's Wilbraham p. 88. Map A makes it south of the Scantic at
Rocky Dundy.
RED BRIDGE. Ludlow and Wilbraham. In 1887 this was a picturesque
uncovered wooden bridge. Its color mellowed by age. Adder's tongue was
growing on a bank on the Ludlow side. Peck's Wilbraham p. 268; Noon's
Ludlow p. 229. Map S.
RED BROOK. The same as Stone Pit brook, but later; the name doubtless
due to the sandstone detritus in Its bed. Map L.
RED HOUSE CROSSING. The crossing of the Boston & Albany R. R. on
the highway from Winchester Square to Indian Orchard; named from a
small red house on the north side. The larger dwelling succeeding it is
appropriately painted red.
RIDING PLACE. Chicopee. A ford. 2 B 514; also town records for
March 23, 1770. See Wading Place.
RIDGE HILL. Chicopee. 3 IC 289; 2 LG 404. Erroneously transcribed
Bridge Hill in the first reference in the Registry of Deeds.
RIGLE. B 310. The English Dialect Diet, defines rigol as a small gutter or
water channel.

APPENDIX C 71

RILEY'S BROOK. JOHN RILEY'S BROOK. Holyoke. Enters the
Connecticut at the Holyoke-Springfield line. John Riley was the first settler
of Holyoke. See Burt's Records; also Hall's Irish Pioneers in Papers and
Proceedings of the Conn. VaUey Hist. Soe. Vol. 2 p. 175. Map. D. On
some maps a tannery on the river road has given Its name to the brook, which
should not be. The name of this brook occurs frequently In Burt's Records
and sometimes (2 B 191) as John Riley's brook.
ROCKRIMMON. Chicopee. A sandstone rock on the bank oi- the Con
necticut below the West Springfield bridge and about 1600 rods from the
north end of Round HIU in Springfield. At low water (May 29, 191 5) it
appears as an outcrop of sandstone shale in which is embedded a stratum
of hard sandstone, the ledge being near or over 300 feet in length extending
from the water 8-10 feet above low water mark. At this point the bank
bows to the west, reversing the larger curve of the stream and here the water
seldom freezes, as I am informed; so that the locality is dangerous for skaters.
The bluff of sand and clay approaches the shores so that the view from the
river of rock and bluff together may have impressed the imagination of some
observer who took the name from Judges xx and xxi. George M. Atwater,
pioneer and first president of the Springfield Street Railway was the first to
build his mansion, of hospitable memory, on the bluff and from the rock
borrowed the name for his large estate, so that, the rock being now forgotten,
the name Is generally supposed to belong to the Brightwood heights. The
name is now also that of a drawing room car of the street railway. Maps
B G H I, but Map C Indicates only the bluff. In the days of shad fishery the
term was much in use; for here was a fish house above the fishery at Double
Ditch.ROCKRIMMON BROOK Chicopee. Having cut through the bluff in a
deep valley of erosion, the brook enters the Connecticut at Rockrimmon and
is well named, for in low water it flows over the rock in a series of small
cascades.
ROCK VALLEY. Holyoke. Map T.
ROCKY DUNDY. ROCKY DUNDER. Hampden. Not obsolete as
stated in Stebbins' Wllbraham. The name applies to the mountainous region
of the easterly slope south of the village of Hampden and extending Into
Stafford. "Dunder", from "dunner", d is a reverberating sound and the
soubriquet may refer to the sound of thunder (German "donner") among
these hills or of the huntsmen's guns, or of the stream tumbling rocks upon
each other In a freshet. A locality named Dunder Is mentioned by Scott in
The Black Dwarf. See the EngUsh Dialect Dictionary. A "dunnerin glen"
or a "dunnerin brae" is one that gives out a peculiar sound of hoUowness
as a conveyance goes over it.
ROCO'S LOT. Roco was a negro who dwelt on Poor brook previous to
1728. E 269.
ROUND CEDAR SWAMP. Wilbraham. 2 B 280.

72 APPENDIX C

ROUXD HILL. Occurs in the records frequently from an early date, i B
157, 231, etc. A 79. Geologically it is a part of the Great hill as left by the
river In washing away the sand intervening. It is remarkable that the well
defined elevation at the opposite end of the Main street should never have
gotten itself a name. Henry B. Rice (born 1821) informs me that as late as
1840 Round Hill was a hunting ground for squirrels and such game birds as
partridges.
ROUND MEADOW. 2 IC 247.
ROUND POND. Agawam. Near the Middle Meadow Pond.
ROUND POND. Longmeadow. Not on any map but It lies near to and
south of Converse road (see map W) west of Halle's meadow and about half
a mile west of the East Longmeadow line. It may be the pond of similar
name on Map A but the latter Is not clearly decipherable even with a glass.
The kettlehole, in which there is now but a small body of water, has a bear
ing on Professor Emerson's theory of the deflection of the Connecticut river
and its reentrance in Longmeadow Into Its present channel. 2 LG 254;
Emerson's Geology of Old Hampshire p. 665.
RUM POND. West Springfield. At the north end of Chicopee plain.
A part of the depression, filled with water may yet (April 1916) be seen on the
east side of Riverdale street about 15 rods north of the AshleyvIUe cemetery.
The shifting of the highway to the east has resulted In filling a portion of the
pond, so that the roadbed now forms its west bank. Tradition says that the
name Is derived from an accident occurring to Moses Ashley from whose
conveyance an hogshead of rum rolled off and Into the pond. Ex. rel. Ethan
Brooks, octogenarian. 2 B 326.
RUMRILL'S POND. Artificially made by ponding the Cemetery brook
at the present Avon place. At the factory wool cards were at first manu
factured; then gold chains by James M. RumriU. A favorite skating place.
Maps H K.
SANDY HILL. Chicopee. At the Center opposite the bridge. 2IC23.
SANDY PLAIN. West Springfield. The plain above MItrineague.
E 387-8.
SAWMILL BROOK. Agawam. 2 B 251 etc. 2 IC 3. Wright's Indian
Deeds p 64.
SCANTIC. SCANTUCK. Hampden. This rises In Stafford and after a
a circuit in Massachusetts seeks the state of Its birth. The good lands upon
the stream after it emerges from the "Great HIUs" made a locality called
by its name and so marked on Map Q. The name has since retreated within
the "Great HIUs" themselves and now applies to the locality In Hampden
lying up the stream and two miles away from the village, in fact, somewhat
below the locality formerly known as Burt's MIUs. 2 B 179, 223, 258; B 89.

APPENDIX C 73

Maps Q S T. Scantic faUs, where Pequit path crosses the river, are north
of SomersvIUe. Ex. rel. Harry A. Wright.
SCHEME LOTS. SCHEME LAND. The eariiest land grants were called
Allotments {q. v.) as were those in 1684; but in 1740, 1754 and 1762 lands
in the Commons were granted by lot according to a definite plan and were
thenceforth known as Scheme Lots. Some of these lots were on Carew
street, on old Skipmuck road from the North End; others in the region of
Hancock street and Eastern Avenue; others In Chicopee, e. g. on the WIU-
amansett road near Hearth Stone Quarry brook. These lots were of 10 acres
each and lay In tiers. Hancock street was laid out by the compass nearly
due north and south and known for a time as " the road between the ten acre
lots". Eastern avenue is parallel with it. For an unsuccessful search after
the original plan of the Scheme Lots see the report to the city solicitor by
Henry Bliss. Esq. December 27, 1882 on file in the records of the City Clerk
and IMr. Bliss' copy deposited by me with the Conn. Valley Hist. Society.
D 348; O 303; 2 IC 17. Reg. of Deeds bk. 129, p. 513. Town records for
March 25, 1755.
SCONUNGANUCK. SQUANUNGANUCK. Chicopee. Aside from
William Pynchon, whose records are scant In this particular, the best authori
ties on the spelling of the earliest Indian place names are John Pynchon and
Elizur Holyoke. Holyoke writes "Squanunganuck", indifferently doubling
the first n; but later writs "Schenunganuck". In after years his son John
adopts "Schonnunganuck". The word was used by the English to designate
land on the south side of the Chicopee at the faUs, called by them Sconun-
ganuck Falls, i B 234; 2 B 138, 190, 265, 289, 307, etc. 3 IC 283. Co. Ct.
Rec. 6; 2 LG 425. Holland's Hist. West. Mass. Vol. 2 p. 45. See also Cabot
ville. SCRUBBY PLAIN. Longmeadow. B 321; 2 IC 44.
SHAD LANE. West Springfield. Main Street extending northerly from
the Toll bridge. Bagg's West Springfield p. 134. For the shad fisheries see
Double Ditch; also Papers and Proceedings of Conn. VaUey Hist. Soc.
Vol. I p. 16.
SHEEP PASTURE, THE. At Round Hill. K 627.
SHINGLE SWAMP. Ludlow. See Noon's Ludlow,
SHORT LOTS, THE. Longmeadow. B 129.
SIKES GUTTER. Opens into the valley of the South Branch at Little
Wachuet. 2 IC 67; 3 IC 287.
SILVER STREAM. West Springfield. A brook entering the Agawam a
short distance above MIttlneague and east of Block brook. Its head was
originally at the northerly point of the bend In Westfield street, where Indeed
today is the head of the dry gutter. The greater convenience of passing

74 APPENDIX C

around the stream head evidently produced the bend. Thence the brook
flowed through the alder swamps lying between the present Silver and
Ashley streets. 2 B 293, 297; C i; E 277; 2 IC no. Map T. In 1867
Adin W. Bangs caught 32 trout in an hour and a half in the lower part of
the stream.
SILVER STREAM PLAIN. West Springfield. The plain about Silver
Stream head. C 638.
SIXTEEN ACRES. The locality centering at the junction of the Wilbra
ham road and Parker street has that name since the seventeenth century.
It appears In the records soon after the grant to Rowland Thomas in 165 1.
A meadow of that number of acres was below the falls and mill privilege.
I B 220, 221, 251; 2 B 256; D 291; K 96. To the east of Sixteen Acres lies
World's End and to the south-east. Necessity and Small Brook.
SIXTEEN ACRE BROOK. AB 208; B 22.
SIXTEEN ACRES BRANCH. SIXTEEN ACRE BROOK. The south
branch of MIU river. AB 208; B 22; 3 IC 131.
SIXTEEN ACRES PATH. SIXTEEN ACRES ROAD. 2 IC 22, 57.
SKIP. See Skipmuck.
SKIP BRIDGE. I. e. Skipmuck Bridge. A Springfield colloquialism for
the St. James Avenue bridge over the Boston & Albany railroad on the road
to Skipmuck; sometimes called Dry Bridge. Obsolescent.
SKIPMUCK. SKIPMAUG. SKEEPNUCK. Chicopee. The latter Is
the speUing of John Pynchon in his minute on the deed of Xippumsult to
William Pynchon a facsimile of which Is In the Springfield City Library.
The two suffixes are synonymous, meaning "fishing place". As a locality
for settlement in early grants the word designates the lowland or meadow
lying on both sides of the Chicopee river at the present Chicopee Falls, but
above Sconunganuck or the falls themselves. As used by the whites, the
north and south bounds were the highlands, the east bounds were the inclos
ing hUls just above the wading place and the west bound. If the word bound
ary can be used for a thing so indefinite, was east of the neck or sharp bend of
the river. The entire area south of the river was bisected by Poor brook upon
which were the earliest settlements, those of Jeremy Horton and James
Warriner. The locality Is well indicated on Maps C I. l B 248 et passim. In
1708 there was a fort at Skipmuck which was attacked by Indians and five
persons slain. N. E. Hist, and Gen. Reg. vol. 9 p. 162.
SKIPMUCK BROOK. Chicopee. See Poor brook. B 268, 270. On
Map D this name is applied to Field brook of Maps C N etc.
SKIPMUCK FIELDS. Chicopee. 2 B 282.

APPENDIX C 75

SKIPMUCK OLD PATH. In the town records of Springfield for March 23,
1770 this term designates the highway now known as St. James Ave and,
previously to the adoption of this name In the 70's, as Factory street, referring
to the factory at Chicopee Factories I. e. Chicopee Falls. In 1663 a way to
Skipmuck was authorized which should leave the Bay road "at the slough"
(Dirty Gutter.?). The road from Carew street and the road over the hill
were both known as Skipmuck road. The change to St. James Avenue was
made in connection with the development of McKnight District {q. 0.) See
Lake Como.
SKIPMUCK RIVER. Chicopee river. 26261,316.
SKUNK'S MISERY. The dingle of Card Factory brook extending easterly
through the grounds of the Wesson Hospital to Walnut street including the
site of the High School of Commerce. King's Handbook of Springfield p. 66;
Papers and Proceedings of the Conn. Valley Hist. Society vol. 4 p. 192. The
name can be traced at least to the early nineteenth century and, although
remembered, is not now In use.
SLABBERY POND. SLOBBERY POND. Chicopee. The meaning of
the word Is "sloppy, dirty, wet or mussy".
"This threatens those who on long journeys go
That they shall meet the slabby rain or snow".
Bunyan's Divine Emblems.
3 IC 100; Co. Ct. Rec. (1770) 125, 201. Maps A D G. On Map A it is marked
as containing 60 acres. The best representation of the pond in Its recent
condition is on Map T. There is water at the south east corner of Slobbery
pond road and the road running south and many swamps in the vicinity.
By Map A. It Is due south from Sllpe pond.
SLIPE POND. Chicopee. The word Is old English for a narrow strip, as
a slip In a meeting house or a slipe of land as in 2 B 246, 2 LG 450. Other
explanations are possible. The whole region Is pondy. Near to and south of
the road east from Fairvlew Is a pond and further on beyond the ridge is a
great depression that once was a large pond and now contains water at the
South Hadley line.' Maps A D G. On Map A It is marked as containing
50 acres and extending into South Hadley. The map of Hampshire (1854)
shows slips of ponds extending north.
SLOUGH POND. Chicopee. Probably one of the three neighboring ponds
near the north line. See Slipe pond. See 3 IC 116, 118.
SMALL BROOK. A locality named from a tributary of the South Branch
beyond Little Wachogue. The name is old but Is not obsolete as the name
of the brook. I B 302; 26257,282; D 193. Maps A D Q.
SMALL LOTS, THE. Longmeadow. i B 325; 2 B 242; B 272; H 244;
1352. Agawam. B 272; H 244; I 352.

76 APPENDIX C

SMOOTH POND. Chicopee. 3 IC 119. Co. Ct. Rec. (1770) p. 125.
Maps A D. Wrongly located on one map. Correct on Map T. The layout of
Slabbery pond road mentions a ridge as dividing Smooth from Slabbery pond.
SODOM. Wilbraham. A hamlet on the main road from Springfield to
Palmer near the Palmer line on a tributary to the northern branch of Twelve
Mile brook. Map I shows it to have had in 1855 a blacksmith shop and a
store. Stebbins' Wilbraham p. 280.
SOUTH BRANCH, THE. The South Branch of Mill River.
SOUTH WILBRAHAM. The south parish of WUbraham. It was made a
town In 1878 under the name of Hampden; the advocates of this name carried
the day within the town as against the name of Dayton etc. In the legis
lature the name of Hampden was opposed by the chairman of the judiciary
committee, afterwards Chief-Justice, on the very reasonable ground of con
fusion with the name of the county; but WiUiam Pynchon, farmer, living
in the Plainfield {q. v.) In an enthusiastic eulogy of John Hampden, carried
the House for the choice of the town. This is said to be the only occasion
on which Mr. Pynchon spoke during the session. He was Chief Marshal on
the 250th anniversary of Springfield.
SPECTACLE PONDS. Wilbraham. The origin of the name is evident to
any passenger on the Boston & Albany railroad. Map I etc. For the geology
of the ponds In the Springfield plain see Emerson's Geology of Old Hampshire.
SPRING PIECES, THE. At Pacowsic. The word means "strips of land".
In Cambridge, England there is a playground calledj Christ's Pieces, belong
ing to Christ College. A spring piece at Sixteen acres is mentioned in D 193.
2 B 301.
SPRINGFIELD. For the origin of the name see aU the histories; it has been
carried west by settlers, e. g. In the Cherry VaUey, N. Y. In the home parish
of Springfield, In Chelmsford, England Is a postoffice called Springfield Hill.
All Saints Church, so far as it goes. Is a duplication of the church in the
English parish of which WUliam Pynchon was and was drawn from plans
made by Guy KIrkham when commissioned by the writer to go there and
make a drawing, with measurements, of the lychgate.
SPRIXGFIELD ELBOWS. See Elbows.
SPRINGFIELD MOUNTAINS. Wilbraham and Hampden. The range
lying east of the main street of Wilbraham and Hampden and appUed to the
precinct of Wllbraham before its Incorporation.
" On Springfield Mountains there did dwell,
A likely youth who was known full well".
For the entire ballad see Poets and Poetry of Springfield p. 23. See also
Manchconis Mountains. The mountains were also called the Great HUls.
B 89.

APPENDIX C 77

SPRUCE GUTTER. E. Longmeadow. West of Boat Swamp brook.
2 LG. 353.
SPUNKY HOLLOW. Chicopee. It lies on the road from Chicopee FaUs
to Indian Orchard, at the foot of the first descent after leaving the bridge
and on the left bank of the river. Middle nineteenth century or earlier.
Ex. rel. Charles F. Spaulding.
SQUAW TREE DINGLE. The dingle opening out of Garden brook valley
and having its head at the junction of St. James ave. and Bay street. Except
at the head, which is owned by the United States, It is being graduaUy filled.
Bowdoin Street runs on its eastern and Magazine street on its western verge.
2 B no, 120, 252, 274; AB 45; C280. MapsGHNP. The name became
obsolete in the nineteenth century. 2 LG 407.
STEBBINS BROOK. See Deep Dingle Brook. Map I.
STERNS HILL. It is bounded south and east by the Springfield Cemetery,
west by Central street and north by Thompson's Dingle. The brick house.
No. 48 Madison avenue, afterward removed easterly to make room for
the great mansion of Charles L. Goodhue, now occupying the center, was In
the middle nineteenth century the residence of Henry Sterns, Treasurer of
the Springfield Institution for Savings. Of his three daughters, two joined the
Roman Catholic communion and made their permanent abode In the Eternal
City. See Chapin's Old Inhabitants of Springfield p. 365. In Stearns Park
and Sterns Hill, once known as Sterns woods, the spelling should be distin
guished.STILL BROOK. Agawam. A branch of Muddy brook. So called from a
gin distillery.
STINKING HOLE BASK. Agawam. An enlargement of the stream shown
on the maps as the southern branch of Worthlngton brook at the point
crossed by a rude bridge on the land lately of James H. Boyle, being near
lots 23 and 44 in the plan recorded In the Book of Plans Vol. 3 p. 50. A
bubbling spring of water inpregnated, probably with sulphide of iron, seems
to have made this a favorite place for bathing. For "bask" see Bask pond.
This name Is lost to tradition but with the aid of Frank J. Pomeroy and
James W. Moore I have been able to Identify the spot. D 82, 295.
STONE PIT. The old pit from which the early settlers quarried, using
Log Path for access, lay at the present No. 67 Benton street, south of the
house of Mr. Marsh now standing there. I 324. Town Rec. Aug. 18, 1809;
2 LG 406; 2 LG 469 (1825).
STONE PIT BROOK. Rising on the north side of Bay road, east of Goose
Pond hill and Oakgrove cemetery, it flows southerly under the name of
Dirty gutter and, crossing State street west of the almshouse at a point
once known as Parsons' Dam, pursues its course past the old Stone pit to
the Water Shops pond. Late maps assign the name of Carlisle brook but

78 APPENDIX C

the famUy of Carlisle is a comparatively late resident, having removed from
Chester to this locality In the early nineteenth century. The layout of a way
in 1 771 calls the stream Parsons' brook. 2 B 274; Co. Ct. Rec. 46. A
northern branch is mentioned in AB 256. 2 B 313, 314. Maps C G I K.
See Red Brook.
STONE PIT ROAD. Probably the equivalent of the Log Path extended to
Stone Pit. 2 IC 96.
STONEY BROOK. Ludlow and Chicopee. It cuts the northeast corner
of the latter, i B 341, 347; 2 B 166, 223, 253, 363; IC 245. Another
stream called Stoney River has its head waters in Agawam, and its mouth
at the hamlet of Stoney Brook In Suffield. The eastern branch appears In
the early records both as Stoney brook and Fyler's brook. Sargeant Fyler
was an early settler of Windsor which formerly included Suffield, once con
sidered a part of this colony. The western branch, rising in Feeding Hills
at West street, is caUed In old records Muddy brook and later Still brook,
from a distillery on its banks, whose ownership by a member in the first tem
perance movement seriously disturbed the peace of the Methodist church In
Feeding HIUs. Philo brook of late maps is a corruption of Fyler's brook.
I B 328, 384; 2 B 220. Maps D N.
STONEY HILL. Wilbraham and Ludlow. From a point near the Chico
pee river near Nine Mile pond It stretches south for a mile as shown on Map R.
2 B 294. In I IC 4 It Is said that at the north end of Stoney HIU by Chicopee
river rosin was first made by Capt. German. See also Noon's Ludlow p. 48.
Another in East Longmeadow. 2 LG 448.
STONEY HILL. The settlement at Ludlow was so called before the in
corporation of the town. Holland's West. Mass. Vol. 2 p. 83. See also 2
IC 7, 245.
SUCKER SWAMP. SUCKEY SWAMP. West Springfield. Extinct.
It lay to the east and west of Boulevard street between Westfield street and
King's Highway. In the Spring It was common to fish here for suckers that
came up from the river at MIttlneague by a brook now nearly extinct but
still traceable east of the railroad station and perhaps indicated on Map I.
2 B 303; D 129; 2 LG 452. Ex. rel. Talcott A. Rogers, octogenarian.
SWAN POND. See Goose Pond. Swans were not uncommon in New
England In early rimes for which see Morris's Birds of Springfield and
Vicinity. Thomas Morton, in his New English Canaan, (Amsterdam 1637)
Writes: — "And first of the swanne, because shee Is the biggest of all the
fowles of that country. There are of them in Merrimack River, and in other
parts of the country, great store at the seasons of the years", i B 342; 2
IC 121.
SWING FERRY. Between Holyoke and Chicopee. Map D.
TANNERY BROOK. Holyoke. See Riley's Brook.

APPENDIX C 79

TARKILN BROOK. Agawam. Map N. etc.
TARKILN DINGLE. Longmeadow. 2 LG 352.
TARKILN PLACE. On the Bay path about seven miles east of Main
street. 2 B 218.
TATHAM. TAWTUM. TATTOM. West Springfield. Occurs first
as Tawtum In an unrecorded deed of 1663 given by Paupsunnuck, a squaw,
to John Pynchon and his associates Robert Ashley and George Colton of
lands in Westfield and in which for the protection of himself and others
Pynchon included certain lands in West Springfield, Paucatuck, Tawtum
Squassick and Ashkanuncksuck. It might appear from any printed copy
of the deed that Tattom lay further from Paucatuck than Ashkanuncksuck;
but the latter having been omitted in the drafting was inserted with a caret
either carelessly or in the most convenient place. The word next occurs In
a deed of 1678 (A 2) in the place name "Tattom Squassoks". The early
grantees of land at Tattom were the Millers (Lazarus, Obadlah etc.) and
this family, still seated there, are as much "lords of the manor" as were
the Taylors at Deep Swamp or the Smiths at Paucatuck. A comparison of
the early deeds indicates that by this word was intended land bounded west
by the ridge of secondary trap through which Is made the deep cut for the
Boston & Albany railroad; northerly by Deep Swamp and south westerly
by Ashkanuncksuck; that is to say, land centering around the school house,
next to which is now the Miller farm. A brook mentioned In the first Indian
deed as Tattom Squassick brook and which rises near the junction of Dewey
street and Rogers Avenue, has long since been nameless. From the fact that
by one of the deeds Tattom lay west of the brook and was bounded on the
west by land of Benjamin Smith, ancestor of the writer. In whom a small
portion yet remains, strongly indicates this place name as referring to the
trap ridge between Tattom and Paucatuck which Is so decided a physical
characteristic. The modern spelling has probably sprung from the supposi
tion that the word Is of English origin, and akin to Hingham, Waltham etc.
In later years the boundaries of Tatham In usage have extended In almost
aU directions and seem to reach nearly to MIttlneague. A 2; C. 10, 282, 351,
352, 368, 376, 638; E 198, 503, 504; F 179-80; H 120, 125; I 92, 123; K 28.
TEN ACRE LOTS, THE. Springfield and West Springfield. 2 LG
452, 492. See Scheme Lots.
TEN MILE BROOK. Wilbraham. 2 LG 347. See Twelve Mile brook.
TERRY'S GUTTER. West Springfield. Referred to In K 63 and 40
rods south of Riley's brook and In E 24 as near Brush hill. See E 42; G 323 ;
H 190. The gutter remains, apparently unchanged. Its head Is a short dis
tance north of Highland Road.
TOWER HILL. The site of the U. S. Arsenal. Map H.
TOWN BRIDGE. The bridge over Mill river at the South End. i B 17,
S3, 296.

80 APPENDIX C

TOWN BROOK. The waters of Garden brook after entering the Wet
Meadow pursued partly a southerly and partly a northerly course, entering
the Connecticut in the vicinity of York street and by Three Corner Meadow
brook. How well defined originally was either stream in Its course through
the meadow the evidence is not sufficient to show. An early record speaks of
"the ditch" on the east side of the Main street. Perhaps it Is not remarkable
that in so level a tract as the Wet Meadow the flow should be both north
and south. One of the old city engineers describes the brook in King's
Handbook p. 71. The following is from an unpublished letter of Annie
Brown Adams, daughter of John Brown, the abolitionist, dated May 19,
1908: "When we moved to Springfield we boarded at first for a few days
at the Massasoit House; then went to live in a new house that was situated
on the right hand side of Franklin street on the left bank of Town's Brook,
a small stream that had a culvert bridge, the width of the street, across It.
Father rented the house and it was a good one. I cannot remember any
houses between there and the foot of Armory Hill which was in plain sight.
A man named Green owned some vacant lots just across the stream on the
opposite side of the street. I remember seeing him drive a poor man from
off them who had a load of wood on his back and was going across that way
to his home in the evening after his work was done, as It was a shorter way
to go. I was very indignant and told father. He said that "Mr. Green had
a legal right to order the man not to cross his lot, but it was not kind to do so".
I B 162, 253, 380; 2 B 60, 62, 242; C 199. Green's Springfield p. 50. Maps
C H. etc. The north part of the Town brook anciently had no name before
Its union with End Brook but was known as the brook that ran out of the
meadow or out of the Wet Meadow. 2 B 242. The above reference Is to
Samuel S. Green who disinherited his son and gave his estate to the Church
of the Unity. The will was sustained after a vigorous contest. For Town
brook in Indian Orchard see Pool brook.
TOWN HALL PASSAGE. A new name for an old place, here listed to pre
vent a wrong inference. The public footway from Main to Market street
near State, led to the rear of the then Town Hall on the corner of State and
Market streets and to the schoolhouse on Market street near the Hall.
When Map U was In preparation I was asked whether this passage had a
name to which I replied that I had once heard It spoken of as School alley,
for which reason it Is so given In the atlas. Inquiry of men of an older genera
tion; as Henry B. Rice (born 1821) Charies R. Bunker (born 1832) both of
whom attended the school, failed to verify the name, the scholars having
used merely "the alley". A few years ago I suggested to William F. Gale,
City Forester, who had charge of the street signs that the way be marked as
public. He subsequently asked me for a name and I mentioned the present
one as appropriate to so small a way, instancing Half Moon passage in
London. Papers and Proceedings of the Conn. Valley. Hist. Soc. vol. IV
p. 51. That In 1788 the passage was the property of the First Parish see
Registry of Deeds bk. 29 p. 169, 173, references furnished by Ralph W.
Ellis, Esq. When the court house of colonial days became the parish house
and stood on the present Market street this passage was used as an ap
proach to it as well as to the school house. In 1851 the passage was
conveyed to the town upon condition of maintaining it. See Town records

APPENDIX C 81

and Registry of Deeds, book 153, p. 472. See also Green's Springfield Mem
ories p. 65.
TOWN PLOT. TOWN PLAT. The layout of "home lots" from Round
HIU to Mill river. 2 B 205, 436; AB 113; Co. Ct. Rec. 39. See especially
the plan in Burts Records.
TRAINING PLACE. TRAINING FIELD. The original training place
was on the bank of the river at the foot of and to the north of the lane now
caUed Elm street, the buryground lying to the south. In 1673 there was
appropriated for the purpose a tract of land on the Hill bounded west by the
brow of the hill, north by the valley of Garden brook, east by Squaw Tree
dingle and south by a line from the head of the latter to the present site of
the present High School of Commerce. The cession of most of this tract to
the United States resulted eventually in the occasional use of a tract center
ing at the present Gerrish park. The latter tract having been partially
occupied by houses, the encampments of regiments called into the civil war
were on Hampden Park and on the Gunn lot south of Wllbraham road.
16247,363; 26188,247,310,313; AB 239; C 376; D 170.
West Springfield. The earliest recorded Training Place was on the plain
west of MIttlneague and east of 61ock brook near the land grant of Peter
Swink, the first negro resident. 2 6 222, 275, 310; 2 I C n. Subsequently
the Common was the training place where in the early nineteenth century.
If not before, the maidens of the town gathered with others to see the admired
swains in their heavy leather hats, some of them bellcrowned, parade and
fire in mock battles. Some of these trappings, contrasting strangely with the
simple blue of the men of the civil war, still exist. The lower ferry at least
was free for troopers on these "trooping occasions". I 6 261. See also
for West Springfield 2 LG. 372-3.
TU66S HILL. West Springfield. The approach to MIttlneague plain
from Elm street; equivalent, I consider, to Clay hill of old records. The
house of Charles Tubbs was under the hill on the north side of the road now
called Westfield street. Maps I L.
TURKEY HILLS. Ludlow. A half mile due East from Stoney brook.
Noon's Ludlow p. 43.
TURTLE POND. West Springfield. This pond is mentioned in a road
survey in Co. Ct. Rec. 228 but the only map on which It appears is N, plate
22, where it Is shown as on the land of J. Donaldson. C 227. The last turtle
perhaps disappeared when Marclus L. Tourtleotte filled the pond.
TWELVE MILE 6R00K. Wilbraham. Various ponds and watercourses
were named for their distance from the Town Plat. Twelve MUe brook
would be the limit for number if it were not for Twenty Mile pond, in Bland
ford. G 393; Co. Ct. Rec. 49; Reg. Deeds bk. 67 p. 267. Map. H. The
course of the brook is northwesterly and It seems also to have been called
Eleven Mile brook.

82 APPENDIX C

TWO MILE GUTTER. Equivalent to Dirty Gutter. 2 B 295, 308, 314;
I 325, 34S-
TWO MILE POND. TWO MILE PONDS. This pond had been shrinking
for years; the solitary row boat has long since been taken off and the pond
became extinct by filling in 191 2. West Alvord street passes over its site.
It was in the angle between Sumner Avenue and White street, close to the
latter and about 200 feet from the former. 2 6 318; K 564; 2 IC 57. Maps
IK.
Another in Agawam. A 107.
Another in Chicopee two miles north of Sklpmaug. 2 B 290; 2 LG. 361.
TWO MILE POND PATH. 2 IC 66.
UPPER COVE. Ludlow. See Wallamanumps Cove.
UPPER FALLS. In the Connecticut at Holyoke. Map D.
UPPER FIELD. Longmeadow; C 388.
West Springfield. Reg. Deeds bk. 80 p. 223.
UPPER MEADOW. The meadow on the right bank of the Agawam river
above the Middle Meadow. A 107; 6 240, 302.
UPPERSIDE. Occurs only in i B 248 and perhaps Indicates land above
the low level but yet below the brow of the highest level. See 2 B 285
ad fin.
UPPER WIGWAMS. D 86. See Higher Wigwams.
USQUAIOK. "Usqualok Is the MUl River with the land adjoining"—
John Holyoke. See Wright's Indian Deeds p. 13.
VENTERSFIELD. In a deed of James Warriner to his son dated 1722
this name is applied to "land lying on Sixteen Acre plain" In such a manner
as to denote a general use of the word. Warriner owned an interest In the
sawmill at Sixteen Acres; also land at World's End and meadows on the
South Branch at Warriner's Bridge. Ventersfield is equivalent to Adven
turer's Field. The ancient pronunciation of "venture" (ventur) is now seldom
heard. (See N. A. Review Vol. CC nip. 369; also 6radford Journal, Mass.
edition p. 70) For the Merchant Adventurers as owners of the New England
charter see the Index to the Massachusetts edition of 6radford's Journal.
Venturer's pond of Maps K N is an evident derivative from the now obsolete
name. There was a Ventersfield in Northampton. D 193, 215, 316, 501,
I 303; 3 IC44.
VENTURER'S POND. VENTURE POND. See Ventersfield. Called
Lily Pond on Maps G I.

APPENDIX C 83

VINELAND. A name given by Dr. George W. Swazey, a leading and
beloved physician, to a tract of hill and valley west of Armory street on which
he had a fine vineyard. Map K shows it on the east side.
WACHOGUE. See Wachuet.
WACHOGUE 6R00K. East Longmeadow. The brook draining Great
Wachogue. I 6 294; E 239. Map I.
WACHOGUE HILL. At Little Wachogue. Under the Corcoran owner
ship it was a family resort with summerhouse and kitchen and sleeping
apartments. 2 B 250, 306; 2 IC 351; 3 IC 13. Maps C I.
WACHOGUE SCHOOL DISTRICT. District No. 10 on Map G.
WACHUET. WACHUIT. WACHOGUE. WACHAGE. WACHUSET.
These words are equivalents, derived from the Indian "Wadchu", a hill, and
the locative "et", and the suffix "og", a place. The original word In the
records Is Wachuet, meaning "at the hill"; but is gradually supplanted by
Wachogue, "hill place" and Wachuset. In one place the recording officer
has noted the equivalency and the fact that the words refer to certain meadow
lands. Meadows were naturally the objects of the early grants. In the early
grants Wachogue is at the head of Entry Dingle, being the vicinity of Powell
and neighboring streets. But as grants were made further east this region
became known as Hither Wachuet and Little Wachogue and the extended
meadows northeast of the present village of East Longmeadow were called
Great Wachuet or Great Wachogue. Hence Wachogue brook and Wachogue
Meadow. In Springfield on the Hampden road we have Wachogue cemetery
and the former school district of that name; both In Little Wachogue, or
not far east of it. i 6 233, 235, 308, 376, 380; 2 6 224, 253, 256, 273, 283,
286, 292, 294, 306; B 235, 287; I 143. Maps C I. For Little Wachogue
see C 117; H 63; for Great Wachogue see K 693. Great Wachogue was a
meadow. 2 6 292. For Wachogue HIU, Map C.
WADIXG PLACE, THE. Chicopee. The fording place of the Chicopee
river above Skipmuck, (Town records of March 1770. Map C) was some
times known as the Upper Wading Place; another ford was at Sklpmaug
at the present Carew street; another about 20 rods above the Islands at the
river's mouth. At Wallamanumps was a ford thus caUed. 2 B. 131, 514;
6 234, 342, 349. Maps B C.
WALES. Wilbraham. Same as the Oblong. See Peck's Wilbraham p. 95.
WALLAMANUMPS. WALLAMANUMPSET. In the first form the
accent is on the last syllable. The red rocks in the Chicopee river at and near
the bridge between Springfield and Ludlow and below the ancient ford had
this name from the Indians. As a locality for settlement it Included the
region round about on both sides of the river. Micah Towsley was an early
settler previous to 1729 but removed to 6rlmfield. Here was the division
line between the inward and outward commons. 2 6 299, 316; D 184;
E 98. Co. Ct. Rec. 206; 2 IC 287; 2 LG 364. Noon's Ludlow p. 45. Map A.

84 APPENDIX C

WALLAMANUMPS COVE. Ludlow. The lower of the two coves at
Wallamanumps. Map A.
WALLAMANUMPS UPPER 6ARS. At Sprlngfield-WIlbraham line. 2
LG 392.
WALLOON POND. This place-name occurs several times and from the
context It seems to be Impossible to say that the pond is not the same as
Loon pond. Dutch Meadow was granted to Cornelius Williams, mentioned
In one deed as a Dutchman, but no person from the Walloon country could
have settled here at so early a date. The word probably Indicates an error
as to the name of Loon pond and its origin. 2 IC 41, 278.
WAN SWAMP. Marked on Map A and mentioned in Co. Ct. Rec. 46. It
is the present swampy ground close to State Street on the north at the head
waters of 6enton brook and at an earlier date it extended down the stream
on the west of St. Michael's cemetery. The ultimate source was the acute
triangle between State and Marsden Streets, recently filled. So far as I can
learn the only depository of the name In tradition is Adoniram 6radley,
octogenarian, a dweller on the 6ay Road near the heronry of Poor 6rook
swamp. From Its meaning the name might well be applied to many a stream
swamp of the pine plain.
WAX SWAMP BROOK. It now rises a little west of Marsden Street, feeds
the Warner ice pond and, meandering through the lowland west of St.
Michael's cemetery, flows between high banks of wooded dingle and enters
the Watershop pond west of the ^^'ilbraham Road bridge. During a good
part of the nineteenth century it was called Benton brook after the 6enton
farm and homestead near its outlet; whence also the name of 6enton Street.
Co. Ct. Rec. 46. The original head was on the acute triangle, now filled,
between Marsden street and the Indian Orchard road.
WARRIXER BRIDGE. GOODMAX WARRIXER'S BRIDGE. The
bridge over the South branch of Mill river at Sixteen Acres. I 6 359;
2 6 216, 224; D 193, 589; K 801. Co. Ct. Rec. 46.
WATERSHOPS. A geographical area or residental district, formerly a
school district, and originally applied to the region about the Upper Water-
shops where so many of the armorers employed on the heavy work of gun-
making had their homes, almost universally. In neat cottages of one and a
half storys, as described In Jacob Abbott's "Marco Paul at the Springfield
Armory 1853", at p. 43, which also has an engraving of the Upper Water-
shops. The school district Is numbered 13 on Map G. For the Middle and
Lower Watershops see Maps 6 C.
WATERSHOPS POXD. \\-ATERSHOP POXD. There were originally
three artificial ponds, corresponding to the Upper, Middle and Lower \\'ater-
shops, as shown on Maps 6 C. The concentration of aU the heavy gun work
of the U. S. Armory at the Upper Watershops necessitated a wider flowage,
as indicated by the plans now in the office of the commanding officer. The

APPENDIX C 85

college of the Young Men's Christian Association having become located on
the shore of the pond, some of those connected with this institution have
sought to disseminate the name of Massasoit Lake. Marvin Chapin, for
many years, landlord of the once famous Massasoit House on Main street,
was a generous benefactor to the college.
WEQUAUSHAUSICK. Ag.wam. From the Indian Deed recorded in A-6
21 in which alone the word occurs, it appears that this is a pond and its
locality Is still easily traceable in the depression. In fact within the woods a
short distance east of the bend in Three \lile 6rook a few square rods of water
still remain to show that the pond is not yet extinct although its name is lost
to tradition. The depression may be traced from a point near Main Street
opposite the homestead of the late lamented Frank Flowes and extends
westerly a few feet below the general level and perhaps 200 feet wide nearfy
to Three Mile brook and thence northerly under the north-south high level
for a considerable distance, affording a large tract of good bottom land. In
the early winter of 1908 the first described part of the depression was flooded
and afforded a few days of excellent skating. See Appendix A.
WEST CHICOPEE. Chicopee in West Springfield. 6 124, 266. See
Chicopee.WEST HAMPSHIRE. "The County of West Hampshire" occurs in various
deeds of the early eighteenth century; one of them, drawn apparently by
a younger John Pynchon, Includes Springfield and Suffield within the designa
tion. B 237; C I, 3.
WEST PRECIXCT. A designation of West Springfield. 2 IC 186.
WET MEADOW. A general term applied to the "pondy lands" that
extended along the Connecticut a short distance back from the shore, a
strip of higher and drier land lying between. It Is used of land in Longmeadow
(A22) and in West Springfield (2 6 102) and applies to the Muxy Meadow of
the latter town; but in Springfield It was the specific designation, together
with Hassocky Marsh, for the meadow east of the main street. Not untU
the middle of the nineteenth century were the efforts, early begun, (2 6 112,
444) to drain the meadow completely successful. The brooks of Massack
sick were straightened into drains but the inhabitants settled the difficulty
as to a place of abode by removing to the higher land at Longmeadow
"street". 6urt's Records, passim; A6 113, 131; History of Springfield
for the Young p. 122. See Frost's Pond.
WHARF. UPPER WHARF. LOWER WHARF. The Upper Wharf was
at the foot of the present Cypress street; the name of the street should not
have been changed from the original Ferry Street or Ferry Lane. The
Lower Wharf was at the foot of York Street, i 6 258, 260, 378, 379, 405; 2 B
69; A 80. For the landing place at the Training Field (Elm street) see i 6 333.
WHEELMEADOW. WHEEL MEADOW 6R00K. WHEELMEADOW
DINGLE. Longmeadow. i 6. 277, 389; 2 6 238, 256, 300; A 80, 560.
Map N etc.

86 APPENDIX C

WHITE LOAF BROOK. Perhaps Broad brook in the northwestern part
of Holyoke; possibly Triple brook of Map O. 26 185.
WHITE BROOK. Agawam. The stream is the next brook west of the
one Improperly so marked on Map T. See Deep Gutter brook and Map D.
WHORTLEBERRY HILL. West Springfield. 3 IC 272, 282. See
Huckleberry Hill.
WIGWAM HILL. Wilbraham. Between Rattlesnake Peak and Mt.
Vision. Map H etc. See Stebbins' Wilbraham p. 21; Peck's Wilbraham
pp. 21, 50, 58.
WIL6RAHAM. See Peck's Wllbraham p. 93.
WILLAMANSIT. WOLLAMANSIT SEEP. Chicopee. The locality in
the vicinity of the mouth of WUlIamansett brook. 16234; 2661,271; 621.
See also Appendix A.
WOLF HILL. West Springfield. The high land back of Chicopee Plain
In the vicinity of Jasmin street. D 222, 577; F 247; K 547.
WOLF SWAMP. West Springfield. At the western foot of Wolf HIU;
now used for an ice pond.
WOLF SWAMP. Longmeadow. 2 IC 119, 215. 2 LG 352.
WOODLOTS, THE. The woodlots lay east of the Wet Meadow extending
over the second terrace and up the face of the Great Hill. The soil and
springs favored the growth of large timber. There were until a few years
ago some exceedingly large buttonball trees at the southwest corner of
Chestnut street and Harrison Avenue. The giant tulip trees opposite at the
corner of Edwards street are not Indigenous, as this tree is not found native
east of the Connecticut. Some 20 years ago there was an Indigenous clump
In West Springfield. A magnificent tulip of great spread is on the lawn of
No. 69 Maple street and two others of large size at No. 264 Union street.
2 6 139; A6 236; F 428; 2 LG 432. Map in 6urt's Records.
WORLD'S END. Meadow land east of Sixteen Acres on the North 6ranch
of Mill river at the bend of the stream where It dips southerly and re
turns to the north. This "brook or riveret" was called Worid's End brook
and Pole 6rldge brook. The name Worid's End is so far obsolete that
Samuel E. 6erritt seems the only depository of It by tradition for he once
heard it used by an aged man. For this class of names see Necessity. In Hing
ham there is a peninsula of this name and Inquiry of the owner indicates that
the appellation is ancient, i B 313, 323, 324; 2 B 69, 228; AB 3; D 193.
Reg. Deeds bk. 191 p. 188.
WORLD'S END MEADOW. On the Springfield-WUbraham road at Worid's
End. 2 IC 159, 179, 193.

APPENDIX C

87

WORONOCO RIVER. WORONOKE RIVER. The Agawam or Westfield
river. I 6 250.
WRIGHT'S NECK. Chicopee. A tract of 23 acres or more In the north
angle made by the Connecticut and Chicopee rivers. E 162.
X. "The X" Is an old name for the crossing of certain roads at an acute
angle south of Mill river, now Dickinson street, Belmont and Sumner
avenues; but the development of this region has increased the use and use
fulness of the designation. Maps C D E etc.
Y. West Springfield. The "Y" is but a new name but Is listed here as
in contrast with the "X" and for reference In the long future. It is at the
western terminus of the North End bridge at the point where the street
railway track leading to Merrick diverges from the main track to Westfield.
The lay of the tracks suggests the letter.
ZION'S HILL. The sightly area included between Union and Mulberry
streets and the brow of the Hill, within which formerly stood the Union
Street Methodist Church. The designation was originated or at least
fostered by "Squire Crooks" an owner, for whom see Green's Springfield
Memories p. 60. See Methodist Burying ground; Hampden Post of Aug. 8,
1854. Map H.

Mittineague Falls below Ashkanunksuck. From an old print.

APPENDIX D.
unrecorded deed of nippumsuit to lands in chicopee.
The original of the following Indian deed of land in Chicopee north of
the river of that name has never been recorded but a facsimile is in the
Springfield City Library. It is printed In the Massachusetts Historical
Society Collections, Vol 48 p 51, but not elsewhere.
Thes presentes witnesseth this 20 day of Aprill 1641 a bargaine betweene
William Pynchon of Springfield on Quinettecot River on the one party and
Nippumsuit of Naunetak in the name and with the consent of other Indians
the owners of certalne grounde hereafter named viz. with name and behalf
of MIshsqua and her sonn Saccarant and Secausk and Wenepawin all of
Woronoco and Misquis the owner of Skep and other grounds adioyning and
Jancompawm of Nanotak on the other party witnesseth that the said
Nippumsuit with the consent and In the name of the rest for and In con
sideration of the sume of fifteene fathom of wampam by tale accounted and
one yard and three quarters of double shagg bages one how seaven knifes
seaven payer of sessars and seaven aules with certalne fish hooks and other
smale things given at their request; aU thes being In hand paid to the said
Nippumsuit In the name of the rest: and for and in consideration of the
said goods paid before the subscribing hereof hath bargained sould given and
granted and by thes presentes hath fully and cleerly barganed and absolutely
granted to the said William and his heires and assignes for ever all the
groundes meddowes and woodlandes lieng on the east side of Quettcot river
from the mouth of Chickoppy River vp to another smale Riveret caled
WoUamansak sepe which Riveret runs into Quinnettecot River with the
meddow and planting groundes caUed Paconemisk and all other meddowes
that are wet and hassocky lyeing betweene the said Riveretes. Also all the
woodlande lieng about three or fower miles vp Chlckuppy River and the
meadow there caled skep alias Skipnuck, or by what other name or names
the said groundes be caled with all the pondes waters swampes or other
profitte adioyning to all the said premises with all the Ilandes in chlckuppy
River and the meddow and swampes caled Pissak on the south side of
Chlckuppy river near the mouth of the River: The said Nippumsuit with
the consent of the Rest above named hath absolutely sould to the said
William his heires and assignes forever: to have and to hould the said
premises with aU and singular their appurtenances free from all incombrances
of other Indians: and the said William doth condition that the said Nip
pumsuit shall have liberty of fishing In Chlckuppy at the usuall wares that
are now in use: In witnesse of these presents the said Nippumsuit with the
consent of the Rest hath subscribed his marke the day and yeare first above
written being the twenty day of the second month 1641.
Nippumsuit Mishqua Saccarant Wenepawin
Misquis alias Weekoshawen Secousklahe (.?) the wife of
Kenip Wauhshaes of Nonotark Jancompowin
88

APPENDIX D 89

George Moxom Witnesses to ye premises
Henry Smith George Moxom
Jo. PInchon Henry Smith
to the presence of Coe Elitzur Holyoke
John PInchon
Secousk, late the wife of Kenip.
given to Wenepawin at the subscribing one yard and 3^ for a coate of broad
6ayes: and i pair of brieches to Misquis and 6 knifes to them all: also I
trusted Misquis for a coate which he never paid and he was trusted vppon
respect of setting his hand to this writlnge.
May the 24th 1641. When Secousk sett her hand to this writting Mr.
Pynchon gave her 12 handes of wampon and a knife.
8tmon: 9 day 1643. When Jancompowin sett his hande to this writtinge
in the presence of us and Coe Mr. Pynchon gave him a coate and knife. He
came not to sett his hand to this writtinge till this day. Witnesses
Geo. Moxon.
Henry Smith.
John PInchon.
The woman caled Secousk above said who was the widow of Kenip
after she had 12 handes of wampom and a knife: came agalne to Mr. Pynchon
the 27 June 1644: desyrlnge a further reward in respect she said that she
had not a full coate as some others had: thereuppon Mr. Pynchon gave her
a chllde coate of Redd Cotton which came to 8 hande of wampom and a
glasse and a knife which came to above 2 hande of wampom more: in the
presence of Janandua her present husband: witnesse my hand per me
WiUiam Pynchon and she was fuUy satisfied.
Also Nippumsuit had another large coate for his sister that he said had
right In the said land which came to i6s.
Also the wampom within named was current money pay at 8s per fathom
at the tyme it was paid, per me. William Pynchon.
Know all men that I William Pynchon of Springfield gent doe assigne
sett over give and grant aU my right In the land within named which I bought
of Nippumsuit and divers other Indians 1641 : to my son John Pynchon of
Springfield gent and to Capt. Henry Smith and to Ensigne Holioak all of
Springfield to them and their heires and assignes for ever to be disposed by
their discretion for Farmes belonginge to Springfield at such rates as in their
custome they shall iudge to be Reasonable: witnesse my hand and seale
this 17th day of April 165 1 ; William Pynchon. (Seal)
Sealed and delivered and possession given in the presence of
Thomas Cooper Rec'ed in Courte Septr.
Henry eurt 3° 1690. attest
SImone 6ernard. Sam'll Partrigg Clerk.
(Indorsement of John Pynchon.)
The purchase of the Land of Chlckuppy up to Wallamansock scape
and of Skeepmuck and the land adjoyning, with Father's Deed of Gift of It.

APPENDIX E.
UNRECORDED DEED OF PAUPSUNNUCK TO LANDS IN WESTFIELD AND
WEST SPRINGFIELD.
The following deed from Paupsunnuck (also spelled Paupsunnick)
which has never been recorded, has been placed at my disposal for publica
tion through the courtesy of Ernest N. 6agg, the owner, to whom it came from
his relative, the esteemed William Smith Elwell, an artist, nature lover and
collector of autographs who lived and painted on Crescent Hill. In a deed
dated 1684 and printed in Wright p. 97 John Pynchon speaks of this deed as
lost and so far as public knowledge is concerned it seems to have continued
lost for more than two centuries, albeit probably in Springfield the whole time.
6e it knowne to all men by these psents that Paupsunnuck the wife of
Panneasun of Woronoco on the one party Doth give grant 6argaln & sell
unto John Pynchon of Springfield on the other pty to him his heires assignes
for ever & associates viz Robert Ashly and Geo. Colton yt to y^ & theire
heires forever viz All y* Grounds, woods. Trees Ponds water stoones meddows
and uplands Lying & being on the Noreast side of Woronoco River, namely
from y^ Piece of ground called Potoowak downe southward along by woronoco
River side to a brooke called Tawtumsquassick being about or rather above
halfe way from woronoake to Springfield .... & from Woronoak River
Norward. 3. or 4 Miles toward Quinettlcot River the sd tract of Land called
Yeumsk MInhansIck Petaw Maunchaugsick Tammlskseack Pauckkatuck
Ashkanuncksit & Tawtumsquassick withwhat ever other names it is or
may be called being bounded by Potowwak on y* west or souwest &
northeast by y^ hills & swamps halfe way fro woronoak River to Quinettl
cot River the said Paupsunnuck wife of Panneasun doth clearly & abso
lutely Grant & sell it to John Pynchon of Springfield aforesd & to his
heires & assinges for ever & that for & in consideration of 150 fadam of
wampum & some coates & other things y' Recelte wheroff I doe by these
prsents acknowledge & for other good causes & considerations me thereunto
moving Doe grant & sell & have given granted & sold all y^ aforesd tract of
Land to John Pynchon of Sprlngfeild his heires & assignes for ever free from
any Incumbrance & molestation of any Indians & I y* sd Paupsunnuck wiU
unto y^ sd Pynchon warrant y* premises agt all claimes whatsoever. In
testymony wherrof I doe hereunto set my hand this 4th day of May 1663.
the mark (mark) of Paupsunnuck
wittnesses hereunto are John Holyoke
Abell Wright
the mark of (mark) Lowontock an Indian witness
The mark of the grantor is apparently the figure of an animal but the
paper between the outlines has fallen out. The deed is backed as follows:
90

APPENDIX E

91

Deed fro Paupsunnick for Land at Westfield on this side woronoak River
(Where Tho Noble dwelt) & So Pacatuck & Askkanuncksit &c I Purchased
of her

Also:

nick.

The Purchase of the Land on this side of Woronoak River of Paupsun-

IN GRATEFUL MEMORY
OF
TOTO
THE FRIENDLY INDIAN WHO STRUGGLING
WITH CONFLICTING EMOTIONS IN HIS LOVE
OF JUSTICE AND SYMPATHY FOR THOSE WHO
CHERISHED HIM DISCLOSED THE PLOT OF
KING PHILIP TO BURN THE TOWN OF
SPRINGFIELD AND MASSACRE ITS INHABI
TANTS AND THUS SAVED MANY LIVES.

1675

The Memories of the Civil War
AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS DELIVERED BEFORE THE
E. K. WILCOX POST OF THE GRAND ARMY OF THE
REPUBLIC, December 24, 1891.
Several citizens of Springfield, in appreciation of the services of
those who bore arms in the late war, have united in presenting to
this post the memorial volumes which lie before you. I have been
requested to represent these gentlemen in the formal ceremony of
presentation, and to address you in a more extended and formal
way than is usual on such occasions. I trust that what is said will
bespeak the thoughts and feelings, both of these donors and of all
our citizens. The privilege of making this gift has fallen to a few;
but the)- are many who appreciate the sacrifice offered by these
veterans in the defense of the country. The theme shall be,
THE MEMORIES OF THE WAR, THEY SHALL NOT PERISH
\'eterans: It is now more than a quarter of a century since the
fall of Richmond, and the fact that so many of you are spared, so
man}' still engaged in active duties — shows the worth of your offer
ing. It was not the wasted life, the worthless end of an existence —
it was the vigor of young manhood when the blood is quick in the
veins, the pulse high, the spirits free, the ties which bind to life many
and dear, which you offered in defense of the Union. This 3'ou gave,
with the risk of receiving in return death, disease, a maimed body,
the serious impairment of your business career.
E. K. Wilcox Grand Army Post has received an elegant Christmas present and the
large number of the members of the post and their friends made manifest their apprecia
tion of their gift at Grand Army hall last evening. The present is an elegant set of five
volumes of memorial war records from William H. Haile, D. B. Wesson, J. H. South-
worth, O. H. Greenleaf, and John Olmstead. The chief purpose of the volume is to
contain a personal war sketch of every member of the post, but in addition to this
memorial record the volumes include an historical sketch of the post and its founder,
personal sketches of the givers, supplementary war sketches and resolutions passed by
the post upon its dead comrades together with a record of burial. Accompanying the
volumes are three hundred blanks to be given to the members to be filled out and these
will furnish the data with which to make up the books. About a hundred and fifty
of the post and their friends were present and it was an occasion of general congratula
tions. The presentation speech, which is printed in full elsewhere, was delivered by
Charles H. Barrows. Col. Warriner introduced the speaker, and at the close of the
speech, Commander Tinkham, in behalf of the post, made a few remarks of acceptance.
Mrs. E%a Parsons sang the Star Spangled Banner. — Springfield Republican, December
25, 1891. 92

THE MEMORIES OF THE CIVIL WAR 93

The war was a sad incident in our national history. Many
foresaw it, all dreaded it, wise men sought earnestly to avoid it. But
the conflict of ideas had become irrepressible; the issue must needs
have been settled amid the clash of arms. And though the memo
ries of a civil war are not to be recalled except with those feelings of
reconciliation that belong to a true and lasting peace; yet the deeds
of heroism, whether they be signal instances of glory or the humble
service of patient suffering, cannot but be perpetuated by a grateful
people in every way in which they may prove an inspiration to after
times. This we may forgive, even to the vanquished, that, so far as
their heroes illustrate those virtues that adorn humanity, they
should be cherished in the hearts of comrades to whom they were
near and dear. The memory of the just shall live; but happy they
whose lives, though pure and devoted, were also justified by the
cause in which they were given. Such, O veterans, is the case with
you, and in later 3-ears, as men shall look backward, whether they
be of the North or of the South — and read the story of the war, all
shall confess that with you were the large results. By you has a
great republic been spared from disgraceful dissolution; by you has
free labor been ennobled; by you has civilization been sensibly ad-.
vanced. Freedom, American freedom, has been justified of her chil
dren. When such a work has been achieved, shall it be forgotten.''
What record shall be most enduring, what mode of expression most
apt and beautiful, in which to commemorate it.^ Let art and litera
ture vie with each other for the privilege, and when either has pro
duced something worthy to remain, let all the people say well done.
For those of us who lived in the days when the cause of freedom
in this country was, let us hope, for the last time on trial, no monu
ment can equal in importance the actual presence of those who were
themselves tried in the fiery furnace of war. While they remain
we may look upon more enduring monuments as of greater interest
to posterity than ourselves. The veteran's son as he hears the thrill
ing narrative from the lips of his father; the friend who looks with
pained sympathy upon the temple of the human body maimed or
crippled — all of us who feel from a keen recollection of its origin the
sadness of Memorial day, have that within us which wakens as noth
ing else can do, the tribute of grateful praise. Who that stood in the
streets of this city to witness the return of the 27th Massachusetts,
and calls to mind the tired, haggard, shattered ranks of home-coming
soldiers, needs anything else to remind him that war is sad and ter
rible.? It was sung into the hearts of children in the strains of "Ells
worth's Avenger," and "Just before the Battle, Mother."
And after the passage of a quarter of a century, stolid must be
the man, who, upon the sacred Sabbath of the soldier's year, can
look upon that line of veterans as they go to decorate the graves of

94 THE MEMORIES OF THE CIVIL WAR

their comrades with tears and flowers, and not feel within himself the
quick response in swelling breast and moistening eye.? Men who but
yesterday were fellow-citizens, meeting you on the street and trans
acting business in the marts of trace, become for the time trans
figured. Glory, like the gentle mist of evening, seems to settle upon
their whitening brows, — a halo more beautiful, more honorable than
any crown. By such scenes as these is kept alive the sentiment of
patriotism. Sentiment did I say.? — belittle not the word. What is
prompted by sentiment is done purely, holily and has favor in the eye
of God and man. Sentiment gives color to existence, blending
insensibly with common duties and weaving the thread of gold through
life. Facts are the motionless blocks out of which life is made.
Sentiment gives the inspiration to put them into forms that are good
and true and beautiful. It is declared in natural law, as in revelation,
that not cold logic, but burning love, moves the world. " Far from me
and from my friends," said a great philosopher, "be such frigid
philosophy as may conduct us, indifferent and unmoved, over any
ground which has been dignified by wisdom, bravery or virtue. That
man is little to be envied whose patriotism would not gain force upon
the plain of Marathon or whose piety would not grow warmer among
the ruins of lona."
In whatever way, therefore, the recollections of the heroic deeds
of our own day may be recalled to future generations and stimulate
to love of country, reverence for antiquity, a laudable pride in
worthy ancestors, we shall be quick to welcome the expression
whether in granite column, or bronze effigy or literary memorial.
In this country the present age is both more ready and more
able thus to express itself than any that have gone before. As we
read the familiar story of the Revolution and see amid how many
great events, great as any in the world's history, the foundations of
the republic were laid, we ask why that age did not erect more monu
ments commemorative of the times. Bunker Hill, the Washington
monuments at Baltimore and in the capital city, are the work of
later generations. The answer is. Our fathers had not the means.
They wrought their great works in comparative poverty of resource
except intellectual vigor and moral strength. A complete cycle was
to pass before the succession of centenaries turned back the thoughts
of our countrymen to those who had bequeathed the precious heri
tage of liberty. Then we began to honor them by marking historic
spots with tablet and shaft, gathering relics and preserving ancient
buildings. Springfield has shared in the growth of this sentiment and
the ability to express it. To-day, I think, it would be felt a disgrace
quite unendurable to see her ancient fort, the mansion of the early
Pynchons, to which her citizens fled for refuge in the days of Indian
onslaught, demolished before her eyes. Were authority to fail for

THE MEMORIES OF THE CIVIL WAR 95
municipal action, such men as those for whom I speak would come
to the rescue and save to posterity a relic so unique and precious.
It is now 60 years since this venerable building perished from view —
the very year it was entering upon the third century of its existence,
at a time, we may believe, when the community possessed neither
the wealth nor public spirit existing to-day.
But there is one particular in which we may yet make partial
amends. Springfield in the spirit and traditions which underlie her
institutions and determine like an unconscious presence the genius
of her people, owes a debt of gratitude to her founder. Unlike the
pioneer, marked by avarice or ambition, who swayed the early his
tory of some other settlements, William Pynchon may claim unchal
lenged the approving sentiment of mankind. As an administrator,
just and fearless; as a trader, thrifty and honorable; as. a Christian,
both liberal and devout, he stands the type of good citizenship.
Had not his dealings with the Indians been at once so firm and just
as to give no occasion for conflict, he would have shown himself a
warrior brave and invincible. Not too often can his life be made an
example to youth, a benediction to all who bear the burden of affairs.
In some more visible form his spirit should be brought before the
view of passing generations. "William Pynchon," says our local
historian, "founded Roxbury, the mother of 14 New England towns;
he founded Springfield, the mother of 13 New England towns and
god-mother of as many more. Roxbury has named a street after
him, so has Springfield; beyond this William Pynchon has no pub
lic memorial in this country."
The civil war makes an epoch in our history more marked than
any except the Revolution itself. It decided great constitutional
and social questions, and the return of its citizen soldiery to the
ranks of industry was followed by such an outburst of achievement
in the arts of peace as reminds one of the splendor of Athens after
the final defeat of the Persians at Thermopylae. Something like this
took place in England after the overthrow of Napoleon in his long-
continued invasion of the peace of Europe. In scientific discovery,
in applied mechanics, in the culture and appreciation of the fine
arts, the country has thenceforth advanced rapidly to her place
among the nations. While the increase of the national wealth has,
with no parsimonious hand, been shared with those whose costly
sacrifices, in themselves and their near kindred, make such prosper
ity possible, we are learning how gracious it is to create lasting memo
rials of their deeds. What a host of monumental shafts have risen
in their honor! Who can say how often the spark of patriotism,
slumbering in the breast, has been fanned into the flame of a divine
emotion as the passer-by has surveyed the magnificent column in
some populous city,' or, standing before the simple monument on

THE MEMORIES OF THE CIVIL WAR

some rural green, has read with silent respect the brief list of heroes
who gave to the little community its share in the great glory? When
shall the field of Gettysburg, scattered over with rich memorials,
cease to be the Mecca of all who love the Union?
Civic architecture too, has found a new motive. Architecture,
in whatever branch, was an art having no existence in this country
previous to the war. Our public buildings were mere copies of those
abroad and our dwelling-houses showed no individuality. Since
then the art has begun to be. It has shown signs of giving us some
thing new, not, however, in the field so fully occupied by the great
examples of the old world. Ecclesiastical architecture, for instance,
seems to have exhausted itself in the great cathedrals of Europe.
In them it has fully expressed the thought of the church. It has
told the whole Christian story. It oppresses you with its very full
ness of detail. You shall see in the cathedral at Antwerp all sacred
history in the marvelous wood-carvings that line its walls. But in
the artistic adaptation of our dwellings to the variety of tastes,
the union of the beautiful with the practical in our commercial
buildings, we have achieved something creditable, and as I said a
moment before, in civic architecture a new motive has appeared.
This is the public library, the town-house, constructed as a memorial
hall, and while serving a useful purpose, receiving as a memorial a
variety of new features in artistic expression. One need go no farther
than Monson or Rockville to see how even the small towns can be
come of interest to the tourist because art has shown to patriotism
how to express its honor of our soldiers, living and dead, in appro
priate symbolism. Beginning with the Harvard memorial hall in
1865, this movement, in which for the first time in America archi
tecture has shown itself the exponent of the people's thought, has
gone forward with more popular feeling behind it than will ever be
elicited in the project for a great metropolitan cathedral in New
York. The literary memorials of the war are second to none. Strange
indeed would it have been if so gigantic a struggle of men and prin
ciples had not left its permanent mark in literature. To go no further
than the memoirs of its greatest general were to find a parallel to
Csesar's Commentaries made with masterstrokes of simple English.
Lowell's Commemoration Ode at the dedication of Harvard memo
rial hall is said to have touched the high-water mark of American
poetry and if we seek for lyric strains of spirit and power, beside
Tyrtaeus, the lame schoolmaster whose verse inspired his Spartan
countrymen to success in the Messenian war, beside Deborah, the
prophetess poet of the host of Israel, we place our own Whittier, upon
whose venerable head rests the blessing of a nation dedicated at last
to that full and perfect liberty of which he sang.

THE MEMORIES OF THE CIVIL WAR 97

Such memorials as these before me are of essential value. They
will make one of the most precious possessions of this poet. They
will be of private use and public interest. They will tend to perpetu
ate the virtues which they record, as son, grandson and great-grand
son shall read here the record of his ancestor he shall feel that there
is within him true blood, which if the occasion ever happen it is his
sacred duty to shed in defense of his country. Granted that it is to
the last degree un-American to rest content with a worthy ancestry,
to forget that in the full competition of forces moral, economic, social,
each must needs be the architect of his own fortune; yet far from
each of us be the purpose of withdrawing from any man that pride
of lineage which makes him feel that he inherits a character for
virtue, for honor, for patriotism, to be kept unsullied; a fair name to
be handed down unstained. Rather let such motives be increased
and directed to the public good. On these pages shall be written the
records of every soldier of this post, his birth, his enlistment, his
months and years of service, his camp life, his engagements in skir
mish and battle, his sufferings in southern prison, his glorious wounds,
his honorable discharge — all these shall be faithfully recorded in a
fair and legible hand. His after life shall be briefly told, and when
his sands are run, here shall be inscribed his death and burial. When
the last of the post, looking about for his comrades, shall behold
himself alone, he shall instruct some son of a veteran to inscribe
within these pages the death of him, the last survivor, and to deposit
the entire records in the custody of the library of the city of Spring
field. There let them rest never to be removed; but to remain ac
cessible to all who seek for proper purposes information of their
contents. May heaven protect them and grant that neither by the
action of the elements, "by malice domestic or foreign levy" they
may ever be destroyed.
It is a great mistake to undervalue the permanence of literary
memorials. God hath chosen the weak things of this world to con
found the mighty. Except the pyramids, those sentinels of time,
themselves the evidences of man's belief in his own eternity, the
great structures of his hand have risen but to perish — scattered
columns, broken arches, obscure foundations — these testify how
vainly man has sought to perpetuate his work. Stone, iron and brass
have become as wood, hay, stubble. Meanwhile valuable history,
noble sentiments, recorded in distant ages upon the fragile pages of
parchment or papyrus, are to-day a part of the world's literature.
How divine in its proportions, how majestic in its beauty, stood the
Parthenon upon the Athenian Acropolis, the one perfect building of
all time the richest result in the way of art or religious devotion, of
the prosperous years of peace that preceded the Peloponnesian war!
Yet its dimensions must now be reconstructed in imagination, like

98 THE MEMORIES OF THE CIVIL WAR

some extinct animal of a former geologic period, out of the broken
fragments that remain; while the names of hundreds in stations high
and humble who had a part in the great war that followed its erec
tion still live in the classic pages of Thucydides. In the 9th century
before our era. King Joash gathered from all Judah money to repair
the magnificent temple of his predecessor, Solomon; and it is re
corded that under the superintendence of the priest Jehoiada, the
workmen set the house of God in his state and strengthened it. A
little before, the blind poet of Smyrna was composing the flowing
lines of the Iliad; a short time after, the doings of these workmen
were written down in the dry books of the Chronicles of the kings of
Judah. The temple is no more, but the records of its construction
and repair are read to-day and the verses of Homer have lived to
make his name immortal.
Standing here, as I do, on behalf of the donors, any reference I
may make to them must be with a certain delicacy. I feel sure I
speak for them in saying that they believe themselves second to
none of our citizens in their cordial wishes for the well-being of this
organization, even as they were at the time of war behind none in
ardent devotion to the cause of the Union. They are representative
of the business interests of Springfield and vicinity. They are rep
resentative of the great industrial system which makes this country
as a producer of values the peer of any in the world. This system,
based upon free and self-respecting labor, presented before the war
a marked contrast to the situation in the South, where a single over
powering industry depended on servile labor and supported an aris
tocracy of social and political power. The one was progressive —
the mother of invention, rich in its complexity, even as civilization
itself; the other was conservative and crude — an attempt to make
a modern state out of primitive conditions. The one found its
leadership in the captains of industry who could organize labor,
marshal economic forces, and by strokes of genius, vastly increase
the productive powers of the community. The other grew, indeed,
to great proportions as the world's demand for cotton increased,
but, confining its growth to a single direction, offering no induce
ment to skilled labor and modern business enterprise, it had within
itself an inherent weakness when compared with its northern rival.
Whether these two be called industrial systems or systems of
social order, no student of the times can fail to see that when they
met in open conflict the one had a vast superiority to the other.
Behind all comparison in the number of men, the character of the
niilitary equipment, advantage in the field of operation, there were
diflFerences in the skill and inventive genius of the men engaged, in
the command of large and varied resources of production, which go
far to explain the final result of the war, and might themselves have

THE MEMORIES OF THE CIVIL WAR

indicated at the beginning how it must necessarily terminate. At
its opening the northern states were so advanced in industrial inde
pendence as to form a striking contrast to the condition in which
they entered the two wars with England. During the opposition
to the stamp act in 1775 a convention of this province resolved that
the freedom, happiness and prosperity of a state depend greatly
upon providing within itself a supply of articles necessary for sub
sistence, clothing and defense. Thus they sensed their own weakness
soon to become apparent. Washington, encamped at Cambridge,
like a lion crouched to spring, was obliged to postpone the siege of
Boston nearly a year for want of powder. Through the Revolution
there was a scarcity of lead. There were not sheep enough to clothe
the people, and our sometimes trouserless soldiers excited the laugh
ter of their French allies. In various places there were salt famines
and the bleeding tracks in the snow at Valley Forge show how de
pendent were our people upon the mother country, even for the
coverings of their feet. These things created discontent in the army
and prolonged the war. Even as late as the war of 18 1 2 our soldiers
in the West suffered more from insufficiency of blankets than from
the depredations of the enemy. Our dependence went beyond the
munitions of war and covered most of the conveniences of life. Long
after the second war with England the paper used in Congress bore
the water-mark of the Emperor Napoleon. Washington, looking
back on some of these experiences, declared it to be the duty of a
free people to give attention to such industries as tend to render
them independent of others for essential, particularly for military
supplies. At the beginning of the rebellion the South was in a predica
ment similar to the whole country in 1776. Her tillage was rude and
manufactures scanty. She raised cotton and wool, but did not make
the fabric. She had rich beds of coal and iron, but only one large
blast furnace. She was clothed and shod by Europe and the North.
She was short of banking capital. She had few railroads for the
conveyance of troops. When, after the war began, the rails wore
out, new ones could no longer be provided. When the locomotive
broke down, unless a northern prisoner consented to repair it, there
was no mechanic to do it. In respect of material resources, in respect
of the capacity to organize labor in such new ways as the necessity
of the moment demanded, she was handicapped from the start.
Such things count for a great deal in modern warfare. Some of her
citizens, commenting on this condition at the beginning of the war,
expressed their fear of the consequences.
How different was the case with us, you all know. We were in
these essentials well-nigh self-dependent and commanded credit
abroad to make good the deficiencies. We had skilled labor in

100 THE MEMORIES OF THE CIVIL WAR

plenty and the men who knew how to organize it. General Grant
tells us in his Memoirs that with his army he could build a railroad
and equip it. Out of this great industrial system came the men who
defended the Union; a citizen soldiery who counted more, man for
man, than any hitherto put into field. Into this system they returned,
to make it for the future, as in the past, a bulwark of national de
fense. All honor to the veterans who left their place in the ranks of
industry and ventured life in the cause of the Union. They will be
first in according a share in the great result to those who, not having
been called to the field, gave such a direction to business enterprise
at home as strengthened the resources of the government and main
tained its threatened credit. What was done in this direction then,
in the face of difficulties, done courageously, honestly, with sound
business methods, was done in honor and will be held in remem
brance. Ladies and gentlemen: When a few years since a young citizen
of rare genius published a national ode of exceeding beauty, a would-
be critic inquired what particular reason then existed why a national
ode should be written. Such is not the voice of patriotism. We turn
our thoughts backward with true pride to the final successes of the
Union cause in the last years of the war; we look forward with satis
faction to the assembling of nations in '93 to behold the triumphs of
peace. There should be no middle point when the pulse beats less
quickly in patriotic emotion, or the love of country is left to flicker
and burn low. Confident that government by the people is best
and full of the largest possibilities if the people keep themselves pure
and true in politics and private life, let us go on, expecting in the
coming days as much to make the land and the age worth living in
as has been already granted to ourselves and our fathers.

"M

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